'-^--0^ :^^«: -ov^ :^^'- '-^^o^ !^^©'-. -^of 0^ »L!nL'* ^ . O > '- -^^0^ ^^.>^ ;^Mo \/ /jfe\ '^^..^^ AlfA^o ^^., V-^^ .^'>'%. V .^' PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS— ADVERTISER. ESTJ^BIilSHEia 1822. FRSDSRIGK BROTWIVr^ Importing, Manufacturing, and Dispensing Chemist, Northeast Corner Fifth and Chestnut Streets, PHILADELPHIA. • <>► ■ Sole Proprietor a.iid >Ianufacturer of Brown's Essence Jamaica Ginger, " Cholera Mixture, " Preserved Taraxacum Juice, " Mutter's Cough Syrup, ■" Bitter Wine of Iron, " Cooper's Anti-Bilious Pills, Brown's Wistar's Cough Lozenges (from original Prescription), " Mrs. Harvey's Cough Syrup, " Dentifrice, in bottles, " " in tin canisters, suitable for travelers. Chapman's Anti-Dyspeptic Pills, ' " Arabian Racahout, in convenient bottles. Agent for E. Dejardin's SYRUP RED ORANGE OF MALTA, None genuine without my name as Agent on the Label. coI^I^:H!s:FOls^3DE^s^Ts. SAVORY & MOORE, O. VOSS, HAMBURG, 21 Johannis Strasse. y LONDO E. 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THE PHILADELPHIA EVENING BULLETIN is published every afternoon, and is served upon all Railroads and Steamboat routes running out of Philadelphia; to city subscribers in all sections, by prompt and careful carriers; and by mail to all parts of the country. THE PHILADELPHIA EVENING BULLETIN is a laree, eight-page paper, established in 1847, and devoted to THE FAMILY, THE MERCHANT, THE MANU- FACTURER, and THE PUBLIC GENERALLY. It presents a daily, complete record of all the IMPORTANT NEWS of the world, surpassing in this department any other afternoon paper in Philadelphia. Its Editorial Columns are devoted to iisriDEi='EisriDE3srT iDisoTJssionsr, and Its pages are daily supplied with a great variety of the choicest current Literature in all departments of popular interest, so making it THE BEST VARIETY PAPER. 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We would respectfully call the attention of all parties interested in or using steam to this Valve. The composition of which the disk is composed will not stick to any kind of metal, hot or cold. A joint can be made, and remain for years, and it will not adhere to the metal. All we ask of persons using Valves is to buy one, AND PUT IT ON THE WORST PLACE they can find, where they cannot KEEP OTHER VALVES TIGHT, and if this does not hold steam, water, or other fluid, tighter and longer than any other Valve, we will refund the money. A perfectly tight Valve under any and all pressures of Steam, Oils, Acids, and Gases. They are not injured by freezing. Sand or grit of any kind will not injure the seat of the Valve. You do not have to take them off to repair them, as there is nothing but the disk to give out, and that can be replaced in a very few minutes. Pancoast & Maule, No. 337 Peai- Street, Philadelphia. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS—ADVERTISER. IMPROVED VERTICAL TUBE RADIATORS. Constructed with internal Steam Feed Pipes to each Tube, insuring perfect and uniform circulation and self-drainage of condensation. MANUFACTURED BY PANCOAST & MAULE, No. 227 Pear Street, Philadelphia, CONTRACTORS FOR IMPROVED HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE Steam and Hot Water Heating Apparatus, FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS. Laundry, Culinary, and Green-House Appliances. ESTIMATES FURNISHED UPON APPLICATION. We invite correspondence from parties contemplating the erection of apparatus to be used in any of the many processes connected with manufactures in which steam is employed. Particular attention given to the erection of Drying Houses for Leather, Lumber, Wool, etc., and all varieties of Coils and Kettles for Dye Houses, Soap Factories, Breweries, and Chemical Works. Competent mechanics sent to all parts of the country to execute orders for Steam Fitting in all its branches. PANCOAST & MAULE. DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS AND PRICE LISTS MAILED OX APPLICATION. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS-ADVERTISER. SCHENCK'S BUILDING, Northeast Cor. Sixth and Arch Streets, Philadelphia. For Dyspepsia. For Coti^lis, Colds, and Bronchial Aflections. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS, AND THE RAILROAD SCENERY O F P E N N S Y LV A N I A 'V7"ITH: SS5 II_.I_.TJST:E^j^TIOIsrS. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 'TV Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, ^Y J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., in the Oifice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 4: PHILADELPHIA AMD ITS ENVIRONS. VIEW OF THE CITV AT LOGAN SQUARE. PHILADELPHIA, the second city in the Union in point of population, and the largest in area, was laid out by William Penn in 1682. The site was chosen by him because, as he says, " It seemed appointed for a town, because of its coves, docks, springs, and lofty land." The visitor now wonders where all these primeval advantages could have been. The Indian name of the place was " Co-a-que-na-que," or " Coaquanock." The original town-plot, as we gather from history, was a plain, nearly level, and high enough to make it dry and healthful. A few streams of water crossed parts of it, and there were a few hills and ravines, all of which disappeared long ago. The original plan of the city was a parallelogram two miles long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide, and contained nine streets running from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, crossed by twenty-one running north and south. In the centre was a square of ten acres, and in each quarter of the city one of eight acres, for public promenades and athletic exercises. This plan, so far as the arrangement of the streets is concerned, is still substantially adhered to. The streets running east and west were, with the exception of High Street, named after native trees. They were Vine, Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chesnut {sic), Walnut, Spruce, Pine, and Cedar. Of these, Sassafras and Mulberry are now called Race and Arch, High is Market, and Cedar, South Street. The streets intersecting these were numbered from each PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. river to Broad Street, which, in the original plan, was in the middle of the plot, the western series being distinguished by the clumsy affix of "Schuylkill," as "Schuylkill Front," "Schuylkill Second," etc., until a comparatively recent period, when their nomenclature was reconstructed on more euphonious principles. The city proper was confined within these narrow limits from the date of its incorporation by Penn, in 1701, until 1854, when the Legislature, commiserating its overcrowded condition, wedged in, as it was, among its lusty children, Kensington, Germantown, Northern Liberties, West Philadelphia, Southwark, and the rest, — took them all in at one grasp, and incorporated the whole County of Philadelphia, — a territory twenty-three miles long and averaging five and a half broad, having an area of one hundred and twenty-nine and one-eighth square miles. The city has now plenty of elbow-room, and permission to grow as fast and as large as it riADlSON SQUARE. pleases ; a privilege of which it is not slow to take advantage, as the hundreds of building- permits issued monthly, and the solid squares of dwellings rising simultaneously from the ground on/>all the outskirts, bear ample testimony. The original city, with its crowded buildings and noisy streets, is fast yielding to the demands of commerce. The vicinity of the spot where it was begun, — Front Street, from Walnut to Arch, — though bustling and noisy enough during business hours, is a perfect desolation after six o'clock, and tha thousands who throng there all day long are miles away, resting, most of them, in comfortable homes, with plenty of living-room about them. There is no swarming in tenement houses, whole villages under one roof, and large families in one room, as in New York. The advancing tide of commerce and trade, ever surging westward from the Delaware, has already swept over Broad Street in the centre of the city, driving the dwellings of the people PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. before it. Market Street is lined with shops and warehouses from river to river ; Chestnut is invaded as far as Fifteenth Street, and Arch beyond Tenth ; while north and south traffic extends, on certain streets, to the limits of the built-up city. This disposition to give her citizens comfortable homes is Philadelphia's greatest pride and <7lorv. With a population less than that of New York, she has sixty thousand more houses. The poorest of the poor are scarcely compelled to live in quarters too small for them, and every mechanic can have a house to himself on payment of a moderate rental. Madison Square and St. Alban's Place, on Gray's Ferry Road, are instances of what can be done toward providing tasteful homes for the people. In each, two rows of houses, moderate in size, but built with an eye to substantial comfort, face each other across a wide street, down the middle of which stretches a miniature park. Philadelphia now has, in round numbers, a population of eight hundred thousand, living in VIEW OF FOUNTAIN IN FRANKLIN SQUARE. one hundred and thirty thousand dwellings. It has one thousand miles of streets and roads, more than half of which are paved, and beneath them run one hundred and forty miles of sewers, over six hundred miles of gas mains, and nearly as many of water-pipes. It has two hundred and twenty miles of street railways, running two thousand passenger cars ; and four hun- dred public schools, with over sixteen hundred teachers and more than eighty thousand pupils. But, as we have remarked above, the plan of the city, as it existed in the mind of its founder, contemplated an abundance of room; and this is the legitimate outgrowth of P^n's idea, which has never been permitted to die out entirely. His magnificent Centre Square shrank, indeed, to the comparatively diminutive Penn Squares, and even these have now been oblit- erated by the splendid municipal buildings at the intersection of Broad and Market Streets ; but these same Broad and Market Streets retain their pristine width ; the former of one hundred and thirteen feet, the latter of one hundred. The four squares in the four quarters of the city are still in existence, and, though long condemned to obscurity and neglect, they are now restored, and fulfilling their intended mission as "the lungs of the city." Washington Square is at Sixth and Walnut Streets ; close beside what was once the State- House Yard, now called Independence Square, in grateful remembrance that in it liberty was first proclaimed to the people. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. Washington Square was once a " Potter's field." Many soldiers, victims of the smallpox and camp fever, were buried here during the Revolution. The ground under the waving trees and springing grass, where the birds sing and the children play, is literally "full of dead men's bones," but the grass is no less green, the sunshine no less bright, on that account, and the dead sleep none the less peacefully, for the life above them. " The knights' bones are dust, And their swords are rust, Their souls are with the saints, we trust." At Eighteenth and Walnut Streets is Rittenhouse Square, and at Eighteenth and Race is Logan Square, the site of the great Sanitary Fair in 1864, when the entire square was roofed over and boarded up, the trunks of the trees standing as pillars in the aisles of the huge building, and their branches waving far above the roof. Franklin Square, at Sixth and Race, also long used as a burying-ground, completes the original number, and is rendered more attractive than the others by a large fountain, which plays daily during the summer. These, with the addition of Independence Square, the comparatively new Norris Square, in Kensington, and Jefferson Square, at Third and Washington Avenue, are the most impor- tant in the city ; but there are about half a dozen smaller ones in different sections, and we must devote a separate chapter to that grand breathing-place, Fairmount Park, — a resort unsurpassed in America. Penn first set foot on the site of his future city at the "Blue Anchor Landing," at the mouth of Dock Creek, in the vi- cinity of what is now the corner of Front and Dock Streets; where stood the " Blue Anchor Tavern," — the first house built within the ancient limits of the city. Then, and long after- wards, Dock Creek was a considerable stream ; Penn counted on it to furnish a natural canal to the heart of the town, and it was used for that purpose at first, but the water became so offensive, and the mud and washings of the city, which the current was too sluggish to remove, filled it up so rapidly, that it was finally arched over, and wagons now run where boats formerly floated, and the visitor to the venerable Girard Bank, on Third Street, below Chestnut, sees little to remind him that on the site of this stately pile a sloop, "loaded with rum from Barbadoes," once lay and discharge her cargo. And this explains the anomaly of the winding Dock Street in the midst orthe primly-drawn right lines of the ancient town : the street was constructed over a winding creek. The Blue Anchor Tavern was the beginning of Philadelphia, but other houses were m progress before it was finished ; Front Street was soon opened, and building followed its line. The first winter was passed by many of the inhabitants in caves dug in the river-bank, they having no time to build houses before the coming of cold weather. Log houses, however, soon became numerous enough to shelter all the people ; and the growth of the city, beginnmg thus on the Delaware, pushed gradually north, south, and west, until it became what we now sec it. Dock Creek, as we have seen, was obliterated. " Society Hill," in the neighborhood of Front and Pine, where Alderman Plumstcad had his hanging-garden, and Whitefield, at a ^5f5^^ PHILADELPHIA AS PENN FIRST SAW IT. THE BLUE ANCHOR LANDING. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. later day, preached to fifteen thousand people, was razed, as was also the high bluff on the Delaware bank which Penn was so anxious to preserve as a public promenade forever, ordering that no houses should be built east of Front Street. All that remains of the bluff is an occasional flight of stairs leading up from Water to Front Street. Arch Street was sunk so low in a ravine that Front Street crossed it by an arched bridge, whence it derived its name ; but bridge and ravine are both gone now. So is the Duck Pond at Fourth and Market, into which the tide flowed, and in which boys caught fish that had found their way there from the Delaware; and so is Pegg's Run, once a considerable stream running from a spring in Spring Garden Street, near Sixth (whence the name of the former), through a marsh, to its junction with the Delaware, in the neighborhood of Noble Street. All these were once landmarks, but the present generation scarcely knows their names. THE STREETS. Philadelphia grew too fast and in too many directions at once, to permit either its business or its objects of interest to be collected in one quarter, or to follow a uniform line of position. The stranger visiting the city cannot walk up town, guide-book in hand, and see all that is to be seen, in a morning walk; nor can we direct him how to gather all the attractive points in a single route. The best we can do is to give him an idea of the arrangements of the streets, and tell him Avhere the points he will probably wish to see are located. Our map will then enable him to find them easily. All the streets running north and south are numbered from a base-line which is best described by saying that it is one square east of Front Street. In the original city, this is the Delaware ; but the stream curves both above and below these limits, and so streets east of that line are found in Kensington, Richmond, Southwark, and other parts of the present city. The houses are numbered alternately, — even numbers on the south side of the street, odd numbers on the north. Front Street being No. i, the house next west of it is No. loo. At Second Street, though the first loo is not exhausted, a second series begins ; and in this way one can always tell between what north-and-south-running streets he is. If the number of the nearest house is 836, for instance, he knows that Eighth Street is east of him, and that the next street west is Ninth. The regular succession of the numbered streets is interfered with in the vicinity of the Schuylkill by the winding course of that stream, which at Market Street causes a hiatus from Twenty -third to Thirtieth Streets. As, however. Thirtieth Street follows the western bank of the river, it forms a convenient means of distinguishing the location of a given address, as everything west of Thirtieth Street (and consequently, all houses numbered over 3000, in this direction) must be in West Philadelphia. Some unimportant exceptions to the rule just stated may be noticed in the way of named streets running north and south; but there are few ; and being, with the exception of Franklin Street, and perhaps one or two others, little better than alleys, they are* not likely%) mislead the visitor. But there are no exceptions to the rule that all streets running cast and west have names, instead of numbers. Market Street is always considered as a point of departure in reckoning these streets. It is, indeed, the base-line of the city. From it the houses are numbered north and south, and it is the grand business-centre, — the great artery, lying in the middle of the body corporate, and sending its streams of human and commercial life to all parts, not only of the metropolis, but of the State. This was the "High Street" of Penn and his successors, and its magnificent width was first made available to accommodate a line of market-houses which the founders of the place early provided for. The encroachments of commerce swept tliese out of PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. existence long ago, but not until they had given the street its new name. It is one hundred feet wide, and, hke Broad, runs in a perfectly straight line from one side of the city to the other. As in the streets running east and west, so in those running north and south, the houses are numbered alternately, even numbers on the west, odd numbers on the east ; and certain streets are designated as boundaries of the hundreds; for, when the city came to be closely built uj:. VIEW ON MARKET STREET. it was found that Penn's magnificent plan was on too grand a scale for practical purposes, and what might be termed mtcrcalmy streets had to be introduced. Another reason for these intermediate streets is that, as the city grew beyond its pristine limits, it became necessary to deflect the streets from a right line in order to accommodate them to the ground to be covered, as its shape was determined by the curving banks of the two rivers; and still another reason may be found in the failure of those who laid out the suburbs before mentioned to foresee the day when their infant colonics would be swallowed up by the young giant in their midst. They never expected them to be made part of Philadelphia, and saw no reason v hy their streets should conform to others just starting two or three miles away. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. After all, though, the streets forming the " even hundreds" are, with few exceptions, the principal ones, and are easily recognized, even without the assistance of the lists which may be obtained at any hotel. A few notable exceptions to the rectangular plan of the streets stretch away from the original town-plot, crossing lots as recklessly as if made by schoolboys impatiently taking the nearest way to chestnut-grove or huckleberry-patch, in the far-away past, and leading to the very confines of the city. These are the remains of highways built to connect Philadelphia with the outlying towns around her. They were formerly called roads ; and even now, though polite usage styles them "avenues," the homely phrase of the common folk clings to the old title, and it will be long before " Ridge Avenue" will be as familiar to the genuine Philadelphian as the " Ridge Road" of his boyhood. There is a local pride in keeping up the old names, — a certain home feeling, a familiarity born of old associations, which one does not willingly surrender. " Ridge Avenue" has a grandiloquent sound, well calculated to tickle the ears of "outside barbarians," and quite good enough for them; but what do they know about " Ridge Road" ? " Ridge Avenue" leads to Manayunk and the valley of the Schuylkill, but "Ridge Road," or its still dearer form, "the Ridge," leads back into the recesses of every true Philadelphian's memory. Think you he will easily vacate this highway to the past.-* Another of these historic avenues leads to Germantown; one goes to Frankford; another to Darby; Passyunk Avenue starts from South below Fifth, and runs southwest to Point Breeze; while others, again, are to be found in different parts of the city, running in all imaginable directions, as they were located by and for the public convenience. RELICS OF THE PAST. Philadelphia might with propriety be termed the Historical City of the Union, as it contains more souvenirs of our early history than any other. The oldest of these relics of antiquity, or what passes for antiquity in this emphatically New World, is the Old Swedes' Church, in Southwark, the ancient Wicaco. This venerable edifice was built in 1700, to take the place of a log structure which was erected in 1677 and served equally well for church or fort, as the exigencies of those somewhat uncertain times might demand. The present church is of brick, and is still regularly used. It stands in a cemetery where gravestones of all dates, from 1700, and the years immediately following, down to yesterday, may be seen ; though most of the oldest stones are so weather- worn that their inscriptions are partially or completely illegible. The building stands on Swanson Street, below Christian, but looks toward Otsego Street, from which it is reached by passing through the cemetery. Visitors can take Second and Third Street cars to Christian. Another relic, whose genuineness is established by Watson in his "Annals," is Penn's cottage in Letitia Street, a small street running from Market to Chestnut, between'Front and Second. This house was built for Penn's use, probably before his arrival in the settlement, and has, curiously enough, withstood the march of improvement which has swept away many more pretentious structures. It is a little two-story brick house, on the west side of the street, a few doors south of Market. A few steps from this, on the southwest corner of Front and Market Streets, is a small brick house, whose unique appearance attracts one's attention even before he knows that there is anything remarkable about it. It is now used as a tobacco-store ; but a hundred years ago it was the celebrated " London Cofifee-House," where all the dignitaries of the city were accus- tomed to meet and— oh, primeval simplicity ! — fill the exhilarating cup, and pledge each other PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. in — piping hot coffee. No stronger drink was sold there. The house was built in 1702, and was used as a dwelling-house for the first fifty years of its existence. No. 239 Arch Street, though a more modern building, is also noticeable as the place where the first American flag was made. On Second Street, north of Market, stands Christ Church, on the site of the first church erected by the followers of Penn. Tradition says that the frame church built by them in 1695 was used as a place of worship until the walls of the new building inclosed it and were roofed over, when the old church was taken down and carried out piecemeal. The present edifice- was begun in 1727, and finished by the raising of the steeple in 1753-4. It is a solemn old place,— just the spot for one to think in and recall the many associations connected with it. The noisy street in front was quiet enough when the builders of this church walked solemnly to meeting on the Sabbath. It was grand enough, too, when Washington's gorgeous chariot, drawn by four elegant long-tailed bays, drew up before the church, and its stately master stepped inside through a waiting crowd of his admiring countrymen. The marble slabs in the yard have been worn smooth by the feet of those whom our country delights to honor. In the aisles are buried John Penn, Dr. Richard Peters, Robert Asheton, and many others, great men in their day, but all forgotten now. The bells in this high tower are said to be the oldest on this side of the Atlantic, — certainly the oldest chime. They joined in the ptean with which the State-House bell announced the birth of Liberty, and fled, like many of the congregation that worshiped below them, when it became evident that the city could not hold out against the enemy; but, like the congregation, they returned when the enemy was gone, and were not a whit disheartened by their exile. These bells, eight in number, were cast in London. Their leader, the tenor, says, " Christ Church, Philadelphia, 1754. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London, made us all." They were brought over, free of charge, by Captain Budden.in the ship " Myrtilla," and never failed thereafter to ring a joyous welcome whenever the captain's ship was seen coming up the river. One was cracked about 1834-5 and returned to its birthplace. White Chapel Bell Foundry, where Thomas Mears, the successor of Messrs. Lester and Peck, recast it and sent it back with an appropriate inscription. A tablet in the ringers' room records the fact that On Sunday, June 9, 1850, was rung in this Steeple Mr. Holt's celebrated ten-part peal of Grandsire triples, consisting of 5040 changes, in 3 hours and 15 minutes, by [eight performers], being the first peal of change- ringing ever performed in the United States. The massive timbers which uphold these bells are as sound as when put in, a century ago, and look as if they were good for another century, at least. The steeple of this church is one hundred and ninety-six feet in height, and the view from the outlook, which is probably one hundred and fifty feet from the ground, is beautiful enough to repay visitors for all the risk they run of cracked crowns and oroken necks in ascending the dark and tortuous stairs. The Delaware, with its puffing steamers and white-sailed ships, lies almost at the feet of the spectator, and is spread like a panorama for miles and miles. Away to the south a gleaming line indicates the junction of the two rivers, at League Island. Nearer the eye, the masts of Uncle Sam's big ships at the Navy Yard are displayed; ferry-boats steam steadily across the river ; and restless tugs ply up and down, convoying vessels a dozen times their size, or dash about in search of a tow ; all the wharves are crowded with vessels of all sizes, from the great ocean steamer to the diminutive " tub," and all the river is white with arriving and departing sails. Smith's and Windmill Islands lie in midstream almost opposite, and Petty's Island lies a short distance above. Near it a cloud of dust and a forest of masts mark the great coal-shipping port of the Reading Railroad, at Richmond; and beyond the river ripples and sparkles until lost in the hazy distance. Across the river are Camden and (jloucester, and behind them the level sands of New Jersey stretch away, so flat and unbroken by anything that would obstruct the vision that it requires PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. no great stretch of the imagination to believe that with a glass of moderate power one might see the waves of the Atlantic, sixty miles away as the crow flies. P^ VIEW LOOKING UP THE DELAWARE RI\ ER. Inland, the eye ranges over the entire city, from League Island on the south, to and beyond German- town, on the north, and from the Delaware to points far west of the Schuylkill. Second Street, the longest built-up street in the city, runs straight as an arrow to the northward, until its course is lost among the trees in the suburbs. Dozens of church spires rise into the air, the tall white stand-pipe of the Kensington Water-works standing conspicuous among them on the Delaware side of the city, matched by that of the Twenty-fourth Ward Works on the west side of the Schuylkill, To the northwest, Girard College stands boldly out ; the Moorish dome of the Broad Street Jewish Synagogue rises south of it ; and almost due west of the spectator the massive bulk of the Masonic Temple, and the graceful spires, brown and white, of th6 churches at Broad and Arch, mark the spot which is destined to contain, in the near future, a collection of architectural triumphs unrivaled in the city. Bits of green, set here and there among the crowding houses, indicate the public squares ; and beyond all the eye rests delighted on the leafy richness of Fairmount Park and of the open country in the suburbs. Nor must we overlook a small street opening into Second Street, directly opposite the church, and a tall block of warehouses closing up its eastern end ; for these were Stephen Girard's stores and houses, and all the land about them belonged to him. Christ Church belongs to the Protestant Episcopal denomination. Two services are held in it on Sunday, and it is open for prayers on Wednesday and Friday at ii a.m., at which times it may be visited. The great elm-tree under which William Penn made his famous treaty with the Indians was at Shackamaxon (now Kensington), — a name still preserved in the nomenclature of the streets in that vicinity. The silent witness of "the only treaty ever ratified without an oath, and the PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. only one never broken," stood for more than a century. It was a favorite resort in summer time ; the citizens sat under its branches, and whole congregations worshiped in its shade ; but in 1810 it was blown down, and nothing now remains to mark the place where it stood but an insignificant monument, which none but a sharp eye can discover. It stands on the east side of Beach Street, a few steps north of Hanover (which is marked Columbia Street on most maps). The visitor who has imbibed the popular fallacy that the streets of Philadelphia are straight, and cross each other at right angles, has only to visit Kensington to be thoroughly and permanently cured of that idea. If he can make his way, unassisted, from any business centre to the site of the famous Treaty Tree, without becoming hopelessly bewildered, he will do for a back- woodsman. All others should take the Second and Third Street cars to Hanover Street. They will then have but one square to walk. The stone, which is not noticeable from across the street, stands in an inclosure just large enough to hold it, in the midst of stone and lumber yards, and in the shade of a tall elm which may possibly be a lineal descendant of the one whose site it shades. An interesting relic of our early history, and one whose disappearance every true Philadelphian must regret, was Penn's Mansion, the 'Old Slate-Roof House," — so called because at the time it was built it was the only structure covered with that material in the city. This house, which stood on Second Street, below Chestnut, was built by Samuel Carpenter at a very early date, and was used as a residence by Penn on the occasion of his second visit to this country, in 1700, at which time he brought his family with THE PENN TREATY MONUMENT. THE OLD SLATK-ROOF HOUSE. him. Here John Penn, the only member of the family born on American soil, and called for that reason "the American," was born, one month after the arrival of the family. Here Gov- ernor Lloyd, one of Penn's companions, a descendant — according to tradition — of Meric, who bore one of the four golden shields before Arthur when he was crowned king at Caerleon, him- PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. self the heir to great estates, and an early deputy-governor of Pennsylvania, was a frequent visitor. Here Isaac Norris, the first of a still honorable house, and Isaac his son and successor in the Speakership of the Provincial Assembly, were frequent guests. Here, in later times, General Forbes, Braddock's successor, died ; and still later, General Harry Lee was also buried INDEPENDENCE HALL. from the house, while \\*ashington, Hancock, Reed, Dickinson, the elder Adams, and their contemporaries often honored the old mansion by their presence. Afterwards its glory departed. It sank lower and lower in the scale of respectability, until at last, having become a mere shell and hollow mockery of its former greatness, it was torn 12 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. down, in 1867, to make room for the splendid building of the Commercial Exchange, which stands on its site. On the south side of Chestnut Street, about midway between Third and Fourth Streets, an iron railing guards the passage-way to a building which deserves more than any other 'the proud title of the cradle of American Independence. It is Carpenters' Hall, the place where, as an inscription on the wall proudly testifies, " Henry, Hancock, and Adam= mspired the Delegates of the Colonies with Nerve and Sinew for the Toils of War;" the place where the first Continental Congress met, and where the famous " first prayer in Congress" was delivered by Parson Duch6 on the morning after the news of the bombardment of Boston had been received, and men knew that the war was indeed " inevitable." The old man's prayer brought PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. tears to the eyes of even the grave and passionless Quakers who were present, and the voices which had opposed the proposition to open the sessions of Congress with prayer were never raised for that purpose again. Here the first Provincial Assembly held its sittings, to be succeeded by the British troops, and afterwards by the first United States Bank, and still later by the Bank of Pennsylvania. Built in 1770, Carpenters' Hall was at first intended only for the uses of the Society of Carpenters, by whom it was founded. Its central location, however, caused it to be used for the meetings of delegates to the Continental Congress, and for other public purposes ; and when no longer needed for these, it passed from tenant to tenant, until it degenerated into an auction room. Then the Company of Carpenters, taking patriotic counsel, resumed control of it, fitted it up to represent as nearly as might be its appearance in Revolutionary days, and now keeps it as a sacred relic. The walls are hung with interesting mementos of the times that tried men's souls. The door is always open to the patriotic visitor. Little need be said of Independence Hall, for it is known wherever America herself is known, and its history is a familiar one to every schoolboy. Commenced in 1729, and completed in 1735, the State-House is most intimately associated in the American mind with the date 1776. In the east room of the main building (Independence Hall proper) the second Continental Congress met, and there, on the 4th of July, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted, and from the steps leading into Independence Square, then the State-House Yard, it was read to the multitude assembled by the joyful pealing of the bell overhead, — the same bell which now, cracked and useless, but with its grand, prophetic motto still intact, rests in state in the entrance hall. And in Congress Hall, in the second story, Washington delivered his farewell address. Independence Hall is preserved as befits the glorious deed that was done in it. The furniture is the same as that used by Congress ; portraits of our country's heroes crowd the walls, and relics of our early history are everywhere. The building stands on the south side of Chestnut Street, between Fifth and Sixth. The three isolated buildings which stood here in 1776 are now connected, others having been built in the spaces between them, and the entire square is now used for court-rooms and offices connected with them, and has a local reputation as "State-House Row." It is, however, proposed to restore the buildings as nearly as possible to their original con- dition before the Centennial Anniversary. Visitors are admitted to Independence Hall between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. daily. The Superintendent will, on application, furnish tickets admitting the bearer to the steeple, from which a splendid pano- ramic view of the entire city can be had. An interesting museum of articles con- nected with American history has also been estabhshed here, which contains much to attract the attention of the patri- otic visitor. The wide sidewalk in front of State-House Row is paved with slate, which forms an admirable pavement, and is ornamented with trees. Two drinking-fountains represent one of Philadel- phia's noblest charities, and a statue of Washington guards the place whose memory is so inseparably linked with his own. FRANKLIN S GRAVE. 14 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. Still another memento connected with the Declaration of Independence exists. It is, or, rather, was, " Hiltzheimer's New House," once Jefferson's boarding-house, and the place where he wrote the immortal Declaration. It is a plain, three-story brick building, on the southwest corner of Seventh and Market Streets. The lower floor is now a clothing depot, and the upper ones are used for various business purposes. Another shrine which the patriotic pilgrim will not fail to visit is Franklin's grave. It is in the o-raveyard of Christ Church, on the corner of Fifth and Arch. A section of iron railing in the brick wall on Arch Street permits the visitor to look upon the plain slab which, in accord- ance with Franklin's wishes, covers all that remains of the philosopher-statesman and his wife. MARKET STREET. Market Street, from river to river, is the grand entrepot of inland and foreign commerce. Its magnificent width affords ample room and great facilities for the moving of heavy goods ; VIEW ON MARKI T STREET LIPPINCOIT &. CO S PUBLISHING HOUSE railway tracks are laid down in it, running directly into numerous depots and warehouses, and whole cargoes of merchandise arc thus daily sent from the warehouse direct to distant points. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 15 A walk along this street shows many fine buildings, but few of special note. We have already alluded to the Old London Coffee-House, on the corner of Front and Market ; to Penn's House, in Letitia Street, and to Christ Church, in Second Street, above Market. Second Street presents in itself a peculiar feature of the city, which the visitor should not fail to see. It is to Philadelphia what the Bowery is to New York. Of great length, and running in an almost undeviatingly straight line from the northern to the southern portions of the city, it is lined with miles of retail stores of the humbler class, placed with a most supreme disregard for the fitness of things. Hardware, clothing, grocery, confectionery, dry-goods, and almost every other conceivable species of store, follow each other with as little regularity as the scenes in a kaleidoscope ; and mingled with them, as if to make the variety as complete as possible, are a few wholesale houses, two or three "museums" and "menageries," and the omnipresent beer-saloons. J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.'S PRINTING-OFFICE AND BINDERY. But, interesting though Second Street is, we cannot linger long here, but must return to the busy, bustling scenes of Market Street. Of the many large business houses on this street, we make special mention of the establishments of Garden & Co., extensive dealers in hats, whose tall, white building is a conspicuous object on Market above Sixth, and that of J. B. Lippin- cott & Co., one of the largest pubhshing houses in the world. This estabhshment is older than the present century, and has risen with the city, from a small beginning to its present mammoth proportions. Their Printing-Office and Bindery, on Filbert Street, in the rear of the store, is one of the largest and most substantial buildings in the city. The mammoth establishment of Hood, Bonbright & Co., importers and jobbers of dry-goods, on Market Street, above Eighth, is also worthy of special notice. A good hotel, at a moderate price, will be found in the Bingham House, the third in size in the city. This house is on the corner of Eleventh and Market, and, as shown in the cut, covers a great extent of ground. i6 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. The square of ground opposite the Bingham House, and bounded by Chestnut, Market, Eleventh and Twelfth, is one of the monuments of Philadelphia's most munificent benefactor, Stephen Girard. This gentleman left the whole of his enormous wealth to the city of Phila- delphia, excepting some minor bequests, amounting, in the aggregate, to between three and four hundred thousand dollars. The best known of the trusts established by Mr. Girard's will is the celebrated Girard College, spoken of in another place. Another was the square of ground above described, which is now covered with buildings, and thus tends by its rentals to reduce materially the city taxes. Another princely bequest of Mr. Girard's was about eighteen thousand acres of coal and timber lands in Schuylkill and Columbia Counties. Of this territory it is estimated that five thousand five hundred acres is coal land. With the exception of a small amount mined by Stephen Girard himself, very early in the history of coal-mining, these magnificent de- posits were untouched until 1863, when they were developed, and found to be among the best anthra- cite coal lands in the State. There are now ten collieries located on the Girard lands, producing about one million tons of coal annually. Mr. Girard also bequeathed to the city four thousand seven hundred and seventy-five acres of land in what is now Hart County, Kentucky ; and this has also proved a source of revenue. Immediately opposite a portion of the Girard Square, on the northeast corner of Twelfth and Market, is a huge building known as the " Far- mers' Market." This was built by the associated farmers, who, consider- ing themselves aggrieved by the man- ner in which the public markets were conducted, resolved to build a house for themselves ; and we cannot regret the quarrel, since it has given us this fine and convenient building. Two other market-houses, similarly constructed, are situated farther west on this street. Extensive gas works are situated at Twenty-Third and Market. The Market Street Bridge, a commodious but unsightly structure, does good service in trans- porting goods and passengers to the western division of the city. All the merchandise and nearly all the passengers for the Pennsylvania Railroad and its numerous branches must cross this bridge ; having done which, they speedily arrive at the company's two depots, occupying the square on the north side of Market, between Thirty-first and Thirty-second. Market Street is fast pushing its way westward. Already its line of horse-cars runs to Forty- first Street, while a branch extends to Haddington, on the western verge of the city. This line of cars runs to the celebrated " Kirkbride" Lunatic Asylum, more properly known as the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, the oldest institution of the kind in America. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 17 having been established in 1751 ; though it has occupied its present location only since 1841. The institution is located on a farm of one hundred and thirteen acres, the entrance-gates beino- on Haverford Road. About one-third of the grounds is laid out in gardens and pleasure- BINGHAM HOUSE. grounds, and the whole estate is fitted up in the manner most calculated to attract and interest the patients. The treatment is such that the mind is kept constantly employed, and the VIEW DUWN xMARKET t>TREET, FROM TWELFTH. patients are restored to health, if at all, by kindness and judicious treatment, instead of endur- ing the mad-house horrors so common in the last century. Permits to visit the asylum can be obtained at the office of the Public Ledger, Sixth and Chestnut Streets. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. CHESTNUT STREET. The stranger visiting Philadelphia will naturally consider Chestnut Street as the represent- ative of the city. Its noble buildings, its handsome stores, and especially the crowds which at all times throng its sidewalks, induce him to associate the idea of Philadelphia with this single street ; and it is this which presents itself to his mind's eye whenever the city is after- wards named in his hearing. Let us in imagination traverse the entire length of the street, and note its objects of interest. Starting from the Delaware front of the city, at Chestnut Street Wharf, where many river steamers land, we turn our faces westward, pass through tlie tide of commerce which ever flows along Delaware Avenue, on the river bank, and climb the rather steep grade leading up to Front Street, which still presents a reminder of William Penn's " high and dry bank." CHESTNUT STREET BRIDGE. The loftv fronts of wholesale drv-goods houses, which line both.sides of the street as far as Third Street, together with the nanw sidewalks, make this portion of it seem narrow and gloomv. though \he roadwav is of uniform width from end to end. At Second Street, we make a diversion to the left, and in a moment stand before the Chamber of Commerce, the new and handsome hall of the Commercial Exchange. This building, which ,s of brown stone, m the Roman-Gothic Stvle. was built in 1870. on the site of the f^rst Exchange, wh.ch was destroyed bv fire about a vear before, w^hile still in its first youth, and which was the noble succe.soi oi what was. in its' time, a noble mansion.-the " Slate-Roof House," already spoken of. Immediatelv opposite the Chamber of Commerce stands a plain ^"^^.^"'^?'"Vt t'd Stnte" spicuous from its great size and severe simplicity of style. Th.s contains the Umted St t Appraiser's Stores, and is noted as being one of the few really fire-proof bmldmgs in America Its brick walls are of enormous thickness, and the windows are protected by iron ^^^'^ters set in niches so deep that no fire can warp them open. Inside, all is of iron and bnck, coated PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. with fire-proof cement where ne- cessary, and so arranged that the entire contents of one room may burn without injuring anything con- tained in the adjoining apartments. The building is 74 feet front by 247 feet in depth, and is five stories high, exclusive of the basement. It occupies the site of the old Penn- sylvania Bank building, the marble of which that structure was com- posed having been built into the vaults, in default of a purchaser, thus presenting the anomaly of a massive foundation of marble placed under a brick building, and that, too, at a cost much less than that of ordinary stone. This building is quite new, having been finished in the fall of 1871. Its warerooms are of magnificent dimensions, two of them being 70 by 130 feet in extent, and three others 70 by 180. Retracing our steps to Chestnut Street, we admire the handsome buildings which adorn it between Second and Third Stie:!^. On the BANK OF NORTH .AMERICA. tradesmen's bank, third street. southeast corner of Third is the main office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, a five-story brick building, radiating wires in every direction, in such numbers that the intersection of the streets seems to be covered with an iron net- work. Directly opposite this, on the southwest corner, is the office of the Public Record. Third Street is the home of the bankers and brokers. To a certain extent, it is the Wall Street of Philadelphia. On it we find the eminent banking-house of Drexel & Co., and many others. Again turning to the left, we pass the office of the ETcning Telegraph, and a few doors below it find the Girard Bank, a venerable but still stately edifice, built 1795-8 for the fiii^t United States Bank, and. afterwards occupied by the man whose name it bears, and whose memory Philadelphia must ever cherish as that of the most munificent benefactor she has ever had ; and nearly opposite PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. this is one of the most beautiful banking-houses in the citv It i. ,h. t j . „ , small but elegantly-designed building, of wh.te kl„ Hampshi ^ranL " f'': ! pillars and tablets of highly-pol.shed'Aberdeen. The ^^^^^ZTLZlZZt^X^ With an eye to equal beauty and security. ^^ ^ fuinished, Again resumin- our way up Chestnut Street, we pass, on the south side, the office of the Inquirer, and immediately after, on the north, the Bank of North America, the first bank estab^ ished m the United States, it having been founded by Congress in 178 1, when the credit of the country was very far indeed below par. Robert Morris was one of the principal ori-inators PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. of this bank, and it proved a valuable auxiliary to his efforts in behalf of the public treasury. By its aid he succeeded in raising again the public credit and in establishing a good circulating medium. The present building is of brown stone, in the Florentine style of architecture. Next above, and separated from the bank only by a narrow alley, is the new building of the Guaran- tee Trust and Safe Deposit Company, a beautiful structure of pressed brick ornamented with Ohio stone and colored tiles. Its frontage on Chestnut Street is 57 feet, and its depth 198 feet. The building was erected in 1874, and has the merits of combining novelty and beauty of design with the greatest security against both fire and theft. The safe deposit vaults, six in CUSTOM-HOUSE AND POST-OFFICE. number, are situated at the rear end of the building, and are constructed with every precaution for safety. Each vault is ten feet wide by eighteen feet deep. Below Fourth Street, and opposite Carpenters' Hall, is the elegant white marble building of the Fidelity Safe Deposit and Insurance Company, which combines a handsome exterior with the most impregnable security that modern science can devise. It is in the Italian style, with a front of Lee marble, and is the largest enterprise of the kind in the country. The safe alone weighs 150 tons, and cost $60,000. And on Fourth Street, just below Chestnut, stands the new iron building of the Provident Life and Trust Company, a much admired piece of architecture. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. mmfM tmij^nn 5' "'^'; Lfji^^^ THE CONTINENTAL HOTEL. PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST CO.'S HUILDING. The Custom- House stands on the south side of the street, between Fourth and Fifth. It has two fronts, one on Chestnut, the other on Li- brary Street, each ornamented with eight fluted Doric columns, 27 feet high and 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, supporting a heavy entablature. It is in imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in the country. The building was completed in 1824, having cost $500,000, and was formerly the United States Bank. It is now used by the United States Sub-Treas- ury and Custom-House officers. Opposite the Custom-House, just above the Philadelphia Bank, a handsome granite building, stands the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, an imposing white marble structure. This Bank, one of the oldest insti- tutions of its kind in the city, com- menced its existence in 1807, with a capital of ^700,000, as "An Asso- ciation for the loaning of money upon reasonable terms, under the name and style of The President and Directors of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank in the City of Philadelphia, the object and oper- ations of which are calculated to advance the interest of agriculture. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 23 manufactures, and the mechanical arts, to produce benefit to trade and industry in general, and to repress the practice of usury." It first occupied the building No. 102 Chestnut Street (old number), above Third Street. In 1809 the Association was chartered by the Legislature of Pennsylvania as the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, with a capital of $1,250,000, and was four times re-chartered. Not very long after this the bank was moved to No. 100 Chestnut Street, where it remained until the purchase of a capacious mansion-house on the site of the present banking building. This house was a Revolutionary landmark, having been the head- quarters of Lord Howe during the British occupation of Philadelphia. In 1855 they took possession of their new building, the banking-room proper being in the rear, and approached by a corridor running through the front edifice, which is divided into offices, and is partly occupied by the Philadelphia Clearing-House. This Bank is the Clearing-House depositary, and is also transfer agent of the Commonwealth and City of Philadelphia, for the trans- fer of its loans and payment of the interest thereon. April 24, 1856, the capital was increased to $2,000,000. Adjoining the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, just above, is the building of the Pennsylvania Life Insurance and Trust Com- pany. The front is of Quincy granite, of a massive and impos- ing style of architecture, well suited to the substantial character of the Company, which is the oldest of its kind in the city, hav- ing been established in 1812. No expense or pains have been spared in rendering the new building per- fect for its purposes, as a fire- and burglar-proof structure. The safes alone involved an outlay of nearly $100,000. The former office of the Company was in Walnut Street above Third. Just above the Custom-House is the old Post-Office, a handsome marble building. Although the facilities of this department were greatly increased when this Office was built, not long since, the rapid growth of its business now calls for greater space, and to supply the want a new building is being erected at the corner of Ninth and Chestnut Streets, for which an appropriation of $3,000,000 has been made. Around the corner, in Fifth Street, is the Philadelphia Library, one of the staidly solemn things which seem still to preserve the spirit of the city's Quaker founders. It was founded in 1731, — mainly through the influence of Dr. Franklin, whose statue, in marble, is placed over the entrance, — and took possession of its present buildings in 1790. It still observes the rules made for its government in 1731, and has a venerable air about it which impresses one strongly as he steps into its quiet halls. But, notwithstanding its age and sedateness, the library keeps FIDELITY SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY S BUILDING. 24 PHILADELPHIA AND IIS ENVIRONS. pace with time, and new books are constantly being placed on its shelves. The Loganian Library is in the same building. Both libraries united contain about 95,000 volumes. The building of the American Philosophical Society stands opposite the library. The dream-life into which one unconsciously falls in the alcoves of the library is rudely broken, as he steps out, by the constant bustle about the Mayor's Office and the Police Headquarters, on the southwest corner of Fifth and Chestnut. This building is at the eastern end of " State- FARMERS' AND MECHANICS' BANK. House Row," noticed in connection with Independence Hall, which stands in the middle of the Row. Glancing at Fred. Brown's handsome drug-store, on the northeast corner, we next pass the American Hotel, also on the north side of Chestnut Street. On the southwest corner of Sixth and Chestnut, the imposing brown-stone pile ot the Ledger building attracts the stranger's eye, and he recognizes it at once as one of the lions of the city. It is well shown in our engraving. On the northwest corner is the office of the Day, and a few doors above the Day office is that of the Evening Bulletin, the oldest afternoon paper in the city. Nearly opposite the Bulletin office is the handsome office of the Germuji Democrat, and on the corner of Seventh Street that of the Press. At this point the fashionable promenade may be said to begin. Bright faces and gay cos- PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 25 FItlH AND CHbbTNUT tumes throng the sidewalk beyond this, and the street is Hned with the tastefully arranged shop- windows for which Philadelphia is noted. The group which our artist has collected in front PUBLIC LEDGER BUILDING. 26 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. of the store of Henry A. Drear, the well-known seedsman and florist, is a fair sample of what may be seen along this portion of the street on any fine afternoon. The extensive and elegant front of the old Masonic Temple next attracts attention. It is a very beautiful building, and was once considered the finest of its kind in the United States ; but it became too small, and the brethren of the mystic tie accordingly built the new and splendid structure at Broad and Filbert Streets, which will be noticed in the proper place. The old one will probably be devoted to business uses, the handsome stores already in the building showing its fitness for such pur- .,^ poses. One block above, the Girard House lifts its stately front. This is the second hotel, in point of size, in the city of Philadelphia, and it is a formidable competitor of its mammoth rival across the way, the far-famed Continental. The latter, by far the largest hotel in the city, covers forty-one thousand five hundred and thirty- six square feet of ground. It is six stories high ; the Chestnut Street front being of Albert and Pictou sandstone, and the others, on Ninth and Sansom Streets, of fine pressed brick. It was opened in February, i860, and has ever since been a favorite with the traveling public. All its appointments are of the most perfect description. An elevator carries guests from the ground floor to the highest story ; telegraph wires convey their messages to any part of the coun- try ; their baggage is checked and their tickets purchased under the same roof; while the tables are of the finest. Diagonally across from the Con- tinental is the site for the new Post- Office, on the north side of Chest- nut, above Ninth. It will occupy half the square between Chestnut and Market and Ninth and Tenth. At this writing, the details of the new Post-Office have not been completed. The ground appropriated to its use extends from Chestnut to Market Streets, a distance of 484 feet, and is 175 feet 9 inches in width. The building will cover 425 feet 8 inches on Ninth Street by 150 feet on Chestnut and Market. It is proposed to make Ninth Street 20 feet wider, and it is thought the United States Government will eventually purchase the whole square bounded by Chestnut, Market, Ninth and Tenth Streets, and dedicate it to national use. On the southwest corner of Ninth and Chestnut stands a group of marble stores which are unsurpassed for substantial beauty in the city. Fine stores, indeed, may be said to be the rule from Ninth to Eleventh, and there are many on either side of these limits. PENNSYLVANIA INSURANCE AND TRUST CO.'S BUILDING. THILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 27 On the northwest corner of Tenth and Chestnut Streets stands the magnificent granite building of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. It is one of the handsomest structures in the city, and is a fit representative of the enterprise of the great and wealthy corporation that erected it, and whose offices are located within its walls. No expense has been spared to render the building perfect in every respect, it being entirely fireproof, and admirably arranged for its purposes. "Girard Row," on the north side of Chestnut from Eleventh to Twelfth, contams many elegant stores. Among them are C. F. Haseltine's extensive and elegant art galleries, shown in our engraving, and the warerooms of the Schomacker Piano Company, the pioneers of BUILDING OF THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK. the piano business in Philadelphia. We present a view of their factory, situated at Eleventh and Catherine Streets, an immense establishment, having a capacity of twenty pianos a week. At 1 122 Chestnut Street the building of the American Sunday-School Union finds itself in the very centre of business now, but when erected, in 1854, it was quite " out of town." This is the head-quarters and central office of the Union ; but its branches ramify all over the world, and its missionaries are continually extending its sphere of usefulness. Founded in 1817 as an Adult and Sunday-School Union, it was instituted as the American Sunday-School Union in 1824, and has ever since been steadily at work, instructing and elevating the masses. 28 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. The splendid building containing Bailey & Co.'s jewelry-store, on the southeast corner of Twelfth and Lhestnut. will excite the admiration of the visitor. This store-room is the largest OLD MASONIC TEMPLE. Of its kind in the city. It presents a front of forty-four feet on Chestnut Street by two hun- dred and forty feet on Twelfth, and its ceiling is twenty-two feet in height. The buildin^ was PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 29 SCENE ON CHESTNUT STREET erected by Dr. S. S. White, who occupies all of it, except the first floor, for the manufacture and sale of artificial teeth, dentists' instruments, etc., in which specialty he does the largest business in the world, having branch houses in New York, Boston, and Chicago. We next pass the building of the Young Men's Chris- tian Association, on Chestnut Street, above Twelfth, and the Chestnut Street Theatre and Concert Hall, on the op- posite side of the street, and, crossing Thirteenth Street, come to the United States Mint. This building was erected in 1829, pursuant to an act of Congress enlarging the operations of the government coin- ing, and supplementary to the act creating the Mint, which was passed in 1792. The structure is of the Ionic order, copied from a temple at Athens. It is of brick, faced with marble ashlar. Visitors are admitted before twelve o'clock, every day except Saturday and Sunday ; and the beautiful and delicate operations and contrivances for coining, as well as the ex- tensive numismatic cabinet, are well worth seeing. The new building of the Presbyterian Board of Publica- tion stands nearly opposite the Mint. It is a handsome four-story edifice, with a front of white granite, trimmed with polished Aberdeen stone. AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION. 3° PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. Soon after crossing Broad Street, we pass beyond the realms of trade and enter the domicil- iary portion of the street ; though we shall not leave all the stores behind us until we have passed Fifteenth Street. Here, on the corner of Fifteenth and Chestnut, the Colonnade Hotel has recently been built to meet the growing de- mands for up-town hotel ac- commodations. It takes its name from Colonnade Row, a handsome series of buildings, several of which were torn down to make room for it. The Colonnade is a large and well-kept hotel ; it can accom- modate four hundred guests, and its kitchen facilities are especially complete. Opposite the Colonnade Ho- tel, on the southeast corner of Fifteenth and Chestnut Streets is the site on which it is proposed to erect the new building of the Young Men's Christian Association, which is designed to be a very handsome and substan- tial structure, with every ad- vantage for advancing the objects of the Association. The ground floor will be de- voted to stores. From the Colonnade, rows of stately dwellings extend to the Schuylkill, over which a substantial and elegant bridge has recently been thrown. Another new bridge, to ex- tend from South and Chippewa Streets to the west side of the West Chester Railroad, a total distance of 2419 feet, is in course of erection at South Street, a short distance farther down the river ; and an ele- gant one, used by the Junction Railroad, is just below that. The Schuylkill may be reck- oned among Philadelphia's "reserve forces." With a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate, and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal- and stone-yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Schuylkill Canal brings down numbers of boats from the mines in the coal regions ; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce on the PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 31 TWELFTH AND CHESTNUT. — DR. S. S. WHITE S BUILDING. Schuylkill. This grand avenue to the future heart of the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be required, — a time which cannot be far distant. Indeed, it can be largely SCHOMACKER PIANO FACTORY, ELEVENTH AND CATHERINE STREETS. 32 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. UNITED STATES MINT. used for the transportation of goods to the Centenary Exhibition, and will doubtless find its commerce greatly increased by that event. For a few squares on the west side of the Schuylkill, Chestnut Street retains the solidly built-up appearance of a city street ; but this is soon lost in a succession of elegant villas and country seats, and, finally, in a territory which, as yet, is a part of the city only on the map. As a specimen of suburban architecture, we present a view of the residence of A. J. Drexel, the well-known banker, at Thirty-ninth and Walnut, West Philadelphia. -urn. fl '' y.-iS^Pn^^^^ sS ^ M R 11 ji! E! Ml 1? ^ ^ V V V ^ •^ 3,1. THE COLONNADE HOTEL. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 33 This portion of the city is new, and is growing very rapidly. Fortunately, Chestnut Street and its neighbors on the south have been almost monopolized by the suburban residences of wealthy citizens, who have adorned their homes with spacious grounds, with trees and flowers and have planted shade-trees along the streets ; so that this neighborhood is now, and must ever remain, a lovely blending of all that is most beautiful in city and country. In this section of the city stand the handsome buildings of the University of Pennsylvania. This institution was chartered as a charity school and academy in 1750, and was erected into a college in 1755, and into a university in 1779. It was first located on Fourth Street, PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION. below Arch, but was removed to Ninth Street in 1798, and until 1872 occupied two large buildings which stood on the site of the new Post-Office. The old buildings having become inadequate to its wants, the present magnificent structures of serpentine marble were erected, and occupied in 1872. They form one of the handsomest groups of college buildings in the United States, The University is divided into academical, collegiate, medical, and law departments, and among its faculty are numbered some of the most distinguished men in the State. The junction of Thirty-sixth Street, Darby Road, and Locust Street was selected as the 3 34 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. CHESTNUT STREET, ABOVE FIFTEENTH, SHOWING THE REFORM CLUB HOUSE. best location for the new buildings of the University. The trustees have erected for the accommodation of the Department of Arts and of Science one of the largest and most con- THIRTV-NINTH AND WALNUT. I PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 35 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. — DEPARTMENTS OF ARTS AND OF SCIENCE. veniently arranged college buildings in the country. This building stands in a square of ground containing more than six acres, and is about two hundred and sixty feet front, by more UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. — MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. than one hundred in depth. It was planned with special reference to the greatly increased number of rooms required for the full develop- ment of that elective system of studies which has now become the settled policy in the Department of Arts, as well as for the purpose of affording every facility for teaching science in its applications to the arts. The students in these two depart- ments are under a common govern- ment and discipline, and are in constant association with each other. The instruction, however, in each department is in charge of a distinct faculty, and both the objects of that instruction and the methods of imparting it differ es- sentially. The Law Department has its lect- ure-rooms in the building of the De- partments of Arts and of Science. For the use of the Department of Medicine the trustees have erected a building of very large dimensions, which is arranged for the conven- ient accommodation and instruc- tion of students in accordance with plans based upon long experience here, and which is supplied with all the approved means of research and investigation. Adjoining this building is a large hospital, which is placed in charge of the medical faculty. This hos- pital will prove an invaluable means of clinical instruction. It has ac- commodations for between one and two hundred patients, with private rooms for patients of means. In this connection we would men- tion the Jefferson Medical College, an institution of corresponding im- portance, established in 1825. Its building stands in Tenth Street, below Chestnut, and is furnished with every facility for the instruction of students. The trustees propose to erect a larger building shortly, to meet the increasing wants of the college. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 37 WALNUT STREET. Walnut Street, the chosen haunt of the coal trade, and, to a great extent, of the insurance business, presents many points of interest. The anthracite coal trade of the Lehigh and Schuylkill regions, which is so important a feature of the domestic industry of Pennsylvania, centres in the lower part of this street, a large four-story building of brown stone, on the corner of Second and Walnut, being entirely given up to this business, and filled with the offices of coal firms. It is known as "Anthracite Block." PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY S BUILDING. A little below Third Street, Walnut Street is crossed diagonally by Dock, and in the trian- gular space bounded by Third, Dock, and Walnut stands the magnificent building of the Merchants' Exchange. It is an imposing edifice, built of Pennsylvania marble, and, from its conspicuous position, forms the most prominent feature of this part of the city. The spacious rotunda on its eastern side has recently been fitted up in a sumptuous manner for the use of the Board of Brokers. 38 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. DELAWARE MUTUAL SAFETY INSURANCE COMPANY'S BUILDING. On the southeast corner of Third and Walnut Streets stands the building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Company. At the time it was erected, more than twenty years since, it was one of the handsomest corporation buildings in the city. This company is one of the READING RAILROAD COMPANY S RUILDING. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 39 PHILADELPHIA SAVINGS FUND. most reliable in the city, with assets amounting to over two millions ; its business covers the three classes of insurance, — marine, inland, and fire. Passing the Sunday Dispatch _,^.=^^^ ^s^ "^ office, on the corner of Third Street, we pass an almost unbroken file of coal offices, until we reach Fourth Street, and here we turn the corner into Fourth to visit the splendid new offices of the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Companies, which stand side by side on the east side of Fourth Street, below Walnut. The office of the Pennsylvania Railroad was built in 187 1-2. It is of brick, with an elegant front of Quincy granite, and of dimensions adapted to the business of a corpo- ration which owns and controls more miles of rail than any other m the world. The immense extent of this company's operations is too well known to need repetition here. The office of the Reading Rail- road was so much enlarged and improved during the summer and fall of 1 87 1 as to make it, in effect, a new building. This, the second road in importance in the State, taps the rich deposits of anthracite coal in the Southern and Middle Coal-fields, and carries to market building of the franklin fire insurance go. 40 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. WESTERN SAVINGS BANK. an average of five million tons annually. In 1870 it absorbed the Germantown and Norris- town Railroads, and now conducts an enormous passenger traffic over both. Above Fourth Street, on the north side, we pass, among other substantial buildings, that of the Franklin Fire Insurance Company, well known as one of the most reliable companies in EAST RITTENHOUSE SQUARE. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 41 this country. Its charter is perpetual, dating from 1829, and its assets now amount to nearly three and a half millions. Continuing up Walnut Street, we pass on the left of what was once the " State-House Yard," but has since been named " Independence Square." It is of small dimensions, and, though the trees are lofty and green overhead, the ground beneath them has been beaten hard by the tread of countless feet crossing it in every direction, and has little that is park-like in its appearance. Not so, however, with Washington Square, which is diagonally opposite Independence Square, and which has already been described at length. Outside the railing of this square, on the line with Seventh Street, is a stone fountain sur- mounted by an eagle standing on a globe, which is noteworthy as being the first of those TWENTY-FIRST AND WALNUT benevolent structures in providing which the Philadelphia Fountain Society has already earned the gratitude of thousands of thirsty men and suffering beasts. This society was formed in February, 1869, and erected its first fountain in the succeeding April. From that time to the close of 1874, seventy-three fountains were erected through its efforts, many of them being the gifts of individuals or of societies other than that having the work in special charge, but all given at its instance and through its influence. The following extract from the society's report for 1874 gives an idea of the important work it is doing: " Here we have a truthful estimate of the number of persons and horses drinking at ten of our fountains in twelve consecutive hours, amounting to 4885 persons and 1831 horses, which, taken as an average of the seventy-three fountains now in active operation over the city, would give you the gratifying aggregate in twelve hours of 35,660 persons and 13,366 horses." What might be termed another benevolent institution, though it is so according to the sound commercial rule of benefiting both parties, is the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, whose building stands on the corner of Walnut Street and West Washington Square. This society. 42 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. the first of its kind in the country, was estabhshed in 1816, and has ever since been eminently successful. All its earnings are appropriated for the benefit of the depositors, with the excep- tion of the amount necessary to meet the working expenses. From a small beginning, the business of the institution has gradually increased, until now its depositors number thirty-nine thousand, and their united deposits exceed ten million dollars. We give also a view of another similar institution, that of the Western Savings Fund, at Tenth and Walnut. Trade has not yet pushed its way on Walnut Street beyond this point. From here long rows of substantially-built houses, whose very exteriors have an air of comfort about them, as if they would hint at the ease and plenty within, stretch away almost to the Schuylkill. TWENTY-SECOND AND WALNUT. At Eighteenth and Walnut Streets is Rittenhouse Square, one of the finest of the public parks. It is adorned with elaborate drinking-fountains, the gifts of wealthy philanthropists, and is surrounded by elegant and costly dwellings, this being one of the most aristocratic quarters of Philadelphia. An especially noticeable residence is that of Joseph Harrison, Jr., on the east side of the square, a view of which is herewith presented. Two of the finest Walnut Street houses are shown in the accompanying cuts. The first is that of John Rice, the builder of the Continental Hotel and of a number of other buildings. This is situated on the corner of Twenty-first and Walnut. It is of white marble, from the Lee quarries, and is in the Italian style of architecture. The second, on the corner of Twenty- second and Walnut, also of white marble, is the residence of George W. Childs, the well-known and successful proprietor of the Public Ledger. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 43 ARCH STREET. Arch Street, though a wide and handsome avenue, has never found its course obstructed by such a tide of travel and traffic as surges through Market Street. It has always been an eminently " respectable" street, and a certain air of old-time gentility still invests it ; one feels that, in passing from Market to Arch, he has unconsciously stepped back fifty years into the ARCH STREET, BETWEEN SEVENTH AND EIGHTH. past ; the roar and hurry of to-day have given way to the steady-going, quiet ways of the earlier years of the century, and he would scarcely be surprised to see a gentleman in powdered wig, knee-breeches, and three-cornered hat descending from any one of the stately dwellings whose uniform brick fronts, green shutters, and marble steps are the representatives of, if not 44 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. the foundation for, the monotonous Philadelphia which satirical visitors are fond of depicting. The lower part of the street has, indeed, been invaded, to a certain extent, by the bustling life of commerce ; but west of Eleventh Street all is quiet, and the street is lined with the dwellings of the merchant princes of the city. Consequently, we have few points of interest to note here. In our walk up-street, we stop, of course, to look through the iron railing set in the wall of Christ Church burying-ground, at Fifth and Arch, and pay our homage to the grave of Benjamin Franklin ; and we cannot fail to notice, as we pass, the ancient Friends' Meeting-House which stands on the south side of AliCH SREET THEATRE. the street, between Third and Fourth, surrounded by a yard whose dimensions suggest the good old times of its erection, when land was plenty and taxes light. This meeting-house was built in 1808. It is the successor of one which stood in High Street, and has ever since been one of the principal places of worship of the Quakers in Philadelphia. This denomination, being that to which Penn and his followers belonged, was, naturally, the first to erect a place of worship. " The Great Meeting-House," as it was called, at the corner of Second and High Streets, was erected in 1695, on land bestowed by George Fox, " for truth's and Friends' sake." "Great as it was," says Watson, "it was taken down in 1755, to build greater;" and in 1808 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 45 the "street noise of increased population" drove the worshipers to the quiet retreat on Arch Street, where they still find themselves able to worship without disturbance. A httle above Sixth Street we pass Mrs. John Drew's Arch Street Theatre, one of the standard places of amusement in the city. Its interior arrangements are excellent. The auditorium will seat eio-hteen hundred persons, and the dimensions of the stage, sixty-seven feet square by thirty feet high, give convenient room for representations. ST. CLOUD HOTEL. Another square westward, we come to the St. Cloud Hotel, a new and excellent house, and very convenient to the business part of the city. Still farther on we find two other places of amusement, — the Museum, on the corner of Ninth, and Simmons and Slocum's Opera House, a few doors above Tenth. On Arch, above Tenth, are the Methodist Book Rooms,— the Mecca of Methodist pilgrims, — and at Broad and Arch are the stately churches elsewhere spoken of. The rest of the street is "living-room;" it is filled with the homes of the people, with few exceptions, presenting a remarkable sameness of appearance and size. 46 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. BROAD STREET. This noble avenue has been described in the earUer part of this work ; but it remains to point out some of the many objects of interest which border it. Its southern terminus is at League Is- land, — a low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill, which was presented by the city of Philadelphia to the United States government, a few years ago, for the purposes of a naval depot, — a use for which it is admirably adapted. The report of the Secretary of the Navy, for 1871, thus tersely sums up its advantages : "A navy yard so ample in its proportions, in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of access to our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet, with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to our country." Comparatively little work has yet been done at League Island ; but enough is in progress to show what may be expected in the future. A wharf sufficient to ac- commodate the largest sized vessels has been built ; a receiving ship and two or three others are stationed there ; and the narrow, fresh-water '" Back Channel" which separates the island from the main- land affords excellent accommodation for the monitors, — a large fleet of those pe- culiar craft being usually anchored in its placid waters. Crossing the back channel by a draw- bridge, Broad Street extends northward through a low, flat tract of land which is now occupied by truck-farms, and which will require much labor to fit it for build- ing purposes. Two rows of trees have been planted in the drive along this part of the street, and these will in a few years afford three leafy avenues for carriages. The city is growing but slowly in this direction, its chief extension being to the north and west; but the influence of League Island may draw builders south- ward when the works are fairly under way. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. The first building of importance which we notice in going north on this street is the Baltimore Depot, at Broad and Prime. We give the most familiar designations of public objects in this work, as those are the ones strangers will wish to know. The " Baltimore Depot" is, to give it the benefit of its full title, the depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad ; but that is a name too long for daily use ; and for the same reason the inquirer is always directed to the now unknown Prime Street, instead of the spacious Washington Avenue, on the corner of which the building really stands. This depot is reached by the cars of the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Streets line, and by the green cars of the Union line, the latter running down Seventh Street. Many handsome churches diversify the street to the north of the Baltimore Depot, but it is impossible to mention all in detail. On the corner of Pine Street we pass the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, — a charity incorporated in 1821 by the State of Penn- sylvania, which has ever since been its chief patron, though the States of Mary- land, New Jersey, and Delaware also contribute to its support and claim a share in its benefits. BETH-EDEN CHURCH. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MUSIC. 48 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. One square above, we pass the magnificent "Beth-Eden" Baptist Church, one of the handsomest on Broad Street, even without the spire, which is still wanting to complete the symmetry of the design. Now the places of interest crowd thick and fast upon the visitor's attention. Just above Beth-Eden Church is Horti- cultural Hall, — the chosen home of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, a ven- erable institution, and, like so many other Philadelphia enterprises, the first of its kind in the country, having been established in 1827. It has always been one of the most popular societies in Philadelphia, and its annual displays, held first in Peale's Museum and afterwards under canvas pavilions in one of the public squares, were once the most fashion- able entertainments in the city. Nor have they lost their attraction yet; for at stated seasons they fill the HORTICULTURAL HALL. spacious auditorium of the hall to suffocation with visitors who come to feast their eyes upon the rare floral and pomo- logical treasures there displayed. NEW ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 49 Next door to Horticultural Hall, and so near to it that on grand festive occasions both buildings are leased and con- nected by a temporary bridge, is the American Academy of Mu- sic, the most capacious opera- house in the United States. This building was completed January 26, 1857. and dedicated on that day by the most magnificent ball Philadelphia had ever witnessed. Since that time it has been a favorite hall with all the leadir musicians, actors, and lecture who have appeared in Americ; Its architecture is of the Italia Byzantine school, such as is fre- quently seen in the northern parts of Italy. The auditorium is one hundred and two feet long, ninety feet wide, and sev- enty feet high, and will seat twenty-nine hundred persons, besides providing standing room UNION LEAGUE BUILDING. LA PlhRRL HOUSE for about six hundred more The arrangements both for seemg and hearmg are excellent ; its acoustic properties being extolled by all who have appeared on its stage. All the other 5° PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. appointments of the building are on a scale commensurate with the immense size of the audi- torium, and go to make up one of the most complete and magnificent opera-houses in the world. Following in regular order after the Academy of Music, and on the same side of the street, is the well-known building of the Union League. This association grew out of a " Union Club" which was formed in 1862 for promoting friendly intercourse among loyal people. The organization of the Union League was effected in December, 1862, and it at once took an active part in all public meas- ures. It enlisted for the United States Army ten full regiments of troops, distributed over two mil- lion six hundred thou- sand copies of Union documents, and claimed to have carried the State of Pennsylvania for the Republican party by its efforts in the important election of 1863. In May, 1865, the pres- ent League building was finished, at a cost, inclu- din,g furniture, of about two hundred thousand dollars. It is of brick, in the French Renaissance style, with faqades of granite, brick, and brown stone. It has all the ap- pointments of a first-class club-house, and as such has many patrons, the list of members at the present time numbering nearly two thousand. The most prominent of the other social clubs arc the Reform Club, which occupies a handsome white marble fronted building on Chestnut Street, above Fifteenth, and the Philadelphia Club, occupying the building at Thirteenth and Walnut Streets. Next above the Union League building is an unpretentious and certainly far from handsome building, which at present contains the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences. This society dates from the year 181 2, when it was founded by a few gentlemen for mutual study into the laws of nature. A museum and library were among the first requisites, and steps were early taken to establish both. The latter now contains about tAventy-three thousand volumes, and the former upwards of two hundred and fifty thousand specimens, representing NEW MASONIC TEMPLE. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 5' THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS. every department of zoology, geology, and botany. There are sixty-five thousand mineral- ogical and paleontological specimens, with a very rich collection of fossils. The botanical collection is immense ; that of shells is only excelled by the cabinet of the British Museum ; NEW ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. 52 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. and the collection of birds is both rich and attractive. It consists of more than thirty-one thousand specimens, and is probably un- equaled by any collection in Europe. This museum has outgrown the building in which it is placed, and steps are now being taken to erect a building adequate for its wants. A lot has been secured at Nine- teenth and Race Streets, and on it the fine building of which we pre- sent a view will be placed as soon as the necessary funds can be ob- tained. The great value of the museum, and the utter inadequacy of its present quarters either to dis- play or to preserve it, will doubtless bring the citizens of Philadelphia to its assistance at an early day. Even in the present building, how- ever, visitors to the city should by no means fail to see it. It is open to the public on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, at ' which times an entrance fee of ten cents is charged. Next door to the Academy of Natural Sciences stands the La Pierre House, one of the best hotels in the city. It is six stories high, and will accommodate two hundred guests. We now cross Chestnut Street, glance at the Corinthian porticos of two Presbyterian churches, on the east side of Broad Street, one above and the other be- low Chestnut Street, and in a mo- ment reach the new Public Buildings for law-courts and public offices. This enormous structure, though a single building, is always spoken of in the plural. It was begun on the loth of August, 1871, and, it is estimated, will cost ten years' time and ten million dollars to complete. When finished, it will be the largest building in America, and probably the highest in the world, being 486.] feet in length, north and south, and 470 feet in width, east and west. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 53 The central tower will rise to the height of 450 feet, a greater height than any other spire in the world. The area actually covered will be nearly 4J acres, not including a court-yard in the centre, 200 feet square. Around the whole will be a grand avenue 205 feet wide on the northern front, and 135 feet on the others. The general style of the building is the Renaissance, modi- fied to suit the purposes for which it is required. The basement story will be of finfe white granite, and the superstructure of white marble from the Lee quarries, the whole strongly backed with brick and made perfectly fireproof. The structure will contain 520 rooms, and afford ample provision for the present and future needs of its occupants. Its erection is in charge of a commission, of which Samuel C. Perkins is chairman, and the architect who drew the plan and has charge of the work is John McArthur, Jr. Near the northwest corner of these buildings is one of the many noble charities that Phila- delphia can boast of. This is the School of Design for Women, the only institution of the kind in America. It was founded in 1848, by Mrs. Peter, for the purpose of educating women to extend their sphere of usefulness and open to them a new and pleasant means of support. In a great manufacturing city there is a constant demand for new and elegant designs for all branches of mechanic art. The School of Design trains women for this work, instructing them gratuitously, and seldom failing to make them experts in the business of mechanical drawing. In a year or two this part of Broad Street will be unequaled in the State for the number and beauty of its public edifices. On the corner of Filbert Street the New Masonic Temple rears its stately head high above the neighboring houses. It is built of granite, dressed at the quarry, and brought to the temple ready to be raised at once to its place ; so that what was said of Solomon's temple may be said with almost equal truth of this : " There was neither hammer nor ax nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building." This temple is one hundred and fifty feet in breadth by two hundred and fifty in length, with a side elevation of ninety feet above the pavement, its colossal proportions making it seem low even at this height. A tower two hundred and thirty feet high rises at one corner. The entire building is devoted to Masonic uses, there being nine lodge-rooms, together with a library and officers' rooms. Adjoining the Masonic Temple on the north is the Arch Street Methodist Episcopal Church, the handsomest church of this denomination in the city. The intersection of Broad and Arch Streets is, indeed, noteworthy for its churches. The pure white marble of the Methodist Church, on the southeast corner, the rich brown stone of the First Baptist Church, on the northwest corner, and the green syenite of the Lutheran Church, on the southwest corner, present a group of architectural beauty scarcely to be surpassed in any city. At this point occurs an interruption of the usual magnificent display of Broad Street, — a region of warehouses and lumber-yards, which once threatened to be permanent, but to which the removal of the railroad tracks from Broad Street gave a death-blow ; so that we may .now hope to see their places occupied before long by structures in keeping with the magnificent plan of the street. Nevertheless, it must be confessed that, at the present writing. Broad Street from Arch to Callowhill is not a pleasant thoroughfare. The new Academy of Fine Arts, now building at Broad and Cherry, will do much for this part of the street. At Callowhill Street we come to the passenger depot of the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- road, and just above it, but on the opposite side of the street, the extensive buildings of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, an establishment which boasts the proud distinction of being the largest, as it is among the oldest, of its kind in th: world. Spring Garden Street, which bounds the Baldwin Locomotive Works on the north, is one of a few streets which deserve special notice for the generous manner in which they are laid out. From Twelfth to Broad a beautiful little park occupies the centre of the street, — which is nearly or quite as wide as Broad Street itself, — and this will probably be continued all the way to Fairmount Park, in a few years. Below Twelfth the street is occupied by a long line of market- houses. Beyond Broad Street it is lined by fine, comfortable residences, some of which are strikingly handsome. The row in which W. B. Bement's house stands, above Eighteenth 54 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. Street, shown in our illustration, is especially noticeable. Girard Avenue is laid out in the same way. A granite monument erected' April 19, 1872, by the Washington Grays, to the memory of their fallen comrades, stands in the centre of the avenue, just below Broad. On the southwest corner of Broad and Green Streets we pass the Central High School, — a plain but not inelegant brick edifice, — and on the northwest corner a handsome Presbyterian church, built in the Norman style of architecture. Beside this stands the Jewish synagogue Rodef Shalom, a good specimen of the Saracenic style, and a very handsome though very peculiar building. Above this point, the section of Broad Street extending from Fairmount Avenue to Columbia Avenue, a distance of about a mile, is lined with handsome private residences, and is a favorite drive and promenade. On Sunday afternoons the sidewalks are crowded with promenaders, and the whole presents a scene of life and animation strikingly in contrast with the sabbath stillness of the rest of the city. A general idea of the appearance of the street may be formed from the view on page 57, in which is embraced the handsome residence of Joseph Singerly. It is an exemplification of what all Broad Street is capable of being made, and what it may reasonably be expected to become in the near future. SCENL: ox north broad t>lKl:,i:,i, AliOVE MASTER. We also present views of two of these strikingly handsome dwellings, that of Richard Smith, on Broad above Master, and that of Henry Disston, on Broad above Jefferson. 56 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. The splendid Episcopal church of the Incarnation, at Broad and Jefiferson, and several other fine buildings in the immediate vicinity, close the list of objects of interest on Broad Street for the present. Montgomery Avenue is the northern limit of continuous building on this street SCENE ON NORTH BROAD STREET, ABOVE JEFFERSON. just now; but the noble boulevard continues straight as an arrow northward, the houses are fast following it, and it cannot be very many years before it will be crowded with stately build- ings all the way to Germantown. THE CEMETERIES. It is impossible in a work of this kind to dt) justice to the many beautiful cemeteries in which repose the dead of the great city. We, can, however, direct the visitor to a few of the more prominent ones, and assure him that a visit to them will be a source of gratification. We use the word advisedly, for few more pleasant spots can be found in the vicinity of Phila- delphia than its burial-places, fitted up as they are with equal taste and elegance. Laurel Hill Cemetery is confessedly the leading cemetery of Philadelphia in size, location, and beauty of adornment. It is situated on a sloping hillside bordering on the Schuylkill ; the extensive grounds are skillfully laid out ; and the monuments and other decorations are as elaborate as affection could suggest or munificence bestow. The ground is divided into three sections, known as North, South, and Central Laurel Hill, — the last being the most recently added of the three. The plan of the company by which this cemetery was estab- lished was to provide for its patrons a resting-place which should be theirs forever, without fear of molestation or disturbance by the ever-lengthening city streets and the ever-growing city trade, and which they might therefore ornament freely with substantial and enduring PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 57 58 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER FROM NORTH LAUREL HILL. monuments. The idea was well carried out in the selection of a site little available for business purposes, and now secured forever by its incorporation within the bounds of Fair- mount Park ; and it was quickly appreciated by the citizens. The result is shown in the UF THE SCHUYLKILL FROM WEST LAUREL HILL. » PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 59 ;;:;;;;;r^earance of the grounds, and in the fact that South Laurel Hill and two other sections of ground have been added. On the opposite side of the nver. about a mile above th. on-inal Laurel Hill, is West Laurel Hill Ccmeter^ an institution entiicly distinct from die original, and controlled by a separate corporation, but yet owned and officeied to a 6o PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. large extent by the same individuals. In its arrangement the fundamental idea of an LIEUTENANT GREBLE S MONUMENT, WOODLANU CEMETERY. isolated and permanent burial-place has been kept in view, if possible, more fully than ever before. t PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 6i West Laurel Hill Cemetery is the latest enterprise of the kind connected with the city, having been incorporated in November, 1869. It is situated on the west side of the Schuylkill, in Montgomery County, a short distance from the boundary-line of the incorporated city. At present West Laurel Hill contains one hundred and ten acres, but the charter permits its increase to three hundred acres. Under the management of persons long familiar with the work done at the original Laurel Hill, it is rapidly assuming a beautiful appearance. A number of smaller cemeteries are situated in the vicinity of Laurel Hill, and some im- portant ones are located in parts of the city which have still a rural aspect. Monument Cemetery, which was founded in 1837, two years after Laurel Hill, is situated at Broad and Berks Streets, and is remarkable for a fine granite monument to the joint memories of Wash- ington and Lafayette, which stands in the centre, and gives name to the cemetery. Still nearer to Laurel Hill are Mount Peace, Mount Vernon, Glenwood, and several society cemeteries. THE DKEXKL AlAL .SOLKUM. Cathedral Cemetery, the great burying-ground of the Roman Catholic denomination, is located on Forty-eighth Street, between Girard Avenue and Wyalusing Street, in West Phila- delphia. It was consecrated to the purposes of sepulture in 1849, being named after the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, which was then building. This cemetery includes forty- three acres, and contains some elegant monuments. An outgrowth of this, the New Cathedral Cemetery, is situated at Second Street and Nicetown Lane, in the northeastern part of the city. Mount Moriah Cemetery is on Kingsessing Avenue, about three miles from Market Street, and is reached by the Darby line of horse cars running out Walnut Street. It is quite large, and is very liberally supplied with both natural and artificial attractions. The same line of cars passes Woodland Cemetery, one of the most attractive rural burying- grounds in the city. Of the many imposing monuments in this cemetery, we present a view of the beautiful mausoleum of the Drexel family, which-is noted for its elegance of design — being the handsomest structure of its kind in this country — and its fine location, and one of the chaste monument erected to the memory of Lieutenant John T. Greble, the first officer of the regular army to fall in the Rebellion. 62 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 63 FAIRMOUNT PARK. Fairmount Park, new though it is, has already attained a reputation second only to that of Central Park, New York, and only second to that because Fairmount is not yet old enough to be as widely known. Fairmount needs no eulogist. It speaks for itself; and the stranger who, with this book for his guide, will spend a summer day — or, better still, a week — in leisurely and appreciative exploration of its hills and dales, its leafy woodlands and sunny slopes, its rippling streams and placid river, its dewy sunrise and dreamy sunset, and the glory of its moonlight vistas, will permit no tongue to sound its praises louder than his own. We preface our description of it with a few dry facts and figures which it will be well to bear in mind. Fairmount Park arose from the necessity for a supply of pure water, the deterioration of PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. MONUMENT ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF FREDERICK GRAFF. which threatened to become not only an evil but a grievous calamity. The mills and manufactories on the banks of the Schuylkill were multiplying rapidly, and there was great danger that in the course of a very few years the river-banks for miles above the city would be lined with factories and workshops, to the utter ruin of the stream on which the citizens de- pended for their supply of pure water. Just in time to prevent this catas- trophe, Fairmount Park was con- ceived, and by degrees executed, until now five miles of the river and six of its beautiful and important tributary the Wissahickon, together with the high lands bounding their immediate valleys, are inclosed and preserved forever from all pollution and profanation. The Park now contains nearly three thousand acres, being more than three times as large as the New York Central Park. It is dedicated to be a public pleasure-ground for- ever, and, under the management of a Board of Commissioners, is rapidly growing in beauty and in- EAST TERRACE, LEMON HILL. tcrest. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 65 The visitor will take a street-car on Pine, Arch, or Vine Street, — all of which lines run to the bridge at the lower end of the Park, while the two last named connect and run on to George's Hill, at its western extremity ; or a car of the Green and Coates Streets line, which runs THE LINCOLN MONUMENT. from Fourth Street, via Walnut, Eighth, and Fairmount Avenue, to the Fairmount Avenue entrance ; or a yellow car of the Union line, passing up Ninth Street and landing him at the VIEW ON THE SCHUYLKILL, SHOWING THE BOAT-HOUSES AND LEMON HILL. Brown Street entrance ; or a Ridge Avenue car, which will carry him to the East Park ; or, if well up town, a Poplar Street or Girard Avenue car, which will deposit him at Brown Street and Girard Avenue respectively. The Lancaster Avenue branch of the Chestnut and Walnut 66 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 67 Streets line runs to the Centennial grounds in the West Park, and a branch of the Market Street line will be extended to the same point this year. All these termini, except the extreme western and northern ones, are in the immediate vicinity of Fairmount Water-Works, at the lower end of the Park. Another route is by the Park accommodation trains of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which in summer run every hour during the day and carry passengers from the depot at Thirteenth and Callowhill to Belmont, on the west side of the Schuylkill. Accommodation trains on the Pennsylvania Railroad also run to Hestonville, within a short walk of George's Hill, at the western end of the Park. Lastly, the visitor can hire a carriage by the day and make the tour of the Park without fatigue or difficulty ; and for mere sight-seeing this is much the best way. Entering the Park at the lower entrance, we step at once into the grounds pertaining to the Scliuylkill Water-Works ; and the works themselves are contained in the building, or rather group of buildings, just before us. These works were first put in operation in 1822, though the city was first supplied with water from the Schuylkill in 1799. Enor- mous engines worked by water-power force water from a dam in the river to the top of a hill in front of the building, — the original " Faire-Mount," — where it is held in a dis- tributing reservoir. The same works supply a reservoir on Corinthian Avenue, near Girard College. From a piazza in the rear of the building a good view is obtained of the new and elegant "double deck" iron truss bridge which has just taken the place of the once celebrated Wire Bridge. This new bridge is one of the most elaborate structures of its kind m this country. It was designed by J. H. Linville, and erected by the Key- stone Bridge Company. The total length of the superstructure is 1274 feet, the main span, over the river, being 350 feet. The bridge has an upper and lower roadway and side- walks, and is 48 feet in width; the upper roadway is elevated 32 feet above Callowhill Street, and connects Spring Garden Street on the east with Bridge Street on the west. The lower roadway connects Callowhill Street with Haverford Street. The grounds immediately surrounding the buildings of the Water- Works contain several fountains and pieces of statuary. The monument in our cut is that of Frederick Graff, the designer and first engineer of the works. Just above the Water- Works is a little dock, whence in summer a couple of miniature steamers ply incessantly on the river, stopping at all points of interest on their route. The main drive of the Park begins at Green Street, passing, just inside of the entrance, a new building designed for an art gallery, and thence running down nearly to the bank of the Schuylkill. Next, crossing an open space ornamented by a bronze statue of Lincoln, erected by the Lmcoln Monument Association, in the fall of 187 1, we come to another hill, covered with trees, among which go winding paths, and under which green grass and flowering shrubs combine FOUNTAIN NEAR BROWN STREET ENTRANCE. 68 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. their attractions, while around the base of the hill flowers bloom and fountains play, and the CONNECTING RAILROAD BRIDGE, FAIRMOUXT PARK. curving drive leads a glittering host of carriages. This is Lemon Hill, and on its summit is the mansion in which Robert Morris had his home during the Revolutionary struggle. Here the great financier loved to dwell. Here he entertained many men whose names were made FAIRMOUNT PARK, FROM PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE. illustrious by those stirring times. Hancock, Franklin, the elder Adams, members of the PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 69 ENTRANCE AT EGGLESFIELD. merly called "Sedgely Park." Here stands a small frame build- ing known as "Grant's Cottage," because it was used by that gen- eral as his head-quarters at City Point. It was brought here at the close of the war. From this hill there is an excel- lent view of the Schuylkill Water- Works, which stand in a ravine just beyond it. At its foot is the Girard Avenue Bridge, an elegant iron structure, the work of Clarke, Reeves & Co., of the Phoenix Iron Works, which connects the East and West Parks. This bridge was opened for travel July 4, 1874. It is locHD feet long by 100 feet wide, and 52 feet above mean water mark. It consists of five spans constructed of Pratt trusses. The roadway is of granite blocks, and is 67J feet wide, and the sidewalks, each 16.} feet wide, are paved with slate, with encaustic tile borders. The balus- trade and cornice are ornamented Continental Congress, officers of the army and navy, and many of the foremost citizens met frequently under this hospitable roof. Here, busy in peace as in war, he after- wards planned those magnificent enterprises which were his finan- cial ruin; and from here he was led away to prison, the victim of laws equally barbarous and absurd, which, because a man could not pay what he owed, locked him up lest he might earn the means to dis- charge his debt. The fortunes of the once magni- ficent mansion have fallen, like those of its magnificent owner. It is now a restaurant,where indifferent refreshments are dealt out at corre- spondingly high prices ; for it is an axiom that men pay most for the worst fare. Next, following the carriage- drive, which, beginning at the Green Street entrance, runs up the river, we come to a third hill, for- -P^^^J;/^^w^,V/4/g0///^ / /• VIEW OF SWEET BRIER FROM EGGLESFIELD. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 7> with bronze panels representing birds and foliage. Under this bridge passes a carriage-way leading to the northeast portion of the Park, now called, by way of distinction, the East Park. The Connecting Railroad Bridge, as it is popularly termed, which unites the Pennsylvania Railroad with the Camden and Amboy, raises its graceful arches a little above the Girard Avenue Bridge, and through the rocky bluff which forms its eastern abutment a short tunnel has been cut, as the only means of opening a carriage-road to the East Park. This route was opened in the summer of 1871, ana developed some of the loveliest scenery in all the Park. A number of fine old country-seats were absorbed in this portion of the grounds, and they remain very nearly as their former owners left them. Here a dis- tributing reservoir, to cover one hundred and five acres, is now SCHUYLKILL BLUFFS, BELOW EDGELY. VIEW ABOVE SWEET BRIER. being constructed. Continuing up this side of the river, we come finally to Laurel Hill Cemetery, and then to the massive stone bridge over which the coal-trains of the Reading Railroad pass on their way to Richmond. We shall, however, find more marks of improvement by crossing the Girard Avenue Bridge into the West Park. Below the Bridge, on the west side, is a tract called "Solitude," and in it stands an ancient house built by John Penn, son of Thomas Penn and grandson of William, and owned by his descendants un- til its purchase by the Park Com missioners. Just beyond this, the tall stand-pipe of the West Phila- delphia Water-Works forms a con- spicuous feature. This tract, containing thirty-threfe acres, has been leased by the Park Commissioners to the Zoological Society of Philadelphia, which has 72 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. THE MONKEY HOUSE. fitted it up in a manner best suited for the maintenance and exhibition of birds and animals. The Society intends establishing here a Zoological Garden second to none in the world, and is a HE LL \.R Fllb. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 73 ...A — THE AVIARY. rapidly carrying out its designs. It has agents in every part of the globe, from whom it receives frequent shipments of rare and interesting specimens of natural history, and is fast filling its THE COLUMBIA BRinGE. FROM THE WEST PARK. 74 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. grounds with specimens of every class of the animal kingdom. Every part of the garden is SWEET BRIER RAVINE. THE LANSDOWNE PINES. interesting, but we may mention as the principal features the large and well-filled Carnivora and Monkey-Houses, the Bear Pits, the Aviary, and the Deer Park. All of these are already LOOKING EAST FROM BELMONT. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 75 well stocked, and are constantly receiving fresh accessions. The Garden was first opened to the public in July, 1874, and has already become one of the most popular features of the Park. The price of admission is 25 cents for adults, and 10 cents for children. A short distance above the bridge is the Children's Play-ground, near Sweet Brier Mansion, and passing this the road enters Lansdowne and crosses the river road by a rustic bridge, from which the beautiful view of the Schuylkill shown in our engraving is had. The venerable pines shown in our sketch mark the site of Lansdowne Concourse. This fine estate of Lansdowne contained two hundred acres, and was established by John Penn, "the American," whose nephew, also named John, the son of Richard Penn, built a stately mansion here, and lived in it during the Revolutionary war, a struggle in which his sympathies were by no means with the party that was finally successful in wresting from him the noble State which was his paternal inheritance and of which he had been Governor. UP THE SCHUYLKILL, FROM COLUMBIA BRIDGE. Leaving the Concourse, the road skirts the base of Belmont Reservoir, and, winding round a rather steep ascent, comes out on the summit of George's Hill, two hundred and ten feet above high tide. This tract, containing eighty-three acres, was presented to the city by Jesse and Rebecca George, whose ancestors had held it for many generations. As a memorial of their generosity, this spot was named George's Hill, and its rare advantages of scenery and location will keep their name fresh forever. It is the grand objective point of pleasure-parties. Few carriages make the tour of the Park without taking George's Hill in their way, and stopping for a few moments on its summit to rest their horses and let the inmates feast their eyes on the view which lies before them, — a view bounded only by League Island and the Delaware. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. In the broad meadow which Ues at the visitor's feet as he stands on George's Hill, looking eastward, it is proposed to hold a grand Centennial Exhibition during the centenary year of American Independence. It has been decided that Philadelphia — the birthplace of liberty — shall be the place in which a grateful country will celebrate its hundredth birthday; and there can be no better place to hold the grand exhibition of the fruits of a hundred years' progress by which the anniversary is to be celebrated than the one already selected. A quar- ter of a mile of track will enable the Pennsylvania Railroad to set down the products of all the Western and Southern States under the roof of the buildings, in the very cars in which they were first packed, and all the contributions of the Far East without breaking bulk except in the transfer from steamer to rail at San Francisco ; while goods coming from Atlantic ports can be unloaded on the Schuylkill within sight of their destina- tion. There will be more trouble in bringing heavy articles from some of the manufactories of Philadelphia herself than from California or Minnesota. The Centennial grounds cover 450 acres, and extend from the foot of George's Hill almost to the Schuylkill River, and north to Columbia Bridge and Belmont jMansion. On the level space known as the Lansdowne Plateau, at the intersection of Elm and Belmont Avenues, the- principal exhibition build- ings are now being erected. The Main Building is a parallelogram 1880 feet in length by 464 feet in width, and 70 feet in height, with central towers 120 feet high. It covers, with its towers and projections, an area of twenty-one and a half acres. It is of iron and glass, and shows in the interior one grand hall seventy feet in height, with a central pavilion rising to the height of 96 feet. A central avenue 120 feet wide runs the whole length of the building, and there are two side aisles of the same length and 100 feet in width. These are in- tersected by three transepts, or cross avenues, of like width, thus dividing the plan into nine open spaces free from PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 78 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. supporting columns, and covering in the aggregate an area 416 feet square. The lesser aisles are 48 feet in width. The arrangement of the goods is by a cross system of classification, by which all the products of a country are ranged in a line, side by side, with similar products of all other countries. The Art Gallery, or Memorial Hall, is located about 300 feet north of the Main Building, on A VIEW IN THE WEST PARK. i line parallel with it. This is a permanent structure, all the others being temporary. It is of granite, iron, and glass, built in the modern Renaissance style, and thoroughly fire-proof. It is 365 feet in length, 210 in width, and 59 in height, with a central dome 150 feet high, surmounted by a colossal bell, on which stands a figure of Columbia. Colossal figures, typifying the four quarters of the globe, stand at each corner of the base of the dome. The interior arrangement consists of a central hall, with galleries extending east and west, PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 79 the whole forming one grand hall 287 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 35 feet in height, except in the centre, where the dome rises to the height of 80 feet. This hall will contain 8000 persons. Smaller halls, galleries, and studios are also provided for. But we cannot dwell even on so fruitful a theme as the Centennial Exhibition. The carriage- road next brings us to Belmont Mansion. This, like most of the buildings in the Park, is of very ancient date, having probably been erected about 1745. A VIEW ON THE WISSAHICKON. This was the home of Richard Peters — poet, punster, patriot, and jurist — during the whole of his long life. Many of his witty sayings are still extant, as are also a number of his poems ; while his eminent services as Secretary of the Board of War during the Revolution, Represent- ative in Congress subsequently, and Judge of the United States District Court for nearly half his life, will not soon be forgotten. Brilliant as have been the assemblages of distinguished guests at the many hospitable country-seats now included within the bounds of Fairmount Park, the 8o PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. associations connected with Belmont Mansion outshine all the rest. Washington was a frequent visitor ; so was Franklin ; so were Rittenhouse the astronomer, Bartram the eminent botanist, Robert Morris, Jefferson, and Lafayette, — of whom a memento still remains in the shape of a white-walnut-tree planted by his hand in 1824. Talleyrand and Louis Philippe both visited this place ; "Tom Moore's cottage" is just below, on the river-bank; and many other great names might be mentioned in connection with Belmont, if we had room for them. Now, alas ! the historic mansion has degenerated into a restaurant. FALLS BRIDGE, SCHUYLKILL RIVER. The view from the piazza of the house is one which can scarcely be surpassed in America. Our engraving, though drawn by one of the first landscape painters in the country, gives but a faint idea of its beauty. It is one of those grand effects of nature and art combined which man must acknowledge his inability to represent adequately on paper. Leavino- Belmont, the road passes through a comparatively uninteresting section to Cha- mouni, with its lake and its concourse, and the northern limits of the Park. Near the lake it intersects the Falls road, and this takes us down to the Schuylkill, which we cross by a bridge, and continue up the east bank of the river to its junction with the Wissahickon. PHILADELPHIA .AND ITS ENVIRONS. 8i One of the most beautiful walks in the Park extends from this point through Belmont Glen to the Reading Railroad and the banks of the Schuylkill. It debouches at the offices of the Park Commission, where the visitor's eye is attracted by a pair of colossal bronzes, representations of the winged horse "Pegasus." These figures were made to adorn the Grand Academy in Vienna, but were found to be too large for the position assigned them. They were purchased by a number of American gentlemen, and presented to the Park ; where they will eventually mount guard at one of the main entrances. The Falls of Schuylkill exist only in history now, but before the Fairmount dam was built they were a beautiful reality. The cascade, which was formed by a projecting ledge of rock, was slight, but in seasons of high water it made a fine display. A little above the Falls is the "Battle-Ground," — the scene of an intended battle between the Americans under Lafayette and the British under General Grant. The latter, however, unlike his distinguished modern namesake, allowed himself to be outgeneraled, and Lafayette succeeded in exe- cuting a masterly retreat, — that being the only thing he could do under the circumstances. Here, also, was fought the memorable and disastrous battle of German- town. The Wissahickon is a lovely stream winding through a narrow valley between steep and lofty hills which are wooded to their summits, and have the appear- ance of a mountain-gorge hundreds of miles from civilization, rather than a pleasure-retreat within the limits of a great city. In its lower reaches the stream is calm and peaceful, and boats are kept at the two or three small hostelries which stand on its banks, for the convenience of those who wish to row on the placid waters. This calm beauty changes as the valley ascends, and we soon find the stream a mountain torrent, well in keeping with its picturesque situation and surroundings. So with alternate rush of torrent and placid beauty of calm reaches the romantic stream flows down from the high table-lands of Chestnut Hill to its embouchure in the valley of the Schuylkill. A few manufacturing establishments have invaded the sequestered valley; but the Park Commissioners have taken measures to do away with them all after a certain number of years, 6 WISSAHICKON CREEK. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. UP THE WISSAHICKON — MEGARGEE S PAPER MILL. and restore the Wissahickon as nearly as possible to its pristine wildness and unfettered beauty. One of these invaders — Edward Megargee's paper mill — is shown in our illustration. Like most of the others, it is now owned by the city, but will be operated by the heirs of its late owner until the year 1882, after which it will be removed. THE WISSAHICKON — BRIDGE AT VALLEY GREEN. THE WISSAHICKON — BRIDGE NEAR MT. AIRY. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 83 THE PIPE BRIDGE OVER THE WISSAHICKON. We may briefly notice a few of the many points of interest in this romantic glen, some of which our artists have sketched in a manner which renders pen-and-ink descriptions super- fluous. Soon after leaving the Schuylkill, the drive up the Wissahickon passes the "Maple Spring" restaurant, where a curious collection of laurel-roots defdy shaped into all manner of strange or familiar objects, the work of the proprietor, will repay a visit. A little above this, a lane descends through the woods to the "Hermit's Well, which is said to PRO BONO PUBLICO. UP THE WISSAHICKON. S4 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. have been dug by John Kelpius, a German Pietist, who settled down here, with forty followers, two hundred years ago, and lived a hermit's life, waiting for the fulfillment of his dreams. He and his associates gave names to many of the scenes about here, among them the Hermit's Pool, of which we give an illustration. Three and a half miles above its mouth the stream is crossed by a beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, six hundred and eighty-four feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. The water-pipes that supply Germantown with water form the chords of the bridge, the whole THE WISSAHICKON AT CHESTNUT HILL. being bound together with wrought-iron. It was designed by Frederick Graff, and constructed under his superintendence. A hundred yards above this is the wooden bridge shown in our engraving. Near this is the Devil's Pool, a basin in Creshein Creek, a small tributary of the Wissahickon. The next point of interest is the stone bridge at Valley Green, and half a mile beyond this is the first public drinking-fountain erected in Philadelphia. It was placed here in 1854, and was the precursor of a numerous and beneficial following. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 85 UP THE WISSAHICKON — THE DRIVE. A mile and a half of rugged scenery ensues, terminating in the open sunlight and beautiful landscapes of Chestnut Hill, where the end of the Park is reached. Watson, in his "Annals of Philadelphia," speaks thus of "The Wissahickon :" "This romantic creek and scenery, now so much visited and familiar to many, was not long since an extremely wild, unvisited place, to illustrate which I give these facts, to wit: Enoch and Jacob Rittenhouse, residents there, told me in 1845 that when they were boys the place had many pheasants; that they snared a hundred of them I THE WISSAHICKON — THE HERMIt'S POOL. HEMLOCK GLEN- 86 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. in a season ; they also got many partridges. The creek had many excellent fish, such as large sunfish and perch. The summer wild ducks came there regularly, and were shot often ; also, some winter ducks. They then had no visitors from the city, and only occasionally from Germantown. There they lived quietly and retired ; now all is public and bustling, — all is changed!" The natural beauties of Fairmount Park are now its chief attraction, but these can be greatly enhanced by the discreet addition of works of art in the shape of statues, fountains, GLEN FERN, WISSAHICKON. busts, etc. We are happy to state that a society under the name of the Fairmount Park Art Association has recently been established with the object of facilitating this adornment, and already embraces a large number of prominent citizens among its members. It should be the pride of every citizen to encourage its efforts. This Association has already erected several handsome bronze pieces, and placed a fine marble statue and several paintings in the Art Gallery in the Park. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 87 MISCELLANEOUS. There are many objects of interest in the city which are not enumerated in this work, our object being to sketch only the principal ones. No visitor should fail to see the Navy Yard, in the southern part of the city, with its immense ship-houses, floating and dry- docks, shops, and arsenal, and the noble vessels constantly lying at its wharves. Cars run down Second, Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh Streets every few minutes, the last named con- veying passengers to the gate of the yard, and the others pass- ing within a short distance of it. Admission is free to all parts of the yard, and passes to go on board the vessels can be readily procured at the commander's office, just inside the gate. The rows of ordnance, stacks of balls, and especially the arsenal, with its relics, will interest the visitor. The huge yet elegant build- ings of the Franklin Sugar Re- finery, at Delaware Avenue and Almond Street, a short distance above the Navy Yard, form a conspicuous object, and cannot fail to attract the visitor's atten- tion. As might be supposed, the Delawai'e, with its broad stream, deep channel, and abrupt bank, is the chosen home of the ship- ping interest, while thQ. Schuyl- kill is still waiting for the time to come when its shores will be needed to relieve the eastern wharves. Next above the Navy Yard are the grain wharves of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with a large elevator overlooking 88 PHILADELPhIA AND 2TS ENVIRONS. them ; and from these to Kensington there is a constant succession of shipping wharves, many of which have great local fame. Among these are Spruce Street wharf, the great oyster depot ; Dock Street wharf, famous for peaches ; Chestnut and Market, the great passenger wharves, where we may take boats up or down the river or across to Camden ; \'ine Street wharf, the terminus of the Camden and Atlantic Railroad, whence in summer-time thousands depart daily for a run down to the beach, " To cool them in the sea ;" Willow Street wharf, which is one of the termini of the Reading Railroad, and near to which the extensive freight depots of the Reading and the North Penn- r. . i sylvania roads stand harmoniously : side by side ; and Poplar Street wharf, with its huge stacks of -• lumber, covering acres of s^round. One of the most extensive of these C- yards is represented in the accom- ;; panying view ; Smith «S: Harris's ^ Lumber Yard, at Coates Street wharf, is also shown. E In this neighborhood, at Front and Laurel Streets, stands an imposing monument to energy, industry-, and perseverance. The Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel, and File Works of Henry Disston & Sons, started in a cellar by the senior member of the firm some thirty-five years ago, have de- veloped into the establishment shown in our illustration, which covers eight acres of ground with its numerous factories, employing over one thousand hands. Here saws of every description, with their component parts, also tools, files, etc., are manufactured at the rate of five tons daily. This firm has extensive branch works at Tacony and a branch house at Chicago, and may be well termed the pioneer factory of its kind in America, and is the largest saw factor)- in the world. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 89 Kensin-ton is the head-quarters of the shipbuilding interest in the city proper; though there are tirst-dass yards, turning out excellent work, at Kaighn's Point. Chester Wilmington, and other points on the Delaware, all of which come properly under the head of Philadelphia ^"^ATthese yards are generally busy, the amount of shipbuilding done on the Delaware forminc. no inconsiderable portion of the city's industrial showing. The firm of Wm. Cramp & Sons at Kensington, has won much fame by the amount of first-class work turned out from its yard's It was here that the huge iron ships of the American Steamship Company, the iron FRANKLIN SUGAR REFINERY. colliers of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Cpmpany, and many other important vessels were built. The labyrinthine system of wharves and docks at Port Richmond, where the coal from the Schuylkill mines is transhipped from the cars of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad to the vessels which are to carry it still farther for a market, is just above this point, and is well shown in our illustration. This is a busy, animated, and interesting scene. Philadelphia hitherto has aspired little to the title of a commercial city, but has been con- tent with being the largest manufacturing centre in the United States. Now, however, active exertions are being made to establish a commerce, and there can be little doubt of their ultimate success. Already the house of WiUiam P. Clyde & Co. has lines of steamers running 90 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. VINE STREET FERRY, TERMINUS OF THE CAMDEN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD. to Boston, New York, Wilmington, Baltimore, and all the principal points on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States ; and several other firms have lines nearly as VIEW OF THE POPLAR STREET LUMBER WHARVES. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 91 extensive ; while the American Steamship Company has four steamers Liverpool, and the steamers of two European lines also ply regularly to this port. Kensington also contains many important iron works and other manufacturing establish- ments ; but the locality favored by the heaviest workers in iron is that formerly known as " Green Hill," extending from Thirteenth to Eighteenth Streets, on the line of the Reading Railroad. Here are the Baldwin Locomotive Works before mentioned, the Norris Locomo- tive Works, William Sellers & Co.'s Machine Tool Works, having deservedly a world-wide reputation, and several other establishments whose names are known all over the Union. And at Twenty-first and Callowhill, still in the same busy region, are the extensive machine shops of William B. Bement & Son. Several of these extensive establishments are repre- sented among our engravings. When we say that the values of Philadelphia manufactures in 1873 footed up the respectable total of over three hundred and eighty-four million dollars, that nine thousand mills, found- ries, and factories combined to produce this result, and that one hundred and forty-five thousand operatives, assisted by steam-engines aggregating about seventy-five thousand horse- power, did the work, the reader will see that a detailed account of the manufactures of the city is scarcely to be expected in a work of this size. Suffice it to say, then, that iron articles of any size or shape, from a tack-hammer to a three-thousand-ton steamer, can be supplied in any quantity by the manufactories of Phila- delphia. Other industries exist in equal proportion. Manayunk, on the Schuylkill, is alive with paper-, cotton-, and woolen mills ; all the other suburbs contain large industrial works ; and, indeed, the whole city is one vast workshop, in which the visitor can spend many days pleasantly and profitably, viewing the varied operations of all the departments of its industry. We present a view of one of the laboratories of Powers & Weightman, the leading manufac- turers of chemicals in the country. This is situated at the Falls of Schuylkill. They have another extensive establishment at Ninth and Parrish Streets, in the city proper. We also present a view of MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan's type-fou making regular trips to oldest existing PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. type-foundry in the United States, as well as one of the largest. The business of the firm was founded in 1796, by Binnv & Ronaldson, and has steadily grown to its present size and importance. Our engraving gives a good view of the lower part of Sansom Street, with In- dependence Square in the back- ground. Cornelius & Sons' establish- ment, the largest manufactory of gas-fixtures in the United States, is well shown in our cut. This building is on Cherry, above Eighth, and is one of the many handsome manufactories which adorn the heart of the city. This firm has also a handsome store on Chestnut Street, below- Broad. At the corner of Fifth and Cherry Streets is the large and imposing factory of W. H. Horst- mann & Sons, of which a view is presented. Established in 181 5, this concern has for years been the most extensive manufacturers of military and society goods, dress and upholstery trimmings, etc., in this country. The city takes good care of the army of working-people en- camped in her midst. Not only does she afford them comfortable homes at moderate cost to an extent unequaled in any other city, but she also provides liber- ally for their comfort when sick, for their mental improvement when in health, for their recrea- tion when at leisure, and for their children at all times. The oldest and most important of the hospitals of the city is the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was founded in 1750. It is lo- cated in the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, Spruce, and Pine Streets, and may be visited after 10 A.M. on any day except Sat- PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 93 VIEW ON THE DELAWARE— A CLYDE STEAMSHIP. urday and Sunday. Another similar institution is the Episcopal Hospital, in the northeastern part of the city. The city Almshouse is on the west side of the Schuylkill, nearly opposite the Naval Asylum, and is reached by the Walnut Street cars. The grounds contain 179 acres, and the I VIEW OF THE SCHUYLKILL AT THE FALLS. 94 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. estimated value of the property is about $3,000,000. The buildings themselves occupy about ten acres, and will accommodate conveniently 3000 inmates. The United States Naval Asylum is 'on Gray's Ferry Road, below- South Street. It is a beautiful place, and forms a snug harbor for the gallant seamen who have grown old and feeble in their country's service. The Wills Eye Hospital, on Race Street, opposite Logan Square, is a finely situated charity, which does a great deal of good in an unobtrusive way. For the establishment of Girard College, a work magnificent alike in purpose, plan, and execution, Philadelphia is indebted, as for so many other benefits, to Stephen Girard. This eccentric but benevolent man made provision in his will for the erection of a college which should accommodate not less than three hundred children, who must be poor, white, male orphans, be- tween the ages of six and ten years. For the site of the college, Mr. Girard bequeathed an estate of forty-five acres, called Peel Hall, situated on the Ridge Road, about a mile from its junction with Ninth and Vine Streets; and here the buildings were erected, the sum of two million dollars having been provided by the founder for the establishment and support of the institution. The capacity of the present buildings is five hundred and fifty, and that is about the number of the inmates now. The College proper is justly celebrated as one of the most beautiful structures of modern times, as well as the purest speci- men of Grecian architecture in America. It has been so often described that we deem it un- necessary to give more than a pictorial sketch of it. The monu- ment, of which we give an illustration, was erected in 1869 to commemorate those of the PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 95 It was desic^ned and huilt bv ,^ K^.: »^: ;« College graduates who fell in the war of the Rebellion. W. Struthers & Son, the largest dealers in worked marble in the city. Visitors will procure tickets of ad- mission at the Ledger office, and take the Ridge Avenue cars. Philadelphia has supplemented her admirable educational system by establishing a number of excel- lent public libraries, only one of which, however, the Apprentices' Library, at Fifth and Arch, \4 en- tirely free to its patrons. Of the others, the handsomest building is that containing the Mercantile Li- brary, on Tenth Street, between Chestnut and Market. We present a view of the Cathe- dral of St. Peter and St. Paul, on Eighteenth Street, opposite Logan Square. The corner-stone of this magnificentbuilding.the finest Cath- olic church in the city, and up to the present date the finest in the United States, was laid by the Right Rev. F. P. Kenrick, September 6, 1846, and it was opened for divine service November, 1864. The edifice is one hundred and thirty-six feet front, two hundred and sixteen feet deep, and two hundred and ten feet in total height. The interior of the building is cruciform, and is de- signed in the most elaborate Roman- Corinthian style. Logan Square, opposite which the Cathedral stands, is surrounded with fine dwellings, and bears the same relation to this part of the city as Rittenhouse Square does to the southern portion. The seminary of St. Charles Bor- romeo, near Overbrook Station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, about five miles from the city, is for the instruction of those who intend to devote themselves to the ministry of the Roman Catholic Church in the diocese of Philadelphia. Its architecture is of the Italian order. We also present a view of the Central Congregational Church, at Eighteenth and Green .Streets, a new and handsome edifice, the architecture of which is in the late Norman style. L 96 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. For the protection of the honest portion of the community, it has always been found neces- sary to place restraints upon the wicked ; and there are in Philadelphia several illustrations of what is frequently extolled as "the admirable prison system of Pennsylvania." The Eastern Penitentiary, to which convicts are sent from the eastern counties of the State, is on Coates Street, near Twenty-second. The "separate" {7wt solitary) system of confine- ment is adopted here, but is modified to the extent of confining two prisoners in each of the SANSOM STREET AND INDEPENDENCE SQUARE. larger cells whenever the crowded state of the prison renders it necessary. Each prisoner ife furnished with work enough to keep him moderately busy, and is permitted to earn money for himself by overwork. He is allowed to see and converse with the chaplain, prison- inspectors, and other officials, and an occasional visitor, but not with any of his fellow- prisoners. The advantages claimed for this system are that convicts have leisure and opportunity for reflection and for the formation of steady and correct habits, and are not in PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 97 CHERRY STREET, ABOVE EIGHTH. danger, when set free, of meeting other prisoners who can identify them and thus obtain a fearful influence over them. L FIFTH AND CHERRY STREETS — HORSTMANN S BUILDING. 7 9^ PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. The grounds connected with this prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all of which space is covered with buildings, the whole being surrounded with a stone wall thirty feet high. The plan of the buildings may be compared to a star with seven rays, there being a central hall with seven corridors running from it, so arranged that the warden, sitting in the centre, has the whole length of each corridor under his eye. Permits to. visit any of the prisons in the city can be obtained at the Ledger office. Visitors to the Eastern Penitentiary will take the Green and Coates Streets cars (running out Eighth Street), or the yellow cars of the Union line, running out Ninth and up Spring Garden. VIEW OF THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER AND liLOCKLEV ALMSHOUSE. I PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 99 The Eastern Penitentiary is frequently called "Cherry Hill," from the former name" of its site ; and for the same reason the County Prison, at Tenth and Passyunk Avenue, is generally known as " Moyamensing." Visitors to this prison will take cars on Tenth or Twelfth Street, or the green cars of the Union line, on Seventh Street. The House of Refuge, for juvenile offenders, is on Twenty-second Street, near Poplar. soldiers' monument at girard college. Visitors are admitted every afternoon, except Saturday and Sunday. Take the Green and Coates, Poplar Street, or Ridge Avenue cars, — the last running up Arch to Ninth and out Ninth to Ridge Avenue. The green and red cars of the Union hne, running out Ninth Street, connect with the Poplar Street line, and passengers ride through for one fare. The new House of Correction, recently built near Holmesburg, in the northern part of the city, is shown in our illustration. This building is to contain two thousand cells, and its PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. erection is contracted for by R. J. Dobbins, the eminent builder, for the sum of one miUion dollars. GIRARD COLLKCIE. The green cars of the Union line, running out Ninth Street, and the red cars of the Second and Third Streets line, running out Third Street, both convey passengers to Richmond, where the coal wharves of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad are situated. THE MERCANTILE LIBRARV. The Germantown Railroad will carry the visitor in a few minutes to two of the most delight- ful suburbs of which the city can boast. These are Germantown and Chestnut Hill, both PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. filled with beautiful country-seats, and rendered doubly interesting by historical associations. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY. We regret that we have not space to enumerate their most prominent points of interest; but all we can do is to recommend the stranger to make the visit for himself. We present, SEMINARY OF ST. CHARLES BORROMEO. however, as a specimen of the architecture in this part of the city, a view of the residence of Thomas MacKellar, at Germantown. The "Old York Road," too, running through PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. the northwestern part of the city, passes through a beautiful rolling country studded with elegant country-seats, of which one of the finest — that of R. J. Dobbins — is shown in our illustration. Once an hour a car starts from the depot of the Second and Third Streets line at Richmond, and runs to Bridesburg. The ride from Richmond to Bridesburg is made in forty minutes, the route lying through a pleasant country, filled with country-seats and small farms, and having the Delaware for a boundary the entire distance. The car stops within a short dis- CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL. tance of the Frankford Arsenal, belonging to the United States Government. It is open to visitors during the day ; but it is best to visit it during the forenoon, as the shops close at 4 P.M., and the length of time consumed in reaching it leaves a very small margin for sight- seeing in the afternoon. The visitor crosses a little bridge, over Frankford Creek, the boundary -line between Bridesburg and Frankford, walks up a well-paved sidewalk along the wall of the Arsenal, and a polite officer on duty at the gate directs him to the office, where a pass to visit the shops is given him. The grounds are open, and he may wander at will along the paths. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS, 103 *• . •»'i«i'i.\\-!i>\ -JiTsr MOVAMEXSING PRISON". These grounds cover sixty-two and a half acres, are beautifully situated and laid out, and are kept in perfect order. A few brass field-pieces, and some long piles of cannon-balls stacked THE NEW HOISL OF CORRECTION, HOLMCSBURG. I04 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. CENTRAL CONGREOAIIONAI. CHURCH. up like Stone fences on New- England farms, with a solitary sentinel pacing his beat, and the stars and stripes floating overhead, are the only things that suggest the warlike uses of the place. The shops are devoted solely to the manufacture of fixed ammunition ; all the cartridges used by the United States army are made here, and, as may be supposed, the late war taxed the energies of the labora- tories to their utmost capacity. During the height of the war, work in these shops never stopped. Night and day, Sundays and holi- days, it werit on, the demand con- stantly increasing, until Lee's surrender stopped midway the erection of an additional building K GEKMANTOWN RESIDENCE. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 105 A RESIDENCE AT CHELTON HILLS, ON THE "OLD YORK ROAD." calculated to turn out one million cartridges a day. That building is finished now, and ready for the next call. The manufacture of cartridges is an interesting process, and well worth seeing, and the visitor will scarcely regret the five-mile ride required to visit the Arsenal. In this vicinity the visitor's eye will be attracted by the tall chimney of the Bridesburg WORKS OF THE BRIDESBURG MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Io6 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. THE HARRISON BOILER WORKS. Manufacturing Company's Works, an establishment celebrated for cotton and woolen ma- chinery, but diverted during the war from this peaceful business to the manufacture of guns and other warlike weapons. Another United States Arsenal is situated near the Naval Asylum, on Gray's Ferry Road. This is devoted to the manufacture of shoes, clothing, etc. It is reached by the cars of the Spruce and Pine and Lombard and South Streets railways, and just beyond it are the exten- sive buildings of the Harrison Boiler Works, shown in our engraving. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 107 PLACES OF INTEREST. ^ Academy of Fine Arts — Broad and Cherry. iit^ Academy of Natural Sciences — Broad, below f Chestnut. Open Tuesday and Friday afternoons. Admission, 10 cents. American Philosophical Society — Fifth, below Chestnut. ^^' Apprentices' Library — Southwest corner Fifth and Arch. ^'''^ATHENvtiTM and Historical Society of Penn- sylvania — Sixth and Adelphi, below Walnut. Blind Asylum — Twentieth and Race. Admission to Wednesday afternoon concerts, 15 cents. Blockley Almshouse — West Philadelphia. Take Walnut Street cars to Thirty-fourth Street. Tickets at 42 North Seventh Street. Carpenters' Hall — Chestnut, below Fourth. Christ Church — Second, above Market. Commercial Exchange — Second, below Chestnut. County Prison, or " Moyamensing" — Eleventh and Passyunk Road. Tickets at Ledger office. Custom-House— Chestnut, above Fourth. Eastern Penitentiary — Fairmount Ave. above 22d. Tickets at Ledger office. Take cars out Fair- mount Ave., or Fairmount cars of the Union line. Episcopal Hospital — 2649 North Front Street. Frankford Arsenal — Frankford. Take Richmond horse-cars. Franklin Institute — Seventh, above Chestnut. Franklin's Grave — Southeast corner Fifth and r Arch. .^^^irard College — Ridge Avenue, above Nineteenth Street. Tickets at Ledger office. Take Ridge Avenue or Nineteenth Street cars. House of Correction — Holmesburg. House of Refuge — Twenty-second, near Poplar. Admission every afternoon, except Saturday and Sunday. Tickets at Ledger office. Take Fairmount cars of Union line. " Hultsheimer's New House"— Southwest corner Seventh and Market. Independence Hall— Chestnut, between Fifth and Sixth. Entrance to steeple granted on application to the Superintendent, in the Hall. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb— Broad and Pine. Exhibitions Thursday afternoons. Tickets at Ledger office. Laurel Hill Cemetery— Ridge Avenue. Take Ridge Avenue cars. League Island — Foot of Broad Street. Ledger Building— Si.xth and Chestnut. London Coffee-House— Southwest corner Front and Market. Masonic Hall (old) — 710 Chestnut; (new) Broad, below Arch. Mayor's Office — Fifth and Chestnut. Mercantile Library — Tenth, above Chestnut. Merchants' Exchange — Third and Walnut. Monument Cemetery — Broad Street, opposite Berks. Mount Vernon Cemetery — Nearly opposite Laurel Hill. Northern Home for Friendless Children— Twenty-third and Brown. Take Union line of cars out Ninth Street (Fairmount Branch). Old Swedes' Church — Swanson Street, below Christian. Take Second Street cars. The Navy Yard is in this vicinity. Penn Treaty Monument— Beach Street, above Hanover. Take street-cars marked " Richmond." The same cars pass the extensive coal wharves of the Reading Railroad, at Richmond. Penn's Cottage — Letitia Street, between Front and Second, near Market. Pennsylvania Hospital— Eighth and Spruce. Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane — Hav- erford Road, West Philadelphia. Tickets at Ledger office. Take Market Street cars. Philadelphia Dispensary (oldest institution of the kind in America, having been established in 1786)— 127 South Fifth Street. Philadelphia Library and Loganian Library — Fifth, below Chestnut. Post Office (old) Chestnut, below Fifth; (new) Ninth and Chestnut. School of Design for Women — Northwest Penn Square. Union League House — Broad and Sansom. Vis- itors admitted on being introduced by a member of the League. United States Mint — Chestnut, above Thirteenth. Admission from 9 to 12 A.M., daily, except Saturday and Sunday. United States Naval Asylum — Gray's Ferry Road, below South. Take cars out Pine or South Streets. University of Pennsylvania — Thirty-si.xth and Darby Road. Woodland Cemetery — Darby Road, West Phila- delphia. Take Darby cars, or Walnut Street cars to Thirty-ninth Street. Admission to the above, free, except where otherwise stated. io8 PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. Academy of Music — Broad and Locust. Arch Street Theatre— Arch, west of Sixth. Chestnut Street Theatre — Chestnut, above Twelfth. Concert Hall — Chestnut, above Twelfth. Eleventh Street Opera House — Eleventh, above Chestnut. Fox's American Theatre— Chestnut, above Tenth. Grand Central Theatre— Walnut, above Eightli Horticultural Hall — Broad, below Locust. Museum— Ninth and Arch. Musical Fund Hall— Locust, below Ninth. Simmons and Slocum's Opera House— Arch above Tenth. Walnut Street Theatre— Ninth and Walnut. RAILROAD DEPOTS. Camden and Atlantic Railroad — Vine Street Ferry. North Pennsylvania Railroad — Berks and American Streets, above Second. Pennsylvania Central Railroad— Thirty-first and Market, Kensington, and Market Street Ferry. Philadelphia and Reading Railroad— Thir- teenth and Callowhill ; Gertnatitown and Norristown Branch, Ninth and Green. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad — Broad and Washington Avenue. West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad— Thirty-first and Chestnut. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS. 109 BLOOMSDALE. Great, and varied to an extent almost unexampled elsewhere, are the natural resources and industrial interests of Pennsylvania. In mineral and other deposits none can compare with her; in the mechanism and skill which converts her ores from their crude condition into the ponderous, delicate, or minute forms useful to man, her sons are not excelled within or without the Union. The ingenuity of Pennsylvania artisans is, in every branch of industry, almost world-wide ; her locomotives traverse every road in Europe, and her iron ships, afloat and being- built (a comparatively new outlet for her enterprise making the Delaware the rival of the Clyde), are destined to spread her fame wherever American commerce reaches. In view of such well-earned reputation, with such mechanical and artistic record, how fitting it is her tillage, on which commerce, manufactures, and industry of every kind repose, should be esteemed noteworthy. It is pleasant to know that her fertile soil, her intelligent husbandmen, her crops, and flocks, and herds may be referred to as justly entitled to high discriminating praise. It is true we have not within our borders broad prairies like unto those of the Far West, nor its unctuous soil which knows no depth, and ever yields without exhaustion of fertility. We glory in the natural wealth of our sister States — their prosperity is ours as well ; but in our mines of coal, and iron, and other minerals, in our ceaseless flow of oil, nature has dealt kindly by us also. The gold of California, the cotton of the South, the sugar of Louisiana and Texas, the silks and other fibres of the world, the spices and coffees of the tropics, the highest mechanism of Europe, its best efforts in the useful and fine arts, are all at our command ; we have only to stretch forth our hands and grasp what has been so bountifully placed within our reach ; what has been denied us in nature's profuse scattering we have gained by thoughtful, well- directed efforts in the rotation of crops, in the application of appropriate fertilizers, and other means intelligently directed to a desired end, until " Pennsylvania Agriculture" has become simply another term for high-farming and successful tillage, whilst those who, resident at distant points, seek the best, whether it be the fine strains of animals which graze its rich pastures, or the seeds of grasses, cereals, or vegetables, bend their steps hitherward, and never go empty away. On the Delaware, a few miles above Philadelphia, and adjoining that fertile tract known as Penn's Manor, a wise and discriminating reservation of the proprietary Governor, is Blooms- dale, which we have selected as illustrative of the rural industry of Pennsylvania. This estate, we do not hesitate to say, has contributed, in an especially large degree, to the public good, by its products and by its eminent example also. Bloomsdale may be assumed a model of intelligent industry, systematic culture, and rural progress. It embraces within its bound- PHILADELPHIA AXD ITS ENVIROXS. aries, independent of outlying lands, five hundred acres devoted to the culture and product of seeds, known in every hamlet, almost on ever}- farm-hold and countr\' homestead, as " Land- reth's," — known almost equally well on the banks of the Missouri, the ^lississippi, and the Ganges, — for it should be stated, to the business credit and reputation of the firm, that for three generations Landreth's Seeds have been annually shipped to India, and are preferred by Englishmen resident in Hindostan to the seeds of their own native land, our climate ripening them better than the humid air of England. It is the modest motto of the proprietors of Bloomsdale that " Landreth's Seeds speak their own praise." They certainly cannot have done so with feeble voice, for not only are those broad acres taxed to their utmost productive power, but nearly approaching one thousand other acres in addition, owned, occupied, and cultivated by the firm, are devoted to seed- culture ; by this it is not intended to designate lands simply tributary, tilled by their owners who raise crops on contract, without direct control of those who have bargained for the pro- duct (as it is the custom with seed-merchants thus to obtain supplies), but immediate, active, personal care and supervision. Thus an idea may be conceived, though necessarily imper- fect, of the activity of mind and energy called forth by such extended operations ; but system and order are ever triumphant, and in the case in point the adage is aptly illustrated. With increased acreage has come increased reputation, and Pennsylvania may claim the credit, not a slight one we opine, of having conducted within her borders a seed trade larger than exists elsewhere (if lands be taken as the measure), not alone within the Union, but without as well. Europe, travelers assert, can exhibit nothing of like extent. This is no idle boast, made in the interest of private enterprise or pride of commonwealth. Independent of the numerous workmen employed on the estate, — many of whom have been life-long attaches of the establishment, occupying cottages on the premises, and as much at home as the proprietors themselves — a pleasing feature which it were well to imitate, — there are three steam-engines for thrashing, winnowing, and cleaning seeds, grinding feed, etc.; a "caloric" for pumping; and an admirably well-adjusted steaming apparatus for preparing food for the working-stock. But, still more worthy of note, there is at Bloomsdale the only successful steam-plough in Pennsylvania, drawn by a Williamson direct traction-engine, running with the steadiness of a railroad locomotive, and drawing after it a gang of ploughs, or it may be a combination of surface-breakers or sub-soilers, as preparations for varied crops demand, thus accomplishing within an hour the labor of a well-conditioned team for an entire day. To have been pioneers and led the way in such an effort, and achieved success where so many doubted and others scoffed, is indeed noteworthy ; and it is simply right to chronicle the fact in a volume descriptive of our State, the record, as it were, of its status at the present day. As the early efforts in river and ocean navigation are referred to with ever- increasing interest as progress is made in that direction, so will in the future be those of tillage by steam, and our State is entitled to its due share of praise with respect to land, as it unquestionably is to Fitch's exertions in steam navigation. [Since this article was originally written, the editor is informed some unlooked-for difficulties in ploughing by direct traction have been encountered, and the Messrs. Landreth are about to adopt the rope system, still using the "Williamson American Engine" as the motor.] Limited space prohibits many of the details of the operations at Bloomsdale, which we would gladly give our readers ; the sketch annexed may, however, convey some idea of the extent of the structures required for the storage, drying, and preservation of crops, and other- wise successful prosecution of the peculiar business there conducted, which is a credit to the proprietors, the successors of those who founded the business in 1784, and which may be classed as prominent among the many industrial enterprises of Pennsylvania. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ENNSYLVANIA'S railroad system will celebrate its semi- centennial in another year or two. Forty-eight years ago this anno domini 1875, some enterprising gentlemen had a coal quarry in the woods, on the top of Mauch Chunk Mountain. It was the best coal in the world, and one hundred miles away was a market waiting for it, but the problem presented itself: How to overcome the hundred miles and get the coal to market ? The stately Delaware River presented a natural highway for part of the route ; its wild Indian sister, the Lehigh, laughed like any free maiden, "Win me, and I am yours," — the water-route from Mauch Chunk to Philadelphia, though full of diffi- culties, was not impracticable. But there still remained nine miles of rock and forest and precipitous mountain- side ; and how should these be overcome ? Just in time for the puzzled adventurers came from over sea the description of the new English tramways, which, though they had been in use in a small way for a num- ber of years, George Stephenson's wonderful locomotive- engine was just bringing into notice. So these Pennsylvania pioneers determined to build a railroad, and in May, 1827, the first railroad in the State, the second in America, was opened. It was a small affair, and, old as it is now, no locomotive has ever yet trodden its tracks ; but what a magnificent system of iron highways, grown from this small beginning, now traverses our glorious Commonwealth ! Sit down with a railroad map of Pennsylvania in your hand, and think for ten minutes of the significance of the waved black lines which cross it in so many directions. Here is Phila- delphia, sitting like a true commercial queen to receive the tribute which comes to her along these iron avenues from North, South, East, and West. Here is a long iron band — the spinal cord of the State it might almost be called — running through the centre of the Commonwealth and sending out long feeders, uniting the lakes and the ocean, gathering up the products of the teeming West, — the corn of Illinois, the wine of Ohio, the oil of Western Pennsylvania. Here are others which run through grain-fields and orchards spreading wide and fair — over beds of iron and stone and clay and metals of various kinds, which yield their riches to increase the nation's wealth — past the pleasant lowland meadows — into the midst of the moun- tains — and never stop until, far in the stony hearts of the hills, miles from the fresh air and the sunshine, they find rich masses of glittering coal, and bring them forth to warm and light the dwellings of the people. Others, again, search out the recesses of gloomy forests and bring (I) THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. forth treasures of oak and pine and hemlock, and still others are content to end among the fruitful Pennsylvania farms and bring their products to the common mart. Some carry the traveler through peaceful plains and valleys smiling with verdant fields encircling pretty villages ; some take him through wild ravines of the mountains and over their wooded crests; some "where queenly Susquehanna smiles," and others still to "springs" and " falls" and " glens," and other places of resort almost innumer- able. Our present purpose is to follow these lines of rail throughout the State, wherever they may take us, catching, as we fly, quick glimpses of the scenery and points of in- terest along the route. We shall take, as it were, a "way train," and stop at minor points as well as major ones ; but yet we shall keep moving pretty briskly, and make short halts, as beseemeth even the slowest and most accommodating of trains. So we shall see all the railroad scenery of Pennsylvania, and having seen that, \ve shall have seen the State. May we be permitted to use what is al- most a Hibernicism, and say that one of the loveliest continuous stretches of Penn- sylvania scenery lies half over its eastern border ? And, though it make our offense deeper, we must add that the only way to its beauties lies almost wholly in our sister Common- DKLAWAKIi WATICR GAP. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. wealth, New Jersey. But the scenery of the Delaware River is too grandly magnificent to be omitted from our description, and though the Belvidere Delaware Railroad runs its entire length on Jersey soil, it nevertheless leads to one of the most picturesque sections of Penn- sylvania. From Philadelphia to Trenton the traveler has choice of routes. He may start from the Pennsylvania Railroad depot in West Philadelphia, or from the once well-known Kensington depot, the glory of which has now departed ; or, he may cross the river and take the Camden and Amboy Railroad, from Camden. In either case, the cars of the Pennsylvania Railroad will carry him swiftly and smoothly through a succession of pleasant vistas, where the sunshine lies on leafy groves and rolling farm-lands, with the blue, sail-flecked river sparkling, now in the foreground, now in the distance, until he reaches the ancient city of Trenton, and the Falls of the Delaware, the " farthest boundaries" of Oxenstiern's New Sweden. Here the Belvidere Delaware road will take him up and carry him northward, its track lying close to the river- bank most of the way, and passing through scenery which grows more and more beautiful as he goes on. Up to the Falls he has a deep, placid river, navigated by numerous steamers and sailing-craft, but above this point it becomes a mountain stream, with hilly banks, especially on the Pennsylvania side ; its reaches of smooth and shining water broken every little while by riffles and rocks or perhaps by falls, and the country growing wilder and more broken mile by mile. At Phillipsburg, opposite Easton, he sees the mouth of the Lehigh as it debouches into the Delaware almost at a right angle, sending a current across the bosom of the larger stream which has been fatal to many a luckless raft. On a bold bluff in the obtuse angle of the streams is Lafayette College, with its fine buildings, Easton's greatest " lion," while seen through the gap made by the Lehigh in breaking through the Delaware's lofty bank is the city of Easton, a quiet, pleasant place, pleasantly situated and prettily built. The next place of interest is Manunka Chunk, which will probably leave on the traveler's memory the impression of a broad platform and a flight of steps, up which he goes to take the cars of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad for the Water Gap, Scranton, and Northern Pennsylvania. VII ^\ I\ THL GAP The Delaware Water Gap, the Mecca of so many summer pilgrims, is the grandest of those wild gorges by which all the great rivers of Central and Eastern Pennsylvania have forced their passage through the barrier flung in their way by the Kittatinny Mountains. A huge natural THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. dyke running northeasterly from Virginia to New York, the Kittatinnys dammed up all the great rivers of Eastern America, from the Hudson to the Potomac, but one and all cleft their passage through, and each left its record in masses of wildly shattered rock and fantastic moun- tain piles, which are everywhere objects of the greatest interest to the tourist. The gap of the Delaware, with its wildwood scenery, its beetling cliffs, hundreds of feet in height ; its expansive views ; the romantic scenery which lies all about it, and its strong but quiet river flowing in shining reaches through the giant ruins it has made, is a fitting terminus to the lovely ride along THE GEM OF THE VALLEY. (from freemansburg looking north.) the Delaware ; but the traveler, having seen the beauties of this spot, will do well to keep on up the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western road, across the great Appalachian Valley, with its diversified scenery, to Scranton, the heart of the great Northern Anthracite Coal-field, and, if he will, through the sparsely settled northern tier of counties, to Binghamton and the lake region of New York. The North Pennsylvania Railroad penetrates the rich farming lands of Montgomery and Bucks, and carries to Philadelphia long trains laden with the wheat and corn and hay, the butter and eggs and milk for which this city has a more than local celebrity. A branch to Doylestown, and another to the Schuylkill, gather up the products of the farms through which they run, and at every station on the main road and its branches may be seen farmers' wagons from the " back country" bringing forward the yield of the fertile acres which stretch away on either side for miles. Down this road also comes the coal from Lehigh and Wyoming, and up this road go thousands of tourists yearly, on their way to one of the nearest and most attractive of summer resorts in the State. The road runs northward, through a rolling, cultivated country, taking the hills as a steamer takes the waves, "bows on," and going either over or through them, with little turning aside to avoid them. Consequently, it is a very straight road as Pennsylvania railroads go, but the grade changes so constantly, now up, now down, now perfectly level, that the traveler, stand- ing on the end of the train and looking back, is almost reminded of a turnpike with its hills and hollows. The changes of grade, however, produce no discomfort. They are not even notice- THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. S able in the cars, and as the track is firm and smooth, and the cars luxurious, the ride from Philadelphia to Bethlehem is easily and quickly done. At Bethlehem the road ends, intersecting here with the Lehigh Valley road and the Lehigh and Susquehanna division of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, both of which follow the course of the Lehigh River northward from Easton. The latter place, the ancient " Forks of the Delaware," has already been mentioned. It is one of the old frontier towns of Pennsylvania, and stands on land secured to the heirs of Wil- liam Penn by the celebrated " walking purchase," a transaction which the Indians never ratified with good grace, and which led to numerous and fierce Indian fights. Here, at the foot of a bold bluff, the Lehigh debouches into the Delaware, and the railroads above mentioned, cross- ing from the Jersey side on substantial bridges, continue their course side by side up the narrow Lehigh Valley, until they cross the Wilkesbarre Mountain and descend into the broad and beautiful valley of the Susquehanna. As their tracks lie so close together throughout their entire route, we shall for the purposes of this volume treat this as one route, and either road, as occasion may dictate, will serve our purpose. The valley of the Lehigh has always been celebrated for its magnificent mountain scenery. Hemmed in between rocky walls from its source almost to its mouth, there are few farming lands on its banks to stain its waters with clay or loam, and they carry to the end the tawny hue derived from the hemlocks about their source. Below the Lehigh Gap, however, the moun- tains recede, and the view on preceding page, taken near Freemansburg, twenty-three miles above Easton, shows well the picturesque character of the lower valley. BETHLEHEM. Bethlehem is a queer blending of the old-time quiet and the busy hum of modern enterprise. In Bethlehem proper the visitor sees at every step reminiscences of its Moravian founders and its Revolutionary history ; while in South Bethlehem, a flourishing suburb, connected with the old town by a long and elegant bridge, he finds the largest steel works in the State, an enormous iron foundry, and the extensive works of the Lehigh Zinc Company, together with numerous other industrial works ; and on the slope of the hill overlooking the place are the handsome buildings and grounds of the Lehigh University, a monument to the wisdom and THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. liberality of Asa Packer, its founder, Bethlehem and Nazareth, ten miles north, were both founded by the Moravians, about 1740. Many of their solidly-constructed buildings are still standing, and the seminary which they founded still preserves its reputation as an excellent school. Many families come here from New York and Philadelphia to spend the summer, and surely a pleasanter, as well as more convenient spot, would be hard to find. Allentown, the county seat of Lehigh County, is the next place of importance above Beth- lehem. Then come the furnaces and other iron-works of Catasauqua and Hockendauqua, the slate region, which gives Slatington its name, and soon, at Lehigh Gap, a narrow pass admits to the wild and romantic scenery of the Upper Le- high. From this point the river narrows, the mountain walls close in, and between river, railways, and canal, there is a hard struggle for elbow-room. There is much to repay the trav- eler who journeys leisurely through this region, and searches out for himself its beauties of rock and hill and stream and forest, but most tourists content them- selves with the passing glimpses caught as the train flies by, and hurry on to Mauch Chunk, the centre of attraction in this region. If Bethlehem was founded by the Moravians as a haven of peace, Mauch Chunk might have been established by the hermits of the Thebaid as a refuge from all the world. Shut in on all sides by lofty mountains, the only site for a town — if site it might be called — lying at the bottom of a deep and narrow ravine which the winter sun can only find at mid-day, it is almost the last place in Pennsylvania where one would expect to find a flourishing town. But commerce called and labor answered, as it always does, and filled the mountain gorge with comfortable and elegant buildings, and dug and blasted away out to civili- zation, and compassed ways and means for improving the natural advantages of the place, until the result is a spot unique in the physical history of America. This place has become, within a few years, the most popular pleasure resort in the State. Easily and quickly accessible from both Philadelphia and New York, and possessing more attractions in a small compass than any other resort within a much greater distance, it is a favorite with the masses, who have little time or money to spare, while its excellent hotels com- bine with its other attractions to make it equally a favorite with those who wish a prolonged absence from the city. The Mansion House, the principal hotel, stands close to the bank of the rippling, plashing Lehigh, while at its back the mountain rises so precipitously as to leave but a narrow pass THE LEHIGH GAP. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. between the roof and the ground. This hotel will accommodate nearly five hundred guests. Another, under the same management, is now building on the very summit of the mountain under which the Mansion House stands. An inclined railway and a carriage road are to be built for the convenience of guests. This house will stand near the historic "Flagstaff," shown in our illustration, — which was the dead trunk of a tree, on which some unknown hand was wont to set a flag on all important occasions. As suggested rather than shown in the illus- tration, the view from this spot is simply magnificent. Our artist has sketched, as illustrations of the picturesque dwellings of this region, the resi- dence of Hon. Asa Packer, a self-made man, and one more honorable as the founder of Lehigh University than even as the president of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, one of the best-managed roads in the State, — and that of Hon. John Leisenring, a prominent director in the same corporation. The cut gives an idea of the handsome houses and grounds, but the splendid scenery about them is too vast to be portrayed on paper. Mauch Chunk's greatest attraction to most tourists is "The Switchback," or gravity railroad, mentioned the at be- ginning of this paper. This was an ingenious device to transport the coal from the great Open Quarry, at Summit Hill, on the top of Sharp Mountain, to the slack- water canal at Mauch Chunk. Originally, it was a sin- gle track running from the mines to the canal, with a grade so steep that the loaded cars ran easily of their own accord the entire distance. A gang of mules accompanied each train, in a car built for their special accommo- dation, and " worked their passage" by hauHng the empty cars back to the mines. As the works ex- tended and new mines were opened in Panther Creek Valley, on the other side of the mountain, this simple device no longer answered the purpose, and the present arrangement of planes and gravity roads was introduced. The first plane, on the face of Mount Pisgah, at Mauch Chunk, raised the cars from the level of the " tips," where they dis- charged their contents into schutes, to the top of that mountain, where the gravity track received them and conveyed them by force of gravity, as before, to the foot of Mount Jefferson. A second plane then raised them to the top of that mountain, and they ran down an easy grade to the Quarry, and thence down the extension of the road into the valley of Panther Creek. This THE FLAGSTAFF," MAUCH CHUNK. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. was the real " Switchback." The distance was so short, and the descent so steep, that the track was laid in angles, like the letter Z, instead of the ordinary curves, and a switch at each angle changed the course of the train and threw it, rear end foremost, on the other track. A descend- ing grade served all the collieries with cars, and when filled they were raised again to the Summit Hill level by two long planes. Thus the entire distance of about twenty-five miles, crossing two mountains, stopping, starting, shifting, and making up trains, was accomplished without the aid of a locomotive or even of horse-power, except that an occasional horse or mule was employed about the colheries. The coal on the top of the mountain has long been exhausted, and that of the valley is now -^ ^. _ . ^^-■_ __ __ drawn through the Nesquehon- ingtunnel, amile in length, so that the Switchback is no longer re- quired for its transportation. The Panther Creek part of the route has ac- cordingly been abandoned, and the eastern sec- tion, by far the more important and interesting, is devoted exclu- sively to pleasure travel. From the lower town, a coach conveys passen- gers to the foot of the first plane, 215 feet above the Lehigh. Here on a small pla- teau stands the town of Upper M a u c h Chunk, while on a similar plateau, across the river, is seen East M a u c h Chunk, both out- MAUCH CHUNK AND MOUNT PISGAH. grOWths of this original town. The coach connects with a train of small, light cars (the Switchback is a " narrow-gauge" road), and these, being pushed to the foot of the plane, are raised by stationary engines at the top up an angle of twenty degrees, 664 feet, to the starting-point of the Gravity Road. This ascent is apt to frighten timid people who make it for the first time ; but there is so little danger THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in it that no passenger has ever been hurt on the plane in all the years it has been working. An ex- cellent safety apparatus is attached, which, Tf the bands which draw the cars should happen to break, would hold them anywhere in the ascent. Immediately after leaving the head of the plane, the cars pass over a trestling which fills a depres- sion in the mountain, and here magnificent views of the valley are obtained. At the end of the tres- tling is a short walk leading to the "Pavilion," an airy perch on the peak of the mountain much resorted to by picnic parties, and a great place for moonlight dances on sum- mer nights. The track now falls at the rate of 60 feet to the mile, and the light cars whirl down it at an exhilarating speed. No dust or steam annoys the passengers, but the soft moun- tain air blows freshly in their faces (mingled too often, we regret to say, with tobacco smoke, which the in- mansion house, mauch chunk. excusable laxity of the company's officials permits the lower classes to puff), and a panoramic landscape unrolls in the distance as they dash down, and finally halt at the foot of Mount Jef- ferson. Here another plane lifts them 462 vertical feet in a dis- tance of 2070, and a farther run of one mile brings them into the town of Summit Hill. Here the traveler sees the birthplace of coal-mining in America. The famous Open Quarry, where the enormous deposit of anthracite discov- ered by Philip Ginther in 1 79 1 was worked for years in open day- light, is close at hand, the height of its walls still testifying to the thickness of the mass RESIDENCES OF HON. ASA PACKER AND HON. J. LEIiENRINC, MAUCH CHUNK. and the Value of the THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. find." On his way to the Quarry the visitor passes a tract of scorched and barren soil, and is told, on inquiring, that he is walk- ing over a burning mine. The coal under his feet has been on fire for over thirty years, and is still burn- ing in a slow, smoulderingway, con- sequent on its scanty supply of air and the smothering accumulation of carbonic acid gas formed by its combustion. Near the Quarry, too, there are wide and deep holes, which show the way the coal is stored in the earth better than a volume of de- scription. These holes, one of which is shown in the cut, are caused by mining away the coal in the vein and leaving the surface unsupported. The consequence is that where the pitch is steep, as in this case, the weight of the surface soil carries it down into the workings below. In the illustration, the dark mass is the vein of coal rising almost perpen- dicularly from the depths below and widening a little as it reaches upper air. The opening beside it shows where the surface has fallen, leav- ing a hole about 600 feet deep. This coal has been mined by means of a " slope," a subterranean inclined plane which follows the vein downward a certain distance, generally about 300 feet. Galleries are then cut right and left into the vein, and the miners work upward from these, the coal they dig sliding down to the gallery, or " gangway," as it is termed, and being there loaded into small cars, hauled by mules to the foot of the slope, and then, by means of a wire rope and a stationary engine, dragged up to daylight. When all the coal in the - ^^ territory belonging to the colliery is exhausted, so far as it can be reached from these gangways, the slope is driven downwards another hundred yards, — termed in mining parlance a " lift," — and the process is repeated. In the above case, the slope must have been two " lifts" deep, a not uncommon depth, as they are frequently sunk four, five, and even six lifts. We give another illustration showing the method of mining by "drift." This is possible when the coal lies in a hill and can be reached by following the vein from a point in the valley, so as to have a " breast," or workable amount, of coal above the level of the entrance. Here the gangway is con- tinued out to daylight, as shown in the cut. The uncouth building in the same view is a coal breaker, a very useful institution, though built with slight ^i^-^^' in the "open quarky.' MOUNT PISG\H PLANE. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. THE OUTCROP OF A COAL VEIN. regard to architectural effect. The coal is hauled up the inclined plane on the left to the top of the building, whence it descends through a series of rollers and screens, which break and assort it, and past a company of boys, who pick out the slate and other impurities, and finally falls into a series of bins, not shown, where it is stored until drawn off into cars and sent to market. A coal breaker will pre- pare from three hundred to one thousand tons of coal a day, the quantity depending on its size and the amount furnished by the mine to which it is attached. Having seen all these objects of interest, the trav- eler can either take stage for Tamaqua, six miles distant, or can take the next train on the Switchback and go flying down the return track to Mauch Chunk, a run of nine miles, which is usually made in about twenty minutes. Two miles above Mauch Chunk, from which place it is reached by train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, is Glen Onoko, formerly " Moore's Ravine," a wild and beautiful place, which the tourist should by no means fail to see. A dashing little torrent, rising on the top of the mountain and falling over its edge, has in the course of ages hollowed out this fantastic path for itself and now goes tumb- ling down it, here falling over a cliff, there rushing, white with foam , through tortuous passages among the rocks, and again lin- gering and sparkling in quiet, limpid pools, where its clear waters reflect the boughs of the overhanging trees and the blue sky glimpsing through them. Chameleon Fall, Terrace Fall, and Onoko Fall are the principal falls in the stream ; but there are numerous smaller falls and cascades, which add fresh beauties at every turn of the path. Sunrise Point, at the top of Onoko Fall, commands a beautiful view down the Glen and out into the Lehigh Valley, but it is surpassed by Packer's Point, on a projecting cliff, reached by a branch path, from which a wide ranging view down the valley is obtained, giving almost a bird's-eye vista of its intricate system of mountains. VIEW SOUTH FROM THE TRESTLING, MOUNT PisGAH. Art has done much to assist THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ON THE GRADE. VIEW NORTH FROM THE TRESTLING, MOUNT PISGAH. nature in making the most of her treasures of wood and rock and water in Glen Onoko. It is a delightful place to look and linger through a summer day, and visitors to Mauch Chunk often spend the entire day in its cool recesses. Among other places of note easily accessible by rail from Mauch Chunk are the Nesque- honing Tunnel, above men- tioned, which is traversed by the train from Mauch Chunk to Tamaqua, and the Nesquehon- ing Bridge, which is on the route to Tamenend and the Catawissa. This is an open trestle bridge crossing the head waters of the Little Schuylkill River, which here flows through a deep gorge in the mountains. The bridge is iioo feet long, and 1 68 feet above the stream. It is well worth seeing for its own sake, and no pen can do justice to the magnificent vista of mountain peaks and minia- ture valleys which stretches away on either hand from its dizzy summit. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 13 The Lehigh Mountains ai-e so rich in romantic scenery, that more places of interest have al- ready been opened to the traveler in this region than in any other of equal extent in Pennsylvania, while much still remains to re- vi'ard the explorer. "Moore's Ravine," with its wealth of beauty, was all unknown to fame until the summer of 1872, when an article in Lippincott's Mag- azine called attention to it, and it remained a tangled labyrinth ofrock and brush until the follow- ing season. The grand scenery of Upper Lehigh was a secret with a chosen few until the same time, and many nooks like Stony Creek, full of the most pictur- esque scenery, still await name and mention in the mountain fastnesses. A short ride from Mauch Chunk up the winding valley of the Le- high brings the traveler to White TERRACE FALLS, GLEN ONOKO. 14 l^HE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Haven, the seat of an exten- sive lumber trade, and here a branch road, nine miles long, conveys him to Upper Lehigh, a colliery town on the top of the mountain. The scenery here is wild and rugged in the extreme. A short walk from the hotel leads to the top of Prospect Rock, which hangs over a deep precipice and com- mands a lovely view of mountain valleys. Facing it, across a narrow but deep gorge, is Cloud Point, the abrupt termination of a sin- gular line of jutting rock which constitutes the back- bone of the mountain. Between these two sen- tinel peaks lies Amber Glen, or Glen Thomas (for it bears CLOUD POINT, UPPLR LLHlGll. both names), a romantic spot, dark with the shade of tall hemlocks and filled with enormous masses of loose rock, many of them as large as a small house ; while between the rocks and round the roots of the hemlocks prattles a beautiful little stream whose tawny waters have given the glen its better name and caused the loveliest bit of the stream to be called Amber Cascade. There are other points of interest about Upper Lehigh, not the least of which, perhaps, is its double coal-breaker, one of the largest in the whole coal region. A day may A VIEW ON STONY CREEK. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 15 PROSPECT ROCK AND THE NESCOPEC VALLEY. be spent at this point with pleasure and profit. Upper Lehigh is deep in the woods, and the only way in is like- wise the only way out. The visitor retracing his steps to White Haven, may there take the cai's back to Philadelphia or New York, or he may go on to the beautiful Wyom- ing Valley and, if he choose, to Elmira, Buffalo, and the Lakes. The two railroads which we have followed up the valley here begin the ascent of Wilkesbarre Moun- tain, and on reaching its top diverge and descend into the Wyoming Valley in opposite directions. As they turn the corner of the mountain and run down its north- ern side, the valley below unfolds a panorama of beauty which has been admired and praised by every visitor since the first hunter trod the rugged summit of the moun- tain. The whole valley, with its green fields diversified by towns THE FIRST GLIMPSE OF THE WYOMING VALLEY. i6 THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and villages, and the Susquehanna running like a silver ribbon through it all, is spread before the eye, and the cars, as they thunder down the grade, afford all too little chance to feast upon MOORE S FALLS the lovely vista. If on the Lehigh and Susquehanna road, the traveler should not fail to see the deep glen of Laurel Run, just after passing Laurel Run Station. The train here runs along a THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 17 narrow shelf hewn out of the solid rock, with a wall of rock rising far into the air on one side, and the waving tops of stately trees seen far below on the other. Soon after, the train reaches Wilkesbarre, a beautifully located and beautifully laid out city, on the bank of the Susquehanna, with wide, well-shaded streets, and tastefully- planned houses and grounds. The Lehigh and Susquehanna road goes on to Scranton, the metropolis of the upper anthracite coal region, and a busy, bustling, thriving place ; while the Lehigh Valley follows the beautiful North Branch of the Sus- quehanna to Waverly, on the line between Pennsylvania and New York, where it intersects the Erie. The whole route is full of interest, and the tourist will be well repaid who follows it to the end. All parts of Pennsylvania abound in beautiful scenery, but nature seems to have been especially liberal in be- stowing its attractions on the north- eastern portion, which we have just described. ?4; ~-x^J^^ •^ a NESQUEHONING BRIDGE. ALL ABOARD ! i8 THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad has four termini in Philadelphia, and something like half a thousand in the coal regions from which it draws its life. The most important of its Philadelphia depots, in a commercial light, is the gigantic system of wharves and docks consti- tuting the Richmond coal depot, whence this company's immense shipments of coal are made. An auxiliary, but much smaller point of departure, is that at Willow Street wharf, where the Company has a huge freight depot. A passenger depot at Ninth and Green Streets is the city terminus of the Germantown and Norristown branch, a twin pair of roads, short but important ; giving access to the lovely scenery of Ger- mantown and Chestnut Hill, to the Wissa- hickon, and to the flourishing towns of Manayunk, Conshohocken, and Norris- town. At the last place, the Norristown branch, which runs up the east bank of the Schuylkill, crosses that stream and connects with the main stem, and also with the Chester Valley branch, which runs westward through a rich farming country and connects with the Pennsyl- vania Railroad near Downingtown. The main stem of the Reading — the " Long Road," as its employes term it, in distinction from its innumerable branches — has its passenger depot at Thirteenth and Callowhill Streets. A tour over it will well repay the traveler in search of the romantic and the beautiful. Passing through the farming and pasture lands of Chester, Montgomery, and Berks, and ramifying through every gorge of the Kittatinnys in Schuylkill, with branches covering all the country between Harris- burg and Williamsport, on the Susque- hanna, and the whole length of the Schuylkill River, it presents in the com- pass of a hundred miles what we might call a "synopsis" of all the scenery of Pennsylvania. The attractions of this route begin even before the city bounds are passed. The road passes through the entire length of Fairmount Park, its elevated track afford- ing an excellent view of the old Park from the Green Street entrance to Lemon Hill ; crosses the Schuylkill by means of the Columbia Bridge below Belmont, and at the Falls of Schuylkill intersects the coal branch running to Richmond. The massive stone bridge by which this branch here crosses the Schuylkill is a prominent feature of the landscape as seen from the train. Shortly after leaving the P'alls, the traveler catches a glimpse of the mouth of the Wissahickon as it debouches under the high bridge of the Norristown Railroad, and in a few moments more he is plunged into the darkness of the Manayunk Tunnel, to emerge again in a grove of willows and follow the course of the placid river, mile after mile, till Norristown is passed and he arrives at Phoenixville. The train flies past the historic Valley Forge, once the scene of war's sternest reality, now VALLEY FORGE. THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 19 devoted to the mimic camps of summer picnic parties ; makes short halt before the blazing forges of Phoenixville ; then, with a dash through a dismal covered bridge, another through a THE SCHUYLKILL ABOVE POTTSTOWN. gloomy tunnel, and a third across an open, sensible bridge, which gives glorious views of a bold wooded bluff on either side, rising sheer from the river, which curves and nestles like a sleepy kitten at its foot ; and then we travel on through a rolling country, passing stations with queer names, — Mingo, Royer's Ford, Aramingo, Monocacy, — past Pottstown, large, sedate, and important ; past Birdsboro', the junction of the Wilmington and Reading Railroad, and after THE SCHUYLKILL BELOW READING. two hours and a half of sharp riding we come to Reading, the ancient county seat of ancient Berks, the chief seat of the railroad company's works, and the nucleus of a grand system of THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVAxWIA. lines on which trains converge from all points of the compass. The splendid new depot here is worthy of more than passing mention. Superb, complete ; of generous size and elaborate appointments ; with nothing omitted that can please the taste or add to the comfort of the trav- eler, from the miniature lawns and sparkling fountains in the three courtyards, to the well-pro- vided and well-served restaurant, the luxurious waiting-rooms, and the spacious platforms, — it is a model depot, and one which might be copied to advantage by many a pretentious corpora- tion throughout the country. Just before reaching this place, we have struck the first series of hills, and have shuddered, perhaps, at the sharp curves and narrow passes between the river below and the rocks above. THE SCHUYLKILL ABOVE PORT CLINTON. But this is only a foretaste. We shall see grander things by-and-by. Now comes another stretch of fertile country, a trifle more broken than that below Reading, but covered with smiling fields and dotted with quiet villages. But the blue line of mountains on the northern hori- zon rises and grows more distinct as we approach, until we pass Hamburg and penetrate, through the Port Clinton Tunnel, at once into the county of Schuylkill and into the midst of the mountains. The scenery at this point is romantic in the extreme. Up to this time the traveler has been riding through an open country, where the view was wide and the prospect filled with farms, dotted with an occasional grove of trees or isolated hill ; but as the train shoots out from the low archway of the tunnel and stops at Port Clinton Station, he perceives that he has come THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. into a new, wild, rugged region. On either hand the mountains rise sheer and high, the river, spumed from one to another, winds hke a snake at their feet, and the railroad, following the path marked out by the river, winds in and out of the mountain hollow?, and curves until it MOUNT CARBON AND SHARP MOUNTAIN. almost seems to double back upon itself. At Port Clinton the road forks, one branch following up the Little Schuylkill River to Tamaqua and thence running through the Mahanoy Valley; the other, or main stem, continuing up the Schuylkill proper to Pottsville, and then splitting up into so many branches, some longer, some shorter, that its map looks like an oak-tree stripped of its leaves. Pottsville is the metropolis of the Schuylkill coal trade. Situated on the flank of Sharp Mountain, on the southern edge of the great Schuylkill coal-field, it was the scene of the first mining experiments in this field, and from its ready accessibility and fine location became the chosen home of the great coal princes and the capital of their peculiar province. Their opera- tions were vast. Their units of trade were not dollars but hundreds of thousands ; and though many of them failed in the end to grasp the prize they made such giant struggles for, yet when they did make money they made a great deal. And so they built handsome houses and adorned them elegantly, and left their children a heritage not only of wealth but of culture and refinement. The Lehigh and Wyoming coal regions early fell into the hands of large corporations, which drained their riches for the benefit of non-resident stockholders ; but the Schuylkill mines were owned by private firms or individuals, and the wealth they yielded remained to a great extent in the region, much of it being expended in beautifying the town of Pottsville. The coal trade has been, to a great extent, absorbed by a corporation, the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, but the elegance and ease remain to justify Pottsville's poetical title of " The Mountain City." THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. As the traveler enters the town, on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, he passes through one of the many picturesque water-gaps for which the Kittatinny Range is noted. Sharp Moun- tain, the southern rim of the coal basin, is here rent from base to summit, the jagged rocks standing out on either side as fresh and rough as if their cleft had been made by an earth- quake yesterday. Our view shows its abrupt bluff on the west side of the Schuylkill, but shows it toned down a little by distance. At its foot nestles the village of Mount Carbon, where the railway company maintains an excellent hotel, a short half-mile from the business centre of Pottsville. The view from the summit of this bluff is beautiful in the extreme, while the magnificent sheets of conglomerate displayed on its edge are enough to set a geologist wild. There is prob- ably no finer display of this beautiful rock anywhere in the world. At the southern foot of the mountain, and on the east side of the river, is the valley of Tumbling Run, the Fairmount Park of Pottsville. Here the Schuylkill Navigation Company has dammed up a mountain stream, and spread out its waters into two delightful little lakes, which add a great charm to what would be a lovely valley without them. There is a good road running all the length of this beautiful valley, and it is the chief among the many pleasant drives about the town. Four miles below Pottsville are Schuylkill Haven and Cressona, sister towns built up by the combined influence ^. of the Reading and Minehill Rail- '^=-- ^-= roads and the Schuylkill Canal, TUMBLING RUN. which all meet at the former place, the present shipping-point of that important part of the coal trade which is water-borne to market. The Minehill Railroad is one of the more im- portant arms by which the Reading gathers in its supply of coal. It runs through a narrow valley, that of the West Branch of the Schuylkill, principally wild and lonely, but afTordmg THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 23 some beautiful views, like that at " Germantown," shown in the cut; passes the important coal-town of Minersville, and climbs to the top of Broad Mountain at Gordon, whence it THE VALLEY OF THE WEST BRANCH. descends by two long inclined planes to the valley of the Mahanoy. Near Minersville it passes the Gap {par excellence) of the Mine Hill, celebrated for its picturesque views and the mag- nificent antichnal shown in its fracture, — an arch of rock as smooth and perfect in its sweep as if formed by the hand of art. A branch of this road runs west- ward to Tremont, where it inter- sects still another section of this labyrinthine system. But this is a coal road exclusively, and if we wish to see the beauties of the west- ern end of the region, we must take train to Auburn, and thence pro- ceed to Pinegrove and Tremont by a roundabout way. The first part of the ride is on the main line of the Reading, up which we have come, but at Auburn we take the Schuylkill and Susquehanna branch, which passes through a region of mountain-farms to Pine- grove, and thence through the well-named valley of Stony Creek — the wildest and most rugged stretch of road in all the system — to the Susquehanna at Dauphin, and thence to Harrisburg. At Pinegrove we strike the midst of the mountains again, and run MINE HILL GAP. 24 THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. along their foot to Tremont, and here begin the ascent of the Broad Mountain, to reach the collieries on its top and on the flank of Big Lick Mountain, beyond it. The graders heavy, and the engine puffs and pants as it slowly drags the train upward through the woods to the wide plateau on the summit of the mountain. There is a short halt at " Kefifer's," where a boy takes off a lean mail-bag, and half a dozen women, who have been to Tremont to purchase supplies, get out ; and then, as the train rolls away, a ravine opens on the left of the track and grows rapidly deeper and wider, until it is a valley paved — not filled — with a smooth floor of green, which presently resolves itself into a forest far below, and then, in a moment more, the trav- eler sees the broad farms of Williams Valley spread out before him, the valley itself divided like some wide river split into two arms by an island-mountain rising abruptly in the midst of it, and finds himself on a narrow shelf hewn out of the mountain, with its rocky wall on one side, a torrent precipice on the other, and beyond the precipice one of the loveliest views he has ever looked upon. It lies beside him all the way to Tower City and on to Brookside, — and at the latter place he reaches Ultima Thtde : there is no more beyond. He can come from the opposite direction and approach within four miles of this point ; but that four miles is rough with rocks and bristling with bushes. There is no path for the railway, and no means for the mere railway traveler to cross it. His only way to pass the gap is by stage from Tower City, or by that still more antiquated con- veyance, Shanks his mare. Starting again from Pottsville, our engine backs the train past Mount Carbon to the " Intersection Switch," and then, resuming the natural order of progression, crosses the creek which here does duty for the Schuylkill River, and follows its east bank back ,y through the gap and up past the fur- LOWER GORDON PLANE. naces and forges of Palo Alto ; and just as it gets cleverly under way comes another junction and another choice of routes. Let us take the shorter first. This is the left-hand track. It takes us through two flourishing towns, Port Carbon and St. Clair, past mountains of coal-dirt THE RAILROAD SCENERY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 25 and miles of coal cars, and at the latter place is performed one of those curious manoeuvres to which the traveler in this mountain-land must become accustomed. The engine leaves its position at the head of the train and falls to the rear, where it comes against the cars head foremost, and proceeds to push them along. It is a singular procedure and ^ '*i\-^ one not suggestive of rapid traveling, to say ^?^ nothing of collisions, cars on the track, and similar dangers agamst which the engineer is supposed to provide , but there is a good reason for it. The greatest danger here is one unknown on - most roads The grade is so heavy (179 feet to the mile) that if the trim were diawn up in the ordinary \\a\, the weight of the cars would be thiown on the couplings and \ei) prob- ibl> snap them in which case the detached portion would go to sure and swift destruction. It is the steepest continuous grade in the world traversed by an ordinary locomotive, and is a triumph of engineering skill. From the car windows the traveler will notice another |oad, a series of levels and inclined planes, now used as a wagon road. This is the old Girard Railway, a tramway by which Stephen Girard sought to convey the coal from his mine in the Mahanoy Valley over the mountain to the Schuylkill and so to market. His death put a stop to the work before it was entirely finished, and the introduction of locomotive-engines prevented its ever being completed. Puffing to the top of this steep ascent, we find ourselves again on the top of Broad Mountain, and our engine trundles us gently into Frackville, a large and rapidly-growing town, where, a dozen or fifteen years ago, stood a solitary wayside tavern in the woods, with one corner resting on a post in a fish-pond filled with the landlady's pets. This is the " head of naviga- tion" on this route; and if the traveler wonders why a railroad should be built up the steep side of a mountain, to end thus in mid-air as it were, the long lines of coal cars waiting to go down and the fresh gangs constantly arriving, answer him. Now let him follow thXTFlEr.Y JVIXJTXJAL. The Penn is the only entirely Mutual Life Company chartered by the State of Pennsylvania. All of its surplus premiums are returned to its mcnbers every year, thus furnishing them Insurance at the lowest possible cost. ... . , , , . j All of its policies are non-forfeitable for their value after the third annual payment. Particular attention is called to the Life-Rate Non-forfeitable Endowment Policy, which, while giving protection to the family of the insured in case of his early death, also provides, at moderate rates of premium, a fund for future support should he reach old age. SAMUEL C. HUEY, President. SAMUEL E. STOKES, Vice-President. H. S. STEPHENS, 2d Vice-President. JAMES WEIR MASON, Actuary. HENRY AUSTIE, Secretary. JAMES W. IREDELL, Jr., Supt. Western Agencies. PHILADELPHIA AND LTS ENVIRONS-ADVERTISER. insrooi^iPOiE^^^TEiD isss. Delaware Mutual safety insurance co. Office, S, E. Cor. Third and Walnut Sts., Philadelphia. ■ <»» • — — MARINE INSURANCES On Vessels, Cargo, and Freight to all parts of the "World. INLAND INSURANCES On Goods by River, Canal, and Land Carriage to all parts of the Union. FIRE INSURANCES On Merchandise generally; on Stores, Dwellings, Houses, etc. . *•> ' Assets of the Company, November i, 1874: $150,000 United States Six Per Cent. Loans, 1897 $176,812 50 184 000 State of Pennsylvania Six Per Cent. Loans 202,915 00 ci2s 000 City of Philadelphia Six Per Cent. Loans (exempt from Tax) . . 339.250 00 250000 State of New Jersey Six Per Cent. Loans 265,000 00 75 000 City of Pittsburg Seven Per Cent. Loans 75,00000 so'ooo City of Boston Six Per Cent. Loans 50,000 00 20 000 Pennsylvania Railroad First Mortgage Six Per Cent. Bonds . . 20,600 00 25 000 Pennsylvania Railroad Second Mortgage Six Per Cent. Bonds . 24,843 75 25 '000 Western Pennsylvania Railroad Mortgage Six Per Cent. Bonds (Penn- sylvania Railroad guarantee) 20,000 00 44 000 State of Tennessee Six Per Cent. Loan 23,87000 19000 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 380 Shares Stock .... 20,80500 6050 North Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 121 Shares Stock . . 0.050 00 lo'ooo Philadelphia and Southern Mail Steamship Company, 80 Shares Stock, 2,560 00 40000 American Steamship Company Six Per Cent. Bonds . . . 30,000 00 256!95o Loans on Bond and Mortgage. First Liens on City Properties . . 256,950 00 * 80000 Par Market Value, ;gi,5i4.6s6 25 Real Estate at Philadelphia and Pittsburg oos'?!^ lo Bills Receivable for Insurances made • • • 2 o, 44 y Balances due at Agencies, Premiums on Marine Policies, Accrued Interests, and other Debts due the Company . . . . ... . • o'^^l ^e StockandScrip, etc., of sundry corporations, $8,863.00: estimated value . . 8,049 75 Cash in Banks, $128,605.41; in drawer, $483.62 129,089 03 $2,060,953 38 THOMA*; C HAND JAiVIES C. HAND, SAMUEL E. STOKES, JACOB P. JONES, IoTpH H SEAL WM, C. LUDWIG, WM. G. BOULTON, JAS. B, McFARLAND. UMES tLuAIR HUGH CRAIG, EDW. DARLINGTON, SPENCER M'lLVAINE. HENRY P SLOAN JOHN D. jayLoR, H. JONES BROOKE, JOHN H. MICHENER, J H CATHERWOOD, GEORGE W. BERNADOU, EDW, LAFOURCADE, A, B, BERGER, Pittsburg, N PARKER SHORTRIDGE, WM. C. HOUSTON. JACOB RIEGEL D. T. MORGAN, ANDREW WHEELER, H. FRANK ROBINSON, THOMAS P. STOTESBURY, WM, S. BISSELL, THOMAS C. HAND, President. HENRY LYLBURN, Secretary. HENRY BALL, Assistant Secretary. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS— ADVERTISER. SAMUEL S. WHITE, MANUFACTURER OF PORCELAIN TEETH, AND Mannfactnrer, Importer, and Dealer In all articles appertainlns to Dentistry, SIXTY-ONE FIRST PREMIUMS^ INCLUDING ONE FROM EACH OF THE GREAT WORLD'S FAIRS OF London, Paris, Nevv^ York, and Vienna. MANUFACTORY AND PRINCIPAL DEPOT: Chestnut Street. Corner of Twelfth, Philadelphia. BRANCHES NEW YORK.— 767 and 769 Broadway, Corner of Ninth Street BOSTON.— 13 and 16 Tremont Row CHICAGO.— 14 and 16 East Madison Street .... Established 1846. Established 1853. Established 1858. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS— ADVERTISER. TRUST AND SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY. The Pennsflrania Companf for Insurances on Lives and Granting llnnuilies, New Office, 431 Chestnut Street. incorporated march 10, 1812. CAriTAL, $2,000,000. \ SURPLUS, $1,000,000. Chartered to act as Executors, Administrators, Trustees, Guardians, Assignees, Committees, Receivers, Agents, etc. ; and for the faithful performance of all such duties all its Capital, Surplus, and Assets are liable. All Trust investments are inscribed in the names of the owners of property held in trust, and kept separate and apart from the assets of the Company. Trust funds are invested as closely as possible, and on trust balances interest is allowed at the rate of Four per cent, per annum, as required by the Charter. Income collected and remitted for One per cent. OlSr MONEY DEPOSITS Interest allowed at Three per cent., payable by check on demand, or at Four per cent., payable by check after ten days' notice. SAFES INSIDE THE OOMPANTS BURGLAR-PROOF VAULTS are offered for rent at various prices, according to size and location, from |li5 to ^^75 per annum. For Corporations and Bankers an extra size is provided. Every convenience is furnished Safe Renters in the way of desks, writing materials, etc., in adjoining rooms. The Company receives on deposit, for safe-keeping, GOLD AND SILVER PLATE, JEWELRY, DEEDS, MORTGAGES, and valuable articles generally, giving an absolute guarantee for their return on demand, at the usual rates. LINDLEY SMYTH, President. LILBURN H. STEEL, Treasurer. JARVIS MASON, Trust Officer. WILLIAM B. HILL, Actuary. DIFfcEICTORS. LINDLEY SMYTH, WM. S. VAUX, JOSHUA B. LIPPINCOTT, ANTHONY J. ANTELO, CHARLES DUTILH, ADOLPH E. BORIE, CHAS. HUTCHINSON, CHARLES S. LEWIS, HENRY M. PHILLIPS, ALEXANDER BIDDLE, GEORGE A. WOOD, HENRY LEWIS, JACOB P. JONES. PHILADELPHIA AND ITS ENVIRONS— ADVERTISER. Novels and Novelettes By ^^OUIDA." Novels. 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50 each. TBICiyPJtIJ*f ; with Portrait of the Atithor from Steel. chakdos.—ghakville de vigne.— s tra tum ore. — p uck. — uj^d er t wo flags.- j d alia.— tolle- earin.v.- pascarel. 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The most Charming Works of Fiction of tb* Present Day. TI1[ IRKS OF E, MARLITT After the German, by Mrs. A. L. Wister. 16mo. Extra Cloth. Price, $1.50 each. THE OLD MAM'SELLE'S SECRET. " A more charming story, and one which, having once commenced, it seemed more difficult to leave, we have not met with for many a day." — T/ie Round Table. GOLD ELSIE. "'Gold Elsie' is one of the loveliest heroines ever introduced to the public." — Boston Advertiser. COUNTESS GISELA. " The author of 'The Old Mam'selle's Secret,' one of the most charming stories ever written, has already won an extended reputation in this country as a faithful delineator of German life, and the present work will doubtless find many delighted readers." — N. Y. Times. THE LITTLE MOORLAND PRINCESS. i2mo. Fine Cloth. " The story is very fresh and charming, and the cen- tral figure lovingly and delicately drawn." — N. Y. Ev . Mail. After the German, by Mrs. B. Elgard. OVER YONDER. With Frontispiece. 8vo. Paper. 30 cents. 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Lippiucolt's PronouucinE Dictionary CONTAINING Memoirs of the Eminent Persons of all Ages and Countries, and Ao counts of the various subjects of the Norse, Hindoo and Classic Mjthologies, with the ProLunciation of their Names in the Different Languages in which Ihej occur. By J. THOMAS, A.M., M.D. Cotnplete in One rnijt. Svo Voliiiiie of ^345 jiuyes. JSound in Sliei-p. $ t5. Complete in Two Vols. Imperial Svo. Toned paper. Price per vol: Fine Cloth, $i\ ; Sheep, J 12. This invaluable work embraces the following peculiat features in an eminent degree : I. Grkat Completeness and Conciseness in the Biographical Sketches. II. Succinct but Comprehensive Accounts of all THE MORE Interesting Subjects of Mvth- OLOGV. III. A Logical System of Orthography. IV. The Accurate Pronunciation of thb Names. V. Full Biuliogkaphical References. " Lippincott's Biographical Dictionary, according to the unanimous opinion of distinguished scholars, is the best work of the kind ever published." — Phila. 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OFFICES : { 15 Gold Street, New York. 38 Oliver Street, Boston. MANUFACTURERS OF Wraufftit |[on Welded Tubes, BOILER TUBE, PLAIN, GALVANIZED, AND RUBBER COATED, FOR GAS, STEAM, AND WATER. LAP-WELDED Cliarcoal Iron Boiler lobes, Oil Well Tubing and Casing, Gas and Steam Fittings, Brass Valves and Cocks, Gas- and Steam-Fitters' Tools, Cast-iron Gas and Water Pipe, Street Lamp Posts and Lan- terns, Improved Coal Gas Apparatus, Improved Sugar Machinery, etc. WE WOULD CALL SPECIAL ATTENTION TO OUE PATENT VULCANISED EUBBEE-COATED TUBE. TUBE. To guard against misrepresentations and insure buyers of TUBE AND BOILER TUBE their obtaining the standard article, we stamp each length of our manufacture with Registered Trade Mark, as shown above, and would call especial attention to our weights, as we still ADHERE TO THICKNESS ADOPTED BY US FORTY YEARS AGO. 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The work on it, so far as we have been able to verify it, is exceedingly well done." — N.Y. Evening Mail. A Guide to the Chief Cities and Popular Resorts of New Eng- land, its Scenery and Historic Attractions ; with the Western and Northern Borders, from New York to Que- bec. Six maps and eleven plans. Second edition. Enlarged. 52.00. " About as nearly faultless as such a book can be." — N. Y. Tribune. " The book is compact and crowded. The information in regard to the different localities is full, minute, and exact." — Boston Trattscript. THE MARITIME PROVINCES. A Guide to the Chief Cities, Coasts, and Islands of the Mari- time Provinces of Canada, and to their Scenery and His- toric Attractions; with the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal; also, Newfoundland and the Labrador Coast. With maps and plans. J2.00. BOSTON ILLUSTRATED. Describing the City and its Noteworthy Buildings, Historic Scenes, and whatever visitors wish to see. A new and revised edition. With new pictures and reading matter, required by the Great Fire, and the marked changes that have taken place since. Handsomely bound in paper covers, 50 cts.; cloth, Ji.oo. For Sale by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price by the publishers, dAMES R. OSGOOD & CO., Boston. J^' Send for Catalogue of Jamf.s R. Osgood & Co.'s Standard and Popular Books, including the Works of Emerson, Longfellow, Holmes, IVhittier, Lotvell, Higginson, Wliip(>le. Mrs. Stowe, Aldrich, Hotuclls, Warjier, Harte, Hale, Browning, Tennyson, Hawthorne, Dickens, I'hackeray, De Quincey, and hundreds of famous authors. o^ * o « o ^0 '>*^ ^^ *^ a"^' '■','? 5» ■<^f. c** ♦Aw. ^^-^^^ V v^ '•:^'* ci ,• <*,% C** ♦J> /% '9/ /\ '^^S J'K IW*' /\ -':<..., ;♦ .L*' r^o^ '^^ ^^'^T'- ^^^ -^o/'T?^* n-^ .%i ^ '<^. "-.^^ /Jfe\ \/ ,^^. %^^^^".^ 'bV' ' ^'^-'^ ^ ''^^J /'^^%^ °"W^*- . y\ '•, ^ I.-0 .o ^ •"• K-e.^ o, "ovT^ -0^ ^ <^ «o • ' • «* <> *> » • • , ^ ^v ^ ^'-^^^ V I*- •^, X^o^'*^«7 >: