II ! i ) ™™"""""™"™1' • ^^-i ^iLlBPtARY OF CONGRESS. I # * ]^||.,ap..I^..^oparisM|„ I I UNITED STATES OP AMERICA.? 3 ^ f r/c HANDBOOK OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AND Guide to Emigration; GIVING THE LATEST AND MOST COMPLETE STATISTICS THE GOVERNMENT, ARMY, NAVY, DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS, FINANCE, REVENUE, TARIFF, LAND SALES, HOMESTEAD AND NATURALIZA- TION LAWS, DEBT, POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, AND EACH STATE AND CONSIDERABLE CITY, AGRICULTURAL CONDITION, AREA FOR CULTIVATION, FOREIGN COINS AND THEIR VALUE, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POSTAGES AND LABOR TABLES, EDUCATION AND RAILWAYS, ETC., ETC., FURNISHING ALL THE NECESSARY INFORMATION CONCERNING THE COUNTRY, THE SETTLER, TBE BOSIISS MAN, TBE MERCHANT, TBE FARIER, THE IIIPORTER&TBE PROFESSIONAL MAN. COMPILED BY L. P. BROCKETT, M. D., GEOGBAPBICAL AND STATISTICAL EDITOR OF JOHNSTON'S CTCLOPiEDIA. POPYRIGHTED, 1879. ^■•-.i^^-.>a ^7 1S79. ^. ,,,-?• ' NEW TORE: GAYLORD WATSON, PUBLISHER, 16 BEEKMAN STREET. 1879. PEEFAOE. The MANUAii ■which is now offered to purchasers in a new dress, has been published for the last seven years, solely as an accompaniment to "Watson's New Kailroad Map of the United States, and has never been offered to the general trade, though often sought for. The Publisher has at length determined to comply with the demand for its more general circulation, and at the same time adapt it to a new class of customers, those who are seeking homes for themselves in our country, and especially in the West and South. In order to render it more worthy of the large patronage which it is certain to command, the publisher has obtained the services of an eminent Statistician, and while retaining all those Facts and Statistics which have proved so valuable in former editions, correcting them up to date, so as to make it more acceptable than before to all those who have hitherto been interested in it, he has added all the necessary information in regard to the landed States and Territories, to enable any intending settler to decide which is the best region for him to select, how he may get there most comfortably and economically, what steps he must take to secure a perfect title to his lands, and what are in each case the best crops for him to raise, or the best business to pursue. No Manual or Treatise of ten or twenty times the cost of this, has ever contained a quarter of the information here offered, for the intending set- tler, or for the enterprising mechanic or working man, who desires to make himseK a new home beyond the Mississippi ; and as every pains has been taken to make it perfectly accurate, and neither publisher, editor or any one else concerned has any axes to grind, or any pet project or speculation to promote in or by this work, it may be received as standard authority in all the matters of which it treats. THE PUBLISHER. CONTENTS. New York and Beooklyn Bridge Frontispiece. Page Title 1 Publisher's Preface 3 Contents 5 The General Government; — President — Vice-President — State Department... 7 Diplomatic Officers 8 Foreign Legations in the United States 9 Treasury Department ; 10 War Department 11 Navy Department 12 Department of the Interior -. 13 Post Office Dei^artment 13 Department of Justice 14 The Judiciary ll Department of Agriculture— Government Printing Office — Department of Education 1xvi^^. Secretary of the Treasury— John Shebman, of Ohio S?*,000 AsBistant Secretary— John B. Iluvvley, of Illinois ^j'-^^^ <' Henry F. French, of Massachusetts "i'^OO Supervi.sin^,' Architoct James G. Kill, <>f :Massachu8ctt8 4,o00 Treasurer of United States -James GilfiUan, of Connecticut 6,000 THE GEXEJiAL OOVERSMEXT. 11 Department Officers — Cordinued. Salary. Assistant Treasurer of United States — ^Albert U. Wynan, of Nebraska 3,600 Solicitor— Kenneth Rayner, of Mississippi 3,000 Superintendent of Lite Saving Station— Sumner I. Kimball, of Maine 4,000 Superintendent Coast Survey— (J. V. Patterson, of CaUloruia 6,000 Cashier— J. W. ^^ helpky, uf Kew York 4_500 Director of tne Mint - 4^500 Register of the ireasury- Glenni W. Scoheld. of Pennsylvania 4^000 Comptroller '-'t the Currency — John J. Knox, of New York 5,000 Corhmissioner of Internal Revenue — Green B. Raum, of Illinoib 6,000 Bureau of Statistics— Joseph Nimmo, Jr., of New York 2,400 Bureau of Engraving and Printing- O. H. Irish, of Nebraska 4,500 First Comptroller— Albert G. Purler, of Indiana. 5,000 Second Comptroller — William W. Upton, of New Hampshire 5,000 Commissioner of Customs — Henry C Johnson, ( f Pennsylvania 4,000 1st Auditor — Robert M. Reynolds, of Alabama 3,600 2d Auditor— Ezra B. French, of RLxine 3,600 3d Auditor — Horace Austin, of Maine 3,600 4th Auditor— Stephen J. W. Tabor, of Iowa 3,600 5th Auditor — Jacob H. Ela, of New Hampshire 3,600 6th Auditor— J. M. McGrew, of Ohio 3,000 THE WAR DEPAKTMEXT Has charge of business growing out of military affairs, keeps the records of the army, issues commissions, directs the movement of troops, superintends their payment, stores, clothing, arms and equip- ments and ordnance, constructs fortifications, and conducts works of military engineering, and river and harbor improvements. Department Officers. Salary Secretarv of "War— Geo. W. McCraet, of Iowa $8,000 Chief Clerk—H. T. Crosby, of Pennsylvania 2,500 Inspector General- Brevet Major General Randolph B. Marcy, of Mass. . . . Judge Advocate General — Colonel Joseph McKee Dunn, of Indiana Adjutant General — Brevet Major General E. D. Townsend, of D. C Quarter Master General — Brevet Major General M. C. Meigs, of Penn Commissary General — Brigadier General Robert Macfeely, of Penn Surgeon General — Brevet Major General Joseph K. Barnes, of Penn Paymaster General — Brevet Brigadier General Benjamin Alvord, of Yt.... Chief of Bureau of Engineers — Brevet Major Gen. A. A- Humphreys, of D. C. Chief of Ordnance Bureau— Brigadier General S. V. Benet, of Florida Signal Officer- Brevet-Major General Albert J. Myer, of New York • General Officers ot Regular Army. SAME AND KASK. General. Wm. T.Sherman Lieutenant-General. Philip H. Sheridan... M ajor- Genera Is. Winfielfl S. Hancock, John M. Schotield Irwin McDowell Brigadier- Generals. Oliver 0. Howard Alfred H. Terr V Edward O.C.Ord Christopher C. Augur George Crook ENTRY INTO APPOIXTEU 6EKVICE. FROM. July 1, 1840 Ohio July 1, 1853 Ohio July 1, 1844 Penna. July 1, 18;i7|Califomia. July 1. 183t^ Ohio. July 1, 18,'«4 Maine. Ian. 15, 186 J July 1, ISiO July 1, 1P4:; July 1. lej. Coun. Maryland. N'ew Yoi I; Ohio. John i'ope ! JnV 1, 1S42 niinoia. XA.ME AND RANK. KXTKY INTO AITOINTED I SERVICE. I KI;uJI. lietired List. 1 Major-Generals. | Joseph Hooker 'jnly 1, 1837 California. S. P. Heiuizelman.. .. {July 1, IfJC Penna. Thomas J. Wood jjuly l, 1845 Kt-iituckv. John C. Rohinson Oct. 27, :e3, Feb. 11, April 18, Feb. 14, 183C 183T 1837 1837 1^37 1837 1838 183T 1838 1838 183* 1838 1838 1839 1839 1839 1838 1839 1839 1839 1840 1840 1840 1840 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Has charge of the survey, management, sales and grants of Public Lands, the examination of Pension and Bounty Land claims, the management of Indian aifairs, the examination of Inventions and award of Patents, the collection of Statistics, the distribution of Seeds, Plants, etc., the taking of Censuses, the management of Gov- ernment mines, the erection of Public Buildings, and the construc- tion of wagon roads to the Pacific. Department Officers. Salary. Secretary of the Interior — Carl Schubz, of Missouri $8,000 Assistant Secretary— Charles F. Gorham, of Mich 3,500 General Land Office— James A. Williamson, of Iowa, Commissioner 4,000 Indian Office— Ezra A. Hayt, of New York, Commissioner 4,500 Pension Office — John A. Bentley, of Wiaconsin, " 3,600 Patent Office— Halbert E. Paine, " " 4,500 Bureau of Education— John Eaton, of Tenn., " 3,000 Census Office— Francis A. Walker, Conn. , Superintendent THE PaST OFFICE DEPARTMENT Has charge of the Postal System, the establishment and discon- tinuance of Post Offices, appointment of Postmasters, the contracts for carrying the mails, the Dead Letter Office, maintains an inspec- tion to prevent frauds, mail depredations, etc. 14 THE GENERAL GOVERSMENT. Beparlmeni Officers. Postmaster-General — David M. Key, of Tennessee $S,000 Appointment Office— 1st Assistant P. M. General, Jas. M. Tyner, Ind 3.500 Contract Office— 2d Assistant P. M. General, Thomas A. Brady, Indiana 3,500 Finance Office— 3d Assistant P. M. General, Abraham D. Ilazen, Penn 3,500 Superintendent of Money Order System— C. F. McDonald, of Mass 3,000 Superintendent of Foreign Mails— J. H. Blackfan, of New Jersey 3,000 Superintendent of Free Delivery— R. W. Gurley, of Louisiana 3,000 Superintendent of Dead Letter Office— E. J. Dallas, of Kansas 3, COO General Superintendent R. R. Mail Service— W. B. Thompson, of Ohio 3,000 Auditor Railroad Accounts — Theophilus French 2,000 Superintendent of Bank Agency— Dudley W. Rhodes, of Ohio 3,000 Topographer — W. F. Nicholson, of D . C DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. The Attorney-General, who is the head of this department, is the legal adviser of the President and heads of departments, examines titles, applications for pardons, and judicial and legal appointments, conducts and argues suits in which Government is concerned, etc. Department Cheers. Salarj'. Attorney-General- Chaeles Devens, of Mass $8,000 Assistant Attorney-General— Edwin B. Smith, of Maine 5,000 do do Thomas Simons, of New York 5,000 Solicitor-General— Samuel F. Phillips, of North Carolina 7,000 Assistant Att'y-Geueral for Department of Interior— E. M. Marble, of Mich. . 5,000 do do P. O. Department— Alfred A. Freeman, of Tenn 4,000 Solicitor of Internal Revenue— C. Chesley, of New Hampshire 4,500 Solicitor of the Treasury — Kenneth Raynor, of N. Carolina 4,500 Assistant Solicitor of Treasury — Joseph H. Robinson 3,000 Examiner of Claims for State Department— H. O'Connor, of Iowa 3,500 Law Clerk and Examiner of Titles- A. J. Bentley, of Ohio 2.700 Chief Clerk— George C. Wing, of Ohio 2,200 THE JUDICIARY. Supreme Court of the United States. Appointed. 1874. — MoBEisoN R. Waite, of Ohio.. .Chief Justice. 1872.— ^Vard Hunt, of New York, Asso. Jus. 1858.— Nathan Clifford, Portland, Maine, do 1862.— Noah H. Swayne, Columbus, Ohio, do 18G2.— Samuel F. Miller, Keokuk, Iowa, do 1863.— Stephen J. Field, California, do 1870. — Joseph P. Bradlej', New Jersey, do 1870.— William Strong, Pennsylvania, do 1877.— John M. Harlan, Kentucky do The Court holds one general term, annually, at Washington, D. C, commencing on the first Monday in December. Age. Salary. 63 $10,500 68 10,000 75 10,000 74 10,000 G3 10,000 G2 10,000 G6 10,000 70 10,000 64 10,000 D. Wesley Middletou, of Washington, Clerk William T. Otto, of Washington, D. C, Reporter. John G. Nicolay, of Illinois, Marshal THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 15 CircuU Judges of the United htates. Salary. FiEST CiBCurr.— (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Bhode Island) — John Lowell, of Boston, Mass $6,000 Second Ciecutt.— (Vermont, Connecticut, Northern New York, Southern New York, and Eastern New York)— Samuel Blatchford, New York 6,000 Thied Cikcuit.— (New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, Western Pennsylvania, Delaware)— William McKennon, of Pennsylvania 6,000 FouETH CiRCxnr.— (Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina)— Hugh L. Bond, Maryland 6,000 Fifth Ciecuit.— (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, Misssouri, and Nebraska)— Wm. B. Woods, of Alabama 6,000 Sixth Ciecuit.— (Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Teunesee)— John Baxter, of Tennr .w of £epresentatives has been brought up to 293. 18 THE GENERAL GOVEIiyMENT Presidents under the Federal Constttut'Kni. Names. luaugurated. 1. Q*orge Washington, of Virgiuia . . 2. J\)\\n Adams, ot Massachusetts . . . 3. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia 4. James Madison, of Virginia 5. Jameg Monroe, of Virginia 6. John Quiocy Adams, of Mass 7. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee . . 8. Martin Van Buren, of New York 9. 'William Henry Harrison, of Ohio 10. John Tyler, of Virginia, Tice-Pres ident, succeeded President Harri son, who died April 4. 1841 11. James K. Polk, of Tennessee 12. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana . . . 13. Millard Fillmore, of N. T., Vice- President, succeeded Pres. Taylor, •irho died July 9, 1850 14. Franklin Pierce, of N. Hampshire 15. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania 16. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois 17. Andrew Johnson, Vice- President, succeeded President Lincobi, who was assassinated April 14, 1865 . . . 18- Ulysses S. Grant, of lUiuois 19. Piiitherford B. Hayes, of Ohio April30,1769 Mar. 4—1797 Mar. 4—1801 ]SIar. 4—1809 Mar. 4—1817 Mar. 4—1825 Mar. 4—1829 Mar. 4—1837 Mar. 4—1841 Apr. 4—1841 Mar. 4—1845 Mar. 4—1849 July 9—1850 Mar. 4—1853 Mar. 4—1857 Mar. 4—1861 I A;;e al i i'ears Born. Inaugu- in ration, office. Died. 1732 1735 1743 1751 1759 1767 1767 1782 1773 1790 1795 17c4 1800 1804 1791 1»:09 Apr. 15-1865 1808 Mar. 4— iBCy 1822 ' Mar. 4-1877 1822 Vice-Presklen ts. Dec. 14, Julv 4— July 4- June 28, July 4- Feb. 23. June 6— July 24, April 4, 1799 1826 ■1 826 1836 1831 1^48 -1845 lc62 1841 Jan. 17, 1862 June 15, 1849 July 9—1850 Mar. 6—1874 Oct. 8—1869 June 1—1869 April 15, 1865 July 31,1875 Aa» »t Death 56 67 Names. John Adams, of Massachusetts Thomas Jetier.wn. of Virginia Aaron Burr, of New York George Clinton, of New York Elbridge Gerry, of Ma.ssachiisetts Daniel D. Tomjikins, of New York .. John C. Calhiiun, of South Carolina.. Martin Van Buren, of New York Kichard M. Johnson, of Kentucky ... John Tyli'r, of Virginia (iioriic'M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania .. Millard Fillmcre, of New York William K. King, of Alabama John ('. Ibiikiniiclge, of Kentucky Hannibal Hamlin, of JSIaine Anddew John.son, of Tennessee Schuyler Colfax^ of Indiana Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts AVilliani A. Wheeler, of New York. Inaugurated. 1789 1735 1797 1743 1801 1756 1805 1739 1813 1744 1817 1744 1825 1782 1833 1782 1837 1780 1841 1790 1845 1792 1849 1800 1853 1786 1857 1821 1861 1809 1865 1808 1869 1823 1873 1812 1877 1826 1826 1836 1812 1814 1825 1850 1862 1850 1862 1865 1874 1863 1875 lr75 1373 Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. John Jay John Rut ledge ... Oliver Ellsworth. Joliu Marshall ... Tioger B. Taney. . Salmon P. Chase . New York South (Carolina. . Connecticut Virginia ^Maryland Ohio Term of Service. MoiTi sou R. Wait© I Ohio. 1789—1795 1795—1795 1796—1801 ItiOl— 1836 183G— 1864 l!^i;4— 1873 1874-.... 1745 1739 1752 1755 1777 1808 1825 Died. 1829 1800 1807 1836 1864 1873 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. Najie. State. Term of Service. Bom. Died. .Jolin Uutli-dL'e Soutli (Carolina MassaO'^'t--^fo''^'cc"" T,^ co t-rrCart-^co'to'TjTo^co'o ^' t^ o o ■^" C3i *cj -^" -- ffy coovf-t fiaiiOM N i-H CO CO go r» FM oo ^^S "^ 5QO'-H'^«OiX!lO»dOpX-Hr-i ■T^ ju "-J."" ^s> i^ ;ju a ij -^ r-i X_ O t^t— -T" SO X a D-^t--.iAiO-*COCO-f^*^XO--MSi—'t-2'^»~*=^ I— '-OOTl-HaOt-x^-.-HC^■-l.■^^oou^c>^^-"»t^*c^^oco«NOOl■^|— •^oc^'-HC=-t^c^^- .^^= O^iC ^^t^ ^^QO CS'* CliOOOC^(--t^in3l03i— 'ODX^^C-lMOCi O 00 «5_«^__ri_iS c N'i-H'M't^cotooo'co'«ocrrcr*.o'cM'M'xrc^'FH'.--'^'cr^^ CTTkcTco'x'— Teo'^rT k 72 rirt IM-. 5 §S3S?32-3 O O 1— ' t— 10 «3 l^ o is o>o»fteos3«oaicO'-HM*MaocMvOcNQC■. c^oo■?>ocso^-l^^'-'-^ Ci_00_>— *_0q_O.^O_O -H^tO Oil— Hr-OOOOiOicO-^'^ffOCOt^b-rOOOO Oi_C0_.i-H_^^«O_kft,Oi_t^^'— '^C»_ S£S!::!«^!f'^^f■'<3^'^'^50«"*coM.-H^^oc^M^fi■-«>5^'^^^^«^-■-^■^CMco^'^^ cr^x.x^o,-* ■^ o_'30 t^o.o^i^o cc'DOi-fOt--a)OXiM ■^__o cO o_ic iO_--_t^co ^-^/-i^,r^^, SM c^'t-Tt^ M'i--'o'a>c^'o'"t^»rt'to"-^'"ioc^"co'fo'"i-<" eo't^x'c^'^ -(fiM'^Tco'^HN'^'i-Tirf" ^ NrH (Si ^ -o?* N CM -^ <— 'c/ro'— T-^'x— Tr^co' "^'" o CO'-Si-iXt^cSsOtOO?^ CO CO irt-^rt r-«p-< 00 co^(>-__«5_i-»_--_--_o ^ o CO co_^- — h-— *?5d— tCiCM— >xiOTXt^-^>ccoai--CMOcoin «5_fo_ S'-S9C"*'ErzC=C-^''^^^5C^'s^'^'s^'Marx'3i"-<^'ar«'c/o' Oi0gJ^0^"*j5CM'.0-^a0QM'^7PC0-^MSX^C0O'3<5j5M oo CM CO M *F-icOfflOt^'^«5u^'-Oi?5^i^^r — r* 3j'"i ?2 — » ^e-* ?!3 -t 2? '« '-3 tTm'*'^ Yo rCw — . r - -^ — «) IN r-i?5 i-hO ^ rt!?!SS5Lt-533 3??§€3 ?5x^ X 3-1" ?i 'i M -* X CM •-=> X X Sosa S3i x^cMcor>-t^oo- SQ^QXCi--" o t-cooa> t^inco-r -ri CO.— 'St^^D-M^OvyScOOCOf-HCOX^C 7-gSS?! CM X X X -^' O x' m' 7^ I -^ r - ^' CM S-r -O «:i^^rtp-iJC-T'fOJiC'f-«l;^eOi-ij4 '5S fejssji^^s'^s M »C -- ro X' »C X >— ' — *-^ O •^ »c X 'j__-*' o r- CI C' — X ^^ X'l—w'— 'cM'Oit^'o' SSi?S?3S3;!ni:;Sg'5,?S=S?3ig3fe«S2«.!3S3i^??2&g3;fi§ SCB^^XOO— "1— «^(), were funded into the 5, 4,'-, and 4 per cent. Loans, the Loan of .June 14, 18W anil all the Ten-Kortiis of 1804, amounting' together to $194,826,300, were culled in, and by July 10, all would be refunded in Kour per cents. THE PUBLIO DEBT. 23 PUBLIC DEBT AT ITS MAXIMUM— CURRENCY AT ITS COIN VALUE. The public debt reached its maximum on August 31, ISGo, wheu it amounted to $2,845,907,626, composed as follows: Funded debt $1,109,568,192 Matured debt Temi)orary loans Certificates of debt Five per cent, legal-tender notes Compound-interest legal-tender notes . Seven-thirty notes United States notes, (legal tenders).. . . Fractional Currency Suspended reqaisitions uncalled for. . . 1. 107, 85, 33, 217, 830, 433, 26, 503,020 148.713 093,000 954,230 024,160 000,000 160,569 344,742 111,000 Total $2,845,907,626 Of these obligatioms $684,138,959 were a legal-tender in the jiayment of all debts, public and private, except customs, duties and interest on the public debt. The amount of legal-tender notes, demand notes, fractional currency, and national currency, and national bank notes, outstanding on August 31, 1865, and annually thereafter, from January 1, 1866, to January 1, 1878, and the amounts outstanding November 1, 1878, are shown by the following table, together with the currency price of gold, and the gold price of currency, at each date : United States Issue. Note.s of na- i, ^ ' 2 e. tional banks including Gold Notes. Aggregate. §144 25 5 9 Da< Legal-tender Notes. Old Demand Notes. Fractional CuiTcncy. ATig. 3] , 1865 $432,757,604 $402,965 §26,344,742 §176,213,955 §635,719.266 869 32 Jan. 1, 1866 425,839,319 392 070 26,000,420 208,588,419 750,620.228 144 50 69 20 Jan. , 1867 380,276,160 221,682 28,732,812 299,846,206 709,076,860 133 00 75 18 Jan. , 1868 356,000,000 159,127 31,597,583 299,747,569 687,504,279 133 25 75 64 Jan. ] , 1869 355,892.975 128,098 34,215,715 299,629,322 689.866,110 135 00 74 07 Jan. , 1870 356,000,000 113,098 39.762,664 299.904,029 695.779,791 120 00 83 33 Jan. , 1871 356,000,000 101,086 39,995,089 206,307,672 702,403,847 110 75 90 29 Jan. , 1872 357,500,000 92,801 40,767,877 328,465,431 726,826,109 109 50 91 32 Jan. , 1873 358,557,907 84,387 45,722,061 344,582,812 748,947,167 112 00 89 28 Jan. , 1874 378,401,702 79,637 48,544,792 350,848,236 777,874,367 110 25 90 70 Jan. , 1875 3g2,0;.0,000 72,317 46,390,598 3.54,128,250 7^2,591,165 112 50 68 89 Jan. 1, 1876 371,827,220 69,042 44,147.072 346,479,756 702,523,600 112 75 88 69 Jan. , 1877 366,055.084 65,462 26,348,206 321,595,606 714,064,358 107 00 93 46 Jan. , 1878 349,943,776 63,532 17,764,109 321,672,505 689,443,922 102 87 97 21 Nov. , 1878 346,681,016 62,065 16,211,193 322,460,715 08.-),414.989 100 25 99 75 24 THE PUBLIC DEBT. BEDUCTION OF THE NATIONAL DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, from March 1, 1869, to March 1, 1879. Debt of the Debt of the Debt of the United States, United States, United States, DATES- less cash in tlie less cash in the . less cash in the Treasury. Treasury. Treasury. 1809 1873 1877 Mar. 1 . . 2,525,403,260 Mar. 1 . 2,157,380,700 Mar. 1 . 2,083,781,143 June 1 . . 2,505,412,613 June 1 . 2,149,963,873 June 1 . 2,003,377,342 Sept. 1 . . 2,475,962,501 Sept. 1 . 2,140,095,305 Sept. 1 . 2,055,409,779 Dec, 1 . . 2,453,559,735 Dec. 1. 2,150,862,053 Dec. 1. 2,040,027,066 1870 1874 1878 Mar. 1 . . 2,438,328,477 Mar. 1 . 2,154,880,066 Mar. 1 . 2,042,037,129 June 1 . . 2,400,562,371 June 1 . 2,145,268,438 June 1 . 2,035,780,841 Sept.l.. Dec 1 . . 2,355,921,150 Sept. 1 . 2,140,178,614 Sept. 1 . 2,029,105,020 2,334,308,494 Dec. 1. 2,138,938,334 Dec. 1. 2,027,414,320 1871 1875 1879 Mar. 1 . . 2,320,708,846 Mar. 1 . 2,137,315,989 Mar. 1. 2,020,207,541 June 1 . . 2,299,134,184 June 1 . 2,130,119,975 June 1 . Sept. 1 . . 2,274,122,560 Sept. 1 . 2,125,808,789 Sept. 1 . Dec. 1 . . 2,248,251,367 Dec. 1. 2,117,917,132 Dec. 1. 1872 1876 1880 Mar. 1 . . 2,225,813,497 Mar. 1 . 2,114,960,306 Mar. 1 . June 1 . . 2,193,517.378 July 1. 2,099,439,344 June 1 . Sept. 1 . . 2,177,322,020 Sept. 1 . 2,095,181,941 Sepfl. Dec. 1 . . 2,100.568.030 D'-c. 1. 2,089.330 099 Dw 1. DEBT OF EACH ADMINISTRATION. Washington's First Term 1793 „ $80,352,636 do Second Term 1797 82,064,479 John Adam's 1801 82,038,050 Jefferson's First Term .... do Second Term. . . Madison's First Term do Second Term . . . Monroe's First Term do Second Term . . . John Quincy Adams..... Jackson's First Term 1833 Interest 1836 1805 82,312,150 1809 57,023,192 1813 59,962,82? 1817 123,491,965 1821 89,987,427 1825 83,788,432 1829 59,421,413 7,001,022 291,089 Jackson's Second Term 1837 1,895,312 VanBuren 1841 6,488,784 Tyler 1845 17,093,794 Polk 1849 64,704,693 Fillmore 1853 67,340,t;20 Pierce 1857 29,000,387 Buchanan 1861 90,867,828 Lincoln 1865 2,682,593.026 Johnson January 1 1866 2,810,310,3.57 Jolmsoii March 4 1H69 2,491,399.904 Grant ..March 1 1871 2,320,708,846 do March 1 1S72 2,225,813,497 do March 4 1873 2,157,380,700 do March 1 1876 2,114,9(i0,306 do March 4 1H77 2,08S,781,143 Hayes March 4 1878 2,042,037,129 do . . March 1 1879 2,026,207,541 THE PVBLIO DEBT. 25 PAPER MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES. The amount of Legal Tender notes, Demand Notes, Fractional Currency, and National Bank Notes outstanding on August 31, 18(55, and annually thereafter, from January 1, 1866, to January 1, 1879, and the amounts outstanding November 1, 1878, are shown by the following table, together with the currency price of gold and the gold price of currency at each date, prepared by the Comptroller of the Currency : United States Issues. Notes of 1-6 5-5 e of ■ene.v Date. Legal - Ten- der iJotes. Olfi Dfi iBanks, in- Notes 1 '^^I'reucy. Gold Notes. i Aggregate. li OS Aug31,1865 Jan. 1 1806 Jan. 1.1867 Jan. 1, 1868 Jan. 1, 1869 Jan. 1, 1870 Jan.1,1871 Jan.1,1872 Jan. 1,1873 Jan. 1,1874 Jan. 1, 1875 Jan. 1, 1876 Jan. 1.1877 Jan. 1,1878 Nov.l. 1878 Jan. 1,1879 $432,757,604 425,839,319 380,276,160 356,000,000 355,892,975 356,000,000 356,000,000 357,500,000 358,557,907 378,401,702 382,000,000 371,827,220 366,055,064 349,943,776 346,681,016 346.681,016 ?402,955 392,070 221,682 159,127 128,098 113,098 101,086 92,801 84,387 79,637 72.317 69,642 65,462 63,532 62,065 62,035 *-26,344,742 $176,213,955 26,000,420 298,588,419 28,732,812! 299,840,206 31,597,583: 299,747,569 34,215,7151 299.629,.322 39,762,6641 299,904,029 39,995,089| 306,307.672 40,767.8771 328,465,431 45,722,061 344,582,812 48,544.792' 350.848,236 46,390,598 354,128,250 44,147,072 346,479,756 26,348,206 321,595,606 17,764,109 321,672,505 10.211,193 322,460,715 16,108,155 319,652,121 $635,719,206 750,820,228 709,076,860 687,504,279 689,866,110 695,779,791 702,403,847 726.820,109 748,947,167 777,874 367 782,.591,165 762,523,690 714,064,358 689,443,922 68.5,414,989 682,503,327 $144 25 144 50 133 00 133 25 135 00 120 00 110 75 109 50 112 00 110 25 112 50 112 75 107 00 102 87 100 25 100 00 $69 32 69 20 75 18 75 04 74 07 83 33 90 29 91 32 89 28 90 70 88 89 88 69 93 46 97 21 -99 75 100 00 From the organization of the U. S. Government to the 30th day of June, 1861, that day being the close of the fiscal year, the U. S. Government had called into its Treasury from the people the follow- ing sums from the following sources : Customs Revenues $1,575,152,579 92 Land Disposed of 175,817,961 00 Taxes and other Receipts 95,305,322 56 Total Ordinary Revenue from 1789 to 1861 1,846,275,863 46 Total Expenditure, same period 1,453, 790, 786 00 Excess Revenue )2,485,077 48 The following sums have been paid out as interest on Bonds for the past 15 years for the fiscal years ending : June 30, 1861 86,112,296 18 i June 30, 1870 1862 13,190,324 45! '• 1871. 1863 24,729,846 611 " 1872. 1864 53,685,42109,1 " 1873. 1865 132,987,350 25 i " 1874. 1866 133,067,741 69 I " 1875. 1867 135,034,01104 1 " 1876. 1868 140,424,045 00 1 " 1877. 1869 130,6i^4,242 8oi " 1878. 129, 125, 117, 140, 107, 103, 100, 97, •102, ,235,498 ,576,565 357 839 947,583 119,815 093,544 243,271 124,511 500,874 00 93 72 27 21 57 23 58 65 » This apparent increase isdue to the payment of tliree raoiuhs interest on the called bonds, interest being paid also on the 4 ij and 4 per cent, bonds Irom the time ol i)iircliasc. The next two vcars will show a large reduction. 26 GOLD AND SILYEK COINS.— I'ETnOLEUM.— TERRITORIAL OOVERNITTS. GOLD AND SILVER COINS. Country. Monetary Unit. Standard. Yaliie iiiTJ.S. LMoii'n Florin Franc Dollar Milreis of 1,000 reis. Dollar Peso Dollar Peso Crown Dollar Pound, 100 Piasters. Franc. Pound Sterling Drachma Mark ::iGold... Yen jGold Rupee of 16 Annas.. Silver Lira Dollar Austria Belgium.. . Bolivia Brazil Brit.Poss.N.Am Bogota CentralAmerica Chili Denmark Ecuador Esypt France ( Jreat Britain . Greece GeTniiin Empire Japan ... India Italy Liberia. . . Mexico jDoUar, Netherlands 1 Florin Norway iCiown jGold Pern Dollar Silver Portugal IMilreis of 1,000 reis Gold.. Russia iRoubleof lOOCopecs Silver. Gold&Silv'r GoldifcSilv'r Gold Gold Gold Silver Gold Gold Silver Gold Gold&Silvr Gold Gold&Silv'r Standard Coins. Gold&Silv'r Gold Silver.. . . . Gold&Silv'i Sandwichlsl'ds. ^Dollar., Spain Sweden Switzerland Tripoli Turkey U.S. ofColombia Peseta of lOOCentm's Crown Franc Mahhnbof 20 piast'rs Piaster Peso Gold.. Gold&Silvr Gold Gold&Silv'r Silver Gold Silver 1.19.3 0.9().5 0.54.5 1.00.0 0.96.5 0.93.5 0.91.2 0.26 8 0.93.5 4.97.4 0.19.3 4.86.65 0.19.3 0.23.8 0.99.7 0.44.4 0.19.3 1.00.0 1.01.5 0.38.5 0,26.8 93.5 1.08.0 0.74.8 1.00.0 0.19.3 0.26.8 19.3 0.84.4 0.04.3 0.93.5 8 Guldens or 20 f. Gold, f3.85.89. ^. 10, and 20 FrHiics. Escudo, half Eoli^c.r, and Bolivar. None. None. None. Dollar. Condor, Doubloon and Escudo. 10 and 20 Crowns. Dollar. 5, 10, 25 and 50 Piasters. 5, 10 aTid 20 Francs. Half Sovereign and Sovereign. 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Drachmas. 5, 10 and 20 Marks. 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 Ten. 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Lire. Peso or Dollar, 5, 10, 25 & 50 Centaoo. Florin ; Ten Guldens, Gold, $4.01.09. 10 and 20 Crowns. 2, 5, and 10 Milreis. Quarter, Half and One Rouble. 5, 10. 20. 50 and 100 Pesetas. 10 and 20 Ciowns. 5, 10 and 20 Francs. 25, 50, 190. 250 and 500 Piasters. PETROLEUM PRODUCTION. Petroleum, crude and refined. Its production east of the Mississippi, and the amount exported in each of the last eight calendar years. Years. Production. Exportation. Quantities, Values. Gallons. 1871 20S. 58 1,600 *149,892,691 *$36,894,810 1872 250,243,200 "145,171,593 '34,058,390 1873 394,850,400 *187,815,187 '42,050,756 1874 432,104,400 •247,806,483 *41,24r).815 1874 6M.Je30toD.3a 130,106,005 17,072,677 1875 350,320 920 238,548,312 31.734,093 187(5 36(),0H3,400 263,453,296 49,045,040 1877 r)02,4r)i),200 361,887,225 .'')7, 539. 87 3 1878 619.007.004 349,346,253 41.022.007 Totals. 3,224,250,124 2,074,027,097 $351,163,461 * Fiscal Tears. After 1874, the Amounts iuid Values are for Caleiftlar Tears. 1874 was a year of excep- tionally huge )ir(p(lu(tion, and the exports nuiiased in ])ro- portion. but leaving out that year, and there has been a .steady, and foi' tlu> most part, rapiii increase, both in the pro- duction and export of Petro- leum. TElilMTOinAL GOVERNMENTS. Territories. Capitals. Tucson .Sitka Yanoton Wasliinu'lou. Koisc (;itv,.. Tuhlciiuah.. GOVEKNOHS. Tcrriiorics. Capitals. Governors. Ari/.nnn AliiNkit Diikotii Dist. (-..I'lpin IllHllO Indinn . . . Gen. J. C. FKMiiont. BriK'.Gen.J. ('. Davis. William A. Ilowanl. ('(iniiiussidMi'rs. MnsdM BraiM.iii. 1,1'wi.s Dowiiinn. .Moiitaiin .\iw .Mexico... Itah Wasliiiiiltoli.... Wyoming Helena Santa Kc Salt Lake City. Olynipia Cheyenne Benj. F. Potts. Gen. Lew Wallace. Geo. N Emerv. ElishH V. Kerry. JohnW. Heyt. The Governors of the organized Territories receive a salary of ?2,600 each. BAKES AXD SANKiyO. 27 BANKS AND BANKING IN THE U. S. NATIONAL BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES. TaJile, by States and geographical divisions, of the number of hanks organized, closed and closing, and i)i operation, with their capital, bonds on d^]>osit, and circidaiion issued, redeemed and outstanding on the \st day of November, 1878. States and Terri- Banks. Capital. Bonds. Circulation. tories. Organ izcd. Il.Li- .inici- atic.n in Oper- atinn. Capital Paid in. Bonds on Deposit Issued. Redeemed. Outstand- ing. 74 47 50 242 62 86 2 1 3 5 1 4 72 46 47 237 61 82 $10,660,000 5,740,000 8,533,000 95,407,000 20,009,800 25,504,620 $9,626,2:0 5,769,000 7,662,500 72,221,950 14 254,400 20,323,700 |20,538..580 $11,738,656 S8,799 924 New Hampshire... 12,118,075 18,979,000 166,473,645 35,026,715 47,555,410 6,923,328 11,627,166 102,777.080 21,976,505 29,564,017 5,194,747 7,352,434 Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut 63,696,.-65 13,0,50.210 17,991,393 Totals, E. States.. 561 16 545 165,854,420 129,857,800 300,692,025 184,606,7.52 116,065,273 Xew Tork New Jersey Pennsylvania 340 71 257 14 34 CO 2 22 2 280 69 235 14 32 90,689,691 13,858,350 55,909,840 1,763,985 12,865,010 55,766,300 12,626,350 46,677,650 1,549,200 7,821,000 169,862,715 29,531,520 109,208,135 3,432,665 22,314,450 118.990,888 18,172,195 66,960,h3D 2,000,605 14,614,276 50,871,827 11,3.59,325 4v:,247,305 1,432,060 7,700,174 Totals, M. States. 716 86 630 175,086,876 124,440,500 334,349,485 220,738,794 113,610,691 Distr't of Columbia 11 29 20 15 12 17 2 11 2 11 12 3 55 32 43 4 11 5 "5 1 1 2 4 1 1 7 7 21 7 18 15 15 12 12 1 10 1,507,000 3,285,000 1,756,000 2,551,000 2,851,100 2,041,000 50,000 1,658,000 1,155,000 2,529,850 1.458,000 1,764,000 1,490,000 1,925,000 50,000 1,621,000 3,549,600 7,226,270 4,941,430 3,986,200 3,580.,325 4,817,790 59,500 2,999,130 66,000 6,557,760 1,686,420 531,900 18,039.495 6,400,280 10,947,335 2,450,001 4,865,578 3,393,022 2,272,720 2,230,960 2,891.381 15,700 1,511,142 65,389 4.533.224 1 149,415 280,307 9,812 155 3,832,947 8,602,943 1,090,599 2,360,692 "West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina 1,548,408 1,713,480 1,349,365 1,926,409 43,800 Alabama 1.478,988 611 7 11 48 25 22 3,475,000 1,100,000 206,000 9,936,500 3,080,300 7,175,000 1,820,000 680,000 205,000 8,546,350 2.754,500 2,000,000 2,024,536 Texas 537,005 251,593 8,227,340 2,567,333 2,344,432 Totals, So. States. 275 70 205 40,670,900 27,998,700 75,380,475 47,915,884 27,464,591 Ohio 196 115 165 90 56 99 39 27 12 34 21 26 11 18 23 8 16 2 162 94 139 79 38 76 31 U 10 26,986,900 15,026,530 17,194,600 9,514,500 3,315,000 5,927,000 4,968,700 800,000 1,000,000 23,157.2.50 12,918,-500 9,988,500 6,27-5,750 2,094,500 4,557,000 2,679,400 740,000 844,000 .56,231,270 34,542.755 33,,574.905 16.2.53,190 7,16,5,660 12,427,740 7,124,600 2,813,680 1,853,,340 34,845.147 22,144.156 23.6.59.677 10.255,860 4,878.370 8.038.221 4,502,396 1,891,161 1,112,106 21,-386.123 12,398..599 9,915,228 5,997,330 2,287,290 4,389,519 2,622,264 922,519 741,234 Totals, W. States 799 159 640 84,733,230 63.254,900 171.987,200 111.327,094 60,660,106 1 1 18 4 1 6 2 2 3 1 1 5 3 "3 131,700 487,000 1.611,920 614,930 197,740 .544,420 116,360 591,070 155, .530 45,000 128,.587 263,100 868,639 545,874 115,739 297,871 62,.360 325,510 56,530 3 113 1 13 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 250.000 1,23.5,000 200,000 100,000 350 000 125 000 300,000 175.000 150,000 2.'-.0,000 823.000 50,000 100,000 280,000 60.000 300.000 110.0(10 50,010 223,900 743,281 Utah 69,056 82,001 246,549 54,000 New Mexico Dakota 265,560 99,000 Washington 45 000 ... Totals,Pac.St.&T'r8 39 12 27 2,885,000 2,023,000 4,495,670 2,664,210 1,831,460 Mutilt'd NotesRetir 1,339,674 Grand Totals Add Gold Banks... 2,390 10 343 1 2,047 469,230,426 9 4,.100,000 347,574,900 1,834,000 886,904,855 3,051,220 567.252.734 1,5-2.300 320,991.795 1,468,920 Totals for all Banks 2,400 344 2,0.56! 473,530,426 1 349 408,900 889,956,075 568,835,034 322,460,715 28 BAXKS AXD BANKING. STATE BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES, June, 1878. States and Territories. Maine New Hampshire Vermout Massachusetts.. . , Boston Ehodelslauil Connecticut New England States., New York New York City. Albany .'.. New Jersey Pennsylvania Philadelphia I'ittsburgh Delaware Maryland Baltimore "Washington Middle States. Virginia "West Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia I'lorida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana. New Orleans. Texas Arkansas Kentucky Louisville Tennessee Southern States. Ohio Cincinnati.. Cleveland.. Indiana Illinois Chicago Michigan Detroit "Wisconsin Milwaulioo. Iowa Minnesota Missouri St. Louis. .. Kan.sas Nebraska Western States Oregon California San Francisco. Colorado , Nevada Utah New Mexico WviMiiiug Idaho .. Dakota , Montana Washington Arizona No. of Banks 69 71 j 21 ! i7o; 59 58 ! 107! 338! 44:ti IJ 59 i 3131 59 1 37 9 13 41 10 7' 22 13 18 67 6 22 32 3 21 102 15 74 17 31 255 21 150' 3191 31 153 15 89 1 11 287! 77 176 32' 109 48 PaciflcSt's (feToritor'a Totals Capital. 192,108 61,000 344,167 834.666 3,061,397 3,883,267 2,840,000 Deposits. Tax. $28,957,428 28,309,624 8,140,383 157,816,812 70,746,941 50,028,328 78,858,210 On Capital. On Deposits Totals 555j ll,llfi,005| 422,857,726 1 1 10,427,448 40,700,289 642,000 1,741,071 10,807,358 2,113,756 4,657 547 712,578 627,513 4,162,516 496,742 77,088,818 148,258,669 247,964,314 12,153,189 19,.326,498 29,979,015 42,552,729 13,727,252 1,798.521 559,703 34,604,030 3,151,613 544,075,533 3,281,667 1,497,782 588,290 911,523 4,317,817 89.483 993,270 1,289,573 116,000 4,473,905; 3,707,057 225,576 7,010,103 5,288,2961 1,769,671 ! 6,499,580 3,927,73 978,018 1,004,868 3,948,488 233,405 1,813,605 1,732,597 48,110 7,994,123 4,626,420 298,605 6,287.262 5,650,05' 2,731,199 520 : 35,559,029 47,774,074 6,042,364 2,022,369 898,623 5,091,175 4,509,738 3,612,908 2,636,707 1,108,368 1,386,425 729,8.53 5,255,013 1,510,.502 4.124,2691 6,576,033 1,472,344' 503,595 15,952,238 7,361,629 12,244,967 10,224,039 12,472,557 0,832,575 4,737,722 5,179,009 3,714,069 5,747,.509 8,224,785 3,233,693 10,184,792 16,387,002 2,598,746 1,189.250 $188 98 152 50 829 33 1,429 33 3,826 47 8,188 10 5,604 82 20,219 59 20,290 36 56,276 58 706 47 3,536 29 25,172 82 4,648 68 10,284 93 1,667 97 962 01 8,795 49 513 18 132,854 78 7,753 09 3,668 37 1,470 72 2,278 77 10,711 49 223 70 2,420 69 2,535 64 177 50 10,726 42 8,744 54 514 24 16,656 29 12,911 68 4,833 85 85,087 50 81,253 21 4,270 50 4,096 57 5,085 19 17,694 04 .39,.301 63 31,271 53 $1,442 19 4,423 00 4,925 90 6,514 52 21,520 51 47,489 79 36,876 35 102,972 67 123,192 26 100,972 62 214,.356 85 4,039 36 14,587 16 74,851 74 01,604 26 22,599 96 2,031 54 913 51 15,740 49 6,469 94 518,167 43 121,262 98 2^0,633 43 4,745 83 18,123 45 100,024 56 66,252 94 32,884 89 3,699 51 1,875 52 24,535 98 6,983 12 651,022 21 15,421 29 9,819 28 2,445 03 2,428 28 9 190 49 583 48 4,533 93 4,331 42 120 28 15,184 95 11,565 63 746 48 15,718 26 14,125 04 6,828 00 1,782, 47,470,2861 126,284,766 643,225 9,143,129 21,787,036 526,190 412.268 190.000 5,000 82.794 54,000 78,0;t9 133,413 20 ,000 85,000 1,489,547 17,422,175 78,070.629 934,915 1,914,.583 714,5551 61,1801 148,682 16,3.-)8 277, 927 1 188.918 537,450 2.5.8851 12,959 68 3,388 23 1,590 98 11,724 36 10,153 55 4,892 45 6,454 25 1,800 91 3,026 20 1,669 66 12,711 94 3,662 4 9,811 03 14,.540 48 3,441 85 1,203 76 103,031 80 1,499 49 24,733 99 46,2.56 46 1,315 46 1,030 66 475 00 12 50 198 69 135 00 195 10 333 53 520 00 212 50 113,041 84 38,776 39 17,295 38 17,403 31 21,838 78 29,981 71 17,043 45 11,844 11 11,038 32 9,284 961 14,368 72 20,377 7.9.50 .50 2.5,461 .50 40,967 45 6,496 .55 2,972 96 23,174 98 13,487 65 3,915 75 4,707 05 19,901 85 807 18 6,954 62 6,867 06 297 78 25,911 37 20,310 17 1,260 72 32,374 55 27,096 72 11,061 85 198,129 34 293,101 91 51,736 07 20,683 61 18,994 29 33,563 14 40,135 26 21,935 90 18,298 36 12,839 23 12.311 16 16,038 38 33,089 76 11,612 97 35,272 53 55,,507 93 9,938 40 4,176 71 396,133 71 3.602 45 37,946 00 132,601 59 2,336 38 4.786 37 1,786 37 1.52 95 371 70 40 88 694 60 472 28 1,343 62 64 70 217 34,148,094 101,802,804 76,918 38 186,200 09 4,400' 205,382,8.32 l,242.794,903i 418,112 OSl 1,213,483 94 5,101 94 62,679 99 178,8.58 05 3,651 84 5,817 03 2,261 37 165 45 570 39 175 88 889 90 805 81 1,863 62 277 20 263,118 47 1,631,. 595 00 BANKS AND HANKING. 29 In tho following table the number of State Banks & Trust Companies •was, on the 1st of June, 1878. 853 ; their average capital was 61'J4,347,2(52 ; the amount of their deposits, |:i'29,482,C25. The number of private liaukers was 2856 ; their average capital for the previous six mouths was $77,798,228: the average amount of deposits, $183,8;i2.995. The number of Savings Banks with capital was 23; amount of capital $3,237,342. The number of Savings Banks without cap- ital was 666 J the amount of their deposits $803,299,345. STATE BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. The laws of the United States require returns of capital and deposits to be made to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, for purposes of taxation, by all State banks, savings-banks, and private bankers. The data of the following table were obtained from that Commissioner. This table exhibits, by geographical divisions, the number of State banks, and trust companies, private bankers, and savings-banks, and their average capital and deposits for the six months ending May 31, 1878: STATE BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES. GEOGRArmcAL Divisions. New England States Middle States , Southern States "Western States Pacific States and Territories. United States No. of Banks. 42 217 233 296 65 Capital. Deposits. $8,189,517 I 42,446,037 ! 27,378,751 j 20,247,869 i 26,085,088 $15,062,430 122,098,847 30,667,577 38,877,287 22,776,484 124,347,162 ! 229,482,625 PRIVATE BANKERS. New England States 71 2,8.58,688 3,228,297 Middle States 916 34,482,781 7 298 396 • 61,922,908 13,683,874 75,107,656 280 Western States 1,450 26,917,565 Pacific States and Territories 139 6,240,798 29,830,230 TJnited States 2,856 77,798,228 183 832 965 SAVINGS-BANKS WITH CAPITAL. New England States Middle States Southern States Western States Pacific States and Territories. United States 68,400 160,000 881,882 304,852 1,822,208 3,237,342 1,139,916 1,273,145 1,278,900 1,931,700 20,456,307 26,179,968 SAVINGS-BANKS WITHOUT CAPITAL. New England States 441 190 3 25 9 403,427,083 358,680,633 2,143,723 10,308,123 28,739,783 Middle States Southern States Weatern States Pacific States and Territories United States 668 803 209 345 SUMMARY. New England States 555 11,116,605 77,088,818 35,559,029 47,470,286 34,148,094 422,857,726 544,075,533 47,774,074 126,284,766 101,802,804 Middle States 1,326 520 Western States 1,782 Pacific States and Territories 217 United States 4,400 20.5,382,832 1.242,794.903 30 LEGAL RATES OF INTEREST IN THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. LEGAL INTEREST. Alabama. — Eight percent. On usurious contracts the principal only can be recovered. Arhin^ix.— Six per cent., but parties may con- tract far any rate not exceeding ten. Usury for- feits both principal and interest CaHfornia — Ten per cent, after a debt becomes due, but parties may agree upon any rate of inter- est whatever, simple orcompoHnd, Colorado Territory.— Ten per cent, on money loaned. Cannfrtjcuf.— six per cent. Usury forfeits in- terest taken in excess of legal rate. Dalota. — Seven per cent. Parties may contract for a rate not exceeding twelve. Usury forfeits all the interest taken. Delaware — Six per cent. Penalty for usury for- feits a sum equal to the money lent. District of Columbia. — Six per cent. Parties may Stipulate in writing for ten. Usury forfeits all the interest. Florida.— Eight per cent Usury laws repealed. Money maj- be loaned at any rate. Georgia. — Seven percent. Parties may contract for twelve. A higher rate than twelve forfeits interest and excess. Idaho Territory. — Ten per cent. Parties may agree in writing for any rate not exceeding two per cent permontli. Penalty for greater rate is three times the amount paid, fine of S300, or six months imprisonment, or both. Illinois, — Six per cent., but parties maj' atrree in writing for ten. Penalty for usury forfeits the entire Interest. Indiana. — Six per cent Parties may agree in writing for anj' rate not exceeding ten. Beyond that rate is illegal as to excess only. Iowa.— Sis. per cent. Parties may agree in wri- ting for ten. A higher rate works a forfeiture of ten per cent Karuas. — Seven per cent Parties may agree for twelve. Usury forfeits the excess. Kentucky. — Six per cent., but contracts may be made in writing for ten. Usurj' forfeits the whole Interest charged. Louisiana.— Yi\o per cent, eight per cent lo&y be stipulated for, if embodied in the face of the obligation, but no higlier than eight )Hr cent Maine— Si-x. per cent. Parties may agree in writing to any rate. Maryland.Six. percent Usurious contracts can- not be enforced for the excess above the legal rate. J/iv;iiV/an.— Seven per cent Parties may contract for any rate not exceeding ten. jVi;in'w)(a.— Seven per cent. Parties may con- tract to jjay as high as twelve, in writing, but con- tract for higher rate is void to the excess. ,tfiMiW;);«'.— Six per ceiit Parties may contract In writing for ten. Wliore more tlian ten is taken the excess cannot be recovered. ,V].v»o»ri'.— Six percent Contract in writingmay be made for ten. Tlie penalty for usury is forfeiture of the interest at ten per cent. Montana. — Parties may stipulate for any rate of interest NebrasTsa.—Tcn per cent or any rate on express contract not greater than twelve. Usury jirohibits the recovery of any interest on the principal. Nevada. —Ten per cent Contracts in writing may be made for the payment of any other rate. IVewIIamp.Mre.— Six per cent A higher rate for- feits three times the excess to the person aggrieved suing therefor, A'ewJersej/.—Six per cent Usury forfeits all interest and costs. Neic-Mexico Territory.— Six. per cent, but parties may agree upon any rate. iVe»c- Fori.— Six per cent, U^ury is a misde- meanor, puni h.".ble by a fine of $1,000 or six months imprisonmeht, or both, and forfeits the principal, even in the hands of third parties. Iforth Carolina — Six per cent ; eight may be stip- ulated for when money is borrowed. Penalty for usury is double the amount lent and indictmentfor misdemeanor. Ohio.— Six per cent Contract in writing may be for eight No penalty attached for violation of law. If contract is for a higher rate than eight it is void as to interest and recovery is limited to principal and six per cent Oregnn.—Ton per Cent Parties may agree on twelve. Pennsylvania. — Six per cent. Usurious interest cannotbe collected. If paid it maybe recovered by suit therefor within six months. Rhode Island.— Six per cent Any rate may be agreed upon. South Carolina. — Seven per cent. Usury laws are abolished, and parties may contract without limit. Contracts must be in writing. Tennessee. — Six per cent. Parties may conractin writing for any rate not exceeding ten per cent. TiKTos.— Eight jier cent. All usury laws abolished by the Constitution. Utah Territory. — Ten per cent No usury laws. Any rate may be agreed on. T'en«o;i<.— Six per cent. Usury forlV'its only the excess. Tirginia.—Six per cent Lenders forfeit nil in- terest in case of usury. 'Washinfjton Territory.— T&n per cent. Any rate agreed upon in writing is valid. West Uiri/ima.— Six percent. Excess of interest cannotbe rocoverod if usury is pleaded. Tl'jVonftin.— Seven per cent Parties may con- tract in writing for ten. No interest can be com- puted on interest Usury forfeits all the interest paid. Ifi/omim/ rcrrifory.— Twelve per cent, but any rate may be agreed upon in writing. Vpper Canada.— Six per cent, but iiurties may agree upon any rate. /.infer Oiii'i''an,BaTlo^odbCo:8Seport. N^^iber Amount "5:if5 Alabama.. States an. Cities. rail^L. . Liabmties. '202 Arizona W. % ^ S'^n? '^^"^.^S^^ :::::::•:::::::::::::::::: I 40S 17,058 ^'V^l^^^^f • • • • • 310 6,899,539 2,522 ' Co?oSdo. .'.'." ^"'^"^^'^ ^i 4,700,591 q^!? n, 7 83000 2'??^ nr-TVr^V •••.•• 23 281500 i;879' ^:;:[r«^Col-bia 30 320,202 ''299 SZ":::::::::::::;::::. :::::;:::•■;;-••• "' '-''''''^ 51 ,075 i ^"^"?is . ■.■■.■.■.■.■.■.■. ■. ; ; ; ; ; 47b " " 7,672;93i 2=; in9 ' 1 r ^' ° Chicago 362 12,926,800 hfl ^'^'^'"^ 374 5 243 549 ?'8^q f"".*""^y 220 . 5,905756 1 'on? i;""^"^'''''' 127 4«30 462 is'?-2q M''''?--i 170 1,406 200 13,329 xMaryland. Hg 2 568 986 36,713 i Massachusetts 604 12,707,645 Q^S-^r'at r^ ^^^°" 325 11,279,523 qil? ^r'^'S''^" 369 6,627,709 o,525 Mississippi 99 1.073,660 26,878 PIi^^o^VqVV •• •• 101 1,036,416 iOlUoiltL:'^*-"^'"^ ^'' ^'l^l'^^O S SSf^:;;:::;::::.:;:.:;;;;;;;;;;------- ^ ""^ 7,587 New Hampshire iii s-i^'tqq 19,500 New jerse? .: i ::: i i! i .i ::::::: : Jea 4,74t993 110,600 ^'p^,V''"?-7t- • • V -1 969 15,791,084 fi 6-^^ ' ^ i^n ^^"^ ^"""^ 863 42,501,731 6,63t) North Carolina 89 li;059:200 49,158 \ ^^?.- •-■■.•••.••••• 515 10,799,300 2 fi7q ' n ^ ^^''''''''''^*' 216 7,570,311 2,679 Oregon 13 ' ^r;^^ 79,608 ^^""^.^'l^nia 77O 15,714,270 5 loq ' T? wS ? 1 ^^,^l^<^^lP^ia 257 101,373, 700 o.tJd Khocle Island ion o\oi qot 4,593 South Carolina ■ „ I'S^I^J 8,243 Tennessee lS J'oo^'Sq 11,909 Texas f.^ of^^%l 1.265 Utah 228 2,733,.25 6,751 Vermont ' .\l iJ^VS^n 203J5 ^«f""g^o^ Territory 3 ' ig.goo 39! ZZT'"" 163 2,317 382 ^4 Wyoming 11 (>io50 674,741 Total 10,478 $234,383,132 wn;^!,ff!f * """""^^^^ i^ tl^e number of failures and the amount of liabilities in 1878, Tar^ nf ^^^^V^'^''^ ^^^^^^. Prominent among these were the culmination of five \^^^,\^n ^^''^^TfT'''^ unfavorable weather in the winter and spring ; at- wS^ t^.?°i?^^V° ^^^^""^ resumption; a general decline of prices all over the Pffect -^ent f ^"^j/^^"^ ^^'^t'^l'"' '^"'^ *^^ ^^P^^^ ^^ ^he bankrupt law, which took of U, nrn!;= :. liasteued the bankruptcy of many who sought to take advantage of i«7^« T- i^^''- ^^sii^^Ptioi^ of specie payments in 1879. the immense crops 01 18/8, and the cbeermg prospects for trade, give a much better outlook for the present year. 32 BATES OF POUT AGE. RATES OF POSTAGE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN AND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. The standard single rate to Great Britain is ^2 oz. avoirdupois; to France and the Continent (by French Mails), it is 15 grammes, or ,'4 oz. avoirdupois. » Prepayment of Ui;ion Rates are optional. When not prepaid, double Rates are collected. DESTINATION. Africa, Spanish Possessions 011 Northern Coast AustraHa, except New South Wales and Queensland, via San Fran . Austria Azores Balearic Lsles Belgium Bermuda Canary Islands Carthagena and U. S., of Colombia, direct M.ail. Costa Rica, diivct Mail, via Aspinwall Cuba, direct Mail Denmark Egypt Faroe Islands Fiji Islands, direct, via San Francisco. Finland France Germany Gibraltar, British Mail Great Britain Greece Hay ti, by direct Steamer Honduras, Spanish, via Panama. Iceland Island of Malta . . . Island of Madeira. Italy. Japan, direct, via San Francisco Luxemburg Moldavia, Montenegro, Eoumania and Servia Morocco — Western Coast— Spanish Postal Stations . Netherlands. New Fouudlaud New Granada, direct Mail Nicaragua, direct Mails, Western Ports only Norway Panama, direct Mail Pekin, Titn Tsiu, Kalgan, and Ourga, via Germany and Russia.. Persia, German Mail Poland Porto Rico, direct Mail Portugal lloumania Russia Servia . . Shanghai, direct from San Francisco. Spain St. Domingo, direct Steamer Sweden Switzerland Tangier, via Spain TripolLs, Italian Mail Tunis, " " Turkey West Indies, direct Mail CTS. *5 5 *5 *5 *5 *5 5 *5 5 5 5 *5 *5 *5 5 5 *5 *5 *5 *5 *5 5 5 *5 *5 *5 *5 5 *5 5 *5 *5 5 CTS. 2 9 I'ostftl Union Kates. Miscellaneous Mails on next page. RATES OF POSTAGE. RATES OF POSTAGE.— Continued. 33 The standard single rate to Great Britain, is ^ oz. avoirdupois; to France and the Continent (by French Mails), it is 15 grammes, or >2 oz. avoirdupois, nearly. * Prepayment of Union Rates are optional. When not pre-paid, double Rates are collected. DESTINATION. Afiica, British Possessions oa West Coast, by British Mail Argentine Confederation, U. S. Packet, via Brazil Australia, New Soilth Wales and Queensland, via Southampton . . . Bolivia, British Mail, via Aspinwall Brazil, direct Mail British Columbia Burmah, German Mail Burmah, British Mail, via Brindisi Buenos Ayres, U. S. Packet, via Brazil Canada Carthagena, New Grenada, British Mail and U. S. of Colombia. . . Cape of Good Hope, British JMail Curagoa, British Mail, via St. Thomas Ceylon, British Mail, via Southami^ton Chili, British Mail, via Colon Costa Rica, Eastern parts of British Mail, via Colon Ecuador, British Mail via Colon Gambia, British Mail, via Southampton Gold Canst, British Rfail Guadaloupe, British Mail, via St. Thomas Grey town, British Mail, via Aspinwall Guiana, British, French and Dutch, via St. Thomas Guatemala, direct Mail, via Aspinwall , Hawaiian Kingdom, direct Mail Honduras, British Honduras, other Hay ti , via St. Thomas Hong Kong, Canton , Swatow , Amoy and Foo Chow, via San Fran India (Hindostan except Ceylon) British Mail Java, British Mail, via Southampton Liberia, British Mail, via Southauii^ton Martinique , " " "St. Thomas Morocco, " " except Spanish Possessions on West Coast. . . Mexico, by sea , New Caledonia and all French Colonies " overland New South Wales, direct Mail New Zealand, " " Nicaragua, (Eastern ports of) British Mail, via Colon Paraguay, British Mail Persia, via Persian Gulf Peru, British Mail, via Asjiinwall Queensland, British Mail, via Southampton Salvador direct Mail Siam, direct from San Francisco Sierra Leone, British Mail, via Southampton St. Domingo, via St. Thomas St. Helena, British Mail Straits Settlements, Singapore, &c Turks Island, British Mail, via St. Thomas Uruguay, British Mail Venezuela, British Mail, via St. Thomas Victoria West Indies, British Mail, via St. Thomas " " French Colonies, r'ia France Zanzibar, British Mail, via Southampton ►J o CTS, no 10 15 17 10 3 *10 10 10 3 13 *15 10 •10 17 13 17 10 no no 13 10 10 6 10 13 13 10 10 10 45 10 15 10 10 3 12 12 13 27 10 10 12 10 10 10 13 27 10 13 27 13 12 13 10 10 CTS. 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 CTS. 4 4 4 5 4 tio t 4 4 4 tio I 6 4 t « 4 no no no 4 4 4 no 4 4 3 4 t 4 6 4 3 4 6 4 4 + This rate for 8 oz. Samples— No Samples exceeding 8 oz. in weight can be forwarded, t For 4 oz. 34 BATES OF TOST AGE. KATES OF DOMESTIC POSTAGE. LETTERS. The standard single-rate weight is }.^ oz. avoirdupois. Siu'4le-rate letter, thiougliout the United States 3 cts. For'each additional Jj oz. or fraction 3 Drop letters, fi iv local delivery, single rate 2 " Drop letters, where there is no local delivery, single rate 1 ct. Postal card, throughout the United States 1 Advertised letters are charged extra 1 These postages must be prexDaid by stamps. Letters are to be forwarded without additional charge, if the person to whom they are addressed has changed his residence, and has left proper directions to such effect. Letters uncalled for will be returned to the sender, if a request to that effect be written upon the envelope. Properly certified letters of soldiers and sailors will be forwarded without pre- payment. No extra charge is made for the service of carriers taking letters to or from the Post-offices. NEWSPAPERS. Instructions Issued by the Postmaster General.— 3. 1875. — Tkie following instructions have been approved by Postmaster General Jewell in relation to the prepayment of postage on paijers and other printed matter, on and after Mch. 3, 1875, under the act of Feb. 8, 1875. Section 5 of said act di- vides the matter therein described into two classes, and fixes the rate of postage on each as folows : On all newspaper^ and j)eriodicals issued weekly or oftener, two cents per pound, or a fraction thereof ; and on all those issued less frequent- ly three cents per pound, or a fraction thereof. Under section 6, upon the receipt of such matter at the mailing office, properly assorted into the two classes, it must be prepaid (after deducting the weight of the sack) by special adhesive stamps, furnished by the Department for this purpose. Ordinary post- age stamps cannot be used for this puri)ose, nor can these stamps be used for any other purpose. Postmasters will make the following deductions for the weight of sacks, viz.: No. 1 jute sack, 2% l^JS.; No. 2 jute sack, 2. lbs.; No. 1 cot ton sack, 3i^ lbs.; No. 2 cotton sack, 2^4 ^^^- O" receipt of the postage th* Postmaster will give a receipt from a book of blank forms furnished by tho Department. Tho stamps will then be affixed to the stub of the receipt, and canceled by i^erforatiug them with a punch, and the blank spaces in the stub be filled to correspond with the receipt. The stub books are to be kept per- manently in the office, to be ready to be produced whenever demandwl by the Department. The Postmaster will render promptly at the end of each quarter, in blank forms furnished for tho purpose, a statement of the postage collected from each publisher or news agent during the quarter. Those special stamps will be chaiged to Postmasters, and accounted for in the same manuer as ordi- nary postage stamps. Newspapers, periodicals, and c/iTulars deposited in a letter-carrier's office for delivery by the office or its carriers, are subject to postage at the following rates : On new8])apers, regular or transient, not exceeding cue once in weight, one cent each ; on periodicals, regular or transient, not exceeding one ounce in weight, one cent each ; on xteriodicals, regular or transient, exceeding two ounces in weight, four cents each ; circulars unsealed, one cent ; weekly newspapers to transient parties, one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. These rates must bo ]trci»aid by postage stamps affixed. Weekly newspapers to regular subscribers will bo five cents per quarter. Under this section, county papers RATES OF POSTAGE. 35 pass by mail free to subscribers actually residing within the County, but when delivered at letter-carrier offices, or by a letter-carrier, they are Bubject to the rates of postage fixed iu the laws and regulations, page 67, section 158, namely: On publications not exceeding four ounces in weight, issued less Irequeutly than once a week, one cent for each copy, and when issued once a week, hvo eents additional per quarter, and live cents additional per quarter for each issue more frequent than once a week. An additional rate shall bo charged for each ad- ditional four ounces or fraction thereof. These rates must be paid quarterly before delivery of such matter, either at the office of mailing or delivery. When not so paid, postage must be collected on delivery of each copy, at transient rates, viz: one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof The foregoing instruc- tions took etfect on the third day of March, 1875, and continue in force until modified or superseded by the department. Begistration. — Letters may be registered on payment of a fee of ten cents, but the Government takes no responsibility for safe carriage or compensation in case of loss. Registration Fee on Packages — Prepaid at letter rates, not over four pounds in weight, to any part of the "United States, 10 cents for each package, in addition to the postage. The package must be en- dorsed on the back, with the name and address of the sender, and a receipt will be returned from the person to whom it is addressed. Money Orders. — All principal post-offices now receive small sums of money, and issue drafts for the same upon other post-offices, sub- ject to the following charges and regulations. These Orders, payable at any Money Order Post Office in the country, are issued at the following rates: On orders not exceeeing $15 lOcte. Over $15 and not exceeding $30 15 " Over $30 and not exceeding $40. 20 " Over $40 and not exceeding $50 25 " When more than $50 is required, additional orders must be obtained, but not more than three orders will be issued in one day to the same payee, at the same office. If a money order is lost, a certificate should be obtained from both the paying and issuing Postmaster that it has not been paid, and will not be paid, and the Dej)artment at Washington will issue another on application. If a money order is not collected within one year from date, it is invalid, and can only be paid by the Department at Washington on application through the issuing or paying Postmaster. printp;d matter to the British provinces. The regular United States rates must be prepaid, but these only pay for transportation to the boundary line; a second fee is charged on deUvery by the Provincial post-office. ACT OF JANUARY 27, 1873, ABOLISHING THE FRANKING rRIVlLKGE. Be it enacted, ^-c. That the franking privilege be, and the same is hereby abolished, from and after the first day of July, A. D. 187:?, and that henceforth all official corresi)ondence of Avhatever nature, and other mailable matter, sent from or addressed to any officer of the Government or person now authorized to frank such matter shall be chargeable with the same rates of ]iostage as ma^ be lawfully imijosed upon like matter sent by or addressed to other persons. 36 RAILROAD SYSTE2I OF THE VXITED STATES. RAILIIOAD STATISTICS. MILEAGE OF R.ilLEOADS IN OPERATION, AND ANNUAL INCEE.tSE, 1830-1878. IFrom Poor's Jlanmil of the liaUroadu of the United Stntes.'\ Years. M^lesin Operati'n. Annual Increase of Mileage. 1 Tears. Miles in Operati'u Ar>nual rucrei.soiif Mileage. Yeaus. Miles in Operati'n. Annual Increase of Mileage. 1830 23 1847 5,598 668 1864 33 908 738 1-31.... 95 72 1848.... 5,996 398 1865 ... 35,085 1,177 1832... 229 134 1849.... 7,365 1,369 1866... 36,827 1,742 1833 ... 380 151 1850.... 9,021 1,656 1867.... 39,276 2.449 1834... 633 253 1851.... 10.982 1,961 1868.... 42,255 2,979 1835.... 1 098 465 1852.... 12,908 1,926 1869.... 47,208 4.953 1836.... 1,273 175 18.53.... 15,360 2,452 18 0.... 52,898 5,690 1837.... 1,497 224 1854.... 16,720 1,360 1871.... C0.568 7,670 1838.... 1,913 416 1855... 18,374 1,654 1872... 66,735 6,167 1839.... 2,302 389 1856.... 22,016 3,642 1873... 70.840 4,105 1840.... 2.H18 516 1857.... 24,503 2,487 1874.... 72,741 1,901 1841.... 3.535 717 1858.... 26,968 2,465 1875.... 74,658 1,917 1842.... 4,026 491 1859.... 28,789 1,821 1876... 77,514 2,856 1843.... 4,185 159 1860... 30.635 1,846 1877.... 79,795 2,281 1844.... 4,377 192 1861.... 31,2e6 651 1878.... 82,483 2,688 1845.... 4,633 256 1862.... 32,120 834 1846.... 4,930 297 1 1863.... 33,170 1,050 1 Iti.s e>timate(l that there are 1,900 miles of railroad track, in double, treble or qu.Tclruple tracks, .^id- ngs, etc., making the total lenpth in sinsile track, January 1, 1878, 98,208 miles, and January 1, 1879, bout 101,000 miles. The mileage of 1878 is 2,688 against 2,281 in 1877. MILEAGE OF NEW RAILROADS CONSTRUCTED IN EACH STATE .IND TERRITORY FOR FIVE YEARS. [Frovt the HaVicay Age.] States, &c. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. i States, &c. 1874. 1 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 18 m 22 i Mi.ssouri 31 27 109 S^ 36 209 30 7 Nebra.ska 22 52 i 69 55 Arkansas California . . . Colorado 18 140io 23 185 111!^ 21 49 154 ;2 7 235% 123 >6 3)6 Nevad.i. 40 71)2 N. Hampshire 193 J^i I New Jersey.. 'New Mexico- 15 ilNewYork... 6 N. Carolina .. 45 1 1534 39 12% 9J4 84 18 81)6 35 3 Dakota 1255^' 206 68 13 172>^ 26 69M 43 275 27 269 129)6 19 18 5 5 "4 16 "42"' 13 '5514 24 62 Ohio 97 Georgia Idaho 36 188K 126 103 74 Pennsylvania Rhode" Island. S. Carolina . . vnyi isekl ^hy> 11994 Illinois 231 209.' J 200 109^ 58 72M 2 9694 76 138 14 1 9 15 1 17 9% 4894 16K Indian Ter't'y i Tennessee . 736 2194 10 48 61 31J4 84)4 165,1^ 86i< 28i4 2 255 Ji', Texas 169M Utah 20 1 Vermont 75 59 5 70M 6 34>i 27 32 3873^ "ib" 168'a! 118^ Kansas Kentucky 20 71 1694 52)6 20)2 62 5 16Vi Maine Maryland Mas'sachus'ts Michigan Minnesota ... Mississippi . . 37>i 12 27% 48 36 27 10 17 36 30 26 15 5 46 34 10 WashingtonT 15 ■ 56 204 5)6 6 110'6 16^ j Wisconsin .. . 102 23 123% 839i 26 1 Total 5,025 1,561 1 2,450 1,281 2,688 GENERAL RESULT OF RAILROAD OPERATIONS, 1871-1877. Miles Operated. Capital and Funded Debt Earnings. Dividends Years. Gross. Net. Paid. 1871 44,614 57,327 66,233 69,273 71,7.57 73,508 74.112 52,064.027,645 3,1.59,423,057 3,784,543,034 4,22l,763,.594 4,415,631,630 4,468.591,935 4,508,597,248 f403,329,208 466,241,0.55 .520,419,935 .520,466,016 503.065,505 497,257,959 472,909,272 8141,746,404 16.5,754,373 183.810.562 189,570,9.58 185,.50rt,438 186,4,52,7.52 170,976,097 $.56,4,56,681 1872 64,418,1.57 1873 67,120,709 1874 67,042,942 1875 74,294,298 1876 68,039,668 1877 58,550,312 DIFFEREXCES IX TIME.— THE LA HUE CITIES OF THE WOULD. 37 . DIFFERENCE OF TIME. When it is "i2 o'clock at noon ar New York City, it -will be morning at all places west of New YorJi, and alieinoouat all i)lace8 east, as in the annexed table. Places West. Acapulco, Mexico. ... AnbiiTO, New Yolk . Aujiusta, Ga Baltminre, Md Burlington, N. J Buttalo, N. Y Charleston. S. C Chieajio, 111. Cincinnati, O Colambns,. O Dayton, O Detroit, Micli Dover, Del Ewing Harbor, O. T... Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. Galveston, Te.xas Geneva, N. Y tl arrisburg. Pa Uouolulu, S.I Eunt.sville, Ala Indianapolis, Ind Jackson, Miss Jeflerson, Mo Key West, Fla Kn'oxville, Tenn , 10 It; 48 11|50 I'i llj-iS 11 49 :it^ ll[:)6 34 11 40 •:.i 11130 i-J 11 (i 11 18 IG Ills:! .v.i lljlftOO 11 '23 54 11 54 8'3S 10'37 8 10 3fi .'iS 11 47 :,3 11 48 44 G 24 8 llj e 16 11 11 44 10 .5,5 32 10 47 .32 U 28 54 lilac 28 PLACtb \Vi8T. Little Rock. Ark Loiiisvilli". K> Mexico, Mex Milledoeville, Ga Milwaukee, Wis Mobile, Ala Monterey, Mex Monterey, CA Xashville. Tenn Natchez, Miss Newark, N. J Newbern, N. C New Orleans, La Norfolk Ya Pensacola, Fla Petersburg, Ya Pliiladelphia.Pa , Pittsburg, Pa , Poijit Hud.an Diego. Cal. San Francisco, Cal.. . Santa Fe, N. Mex Santa Cruz. W. I Savannah, Ga .Scarboro liar., W. T. 8:5644 II '29 4 10|55|44 1043 10122 Ol 7 8!46 951 848 11 31 8:i7 Springfiold, 111 i|o , TallaEassee. Fla 1117 Tampico, Mex 10,24 Toronto. C.W I1I38 Trenton, N. J 11 57 Tuscaloosa. Ala 11 5 ITtica, N. Y 1155 Vera Cruz, Mex 10 31 Yincennes, Ind 11 6 Washington. D. C 11 47 Wheeling, W. Ya 11 33 Wilmington, N.C 1]'43 Wilmington. Del 11 54 Yorktown, Ya 1149 PLACES EAST Albany, N. Y Augusta, Me Bangor, Me Berlin, Prus Boston, Mass Constantinople, Tor. Dublin, Ireland. Edinburgh, Scotland. Frederictcm N. P... . AFTER- KOOX. M.l S. ll 6 16 44 26 56 49 39 11 50 .52 30 42 43 21 29 4 PLACES EAST. Halifax, N.S Hamburg, Germany.. AFTER- NOOX. H.l.^L|S. 41138 5 35 58 Harttord, Conn. 5 21 4 55 41 10 4- 523 144 423 London, England. Lowell, Mass ^liddletown. Conn.. ^lontreal. L. C New Haven, Conn. PLACES EAST. Paris, France Portland, Maine Providence, R.I Quebec, Canada Rome, Italy St. Petersburg, Rns. Stockholm. Sweden.. Vienna, Austria AFTBB- NOON. H.IM.IS. 5| 5 26 01510 0|10,25 OH 5 45 59 6 57 18 6| 8 18 6 ll37 THE LARGE CITIES OF THE WOELD. CITLES. Population CITIES. Population CITIES. Population CITIES. Population London 3,533,184 Paris 1,988,748 Peking 1,500,000 Canton 1,.300,000 Constantinople 1,075,600 New York.... 1.046,037 Berlin 1,045,000 Vienna ; 1,020.770 Tokio.rteYedoj 800,000 Foochow 800.000 Calcutta 1 794.645 New Yedo 780.ti21 St. Petersburg. 670,000 Philadelphia.. 667,226 Bombay 644,405 Macao 625.000 Moscow 611.970 Hankow 600.000 Kou Kia L' . . . j 600.000 Kioto. Japau..' 560,200 Glasgow j 555.044 -Osaca, Japan.. 533.000 Idverpool ! 527,000 Ningpo Brooklyn St. Louis Chicago Naples Hamburg Mam-hi-stcr... i;iMiiin;;ham . Nanking Anioy Madras Bru.s.sels Madrid CheFoo Cairo Lyon Boston Shanghai Mexico ^Marseilles Dublin BudaPestb... Amsterdam . . . 500,000 484,616 479.000 460.000 448.743 406,014 40(1. Odd 400. IKK I 4(I0.IHKI 4011,111111 397, .■.22 3'^0.2:!- 367.2-4 3."i0(100 349,.-,^:i 342.815 341.919 .320,000 31. ".,.'".96 318,864 314.66(; 313,401 302,266 Leeds Saikio Lucknow. ShetlieU Ru) do Janeiro. Baltimore Milan Koine r.angkok r.arcelona W'aisaw Melbourne Havana I'leslau Bucharest l'..lermo Cincinnati Eiliubuigb . . Bordeaux Alexandria Turin Copenhagen Munich .OOolDresden... ,000 ISuenos Ayres. ,779, New Orleans. . ,(Kio Bri.stol ,972 ',:!54 ,976 :,022 i.O(K) ,015 ,.584 ,0(KI ,000 0.".0 Prague Bradford Santiago Benares J'.ellast. Sydney N.S.W I'loience Stockholm Lille ()(!• s.sa Patna, India.. . Delhi .Salford 746lSevillo no s.iu Francisco. 0.".4 ]\Ionte Video.. 770 Dundee 000 Agra, India... 8291 197,295 195,000 191,418 190,539 189,949 180,000 180,000 175,188 174,394 174,249 167,093 165,677 162,975 161.814 158.900 1.54,417 152,500 152,000 1.50,000 150,000 149,720 149,008 88 IMPORTS AKD EXPORTS. TABLE OF IMPORTS, FOREIGN EXPORTS, NET IMPORTS AND DOMES- TIC EXPORTS, FROM 1844 to 1878. The following table exhibits the Imports, Exports of Foreign Goods, net Im- ports and Exports of goods, the production, growth or manufacture of the United States from the year 1821, when for the first time, the distinction was made between the imports and exports of merchandize and that of coin and bullion. The fiscal year closed September 30, till June 30, 1843, when it closed as now, June 30. An additional column gives the value of our domestic exports, since 1861, in mixed values — gold and currency, all the other columns being in gold values. Foreign Exports Domestic Kxi'OKTS. Tear, Ending : Imports. Net Imports. Total Mix'd Values Gold Value. Gold&C'rncy 1 % $ $ Sept. 30 1821..-. 62,585,724 21,302,488 41,283,236 43,071,894 " 1822.-- 83,241,541 22,886.202 60,955,339 49,874,079 " " 1823.-- 77,579,267 27,543.622 50,035,645 47,155,408 " 1824.... 80,549,007 25,337,157 55,211,850 50,649,500 " ,.-1825.-.. 96,310,075 32,.590,643 63,749,432 66.944,745 •' 182G.... 84,974,477 24,539,612 60,434,865 53,055,710 " 1827.... 79,484.068 23,403,136 56,080,932 .58.921.691 " 1828..-. 88,509,824 21,595,017 66,914,807 .50,669.669 •' " 1829.... 74,492,527 16,658,478 57,834,049 5.5,700,193 " 1830..-. 70,876,920 14,387,479 56,489,441 59.462,029 " 1831..-. 103,191,124 20.033,526 83,157,598 61,277,057 " " 1832 101,029,266 24,039,473 76,989,793 63,137.470 " " 1833.... 108,118,311 19,822,735 88,29.5,576 70,317,69e U i( 1834 126,521,332 23,312,811 103,208,521 81,024,162 •. 1835.... 149,895,742 20,504,495 129.391,247 101,189,0b2 " " 1836.... 189,980,035 21,746,360 168,233,675 106,916,680 " " 1837.... 140,989,217 21,8.54,962 119,134,255 95,564,414 " " 1838.... 113,717,404 12,452,795 101,264,609 96,033,821 " " 1839 ... 162,092,132 17,494,525 144,597,607 103,533,891 11 <4 11-40 107,141,519 127,946,177 18,190,312 15,469,081 88,951,207 112,477,090 113,895,634 106,382,722 " " ls-11.... " " 1842... 100,162,087 11,721,538 88,440,549 92,969,996 June 30 1843*... 64,753,799 6,552,697 58,201,102 77,793,783 Juue 30 1644.... 108,435,035 11,484 867 96,950,168 99,715,179 " " . 1845.-.. 117,254,564 15,346.830 101,907,734 99,299,776 " " . 184fi ... 121,691,797 11,346,623 110,345,174 102,141.893 " " 1847^-.. 146,545,638 8,011,158 138,534,480 150,637.464 1. 11 1848.... 154,998,928 21,128,010 133,870,918 132,904,121 1849.-.. 147,857,438 13,088,865 134.768,574 132,6t;6,955 " " 1850-.-. 178,138,318 14,951 80b 163,186,510 136,946,912 " •' 1851-.-. 216,224,932 21,698,293 194,526,639 196,0.-9.718 " " 1852.... 212.945,442 17,289,382 195,656,060 192.:!6H,984 • 1 11 1853... 267,978,647 17,.">:)t<,460 2.")0,420,187 213,417,697 " '• 1854.--. 304,562,381 2),f."i0,194 279.712,1.87 2.52.047,806 " " 1855... 261.468„520 '.^8,448.293 233,020,227 246,70-»,553 ■ 1 11 1856... 314,639,942 16,378,.578 298,261,364 310,5.-6,330 11 11 1857... 360,890,141 23,975617 336, 9 14.. 524 338.9.-^5,065 11 11 1858... 282,613,150 30,886,142 251,727.008 293,758,279 11 II 1859... 338,768,130 20,895,077 317,873.053 335,894,385 II 11 18C0... 362,166,2.54 26,933,022 335,233,232 373,1.89,274 11 11 18G1... 335,650,153 20,64.5,427 315,004,726 228,699,4,-"6 11 11 1862..-. 205,771,729 16,869,466 188,902,263 210,688,675 $213,069,51? 11 11 1863... 252,919,920 26,12;},584 226,796,336 241,997,474 30.5,884,998 11 11 1864.... 329,562,895 20,2.'')6,94l) 309,305,9.55 243.977,5^9 320,03.5,199 ■1 11 1865..,. 248,555,6.52 32, 11 4,1. 57 2n;.441.495 201,.5,5,s',:i72 323,743,187 ■ 1 II 1866.... 44.5,512,158 14,742,117 430,770,041 420,161,476 .5,50,684,277 11 II 1867..'.. 417,833..-.75 20, 6 11,. 508 397,222,067 332,61 8, OH:i 438,577,312 11 11 1868.... 371.624,808 22,601,126 349,023,682 3.53,13.5,875 454,301,713 11 11 1869.... 437,314. 2,".5 25,173.414 412140,841 318,082,663 413,961,115 ■• 11 1870.... 462,377,.'jH7 30,427,l.'-)9 431,950,428 420,500,275 499,092,143 11 II 1871... .'■)41, 493,708 28,4.".9,899 513,033,809 512,802 267 562,518,651 11 11 1872.... 640,338,766 22,769,749 617,.569,017 501,285,371 549,219,7191 II 11 1873... 663,617,117 28,149 511 635.467,636 578,938,985 649,132,563 ( .V.t.-.,861,248 23,780,338 572,080,910 629,133,107 693,039,054 §10,200,0.59 §11,424,066 •' ".... 1875.... (553,906.1.'i3 22,433,624 531,472,529 583,141,229 §1.5,, 596, .524 575,620,938 643,094, 76T §15.596.524 < 476.677 h71 21,270,035 455,407,836 644,956,406 1876 §10..507,.563 §10,. 507 .563 " " .... 1877.... 492,097,540 25,832,495 406,265,045 1 632,804, 9(i2 676,1 1.5,. 592 1878.... 466,872,846 20,83-J.738 446,038,108 707,771,153 722,811,815 §10,535,857 * Niiin niontbc only. § Addition fo llnniestic ExjKiits, Meicliaiidiso only, taken ft'oni Canadian reports. THD SILK INTEREST. 39 ^ I » p-s := :5'n2 o i 40 EDUCATIONAL. The Educational condition of the United States, though not yet what "we may hope it will be, is far in advance of that of any other nation. Some of the German States maintain a system of compul- sory education, which ensures to every child a certain amount of intellectual training, but this is surrounded by such restrictions that it is not so beneficial to the youth of the State as our more free and practical system of education. In our country, up to the close of the late war, very few of the Southern States had any thorough sys- tem of primary education, and many of their secondary and higher schools, colleges and seminaries, were very superficial; but the last ten years has witnessed a great advance in these respects in those States, and the Northern States have made equally rapid progress. The tables which follow, show that nearly 9,000,000 of our chil- dren — somewhat more than one-fifth of our entire population — are enrolled in our Public Schools; 246,054 in our secondary and special schools (these returns are so incomplete that they do not probably represent one-half of the actual number in attendance, the Catholic Secondary Schools reporting 242,000 children), the Universities and Colleges have 50,253 students, and the Scientific and Professional Schools 25,039, making a grand total of nearly 9,000,000 children and youth under instruction; more than 270,000 teachers are engaged in the work of instruction. For the purposes of this edu- cation, the investment in real estate, appliances for teaching, and libraries, is over $314,000,000; the amount of vested and permanent funds (largely increased by benefactions, sales of land, etc., every year,) is more than $127,500,000, and the annual income $108,300,- 000. No nation in the world can make such an exhibit as this, but we may fairly hope that another decade will show one-fourth of our population under instruction, with greatly increased facilities. The reader will find, also, in the tables which follow, an account of the private benefactions made to education since 1870, and of the large libraries which have made such a rapid growth within the past few years. PVBLIO SCHOOLS. 41 STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE TTfnTFD STATES FOR 1876. er of K <1 §r; Teachers em- -a c>> ployed in 1 o 1 p. ^ is 1| r2 6 S a Public School. STATES AND TERRITORIES. I <1 f2 u s§ < 1 £ Alabama 5to2i 406,270 284,389 147,340 110,253 86.5 2,702 1,297 Arkansas i..21 184,692 138,519 73,878 42,680 1,.582 740 Calitbruia | i..l7 171,563 1.54,406 130.930 78,027 149.6 1,033 1,060 Colorado i 21 23,275 16,292 12,. 552 7,343 116.0 172 205 Count'cticut 4.-16 134,976 1 12'480 120,189 68,993 176.0 721 2,324 Delaware - T 21 47.825 35,878 19,881 140.0 (•1 30) Florida | 6.. 21 94,522 70,891 .32,371 28,306 132.0 (7 96) Georgia | Illinois 1 G..18 R 21 394,037 958,003 354 633 156,.394 687,446 96,680 718.302 9,288 12,330 Indiana \ fi 21 667.711 500,783 502,362 300,743 120.0 7,670 5.463 Iowa 1 5 21 533,903 341.713 384.012 136.0 6,500 11,645 Kansas j T 21 199,986 129,33] 142.606 85,580 1020 2,484 2 899 Kentucky fi. 20 437,100 349 680 228.000 159,000 100.0 4,236 1,732 Louisiana Maine 6. .21 4 91 274,688 221.477 206,010 143,960 74,846 157.323 797 700 100,641 117.0 1.934 4,475 Maryland ■ 5 20 276,120 207,090 142,992 69,259 187.0 1,129 1,594 Massachusetts 5 15 294,708 294,708 302,118 216,861 177.0 1,169 8,047 ]\lichi{!:an 5 20 448,784 336.588 343,619 200,000 138.0 3,28S 9.182 Minnesota 5 21 218,641 153,048 .130,280 71,292 120.0 1,372 1,591 Missippi 5 21 318.459 222.921 168.217 106,894 140.0 2,989 1979 Missouri 5.. 21 738,431 516 901 394,780 192,904 99.0 5,904 3,747 ly^ebiaska 5 21 80,122 56,085 55,423 96.0 1,504 1,587 Nevada 1 f) 18 6,315 5,683 4,811 2.884 35 80 Kew Hampshire... - 4 91 76,272 55,865 68,751 48,288 100.0 503 3,106 New Jersey 5 18 312,694 265 790 191,731 98,089 194.0 946 2,307 New York 5 21 1,583,064 1,108.144 1,059,238 531,835 176.0 7,428 22,585 North Carolina fi 21 348,603 261,452 146,737 97,830 50.0 (2, 090) Ohio 6 21 1,017,726 757,138 712,129 435,349 140.0 12,306 10,186 Oregon 4 20 44.661 31,262 21,518 105.5 496 457 Pennsylvania fi 21 1 222,697 917,031 890.073 551,848 lol.O 8.585 11,295 Rhode' Island 5 15 53,316 48,321 38,554 26,163 Hti.i) 195 661 South Carolina fi Ifi 239.264 239,264 110,416 1000 1,773 1,082 Tennessee fi 18 426,612 383,950 199,058 136,805 100.0 3,125 1085 fi 18 313,061 281.754 184,705 125,224 (4, 030) 5 20 89.541 67,155 78,139 50,023 111.0 667 3,739 5 21 482,789 179,897 307,230 134,922 184 486 11.5,300 103,927 79,002 112.0 92.5 2,711 2,677 1,551 West Virginia- fi 21 764 "Wisconsin 4.. 20 461,829 323,280 279,854 149.0 (9, 451) 6.. 21 13,983,634 10,533,055 8,693,289 (247, 468) Arizona 2,508 1.881 508 419,180. 6 8 Dakota Dist. of Columbia. . 5. 21 6. .17 ^-,343 31,671 .5,840 29,133 4,428 18,785 ^ 13,494 191.0 271 Idaho Montana 5.. 21 4.. 21 4.020 3.822 2,814 2,250 2,215 1,710 92.0 43 56 New Mexico 7 ,18 29,312 28,984 5,151 132.0 132 15 4.. 16 35,696 8,350 29.747 5,427 19,278 6,699 13,462 140.0 70.0 220 (2 336 Washington 4.. 21 20) "Wyoming Indian 5.. 20 6. .16 1,095 845 1,222 3,754 T Xotal 124,817 106,921 77,922 (1. 839) Grand Totals. . . 14,108,451 10,639,976 8,771,211 1 (249, 307) * So many of the States do not return the avenige daily attendance, that the total footings are of no value, an'l are omitted. 42 PVBLIO SCHOOLS. STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLSOF THE UNITED STATES, JAN.. 1876. STATES AND TEERITOKIES. Average Monthly Salary of Teachers. S Annual Expenditures of Public Schools. cc.=^ 20) 68.01 48.00 37.35 00) 30.00 Alabama | $(27. Arkansas ; CalKornia 84.93 Colorado 60.00 Connecticut 70.05 Delaware (28. Florida 50.00 Georgia 1 niinois I 48.211 33 32 Indiana 65.001 40.00 Iowa 136.68 28.33 33.98 27.25 (49.'40) 37.00 37.00 37.00 18.00 41.73 41.73 88.37 35.35 51.29 28.19 41.36 28.91 55.47 55.4 38.00 29 50 38.60 33.10 (100. 56) 42.61 25.54 67.65 37.75 (58. 36) 30.00 25.00 60.00 44.00 51.45 45.50 41.07 34.09 58.18 46.1 31.64 29.21 30.85 30.85 (53. 00) 45.62 25.65 33.52 28.71 35.03 30.77 50.83 33.28 Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland ... Massachusetts . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Mi.ssoun Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire S'ew Jersey New York North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania ... Rhode Island South Carolina. . Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia "West Virginia... "Wisconsin Totals. Arizona Dakota , Dist. of Columbia.. Idaho Montana Now Mexico Utah "Washington "Wyoming Indian Total Grand TutuU. 100.00 35.00 113.00 55.00 65.00 47.00 100.00 25.00 75.00 55.00 57.00 23.00 §553, 014 789,536 3,390,359 254,679 1,592,749 192,735 188,952 435,319 8,268,.540 5.041,517 5,035.498 1.042,298 1,438,436 699 665 1,31.3,303 1,376,046 6,410,5141 4,173.551 1,861,1581 1.110.248: 3,013,595 292,475 146.1811 621,649 2,311,465; 11,601,256 500,000, 8.711. 4ir 204, 760 1 8,798,816 761,796 489,542 740,316 244,879 516,252 1,215,353 753,477 2,308,187 $100 54,912 465.955 76,215 220,942 1.090..574 700,000 1,114.68 ( 182.886 111,406 60,182 110,725 272,539 1,533,142 571,109 208.03(1 55,000 a; a: 34,187 24,100 43.622 7,500 20,000 15,600 §489,492 259,747 1,810,479 102,783 1,057,242 327,406 22 723 264^244 549,019 2,181,927 15,100 1,313,515 3.125 2,059,465 275,835 22 522 4M06 60,081 89,789 97,278 12.3,844 371,496 50,000 34,100 24,000 29,668 25,440 48,650 18,916 28,770 158,773 2,000 106,050 11,681 19,385 9,233 12,643 48,668 2,500 50,000 88,399,237, 14,710,4751825,486 28,759 32,602 517,610 22,497 31,821 25,473 130,799 99,929 889,490 9,985 61,123 28,726 •49,568 9,520 4,566 '3,456 149,402 17,470 5,326,780 2.830,747 2,598,440 689,907 573,144 1,046,766 1,035.755 1,950,928 702,662 856,950 414,827 83,548 424,889 1,731,816 7,849,667 158,129 4,787,964 I 523,779 I 750,000 381,803 2,701,863 31,8l5j 218,313 254,399' 1.552,.583 107,724 971,854 949.4.57 892,620 113,208 42,339 126.144 307,313 994,745 247,755 80,000 4,640,825 3a3,284 369,685 582,918 630,334 440,536 726,300 541,359 1,350,884 46,448,787 18,046 209,368 33,921 15,432 130.800 54,720 16,400 89,2t<8.727: 14,859.x77i842.9.""><) 47.027.474 167,039 18,030 53,721 30,780 1,569,662 8,445 1,391,704 2,557,587 77,059 34,554 42,420 26,588 82,089 151,150 47,4.57 241,777 8.268,540 4.530 204 4.605,749 1,020 101 1,559,452 699,665 1.313,303 1,641,047 7.000,000 3,516,7.-'2 1,158,447 1,040,600 3,000,000 928.188 124,301 742,8.54 2,340,985 11,601,256 300,000 7,651,956 215,707 9,363,927 764,643 426,461 703,358 726,236 625,0.57 1,023,396 715,160 2,006,375 11,893,524 -5.526,912 4,572 86,568 24,151 32,603 366,579 17,2.0 67,147 18,890 183,818 54.720 16,400 99,000 94,598' 886,528 11.988.122 86.'I07.440 FVB/ lC schools. 43 STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC XiCHOOLS OF THE UNITED S lATES, JAN., 187(j, STATES AND TERRITORIES. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Greorgia Hlinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Lonisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. . . Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia "West Virginia... . "Wisconsin Totals Arizona Dakota Dist. of Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah "Washington "Wvoming Indian Total Granil Totals. 3,898 2,134 2,ino 17-2 1,656 369 796 3,669 11,451 9,307 9,528 3,715 4,894 1,032 4,180 1,846 5,551 5,702 3,085 2,275 7,325 1,805 115 2,223 2,948 11,781 4,020 11,834 859 17,092 739 2,347 3,125 3,898 2,800 3,885 3,245 5,260 162,951 11 296 47 53 76 138 296 219 13 163 ; 4.126,56a t Nominal, not much ovar 3 per cent, now available. \ T'-e benefaction to education in 1874. were «6 053.304; in 1873, 111, 220,977; iu 1872, S9,9,-)7,494; in 1871, §8,435,990; making a total in tive years of 139,800,327. In 1876 there were 3,682 Public Libraries in the U. S., with 12,276,9&4 volumes. 201 contained over lO.OOO volumeseach; 78ovcr 20,000; 52 over 30.000; 29 over 40,iXt0, anil 19 over 50,000 volume.s. The liirjiest arc: Library of Congre.ss, 300,000; Boston Public Library, 199,869; Harvard University, 227,650; Astor. 152,446; Mercantile, N. Y.. 160,613; Mercantile. Philadelphia, 125,163; House of Representatives, Wasliint'ton. 125,- 00U-. Yale College, 114,200; Boston Athenaeum, 205,000; Pliila. Lib. Co ,104,000; N. Y. State, at Alban."-, 95,. 000, and several others rapidly approaching 100,000. Permanent endowment funds, about $15,00:1,000. Amount invested in buildings, grounds, books, manuscripts Ac. , $40,000,000, at least. Amount invested in Academies of Design, Art Collections. Archa>o'o y. Natural History and Science (of which there ar» nearly l^"") , aggregates from $15,000,000 to S.O.OOO.OiX). 44 SECOSDARY AXD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS. SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. After our Public Schools, ot which \\e have ,tjiveii such full statistics in the pre- ceding tables, some schools of .secondary or superior instruction, which under a variety of names, form the connecting links between the piiblic school and the college or university. Some of these are private schools but somewhat permanent in character; they may be schools for boys, or for girls, or both; other-i rank as academies, high schools or seminaries; others still, are i^repaiatory schools for Ihe college course; others still as schools of superior instruction lor women, Female Seminaries, Colleges, Academies, or Collegiate Institutes. Still another class, are Commercial ur Business Colleges. There are also Normal Schools or Colleges, sometim ;s private, sometimes State or Citv institutions, intended for training teachers— and schools of special instruction f^r deaf mutes, blind, feeble minded, <3rphaus and juvenile offenders. The character of these schools is so diverse thai we cannot bring them under a table, showing the number in each State, but we give below the aggregate number of each class in the entire country, with such particulars as can be collected concerning them, premising that a considerable num- ber are not re]3orted in any year, CLASSES OF SCHOOLS. o o d i5 "3 a d s s d 'S, 3 d 3 £ d ^5 Value of BuildinRs Grounds and Ap- paratus. 8890,850 35.550 2,315.543 1,062,593 778,650 ' ^ & '3 — p.- 3 j: COS" $23'., 1 18 4.735 214 230 72.782 60,699 "5 ll 3 §1,144,632 900,12^ 1,255,166 •156,776 1,259,411 684,071 c CJ q . 3 >> >a d Schools* Acad. Boys. Schools & Acad. Girls. Schools, Boys .= < ? 'f |ii si ill I. SOIKNTIKICSOIIOOI.B A— Schools eii.towi-il from AKrlciilturnt Ki'ril n— Not thus (.iKlowc'l 659 21 9 fit.'. 224 809 36 us r.fi 4.919 2,2.18 r..231 2,677 7,r,lK 6G4 89fl 469 922 9t9l 2aa 946 611 3,971 1,629 6,943,109 1,S20,03{I 6,26».ll.'. 4,',,000 2,4'.7,9r.O 4f0.4O0 216.000 6H ,000 ltl,7r,o r.,ri9i.i2e l.(;t7,733 K,4l.'..601 68,201 160. 2*6 60.000 403.97.'. llM6c; 6r.2.61'.i 17,69.', 12.671 3,100 e42.34S 22>,3.".C ' 70,639 1 ,1'.0 216 93.6ia 60,19« 590.177 III Law Huhooi.b 677 64 1 U«) 69) 221 52,811 IV. Mkdical Schools A— Ri-eulur Practice K — llom o o o o t^ puB spunoao 'sSuipiiiia JO oniBA ^C^O OvO -1-L I o "".00 o q c< 00 c 00 o^ ?3 i^^ 2 cC ^ ov t^ o (» r c^ C0\0 rj- q vo « CO c**^ M. ^COCSVO Ci O^-^*^ s -sjuapnig ■S}U9pn}g OIBK ?&ss .*« O^N^O^O 0^<' pUB Bjossajojj I eO t^vo t^vO l^C7\'-VO CON OO ' CO CO^O P» c^ c ■pJlJISSBIO }0U siiiapmg •sjuapms •siuapmg aiBK •saaqoBax puB sjossajoj,! 00 o tno 't'^-1-o irieo"^ cy«\o •* ■sjuaprng JO o q' 3 "'^^ "* C^ C^ -TOO .'l-OO CO CO (3^ t-^ ^ T C I iTjt^OO — o^.- ir. O u"o^c •SJOJDIl.HSUI puB^iossaj oj J OfjaiouAi 1 U-, M .^J- C^OO « 00 < ' 8"! •saaauoo¥sau -isjaAtuiijo-o>j ^TtcOCON t-tvDCO OvoO VO ^t^O < - CO\o 0^ « VO tH w COOO < 46 RELIGIOUS STATISTICS, 1878-9 a V- y_ 3 s = g. £ K C o "■■ - ° g ^ p » p y. o 5' "-Q ? $ ^ ^ ■^ a> f' P ° a a c "5 *< _c £.^ a »' C O _ ^- 5. ?£|.|lii p S £ s: £ » o ffi 2 - ij"^ 5' 5 P p c- ■ re ;:: cc ►— 'I ; a - c- c -ts • ^^"^ ^: ** ~ =^ r/- - s:c5-?^= ; oc c a ^ Hj , 0000 Archbisbops Bis.Supts.Ac 00 tii 00 -o H- ?;: • h^ :5 h^ W iO W ■ ^ Ul 01 H^ W W OL • Clergyraeii. Dioc's, Syn'd Conf. Classes Associations Presbyt's. Ac >^tS ^ O 00 "V !0 Ut O ^'^"i^ "" .fe W CJ oi -J ct c= o io o -i: *. t^s ty :-i =; O CO J3 .J p CC ;^ *; iO "ll Churches, Congregat'ns and Parishes ti ti Sf^s'^^s'''P^y' OO^ODOCCO— ^H-:iO~4ig0000'J30^ — ~ — *-^'-'^'^'*' Church Edi- fices. »5 CT O w ^ ^ -T -J I l_i CO K^ h-i IC — O O li « CT II C-1 4- >0 CI ts — ^ -J i-T rJ *" . c: 3 S 3 ti -1 i5 >i cS a — Sjx_(i icj--jxij->.-'_Gc_-J_p>ii=i^i» £!^ = =:^r-^;=-i£^ — ii-:;oo--!tiooo-.coii{acc»o o o o £ o g £ r o V. 5 -~ g 5 ci i: c o o o o o -^ -t- o Number of Sittings. OOO^-^IOOCT o o o o VI o tij r^ if; 000000 OD Geo o t; o: ■— 1— VI li- m"— -j -^ -i j^ o 00 I— o o c;i .*- w'lju^j-^ c^_cc oc j**^ J— JO --J^t*.' -' jiJ .^yi j^j3 1-i"-j"KS"rf:."cX) ic''>fc">«»"'»ii''o''o'i,-! OC y C-. li o cc p GC v; •— o >— M o ~ *- — -* . o. -i VI o o .i- ; ii v; cx> iJ -J o . c. g — ^ ^ o f O O C^ "_' 000000: , j_iM ^ JO l-J-O ' (i — ^ T' ^ -1 VI ii — t' it 4- 5- -■ — - - - ; - — ,— - ) > I -X- — jr. y I y i — j-i -J y: g p _-J ji- Jo cc ; v; vi ^' ? it = — — o il "i o o vi — vi k; o o = C"^ o ^ g o t» ~. o ^ -.j VI o * .-i cc v : 1 ^ v: o o 4^ C5"ffi'obt w"*. oc"co co'-' o'-^'o vi'vi"^ -^0 rrSEKS'SSE*; Soin*:Sv, ooviScca— V" 00 vi w o .-j c^ jJ^o) vi w wo jo "o o"— "1 ■■■,'-'■•'-■,. '^'r .rcciv; vt'o v: J- o v; to v; VT to v» *. m if^ O O !• -"i - - ," = -" ii — iO *r O 5 O O O »i O VT O O 4i 10 2 VI o og o £ £ '•-, £ £ v^ 5 jSS^o ocoooooooovicio Communic- ants.orMeui b'rsofChur ches, Cong's or Parish"*. Adherent Population. Value of Church Property. UICiOOOOOJOtOtOOVTCOCCl* N'cwsp'crs &. ^-'^'^x I'eriodic'lsoli Ucuoiu's CEXSTTS OF THh trxiT£.u STAiJSS. CENSUS OF 1870. 47 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.— GENERAL XATIYITY AND FOEEIGK PARENTAGE. [From tlic Repoi t of the Siiperiiitendeut of the Census.] STATES AND TERRITORIES. Total TT. States. Total States Alabama Arkansas ... California . . . Conuectlcut. Delaware Florida Geor^a Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine , Maryland Massachnsetts . . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. . New Jersey New York". North Carolina. . . Ohio Oregon Pennslyvania . Rhode I.slana South Carolina Tennessee Vermont Virginia West Virginia «\'iscon8ln Cotal Territories. . Xrizona Oolorado Dakota. Di»t. of Columbia. Idaho Montana New-Mexico Utah Wa.shingt«n Vvomina 38,558,371 3S,115,64] 996,992 484,471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539,891 1,680,037 l,194.n-jn 364,3!I9 1,321.011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184 059 439,700 827,922 1,721,295 122,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1.071,361 2,665,260 90,923 3,521,9.51 217,3.53 705,600 1,258,520 818,.579 330,551 1,225,163 442 014 1,054,670 442,730 9,658 39.864 14.181 131,700 14,9<)9 20,595 91,874 86,78(i 23,955 9,118 32,991,142 32,642,612 987,030 479,445 350,416 423,815 115,879 182,781 1,172,982 2,024,693 l.i)39,16:i 989.32f' 316,007 1,257,613 665,088 578,034 697,482 1,104,032 916,049 279,009 816,731 1,499,028 92,245 23,690 B88,689 717,153 3,244,406 1,068,.332 2,292,767 79,323 2,(176,642 161,957 C97,.532 1,239,204 756,168 283,396 1,211,409 424,923 690,171 348,530 3,849 33,265 9,366 3)15,446 7,114 12,616 80,254 56,084 18,931 5,605 5,567,229 5,473,029 9,962 5,026 209,831 113,639 9,130 4,967 11,127 515,198 141,474 204,692 48,392 63,398 61,827 48,881 83,412 353.319 268,010 160,097 11,191 222 267 301748 18,801 29,611 188,943 1,138,353 3,029 372,493 11,600 545,309 55,390 8,074 19,310 62,411 47,1.55 13,754 17,091 364.499 94,200 5,809 6,599 4,815 16,254 7,885 7,979 5,620 30.702 5,024 3,513 1860. 31,443,321 31,183,744 964,201 435,450 379.994 460,147 112,216 140,424 1,057,286 1,711,951 1,3.50,428 674.913 107,206 1,155,684 708,002 62H,279 687.049 1,231.006 749,113 172,023 791,305 1,182,012 28,841 6,857 326,073 672,035 3,880,735 992,622 2,339,511 52,465 2,906,215 174,620 703,708 1,109,801 604,215 315,098 1,219.630 376,688 775,881 259,757 34,277 4,837 75,080 93,516 40,273 11,594 27,304,624 27,084,592 951,849 431,850 233,466 379,451 103,051 137,115 1,045,615 1,387,308 1,232,144 568,836 94,515 1,095,885 627,027 590,826 609,.520 970,960 600,020 113,295 782,747 1,021,471 22,490 4,793 305,135 549,245 2,879,4.55 989,324 2,011,262 47,34-J 2,475,710 137,226 693,722 1,088,575 560,743 282,355 1,201,117 360,143 49S'954 220,0,32 31,611 3,063 62,596 86,793 27,519 8,450 4,138,697 ^,099,152 12,.332 3.600 146,.5a8 80,696 9.165 3,309 11,671 324,643 118,284 106.077 1£,691 59,799 80,975 37,453 77,529 260,100 149,093 58,728 8,5,58 160,541 8,351 2,064 20,9.38 122.790 1,001,280 3.298 328,^9 5,123 430..505 37,394 9,986 21,226 43.422 32,743 18,513 16,545 S76,9i57 39,545 2,666 1,774 12,484 6.72.) 12.754 3,144 48 CENSUS OF THE VNITED STATES POPXTLATION OF ALL THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. fThia tahle- has leeu carefully compiled from the census (official copy) of 1870. It embraces all (be cHics lotumed as such, with a few that apprsar to have been omitted as cities distinctively. States and Cities. Total I'opuiation. ilahania. Eufaula Huntsville Mobile Montgomery .. . Solnia Talladega Tuscaloosa. Tuscumbia 3,185 4,907 3-2,03-1 10,588 6,484 1,933 1,689 1,214 Total 6-2,034 12,380 5,728 4,738 10,500 16,283 2,300 149,473 9,089 10,066 Arkannas. Little Rock California. Los Angeles — Marysville Oakland Sacramento, San Diego Sau Francisco . San Jose Stockton Total 208,177 18,969 37,180 6,923 50,840 16,653 10,826 Connecticut. Bridgeport Hartford Middletown New Haven Norwich Waterburv .... Total 141,391 4,759 30,841 11,384 109,199 Colorado. Denver Delaware. Wilmington Dist. of Columbia. (ieorgetown Washington. Total 120,583 6,912 3,347 1,717 2,023 Florida, •lacksonville . . . Pensei ola St. Augustine. . Tallahassoo Total 13,999 4,251 21,789 15,389 7,401 10,810 2.750 2,748 28,235 ■Jeorgia. Atlanta Augusta Columbus Milledgeville. . . Savannah Total 93,373 995 869 599 Idaho. lioiw! City Idahr) (Jity Silver City Total 2,4H3 8,665 2,8-25 1,269 11,162 8,146 14,.590 2,003 6,267 3,308 3,190 4.625 298,977 4,751 / Uinoig. Alton Amboy Aurora Belleville Ithxiniington .. . littuhuell Cairo Canton ('imtrslia (Champaign '.'hlCACO ... JJauvilU... States and Cities. Illinois. — cont'd. Decatur Dixon Elgin El Paso Freeport Galena Galesburg .... Jacksonville. . Joliet La Sallo Litchfield Macomb Mendota Monmouth . . . . Morris Mound Citv. - . Mt. Carmel Olney Ottawa Pekin Peoria Peru Quincy Kockford Rock Island. . . Shelbyville . . . . Springfield Sterling "Watseca Waukegan Total Population. Total Indiana. Ctlumbia Connors ville.. . Crawfordsville . Evansville Fort Wayne... Frankliu'City.. Goshen Greencastle Indianapolis . . . .Tetl'ersouville. . KendalU-illo. .. Latayette Laporte Lawrenceburg Logansport. . . . Madison Michigan City. New Albany.. Peru Richmond Seymour Shelbyville. . . . Sovith-Bend . . . Terre Haute .. Vali)arai.so Viiicennes Wabash City.. Total Iowa. JJurlington. . . . Cedar Falls. . . . Cedar Rapids.. Clinton Council Hlufl's. I)aven])ort . . . . I)es Moines . . ' Dllbu<|MH Kairlield Fort Dodge . . . Fort Madison . Glei" wood . .... 7,161 I 4,055 5,441 1,564 7,889 7,019 10,158 9,203 7.-2G3 5,200 3,852 2,748 3,546 4,662 3,138 1,631 1,640 2,680 7,736 5,696 «2,849 3,650 24,052 11,049 7,890 2,051 17,364 3,998 1,551 4,507 "571 ,0-21 1,663 3,496 3,701 21,830 17,718 2,707 3,133 3,227 48,244 7,254 2,164 13,506 6,581 3,139 8,950 10,709 3,985 15,396 3,617 9,445 2,372 2,731 7,206 16,103 2,765 5,440 2,881 228,983 H,9.30 3,070 5,940 6,129 10,0-20 20,0.(8 12,035 18,434 2,2-26 3,0<)5 4,011 1.291 States and Total Cities. Population. Iowa — continued Independence . . 2,945 Iowa City 5,914 Keokuk 12,766 Lyons 4.088 Maquoketa 1,756 Marshalltown . . 3,218 McGregor -2,074 Mu-scatine 6,718 Oskaloosa 3,204 Ottumwa 5,214 Sioux City 3,401 VV aterloo 4,337 Waver ley 2,291 Wiuterset 1,485 Total 160,638 Ka7isas. Atchison 7,054 Baxter Springs. 1,284 Emporia 2,168 Fort Scott 4,147 Lawrence 8,320 Leavenworth . . . 17,873 2,941 1,811 Topeka 5,790 Wyandotte 2,94« Total 54,355 Kentucky. Covington ■24,50J Frankfort 5,336 Henderson ■im Hopkinsville ... 3,136 Lexington 14,801 Louisville 100,7.53 Maysville 4,705 Newport 15.087 Owensboro 3,437 Paducah 6,866 2,655 Total 185,512 Louisiana. Baton Rouge... 6,498 Donaldsonville . 1,573 New Orleans... 191,418 Slireveport 4,607 Total -204,096 Maine. Auburn 6,169 Augusta 7,808 Bangor 18,289 Bath 7,371 Belfa.st 5,278 Biddeford 10,282 Calais 5,944 Hallowell 3,007 Lewiston 13,600 Portland 31,413 Rockland 7,074 Total 116,235 Maryland. Annapolis 5,744 Baltimore 267,354 l''rederick 8,526 llagerstowu ... Total 5,779 287,403 Massachusetts. Boston 250,526 Cambridge 39,634 Charlostown . . . 28.323 Cliol.sea 18,547 Fall River 26,766 Ilftverhlll 13.093 CENSUS OF THE VNITED STATES 49 POPULATION OP ALL THE CITIES OF TEE UNITED STATE.^. — ( ontinili^f^. States and CinEs. ilass. — continued Lawrence Lowell Lynn New Bedt'ora.., Newbiiiyijort . . Salem Springfield Taiinton Worcester Total Population. Total Michigan. Adrian Ann Arbor . . . Battle Creek. . Bay City Bifj Rapids Coldwater Corunna Detroit East Saginaw Flint Grand Haven . Grand Eapids. Hillsdale Holland Jackson Lansing Lapeer Manistee Marshall Monroe Muskegon Niles... Owaaso Pontiac Port Huron. .. Saginaw St. Clair Wyandotte ... Ypsilanti Total Minnesota. Duluth Hastings Mankato. . . . Minneapolis- Owatonua.. . Red Wing... Rochester. . . St. Anthony. . .. St. Cloud..'.. St. Paul .... Winona Total Mississippi. Columbus Grenada Holly Springs.. Jackson Macon Natchez Ticksburgh Total Missouri. Cape Girardeau Chillicothe Hannibal Independence . . Jefiferson City. . Kansa.s City Louisiana Macon St. (Charles. . . . St. Joseph 28,921 40,928 28,2,'?3 21.320 12,505 24.117 2r).7o:i lS,(i29 41,105 619,439 8,438 -,363 5,838 7,064 1,227 4,381 ^,403 79,577 11,350 5,386 3,147 16'507 3,518 2,319 11,447 .5,241 1,772 3,.343 4,925 5,986 6,002 4,630 2,065 4,867 5,973 7.460 1.790 2,731 5,471 229,336 3,131 3,4.58 3,482 13,066 2,070 4,260 3,953 5,013 2,161 20.030 7.192 67,816 4,812 1,887 2,406 4,234 975 9,057 12,443 35,814 3,.585 3,978 10,125 3,184 4,420 32,260 3,639 3,678 5,570 19,565 States and Cities. 2Iissouri — cont'd. St. Louis Westport Total Montana. Helena Nebraslca. Omaha Nebraska City Total Nevada. Austin Carson City. . . Virginia Total Population Total New Hampshire. Concord Dover Manchester Na.shua Portsmouth .... Total New Jersey. Atlantic City. . Brighton Burlington Camden Elizabeth Harrison Hoboken Jersey City Millville ..'..... Newark New Brunswick Orange Paterson Plalnfleld Princeton Rahway Trenton Total New Mexico. ^ Santa Fe New York. Albany Auburn Binghamton... Brooklyn Buffalo Cohoes Elniira Hudson Lockport Newburg New York Ogdensburg.. . Oswego Poughkoepsie . Rochester Rome Schenectady .. Syracuse Troy irtica Watertown . . . Total North Carolina. Charlotte Fayetteville . . Newberne .... Raleigh Wilmington . . . Total 310,864 1,095 16,083 6,050 22,133 1,324 3,042 7,048 11,414 12,241 9,294 23,536 10,543 9,211 64,825 1,043 6,830 5,817 20,045 20,832 4,129 20,297 82,546 6,101 105,0.59 15,058 9,348 33,579 5,095 2,798 6,258 22,874 367,709 4,765 69,422 17,225 12,692 396,099 117,714 15,357 15,863 8,615 12,426 17,014 942,292 10,076 20,910 20,080 62,386 11,000 11,026 43,051 46,465 28,804 9,336 1,887,853 4,473 4,660 5,849 7,790 13,446 States anu Total Cities. Population. Ohio. 1 10,006 8,660 Canton Chillicothe .... 8.920 Cincinnati 216,235t Circleville 5,407 Cleveland 92,8211 Columbus 31,274 30 473 Fremont 5,455 Galliopolis 3,711 Hamilton 11,081 Ironton 5,686 Lancaster 4,725 Man.sfleld 8,029 Marietta 5,21H ^lassillon 5,185 Mt. Vernon 4,876 Newark 6,698 5,927 5,824 Pomeroy Portsmouth 10,592 Sandusky 13,000 Springfield 12,652 Steuben ville 8,107 Tiffin 5,648 Toledo 31,584 Urbana 4,276 Warren 3,457 Wooster ... .5,419 6,377 Toungstown . . . 8,075 ZanesviUe Total 10,011 .595,461 Oregon. Oregon City i.3ge Portland Total 8,293 9,675 Pennsylvania. Allegheny 53,180 Ailentown 13,884 Altoona 10,610 Carbondale 6,393 Chester 9,485 Columbia 0,461 6,809 Erie 19,646 Harrisburg •23,103 Lancaster 20,233 Lock Haven . . . C,989 Meadville 7,103 Philadelphia . . . 674,022 Pittsburgh 86,076 Reading .33,9:«l Scran ton 35,092 Titusville 8,639 Williamsport . . 16,030 York 11,003 Total 1 1,048,68^ Rhode Island. Newport 12,521 Providence .... 68,9W Total. 81 425 South Oarolina. Charleston 48,950 Columbia 9,298 Total 58.254 Tennessee. Chattanooga. . . . 6,093 Knoxville 8,682 Memphis 40,226 Naah ville 25,865 Total 80.866 50 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES POPULATION OF ALL THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. — Continued. Status a.nd Cities. Total Population. States akd Cities. Total Population. States and Cities. Total Population. Texas. 4,428 4,905 13,818 9,382 12,256 Termont. — cont'd. Montpelier Rutland St. Albans St. Jobnsbury. . Total-- 3,023 9,834 7,014 4,605 49,443 13,570 4,046 6,825 19,229 18,950 10,492 51,038 Wisconsin. Appleton Beaver Dam Beloit 4,518 3,265 4,396 12,764 4,666 Brownsville Galveston Houston San Antonio .. . Fond du Lac. . . Green Bay Janesvillo' Kenosha La CrOsse Madison Manitowoc Milwaukee Osbkosh Portage Total. . 44,789 1,757 1,239 1,346 3.127 12,854 Tirginia. Alexandria Fredericksb'gh Lviicbburgh Norfolk Petersburgb . . . Portsnioutb Eicbmond Total 8,789 Utah. 4,309 7,785 Manti Mt. Pleasant.. . Ogden Salt Lake City. 9,176 5,168 71,440 12,063 3,945 Total 20,323 2,501 4,933 14,387 3,086 9,880 Termont. Bennington 124,150 5,546 19,280 Sheboygan "Watei-town Total West Tirginia. Parkersburg . . . Wheeling Total 7,55f Burlington 175,624 Middlebury 24,826 ORDER OF THE STATES IN POINT OF POPULATION, AT SEVERAL PERIODS. 1790. 1830. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1 New York Pennsylvania New Toik Pennsylvania Ohio..' New York Pennsylvania Ohio 2 3 Mas.sac'lmsctts ... Pciiusylvaiiia Norlb'Caroliiia- .. Pennsylvania Ohio." 4 Ohio ^ Tennessee Massachusetts . . . a Maryland South Carolina Connecticut New Jersey ...... Now Hampshire . 1 Tennessee Massachusetts . .. South Carolina Georgia Marylaud Ma.ssachusetts — 8 Kentucky Georgia North Carolina . . 9 10 11 Tennessee Kentucky Tennessee Virginia 1" North Carolina.. . Georgia 13 Kentucky Rhod(! Lsland 14 New Jersej- Alabama . .' Connec^ticut South Carolina. . . Mi.s.sissippi Mis.sissippi Wiscon.sin Michigan Marvland North Carolina. . . Wisconsin 16 Tennessee Alabama T7 New Jersey Mississijipi Texas 18 19 Louisiana New Jersey Michigan Connecticut New IIanip.sbiro.. 90 New Jersey Louisiana Maine Marvlaud 9\ Mis.souri Mi.ssis.sippi Rhode Island Delaware Florida Micdiigan Arkansas Louisiana '.» South Carolina... 0{ Maine 9.4 Wisi'oii.sin Texas Arkan.sa8 Iowa Rhode Island California Delaware Florida Minnesota C'oiiiiecticnt Arkansas California N<>w Hampshire.. Vermont Uliodo Island Minnesota Floiida Kansas Delaware Oregon California 25 26 Connecticut Arkansas 27 West Virginia — 28 Kansas 29 Minnesota 30 Vermont 31 New Hampshire . 3S^ Khodo Island 33 Fhnida 14 Delaware 35 Nebraska 36 Oregon 37 Nevada ORDER OF TERRITORIES, 1870, District of Columbia, Now Mexico, Utah, Washington, IMontana, Main Arizona, "Wyoming. The census of Alaska has not been taken. Dac.lab, OEySTTS OF TBE VNITED STATES 51 POPULATION OF STATES BY RACES. Alabama Arizona Arkansas •California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana , Maine Maryland , *Ma«sacbu8etts , Michigan Minnesota Missouri . Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire "New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Territory. West Virginia Wisconsin . Wyoming . Whites. Colored. Indians. 521,364 475,510 98 9,581 26 31 362,115 122,169 89 499,424 4,272 7,241 39,221 456 180 527,449 9,068 239 12,887 94 1,200 102,221 22,7y4 88,278 43.404 15 96,057 91,689 2 638,926 545,142 4 10.618 60 47 2,511,096 28,762 32 1,655.837 24,560 240 1,188,20: 5,762 48 346,377 17,108 914 1,098,692 222.210 108 362,065 364.210 569 624,809 1,006 499 605,497 175,391 4 1,443,156 13,947 151 1,167,282 11,849 4,926 438,257 759 690 382 896 444.201 809 1,603,146 118,071 75 18,306 183 157 122,117 789 87 38,959 357 23 317.697 580 23 875,407 30,658 16 90, .393 172 1,309 4,330,210 52,081 439 678,470 391,650 1,241 2,601,946 63,213 100 86,929 346 318 3,4.i6,i;(l9 65,294 34 212,219 4,980 154 289.667 415,814 124 936,119 322,331 70 564,700 253,475 379 86,044 118 175 329,613 924 14 712,089 512,841 229 22,195 207 1,319 424,033 IT ,980 1 1,051,351 2,113 1,206 8,726 183 06 * Japanese : — California, 33 ; Massachusetts, 10 ; New Jersey 10. COMPARATIYE INCREASE OF POPULATION. Oensris. Population. Tncrp.uge I'l-r Cent 1790 3,929.827 5,305,937 7,239>14 9,638.191 12.866,020 17,069,4.53 23 19I,H76 31.44.5,080 38,549,987 1800 35.02 36.45 33.13 33.49 32.67 35.8T 35.5P 22.5ft 1810 1820 18.30 1840 1 850 1860 1^70 AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. Acres. Total area of the Public Lands of the States and Territories 1,792,844,160 Total area of those States where there are no Public Lauds 476,546,560 Area of Indian Tenitory 44, l.')4,240 Area of Di.strict of Coli.mbia 38,400 Grand total of area of the United States, in acres 2,311,5»3,360 or, Three Million Six Hnndred Eleven Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty nine square Miles. This does not include ^he area of tlie great Lakes just within and forming a portion of our Northern boundary; neither does it include the marine leag:ue on the coast. 52 THE STATES OF THE VXIOX. o I— I W H O so H w til-'' *r > t>" > t^ • • > M >' t > >■ >>■>■> >■ >■ > >■ >" >■ > . .> > o3 si it 3 t- c3 .g I^H 3 -: --^ ::hH =^^3 psds = = = 5 = S3sdS=^s =HH sH == fl 1 p:,f^_rtHHH-.Hcic)H,-.i5iHHHHHHHHHf-iHHH^H-HH~r-HcjH tc 2 .S o "0 3 3 !2i M a & ooooooooooooooooo o'o ooooooooooooooooooo c OOOCOOOOOOOOOCOOO= 00000000000000=00=0 1 CC SS8cooo5o,o ..T o^o^o^o .rvo_o_o_o o_o,o_o o_o o_o^.T o o__o o_^o o_^o_i-,o H ■3 n ~f t-'ec cf of rt'-s-'^'C r; st y. tr. (X> at ^ ir. r-, n r: i.-i t-i m 7-m •=■ ^ t r- =• ^ co t ir. ^ ir. tn ^n 12; m ,^ ^■„C5;_rtMrt^-,-Hr^C-. T-.OOOrHO^-«--OC-. OJO-OCMJ^O-^rtCCOSJ-O ^ S"?^aoaoS"xoo/-»cct^aooO'aia;ciaaD'Xiaoa3cio.-aax;OLaDTD'-Xii-CEOOQO =• --5 d d d d d =• d d d id d d d d d d d d d 3 d d B d 5 d S-d d d« d ^ d 00 Og»3i=3g3ci5ceciscS«c!c3ce:5t3cSc«cSCc:c5rc3P-^r3cjcjOcS,S« cc c o H 0" i iii*ii^iiiiliiii|iiJ>Miiiiii li!Mi,ill1li=-|iJJ|iill:fi|S=||=||!;=a -0 ii i-nr; o t» t>s ' ;!:;::::> CO 2 X — H liiill ^ J -^ 5 a c 1 b 'Z •J •2x : :S :;: .5 .>"..:::: mPh l||^||ii||i|iHf|-i x__g ^"1 o» W ■8J0 otocoricort-'j'— i^LOr-utCJcct^xM-HOCci.'SMML-sc-. oooj^cj cJCDOi-iif:o 0"* 4091a: ■-1 iHlM — i-t,-. rH,-, r- C ^ 71 a tH i- »d c»«co^o:7i— *Of?iuto^r;c;«i-ooo-ros»^cC'Xir)cot-coir:cc-^«coO'CO*-* ci o '"' (O o ff) — CI o v= -^ i- -r r; — 1- o c r; -. t- o o .->? r-. t- ■T' o r^^ r-< lO r^ -o -r « « n CD T (- o -c I': r- i~ c> LT M •»• c^ ' m li X o o n in ci <;» -f u (j« m r 5 X "^ CO ■'J' T rs IQ -^ S g :oTii 'od-^ CO to ■^ a Mf^ O -rrc-H— .«r-iT7ii^i.':,-i iirtirtTi" o — h-cOi-i .-.t-UIi i-ico m S3 -r> r-l CO lO 23 =^3 . c -r T i- o C-. -^ c cr. t- « — r; X o 'O o o o — •-( OD -^ m o rt (N ri m 00 w rt «; LTg; oo -» 5 cr. 5i ^ X t- c. t- 1.1 L- -r T r-. 7t •— -!• -r X -f (71 o X 00 o CO o ^ P5 Ci — c< CO X ^^ 'X 'X> ^ ^ <^>^ .■^o 1- 1- 00 X Ol 1- IC 1.0 -T •;» -T CM- T T O -M O lO 1- m X -r to o -< r5 t- -J- CO t- o — i- •'•„ Cl_ cc I5 t- O i^ t-'t-'oTori-'ef-'i-'i-'io'v: of'-r-o" co'o"irrj>''o''ci'o""(M" CO LO I< — CO O -T — C-. — UO £-• P-H " •-^ r-iXCOLOIl-i .-HTl-J-inirr-i (MOCCOO r-li-i C< q oir-^i-'^'roooci — t^oc; -Hir;LO^^cscoo>i.'Ocor--OwC. ^oco — co'.ooci^co'^o S C-. t- -r O ira rt -^ O C5 CO <0J 3-. — 1 .H .- OJ lO in O OJ X irO GO CO 0* 0» (7J -r »— O X i-- O O; (?1 ^ O 1.0 ^ r^ 0* -^ lO C-. -r Its in rH TH ^ o t= i- ro CO 1- » I- -a- ^ •«< 00 t- .-< co ss co o -.= in c» i- 0(_ x co oi_t o r-Tcfr^'i-T T-T — "rt" r-T ■q-'r-Tlf CO" r-T — " —' S St a I) J p^ a -; O ^ 1- i- x ^ -O — X CO -^ -T Ol ~ ~. ;.r CO CO lO OI — '; " "^ r_0 O) — lO r: O X :;; lO /, X — (S'O t» P- CBrtd "T^Lo' c -r o" 0* o' (- ^ o "T i' lo' v' 1 (-' — ' r; o» ^ of ' ■— '-t' 0* o' of r". of — t' co' ~. -r'lo o^ lo' ^ a ^§.1 Cl-H ^ cr, TP rj ■ T rH t-H o 1- CO -J " « 1- i v= c) t- ri £- r- CO o X n co_ o:__-i 1- '-^■^ n lo^ t- s -<■"-.' r-T -h" rt" r-T eo" of (jf >-<" "-i" i"-- q o t^ 1- " 1- (^ X -.c o X ^ « o o oi — -r — ■ X •-= CO m in -I- 'o m o in 1.0 to — X C-. -r c. oo ol ■* s r- o -• Ti- 01 oit- CO -.o « CO — o -r CO CO CO (- o> o c» -T f en CO ■<)• X o o in 1- o t- 01 oi — x co'i^ s =.= =■: CO 0-. 'i (- a i- o 1- — X ot ?: CO — ;.= r-. 13 -3- m r- ^ co -- « i- co o; c ■«• o co t- o — i~r _■ vs x' — 01 1 o" 1- — ' -T v:' o" -T — =; ti' Ii' (-' x" in cf of o o" co" of co co" o uf -3=^ CO — o oii-o r-. com I--HCO— s.i ihco« •5' ini-co»r-.0)cooin!;»t-ricoo cotcxtoco xphcixtco t- ^r^ — " r-T co" of Cf — r t-^ (5 o . 01 X — 7- = ^. 10 -1. -.o = -r — — -o in in TT ir -r c 01 o> -r (. « 01 =: X S in 01 -o — -r — / -r o 71 o in CO m i.o c. 7< X (7» o o to 1- o i.n — c; o (J» 1 z-. i.n 1- — 01 -T I. CO •.:; cc — x_-r io_— co_ ai_ ^ (S co_o_i-__o-. o»^o co_^o_to co_c»_co__o__m o'of x' W"(7f cC x'uo' co"i.o'— i- — 1.0'— "t-"to*?o"i- in'in"'T"orQD<^o"5i in"to''-r'^"i.o''r o"x"co*ro ininxo lOinirjMinxcOTrwH injuTrtot^o -irinrooiir c<5' than five years, or be fined in a sum not less than three hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both such punishments may be imposed, in the discretion of the court. And every person who shall knowingly and intentionally aid or abet any person in the commission of any such felony, or attempt to do any act hereby made felony, or counsel, advise, or procure, or attempt to procure the commission thereof, shall bo liable to indictment and punishment in the same manner and to the same extent as the principal party guilty of such felony, and such person may be tried and convicted thereof without the previous conviction of such principal. Sec. 3. — And he it further enacted, That any person who shall know- ingly use any certificate of naturalization lieretofore granted by any court, or which shall hereafter be granted, which has bei-n, or shall be, procured through fraud or by false evidence, or has ])een or shall be issued by the clerk, or any other officer of the court without any appearance and hearing of the applicant in court and without lawful authority ; and any person who shall falsely represent himself to be a citizen of the United States, v/ithout having been duly admitted to citizenship, for any fraudulcjit purpose whatever, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in due course of law, sliall l)e sentenced to pay a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned not exceeding two years, either or both, in the discretion of the court taking cognizance of the same. Sec. 4. — And h>' if fiirflicr endctcd, That the provisions of this act shall ai)ply \o all proceedhigs had or taken, or attempted to be had or taken, before any court in which any i)roceeding for naturalization shall be commenced, had, or taken, (tr attenii)ted 1o be conunenced ; and the courts of the I'nited States shall have jiu-isdiction of all 'jlVenses under I'HE NE W NATUliALIZA TION LA W 59 the provisions of this act, in or before whatsoever court or tribunal the eame shall have been committed. Sec. 5 — And he it further enacted, That in any city having upward of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be the duty of the judge of the circuit court of the United States for the circuit wherein said city shall be, upon the application of two citizens, to appoint in writing for each election district or voting precinct in said city, and to change or renew said appointment as occasion may require, from time to time, two citizens resident of the district or precinct, one from each political party, who, when so designated, shall be, and are hereby, authorized to attend at all times and places fixed for the registration of voters, who, being registered, would be entitled to vote for representative in Congress, and at all times find places for holding elections of representatives in Congress, and for tounting the votes cast at said elections, and to challenge any name pro- posed to be registered, and any vote oflfered, and to be present and witness throughout the counting of all votes, and to remain where the ballot boxes are kept at all times after the polls are open until the votes are finally counted; and said persons or either of them shall have the right to affix their signature or his signature to said register for purposes ol identification, and to attach thereto, or to the certificate of the number of votes cast, any statement touching the truth or fairness thereof which they or he may ask to attach ; and any one who shall prevent any person so designated from doing any of the acts authorized as aforesaid, or who phall hinder or molest any such person in doing any of the said acts, or shall aid or abet in preventing, hindering or molesting any such person in respect of any such acts, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on convic- tion shall be punished by imprisonment not less than one year. Sec. 6. — And he it further enacted, That in any city having upward ■of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be lawful for the marshal of the United States for the district wherein said city shall be, to appoint aa many special deputies as may be necessary to preserve order at any elec- tion at which representatives in Congi'ess are to be chosen ; and said deputies are hereby authorized to preserve order at such elections, and to arrest for any ofifence or breach of the peace committed in their view. Sec. 7. — And he it further enacted, That the naturalization laws are hereby extended to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent. Approved, July 14, 1870. €0 rliESIDENTIAL TOTES. Art. XII. OF Amen'dmbnts to the Constitution of the United States— The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same .state with themselves; thej' shall name in their ballot the person voted for as Pre.sident, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and^they shall make distinct li.sts of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall siew Hanip- ahiro) anil'lJiiharct Rush, of Pennsylvania, one for Vice-Pr.-sident. Richard Stockton, of New JirHey received H vot<^s from T^Iassachusetts for the Vice-Presidency. Dajiiel Rodney, of Dela- ware, 4 from hi.'* own State, and Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, one from his own State, for the " "There in no record of the Popular Vote by States previous to l)'-24 known to be exiatence. Many of the StateH chose the Electors by joint convention of the Legislatures previous to that time, us a few did later. PRESIDEXTIAL VOTES. 61 OD C Av\o XJU3H : tC -^^ ; t "t ^ "0 '^^ •"", 9- ,• O C*".nC fOC-vO O mD PJ — — — O- Cl^C r^, - — ■ CO li". u" • O O C03C lt ir i^cO ■ -1- — -r "n ?^ f;J- ^ '^"^^"^ "' ' -'' ni " 1=2 .J s a. o 1 =-fSK?S:S^?g^'^;|S>S'&,|^'^5--« ;^ag- 1 p < a o 1 m a a a > jo>iiuuna soiuv 1 • ■ . . t^ ■ 1 ^ .US A'.iuoH 1 :::;:;::: 1 M i^upil!AVmt'!IILVV HUtJdSJCg uiiof : a : : ■. : : 1 §■ coco ^' Ul-T . Tt . . . . 1 5" 'uajngufAuiJJBK 1 : : "" "^"^ : "^ ° "^ : *'^'^°° " - n ; ; : ^ . 5J 1 °> a H a WlAH i"«!II!AV 1 r^ • 1 ^ p.Cui,^ uiiuf 1 :- 1 :: A"Bia A'.iuaH 1 CO CO - »r.Tf * : 1 ^ uos^oBf Aiajpuv ::- : " :'»■-'"«::-:"? H o < 3 O siuBpyft unof 1 ^ A-i 1 • ir o' — c t^ r^co' ^.-^ c i-^ -r a. :^.ao t^' • N i-> — ; «' rC " -T o' v/. a^ >^ cc -T :^ »J^. :<■. ^. o' m' ! n' -r f^' :<- CO 0^ C^ m r^ -i- Wl r^co O^cOcnmCc^. t-vr^f»— •Oir)N c<"j -f- -r o vD moo o cn t^ i vc co a- "".\o >j' c> u"i ci ■ cr- o i'' nosjioff AV3 jpuv tC ^ ^odvo a a 'f =^ 4vo'>o'od d -' o tC t^ -' : ±x^- H O X, m'.ius mBiilTJA 1 ::: '^ .::::::::::::::::::: 1 "" ils-na p.iBtioia 1 :=o "1 : : : : :^^ ^i* : :«=o-2 : : : ^ : : '^ : 1 £' anomBo '0 unof j "^ : . 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UOS^lOBf AVDjpUV 1 "^ :"•" m c^ CO •00 - "Jl N : Sm }r ^ 1 g: 1 J z 9 a a c ti c •^ ^ ? .t; : : « J= : :.£ c.>. : = £ "^ *■ 7.i.'?.'i c ■ a •6.5 c E- El ecto rsii 1 each State in 1832 ' ■^•a } m = " DC '^i r- " - r •* f ' t c>*« t^ r; n'=: i'^^C? 1^ 11 si .Si ^« .; S=iS eE^^^ =a^ ut i:o one election, it trs (one in "lay siippo red electee .■S.-.0 t^^^-^ •a9« o -^ S3 ",-35 s*^ i: a 5 — > CiOO'^ W ?:M cu r/: — o3 "^ t- 0) ^.r^ - _■"■ - °^-^=3 §.=§ i o-^ ^^-^oir-d ■=3^ |l|=liis| o = _^, i5 o o _ "3 ^ S -~ -a.'^o " o = S'Or'*^-e^ (y'^3."**.',^c^^ S_ a o i » & o . ^aa:|sH§= o-S ■ >~ = o t o a L- S ='aH "J3 i5h 5 S S>? C2 PliESlDEMIAL VOTES. aauiuiofj •aauiuiON - ir^ c: i> d S-i'S 2 ^ c: ^ ^ 2 2-p 5 C "^ a w ^ o 0* C.o£ ■S .lau ^. fj-o p mMo miOK SiUAV 'lunS ! u:,_-od rf-f-f . UBK PUi! jajsqa^ I -' " " •" ^£^,S8S ouio(i 'uaang uba I ilJiuis m«!ii!Ai jai/fX nqof I aaSusjy sioubj j UOSUllOf •]( PiUO?a luiiSuBKa ailltAi I _aojsqOAiiouiBaJ_ a)!MA\ T iN'inH I 11OSU.IV11 H iHiU 1 uajng uba uiiJi^K « r i ; •Hic^-S JRK5iS:^:K*^v. "c S^ : a « 2 •0»8I Ni I ^f^aiw; aivxs iiovs JO HiuA iraoioxia | N 2^ >? f= « e 01 «>is °=-^ ,^ig; feWOo ■goSii ■s*-c,° ^ji-^ti mi e-w:::'- ^SS5 S-BiS f'-^-Sis gs::^ =^|i w «s = ^■S-sS f'ss^'i t: ■>■' '^■^ gw|i •c «o> ^"^^ s ►.- c t.; s^iS? •-tfcao S-.ti 5 PRESIDEXTIAL VOTES. G3 :r; s . o-u- -r-T g O D aauiiuofj ■qndaH ! : \o t^c^ :'2S^m 3ffi8 ■ ir (s q -. 'JUOIUOJJ uqof 1 : M ;j^ ci : ^ v£ 3i 1 • .2; I SJ o vT' i£;. •TOO CO 00 o o « TO vi-iOvo^ Tcy^e^'.oO'^ TO o ^00 c- a>jD en i on t^ CTi d CT> O e<) »i^i f;--© ^OvD — O'-W — T'-C^ OvoO C^ CO t-^^ "t vi-i T, lt ^ on — aaumion -uiaa ! -o « m -foo^o'vo' -^odvo" -f ^ ^ ~- o 5 „' I oo" uospuoQ-f A^ipuy I UOJ^fBarjuiUIIITAi. a^puuaqooja'O "f O^Tl•'*■ ■ mco 9J0iui|Id lUBllIK c^ • t^ ■ o juoiuojj "O uqOf UBUBl[Ona SOlUCf aounuoji ipy 33JJ ■•nVHd illlOf gauuuOfj SiijaV. ! J^,I 30UIUION -UlSa 1 ^- „- o' j;^' 4 4 o" . luuuvao 'V lUAV I SUTJI H uit?i[I!Ai ov ^ 'no c. mo — tn^ -vooooo }}03S P101)U!A\ oaaaij uiixu'JJd c rj-vo CO c • 00 C • 0^ N Tf • ■ o\ • • U^'O t^\0 ■ • • CO • ■ a^ — -vo rt • CO -so ■< <; i' ■" £ iT 5 2 f ^ '^ -^ ^ "' ^ ;? ^ ~ ■•^ >'■ ^ ;?. c i^ 5 -/ fi fi > p S A a ^ ?=* 33 "I - » £-5 ; c -^ o = Si,* , - = s ^^2 81 Kl SHIGA TVHOlJMTa o^ T Tf\o d^eoo - co»*ctooox f^-o t>' ON lA t>* i; 1r>.^Os« ^u~iL 64 PREHIDhXTIAL VOTES. 'inouiXay oijcaon i I/". CWO f I 00 f^. •- — aauioioji uBOTiqnd ! 3 N CO u^ u-i ■ -r crx» CNOO vi3 CO eriao t^ o \r^ >>-«ooc^c^ •COO'^CJ^ ^t\o \o ^ t^xr^-t n M^ "^. CTi'O • ^^ CO i^. CO O u-i M -t •* -r 1^ U-. JIBla d SpUBJJ I xBjioo jai.«nuos I 00 i^\r\\o • en -o cooo co jnouiAag oijBJoH ^uuJo s sass.€i;i ) r-^ M^ c CH q; r^^, ■ •-", r'^o' o' o' « CH cT "O" ; Tf ' ■'»\0 O ■ iTi O O w 51 uT o%ox i^aojoaia ' 1 c^ — cr^ Tj-vo o o u~. o tAQO I uo;aipu9jHoaO | uosuqof Avajpuy ^ utJliaiOOK -g "030 I a uiooutt; TOBH^aqv > C030 CO - • l^t^OCO ■^ ■vo coco en ■ • t^t--NOO ■* I ;: tggi ui ajOA iBJopaia ' I CO o ov£j cooo CO ■- O r^t^CNQO " ■ COvO -to O O " aoui -raox Siqji 8un p[d pUB UOIUJl 'u^g t'U"r aauiiuofj I ^'fj n^Cf.g'giSJS'&.l 1^ O cv-j - . U-. w 00 O 10 C7*c^ 00 ■C» O ►-• O COUTO O iC- ■00Q0^iAr^(S^a*t^C; CO : \fi^ fi ci rC «o^o' tC M aauiuiox onuJOoniaaiiaqs'P-ii'H ~. -T (3^00 C^ t^ CO •3H aauiuiofj uBatiQnd 'UlOOUJIlUUHTJaQV H lUUSUllOf AU3S.13H I w naja^a pjBAipa 1 auBI iidasof | ,iniuiBII IBqinuBU nag "UOf I 98puuaxoa-»g T I o o o -r tt iiIoauiT unniBjqy 1 3s=- •£ : : « 5 c c S S'C u,'3 _ J 5 = 5 -iT «-2 S.S o £ a . •= a-^--;-~or--^s-i-scjc:.s.::.-;.-ii)i4)i)iio :< < * C c t -i = 5 ^ li u: -J ?; -^ ?;_5 S^^iOO'^i^ -.-TC CI i JO » ' .! i>» ff> o o ir. t^ » •* M oj M. — -00 — ro » = 5^ . - o c3 OS SgoT ^■5 to o*^ — .so ? ."3 — K I-l != 0) O ill C8«2 is g = a> o •" oj >■ _2 g ~ o SOS ° a = — > o .C V, 3 55 « ,. Q» CO'" g .S-c U2-ti » o n « o 2 k^ n tJ ^ 1! «•' •r^ c C aj rilE '<1DEMIA L VOTES. 65 ELECTORAL AND I'OI'L'LAK VOTE I.\ 1872 AXD 187G. 1873. ,0 Alabama i jq 6 Arkansas 6 6 California g o Colorado 1 5 Connecticut Q I Delaware... 4 Florida ,1 Georgia 2i Illinois -- Indiana II Iowa c Kansas ,2 Kentucky... i Loui-^iiana... - Maine 8 Maryland ELECTORAL VOTE. PRKS. 1 V.-PRES. 6 IX S ;:::; K o o o S c c >. o o r^ i 9. ra cc u is a r> >. C ^ cs "^ >-. O 3 5 S ". ffl POPULAR VOTE. 5 •■ Mas?acliuset:.s ii Michigan ; Minnesota. ... 8 Mississippi 5 Missouri 3 Nebraska 3 Nevada 5 .V.Ham 11 shire. Q New Jersey.. . 35 New York ') No. Carolina 131 22 Ohio 22 3 O cf-'tm 29 Pennsylvania. 4 Rhode Island. 7 So. (Carolina.. 12 Tennessee 8 Texas 5 Vermont li Virginia 5 West Virginia. i6| Wisconsin 366' To a S. Grant, Horace Grec- lev, of J»C'W York, I Illinois AV/ji^/.^'- J^epuhli- nut nil, I i-an I Jirtiin- Nonii- r.aJir nee. .'^■mi- 50,638 11,115 17.76s 62,715 241,248 18 .144 131,233 66,942 88.970 7 ,6^3 61,4 2 66,750 133.472 138,455 54,556' 82,-106, 119,196 18,24s, 8,4 3 37,184, 91,661 440,749, 94.3041 281,852' 11,820; 349.689! 13.665 72,290 83,655! 47,426 41,487 92,953: 32.,323 104,992 I 90.272 79-444 ■■■ 6|..-- 41.373 37.927, ■•■ 6].... I 54,044 40.749 >.' 45,880 j 204 10,200 487 15,428; 76,2781 4,000 184.770! 3,os8 163,637 1.417 71,119' 2,22! 32,970! 596 100.208 2,374 57.029 29,087 67,685 59,260 78,365 34.327 47-287 151-433 2,861 2.429 6.236 31.423 76,801 387.279 69,474 244,321 7.746' 211.961 5.329 22.703 94.391 66,455 10,926, 91,424 29,S37i 86.477 100 630 1.454 1,163 572 187 2.499 593 42 600 834 ELKCTORAL. P I PRKS. V.-P 5=1^ POPULAR VOTE. Ruther lord B. Hayes, . of Ohio. Rilhli raw Nomi- 15,... II II 5 5 121... 81 -tS I3i 13 III II § 5 104,9921 86,477 834 10 10... 10'... 130,668 123,927 1,5091 27; 300: *66' 300 *66 3-594,109 2,833.889 29.40 369 185 184,185 18414.033.295i4.284, 265 81.7379,522 539 _ 68.230 38.669 78.614 By Leg 59.034 10.752 +23.849 So,446 278.232 208.011 171,327 78,322 .97.156 +7S,I35 66,300 71,981 150,063 166.534 72,962 52,605 145,0291 31,916 10,383! 41.539' 103.517 489.207 108.417 330.698 15.206 384.122 15.787 +91,870 89,566 44,800 44,092 95.558 42,698 130,668 Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, Demo- cntlie Aomi- nee. 102,C02 58,071 . ,75.845 islature 61.934 13.381 +22,923 130,088 258,601 213,526 112,699 37,902 15 .690 +70,636 49.823 91, -So 108,777 141,095 48,799 112,173 203,077 17,554 9.308 38,509 115,962 521,949 125,427 323,182 14,149 366,158 10,712 +90,906 133,166 104,755 20.2';4 139,670 56,455 123.927 Pi 44.- 774 378 17,233! 9.533; 9.001 7,7761 1-944; 141 28i 663 .331 779 9,o6o| 2,311 84.... 7661 71 3.4981 2,320 I 76,. I, 987! 2 3,0571,6361 76 510 .. .319, 8j 60 •The 66 electors were chosen to cast their votes f- r Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown, but Mr. Greeley dyin before the day on which the Electoral Colleges met, the 66 votes for PresidRESIDf-:M'IAL ELECTIOX AND ISAUGUKATIOX. G9 Justices of the Supreme Court. Senators. Representatives. NATHAN CLIFFORD, rit-si- GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, Yt. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Ohio. dent Me. FRED. T. FRELINGHUY- (fp:ORGE F. UOAR, Mass. SAMUEL F. MILLER, Iowa. SEX, N. J. HENRY R. PAYNE, Ohio. WILLIAM STRONG, Peun. OLIYER P. IMORTON, Ind. EPPA IIUNTON, Ya. STEPHEN J. FIELD, Cal. ALLEN G.THURMAN, Ohio. JOSIAH G. ABBOTT, Mass. TOSEPH P. BRADLEY, N. J. THOMAS F. BAY'ARD, Del. Ou the 31st of January the Commission met and adopted the following rules ; RULES OF THE COMMISSION. EuLE I. The Committee shall appoint a Secretary, two Assistant Secretaries, a Marshal, and two Deputy Marshals, a Stenographer, and such messengers as shall be needful; to hold during the i^leasure of the Commission. Rule II. On ay subject submitted to the Commission, a hearing shall be had; and counsel shall be allowed to conduct the case on each side. Rule III. Counsel, not exceeding two in number on each side, will be heard by the •Commission, on the merits of any case presented to it, not longer than two hours being allowed to each side, unless a longer time and additional counsel shall be specially authorized by the Commis.sion. In the hearing of interlocuting questions, but one counsel shall be heard on each side, and he not longer than fifteen minutes, unless the Commission allow further time and additional counsel; and printed arguments will be received. Rule IV. The objectors to any certificate or vote, may select two of their num- ber to support their objections in oral argument, and to advocate the validity of any certificate or vote, the validity of which they maintain; and in like manner the objectors to any other certificate may select two of their number for a like pur- pose ; but, under this rule, not more than four persons shall speak, and. neither side >hall occupy more than two hours. Rule V. Applications for process to compel the attendance of witnesses, or the production of written documentary testimony may be made by counsel on either side, and all process shall be served and executed by the Marshal of the Commis- sion or his deputies. Depositions hereafter taken for use before the Commission Ghall be sufficiently authenticated if taken before any Commissioner of the Circuit •Courts of the United States, or any clerk or deputy clerk of the United States. Rule YI. Admission to the public sittings of the Commission shall be regulated in such manner as the President of the Commission shall direct. RiTLE VII. The Commission will sit, unless otherwi.se ordered, in the room of the Supreme Court of the United States, and with open doors (excepting when in consviltation), unless otherwise directed. Washington, D. C , January 31, 1877. The first case requiring the action of the Commission was that of the electoral vote of Florida. There were three certificates presented to the President of the Senate, two of them certifying — though on different grounds — to the election of the Hayes Electors; one of them having been issued by order of the Supreme Court of Florida some weeks after the meeting of the Electoral College, on account of an al- leged defect in the count, and the third certifying to the election of the Tilden ^Electors, but not signed hy the requisite authority. There was also a further ques- tion regarding the eligibility of F. C. Humphreys, one of the Hayes Electors, who, it was alleged, was a U. S. Shipping Commissioner when chosen an Elector. After a long and able argument ou each side, the Commission voted Feb. 9 — eight in the affirmative and seven in the negative — " That the four Hayes Electors were duly appointed, and that the votes cast by them are the votes provided for by the Con- stitution of the United States ; that neither the second or the third certificates jDre- sented were the certificates of votes prescribed by the Constitution, and that the evidence did not show that F. C. Humphreys held the office of a Shipping Com^ missioner of the U. S at the time of his election. " This decision having lieen reported to Congress, it was sustained by the Senate: yeas, 44; nays, 24; not voting, 7; and rejected by the House: yeas, 1G8; nays, 103; not voting, 19; and, according to the Act, wis counted. Fob. 10. The Louisiana case was reached and laid before the Commission Feb. 13, where it was debated till Feb. IG, when the Commission decided, by a vote of eight tc seven, that the eight Hayes Electors were the lawful electors of the State ■of Louisiana, and their votes the votes provided by the Constitution of the 70 PRESIDE. \TIAL ELECTION AXD IXAUGUliATIOX. United States, and should be counted for President and Vice-President. This decision, like that in the Florida case, rested on the basis that the Electoral Com- mission did not possess any more or gretvter power than the Congress which had created it, and, therefore, had no power to go behind the legally-authorized report of the Returning Board, Board of Canvassers, or other authority prescribed by the State for this purpose. This decision was reported to Congress on the 16th of February, but was not acted upon until the 19th, when the Senate sustained the decision of the Commis- sion by 41 yeas; nays, 28; not voting, 6. The House rejected it bj'— yeas, 173; nays, 99; not voting, 18; and the votw was counted Feb. 20. Objection was made to one of the Electors in the Michigan, and one in the Nevada, certificate ; but as there was but one certificate in each case, and the objections were evidently invalid, they were not referred to the Commission. The Oregon case was reached Feb. 21, and referred to the Commission, which re- assembledFeb. 22. The arguments on both sides were heard, and on Feb. 23 the Commission decided "That'W. H. Odell, John C. Cartwright and John W. Watts, the persons named as Electors in certificate No. 1, were the lawful Electors of the State of Oregon, and that their votes are the votes provided for by tli« Constitution of the United States, and should be counted for President and Vice-President of the United States." This decision passed by the usual vote of eight yeas and seven nays. The fact of the election of three Hayes Electors in Oregon was not in dispute, but it was claimed that one of these, J. W. Watts, was a postmaster at the time of his election, and so ineligible; and Gov. Grover had assumed to throw out his name and give the certificate to Messrs. Odell, Cartwright, and E. A. Cronin, who had been Mr. Watts' competitor, but had fallen 1,000 votes short of an election. Thus, while the Secretary of State (the canvassing authority of the State) had cer- tified to the election of Messrs. Odell, Cartwright and Watts, Gov. Grover had cer- tified to the election of Messrs. Odell, Cartwright and Cronin. Mr. Cronin, failing to persuade Messrs. Odell and Cartwright to act with him, had resolved himself into an Electoral College, and had chosen two men who had not been voted for at all, as Electors, and sent— or rather brought in—a third certificate, declaring E. A. Cronin, J. N. T. Miller and John Parker the duly appointed Electors. This cer- tificate was rejected, as was Cronin's appointment, by the entire Commission. On the 24th of February the Senate .sustained the decision of the Commission by- yeas, 40; nays, 24; and 11 did not vote. The House rejected it by — yeas, 151; nays. lOG; not voting, 33. On the 26th of Feb. objection was made to Electors in the Pennsylvania and Rhode Island Colleges; but as there were only single certifi- cates in each case, they were not referred to the Commission. The case of South Carolina was reached Feb, 26, and Hon. A. G. Thurman hav- ing withdrawn on account of illness from the Commission, Hon. Francis Keruau, of'N. Y., was chosen in his place The case of South Carolina dift'ered from those which had preceded it in some important particulars. Although there were two certificates, it was not seriously contended that the Hayes Electors had not received a majority of votes, but it was urged that, owing to the failure of the Legislature to provide a system of registration, and to the disorders, irregularities and frauds at- tending the Presidential election, that election sliould bo declared void, and that the State, being at that time under duress from the United States troops stationed there, was incapable of holding a valid election. Tlu^ Commission, after hearing the arguments, decided unanimously that the Tilden Electoral ticket should be rejected, and, by a vote of eight to seven, that the Hayes Electors were lawful Electors for the State of South Carolina, and that the State was entitled to have her vote counted. The Senate the same day sustained the action of the Com- mission by— yeas, 39; nays, 22; not voting, 14; and the House rejected it by- yeas, 190; nays, 72; not voting, 28. To the vote was counted. Objection was made to Electors on this certiticatesof Vcrinnutand Wisconsin, but these did not come within the provisions of the Commission. On tlie morning of ISIarch 2, the completion of the cdunt of Electors was reached, andat 4:10 a. m. , of that dav, Mr, Allison, one of the Tellers on the part of the Senate, announced the result of the footings as 185 votes for the Republican candidates, and Iril VDles for the Democratic candidates, whereupon his I'.oiuu- Thomas W.Ferry, President of tlie Senate. diH-lared Rt'tiikufokd B. Havks, of Olno, the duly elected President, and William A. WiiioixKii. of New "i'ork, tlie duly elected Vice-President of the United States f< r the term of four y.-ars. commencing on the 4th of March. 1877. DECLAliATIOX OF IXDEPEXDESCE. 71 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. When, iu the course of liumau events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bauds which have connected them with another, and to as- sume among the powees of the earth the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Natuee and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of MANKIND requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator ^^th certain Unalienable Riylits; that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: Tliat to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed: That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their SAFETY AND HAPPINESS. .Pvudeuce, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usuepations, pursuing invari- ably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for iheir future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of Government. The history of the present king of Geeat Britain is a history of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having iu direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- tion till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neg- lected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accomodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Rep- resentation in the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representa- tive Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the Rights of the People. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of annihila- tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of Justice, by refus- ing his assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and pay- ment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legisia- 72 DECLAliATIOX OF IKDEPENDENOE. tnres. He Las aflfected to reuder the military independent of, and superior to, the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving hii^ assent to their acts of Pretended Legislation : — For quartering large bodies of Armed Troops among «s:— For protecting them by a Mock Trial, from punishment for anj' Murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: — For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : — For imposing Taxes on us ^vithout our consent: — For deprivin;^ us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: — For trans- porting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended Offences: — For abolishing the free system of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary Government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at one j an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Col- onies: — For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable La-ws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments: — For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our Seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the lives of our People. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, .scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totall}' unworthj- the head of a CIVILIZED NATION. He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high 8eas, to bear arms against their countiy, to become the executioners of their fi-iends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited Domestic In- surrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- tiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known ride of warfare is, an undistin- guished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these OPPRESSIONS, we have Petitioned for Eedress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by rej^eated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a TYRANT, is unfit to be the ruler of a FREE PEOPLE. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. "We have warned them, from time to time, of attemjDts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow their usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the nece sity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in War — in Peace, Frie:;ds. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assemlded, appealing to the Sujjreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good peojde of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare : That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totalhj dissolvul; and that as Free and Independent States they have fidl power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts aiul Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this I>ECL.VR.\TION, witii a firm reliance on the protection of DI^^XE Provi- dence, we uiutuidly pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred BONUS. COSSTITDTloy OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more - perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America : ARTICLE I.-Congress. Section I. — Legislative Powers. 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section II. — House of Representatives. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Qualifications of Members. — Apportionment. 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of tAventy-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, accord- ing to their respective nuujbers, Avhich shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser- vice for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such man- ner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4. When vacancies happen in the rejn-esentation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Y4. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST.i TES. 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachmeiat. Section III. — Senate. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena- tors from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of th6 first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expi- ration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that one third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of tbe Legis- lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and w'ho shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments ; when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath, or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concur- rence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Section IV.— Election of Members. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- lature thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 75 Section V. — Powers of each House. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time pubhsh the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section VI. — Compensation, Frivlleges, Etc. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treas- ury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No Senator or Eepresentative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emolu- ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section VII . — Bills and Resohdions, Etc, 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose, or concur with amend- ments, as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent^ 76 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall, likewise, be reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour- nal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Eej)resentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section VIII. — Powers of Congress. « 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises to jDay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- posts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev- eral States, and with the Indian tribes. 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 5. To coin money, regulat.e the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix tlie standard of weights and measures. 6. To provide for tlae punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post-of&ces and post roads. 8. To promote the pi-ogress of science and useful arts, by securing Cor limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to theii- respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and ollcnces against the law of nations. 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 12. To raise and support armies, 1)ut no appropriation of money to that use shall bo for a longer teriii than two years. 13. To provide and maintain a navy. (jiyMAlHUliON OJ)' I'Mf tyilJUD aiATEli. 77 14. To make rules for the gov^*'nment and regulation of the land and naval forces. 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- vice of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines^ arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for car- ryinginto execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department thereof. Section IX. — Frohibliions and Privileges. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think j^roper to admit, shall not be prohib- ited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars on each person. . 2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex-postfacto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in propor- tion to the census or enumeration hei-ein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall "essels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to ^ntei-, clear, or pay duties in another. 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriation made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- lished from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shal be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or frust Tinder them, shall, with- Y8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED if all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; \vhi(;h list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of ilic Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, ,ind the votes shall then be counted. The person having the great- est number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a rtiajority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be oiore than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 votes, then the House of Eepresentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a major- ity, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.] [This clause altogether altered arid supplied by the XII AmendTnent.] 4 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty- five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congres may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resig- nation, or inability both of the President and Vice-President, declar- ing what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished dur- ing the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section II. — Powers of the President. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, 80 CONSTITUTION OF THE V NIT ED STATES. svhen called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in wiiting, of the j^riucipal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- vided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section III. — Duties of ihe President. 1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information oi the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Section IV. — Impeachvieni of Officers. 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be reuioved from office on impeachment for, and convic- tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. AKTICLE III.— Judiciary. Section I. — Courts — Judges. 1. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Coui'ts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at Htated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimiuiBhed during their continuance in office. OONSTITVTIOS L F THE UNITED SIA'IES. 81 Section n. — Judickd I'owers — G,vil — OnmlnaL 1, The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, asing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and Ueaties made, or which shall be made under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to aU cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to wiiich the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States — between a State and the citizens of another State — between citizens of different States — between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States — and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 2, In all cases* affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shali have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to the law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regula- tions as the Congress shall make. 3, The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shaU be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section IH. — JVeason. 1, Treason against the United States shall consiist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attained. ARTICLE IV.-State Rights. Section I, — Bestitution and Privileges. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section IL — Privilege o Qtizeris. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shaU 32 CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES on demand ot the Executive authority of the State fiom -whicb he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or Jabor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section HL — Neic States. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legisla- tures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congi-ess shall have power to dispose of and make all need ful rules and regulations respecting the territory or oUier propert^r belonging to the United States, and nothing in this Constitutior; shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the Vnited States, cr -hty-seven, and of the Lidependence of the United State*! of America, the Twelfth. In witness whereof; we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Attest : President, and Deputy from Virginia. Wm. Jackson, Secretary. AMENDMENTS. Articles in addition to, and amendment of the Oonstitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth ar- ticle of the original Coustitution. ABTIdaB I. Congress shaii make no law respecting aa establishment of religion, or prohibiting the £fee exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to as- semble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Aeticle IL A well regulated militia being necessary t^ the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- fringed. Akticle HT. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be qnartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time Oi war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ABTICIiE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers 84 OONSTITUTION OF THE UNr£ED STATES. aud effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- port-ed by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article V| No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infa- mous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offense, to be twice pizt in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Aeticle VL In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jui'y of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law ; and to be informed of the na- ture and cause of the accusation ; to be confi-onted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Aeticle VTL In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article VlLL. Excessive bail shall not be requh-ed, nor excessive fines imposed, Qor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Ab.ticle IX- The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be lonstrued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Abticlb X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Corstitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to tne States respect- ively, or to the people. Aeticle XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit iu law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of 'inother State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. OONSTITVTION OF THE TTKITED STATES. 8$ abticle xn. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- lot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal- lots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make dis- tinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the s6at of the Government of the United States, directed to the Presi- dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall,, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as Presi- dent, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by bal- lot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a major- ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the oifice of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. [An article intended as a thirteenth amendment to the Constitu- tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Eleventh Congress, but was not ratified by a sufficient number of States to become vahd as a part of the Constitution. It is erroneously given in an edition ol the Laws of the United States,published byBiorenandDuaneinl815.] [Note. — The eleventh article of the amendments to the Constitu- tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Third Congress; the twelfth article, at the First Session of the Eighth Congress ; and the thirteenth article at the Second Session of the Eleventh Gon^rei^'. 8(5 CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES. Ajkticle Xin. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall ex- ist within th-e United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Abticle xrv. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States^ and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any per- son of life, Hberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- gress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or raiUtary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con-, stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection o^ rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House,, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not bo questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assnme or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of in^urrectioa or rebellion agninstthe United States, or any cbiim for the loss or OONSTITVTIUN OP THE VNITED STATES. 87 emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Abticle XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shaD not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race or color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. B8 AOJilOULTURAL. AGKICULTUKAL STATISTICS, 1870-1878. -CROPS. Indian Corn — In this ctoy> Illinois ranks first ; Iowa, second ; Kansas, fourth. Missouri, third ; Tears. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873 . 1874. 1875. 1876 . 1877. 1878. Total Average 1,14-2,194,333 1,094,255,000 991,898,000 1,092,719,000 932,274,000 850,148,500 1,321,069,000 1,283,827,500 1.342, .558, 000 1,371,000,000 10,279,749,000 38,646,977 34,091,137 35,526,836 39,197,148 4:,036,918 44,841,371 39,033.364 50.369,113 51,409,000 §601,8.39,030, 478,275,900] 43,5,149,2901 447,183,020! 550,043.0801 5.55,445,930! 475,491,2101 480,643.400, 436,800,000! I 28 3 29 1 30 7, 23 8 20 7 29 4 26 1 26 6 26 7, 384,151 8641 |4,460.870.860 26 7: 42,683,5401 $495,652,318 26 Valne per Acre. 54 9 48 2 39 s; 48 0: 64 7i 42 37 35 8 31.9 44 7 115 57 14 02 12 24 11 41 13 40 12 38 9 69 9 54 9 04 111 92 Wheat — Iowa and Minnesota lead on the wheat cro^j; Illinois and California not far behind. Years. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 Total . . . Average Bushels. Value. 235,884,700 230,722,400 249,997,100 281,254,700 308,102,700 292,136,000 289,356,500 365,094,800 422,000,000 2,674,550,900 297,172,322 18,992,591 19,943,893 20,858,359 22,171,076 24,967,027 26,381,518 27,627,021 26,193,407 28,492,000 Yield $245,865,045 '290,411,8201 310,180,375| 323,594,805 291,107,8951 294,.580,990! 300,25'^,300 395,155,375 329,000.005! 12 4 11 5 11 9 12 7 12 3 11 10 4 13 9 14 2 215.758,486 82,780,155,605 23,973,165; §308,906,178 12 2 Price. Value per Acre. n 04 2' 1 25 8 1 24 1 15 94 4 1 00 1 03 7 1 08 2 78 2 97.3 812 94 14 50 14 87 14 50 11 66 11 16 10 86 15 08 10 97 112 95 $12 95 3. Oats — Illinois takes the lead on this crop ; New York follows, and then Iowa and Pennsylvania. Years. Bushels. Acres. Value. Yield ' Price. Value per Acre. 1870 ... 247,277,400 255,743,000 271,747.000 270,340,000 240,369,000 3.54,317,600 320,884.000 406,394,000 411,8.55,500 8,792,395 8,365,809 9,000,769 9,751,700 10,897,412 11,915,075 13,358,908 12,826,148 13,176,000 $107,136,710 102,570,030 91,315,710 101.17.5,7.50 12.5,047, .530 129,499,930 112,f<65,90J lH,6til,,5.50 140, .544, 000 2.- I 30 5 30 1 22 29 7 24 31 6 30 91 $0 43.3 40 1 33 6 37.4 52 36.5 35 1 29 2 96 $12 18 1871 1872 12 36 10 14 1873 10 37 1874 11 47 1875 10 r6 1876 8 44 1877 9 2.5 1878 11 07 Total 2.779,326,900 98,084,216 »l,028,f'17.110 28 4 $0 38.1 $10 67 Average 308,81.5.211 10,878,246 iill4, 313,012 28.4 $0 38.1 $10 67 AGRICrLTVRAL. 4. Bablet— California, New York and Iowa are the States which raise the largest part of the Barley crop . Tears. Bushels. Acres. 1 10,^,924 1,177,6661 1,397,082' 1.387,100 1.. 580, 626 1.789.902 1,766,511 1,614,654 1.790,0.i0' 1 Value. Yield Prire Value ^"*=®- per Acre. 1870 1871 1872 26,295,400 26,718,500 26.846,400 32,044,491 32,552,.00 36,908,600 38,710,500 34,441,400 42,000,000 822,244,584 21,541,777 19,837,773 29,333,529 29,983,769 29,952,082 25 735.110 22,028,644 26,106,000 23.7 22 6 19 2 23 1 20 6 20 21 9 21 3 23 4 $0 84.5' 80 6 73 8, 91 5, 92 1' 81 1 66 4 63 9| 62 8j 820 05 16 29 14 19 21 15 18 96 16 73 1873 1874 18-5 1876 1877 14 .56 13 6-1 1878 14 62 Total 296,517.791 13,612,471 S226 823.268 ' [ Average 31,814,724 1,477,809 825,082,158 22 3 80 77 3 8ia9i 5. Rye — Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, Wisconsin and Kansas are in their order the principal States engaged in raising this crop. 1870 1871 15,473,600; 15,365,500; 14,888,600: 15,142,000 14.990,9001 17,722,100 20,374,800 21,170.100 25,800,000 1,176,137; 1,069,531 1048,654' 1,150,355] 1,116,716! 1,35^,788' 1,468,374 1,412,902' 1,021,000 812.612,605 12,145,646 11,363,693 11,548.126 12,870,411 13,631,900 13,635,826 12,542 895 16,847,400 13 1 14 3 14 1 13 1 13 4 13 13.8 14 9 15 9 80 81 5 79 76.3 76.2 85.8 76.9 66.9 59.2 55.3 «10 72 11 35 1872 10 83 1873 1874 10 04 11 52 1875 1876 10 02 9 28 1877 8 87 1878 10 39 Total 160,927.600 11,423,453, 8117,198,502 1 Average 17,8,-0,844 1,269,272 $13,022,056 13 9 80 74 1 110 33 6. Buckwheat — This is not a large crop, nor is it rapidly extending; about four- fifths of the whole is grown in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and most of the remainder in three or four of the north-western States. Tears. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 18.8 Total . . . Average Bushels. Acres. Va'.ue. Yield Price. Value per Acre. 9,841.500 536,992 87,725,044 18 3 80 78.4 814 38 8,328.700 413,915 6,900,268 20 1 82 8 16 67 8.133,500 448,497 6,747.618 18 1 82 9 15 04 7,837,700 454,152 6,382,043 17 2 81 4 14 05 8,016,000 452,590 6,477,885 17.7 80.8 14 31 10,082,100 575,530 7,166,267 17.5 71 12 45 9,668,800 660,441 7,021,498 14 5 72 6 10 53 10,177,000 t;49,923 6,998,P10 15 6 68 7 10 76 12,247,000 673.{)()0 7,22.5.230 18 2 o9 10 74 f 4 332 900 4,871,040 862,816,663 9,370,322 541,326 86,979,629 17 4 80 75 3 $13 31 Potatoes — New York takes the lead in the Potato crop, and Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Ohio follow, but the crop is a large one in most of the north- ern States. 90 AGRICTTLTURAL. Tears. Bushels. Acres. Value. Yield Price. Value per Acre. 1870 114,775,000 120,461,700 113,516,000 106,089,000 105,981.000 166.877,000 124,827,000 170,092 000 124027,000 1,325,119 1,220,912 1,331,331 1.295,139 1,310.041 1,510,041 1,741,983 1,792.287 1 827.000 $82,668, 59.- 71,8.36,671 08,09 1,12( 74,774,1-91 71,823,33( 65,01 9, 42( 83,8Gl,3yi» 76,249,500 73,000,000 86.6 98.6 85 2 81.9 ^0.9 110.5 71.6 94.9 70.3 $0 72 59.6 59.9 70.5 67.7 39 9 65.5 44 8 58.8 $62 38 1871 58 83 1872 51 14 1873 57 73 1874 54 82 1875 43 05 1876 48 14 1877 42 54 1878 41 33 Total' 1.146,645.700 14,053 853 $667,324,771 Average 127,405,077 1,561 539 $74,147,212 86.7 10 59.7 $51 10 Hay — New York leads in this great crop, and Illinois and Pennsylvania follow. We give only the statistics of 1876 and 1877, those of 1878 and the early years of this decade being unreliable. Years. Tons. Acres. Value. Yield Price. Value per Acre. 1876 1877 30,876.300 31,629,30(1 24,769,605 25.367,708 Tons. $300,901,000 1 24 271,934,950 1 32 $0 9 74 8.60 $12 15 10 7'^ Total 62,505,000 50,137.313 $572 835 950 ' 1 1 31,252,800 25,068.65ti $286,417,975! 1.28 $0 9-17 $11 44 Cotton — This product being only reported at the ports whence it is shipped, it is difficult to ascertain the exact product of each State. We give, therefore, only the gross amount of the crops and their values, premising that Cotton is grown as a marketable crop only in North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- gia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee and Southern Missouri. A few bales may be grown one or two degrees further north, but not enough to produce any effect upon the market. Years. Bales Produced Value. US-: £§■ = Amount ! ^^ , /- Am't retain- ed for Home Con.'iump- tion. Value. Sept. 1,1876-7 Sept. 1, 1877-8 .... 4,81 K265 .5,200.000 $242,000,000 194,000.000 12 25 8 25 Bales. 3,346,640 $171,118,508 3,78:>,0U0 145500,000 1,463,625 1,415,000 $71,000,000 48,:)00,000 Total 10,011,265 t436000,000 7,131,640 $316,618,508 2,878.625 $119,005,200 Average 5,005,632 1 i 1 10. Tobacco — All the chewing, and a large proportion of the smoking tobacco and snuff used in this country are produced on our own soil, while about two thirds of the cigars and cigarettes are made here from native tob.icco, the other third being imported either in the manufactured or iiumauufac- tured state. AGBICVLTURAL. 91 £ Tobacco 2 Crop of the >J Year. "Value of Crop. 1876 187'; 1878 408,000,000 399,000,000 490,000,000 393,000,000 65,280,000 45,217,000 38,487,000 22,000,000 Amount re- tuiued for Rev. Tax. Lbs. Manuf. Tob.&Suuff 12;'.615.190 I^o.ofCig'rs & Cigaret's. 1,967,959, 6ti2 Lbs.Mauuf. Tobacco. 119,796,727 No. Cigars &, Cigaret'.i. 1, 908,141, .^70 Lbs.Mauuf. Tobacco. 127,481,149 No. Cigars (feCigare'ts. 1,958,391, 48-:i Lba.Manut. Tobacco. 119,406,588 No. Cigars &Cigai"et'.s. 2,082;356,362 Amount of j o H Tax. OnMan.Tob andDeal'sin §23,675,276 OnCigars&c andMauufs 9,494,147 OnMan.Tob &, Dealers in 28,526,823 OuCgs, Cgts and Manufs. 11,268,517 OnMan.Tob ifeDealersin 29,S81,907 OnCigars&c &Manufct's 11,224,650 OnMan.Tob andDeal'sin 28,204,045 Cigars&c. & Maiifactur's ll,b87,7-20 Am'ntof Value Amount Tobacco of Tobacco Importdi Imports Exported Exports. Value of 6,663,843 Lbs. To- bacco, &c. 6.598,410 No. of Ci- gars, -tOt01-»0 Teah. to O f CO o o p 0) m o el B p" pp XXOOXXXXOOQO x-^cjienrf».cotOH-o Tear. COtOtOtObOtOIOCOlO^ o X ^ Ci ,»*»■ en ~a o p O CO "co en *» CO 'tt*. OD "to oi H. on4-oococoeot*»co;r o ^ p pD en p p to to 5 "o"o en o ~3 to Ven VI ? o-arf^-oBcocntooci ocoentf^Oirfi-ooi-'Co 3 o 2 i p Lbs. 132,979,178 208,196,046 186,106,426 163,955,047 141,629,424 184,536,695 214,974,473 241,286,958 278,000,000 1 b o a w p ^ CO rf^jp^ tsjw to to Q ">f^ *>."t^'^">^''o^1 CO to » ~q^OCi*'OntOi+.co — _^1 p 00 p -q p p p p = O 00 *^ to CO 00 "oC' "l-i Ci ^ tf^tOH-COOCO>ti.H-^l vj^totoencioocoto o rf>- en en CO >-' I— rf»- _>*»-j.opp p 4^ p rfi.. o o"o"aj"en to en o "en m 00 ^ to «o QD to CO' >;- o b- p P *. J*^ p to p p 1^ JD "o CO CO bo On"-q CD CO "to ' COH^^OO xtocototo CO*^C5X^IXtOC0 — t-; 2 tOCOeo>ik.rfi.Hi^>*k>;^Cno "rf^ I-' o"^ "h-' 01 "to "hb. CO — COXtOH-QCiC0«— o^S p X p J^ J^ CO *-_- p g o CO to to"Qo CO "►^"co en ■ ociocncoooenco ~qeooen~3coeocovi 2 t 5 5 Lbs. 1,196,289,389 1,277,525,009 1,509,249.50, 1,568,393,877 1,701,354,312 1,797,586,806 1,491,065,427 1,623,973,537 1,505,120,551 5 >=; o ■1 o S XCOOCiCOenCOOOiS: ►i^oenrf^Cneni-'OCC *. J.O JX 00 QD OOp top O "to "oo~x ">f^ to "to "en o"to od ocoi-icxjooxxx^a' cii-'enooocDXi*>-to w 1 3- 50 Lbs. 18,333,902 10,364.161 12,122,280 23,930,453 19,310,777 11,200,857 15,870,600 3,122,956 6,016,855 ■-I tOtOCO^-K^H^rf^t^-O-Q p p jO jX Ci J.O rf^ CO *- f, "o5"x"co he'"to co"cD CO ^1 o: Kt-XOiCJiCO-JOCOOiS p p ;^ CO H- p p o ;-'to" 0~qXOient0.i-'~aCi I-' is3 en ~3 ~:i O en en en s (*^OiKf^~5CiCnt*^tOi-> COlO^XXtf^COCi--} p p 00 p JO *.- ;- CO00tOtt-C0lOtOrf--X C5>-'-Jcoent*^~ax-J b i 3 o $11,345,631 10,953.639 10,108,889 10,424,652 11,122,174 10,409,255 8,712,156 7,335,194 6,860,317 5" 2 B <1 sa > r W o o 1 O r > i oc O O z m G Si PI a $60,270,688 60,849,370 76,029,805 79,513,278 81,491,851 71. 800, ,598 67,030,351 73.780,829 70,464,869 1 c <1 >; W O »i o S c s< c O >; O iS c w 4^ y-^ h-» _to to JO JO to p p "C3 X*rf^"rf»-"c^ to ►-"OO 00 vi^Hf^-COCiOOtOtO jX JO j-qpp en JO p h- hU en ci't-i'to ci"x '►(^ "►*» xtoenxoctocDCiOi encnacotOh-citOH- s. c $36,829,037 30,758,057 28,876,131 29,842,942 32,499,835 34.662.057 39,450,917 35 274,468 37,075,427 s $15,167,fi92 13,779,491 12,211,785 12,630.273 13,482,456 12,904,444 11,159,774 9,147,719 8,538,802 H o < a a ? $97,099,725 91,608,027 104,905,996 109,3.56,220 113,991,686 106,462,655 106,481.268 109,055 297 107.540,296 H c i B Gallons. 47,768,267 47,260,021 42,057,924 44,112,413 47,205,641 43,220,697 39,213,805 29,000 397 26,855,764 2 c H t- o p d o Lbs. 1,216,4.59,872 1,231,H83,061 1,412.219,4.38 1,48.5.6.57,1'.)! 1,644,76.5,505 1,619,100.179 1,6.58,719.324 1.505,086,114 1,589, .506 ,338 2. a o r O o •A O Gallons. 26,333,091 27,1:96,398 2.5,103,570 22,350,418 22,457.893 21.668,792 23,177,133 24,876.252 28,872,953 b c 3 9 toi-'l-'l-' — — l—tOl-' CO 7- Ci i4- to yi X o to p _.-! to t- p p ►-' ^(*- 00 CO io CO X o -^ ai to >f^ t^ .- — *.'h4- »;- *» H- C-, ^1 C p 'CO -Ol ^ CO JO p o ^-^ ? CO 'CJ en X X CO *. 1-' CO Ci 4- CT O CO ^ O to CI ►-vt.~qvi^lcC4-C0~.7 b o E CD Gallons. 74,101.358 74.5.56.419 67,161.494 66.462 831 69.663.-534 64.889.489 62,390.938 53,876.649 55,728,717 H o Lbs. 1,341,937,829 1.436,1.33,184 1,594,434,932 1,639,389.510 1,770.809,342 1,797.941.986 1,821.668..-'81 1,692.299.7.58 1.823 516.299 E AGRICULTURAL. 93 n.— LIVE STOCK. This department of agricultural production increases in a much more rapid ratio than the population, much of the land west of the ^lississippi, as well as the prai- rie lands, east of the river, being admirably adapted to grazing, and the breeding of neat cattle and swine for slaughter, and sheep, both for their fleece and for slaughter, being conducted on a large scale. Horses and mules are also reared in great numbers for domestic use and for exportation. For many years past we have exported large quantities of salted and smoked meats to Europe, mess beef, mess pork, hams, shoulders, jerked beef, bacon, &c., as well as lard, and in moderate quantities, tallow, butter, cheese and condensed milk; but for the last three or four years, a large export trade has sprung up in live stock for slaughter, neat cattle and sheep, and in fresh beef and fresh mutton, as well as much greater quantities of butter, cheese, and liquid condensed milk. This has speedily developed into an enormous traffic. Oysters and fresh fruits are also exported in considerable quan- tities. In the following tables we have given the numbers, average price and esti- mated value of the live stock of the couutrj' in 1876, 1877 and 1878, and also the exports of animals and animal products for the last three years. We deem these statistics of great importance to the farmer, agricultural settler, and to the shipper, as indicating the directions in which agricultural labor may be most profitably emploved. 1.— FARM AUriSf ALS at the Xnd of each Year. December, 1876. December, 1877. Xumber. iAv.Pr Value. Xumber, Av.Pr Value Horses Mules Milch Cows Oxen & oth- er Cattle.. Sheep&G'ts Swine 10,401,527 58.69 1,609,428 64.57 10,758,120 28.29 17,647,381 19.04 I 33,981,726j 2.31 34,653,280 5.03 610,372,845 103,916,231 304,347,205 336,006,128 81,000,000 171,345,321 10,329,700 1,637,500 11,300,100 19,223,300 35,740,500 32,262,50C 58.16 63.70 26.41 17.14 2 25 4.98 December, 1878. ISTumber. Liv.Prl Valt 600,813,681 10,618,800 61.25 650,401,500 104,323,939 ! 1 ,667,000 64 . 01 106,604,670 298,499,866' 12,206,600 22.91 1 279,653,206 329,541,703 21,077,000,18.10, 381,493,700 80,603,062' 38,482,600 160,838,532 34,331,400 2.40 92,358,240 5 00 171,657,000 2._AXIMAI.S and AXIMAL PKODTTCTS Exported In each Xear. These are for the Fiscal year ending June 30, except where marked with a *. 1876. 1877. 18 7 8. ' ToTAUs KoK 3 Years asd animal Pkoducis. Number or Quantity. Value. Nnib'r or Quantity. Value. Nmb'r or Quantity. Value. Nmb r or Quantity. Value. LiveSfkExpt Hogs Homed Cattle Horses Mnles Sheep 68.044 51,593 2,030 1,784 110,312 g 670,042 1,110,703 234.964 224,860 171,101 24,017 1,743,211 39,064,456 3,186,304 998,002 65,107 50,001 2,040 3,441 179,017 699,180 1,593,080 301,134 47(^,434 234,480 18,895 4,552,523 5,244,668 49,512,412 2.9.")0,9.52 3,939,977 36,480 4,424,616 12,700,627 123,801 29,284 80,040 4,104 3,860 183,995 267,259 3,896.818 798,723 501,513 333,499 46,841 162,435 181.634 8,174 9,085 473,324 1,636,481 6.600,601 1,334,821 1,204,807 739,080 90.353 FreshBt-ef.lbs -Fr'hI5eef,lbs Bac'n.Hiuslbs B'f,Salt,Cornd Meats Prs'rvd Mut'n.fr.sli.lbs Butter, lbs .. Chee.SP, lbs . . CondnsdMilk "i9,'838,895 327,730,172 36,596,150 49,210,990 55,362,736 460,0.i7 146 39,155,153 .54,046,771 53,340,696 592.797 481 38,831,379 ' "130", 582 21,837.117 123,763736 " ' 94,265 71,889,155 2,216,676 343,097 464 5,009,nr,i\ 4,808,612 51,7.^.0,205 2.973,2:54 5,099,918 9,272 103,257 761 128.5423.54 1380584799 114,582682 9,562,379 11,796.491 140.927073 9,110.490 10,037,947 349,368 21,527.242 107,364 666 479,950 45,752 4,644,894 97,670,264 1,109,496 12,270,083 118,549 8,300 5,744,022 173,654 22,429,485 3,931,8221 48,009,253 14,103,529 328,824066 128,818 14,880 156,489 4,913,646 195,755167 1,221.718 3,016,968 30,014,023 746,245036 9,404,934 39,074,239 371,168 Eggs, dozen . . Pork, lbs Anm'10il8,gal Lard 29,633 54,195.118 168.954 168,405,839 32,5911 8,429 69,671,8941 6,290.414 631,247 450,381 234,741233 25,562,66.1 31,609 16,954,082 1,845,753 78,006,173 Total Values 89,881,899 114.576625 124,814 330| 1329,271 854 These amounts are for the calendar year. 94 AGRICTTLTURAL. 2 >- ggggggggggggSgSgg8gS£S = gg£gSS: g-ggSI Wheat CO- oo- iOCCOOO- I Corn on tlie Cob. • • • ■ £• : : - : t Corn Meal and Rve O OC O C • • 00 ■ O • ^ ■ • ■ O O O • O O I iu , £1 1 . I Malt. gggg- g: g g g g g g g g g g g S ■ ggg: : : ggggggi ^1 Potatoes, Irish. : : S: : g: ga: : ggg: g: g: gg: :£:::::: : 1 Potatoes, Sweet. : g: : :;:::: g; :;:: : : ; : g: : g: g 1 Carrots. ggg: SjSSS33Si: g£SHJSg. Sj: y; : : S;: gggg: gl Onions. ggg: : g: g: : feSgg: : : g: g; : : : : g: : g; g 1 Turnips, English. : ggg: :::::;§:::::: : : : g: . g: g ( Beets. : gggg: : ggggg: gggggg: ggg: : ggg: : gg£ Beans. : g: g: : : : g: : : g: g: g: g; £: : ggg: : ggg Pea.s. ■*.•■• si ; : 00^ 00^ ^j^: : : : ! : g: : : : S;: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Quinces. : CC- ■ • g: : e-SSegSEIEESIS: SS^g: ; g: ; : : : : Dried Apples. : S§: : : g: : -^^^'&'&■^^^'&'&'&^^■ ^g5Eg: : £S: : : : : : Dried Peaches. : £:tt,g:: • •^%i^%: : : Castor Bean.-;. : : : g: ■ £ggg: gggg: g: ggg: : gg: : : : : : Flax-Seed. : : £: : rf. .(> ^ li. rf^ . . r(>t(.^^tf^ rf*- tf-- Hemp Seed. : g: sfcg;: : g: g: g: : : g: : .Millet Seed. : SSS: "^^ : ; S: : : S: : 1 Timothy Seed. : Blue-Grass Seed. ■ ■ J*-.- : Hunsarian-Grass S'd. : g: gg: : g: g: g: : sgg: S gggggggggggg: ggg: g£g: : : g: : Clover Seed. ; ; gg: ggggg: : g|i!S: ; • - CJi' gs: : : : : 3^': : : g: : g:v: : : : : Salt. =1 ^N N "N i ; s; ; Coal, Bituminous. : : : g: : g: gg: : : gg: : g: g: Coal, AnthrtJcite. : : : g: gg: gg; : gggj: 2 g: g: Lime. • OC- 00- ■• ■ oc-». • »: (»: z Hair. CO ;i' -J • ' rjj'yj^ « • rJ X Cf- 00 _ oo •^o^ ojOooocorxooQCj-; ^^~* (X ^> ""— " L.'H C-. ^ Ol *^ "^ fe-I V 2S(p l^_W " CO _p ■ Jt^ 00 i§ .-- 5 a C 1-3 CO 2 O S) >- c JO w a e ™ M «> S° O X •^ M 5 -^ ^^ O H R M >■ ^- 5 ^ > 5 a; - ii 2 a a. gs AGRICVLTVRAL. 95 ADDITIOXAL TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. In addition to the articles named in the foregoing table, the following weights per bushel, of the following articles, are established by law in the States indicated, viz; Coke: Pennsylvania, 40 pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 40 pounds to the bushel; Iowa, 38 pounds to the bushel. Hominy: Massachusetts, 50 pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 60 pounds to the bushel. Peas, ground: Georgia, 25 pounds to the bushel ; Kentucky, 24 pounds to the bushel. Parsnips: Connecticut, 45 pounds to the bushel; Wisconsin, 44 pounds to the bushel ; Montana, 50 pounds to the bushel. Euta-bagas: Maine, 60 pounds to the bushel; Connecticut, 60 pounds to the bushel; "Wisconsin, 56 pounds to the bushel. Mangel-wurzel : Maine, 60 pounds to the bushel ; Connecticut, 60 pounds to the bushel; Washington Territory, 50 pounds to the bushel. Vegetables not specified : Rhode Island, 50 pounds to the bushel; "Washington Territory, 50 pounds to the bushel. Onion top sets; Virginia, 28 pounds to the bushel; Nebraska, 25 pounds to the bushel. Dried fruit — Plums : Michigan, 28 pounds to the bushel. Peaches, peeled : Virginia, 40 pounds to the bushel ; Georgia, 3g pounds to the bushel. Currants, gooseberries, and grapes: Iowa, 40 pounds to the bushel. Other berries : Ehode Island, 32 pounds to the bushel ; Michigan, 40 pounds to the bushel; Iowa, 3"2 pounds to the bushel. Chestnuts: Virginia, 57 pounds to the bushel. Peanuts ; Virginia, 22 pounds to the bushel. Seeds — Broom-corn: Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel; Dakota, 30 pounds to the bushel. Cotton : Georgia, 30 pounds to the bushel ; Missouri, 33 pounds to the bushel. Osage Orange ; Virginia, 34 pounds to the bushel ; Michigan, 33 pounds to the bushel ; Iowa, 32 pounds to the bushel ; Nebraska, 32 pounds to the bushel. Eape : "Wisconsin, 50 pounds to the bushel. Sorghum : Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel ; Nebraska, 30 pounds to the bushel. Orchard grass: Virginia, 14 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds to the bushel. Redtop : Virginia, 12 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds to the bushel. Sand: Iowa, 130 pounds to the bushel. 96 THE LABOR QUESTION. In a ■work like this, devoted to the highest interests of the workingmen of all classes, whether their labor is mechanical, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing or intellectual, it is due to the large and intelligent clientage which we desire to represent, that questions pertaining to the employment of labor, the hoi;rs of work- ing, the average remuneration of different classes of workingmen, and the advanta- ges and disadvantages of labor unions, should be fairly though briefly considered. There is a prevalent disposition among workingmen to regard the employer and employed as classes hostile to each other, and as having interests which are dia- metrically opposed to each other. This we believe to be not only a very narrow, but an entirely false view. "Were it true, there would be no work done in civilized countries, except what every man could do for himself. A man wants a house built ; he must build it for himself, on this theory, though there might be a hundred workmen who desire to labor on it ; for, the moment he seeks to employ others to do this work, he becomes an emploj'er, a capitalist, and his position is hostile to that of the men he employs, and he can have no object in life, but to use his money to oppress and distress them; while they, in return, look upon him with envy and hatred, because he has more money than they, and is their natural antagonist and oppressor. The theory once stated in this plain way, even the most ignorant can see its fallacy. What we have to say in re- gard to the labor question here, concerns only labor in the United States. We have nothing to do with the labor question in Russia, Germany, France, Italy or Great Britain. The government of those countries, and the conditions under which alone labor is possible there, are entirely different from ours , and whatever exciise there may be for making the labor question a political one there, no such excuse avails here. So long as he violates no law, and does no injustice to his fellow man, the workingman possesses the same rights and privileges as the capitalist. For him to resort to violence, and oppose the government which he himself has had a hand in making, is as absurd as it was for the petted child who when his wearied mother said "Well, let him have what he wants," to exclaim, "I won't have what I want." If the workingman has not all his just rights under our government, it is his fault. He is one of the law makers; let him ask for these just laws and he -will get them. A word, then, about that much abused title, "Capitalist." What is a Capitalist in this country? He is, in most cases, a man who, beginning as a workingman, and often in early life steeped to the lips in poverty, has, by industry, economy and good management, saved his earnings to such an extent, as to be able to emj^loy others ; and his income being thus increased, extends his business till he employs hundreds and perhaps thousands of his late fellow workmen. Is it supposable that such a man will forget that he himself has been a workingman, or that he will be- come hostile to the interests of those with whom he has wrought day after day? I suppose that the late Cornelius Vanderbilt was the largest Capitalist employing labor, in our time. Yet who that has read his history does not know that in early life he was not onlj' a workingman, but one of the most laborious of workingmen? The venerable Peter Cooper is another example of the advancement of an indus- trious and prudent workingman to the ranks of the employers ; Asa Packer, the largest proprietor of Coal Mines in America, and the man who single handed, has been able, for many mouths, to prevent the great Coal Companies from forming a combination which would prove disadvantageous to the public, was, at the age of 28, a day-laborer, earning but tifty or sixty cents a day. Thomas Scott, the controlling spirit of the Pennsylvania Central Railway and all its affiliated roads, came up from the ranks of the workingmen. So did William Orton, late President of the Western Union Telegraph Co., and hundreds more whom we might name. These men have, or had, large amounts of capital at their disposal, and they chose to dispose of it in such a way as to employ great numbers of men. This was cer- tainly no wrong, but a benefit, they were obliged to lix upon some terms on which they would employ such help as they needed. No one was compelled to work for them, if their rate of compensation was less than could be obtained for the same work elsewere ; and it is not, we believe, pretended that they paid, on the average, less wages than the others. So far, then, there is nothing to awaken hostility be- tween employers and employed. It was not assumed that these men were perfect, or honest, upri-ht, and benevolent in their business, beyond the average of men. They were men of like passions and dispositions with the rest of us. liut now, after a season of excessive commercial prosperity, and high prices, the result in part of an inflated currency, there comes a time of financial depression. THE LAliOli qVESTIOX. 97 If our capitalist is a manufacturer, he finds his goods ^\-ill not sell, or if they are sold at all, it must be at a price below their actual cost, and consequently, in the long run, he must reduce the cost of manufacture, or become a bankrupt. The cost of the raw material has depreciated, ami he tries to make up his loses by buying it lower, but if the depression is of long continuance he is still a heavy loser His employes have been receivmg high wa-es in the past ; is it wrong, that he should say to them, I cannot afford to pay the highest prices, I must reduce your wages by such a percentage. If others -will pay more, of course they have the right to go where they can receive the largest wage, but if a part of their number, or others, who are out of work, choose to accept his terms, which it is fair to presume are the best he can afford, those who leave his employ have no right to molest or obstruct those who choose to remain in it. If the capitalist has reduced his wages too low, below those paid by others in the same business or below what is, under the circumstances, a living rate, and all his employes leave him, and others as competent will not take their places, he soon finds out his mistake, and is ready to compromise. Much is said of the soullessness of corporations, and it is often asserted that the cases of oppression of workingmen are more frequent where they are employed by corporations than elsewhere. We doubt this— a company or corporation which is honestly and ably managed, is governed by the same motives and principles as an individual capitalist. It must manage its affiiirs carefully and economically or its stockholders will suffer loss ; as a general rule, corporations pay higher wages, es- pecially in prosperous times, than individual capitalists, and the difference comes out of the pockets of the stockholders. Happy is that corporation whose stock is mainly or largely owned by its employes. Individual capitalists and corporations, engaged in the same or similar lines of business, sometimes associate themselves to- gether, and through this association, act in concert in regard to the amount of pro- duction, -wages and other matters appertaining to their united interests. Working- men often take exception to these associations, and denounce them as oppressive and as hostile to the working classes. We cannot see the reasonableness of this. It is a fundamental principal in our republican form of government, that men have a right to associate together for the protection of their just and lawful interests, though not for purposes of wrong and violence. As a general rule, these associations have proved beneficial to both em- ployers and employed. A comparison of views has tended to shorten rather than protract the hours of labor, and to advance as fast as it could justly be done the amount of wages. It has also led to what workingmen should be thankful for, a classification and discrimination in regard to the skill and capacity of employes, by which higher wages have been paid to the industrious and skilled workman', while the indolent and incapable have either been dismissed, or remanded to low wages till their work was imj^roved. This much we have felt it right and just to say for the employers. Now let us see what, the rights and privileges that theworkingman and working woman may claim. Let us begin negatively. No human being has an absolute right to compel an- other to ernploy him, be that other an individual cai^iialist, a corporation, or the state. Man has a right to live, if he can. by honest toil, of hand, of foot , or brain ; but he has no right to compel an individual, a corporation or the state, to snijjiort him. He has no right to obtain his living by theft or violence. In a normal con- dition of society, there is enough work to employ every honest, intelligent, temper- ate and industrious man who has the health to work. But for the purpose of bring- ing the employers and employes together it is sometimes necessary that there should be changes of location, or, in other words, emigration on the imrt of some of those desiring employment. In a normal state of society, when business is depressed, the intemperate, the improvident, the ignorant, and the worthless are sure to be thrown out of employ- ment. This result is inevitable, no Trades Union or organization can prevent it. Hence the necessity, that workingmen and their children should be educated for their business, that they should be'strictly temperate, honest and industrious. They should be more than this. The employe who seeks to make the interest of his em- ployer his own interest, and is watchful again.st any loss or injury to it, may tliink his faithful services unappreciated, but in the time of trial, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, he will find that his faithfulness has been noticed, if it has not been commended, and that though others may be dismissed, he will be retained, if his retention is possible. It is the undoubted right of every workingman to refuse to work for an employer, 98 THE LABOR QUESTION. if his wages are reduced, below what he regards as a just and Uving compensation ; it is the right of any number of workiugui. n who are ihus aggrieved, or who feel satisfied that they should receive a higher price for their work than they are now receiving, to refu-e to work any longer at those wages. This is usually called "a strike," and whether it produces its intended effect or not, that of compelling the employers to raise the price of work, it is none the less the ri^ht and privilege of the workingman to refuse the work. But when the strike is made, he has no right to take any steps to prevent others from obtaining the work he has refused. When an employer, from whatever motive, reduces the wages of his employes, or refuses to advance them, and they strike, it is his right and privilege to obtain other equally competent help at the reduced price, if he can. _ He may be actuated by good or bad motives in doing this ; it may be, and often is, the case that the condition of the market for his goods, renders it impossible for him to go on giving his present wages without becoming bankrupt, and thus this act, hard as it s ems, may be really one of kindness to his employes, by furnishing them employment at moderate wages, instead of throwing them out of employment entirely by failure. But whether his motives are good or bad, as soon as he has applicants for work at the reduced price, who are competent for the work, and emijloys them, the law throws around them and him its protection. Those who had previously been in his employ, must not obstruct the new-comers, or use violence toward them in any way. If they do, they become law-breakers and will receive punishment, and justly too ; for these new workiugmen are only doing what they in their circ amstances would do. The workingmen on a strike may remonstrate, may urge the restoration of the higher wages, may protest or petition, for redress. That is their right. We have alluded to the association of workingmen together in strikes. This, too, is one of their rights, and we would not confine this association of workingmen to the time of a strike. Trades Unions are not objectionable in themselves, on the contrary they maybe, and often times are, the means of doing great good to the workingmen who are members, and to their families. It is only when they are perverted from their true purpose that they become mischievous. In the early history of the Trades Unions in Great Britain they were hot-beds of crime. The M'orkingmen goaded to revenge by the oppression which they suflered, resisted by arson, assassination and murder, all the attempts of the employers to employ non-union men, or to employ any greater or less number of men, or men of greater efficiency, or at any other wages than they prescribed. Charles Eeade in his "Put yourself in his Place," has drawn with per- fect fidelity the picture of the horrors of that time, and we have had an example of them of nearly as great enormity, in the Molly Maguires organization among the miners of Pennsylvania. But these times and deeds have passed away, never again to return. Workingmen now understand better than they did formerly the natural laws which govern labor; they know very generally that in a period of financial depression, such as we have been passing through, that no force can compel the capitalist to pay for any length of time, higher prices than he can afford; and if it could, the end would be still more di'?astrous, because capital would be annihilated, or rendered so timid, that it would not venture to employ labor at all. Trades Unions, as at present constituted, are mainly Mutual Benefit Associations, which by small weekly payments, usually of from 20 to 30 cents per week, provide a fund for the care of sick members, the burial of the dead, the providing for ^he widows and orphans, the aid of the infirm, disabled or unemployed, if temperate and of reputable character. They albo negotiate with the employtrs, with whom they endeavor to maintain friendly relations, keep a general supervision over wages, recognizing the dift'erence (which the old Trades Unions did not) between skilled and unskilled workmen, prevent strikes, when po.ssible, by mediation, and where they jirove inevitable, grant such assistance to the strikers in money or supjilies as )uay bo required. The best and strongest of these Unions avoid carefully any po- litical action, and will not sell themselves to any party. In Great Britjiin within the past twenty-five years these Unions have attained to great infiuence, and embody great numbers of niembeis, the total number of mem- bers in England in lt!78, being, itis said, about 1,500.000. Among their other work there they encourage emigration, and aid emigrant nii'mbers to find a new home in Canada, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and to some extent in the United States. One of the largest and most efficient of thewe Unions is the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, Machinists Millwrights, Smiths and Pattern Makers, founded in Jan. THE LABOR QVESTION. 99 1851, but reorganized after severe misfortunes toward the close of 1852. Its mem- bership has risen from 9,737 in Jan. 1853, to 45,472 in 1878; its funds from $25,000 in the first named years to $1,376,350 in 1877. It has about 4U0 branches in aU parts of the world, of which 36 are in the United States. Its discipline of its mem- bers is very strict. "All persons, " says its constitution, ' ' admitted into this Society , shall be possessed of good ability as workmen, of steady habits and good moral ■character,'' and their records show that their rules are enforced with great rigor. The dues are from 25 to 60 cents per week. The benefits are considerable. The Tmemployed members, where the lack of employment is the result of an author- ized strike, or of the general depression of business, receives $3 per week for 14 ■weeks, and $2.10 per week for the next thirty, if he is unemployed so long. Sick benefits are S3 per week for 26 weeks, and $1.25 for a longer period. Funeral ben- efits, (to members $60, to the wives $30, ) are a considerable item. Accidents result- ing in permanent injury, causiug further inability to work, are compensated by a payment of $500. The disabled member by keeping up his contribution of 12 cents per week is still entitled to receive sick and funeral benefits provided that the sick- ness is not the same complaint for which he received the $500. The superannuated members receive an allowance varying in different cases, and ca^es of exceptional distress receive extra allowance. Their expenses are light. The following state- ment of the President of the Society, John Bennett, will explain very fully its prin- ciples and purposes: ' ' But the great and primary object of this organization is to maintain the condition of the trade, is to see that the benefit to members out of work is so much, and given under such circumstances as will leave them no excuse for underselling their labor, or of agreeing to regulations which are injurious to their fellow-workmen — all these benefits are instituted for the purpose of providing for the wants of mem- bers when in adverse circumstances, of cementing a feeling of brotherhood through- out the society, and enlisting every member in the good work of supporting the best interest of the trade. To provide only for merely benevolent benefits is to satisfy the sympathetic feelings of our nature; but we must never lose sight of the great and all-absorbing fact that we are a Trade Society, established to protect the interests of trade; and the consideration, far above all others, should be how that protection can be secured with the means at our disposal." In general. Trades Unions of the better class have not been as successful in the United States as in Great Britain. There is some reason to hope that they may become more so in the future. They have in many cases been only organizations of a single trade, as the Typographical Unions for the Printers, the St. Crisijins for the Shoemakers, the Locomotive Engineers for that class, &c., and have, in many instances, come into violent and protracted collisions with the employers which have engendered a bitter hostility. Of late the inclination to consolidate several trades or calhngs in one society, has been gaining ground, and every such organization is to be encouraged, as it liberalizes and enlarges the field of the workingmen, and renders them more tolerant of the rights of employers, and less disposed to violence. The Workingmen's Central Union of Boston is one of the latest and most successful of these. The movements for Trade Protection by means of Secret Societies, (the Patrons of Husbandry and the Sovereigns of Industry) combined too many objects, Co-operation , Trade Protection, Mutual Benefits, Intellectual and Social Culture, and the forms of Secret Societies, to be able to give each its full necessary attentio». Still these organizations have accomplished some good for the working classes, and given a new impulse to Co-operative Stores, Manufactories, and bu-siness operations. The tables heretofore inserted in this work of the wages paid for labor in Great Britain in 1872 and 1873, and of the prices of Provisions, Groceries and other lead- ing articles in the Provincial Towns and Cities, are now valueless ; since the ter- rible depression in every department of trade since 1878, has efl'ected such changes in the rate of wages and the prices of provisions that they afford no clue to the present condition of things . Emigration has largely increased, and the great re- duction in the amount of goods exported to the United States, and the equally vast increase of food products imported from thence, have revolutionized the price of provisions, Ac. The future for British workingmen has a gloomy outlook, while in our own country we seem to be passing into an era of great prosperity. The following table gives the wages actually paid in Massachusetts, on the gold standard, in 1860, 1872 and 1878, the last being a year of great depression. The probabilities are that there, as well as elsewhere, wages will appreciate to a moder- ate degree with returning prosperity. We also give the average retail prices of Gro- ceries, Provisions, Fuel, Drj' Goods, Eents, kc. , for the same years. 100 TEE LABOR QUESTIOX. A\^ERAGE WEEKLY WAGE— 1860, 1872 and 1878. OCCUPATIONS. Average M'keklv Wage, (ioLD Stnd'ud i OCCUPATIONS. VVKRAGE WeEKLYi iVAGE, Gold Stn'dI Ill 1860. 1872. 1 1878. I860.' 1872. ! 1878. Agriculture. Labrs i)frmo.A:l>oard Lab'rs pr day, uo bo'rd Arms <& Ammunition. 1 ^3 63 i 90 14 00 37 50 12 00 30 00 13 00 9 75 9 45 10 00 11 00 12 00 6 00 5 10 8 00 6 50 11 30 11 00 10 50 6 83 5 00 9 30 27 50 25 00 5 00 5 50 25 00 23 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 11 10 5 00 7 00 6 00 5 50 4 25 3 37 2 75 5 25 17 00 14 85 13 89 5 21 5 66 12 00 10 50 13 50 10 50 10 50 14 50 1 {23 09 16 44 20 77 12 01) 21 33 7 09 8 00 26 67 21 3:; 6 88 8 00 8 00 13 33 10 67 14 67 8 00 12 00 H5 72 I 25 18 00 37 50 15 00 30 00 16 50 17 12 14 25 12 50 13 50 15 00 8 00 00 18 00 8 00 12 75 8 00 15 00 14 40 II 50 13 50 8 63 6 75 13 75 20 77 11 00 26 40 6 65 6 00 25 00 23 80 5 50 5 75 7 07 6 00 6 00 6 75 9 00 9 00 8 40 13 50 6 12 8 90 62 00 35 4 00 3 00 3 50 7 37i 4 80^ 2 50 2 50 3 00 2 00 90 1 50 3 67 50 3 00 2 00 1 75 4 45 *6 73 1 40 1 65 5U 30 50 25 1 07 2 40 1 12 1 90 1 50 83 70 53 85 1 12 3 00 2 92 2 31 84 66 * 95 21 75 1 50 * 30 *2 75 Boots (£■ Shoes — Cont'd iiJdge-S tters Shueniakers Maclime Hands, w'mn McKay Operators Beaters $ 12 00 10 33 8 25 11 50 15 00 5 50 11 20 5 71 3 50 8 06 7 83 19 60 9 55 6 93 9 95 13 50 8 00 10 00 10 50 9 66 12 19 12 00 witb b'rd. 3 10 2 97 3 12 3 43 7 50 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 9 83 2 9(i 3 23 3 00 4 00 14 00 7 0.. 14 80 13 66 21 00 12 64 12 47 7 50 5 27 5 05 4 00 9 9- u o; 10 2^ 14 3'. 12 9-. 114 0.- 10 If- 11 4.- 7 If 7 14 $ $ 17 78 13 00 14 66; 8 00 8 89i 7 33 22 22 17 75 1 8 00 16 89 15 00 17 78 12 25 8 00 13 3311 57 5 48 5 09 $ 1 00 2 33» 92* Machinists, foreineu.. Inspectors Inspectors, foremen.. 3 50* 2 75* Women 2 50 Tool-Mall er Boxes. Watchmen ■ 37 Women and Girls Boys 62* 4 77 6 00 1 50 Bread, Crackers, Etc. Bread-Bakers jCrackerBakers ■Rovs Artisans' Tools, Pattern-Makers 13 10 11 97 12 44112 00 il6 61 (12 00 1 7 87 3 91 4 11 4 01 Shippers 2 45 Packers, Women Breweries. jTeamsters 94 12 00 12 OO' 2 05 "Wood- Workers 13 78 14 75' 1 25 Watchmen Carpenters Painters 12 15 9 661 1 66 16 00 12 00 2 OO 16 Olt 12 00 1 50 Blacksmiths 11 11 10 96, 1 30 11 55! 12 81 1 62 Bleach' g,I>y'ng, Prntg ICooi)er8 Bricks. 16 00115 00 3 00 No jwith 1 Enjiine Tenders b'rd. 1 b'rd 11 36| 3 37 27 Back Tenders LSorters 7 60 3 12 15 7 69l 3 96 84 8 82] 3 85 42 Engl avers 13 33| 8 501 1 OO 15 921 7 50 1 50 Starchers, . .. . ". Finishers and Packers 14 lel 6 00| = 10 04 5 36 64* Face-Brick men Baniers' Assistants.. jLaborers jTeanisters 'Hostlers 10 04 7 01. 1 1 06 Dyers and Steamers . . 18 12 13 5T1 3 74 8 40j 3 001 04 7 78! 3 771 54 Carpenters 7 7H| 3 00 = 12 89! 4 oo; = Mechanics, repairs. .. ' Brushes. Fini.shers Finishers^low gr'dw'k i Nailers jPainl-Brush Makers. L)o Fine Work Painters 16 89 1 1 13 481 5-2* 7 50 6 00 1 00* 3 31 19 32 18 36 C 66 6 74 14 81 16 00 1 14 2S ' 16 OC 1 17 7f 6 33 4 95 3 90 4 80 3 60 6 37 20 00 17-77 16 20 C 05 6 32 11 05 10 71 14 25 12 00 10 0( 12 0( 11 7r 19 5fl 13 7r 15 55; 17 10 17 78|18 00 2 30 4 34 17 78 14 41 14 52 6 22 4 88 j 4 44 14 66 11 11 19 55 Hi 00 11 82 14 v;-- •J5 01 15 10 15 11 14 24 8 01 8 00 5 01 4 71 5 01) 11 33 13 h.'" 12 11 12 51 16 4: 18 01 4 00 (9 iris Boys and Girls Laborers. Bookbinders. Borera 3 46 1 77 Combers, low gr'd w'k 1 Washers Pan hands, women — Drawers, wiimeu 50 26« 35* 1 00 F'ltlrs &Sewor8, w'mn Collators, •women Boots and Shoes. Cuttorfl Bottomers MachineCloBers. . . . 1 Building Trades. Carpenters I'aiiiters & Glaziers.. Steam it Gas Fitters. . Slaters Paper-Ilangers Plumbers I'lastereri 1 41 2 82 1 88 1 h9' 3 48 3 95 21 33 12 2: 21 33 13 3* 8 2! 2 07 1 92 ( 'ariipnters' Laborers 1 13 BtilVcrH 1 Mas. &. Plast. laborers 12 22 8 131 39 Heolers U — THE LABOR QV EST ION. 101 OCCUPATIONS. Cabinet Making. Chaii-Makers Decorators •Gilders Turners •Carvers ... Cabinet-Makers Mill-Men Polislieis & Finishers. Upholsterers TJpholst. sewers, w'mn Carpetings. "Wool-Sorters Wool-Washers Wool-Preparers •Combers Finishers Dyers and Dryeis Drawiucj in Filling Boys Drawers Dressers Weavers Burlei s Section Hands Drawers and Spinners Doffers Frame-Spinners T-wisters Carders Firemen Packers •Overseers Machn'sts (feCarpnt'rs Watchmen Laborers Laborers' BoyB Carriages. Body-Makers Painters Carriage-Part Makeis Wheelwrights Trimmers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' Helpers Corsets. Forewoman Overlookers Embroiderers Needle-Hands Finishers &. Packers. Machiue-Hands Boners Eyeleters Binders Cntters Cutters, men Pressers Pressers, men Custom Work Olothing-Ready-Made Overseers ■Cutters Trimmers Pressers Basters, ■women Mach'n-oper's, wonier Finsh'rs.athome,wmn Fini.shers, shop, wm'n Finishers, contr. wm'n Finishers, cust'm.wmn Pants, Vest, Cust. Wrk Average Weekly WAGK,(iOLDSTAND'RD imO. 1872. 1878. 110 11 •20 50 15 00 11 80 12 60 10 56 10 05 10 00 10 90 6 00 fi 50 5 50 5 50 6 00 5 25 6 00 4 bO 2 50 6 00 7 50 G 50 3 50 7 50 3 00 4 50 7 50 6 00 24 00 9 00 7 00 5 00 11 82 11 90 9 50 10 6-1 12 62 11 20 7 50 111 56 22 22 17 33 15 11 16 00 14 66 12 44 11 34 14 66 6 07 8 i; 9 it; 19 45 13 92 11 06 9 17 6 32 5 53 4 00 4 56 6 00 5 58 22 67 9 87 19 55 17 3:i 17 48 17 77 17 77 16 00 12 43 10 67 7 11 7 11 7 11 8 00 7 11 7 11 16 00 8 89 24 45 19 8.j 11 26 16 0."> 7 77 10 81 4 74 S5 £• ijll 00 24 00 17 00 11 60 12 33 11 03 10 67 10 25 11 42 7 00 9 25 7 25 6 50 6 30 5 57 7 50 7 13 3 50 6 50 10 50 8 50 4 70 10 33 4 3.T 3 00 5 00 9 00 16 75 7 00 7 50 27 00 11 00 10 00 7 05 3 75 15 -0 14 56 14 1-1 13 70 15 80 15 24 9 00 7 06 5 71 6 47 5 37 4 50 6 02 4 00 6 37 6 78 7 00 12 00 7 50 14 00 5 00 24 8; 16 00 |0 89 3 50 2 00 20- 47' <■' 62 25 52 1 00 2 75 1 75 1 00 30 32 1 50 2 33 1 00 50 3 00 2 00 1 20 2 83 OCCUPATIONS. 50 1 50 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 05 3 88 2 66 4 64 3 06 3 18 4 14 1 50 5 37 2 08 14 31 3 25 10 28 1 U 6 46 14 5 92 39 3 46 54* 4 58 02 3 50 8 00 2 00 6 90 1 32 Cotton Goods. Openers and Pickers ' Do Boys . Strippers Stri])pers &. Grinders Grinders Frame Tenders Drawers Riulway &, Alley Boys Slubbers Overseers of Carding Section Hands Second Hands OMrsiers of Spinning Second Hands ScctionHands (iciieral Hands Young Persons Sjwre Hands Mule Si)inners ]\rult> Siiiiiners, wm'n. ]\Iiili' Spiiiuere, boys. ISiick-lnos Dotlers.." Frame Spinners Frame Sp'nrs, b's&g's Frame Spinners, girls Frame Spinners, boys Frame Spinners,w'nin Ring Spiiiners.overs'r KiiiuSiiiiiners, 2dh'nd Kii],i;Siiin)ier.«, 3dli'ud King Sjiiuners, girls. . Do spaj-ohiids. g'ls Dott'ers, boys & girls Dott'ers. Boy.s Fly & J'k Fr'mTndrs Reel'g &Warp'g, ov'rs j Do second hands. . I Do spare h'ds, girls I Do spocders ! Do do overseers ! Do young persons Reelers Reamers Warpt-rs Dressers Dres.sers' oveiseers. . . Sla.sher-tenders Thread-diessers Drawers iDrawers, second h'nds iDrawers, sect'n bands Drawers, third hands. Drawers, room bands. Quill rs Twi.sters Twisters, women AVinders Winders, women Winders, overseers... Weavei-s Weavers, o' erseers. . Weaver8,secoud Ii'nds Weavers, sect n h'nds Weavers. s]iai e liands Weavers, 4 looms.... Weavers, 5 looms Weavers, 6 looms Weavers, 8 looms Bobbin-boj'8 Clotti-room, overseei's Cloth-room, sec'd h'ds Cloth-room, men Cloth -room , wm . &b'y s Packiiig-room,g'8&u'8 Dyers Average W eekly SS- Wage, Gold Stn'd °So- lis 1860.11872. 1878. 14 76 17 35 $0 23 $1 47 2 57 4 55 3 45 88 4 48 7 00 5 06 58 4 50 7 75 7 95 3 45 6 51 7 50 7 34 83 3 4ft 5 65 4 47 99 2 33 3 70 1 37 2 70 3 45 75 3 .'■.0 3 30 4 80 1 30 16 70 26 67 18 7-' 2 02 12 00 11 40 00* 8 0()!l6 0(1 10 00 2 00 17 70,26 67 19 45 1 75 7 00|14 6". 8 00 1 00 9 00 11 40 2 40 6 00 6 44 44 3 4(; 4 59 3 72 26 3 45 4 .53 4 00 55 6 33 10 70 7 41 1 08 6 30 4 00 1 98 1 68 SO'^ 2 07 3 68 2 32 25 3 00 4 65 1 65 3 28 3 96 68 2 6c 4 55 3 34 66 2 37 3 52 2 70 1 15 4 96 2 83 11 r^-2 18 00 6 48 7 .^(1 9 00 1 50 4 00 5 50 1 50 3 6(1 4 30 70 3 3(1 3 90 60 1 .50 2 42 92 2 56 4 00 2 £0 24 3 50 5 80 2 30 9 00 14 67 15 00 6 00 4 50 9 33 9 00 4 50 2 40 1 48 4 20 1 80 1 62 4 85 3 96 1 34 13 50 1 16 50 3 00 2 53: 4 53 3 00 47 3 54 40 5 35 1 81 7 35 9 25 1 90 4 22 5 90 5 30 1 08 8 19 15 47 11 27 3 08 21 91 31 33 20 40 1 51* 10 00 9 79 6 75 7 95 1 20 4 56 5 64 5 55 99 8 25 14 .^7 12 08 3 83 6 25 10 67 8 34 2 09 6 00 8 80 6 90 90 5 00 6 00 1 00 2 77 3 68 3 67 90 fi 00 8 00' 9 00 3 00 4 50 5 33: 5 00 50 8 33 11 33 3 00 4 45 5 94 1 49 15 00 18 00 3 00 4 44 5 f8 1 44 17 41 •20 00 2 59 7 00 y 00 2 00 7 74 10 67 9 71 1 97 4 50 6 61 5 25 75 5 78 3 96 7 81 4 50 9 50 5 01 11 33 6 30 4 00 4 50 50 18 10 14 67 17 25 85* 7 17 8 64 9 30 2 13 5 44 8 16 6 45 1 01 4 06 4 80 4 27 21 4 03 4 70 67 5 87 8 93 8 13 2 26 102 THE LABOR QUESTION. OCCUPATIONS. Average Weekly Wage. Gold Stnd'rd 1860. 1872. 1878, Cotton Goods — Cont'd. Bnndlers - - ■ Overseera of Repairs Mechanics ilechanics' Laborers Engineers Firemen Overseers of Yard Yard Hands "Watchmen Teamsters Cutlery. Forgers Forgers' helpers. . . Grinders Sawyers Haft ers and Finisli ei .s Hafters & Fin'rs boys Macbinists Packers Inspectors Inspectors, women Stampers, boy s & girls Men Women Boys Laborers Dressmaking. Managers Dressmakers Envelopes. Cutters Trimmers Folders, women Machine bands, wni'ii Overseer of Killing. . . Kulers, women Printers. Printers, women Box-makers, women. . Sewers, women Packers General Help. Laborers Foremen Glass. ec 00 17 10 8 35 5 47 9 00 7 09 11 56 5 2-2 6 83 5 40 9 40 6 00 12 60 8 25 9 00 3 00 11 00; 5 75 10 00 6 50 8 37 13 60 5 17 4 53 5 50 9 94 6 52 Blowers Kiln-men Cutters Polishers Gaffers Servitors Foot -makers Presscrs Gatherers Stickcrs-np Ware-wheelers Engravers Mixers Men, nut in deprtm'ts Boys Women and girls. . Hosiery. Overseer of Carding. . Young p<-iH(>iis, c:ird'g Overs'r, bl'i litL>t dyi'g Men, ble\ h'g A,- (1\ eg. Overseer of Si)iiii]ing. Men ii, boys, spinning Shii]iiTS. ." Finisliers, wiiiuen. . . Cutters and Ixmrders. S8 69 17 33 12 16 8 8 76 10 67 19 50 12 05 7 75 7 75 18 00 6 00 11 00 4 00 9 00 10 00 10 50 5 00 6 00 21 00 OCCUPATIONS. 13 33 7 11 7 33 6 89 8 89 12 44 13 33 17 16 00 13 33 13 33 12 00 10 67 7 11 9 H 18 2 10 6 3 50 4 44 $8 88 20 00 10 72 6 94 11 37 8 33 16 05 6 32 8 12 8 01 12 00 6 00 11 65 9 00 10 6 3 30 14 25 6 00 10 50 7 50 9 00 13 60 5 17 4 53 6 00 12 19 7 43 10 50 10 80 6 75 6 75 15 00 4 50 9 60 3 00 8 00 9 00 9 75 4 50 00 21 00 2 90 2 37 1 47 2 37 1 24 4 49 1 10 1 29 2 01 2 60 1 62 30 3 25 25 50 1 00 63 Average Weekly Wage, (iOLD Stn'd 1860. 1872. 1878. Hosiery — Cont'd. Winders Knitters Twisters Sewing-girls Menders Rotary-knitters, men Engineers I Yard hands & watch'n ] Leather. Liners and Beamers. Tanners Shavers Finishers Splitters Knife-men Table-men Foi emeu 50 2 25 91 3 00 1 l!l- 1 ou- 1 00 3 00 1 50 1 40- 1 00' 1 00* 1 00- 75* 50* 12 00 10 50 9 00 12 00 20 00 13 00 11 00 13 00 12 00 8 00 6 00 12 00 12 00 10 50 4 50 4 00 13 50 6 00 16 62 7 87 13 50 6 75 7 50] b lol 8 40) i Linen Goods. Hacklers Preparers Preparers, boys. . . Preparers, women . Preparers, girls... Bleachers Finishers Spinners Spinners, boys spinners, girls Spinners, women. . Spinners, men Ruffers Spoolers Warpers Dressers Winders Miicbine boys Mechanics Jute Goods. Carders IWeavers Hovers Drawers Feeders Bundlers Callenderers Batchers Shifters Piecers Bobbin-carriers . . . Winders Rcelers Oilers Yard hands MacliiiieKcfMachinery Pattciii Milkers Iron Moulders Bra-s Moulders ICorc, Milkers JBliuksniitlis Bliieksuii til's helpers Machinists CleiiniMS aud Clipper! Cliuekers Fitters Pohshers Settcisui) Ki vet brat ers, boys.. liivctt IS Wood- workers Painters Labori'is Wiitchnien Teiiinsters M3 50 83 10 00 50 25 10 00 13 00 13 00 2 00 5 00 6 00 2 3: 4 00 8 00 5 00 1 75 4 50 5 75 3 25 3 12 8 00 I 6 60 ! C 85 1 6 00 I OO 1 5 70 15 OO 12 00 7 80 11 00 41 8 60 15 00 11 00 00 16 00 77 13 50 25 1 8 80 20 00 6 75 6 15 3 30i 5 45 3 09 6 80 7 50 5 18 3 00 3 00 4 80 11 40 5 70 1 80 5 40 7 50 3 55 3 90 10 09 6 571 6 00 7 84 6 5 78' 3 90 4 OOJ 4 20 5 ;8| 5 40 7 56 1 8 89 6 22 3 33 3 5(; 6 67 3 5J 7 11 6 82 3 50 1 77 6 00 2 50 1 75 1 SO' 1 00 5 00 4 7 00 02 5 70 »2 40 3 00 ,") 10 3 00 4 80 6 30 8 10 63 80- 3 4a 70 05 90 1 75 30 78 2 OS' 11 50 9 50 10 00 5 00 9 15 6 50 9 64 14 C 00 ( 6 75l W 83,14 8 00 10 00 12 4 00 1 9 50 14 9 16 6 OOi 6 00 8 7 00| 7 501 60 15 24 3 74 07 12 30 ;i 80 67 13 25 3 25 00 1 00 00 12 15 3 00 20 7 70 1 20 40 13 05 3 41 7 50 1 50 9 75 3 00' 40 10 00 1 fii 9 7.") 1 75 80 12 00 2 00 5 00 I 00 67 12 (M) 2 ;"iO 10 31' 1 23 8 00 ■i 00 9 00 2 00 10 00 2 50 THE LABOR QUE ST J Oy. lOJ OCCUPATIONS. Matches. Men Women Girls Boys Metalsd-MetallicGoodB Haniniersmen Heaters Rollers Pudtllers Shinglers Helpers Wire-drawers Annealers & Cleaners Rufiers Finishers Billot ers Stockers Reelers Strikers-in Brick-masons Brick-masons' helpers Sinkers Sinkers' helpers. . . Machinists Laborers Average Wekklv Wage,! oldStand'rd 1860. I 1872. I 1878. fl6 O0'$10 .10 4 00 4 00 3 00 3 50 SIO 85 6 35 2IfUdMetl'cG'ds, Fine Wood-workers I !J 00 Women 1 4 50 Men ... 7 50 Boys and Girls 3 75 Moulders 8 50 Gold-workers 15 00 Steel-worker-s | 10 50 Metal-workei s i 7 00 Watchmen ] 7 50 Engineers 10 50 Millinery. Managers. Milliners.. Musical Instruments. Case Makers Yarnishers Finishers Mill-men Action-Makers Action-makers, wm'n Tnne7-8 Laborers ? ft? Paints. Foremen Mixers and Grinders. Boys Paper. Foremen Millwrights Rag-engine tenders.. . Paper-machinetend'rs Tbresher-\\ omen Rag-cutters Finishers Finishers, girls Finisher.**, boys Finishers' helpers Cutters Cntter.s, girls Bleachers Rag-sorters Men on Stock Mechanics Engineers & Firemen Laborers 21 23 10 67 24 00 24 00 12 00 23 40: 13 80 18 00 19 50 12 75 12 75 9 90 21 60 27 00 9 60 9 60 10 80 8 10 18 00 7 95 22 50 12 00 14 42 7 38 10 .50 6 00 10 50 4 65 11 75 18 00 12 00 9 00 10 57 12 00 7 84 5 72 13 50 7 85 10 85 12 38 13 67 6 72 16 40 7 17 15 00 7 931 3 91 16 63 9 86 7 90! 10 OOi 5 7o; 7 50 7 70 3 92 5 50 5 80 6 90 3 40 6 70| 3 27! 5 88 i 9 75 6 64 5 50 13 33' 7 11; 9 62 7 16i 13 12 10 12 14 46 14 19 14 09 7 11 15 00 7 70 38* 2 27 3 61 1 M •12 iill 1 40* 53 18 501 3 50 10 46 2 53 5 41 1 50 16 00; 2H 49 10 OOl 15 21 14 67 10 41 16 00: 15 25 8 89' 7 40 8 40 10 20 5 27 7 00 7 27 7 95 5 00 7 56 4 53 6 57 13 20 11 33 6 93, 8 89 5 33 8 89 4 00 9 33 10 52 8 33 6 55| 9 80 5 35 2 51 5 25 1 70 90 2 50 1 35 1 50 1 47 1 05 1 60 86 1 26 09 3 45 2 13 1 05 OCCUPATIONS. Preserved Meats, Fruits and Pickles. Men Women and Girls Printing. Job Compositors Job Com jiosi tors Proof-readers Proof-readers, women .Job Pressmen ; Job Pressmen Xe ws-work I Press Feeders Pre>^s Feeders Press Feeders, wom'n Coni])ositors, daily. . . . I'roof Readers Prcs.smen, daily Book Compositors Book Comps., women. , Kubber Goods, ' Elastic Fabrics. • Rubber- workers ! Rubber-workers, wmn Overseer of Weavers. Weavers, women Dyers Dyers, Foremen Sewing girls Overseer of Spoolers. Spoolers, men Spoolers, women Overseer, Leather w'k Men on Leather work Boys on Leather work Quillers, boys &. girls. Wood-workiers Average Wekki.v Wage. Hold Stn'd 1860. 1872. 1878 11 67 12 67 5 OO; 4 44 19 71 45 28 67 1 95 14 60 16 17 65 77 83 54| 1917 2815 42! 7 -1 = « I 12 30 4 05 f 63 95* 14 12 15 47 20 09 11 07 12 60 16 S3 LI 11 6 40 6 38 5 80 18 28 25 26 55 18 11 22 12 87 11 7 22 12 00 5 55 15 00 5 40 7 871 18 00; 6 30 15 00 8 75i 4 75' 16 501 8 40; 4 37' 2 75; 14 25: 3 93 2 76 2 64 2 40 2 6S 5 93 6 34 1 23 1 73 1 03 3 45 5 72 4 92 2 59 1 80 Safes. Safe Makers ,10 60 15 33 Painters 10 33 Helpers 6 28: 8 89 12 67 11 11 7 56! 2 07 73 1 28 Ship-Btdlding. Carpenters, old work. 24 00 21 30 9 00 l.") 00* Carpenters, new work, 21 00 16 0(i! 7 '>n 13 50* Calkers, old work. . Calkers, new work. Joiners, old work.. Joiners, new work. . Painters, Riggers 15 00118 66 15 OOl = Blacksmiths 15 OOl 9 7o' 5 23* Silk. Winders Dou biers Spinners Spoolers and Skeiners Dyers Silk Cieaner.s Watchmen Machinists Engineers & Firemen Soap and Candles. Men Caudle Makers Stone. Quarrymen I'axiug-cutters .stone-cutters Pidishers lilacksmiths Tt amsters Laborers 27 00 -J 1 30 l-J 00 l."i 00* 24 00 16 00 10 .''lO 13 50* 22 .'iOil 30 12 00 10 50* 21 00 1() (lO! 9 00 12 00* 18 00,13 32 12 Ool 6 00* 4 20 4 80 5 35 80 75 00 50 50 50 8 50 12 9 50 10 5 70 6 00 13 50 7 50 10 22 8 17 5 00 5 40| 5 40 6 75 5 70' 10 50 3 60 12 flO| 15 00 10 .^ol 9 47 11 00 6 80 6 75 12 00 9 00 10 50 9 75 6 OOl 1 at 69 1 49 S» 3 75 60 4 50 7 50 3 00 97 1 50 1 10 ■75 1 ar I 5» as 1 5S 1 00 134 THE LABOR QUESTION. J OCCUPATIO.VS. Straw Cluodm. -Bleachers Blockers I'lessers Packer " Machiue Sewers Plaster-Block luakers Whittlers Menders Tippers Trimmers "Wirers. . Braid-winders MacLiiiists AVKRAGE VVkKKLV i ^E' W.4GE . (iOLD StND'Kd! '-^--' 1860. I 1872. i 1878. OCCrPATIO.N.S. Average Weeklyi ?§••? WaGK. (iOLD St.V'D Q — 'i. Ill 1860. 1872. '1878. Tobacco. Strippeis I Cjnainiakers ' Cijiar-iiiakeis, womeu Packers Type. Caster>i Dressers !Not designated Rubbers Setters Breakei's 9 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 10 50, 11 2.5 18 CO 7 50 9 00 9 00 10 50 9 00 18 00 S4 50, §C 66 7 80||3 30 12 00 16 00: 12 75' 75 7 50 j 9 00 1 .'50 16 00 17 77' 18 00; 2 00 16 70 17 64 18 00 i TVoolle7i Goods. Wool-.sorters "VV'asbers Dressers.. _J Dressers, men. Weavers .. W \V Weavers, men&wm'u Fullers Shearers 6 98 5 48 5 72 5 68 5 00 4 27 C 33 4 90 rs.men. women 5 50 4 50' 4 50: 5 32 3 74 4 00 4 00 2 62 12 00 4 97 3 30 2 70 6 79 3 00 4 75 4 00 (> 41 2 71 3 50 4 08 3 37 2 40 (i 48 4 61 7 60 9 00 5 50 7 50 5 25 ,5 55 5 23 5 40 10 001 22 00 9 50 8 00 7 95: 7 13 7 30 4 92 9 20 6 85 4 80 18 56, 1 86 19 60 1 96 20 001 2 00 7 27 5 89 4 64 8 56 (i 06 6 66 6 12 6 00 6 50 8 15 6 90 7 12 6 00 5 75 6 19 4 54 4 93 4 50 4 00 18 00 6 19 4S5| 3 60 7 64; 3 00 = 6 15 1 40 4 50' 50 8 Oil I 60 1 i:2 95 90 85 3 91 5 00 5 64; 4 22! 1 20 1 .'50 1 5(i 85 4 60 2 20 7 68! 1 21) 9 49 7 47 7 41, 6 73, 9 18; 12 75; 7 00' 9 ."JOi 6 95 7 15 6 89 6 60 1 2 12 1 58 3 75 1 50 2 111) 1 70 1 IW 1 66 1 2(1 ^ 33 9 97 1 52 1 1 1« t 94 j 44 ' 1 00 2 23 1 82 2 00 1 62 1 50 1 25 87 80 93 50 1 38 R on \ Woollen Goods-C on t ' d $ iShearers, men & boys 5 00 Shearers, men iiei» ' fi 80 5 81 6 60 5 40 6 75 5 90 6 34 4 59| 3 25 7 08 4 95 7 23 5 23 12 33 3 50 7 50 9 33 8 78 10 50 6 69 9 41 9 00 18 00 10 66 3 70 21 00 9 00 12 66 9 00 10 50 9 00 6 00 12 00 7 50 15 00 9 83 21 00 15 00 9 50 21 00 7 50 6 00 81 1 34 1 40 1 47 86 1 26 78 25 1 04 1 87 2 23 1 45 3 43 45 1 00 2 00 2 22 1 50 1 25 2 33 1 50 6 00 9 00 7 50 7 50 ' 7 ^0 i 5 04 G 32 5 82 5 70 : 3 :to 2 70 7 14 14 92 N 94 1 9 18 1 3 90 7 02 |.) ]0 :> 58 5 40 7 02 7 50 7 98' 2 00 1 50 1 50 1 75 34 52 1 82 90 30 " 30 1 14 2 92 1 94 2 43 90 52 3 12 1 58 1 20 52 1 00 1 18 * Indicates decrease iu wages. = No cliange in wng.-s. Blanks, wages not (d.tained. LIVING EXPENSES. Tlic above result coiuM'rning wases beinpr arrived nl, tb ■ KTil)ject of tbe cost of uvmg becomes au lutore.stiug (luestiou. We i>reseut a table sbowiug tbe prices of THE LABOR QVESTIOX. 105 o-roceries, provisions, fuel, dry goods, boots, reut, and board, for 1860, 1872, and 1878, together with a column showing the per centage of increase or decrease on each item of expense for 1878. as compared with 1860 : Quantities. Barrel Barrel Pound Pound Pound Pound Quart Pound Pound Pound Pound. ... Pound. . . . Pound Gallon Gallon. . . Gallon . . . Pound Pound. . . . Pound.. . Pound.. . Pound. . . Pound. . . Pound. . . Pound. . . Pound.. . Pound. . - Pound.. . Pound.. . Pound. . . Pound.. . Pound. . . Pound.. . Pound. . . Pound.. . Pound. . . Pound.. . Pound.. . Bu.shel . . Quait... Dozen.. . ARTICLES. Ton.. Cord. Cord . Yard . Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Month . Month . "Week. Week. Groceries. Flour, Wheat, superfine.. Flour, Wheat, family Flour, Kye Corn Meal Codtish.'-dry Rice : Beans Tea, Oolong Cotiee, Rio, green CotFee, roasted Sugar, good brown Sujrar, cotfee Sugar, granulated M'llasses, Kew Orleans... Molasses, Porto Eico Syrup SoB]), common Starch Pkovisioxs. Beef, roasting Beef, soup Beef, rump steak... Beef, corned Veal, fore-quarter Veal, hind-quarter... Veal, cutlets Mutton, fore-quarter. Mutton, leg Mutton Chops Pork, fresh Pork, salted Hams, smoked Shoulders, corned . . . . Sausatres Lard Mackerel, pickled Butter Cheese Potatoes Milk Eggs Fuel. Coal Wood, hard Wood, pine DuY Goods. Shirting, 4-4 brown . . . . Shirting, 4-4 bleached.. Sheeting, 9-8 brown. . . . Sheeting, 9-8 bleached . Cotton Flannel Ticking .'. Prints Satinet Boots. Men's heavy Rents. Four-rooms tenement . Six rooms tenement Board. Men Women Average Retail Prices. Stasd.\rd, Gold. Percentage of Increase orDecrease for 1878, as I860. is-ra. IS'TS. compared with 1860. $7 Gl SIO 75 §8 63 13 7 14 12 75 7 96 10 3 3 3 16 2 1 2 ' 4 5 8 6 13 7 11 9 22 8 9 8 54 69 60 10 21 34 23 10 23 42 26 16 8 10 8 5 9 10 9 3 lOVa 12 10 ' 3 1 50 70 57 13 57 le 68 18 i G3 75 86 35 8 8 7H * 7 11 12 9 *16 11 19 14 32 4 t 5 10 14 29 20 41 C 10 8 26 7 10 10 39 11 17 15 40 14 28 20 40 10 10 39 12 19 17 39 1 13 15 18 38 1 11 12 10 ' 7 11 11 9 *11 ! 1^ 13 12 * 4 1 8 10 9 7 1 11 12 n * 1 i 13 12 10 '19 9 13 12 32 ! 21 39 25 15 13 17 12 * 7 1 59 1 02 97 65 4 8 5 13 20 30 25 22 6 40 9 25 6 45 1 6 49 10 12 6 74 4 4 42 7 00 5 04 U 1 9 13 r. -18 10 16 9 >*13 10 14 9 ■'16 13 19 11 *11 t 15 27 14 ' 7 1 17 24 17 h 11 11 I *30 1 56 59 54 * 3 i 2 75 3 94 3 24 18 4 45 14 75 5 55 25 7 54 10 00 9 43 25 2 79 5 62 4 19 5B 1 79 3 75 2 63 47 * Decrease. All the rest Increase in coat. 106 ADVICE TO THOSE SEEKING NEW HOMES. " GO WEST, YOUXG MAN.'— i/oroce Greeley. For some years after the late civil war, emigration from Europe increased, and the average number of arrivals of immigrants, for the port of New Yorli alone, for the nine years 18C5-1873, both inclusive, was 240,000. But in 1874 there was a sudden reduction in the numloer of arrivals; falling off from 266,818 in 1873 to 104,041 in 1874; 84,560 in 1875: 68,264 in 1876, and 54,536 in 1877. In 1878 the trade began to rise again — 75,347 coming to the port of New York, and 138,469 at all points. It should be said, also, that a larger number than formerly came into the country by way of the Dominion of Canada, and other Atlantic and Pacific ports. In all, about 4,612,000 immigrants have arrived in this country since 1861. The past falling off in immigration was due to several causes; the depression in business and finances, which had lasted from 1873 to 1878, had caused many busi- ness failures, and the reduction in values, a necessary prelude to resumption, had almost paralyzed manufacturing. Our immense agricultural crops were sold at very low prices, because there was not, until 1877 and 1878, a large demand for them from Europe, the cereals of Southern Russia being marketed at a lower price— and the prodiaction was too great for the consumption of the home market. Meanwhile the demand for labor at remunerative prices was, nntil 1877, taking all things into account, better in Europe than here— and the number of emigrants who returned to their homes in Europe was greater than at any previous period. As our con- dition began to improve, and business grew more brisk, and manufacturing revived here, the state of affairs in Europe became rapidly worse; in Great Britain the in- debtedness in India was crushing the wealthy firms engaged in that trade ; the demand for their manufactures from this country and other countries was rapidly diminishing, and, to a large extent, our goods were taking their place. There was little demand, except from India, which could not pay, for British iron and steel; Belgium, France and Germany were underbidding English iron masters on their own soil. The goods of Manchester and Sheffield remained on their shelves, and American goods of better quality were offered in those cities at lower prices. The failure of the Bank of the City of Glasgow in October, 1878, of the West of England Bank in December, and of one or two smaller institutions subsequently, caused great numbers of failures; and the extensi\e strikes which followed the attempt of the manufacturers, ship builders and mine owners to reduce wages, added to the general gloom. While this reduction was a matter of necessitj- on the part of the capitalists, it bore with great severity on the working classes. When, in addition to this, the government was carryiug on war in Afghanistan and in Zululand, and had accepted heavy responsibilities in Asia Minor, Cj'prus and Egypt, involving increased taxation, and India was hopelessly in debt, there was great room for apprehension, and the tendency to emigration is a natural consequence of that apprehension. On the Continent the condition of things was not much better. Germany. Italj% Spain and Frauco were in a condition of npheiival. Socialism on the one side and Ultra-montiinism on the other, are threatening the peace of all four, and attempts at repression only aggravate the difficulty. Kussia is permeated by Nihilism, the worst form of socialism, because it is only destructive, with no desire or inti-ution of reconstruction. Turkey is in a deplorable state, but her peojiU^ do not migrate westward. From the other countries named, as well as from tbe Scandinavian States, the probabilities are strong of a greater immigration to this country than we have ever seen. Neither Canada nor Australasia ofter any such inducements to the industrious and peace-loving immigrants as we can offer^and we shall, unquestion- ablj', receive the larger portion of them. Let us, then, give some friendly and disinterested advice to those who are in- tending to come and make their linmes in our country. We are not interested in any land scheme any railroad or transportation company; we are not citizens of any of tlie so-called land States or Territorit s. and do not own an acre of land in any ono of them; we are sim])ly intelligent cili/.ens of the United States, patriotic enough to desire the growth'and ]irosi)erity of our country, and its settlement by honest, upright, law-abiding, industrious citizens, who will build up for themselves and their children homes here in which they may enjoy long life and prosperity. SEEKIXG SEW HOMES. 107 We have taken the utmost pains to obtain the most thoroug'i information possi- ble in regard to the diflerent States and Territories which are inviting immigration, und what we have to say here, will be foiind to be entirely true, and without any coloring of personal interest. But it is not alone for European emigrants that we have collected this informa- tion. Since 1873 more than two million American citizens have migrated from the Eastern States to the States and Territories west of the Mississijjpi ; and perhaps as many more, most of them mechanics and young fanners, though including also other professions and trades, are fully determined to go within the next year or two. We would not seek to detain them at the East, for there is a grand field for devel- opment in the West, and the greater the number of intelligent, industrious and patriotic Ameican citizens who shall settle its vast prairies and carry thither the religious, literary and political institutions which have caused the East to prosper in the past, the stronger will be the guaranty of the perpetuity of our Union with its noble heritage of free institutions. To both classes, then — the emigrants from foreign lands and our own sons, brothers and friends — who are setting their faces westward, we would address our counsels. 1. We would say, first, to all intending emigrants, whether from our own or foreign countries, do not go West without some ready monej' beyond your travelling ex- penses, and the amount necessary to secure your lands. If j'ou are intending to be farmers, you -mil need money to stock yottr farm, to buy seed and food for yottr stock, and to support your family tiutil j-ou can realize on your first crop. The emigrant who is thus unprovided will fare hard in a new country, thotigh the settlers there are as generous and helpful as they can be. The larger the amount of ready money an emigrant can command, the more easily and pleasantly will he be situated. The building of a rude house, and furnishing it in the plainest way, will consume considerable money — and the first breaking up of his land, the necessary agricul- tural implements and machines, and the hire of help in putting in his crops, aside from the cost of stock and fodder, will add to his early expenses. The man who can go to any of the western States or Territories and take up a farm and have on hand, after paying the necessary fees and land expenses, $1,000 (£200), will have a very comfortable time, and will, under ordinary circumstances, be well situated for the future. The man who has a much smaller sum will find that he has many hardships to undergo, and will do better to seek employment as a hired laborer for the first year, purchasing his land meanwhile, and if possible, getting in a crop. The mechanic or operative who goes West for a home also needs capital , though perhaps not as much, if his calling is one of those which arc indispensable in a new country. A good carpenter, mason, blacksmith, miller, sa^vyer,stone-ctatter, brick- maker, painter and plazier will be reasonably sure of remunerative work very soon; but two or three hundred dollars at least, and as much more as they can command, will be needi- d. For professional men there may be a longer waiting required. The clergyman may have a congregation to preach to, but the salary he will receive from them at first vrill be very small, and unless he can derive at least a part of his salary from other sources, he will be very sure to sutfer. The phj'sician will find his services in demand but his fees will, many of them, be collected with difficulty. The lawyer may have to wait long for business, but will generally manage to get his pay for his services. The editor, the artist, the bookseller, and the dealers in lux- uries generally must wait till society reaches its second stage of development. 2. I5e deliberate in the choice of a location, and do not decide until you have carefully weighed all the advantages and disadvantages of each. It is our purpose to set these before you so fully and fairly as to aid you in this matter. It is not necessary to go to the West in order to find land at a reasonable prico, in good and healthy locations, and within moderate distance of a good market. There are large tracts in Maine of very fair land, with ready access by river or rail- road to good, though not large , markets. The soil is not as rich as that at the West, and the winters are lonoj and cold ; the climate is healthy, except a strong teudcucy to pulmonary consumption, which is the scourge of most cold climates on the sea- board; but these lands compare verj' well with the new Canadian lauds, and are more accessible to markets. Wheat, rye and barley can be grown to advantage, but the summers are not generally long enough for Indian corn, though a very largo business is done at Saco, Biddeford, A'c, in canning the green corn for consump- tion. The long winters make the rearing of cattle and shof p less profitable than in southern regions. The other New England States have but little land which, at the prices at which it would be sold, would be attractive to emigrants. 108 SEEKIXG XEW HOMES. The State of New York has much desirable hxnd for settlers. The eastern two- thirds of Long Island has a light, friable soil, easily cultivated, inclined to be sandy, but yielding very large cro])s when j^roperly manured, with abundant manvires, and railroad lines giving it speedy access to the New York and Brooklyn markets, the best on the Continent. The whole island might and should be covered with market gardens, and tlower gardens. Much ot this land is purchasable at from three to ten dollars an acre, and lor market gardening from 10 to 20 acres is sufficient. The climate is mild and healthful, and the prompt returns for labor sure It is neces- sary that the settler should know something of the business of market Rardening ; but this is as easily acquired as any other agricultural bttsiness. The Island is, in its greatest length, 104 miles long, and from 7 to 15 miles broad. The difficulties in regard to this region in the past have been due to the want of good railroad communication ; but these have now disappeared, and the railroads will multiply from year to year. Within ten years these lands will increase in value, certainly five fold and possibly ten fold. There are extensive tracts of laud in eastern New Jersey which might also be easily transformed into rich market gardens, as some of them have already been. But to return to New York. In the northern part of the State there is a vast tract known as the Johu Brown Tract, covering the greater part of several large counties, of excellent farming lands, much of it forest, with numerous lakes and streams — valuable land for grain crops, especially wheat, bar- lej', rye, o.its and buckwheat, and much of it excellent grazing land. It has been proposed to set it apart as a public park, with a view to the utilization of its lakes and streams for the supply of the canals and the upper waters of the Hudson. There are railroads and navigable streams on all sides of this vast tract, but as yet no railroad through it, though this difficulty would be readily overcome if it were fairly opened for settlement. All the cereals exceiDt Indian corn could be produced abundantly. There is much wild game in the tract, deer especially, and feathered game of ail sorts, and delicious fish in great abundance. There are some bears, catamounts, lynxes, badgers, and many foxes, woodchucks, rabbits, squirrels, &c., &c. The m^.rkets are Ogdensburgh, Oswego, Watertown, Rome, Utica, Little Falls, Schenectady and Albany. Land can be purchased at from 50 cents to $5 pjr acre. Pennsylvania has, near the centre of the State, a similar tract of desirable though mountainous land. But perhai:)s, in some respects, the most desirable region for some classes of immigrants and settlers is to be found in West Virginia. The region is hilly and parts of it too mountainous for cultivation, but wherever it can be cultivated the soil is rich and productive. The whole region abounds in valuable timber — black walnut, oak, ash, beech, hickory, chestnut, and other hard woods, with a fair proportion of hemlock and pine. These command high prices at markets readily accessible. Its mineral wealth of coal, of the best quality, petroleum, salt, lime, baryta, &c., is inexhaustible — and the markets of Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Norfolk and Baltimore are easily accessible from nearly all points of the State. Three railroads cross the State, one at its northern border, one at its southern, and one nearly through the centre. The Ohio River also skirts the border of the State on the north-w-st and is navigable for large steamers. The climate is excellent. Land can be purchased in this State at from $3 to SIO per acre, and tracts not so desira- ble at lower prices. The Governor of the State will furnish all the information needed. In the Southern Atlantic States there is a fine climate and much good land oftered at reasonable prices, but, with the exception of Florida, the social, jMilitical, edu- cational and financial conditions of these States are not such as to make emigration to them desirable. The only way in which emigration to Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina. Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, or Arkansas, is jiractica- ble, is by colonics; and in most of those States, there would still be difficulties and disabilities wliich would make a residence there unpleasant. These States are ruled too much by the ])istol, the rifle, and the shot-gun, to make life agreeable there. Florida is obtaining a large populaticm of northern settlers, and though some ])or- tions of the State are subject to malarious fevers, and its princi])al towns sufi'er occasionally from yellow f. ver, the climate in the interior is delightful, and the culture of the oraiige, lemon and fig, and other semi-troi)ical fruits, is becoming large and ])rofitable. Lands in desirable portions of the State are much in demand and are bringing higher prices than those wo have named from other States. Texas has, since 1H70, been a favorite resort fiir those emigrants who desire a warm climate. The interior of the State is very healthy, and for rearing cattle, fiheej) and hdi-ses, its advantages are superior to those of any other State. The SEEEIXG NEW HOMES. 109 lands, especially iu eastern and middle Texas, are very fertile and yield immense crops of Indian corn, horghuin, sugar-cane, cotton, rice and tobacco. The best modiP of settlement here is by ctilouies, and the region to be settled should be care- fully explored by a committee of the colonists in udvunce. Western Texas is very dry, and along the Mexican and northern borders, Mexican raiders, and Apache and Comanche Indians very often make plundering expeditions, carrying ofihorsesand cattle, and destroying property and occasionally murdering the settlers. The finances of the State are not so well administered as they should be, and the taxes are largely iu arrears. It is easier to obtain a clear title to lands here than in most of the States where the title does not come either from the U. S. Government or from the railways to which the government has made grants. Laud can be obtained, unimproved, at from $1 to |i5 per acre. Tennessee (East Tennessee in particular) has n.uch desirable land. The valleys along the Appallachian chain, in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, extending into northern Georgia and Alabama, have a delightful climate, great mineral wealth, and much valuable timber, and in many places a fertile soil. For capitalists, min- ers, workers in iron, copper or zinc, colliers, and the mechanical trades generally, this region gives better promise of obtaining a competence than most others. A number of large colonies from Great Britain have already located themselves here, and, even under the financial pressure of the past five years, most of them have done well. Middle Tennessee has also much desirable land for settlers, and it is offered at low prices. The financial condition of the State is not good, and the party in power have shown a proclivity for repudiation of their past debts, which has given them a bad reputation abroad. East Tennessee is traversed by several railways and has for its markets, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Charleston and Savannah. Middle and Western Tennessee raise large quantities of cotton, Indian corn and peanuts, as well as sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, &c. East Tennessee produces very little cot- ton, but more of the food products. Land can be obtained at low prices, especially if purchased for colonies in large tracts. Arkansas has iu its western portion large tracts of very fair land, hilly but pro- ductive, and with great mineral wealth. The mountains are well covered with heavy timber. The climate is salubrious and especially adapted for those having any tendency to pulmonary diseases. Rheiimatic and gouty diseases are much benefited by the Hot Springs. Yet the social , political and financial condition of the State is such that we hesitate to recommend it as a home for emigrants. While Missouri has many tracts of land suited for emigrants, we must, until she repeals her repudiation laws, regard her as an undesirable State for our own citizens or those seeking a home from foreign countries to make their residence. Mechanics and machinists will often find in St. Louis good and remunerative employment, and miners may find work in her iron, lead and coal mines. In Indiana, Illinois and Iowa there are no very desirable lands belonging to the United States Government, and certainly none which could be taken under the Homestead, Pre-emption or Timber Culture laws— and very little in Wisconsin. The Illinois Central R. R., Chicago & North Western, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, Burlington & Missouri River, and several others have laud grants and will sell alternate s^ ctions to settlers at from $6 to $10 per acre. These lands being on trunk railroad lines are, in many cases, desirable as investments. But in the States of Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, east of the Sierra Nevada, and the Territories of Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, there are still very considerable quantities of government lands; though in each of the States and in the Territories of Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico, there have been large grants to railroads. Of these States and Tcri'ories some are more desirable than others, though all have their advantages and disadvantages. Minnesota has a fertile soil, great enter- prise, and a magnificent future. The chmate in winter is cold, but dry and uniform ; in summer it is delightful. The western portion of the State, which forms a part of the valley of the Red River of the North, is the best land for Spring wheat in the United States, and the larger portion of the Minnesota wheat, which has a \yorld- vnde reputation, is raised there. This region is attracting gi oat numbers of immi- grants, and is traversed bv several railroads — the Northern Pacific, and the railroad now building through the Red River Valley from Pembina southward, are the most important. Lands every way desirable can now V)e procured in this region, by the use of cash or bounty land scrip, under the Homestead Act or under the Timber Culture Act. We shall explain these processes of obtaining lands further on. Lands can also be obtained by individual settlers from the railroads which gridiron 110 SEEKING NEW HOMES. the state, at somewhat higher prices, but with the advantages of a ready acce^ to good markets. Considerable portions of the State are well adapted to grazing, but the cattle and sheep must be carefully housed during the lo 'g winter, and hence the cost of raising stock for food purposes is greater ihan in most Southern Sates and Te ritories. Butter, > beese and wool are largely produced, and with much profit. The principal cities and towns have had a very rapid but healthy growth, and are gooil plac s for industrious and enterprising mechanics to find abundant and remunerative employment. Dakota Territory, which joins Minnesota and Iowa on the west, is one of our newest territories. An effort likely to be successful is now making to divide it and to organize from it, with j^erhaps the addition of a small portion of Wyoming and Montana Territories, a new territory to be called Lincoln, which shall include the whole of the Black Hills region, where recent gold discoveries have built up a thriving district. This measure would work no ill to Dakota and would greatly facilitate the development of the new territory. The greater part of the settlements of the Territory of Dakota, as it will be after this new territory is organized, are in the eastern ad south-eastern portons; the Northern Pacific Kailroad crosses the State just below the 47th parallel, and Bismarck, its station on the Missouri River, is a town of some imp.irtance, and other towns are growing up on the line of that road. The eastern or rather north-eastern counties adjoining Minnesota are in the fertile valley of the Eed River of the North, and are admirably adapted to M'heat culture. South-eastern Dakota has also a very rich soil, and is equally well suited for grazing, and the culture of cereals or ruot crops. A correspondent of the Milwau- kee (Wis.) Sentinel, who had spent some time in S. E. Dakota in the autumu of 1878, saj's that in Hauson County, 60 miles north of Yankton (the capital of the territory), on the 1st of December, 1878, "the ground was free from snow, and cattle and horses were f eding on the wil 1 prairie grass. No country in the world produces a more nutritious grass; oxen need no other food. For stock and sheep raising this region has perhaps no rival in a northern latitude, and offers special attractions to the dairyman." Another correspondent, writing about the same time, says of this region : "Dakota is par excellence a stock country, as the natural grasses are rich, and yield heavy crops of ha,y. All that is to be done is t > pay for herding in summer, aud to cut hay and cure it for winter iise. The cost of herding is about ten shillings per head for a season of five months. Sheep pay well, the climate being dry and the lands rolling. The soil will grow anything to perfection adapted to the latitude, as it contains an almost inexhaustible supply of plant food. I saw a carrot two and a half feet long, and it was not cosnidered much of a carrot either. " Mr. W . H. Swartz, for some years a highly respected citizen of that part of Dakota, writes to the Ex-aminer and Chronicle, "New York, in March, 1879, that " the chief business of the region is agriculture. Stock raising will return 100 per cent, on investment every three or four years, and caa be carried on regardless of grasshoppers (the Rocky Mountain locust, which has in some years destroyed the grain crops) and the influences that sometimes affect the small grains. Water is to be found at a depth of from 1.5 to 25 feet, mostly of a very goo>l quality." " The soil is eq\ral to any in the world, The climate is milder than in the same latitude east by some degrees. The Spring opens fully as early, ordinarily, as at Pittsburgh, Penn. The fall season is exceptionally fine, affording the farmer ample time to secure his crops. There is a railroad to Yankton, the capital, in the BOiath-east corner of the Territory, and several othersprojecteil but not finished ; there is also the Northern Pacific Railroad, already mentioned, just below the 47th parallel and crossing the territory from east to west. The Missouri River is navigable through nearly the wliole of its extent in the territory, for steamers. The eastern counties in the Red River Valley can send their grain to market by Minnesota rail- roads. Still it must be acknowledged that the want of railroads increases the ei- ])ense of transportation of crops and goods. This is a present objection to Dakota, V)iit it will soon cease to be so for railroads in the west keep pace with the increase of the popnbition. Meantime, as this territory is the most accessible of any of those which contain a large amount of government laud, with a healthful climate, abundimtstreiuiis, and otlicr advantages for emigrants, we may as well describe here the proc(KS(!s by which uu (^migrant farmer can obtain 480 acres of govern- ment limd of the best quality at a very moderate cost. The same process will pro- cure these lajids in the other States 'and Territories where desirable government lands are y(4 for sah;— but it is not to be forgotten that desirable covernment lands are fast becoming scarce. The method of o1)taining them is thus described by Mr. W. H. Swartz, a prac- SEEKINO NEW HOMES. HI tical btisiness man, thoroughly familiar with Dakota, but now residing at Eyota, Minnesota: There being but few railroad land grants in Dakota, the only way to obtain these lands is to enter them under the Homestead laws of the U. S. A. Every citizen of the United States, or those who declare their intention to become such, over twenty- one years of age, whether male or female, except the married wife, possesses three rights entitling them to 480 acres of government land: the right of pre-emption, homestead, and an entry under the Timber Culture Act. A pre-emption is a fourth of a section, or 160 acres of land, obtained by occupancy and improvement, and the payment of $1 25 per acre, or $200 for 160 acres. Payment can be made at any time after 6 mouths or within 33 months from date of entry, and a deed obtained allowing to dispose of or hold the purchase at will. A homestead is a similar tract obtained by the payment of $14 government fees, and the continued occupancy and improvement of the land for five successive years. Persons are not required to remain on it uniuterruptedly, but an abandonment for six months works a for- feiture. Those who prefer, and are able, can secure a title after six months by paying the pre-emption price. A claim under the Timber Culture Act is secured by paying $14 government fee-, and the planting of tree seeds or cuttings to the amount of ten acres. Three yeai-s' time are allowed in which to do this, making the cost merely nominal. Persons entering a claim lor timber culture are not re- quired to occupy it, or even go upon it, if they do not desire to. The improve- ments can be made by employed help. Two years are allowed before any trees need be planted, and the entire expense, if done by employed labor, will not exceed $120 for the entry. Every individual may enter ei; her pre-emption or homestead and a claim under the Timber Culture Act at the same time, making 320 acres, and after fulfilling the requirements of the law regulating either of the former two, can exercise his remaining unoccupied right, giving him 480 acres. Persons wishing to enter these lands must appear in person at a Territorial United States Land- Office, or before a Clerk of the Court for the county in which the land is located. All persons, however, who have served in the army or navy of the U.S.A., or their widows or orphans, can enter a homestead through power of attorney for the sum of $2, and hold the land one year without occupying it. They have also the privilege of changing their entry to any other selection within six months, and if they fail to ratify their application at the end of the six months and enter upon their claim, no forfeiture is made excepting the privilege of filing again by power of attorney. Nebraska is one of the newer States of the Union, admitted in 1867. Its area is nearly 76,000 square miles, a little less than that of England and Scotland together. Its population, which was 122,993 in 1870, was not less than 450,000 in 1879. The increase by immigration alone, in the year ending June 30, 1878, was not less than 100,000. There were sold to immigrants in that year 614,774 acres of pre-empted, homestead and timber culture lands by the government, and 303,991 acres of rail- road lands, making nearly 920,000 acres beside all sales of private farms and all the uncompleted sales of government lands. The unsold government lands amounted at that time to about twenty-eight million acres, but only a portion of these were desirable. The climate is excellent, though the heat of summer is sometimes intense for a few days, and the winds in winter sweep over the prairies with great force. Western Nebraska, beyond the 100th Meridian W. from Greenwich, is subject to drought, the rainfall being comparatively small; but the influence of settlement and cultivation, and especially of tree-planting, has been remarkable in increasing the amount of ram fall. The crop of cereals in 1877 in the State was about 50,- 000,000 bushels ; in 1878 over 80,000,000 bushels. Much of the country is admir- ably adapted to grazing purposes— and with, at the utmost, a few weeks shelter, cattle can obtain their own living from the prairie grass. Many of the settlements are by colonies, and these have generally done well. Of the more recent immigrants, the greater portion are from the Eastern and Atlantic States. The Missoun Kiver forms the entire eastern boundary of the State, and is navigable and navigated by large steamers for the whole distance; the Platte River and the Niobrara, which traverse the breadth of the State from east to west, are not navigable throughout the year or for any consideralile distance. The Platte is a broad butshallow stream, and receives many affluents from its north bank, but very few from the south bank. The numerous branches of the Kansas River, which water the southern and south- eastern part of the State, largely supply this deficiency. The Union Pacific R.R., which follows the Valley of the Platte, Lodge Pole Creek, and the South Fork of 112 SEEKIXG NEW HOMES. the Platte, crosses the State near the middle from east to west; and the Burlington and Missouri liivtr, the Atchison and Nebraska, St. Joseph and Denver City. Mid- land Pacific, and other railroads, aii'ord ready access to southern and south-eastern Nebraska. Portions of the State have suffered from the grasshopper > r locust plague, I ut it is believed that the measures proposed for their repression will be found eftV-ctive. The Colorado beetle or potato bug, which threatened at one time the destruction of that valuable tuber, is now regarded with indifference. Its prevalence m such vast n'.mbers, and perlia s that of the Eocky Mountain locust also, was due to the wanton destruction of the prairie hens and other descriptions of grouse, which had been carried on for several years. North- vrestern Nebraska offers less inducements for settlers than the rest of *the State. It is dry and sandy, and the soil is covered in summer with alkaline deposits. Water is scanty, and many of the small lakes or ponds are saline or alkaline. Kansas, the state next soiith of Nebraska, is an older state than Nebraska, but admitted into the Union so lately as 1859. It lies between the parallels of 37^ and 40° N. lat., and the meridians of dry and 102"^ W. longitude from Greenwich , and is the Central State of the United States, and in some sense, the heart of the North Ameri- can Continent. Its area is 81,318 square miles, about the same as that of Englnnd and Scotland. Its population in i860, was 109,000, in 1870, 364,399, and is now probably not less than 730,000. In the year ending June 30, 1878, 1,711,572 acres of government lands were sold, and probably over a million acres of railroad lands. The climate of Kansas is healthful and pleasant, occasionally the heat is intense in summer, and the average rainfall, especially in Western Kansas, though increas- ing, is yet somewhat less than is desirable. Much of the soil is very fertile, and that portion of the state lying west of the 100th meridian, though alkaline, is tolerably well watered, and the profuse planting of trees there has so much increased the rain- fall, that these lands bid fair to yield excellent wheat and barley crops. The State is rapidly settling, and in productiveness ranks with the older states. Its crops of Indian Corn rank third or fourth in the Union, and the Wheat crops seventh or eighth. Its soil is well adapted to the growth of cereals and root crops, while it has excellent facilities for stock-raising. Though for so new a state it is traversed by an unusual number of railroads, and all portions except the north-west are readily accessible by means of the great lines and their branches and feeders, yet southern and south-western Kansas seem to be at present the regions most sought by settlers. Like its neighbors in the north and west, Kansas has had its visitations of drought, of grasshoppers or Eocky Mountain locusts, and of Colorado beetles, but has survived them all, and by the abundance of its crops for three or four years past, has recovered from its losses. It is hardly probable that it will be desolated by either of these scourges again very soon. The educational advantages of both Nebraska and Kansas are excellent, and the two states are in a good finan- cial condition. The principal towns in Kansas are thriving and growing rapidly, and offer good opportunities of employment to industrious and intelligent rnecbanics. CoLOEADO is the latest accession to the sisterhood of states, having been received in the Centennial year, 1876. It lies between the parallels of 37"^ and 41° N. Lat., and the meridians of 102° and 109^ west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 104,500 square miles, a little less than that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its population, which in 1870 was 38,664, now probably exceeds 200,000. Unlike the states and territories previously described, it is a mountain state; the Eocky Mountains in two nearly parallel ranges, pass through it from north to south nearly centrally, and have within the bounds of the state some of their loftiest peaks. The tal)le-lauds and foot-hills by which the Rocky Mountains are approached from the east, are themselves elevated, and most of the aralde and pastoral lands of the state are from 4.0("0 to 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain peaks rise to an altitude of from 12,000 to 15,000 feet. On the west- ern portion of the state beyond the Eocky Mountains, the surface is exceedingly rough, though with some beautiful valleys. The Grand. Green and San Juan Eivers and their affluents, which are the sources of the Colorado of the West, i)lough through these broken lands in canons varying in depth from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. This is one of the new mining regions, and gold and silver are found in paying quantities by those who are willing to undergo the hardships of the way and the still greater hardships which attacli to thi> miiur's life in such a region. Another peculiar feature f)f Colorado is ils vast natural parks. There are several of these, the largest being tlio North, the Middle, the South and the San Luis Parks. They are extensive fertile valleys, .surrounded by the lofty mountain walls of the Eocky Mountains, and are undoubtedly the beds of ancient lakes of vast extent. SEEKING NEW HOMES. 113 which, in some of the upheavals of the geologic periods, have been drained, and formed these beautiful valleys. These parks are six or seven thousand feet above the sea. Their whole surface is covered with a rich and abundant herbage, and in the season, with the gayest flowers. Colorado has much good soil, but for the most part is better adapted to grazing than to the culture of the cereals and root crops. Its grasses are eagerly sought by cattle and sheep, and both thrive and fatten on them. At the close of the last year this new state had over half a million of cattle and 750,000 sheep in its pas- tures. Notwithstanding the elevation, both cattle and sheep seldom require to be sheltered and fed during the winter. Most of the arable lands require irrigation, for which, in many sections, provision has been made, and if properly irrigated, the lauds yield almost incredible crops. In the table lands of Weld County, in the N. N. E. part of the state, irrigated fields are reported by the very highest authority, to have yielded in successive years, over 300 bushels of Indian corn to the acre, a yield never equalled elsewhere. To the enterprising farmer with a small capital, perhaps no portion of the west offers a better opportunity of profitable investment and labor. The grains, vegetables and root crops, which by irrigation yield so abundantly, are in immediate deman^ at profitable prices, by the mining and other population. Those farmers who are engaged in stock raising, are large purchasers of vegetables and grain, and as from the salubrity, dryness and elevation of the country, Colorado has become a favorite resort for invalids, the towns form excel- lent markets for produce. Eastern Colorado is well provided with railroads. The Denvt-r Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Colorado Central, and several minor roads, some of them of narrow gauge, traverse these table lands, while the Unimi Pacific skirts its northern border. As yet the principal range of the Eocky Mountains in the State has not been crossed, and Western Colorado has no railroads in operation, but at the present rate of progress this will not long be the case. The recent discoveries of gold and silver in enormous quantities at Lead- ville, Silver Cliff, Eosita, and further West, near Ouray, are proflucing a stampede in that direction, and will compel the quick completion of railroads now in progress. Wyoming Teeeitoey lies between 41- and 45° of north latitude, and between the meridians of 104® and 111= of west longitude from Greenwich. The Eocky Mountains cross it diagonally from north-west to south-east, covering a breadth of more than 200 miles, though between the ranges there are some fine, arable valleys, especially those of Big Horn Eiver and its affluents, and the north fork of the Platte Eiver. Between the 42d and 43d jiarallels the Sweet Water Mountain range crosses the Territory from'we.-t to east, terminating at the east in Laramie Park. The two parallel diagonal ranges, are the Wind Eiver Mountains on the west, and the Big Horn on the east. A small portion of the Black Hills region, now noted for its gold mines, is in the north-east of this Territory, and the Yellowstone Na- tional Park, covering 3575 square miles, containing the most wonderful natural cariosities in the world, is in the north-west corner. Wyoming has an area of 97.- 883 square miles, or 62,645,120 square acres, considerably more than England, Wales and Scotland, but only one-eighth of the whole had been surveyed, to July, 1878. The mineral wealth of Wyoming is perhaps less abundant than that of some of the other States and Territories, though gold in paying quantities is produced at several points. The whole amount of deposits of gold and silver at the mint or its branches, from Wyoming Territory since its first settlement, is only $684,000. Cop- per is found at several points, but awaits development. There are, also, iron, lead and gypsum in large quantities. But the most profitable mineral product of the country is coal. It is supposed to be lignite, being found in tertiary deposits, but it is of very good quality, and is used not only on the Union and Central Pacific Eoads, which travers the southern part of the Territory, but in the towns and vil- lages along those lines. Wyoming is better adapted to the raising of cattle than to the culture of grain and root crops. In many quarters there is a good hay crop, but for cereals or roots, irrigation is required, and in valleys, with this aid, large crops are raised. The presence of a large pfjpulation of consumers of food will insure a prompt and ready market at high prices for vegetables and cereals, and will justify consid- erable outlay for irrigation. The rush of travel toward Yellowstone National Park, will make the stations on the route thither excellent markets for all kinds of produce. The Indians in the Territory are generally peaceful and friendly. Montana Tebkitoky lies north and north-west of Wyoming, extending to the boundary of the Dominion of Canada on the north, joining Dakota on the 55th 114 SEEKING NEW HOMES. meridian, and extending to the Bitter Root and Wind River Mountains, the western- most range of the Rocky Mountains on the west. It lies between the 45th and 49th parallels of north latitude, the west portion dipping down to the 44th parallel, and between the 104ih and the 116th meridians west from Greenwich, Its area is 143,776 square miles, or 92,016,640 acres, or one seventh larger than the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a mountainous country, though it has mauy beautiful and some fertile valleys, and some extensive plains. The various ranges of the Rocky Mountains traverse the whole western portion, covering a width of from 150 to 180 miles. The Bitter Root range divides it from Idaho Territory. There are also lower ranges dividing the Yellowstone from the Missouri, as well as north of the Missouri, and south of the Yellowstone; they run from west to east. The Territory is well watered. The sources of the largest rivers of the continent, the Missouri with its great tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin, and the head waters of the Suake and Clark's Fork, the two great tributaries of the Columbia River, are in this Territory. The climate is mild and temperate except on the high elevations. The rainfall is from 12 to 16 inches annually, and is increasing, but the facilities for irrigation are generally good. The Territory is rich in mineral wealth, 120 millions of dollars of gold and silver, mostly gold, having been produced in* its mines since 1861. The yield in 1878 exceeded $5,000,000. There are also valuable copper ores, coal beds, (lignite) and petroleum springs in this Territory. About one-ninth of the whole laud in Montana has been surveyed ; while there is much of the Territory which is unsurs-eyable, and worthless for agricidtural and pastoral purposes , there is also a much larger amount of valuable land than has hitherto been supposed. The sage-brush lands, covered with alkali,*and formerly supposed to be worthless, prove, under the increased rainfall, and especially with moderate irrii;atiou, the most fertile lands for cereals in the world. The wheat and oats produced on these lauds, surpass all others in the market in weight and qual- ity. But this Territory is especially adapted for stock raising, and has already very large herds and flocks. The returns in 1878 show 300,000 cattle and 100,000 sheep, about 40,000 horses and mules. There are no railroads as yet, in the Terri- tory, but it is very accessible by the Missouri and Yellowstone, and has good wagon roads. The Indians are not likely to be very troviblesome. , Idaho Territory lies between the parallels of 42® and 49= north latitude and meridians of 111' and 117= west longitude from Greenwich. It is of irregular form, narrow at the north and broad at the south, its eastern boundary being the Bitter Root and Wind River range of the Rocky Mountains,«the westernmost range of these mountains. It is for the most part in the Valley of the Snake or Lewis River, the main tribu- tary of the Columbia River, and part of the great basin lying between the Rocky and the Sierra Nevada or Cascade Mountains, but Is crossed by several considerable ranges, those on the south-east and south forming the borders of the Great Salt Lake Basin, the Coeur d' Aleue Mountains in the north being outlying spurs of the Bitter Root Mountains, and the vast irregular mass of the Salmon River Mount- ains near the centre, dividing the upper Suake River Valley from the Salmon River, or lower Snake River Valley. The area is 86,294 square miles, about as large as New York and Ohio. The Territory is mainly drained by the Snake River and its affluents, the Owyhee, Salmon and Spokane Rivers, through the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and some of its affluents cross it in the north, and the Bear River, a tributary of the Great Salt Lake, enters the TeiTitory on the south. The climate of Idaho is temperate and mild except at the highest elevations.^ Much of the land requires irrigation, but under a moderate amount of irrigation it yields very large crops of cereals and vegetables. The mountain sIoi)es are covered with heavy timber. There are considerable tracts of good pastoral lauds. Only about one- twelfth of the area of the Territory has as yet been surveyed. Much of what are known as sage-brush lands might be profitably settled, b > companies or colonies who would provide for irrigation on a large scale, by which the most bounteous crops could be secured. The mineral wealth of the Territory is very great, over 23 millions of bullion, mostly gnld, having been deposited in the mint and branches, jrevious to July 1, 1878. The yield in 1878 was at hast $1,500,000, and might be almost indefinitely increased. There is one railroad in the southern jjart of the Territory, the Utah, extending from the Union Pacific at Ogden, to Old Fort Hall on the Snake River. The settlement bv colonies is the best method in this Territory. Utah, "the laud of the Mormons," lies between the parallels of 37° and 42= north SEEKIXG XEW HOMES. JJS latitude, and between 109= and 114= west longitude from Greenwich. It is for the most part in a deep basin surrounded by high mountains, the Wahsatch range form- ing the eastern rim of the basin. East of this range tlie country belongs to the Rocky Mountain system. It is drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, the Grand, Green and San Juan Rivers, all of which flow through deep canons, from 2,000 to 5,000 feet below the surface of the elevated plain. West of the Wahsatch Mountains there are a succession of valleys, forming to- gether a part of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and the lakes and rivers have no outlet. The Great Salt Lake is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and has an area of 1,900 square miles. In the north-west and west the plains are alkaline, treeless and covered with sage- bush, but by irrigation, even these produce 40 to 50 bushels of wheat, 70 to bO bushels of oats and barley, and from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes, to the acre. The Mountains are generally covered with timber, which belongs to the California forest growth, though not attaining its great height. There is about 4,000 square miles of timber of the 84,000 square miles in the Territory. The lower portion of the valley around Utah Lake, and the Jordan and Sevier, is fertile and requires less irrigation. The Mormon system of irrigation is very effective. The climate, though dry and cool from the general elevation of the surface, is very healthy. The rainfall is somewhat more than 15 inches annually, except in the norlh-west. Eastern Utah has a climate and soil much like Colorado ; the soil yields large crops when irrigated. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are Mormons, a peculiar people acknowledging Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and their succes- sors, as their supreme religous leaders and prophets, holding many strange and ■crude views, practicing polj'gamy, and defying the authority of the United States in regard to it. The remainder of the people are not Mormons, and are engaged in mining, agriculture and other business pursuits. Utah is very rich in minerals. Mining for the precious metals has been discour- aged by the Mormons, but the yield of silver is now more than $5,000,000 a year, and considerable quantities of gold are also produced. It is riclaer in the best iron ores than any other portion of the United States. It has also copper, lead and sulphur in abundance, and has immense beds of both lignite and bituminous coals of excellent quality. The Union Pacific Railroad passes across the northern portion, and the Utah Railroad, 54 miles in length, extends from Ogden southward. There are 350 irrigating canals. New Mexico, a Territory largely inhabited by Spanish Americans and the Mex- ican or Pueblo (village) Indians, lies between the parallels of 31° 20' and 37= north latitude, and between the meridians of 103= 2' and 109° 2' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 121,201 square miles, almost precisely that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It forms a part of the elevated table land which forms the foundation of the Rocky Mountains, as well as of the Sierra Nevada. At Santa Fe it is 6,682 feet above the sea, in the Upi^er Rio Grande Valley, 5, 000 to 6, 000 feet, at Albuquerque, 4,800 feet, on the Llano Estacado, or Staked Plain, and at El Paso, 3, 000 to 3,500 feet. From this elevated plain rise hun- dreds of peaks from 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the plain. The Staked Plain, in the south-east, is a broad, almost level, treeless and waterless plain, sterile, but where it can be irrigated, capable of yielding immense crops, and producing abundantly the mesquite, a small but very valuable and deep rooted slirub of the Acacia family. West of the Rio Grande, wherever irrigation is possible, the soil yields abundantly, grain and vegetables, while the gramma grass on the hill slopes furnishes a delicious and fattening food for cattle. The raising of cattle is likely to become the favorite agricultural pursuit in the Territory, and many portions are admirably adapted for fruit raising. The climate is unrivalled for health. The rainfall in Santa Fe is about 13 inches annually; at Mesilla, in the south part of the Territory, on the west bank of the Rio Grand, it is not quite six inches. There are two railroads entering the Territory. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe comes from the east, and is now completed to Santa Fe. The Denver and Rio Grande comes from the north, and has also reached Santa Fe. The population is about 130,000 ; 100,000 whites and nearly 90,000 of them Mexicans, the remainder mostly from the Eastern States — there are 25 to 30,000 Indians of various races, including about 8,000 Pueblo or "Village Indians, of the ancient Mexican races. Education is in a very low con- dition; naore than three-fifths of the population cannot read or write. The piiblic Schools and most of the private Schools are under control of the Jesuits, or other Catholic orders, and the instruction is more religious than literary. Colonies will do well in this Territory. IIG SEEKIXG NEW HOMES. Aeizona Tebeitoky is sandwiched between California and Nevada on the west, and New Mexico on the east, having Utah on the north, and Mexico on the south. It is between 31° 37' and 37= north latitude, and between the meridians of 109= and 114= 25' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 113,916 square miles, or a little more than the united area of Michigan and Illinois. The north and west of the Territory are drained by the Colorado River and its principal tributaries, the San Juan and little Colorado, with their affluents. These rivers plough through the mesas or tal le-lands, in canons from 3,000 to 5,*000 feet deep, and the lands through which they pass are dry, parched and sterile, except where they can be ir- rigated. A few artesian wells furnish a scant}' supply of water, and among the ruins of the Aztec towns are large reservoirs for holding the rain water, which rarely falls. The southern j^art of the Territory is watered by the Gila and its numerous tributaries, and is more easily cialtivated, as there is a large rainfall, and the banks of the Gila and lower Colorado are overflown in summer. The heat in summer in south and south-west Arizona is terrible, 120= and 120= in the shade, and 160= or more in the sun, is not an uncommon temperature in summer, but the winters are mild and delightful. On the table lands the temperature is pleasant during the year. Irrigation is necessary to agricultural production everywhere in the Territory, but it contains excellent grazing lands, and a sufficient amount of arable land to insure a sufficient sujjply of vegetables and cereals for the population. There is considerable timber on the Mountain sloiaes, and the various species of cactus attain great size there. The mineral wealth of Arizona is enormous, gold, silver, quick-silver, jjlitina, tin, nickel, very pure copper ores, lead, the best ores of iron, bituminous coals of excellent quality, salt, sulphur, gypsum and many of the i^recious stones, abound there. $500,000 of gold and $3, 000,010 of silver were sent from this Territorv in 1878, and that amount is constantly increasing with the increasing population. The Indians are no longer troublesome. For miners, engineers, or herdsmen, the Ter- ritory is very attractive, and intelligent farmers can do well there. Nevada was admitted as a State when its pojaulation was notoriously too small, and though the number of inhabitants is increasing, it is still below the quota lor a member of Congress, though it is represented by one raember in the lower house of Congress. It lies between the 35th and 42d parallels of north latitude, and between the llith and 120th meridians of west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 112,090 square miles, about the same as Arizona. Its mineral wealth sur- passes that of any of the western States or Territories. In 1877 the yield of silver from the mines was $41,594,616; in 1878 $47,676,863. The silver mines are scat- tered over the whole State. Its production of gold, mostly parted from the silver, is nearly 20 millions of dollars, and both gold and silver are increasing. It has also quick-silver, lead, copper, iron, antimony, sulphur, arsenic, graphite, borax, carbonate of soda, in immense quantities, rock salt, lignite or brown coal of good quality, kc, kc. The climate varies with the latitude and elevation. The cold of winter is intense in the mountains and lofty vuUey.s, the merciiry falling to — 10= — 16=, and much lower in the mountains, and the heat in the summer, is equally intense, rising to 105= in June, but the nights in summer are cool ; July and Aiigust are not so hot. In south-east Nevada, there is much less cold, and cotton and the sugar cane are both cultivated there. The climate is generally healthy. The rainfall is larger than in the States and Territories lying east of it, but much of the land needs irrigating to be successfully cultivated. Much of the mountain slopes is well adajjtcd to grazing, and the State has already a large amount of live stock, for its population. The sage-brush lands where irrigated, yield very large crops of the alfalfa clover, the cereals and vegetables. Provision was made in 1878 for irrigating more than 100,000 acres of these sage-brush lands. The State has many lakes, mostly without outlet, the water in some is pure, in others brackish or alkaline, in a few salt. Pyramid Lake with its natural pyramid in the centre, the three Mud Lakes, Ilolloway, Humboldt, Carson, Walter's, Preuss, Franklin, Pahranagat, and on the border line of California, the beautiful Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, and 0,000 feet above the sea. Southern Nevada is a barren and desolate region, but has vahiable mines. The Central Pacific linilroad crosses the State in a west-soutli-west direction, between the parallels of 41= 20' and 39= 30', and there are several local railioads. Nevada is a good State for miners, smelters, engineers, intelligent farmers, grazers, and enterprising mechanics. SEEKIXG ^'E^y homes. 117 Califoknia has been so often described, that we can only speak of it now in re- ference to its adaptation to receive emigrants. It has a vast territory, extending from 32= 28' to 42= north latitude, and lying between the meridians of 114= 30' and r2'l= 45' west longitude from Greenwich. Recent surveys have reduced some- what its supposed area, which was formerly stated at 188,980 scjuare miles, but is now said, by the Uiited States land office, to be 157,801 .square miles, a territory .about as lar. e as that of the Kingdom of Sweden . The climate varies through all the gradations of the temperate and semi-tropical regions The average mean temperature of the year ranges from 61= 5' at Hum- boldt Bay, and 56= G' at San Francisco, to 73= 5' at Fort Yuma. The summer mean temiierature has a range of 33 degrees between Humboldt Bay and Fort Yuma, while the winter mean varies but 14=. The annual rainfall is equally varied, at Humboldt Bay, from 57 to C4 inches; in Klamath Co., from 81 to 110 inches, in Nevada Co., at latitude 39= 20', 64 inches to 81 inches; in San Francisco, 20.79 inches; in Sacramento, 18.23; in San Diego, 10.43; in Fort Yuma, 3.24 inches. It is a land of lakes, rivers and mountains, with some of the most beautiful and fertile lands in the world, and some of the most desolate and forbidding. Its golden grain is famous the world over, and its vineyards and olive gardens, luscious fruits and abundant crops of every thing which will grow anywhere, are well known. About 50 millions of acres of its lauds are arable, but they are mostly taken up in large ranches or plantations, though these are now being divided, in manj' instances, into small farms. For the most part, arable lands are too dear for the farmer of small means. Many of these large ranches are on unsurveyed lands, and must eventually come into market, when there will be a good opportunity for purchasing farms. There are nearly 40,000,000 acres of grazing lands, and though stock-raising is generally carried out upon a large scale, it is possible for an intelligent stock grower to do well in the business. South-east California is a wild volcanic region, with its dry lakes covered with salt or bitumen, its vast sinks, many of them below the sur- face of the ocean, and its Death Valley, most appropriatelj' named. It is now pro- posed, by a short ship canal, to turn the waters of the Pacific into this valley and render it habitable, where it is not submerged. The mineral wealth of California is very great. Its production of gold and silver since 1849 has been nearly 700 million dollars, and it is still producing over 20 mil- lions a year, mostly in gold, quick-silver to the amount of about 2,000,000 annually; copper, tin, coal, tV'c. , &c. , are also produced. Most parts of the State are easily reached by railroads and steamers. California is a good St^xte for artisans, gardeners, vine growers and dressers, and farmers who are content to be employed at first by others; miners, metal workers, machinists, and operators in woollen mills, &c., &c., but less so for those who wish to purchase farms. Okegox, one of the two States lying on the Pacific. It is between the parallels of 42= and 46= 18' north latitude, and the meridians of 116= 33' and 124= 25' west longitude from Gi-eenwich. Its area is 95,274 milts. About five-sevenths of its northern boundary is formed by the Columbia, or what is sometimes called the Oregon River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean, and at least three- fifths of its eastern boundary is washed by the Snake or Lewis River, the largest tributary of the Columbia. Most of the State is well watered, mainly from the affluents of the Columbia and Snake, though the Ivlamath, a California river, rises in the State, and the Umpqua, Rogue and other small streams fall into the Pacific. It is di^'ided by the Cascade and Blue ranges of Mountains into three sections, known as Western, Mid- dle, and Eastern Oregon. Western Oregon, that part lying west of the Cascades, a strip about 110 miles wide, though broken and hilly from the presence of the coast range, which is from 3, 000 to 4,000 feet in height, is generally fertile, and the Moun- tains are clothed with heavy timber to their summits. The Willamette Valley, lying between the Coast and Cascade ranges, and containing about 5,000,000 acres, is exceedingly fertile and beautiful. The rainfall in Western Oregon ranges from 44 to 60 inches, the highest amount being reached at the mouth of the Columbia in the north, and near the Klamath Lakes in the south. The temperature is mild and delightful. The mean for the year being 52= 13 ', and the range very moderate. Middle Oregon is dryer, not so well watered nor so fertile. The rainfall is about '20 inches. 'The climate is agreeable, except in the south, where the high mountains make it sometimes excessively cold. Eastern Oregon is dry, but has many well watered and fertile valleys. The winters are cold, with deep snow. Western Oregon 118 SEEKING A'EW HOMES. is traversed for almost its entire length from south to north by the California branch of the Northern Pacific. The rivers abound with valuable fish. The salmon fish- eries send out about $10,OuO,000 worth annually, mostly in cans, and canned beef is also largely exported. The agricultural crops are good, and command a fair price ; wheat, oats ana potatoes yield largely. The timber trude is very large, the fintst trees of Oregon being very large, and the wood durable. Fruit is also largely culti- vated. It is an excellent country for raising live stock, especialy cattle and sheep. The wool product of the State is considerable, and mostly consumed in Oregon wool- len factories. The mineral wealth of the State is very great, but not so fully developed a-s it should be. Nearly $2,0 0,000of gold and silver, principally the former, a.e mined annually; other metals abound. Most of the miucs are in eastern and middle Oregon. Miners, lumbermen, fishermen, herdsmen, and industrious, intelligent farmers, will find Oregon the best place for them. There is much Government laud yet in market. Washington Teeeitoey is, except Alaska, the extreme north-western Territory of the United States, and Alaska is not as yet, in a condition to invite immigration. The Territory may be said in general terms, to lie between the parallels of 45= 30' and 49® north latitude, and between 117= and 125= west longitude from Green> wich. The Columbia River, which drains about two-thirds of the Territory forms its southern boundary, for three-fourths of its width from east to west, and its western shores are washed by the Pacitic, and the waters of th j Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia. The area of the Territory is 69,994 square miles. Western Wash- ington like western Oregon, has much broken laud, but the valleys, especially around both sides of Puget Soiiud, are very fertile, and the slopes of the mountains are heavily timbered, and valuable. There are 200 miles of railroad in operation in the Territory , and the Columbia River, Snake River and Clark's Fork are navigable , ex- cept at four points, throughout their entire course iu this Territory. The climate of Western Washington is much like that of England, mild and moist, the extreme heat of summer seldom exceeding 80 degrees P., and the nights cool and agreeable. The winters are so mild that it is seldom necessary to house the live stock. Mean annual temperature 52=, annual range only about 40 degrees. Rainfall 100 to 130 inches on the coast, 36 inches at Cascade Mountains; iu East- tern Washington, from 12 to 24 inches. The summers in Central and Eastern Wash- ington are dry and hot, winters much like those of Pennsylvania, cold, but not severe. Only about one-third of the public lands are yet surveyed. There is some gold in the Territory, but more coal, iron, and other minerals. The coal in the Puyallup Volley is anthracite, of excellent quality, and a railroad now runs to the mines. There are other beds of both anthracite and bituminous coal, along the Cascade Mountains. The soil is, much of it, very fertile, and the finest trees are but little inferior to the giant sequoias of California. The Territory is well adapted to the culture of the cereals, which can bo brought to a good market, by the Columbia and Snake Rivers, which have now 500 miles of uninterrupted navigation. It is also a good region for wool growing and stock raising. The salmon and other fisheries in Puget Sound, and in the Columbia, are very profitable. A grand future awaits the citizens of Oregon and Washington. HOMESt£AD FOR SOLDIERS 119 HOMESTEAD FOR SOLDIERS. Department of the Interior, » General I.and Office, Aug. 8, 1870. ] Gentlemen: — The following is the twenty-fifth section of the act of Congress, approved July 15, 1870, entitled '' An act making appropri- ations for the support of the army for the year ending June 30, 1871, and for other purposes," viz. : Sec. 25. — And he it further enacted, That every private soldier and officer who has served in the army of the United States during the rebel- lion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, and every seaman, marine, and officer or other person who has served in the navy of the United States, or in the marine corps or revenue marine during the rebellion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, shall, on payment of the fee or commission to any Register or Receiver of any Land Office required by law, be entitled to enter one quarter section of land, not mineral, of the alternate reserved sections of public lands along the lines of any railroads or other public works in the United States, wherever public lands have been or may be granted by acts of Congress, and to receive a patent therefor under and by virtue of the provisions of the act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain, and the acts amendatory thereof, and on the terms and conditions therein pre- scribed; and all the provisions of said act,s, excetp as herein modified, shall extend and be applicable to entries under this act, and the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office is hereby authorized to prescribe the necessary rules and regulations to carry this section into effect, and deter- mine all facts necessary thereto. By these provisions the Homestead Law of 20th May, 1862, and the acts amendatory thereof, are so modified as to allow entries to be made by the parties mentioned therein, of the maximum quantity of one quarter- section, or 160 acres of land, held at the double minimum price of $2.50 per acre, instead of one-h5 cents, and not exceed tho retail price ov valno of 50 cents, two cents o Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- tents shall exceed tho retail i>rice or value of .'>0 cents, and shall not exceed the retail jirico or value of 75 cents, three cents 3 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, and shall not exceed the retail price or value of $1, four cents 4 Where such packet, box, bottle, \toi, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of $1, for each and every '>0 cents or fractional i)art thereof over and above tho $1, as- before - cieutioucd, an additional two cents 2 STAMt- POTIES 123 Perfumery and Cosmetics. For aud upou every packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iiiclosure, con- taining any essence, extract, toilet water, cosmetic, liair oil, pomade, hair dressing, hair restorative, hair dye, tooth wash, dentifrice, tooth paste, aromatic cachons, or any similar articles, by whatsoever name the same have been, now are, or may hereafter be called, known, or distin- guishetl, used or applied, or to be used or applied as perfumes or appli- cations to the hair, mouth, or skin, made, prepared, and sold or re- moved for consumption and sale in the United States, where such packet, box, bottl«, pot, vial, or otlier iuclosure, with its contents, shall not exceed, at the retail price or value, the sum of 25 cents, one cent 1 Where such packet, bottle, box, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its contents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 25 cents, aud shall not exceed the retail price or value of 50 cents, two cents 2 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its contents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 50 cents, aud shall not exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, three cents ^ Where such packet, box, bottle, jjot, vial, or other inclosui-e, with its con- tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, aud shall not exceed the retail price or value of $1, four cents * Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its con- tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of $1, for each and every 50 cents or fractional part thereof over aud above the $1, as before mentioned, an additional two cents Frittion matches, or lucifer matches, or other articles made in part of wood, and used for like purposes, in parcels or packages coataining 100 matches or less, for each parcel or package, one cent I When in parcels or packages containing more thau 100 and not more than 200 matches, for each parcel or package, two cents 2 And for every additional 100 matches, or fractional parts thereof, one cent * For wax tapers, double the rates herein imposed upon friction or lucifer matches ; on cigar lights, made in part of wood, wax, glass, paper, or other materials, in parcels or packages containing 25 lights or less in each parcel or package, one cent '• Wlien in parcels or packages containing more thau 25 and uotmore than 50 lights, two cents For every additional 25 lights or fractional part of that number, one gent atlditioual 121 THE FINANCE BILL. PuKHed June 30, 1874. Section l. — The Act entitled "An Act to provide National Currency, secured by a Pledge of Unit- ed States Bonds, iind lo proyidefor the Circulatinu andKedenjption thereof," approved June 3, 1864, shall be hereafter known as the National Bank Act. Sec. 2. That Sectional of the National Bank Act be so amended that the several Associations there- in provided for shall not be required to keep on hand any amount of money whatever, l)y reason of the amount of their respective circulations; but the moneys required by said section to bo kept at all times on hand shall bo determined by the amount of deposits, as provided for in the said section. Sec. 3. That every association organized or to be organized under the provisions of the said act, and of the several acts amendatory Uiereof, shall at all times keep and have on deposit in the Treas- ury of the United States, in lawful money of the United States, a sum equal to five per centum of its circulation, to be held and used for the redemption of such circulation, which sum shall be counted as a part of its lawful reserve, as provided in Section 2 of this act, and when the circulating notes of any such associations, assorted or unassorted shall be presented for redemption in sums of §1,000 or any multiple thereof to the Treasurer of the United States, the same shall be redeemed in United States notes. AU notes so redeemed shall be charged by the Treasurer of the United States to the respective associations issuing the same, and he shall i^tify them severally on the tiist day of each month or oftener, at his discretion, of the amount of such redemption.^, ana whenever sucli redemp- tions for any association shall amount to the sum of §500 such association so notified shall forthwith deposit with the Treasurer of the United States a sum in United States notes equal to the amount of its circulating notes so redeemed ; and all notes of National Banks worn, defaced, mutilated, or oth- erwise unfit for circulation shall, when received liy any Assistant Treasurer, or at any designated depository of the United States, be forwarded to the Treasurer of the United States for redeni[)iion, as provided herein ; and when such redemptions have been so reimbursed the circulatiug notes so redeemed shall be forwarded to the respective associations by which they were issued ; but if any such notes are worn, mutilated, defaced, or rendered otherwise unfit for use, they shall be forwarded to the Controller of the Currency and destroyed and replaced as now provided by law. Provided, that each of such associations shall reimburse to the Trea.sury the charges for tiansportatiou and the costs for assorting such notes, and the associations hereafter organized shall also generally re- imbur.se to the Treasury the cost of engraving such plates as shall be ordered bj' each association respectively, and the amount assessed upon eacii association shall be in proportion to the circulation redeemed, a d be charged to the fund on depo.sit with the Treasurer; and provided further, that so much of Secti(m 32 of said National Bank Act recognizing, or permitting the redemption of its circu- lating notes elsewhere than at its own counter, excei^t as provided in this section, is hereby repealed. Sec. 4. That any association organized under this act, or any of the acts to which this i.s'an amend- ment, desiring to withdraw its circulating notes, in whole or in part, may upon the dcjio-it of lawful money with the Treasurer of the United States, in sums not less than Sit, 000, take up the bonds which said as.sociation has on deposit with the Treasurer for the security of such circulating notes, which bonds shall be assigned to the banks in the manner specified in the 19th section of the National Bank Act, and the outstanding notes of said association to an amount equal to the legal-tender notes de- jiositcd. shall lie redeemed at the Treasury of the United States and destroyed, as now provided by law : provided the amount of the bonds on deposit for circulation shall not be reduced below §50,000. Sec. 5. That the Controller ofthe Currency shall, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, cause the charter numbers of the association to be printed on all National Bank notes which may be hereafter issued by him. Sec 6. Tliat tlie amount of United States notes outstanding, and to be issued as a part of the circulatiiiK medium, shall not exceed the sum of 8382,000,000, which said sum shall appear in each monthly statement of the public debt, and no part thereof shall be held or usfed as a reserve. Sec. 7. That .so much of the act, entitled An Act to provide for the redemption of the three per centum tem- porary loan certificates, and for an increase of National Bank notes, as provided, that no circulation shall be withdrawn under the provisions of Section 6 of said Act. until after the $51,000,000 granted in Section 1 of said Act shall have been taken up, is hereby repealed, and it shall be the dutj' ofthe Controller ofthe Cur- rency, under the direction ofthe Secretary ofthe Treasurv. to pmcecd forthwith, and he is hereby author- ized and ri-(|uired, from time to time, as applicatimi shall be lUilv made tli.-rcfor, an.; until the lull amount ofthe S51,0IX),000 shall be withdrawn, to make a roiiuisition on each of the Nutiunal Banks iI.'m rib.-d in said section, and in the manner therein provided, orKani/.fd in Stales haxint; nne.\ee.-sof cirenlatiun, to with- draw and retiini so much nf this circulation as by said Act niav be a|i|iortioMecl to lie witlulrawu tVuin them, or in lieu tliereni til (li|M.sit in the Treasury ot the I'nited Stales la wlul nionev stillieient to redeem such cir- culalien. and ujion the return dltlie circulation required, or the deposit ol lawful money as herein provided, a proportionate aniuunt ol the bonds held to secure the circulation of such a.-.sociatioii as shall make such return or depo.sit, shall bo surrendered to it. Sec 8. That upon the failure of the National Banks upon which requisitions for circulation shall be made, or of any of them, to return the amount reijuired, or to deposit in the Treasury lawful monev to redeem the circulation lequired within thirl v davs, the Controller of the Currenev shall atued to the banksiu tliMse Stalcsba\ing lessthan their iipiiorliomnent ; and )irovided further, that not inorc than $30.000,0O0»lin!lbu withdraw n and redeemed as herein conlemphited, during llscal year ending June 30, 1875. The title of the bill is amended to read ns follows :— -'An act to (l.N. the amount of Vnltcd States notes, pro- vld« for the rodistribuUon of the Notional Bank Currency, and for other purposes." CUSTOM IIOUHE FEES. 12!! CUSTOM HOUSE FEES, I REQUIRED BY LAW TO BE PAID AT THE SEVERAL CUSTOM HOUSES ELSEWHEUE THAN ON THE XOKTH, NORTH-EAST AND NORTH-WEST FKONTIERS. For admeasurement of tonnage, and certifying tlio same, for every transverse section under the tonnage deck SI. 50 For each between Uecks ab.ivo tonnage deck -• 3.UI) For each poop, or closed-iu space above tbe upper or spar deck, required by law to be admeasured \.5iy Certificate of n gi.stiy or record 2.00 Indorsement on Certificate of r.gistry t)r record 1.0(_) For every bi nd under the Registry Act 25 Certificate of Eun.llnient 5ft Indorsement on Certificate of Enrollment of Change of Master, &c 20 License and granting the Si.ine, including bond, if nut over 20 tons 25 Above 20 and not ovi r lUO tons 50 Over 100 tons 1-00 Indorsement on a License, of Change of Master, r lasi-meutiouedvessel, on arrival at one district from another 2.00 Granting permit tV'r vessel carryinjt on fishery to trade at a foreign port 25 Report and entry of foreign goods imported in such vessel 25 Entry of vessel of 100 tons and more 2.50 Clearance of vessel of 100 tons and more ^ 2.50 Entry of vessel under 100 tims ' -50 Clearance of vessel under 100 tons 1-50 Post Entry. 2.00 Permit to land or deliver goods 20 Bond taken oflicially *^ Permit to lade goods for exportation entitled to drawback 30 Debenture, or other official certificate 20 BiU of Health .£- - •■-.-■- -20 Official documents, required by any merchant, owneifcr master of any vessel, not before enumerated - ," ' i ~ Services, other than admeasurement, to be performed by the Surveyor, in vessels of 100 tons and more, having on bi^ard merchandise subject to duty 3.00 For like services in vessels under 100 tons, having similar merchandise 1.50 For like services in all vessels not having merchandise subject to duty 60% Protection • 25 Crew List 2a General permit to land passenger's baggage 20 Weighing of weighable articles exported per lOOlbs 03 Weighing of salt, to cure fish, (See Art. 122 Warehouse Regulations) Weighing of other weighable articles in the distrivts of Boston, Ke w York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, per 112 lbs ■ 01% Weighing of other weighable articles in the district of Norfolk 02!>4 Weighing of other weighable articles in all other districts 03 Gauging of gaiigable articles exported, per cask 10 Gauging other articles.— Casks each 12 Cases and Baskets, each 04>2 Ale, Porter, &c., per dozen bottles 01 >2 Measuring, per 100 bushels— Coal, chalk, brimstone 90 gjjH 75 Potatoes, seeds, grain and ail similar measurable articles -15 Marble, lumber, and other similar articles, the actual expense incurred For recording bill of sale, mortgage, hvpothecation, or conveyance of vessel, under Act of July 29,1850 '. 50 Fw recording certificate for discharging and canceling any such conveyance. .50 For furnishing a certificate, settiug forth the names of the owners of auy registered or enrolled vessel, the parts or propertiis owned by each, and also the material facts of any exi.sting bill of sale, mortgage, hypothecation, or other incumbrance, the date, amount of such incumbrance, and from and to whom made l-OO For furnisliing copies of such records, for each bill of sale, mortgage or other conveyance .50 For licenses to Steamers, a^ a coni2>cnsation far the inspection and examination made for the year, atid furnishing the required cojiies of the inspection certificate, under the Steamboat Laxv. approred August 30. 1852, in addition to the fees above mentioned, for issuing enrollments aad licenses to vessels : For each steam vessel of 1(10 tons or under "^n^ and for each ton iu excess of 100 tons in'nA For licensing of pilots and engineers 10.00 126 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. • Tbeasuby Depaktment, I Washington, Aw/us 21, 1874. j The attention of collectors and other officers of customs is called to the annexed verified copy of so much of the act of June 22, 1874, entitled " An act to revise and consolidate the Statutes of the United States in force on the first day of December, 1873,'' as relates to the assessment and collection of duties on imports, and, es- pecially, to the repealing clauses of this act aud^the following explanations in regard thereto. The act of June 22, 1874, referred to, by its terms, an authoritative interpretation ot the law as it existed on December 1, 1873, and in addition, an absolute repeal of ull former and other acts whatever, relative to duties upon imports, from and after June 22, 1874. In its character as an interpretation and legislative construction of acts in force December 1, 1873, it is not, however, mandatory as against any duly- authorized construction prevailing previous to the date of its enactment. In the absence of such authorized conslructiou holding adversely, either of the courts or of the Secretary of the Treasury, its interpretation must be complied with. After June 22, 1874, however, its requirements are absolute law, to be enforced upon all importations, without provision for time elapsing or for the date of being put on shipboard at any foreign port, or any other condition or reservation whatever. Although many of the points to be noticed, as regards the practical eft'ect of this statement, have already been explained, it may be well to cite them, so far as they have been brought to the attention of this Department. Several clauses of the tariflf acts of March 2, 1861, and July 14, 1862, which were at first supposed to be modified or repealed by the act o(| June 30, 1864, and subsequent acts, but which were revived at various times through decisions of the courts or of this Department, are decisively excluded from the present act, and therefore cease to have force after the date of its passage. Among these are, first, the rate ot duty on certain descrip, tions of linens, viz: "Drills, coatings, brown Hollands, blay linens, damasks," which, being names or descriistions mentioned in the acts of 1861 and 1862, were not repeated in the acts of 1864. Also, a class of articles coming under the general designation of "Manufactures not otherwise provided for, composed of mixed materials in part of cotton, silk, wool, or worsted, hemp, jute, or flax," the rate of duty imposed by these two acts being 35 per cent, ad valorem. Many fabrics have, remained chargeable with duty under authority of this clause, but no such classifica« tion is continued in the act of June 22, 1874, all goods formerly so classed being now charged with duty according to their identity with, or assimilation to, other defined classes. Section 2499 of said act affords a general guide to such classification. Also in regard to several miscellaneous articles, viz: " Argols, other than crude," which paid variable rates under former decisions, but which, subsequent to June 22, 1874, pay 6c. per pound; also castile soap, which, after paying duty under the act of 1864 for a long period, was restored to the rate of duty prescribed oy the acts of 1861 and 1862. By the present act, the rate prescribed in the act of 1864 alone has force. Bearing in mind the intention not to repeal or alter any actually existing law, &e properly interpreted on December 1, 1873, it becomes practicable to interpret the relation which those portions of the act of June 6, 1872, reducing duties on certain imports 10 per cent., have to other acts as arranged in the text of the present law. As in the act of 1872 the word "herein" applied to all sections of the act, it might be inferred that the same M-ord in the present act has the same range of ar)phcation, and that therefore the abatement of 10 per cent, wonld'not be allowed on any "metals or manufactures of metals" enumerated in the sections subsequent to section 2503 of the present law. But it was clearly not the intention to change the then existing law in that respect, and as the act declares that no inference adverse to the intent of the law shall be drawn from the position which any section or clau«a has toward any other section or clause, officers of the customs are directed to api)ly the 10 per cent, reduction to all articles included in, and not duly excepted from, it« application in the act of 1H72. This revision, however, interjirets the exception of several items, and includes in such excei)tion "Booksand other printed matter," the rate of duty on which has been considered open to doubt in this respect "Booksand other printed matter" will hereafter pay the prescribed dnty withotrt the reduction of 10 per cent., but no " metais or manufacture of metals" entitled to such reduction under the act of 1852 will bo excluded from it under the present TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 law. "Tin in plates oi sheets, terne, and tagger's tin, iron and tin plates galvan- ized or coated with any metal by electric batteries; and nioisio iron, "are, by tho act of 1872, . excepted from the operation of the 10 per cent, reduction, and will contmne to be so excepted. Attention is called to section 2499 of the law of June 22, 1874, which is impor- tant as a guide to the construction of other sections and clauses of the same acL This section declares that "If any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shaU be levied, collected and paid on such non-enumerated article tne same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest duty, and on all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable. Jt may be said, generally, that the a.ssociated sections of the several tariff acts in Icftvxs i3ecember 1, 1873, in regard to standards, samples, api>raisement, custody of merchandise, and other conditions associated with the collection of duties on im- portea merchandise, are in no way affected by, or repealed by, the act of June 2'2 , 1874. They are simply separated from their former connection in the arrangement adopted ia the Eevised Statutes. B. H. BEISTOW, Secretary. TITLE LXXW. REPEAL PROTlSIOiirS. Sec. 5595. The foregoing 73 titles embrace the statutes of the TJnited States general and permanent in their nature, in force on the 1st day of December, 1873, as re^•ised aur'i consolidated by commissioners apjiointed under an act of Congress, and the same shall be designated and cited, as the Kevised Statutes of the United States. Sec. 5596. All acts of Congress passed prior to said 1st day of December, 1873, any portion of which is embraced in any section of said revision, are hereby repealed, and the section applicable thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all parts of such acts not contained in siich revision, ha^'iug been repealed or super- seded by subsequent acts, or not being general or permanent in their nature: Pro- vided, That the incorporation into said revision of any general and permanent provision, taken from an act making appropriations, or from an act containing other provisions of a private, local, or temporaay character, shall not repeal, or in any way affect any appropriation, or any pro^'i;5ion of a private, local, or temporary character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall remain in force ; and all ftcts of Congress passed prior to said last named day no part of which are embraced in said revision, shall not be affected or changed by its enactment. Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in said revision, shall not ftffect any act done, or any right accruing or accnied, or any suit or proceeding had or commenced in any civil cause before the said repeal, but all rights and liabilities under said acts shall continue, and may be enforced in the same manner, as if said repeal had not been made; nor shall said repeal, in any manner affect the right to any ofl&ce, or change the term or tenure thereof. Sec. 5598. All offences committed, and all penalties or forfeitures incurred under any stattite embraced in said revision piior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and punished in the same manner and ^^'ith the same effect, as if said repeal had not been made. Sec 5599. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceed- ing, or to the prosecution of offences, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, embraced in said revision and covered by said repeal, shall not be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings or prosecutions, whether ci-vil or criminal, for causes arising, or acts done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced and prosecuted v-ithin the same time as if said repeal had not been made. Sec. 5600. The arrangement and classification of the several sections of the re- vision have been made for the purpose of a more convenient and orderly arrange- ment of the same, and therefore no inference or presumption of a legislative con- struction is to be drawn by reason of the title, imder which any particular section is placed. Sec. 5601. The enactment of the said revision is not to affect or repeal any act of Congress passed since the 1st day of December, 1873, and all acts passed since that date are to have full effect as if passed after the enactment of (his revision, and so far as such acta vary from, or conflict with any provision contained in saiii re- vision, they are to have effect as subsequent n+;>^-'tes. and as repealing any portion of the revision inconsistent therewith. 128 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. TITLE XXXIII. DUTIES CPOi\ IMPORTS. Sec. 2491. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United States, from any foreign country, any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertise- ment, circiilar, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception, or for causing unlawful abortion. No invoice or package whatever, or any part of one, in which any such articles are contained shall be admitted to entry; and all invoices and packages whereof any such articles shall compose a jx^rt, are liable to be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of law. All such prohibited articles ia the course of importation shall be detained by the officer of customs, and proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following section: Pn vided, That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk and not put up for any of the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the operation of this section. Sec. 24.92. Any judge of any district or circuit court of the United States, within the proper district, before whom complaint in writing of any violation of the pre- ceding section is made, to the satisfaction of such judge, and founded on know- ledge or belief, and, if tipon belief, setting forth the gTounds of such belief, and supported by oath or aflirmation of the complainant, may issue comformably to the Constitution, a warrant directed to the marshal, or any dei^uty marshal, in the proper district, directing him to search for, seize, and take possession of any such article or thing hereinbefore mentioned, and to make due and immediate return thereof, to the end that the same may be condemned and destroyed by proceedings, which shall be conducted in the same manner as other proceedings in case of municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal or writ of error. Sec. 2493. The importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle from any foreign country into the United States is prohibited: Provided, That the operation :>{ this section shall be susj^ended as to any foreign country or countries, or anj parts of such country or countries, whenever the Secretary of the Treasury shall officially determine, and give public notice thereof, that such importation will not tend to the introduction or sjjread of contagious or infectious diseases among the cattle of the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it shall be his duty, to make all necessary orders and regula- tions to carry this law into effect, or to suspend the same as therein provided, and to send copies thereof to the proper officers in the United States, and to such officers or agents of the United States in foreign countries as he shall judge necessary. Sec. 2494. The President of the United States, whenever in his judgement the importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle maybe made without danger of the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious disease among the cattle of the United States, may, by proclamation, declare the provisions of the preceding section to be inoperative, and the same shall be afterward inoperative and of no effect from and after thirty days from the diite of said proclamation. Seo. 2495. Any person convicted of a •willful violation of any of the provisions of the two preceding sections, shall be fined not exceeding $500, or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 2496. No watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, or parts of watch-movc> menta, of foreign manufacture, which shall copy or simulate the name or trade- mark of any domestic manufacturer, shall bo admitted to entry at the custom-, houses of tho United States, unless such domestic manufacturer is the importer of the same. And in order to aid the officers of tho customs in enforcing this prohibi- tion, any domestic manufacturer of watches who has adopted trade-marks may require his name and residence and a descrjiition of his trade-marks to be recorded in liooks which shall be kept for that purpose in the Department of the Treasury, undi^r Huch regulations as the Secretary of tho Treasm-y shall proscribe, and may furnish to tho Department fac-similes of such trade-marks, and thereupon the Secre- tary of tho Treasury shall cause one or more copies of the same to bo transmitted to each collector or other proper officer of tho customs. Skc. 2497. No goods, M'ares, or merchandise, unless in cases provided for by treaty, shall be imi)orted into the United States from any foreign port or place, except in vc^ssels of tho TJnited Strifes, or in such foreign vessels as truly and wholly belong to the citizens or subjects of tliat country of which the goods are the growth, pro- duction, or manufacture; or irom which sucht;oods, wares, or merchandise can only be, or most usually are, first shipped for transportation. All goods, waren, or mer- TAEirr OF THE UNITKB STATES. 129 ehandise imported contrary to this section, and the vessel wherein the same shafl be imported, togetherwith her cargo, tackle, apparel and furniture, shall be forfeited to the United States, and such goods, wares or merchandise, ship or vessel and cargo shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned in like mauntr, and under the same regulations, restrictions and provisions, as have been heretofore established for the recover}', collection, distribution and remission of forfeitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. Sec. 2498. The preceding section shall not ajjply to vessels, or goods, wares, or merchandise, impoi-ted in vessels of a foreign nation which does not maintain a similar regulatioia against vessels of the United States. Sec. 2-iy9. There shall be levied, collected and jmid, on each and every non-enu- merated article which bears a similitude, either iu material, quality, texture, or thb use to which it may be ai^plied to any article enumerated in this Title, as charge- able with duty, the same rate of duty which is levied and charged on the enumera- ted article which it mostly resembles in any of the particulars before mentitnfd, and if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated arti' cles, on which diiiereut rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied, collected and paid, on such nou-enumerated article, the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest duty; and on all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable. Sec, 2500. Upon the re-importation of articles once exported, of the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no internal tax has been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and refunded by allowance or drawback, there shall be levied , collected and paid a duty equal to the tax im- posed by the internal-revenue laws upon such articles. Sec. 2501. There shall be levied, collected and paid on all goods, wares and mer- chandise of the growth or produce of the countries east of the Cape of Good Hope, (except wool, raw cotton and raw silk, as reeled from the cocoon, or not further advanced than tram, thrown, or organziue,) when imported from places west of the Cape of Good Hope, a duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem in addition to the duties Imposed on any such article when imported c.irectly from the place or places of their growth or prodi;ction. Sec. 2502. A discriminating duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem, in addition to the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected and paid on all goods, wares and merchandise which shall be imported m vessels not of the United States; but this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares and merchandise which shall be imported iu vessels not of the United States, entitled, by treaty or any act af Congress, to be entered in the ports of the United States on payment of the same duties as shall then be paid on goods, wares and merchandise" imported in vessels of the United States. Sec. 2503. There shall be levied, collected and paid upon all articles mentioned in the schedule; contained iu the next section, imported from foreign countries, the rates of duty which are by the schedules respectively prescribed: F.ouidad. That on the goods, wares and merchandise in this section enumerated and provided for. im- ported from foreign countries, there shall be levied, collected and paid only 90 per cent, of the several duties and rates of duty imposed by the said schedules lipou said articles severally, that is to say: On all manufactures of cotton of which cotton is the component part of chief value . On all wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other animals, and all manufactures wholly or in part of wool or hair of the alpaca and other hke animals, except um- brellas, parasols, and sun-shades covered with silk or alpaca. On all iron and steel, and on all manufactures of iron and steel, of which such metals or either of ihem shall be the component part of chief value, excepting cot- ton machinery. On all metals not herein otherwise provided for, and on all manulactuns of metals of which either of them is the comjjonent part of chief valu !, excejiting percussion caps, watches, jewelry, and other articles of ornament: J'rovkled, That aU wire rope and wire strand or chain made of iron wire, either bright, coppered, galvanized, or coated with other metals, shall pay the same rate of duty that is now levied on the iron wire of which said rojie or strand or chain is made, and all wire rope, and wire strand or chain made of steel wire, either bright, coppered, galvan- ized or coated with other metals, shall pay the same rate of duty that is now Itvier". on the steel wire of which said rope or strand or chain is made. On all paper, and manufacture; of paper, excepting unsized printing-puper books and other printed matter, and excepting sized or glued paper suitabV' oai> for printing-pap or. 130 TAKIFF OF TUE UI^-iTED STATES. On all mantifactures of India-rubber, gutta-perclia, or straw, and on oil-cloths of all descriptions. On glass and glass ware, and on un wrought pipe-clay, fine clay and fullers' earth. On all leather not otherwise herein provided for, and on all manufactures of skins, bone, ivory, horn and leather, except gloves and mittens, and of which either of said articles is the component part of chief value; and on licquorice- jjaste or liquorice juice. Schedule A. — Cotton and Cotton Goods.* Sec. 2504. On aU manufactures of cotton (except jeans, denims, drillings, bed tickings, ginghams, plaids, cottonades, pantaloon stuff, and like goods) not bleached, colored, stained, painted, or printed, not exceeding 100 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and tilling, and exceeding in weight 5 ounces per square yard, 5c. per square yard; if bleached, 5Jc. ; if colored, staincl, painted, or printed, 5ic., and 10 per cent, ad valorem. On finer and lighter goods of like description, not exceeding 200 threads to square inch, counting the warp and filling, unbleached, 5c. per square yard; if bleached, 5^c. ; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 5.^c., and 20 per cent. On Hke goods exceeding 200 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, unbleached, 5c. per square yard; if bleached, 5.1c.; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 5.;c. and 20 per centum. On cotton jeans, denims, drillings, bed-tickings, ginghams, plaids, cottonades, pantaloon stuffs, and like goods, or for similar use, if unbleached, and not exceeding 100 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, and exceeding 5 ounces to the square yard, 6c. per square yard; if bleached, 6Ac. ; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 6ic., and 10 per centum. On finer, or lighter goods of like description, not exceeding 200 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if unbleached, 6c. per square yard; if bleached, 6ic. ; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 6Jc. and 15 per cent. On goods of lighter description, exceeding 200 threads to' the square inch, counting the warp and filling, if unbleached, 7c. per square yard ; if bleached, 7ic. ; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 7^c. and 15 per cent. Provided, that upon all plain woven cotton goods, not included in the foregoing schedule, unbleached, valued at over 16c. per square yard; bleached, valued at over 20c.; colored valued at over 25c., and cotton jeans, denims and drillings, unbleached, valued at over 20c., and all other cotton goods of every description, the value of which shall exceed 25c. per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid, a duty of 35 per cent, ad valorem: And provided farther, That no cotton goods having more than 200 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, shall be admitted to a less rate of duty than is provided for goods which are of that number of threads. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp-yarn, not wound upon spools, whether single or advanced beyond single by twisting two or more single yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, valued at not ex- ceeding 40c. per pound, 10c. per pound; valued at over 40c., and not exceeding 60c., 20c. per i^ound; valued at over 60c. and not exceeding 80c., 30c. per poimd; valued at over 80c., 40c. per pound; and, in addition to such rates of duty, 20 per cent. Spool-thread of cotton, 6e. per dozen spools, containing on each spool not exceeding 100 yards, and, in addition, 30 per cent; exceeding 100 yards for every additional 100 yards of thread on each spool or fractional part thereof, in excess of 100 yards, 6c. per dozen and 35 per cent. Cotton cords, gimps, and galloons and cotton laces colored, 35 per cent. Cotton shirts and drawers, woven or made on frames, and on all cotton hosiery, 35 per cent. Cotton velvet, 35 per cent. Cotton braids, insertings, lace, trimming, or bobbinet, and all other manufactures of cotton, not otherwise provided for, 35 per cent. Schedule B.— ^Earths and Eaetheen Wares. Brown earthern ware and common stone w^are, gas-retorts, stone ware not orna- mented, 25 per cent. China, porcelain, and Parian ware, gilded, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, 50 per cent. Chma, porcelain, and Parian ware, plain and white, and not decorated in any mauiier, 45 percent.; all other earthprn, stone, or crockery ware, white glazed, edited, printiid, painted, dipped, or crciiin-colorcd, composed of earthy or mineral Bubslances, not otherwise jirovided for, 40 \wx cent. Stone ware above the caj^icity often gallons, 20 ycx cent. HlaU'S, slate-pencils, slate cliinnicy-i)iec( s, mantels, slabs for tables and all other (OaanufactureH of slate, 40 per cent. Roofing slates, 35 per cent. * Per cent., in all cascH, means per centum ad valorem. TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 Unwrought clay, pipe-clay, fire-clay, $5 per tou. Kaoline, $5 per ton. Fuller's ^arth, S3 per ton. Eed and French chalk, 20 per cent. Chalk not otherwise provided tor, 25 percent. Whiting and Paris-white, Ic. per pound. Whiting ground in oil, 2c. i)er pound. Paris white ground in oil, IJc. per pound. All jilain and mould and press glass not cut, engraved, or painted, 35 per cent. All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, silvered, or gilded, not including plate-glass silvered, or looking-glass plates, 40 per cent. All unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window-glass, not exceeding 10x15 inches square, lie per pound; above that and not exceeding 16x24 inches, 2c. per IX)und; above that and not exceeding 24x30 inches, 2^c. per pound; all above that, 3c. per pound. CyUnder and crown glass, polished, not exceeding 10x15 inches square, 2Jc. per square foot; above that and not exceeding 16x'24 inches, 4c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x30 inches, 6c. per foot ; above that and not exceeding 24x60 inches, 20c. per foot; all above that, 40c. i^er square foot. Fluted, rolled, or rough plate-glass, not including crown, cylinder, or common window-glass, not exceeding 10x15 inches square, 75c. per 100 square feet; above that and not exceeding 16x24 inches, Ic. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x30 inches, lie per foot; all above that, 2c. per square foot. And all fluted, rolled, or rough plate-glass, weighing over 100 pounds per 100 square feet, shall pay an additional duty on the excess at the same rates. Cast polished plate-glass, unsilvered, not exceeding 10x15 inches sqiiare, 3c. per square foot; above that and not exceeding l6x24 inches, 5c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x30 inches, 8c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x60 inches, 2oc. per toot; all above that, 50c. per square foot. Cast polished j)late-glass, silvered, or looking- glass ijlates not exceeding 10x15 inches square, 4c. j)er square foot; above that and not exceeding 16x24 inches, 6c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x30 inches, 10c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x60 inches, 35c. per foot; all above that, 60c. per square foot. But no looking-glass plates or plate-glass, sil- vered, when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like description not framed, but shall be liable to pay in addition 30 per cent, upon such frames. Glass bottles or jars filled with articles not otherwise provided for, 30 j)er cent. Porcelain and Bohemian glass, glass crystals for watches, glass pebbles for spectacles, not rough; paintings on glass or glasses, and all manuiactures of glass, or of which glass shall be a component material, not otherwise provided for, and all glass bottles or jars filled with sweetmeats or preserves, not otherwise provided for, 40 jier centum ad valorem. Schedule C. — Hemp, Jute, and Flax Goods. Flax-straw, $5 per ton. Flax not hackled or dressed, $20 per ton. Flax hackled, known as "dressed line," §40 per ton. Hemp, Manilla, and other like svibstauces, not otherwise provided for, S25 per ton. Tow of flax or hemp, $10 jier ton. Jute, sunn and Sisal-grass, and other vegetable substances not emimerated, used for cordage, $15 per ton. Brown and bleached linens, ducks, canvas, paddings, cot bottoms, diapers, crash, huckabucks, handkerchiefs, lawTis, or other manufactures of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, valued at 30c. or less per s(iuare yard, 35 per cent. ; valued at above 30c. per yard, 40 per cent. ; flax or linen yarns for car- pets, not exceeding number 8 Lea, and valued at 24c. or less per pound, 30 jier cent.; flax or linen yarns valued at above 24c. per pound, 35 per cent.; flax or linen thread, twine and pack thread, and all other manufactures of flax, or of which flax shall be the material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 40 per cent. Thread lace and insertings, 30 jier cent. On all burlaps, and like manuiac- tures of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the material of chief value, excepting such as may be siiitable for bagging for cotton, 30 per cent. Oil-cloth foundations or floor-cloth canvas, made of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the material of chief value, 40 per cent.; gimny- cloth, not bagging, valued at 10c. or less per square yard, 3c. per pound; over 10c. per yard, 4c. per pound. On bagging for cotton, or other manufactmx's, not other- wise provided for, suitable to the uses for M-hich cotton bagging is apphed , com- posed in whole or in part of hemp, jute, flax, gunny-bags, gunny -cloth, or other material, and valued at 7c. or less per square yard, 2c. per pound; valued at over 7c. per yard, 3c. per pound. Bags, cotton bags and bagging, and all like manufac- tures, not otherwise provided for, (except bagging for cotton,) ■wholly or in part of flax, hemp, jute, gunny-cloth, gunny-bags, or other material, 40 per cent Tarred cables or cordage, 3c. per pound. Untarred Manilla cordage, 2ic. par pound. Other untarred cordage, 3Jc. per pound. Hemp yarn, 5c. per pound. Soiuos, 6Jc. 132 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. per pound. Sail-duck or canvas for sails, 30 per cent. Russia and other sheetings of flax or hemp, brown and white, 35 per cent. Other manufactures of hemp, or of which hemp shall be the material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 30 per cent. Grass-cloth, 30 per cent. Jute yarns, 25 per cent. AU other manu- factures of jute or Sisal-grass, not provided for, 30 per cent. Schedule D. — Liquoes. Wines imported in casks, containing not more than 22 per cent, of alcohol vahied at not exceeding 40c. per gallon, 25c. per gallon; valued at over 40c. and not over $1, 60c.; valued at over $1, $1 per gallon, and iu addition thereto, 25 per cent. Wmes of all kinds, imported in bottles, not otherwise provided foi', the same rate per gallon as wines imported in casks. But all bottles containing 1 quart or less, and more than one pint, shall be held to contain one quart, and all bottles containing one pint or less shall be held to contain one pint, and shall pay- in addition 3c. for each bottle. Champagne and all other sparkling wines in bottles; containing each not more than 1 quart and more than 1 pint, $G per dozen bottles, not more than 1 pint each and more than h pint, $3 per dozen; h pint each, or leas, $1.50 per dozen; and in bottles containing more than 1 quart each, shall pay, in addition to $6 per dozen bottles, at the rate of $2 per gallon on the quantity in excess of 1 quart per bottle. But any Uquors containing more than 22 per cent, of alcohol, which shall be entered under the name of wine, shall be forfeited to the United States. Wines, brandy, and other spirituous liquors imported in bottles shall be packed in packages Df not less than 1 dozen bottles in each package; and all such bottles shall pay au additional duty of 3c. for each bottle. No allowance shall be made for breakage unless actually ascertained by count, and certified by a custom-house appraiser. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, not otherwise provided for, S2 per proof-gallon. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be counted as at least one proof-gallon, and the stan- dard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits, and of wine or liquors of any kind imported, shall be the same as that defined in the laws relating to in- ternal revenue. But brandy or sijirituous liquors imported in casks of less capacity than 14 gallons shall be forfeited to the United States. On all compounds or preparations of which distilled spirits is a component part of chief value, there shall be levied a duty not less than that upon distilled spirits. Cordials, liquoi-s, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and similar spirituoiis beverages, or bitters containing spirits, not otherwise provided, $2 per proof-gallon. No lower rate of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid, on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages, than that fixed by law for the description of first proof, but it shall bo increased in proportion for any greater strength than first proof ; and no brandy, or other spirituous beverages under first proof shall pay a less rate of duty than 50 per cent.; and all imitations of brandy, or spirits, or wines imported by any names whatever, shall be subject to the highest rate of duty provided for the genuine articles intended to 1 e represented, and in no case less than $1 per gallon. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles, 35c. per gallon; otherwise than in bottles, 20c. per gallon. Vermuth; the same duty as on wines of the same cost. Schedule E.— Metals. Iron in pigs, S7 per ton. Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than 1 inch or more than six inches wide, nor less than -^ of an inch or uku-o than 2 inches thick; rounds not less than | of an uich nor more than 2 inches in diameter; and squares not less than ^ of an inch nor more than two inches stjuare, Ic. per pound. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats less than |; of an inch or more than 2 inches thick, or less than 1 inch or more than 6 inches wide; rounds less than f of an inch or more than 2 inches in diameter; and squares less than I of au inch or more than two inches square, l.\c. per pound. But all iron iu slabs, blooms, loops, or otlu;r forms, less finished" than iron in bars, and mora advauc(;d than pig iron, except castings, shall be rated as ircm in bars, and p^^y a duty accordingly, and none of the above -iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 35 per < ei4. Moisic iron, mado from sand ore by one process, $15 per ton. Iron bars lor railroads or inclined i)lanes, 7<)c. per 100 pounds. Boiler or other plate- iron not less than 3-10 of au inch in thickness, l.\c. per pound. Boiler and other piatc-iroii, not otherwise provided for, $25 per ton. Iron wire, bright, coppeie I, nr tinned, drawn and finished, not more than ] of an inch in diameter, not less than number 10 wirc-guage, $2 per 100 pounds, and in addition thereto 15 jier cent.; over number IG and not over number 25, wiro-guage, $3. 50 per 100 pounds, md in addition thereto 15 per cent; over or finer than number 25, wire-guage, $4 \ARIFr OF THE UNITED STATES. I33 per 100 pounds, and in addition thereto lo per cent. But wire covered with cotton, silk, or other material shall pay 5c. p^r pound lu addition, liouud ircjn in coils, three •^sixteenths of an inch or less in diameter, whether coated vith metal or not, and all descriptions of iron wire, and wire of which iron is a part, not otherwise spec.hcally enumerated and i^rovided lor, shall pay the same duty as iron wire, bright, coppered, or tinned. Spiral furniture springs, manufat tured of iron wire, 2c. per pound and 15 per cent .Smooth or polished sheet-iron, by whatever name designated, 3c. per poimd. Sheet-iron, common or black, not thinner than number 20, wire-guage, l]c. per pound; thinner than number 20 and not thinner than number ii5, wire-guage, lie. per pound; thinner than number 25, wire-gaage, l|c. per pound. Ml band, hoop, and scroll iron from ^ to 6 inches in width, not thin- ner than I of an inch, l^c. per pound. All band, hoop, and scroll iron from ^ to 6 inches wide, imder -J of an inch in thic ness, and not thinner than number 20, wire-gimge, l.^c. per pound. All band, hoop, and scroll iron thinner than numl er 20, wire-guage, l|c. per pound. Slit rods, l^c. per pound. All other ^.eacriptious of rolled or hammered iron not otherwise provided for, l^c. per pound. All hand- saws not over 24 inches long, 75c. per dozen and 30 per cent.; over 24 inches long, .SI per dozen and 30 per cent. All back-savs'S not over 10 inches long, 75c. per dozen and 30 per cent.; over 10 inches in length, SI per dozen and 30 percent. Files, fileblanks, rasps, and floats of all descriptions, not exceeding 10 inches in length, 10 cents per pound and 30 per cent. ; exceeding 10 inches in length, 60c. per pound and 30 per cent. Pen, jack, an I pocket-knives of all kinds, 50 per cent. Sword-blades, 35 per cent. Swords 45 per cent. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, SI per 1,000 aod 35 per cent. Iron squares marked ou one side, 3c. per pound and 30 per cent.; all other squares of iron or steel Gc. per pound and 30 per cent. All manufactures of steel, or of which steel shall be a component part, not otherwise provided for, 45 per cent. But all articles of steel partially manufactured, or of which steel shall be a part, not otherwise provided for, shall par the same rate of duty as if wholly manufactured. Steel railway bars, l|c. per pound. Ea.lway bars made in jmrt of steel, Ic. per pound. And metal converted, cast, or made from iron by the Bessemej or pneumatic process, of whatever form or description, shall be classed as steel. Locomotive tire, or parts thereof, 3c. per, poimd. Mill-irons and mill-cranks of wrought iron, and wrought-iron for ships steam-engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each 25 pounds or more, 2c . per pound. Anvils and iron cables, or cable chains, or parts thereof, 2^c. per poimd, Provided That no chains made of wire or rods of a diameter loss than ^ of 1 inch, shall be coDsdered a chain cable. Chains, trace-chains, halter-chains, and fence-chains, made of wire or rods, f of 1 inch in diameter, 2ic per pound; less than ^ of 1 inch, and not under number 9, wire-guage, 3c. per pound, under number 9, wire guage, 35 per cent. Anchors, or parts thereof, 2^0. per pound. Blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, axles or parts thereof, and malleable iron in castings, not otherwise provided for, 2.^c. per pound. Wrought-iron railroad chairs, and \\Tought-iron nuts and washers, ready punched, 2c. per pound. Bed-screws and wrought-iron hinges, 2^c. per pound. Wrought board-nails, spikes, rivets and bolts, 2ic. per pound. Steam, gas, and water tubes and flues of wrought-iron 3Jc. per pound. Cut nails and spikes, IJc. per pound. Horseshoe-nails, 5c. per pound. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not'exceeding 16 ounces to the 1,000, 2.1c. per 1,000; exceeding 16 ounces to the 1,000, 3c. per pound. Screws, commonly called wood screws, 2 inches or over in length, 8c. per pound; less than 2 inches in length, lie. per pound. Screws of any other metal than iron, and all other screws of iron, except wood-screws, 35 per cent. Vessels of cast iron, not otherwise provided for, and on andirons, sad-irons, tailors' and hatters' irons, stoves and stove-plates of cast iron, 1^ c. per pound. Cast-iron steam, gas, and water pipe, lie. per poixnd. Cast-iron butts and hinges, 2^c. per pound. Hollow ware, glazed or tinned, 3ic. i er pound. Cast scrap-iron of every description, $6 jier ton. Wrought scrap-iron of every description, $8 per ton. But nothing shall be deemed scrap-iron except waste or refuse iron that has been in actual use, and is fit only to be remanufactured. All other castings of iron, not provided for, 30 per cent. Taggers' iron, 30 ])er cent. Steel, in ingots, bars, coils, sheets, and steel wire, not less than i^ of 1 inch in diameter, valued at 7 cents per pound or less, 2^ c. per pound; above 7 cents and not above lie. per poand, three cents per pound; above lie. per pound, 3ic. per pound and 10 per cent. Steel wire less than \ of an inch in diameter and not leas than number 16, wire-guage, 2ic. per pound and 20 per cent. ; less or finer than num- ber 16, M-ire-guage, 3c. per pound and 20 per cent. Steel, commercially known «s crinoline, corset and bat steel wire, 9c. per pound and 10 per cent. Steel in any form, not otherwise provided for, 30 per cent.; Provided, that no allowance or redao- 134 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. tion of duties for partial loss or damage shall be made in consequence of rust of iron or steel or upon the mauufactui-es of iron or steel, except on polished Russia sheet iron. Cross-cut saws, 10c. per lineal foot. On mill, pit and drag saws, not over 9 inches wide, 12ic. per lineal foot; over 9 inches wide, 20c. per lineal foot. Lead in sheets, pipes, or shot, 2|c. per pound. Lead ore, IJc. per pound. Lead in pigs and bars, 2c. per pound. Old scrap-lead, fit only to be remanufactured, lie per pound. Zinc, si^elter, or tutenege manufactured in blocks or pigs, l^c. per pound. Zinc, spelter, tutenege in sheets, 2^c. per pound. Tin in plates, sheets, terne and taggers' tin, 15 per cent. L:on and tin plates galvanized or coated with any metal by electric batteries, 2c. per pound. L'on and tin plates galvaniztd or coated with metal otherwise than by electric batteries, 2.2C. per pound. Copper imported in the form of ores, 3c. on each pound of fine copper contained therein. Regulus of cop- per, and on all black or coarse copper, 4c. on each pound of fine copper contained therein. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, 4c. per pound. Copper in i^lates, bars, ingots, i^igs, aud in other forms not manufactured or here enumerated, 5c. per pound. Copper in rolled plates called braziers' cojoper, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, and all manufactures of cojjper, or of which copper shall be a component of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 45 per cent. Sheathing or yellow metal not wholly of copper, nor wholly nor in j^art of iron, ungalvauized, in sheets 48 inches long and 14 inches wide, and weighing from 14 to 34 ounces per square foot, 3c. per pound. Nickel, 30c . per pound. Nickel oxide and alloy of copper, 20c. per pound. Gold-leaf, $1.50 per package of 500 leaves; silver leaf, 75c. per package of 500 leaves. Argentine, alabatta, or German silver, unmanufac- tured, 35 per cent. Brass in bars or pigs, and old brass, fit only to be remanufac- tured, 15 per cent. Dutch and bronze metal in leaf, 10 per cent. Articles not otherwise i^rovided for, made of gold, silver, German silver, or platina, or of which either of these metals shall be a component part, 40 per cent. Silver-plated metal, in sheets or other form, 35 per cent. Manufactures, articles, vessels, and wares not otherwise provided for, of brass, iron, lead, pewter, and tin or other metal, (except gold, silvei', platina, copper, and steel) or of which either of these metals shall be the material of chief value, 35 per cent. Metals, unmanufactured, not provided for, 20 per cent. Schedule F. — Provisions. Beef and pork, Ic. i^er pound. Hams and bacon, 2c. per pound. Cheese, 4c. per pound. ^Vheat, 20c. i^er bushel. Butter, 4c. per pound. Lard, 2c. per pound. Kye and barley, 15c. per bushel. Indian corn or maize, 10c. per bushel. Oats, 10c. i^er bushel. Fish. — Mackerel, $2 per barrel; herrings, pickled or salted, $1; pickled salmon, $3; all other fish pickled, in barrels, SI. 50; all other foreign-caught fish, imported otherwise than in barrels or half-barrels, whether fresh, smoked, or dried, salted, or pickled, not provided for, 50c. per hundred jjouuds. Salmon preserved, 30 per cent. Anchovies and sardines, preserved in oil or otherwise, 50 per cent. Fish preserved in oil, except anchovies and sardines, 30 per cent. Corn-meal, 10 per cent. Oat-meal, ic per pound. Eye-flour, 10 per cent. Rice, cleaned, 2Jc. per pound; uucleaned, 2c. per pound. On paddj', lie. per pound. Capers, pickles, and sauces of all kinds, not otherwise provided lor, 35 per cent. Catsup, 40 per cent. Preserved or condensed milk, 20 per cent. Potatoes, 15c. per bushel. Veg- etables, not otherwise provided for, 10 per cent. Prepared vegetables, meat, fish, poultry, and game, sealed or iinsealed, in cans or otherwise, 35 per cent. Vinegar, 10c. per gallon. Schedule G. — Sugaes. Sugar not above number 7, Dutch standard in color, 1 5c. per pound. Sugar above number 7, and not above number 10, Dutch standard in color, 2c. per pound. Sugar above number 10, and not above number 13, Dutch standard in color, 2|c. per pound. Sugar above number 13, and not above nxnnber IG. Dutch standard in color, 2:{c. per pound. Sugar above number Ki, and not above number 20, Dutch standard in color, 3]c. per pound. Sugar above numbi r 2 ', Dutch standard in color, and on all refined loat, lump, crushed, powdered, and granulated .sugar, 4c. l)er pound. But sirup of sugar, sirup of sugar-cane juit'e, melado, concentrated melado, or coucentnited molasses, entered under the n imo of molasses, shall be forfeited to the United States. Sugar-candy, not colond, 10c. per pound. All other confectionery, not otlii rwiso provided for, made wholly or in part of sugar, and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulter- ated, valued at 30c. per pound or less, 15c. per pound. Confectionery valued above 30c. per pound, or when sold by the box, package or otherwise thiin \iy the pound, 50 per cent. Molasses, 5c. per gallon. Tank-bottoms, sirup of sugar-cane juice,. melado, concentrated melado and concentrated molasses, lie per pound. TAPvIFF OF THE FXITED STATES. 135 Schedule H. — Silk and Silk Goods. Silk in the gum not more advanced than singles, tram, and thrown or organzine, 35 per cent. Spim silk for filling in skeins, or cops, 35 per cent. Floss-silks, 35 percent. Sewing-silk in the gnm or pm-ified, 40 per cent. Silk twist, twist com- posed of mohair and silk, iO per cent. Dress and piece goods, ribbons, and silk- velvets, or velvets of which silk is the material of chief value, CO per cent. Silk vestings, pongees, shawls, scarfs, mantillas, jielerines, handkerchiefs, veils, laces, shirts, drawers, bonnets, hats, caps, tiubaus, chemisettes, hose, niits, aprons, stockings, gloves, suspenders, watch-chains, webbing, braids, fringes, galloons, tassels, cords, and trimmings, and readj-made clothing of silk, or of which silk is the material of chief value, 60 per cent. Buttons and ornaments for dre'^ses and outside garments made of silk, or of which silk is the material of chief vulue, and containing no wool, worsted, or goafs hair, 50 per cent. ILmufactures of silk, or of which silk is the comi:;onent material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 50 per cent. Schedule I. — Spices. Pimento and black, white, and red or cayenne pepper, 5c. per pound. Ground pimento and ground pepper of all kinds, 10c . Cinnamon, 20c. Mace, 25c. Nut- megs, 20c. Cloves, 5c. Clove-stems, 3c. Cassia and cassia vera, 10c. Cassia Inids and ground cassia, 20c. All other spices, 20c. per pound. Ground or prepared, 30c. per pound. Ginger, ground, 3c. Ginger, preserved or pickled, 35 per cent Essence of ginger, 35 per cent. Schedule J. — Tobacco. Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots of all kinds, $2.50 per pound, and 25 per cent But paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrappers, shall be subject to the same duties as are herein imposed upon cigars. Tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, 35c. per pound. Tobacco stems, 15c. per pound. Tobacco manufac- tured, of all descriptions, and stemmed tobacco not otherwise provided for, oOe. per pound. Snuflf and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground, dry or damp and pickled, scented or otherwise, of all descriptions, 50c. per pound. Unm;iuu- factured tobacco, not provided for, 30 per cent. Schedule K. — Wood. Timber, hewn or sawed ; timber used in building wharves and spars, 20 per cent Timber, squared or sided, not provided for, Ic. per cubic foot Sawed boards, plank, deals and other lumber of hemlock, white-wood, sycamore and bass-wood, 31 per 1,000 feet, board measiu-e. All other varieties of sawed lumber, $2 per 1,000 feet, board measure. Biit when lumber of any sort is planed or finished, in addi- tion to the rates herein provided, there shall be levied and paid, for each side so planed or finished, 50c. per 1,000 feet; and if planed on one side and tongued and grooved, SI ; and if planed on two sides and tongued and grooved, $1.50. Hubs for wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, heading-bloclis, and all like blocks or sticks, rough-hewn or sawed only, 20 per cent Staves for pipes, hogsheads and other casks, 10 per cent Staves not otherwise provided for, 20 per cent Pickets and palings, 20 per cent Laths, 15c. per 1,000 pieces. Shingles, 35c. per 1,000. Pine clapboards, $2 per 1,000. Spruce clapboards, $1.50 per 1,000. House or cabinet furniture, in pieces or rough, and not finished, 30 per cent. Cabinet wares and house furniture, finished, 35 per cent. Casks and barrels, empty, sugar-box shocks, and packing-boxes of wood, not otherwise pro- vided for, 30 per cent. Manufactures of cedar-wood, granadilla, ebony, mahogany, rosewood and satinwood, 35 per cent.; manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the chief component part, not provided for, 35 per cent Wood unmanufactured, not provided for, 20 per cent. Endless belts or felts for paper or printing machines, 20c. per pound and 35 per cent. Bunting, 20c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Women's and children's dress-goods and real oi- imitation Italian cloths, wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other hke animals, value not exceeding 20c. per square yard, 6c. per square yard, and 35 per cent ; above 20c. per square j-ard, 8c. and 40 per cent. But on all goods weighing four ounces and over per square yard, the duty shall be 50c. per pound and 35 per cent Clothing, ready-made wearing apparel of every description, balmoml skirts and skirting, and goods of similar description, or used for lik6 purposes, wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other like animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress or manufacturer, except knit goods. 50c. per pound and 40 per cent. Webbinps, boltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tas.seis, dress-trimmings, head-nets. 136 TAiiirr of the united states. buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments, •wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, or mohair, or of which wool, worsted or mohair is a component material, 5Uc. per pound, and 50 per cent. Aubusson and Axmiuster carpets, and carpets woven whole for rooms, 50 iier cent. Saxouy, Wilton and Tornay velvet carpets, wrought by the Jacquard machine, 70c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Brussels carpets, WTOught by the Jacquard machine, Mc. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Patent velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, printed on the warp or otherwise, iOc. per square yard, and 35 per'cent. Tapestry Brussels carpets printed on the warp or otherwise, 2Sc. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and worsted chain Venetian carpets, 17c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Yard Venetian and two-ply in- grain carpets, 12c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Druggets and bockings, printed, colored, or otherwise, 25c. per square yard and 35 per cent. Hemp or jute carpeting, 8c. per square yard. Carpets and carpetiugs of wool, flax, or cotton, or parts of either, or other material not herein specihed, 40 per cent. And niats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, and other portions of carpets or carpetings, shall be subjected to the duty herein imposed on carpets or carpeting of like character or description, and the duty on all other mats, (not exclu- sively of vegetaVile material, ) screens, hassocks and rugs, shall be 45 per cent. Oil-cloths for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, valued at 50c. or less per gquare yard, 35 per cent. : valued at over 50c. per square yard, and on all other oil- cloth (except silk oil-cloth,) and on water-proof cloth, not otherwise provided for, 45 per cent. Oil-silk cloth, 60 per cent. ^,. SCHEDULK M. StJNDKIES. Acetates.— Of ammonia, 2oc. per pound; baryta, 25c.; copper, lOc; iron, 25c,; lead, brown, 5c.; white, lOc. ; lime, 25 per cent.; magnesia, 50c. per pound; potassa, 25c. ; soda, 25c. ; stroutia, 25c. ; zinc, 25c. Acids.— Acetic, acetous, and pjTo- ligueous of specific gravity of 1,047, or less, 5c. per pound; acetic, acetous aud pyroligneous of specific gravity over 1,047, 30c.; benzoic, 10 percent.; carbolic, liquid, 10 per cent. ; chromic, 15 per cent. ; citric, 10c. per pound; gallic, $1 ; nitric, 10 per cent.; sulphuric, fuming (Noidhausen,) leper pound; tannic, SI; tartaric, 15c. , and all other acids of every description used for medicinal purposes, or in the fine arts, not otherwise provided for, 10 per cent. Acorn and dandelion root, raw, or prepared, and all other articles used, or intended to be used as coffee or a substitute for coffee, not otherwise ^n-ovided for, 3c. per pound. Alabaster aud spai ornaments, 30 per cent. Albata, unmanufactured, 35 per cent. Almonds, 6c. per pound; shelled, 10c. per pound. Alum, patent alum, alum substitute, sulphate of alumina, aluminous cake, 60c. per 100 pouud.s. Ammonia. — Ammonia and sulphate and carbonate of ammonia, 20 per cent.; sal ammonia and muriate of ammonia, 10 percent. Animals, live, 20 per cent. Antimony, crude, and regains of, 10 per cent. Argo Is (other than crude), 6c. per pound. Asbestos, manufactured, 25 per cent. Arrowroot, 30 per cent. Asphaltum, 25 per cent. Assafcetida, 20 per cent. Balsams, used for medicinal purposes, not otherwise provided for, 30 per cent. Barley, pearl or hulled, Ic. per pound. Barytes, and sulphate of, ^c, per pound; nitrate of, 20 per cent. Baskets, and all articles composed of grass, osier, palm-loaf, whalebone or willow, not provided for, 35 per cent. ; composed of straw, 35 per cent. Bay-rum or bay-water, whether distilled or compounded, $1 per gallon of iirst proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof. All beads and bead ornaments, except amber, 50 per cent. Bees-wax, 20 per cent. Beu- zoates, 30 per cent. Billiard-chalk, 50 per cent. Black of bone, or ivory drop black, 25 per cent. Blacking of all descriptions, 30 per cent. Bladders, manufac- tures of, 30 per cent. Manufactures of bones, horn, ivory, or vegetable ivory , 35 per cent. Bonnets, hats and hoods, for men, women and children, composed of chip, gra.ss, i)alm-leaf, willow, or any other vegetable substixnce, hair, whalebone, or other material, not otlnrwiso provided for, 40 per cent. ; composed of straw, 40 per cent. Books, periodicals, pamphlets, blank-books, bound or unbound, all printed matter, engravings, bound or unbound, illustrated books and papers, maps and cliarts, 25 per cent. Borax, refined, 10c. per pound. Bouillons or cannetille, and metal threads, file or gt-spiust, 25 per ce.it. Brick, tiro-brick, and roofing and ])aving-tilo, not provided for, 20 per cent. Brimstone in rolls, or refined, $10 per ton. Bristles, 15c. per jKnind. Brithmia ware, 35 i)er cent. Brouxe liquor, 10 ])tr cent. 15ronzo powder, 20 percent. Brooms of all kinils, 35 per cent. Bnihhos of all kinds, 40 per cent. Bulbous root.s, not provided for, 30 percent. Burning fluid, 50c. per gallon. Ikirr-stones, m.inufactured or bound »p into mill- stones, 20 j)er cent. Buttons and button-moulds, not otherwise provided for, 30 p<^r cent. Calomel, 30 per cent. Camphor, refined, 5c. per pound. Caudles and TAKIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 137 tapers, stearine and adamantine, 5c. per pound; spermaceti, paraffins, and ■wa\ candles and tapers, pure or mixed, 8c. per pound; all other candies and tapei-s, 2^c. per pound. Canes and sticks tor walking, tiuishcd or unfinished, 35 per cent. Card-cases, pocket-books, shell boxes, souvenirs, and all similar articles of whatever material, 35 per cent. Carriages and parts of carriages, 35 per cent. Castor beans or seeds, per bushel of 5U pounds, 60c. Chiccory-root, ground or unground, Ic. per pound. Chiccory root, burnt or prepared, oc. per pound. Chloroform, $1 per pound. Chocolate, 5c. per pound. Chronometers, box or ship's, and parts thereof, 10 per cent. Clocks and parts of clocks, 35 per cent. Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, of whatever material composed, except wool, silk and linen, made up or manufactured wholly ur in part by the tailor, seam-gloves, leggius, mitts, socks, stockings, wove shirts, and stress or manufacturer, not provided'tbr, caps, drawers and all similar articles made on frames, of whatever material, except silk and linen, worn by men, women or children, and not provided for; articles worn by men, women, or chil- dren, or whatever material, except silk and linen, made up, or made wholly or in part by hand, not provided for, 35 per cent. Coach and harness furniture, of all kinds, saddlei-y, coach and harness hardware, silver-plated, brass-plated or covered common tinned, burnished or japanned, not provided for, 35 per cent. Slack coal or culm, such as will pass through a half-inch screen, 40c per ton of 28 bushels, 80 pounds to the bushel ; bituminous coal and shale, 75 cents per ton of 28 bushels, 80 pounds to the bushel. Cobalt, oxide of, 20 per cent. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, 2c. per poimd. Coke, 25 per cent. Collodion and ethers of all kinds, not provided for, and etherial preparations or extracts, fluid, SI per pound. Coloring for brandy, 50 per cent. Combs of all kinds, 35 per cent. Comfits, sweetmeats, or fruits preserved in sugar, brandy or molasses, not pro- vided for, 35 per cent. Comixjsitions of glass or paste, when set, 30 per cent. ; when not set, 10 per cent. Composition tops for tables, or other articles of funi- ture, 35 per cent. Copperas, gi-een vitriol, or sulphate of iron, ic. per pound. Coral, cut or manufactured, 30 per cent. Corks and cork-bark, manufactured, 30 per cent. Corsets, or manufactui-ed cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape and form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for corsets, when valued at $6 per dozen or less, $2 per dozen; when vahied at over $6 per dozen, 35 per cent. Court-plaster, 35 per cent. Cravons of all kinds, 30 per cent. Cream tarter pound. Finishing-powder, 20 per cent. Fire-crackers, $1 per box of 40 packs, not exceeding 80 to each pack, and m the same proportion for any grater or less number. Fire-crackers, not provided for, 30 per cent. Fish-skins, 20 per cent. Fruit ethers, essences or oils of apple, pear, peach, apricot, strawberry and raspberrj', made of fusel-oil or of fruit, or imitations thereof, $2.50 per pound. Fruits.— Oranges, lemons, pine apples, and grapes, 20 per cent; limes, bananas, plantams, shaddocks, mangoes, 10 per cent. Bur no allowance shall be made for loss by decay on the voyage, unless the loss shall exceed 25 per cent, of the quaubW^ and the allowance then made shall be only for the amount of loss m excess of 2o pe? cent of the wh le quantitv. Green, ripe, or dried, not provided for, 10 per 138 TARIFF OF THE UXITED STATEii. cent. ; preserved in their own juice, and fruit-jnice, 25 per cent. Fulminates, tulminating-powders, and all articles used for like purposes, not provided for, 30 per cent. Fur, articles made of, caps, hats, muflfs, and ti])pets of fur, and all other manufactures of fur, or of which fur shall be a component material, 35 per cent. Fusel-oil, or amylic alcohol, $2 per gallon. Gelatine, and all oimilar ])reparations, not provided for, 35 per cent. Glass plates or disks, unwrought, for optical instruments, 10 per cent. Gloves, kid or other leather, of all descriptions, for men's, women's or children's wear, 50 per cent. Glue, 20 per cent. Glycerine, 30 per cent. Grease, all not specified, 10 per cent. Grindstones, rough or unfinished, $1.50 per ton; finished, $2 per ton. Gum substitute, or burnt starch, 10 per cent. Gunpowder and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at 20c. or less per pound, 6c. per pound, and 20 per cent. ; valued above 20c. per pound, 10c. per pound, and 20 per cent. Gutta- percha, manufactured, 40 per cent. Hair. — Bracelets, braids, chains, curls, or ringlets composed of hair, or of which hciir is a component material, 35 per cent. ; curled hair, except hair of hogs, used for beds or mattresses, 30 per cent. ; hair of hogs, Ic. per pound; human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn, 20 per cent.; when cleaned or drawn, but not manufactured, 30 per cent. ; when manufactured, 40 per cent. ; hair of all kinds, cleaned, biit unmanufactured, not provided for, 10 percent. Hair-cloth known as "crinoline-cloth," and all other manufactures of hair, not provided for, 30 per cent. ; of the description known as "hair-seating," 18 inches wide or over, 40c. per sqxxare yard; less than 18 inches wide, 30c. per square yard. Hair-pencils, 35 per cent. Hair-pins, made of iron wire, 50 per cent. Hat- bodies of cotton, 35 per cent. Hats, etc, materials for— Braids, plaits, flats, laces, trimmings, tissues, willow sheets and squares, used for making or ornamenting hats, bonnets and hoods, composed of straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, or any other vegetable substance, or of hair, whalebone, or other material not provided for, 30 per cent. Hatters' furs not on the skin, and dressed furs on the skin, 20 per cent. Hatters' plush, composed of silk and ccttou, but of which cotton is the material of chief value , 25 per cent . Hemjiseed and rapeseed, and other oil-seeds of like character other than linseed or flaxseed, ^c. per pound. Hoflman's anodyne and spirits of nitric ether, 50c. per pound. Honey, 20c. per gallon. Hops, 5c. per pound. India rubber and silk, manufactures of, or manufactures of India rubber and other materials, 50 per cent. India rubber, articles composed of— Braces, suspenders, webbing, or other fabrics, composed wholly or in part of India rubber, not provided fur, 35 percent. Articles composed wholly of India rubber, not provided for, 35 per cent. India rubber boots and shoes, 35 per cent. Ink, printers' ink, and ink-powders, 35 per cent. Insulators for use exclusively in telegraphy, except those made of glass, 25 per cent. Iodine, salts of, 15 per cent.; re-sublimed, 75c. per pound. Ivory or bone dice, draughts, chess-men, chess-balls, and bagatelle balls, 50 per cent. Japanned ware of all kinds, not provided for, 40 per cent. Jellies of all kinds, 50 per cent. Jet, manufactures and imitations of, 35 per cent. Lead, nitrate of, 3c. per pound. Leather. — Bend or belting leather, and S[)aiiisli or other sole leather, 15 per cent.; calf-skins, tanned or tanned and dressed, 25 per cent. ; ujDper leather of all other kinds, and skins dressed and finished of all kinds, not provided for, 20 per cent.; skins for morocco, tanned, but unfinished, 10 per cent. ; manufactures and articles of leather, or of which leather shall be a component part, not provided for, 35 i)er cent. Leather and skins, japanned, patent or enameled, 35 per cent. All leather and skins, tanned, not provided for, 35 i)er cent. Lemon and lime-juice, 10 per cent. Licorice- paste, or licorice in rolls, 10c. per ])ound. Licorice-juice, 5c. per pound. Lime, 10 per cent. Linseed or flaxseed, 20c. per bushel of" 50 ])ounds weight. But nc drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from inijiorted seed. Magnesia, car- bonate, Oc. per pound; calcined, 12c. per pound. Malt, 20 per cent. Marble. — Marble, white statuary, brocatella, sienna, and verd-antiquo, in block, rough or squared, $1 i)er cubic foot, and, in addition thereto, 25 per cent. ; veined marble and marble of all other descriiitions, not provided for, in block, rough or squand, 50c. per cubic foot, and 20 per cent.; sawed, dressed, or polished maible, marble slabs, and marble paviug-tilis, 30 i)er cent., and 25c. per superficial square foot not ixcecding 2 inches in thickness. If more tlian 2 inches in thickness. 10c. jier foot, in addition to the above rate, for each inch or fractional ) art thereof in excess of 2 inches in thic;kness, but if exceeding C> inches in thickness such marble shall be subject to the duty imj)osed upon marble blocks. All manufactures of luarljle not otherwise jirovided for, 50 per cent. Mats of cocoa-nut, 30 jier cent. ,\I itting, China, and otlier floor-matting, and mat.s made of tlags, jute or grass, 30 per cent. Cocoa or coir, 25 ])er cent. Medicinal jireparations not provided for, 40 percent. Mercurial iirei)arutions not provided for, 20 per cmt. Jliueral and TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 130 bituminous substances, in a crude state, not provided for, 20 per cent. Mineral kermes, ID per cent. Mineral or mcdicmal waters, artiticial, for each bottle or jug containing not more than 1 quart, 3c. and 25 per cent ; containing more than 1 quart, 3c. for each additional quart, or fractional part thereof, and 25 percent. Otherwise than in bottles, 30 per cent. Morphia, and all sorts of morphia $1 per ounce. Music, printed with lines, bound or unbound, 20 per cent. Musical in- struments of all kinds, 30 per cent. Muskets, ritles and other fire-arms, 35 per cent. Mustard, ground, in bulk, 10c. per pound; when inclosed in glass or tin, i4c. per pound. Needles, sewing, darning, knitting and all other descriptions not provided tor, 25 per cent. Nuts of all kinds, not providecl for, 2c. per pound. Oils. — lUuminating, and naptha, benzine and benzole, refined or produced from distillation of coal, asphaltum, shale, peat, petroleum or rock-oil, or other bitumin- ous substances used for like purposes, 40c. per gallon; coal-oil, crude, 15c.; crude petroleum or rock-oil, 20c.; croton, $1 per pound; olive, in flasks or bottles, and salad, $1 per gallon; castor, $1; cloves, s;2 per pound; cognac or cenanthic ether, $■4 per ounce; linseed or flaxseed, 30c. per gallon, 7i pounds of weight to be esti- mated as a gallon ; hempseed and rapeseed, 23c.; neat's foot and all animal, whale, seal and fish oils, 20 per cent. ; cotton-seed, 30c. per gallon; cenue, 30c. per gallon. Oils, essential or essence.— Bay leaves, $17.50 per pound; cubebs, SI; lemons, 50c.; orange, 50c.; all other essential oils, not provided for, 50 per cent. Oils, fixed or expressed — Bay or laurel, 20c. per pound; olive, not salad, 25c, per gallon; mustard, not salad, 25c. ; oils exj)ressed, rot provided for, 20 per cent. Opium, $1 per pound; prejDared for smoking, and all other preparations of opium not otherwise provided for, $7 per pound. But opium prepared for smoking, and other preparations of opium, deposited in bonded ware-house, shall not be removed therefrom for exportation, without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be refunded. Osier or willow, prepared for basket maker's use, 30 per cent. Paintings and statuary, not provided for, 10 per cent. But the term "statuary," as used in the laws now in force imposing duties on foreign importations, shall be understood to include professional productions of a statuary or of a sculi)tor only. Paints and dyes. — Aniline dyes and colors, by whatever name known, 50e. per pound and 35 percent. Blanc-fixe, enameled white, satin-white, lime-white, and all combinations of barytes with acids or water, 3c. per pound; carmine lake, dry or liquid, 35 per cent. French green, Paris green, mineral green, mineral blue and Prussian blue, dry or moist, 30 per cent. Indian red, 25 per cent. Indigo, extract of, 10 percent.; carmined, 20 per cent. Iron liquor, 10 per cent. Lamp-black, 20 per cent. Lastings, mohair-cloth, silk twist, or other manufactures of cloth woven or made in patterns of such size, shape and form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, not combined with India rubber, 10 per cent. Lead, white or red, and litharge, dry or ground in oil, 3c. per pouud. Logwood and other dye-woods, extracts and decoctions of, 10 per cent. Ochres and ochrey earths, not provided for. when dry, 50c. per 100 pounds; when groimd in oil, $1.50 per 100 pounds; Spanish brown, 25 per cent. Sumac, 10 per cent. Ultramarine, 6c. per pound. Umber, 50c. per 100 pounds. Vandyke brown, 20 per cent. Water-colors, 35 per cent. Wood-lake, Venetian red, verniilliou, chrome-yellow, rose-pink, Dutch-pink, and paints and painter's colors, (except white and red lead. and oxide of zinc), dry or ground in oil, and moist water colors used in the manu- facture of paper hangings and colored papers and cards, not provided for, 25 per cent Zinc, oxide of, dry or ground in oil, l^c. per poimd. Paper. — Sized or glued, suitixble only for printing paper, 25 per cent.; printing, unsized, used for books and newspapers exclusively, 20 per cent.; manufactures of, or of which paperis a component material, not provided for, 35 percent.; sheathing paper 10 per cent. Paper boxes and all other fancy boxes, 35 per cent. Paper envelopes, 35 per cent. Paper hangings and paper for screens or lire-boards, paper, anti(iuariau, demy, drawing, elephant, foolscap, imperial letter and all other papt:r not provided for, 35 per cent. Paper mache, manufactures, articles and wares of, 35 per cent. Pai-alfine, 10c. per pound. Parchment, 30 ixr cent. Patent size, 20 per cent Paving-stones, not provided for, 10 per cent Pea-nuts or ground beans, Ic. per pound; shelled, l^c. per pound. Pencils of wood, filled with lead or other materials, nOc. per' gross and 30 per cent. Pencils, lead, not in wood, $1 per gross. Pens, metallic, 10c. per gross and 25 per cent. Pen-tips and pen-holders, or parts thereof , 35 per cent Percussion caps, 40 per cent Philosophical uppamt us and instruments, 40 per cent. : Provided, That any philosophical apparatus and instruments imported for the use of any society incorporated for religious jairposes are subject to a duty of 15 per cent. Pins, solid-head or other, 35 per cent. Pipe- cnses, pipe-stems, tips, mouth-pieces and metallic mountings for pipes, and all other parts of pipes or pipe-fixtures, and all smokers' articles, 75 per cent. I'lpes 140 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. and pipe-bowls. — Meerschaum, wood, porcelain, lava and all other tobacuo- smokiug pipes and pipe-bowls, not provided for, $1.50 per gross and 75 per cent; pipes, clay, common or white, 35 per cent. Pitch, 20 per cent. Plants. — Fruit, shade, lawn and ornamental trees, shrubs, plants, and flower-seeds, not pr >vided for, garden seeds, and all other seeds for agricultural and horticultural purposes, not provided for, 20 per cent. Plaster of Paris, when ground or calcined, 20 per cent. Plated and gilt ware of all kinds, 35 per cent. Plates, engraved, of steel, ii5 percent.; of wood or other material, 25 per cent. Playing-cards, costing not over 25c. per pack, 25c. per pack; costing over 25c. per pack, 35c. per pack. Plums, 2ic. per pound. Polishing powders of all descriptions, Frankfort Black, and Berlin, Chinese, fig, and wash blue, 25 per cent. Potash. — Bichromate of, 3c. per pound; chlorate and chromate of, 3c. per pound; hydriodate, iodate, iodide, 75c. per pound; acetate, 25c. per pound; prussiate, yellow, 5c. per pound; prussiate, red, 10c. per pound. Precious stones and jewelry. — Diamonds, cameos, mosaics, gems, pearls, rubies and other precious stones, when not set, 10 per cent.; when set in gold, silver or other metal, or in imitation thereof, and all other jewelry, 25 per cent.; watch jewels, 10 per cent. Proprietary Medicines.— Pills, powders, tinctiires, troches or lozenges, sirups, cordials , bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves , ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils or othei medicinal preparations or compositions, recommended to the public as proprietarj- medicines, or jjrepared according to some private formula or secret art as remedies' or specifics for any disease or diseases or affections whatever afiecting the human or animal body, 50 per cent. Putty, $1.50 per 100 pounds. Quicksilver, 15 per cent. Quinine, salts of, other than sulphate of, 45 per cent.; sulphate of, 20 percent. Kags of whatever material, not provided for, 10 per cent. Eaisins, 2^c. pei pound. Eattans and reeds, manufactured or partially manufactured, 25 per cent. Ked precipitate, 20 per cent. Kesins, gum, not provided for, and rosin, 20 pei cent, llochelle salts, 5c. per pound. Roman cement, 20 per cent. Saleratus and bicarbonate of soda, l^c. per pound. Sal-soda and soda-ash, ^^c. per po md. Salt. — In bags, sack.s, barrels, or other packages, 12c. per lOOpoTiuds; in bulk, 8c, per 100 pounds. Saltpetre.— Crude, Ic. per pound; refined and partially refined, 2c. per i^ound. Salts .—Epsom, leper pound; glauber, Ac. per pound; prepar- ations of, not provided for, 20 per cent. Santonine, $3 per pound. Scagliola tops, for tables or other articles of furniture, 35 per cent. Sealing-wax, 35 per cent. Shaddock, 10 per cent. Shells, manufactures of, 35 per cent. Side-arms of every description, not provided for, 35 per cent. Skates costing 20c. or less per pair, 8c. per pair; costing over 20c. per pair, 35 per cent. Smalts, 20 per cent. Soap.— Fancy, perfumed, honej', transparent and all descriptions of toilet and shaving soaps, 10c. per pound, and 25 per cent.; soap not provided for, leper pound and 30 per cent. Soda. — Caustic, l.^c. per pound; byposulphate of, and all carbonates of, by whatever name designated, not provided for, 20 per cent. ; silicate of, or other alkaline .silicates, Jc. per pound. Sponges, 20 per cent Sporting-gun wads of all descriptions, 35 per cent. Starch, made of potatoes or corn, Ic. per pound and 20 per cent. ; made of rice or any other material, 3c. per jwund and 20 per cent Staves for pipes, hogsheads, or other casks, 10 per cent ; other staves, 20 per cent Stereotype i)lates, 25 per cent Stones. — Freestone, granite, sand- stone, and all building or monumental stone, except marble, $1.50 per ton. Strings —AH strings of whip-gut or cat-gut, other than strings for musical instru- ments, 30 per cent Strychnia, $1 per ounce. Strychnine, salts of, not jtrovided for, 81.50 per ounce. Sulphur, flour of, $20 per ton and 15 per cent. Tallow, Ic. per pound. Tannin, $2 per pound. Tar, 20 per cent. Tartar-emetic, 15c. per pound. Teeth, manufactured, 20 per ceut. Tin, oxide, muriatic and salts of tin and tin-foil, 30 per cent. Toys, wooden and other, for children, 50 per cent. Twine or pack-thread, not otherwise provided for, 35 per cent. Turpentine, si)irit3 of, 30c. per gallon. Types, new, 25 per cent. Type-metal, 25 per cent Umbrella and parasol ribs and stretchers, frames, tips, runners, handles or other parts thereof, when made in whole or chief part of iron, steel or any other metal, 45 per ceut. ; umbrt^Uas, parasols and sun-shades, when covered with silk or alpaca, GO per cent ; all other imibrellas, 45 per cent Umbrellas, parasols, and sun-shades, frames and sticks for, finished or unfinished, not provided for, 35 ) er cent Var- nish valued at $1.50 or less per gallon, 50c. per gallon and 20 iicr ceut. ; valued at above $1.50 per gallon, 5()c. yor galldu and 25 jxt cent. Vellum, 30 per cent. Velvet, when printed or painted, 35 percent. Vitriol, white, or sulphat<3of zinc, 20 per cent. ; blue vitriol, 4c. per pound. Waste, all not provided for, 20 per cent. Watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, parts of watches and watch material, 25 per cent. Weblang, composed of cotton, flax, or any other materials, not provided for, 35 per cent. TAELFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 141 THE "LITTLE TAEirF"LAW, Passed February *^, 1875. GENSRAIi NaTUKK AN ACT to Amend existing customs and Internal Eevenue Lavrs, and for othe« purposes. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Eepi'eseniaiives of the United States of America, in Co7igress assembled. That from and after the date of the passage of this act. in lieu of the duties heretofore imj^osed on the importation of the goods, wares and merchandise hereinafter specified, the following rates of duty shall bo exacted, namely: On Spun silk, for filling, in skeins or cops, 35 per centum ad valoiem; on silk in the gum, not more advanced than singles, tram, and thrown or orgauziue, 35 percent. ; on floss silks, 35 per cent. ; on sewing silk, in the gum or purified, 40 per cent. ; on lastings, mohair cloth, silk twist, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, 10 per cent. ; on all goods, wares and merchandise not otherwise herein provided for, made of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, irrespective of the classification thereof for duty ly or under previous laws, or of their commercial designation, GO per cent : iVoi/(Zed, That this act shall not apply to goods, wares or merchandise which have, as a com- ponent material thereof, 25 per cent, or over in value of cotton, flax, wool or worsted- Sec. S. That from and after the- passage of this act, in lieu of the duties now im- posed by law on the merchandise hereinafter enumerated, imported from foreign countries, there shall be levied, collected and paid, the following duties, that is to say: On all still wines, imported in casks, 40c. per gallon. On all still wines, imported in bottles, $1.60 per case of 1 dozen bottles, contixin- ing each not more than 1 quart and more than 1 pint, or ii4 bottles, containing each not more than 1 pint; and any excess beyond those quantities found in such bot- tles shall be subject to a duty of 5c. per pint or fractional part thereof, but no sep- arate or additional duty shall be collected on the bottles: I'rovidid, That any wines imported containing more than 21 per cent, of alcohol shall bo forfeited to the United States: Provided also. That there shall be an allowance of 6 per cent, and no more, on all effervescing wines, liquors, cordials and distilled spirits, in bottles, to be deducted from the invoice quantity in lieu of breakage. Sec. 3. That all imported winos of the character provided for in the preceding section which may remain in public store or bonded ware-house on the day this act shall tixke effect shall be subject to no other duty upon the withdrawal thereof for consumption than if the same were imported after that day: J'rovidal, That any such wines remaining on shipboard within the limits of any port of entry in the United States on the day aforesaid, duties unpaid, shall, for the purposes of this section, be considered as conBtructively in public store or bonded ware-house. 142 TARIFF OF THE ITXITED STATES. Sec. 4. That on and after the date of the passage of this act, in lieu of the duties imposed by law on the articles in this section enumerated, there shall be levied, collected and paid on the goods, wares and merchandise in this section enumerated and provided for, imported from foreign countries, the follo'wing duties and rates of duties, that is to say: On hops, 8c . per pound. On chromate and l3ichromate of potassa, 4c. per pound. Ou macaroni and vermicelli, and on all similar preparations, 2c. per pound. On nitro-benzole, or oil of mirbaue, 10c. i^er pound. On tin in plates or sheets and on terne and taggers' tin, 1 and 1-lOc. per jiound. On anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes, 15c. per whole bos, measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 3J inches deep; 7.',c. for each half-box, measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches -wide and If inches deep; and 4c. for each |- box, measuring not more than 4| inches long, 3i_inches wide and Ij inches dee^j; when imported in any other form, 60 per ■cent : Provided, That cans or packages made of tin or other material containing ■fish of any kind admitted free of duty under any existing law or treaty, not exceed- ing 1 quart in contents, shall be subject to duty of l^c.on each can or package; and when exceeding 1 quart, shall be subject to an additonal duty of l^c. for each additional quart, or fractional part thereof. Sec. 5. That yellow sheathiug-metal and yellow metal-bolts, of which the com- ponent part of chief value is cojDper, shall be deemed manufactures of copper, and shall pay the duty now prescribed by law for manufactui-es of copper, and shall be entitled to the drawback allowed by law to copper and composition-metal whenever the same shall be used in the construction or equipment or repair of vessels built in the United States for the purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, includ- ing the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States. Sec. 6. That section 4 of the act entitled "AjiAct to reduce duties on imports and to reduce internal taxes, and for other purposes," approved JuneGth, 1872, be, and the same is hereby amended by striking out the 30th j)aragraph of said section in relation to the duty of Moisic iron, and from and after the passage of this act, the duty on Moisic iron, of whatever condition, grade or stage of manufactm-e, iihall be the same as on all other species of iron of like condition, grade or stage of manufacture. Sec. 7. That the duty on jute-butts shall be $6 per ton: Provided, That all ma- chinery not now manufactured in the United States adapted exclusively to manfac- tures from the fibre of the ramie, jute or ilax, may be admitted into the United States free of duty for 2 years from the 1st of July, 1875: And provided further, That bags, other than of American manufacture, in which grain shall have been actually exported from the United States, may be returned empty to the United States free of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 8. That on and after the date of the passage of this act, the importation of the articles enumerated and described in this section shall be exemjit from duty, that is to say: Alizarine, quicksilver, ship-i^lanking and handle-bolts, spurs and stilts used in the manufacture if earthen, stone or crockery ware, seed of the sugar-beet. Sec. 9. That barrels and grain-bags, the manufacture of the United States, when exported filled with American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign products, may be returned to the United States free of duty, under such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and the provisions of this section shall apply to and include shocks when returned as barrels or boxes as aforesaid. Sec. 10. That where bullets and gunpowder, manufactured in the United States aud put up in envelopes or shells in the form of cartridges, such envelope or shell being made will )lly or in part of domestic materials, are exported, there shall bo allowed on the bullets or gunpowder, on the materials of which duties have been paid, a drawback equal in amount to the duty paid on such materials, and no more, to be ascertained under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: I'rovideil, That 10 per cent, on the amount of all drawbacks so allowed shall bo retained for the use of the United States by . the collectors paying such drawback respectively. Sec. 1 1 . That the oaths now required to be taken by subordinate officers of the cu.s oms may bo taken before the collector of the customs in the district in which they are appointed, or before any officer authorized to administer oaths genemxlly, and the oaths shall bo taken in duplicate, one copy to be transmitted-to the Com- missioner of Customs, and the other to be filed with the Collector of Customs :c:' TAKIl'F OF THE UiaTED STATES.. ][43 tlie district in -which the officer appointed acts. And in default of taking sucli oath, or transmitting a certificate thereof, or filing the same with the collector, the party failing shall forfeit and pay the sum of $200, to be recovered with cost of suit in any court of competent iurisdiction, to the use of the United States. INTERNAL REVENUE. Sec. 12. That the collector of internal revenue shall be authorized to appoint, bj' an instrument in Triting under his hand, as many deisuties as he may think proper, to be by him compensated for their services ; to revoke any such appoint- ment, giving such notice thereof as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may prescribe, and to require and accept bonds or other securities from such deputy, and actions upon such bonds may be brought in any apjiropriate district or circuit court of the United States ; •which courts are hereby given jurisdiction of such ac- tions concurrently with the courts of the several States. Each such leputy shall have the like authority in every respect to collect the taxes levied or assessed within the portion of the district assigned to him which is, by law, vested in the collector himself; but each collector shall, in every respect, be responsible both to the United States and to individuals as the case may be, for all moneys collected, and for every act done, or neglected to be done, by any of his deputies while acting as such. Sec. 13. That there shall be further paid, after the account thereof has been rendered to end approved by the proper officers of the Treasury, to each collector, his necessary and reasonable charges for advertising, stationery and blank-books used in the performance of his official duties, and for postage actually paid on letters and documents received or sent and exclusively relating to official business; but no such account shall be approved or allowed imless it states the date and the particular items of every such expenditure, and shall be verified by the oath of the colkctor: Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury, on the recommendation of the Com- missioner of Internal Kevenue, be authorized to make such further allowances, from time to time, as may be reasonable, in cases in which, from the territorial ex- tent of the district, or from the amount of internal duties collected, it may seem just to make such allowances; but no such allowances shall be made except within one year alter such serNdces are rendei;ed. But the total net compensation of a collector shall not in any case exceed $4,500 a year, and no collector shall be enti- tled to any portion of the salary pertaining to the office unless such collector shall have been confirmed by the Senate, excejit in cases of commissions to fill vacancif.-; which may have happened by death or resignation during the recess of the Senate. Sec. 14. That the existing provisions of law for the redemption of, or allowance for, internal revenue documentary stamps, the use of which has been rendered un- necessary by the repeal of the taxes for the payment of which such stamps were provided, shall apply only to such of said stamps as shall be presented to th: Com- missioners of Internal Eevenue for allowance or redemption before the first day of October, 1875, and no allowance, redemption or refunding on account of such of the aforesaid stamps as shall not be eo presented to the said Commissioner prior t* the date last mentioned shall be thereafter made. Sec. 15. That the icords ''bank-check, draft or order for the paiiment of ani/ sum of money whatsoever, drawn vponany bank, banker or trust-company at sightor ondemand, two cents," in Schedule B of the act of Jane thirtieth, eighfeen-hundred and sixty-four, be, and the same is hereby, stricken out, and the folloioimj paragraph inserted in Uei'. thereof : • ' Bank-check, draft, order, or voucher for the payment of any sum of money whatso- ever, drawmipon any bank, banker or irust-compauy, iico cents." Sec. 16. That any p'l-son who shall carry on the business of a rectifier, whole- sale liquor-dealer, retail liquor-dealer, wholesale dealer in malt liquors, retail dealer in malt liquors, or manufactm-er of stills, -without having paid the spec al tax as required by law, or -«'ho shall carry on the business of a distiller -without hav- ing given bond as required by law, or who shall engage in or carry on the business of a distiller with intent to defraud the United St<\tcs of the tax on the spirits dis- tilled by him, or any part thereof, shall, for every such oftense, be fined not less than $100 nor more than $5, 000, and imprisoned not less than 30 days nor more than 2 years. And all distilled spirits or wines, and all stills or other apparatus, fit or intended to be used for the distillation or rectification of spirits, or for the compounding of liquors, owned by such persons, wherever found, and all distilled spirits or wines and personal property found in the distillery or rectifying establish- ment, or in any building, room, yard or enclosure connected therewith, and uned 144 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. with or constituting a part of the premises, and all the right, title and interest of such persons in the lot or tract of land on which such distillery is situated, and all right, title and interest therein of every person who knowingly has suiiered or permitted the business of a distiller to be there carried on, or has connived at the same; and all personal property owned by or in possession of any person who has permitted or suffered any building, yard or iuclosure, or any part thereof, to be used for purposes of ingress or egress to or Irom such distillery which shall be found in any such building, yard or enclosure, and all the right, title and interest of every person in any premises used for ingress or egress to or from such distillery, who has knowingly suffered or permitted such ] remises to be used for such ingress or egress, shall be forfeited to the United States. Sec. 17. That if any person shall affix, or cause to be affixed, to or upon any cask or package containing, or intended to contain, distilled spirits, any imitation .stamp or other engraved, printed, stamped, or photographed label, device or token, whether the same be designed as a trade mark, caution notice, caution or other- wise, and which shall be in the simihtude or hkeness of, or shall have the re^^em- blance or general appearance of, any internal revenue stamp required by law to be affixed to or upon any cask or package containing distilled spirits, he shall, for each offence, be liable to a penalty of $100, and, on conviction, shall be fined not more than $1,000, and imprisoned not more than 3 years, and the cask or package, with its contents, shall be forfeited to the United States. Sec. 18. That retail dealers in liquors shall pay $25. Every person who sells, or offers for sale, foreign or domestic distilled spirits, wines or malt liquors, otherwise than as hereinafter provided, in less quantities than 5 wine gallons at the same time, shall be regarded as a retail dealer in liquors. Wholesale hquor dealers shall each pay $100. Every person who sells, or offers for sale, foreign or domestic dis- tilled spirits, wines or malt liquors, otherwise than as hereinafter provided, in quantities of not less than 5 wine gallons at the same time, shall be regarded as a wholesale liquor dealer. But no distiller, who has given the required bond, and who sells only distilled spirits of his own production at the place of manufacture in the original packages to which the tax stamps are affixed, shall be required to pay the special tax of a wholesale liquor dealer on account of such sales. Retail dealers in malt liquors shall pay $20. Every person who sells, or offers for .sale, malt liquors in less quantities than 5 gallons at one time, but who does not deal in spirituous liquors, shall be regarded as a retail dealer in malt liquors. Wholesale dealers in malt hquors shall pay $50. Every person who sells, or offers for sale, malt liquors in quantities of not less than 5 gallons at onetime, but who does not deal in spirituous liquors, shall be regarded as a wholesale dealer in malt liquors: Provided, That no brewer shall be required to pay a special tax as a wholesale dealer by reason of selling in the original stamped packages , whether at the place of manufacture or elsewhere, malt liquors manufactured by him: Provided further. That any assessments of additional special tax against wholesale liquor dealers, or retail liquor dealers, or against brewers for selling malt liquors of their own pro- duction at the place of manufacture in the original casks or packages, m;ulo by reason of an amendment to section 59 of the internal revenue act approved July 20th, 1868, as amended by section 13 of the act approved June 6th, 1872, further amending said section 59,^by striking out the words "malt liquor," " malt liquors," " brewer," and " malt liquors" in the three several paragraphs in which they occur, shall be, on proper proofs, remitted; and if such assessments have been paid, the amounts so paid shall be, on proper i^roofs, refunded by the Commissioner of Internal Eevenue. Sec. 19. That every person, firm, association other than national bank associa- tions, and every coqioration, State bank or State banking association, shall pay a tax of 10 per cent, on the amount of their own notes used for circulation and paid out by them. Sk(!. 20. That every person, firm, association, corporation, State bank or State baukiug association, and also every national banking association, shall jmy a Uke tax of 10 \)('V cent, on the amount of notes of any person, firm, association other than a national banking association, or of any corporation. State bank or State banking association, or of any town, city or muuicipal corporation, used for circu- lation, and paid out by them. Sec. 21. That the amount of such circulating notes, and of the tax due thereon, shall bo returned, and the tax paid at the same time, and in the same manner, and with liko penalties for failure to ri'turn and pay the same, as provided by law for thorctTirn and payment of taxes on deposits, capital and circulation, imposed by le internal revenue laws shall be the existing provisions of interiml rcvoimo law. Sec. 22. That hereaftimothing coutniued in tl 'xABirr OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 construed so as to authorize the impositiou of auy stamp tax upon any medicinal articles prepared by any manufacturing chemist, pharmaceutist, or druggist, iii accordance with a formula piablished iu auy standard dispensatory (.t i-harmacopana in common use by physicians and apotliecaries, or in any phaimuceutiiial journal issued by any incorporated college of pharmacy, when such formula and wheru found shall be distinctly referred to on the printed label attached to such article, and no proprietary interest therein 's claimed. Neither shall any stamp be required •when the formula of auy medicinal preparation shall be printed f)n the label attached to such article where no proprietorship in such preparation shall be claimed. Sec. 23. That all acts and parts of acts imposing fines, penalties, or other punish- ment for offences committed by an internal revenue officer or other officer of the Department of the Treasury of the United States, or under any bureau thereof, shall be, and are hereby, applied to all persons M-homsoever employed, appointed or acting under the authority of any internal revenue or customs law, or any revenue provision of auy law of the United States, when such persons are desig- nated or acting as officers or deputies, or persons having the custody or disposition of any public money. Sec. 24. That whenever any manufacturer of tobacco shall desire to withdraw the same from his factory for exportation under existing laws, such manufacturer may, at his option, in lieu of executing an export bond, as now provided by law, give a transportation bond, with sureties satisfactory to the collector of internal revenue, and under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, may prescribe, conditioned for the due delivery thereof on board ship at a port of exportation to be named therein ; and in such case, on arrival of the tobacco at the port of export, the exporter or owner at that port shall immediately notify the collector of the port of the fact, setting forth his intention to export the same, the name of the vessel upon which the same is to be laden, and the port to which it is intended to be exported. He shall, after the quantity and description of tobacco have been verified by the in- spector, file with the collector of the port an export entry verified by affidavit. He shall also give bond to the United States, with at least two sureties, satisfactory to the collector of customs, conditioned that the principal named in taid bond will export the tobacco as specified in said entry, to the port designated in said entry, or to some other port without the jurisdiction of the United States. And iipon tha landing of such tobacco, the collector of the port, after proper bonds for the expor- tation of the same have been completed by the exporter or owner at the port of shipment thereof, shall transmit to the collector of internal revenue of the district from which the said tobacco was withdrawn for exportation, a clearance certificate and a detailed report of the inspector, which report shall show the quantity and description of manufactured tobacco, and the marks thereof. Upon the receipt of the certificate and report, and upon payment of tax on deficiency, if any, the col- lector of internal revenue shall cancel the transportation bond. The bonds re- quired to be given for the landing at a foreign port of such manufactured tobacco shall be cancelled upon the presentation of satisfactory proof and certificates that said tobacco has been landed at the port of destination named in the bill of lading, or any other port without the jurisdiction of the United States, or ujion satisfactory proof that after shipment the same was lost at sea without fault or neglect of the owner or exporter thereof. Sec. 25. That ii any person or persons shall fraudulently claim or seek to obtain an allowance or drawback of duties on any manufactured tobacco, or shall fraudu- lently claim any greater allow'ance or drawback thereon than the duty actually paid, such person or persons shall forfeit triple the amount wrongfully or fraudulently claimed or sought to be obtained, or the sum of $500, at the election of the Secre- tary of the Treasury, to be recovered as in other cases of forfeiture provided for in the internal revenue laws. Sec. 26. That the time limited for the redemption of direct tax lands by the act entitled '' An Act to provide for the redemption and sale of lands held by the United States under the several acts levying direct taxes, and for other purposes." approved June 8th, 1872, be, and the same is hereby extended for the ]ieriod of one year, from June 8th, 1874, at the expiration of which time the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shall proceed to sell the lands as provided by section 4 of said act. All articles not hereinbefore provided for are free. 146 (C ONE HUKDEED TEARS AGO." HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY 07 THE UNITED STATES. 1761. Excitement In the colonies against the British Govern meut, caused by enforcement of Navigation Act against illegal traders. 1765. Protests against Stamp Act (passed March 22) by the colonists, who object to taxation without representation . . . .Oct. 7— First Colonial Congress met in New York. 1766. Stamp Act repealed. 1767. New duties levied on glass, paper, printers' colors and tea, and against which the colonial assemblies protest 1768. Geo. Gates sent to Boston to overawe the colonists. 1770. March 5 — Boston Massacre, when the first blood was spilt in the dispute with England Daniel Boone ex- plores Kentucky. 1771. Armed protest against taxation in the Carolinas, and Governor Tyron suppresses the rebellion. 1773. British Parliament repeals the duties, except three- pence a pound on tea Dec. 16— Dutiable tea emptied into Boston Harbor by men in disguise. 1774. Boston closed by British Parliament as a port of entry. Sept. 5— The tirst Continental Congress assembled in Oarpenter's Hall, Philadelphia Declaration of Colonial Rights issued April— Tea thrown overboard in New York Harbor Dec. 25 — British tea ship forbidden to laud at Philadelphia. 1775. April 19— Battle of Lexington, Mass., and beginning ot the War of Independence May 10 — Fort Ticonderoga capturi'd l.y Col. Ethan Allen Crown Point and White- hall taken June 17— Battle of Bunker Hill, and death of General Warren. ...20— George Washington commis- sioned Commander-in-chief of the Army of the United Colonies Bills of credit, known as Continental money, issued by Congress Americans invade Canada — Sur- render of Montreal Death of General Montgomery before Quebec... Kentucky first settled by whites, near Lexington. 1776. March 17— The British evacuate Boston Americans driven out of Canada July 4— Declaration of Inde- pendence. Aug. 2— Signed by the representatives of the thirteen States July 8 — Kead to the people by John Nixon Irom the Observatory, State-house yard. Phila- delphia Aug. 27 — Americans defeated on Long Island Sept 9— Title of ' United States" adopted by Congress .. ..Sept. Id — New York (Uty taken by the B-itist ...Oct. U, 12— Battleon LakeChamplain Retroatol Washing- ton over the Hudson ana across th Jerseys to I'ciiii- sylvania Oct. 18 — Ko.sciusko conimissicmod an ollker in U. S. army. . . .Oct 29— Battle of White I'hiiiis, .\. V. . . . Dec-Congress adjourns to Baltimore . ...25— Wiishingtun crosses the Delaware; 26— Captures I.OIK) Hessians at Trenton, and recrosses the Delaware Dec.— Heiiianitn Franklin and Arthur Lee, U. S. Embas.sy to solicit aid Irom France, arrive in Paris. 1777. Jan. 3— Battle of Princeton Washington in Winter quarters at Morristown, receives 24,000 muskets Iroin Fniiire Congress returns to Pliiludeliiliiii — ,\iiril— Britisli burn Danbury, Ct May— Ainencans destroy UritiBh stores at Sag Harbor, L. I, . June 30— British army crosses fr(jm Jersey to St a ten Island — July 10— Seizure of British Gen. Prcseolt in Khodo Island by Col. Wm. Barton. ...July.'i — Burgoyne takesCrown Pointand Tlcoiiilerciga 31— Lafayette coniihissioned a nmior- jteiieral, and introduced to V asliington ii: I'liilad 'Ipfiia, Auk. 3 .Vug 16— Battle of Bennington.. Sept. 11— Matllc of Brand V wine and retreat ol Americans to Cheater, and to J'hila(leliihial2 Sept 18— Congress re- tires to Lancaster, »nil then to York 20- British Gen. Howe marchcKto Philadelphia, and encamps at (iernian- town Oct 4— Washington attacks the enemy attler- ni.in'own Burjoyiie advaiurs to Saratoga. . .'. 17— Sur- rend»r ot Burgoyne and his whole aiiiiv to Gen. Gatci, nt Suratogn, N. V 22— Ha»tU;ol lU-d Biiuk, on Ki'laware Kiver anil death of Count Doiiop . .Howe's iiriiiy goes inin Winter i|uhrt«rtiin rtulAdclphia, uud Washiugtuu's 41 Valley Forge. 1778. Feb. e-^-Treaty of alliance with France .... May 6— Faroa Steuben created a major-general in American army June 18— Howe's army evacuates Philadelphia, and re- treats towards New York. . . 28— Attacked by Americans on the plains of Monmouth,and retreats again 29 . . July 8— A French fleet arrives in the Delaware 30 — Con- gress meets in Philadelphia... .Shoes worth $700 a pair in the Carolinas Aug. 12— French and English fleets disabled in a storm off Rhode Island. . .29— Battle o? Rhode Island — Wyoming Valley pillaged by Tories and Indians Nov. 3 — ^French fleet sails for West Indies.... 11, 12 — Cherry Valley attacked by Indians and Tories. . . . Dec. 29 — The British capture Savannah, Ga. 1779 March— Major-general Israel Putnam's famous ride down Horseneck Hill May 11 — British advance to Charleston, S. C, but retreat at the approach ot Gen. Lincoln June 6 — Patrick Henry dies. . . .June— Norfolk, Va., burnt by the British June 2J— .Vmericans repulsed at Stone Ferry . . July — New Haven Ct, plundered, and East Haven, Fairfield and Nor'valk turned , . Stony Point, on the Hudson, captured by the Americans Sept. 22— Paul Jones, in the Bon Homme Richard, cap- tures the British ship Serapis Oct 9— Repulse of French and Americans, and death ol Count Pulaski — 25 — Withdrawal of British troops from Rhode Island Gen. Sullivan chastises the Six Nations Dec. 26 — .Sir Henry Clinton, with his forces, sails for the South Washington in Winter quarters at Morristown, N J. 1780, Wa.shington sends Baron DeKalb to aid the Patriots In the Carolinas Feb. 11— Clinton's troops land below Charleston May 12— Surrender of Charleston Sub- jugation of South Carolina Gen. Gates marches South and is defeated by the British at Camden, S. C. Aug. 16; Baron DeKalb killed. ..British again land in Jersey, and attempt to capture Washington's stores at Morristown, but are repulsed at Springfield, June 23 July 10— Ar- rival of a French fleet and 6,0U0 troops, under the Count de Rochambeau, at Newport, R. I Sept. 22— Arnold meets Andre at Haverstraw to arrange for the surrender of West Point 2.3 — Capture of Major Andre and dis- covery of Benedict Arnold's treason Oct.— Andre hanged as a .spy American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston founded. 1781. Continentalmoney almost worthless Jan. 17— Defeat of the British at Cowpens by Gen. Morgan, and retreat ot the Americans into Virginia March 15— Battle of Guillord .. .Retreat ot the British to Wilmington. May 26— .\ctof ('oiigress authorizing Bank of North America to be established at Philadelphia Battle ot Eutaw Springs, South Carolina... .New London. Ct. burnt by the British .. Arnolil, in the British service, commits depredations in Virginia Aug.— Cornwallis lortities liiinseli at Yoiklown Arnold devastates tlie New Knglunil const . . .Sept. 28— Washington and Roehambeuu iirri\e lielore Yorktown Oct 19- Surrender ol Coni- wiillis at \ orktown. wliieli secures the ultimate triiiiiiph ol the I iiitrd States. . . . Kocliambeau remains in Vii-giiua. and Wasliiiiglon marches North, and goes into Wintei luarterson the Hudson. 1782. British flee from Wilmington, S. C, at the approAch of (ieii. St. Clair .Clinton and liis armv blockaded in New Vcjrk by Wasliiiigton.... March 4-Biitisli House ol Com- iiioiis resolves to eiiil the war . ..May r>— .\rrival of Sir Guy Carletoii to treat lor peace ."..July 11— British evacuate Savannah . . First war sli>p cons ructed in the United States at Portsmouth, N 11 . John Adams, John Jay. Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jellerson and Hcnrv Lauren's ajipointed by the United States, Commis- sionei-sto concliiili' n tri;it\- ol peace with (ire.it Bntniii. ... Koiirol Ihcin meet Kn'glisli commissionors in Pans, and sign iirelimiimry treaty Nov. 30 Dec. 14— Brittxh evacuate Charleston, and Gen. Francis Marion ("The Swamp Fox"j disbands his brigade. 1785. Jan— Bank of North America oiiened in Philadelphia Jan. 20— French and lOiiglish comiiiissioners sign treaty of peace A ues.^atimi ol lioslUities proclaimed in the army Feb. 5— American liidependencH ac- knowledged t)v Sweden; Feb. 25, acknowledged by Den- mark; Marcir34, by Spain; July, by Russia Sept *— Definite treaty of peace signed at I'ai is, and America'* OHRONOLOaT. 147 ind«a«n.-ccute the war against the Indians ..Sept. 10— Battle of Lake Eri« —Com. Perry defeats and captures the British Fleet — 28 or 29 — .\mericans take pos.session of Detroit. . Oct 6 — Battle of the Thames. Americans, under Gen. Harri- son, almost annihilate the British, under Proctor Te- cuniseh killed . Terminulion oi the war on the North- west boundary. .. .12— Americans compelled to abandon Fort George. British and Indians surprise and capture Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo and several other >'illages and towns. ... Power loom introduced in the Unii«d States. 1814. March — The Essex taken by British ships Pl.oot'e and Cherub Gen. Wilkinson repulsed on Canadian troniiur and superseded bv Gen. Izard .May 5— BriliiU attack Oswego and wilhuraw 7 July 3— hort Erie captured 4— Battle of Chippewa: B.itish deleated »— Bai- lie of Magara;Britisli againdeiealed Aug 9-12 — Com. llardv makes an unsuccessful attack on Sionington. 34— Ross de- u the itaiut' 148 OEROtrOLOjqT. day captures the City of Washington, burmng the Capi-HO— President Jackson issues a proclamation, doiivitie tol. Whitu House uiul otlif-r biiiUliufe's. .. .25— British re-lthe ritrht of any State to nullify any Act oi ihu Federal ships Sl-pi ii-U—Unsuccessiu'. attack oniGovernment — The Morse system ot electro-magnetic UUfe' tri-at to tlieir ships SLplii-U—Unsuccessiu'. attack oniGovernment — The Baltimore. Gen. Boss killed .. .Sept, 13— Key composes telegraphy invented "The Star-Spangled Banner." ...Sept. 15— British at- tack on Mobile repuls<'d... Sept.— Com. McDonougli's victory on Lake Champlain. The British land forces, under" I'revost, are deleated at I'latt>burgh, N. Y Americans destroy Fort Erie, and Nov. 5 go into Winter quarUrs at Buffalo Nov. 7— Gen. Jackson storms and captures Pensacola, Fla., and leaves for Mobile 9. . . .15— 1833. Hartford Convention— Federalists oppose the war, and threaten a secession of the New England States — Dec. 2— Gen Jack.'^on arrives at New Orleans. . . .21— Treaty of peace with Great Britain signed at Ghent. 1815. Jan. 8— Battle of New Orleans. . . .15— tr. S. ship Presi- dent captured by the Endymion.. .Feb. 17— Treaty of Ghent ratilied a"nd peace proclaimed — March 23— The Hornet captures the Penguin — War with Algiers ... Com. Decatur humbles the Mediteranean pirates April 6— Massacre of American prisoners at Dartmoor, E,ngland 1816. Congress charters a new United States Bank — Indi- ana admitted as a State. . . .The Republican party in N. Y. City adopt, for the first time, the title ot Democrats. 1817 Tariff dispute .settled by the -passage of Henry Clay's bill.. . .March 4 — Pre.sidirit Jackson iniiugurated for a second term... He rmoves the jiublie lunds from the Bank of the United States ...Widespread commeriiaJ distress Opponents of Andrew Jackson first call tliem- ■seU-es the Wtug Party Oct. 14— Political riots in Phil- adelphia. 1834. Chclera again rages in New York. 1835. War with Seminole Indians, led by Osceola, in Florida ...Texas declared independent Nov. 15 — Great fire .'a New York Democrats first called "The LoeofocoPai- ty." July 12— Negro riots in Philadelphia. 1836. The Creeks aid the Seminoles in their war Arkansas admitted as a State National debt paid off March 29— Pennsylvania newly incorporates the Bank of the United States. 1837, Jan. 25— Michigan admitted as a State — March 4— Martin Van Buren inaugurated President The banks suspend specie payment; panic in business circles. James Monroe inaugurated President The United Many -Americans assist the Canadian insurgents. .. .The States suppresses piratical establishments in Florida .steainboat Caroline burnt by the British, near Schlosser, and Texas . . .Trouble with the Seminole and Creek Indi-least of Niagara, on United States Territory, ans. ...Dec— Mississippi admitted as a State.... July 4.— I . v, ., „ ^*^^; , .... , -^ Erie Canal begun Proclamation by the President against American citi- ' 1818. Izens aiding the Canadians The steamship Sirius, the Gen Jackson pursues the Indians into Florida, takeslfirst to make the Western transatlantic pa.ssage, arrives Pensacola and banishes the Spanish authorities and at New York from Cork, Ireland, and is followed on the trooDs Aug. 24— Centre foundation of present Capitol same day by the Great W estern trom Bristol, Eng . . ,»"/^^_, r_-»_„ T^ ,^ r>„„ in; — --^ ".i""*..^..! «.- .^ T(ie wjikes exploringexpcdition to South Seas Sailed. 1839. 1819. Another financial panic, and, in October, bonks sus- pend specie payment. July 4— Sub-Treasury bill becomes a law — Bailroad riots lu Philadelphia. 1841. March 4— William H. Harrison inaugurated Presidenf, died April 4 Aug, 9— Sub-Treasury act repealed and a general bankruptcy bill passed Alex. MacLeod, im- plicated in the burning of the Caroline, tried for arson and murder at Utica, N. Y'., and acQUitted, Oct 12 — Feb. 4— United States Bank faUed and other banks sus- pended specie payment. Aug.— Treaty, defining the boundaries between the United States and the British American Possessions and for suppressing the slave trade, and for giving up fugitive criminals, signed at Washington — Aug. 1—" Abolition Riots," in Philadelphia. Churches burned. 1843. Suppression of a threatened insurrection in Rhode Island, caused by the adoption of a new constitution, known as the Dorr Rebellion Jan. 11— " Weaver'* Riots," Philadelphia. 1844. Treaty of commerce with China... May and July — Riots, and Catholic churches burned in Philadelphia — .May 27— Anti-rent riots in New York State Tele- ra'phic conimunicatiou established between Washing- ton and Baltimore. 1845. March 1— The Republic of Texas received into the Union 3 — Florida and Iowa admitted as States ...4— James K Polk inaugurated President. . June 8— Death of Gen. Andrew Jackson .. Treaty with Great Britain fixing Nortlnvestern boundary. .. Gen. Zachary Taylor ordered to delend the Texan border against a threatened invasion by Mexico. 1846. War with Mexico. . . .May 8— Battle of Palo Alto. . . .9— Battle of Reseca de la Palma. Mexicans beaten in both July ()— Com. Sloat takes possession of .Monterey...- Aug.— Gen. Kearni-y takes i)ussrssi.in ulNew .Mexico C.il. Fremont occupies lulilcrruii .\ug. I'.l— Com. Stockton blockailes .Mcxiciui imrts . . Dec — lowii .'ulmit- ted as u State. . .Oct. 25— Com. Perry bunibards TubusCO, Mexico Nov. 14- Com. Connor occupies Tampico. 1847. Feb. 8— Kearney proclaims the annexation of Califor. ItCil.' ilia to till' United St«t»s. . . Col. Doniplmn defeats Mexi. cans in Chiliiialum mul lakes iiossessmn of that province Feb. -.'.l— Hilt tic oi Hiicnu \ ist;i , Taylor delcals Santa Anna Maicli 27— Surrender of Vera ( ru/iiihl castle to (Jen. Scott and Com. Perry Battle of Cerro (iordo April 18 Aug, 20— Battles of Contreras and Chcrubus CO Sept 8— Battle of Molino del Rey. . . 13— Battle of Chcpultepec 14— American army enters City of Mex- State. Florida ceded by Spain to the United States — Steam- er named the Savannah, first crossed the Atlantic — First lodge of Oddfellows opened in the States — Terri- tory of Arkansas lormed Dec— Alabama admitted as * '*''^- 1820. March-Maine admitted as a State — James Morroe re-elected President. 1821. Aug. 21— Missouri admitted as a State, with the famous " Compromise," under which it was resolved that in fu- ture no slave State should be erected north of northern boundary ot' Arkansas. ...Streets of Baltimore lighted with gas. jg^ Piracy in the West Indies suppressed by the United States Boston, Mass., iacwrporated asa city — March H— United States ackno>v1edge independence of South America Oct. 3— Treaty with Colombia. 1823. President Monroe promulgates the doctrine that the United States ought to resist the extension of foreign dominion or inrtuence upon the American continent. 1821. Auc 15— Lafayette revisits the United States. 1825. March 4— John Quincy Adams inaugurated President Corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monumentlaid by Lalay- ette Lafayette leaves for France in trigate Brandy- wine Erie canal completed — Contest between the Federal government and Georgia concerning Indian **°'^^- 1826. July 4— Death of ex-Presidents John Adams and Thom- as Jeft'erson Morgan excitement and formation of Anti-Masonry Party. May_Congress passes a tariff bill imposing heavy duties on British ptoods. Denounced by the Southern people as opjjre.ssive and unconstitutional. .. .Title ol '■Democrats'" adopted generally by Republican Party. 1829. March 4— Inauguration of (Jen. Andrew Jackson as President ..July 4— Corner-Stone laid of U. S. Mint, Philadelphia. 1830. Treaty with the Ottoman Porte Workingnian's Par- ty origiuated in New York (Uty. 1831. Jan. KV-King of the Netherlands renders his decision on the boundary question between Maine and the British possessions. Rejected by both parties and question set- tled in 1842 by the Treaty of Washington July 4— James Monroe dies. 1832. Black Hawk Indian War commenced. . . .June 27— ("1 era breaks out in .Ni-w York. .. Aug.— Indians driven beyond the Mississipi.i—eM|iiiire of Black Hawk iinil endi - , . ,. ^ ^ ^ of the war... South Carolina declares the taiinacts Feb. IR— Gen. Scott superseded in Mexico by Gen. Wni null and void and threatens to withdraw from the UiiionO. Butler Treaty ol Guadaloupe HUa'go which .stipii. U the Governtnent attempts to collect the duties... .Dvv.llated lor the evacuation ol Mexico by the Ann^riCgn j^^ 1848 CHRONOLOGY. 149 my within three months; the payment of $15,0(X\0(X1 by aiid s ibscquently Roes to Philndelphift. New York aad the Uiiitiil .States to Mexico lor the territory luciiiired Bi,oloii, eiiiljarkiiiK lor homt- Oct. '.'0, at I'ortland, Me — bv oonf|uesfc; aiiJ it alt^o tlxfcd boundaries, rtc". Keb iSJiim. lft^— Steaiii^hiii (Iriiit Easlerti first arrives at New —JobuViiiiicv Adams ifies rostalcoiiveiilioii belweeiiVuik iJeC. IS— L. S. Senate rejects •■I'rittcnden Com- United States and Great Britain Mav 29— Wisconsin, promise." Dec. 20— Carolina .secedes from the Union admitted us a State July 4— Peace with Mexico lor- Dec 26— <;en. Anderson evacuates Kort Moultrie, oiallv iiroclaimed News of the discovery of ).'old in ("har eston, and occupies Fort Sumter. . .Uec. 30— i'reai- Calilornia reached the States Mormons (loundeU bV|deiit lUiclianan declines to receive delegates from South Joseph Smith 1827) settled near lireat Salt Lake. Utahitlarolina. Uec. S^First deposit of California gola iu Mint. 1861. 1S49. Jan. 9— Mississippi secedes. Confederates at Charleston Great exodus of gold-seekers to California March 4 fire into reinforcement steamer Star of the ^Vcst — 11^— — The " Wilmot Proviso " passed by Congress March 5 Alabama and Florida secede — 11— Major Anderson re- — Gen. Zacharv Tavlor inaugurate'd President June lotuses to surrender Fort Sumter . ..12— Coniederateslortify —James K. Polk dies The people of California vote Vicksbiirgh, Miss., and seize Navy Yard at Pcnsacola, against slavery in that territory.' . Cliolera in New Yo"k Mav 30 to sept. 8— Pliiladelpbia depleted by cholera Treaty with England tor a transit way across the Isthmus "of Panama. 1850. March 31— John C. Calhoun dies. . .'..lay— The Grinnell Fla.. IS— Georgia secedes. .. Jan. 26— Louisiana Necedes ... .29— Seeretary-of-Trcasurv, John A. Dix, issues his thrilling order, addressed '" W. Hemphill Jc.nes, New Or- leans :" " If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot!" Feb. 5— Texas secedes by legislative act... Peace conlerence assembles at expedition, in search of Sir John Franklin, leaves Ne w: Washington. D. t", and lirst congress of the seven .seceded York July 9— President Taylor dies Great lire inStatrs a^scnit.les at .Montgomery, Ala. .. Jefl'er Philadelphia.... 10— Viee-Pre.sident Millard Fillni sumesthe Presidency.. ..Violent debates betweni the Pro-slavery .^nd Free-soil parties in Congress over Die proposed atlmission of Calitornia Sept. 9— Passage ol Henry Clay's "Omnibus Bill," relative to slavery Territory of Utah organized, 1851. Letter po.stage reduced to three cents — Lopez's expe- dition landed in Cuba. . . Lopez captured, and executed in Havana, Sept. 1 Minnesota purchased from the Sioux Indians Dec— Louis Kossuth arrives in New rson Davi, leave Japan, arrive at San Fraiici.sco. Kccei\ed at Washington.!). C, by I'resident issuesletters of marque, and PresidentLincoln blockades Southern ports. . . .Virginia i)asses ordinance of secession 18 — U. .s. Arsenal at Harper's F'erry destroyed by Federal authorities. . First troops arrived at Washing- ton, via Ilarrisburgb, Pa 19— Sixth Mas.sachusetts Regiment attacked while passing through Baltimore. Seventh Regiment of New York leaves that city for Washington... 21— Norfolk (Va.) Navy Yard burnt by Federal amiioiities May6—Arkansasformiilly secedes . . . 9-11— Tennessee secede"s. . .20— Nortli Carolina secedci . . . i4— Col. E. E. EU.swortb murdered at Ale.xamlria, Va. . . June3— Stephen A. Douglas dies. . July '.'1— Hut tie of Bull Run Aug. 10— Battle ef Wil.son's Creek. .Missouri Gen. Nathaniel Lyon killed. . . 20— Gen. G. B. McClellan assumes cominand"ot Armv of Potomac Sent. 20— i;ol. Mulligan forced to surrender at Lexington, hy — Oct. 21-Kaltleof Ball's BlulT, Va.— Gen. E. D. Baker killed. 31— Gen. Winfleld Scott resigns, and McClellan is made comnianderin-cbief. . . Nov. 8— Capt. Wilkes of the an J. cinto captures Mnsonand Slidell on board of the Trent. War with England imminent — 30— Jefl'erson Davis elected President of Confederate States for six years Dec. 2— Congress votes thanks to Cai)t. Wilkes. 30— Banks in New York suspend specie paymc'tt Mason and Slidell surrendered, and ou Jan. 1, 1862 they sail for Europe. 1862. Jan. 17— Ex-President John Tyler dies Fob. 6— Gen. (Jrant captures Fort Henry — 7-»— Gen. Burnside cap- tures Rcjanoke, N. C. .. .13-16— Assault and ejtptiire, by n. Grant, of Fort Donelson, Tenn... 27— Government enioins newspapers from giving publicity to important military movements March 2— Gen. V. W Lander dies at I'amp Cha.se, Va 6-8— Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. Keliel ram Virginiadormerly Mcrrimaei sinks the Cumberland and the Congn ss " 9— Naval battle be- the .Monitor and the Merriimic... 11— McClellan assumes personal comniand ol the Armv of Potoiiioc 14— Burnside captures .Newhurn, N. C. . . .18— Gen. W. H. Kcini dies April 1— Slavery abolished in District of Columljia 5— McCKlbin begins siege of Yorktown. Va. 6-7— Battle of shiloli or Pittsburgh Landing— death of Gen. A. S. Johnston; Gen. C. F. Smith dies •A'>. and Gen. W. H. L. Lawrence 10. . . 25— New Orleans surrend- ers to FarraL'ut May 1— Gen. Butler lormally takes possession of New t)rleans 5— Battle of Williamsburg. Va 31-June 1— Battles of Fair Oaks and Seven I'jiii's. Va 27-July 1— Seven Days' Fight. Va — 12— President Lincoln appeals to the Border States in behalf oi emanci- pation 14— Gen. Pope a.s,sumes command in Virginia 18-19 — New York and Philadelphia begin using car tickets and postage stamiis as currency. .. 23— Holleok made General-in-chief of U. S. Brmy... Aug.— Admiral George C. Reid dies 5— Battle of Baton Rouge, La,— Gen. Thomas Williamskilled 6— Gen. Robt 1. McCo»k shot bv guerillas. . . 9— Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va — 16— McClellan letreats from Harii.son's Landing. Va — 23— (ien. Henry Bohlen killed. .. 29-Battle of (iroveton, or Manas.sas, \'a 30— Secoml Battle oi Bull Run. Va.— Sept 1— Battle o/ iluthanan, and :iltrwards have public receptions in lien, (ieorge B. Taylor dies Sept. 1... Sept 1 Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, deiiarting IromiCbantilly, Va- (iens Philip Kearney aiM Isaac J stevena the latter citv iu iiigate Niagara June 29. . . May 17— ikilled. I'resident Lincoln issues proclaiiiaiioii as a pre- j^brahain Lin'co.M nominated at Chicago Sept. 21— lliniinary to emancipating slaves .McCUIInn placed In Prince ol WalesarriveoatDetroit, visiting Uiilteherman occupies At- lant-a, Ga 7— He orders its depopulation 14 — Gtn J. B. Howell killed....!*— Sheridan defeaU Early at Win. Chester, Va.— Gen. D. A. Russell killed 24— Com. T. A. Conovcr dies 29 — Gen. H. Burnham dies Oct. 19— Rebel raid on St. Albans, Vt. . . .19— Battle of Cedar Creek, Va.-Gen. D. D. Bidwell killed. . . .29— Gen. T. K. G. Ran- som dies Nov. 8 — McClellan resigns from U. S. army. 13— Sherman destroys Atlanta 30— Gen. Tbomaa repulses Hood it Franklin, Tenn.— Rebel Maj.-Gen. P. K. Cleburne killed Dec. 14-16— Thomas defeaU Hood n»ar Nashville, Tenn 21— Sherman enters Savannah, Og 24-25— Admiral Porter and Gen. Butler assault Wilminc ton, N. C. 1865. Jan. 13-15 — Attv...^ on and capture of 7ur(^her, X. C, 16— Monitor Fatapsco sinks, Charleston Harbor Feb. 1— Congress abolishes slavery in the United Stat** ... 6— Battle of Hatcher's Bun, Va.. . .17— Columbia, 8. C. captured 18 — Charleston, S. C, surrendered... Ifl .July 1-3— Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.— Gens. Reynold, 1. F, ■ - ~ ''•■-■ 1 — 6en. Lee assumes supreme command of Confederate armies, and recommends arming of the blacks... 22 — Confederate Congress decree that the slaves shall bo armed. Schofleld captures Wilmington, N. C 27-March 6— General Sheridan's raid into Virginia March 4— Seconc inauguration of President Lincoln 14-April 13 — Stonenian's raid in Virginia and Nortli Carolina March 10-11— Battle of Kinston. N. C. . . .20— Mobile. Ala. besieged 29-April 3— Battles of Hatcher's Bur and Five Forks, Va April 2— Assault on Petersburg, Va 2-3— Grant occupies Richmond and Petersburg. Va 6— Battle of Deatonville, Va 9— General T. A Smyth diea. Surrender of Gen. Lee, Appomattox Court-liouse, Va.... 12— The Union flag hoisted at Fort Sumter. Mobile, Ala., captured 13— Drafting and recruiting stopped 14 — President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth... 15 — PresidentLincolndies.and Andrew Johnson becomes President 22— Com. W. W. McKean dies 26— J. Wilkes Booth shot May 4-9— Surrender of Gen. Taj;lor andrebelfleet. . .10— Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwins- ville, Ga....26— Surrender of General Kirby Smith. ...End of the Rebellion 22— President Johnson rescinds order requiring passports from all travelersenteringthe United States, and opens Southern ports 26— He proclaims* conditional amnesty June 1— Solemn fast for death of President Lincoln July 7— Execution of Payne, Atrrr- ott, Harrold and Mrs. Surratt, for complicity in Lincoln Weed, l^arnsworlh and Zoot kille(i. .. .4— Vicksburg sur- assass^ination.. . Oct. 11— Pardon of Alexander Stepheur renders to Gen. Grant and Rear-Admiral Porter 7— and other Southern officials Nov. 2— National thank.'*- Grcat rejoicing at the North over the surrender. . . State- giving for peace. . . .6— ('apt Waddell surrenders cruiser house and lire bellsrting in Philadelphia 8— Port Hud-|Shennandoah to British Government 10— t'apt. "irr son. Miss., surreiKkTs 15— President Lincoln namesofAndersonville prison executed — 22— Com. J. H. Mis9> Aug. 6 as a day of National Thanksgiving. . . 13-16— Draft jroon dies. . . .Dec. 1— Habeas corpus restored at the Nortli. ' riots in Ntw "Vork City ; also that w-eek in Boston, Mas.s., 1866. • and PurtMiiouth, N. H 30— Gen. Geo. C. Strong, Jan. 28— Hon. Thomas Chandler dies... .Feb. 19— Presi- woundtdut storming of Fort Wagner, Charleston (July dent vetoes Freednien's Bureau bill March 14— Jared 10-18 dic-K ...Aug. 14— (ien. Beni. Walsh dies... :il— Law- Sparks, historian, dies. .. .27— President Johnson vetoes rencc, Kas, sacked and burned. .. .2&-30—Gcn. Averill'.- (Uvil-rights bill. .. April 9— Civil rights bill passed oyer calvary raid into Virginia. Sept. fr— Women's brcad'thePresident'sveto. . .12— Hon. DanielS. Dickinson dies. riot in Moliile, Ala. During the year there was also one In Kiuhnioiul, Vu., five thousand women taking part — 6— Furt \\ ai,'iior,Charlcs1uii^'vacuated. . . .8— Boatattack on Fort Sumter. . . 10— Gen. Burn.side occupies Knoxville, Tenn... 19-20— Battle of Chickainauga, Ga.— Gen. W. H Lytle killed... Oct. 10— QuanlrcH's attack on Fort Scott May lb— President Johnson vetoes the admission of Colorailo as a State, . .29— Gen. Winfleld Scott dies. . .June 7— Fenians from the United States make a raid into Canada ...17— Hon. Lewis Cass dies July 16— Freed- mens' Bureau bill become a law. ..27— .\tlantic telegraph —the successful one— completed 30— Maj (ien. I.y.san- Kansas. . . 21-22— Buttle 6l Philadelphia, Tenn. . . .Nov. 12!dir Cutler dies. . . .Aug 14— National Union Convention —Meeting held to restore Arkansas to the Union. . .14-17;asscnil)les in Philadelphia— wigwam — Sept. l--.---outn- —Gen. Longstreet defeats Burnside. . . .23-25— Grant and;ern rnionist Convention assembles in PhiUulelpliia. . . .7 Sherman d.'feat Brag at Chattanooga, Tenn. .. .25— Gen. -MiittliiasW Baldwin pioneer in Anieruan loconic. ives Wm. )'. Sanders dies.. .2(;-27-Battles of Locust (iiovc dies. .. .Oct. IS-" Prince " John Van Burtn, .son oi Hon. and Mine Run, Va.. .Dec- 4-I'resi(;ent Lincoln oilers Martin, dies. .. .Dec. 13— Congress passes bill giving lie-, amnesty to all but the r.licl Uudtrs. . IC^-Cen. Jolin groes the right to vote in District ol Columbia... -(/— Bulord dies ...22— Coojier's Shop Soldiers' Home. I'liihi- .Maj.-Gen. Samuel R.Curtis dies, delphia, dedicated 30— 'I'lie Monitor founders olV ',upe 1867. Uatteras. 1864. Jan. 8— Rep-- Admini/ George 11. Storcr dies Fen. 11 —Com. Wm. J. "'ct'luney dies.... ^—Battle of Olustee, I'na....Feb 27-March 4-Kili.ntrick and Dahlgreen re-! oulsed at Hiihinond, Va.. >lureh 12— U S. Grant suc- ceeds llulleck as coiMniander-inchief. . . April 8— Battle of babiiic Cross Roads, La. .. .9— Battle of Plnisant Hill Jan. 9— Virginia rejects Fourteenth Amenc.ienl. . . 10 —Congress ijas.scs bill providing for ■•universal sullrage^ in the territories. .. 2:'.— President Johnson vitocs lull t^ admit Colorado .. 29— He vetoes hill to admit Nibi-,i,ec's army invades Mai^vland, threatens Haiti itreafy butween the Unilcil Stales and the Hawaiian more and Wa-hington, and retreats July 12-13 .6— Gen. Ilslanijs 19- President vetoes Sunpiementnry Kecon Samuel A Rice dies. .20-22-2.S— slii riiian « tlire<' luitlle.- I.stnictii n bill . 24— Kloi In Knoxville, Tenn New York near AtlaiitH, (in— ■The March to tliv Sia " 'M — Coii-|lst;itc Coiislitutlonal Convention re]ects woman suflrage fwderates H(jain invade Maryland and I (■iiiis-jlvanift,an(,lpi(>posiili>ii . . .ai— Gmul...-(>—UeilerftiUrilllu.renuublrl by the I'resideut to resign, but refuses ^'■i- — CRliONOLOOI. 151 SUnton susponded, and Gen. Grant appointed Secretary [President Grant issups a proclamation enjoinlnRneotr*! ol War oJ «/i(rri,)i 17— Clcn. Shpridan relieved at Nowjity as to war between France and l'rusnia. . . .23 — Iriak Orleans 19 — National Labor Congress meets at I'liica-National Contrress convenes, Cincinnati Oct, 4— go SepL 8 — President issues amnesty proclamation [Second Southern Commercial Convention, Cincinnati 30— Pfepro riots in SaTaiuiah, Cm . . Oct. 3— Whiskev . .. .12— Death otUen. Robert E. Lee — 25— t^onrention la Cincinnati for purpose of removini; National Capitai from Washington to some point West. 1871. Jan. 1— Cabral, the Dominican Chief, denounce* Prv* dent Grant, and opposes .sale and annexation of St Do- mingo to the United States 10-11— U. S. Houae and Senate appoint committee to vi^itst. Domingo... 11— Hon. John Covode dies 29— O'Donovan RosM ana other Fenian exiles arrive in New York 30— Honie at Representatives pass resolution of welcome to Irlth ex- iles Feb. 9 — New Jer.sey recommends Philadelphia •« Grant va- the place to hold Centennial celebration, 1.S76 — 18 — C»- cates War ofllce in favor of Secretary Stanton Feb. 13|bral, in a letter to Vice-President Colfax, dononncea the riotin Philadelphia Nov. 2— Gen. Sherman announce Indian war at an end ...8 — Kormul translVr of Ala>ka t > Gen. Rossean. at New Archangel 14— Denmark con- cludes treaty, ceding and selling the islands of St. Thom- as. San Juan and Santa Cruz, to Dnited States — 22— Jefferson Davis returns to Richmond Dec. 7— Resolu- tion of Judiciary Committee to impeach President John- son voted down in the House— 108 to 57. 1868. Jan. * — House of Representatives passes bill making eight hoars a day's work, for Government laborers — 13 —The Senate reinstates Stanton H — Gen. Grant —Another attempt to impeach President Johnson 20— K»w Jersey Legislature withdraws ratification of pro- pofed Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment 21 — Stanton again removed, and General Thomas appointed Secrtary of War ad interim 22— Stanton adheres toe th« office 24— House votes (126 to 27) to impeach th Preiident 25— Gov. Ward of New Jersey vetoes reso lution of Legislature withdrawing ratification ol Four- teenth Amendment. . . March 2— House adopts Impeach- merft articles 4 — They are presented to tne Senate — 5— New Jersey Senate passes over Gov. Ward's veto asto amendment -.lower House does the same, 25 — 6 — Senate organizes a Court of Impeachment 7— President Johnson Bummoned to appear before it. . . 13— Impeach- ment Court sits 23— President's counsel answer im- peachment articles, and Courtadjourns to 30 — 26— Sen- ate ratifies North German treaty — 28— U. S. Grand Jury St Richmond, Va., finds new bill of indictment against Jefferson Davis April 2— North German Parliament passes the Naturalization treaty with the United States. 6— Michigan votes again.st negro suffrage — 24— Pres- ident nominates Gen. Schofleld to be Secretary of War May 21— Grant and Colfax nominated at Chicago — The Burlingarae Chinese Embassy arrive at New York 26— Impeachment Court declares the President not guilty. Secretary Stanton resigns — 30— Senate con- firms Gen. Schofield as Stanton's successor — June 1— Ex-President James Buchanan dies 5 — Chinese Em- bassy received bv President Johnson 22— King of Bel- gium reviews tfnited States squadron under iarragut off Ostend 24— Senate puses eight-hour law — 25— President vetoes "OmnibtM bill. . .20— President vetoes Electoral College bill. Secretary Seward announces ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment — 24 — Presi- dent orders Secretary of War to withdraw niilitaryin lorces from Southern States represented in Congress, g Senate ratifies treaty with China . . .25— Senate ratifies treaty with Mexico' 27— Jefferson Davis and family sail from Quebec lor England — 30— Gen. Meade declares civil government restored in Florida, Georgia and Ala- bama ...Aug. 11— Hon. Thadcus Stevens dies— Washing- ton, D. C 22— President declares Sitka a port of entry 26— Oregon withdraws ratification of Fourteenth Amendment Nov. 3 — Iowa and Minnesota vote in fa- vor ot negro suffrage, and .Missouri against it 1869. Jan. 1— Gen. Grant holds a public reception in Inde- pendence Hall, Philadelphia Feb. 20— Martial law de- clared in Tennessee 22-26— Congress passes Filteenlh union of Dominica and Hayti 19— Helena, Ark., al- most destroyed by a tornado .,.'22 — British member* oT Joint High Commission arrive In New York 27— Com- mission begins its sessions in Washington, D. C — Marck 3— Riota in Peniisvlvania coal mines 5— Chinamen'* riotin San Francisco Cal 27— Senator Sumner denoun- ces Santo Domingo .scheme. . . 30— Colored parade in New York in honor of Fifteenth Amendment April 7— Coal riotsin Scranton, Pa... 10— Celebration in New York of German Unity and end of war between Pru«iia and. France. .. .Mav 1—U. S. Supreme Court sustains conati- tutionality of Legal-tender act . . 3— President Grant i»- sues proclamation for suppression of Ku Klux Klan — ( —Joint High Commission concludes Washington Treaty 15-16— German peace celebration in Philadelphia 24— Treaty of Washington ratified by Senate . . . 29— Natu- ralization Treaty between Austria and United State* ratified by the Reichsrath.. .30— Dei oration Dav — June 1— American naval force, making a survey of th* coast of Corea, Asia, fired on Irom masked hatteries. t —Minister Low demands an apology, and is answered that "the Corean civilization of 4,000 years brook* n» interference from outside barbarians." 10,11— U. K. naval forces land on the island of Kang Noe, Corea. and destroy a fort and the Citadel — 17— lion. Clement L. Vallandingham dies... 28— President GrantanpointsCivil- service-reform Commission — July 3—^ aval forces, hav- ing attained their object, retire from coast ol Corea — 4 — President Grant proclaims complete ratification of Treaty of Washington 12— Orange parade and riotin New York 19— Massachusetts' Centennial Committee arrive in Philadelphia. .. .Sept. 24— Chiel Justice McKeoa of Utah decides against Mormons serving as grand )ui- orsin Federal courts... Oct 2— Postal money order ar- rangement between United States and Gieat Britaia oesinto effect Brigliam Young arrested for Mormou ties 7— Firstgreat fire in Chicago breaks out proclivities .10— Electioa . . .8-9— Second and greatest fire in Chicago riot in Philadelphia between white roughs and negroes, and attempts to destroy the oftice ot The I'rett — 26— Gen. Robert Ander.son dies, Nice, France; Hon. Thoma* Ewing.Lancastar, ().. ..27— Arrest olVViUiani M. Tweeil, New York City Dec 17— Internationalist luneral pro- cession in New Y'ork City. 1872. Jan. 10— National Woman-suffrage Convention, Wa.eh- ington Feb. 28— Congress sets apart Yellowstone Val- ley as a national park. .. .April 2— Prof S. F. B. Mor.-* .,„..u ... ..w^.,,.., , . ...-^v.,..^.... ^„™., dies— \ew York City. , . ,16-Prof Morse memorial servi- Amendment. Kansas is the first State (Feb. 27), to rati-!ces in various cities and also in Hall ol L nited State* fv 'it,"~though iniperle'ctiy, and Delaware ihe first to|llouse of Representatives May 10--Wonian-suffrage .March4— Gen. Grantinaugurated as President Convention in .Ni'w Yciik iioiiiinates Mrs. \\ uodliull lor reject it. 25— Pennsylvania ratifies Fitteenth Amendment. April 13— Senate rejects Alabama Treaty with Great : Britain May 13— \.'oman-suffrage (Convention in New i York City 19— President Grant proclaims that tht-re fihallbeuo reduction in Government Laborer's wages liecause of reduction oi hours — June 18— Hon. Henry' . J. Raymond, N. Y. Times, dies Julv 13^i;oinplelioii of]17— Monster Peace .hilnle Atlantic cable from Bre.^ti.. St. Pierre ; thence to Dux- Convention at Haltim. .dent and Fi-eilerirk Doiiu'lass for Vice-President. . . 22— Congress passes Aniiieslv bill Uine 1— James Gor- don Bennett, A. 1'. Uerahl, dies. . .5-6— Gen. Grant nomi- nated for President at Philadelphia, and Henry \\ ilson i lor Vice-President 15— Board of Arbitration, iindor • Treatv of Washington, meet at Geneva, Switzerland... Boston ...lulvy-I'einocratic iiiumites Horace (Jreeley tor bury, Mass.\..3(>l^'Hon'lsaac toucey dies Aug. 16-|Pre.sident. . . .Nov. 5--Grant re-elected ''r'^>',''l,<;"{;-- ■*- National Labor Convention, Phihulelphia. . . .Sept 1- Great fire in Boston, Mass 29— Death of Hon. Horace National Temperance Convention, Chicago — 8— Hon. Greeley. Wm. Pitt lessenden dies.... 10— H(m. John Bell dies... . , „ ^ . ^^'r , n „™ -„<• r „„:«!«.,.- l6-Hon. John Minor Botts dies. . . .Oct. 8-Virgiiiia rati- Jan. 6-McEncrv inaiignrated fJovernor of Lomsiana ties Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments .. Ex-Presi 'hIm,, Kelloi/g. .Jan. 2t)-Sanguimiry rK'» Ward Beecher chosen President Dec. 10-Xational'... .March 4-second maugimiti I ^. i.r iiit as 1 re> Colored Labor Convention. Washington. . . .24-Hon. Ed- idem April 1 -t.enera. < anliy and I>r. Tl on a.s mur wiuM StantoPdies. dered by Capt. Jack audthe Modocs -u-L nile.l sut»« '*'" ° 1870 troops surprised and slaughieied by the Modi.cs in ti.e • - - -K 1, , ' ,. .... 7 r Orr, United .swU'f Jan, 26-Virginia rcadmittfcd into the Union,...Fet).9,lavabcds May o-- Hon James LOrr, Unit. I StaUi -U. S. Signal Bureau established by Act of Congress. . .Minisier to Kus.-in dies-st '/■li''"'^,'''\^t--,../7,V/',''^'_r",;; 17-MLssissippi re-admitted into tlie Union. .. .§3-llon., ice Salmon P. Chase dies -^ -'""^^ '-\ JP'",,?"!,' Pi^,'S liiigamedies.....March28-Mai -Gen. George II .lack and the last ol the Modoes . l^^T"^^,,-^"'""^".; fs 29-Texas re-admitted to representation liepanment in the ^ letina hxposuioii lonnally op«ned >, thus completing the work <.f rec.Mistrueti.in ... 27 ---ioinpleti..iM.f the new A, lanuc.yibe. .. July » sident Grant announces the adoi.lion o, the -Capt Hud.lington and P««y.r'>cuc|.l i the Ar lie ^^ Amendment lulv 12-Admira; John a W the wb» er Havenscraig. , -'^^'^'^i".' "^ '" a,\!, j^ Anson Burlingamedies March28— Mai -Gen. ( Thomas dies 29— Texas re " -■ ■ - in Congress , thus completing .. .30— Pre ■ Fifteenth , , Dahlgren dies Aug. 14— -Admira; David (J. Farrucrui .vid.. dies 15— National Labor Congress, (.Cincinnati. .. .Zii— De.sinielive fire in Norlolk, Va AuK. '..\ruie in Portland, Oregon • »— Disastrous tonll» 152 cni:oyroLo&Y. f&twTL \n VQTt\tinA. Me Sept. IS-Snspension of Ja tooke & Co., aud beginning ot a financial panic 30- trana Masonic parade in Philadelphia. .. .Oct. S— Capt .., .Jack and three accomplices hanged. First session p Krangelical Alliajice, N Y. City. .. .31— Spanish gunboa Twnado seizes American steamer Virginias on tlie higf ,. .seas...4— Uen Burriel of Santiago de Cuba .shoots Gen. K\ xoand others. . .7— He butchersCapt. Fry of the Virginiu . sod his crew — 28— A protocol, arranging the difference ictween the United States and Spain, agreed upon. . , ^c. 24— Death of Prof. Louis Agassiz 16— Celebratioi . m Boston ol the centennial of the "tea-party " in tin Jwrbor of tlin.t city . Spain tormally surrenders the , Virginias to the United states. . . .26— The Virginius, ii I *Br 01 United States steamer Ossipee, sinks off Fryin^ . . jan Shoals. •' =■ ' ' » = r, '1874 .. Jan. 8— Repeal of the Salary Act, save with respect ti , , rresident (irant .9— Board of Centennial Supervisor^ . J'iMladelphia, adopt plans and specitieations lor perma su;nt exhibition building. . .21— President Grant sign Jew salary bill .Feb 24— Women's n;ovemcnt againsi . isiuor-sclling begins in Ohio and si)reads to other States , ....26— Ucreatin the House ol the bill reviving the iranfc »ig^ privilege. .. April 3— A cremation society formed ii Jiw York . .14— Congress passes the Inriatation or cur . T3icy bill ...March 8-Death of e.\. President Millard laimore. 11— Death of Hon Charles Sumner. .. .22- 3^sident Grant vetoes intlution . May 13— The Brooki l«ces surrender in Arkansas, and quiet is restored.. 2: —Senate passes Supplementary Civil-rights bill 26- T*nate passes bill inviting loreign nations to take partii STieCentennial at Philadelphia ...JuneS— U S. Steamei Iwatara, with party of scientists, sailed Iron? New Yorli •mobserve transit of Venus . . .10— Senate passes Sloietj 3vilf — 13— House defeats Compromise Currency bill 1876. Jan. 1 — Centennial year ushered in with rejoicings iAA',^,'^^'®''"' '^^ Herzegoviiiian iiisurgent.sby Turks, 600 killed 7— A Second dih-iit ot the Hi-r/i-o-ovini- ans,maiiy lives lost. . ..Shijis Harvest yiicen and Cape Comorin collided off the British Coa.-t all on board lost. .. ..S— (>8 military recruits burned to death in Russia by btirning of railroad cars. .. .11— Over 300 Soldiers frozen to death in Douza, Turkey 14 -Defeat of Amnesty BiUin U. S. House of Repre- sentatives. .. .15— Earthquake in Maine. . . .17— Trede- irJSmn ^"/k.s Richmond, Va.. failed, liabilities, S^l.-mijUOO 18— Herzegoviniansrout 6b:itt;ili:iiis of Turks, SOOTurks killed.... 22— Two davs hi;htiii<' be- tween Herzegovinians and Turks; 4a)Tuiks killed . ...25— E. D. VVinslow, Boston journalist, Ae., tied 1 ^iJJ.' committed forgeries to amount ot $250,000. TE-I8— Government ol District of Co umbia abolished »«-President Grant signs the Compromise Currency bil Jt^Ay 4— Formal opening of the groat bridL'e over the Mis wsKippiRiver, atSt. Louis. Ground brokni atFairmoun T^k, Philadelphia, for Centennial hiiildings .7— Henri »srd Beecher demands an investigation of the charge- atcsinst him — 14— Great fire in Chicago Aug. 28— H ■W. Beeeher acquitted by the investigating committee o flymouth Church. . . .Sept. 14— Overthrow of the Kellogg iOTernment at New Orleans.. . .17— The McEnery gov- «»nment, in obedience to a proclamation from President Grant, surrenders to the United States Army 19— Kel Aigggoverinnent reinstated 26— Victory of the Ameri wiiRiflc-team in the into-nationalmatch atCreedmoor, **'■. Oct. 16-^ational monument to Abraham Lincoln icdicated at Spnngfleld, 111. 1875. Jan. 8— Beginning of the civil suit of Theodore Tilton w- Henry Ward Beecher. .. .7— House of Representatives fusses Sherman's Specie-resumption bill. . .14— President jL-ant signs it. . . . Feb. 8— President Grant denounces the government in Arkansas, and recognize? IS— He issuesa proclamation con b— Postage on third-class matter reduced to one centfortwoounces...WritsservedonGen. Schenck Am. Mini.sterto England, on account of his connec- tion with the Emma Mini- Matter 29— Destructive overflow of the Ohio River Feb. 2-Portu-iie^e House of Peers voted the Abolition of Sla\erv in St.- Thomas, Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea... .4— Fire m a Colliery in St. Etienne, Belgium, 156 men killed ....8— Large fire in New 'York, $3,000,000 property destroyed; 4 firemen killed. . .11— Centennial appro- priation jiassed the Senate 15— Winslow, the Bos- ton forger, arrested in London. . . .17— Gen. Schenck, y. S. Minister to England, resigned ...18— Maine Legislature abolished Capital Punishment 23— President of San Domingo resigned. Provisional Government e.stablished. .. .27— Sinking of steamer Mary Belle " on Missi.ssinpi River; loss, $500,000. 28— CarlistWarin Spain declared ended. .. .29— An- nouncement of anne.x.ition of Kliokand to Rus.sia March 1— Discovery tliat (ieu. IK-lknap, Secretary oi" War, had sold Post Trailerships and i)oeketf>d pro- ceeds. . . Belknap resigns. . . .2-8(10 Turks slain in Her- iCarland ._ Brooks as Governor. tening the Senate in extraonliiiary session March 5 «arch 1— President Grant.apijrovestbe Civil-nghts bill 2— Pranking privilege partially restored 13— an- ««nnceinent from Rome that Arclihishop MeCloskev ol Sew York, had been created a <;ardinal... 24— Extr.'ior .linary session of Senate terminates. President G jrdersall available cavalry into the Black Hills e Irjv to remove trespassers, etc April 18-i'eiitenriial ■>! the Battles ol (Concord and Lexin'ton Mas^ cil,-- Irnted in those places... 24— Spain navsStS (kkj ol tlie iMl.OOO agreed upon as the Virginius inilemnitv ''7— T«rdinal McCloskey receives the benita. .Vlav'll- ifirst iiiternational Simday-.sehool Conventi(m a.s.sjmbles -ii:«allimore,Md....L-Ex.Vice-presidentJohnC. Breck- na-idge dies June 17— Celebration at Boston oi i»e Bunker Hill (Centennial. ..William M. Tweed re hased .*om Blaekwells Island, rearrested, and consigned to iadlow street jail on a civil suit. . . .29- The Ainerieun Team win the iiilernational rifle-match at Dollvniount Creland- •. July 2-Jury in Tilton Beecher c.-i-;- tail to tgree .. ..9-(ien, Francis P, Blair dies. . . .27-I)unean Jdjernnui & Co., N. Y. Bankers, suspend, and the failure' u»-)ollowetl by others. . . .31— Ex-President Andrew Jol zegovina. . . .7— Alfonso Taft, of Olii iplioiiited Sec-. retary of War. . . . A Home of the Aged, in Br(Joklvn, N. \., burned; 18 old people perished 8— .lury lu the S6.000.000 Tweed suit found a verdict lor the neo pie of $6,537,117.38 Japan declared war agains* Corea A great battle between Egyptians ard Abj-ssinians; 5,000 Abvssinians killed II— Daniel Drew failed. . . .13— Lieut. -Gov. Davis, of Mississippi impeached and found guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors, and on the 23d removed irom office ...16— Terrible inundations in France, Belgium and Germany. . .-Jl—Ci-e-at battle between Mexican Gov eminent troojis ami Revolutionists; Government defeated; UXX) killed... .25-The dvkes at Herzogen- bosch, Holland, give way, floodiie-' the town, hun- dreds of horses swept a wav and 0,i»O0 persons made homeless. .. .28— 500 Persians lo.st bv a shipwreck iif the Arabian Sea 29— Gov. Adelbert .■Viiie>, of Miss- issippi, resigns, and J. -M. Stoiii.-, President of Senate, succeeds liim April 4— Siiceesstul and bloodlesi' revolution in llavti. . . .5— U. S. Senate organized a>- ii High Court of Inipeachmentin the Belknap case — lu-12— Tlie bill to issue silver coin in place ot traetioiial currency iiassesboth Houses of Congress ... .13— Turks sueeessful in a battle iie.-ir Kievais;30l^ insurgents killed — 1.")— Horn Pedro 11, Emperor ol Brazil, arrived in .New York 17— Is>iie of silver eurrc^ncy began. . . .27— Helkiuip's (rial began 28— Queen \ letoria assinned tlieadditional title of "Eni- l)ress ot India." .M a v 6— 20,1 n K) charges of "rend k pow.ler" exploded on Jiisev Cit v lleight.s, lio- iMuiieiise damage 8— The House- of l;,presen- lali\ es passed tb,. Hawaiian Treaty Bill O-Gr.-iiul lury ot (Criminal Court of lii>lriel ol C.luuibia, loUTid a true bill against Ex-Sc-ei-eiarv Helkna|i P. N. Kiibenstein, the condemned nuinlerer of Sarah .Vlexandi-r, died in )irison — I'J— .\ battle between Turks aiul Ibrzcgovinians this da v and another on tli^ " J., -1., ,„,.-." VT" -. ; ' " •■ •"■■•■■ :■■■■ . .,.,ks (leieated m both, losing 700 in the j»n dies..... Nov. 22— Vice-President Henry WiLson d;,-.s llrstand .'•.00 in the .second. . . .Ui-i;re,-n ('lav Smitli ...Dec. 7— President (irant, in his annual message, noiiii . . - ■^commendsfree ai:d nonseetariaii schools, sepiiraticii i< Ch lire h from State, i.ixation ot i-bureb propertv arul BKound curreiiry ,. .S— Compress is mem.irializ.-d'to au- «ODriate $i,600,'»W for the ( 'entenuiul Exhibition, ♦-e.wai,,. „i Wiiliaiu .M. In , ,,1. . . .U-nvnamite explo- «nn nt HremerliaveM. (ill prrsons killed 12-.Sarah i"'"','- ' " J''"ess, brutallv murdered at East New . „ •,N"'«'V,'" • '^ '^'"'-J^-'^I'l'"*'"" i'l " coalmine ■KBelcium, 110 persons killed . 17-West.,M. Tbo(n],son •B* Ellis executed in the Tombs for the murder ot the gNIIar Weisbcrg :i^-m per.-.ons killed at llelekon, £w1t2erl iiid, at .1 ciiristmas festival . ...2ft-Destruc- *TP hurncrno in (he PhiUippiue Islands. Itti lives d fur Pn-sidcney bv I'roliihitioiiist'.- .18- ter Cooper nominated forVresideiiev bv lllllation■ ists...L'o— SirEilmuud HriekU'V,Hart..iniinulaeturer, declared bankniijt, liabilities $2,.MKl,(iui 3-.'— Ed- wards Pierreiiont appointed -Minister to lOie.-land; .•lllonsoTalt,Attornev-(;eneral;,I.l)onal.l Cameron, Secretary ol War. .. .29— Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Tur- key, deiiosed and Mtirad lOllemliileelared bissucces- sor lune—Tbe Turks weri' defeated in encounters with the ller/eg,,\ inian insurgents 011 the 1st, ,3d, 4th, isth and L'dtli, 1.. sing in all .3.4.SU men. .. .3— 14,000 barrels ot crude jHlroleum oil were struck by light- ning and burned at Oil City, Penn. . . .4— Abdul Aziz committed suicide in Constantinople A special train ran from Jer.scy City. N. J., to San Francisco. CHROXOLOGY. liiver.MontaSa . 27^'.'i^D\;:"f «" >''^. Little Horn 1 vention met at St Lmi.!;,,,,'-?'^' •'*''■ -National Cun- •iicat fire in T, l',, i^ '^^ I'i'lian odges ..,. ..> ... >n iokio. Japan; 5,(J00 houses urk . -TildenforPresiJent ;' VtI, "^'''''."''''•''■'^'''' I'^IJ • "-i'-.^rTat «,■ '■■'''''' Jipainst Turaey, and on thT^ I ,V* '''-'''''"■*^'' >*-ar Miiiistrv. . i-ofeelpv ,» /.T'*''"'"''"" o'' "'^ French leated near Luzcar lo^in^^nm,*. "^"^ "","•>' "nscie-hvood CVnioferv ^'^«''''''''''''''^'''l<>v'?.' a^nt" fopie Hesm Bosnia,3,000C uistian, XV l/°'^^^"'a'ro"- I""' '^'•eaks tlirXh a hH il '^"^ "' Ashtahula, 8 all manner of outrages com"^!'-''^*'"'^'''"^'^ '""^' ^"'^ '""• "'*"' """"' y^I^defeated by the So rvfa ,"""}" ^.lii'^r trooPS! IP77. Rio victorious. . .15-Yc"lowr?.vr ';"•"•• '^'""''■•'" T.vJin Ak xisand rnn^'""'"" ""'• "'"• »l'o Or nd Dnk l^ully blown lip ; 5U,UWp,u;j",-V"V,V„f'^H'''''""A'-''^-'S- -'f-" ''-^ " il" and' ,r /"^^*-'"fg?""Ohio Klver ■ West Virginia and Oh o- ieu oim,!''' "' Indiana. 's;i2,500,0(iO. 8 Ta/v ,■""""" •'"•^•'"''■«''i^'''«t ""•^t^Of'J ^-PiiblieaVis in ihe a^t ''.V"^'''' '" 'rain and kills 2(1 nKn^W.sofVhe'Mi''"'''''- V"*-'"" S.^;S$^i^i!^-;;^;:i-f«-^^l^din'i^!;:l:t .... Montenegrins d,, eat inrr'"''.^^ ^- "'^ **'• -'"t'ns.N.R losi ....17-S..u>h^ra?o,Ua^J^",^'',^«'!J^lvirii,6w ^l^'l f^liiiliS^piiiiii^^ by the Turks. -^'-About 2li .« ■ •^N"-'''"'*'"'*^'' of SantanderSi.aininrtLr^^'r '"''''.''''"• ^^^'IshM, About 215,u;0 j,eople perished land m ^^^'^^'n^'Tani^n^^^ 154 CBRONOLOQJ. 1 BOO bankers and brokers, asking for repeal of all Iclared br coroner's jury to have been unsafe, and special taxes on National banks, presented to I'on- Lake .-~hore K R. Co. censuretl. . . H. Kxpiosion in cress 28 MoodyandSankcymeetingscummence Worcester, Eng., coal mine and death of a large in Boston. Signor Blitz, pi estidigitateur, dies at iiumber of miners. ...9. Montenegro and Turkey Philadelphia, 67.... 29. First meeting of National [cannot agree upon a peace basis... 10. Tenement Sunday School Congressinl.'hicago.... 31. Electoral house in New York burned with three inmates.. Commission (bill signed 28th) organized with live (-'abinet nominations conhrmed. . .>enator Simon Senators, five Repre.sentatives, and five Supreme Cameron resigned.. Rev. E. O. Hovey, ITofessor of Court Judges.. First Mexican installment ($300,000) Chemistry and Geology, 76, died at CrawtordsviUe, naid Keb 1. Keeper Custer, of Auburn State Ind... .11. 250 Communists (convicts) pardoned in I'rison murdered by Wm.Barr,a convict. .Servia France.. . .13. Chas. Oowden Clark, Eng.author,91, and Turkey agree upon a preliminary treaty of died at Genoa, Itaiy..Mme. Octavia Le vert, auth- peace S A Spanish vesselboarded by pirates off oress, 67, died at Augusta, Ga.. Henry M. Stanle; North Guinea.. Midhat Pasha deposed from Grand Viiiership of Turkey ; Edhem Pasha his successor 6. BurningofS.S. Bavaria, en route from N.O. to Limerick. Rev. W. M. Daily, D.D., LL.D, form- erly President Louisiana State University, Method- ist, 65, died at N. Orleans.. Outbreak among Apache Indians in Arizona. . Rear Admiral James Alden. U. S. N.,died at San Francisco. .Col. J. O'Mahoney, Fenian leader,67,N.Y.City.. British Str.Ethelashore onLundy Island, Wales, and ten personsdrowned.. The Electoral Commissionbya voteolS to7 decides not to go behind the returns. .Crazy Horse's band defeated by Gen. Miles, near Tongue River a Henry B. Smith, D. D.. LL. D., Protessor Union Theological Seminary, Presbyterian, 61, died in N. Y... Rear Admiral Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N.,76, diedWashington. D.C. . .Opening of English Hout-e ot Parliament 10. Gunpowder explosion at Adher- nahed India, kills 50 and wound sl.OOO persons. .R'r AdmiriilTheodorus Bailey, U.S.N., 74, died at Wash- ington D.C 11. Sir Wm. Ferguson, President of Royal College of Surgeons, 69, died in London. . .12. Rinderpest spreading throughout Germany.. New insurrection in Bosnia .... 13. New Stock Exchange organized in New York 14. Receiver appointed for New Jersey Central Railroad. .Aime de Picliot, French writer, died in London. Gen. Changarnier, 84, died in Paris, France 15. Attempt to assassin- ate Gov. Packard, in New Orleans. .Col. Gordon, Af- rican explorer, appointed governor 01 the Province of Soudan, Africa.. Coal mine explosion atGraisses soc, France, and 55 miners killed — 16. L. D. Pils- bury confirmed as Supt. of N. Y. State prisons. Midhat Paslia arrives at Naples. .. .17. Cfen. Diaz elected P es, and Ignacio Vallaste, Chief Justice ot Mexico 18. Attempted assassination of the Arch bishop of Mexico. .Rear Admiral Chas. H. Davis, U S.N.,70, died at Washington, D.C... .19. Judge H W. Williams, a justice of the Supreme Court, died at Pittsburgh, Pa 20. Rear Admiral Louis Golds- borouuhi U. S. N., 72, died at Washington, D. (;. Rinderpest at Mull, Eng... 21. British bark Marie •wreckedoff we.stconstof Atrica; 12 men lost. .Boiler explosi' n at Middleton, Ohio, killing 4 and injuring 12 persons 22. Train thrown from railroad track near Lowell, Mass., by train wreckers. Str. Fran conia wrecked off Point Sim Bias. .Maj. Gen. Anio; B. Kiiton, Ciiiiimi';sary Gen. U. S. A., died at New 1 1, ■! veil. Conn . . .24. Submarine volcanic erujition al Kalak;iu;i Bay, Hawaiian Islands — 25. Puriuu^ storm on the coast of Long Island; sevei al vessih and crews loli Jolin.-.t(Ui,'.)2,iliet Tin k and besiege the Puka li.rtres.^ The liiiti>h Medit raiiean sciuadron order, d to eonienlrale at .Malt 2. The eli-cl(iral cnunt coinpleliil, and .Me-;- Hayes and Whec Ur deilared duly elected l're>iilent ann Vicel'residentof Ibe V. S 3. .loel ')'. ll.irl. sculptor, 67, died at h'b.rence Italy.. Chief Ju.^tiee Waile administers the oath ol' olli c to I'res. ll.nyes cnTurkev and Sei announced the survey of Lake Tanganyika 14. Six Chinamen murdered in Chico, Butler Co.,Cal., by a gang of white ruffians. .The Khedive presents Cleopatra's needle to Great Britain . . Fred. Douglass appointed United States Marshal for the District of Columbia 15. Diaz recognized as President of Mexico by U. S. ..Stephen S. Jones, editor, Chicago, Bhotdeadinhisofflceby Dr. W. C. Drake.... 17. U. S. Senate adjourns.. Six hours fight between Bos- nians and Turks near Orezgonia 18. Str. Russ* land from Antwerp for New York, went a-hore at Long Branch. .Iglesias, late President of Mexico, but deposed by the Diaz revolution, issued a pro- clamation from New Orleans.. England demanded a modification of the Russian protocol. Sir Edward Belcher, Rear Admiral, commander of an expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 78, died in London 19. ExGov. Emory Washburne, of Mass., 77, died at Cambridge, Mass. .J. Donald Cameron, late Secretary of Treasury, elected U. S. Senator from Penn. .Saigo begins a formidable rebellion in Japan 20. Congress appropriates $200,000 to complete theWashington Monument — 21. Leipsic fixed upon as the seat of the Imperial Court of Germany. Death of Prince Charles of Hesse Darmstadt. President Haves' cabinetdecidc upon a Louisiana Commission ...."22. Labor crisis in Germany — 23. Jno. D. Lee, one of the Mormon murderers at the Mountain Meadow massacre, was executed there ; his confes- sion implicates many leading Mormons. .. .24. 'Vil- lage of Madrid, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., almost des- troyed by fire 26. Walter Bagehot, publicist, died in London. Prof Jno. S. Hart, teacher and author, 67, died in Phila 27. Dam of the SlafTordsville, Conn., rese voir gives way; two personsdrowned ; $1,000,000 loss. One editor kills another in Topeka, Kansas Sir J. F. Fitzgerald. Field Marshal British Army ,91, died in Tours, France . . .28. Prince Antoine Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I, died in Florence, Italy.... 29. Mexican au.horities imprison U. S. Consul Sutton. . . .30. Revolt in Pashalik of Diarbe- kir, Armenia.. General Chareite presents Cardinal Simeoni with an album containing the signatures of overSO.COOvolunte. rs, who are ready to fight lor the tcmiioral power ot the Pope... 31. The Cabinet decides to withdraw the U. S. troops from South Carolina. .Russia amended protocol, incorporating Kngland's suggestions, accepted by the powers April 2. First telephone concertat Steinway Hall. .N Y. City. Bismarck tenders his resignation as ciiancellor of Germany — 3. Capt. Fred'k Lahr- liusli, formerly ot British Army, iii, diediiiN. Y. City 4. Prospectsof war in the East increasing; Kuisia determined to figlit. . . ■;. Orville D. Jewett kills his uncle and himself by ex| loding a liand- i.'rena(le in bis store in Front St., N. Y. . . .6. The Louisiana Commission commences its session at New (irleans. Insuruent Gen. Triijillo defeats con- s, ivatiN e ii.rees in l'. s ot Colombia, S. A., and the Slab- of AntioNiiia is siu reiidend tohiin. . . .8. Rev. I lederick A .M iilib nbeTL', D U. all eminent philan- Ibroiiistand louiuler of St. Luke's Hosidtal, and St. .lohhland fli xi n, 5 lives lost.. Kev. , John S. C. Abbott, author, 71, died in New Haven, Conn 19. MoiiUlitar I'asha s riglit wing defeated 20. Tliree-foiirths of St. .lolui's. New Brunswick, destroyed by lire; 30 iiersons killed ..Cha.s. F Brigg.s, author ami iournalist,b7, dievoundecl. .liloody liot in iteaaiiul>e. ..Montenegrins ti bard Nic^n-s. .On t le 2yth the C/Mrowjleh's fo delcatcd the Turk.s near Rustcliuk, taking *,ooo pri-souers, 31 guns and 10 standards.. On the 24th Escobedo, the Mexican insurgent general, was ar the emplovees of the N. Y. Central who had not joined in the strike August i. Gov. Robinson pardons young Walworth, the parricide . .Riot at Scranto)! Pa Schr. Florence, of Howgate'sexpedi- ticm.s.iiled for the North Pole.... 2. The town ot Coueio, I'aiiama, burned ,,,3. Wm. B. Ogden, first ayor ol Chicago, 71, dieil at Fordham Height.s, N. Y. . . Box factory in Cincinnati burned ; several girls burntto death. .Great fire at East Saginaw, Mich. ; $200,000 destrovcd ... .4. Poorhou.se a t Simcoe burn- ed, I7imiialesperislied. .Fi Id Marshal Von ^tein- metz, 71, died at Laiideck, Silesia ... .5. Eaton, Wis., burned; several lives lost. .Russians de lea ted south ef the Balkans 6. Centennial celebration ot bat- tle ol Oriskanv 7. General order prohibiting the ale ol arms and ammunition to Indians. .Repulse ol Russians at Lovatz.... 8. Kiotsat Belfast, Ireland ..Gen. (Jrant in Switzerland — 9. Gen. Gibbon tights the Nez Perces in Montana, a drawn battle. . . A train tell through a drawbridge at Oceanport, N. J. ; 6oi]ersons iojured. .Dr. A. B. Crosby, professor rested.. On the 26th eight men -were killed by a - . boiler explosion near Tunstall, Eng.. 30. Centennial lighting . ■;• "• razy Ho anniver.sury ol the adoption of the New York ccjii- to escape Iroiii the guard 1 stitutioii ccdebrali-d at Kiu'^slon. . .The Russians. . 7 were defeated near Pleviui. . .(ien. (Jlujurka won a for a in Belfevue Med College, 45, died in Hanover, N H. ... 10. Political troubles increasing in France; many Republican papers there' suspended 13. Mexican outrages on the Rio Grande : Mexicans cross the river, murder Judge Cox and anothernian, release Mexican murderers from jail and escape across the river Chauncey Rose, an eminent philanthropist, died in Terrc Haute, Ind. . . .15. The stnmule between the Russiansand Suleiman Pasha lor .Sliiidia Passcommenced. .Win. Longman, Lon- don puljlisher, 78, died in London 16. Rev. Asa D. Smith, D.D., LL.D., president of Dartmouth Col- lege, died at Hanover, N.H.. .Prof. Asaph Halldis- covers two satellites ot Mars. .Centennial celebra- tion ot the battle of Bennington attended by more than 60,000 pe(iple 18. Gayvillc, Dakota, almost eniirely destroyed by tire, 2^0 buildings consumed, loss$6o,ooo 19. Mbukhtar Pasha repulsesa Rus- sian attack 20. Consolidation of Western Union and Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Companies.. Great strike in Pennsylvania coal regions, 50,000 men out. . . .21. Meeting of National Board ofTrade at Jliiwaukec, Wis 22. Insurrection in Crete.. Another revolt in Bosnia 24and2S. Sharp and continuous fighting in Shipka Pass.. The Russians gain and hold some important positions. .The Turks capture Kiziltope, but are defeated at Kuruk Dara ... 26. Dr. H. Draper and Prof. C. S. Uoldcn dis- cover a third satellite of. Mars. . .Hon. E. P. Noyes, .Minister to France, reaches Paris,.. 27. The Knights Templars ol the U. S. hold their 2otli triennial con- clave at Cleveland, tHiio^ .strike ended in the Lehigh Valley coal regions. .Seiior Costello and his son, leading Cuban insurgents, surrender to the Spanish authorities 28. t'onference of State Gov- ernors at Philadelphia. .Ben De Bar, actor, 61, died at St. Louis, Mo 29. Railroad accident near Des Moines, 20 persons killed. .Brigham Young, the Mor- mon prophet and chief, 76, died at, Salt Lake t'ity, Utah 30. Monument to John Brown, of Os.sa- watomie, Kansas, dedicated in presence of 10,000 people .Raphael Senimes, ex-comniander of the Conlederate cruiser Alabama, 68, died at Point Clear, Ala. .The village of Karahas.senlar captured liy the Turks alter a severe battle, Turkish loss 3,000 killed and wounded, Russian loss 4,000. . .Rus.sians delealeiU>ii the Loin, Pojikoi abandoned, and the Rus.sian position completely turned — 31. Fire at Paris, Texas, 10 Imsiiiess blocksdestroycd, loss$2so,- ooo..Osman Pasha gains a signal vi lory at Plevna . . . .Se)iiember 1. Tornado at Maysville, Ky. .Meet- ing of Am. Association for Advancement ot Science at Nashville, Tenn. . ..Alvau Adam.s, founder of .\damsK.\pressCo ,73, died at Wat' rtown, Mass.. E. L. Davenport, actor, 61, died at Canton, Pa 2. Insurrection in china unujiig intericu' tribes 3. Louis A(lol|ihe TIners, e.xpresident of France, 80, (lie(l in Pans, Frauee. .Hake's pi.'Uio factory, N. v., bnrni (I and several jiersons kill.d ..\ house in Cincinnati undermimd and tails, killing 4 women 4. "Crazy Horse" arrested at Sjioltcd Tail Agency lor attempting to iiuluee tlu> Indians to go to war .Russians capture Lo\aIz alter 12 liours is kille I while trying I' at Camii Robinson bnl Haves and j)arty leave Washington I to Ohio a'iid other .stales 8. Rev.Edv victory over the Turk< at Yeiii Sagra, Roumelia. ... Hall, D.D., professor ol Iheology at Auhurii, died Onthe2^th (;. (irge W. Matsniail Pasha effects a junction with Moukhtar Pasha Ku Klux outrages in Clark Co., Ohio. .91 deaths iroin yellow feverin Fern.indina to- date .28. Edwin Adams, actor, 42, died in Phila- delphia, I'a... Julia K.'ivanagli, novelist, 53, died in Nice Italy. Joseph Durham, sculi)tor, dud in Lon- (hjii ' .29. N. B. Forrest, ex-C'onlederate geiufral, ^6 di«il in Memphis, Tenn ..Meeting of National Liberal League at Kochesti/r. .E. \\ . Sioughtou nominated as Minister to R.issia 30. John Walsh nominated Minister to England. .Gold>niith Maid, t.imous trotting marc, 21 years old, withdrawn iroin the turf .Ndvemheri. Collision bet we. n dt-ight and express trains on rhiladeli)hia and Kiie K. R. ; Smen were killed. .. .Wm. (;ale,pedestnan. London, completed 4,000 (juarler miles in 4,ajo eonseculive periods of 10 minutes each, beginning Oetijber 20 President McMahoii givesa dinner to(ien. Grantat Elysee, Paris... Oliver P. Morton. U. S. Senator from Indiana, and former Governor. 54, died at In- dianapolis Field Mar.^hal Fred(rick\ onWrangel, ,. , ^., ... 93, died in Berlin, Prussia 2— Chiel J nsiiee, W. K. ebellion Draper, C. B. 77,died in Toronto, Canada. 4 Earth- itroV^ng quake shocks throughout northern New York, New .Yellow England, and the Eastern British Provinces, at 2 A.. M. ..5— hland Silver bill passed the House ...6— Elections held in 12 States. . . .Gustav Brioii, French painter, died in Paris... HcavybattlenearErzerum ; Russians repulsed. . . .7.— Amelia, dowager Queen of Saxony, died in Dresden. .. 9— Insurgents in San Domingo increasing in numbers. Alarmalthe Cap- itol 10— Schooner Magellan wrecked on Lake Michigan; 81iveslost. . . .Forty ofEx SultniiMurad'S servants strangled, lor aiding in a eonspira<'y to re- instate him. . . ..Martin Paine, M. D., LL.l), protessor. Ac., 83, died in New York City 11— Rio tin El Paso County, Texas 12— Suit commenced by Cornelius J Vanderbilt and his sister Mrs. LaBau, to break his fathers will Prof. Watson of Michigan Lni- crsitv discovers a iilanet of the nth magnitude, (irea't Storm on the British Coast; loss Si. 200,000. tire Ga .'".'!p'assage\)f the Army appropiiation bill by the House 13— Henry Peters Gray, artist, 58, died in New York City. .. .14— Burning of Field, Leiter A Go's dry goods house, Chicago; loss, S^si^.ooo — Billiard matchforthe world's cliainpionsliip,Saxtou beatsCvrille Dion. . . Trans-Pacilic Cable i;oii.pany, organized to lay a Cable from Calilornia to Japan, via Honolulu, Capital stock, $10,000,000 — is— Explo- sion of tire-damp, in Jermvu Colliery, near Scran- ton, Pa.,anumberkilledaiidinjnred — Eartluiuake shocks in Iowa, Nebraska, and in the N. W. general- ly, and S. to Tennessee — Army appropriation bill amended and passed by Senate. . .16— Pierre Lan- frey. Republican Senator of France, died at \Tr sallies 18— Russians capture Kars by a brilliant nightassanlt 19— Fort Edward Institute burned. ...20— Julius Kircher of New York, cremates his dead intant 21— The Roumanians after a three John V. L. Pruyii, Josepl - - , 6. Greatnuniber of Cuban insurgents surrender 70 drowned ..Wm. Gale walks 1,500 miles iu 1,000 consecutive hours, beginning Aug. 26 — 7. Senator L. O. Bor- deau died in Paris, France 8. First suit under the timber depredation laws, in Minnesota, is de- cided for the government... Severe eartliQuake at Geneva, Switzerland 11. Explosion in a colliery atPemberton, Eng., 40 killed. .Spanish government pays$57o,ooo indemnity to Mini.ster Lowellforlosses oy American citizens in Cuba 12. Win. C. Gil- man (referred to in Sept.) surrenders himself and is sent to State prison for five yi-ars 14. The "Cleo- patra's needle" encounters a heavy .storm en route to England, and is abandoned oft' Cape Fiiiisterre ; is subsequently picked up and taken to Ferrol, Spain. Republicansgain an overwhelming victory in the French elections 15. Prof. Peters, of Clin ton, NY, discovers a new planet of the eleventh magnitude. .Extrasession of Congress opened at Washington; Samuel J. Randall chosen speaker of the Hou?c.. Antonio Scialoja, eminent Italianlaw verand publicist, dies at Rome 16. 4,oooN. Y cigar maKers on a strike. .Theodore Barriere, dram atic author, died in Paris, .(ieo. Hadley, M.D., Proi Diaz orders Trevino with 2, vjo troops to the Rio Grande, to re)iel invasion by V . S. troops ...Canadian Fisheries eoniinissioner.-, one di>-,-'°- .President Hayes nominates cxOov. va'iV;, ;k^?.™.'<=^' of Arizona, Commissioner Gene- Ifin h,. ® PansExposition. . .17. Ardanitzsch car- Ir^,. V "p^aiilt by the Russians. .All the powers ex- cept England refuse tointerfcre between Russia and i urKey. .D Aurelle de Paladincs, corps commander ,5 "'-'t^'' ^'^i life Senator of France, died in Paris. «o„ f ,?^^? "'ate troops surrender to the mob at »an Ulizario. .Orders given in Russia for the imme- n„,i mobilization of So.ooomore troops.... IQ. Ja.s. ■Bailantine,author,69, died in Edingburgh, Scotland. ..Reports of famine in Nothcrn China.. Six pcrsmi.s sunocated with coal gasat Randolph, Mass; twochil- dren burned to death at Newport, N. Y,..! .20. Ex- plo.sion in Greenfield & Son's confectionary factory in New -iork, 15 lives lost. .Cabinet crisis in Ger- m.-iny. .Riis.sian Joss by the war to date, officially siutea at 80,412 men ..Mercy B. Jackson, M. D., Prof, of dLseases of children, Boston Univirsity, yS.died in Boston.... 21, The famous racing mare Flora Jemple died near Philadelphia, aged 32 years.. t mice CharlesofRoumania.receivesthelronCros! Jrora the Emperor William.... 22. American Mu- seum of Natural History at New York, formally ■opened by President Hayes. .Excise Commis.sioner Murphy of- New York, absconds with $5o,ooo of the public lunds.... 23. The Porte ineffectually attempts to depose Prince Milan of Servia. .Henry M. Stanley arrnesat Aden, Arabia, on his way home. Tirrilile snow .storm in Roumania; hundreds of Russian sol- fliers and Turki.sh prisoners perish. . . .24. Robert P larrott,(Parrott's rilled cannon,) inventor, died at (old hpring, N. Y.. Mrs Hatli.ld and thrte children drowned through the ice near Yarmouth, Nova Kco- .";• ■ ''0 insurgents at Crete convoke the Nation- al Assembly to establish a Provincial government. "«■, „ , T'"*"^ '""" repulsedat Yaiic, but capture Ak-Palanka after eight hours fighting.... 26. Thirty thousand Servians with 120 guns invest Nitzsch.. Montenegrins defeat a Turki.sh force near Dulcigno. ..tlcorgc; A. Hail, y, publisher of the Congressional Globe, (iMdatO.eriiig, Me....27. 'I'l'C Servians are repulsed at Novi Bazar and Pirot by the Turks 28. Lxplo.sion in the Stanton sliiiit near Wilkes- barre....3o. The British,! h.-innel llr.t and all com- nii.s.sioned ships uiRl.r nimir, onlncdtobe reailv (or .sea by January m .ti. Uodiic, M. It, lor Report of the tnassacre of K,eoo people in Kashgar "y 'he Chinese.. Stanley welcomed at the court o( the Khedive.. U. S. steamer Kearssrge driven ashore '"Portsmouth harbor. .John Orton Cole. 84, died in Albany. .Gen. Alfonso de la Marmora, Italian soldier andstatesman, 73, died in Florence, Italy. 8 Oc- cupation of Stalitza and Petricherobv the Russians . Retreat of Chakir Pasha . . Don Francisco de la Gu- erra, Mexican statesman, died in Mexico. Count de Palikao, French statesman and Senator 81 died in Paris.... 9. Russians under General Rad'etskv capture entire Turkish army at Shipka Pa.ss Reso- lutions introduced in the Massachusetts Legislature tayoringagoldstandar(l,andcon(lemiing the Bland .SilyerBill..\ictorEmanuel II. King of Italy 57 died in Rome. . . .11. Fernando Wood's investigation res- olution passes the House . . Nissacaptured by the Ser- vians after a five davs' battle. .EskiSaghra and Ye- ni-Saghra occupied by the Rus.sians.. Demetrius Bulgans, Greek Statesman, died in Athens.. r2 Great fire in London, loss over$i,cco,cco. 13 Cen- tral Superintendency of Indian affaiisdiscoii'tiniied by order of Secretary Schurz 14. Thirteen lives lost by the wreck of the schooner Little Kate oft Duxbury. Mass. ...IS Sixteen persons killed and a large number injured by a railroad accident near Tariffville, Conn. .$300,000 voted fortheu'w State Capitol at Albany. .General McClellan inaugurated Governor of New Jersey 16. Lead City, Dakota capiured by border ruffians.. Samuel Bowles, jour- nalist (Springfield Republican), 61, died at Spring- field, Mass — 17. Four negroes killed by a mob at Lexington, Ky . Treaty of commerce and friendship between the United States and Samoa signed 18 Commodore George W. HoUins, U. S. N., 79, died at Baltimore — 19. The Ohio Senate passes a joint resolution favoring remonetization of the silver dol- lar and passage of the Bland bill.. Turks evacuate Adrianople. .Banquet to Stanley at Paris.. Insurrec- tion at Thessaly and Macedonia... 21. Cleopatra's needle arrives in England. . Servian troops occupy Pristina and Kar Shumli..Widdin completely in- vested and bombardment commenced. .E. K.Col- lins, founder of Collins' line of Steamships.76,died in New York city... 22. Russians occupy Adrianople 23. Marriage of Alfonso, King of Spain, to the Princess Mercedes The Austrian Cabinet resigns Gen. Aug VVillicli,68, died at St. Mary, Ohio. 24 Earlsof Derby and Carnarvon, of the British Min- istry, resign.... 2S. The U. S. Sen .te passes Mat- thews Silver resolution — 26. Terrible famine re- ported in China; 9, cco.cco people starving. William Gale completes a walk of a quarter of a mile everv ten minutes for thirteen con.secutivc days. .Dr.Jno Doran, anoted English author, 70, died in London — 27. Three islands in Lake Scutari, captured by Montenegrins. .George P. Gordon, inventor of the Gordon printing press, 67, died in Norfolk, Va 28 Defeat of the Turkish army at Raschasink by the Servians. Revolt in Athens — 29. Turks defeated by Thessalian insurgents on Mount Pelion. .Sir Ed- ward S. Crea.sy, English historian, 65, died in Lon- don — 30. Joseph Hildebrand, German philosopher 72, died in (iermany... 31. Str. Metropolis. Phila- delphia to Brazil, driven ashore on Currituck Beach N.C., and wrecked, nearly 100 lives lost. .Armistice signi d between Russia and Turkey February i. storm . Di.strict At- torney, died in New York. Dr. J. Behrcndt, ethnol- ogist, died in Guatemala. Central Aineru^a. .George Tyler Bigelow, LL.D., 68. died in Boston, Mass. ...13. Fifteen acresof Clarksvillo, Tenn. , burned ovej-,k)M $soo,ooo,. Oxford winsthe boat race with Cambridge on the Thames 14. Canton, China, devastated by a hurricane, accompanied by two w;ater-spouts... Town of Goa. Venezuela, destroyed by an earth- quake...!-. Three inurdererslvnclud a Hunts ille. Ala .18. Collision between white and black minors, and a number killed, at Coal Cre.k. l"''. ■ '9- A general strike in the manufacturing districts of England. Riots in Montreal. ..Geo. W. Blunt Pilot ('ommi.s.sioner and author. 76, died in New York.. Rev. P. F Lvnden.CatholioVicar-general of Boston. 66.died the're. . . 20. Rev. J. P. pubr.uil,D.D.,\ icar- general of Baltimore, Md., 63, died there. . . 21. The Azorsailsfrom Charleston. S.C, with 2so colored emigrants for Liberia... .22. Promulgation of the Pope's encyclical a.sserting temporal power.. Nihil- ist troubles in Russia... Wm. Orton, President Wes- tern Union Telegraph Co.. 54. died in New York.... 2^ Destructive tornado in western low-a... 24. Prot. Malaguti, chemist, 78. died in Sevres, France.. .26. Geo. Grant, founder Victoria Colony, Kansas, died there. . . .27. The Barclay street explosion in New- York City. loss$i.5oo,ooo. .Delegation of distingulsH- ed Southerners entertained at Boston. .. .28. Gen. Todlehen appointed to succeed the Grand Duke Nicholas in command of the Russian arm v in Tur- key. .Twenty persons killed bv a boiler explosion at Dublin, Ireland. . . .30. First coniingent ol British troops sent to Malta May i. Opemng of 1 aris Exposition. .John Morrissey, gambler, Niate Senator andex M.C..47,died at Saratoga... 2. Hour mill explosion at Minneapolis, killing >7„P>'rson«. .\V^ S- O'Brien, "Bonanza King," died at San Ralael Cal. 4. England transports native troops from India tooperate against Russia 5- <^ount Schouvalofl sets off on a mission of peace.... 6. 'a'-kard nom- inated for consul at Liverpool. . . 7- An insurrection in Central Turkey, 21 Mohammedan villages des- troved....io. The Canadian parliament pn.rogued ..s:s. Sardinian burned at harbor of Londonderry, three killed and forty injured.. .Troubles with the Mexicans on the Texas border... The bankrupt act repeal bill passed. . . n. Attempted as.sassi nation of Emperor William by Hoedel... 13-. Sevente.n Am- erican vessels chartered by Russia... Catharine B. Beecher, educator and author, 77, died in tlmira ». Y ..13. Prof Joseph 8. Henry, LL.D.. scientist, secretary Smithsonian Institute. 80 died in Wash- ingtou, l").C...Mrs. John Bright, wi(;e of Hon. John Bright, died at Rockdale, Eng.. . .Maj.-t,en. 'Thos. S. Dakin, cchbrated rifle shot, 46, died in Brooklyn N. Y 16. Cottonstrike riots atPreston, Manchester and'Burnly, Eng 17. The Potter investigation ordered by the House of Representatives. . .Message from President Haves on the fishery award. .. .18. Meetingof the American Social Science Association in Cincinnati. . . .19. Forty persons burned to death in a Calcutta theatre. .Rev. S. M. Isaacs. Journalist. 74, died in New York. . . .22. A iileasure steamer cap- sized in Grand river, Canada, and nine persons drowned. . Francis IVralto rode 305 miUs in I4hr8 and3i min. at Fleetwood Park, N \'. . 23. An Indian outbreak in Montana. . . 24- Greatstorm in W iscon- sin att.nded with loss of life ....25. Duchess of Argyle die.l at Edinburgh. . John A. Bolles, naval Solicitor-general. 69, died in Washington J no.Scott Harrison, e.\-.'*l. C.dii-d at North Bend, Ind. . 28. Invitations to the Berlin Congre.-s isMied by Ger- many Earl Ru.-sell (Lord John Kn-M-li), formerly Brili'sh Premier,86,died in London, Eng. So. Severe drought on the Island of Jamaica . .SmKing ol the German naval vcs.sel Gros>er Kiiriiirst 111 th.' Eng- lish channel, and nearly ■}o liv.s lo-t rheluidyot the son of ex-President Harris. mi loniul in an Ohio medical college. . . .June 1. lpri>ing of the Bannock Indians . .2. A tornado destroys ico hou.-es al Rich- mond, Mo. .Wreck of the str. Idaho on the coastof Ireland. ..Nobeling attempts the a-^sassination of Emperor William 3- vera Sassuliteh escapes irom the Russian authorities.. .400 Russians mas- sacred in Roumelia. . . .6. The Pope appeals to the powers to protect Catholics in Turkey. He V. Nath I X6u CSROXOLOGt. vers fight with the Bannock Indians... Amnesty ...31. R.itiflcation of the treaty of Berlin.. Hanlon granted to Cuban patriot prisoners. . .Turkey selects defeats Ro.^s in a boat race at Riverside, iN. B. . . . .31. two Christians to attend the Berlin Congress. .Bui- Yellow R-ver brc ks out at New Orleans August gai ians burn ig villaL es and commit horrible atroc- i. Arrival of Chinese embassy athan i rancisco. . . ities Earthquake in Lisbon, Fortugai. .John A. Mc-('ardinul Alessandro Franchi, sg, ditd at Rome. . .2. Downfall of the Catholic .-Miiiistrv in Belgium. .Wm. ling match in Kngland. . 7. Beginning of the Aus- Cullcn Brvant, poet and joiini:ilist, 83, died in Newitro-Bosniiui war .Collision on the panhandle R. R., York Ex"-King&eorge(,filanov,-rdiod....i3. Meet-i lear S.eubenviile O. ; is per.sons kil ed ami 40111- ingoftlieBei-UnCo'it'ress .Prof.O.W.Keeley.LL.D., jured 8.. Powder magazine explodes at Fratesi, in^oiuit ccuun J . .-■!... lu vx jjpg^|.^/pp,,,^„^iji„s:jja_ killing 45 persons g. Terrihc storm and man, poet and author, 75. died in Providence, R.I, 28 Harvard defeats Yale in a boat race at New London, Conn.. Centennial of the battle of Mon- mouth in New Jersey.... 29. Tunnel caves in at Schwelni, Ger.,burving25 persons. . . .July i. Inde- pendence of Ronniania and Montenegro acknowl- edged 2. Twenty five thousand men out of emploVmcnt in the Schuylkill mining regions. . . .3. Centennial anniversary ot the massacre ot Wyom- ing Dr. J. C. Aver, chemist and patent medicine manufacturer, died at Winchendon, Mass. . . .4. Ten persons killed and fifteen injured by lightning at a picnic near Pittsburgh. .A New London picnic party struck by lightning... Rev. Johu Bowling, D. D., clergyman and author, 70, died at Middletown, N.\ . 5 Victory of the Columbia College crew at the iieniey regatta in England 5. Indian fights in Oregon .7. Batoum ceded to Russia.. Kesigiiation of the Austrian Cabinet. .4.700 houses destroyed by fire in Mamhilav, Burinah. ..French elections tor deputies, and lai-ge Kepulilican gains. .Explosion in apetrokum factory in France, and 3o lives lo.st. . .. 8 Battle with the Indians at W illow ^priii'-'saiid Bea-lcTs .Mills, Oregon. . .Geo. S. Appleton.book publisher, i;^. died at Riverside, N. Y'. . .g. Announce- ment of a .secret treaty between England and Tur- key 10. Gen. Howard fights a severe battle at Head Birch Creek ...12. Capt, Webb swims about ic miles in g hr.s. 57 min., Thames river, England. . 13. Berlin treaty signed by all the plenipiitentiaries, and Congress adjourns... Harvey J. Eastman, edu- cator, mavur ot Pouglik.'Cpsie, died there.. 14 Canadian"troops fire into a mob at .-^t. Hemi J mu- tion ...i^. Removal of Arthur and loniell lioni tlu New Yorkcustoui-liouse...i;o cases.il suiistnikeat 8t Louis. ...18. A train ot 22 cars tall thnnigha bridge at a height of 90 feet near Mcmtlcell.., Iml killing several persons 20. Gen. MerrittlieCdines collector, and (Jen. Graham surveyor ot customs at New York...(;ei>. F. Sliepley, judge of First L nited States District <'mirt, Maine, 67, died in Bangor 31. Grand Arniv eneaijipineiit at Gettysburg — -•2. Lord Beaconslleld made a knight of the garter.... -';<. The orderof tint garter conferred upon the .Marquis of. Salisbury... Meeting of tlie National Greenback Convention at Svracnse. .Riot at East t>t. Louis, .Mo. .."Minnie Warren" (Mrs. .Newelli, a very beautuul dwarf, sister of Mrs. Tom Thumb, 28, died m Ma-sa chu.s';tts 25. British ship Loch Ard lostwitlKi; lives.. Rev. Samuel C.Jacksou, I).n.,l ongregation alisl clergyman and aiitlior, 7''', died m Ma~s . jn. A bouteap-i/es near hlaekwater, Ireland ; ]4cliihlren and s ti'a hers drown.il, , Unit ons denionsl rat loiisin Wasliinut.Mi,]).C....i ol. Forsyth roiUestlie Indians near Sharkie's ranclie 28. Grand bainiuet to Beaconslleldand Salisbury in London. ..Austrian army enters Bosnia... Mar<|Uis of Lome appoint!-. (Jovernor Cetii'rnl of Canada. . .20. Total eclips<. .11 the Bun, obs.rvalions being made at Deiiv.r ami otliir point- Four negroes hanged by a mob jit Monr..e la (j derniaii parliamentary elecli.>n at Newark. .Ex-Queen Maria Christina de Bourbon of Spain, 72, died at St. Adresse, France. .Wni. Niblo, founder of Xil.lo's Garden, 89, died at New York 22. P.iw.l.-r mills explode at Negaunec, Mich., and several enipl.)yees killed , . . .27. Ex-Gov. Padelford. ofR.I., 71, died at Providence, R.I — 30. A pardon to the Fenians Melody and Condon granted by the English government... -Mi.skolez, Hungary, almost entirely tieslrove.l bv a storm, and over =,(xi persons drowned , . .V ni'tr.j-.-'l vceriiie explosion at Xegaunee, Mich., with gr.atl.>ss of life. .. .31- Ageneralrush intobankruptcv, owing to the expiration of the bankruptact. .Judge Thomas B. Dwight, 41, died in Andover, Mass September i. J. G. Dickerson, LL. D ,Judge of the Supreme Court ot Maine, 6;, died in San Francisco. . . .2. Anniversary of Sedan cele- brated in Germanv. British Columbia wants to withdraw from the Union. . Forest fires on the shore of Lake Michigan, extending over 160 miles — 3. Bish.ip McC.iskrv, of Michigan, deposed trom the Epise.,pate.Sinkingof the steamer Princess Alice in the Thames, causing a loss of over 500 lives.... 6. Gen. J. T. Spragiie, U. S. A. , died in New York City 7. Albanians murder Mehemet All, the Turkish general, and 20 of bis suite. . , ,8. Trebinje surrend- ered to the Austrians. . . .9. Meeting of the Germail Reichstag... Maine election, and large increase of Greenback vole.... 11. Two hundred and eighty lives lost bv a colliery explosion in Wales... .13. Russians evacuate Erzeronm .Greatstorms in the west causing much destru.-tioii to railroad prop- er! v 14. The Porte accepts the Eughsh pro- gra'mini- ofrelormsfor Asia .Minor. .. .i6. Deteatof t!ie Canailian Government in the elections 17. The Buller-Oemocratic-tlreeMback Convciitum at Worcester.. Rev. Parre P. Irving, D. I)., Episc(ipal, neplnw of Washington Irving, and autliorw2, died atN.wBri.hton,S. I„ New York. .. . . .18. Ex Gov. \ (■liarlel,ofIil.,78, died at Di.xon, III 20. Ar- rivaloftlie Chinese Embas.sy in Washington. (.hey- enne raid in Kansas. .Col. Thomas B. Th..rpe, author. 63, died in New York.. 22. . Whole to»ns swept away by a tornado in Hayti British missi.ni to .\fgliaiiistan refused permission to ei'h'r I abnl... "l Russians evacuate San Stelano, Eruptmn 01 Mt. Vesuvin'- Tuzia surrendered to the Austrians >l Sni.i.le of Ex-Coiigrcssman A. H. Lafiin, at Fi'tchbiirg Mass. .Treaty betwien the Viiit. d States >,..r of 1812, yo," Jersey cily,...ExJu(ige B. K. TIn.mas, Ex-M. C.died atSalein, Mass .Dr, August 11, I'.tcrmann, eminent geograjdier. bv sunide.sb. Ilia, Germany. Betr.itiialof the ol.l Kihs of Holland, ,30 Y'his ami New Orleans; more than 300 deaths ,,,'r . lay . .October 2. Failure of the . City ol Glas- ■liowBank. Austrian ministerial crisis.. Mounglon, GHROSOLOGY. 161 Kinpt of Biirmah, probably, died Sept. 12, but not an-isian Gen. Kauffinan's extraordinary assurance to noiincod Ull Oct, 2. Cyrillc Dion, champion billiard player, 35, died at Montreal, Can 3. Hiinlon de leats Courtney in a sculling race at Lachinc, Can. . 4. Insurrection in Santa Cruz.. Turks nias.sacre the Ameer. Briti.sli success in Kliyberpass 23. Arrival ofthe Sarmatianat Halilax with the Mar- quisand Marchinnessot'Lorcie un board — 24. L'n- veiling of the Humboldt statue at St. Louis 25. Sadi Fasha, and is6 offlci r< and menat Podtioritza'Sinkiiii; of the steamer Pommoruniaby a collisiun 5 Austria conquers tlie Bosnian insurgents inear the Eni;.isli coast, with the lossof twenty lives Sir Francis Grant, Pr.sident Roval Acndemv, 7^,1. .27. Khiirum Fortoc<;upied by the Briti>h. .Flicht died in London, Ens. 6. Lord t'helmsford died in'ofthe Afghan garrison to Peiwnr Kilty per.>ons England. .Rev. Nehcmiih Adams, D. D., 72, died in jiinip offafcrry boatat Liverpool, and aredrowned. Boston.. Advance ofthe Afghans to the Khyber owing to a panic. .Robert Heller, magician, 4;. died pass. .Disaster on the Old Colonv Railroad heartin Philadelphia. .28. Louis A. Goocialist bill Benja- min H. Latrope, Jr., eminent civil engineer, 71, died in Baltimore, Md 20. Rear Admiral Hiram Pauld- ing, U.S.N., 81, died at Huntington, L. I... .20. The German Socialists leave the Reichstag in a body. . . Railroad collision in Wales.and 12 persons killed and 20 injured 21. Fifteen villages inundated by the Nilc.Rt Rev. S. N. Rosecrans, R. C. BLshop of Co- lumbus, and brother of Gen. Rosecrans, 51, died at Columbus — 22. Resignation of the whole Italian cabinet 23. Pennsylvania visited by a wind ing ofthe latter with the loss ofaolivcs. .George H. Lewis, author, husband of "George Eliot," died in London. .AllredWigan. an acto;,dicd in London... 2. Oiiening of the International Dairy Exhibition in New York citv Congress convenes. . Kt. Rev. Joseph P. B. Wilmer, Prolessor, Bishop of New Orleans, died there 3. Evacuatien of Jelallabad bvthe Ameer's forces; twenty villages burned and niost of the inhabitants massacred by the Macedo- nian insurgents.. 4. Opening of the English Parlia- ment. .Formation of a mw Turkish Ministry. .Gen- eral Roberts wins a victory in Peiwar pass 5 Ovation to Kmperor William on his return to Ber- lin Capt. Whvtc Melville, novefist, died in Eng- land . . Sinor Rivero, chief ofthe progressionists and democrats in Spain, died there — 7. Arrest of an American, Rmier.in Constantinople, charged with conspiracy against the Sultan. ...8. Failure of the West of England Bank. ...9. Publication ofthe Ameer'sreplv to the Viceroy of India British Con- sulate at Adrianople raided by the Russians 10. Banishment of Mahnioud Daniad Pasha to Tripoli.. Heavy floods in New York and various other States ..James H. Monahan. Chief Justice of Common Pleas and privy councillor, 7^, died in Dublin .J. ._.. „^ „ Henry Wells, founder of Wells College, and Wells 4 storm, and many people killed and injured.. .Cardi-jFargo's Express, 73, died in Glasgow, Scotland nal Paul OuUen, 75, died in Dublin. ...25, Loss 01,11. Discovery of rich silver fields at Leadville. the steamer City ot Houston, on the Florida coast. .(Jolorado. .12. A general uprising reported against Moncasi attemp'ts the assas.sination of King Alfonso, I the authority of the Ameer in .\tghanistan The of Spain.... 27. Robbery of the .Manhattan Bank, commandant of Fort Ali-Musiid blown from the New York... 28. Strike of so.oooClvde iron work- mouth of a cannon. .The Alghans plead lor peace... ers.. Bulgarian insurrection spreading. .Arrival in 14. Abdul Kerim and Redif Pasha banished to Irelandof Lord Dufferin. .. .30. Resignation of the Rhodes. .The PrinccssAlice Maud -Mary, ot England, Grecian Ministry.. .3I. Terrible ravages of cholera Grand Duchess of Hesse Darmstadt, died at Darm- in Morocco.. Steamer Helvetia, from Liverpool to New York, runs down and sinks the British coa.st- guard crui.ser Fanny, and i7 lives lost November I. Great contlagra"tion in Maynooth College, Ire- land. .Extensive strike in English cotton-spinning district.. Garnier Page, French statesman and his- torian, died in Paris 3. Christopher R. Robert, philanthropist, founder of Robert College, Constan. tinople, 77, died in Europe 6. Jean Jaques Fazy, Swiss statesman, died in Switzerland 7. Rob- bery of A. T. Stewart's grave in New York ..Appeal of Mormon women in Utah again.st polygamy.. .H. W. Bache, U. S. coast survey, died in Bristol.R. I.. Robert Howell, artist, engraver of " Audubon's Birds," died at Tarrytown, N. \ 9. Principal part of Cape May, N. J. .destroyed by an incendiary Are II. Midhat Pasha appointed Governor of Syria N. B. Judd, Ex-M. (;., and Ex-Minister to stadl of diphtheria, aged ^s years 16. Cholera and famine carrying off thousands otjeople iii Mo- rocco. .Severe business depression In England — 17. Gold at par in New York city for the flrst time in i7 years. .John H. Almy, iournalist and former army agent, 48, died in New York — 18. Execution of Jack Kehoe, leader ofthe Molly Maguires. .Steamer Bvzantin sunkin the Dardanelles, and too lives lost ..'Formation of a new Italian Cabinet 19. Bay- ard Taylor, author, traveller and poet, American Minister to Germany. SI, died in Berlin... 20. Jelal- labad occupied by Gen. Browne Flight of the Ameer from Cabul to Turkestan 21. Reported loss ofthe brig C. R. Burgess, bound from Bo.-.ton to England, with all on board Rev. Dr. McCauley, principal of King's College, Windsor, N. S , died there 24. Accident 011 the Lehigh Valley Rail- „,..„ „. , „ „.^. „ road, and five persons killed.. American steamship Berlin, 66, died in Chicago.... 12. Switzerland gives State of Louisiana founders upon the rocksof Lough notice that she will withdraw from the Latin Union Lame, Ireland. .Rear Admiral llort, U.S.N. ,69, died ..End ofthe yellow fever in the southwest..Total at Washington, D. C....Kev. Jos. B. CHatjaii, S. J.. number of deaths from the scourge, 20,000. .Memphis] President of College of the Ilolv Cross, \\ i.rcester. the greatest proportional sufferer; 5,000 deaths outi. Mass., died there — 26. Rev. Leonard Woods. D. of 12,000 people... 14. Gen. Grant received with p., LLD., Ex-President of Howdoin College, died in great honors in Madrid.. Great flood in Italy... John Mass Submission of Yakoob Khan, son ot the S. Sleeper, "Hawser Nightingale," former proprie- Ameer, and virtual ending of the Afghan war.. The tor of Boston .Aourjio/, 84, died in Bo.ston 17. Pas- capital of Northern Brazil devastated by sniall- sanante attempts the lite of Humbert I . , of Italy. ... pox ; 600 deaths daily 27. Arrival ol the Ameer Publication of Lord Salisbury's re plv to S cretarvof Afghanistan at Tashkend News received of Evartsonthe fishery question 18. " Political mas- the loss ofthe steamer Emily B. Souder.iwo days saere at Lemberg, Germany. .Destructive inuiula- out of New York, on the loih instant, with the losa tion in Norwich, England. .Assassina. ion of Don of 36 lives. .. Gen. 1). C. Colluin, Sup II Fred'k Francis II. Fred'k William I. Gen. Porfirio Diaz. [ President.. .Nicola* jHospodar — Muley Hassan Sultan William III King P. J. Chamorro. .. Piesident.... Peter I Grand Duke J. H. Brand President.... J. Baptista Gill... President.... Nassar-ed-Din Shah Gen. Prado President.... Dom Luis I King William I King [Karll Domnu Alexander II Emperor — Ernstll Duke (Jeorge II Duke CharlesAlex'nder Grand Duke [Albert I King David Kalakaua.. ;King L■|vsse^TE^I)ainel ['resident.... RalaclZalilivar . President... .Mil'nOliic iKivioI V , llospodar — P. S. Paraniinthra First King .. Alf(in.>ioXII [King Oscarll King Dr.K. Schenck ..President... Abdul Haniid II . Sultan RutherI'dB. Hayes President... L. Latorre Dictator ... Gen. F. Alcantara ! President.. . Charles I I King Seyd B.Bin Said.. . Sultan 3.000,000 7,600,000 IO,000,COo T.SOO.OOo 1,877,500 7.700,49, I,So7,ooo I,200,00o 5,412.231 5.253.821 I,000,00o 2,O0O,OOo I,750,cOr 10,196,328 3,400,000 l,020,OOo 3,873,000 720,984 425,000.000 2,300,000 2,85i,8?8 8,OOO,0Co 200,OOo 300,000 1,950,400 1, 100,000 5,250,000 36,905,788 42,727,260 33,895,023 1,457.894 1,180,000 881,218 708.500 3^0,000 27,769,47'; 33,110,825 820,000 3,000,000 553.897 9';,682 9,158,250 no,ooo 3,750,000 3,924,792 250,000 319,314 50,000 300,000 t;,ooo,ooo 3,374 000 4,367,882 25,742,404 5.376.000 85,68 1;.94? i82,i;99 194,494 292,4 3 2,760,586 62.000 150,000 600,000 1,720,000 5,700,000 •23.262,000 0,303,395 2,770,035 28,165,000 49,185.000 446,000 1,784.194 1,815,057 150,000 S2 8,325.3^3 760 9.\3 1,421 ■;.-88 7.028 2o.i;96: 18,787 309.000 320,975 293,260 15,991 1,742.874 3,603,844 73. ^<8 403.276 Coptic. Monam'daiL. Buddhist .Moliam'daiu R. (Catholic K. Catholic R C. 4 Prot Moliam'dan, R. Catholic. K. Catholic .Moham'daiu K. Catholic Pagan. K. Catholic Buddhist Buddhist Protestant I'rotcstant Bud. A Pagan. K. Catholic K. Catholic. (JunlucABud, R. ("aiholic Pngiin. Lutheran. R. Catholic Mahom'daTi- R. Catholic Protestant I'riitestant lireckctrrck R. ("atholic Lutheran. R. Catholic R. C .tholic K. i: tholic Buddhist I'rote-tanL Christian. Lutheran. Lutheran. R. Catholic Greek Ch'rcfc Moliain'dan. I'ro(c-tant K. <;atholic Lutheran. I'rotestant R. <;atlioiic Mohuiu'dan. R. Catholic R. Catholic Protectant C.icekCirrch GrcckC^irrcli Lutheran. Lutliernn. Lutheran. Luth A R. C Protc-^tnnt R. Catholic R. Catholic- Greek ('h'rc* Buddhist R, Catholic Lutheran. I'rot. 4 R. C Moham'd&iu Christian. R. Catholic R. Catholic. Lutheran. Mohsm'daa. •With Us Colonies. 168 COMMERCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its dependencies and Colonies, has always been our largest customer for our productions, and was for many years our largest creditor also, sending us her manufactured goods and receiv- ing in return our raw materials in such quantities as she required for home or foreign consumption, and thus having almost always a balance of trade against us, which we were obliged to pay in coin. Of late years, the balance has been the other way, and a large portion of our bonded debt, held by foreigners, has been paid from this surplus. It will be interesting and instructive to review this commerce for the 89 years of which we have record of it. In 1790, we imported from Great Britain, merchan- dise of the value of $13,563,044, and exported to her and her dependencies, mer- chandise valued at $6,888,478, our exports thus being almost exactly one-half of our imports. Our total imports in 1790, were $23,000,000, and our total exports $20,205,156. Our total imports in 1878, were $466,872,846, and our total exports $722,811,815. In 1878, our imports of merchandise from the British Empire, were $157,244,953, and our exports of merchandise to the countries comprising that Empire, were $452,032,886. The imports aud exports of specie and bullion, which were about equal, are excluded in both cases. In other words, our imports are about 12 times as large as they were in 1790, and our exports 65i times as large. It will be interesting to notice some of the items which made up our early exports to Great Britain, and to compare them with the exports at the present time. In this way we can ascertain, in part, what have been our principal productions, for, as a general rule, a nation exports only those things of which it has a surplus, after supplying its own wants. In rare instances, it has not facilities for working up its raw material to advantage, and exports it, receiving back that material in a manufactured form. This was the case with our cotton, to some extent, for many years, and also with our ores of cop- per, zinc, »fec. , and the demand was so great abroad for some of our fruits, that the entire crop was exported. The following table gives our principal articles of export to Great Britain, in 1790. Some of these were goods imported and re-exported by us: EXPORTS FKOM THE UNITED STATES TO GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE FISCAL TEAR ENDED SEPT. 30, 1790. Quantity. Talw. Tobacco, hogsheads 73,708 $2, 754,493 Cotton, raw, bales 1.403 47,428 Ashes, pot aud pearl, tons 7,679 747.0(9 Fiax-seid, cakes 36,917 219.924 Wheat, bushels 292,042 35o,3(U Corn, bushels 98,407 56.205 Flour, barrels 10-1,880 676,274 Meal, barrels 1-401 5,43o Eice, tierces 36,930 773,852 Beef aud pork, Barrels 154 8J8 Bread, barrels 2'^1 610 Butter, firkins, 384 2,310 Honey, firkins 151 9')'' Tallow, pounds 156,708 l/,2 1 Oil, whale, barrels 1. '38 H'^^l Oil sperm barrels 3,840 60,000 Ta;,barrel« 71,077 105,5 TurpeutiDe, barrels 27,800 'i''^*^ Pitch, barrels 7,000 13,920 Seeds and roots t^'o -a Staves aud heading 17/,Jb» COMMEKCK WITH GJiEAT BJiJTAI^, 160 Quantity. Value. Lumber • • $35,204 Timber, scantlings, shingles, &g 27,402 Leather, pounds 8,650 2,316 Snuflf, pounds 4,100 1,394 Wax, pounds 87,294 21,852 Deer-skins 25,642 Furs 35,899 Ginseng, casks 529 32,424 Pig-iron, tons 3.258 78,676 Bar-iron, tons 40 2,936 Ladigo, pounds 532,542 473,830 Logwood, tons 216 3,019 Lignum vitse, tons 75 750 Mahoganj- 16, 724 Wines, pipes 45 4,425 Merchandise • • • 8,041 Unenumerated ■ • • 10,330 Total $6,888,978 The indigo, dye, and cabinet -woods and -wines were of foreign production, as ■was also, without doubt, the bar-iron and a large quantity of pig-iron. It will be observed that the great Southbrn staple, tobacco, soon to yield the supremacy to cotton, was of the value of $2,750,000, or 40 per cent, of the whole export. We should notice, also, that cotton, before the invention of the cotton gins, was but a very small item, its value being only $47,428, nearly S34 per bale, though the bales at this time weighed only 150 pounds. The exports of cereals, wheat, corn, flour and meal, -were about $1,092,000, a small amount as compared with our present export, but almost one-sixth of the whole export to Great Britain at that time. The amount of provisions exported is very trifling, in marked contrast with our present immense export. There was no marked increase in the export of cotton until 1796, when 5,628,176 pounds were sent to Great Britain, valued at aboui $1,407,000. Seven years later, the export to that country was 27,760,574 pounds, worth $6,107,326, or almost as much as the entire exports to that country 13 years before. The same year (1803), 50,274 hogsheads of tobacco, worth $4,524,660, were exported to England. These two items making more than five-eighths of the whole export. From this time till 1860, there was a steady increase in each decade, of the cotton export. In 1860, though the price of cotton had fallen to 10 or 12 cents a pound, the export of it to Great Britain and its dependencies, amounted to 1134,929,000, while the total exports to that country, amounted to $168, 960,000, only $34,000,000 being for all other articles. In 1866, the price of cotton being high, our cotton exports to the British Empire amounted to $218,772,000, against $287,516,000 of our total exports to that Empire. During the 12 j'ears since 1866, our exports of cotton to the British Empire, have aggregated $1,445,064,000, an annual average of $120,442,000, against $3,445,037,000 of exports of all kinds of merchandise to that Empire, or an annual average of $287,089,083; cotton being nearly 42 per cent, of the average exports. The following table gives theaggre- gate by decades, of imports and exports, and of exports of cotton to the British Empire, for 58 years- ^ Periods. Imports. -^=^'"''f-..>^ *f{-'^Q07"nrtn 1821-30.... $290,831,000 $242,482,000 $18o.397,000 1831-40.... 475,194,000 462,146,000 ^^^'i^'^'^ 1841-50.... 464,358,000 570,651,000 ^!^'^I?'^ 1851-60.... 1,166,322,000 1,193,350,000 ^^^'^^^^^^ 1861-70.... 1,343,702,000 1,748,307.000 , J^^'^ ^'^^ 1871-78.... 1,386,576,000 2,^88,377,000 1,106. 846,000 Total for 58 years... $5^12679837000 $6,8057313,000 . $3,689,250,000 Annual average... 88,396,000 117,333,000 63,608,000 Our trade with the United Kingdom during the last 58 years aggregates, in round numbers, $5,127,000,000 in imports, and 6,805,000,000 in exports, an excess of ex- ports over imports of $1,687,000,000, which has been used in paying balances to creditor nations. .,,.,-,-• j i It was not, however, till 1847, that our export.s to the United Kingdom, began aa ^ rule, to exceed our imports. Since that date there has been but six years out of 170 COMMEBCE WITH GHEAT BRITAIN. 31, in which we imported more merchandise from Great Britain than we sent her; these years were 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1855, and 186-i, aud as we have said, the excess of our exports in the 58 years since 1820, amounts to $1,678,000,000. Let us now give a list of our principal exports to the British Empire in 1878, by way of comparison with those of 1790, on a preceding page. PRINCIPAL DOMESTIC EXPORTS TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1878. Values. Agricultural Implements and Machines $1, 102,293 Living Animals of all kinds 4,396,453 Bread Stuffs 146,304, 119 Carriages, Carts and Railroad Cars 685,022 Clocks 591,425 Coal 1,871,277 Cotton, raw 117, 014, 743 Cotton, manufactured 3,299,405 Drugs and Chemicals 967,488 Fur and Fur Skins 2,014,594 Hemp and manufactures of 825, 135 Hides and Skins 673,615 Hops 2,122,983 Lron and manufactures of Iron 4,266, 740 Steel and manufactures of Steel 681, 761 Leather and manufactures of Leather 6, 164, 904 Musical instruments 557,562 Naval Stores 1,125,856 Oil Cake 5,076,550 Oils, mineral 10,001,528 Provisions » 82,374,578 Sewing Machines 611,509 Spirits of Turpentine 1,776,216 Refined Susrar aud Molasses 3 ,360, 879 Tallow 3,240,469 Tobacco, manufactured and unmanufactured 12,317,788 Wearing apparel 270, 863 Wood, Timber and manufactures of Wood 3,464,287 Total exports $452,032,886 A comparison of these two lists will show that while the exports of most of the articles which then were staples, have increased enormously, a few have dropped out entirely. We do not export now, pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, rice, wax, (nor till the present year, honey, ) whale and ?perm oils, and very small amounts of seeds and roots, ginseng, or indigo, logwood, lignum vita^ or mahogany. We do export some wines, but they are of our own luanufactiire. Tobacco, cotton, bread stuffs, provisions, tallow, furs, aud naval stores have been sent to England the past year, to the amount of nearly 310 millions of dollars ; while mineral oils, which were unknown in 17'.)0; wood in manufactured forms, oil cake, living animals, leather and its manufactures, iron and steel and their manufactures, refined sugar and molasses, hops, agricultural implements, sewing machines, musi- cal instruments, clocks, carriages and railroad cars, manufactured cotton goods, coal and hemp, are among the new articles which figure most largely in our exports, even to Great Britain, after the great staples. A considerable jjortion of these new exports are the result directly and indirectly, of our Centennial Exposition here, and that of Paris in 1878 ; and if we are care- ful to encourage our agriculture and our manufactures, and to make known our products to the world, it is not too much to hope that before the dawn of the twen- tieth century, wo shall be the leading commercial nation of the world, and New York will be, what London has been for so many years, the financial Capital of the world. BRITISH AMERICA. 171 BRITISH AMERICA. The territory claimed by Great Britian in North America, includes all that por- tion of the continent lying north of the northern boundary of the United States, except the territory of Alaska. Its sub-divisions are : THE DOMINION OF CANADA, THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. Netvfoundlant), though not a province of the Dominion of Canada, is i)artially in accord with it, and may be treated under the same general head. The Labka.- DOE and Hudson's Bay region are Territories, occupied at wide intervals, by trad- ing posts or forts, and under the Government of the Dominion. THE DOIIINION OF CANADA consists of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec — formerly Canada East and Can- ada West, or Upper and Lower Canada — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. The North-western Territories are controlled by the Dominion, but not represented in its Parliament. These Prov- inces were united under one Government, by the Act of Imperial Parliament, passed in March, 1867, and which took effect July 1, of the same year. The seat of Government of the Dominion is at Ottawa. The Executive Officers of the Dominion Government are a Govomor-General and Privy Council of thirteen members, who also constitute the Cabinet of the Gov- ernor-General. The present Governor-General, who is the direct representative of the Queen, and answers to the Viceroy of India, though with somewhat more restricted powers, is most Hon. John Douglas Campbell, Marquis of Lokne, K. T. G. C. M. G., born in 1845, and married in 1671 to the Princess Louise Caroline Albeeta, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. The Marquis was appointed Gov- ernor-General July 28, 1878, and arrived in the Dominion with the Princess, on the 23d of November, 1878. His salary is £10,000 ($50,000) per annum, and a residence. His civil establishment or personal Staff consists of : Gov. -General's Secretary — Major J. De Winton, R. A. Military Secretary, V. C— Col. J. C. McNeill, C. B. Controller — Hon. E. Moreton. Aides de Camp— Capt. V. Cater, 91st Foot ; Hon. C. Harbord, Scots Fusilier Guards. Dominion Aides de Camp— Lt. -Col. Hewitt Bernard, C. M. G. ; Capt. G. R. Lay- ton. (hmTnander of the Forces— Gen. Sir P. L. McDougall, K. C. M. G. Assistant Adjutayit and Q. M.-General—ltt-Col. A. S. Cameron, V. C. Aides de Camp— Lieut. J. C. Barher, R. E. ; Capt. Hon. N. F. Elliot. Commanding the ifi/«ia— Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. Selby Smyth, K. C. M. G. Deputy Governor— Hon. Sir W. B. Ri. hards, Chief Justice of Canada. THE QUEEN'S PRIVY COUNCIL for the Dominion, are : Premier and Minister of the Interior— Sir John A. Macdonald. K. C. B. D. C. L> (Oxon.), Q. C. Finance Minister — Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B. Minister of Public Works— Hon. C. Tupper, C. B. Minister of Agriculture and Statistics — Hon. John H. Pope. President of CovncU — Hon. John O'Connor, Q. C. 172 liUlTlSn A2IEJilCA. Minister of Justice — Hon. J. McDonald, Q. C. Postmaster-General — Hon. Samuel L. Tilley, C. B. Minister of Militia — Hon. Louis R. Masson. Secretary of State — Hon. J. C. Aikens. Secretary of Marine and Fisheries — Hon. J. C. Pope Minister of Customs — Hon. Mackenzie Bowell. Minister of Inland Hevenue — Hon. L. F. G. Baby. Receiver-General — Hon. Alexander Campbell, Q. C. Without Portfolio— 'Ron. R. D. Wilmot. *,*The members of the Council (except the Premier) receive salaries of £1,440 <$7,200) per annum. The Premier's salary is £1,643 ($8,215). Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer for the Dominion — Hon. Sir William Buell Richards, Kn't. Puisne Judges — Hons. W. J. Ritchie, S. H. Strong, T. Fournier, W. A. Henry, Henri E. Tachereau. The Chief Justice receives an annual salary of £1,646 ($8,230), and the Puisne Judges £1,440 ($7,200) each. The Dominion Senate , according to the Constitution, consists of 77 members, viz : 24 each for Ontario and Quebec , and 24 for the three Maritime Provinces ; 2 for Mani- toba and 3 for British Columbia. Provision is also made for the representation of Newfoundland when it shall come into the Dominion. The Northwest Territo- ries have no representatives or delegates in the Parliament. The members of the Senate are nominated for life by summons of the Governor-General, under the Great Seal of Canada. Each Senator must be 30 years of age, a born or natural- ized subject, and possessed of properly, real or personal, of the value of $4,000, in the Province for which he is appointed . The Speaker of the Senate has a salary of $4,000 per annum. Each member of the Senate receives $10 a day for attendance on the sessions up to 100 days, but nothing beyond. They are also allowed 10 cents a mile for traveling expenses. There are at present but 72 Senators, whose names and residences are as follows ; Hon. John Hamilton 'Kingston " IJpujamin Seymour Poit Uope " Waiter H. Dickson Kiagara " James Shaw Smith's Falls " Alexander Campbell Toronlo " David Christie Paris " James Cox Aikins Toronto " David Recsor il.arkham " Elijah Leonard London " William McMaster Toronto *' John Simpson Bowman ville " James Skead Ottawa " David L. Macphersou Toronto " Donald McDonald Toronto " BiUa Flint Bollevillo " George W, Allen Toronto •" Jacques O. Bureau Montreal *' Luc Lttellier l>o St. Just. .Riviere OuelU^ *' John Hamilton Hawkesbury *' Charles Cormier ^ Plessi.sville " David E. Price Quebec " L. Dumouchel Longuouil " Louis Lacoste Boucheiyille " J. r. Armand Riviere des Prairies " Charles Wilson Montreal " William H. Chaffers St. Cesaiie " Jean B. Guevremont Sorel " James Ferrier Montreal " Thomas Ryan Montreal " T. D. Archibald Sydney, Cape Brets'ova Scotia $5,573. 8.)1. 58 New Brunswick 82,427,654.18 Quebec §1,594,259.15 Ontario 453. 194.00 British Columbia, Manitoba and Xorth-Western Temtories (estimated) . 434,723.00 Newfoundland and Labrador (exports only) 2,983,485.00 113,468.166.89 This total is, doubtless, far below the truth, as many items are not recorded— such as the flonio cnnsumption of Newfoundland and Labrador, the yield and value of the rivers, smaller lakes and streams of the interior, etc. Education. — The School systems of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, are quite efficient and furnish ijrimary instruction which compares very favorably with tliat of many of the States of the American Union. Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island and Newfoundland are less complete and effective, while those of British Columbia and Manitoba are as yet in an unorganized condition. Higher education is very liberally provided for. There are seven universities, and fifteen Colleges, (some of them affiliated with the universities) in the Domin- ion, and a large number of Collegiate Institutes, Female Colleges, Young Ladies' Seminaries, &(i., &.c. Most of the Universities have faculties of Theology, Law and Medicine, and several of them Scientific Schools also, presided over by eminent scientists. There are two Normal Schools and a model Training School in the Province of Ontario, and three Normal Schools in the Province of Quebec. There are also similar schools in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There are County High Schools in Ontario, and to some extent in Quebec and New Brunswick. At the close of the year 1875, tlicre were in the Province of Ontario, 5,258 educational iiLstifutious of allkiud.s, with 494,065 pupils, and $4 ,212,360 was expended annually in their support Of these, 4,834 were public schools, with 474,241 pupils. Relioious Denominations. —The Roman Catholics are the most numerous relig- ious denomination, its adherents numbering, in 1871,1,492,029; eighty-five per cent of tliese were, however, in the Province of Quebec, and they had a plurality also in Ne.v Brunswick. In Ontario the Presbyterians were most numerous, while the Methodists and tlie Aiiglieun Church were not far behind. The Baptiste are next ill numbers to these three dcnomimitions, and there are also some Lutherans, Oongregationalibts, and a small number of several minor denominations. ^ FIRE ^ Insurance Company, OF J^EW YORK. Office, No. 346 BROADWAY, BRANCH OFFICES: Wo. 184 BROAD W A 1% IVew York. I¥o. 81 BROADIVAY, Brooklyit. Statement, Jan. 1, 1879. Cash Capital, - - . _ Reserve for Re-Insurance, " " Losses, " " Taxes, Rent, Commissions, &c., NET SURPLUS, INVESTED AS FOLLOWS: United States Bonds, (Registered) - Bank Stock, - - . . Bonds and Mortgages, . _ _ Temporary Loans, Real Estate, - . _ . Cash on hand and in Bank, Unpaid Premiums, - - - Interest accrued and rents, $200,000.00 62,364.09 399.73 6,002.73 161,067 78 $429,834.38 $273,781.25 9,300.00 25,500.00 59,500.00 43,020.96 9,058.29 7,909.10 1,764.73 $429,834.33 JOHN M. FTJRMAN. E. E. EAMES. PHILO C. CALHOtrx. WM H. BEERS. N. D. MORGAN. CHARLES WRIGHT. :m. 1). SEYMOUR L. HUSTED. 1> I II E: < T <> Ft Jisi ECKFORI) WEBB. JAMES L. BOGEKT. CHARLES A. DENNY. WM. WATSON. MARCUS F. HODGES. W F. SHIRLEY. A. H. GODWIN. JAS. M. DUNBAR. S. S. FLSHER. GEORGK H .rONES. SAMUEL COOPER. STKWART L. WOODFORD. EVEREIT cr^APP. JOHN E. LEFFINGWELL. JOHH M. FURMAN, President. JOHN E. LEFFINGWELL, Vice-Pres't. SAMUEL DARBEE, Secretary. CHARLES A. BOCUE, Ass't Secy. ATLAIiTIC Mutual Insurance Company, NEW YORK. OFFICE, 51 WALL STREET. OSGAyiZELt 1842. Insures against Marine and Inland Navigation Risks, And will issue Policies making Loss payable in England. Its Assets for the Security of its Policies, are more than Ten Million Dollars. In the course of its Business it Las paid losses amounting to $80, 000, 000, and has returned to its dealers in Certificates of Profits, bearing interest, $45,000,000, of which amount there has been redeemed in cash $37,000,000, The Profits of the Company revert to the assured, and are divided annnallv, upon the Premiums terminated during the year, Certificates for which are issued, bearing interest until redeemed. .J. 1>. .JOIN l^::?^, t»i-«'r-*il^::i>JlNIt^, Vioe-I*i-e»si