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 http://www.archive.org/details/historicaltopogrOOburk 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK 
 
 AND 
 
 VICINITY 
 
 Note 
 token from mop made ior sloWo^ Bxge 
 CbHt Commission by J.OCloH<e^<vil Eng'r.iqoe.. 
 and-from mcupof Mamonol Oiapal.ete.i 
 tyTliom<3sWSaar5,Lcincl,An:li>., ton, 
 
 P-apanid iorVoWzy Forgo Guida 
 
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Historical and Topographical 
 
 GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 VALLEY FORGE 
 
 BY 
 
 W. Herbert Burk, B. D. 
 
 Rector of the Washington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge. 
 
 Dean of the Convocation of Norristown. 
 
 Member of the Historical Societies of Pennsylvania and 
 
 •Montgomery County. 
 
 Honorary Member of the Gloucester County Historical Society, N.J. 
 
 THIRD EDITION — REVISED AND ENLAKGED 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 AND OTHERS 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 THE JOHN C. WINSTON CO. 
 
 1912 
 

 Copyright, me 
 
 BY 
 
 W. Herbert Burk 
 
 Copyright, 19io 
 
 BY 
 
 W. Herbert Burk 
 
 Copyright, 1912 
 
 BY 
 
 W. Herbert Burk 
 
 ©CI.A319462 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the following pages I have endeavored to supply that 
 information which will be of most value to the visitor to Valley 
 Forge. Without some such guidance much of the interest 
 which belongs to the place is lost, as I know from personal ex- 
 perience. My endeavor has been to connect the living per- 
 sonality of the men of the Revolution with the objects which 
 remain. Unfortunately no one has attempted this, and conse- 
 quently much time and labor have been spent in gathering 
 the information which would enable me to do it. Incomplete 
 as the work is, I offer it to the American people in the hope 
 that its pages may bring to them something of the enthusiasm 
 which its preparation has brought me. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Edson J. Weeks for permission to 
 use the picture of Washington's Headquarters and to Prof. 
 Jesse E. Philips for the use of his copy of Peale's portrait of 
 Washington. 
 
 W. Herbert Burk. 
 All Saints' Rectory, 
 April 23, 1906. 
 
 (3) 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The development at Valley Forge, both in the Park and 
 at the Washington Memorial Chapel, has been so rapid that 
 a new edition of the Valley Forge Guide is demanded. 
 In its preparation I have availed myself of the important re- 
 searches made by Dr. John W. Jordan for the Valley Forge 
 Commission for the brigade markers, and desire to express my 
 gratitude for Dr. Jordan's work and my indebtedness to him. 
 I also gratefully acknowledge the courtesy of Mrs. Wilham 
 Benton Greene, Jr., in allowing me to reproduce the portrait 
 of General Greene owned by her. To Harper & Brothers, 
 for the permission to copy Lossing's drawing of Washington's 
 tents ; to the Reading Railway Company, and to the Phcenix- 
 ville. Valley Forge and Strafford Railway Company, for the 
 use of maps, I am grateful for these important additions to the 
 value and interest of the GuiDE. 
 
 W. Herbert Burk. 
 All Saints' Rector]), 
 May 10, 1910. 
 
 (4) 
 
HOW TO REACH VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Valley Forge is on the Reading Division of the Philadelphia 
 and Reading Railway, 23.6 miles from Philadelphia. There are 
 several trains each way, daily. The single fare is $0.58 and the 
 round trip $0.94. The ten-trip ticket (good for parties) is $4.20. 
 
 Special rates are made to organizations, Sunday schools, etc., 
 from any point on the Reading System, on application to the 
 General Passenger Agent, Reading Terminal, Philadelphia. 
 
 The Headquarters and the entrance to the Park are near the 
 station. The location of the stations and their relation tO' the 
 encampment are shown by the small map. 
 
 Valley Forge can also be reached by the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, from Broad Street Station. Betzwood is the station 
 for the State Park. It is 21.7 miles from Philadelphia. The 
 single fare is $0.54; the round trip $0.84, and the ten-trip $3.80 
 (good for parties). The Right Line Boulevard entrance is a 
 little over a half-mile from Betzwo'od Station. The Head- 
 quarters are two and a half-miles from Betzwood. 
 
 n carriages be ordered from Norristown one station is as 
 convenient as another. 
 
 Upon the completion of the Phoenixville, Valley Forge and 
 Strafford Electric Railway, Valley Forge may be reached by 
 trolley, either by the way of Strafford, Phoenixville or Norristown 
 and Bridgeport. This will also afford admirable opportunities for 
 visiting the points of interest in the encamprnent, as may be seen 
 from the map of the proposed route. This Company's map of 
 its connections shows the routes available tO' the tourist to Valley 
 Forge. This line is now in operation between Phoenixville and 
 Valley Forge village. 
 
 Automobilists have the choice of several routes to Valley 
 Forge. Among these are the following : 
 
 City Hall, Philadelphia, Broad Street, to Spring Garden, to 
 Lemon Hill, to Girard Avenue Bridge, to Belmont Avenue, to 
 Conshohocken Road, to Philadelphia, Bala and Bryn Mawr Turn- 
 pike, through Bryn Mawr to Gulph Mills, Gulph Road through 
 King of Prussia, road to right to Park entrance, or on to Port 
 Kennedy, then right on River Road. 
 
 City Hall, Market Street to Lancaster Avenue, over Lancaster 
 
 (5) 
 
6 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Pike to Bryn Mawr, right to Montgomery Avenue, to Gulph Mills, 
 Gulph Road through King of Prussia to Valley Forge. 
 
 City Hall, Broad Street, to Vine, to Parkway, to Park Drive, 
 to Ridge Avenue, to Norristown, to Jeffersonville, to Port 
 Kennedy, to River Road to Valley Forge. 
 
 AUTOMOBILE LINES. 
 
 The Voorhees Line. 
 Passing through Fairmount Park to Overbrook, through 
 Wynnewood, Ardmore, Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Wayne, Straf- 
 ford, Devon to Valley Forge, making the entire Park Drive; 
 covering every point of interest. Returning by King of Prussia 
 through the Gulph Mills. Fourteen-passenger touring cars are 
 used on this trip. Fair, round trip, $2.00. Cars leave Gimbel 
 Brothers store, gth and Market Streets, daily at 10 A. M. Re- 
 turn to Philadelphia at 5 P. M. 
 
 "Seeing Valley Forge." 
 
 Automobiles leave Keith's Theatre, 11 16 Chestnut Street, 
 daily at 10 A. M. and i P. M., passing through Fairmount Park 
 to Overbrook, Ardmore, Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Villa Nova, 
 Radnor, St. Davids, Wayne and Devon. Fare, $2.00. 
 
 Note. — Arrange for time to see the Valley Forge Museum. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 "The Washington Inn," near the Headquarters. 
 "The Valley Forge Inn," near the Headquarters. 
 "The Mansion House," in Valley Forge. 
 "The Port Kennedy Inn," at Port Kennedy Station. 
 "The King of Prussia Inn," King of Prussia. 
 "The Globe Hotel," Centreville. 
 
 On several farms in the neighborhood there are excellent 
 accommodations for boarders. Address, Mrs. John W. Andrews, 
 or Mrs. William M. Stephens, Port Kennedy, Pa. 
 
 "The Martha Washington Tea Room," is open on Saturday 
 afternoons during the summer at the Washington Memorial 
 Chapel. 
 
 "The Valley Forge Tea Room," on the lake, is open daily. 
 

 
 vE NOAJC 
 
 OVOJ) 3nil/v3aiN30 
 
WHAT TO SEE AT VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Washington's Marquee. (Valley Forge Museum.) 
 
 Washington's Headquarters. Open daily from 8 
 A. M. to 6 P. M. (Summer Schedule.) . 
 
 The Earthworks. 
 
 The Washington Memorial Chapel. Open daily 
 from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. 
 
 The Cloister of the Colonies. 
 
 The Valley Forge Museum of American History. 
 Open daily, except Sunday, from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. 
 
 The Soldiers' Hut. (Reproduction.) 
 
 The Camp School. 
 
 The Waterman Monument. 
 
 The Wayne Monument. 
 
 The Massachusetts Monument. 
 
 The Monument to the Unknown Dead. 
 
 The Brigade Hospital. (Reproduction.) 
 
 Headquarters of Commanding Officers. (No admis- 
 sion.) 
 
 View from the Observatory on Mount Joy. 
 
 The Defenders' Gate. 
 
 (S) 
 
HOW TO SEE VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Those who have only a limited time should visit the in- 
 trenchments, Huntington Redoubt, the Star Redoubt, Varnum's 
 Headquarters, the Defenders' Gate, the Soldiers' Hut, the 
 Waterman Monument, the Cloister of the Colonies, the Wash- 
 ington Memorial Chapel, the Valley Forge Museum, Washing- 
 ton's Marquee and W^ashington's Headquarters. This can be 
 done hurriedly in two hours. 
 
 Those who can spare more time should turn back after visit- 
 ing the ]\Iuseum, turn to the left at Washington Lane, visit the 
 Old School, gO' up the Gulph Road to the Camp Road, follow this 
 to Washington Redoubt, go over the Inner Line Boulevard, and 
 then to Washington's Headquarters, either by the River Road or 
 the boulevard. 
 
 This book describes the tour of the entire encampment and 
 a visit to Lafayette's Headquarters. This is all that can be done 
 in one day, as the other headquarters lie too far afield. 
 
 CARRIAGES. 
 
 As there are five miles of boulevard and three miles or so 
 of other roads over which one must pass to see all the points of 
 interest in the encampment, most people will prefer to make the 
 tour in carriages. These may be ordered through the hotels or 
 from stables in Norristown, Phoenixville, or points on the Main 
 Line. With a driver a carriage for four will cost from three 
 to four dollars for the morning or afternoon, according to the 
 time and distance. 
 
 AUTOMOBILES. 
 
 Automobiles may be hired at the garages in Norristown, 
 Phoenixville, or towns on the Main Line, or sight-seeing cars 
 may be engaged in Philadelphia for the entire trip. 
 
 do) 
 
Map Showing how Points of Interest at Valley Forge 
 MAY BE Reached by the Phoenixville, Valley Forge 
 and Strafford Railway. By courtesy of the Company 
 
"Valley Forge" 
 The Washington-Burk Memorial by Franklin Simmons, Rome. 
 
THE PLACE OF VALLEY FORGE IN AMERI- 
 CAN HISTORY. 
 
 THE year 1776 was a disheartening one for the American 
 patriot, despite the boldness of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence. The British had seized New York, and 
 Washington, unsupported by Lee, was compelled to re- 
 treat through New Jersey. Congress, terror-stricken at the 
 thought of the approach of the British army, had fled to Balti- 
 more, and it seemed to many as if the cause of Liberty had 
 been lost. Washington felt that "no man had a greater choice 
 of difficulties, and less means to extricate himself from them." 
 Certainly no man could do more with little. In ten days by a 
 master stroke he wrested from Howe almost all the fruits of 
 a long summer campaign. With only a portion of his small 
 army he crossed the Delaware and pierced the British center, 
 eluded Cornwallis at Trenton and struck another blow at 
 Princeton, forcing the British to evacuate New Jersey, reani- 
 mating his disheartened troops, giving new courage to Con- 
 gress, reviving patriotism and discouraging Toryism. 
 
 The British plan of action for 1777 was to subdue New 
 England by separating it entirely from the other States. To 
 this end Burgoyne was to lead an army down from Canada, 
 capturing Ticonderoga on the way, St. Leger was to seize Fort 
 Stanwix, and to march down the Mohawk Valley, and Howe 
 was to ascend the Hudson, all finally concentrating at Albany 
 for a descent upon the Eastern States. The plan was not 
 carried out. St. Leger's expedition was an absolute failure, 
 largely due to Herkimer's bravery and Arnold's strategy, and 
 Burgoyne, deprived of the support of St. Leger and Howe, lost 
 his army at Saratoga. For Howe, instead of ascending the 
 Hudson, as planned and as Washington expected, sailed for the 
 Delaware, then on to the Chesapeake, and landed at Elkton, 
 August 25th, to advance against the "rebel capital." On the last 
 day of July, Washington learned that the fleet was oflf the 
 
 (13) 
 
14 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Delaware capes and at once hurried to protect Philadelphia, 
 passing through that city on his way to the Chesapeake. 
 
 The first engagement took place at Chadd's Ford, on the 
 Brandywine, where one division was routed, and the main 
 body of the American army was compelled to retreat, the defeat 
 being largely due to Howe's Tory guides, whose intimate knowl- 
 edge of the country made it possible for him to make the 
 detour by which he surprised Sullivan's right wing. Washing- 
 ton fell back to Philadelphia for one day's rest, and encamped 
 at Schuylkill Falls. Howe attempted to cut off his retreat, 
 but Washington moved up the Schuylkill Valley and crossed 
 the river at Matson's Ford (Conshohocken), on the 15th oi 
 September. The next day he hurried along the old Lancaster 
 road in order to prevent Howe from taking a position be- 
 tween him and Swedes' Ford (Bridgeport). That night the 
 army encamped between Warren Tavern and White Horse 
 Tavern. Here a battle was imminent. The American picket 
 was driven in by the British, and this seemed to be the pre- 
 lude to a sharp engagement, as the enemy had marched from 
 Concord with the evident intention of turning the American 
 right flank. The rain, which began about the time of the first 
 fire, increased in violence, and the American ammunition was 
 soon useless. Washington, therefore, retreated to Yellow 
 Springs and Warwick Furnace, at which latter place cannon 
 were cast for the army, leaving Wayne at Paoli. Wayne was 
 surprised, and sustained such a brutal attack as to win for it 
 the title of the "Massacre of Paoli." Recrossing the Schuylkill 
 at Parker's Ford, the Americans passed through Trappe on 
 the Reading turnpike, to Perkiomen Creek. On the 21st the 
 British made a feint of marching against Reading, a depot 
 of supplies, so Washington hastened to Pottsgrove (Pottstown), 
 near which place the army was encamped for several days. 
 Instead of doing what Washington expected they encamped 
 along the road from French Creek (Phoenixville) to Valley 
 Forge. It was at this time that the Valley forge was de- 
 stroyed. On the 23d the British army crossed Fatland Ford 
 
VALLEY FORGE IN AMERICAN HISTORY, 
 
 15 
 
 and encamped that night on Stony Creek (Norristown), march- 
 ing thence to Germantown. On the 26th Lord Cornwallis took 
 possession of Philadelphia. 
 
 
 Fatland Ford, where the British Crossed. 
 
 During all these movements Washington's men suffered 
 severely, being poorly clad and having but few blankets. At 
 least one thousand men made these marches with bare feet. 
 Undaunted by their sufferings the Americans marched to Penny- 
 packer's Mills (Schwenksville), and after a brief rest, on to 
 Skippack and Worcester. From thence the army moved at 
 seven o'clock on October 3d to attack the British at Ger- 
 mantown. That brilliant attempt ended in failure, and Wash- 
 ington retreated to the camp on the Perkiomen. 
 
 After three days' rest the army was again on the march, 
 
I 6 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 moving toward Philadelphia. On October 8th it was at Towa- 
 mencin, where a week was spent. The next stop was at Wor- 
 cester, where the army received the joyful news of the sur- 
 render of Burgoyne. Whitpain was the next halting place. 
 During this halt General Wayne was tried by a court-martial 
 on the charge of neglect of duty at Paoli and was "acquitted 
 with the highest honor." On November 2d the army went 
 into' camp at Whitemarsh. While encamped there Howe 
 marched out from Philadelphia (December 4th) to make a night 
 attack on the American army. News of this plan was brought 
 to Washington, by Mrs. Lydia Darrah, some say, and conse- 
 quently the army was on the alert. After manoeuvring for a 
 few days Howe returned to the city without attempting to attack 
 Washington. This practically ended the campaign of 1777. 
 
 On December nth the army evacuated the camp at White- 
 marsh and marched to Matsoii's Ford. The first division had 
 crossed and part of the second when a force under Lord Corn- 
 wallis was discovered on the heights on both sides of the 
 Gulph Road. Under the impression that the British had again 
 left Philadelphia the troops recrossed the river and the army 
 moved up to Swedes' Ford (Ford street, Norristown), where it 
 crossed during the night of the ■ 12th and the morning of the 
 13th, and then took position at Gulph Mills. This seems to have 
 been considered as a site for the winter encampment, but the 
 army remained there less than a week, suffering severely from 
 exposure. The final march of the year was from Gulph Mills to 
 Valley Forge, the site selected for the winter quarters of the 
 army. It is supposed that Valley Forge was selected on the 
 recommendation of General Wayne, wdiose home was near at 
 hand, and who well knew the country. Here six months were 
 spent, from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778 — the most 
 critical period of American history. 
 
 Dark as were the days at Morristown, when Paine wrote, 
 "These are the times that try men's souls," those at Valley 
 Forge were darker, indeed the darkest that America has seen. 
 The short enlistments, largely due to the terrifying vision of 
 a standing army, were a constant source of weakness and ex- 
 pense. The depreciation of the paper currency made the poor 
 
VALLEY FORGE IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 17 
 
 pay of the soldier only a starving wage, and officers were com- 
 pelled to resign because they had not the means to eke out 
 their expenses. Congress held out no hope of a future recog- 
 nition of services rendered such as have at other times re- 
 lieved the soldier of concern for his future or for that of those 
 dependent upon him. The foolish arrangement by which each 
 State was to have its quota of promotions deprived the army 
 of the advantage of officers of the highest merit and was a con- 
 stant so'urce of irritation. 
 
 The Overhanging Rock on the Gulph Road. 
 
 The poor soldiers were the helpless victims of a meddling 
 Congress and an incompetent commissary department. While 
 the whole country was fairly prospero'us the men at Valley 
 F^rge starved. While they froze to death "hogsheads of shoes, 
 stockings, and clothing were lying at different places on the 
 
1 8 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 roads and in the woods, perishing for want of teams, or of 
 money to pay the teamsters." On the 23d of December, Wash- 
 ington reported to Congress that "Two thousand eight hundred 
 and ninety-eight were unfit for duty, because barefoot or 
 otherwise naked. Only eight thousand two hundred men were 
 present for duty." It is estimated that three thousand men 
 perished on these hills during the six months of the encamp- 
 ment, while in the twenty-six principal engagements of the 
 Revolution the number of killed and wounded did not greatly 
 exceed nine thousand ! 
 
 During these months the cause of American independence 
 was endangered by a diabolic plot to supplant Washington. 
 The "Conway Cabal," as it was called, had eager supporters in 
 Congress and the army, and for awhile it seemed as if its evil 
 design would be accomplished. It was an added burden for 
 Washington to bear. "The intrigue against him he watched 
 in stern silence till it was ripe and evident, then he crushed 
 it with sudden exposure, and turned away in contempt, hardly 
 so much as mentioning it in his letters to his friends." 
 
 The weakest point was Congress. Its best men were in the 
 army, or at home busily engaged in the effort to establish State 
 governments. A mere handful of men gathered in York, often 
 not enough for a quorum. These had little power and often 
 less judgment. They could only advise the States and their 
 advice was not much heeded. There was in fact no central 
 government. 
 
 If these were the darkest days theirs was the darkness 
 which precedes the dawn. The first sign of this was the realiza- 
 tion on the part of the American people of the character of 
 Washington. "As the silly intrigues against him recoiled upon 
 their authors, men began to realize that it was far more upon 
 his consummate sagacity and unselfish patriotism than upon 
 anything that Congress could do that the country rested its 
 hopes of success in the great enterprise which it had under- 
 taken. As the nullity of Congress made it ever more apparent 
 that the country as a whole was without a government, Wash- 
 ington stood forth more and more conspicuously as the living 
 symbol of the union of the States. In him and his work were 
 
VALLEY FORGE IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 19 
 
 centered the common hopes and the common interests of all 
 the American people." 
 
 While this change was being made in the minds of the 
 people, Washington, with the help of Steuben, was making the 
 army ready for its greater deeds. The days at Valley Forge 
 were busy with preparation. New tactics were introduced, 
 the arms were improved, and the discipline made more strict. 
 Here the little State armies were welded into the army of the 
 United States. 
 
 Finally, upon these hills the patriots of America beheld 
 the sunrise of national glory. On February 6, 1778, the treaties 
 of amity and commerce between France and the United States 
 were signed. As the late Secretary Hay has happily expressed 
 it: "The act of France gave us a standing abroad which we 
 had hitherto lacked. A man's character is made by himself; 
 his reputation exists in the minds of others. Our Declaration 
 asserted our independence, the French alliance proved it. Even 
 before 1776 we were a nation; but until our treaties with 
 France the world regarded us as a rebellion." 
 
 .V„.i^!i ^SUotCl. 
 
 
 Cheque for $120,000 Paid to Lafayette for His Services in 
 
 THE War of the Revolution. Original in the Valley 
 
 Forge Museum of American History. 
 
■^ • . -^f^" 
 
 ^^?ri 
 
 i^ ^ 
 
THE VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER 
 ROAD. 
 
 The Entrance to Valley Forge Park.— The State of 
 Pennsylvania, through the Valley Forge Park Commission, has 
 acquired the land adjoining the Valley Forge station of the 
 Philadelphia and Reading Railway and has made a driveway 
 from the station to the intrenchments. This is the most direct 
 route to the points of interest and affords some beautiful views 
 of the river. 
 
 Those who do not expect to return to the station should 
 visit Washington's Headquarters before going to the intrench- 
 ments. It can be seen some four hundred feet to the west of the 
 entrance to the Park. Others will find it more convenient to 
 visit it after seeing as much of the encampment as their time 
 permits. 
 
 The road follows the line of the river and by easy grades 
 surmounts the hill on which the fortifications were built. The 
 hillside to the right is historic ground, for there once stood the 
 huts of the Life Guard. 
 
 The Life Guard. — This body of men had been organized 
 in 1776, soon after the siege of Boston, and consisted of a 
 major's command. Caleb Gibbs, of Massachusetts, was the 
 first chief and bore the title of "captain commandant." He 
 was also the disbursing agent for Washington's military family, 
 as may be seen by referring to the reproduction of Washing- 
 ton's accounts on page 22. The Guard consisted entirely of 
 Virginians, but while here it was increased by the addition 
 of one hundred men chosen from the troops of the different 
 States. This augmented body v/as made a model corps for the 
 execution of the manceuvres of Baron Steuben. The first ex- 
 hibition drill was given on April 6th. The men carried muskets 
 and side arms. The uniform consisted of a blue coat with white 
 facings, a white waistcoat, and breeches, black half-gaiters, 
 and a cocked hat with a blue and white feather. A few of the 
 
 (21) 
 
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VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 23 
 
 men were mounted. One of the rosters of the Life Guard and 
 other relics are on exhibition in the Valley P'orge Museum, and 
 the standard is carved on the screen of the President's Pew in 
 the Washington Memorial Chapel. 
 
 It is well worth stopping at this point to enjoy the view 
 across the valley. In the near foreground the house with a 
 cupola is the "Washington Inn," formerly the Mansion House 
 of the Potts estate. Across the valley, perched on the steep 
 slope of Mt. Misery, is the summer residence of Gen. B. F. 
 Fisher. Near this is the famous Colonial Spring, the waters 
 of which are so justly celebrated. The road winding toward 
 the summit is used by the teams which haul stone to the 
 crusher beyond the creek. 
 
 Looking now toward the northeast the old Gulph road can 
 be traced as it ascends the hill. It is crossed by the boule- 
 vard almost at the point where the edge of the woods seems 
 to cut it off. The only troops encamped on this side of the 
 ridge, with the exception of the Life Guards, was General Mc- 
 intosh's brigade. The site of the huts was about one thousand 
 feet east of the reservoir. 
 
 A good view o-f the river may be obtained by going out on 
 the promontory only a few feet beyond. The striking structure 
 of red brick in the near distance is the Roman Catholic Pro- 
 tectory, founded by Archbishop Ryan as a reformatory for boys. 
 Something over a half-mile down the river is the head of 
 Jenkins Island, across which ran the old Colonial road, the 
 river at that time being fordable on both sides of the island. 
 This was the Fatland Ford by which the British crossed on 
 September 23, 1777, on their march to Philadelphia. Just below 
 the island the American troops built a bridge. 
 
 The line of intrenchments begins on the crest of the hill, 
 and is on the right of the boulevard, which now follows the 
 line to the road, only a few hundred feet away. 
 
 The boulevard crosses the road and follows the line of 
 intrenchments to Washington Redoubt. To the right the road 
 leads to the village of Valley Forge. To the left it leads to the 
 Star Redoubt, Defenders' Gate, Waterman Monument, Cloister 
 of the Colonies, Washington Memorial Chapel, Patriots' Hall 
 
24 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 and the village of Port Kennedy. Those desiring to make a 
 tour of the camp should, therefore, turn to the left upon reach- 
 ing the road. 
 
 On the hill overlooking the road is one of the picturesque 
 guardhouses built by the Valley Forge Park Commission for 
 the protection of the guards. These men patrol the boulevards 
 and preserve order throughout the Park. They are glad to give 
 visitors information about the points of interest. 
 
 The road was defended by two rifie-pits, which are plainly 
 marked on the hillside. Farther down the road, on the right, is 
 a battery, consisting of reproductions of the cannon of the period 
 of the Revolution. Beyond on the slope of the hill are the 
 remains of Huntington Redoubt. These can be better visited by 
 taking the path from the boulevard, as described in the account 
 of the Inner Line Boulevard, and need not detain the visitor at 
 this point. 
 
 This hillside has been the scene of two notable celebra- 
 tions of the Evacuation of Valley Forge. The first and most 
 imposing was that which took place in 1878. An early morn- 
 ing reception given by Governor Hartranft and Major-General 
 Winfield S. Hancock was followed by a memorial service and 
 a review of the troops. In the afternoon Col. Theodore W. 
 Bean read a long historical paper and Prof. W. Newton Meeks 
 read Mrs. Mary E. Thropp Cane's Valley Forge Centennial 
 Poem. The feature of the day was the masterly oration of Mr. 
 Henry Armitt Brown, of Philadelphia. 
 
 The celebration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anni- 
 versary was on a much smaller scale. It consisted of a memo- 
 rial service in the morning, the laying of the corner-stone of 
 the Washington Memorial Chapel at noon, and a patriotic 
 service in the afternoon. At the morning service Rabbi Joseph 
 Krauskopf made the address. In the afternoon addresses were 
 made by Mr. Walter S. Logan, of New York; Miss Adaline W. 
 Sterling, of New Jersey; Mrs. Donald McLane, of New York, 
 and the Hon. C. Emory Smith, of Philadelphia. Poems by Mrs. 
 Cone and Miss Margaret B. Harvey were read by Francis L. Ly- 
 barger. The musical part of the program was under the direction 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 25 
 
 of Mr. John O. K. Robarts, of Phoenixville, Pa., who had 
 served in the same capacity in 1878. 
 
 Washington Lane.— Fifteen hundred feet from the boule- 
 vard the River Road is crossed by the Washington Lane. This is 
 the most direct route to the Camp School, the Artillery Park, 
 Washington Redoubt, the Inner Line Boulevard, the Right Line 
 Boulevard, Centreville and Devon. The Grand Parade, after 
 June nth, was located in front of Conway's Brigade, the second 
 from the River Road. 
 
 The lane to the left is no longer a thoroughfare. This is to 
 be regretted, as it is historic ground and should be open to the 
 public. It was the old road leading to Fatland Ford, which 
 crossed the river to Jenkins Island, and thence to the eastern 
 bank. Along this road the British Army passed in September, 
 1777, on its march to Philadelphia. 
 
 Sullivan's Bridge. — The road was continued down to the 
 military bridge which General Sullivan built 750 feet below the 
 ford. The site of the bridge is marked by a stone on the bank, 
 having the inscriptions : 
 
 (Date destroyed) 
 
 SULLIVAN 
 BRIDGE. 
 
 A. D. 1778. 
 SPENCER 
 BRIDGE. 
 
 The Historical Society of Montgomery County has erected 
 a more appropriate monument on the other bank. This society 
 has also appointed a committee to carry into effect the sug- 
 gestion of the Hon. Irving P. Wanger, that a memorial bridge 
 be erected at this point. This project ought to commend itself 
 to all patriotic Americans, and both the National and State Gov- 
 ernments ought to co-operate in its erection. 
 
26 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The military bridge was not built upon pontoons, as is 
 sometimes stated, but on piles. I am told that portions of these 
 were in position a few years ago. The flooring was made of 
 split logs, the roimd to the water, held in place by wooden pegs. 
 It is sometimes stated that General Sullivan did not take into 
 
 ;;<--^. 
 
 
 
 
 S • ' 
 
 
 
 
 ' V ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^mat^ 
 
 JtA ' 
 
 |iyM^^| 
 
 mn 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 "■■i 
 
 IP 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^7f 
 
 it 
 
 
 Site of Sullivan's Bridge. 
 
 consideration the masses of floating ice brought down by the 
 spring freshets and that the roadway was not built far above 
 the water, and consequently the bridge did not long survive its 
 use by the army. As a matter of fact the bridge was so well 
 constructed that it endured for some time, and might have been 
 a permanent structure if the Assembly of Pennsylvania had 
 followed the advice of General Sullivan. When the xA-ssembly 
 was ready to act, it was too late, as the bridge was partly de- 
 stroyed. But it had served its purpose, for upon it the Amer- 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 
 
 27 
 
 ican army crossed to intercept the march of the British to New 
 York. 
 
 Across it, too, came the welcome supplies for the starving 
 soldiers. Every Monday and Thursday after February 8th a 
 market was held, near the end of the bridge, and on those 
 
 The Last of the Huts. 
 
 days the soldiers went a-marketing, or rather those who were 
 the proud possessors of spare money. A picket guarded the pas- 
 sage of the bridge and ford, and prevented boats from going by. 
 A guardhouse was built on this side of the river early in March. 
 A little below the site of the bridge, but on this side of the 
 railroad, were, as late as 191 1, the mouldering remains of what 
 is said to have been one of the huts used JDy the picket. Up to 
 a few years ago, when it was set on fire, it was in a fair state of 
 preservation, having been used as a tenant house. 
 
28 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Five hundred feet beyond Washington Lane, on the right, 
 are a stone barn and house. Tradition declares that this barn 
 was used as a hospital. 
 
 General Varnum's Headquarters.— This house was the 
 headquarters of Gen. James Mitchel Varnum, the brigadier- 
 
 feiii^ 
 
 
 
 nBrk-' -''■ %^i r [ri! ^^. 
 
 .,..•■'■: 4^.,..— i 
 
 Varnum's Headquarters. 
 
 general commanding a brigade of Rhode Island and CoTinecticut 
 troops. At that time the house was much smaller, the eastern 
 part and the third story having been added later. On the night 
 of January 17th the brigadiers met here to consider how to ex- 
 change raw hides for shoes, and whether to arm the soldiers 
 with bayonets and the officers with espontons or pikes. Here, 
 too, at another time, the rations of the soldiers were decided. 
 On that happiest O'f Valley Forge days, when the French Al- 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 
 
 29 
 
 liance was celebrated, Washington stopped here, then the Or- 
 derly Office, to make the day complete by pardoning two men 
 then in the provost guard under sentence of death for de- 
 sertion. 
 
 The Star Redoubt. 
 
 Star Redoubt. — The next point of interest is the Star Re- 
 doubt, a few hundred feet beyond on the left. Now a mere 
 meaningless mound of earth, as late as 1850 its outlines were 
 plainly marked. This with the Huntington and" Washington 
 redoubts completed the defenses of Mount Joy. The guns of 
 this redoubt were intended not only to co-operate with those of 
 the other redoubts in repelling an attack on the front, but also to 
 command the approach from the other side of the Schuylkill by 
 the Fatland Ford. The redoubt became of supreme importance 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 
 
 31 
 
 when Sullivan's bridge was completed. Of course the erection 
 
 of the dam when the canal was built has altered the river lines. 
 
 Varnum's Brigade. — General Varnum's Brigade lay to 
 
 the east of the redoubt on both sides of the road. The Park 
 
 The Defenders' Gate 
 
 Commission has erected the brigade marker on the slope of 
 the old earthwork. It bears the following inscription: 
 
 CONTINENTAL ARMY 
 VALLEY FORGE, DECEMBER Ip, 1777 JUNE 18, I778 
 
 division 
 
 varnum's brigade 
 
 brig. general james m. varnum 
 
 commanding 
 
 1st regiment rhode island infantry, col. christopher greene 
 
 2d regiment rhode island infantry, col. israel angell 
 
 4th regiment connecticut infantry, col. john durkee 
 
 8th REGIMENT CONNECTICUT INFANTRY, COL. JOHN CHANDLER 
 
 The Defenders' Gate. — Beyond the Star Redoubt is 
 the lodge of 'The Defenders' Gate," a national monument to 
 
32 . GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 the defenders of the Union — the heroes of three wars and the 
 patriots of the Republic. This is at the entrance to the Wash- 
 ington Memorial Cemetery, a part of which will be devoted to 
 the interment of veterans of the Civil War and the War with 
 Spain. 
 
 The Defenders' Gate, when completed, will correspond with 
 the "Cloister of the Colonies," a short distance away, and will be 
 one of the noblest monuments on this sacred spot. It will in- 
 clude the gateway, waiting room and superintendent's lodge. 
 The piers to the east of the lodge are a part of the "Lincoln 
 Arch" which is being erected by the Grand Army of the Re- 
 public, contributions being made for this purpose by the Posts 
 throughout the country. 
 
 That such a memorial as the Defenders' Gate is fitting 
 no one can question who knows what Valley Forge is in Amer- 
 ican life and progress. At the time of the Albany Congress, as 
 far back as 1754, Benjamin Franklin was working for the union 
 of the Colonies. In his Pennsylvania Gazette appeared a rude 
 cut of a snake whose dissevered parts represented the Colonies, 
 and under this were the words, "Unite or Die." When the 
 American soldiers marched up the Gulph Road to Valley Forge 
 they were the armies of Virginia, ^Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 
 etc. When they marched across Sullivan's Bridge they were the 
 Army of the United States of America. Here the Declaration 
 of Independence which proclaimed a new empire was realized 
 first in a united army. 
 
 The Gate will occupy a commanding site in full view of 
 the course taken by that united army, whose efforts resulted in 
 a free and united people. 
 
 President Roosevelt's Valley Forge Address. — 
 
 One phase of the relation of the men of Valley Forge to the 
 defenders of the Union was set forth in the address made 
 by President Roosevelt in the temporary Washington Memorial 
 Chapel on Evacuation Day, 1904. He said : 
 
 "If the men of '61 had failed in the great struggle for 
 national unity it would have meant that the work done by 
 Washington and his associates might almost or quite as well have 
 been left undone. There would have been no point in com- 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 
 
 33 
 
 memorating what was done at Valley Forge if Gettysburg had 
 not given us the national right to commemorate it. If we were 
 now split up into a dozen wrangling little communities, if we 
 lacked the power to keep away here on our continent, within 
 our own lines, or to show ourselves a unit as against foreign 
 
 Company Street and Hut. 
 
 aggression, then, indeed the Declaration of Independence would 
 read like empty sound, and the Constitution would not be worth 
 the paper upon which it was written, save as a study for anti- 
 quarians." 
 
 The Washington Memorial Cemetery. — The Park 
 
 Commission has located so many graves that there is no longer 
 any doubt that these hills are a vast cemetery in which lie 
 the remains of the martyrs of 'T] and '78. Associated in loca- 
 
34 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 tion and thought is the Washington Memorial Cemetery — conse- 
 crated as God's Acre. This is the property of the congre- 
 gation of the Washington Memorial Chapel, for the interment 
 of its members, but it will be conducted as a general cemetery 
 on modern lines. Most generously the congregation has devoted 
 one acre for the interment of veterans of the Civil War and 
 their widows, and another for the veterans of the Spanish- 
 American War and their widows. This provision for the sol- 
 diers' widows is as beautiful as it is unusual. 
 
 To keep the cemetery in the best of order perpetually a 
 large percentage of all the money received from the sale of lots 
 will be added to the Endowment Fund. Information in regard 
 to the lots in the cemetery may be obtained at the Lodge. A 
 driveway has been made from the Gate to the Chapel, passing 
 under the Virginia Bay in the Cloister of the Colonies. This 
 is open to the public, and affords a pleasant detour. 
 
 Soldiers' Huts. — The woodland, the property of the Hon. 
 William Uhler Hensel, is one of the most interesting spots 
 in the whole encampment. At the beginning of the wood turn 
 to the left and follow the woodland road. Within a few steps 
 you will reach a depression in the earth. This is the first of 
 the hut-holes or "cellars" as they are called. It is the site of 
 one of the huts which were built by the soldiers, and still shows 
 the outline and size of the building. You are now standing 
 on one of the company streets, and to the right and left as you 
 advance other hut-hoies will be seen. Almost at the end of the 
 street, there being only two holes beyond, stands the hut erected 
 by the Daughters of the Revolution. Above the door is a 
 tablet bearing the following inscription : 
 
 on this spot stood one of the huts 
 
 occupied by the soldiers of 
 
 Washington's camp 
 
 during the winter of 1 777- 1 778. 
 
 this reproduction was erected by 
 
 COLONIAL chapter OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION, 
 
 MAY, 1905. 
 
 SITE WAS PRESENTED BY I. HESTON TODD. 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 35 
 
 It was dedicated on June 24, 1905, at which time a prayer 
 was offered by the Rev. W. Herbert Burk, and addresses were 
 made by Mrs. O. La Forrest Perry, Mrs. Nathaniel Seaver Keay, 
 State Regent of the Daughters of the Revolution, and Mr. I. 
 Heston Todd. 
 
 The soldiers who occupied the original hut belonged to the 
 4th Connecticut Regiment, as proven by the buttons found in the 
 hut-hole, and now on exhibition in the Museum. 
 
 This hut gives an excellent idea of what the huts of the 
 soldiers at Valley Forge were, for explicit directions were 
 given for their erection. "The quarters must be fourteen by 
 sixteen feet each," say the orders ; "the sides, ends and roofs 
 made with logs ; the roof made tight with slabs, or some other 
 way; the sides made tight with clay; a fire-place made of wood 
 and secured with clay on the inside, eighteen inches thick; 
 this fire-place to be on the rear of the huts ; the door to be in 
 the end next the street; the door to be made of split oak slabs, 
 unless boards can be procured; the side walls to be six feet and 
 a half high. The officers' huts are to- form a line in the rear 
 of the troops, one hut to be allowed to each general officer; one 
 to the staff of each brigade; one to the field officers o-f each 
 regiment, and one to every twelve non-commissioned officers and 
 soldiers." 
 
 The soldiers were divided into squads of twelve, and Wash- 
 ington offered a reward of twelve dollars to the squad in each 
 regiment which finished its hut in the quickest and most work- 
 manlike manner. He also offered a reward of one hundred 
 dollars to the officer or soldier who would invent a cheaper 
 covering than boards. The inventors were to report their plans 
 to Generals Sullivan, Greene and Lord Stirling. Temporarily 
 the huts were covered with the tents. As large quantities of 
 straw were needed for beds or for thatching the huts, if this 
 plan were adopted, Washington ordered the farmers to thresh 
 at once or the straw would be taken with the grain and paid 
 for as straw. Broadsides to this effect were printed and posted 
 throughout the neighboring country. 
 
 Dr. Waldo has left us a description of the huts, but the one 
 described in his lines was probably built for a hospital, such 
 
36 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE, 
 
 as that so admirably reproduced by the Park Commission near 
 the Wayne Monument, as these were larger than the huts of 
 the soldiers and had more windows. Dr. Waldo was a surgeon 
 in General Huntington's brigade, and gained quite a reputation 
 far his success in inoculating the soldiers against small-pox. 
 
 "Of pondrous logs 
 Whose bulk disdains the winds and fogs 
 The sides and ends are fitly raised 
 And by dove-tail each corner's brac'd : 
 Athwart the roof, young saplings lie 
 Which fire and smoke has now made dry — 
 Next straw wraps o'er the tender pole. 
 Next earth, then splints o'erlay the whole; 
 Although it leaks when show'rs are o'er. 
 It did not leak two hours before. 
 Two chimneys plac'd at op'site angles 
 Keep smoke from causing oaths and wrangles. 
 
 Three windows, placed all in sight. 
 Through oiled paper give us light; 
 One door, on wooden hinges hung, 
 Let in the friend, or sickly throng." 
 
 On the whole the huts were very comfortable, as is testi- 
 fied in numerous letters written from Valley Forge. When the 
 weather grew warmer the soldiers were ordered to open the 
 chinks to let in more air, and later the army abandoned the 
 huts and pitched their tents. 
 
 In huts such as this and upon this ground were encamped 
 the Rhode Island troops under the command of Col. Christo- 
 pher Greene, the hero of Fort Mercer. He and his four hun- 
 dred men, behind unfinished earthworks, repulsed a well-dis- 
 ciplined and well-equipped force of two thousand Hessians on 
 the twenty-second of October, 1777, at Red Bank, N. J, The 
 battle lasted less than an hour, but in that time these men 
 added to the honor of the American soldier by making "one af 
 the most glorious stands ever made by patriots fighting for 
 home and country." 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 37 
 
 Visitors will find interesting relics of these heroes in the 
 Valley Forge Museum, including a letter reporting the action 
 to Governor Wharton, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Steuben's Kitchen. — On some of the maps this part of 
 the encampment is designated as the sites of officers' huts, and 
 tradition has placed "Steuben's Kitchen" in this grove. It is 
 said that when the Baron entered the American service he was 
 accompanied by a very expert chef. Upon reaching Valley 
 Forge the great general was assigned to one of these huts. 
 The next morning, in order to prepare for his master's breakfast, 
 the chef asked to be shown the kitchen in which his labors 
 were to be performed. He was taken to a spot under the trees 
 where an iron pot was suspended from sticks above a fireplace 
 of stones. When he was assured that this was the kitchen, he 
 promptly took leave of his master to return to a less barbarous 
 mode of life than that offered at Valley Forge. Be this as it 
 may, his master r.emained to do noble service in the cause of 
 human liberty. By. his skill and perseverance order was 
 brought out of chaos, discipline was established, a uniform 
 system of tactics was adopted, and a mass of untrained men 
 made into that splendid army which thwarted the treachery of 
 Lee at Monmouth and there and elsewhere won those victories 
 which culminated at Yorktown. Only those who know what he 
 did for the cause of Liberty can appreciate the debt of honor 
 which the American people owe to Frederick William Augustus 
 Henry Ferdinand von Steuben, aide-de-camp to Frederick the 
 Great, who voluntarily placed at the disposal of Congress his 
 great gifts and his wide experience. 
 
 Whether Major-General Nathaniel Greene occupied a hut, as 
 his biographer states, or the residence of Isaac Walker, as Mr. 
 Wm. John Campbell declares, I am unable to determine. If he 
 did occupy a hut it was here. In a letter to his brother he says : 
 "We are all going into log-huts — a sweet life after a most 
 fatiguing campaign." Mrs. Greene came to camp in January 
 and helped to dispel the glo'om of the dreary winter. ICnow- 
 ing some French and being a woman of bright parts and a gay 
 manner she attracted to her husband's quarters Lafayette and 
 the other foreign officers, including Steuben, Duponceau, de 
 
38 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Kalb, Fleury, Duplessis, and the gallant Pulaski. Often Wash- 
 ington and his wife were the guests of honor. 
 
 In one of his letters General Greene says: "Colonel Greene 
 and all his officers are coming home to recruit a negro regiment. 
 Will they succeed or not?" This movement had been sug- 
 gested by General Varnum, and in it Col. John Laurens took 
 the keenest interest. The movement was entirely successful. 
 The slaves who enlisted received their freedom, and their bravery 
 and heroic service during the war proved the wisdom of General 
 Varnum's plan. Their owners were compensated for the loss 
 of their service. 
 
 Waterman's Grave. 
 
 In March, Greene, who commanded the division consisting 
 of Muhlenberg's and Weedon's brigades, was made Quarter- 
 master-General, but retained his right to command in the field. 
 The good results from this appointment were set forth a few 
 months later by Washington in a letter to the President of 
 Congress. 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 39 
 
 Gen. Alexander MacDougall was another officer to make his 
 winter home in one of these huts. His patriotism had been 
 tried by twenty-three weeks of imprisonment before it was 
 tested here, that being the penahy which the New York As- 
 sembly imposed upon him for his address, "A Son of Liberty 
 to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony," published when 
 the Assembly failed to protest against the usurpations of the 
 Crown. As his imprisonment took place before the famous shot 
 at Lexington he is sometimes called "the first martyr to the 
 patriot cause." He became colonel of the first New York regi- 
 ment, and was later made a brigadier. Two months before the 
 army came to Valley Forge he was made a major-general. 
 
 A Soldier's Grave. Among those who occupied these 
 
 huts was Lieut. John Waterman, whose death is announced in 
 this characteristic soldier's letter : 
 
 "Camp Valley Forge, Apl. 24th, 1778. 
 "Dear Sir: 
 
 "Captain Tew and myself arrived safe to post the 22d in- 
 stant, found the encampment in perfect tranquility and the 
 enemy peaceable in their quarters. Am sorry to inform you that 
 yesterday died of a short illness that worthy gentleman John 
 Waterman Esqr. Commissary of our brigade. 
 
 "Humble servant 
 
 "William Allen. 
 "N. B. — Have returned your bill to Capt. Olney, as it would 
 not pass in Pennsylvania. 
 
 "Theodore Foster, Esq."' 
 
 So frequent had been the deaths in camp, three thousand 
 dying in six months, that a few days before Lieutenant Water- 
 man's" death the following order had been issued : 
 
 "The Funeral honours at the Interment of officers, are for 
 the future, to be confined to- a solemn procession of officers and 
 Soldiers, in Numbers suitable to the Rank of the Deceas'd, with 
 revers'd arms. Fireing on these occasions is to be abolish'd in 
 Camp." 
 
 If we follow that silent procession across the road, and 
 down the path to the monument we will find where his comrades 
 
The Waterman Monument 
 
VALLEY FORGE PARK AND RIVER ROAD. 4I 
 
 laid his body. Some one erected the rough stone and cut on it 
 the initials, "J. W., 1778," thus making it the only marked grave 
 at Valley Forge. 
 
 The Waterman Monument. — The monument which 
 rises above it is one of the conspicuous landmarks at Valley 
 Forge. It is an imposing granite shaft, fifty feet high, erected 
 by the Daughters of the Revolution in memory of the martyrs 
 of Valley Forge. It stands on a piece of ground thirty by 
 thirty-three feet square, with an approach from the road ten 
 feet wide and three hundred and sixty-one feet long, given by 
 Mr. I. Heston Todd. Mr. Todd later deeded to the Society 
 additional ground on which are placed the historic cannon 
 loaned by the Girard Estate. 
 
 The obelisk rests upon a base ten feet square, raised upon 
 a plinth with three gradations. On the face of the plinth is 
 the following inscription : 
 
 TO THE SOLDIERS OF WASHINGTON'S ARMY 
 
 WHO SLEEP AT VALLEY FORGE, I777-I778. 
 
 ERECTED BY THE 
 
 DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Set in the base is a large bas-relief in bronze representing 
 the Valley Forge encampment. Above this is a bronze seal of 
 the Society. The Colonial flag is carved on the obelisk. 
 
 The dedication took place on October 19, 1901. Mr. Todd 
 made the presentation of the deed, and addresses were made 
 by the Hon. William A. Stone, Governor of Pennsylvania; the 
 Hon. Boies Penrose, Mr. Peter Boyd and Miss Adaline Wheelock 
 Sterling, President-General of the Daughters of the Revolu- 
 tion. As Governor Stone unveiled the shaft he said : "On 
 behalf of the Daughters of the Revolution I dedicate this monu- 
 ment to the heroic dead of Valley Forge." 
 
 On the south side of the plinth is another inscription, as 
 follows : 
 
 NEAR THIS SPOT LIES LIEUTENANT JOHN WATERMAN. 
 DIED APRIL 23, 1778, 
 WHOSE GRAVE ALONE OF ALL HIS COMRADES WAS MARKED. 
 
42 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Huntington's Headquarters. — The house in the valley 
 was for many years the residence of the late Mr. I. Heston Todd, 
 at one time a member of the Valley Forge Park Commission, 
 and at all times deeply interested in the preservation of these 
 historic spots, as is attested by his gifts of the ground for the 
 Waterman Monument, the Washington Memorial Chapel, and 
 the Soldiers' Hut. To the west of the present building stood 
 the headquarters of General Jedidiah Huntington, a native of 
 Norwich, Conn. He graduated from Harvard when he was 
 twenty years old and was associated with his father in business. 
 An active Son of Liberty he raised a regiment of which he 
 became captain and joined the army at Cambridge. On May 
 12, I777> he was appointed brigadier-general. He served in the 
 court-martial which tried Gen. Charles Lee for misconduct at 
 Monmouth and in that which condemned Major Andre to death. 
 
 General Huntington is described as a man "small in 
 stature, but of great energy, steadiness and dignity, very neat 
 and precise in his personal appearance, and polished, though 
 reserved in his demeanor." He was very religious, liberal and 
 charitable. While at Valley Forge he formed a strong friend- 
 ship for Lafayette, Steuben and Pulaski, who in later years 
 were his honored guests. 
 
 Relics of the Revolution. 
 Valley Forge Museum. 
 
THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL, 
 
 CLOISTER OF THE COLONIES AND 
 
 PATRIOTS' HALL. 
 
 RETURNING to the road the next objects of interest 
 are the Cloister of the Colonies, the Washington Memo- 
 rial Chapel and Patriots' Hall. In the course of studies 
 in the history of the Church in America the writer 
 was impressed with the religions character of the men who 
 made the Nation. This led him to a more careful study of the 
 religious character of Washington, and on Sunday, February 
 22, 1903, in a sermon in All Saints' Church, Norristown, on 
 "Washington the Churchman," he spoke of Washington's wor- 
 ship at Valley Forge and said, "Would that there we might rear 
 a wayside chapel, fit memorial of the Church's most honored 
 son, to be the Nation's Bethel for all days to come, where the 
 American patriot might kneel in quest of that courage and that 
 strength to make all honorable his citizenship here below, and 
 prove his claim to that above !" The sermon was printed in The 
 Norristozvn Daily Herald, and the suggestion was commended 
 by the press throughout the country. From that day the 
 writer has striven to give permanence to his conception. The 
 Sunday School Association of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, to 
 which the subject was referred, recommended the establish- 
 ment of a Sunday school, and after some delay this was done, 
 the first service being held in the Valley Forge Hall on May 
 17, 1903- Mr. and Mrs. I. Heston Todd and Mr. and Mrs. John 
 Hallman offered sites for the building, and the Rt. Rev. Alex- 
 ander Mackay-Smith, D. D., Bishop Coadjutor of the Diocese 
 of Pennsylvania, selected the one on which the chapel stands. 
 The laying of the corner-stone formed a part of the program 
 of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the Evacua- 
 tion of Valley Forge. Mr. Todd presented the deed for the 
 ground, which was accepted by the Rt. Rev. O. W. Whitaker, 
 D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, who then laid the 
 
 (44) 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 45 
 
 Stone. This was the gift of the Rt. Rev. Alexander Mackay- 
 Smith, D. D., Bishop Coadjutor of the Diocese. 
 
 The purpose of the Washington Memorial Chapel was sei 
 forth in the words used by the Bishop in laying the corner- 
 stone, "In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
 Holy Ghost, Amen. I lay the corner-stone of an edifice to be 
 here erected by the name of the Washington Memorial Chapel, 
 to be devoted to the service of Almighty God, agreeably to the 
 principles of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
 States of America, in its doctrine, ministry, liturgy, rites and 
 usages; and in memory of George Washington, communicant 
 and lay reader of this Church, and the patriot churchmen and 
 churchwomen who served their God and Country in the 
 struggle for Liberty." 
 
 The Rev. C. Ellis Stevens, LL. D., D. C. L., Rector of Christ 
 Church, Philadelphia, in which Washington was a frequent 
 worshipper, delivered an able address on "The Christianity of 
 Washington." About two hundred clergy and choristers took 
 part in the service. 
 
 Perpendicular Gothic was selected as the style of archi- 
 tecture for the chapel as being the best adapted for the object 
 and use of the building. Dr. Charles C. Harrison, Provost of 
 the University of Pennsylvania, requested Prof. Warren P. 
 Laird to act as the representative of the Department of Archi- 
 tecture of the University and to pass judgment upon the de- 
 signs submitted. In his report Professor Laird thus speaks of the 
 successful design, that of Field and Medary, Philadelphia : 
 
 "Its ensemble expresses truthfully the theme O'f the com- 
 petition; a memorial chapel with auxiliary structures. The 
 chapel dominates the group while not overpowering it, and the 
 tower, higher than the chapel and sufficient to its purpose as 
 an observatory, is placed at the right point to complete the 
 balance of the group. This is as simple in plan as it is effective 
 in mass. The chapel, while pure in historic character and fine 
 in proportion, has an expression of dignity, repose and strength, 
 which it would be difficult to carry further toward harmony 
 with the sentiment of Valley Forge. In its wall and win- 
 dow treatment t-'^^ere is presented, as nearly as possible in 
 

WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 47 
 
 a place intended for worship rather than defense, the mediaeval 
 approach of the church to fortress building. The other por- 
 tions of the group are true in character and in proportion with 
 the chapel. The plan arrangement of this group combines 
 more of simplicity, compactness and economy, both of con- 
 struction and administration, than any other in the competi- 
 tion. In architectural quality it is scholarly and tasteful to an 
 unusual degree and possesses real charm and distinction." 
 
 Unfortunately the money required to carry out the plans 
 was not secured, and the work was retarded. In order that 
 the building might be used while the funds were being secured 
 a temporary roof was put in place and the interior stone work 
 finished up to the sill lines, the roof being so arranged that the 
 walls could be carried up to their full height without inter- 
 fering with the use of the chapel. At last, in 1912, work on the 
 walls was resumed, and the window tracery set to the transom 
 bar. 
 
 The First Service. — On Washington's Birthday, 1905, the 
 first service was held in the partly built chapel. The service 
 was made notable by the presence of the Rt. Rev. Robert At- 
 kinson Gibson, D. D., Bishop of Virginia, in whose diocese are 
 the two parishes of which Washington was a vestryman. In 
 the course of an eloquent sermon on the character of Wash- 
 ington the Bishop declared that he was the genius of this place 
 — "the crowning glory of Valley Forge." 
 
 The Cloister of the Colonies.— The "Cloister of the 
 Colonies" is a unique monument of patriotism and the most 
 beautiful memorial at Valley Forge. Each of the thirteen 
 Colonies will be represented by a bay. The cloister forms a 
 porte cochere to the chapel and one of the entrances to the 
 Washington Memorial Cemetery. 
 
 Beginning at the chapel the bays are New Jersey, Penn- 
 sylvania, Virginia (the archway), Maryland, Massachusetts, 
 Delaware and New York. They are built of Holmesburg granite 
 and Indiana limestone. The floors are of Knoxville marble, and 
 in the center of each is a large copy in brass of the Colonial seal. 
 
48 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The ceilings, are of oak, hand-carved, and on the central boss 
 of each are emblazoned the State arms. Over the arch of the 
 Virginia bay are the arms of the Virginia Company, consisting 
 of the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France, and the 
 motto: "En dat Virginia qiiintam." The motto is set between 
 symbols representing the gifts of the English Church to Amer- 
 ica, the arms of Canterbury and York, symbolizing the English 
 
 Facade of the Cloister. 
 
 Church ; the mitre, crozier and keys, the ministry ; the font and 
 chalice, the sacraments; the two books, the Bible and Prayer 
 Book. This bay, erected in 1907, marks the three hundredth anni- 
 versary of the founding of Jamestown and the establishment of 
 English life and institutions in America. Above the inner arch 
 are the arms of Washington, the great Virginian. 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 49 
 
 The New York Bay, the gift of the Society of the Colonial 
 Dames of America, contains the open air pulpit. Above this 
 are carved the arms of the Washington Memorial Chapel. 
 
 The donors of the bays, and the dates of the dedications, are 
 as follows : 
 
 New Jersey Bay — Miss Sarah R. Chew, 1905, 
 
 Pennsylvania Bay — Mr. T. Broom Belfield, 1906. 
 
 Virginia Bay — Mr. George C. Thomas, 1907. 
 
 Maryland Bay — Mr. James E. Mitchell, 1908. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay — Massachusetts Society, Sons of the 
 x\merican Revolution, 1909. 
 
 Delaware Bay — George A. Elliott, President of the Dela- 
 ware Society, Sons of the American Revolution, 1912. 
 
 New York Bay — The Society of the Colonial Dames of 
 America, 1912. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD 
 
 AND IN APPRECIATION OF THE 
 
 PATRIOTISM AND DEVOTION 
 
 OF THE SOLDIERS OF 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 IN THE 
 
 WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 
 
 AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF 
 
 STILLE CHEW AND REBECCA D. 
 
 TURNER_, HIS WIFE,, OF 
 
 W'OODBURY^ N. J., THIS 
 
 BAY IS ERECTED BY 
 SARAH R. CHEW^ 1905- 
 
50 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN 
 
 HONOR OF THE BRAVE 
 
 PENNSYLVANIANS 
 
 WHOSE LIVES WERE GIVEN FOR 
 
 THE BLESSINGS WE ENJOY, 
 
 AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF HIS 
 
 PARENTS, WIFE AND CHILDREN, 
 
 WHO NOW REST FROM THEIR LABORS, 
 
 THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY 
 
 T. BROOM BELFIELD, 
 
 JUNE 19, 1906. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD, 
 
 IN HONOR OF THE UNFALTERING HEROISM 
 
 OF THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY 
 
 AND THE BRAVE VIRGINIANS 
 
 WHO SO FAITHFULLY STOOD BY HIM 
 
 IN THIS VALLEY, 
 
 AND IN SINCERE APPRECIATION OF 
 
 THE DEVOTION OF THE 
 
 CHURCHMEN OF THE 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 
 
 TO THE MISSIONS OF THE CHURCH, 
 
 AND ESPECIALLY IN GIVING THEMSELVES 
 
 TO THIS GREAT CAUSE, 
 
 THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY 
 
 GEORGE CLIFFORD THOMAS, 
 
 JUNE 19, 1907 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 5I 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF ALMIGHTY GOD 
 IN HONOUR OF THE BRAVE TROOPS OF 
 MARYLAND 
 WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR THEIR 
 COUNTRY, AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF 
 ABRAHAM DAVID MITCHELL, 
 OF MARYLAND, 
 AND JANE THOMPSON EVANS, HIS WIFE, 
 THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY THEIR SON, 
 JAMES EVANS MITCHELL, 
 IQ08 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD, 
 
 IN HONOR OF THEIR ANCESTORS 
 
 AND IN LASTING MEMORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SOLDIERS OF MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 ENCAMPED AT VALLEY FORGE DURING 
 
 THE WINTER OF I777-I778, 
 
 THIS BAY IS ERECTED BY THE 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY, 
 
 SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 1909. 
 
52 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD 
 
 AND 
 
 IN HONOR OF THE MEN OF 
 
 DELAWARE, 
 
 WHO, 
 
 BY PATIENT ENDURANCE, 
 
 CHEERFUL SELF SACRIFICE 
 
 AND FEARLESS DEVOTION 
 
 TO DUTY IN CAMP 
 
 AND BY BRAVERY ON 
 
 THE FIELD OF BATTLE, 
 
 HELPED WIN FOR US 
 
 A COUNTRY 
 
 AND FOR THEMSELVES 
 
 A DEATHLESS FAME 
 
 THIS BAY IS ERECTED 
 
 FOR THE DELAWARE 
 
 SOCIETY, SONS OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
 
 BY GEORGE A. ELLIOTT 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY 
 
 I912. 
 
 The Washington Memorial Door. — The porch door 
 is the gift of Colonial Chapter, Daughters of the Revolution, 
 and is one O'f the handsomest memorials at Valley Forge. On 
 the top rail are seven shields with armorial bearings. In the 
 center are the Washington arms, and to the right those of the 
 United States, Virginia, and the insignia of the Daughters of 
 the Revolution. To the left are those of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, the Diocese of Virginia, and the seal of the 
 Washington Memorial Chapel. On the inner side are the arms 
 of the Washingtons and the English families with which they 
 intermarried. 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 53 
 
 The door is the gift of Colonial Chapter, Daughters of the 
 Revolution, and was dedicated May 13, 1910. It bears the fol- 
 lowing inscription, carved in the upper stiles : 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD^ OUR NATION'S HONOUR AND 
 
 THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON^ THIS DOOR IS 
 
 GIVEN BY COLONIAL CHAPTER, PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY, 
 
 DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 The Washington Memorial Door. 
 
54 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The Porch. The porch was built by All Saints' Sun- 
 day School, Norristown, which pledged the first one hundred 
 dollars toward the erection of the chapel. At the entrance 
 the effort has been made to emphasize the religious character 
 
 The Interior of the Chapel. 
 
 of Washington. The inscription cut in the wall on the right 
 is taken from the General Orders at Valley Forge, in which in 
 arranging the hour of Divine Service for the army he said: 
 
 % 
 "While we are zealously performing the Duties 
 of go'od Citizens and Soldiers, we certainly ought 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 55 
 
 not to be inattentive to the higher Duties of Re- 
 ligion. To the distinguished Character of Patriot 
 it should be our highest Glory to add the more 
 distinguished Character of Christian." 
 
 The inscription on the left is taken from the Farewell Ad- 
 dress, and is as follows : 
 
 "Of all the Dispositions and Habits which lead 
 to political Prosperity, Religion and Morality are 
 indispensable Supports. In vain would that Man 
 claim the Tribute of Patriotism who should labor 
 to subvert these great Pillars of human happiness, 
 these firmest props of the Duties of Men and 
 Citizens." 
 
 In the windows has been placed Washington's valedictory 
 prayer for the people of the United States : 
 
 "I commend the interests of our dearest country 
 to the protection of Almighty God, and those who 
 have the superintendence of them to His holy keep- 
 ing." 
 
 In each window there is an ecclesiastical seal, the four 
 symbolizing the communion of the Anglican Church, of which 
 Washington was a member and from which he received his re- 
 ligious training. Following the order of the inscription they 
 are : York and Canterbury, representing the Church of Eng- 
 land; London, under whose bishop were the English communi- 
 cants in the American Colonies, and the House of Bishops of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of Amer- 
 ica, which, after the Revolution, succeeded to the property and 
 rights of the English Church in this country. 
 
 The carved oak ceiling bears the arms of Washington, 
 from which it has been claimed that the American flag has 
 been derived. Our flag was developed from that of Great 
 Britain, first by the substitution of the red and white stripes 
 
The Washington-Sullivan Font. 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 57 
 
 for the red ground, as representative of the confederated Colo- 
 nies, and, secondly, by the substitution of the circle of thirteen 
 stars for the red St. George's cross and the white St. Andrew's. 
 
 The Washington-Sullivan Font. — To the right of the 
 doorway stands the beautiful Washington-Sullivan font, of In- 
 diana limestone. On each face of the octagonal bowl are carved 
 the Washington arms, and on the angles shields bearing the 
 Crusader's crass, symbolizing the Christian's warfare against the 
 world, the flesh and the devil. The font was the gift of Mr. 
 and Mrs. William M. Sullivan, in memory of their son, Ralph, 
 and in commemoration of Washington's baptism. The inscrip- 
 tion of dedication is on the base : 
 
 "To the Glory of God and in loving Memory 
 of Ralph J. Sullivan, 1890-1903. The Gift of his 
 Parents." 
 
 The inscription on the wall back of the font is most inter- 
 esting, as it includes the record of Washington's birth and bap- 
 tism as recorded by him in his mother's Bible. His baptismal 
 robe is preserved in the National Museum at Washington. The 
 inscription : 
 
 "George Washington was made a Member of 
 Christ, the Child of God, and an Inheritor of the 
 Kingdom of Heaven, in the Sacrament of Holy 
 Baptism Ministered according to the Use of The 
 Church of England, whereof this Font is a Memo- 
 rial, and this the Record: George Washington, Son 
 of Augustine & Mary, his Wife, was Born ye nth 
 Day of February, 173^ about 10 in the Morning & 
 was Baptized on the 3th of April following, Mr. Bev- 
 erly Whiting & Cap't Christopher Brooks God- 
 fathers and Mrs. Mildred Gregory Godmother." 
 
 The font was dedicated by the Rt, Rev. Robert A. Gibson, 
 Bishop of Virginia, June 19, 1907. 
 
58 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Pews of the Patriots. — The pews are known as the 
 "Pews of the Patriots," and are said to be unequaled in America. 
 They were designed by ]\Ir. Milton Bennett Medary, Jr., the 
 architect of the chapel, who has designed all the furnishings, 
 
 
 L 
 
 1 1 
 
 , 1 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 yp-? 
 
 ^ ^j^M 
 
 I^B^ 
 
 
 11^ 1 
 
 -- 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 The Mator-Gexerals' Screen. 
 
 and great care has been exercised to make them worthy memo- 
 rials. On the base of each pew are carved either the family 
 arms, the insignia of a patriotic society or the Colonial seal 
 or State arms. The inscriptions are well worth studying. 
 
 The Presidents' Pew bears the arms of the United States, 
 the seal of the President and the Pearson arms. It is given 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 59 
 
 in memory of Washington and Monroe, who were at Valley 
 Forge and later became Presidents, and commemorates the ad- 
 dress of President Roosevelt, the first President to visit this 
 sacred ground. 
 
 The Brigadier-Generals' Screen. 
 
 The seats in the chapel are all free, as it is a House of 
 Prayer for all people. It is maintained by the voluntary con- 
 tributions of the worshippers. 
 
 The Pew Screens. — In front of the Pews of the Patri- 
 ots are elaborately carved screens. That in front of the Presi- 
 
6o GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 dents' Pew was given by Nancy Delia Benjamin Pearson in 
 honor of Washington and his Major-Generals at Valley Forge, 
 and in memory of her parents, Benaiah Benjamin and Eliza- 
 l)eth Noyes. That in front of the Shippen Pew was given by 
 Elizabeth Swift and Sarah Swift Zulich in honor of Washing- 
 ton and his Brigadier-Generals at Valley Forge, and in memory 
 of their parents, Samuel Swift and Mary Ann Swift. As Wash- 
 ington spoke so frequently of the Providence of God as direct- 
 ing the destiny of the American patriots, this is symbolized by 
 angels at prayer. These are carved in oak and kneel on the 
 buttresses. Below in the panels are thirteen flags of the Revo- 
 lution, carved and colored. On the Major-Generals' screen, 
 from left to right, they are : The flags of the 3d New York, 
 ist Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Light Horse, Commander-in- 
 Chief's Life Guard, Commander-in-Chiefs standard, the Grand 
 Union, the National standard, an earlier form of the National 
 standard, the Rattlesnake flag, flag of the Floating Batteries, 
 the Eutaw standard, the Pulaski standard, and the flag of the 
 Bedford Minute Men. On the base of the screens are thirteen 
 shields, that in the middle inscribed with the name of Washing- 
 ton, to the left the arms of the United States, and to the right 
 the Washington arms. The names of the generals are in the 
 following order : Lee, Sullivan, Greene, De Kalb, St. Clair, 
 Lafayette, Steuben, Duportail, Sterling and Knox. 
 
 General Charles Lee was a traitor when Washington wel- 
 comed him to Valley Forge, so his name on the shield has been 
 partly obliterated. 
 
 The other screen bears the following flags : The flag ot 
 the 2d Rhode Island Regiment, the Westmoreland County Bat- 
 talion (Pa.), two flags of the 2d New Hampshire Regiments, 
 2d Regiment Light Dragoons, the Rattlesnake flag of South 
 Carolina, the Pine Tree flag of New England, the Fort Moul- 
 trie flag, flag of the Bucks of America, Webb's Connecticut 
 Regiment, Talmadge's Dragoons, 2d Regiment 2d Connecticut 
 Battalion and the ist Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 The following Brigadier-Generals are commemorated : Mc- 
 intosh, Maxwell, Poor, Glover, Patterson, Wayne, Varnum, 
 Woodford, Muhlenberg, Weedon, Scott, Learned and Hunting- 
 ton. 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 6i 
 
 The Presidents' Pew. 
 
 The following scheme shows the arrangement of the pews 
 and screens and the patriots commemorated : 
 
 Altar. 
 
 A. The Major-Generals' Screen — Nancy Delia Benjamin 
 Pearson. 
 
 B. The Brigadier-Generals' Screen — Elizabeth Swift and 
 Sarah Swift Zulich. 
 
 The Presidents' Pew — William Henry Pearson. 
 
 Jo'seph Shippen Pew — William H. Swift, Elizabeth Swift, 
 Sarah Swift Zulich and Joseph Sv/ift. 
 
 Samuel Runk Pew — Emma Ten Broeck Runk, Louis Bar- 
 croft Runk, 
 
62 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 4. Thomas Cummings Pew — Sarah Swift Zulich, Mary J. Rinek. 
 
 Thomas Cummings Zulich, Thomas Cummings Zulich, Jr. 
 
 5. Benjamin Franklin Pew — His descendants.* 
 
 6. Christopher and Christinia Pechin Pew — Lilla Sellers Pechin, 
 
 Mary Pechin Bliss. 
 
 7. Col. Patrick Anderson Pew — His descendants. 
 
 8. Col. William Dewees Pew — W. Dewees Wood, Alan Wood, 
 
 Jr., Howard Wood, Thomas Roberts, William M. Potts, 
 Francis Potts. 
 
 9. Jacob and John Kingsbury Pew — Frederick John Kingsbury. 
 ID. Continental Army Pew — Colorado Society, Daughters of the 
 
 Revolution. 
 
 11. Richard Currie Pew — His descendants. 
 
 12. Gen. James Potter Pew — Alan D. Wilson. 
 
 13. Col. Clement Biddle Pew — His great-grandchildren. 
 
 14. The Hussey Pew — Edward Hussey Binns. 
 
 15. Rev. Robert Blackwell Pew— Elise W. Balch. 
 
 16. Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch Pew — Elise W. Balch. 
 
 17. Col. John Nixon Pew — Ellen Wain Harrison. 
 
 18. Capt. Timothy Corey, Caleb Gardner and John Downmg 
 
 Pew — Lizzie G. Corey Gerry. 
 
 19. Col. James Livingston Pew — Margaret Wilkeson Corson. 
 
 20. John Morton Pew — Delaware County Chapter, Daughters 
 
 of the American Revolution. 
 
 21. Capt. John Douglas Pew — Ellen Douglas Carpenter Bennett. 
 
 22. Betty Washington Pew — Fannie B. Lovell. 
 
 23. Dr. James Hutchinson Pew — His descendants. 
 
 24. Continental Navy Pew — Liberty Bell Chapter, Daughters of 
 
 the Revolution. 
 
 25. Capt. James Hunter Pew — ]\Irs. Daniel Baugh. 
 
 The Memorial Tablets. — The tablet on the left wall is 
 of carved brass, and was given by Miss Rhoda Augusta Thomp- 
 son, in memory of her father, who came to Valley Forge as a 
 drummer boy when only sixteen. Inscription : 
 
 "To the Glory of God and in Memory of Thad- 
 deus Thompson, of Connecticut. Born March 5, 
 
 * Not placed. 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 63 
 
 1762; Died June 16, 1829. Who faithfully served his 
 Country as Drummer-boy and Bombardier during 
 the Revolution, enduring the hardships of Valley 
 Forge, and being wounded at Yorktown. This Tab- 
 let is erected by his Daughter, Rhoda Augusta 
 Thompson, in grateful Remembrance of a loving 
 Father, a loyal Patriot, and a devout Churchman." 
 
 The Thaddeus Thompson Tablet. 
 
 The tablet was dedicated on the 19th of December, 1906, 
 the one hundred and twenty-ninth anniversary of his coming 
 to Valley Forge with the American army. 
 
 The tablet on the right is in memory of John Benjamin, 
 bombardier, and was given by his great-granddaughter, Mrs. 
 William Henry Pearson. Its dedication took place on June 19, 
 1908. It bears the following inscription : 
 
 "With Thanksgiving unto Almighty God and in 
 loving Memory of John Benjamin, of Massachusetts, 
 February 5, 1758; died December 2, 1814. Artillerist 
 in the Continental Army, giving to his beloved 
 Country a Service of Seven Years and sharing the 
 Privations of Valley Forge, this Tablet in tribute 
 of his Honor, his Valor and his faithful Life, is 
 erected by his Granddaughter, Nancy Delia Benjamin 
 Pearson." 
 The plaster casts on the sanctuary wall were made by Miss 
 Martha M. Hovenden, the talented daughter of the famous 
 
64 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 American artist, Thomas Hovenden. The tablet near the font 
 commemorates the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 The Spirit of Liberty holds the scroll on which is inscribed the 
 message of the Liberty Bell : 
 
 "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto 
 all the inhabitants thereof." 
 
 ii!iRt:iT-jiijii\ijiiMiHiii^7iiihin^nniii>ri[F;i![»i3iL^^ffl 
 >:m\ miimmmmwimi'im . uiiiiwiiuiiMDiiiimiMri'airriMa 
 'i^Eiiit-AiH'irieiiRiiiiiirirwfiBiiT.fliTiiiwfliuMr^^^^^^ 
 
 The John Benjamin Tablet. 
 
 In the upper corners there are medallion portraits of George 
 Mason, the author of the Bill of Rights, and Thomas Jefferson, 
 the author of the Declaration of Independence. Below these are 
 the names of the Signers. 
 
 The second tablet bears the figure of the Spirit of Unity, 
 holding the great seal of the United States encircled with an 
 olive wreath. The medallions contain the portraits of James 
 Madison, "the Father of the Constitution," and Alexander Hamil- 
 ton, its exponent. The names of the Framers are arranged by 
 States, each marked with the State arms. 
 
 It is hoped that the money required to cast these tablets in 
 bronze may be secured in the near future, that they may be 
 given enduring form. 
 
 The Washington-Wood Pulpit, Lectern and Per- 
 close. — At the entrance to the choir is the Washington- Wood 
 memorial, consisting of the pulpit, lectern and perclose, all of 
 Indiana limestone, the gift of Mrs. Alan Wood, Jr. The in- 
 scription of dedication is carved on the steps as follows : 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 65 
 
 "To the Glory of God and in Memory of Alan 
 Wood, Jr. July 6, 1834; October 31, 1902. And in 
 Commemorati(^ of George Washington, Warden of 
 Truro Parish, Virginia, and Lay Reader in the 
 French and Indian War." 
 
 The pulpit follows the lines of the Washington-Sullivan 
 font, and is remarkable for its grace and dignity. It bears the 
 arms of Washington and the Crusaders' cross, both of which 
 are used most effectively in the decoration of the sermon desk of 
 cast bronze. The buttresses, and the deep-cut canopies, with 
 their groined arches and carved corbels, are used with excellent 
 effect. The inscription on the base is : 
 
 "George Washington was first appointed Church 
 Warden in Truro Parish, October 3, 1763." 
 
 The lectern is the only monument at Valley Forge to a 
 British soldier. It commemorates Washington's service as Gen- 
 eral Braddock's aide-de-camp in his ill-fated expedition against 
 the French, and especially his last tribute to his dead chief, as 
 recorded in the following words : 
 
 "George Washington read the Prayer Book Office 
 for the Burial of the Dead at the Interment of 
 Major-General Edward Braddock, July 14, 1755." 
 
 The Washington arms are carved on the center of the 
 desk. On the left is an eagle holding the Bible, symbolic 
 of the Church, while on the right is another holding a shield 
 bearing the arms of the United States, symbolic of the State. 
 
 This handsome memorial was dedicated on Washington's 
 Birthday, 1909, when for the first time in history a representative 
 of the King of England made an address at Valley Forge. His 
 Britannic Majesty's Consul, the Hon. Wilfred Powell, grace- 
 fully acknowledged the honor paid to the English nation in 
 the memorial of Washington, the British soldier, and spoke 
 of the Washington Memorial Chapel as the American West- 
 minster. 
 
 The Rt. Rev. Cortlandt Whitehead, D. D., Bishop of Pitts- 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 67 
 
 biirgh, in whose diocese Washington acted as an English chaplain, 
 delivered an able address on "General Washington as a Church- 
 man." 
 
 The Washington-Burk Memorial. — On Easter Day, 
 1912, was dedicated the W^ashington-Burk Memorial, given in 
 
 The Pulpit and Lectern. 
 
 memory of the late Abbie J. Reeves Burk, wife of the Rev. 
 W. Herbert Burk. The memorial is the bronze statuette "Val- 
 ley Forge," the work of the famous American sculptor, Frank- 
 lin Simmons, and was cast by G. Nisini, in Rome. It is 
 pronounced the finest statue of Washington since Houdon's 
 wonderful work preserved in the capitol at Richmond. The 
 statuette sets in a richly carved canopied niche by the lectern. 
 Engraved on the statuette is the following inscription: 
 
68 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 in thankful remembrance of 
 
 god's gracious support 
 
 of his servant 
 
 george washington 
 
 in his days of trial at 
 
 valley forge 
 
 and in loving memory of 
 
 abbie j. reeves burk 
 
 whose patriotism and devotion 
 
 are embodied in this chapel 
 
 this statuette is given by her friends 
 
 EASTER, I912 
 
 As this chapel was inspired by Washington's Prayer at 
 Valley Forge it will be an appropriate place in which to read 
 the story as it has been preserved in the traditions of the de- 
 scendants from Isaac Potts, who first told it. This account is 
 taken from a paper in the handwriting of Ruth Anna, his 
 daughter. 
 
 The incident evidently occurred before Washington made 
 the Potts home his headquarters, so the place of prayer was 
 probably somewhere on the slopes of Mount Joy. 
 
 'Tn 1777, while the American army lay at Valley Forge, a 
 good old Quaker by the name of Potts had occasion to pass 
 through a thick wood near headquarters. As he traversed the 
 dark brown forest, he heard, at a distance before him, a voice 
 which as he advanced became more fervid and interested. Ap- 
 proaching with slowness and circumspection, whom should he 
 behold in a dark bower, apparently formed for the purpose, but 
 the Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the United Colonies 
 on his knees in the act of devotion to the Ruler of the uni- 
 verse ! At the moment when Friend Potts, concealed by the 
 trees, came up, Washington was interceding for his beloved 
 country. With tones of gratitude that labored for adequate 
 expression, he adored that exuberant goodness which, from 
 the depth of obscurity, had exalted him to the head of a 
 great nation, and that nation fighting at fearful odds for all 
 the world holds dear. 
 
 "He utterly disclaimed all ability of his own for this arduous 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 69 
 
 conflict; he wept at the thought of that irretrievable rum 
 which his mistakes might bring on his country, and with 
 the patriot's pathos spreading the interests of unborn millions 
 before the eye of Eternal Mercy, he implored the aid of that 
 arm which guides the starry host. Soon as the General had 
 finished his devotions and had retired, Friend Potts returned 
 to his house, and threw himself into a chair by the side of his 
 wife. 
 
 Washington at Prayer at Valley Forge. 
 
 "'Hegh! Isaac!' said she with tenderness, 'thee seems agi- 
 tated; what's the matter?' 'Indeed, my dear,' quoth he, 'if I 
 appear agitated 'tis no more than what I am. I have seen this 
 day what I shall never forget Till now I have thought that a 
 Christian and a soldier were characters incompatible; but if 
 George Washington be not a man of God, I am mistaken, and 
 still more shall I be disappointed if God do not through him 
 perform some great thing for this country.' " 
 
 (Isaac Potts was then 27, having been married at the age 
 
/' 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 of 20, at Plymouth Meeting, 6th December, 1770, to Martha, 
 daughter of Samuel and Mary (Livezy) Bolton, born May 28, 
 1750.) 
 
 The Porch of the Allies. — The door on the left opens 
 upon the frame passage to the Museum of American History. 
 This temporary structure will in time give place to a noble porch, 
 corresponding to the Cloister of the Colonies. Two of the bays, 
 those in memory of De Kalb and Steuben, have been promised 
 by the National German-American Alliance. The central bay 
 will form the entrance to the Patriots' Hall and will be in 
 memory of Lafayette. The others have not been named. The 
 porch will terminate in the Thanksgiving Tower. 
 
 The Thanksgiving Tower. — The Thanksgiving Tower 
 will be the most prominent feature of the Valley Forge memo- 
 rial, and will be seen from all parts of the encampmentt. It 
 will be 24 feet square and 100 feet high. Its entrance will be 
 at the end of the "Porch of the Allies" farthest from the 
 chapel, and will form the approach to the large assembly hall 
 and museum in the second floor of the Patriots' Hall. The tower 
 will be built of Holmesburg granite to correspond with the other 
 buildings, and the cut stone will be Indiana limestone. It will 
 be lined with the latter material, and will contain memorial 
 tablets. 
 
 The stairway to the second floor and to the bell floor will be 
 of granite with a railing of bronze. Each step will be a memo- 
 rial of an American patriot. The memorial tablets will be set on 
 the risers, and these "Steps of Fame" will be of the deepest 
 historic interest. 
 
 There will be thirteen bells in the chime, each representing 
 one of the original colonies, and bearing an inscription of dedi- 
 cation cast in the bell. It is probable that all these bells will 
 be memorials. 
 
 The roof of the tower will be used as an observatory, and 
 will be surro'unded by a turreted wall. Surmounting the whole 
 structure will be the staff for the flag, and the tower and flag 
 will form one of the landmarks at Valley Forge. 
 
 The Patriots' Hall. — A very important part of the group 
 of buildings which has been planned in connection with the Wash- 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 71 
 
 ington ]\Iemorial Chapel is the Patriots' Hall. The ever-growing 
 interest in Valley Forge, and the enlargement and improvement 
 of the Park, annually increase the 
 number of patriotic pilgrims who find 
 inspiration in the hills and valleys 
 consecrated by the struggle of Wash- 
 ington and his starving troops. Pa- 
 triotic and historical societies desire 
 to hold their meetings on this sacred 
 soil. To make this possible, and at 
 the same time to provide for the com- 
 fort and convenience of large gath- 
 erings, ' was designed the Patriots' 
 Hall, memorial to the patriots of the 
 past, the common meeting-place of 
 the patriots of the present. 
 
 This will be connected with the 
 Washington Memorial Chapel, and 
 will contain on the first floor the ves- 
 try and choir rooms, etc., for the use 
 of the clergy and choirs of the 
 Chapel. The public rooms will be a 
 banquet hall and museums. The 
 former will be connected with ample 
 kitchens on the floor below, and will 
 be at the service of such societies as 
 choose to spend a day at Valley 
 Forge. 
 
 On the second floor there will be 
 a hall arranged to accommodate sev- 
 eral hundred people. Its windows 
 will be memorials of those whose 
 patriotism was worthy of emulation. 
 Around its walls will be the cases 
 for a collection of objects "illustra- 
 tive of American history. 
 
 The Porch of the Allies and the 
 Thanksgiving Tower will form the 
 entrances to the Patriots' Hall. 
 
 The Patriots' Hall, 
 
 Porch of the Allies 
 
 AND Thanksgiving 
 
 Tower 
 
']2 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 During the summer of 1908 the first room of the Patriots' 
 Hall was built, with a kitchen and dining-room in the basement 
 below it. It is fireproof, and for the present is used for the 
 Museum and Library. Another room will be built as soon as 
 possible, as the collections are growing so rapidly that the first 
 room is already overcrowded. 
 
 The Valley Forge Museum of American History. — 
 
 The Valley Forge Museum of American History was formally 
 opened to the public on Washington's Birthday, 1909, and has 
 steadily grown in value and historic importance. The collec- 
 tions are divided into the following groups : 
 
 The Aboriginal Period — 
 
 The Rev. Jesse Y. Burk Collection of Indian Relics. 
 The William S. Green and William L. Fox Collection of 
 Indian Relics. 
 
 The Colonial Period. 
 
 The War of the Revolution — 
 
 Washington's Marquee. 
 
 Washingtoniana. 
 
 Valley Forge Collection. 
 
 The Mary Regina Brice Collection of Documents. 
 
 The Period of Construction. 
 The Civil War. 
 
 The Dr. Louis W. Read Collection. 
 The Spanish-American War. 
 
 The Spear Collection. 
 
 General. 
 
 The Lilla S. Pechin American Stamp Collection. 
 
 The Mary Elizabeth Schofield Collection. 
 
 The Reginald L. Hart Collection of Military Buttons. 
 
 "The Lilla S. Pechin Stamp Collection" is one of the most 
 complete collections of the stamps of the United States in the 
 country. 
 
 "The Valley Forge Collection" is not large, but additions 
 are frequently made to it. 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 73 
 
 The Flag of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the 
 
 United States. Original in the Valley Forge Museum 
 
 OF American History. 
 
 "The Washingtoniana" is admirably representative. There 
 are several letters of Washington ; a lock of his hair pre- 
 sented to Alexander Hamilton ; a button presented to James 
 Wilson Peale, who painted his portrait at Valley Forge; frag- 
 ments of his first tomb and coffin; piece of molding from 
 Pohick Church, which he built, etc. 
 
 The greatest relics of Washington are his marquee and 
 headquarters' flag. 
 
 Among the treasures of the museum are the original cheque 
 for $120,000, paid to General Lafayette for his services during 
 the Revolution, a fragment of the Liberty Bell, Patrick Henry's 
 silver hot-plate holder, a Continental uniform, a Valley Forge 
 musket, Andrew Jackson's leather stock, relics of the ''Maine," 
 etc. 
 
74 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The donor of the Alary Elizabeth Schofield Collection is 
 constantly adding articles of historic value. The most recent 
 acquisitions are from the Howard Pyle collection — original uni- 
 forms and costumes used by the artist in his studies of Colonial 
 life. 
 
 The museum is intended to' illustrate the development of the 
 American nation, and every effort is being made to increase its 
 educational value. It is used by teachers to illustrate and im- 
 press the lessons in American history. 
 
 The museum is supported by contributions from three classes 
 of contributors: Perpetual patrons, who give $200 or more; life 
 patrons, who give $50, and benefactors, who give $1 or more 
 annually. 
 
 Perpetual Patrons. 
 Miss Sarah R. Chew. 
 ]\Irs. Ann Hunter Wood (j\Irs. Alan Wood). In memoriam. 
 
 Life Patrons. 
 Mrs. Erastus Gaylord Putnam, New Jersey, 
 Mr. William Henry Pearson, Alassachusetts. 
 Mrs. Elervey C. Gresh, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Washington's Marquee — The First Valley Forge 
 Headquarters. — By far the greatest relic of Washington at 
 Valley Forge is his marquee, or office and sleeping tent, in 
 which he spent his first week upon these hills. 
 
 George Washington Parke Custis, Washington's adopted 
 son, counted Washington's tent the greatest treasure of Arling- 
 ton House and the most precious heirloom of the Father of 
 his Country. This "Pretorium of Valor," as it has been called, 
 has had a remarkable history, which may be briefly summarized 
 as follows : 
 
 The sleeping tent and larger dining-tent were made in 
 Philadelphia, 1775, and first set up on Dorchester Heights. 
 
 Throughout the War of the Revolution these tents were 
 used in the campaigns, and even when Washington occupied a 
 house as his headquarters the sleeping-tent was set up for his 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 75 
 
 private use. Within it he planned his campaigns, consulted with 
 his officers, wrote letters and drafted despatches, slept and 
 prayed. 
 
 After the war the tent was first stored in the garret at 
 Mount Vernon. Later, when Mr. Custis built Arlington House, 
 the tents were carried there and stored. Before his death Mr. 
 Custis presented the dining-tent to the Government. 
 
 At the death of Mr. Custis the sleeping-tent with the other 
 relics of Washington and the Arlington estate were inherited 
 by his daughter, Mrs. Robert E. Lee. 
 
 Copyright by Harper & Brother. 
 
 Washington's War Tents, 1852. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the Civil War Lee resigned his 
 commission in the United States army, and became commander- 
 in-chief of the Confederate army. Mrs. Lee left Arlington 
 House, and later the estate was seized by the Union army. The 
 tent and other relics of Washington were removed to Wash- 
 ington, and by order of Secretary Stanton were transferred to 
 the Interior Department and placed on exhibition in the Patent 
 Office. 
 
 Mrs. Lee appealed to President Johnson in 1869 for the 
 restoration o-f these personal relics of Washington, and the 
 order for their transfer was given, but the House of Repre- 
 sentatives interfered. 
 
/' 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The tent and other relics were removed to the National 
 Museum in 1883. 
 
 Under the administration of President McKinley, the relics 
 were restored to the family. 
 
 On May 27, 1907, the Rev. W. Herbert Burk, Minister in 
 Charge of the Washington Memorial Chapel, secured from Miss 
 Mary Custis Lee, the daughter of Mrs. Robert E. Lee, and the 
 owner of the tent, an option for its purchase at $5000, and on 
 August 19, 1909, made the first payment of $500, contributed by 
 friends of the chapel, and received the tent, minus one-half of 
 the side wall, from Miss Lee's representative and the curators 
 of the National Museum. The following day, one hundred and 
 thirty-one years after it was carried from Valley Forge, it was 
 set up in the Valley Forge Museum of American History. 
 
 By the terms of the contract the balance of $4500 is tO' be 
 paid within five years, the tent to be exhibited for the purpose 
 of raising that amount. Miss Lee will devote the proceeds to 
 the support of the "Old Confederate Woman's Home," in Rich- 
 mond, of which she is the president. 
 
 Washington's Headquarters' Flag. — ^liss Fannie B. 
 Lovell has loaned the flag of the Commander-in-Chief of the 
 American Army, — the flag that went with the marquee through 
 the conflicts of the Revolution. It is of faded blue silk, with 
 thirteen white stars, six-pointed, instead of five, and has the 
 original homespun linen heading. The stars follow the lines 
 of the crosses of the King's colors, the flag carried by every 
 British regiment. 
 
 The Washington Memorial Library. — In connection 
 with the Washington Memorial Chapel and the Valley Forge 
 Museum of American History a great library has been planned 
 as a memorial of Washington the Booklover. As its volumes 
 will represent the nation's development, and will contain the 
 record of its progress, it will be a fitting memorial of the 
 Father of his Country. Each State is to be represented by books 
 of history and biography. It will be a library of reference for 
 historical research. 
 
 Two of its features are worthy of notice. The first is its 
 Collection of Association Books. These include volumes owned 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 17 
 
 by the Washingtons, George Mason, author of the "Bill of 
 Rights"; James Wilson, Signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence; Gen. Philip Schuyler, Peter S. Du Ponceau, Francis As- 
 bury, James Madison and others. 
 
 In this collection is the library of the Rev. Andrew Hunter, 
 who preached the sermon when the French Alliance was cele- 
 brated at Valley Forge. 
 
 The second feature is the 
 Collection of Authors' Presenta- 
 tion Copies, presented to the 
 library in honor of Washington, 
 and forming the American Au- 
 thors' Memorial of Washington. 
 This collection includes gifts from 
 such well-known authors as Ly- 
 man Abbott, Cyrus Townsend 
 Brady, Andrew Carnegie, Mar- 
 garet Deland, Kate Douglas Wig- 
 gin Riggs, Albert Bushnell Hart, 
 George lies, Henry Cabot Lodge, 
 Hamilton W. Mabie, Alfred 
 Thayer Mahan, Edwin Markham, 
 Horace Howard Furness, Clinton 
 Scollard, Henry Van Dyke and 
 Woodrow Wilson. 
 
 The bookplate of the library 
 is a reproduction of Washing- 
 ton's, with the addition of the 
 words, "The Washington Library. 
 Valley Forge." 
 
 In time a suitable library 
 building will be erected on the site 
 first adopted as that for the rec- 
 tory. 
 
 The Washington Memorial 
 Library Book-Plate. 
 
/O GUIDE TO VALLEY F(JRGE. 
 
 The Endowment Fund for tlie support of the librar}^ now 
 amounts to nearly one thousand dollars, this whole amount 
 having- been secured l)y George Barrie & Sons through the 
 sale of the Washington ^^lemorial Edition of "The History of 
 North America." 
 
 The First Chapel. — To the east of the stone chapel 
 stands the little frame one which has become famous as the 
 place in which President Roosevelt made a notable speech on the 
 
 The First Chapel. 
 
 one hundred and twenty-sixth anniversary of the evacuation. 
 This was the only time that a President of the United States 
 visited Valley Forge. 
 
 The President spoke on the lessons of Gettysburg and 
 Valley Forge, and in the course of his address said : 
 
 'Tt is a go'od thing that these great historic landmarks of 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 79 
 
 our country, Gettysburg and Valley Forge, should be pre- 
 served ; that one should commemoTate a single tremendous ef- 
 fort, and the other what we need, on the whole, much more — 
 much more commonly — and which is a more difficult thing — 
 constant effort. Only men with a touch of the heroic could 
 have lasted out that three days' wrestle at Gettysburg; only 
 men fitted to rank with the great men of all times could have 
 beaten back the mighty onslaught of that gallant and wonderful 
 army of Northern Virginia, whose final, supreme effort failed 
 at the stone wall, on Cemetery Hill, on that July day, now 
 forty-one years ago. 
 
 "But, after all, hard as it is to rise to the supreme height of 
 self-sacrifice at a time of crisis that is brief ; hard as it is to 
 make the single, great effort, it is harder yet to rise to the 
 level of a crisis when it takes the form of a need of constant, 
 patient, steady work, month after month, year after year; 
 when, too, it does not end after a struggle in a glorious day 
 of victory; when, too, triumph is wrested bitterly away at the 
 end. 
 
 "Here at Valley Forge, Washington and his Continentals 
 warred, not against foreign soldiery, but against themselves ; 
 against all the appeals of our nature that are most difficult to 
 resist; against discouragement, discontent, the mean envies 
 and jealousies and heartburnings sure to arise at any time in 
 large bodies of men, but especially when defeat and disaster 
 have come to them; when the soldiers who carried our national 
 flag had suffered from cold, from privation, from hardship, 
 knowing that their foes were well housed, that things went 
 easier with the others than they did with them ; and they con- 
 quered because they had in them the spirit that made them 
 steadfast, not only on an occasional great day, but day after 
 day, in a life of endeavor to do their duty well." 
 
 The other speakers on this occasion, one of the most 
 memorable in the history of Valley Forge, were the Rt. Rev. 
 Leighton Coleman, Bishop of Delaware; the Hon. Wayne Mac- 
 Veagh, and the Hon. Irving P. Wanger. 
 
 On September lo, 1905, the little chapel was again honored 
 when Vice-President Fairbanks made an eloquent address on the 
 
8o GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE, 
 
 "Value of Prayer," instancing the prayers of Washington, Lin- 
 coln and McKinley. The last noted speaker heard here was 
 the Rt. Rev. James Heartt VanBuren, D. D., Missionary Bishop 
 of Porto Rico, who spoke of Valley Forge as "the Holy of 
 Holies of the American people." 
 
 The chapel was first used for service on September 27, 
 1903, when the sermon was preached by the Rev. Herbert J. 
 Cook, Dean of the Convocation of Norristown. Since February 
 22, 1906, the building has been used by the Sunday School. 
 
 The Grounds. — The "Betsy Ross" flag is one of the most 
 popular memorials at Valley Forge, and was first raised on the 
 morning of June 19, 1903. On the staff has been placed the 
 following inscription : 
 
 THIS 
 
 FLAG AND STAFF 
 
 ARE A MEMORIAL OF 
 
 BETSY ROSS 
 
 A MEMBER OF 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 WHO MADE THE FIRST FLAG 
 
 OF OUR NATION 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 ALL saints' SUNDAY SCHOOL 
 
 NORRISTOWN, PA. 
 
 From the happy suggestion made by the late Mrs. Abbie J. 
 Reeves Burk, wife of the founder, came the practice of flying 
 the flag at the times of service. At first this was the only 
 form of announcing the services, but even since the bell was 
 given by St. Andrew's Sunday School, Philadelphia, the practice 
 has continued and is now the established custom. 
 
 The cannon at the entrance to the grounds have seen 
 service. The larger one is a King George piece, bearing the 
 broad arrow and the rust-covered ■ monogram. 
 
 An attractive picnic ground will be found back of the Chapel, 
 and is free to the public. Beyond the grove is a campground, 
 
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL. 
 
 8i 
 
 free to camping parties who secure a permit from the Rector 
 of the Chapel. 
 
 The driveway, which passes through the Cloister of the 
 Colonies, leads to the Washington Memorial Cemetery and the 
 Defenders' Gate. 
 
 Next to the Chapel is the handsome estate of Mrs. Sarah - 
 Swift Zulich. The River Road below the Chapel affords beauti- 
 ful views of the river, the rich farmland, and in the far dis- 
 tance, Norristown. Rising above the trees beyond the bridge 
 are the red tile roofs and tower of the summer residence built 
 
 Colonial Seals in the Cloister. 
 
 by the late John F. Betz, of Philadelphia. The picturesque boat- 
 house at the dam is also a part of the estate. On the right in 
 the valley are quarries and limekilns and the large building used 
 by the "Ehret Magnesia Manufacturing Company." 
 
 The Provost Guard. — The only other point of interest on 
 the road is the site of the provost guard. The guardhouses 
 stood back of a small stone house on the right of the road, but 
 nothing marks their location. During the encampment these 
 houses were crowded with those who had broken the laws, many 
 of the offenders being led out to receive their punishment in 
 stripes, disgrace or death. The punishments were brutal in the 
 
82 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 extreme, "one hundred lashes on the bare back" bemg an ordi- 
 nary penalty for theft. 
 
 In the diary of Lieutenant McMichael we have this descrip- 
 tion of one of the distinctively camp punishments: "March 15. I 
 this morning proceeded to the grand parade, where I was a 
 spectator of the drumming out of Lieutenant Enslin, of Colonel 
 Malcolm's regiment. He was first drum'd from right to left of 
 the parade, thence to the left wing of the army; from that to 
 the center, and lastly transported over the Schuylkill with 
 orders never to be seen in the camp in the future. This shock- 
 ing scene was performed by all the drums and fifes in the army — 
 the coat of the delinquent was turned wrong side out." 
 
 It is a little over a mile from the chapel to the entrance 
 to the Right Line Boulevard. The distance is almost the 
 same to Betzwood, the station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 and somewhat less to Port Kennedy, on the Reading. To 
 reach the stations, turn to the left at the track, which runs to 
 the quarries, and pass through the village. The Port Ken- 
 nedy Station adjoins the Port Kennedy Inn. Betzwood is on 
 the other side of the river, and to reach it turn to the right 
 near the inn and cross the bridge. The River Road makes a 
 pleasant route to Bridgeport and Norristown. Those intend- 
 ing to make the tour of the camp should turn to the right 
 at the track at the foot of the hill and follow the road toward 
 King of Prussia. The distances as given on the signpost are 
 Bridgeport, 6 miles ; King of Prussia, 2 miles, and Valley Forge, 
 2 miles. 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 THE Right Line Boulevard. — Just beyond the village, 
 at the top of the hill, the boulevard is reached. This fol- 
 lows the line of the encampment, which was defended 
 by a breastwork, of which now there are few traces. 
 In the field to the left may still be seen the depression which 
 marks the site of a redoubt, and another will be passed on the 
 line O'f the boulevard. 
 
 The house beyond the boulevard and near Trout Creek is 
 the residence of Mrs. W. H. Keech. It was the office of the com- 
 missary and at times the headquarters of Col. Daniel Mor- 
 gan, whose military history is a series of brilliant achievements. 
 He took part in the defeat of Burgoyne, who being introduced 
 to him is said" to have exclaimed: "My dear sir, you command 
 the finest regiment in the world !" Morgan and his men reached 
 Whitemarsh in November, Gates only allowing them to come 
 to the support of the main army after Washington had sent 
 Hamilton to him with a special message. During the months 
 here Morgan and his men were actively employed in scouting 
 and foraging. 
 
 Muhlenberg's Brigade. — The entrance to the Valley 
 Forge Park is on the crest of the hill. 
 
 Within a short distance of the King of Prussia road are 
 the remains of what was locally known as "Mordecai Moore's 
 Fort," so called from being on his land. The commission has 
 placed a battery on the faintly marked redoubt, over which the 
 plow had so often passed. At this point the first huts of the 
 encampment stood, being those of Muhlenberg's Brigade of Vir- 
 ginia and Pennsylvania regiments. Their brave commander, 
 John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg was born only a few miles away, 
 at Trappe, and was the son of the famous Rev. Henry Melchior 
 Muhlenberg. He was prepared for the ministry and served as 
 pastor of Lutheran congregations. In 1772 he went to Virginia, 
 following the large German immigration from Pennsylvania and 
 other middle states. He_ went to England in order to receive 
 
 (83) 
 
84 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Episcopal ordination and on his return was rector of Wood- 
 stock. Washington asked him to accept a colonel's commission, 
 and when it was received he preached his farewell sermon, in 
 the course of which he said : "There is a time for all things — 
 a time to- preach and a time to pray — but there is also a time 
 to fight, and that time has now come." Pronouncing the bene- 
 diction he threw back his preacher's gown, disclosing the Con- 
 tinental uniform. Proceeding to the door he ordered the drums 
 to beat for recruits, the response being the enlistment of about 
 three hundred. Read's description of the scene may well be re- 
 called on such a spot as this : 
 
 A moment there was awful pause — 
 When Berkley cried, "Cease, traitor ! cease ! 
 God's temple is the house of peace !" 
 
 The other shouted, "Nay, not so, 
 When God is with our righteotis cause ; 
 His holiest places then are ours, 
 His temples are our forts and towers. 
 
 That frown upon the tyrant foe ; 
 In this, the dawn of Freedom's day, 
 There is a time to fight and pray!" 
 
 And now before the open door — 
 
 The warrior priest had ordered so — 
 The enlisting trumpet's sudden roar 
 Rang through the chapel, o'er and o'er. 
 
 Its long reverberating blow. 
 So loud and clear, it seem'd the ear 
 Of dusty death must wake and hear. 
 And there the startling drum and fife 
 Fired the living with fiercer life; 
 While overhead, with wild increase. 
 Forgetting its ancient toll of peace. 
 
 The great bell swung as ne'er before : ' 
 
 It seemed as it would never cease; 
 And every word its ardor flung 
 From off its jubilant iron tongue 
 
 Was "War! War! War!" 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 85 
 
 "Who dares" — this was the patriot's cry, 
 As striding from the desk he came — 
 
 "Come out with me, in Freedom's name. 
 For her to live, for her to die?" 
 A hundred hands flung up reply, 
 A hundred voices answered "I !" 
 
 Under such a man as that it is no wonder that his regi- 
 ment, the 8th Virginia, gained a reputation for discipline and 
 bravery, nor that he rose to honor in the service. While the 
 army lay here he often rode over to the Trappe to visit his 
 family, and stories are told of his narrow escapes from capture 
 by the British on these occasions. 
 
 The marker placed by the State of Pennsylvania bears the 
 following inscription: 
 
 continental army 
 valley forge, december iq, i777 — june 18, i778 
 
 Greene's division 
 major-general nathaniel greene 
 
 Muhlenberg's brigade 
 brigadier-general j. peter g. muhlenberg 
 
 commanding 
 
 ''GERMAN regiment/' PENNSYLVANIA LINE, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL 
 LEWIS WELTNER 
 
 RAISED JULY 12, I776 MUSTERED OUT JANUARY I781 
 
 1ST REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL RICHARD PARKER 
 
 5TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL ABRAHAM BUFORD 
 
 9TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL BURGESS 
 
 BALL 
 
 I3TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY 
 
 VIRGINIA STATE REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, COLONEL GEORGE GIBSON 
 
 The Commission has named this part of the boulevard in 
 honor of the soldier-preacher "Brigadier-General Muhlenberg 
 Avenue." 
 
 Muhlenberg's Headquarters were within easy reach of the 
 brigade, and the old house still stands by Trout Creek, a half 
 mile or so across the fields to the east. The present owner. 
 
86 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Mr. Edward H. Binns, of Pittsburgh, cherishes the picturesque 
 farmhouse, and finds real pleasure in its associations with the 
 distinguished patriots who have enjoyed its hospitality. 
 
 Weedon's Brigade. The next brigade was also from 
 
 Virginia. It was commanded by Gen. George Weedon. He 
 and his men had won distinction in the gallant support which 
 they had given to General Greene in the battle of Brandy- 
 wine, helping to check the British pursuit and enabling the 
 
 \i^M^ 
 
 " "'^■'^^"'*^2^]!c>^->^<L^^B 
 
 M y^ 
 
 \W\/:/ 
 
 >-^-^^^ 
 
 T^ 
 
 •' ' / 
 
 , ---^^ 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 fy^ 1 
 
 V 
 
 I^A^ 
 
 nMH 
 
 1^4 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ 
 
 The Old Smithy. 
 
 Americans to rally. General Weedon occupied the house which 
 stood almost on the site of that which stands to the south of 
 this point, but nearer Trout Creek. When the army moved 
 from Gulph Mills the people in this neighborhood had no notice 
 of the intention to place the winter camp here. Their first 
 intimation was the approach of the army. An officer hastily 
 rode up to the farmhouse of Abijah Stephens and chalked on 
 the door "Headquarters of General Weedon," and ordered the 
 family tO make ready to receive its uninvited guests. Mrs. 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 87 
 
 Stephens had a large quantity of buckwheat and at once mixed 
 a tub full of batter. While others baked cakes she prepared 
 soup, roast beef, etc. Much to the rage of the General those 
 who first reached the house did not stand upon ceremony, but 
 satisfied their hunger before he arrived. He remained in 
 camp only a short time, resigning on account of a question of 
 rank with General Woodford. General Weedon's Orderly Book 
 is preserved in the library of the American Philosophical Society, 
 and is one of the greatest authorities on the affairs in this camp. 
 It has been published by the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker un- 
 der the auspices of the Society. 
 
 Baron DeKalb, a brigadier in the French service, afterwards 
 made the house his headquarters. At the crossroads beyond the 
 house is an old blacksmith shop built of logs, and said to have 
 been used as a smithy by the soldiers. 
 
 The Commission has placed upon the marker the following 
 record of the officers and regiments of this brigade : 
 
 continental army 
 valley forge, december i9, 1 777 june 18, 1 778 
 
 Greene's division 
 major-general nathaniel greene 
 
 weedon's BRIGADE 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE WEEDON 
 
 COMMANDING 
 I3TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, PENNSYLVANIA LINE, COLONEL WALTER 
 
 STEWART 
 
 (raised AS "state regiment of foot," march I, 1777, ATTACHED 
 
 TO PENNSYLVANIA LINE AS I3TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, 
 
 NOVEMBER 12, 1777; CONSOLIDATED WITH 2D 
 
 REGIMENT INFANTRY, JULY I, 1 778) 
 
 2D REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL CHARLES 
 
 DABNEY 
 
 6tH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN GIBSON 
 
 lOTH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN GREEN 
 
 I4TH REGIMENT, VIRGINIA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL 
 
 WILLIAM DAVIS 
 
05 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Greene's Division. — The division to which these brigades 
 belonged was commanded by the "fighting Quaker," Major- 
 General Nathaniel Greene. He was only thirty-six years of age 
 when he came to Valley Forge. Upon the news of the Battle of 
 Bunker Hill the Rhode Island Legislature raised three regiments 
 and made Greene a brigadier-general. He was selected by the 
 
 Major-General Nathaniel Greene. 
 
 From the original portrait owned by Mrs. William Benton Greene. 
 
 soldiers to welcome Washington, the commander-in-chief, and 
 the two men became firm friends, Washington quickly recognizing 
 his sterling abilities. He was made a major-general on the 9th 
 of August, 1776, and while at Valley Forge became quartermaster- 
 general, but reserved his right to command on the field of battle, 
 for he was pre-eminently a soldier. "He began his serv- 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 89 
 
 ice at the breaking out of the war, and was never out of 
 the harness until the end. He and Washington were the only 
 general officers present at the siege of Boston who remained in 
 the army until the British withdrew from the United States in 
 1783. He fought in every battle in which Washingotn com- 
 manded, except one, until he went South, with ever-increasing 
 success and skill, and although he had no previous military ex- 
 perience whatsoever, he developed himself, by observation, study 
 and reflection, not only into the strategist which he naturally 
 was, but into a brilliant tactician as well — strategists are born, 
 tacticians, largely, made. His tactics on the field of battle were 
 as great as was his strategy in his campaigns. He was a man of 
 impetuous, dashing nature, yet he schooled himself and so 
 checked his natural impulses that he became the incarnation of 
 caution. It is difficult to find anything to blame in his military 
 work from the beginning, and impossible in those years in which 
 he exercised independent command. His plans and his methods 
 were molded largely after those of Washington himself. No 
 man could be more wary, more prompt or more bold than he, 
 when the exigency demanded the one course or the other." 
 
 For his splendid work at Eutaw Springs, Congress pre- 
 sented him with "a British stand of colors" and a gold medal. 
 Two years later it resolved to present him two pieces of field 
 ordnance taken from the British army, at the Cowpens, Augusta, 
 or Eutaw, engraved with the substance of the commendations of 
 the resolution. 
 
 Upon his death, Wayne wrote, "My dear friend, General 
 Greene, is no more. He was great as a soldier, greater as a 
 citizen, immaculate as a friend." 
 
 De Kalb's Division. — The next division of the Ameri- 
 can army, consisting of the brigades of Patterson and Learned, 
 was commanded by Major-General Johann de Kalb. Baron de 
 Kalb had won distinction in the Seven- Years War, and at the 
 request of Franklin and Deane came to America to aid in the 
 struggle for liberty. Congress made him a major-general in the 
 Continental army on the 15th of September, 1777, four days 
 after the Battle of Brandywine. In the Battle of Camden, in 
 
90 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 which he commanded the Delaware and Maryland troops, he 
 fought with a courage that was inspiring, but fell at last with 
 sixteen wounds to die shortly after the battle in the hands 
 of the British. 
 
 Patterson's Brigade. — Beyond Weedon's Brigade was 
 that of John Patterson, a native of Connecticut, but a citizen 
 of Massachusetts. Within eighteen hours after the news of 
 the Battle of Lexington had been received he was on his way to 
 Boston with a regiment of minute-men which he had quickly 
 enrolled and equipped. In the trenches of Charlestown and 
 in the woods of Canada these men proved their heroism. Of 
 the 600 men that left New York on the latter expedition only 
 220 returned. This remnant took part in the battles of Tren- 
 ton and Princeton, and the movements that followed, and came 
 to Valley Forge to add another chapter to the account of their 
 sufferings. Colonel Patterson had well earned the promotion 
 wdiich came to him on February 21, 1777, when he was made 
 brigadier-general. 
 
 The marker bears the record of four Massachusetts regi- 
 ments, as follows : 
 
 lOTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL THOMAS MARSHALL 
 IITH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL BENJAMIN TUPPER 
 
 I2TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL SAMUEL BREWER 
 I4TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL GAMALIEL BRADFORD 
 
 Among all the men encamped at Valley Forge there was 
 no more picturesque group than that of the members of the 14th 
 Regiment, nor any destined to become as famous. They were 
 immortalized by Irving's apt description of them as "Colonel 
 Glover's amphibious Marblehead regiment." Most of them were 
 "Marblehead fishermen and sailors, hardy, adroit and weather- 
 proof; trimly clad in blue jackets and trousers." In the famous 
 retreat from Long Island it was these men upon whom Washing- 
 ton, relied for the success of his plan to extricate the army from 
 its perilous position, and they shared with him the glory of that 
 achievement. In that dark, tempestuous Christmas night when 
 Washington and his little army crossed the Delaware and at- 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 9 1 
 
 tacked the British at Trenton it was again this amphibious regi- 
 ment which manned the boats, forcing them through the drift- 
 ing ice, thus making that victory possible. 
 
 On land they won their laurels, too. In the second battle 
 of Freeman's Farm "even the stolid Hessians expressed their 
 amazement when they saw these brave Marbleheaders dash 
 through the fire of grape and canister and over the dead bodies 
 of their comrades, through the embrasures, over the cannon, 
 with the same agility with which they formerly climbed to the 
 main-top or traversed the backstays, bayoneting the cannoneers 
 at their posts . . . Glover's troops evinced the coolness and 
 agility of their attack, and showed that they could use the bayonet 
 with as much skill and effect as the marline or handspike on 
 board ship." After this they had to endure the more severe 
 test of endurance upon these hills, but here again they proved 
 themselves heroes by their patient suffering and indomitable 
 spirit in the face of all discouragements. 
 
 The Maine Marker. — The State of Maine was the first 
 outside of Pennsylvania to erect a memorial of its troops at 
 Valley Forge. At the time of the Revolution its territory was 
 included in the Colony of Massachusetts, but from it many 
 men entered the ranks of the Continental army. The marker 
 was dedicated October 17, 1907, being received on behalf of the 
 State O'f Pennsylvania by William H. Sayen, President of the 
 Valley Forge Commission. Inscription : 
 
 TO COMMEMORATE THE OFFICERS AND MEN FROM 
 THAT PART OF NEW ENGLAND NOW KNOWN AS THE 
 STATE OF MAINE, WHO SERVED IN MASSACHUSETTS 
 REGIMENTS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY UNDER WASH- 
 INGTON AT VALLEY FORGE IN THE WINTER OF 1777-8, 
 SHARING THE HARDSHIPS THERE ENDURED, THIS MEMO- 
 RIAL IS ERECTED BY THE STATE OF MAINE, UNDER THE 
 AUSPICES OF THE MAINE SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, I907. 
 
 . From this point there is a fine view of the hills upon 
 which the army was encamped. Across the valley to the right, 
 with its woodland setting, is the Washington Memorial Chapel, 
 
92 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 then the Soldiers' Hut, and the Waterman ]\Ionument. At the 
 end of the woodland stands the castle-like Defenders' Gate. 
 Farther up the road is the Star Redoubt and General Hunting- 
 ton's headquarters. To the left of this is Huntington Redoubt. 
 Between the redoubt and the Gulph Road were the huts of Hunt- 
 ington's and Conway's Brigades, while to the left of the old road 
 was Maxwell's. Mount Joy, surmounted with the observatory, 
 rises almost directly in front of the spectator. On its left 
 slope is Washington Redoubt. On the hill farther to the left 
 were encamped Wayne's and Scott's Brigades. 
 
 Learned's Brigade. — Next to Patterson's Brigade was 
 Learned's Brigade of Massachusetts regiments. Wounded at Dor- 
 chester Heights, Ebenezer Larned or Learned, the son of a cap- 
 tain of rangers, was out of the service for nearly a year. In 
 April he had been made a brigadier-general and as such com- 
 manded a brigade at Saratoga, where he and his troops distin- 
 guished themselves by their great bravery. 
 
 The marker bears the following inscription: 
 
 CONTINENTAL ARMY 
 VALLEY FORGE, DECEMBER IQ, 1777; JUNE l8, I778 
 
 DE kale's division 
 
 major-general baron de kalb 
 
 learned's brigade 
 brigadier-general ebenezer learned 
 
 commanding 
 2nd massachusetts infantry, col. john bailey 
 
 8th MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY,, COL. MICHAEL JACKSON 
 9TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COL. JAMES WESSON 
 
 Glover's Brigade. — The last brigade on this ridge was 
 commanded by Brigadier-General John Glover, after whom this 
 part of the boulevard has been named. This is the third brigade 
 of Massachusetts troops encamped here, and consisted of four 
 regiments. One misses in these the old 21st, with whom Colonel 
 Glover won fame, as the 14th this was now under the command 
 of Patterson, as previously stated. 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 93 
 
 Gen. John Glover was one of the best drillmasters in the 
 army. Despite his small stature he was able to inspire men 
 with profound respect for his authority, and his tireless energy 
 was used to advantage in perfecting military movements. At 
 the outbreak of the Revolution he raised a thousand men and 
 joined the army at Cambridge. 
 
 General Glover's Brigade consisted of four regiments, given 
 on the tablet as follows: 
 
 1ST MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL JOSEPH VOSE 
 
 4TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL WILLIAM SHEPARD 
 
 I3TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL EDWARD WIGGLESWORTH 
 
 I5TH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, COLONEL TIMOTHY BIGELOW 
 
 The Massachusetts Monument. — To the left of the 
 boulevard stands the exedra erected by the State of Massa- 
 chusetts in honor of her sons who served in the brigades on 
 this crest. It is built of Barre granite. Above the seat is the 
 legend : 
 
 ENSE PETIT PLACIDAM SUB LIBERTATE QUIETAM 
 
 On the ends are unsheathed swords with the dates 1777 and 
 1778. The arms of Massachusetts are in bronze on the face 
 of the granite tablet, and below them is the following inscription: 
 
 THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED BY A GRATEFUL COMMONWEALTH IN 
 
 MEMORY OF THE SOLDIERS OF MASSACHUSETTS WHO 
 
 SERVED AT VALLEY FORGE IQ DECEMBER 1777- 
 
 19 JUNE 1778 
 
 The exedra was dedicated November 18, 191 1, the exer- 
 cises being held in the Washington Memorial Chapel. These 
 were in charge of Mr. Thomas Franklin Pedrick, Sergeant- 
 at-Arms. After prayer by the chaplain of the day, the Rev. 
 W. Herbert Burk, Mr. W. H. Sayen, President of the Valley 
 Forge Park Commission, made the address of welcome, which 
 was responded to by the Hon. Arthur S. Adams. The orator of 
 the day was General Philip Reade, U. S. A., through whose 
 zealous efforts the monument was erected. 
 
 A bronze tablet on the back of the exedra gives the names 
 
94 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The ^Massachusetts ^Monument. 
 
 and rank of one hundred and fifty-six officers of Massachusetts 
 of the rank of captain or higher, v/ho served at Valley Forge. 
 This record was secured by General Reade, who spared neither 
 time nor money in his efi^orts to make it complete. 
 The inscription is given in full : 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS SOLDIERS WHO SERVED AT VALLEY FORGE, PA., 
 
 UNDER HIS EXCELLENXY, GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 BETWEEN 19 DEC, 1 777, AND 1 9 JUNE, 1 778 
 
 GENERAL OFFICERS 
 BRIG.-GEN. HENRY KNOX, CHIEF OF ARTILLERY 
 BRIG.-GEN. JAMES MITCHELL VARNUM 
 BRIG.-GEN. JOHN PATERSON 
 BRIG.-GEN. JOHN GLOVER 
 BRIG.-GEN. EBENEZER LEARNED 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 95; 
 
 STAFF OFFICERS 
 ADJUTANT GENERALS, COL. TIMOTHY PICKERING, 
 COL. ALEXANDER SCAMMELL 
 
 CAPT. CALEB GIBBS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF's GUARD 
 
 ATTACHED 
 COL. JONATHAN BREWER 
 COL. THOMAS NIXON, 6tH MASS. INFANTRY, 
 LIEUT. COL. CALVIN SMITH, 6TH MASS. INFANTRY. 
 
 artillery 
 col. john crane, 3d artillery, 
 brig. maj. samuel shaw 
 capt. thomas seward 
 capt. winthrop sargent, 3d contl. artillery. 
 
 the brigades of bridadier-generals henry knox, john glover, 
 
 john patterson and ebenezer learned were represented 
 
 at valley forge^ pa.^ by the following named 
 
 officers of massachusetts troops 
 
 glover's brigade 
 brigade majors 
 simon learned john bailey 
 
 1st mass. infantry 
 col. joseph vose capt. abraham tuckerman 
 
 lieut. col. elijah vose capt. orringh stoddard 
 
 major thomas cogswell capt. moses ashley 
 
 capt. robert davis capt. jeremiah miller 
 
 capt. nathaniel gushing capt. george smith 
 
 capt. abraham hunt 
 
 4th mass. infantry 
 
 col. william shepard capt. reuben slayton 
 
 lieut. col. ebenezer sprout capt. thomas fish 
 
 maj. seth bannister capt. george webb 
 
 capt. caleb keep capt. isaac pope 
 
 capt. libbeus ball capt. job alvord 
 
 capt. moses knapp capt. john wright 
 
96 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 I3TH MASS. INFANTRY 
 
 COL. EDW. WIGGLESWORTH 
 LIEUT. COL. DUDLEY COLEMAN 
 MAJOR JOHN PORTER 
 CAFT. JOSEPH MCNALL 
 CAPT. THOMAS WILLINGTON 
 
 CAPT. NICHOLAS BLAISDELL 
 CAPT. DANIEL PILSBURY 
 CAPT. NATHANIEL ALEXANDER 
 CAPT. NOAH ALLEN 
 CAPT. ISRAEL DAVIS 
 
 CAPT. AARON HAYNES 
 
 I5TH MASS. INFANTRY 
 COL. TIMOTHY BIGELOW CAPT. EDMUND MUNRO 
 
 LIEUT. COL. HENRY HASKELL CAPT. ADAM MARTIN 
 
 CAPT. SYLVANUS SMITH CAPT. JOSEPH HODGSKIN 
 
 CAPT. JOSHUA BROWN " CAPT. PAUL ELLIS 
 
 CAPT. WILLIAM GATES CAPT. DANIEL BARNES 
 
 JOHN Patterson's brigade 
 
 lOTH MASS. infantry 
 
 COL. THOMAS MARSHALL 
 LIEUT. COL. EPHRAIM JACKSON 
 MAJ. NATHANIEL WINSLOW 
 CAPT. JOHN THOMAS 
 CAPT. JACOB WALES 
 
 CAPT. SAMUEL KING 
 
 CAPT. JOSIAH SMITH 
 
 CAPT. AMASA SOPER 
 
 CAPT. CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL 
 
 CAPT. WILLIAM WARNER 
 
 CAPT. BENJAMIN WALCUTT 
 
 IITH MASS. INFANTRY 
 
 COL. BENJAMIN TUPPER 
 
 LT. COL. NOAH MOULTON LITTE- 
 
 FIELD 
 CAPT. MOSES GREENLEAF 
 SURGEONS MATE JOHN JONES 
 CAPT. BILLY PORTER 
 
 CAPT. SAMUEL PAGE 
 CAPT. DAVID WHEELWRIGHT 
 CAPT. SAMUEL THOMS 
 CAPT. BENJAMIN FARNUM 
 CAPT. GEORGE WHITE 
 CAPT. RICHARD MAYBERRY 
 
 I2TH MASS. INFANTRY 
 
 COL. SAMUEL BREWER CAPT. ELISHA BREWER 
 
 LIEUT.-COL. SAMUEL CARLTON CAPT. JOSIAH JENKINS 
 
 MAJ. TOBIAS FERNOLD CAPT. JAMES DONNELL 
 
 CAPT. JOHN CHADWICK CAPT. NATHAN WATKINS 
 
 CAPT. SILAS BURBANK CAFT. DANIEL MERRILL 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 97 
 
 I4TH MASS. INFANTRY 
 
 COL. GAMALIEL BRADFORD CAPT. THOMAS TURNER 
 
 LIEUT. COL. BARACHIAH BASSET CAPT. JOHN RUSSELL 
 
 MAJ. ELNATHAN HASKELL CAPT. JAMES COOPER 
 
 MAJ. SAMUEL TUBS CAPT. JOSHUA EDDY 
 
 CAPT. ZABEDEE REDDING CAPT. ISAIAH STETSON 
 
 CAPT. JOSEPH WADSWORTH CAPT. JOHN LEMONT 
 
 COL. JOHN BAILEY 
 MAJ. ANDREW PETERS 
 CAPT. JUDAH ALDEN 
 CAPT. SETH DREW 
 
 EBENEZER LEARNED S BRIGADE 
 2D MASS. INFANTRY 
 
 CAPT. EPHRAIM BURR 
 
 CAPT. 
 
 CAPT. ISAAC WARREN 
 CAPT. SAMUEL DARBY 
 CAPT. HUGH MAXWELL 
 GEORGE DUNHAM 
 
 8TH MASS. 
 COL. MICHAEL JACKSON 
 LIEUT. COL. JOHN BROOKS 
 MAJ. WILLIAM HULL 
 CAPT. EBENEZER CLEAVELAND 
 CAPT. EPHRAIM CLEVELAND 
 CAPT. JAMES KEITH 
 
 INFANTRY 
 
 CAPT. BENJAMIN BROWN 
 CAPT. JOHN BURNHAM 
 CAPT. JOHN WILEY 
 CAPT. JAMES BANCROFT 
 CAPT. JAMES VARNUM 
 ADJT. JONATHAN ALLEN* 
 
 9TH MASS. 
 COL. JAMES WESSON 
 LIEUT. COL. EZRA BADLAM 
 LIEUT. COL. JAMES MELLEN 
 SURGEON JOHN THOMAS 
 CAPT. NATHAN DIX 
 CAPT. JOSEPH PETTINGILL 
 
 INFANTRY 
 
 CAPT. JOHN BLANCHARD 
 
 CAPT. ABRAHAM CHILDS 
 
 CAPT. SAMUEL BARTLETT 
 
 CAPT. NAHUM WARD 
 
 CAPT. SAMUEL CARR 
 
 CAPT. AMOS COGSWELL 
 
 i6tH MASS. INFANTRY 
 
 COL. HENRY JACKSON 
 LIEUT. COL. DAVID COBB 
 CAPT. JAMES JONES 
 MAJ. JOHN STEELE TYLER 
 
 CAPT. WILLIAM NORTH 
 
 CAPT. THOMAS CARTWRIGHT 
 
 CAPT. GAWEN BROWN 
 
 CAPT. THOMAS HUNT 
 
98 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The National Arch, 
 
 The National Arch. — Years ago an appeal was made to 
 Congress on behalf of Valley Forge, but in vain. The idea 
 then was to make the encampment a National reservation. 
 While this attempt failed, the growing interest in this historic 
 site made it possible, especially after the State of Pennsylvania 
 had done so much through the Valley Forge Park Commission, 
 to hope for some National recognition. The Hon. Irving P. 
 Wanger introduced a bill in Congress for the erection of two 
 arches at a cost of $50,000. These were to be placed at two 
 of the entrances to the Park. The bill went to the Senate, and 
 was amended by the substitution of one arch for two, and of 
 $100,000, instead of $50,000. 
 
 "The act of Congress approved June 25, 1910, authorizes 
 the erection upon the site of the encampment during the winter 
 of 1777-1778 of the American Army at Valley Forge, Pennsyl- 
 vania, of a memorial arch in commemoration of the patriotism 
 displayed and the suffering endured by General GEORGE 
 WASHINGTON, his officers and men during said winter. 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 99 
 
 "The arch will be constructed of Milford pink granite, and 
 will be beautifully carved and also enriched by bronze medal- 
 lions. 
 
 "The arch will have a height of 60 feet and 9 inches, a 
 width of 50 feet, and thickness of 19 feet, with an archway 21 
 feet wide and 32 feet and 9 inches high. 
 
 "The work is required to be completed by November, 1913." 
 
 Just beyond the marker of Glover^s Brigade the boulevard 
 is crossed by the Gulph Road, along which the army had moved 
 from its last resting place. A mile away is the old "King of 
 Prussia" tavern, which they passed on the march, and along the 
 road are the old milestones, the last of which told the soldiers 
 that Philadelphia was 18 miles distant. 
 
 It was along this road that the army was drawn up on the 
 day that General Lee returned from his captivity in Philadel- 
 phia, and across this crest Washington and his officers escorted 
 him in honor to the Headquarters. 
 
 The Gulph Road is the most direct route from this point to 
 Washington's headquarters and the Reading station at Valley 
 Forge. To reach these, turn to the right, follow the road over 
 the hill to Washington Inn and turn to the right. To reach the 
 Washington Memorial Chapel and Valley Forge Museum turn to 
 the right at the schoolhouse, follow the Washington Lane to the 
 River Road and turn to the right. Most visitors will prefer to 
 follow the boulevard as it passes the Wayne Monument and other 
 points of interest. A bridle path, beginning between the Gulph 
 Road and the guardhouse, makes an attractive detour. 
 
 Poor's Brigade. — On the slopes to the right, at some dis- 
 tance from the Gulph Road, the New Hampshire and New York 
 troops were encamped. They had as their commander one of 
 the bravest men in the army, Enoch Poor, who was to become a 
 martyr to the cause of liberty. In his honor the Commission 
 has named this part of the boulevard "Brigadier-General Poor 
 Avenue." He was described by Washington as "an officer of 
 distinguished merit, who as a citizen and a soldier, had every 
 claim to the esteem of his country." He came to Valley Forge 
 from the defeat of Burgoyne, in which happy result he had taken 
 
lOO GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 a distinguished part, leading the furious charge which broke the 
 line of the British. His command had suffered terribly at Still- 
 water, two-thirds of the whole American loss in killed, wounded 
 and missing being sustained by his brigade. 
 
 "I must beg lieve to Request your Excellency to order the 
 Clothing (or a part), now in your State Store, to be sent to 
 Camp for the 2nd and 4th York Regts. ; for it is beyond De- 
 scription to Conceive what the men Suffer, for want of Shoes, 
 Stockings, Shirts, Breeches and Hats. I have upwards of 
 Seventy men unfit for Duty, only for want of the articles of 
 Clothing; Twenty of which have no Breeches at all, so that 
 they are obliged to take their Blankets to Cover their Naked- 
 ness, and as many without a Single Shirt, Stocking or Shoe; 
 about Thirty fit for Duty ; the Rest Sick or lame, and God 
 knows it won't be long before they will all be laid up, as the 
 poor Fellows are obliged to fitch wood and water on their 
 Backs, half a mile with bare legs in Snow or mud." 
 
 Thus wrote Col. Philip van Cortlandt to Governor Clinton 
 on the 13th of February pleading for the poor men who were 
 encamped here. What he says about the water supply was 
 only too true, for the nearest spring is Todd's, down in the 
 valley. 
 
 Upon the marker the Commission has placed a tablet giving 
 the following information about the regiments in the brigade : 
 
 1ST REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE INFANTRY, COLONEL JOSEPH CILLEY 
 2D REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE INFANTRY, COLONEL NATHAN HALE 
 3D REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE INFANTRY, COLONEL ALEXANDER 
 
 SCAMMELL 
 2D REGIMENT, NEW YORK INFANTRY, COLONEL PHILIP CORTLANDT 
 4TH REGIMENT, NEW YORK INFANTRY, COLONEL HENRY LIVINGSTON 
 
 Col, Nathan Hale is, of course, not to be confounded with 
 Capt. Nathan Hale, whose capture and execution as a spy make 
 a sad chapter in the history of the Revolution. His execution 
 took place in New York, September 22, 1776. Even Colonel 
 Hale, who was a New Hampshire man, and, like his namesake. 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. lOI 
 
 from Connecticut, died a martyr's death, was not at Valley 
 Forge. He was captured in the Battle of Hubbardton, July 7, 
 1777, and died in prison, September 23, 1780. 
 
 This was the brigade of famous colonels. 
 
 In the Battle of Saratoga one cannon was taken and retaken 
 five times, so fierce was the conflict. Colonel Cilley, commander 
 of the first regiment, finally leaped upon it, waved his sword, 
 and "dedicating the gun to the American cause," fired it upon the 
 British with their own ammunition with fearful effect. 
 
 During Lafayette's visit to New Hampshire in 1824 an old 
 veteran called upon him for a sentiment, and the response was 
 "Light-infantry Poor, and Yorktown Scammel." Both were 
 New Hampshire men, and both had given their lives for their 
 country. Scammel was encamped here until he was made 
 adjutant-general, and as such became a member of Washington's 
 official family, January 5, 1778. One has described him as "the 
 knight sans peur et sans reproche of the Revolution." He was 
 the same height as Washington, 6 feet 2 inches, and was pro- 
 portioned as an Apollo. At Yorktown he was captured by the 
 Hessians and so wounded after his capture as to die from the 
 effects of the murderous treatment. Brave, able and chivalrous 
 he was dearly beloved in the army. 
 
 Weems tells of the storming of two redoubts before York- 
 town which were carried immediately. "The British called for 
 quarters : A voice of death was heard, 'Remember poor Scam- 
 mel !' 'Remember, gentlemen, you are Americans !' was re- 
 joined by the commander; and instantly the points of the Ameri- 
 can bayonets were thrown up towards heaven." 
 
 Colonel Livingston and Colonel van Cortlandt, after dis- 
 tinguished services, were honored with the rank of brigadier- 
 general at the close of the war, and both took part in the wel- 
 come extended to Lafayette on his visit to America in 1824. 
 
 Wayne's Brigade. — The two columns rising to the right 
 and left of the boulevard were erected by the State of Penn- 
 sylvania to mark the beginning of the encampment of the 
 Pennsylvania Line. These are of granite, surmounted by bronze 
 
I02 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 eagles. On the bases are to be set four bronze bas-reliefs of 
 Generals Armstrong, Muhlenberg, Cadwalader, St. Clair, Har- 
 man, Irvine, IMifflin and Reed, Pennsylvania's contribution to 
 the War of the Revolution. The sculptor is Mr. Bush-Brown. 
 
 Thatcher, in his journal, describes the Pennsylvanians as 
 "remarkably stout and hardy men, many of them exceeding six 
 'feet in height. They are dressed in white frocks or rifle shirts 
 and round hats." He also speaks of their great skill with the 
 rifle, but this may have been the exception rather than the rule. 
 General Wayne, their commander, at any rate, was not greatly 
 impressed with the value of the rifle. In a letter to Richard 
 Peters, Secretary of War, he says: 'T don't like rifles. I would 
 almost as soon face an enemy with a good musket and bayonet 
 without ammunition, as with ammunition without a bayonet, for 
 although there are not many instances of bloody bayonets, yet I 
 am confident that one bayonet keeps off another, and for want of 
 which the Chief of the Defeats we have met with ought in a 
 great measure fo be attributed." 
 
 Wayne also considered a soldier's uniform another great 
 element in successful warfare, as he declares in a letter to 
 Washington : "I must acknowledge," he says, "that I have an 
 insuperable bias in favor of an elegant uniform and soldierly 
 appearance; so much so, that I would rather risk my life and 
 reputation at the head of the same men in an attack, clothed 
 and appointed as I could wish, merely with bayonets and a 
 single charge of ammunition, than to take them as they appear 
 in common, with sixty rounds of cartridges/' Washington fully 
 endorsed this, saying, "I agree perfectly with you as to the im- 
 portance of dress." 
 
 Both bayonets and uniforms were scarce articles at Valley 
 Forge. Until Steuben came the soldiers used the former for 
 spits. The latter were chiefly rags. Earlier in 1777 Wayne 
 wrote that in one of his regiments the soldiers "never received 
 any uniform except hunting shirts, which are worn out, and 
 altho' a body of fine men, yet from being in rags and badly 
 armed they are viewed with contempt by the other troops, and 
 begin to despise themselves." He made frantic efforts to clothe 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 103 
 
 his troops, even purchasing the cloth needed, but to no effect. 
 At one time the supplies could not be forwarded to the camp 
 because the council had failed to fix the time for shipment, and 
 on another occasion the clothes were held because buttons were 
 needed. Wayne himself had formerly appeared dressed with 
 exemplary neatness, but here, that he might not make the rags 
 
 Monument to the Unknown Dead. 
 
 of his poor soldiers appear more conspicuous, he wore "a dingy 
 red coat, a black cravat and tarnished hat." 
 
 Wayne was deeply moved by the sufferings of his men and 
 did' all in his power to relieve them. Here is a. portion of a 
 letter to the Secretary of War in which he tells of some of the 
 horrors of this camp : '^ am not fond of danger, but I would 
 most cheerfully agree to enter into action, once every week, in 
 
104 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 place of visiting each hut of my encampment (which is my con- 
 stant practice) and where objects strike my eye whose wretched 
 condition beggars all description. . . . For God's sake give 
 us, if you can't give us anything else, give us linen that we may 
 be Enabled to preserve the poor Worthy fellows from the Ver- 
 
 The Pennsylvania Columns. 
 
 min that are now devouring them. . . . Some hundreds we 
 have buried who have died of a disorder produced by want of 
 Clothing." 
 
 The Second Brigade, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Wil- 
 liam Butler, occupied the ground nearest to the memorial col- 
 umns, and on the right of the boulevard are still to be seen the 
 marks of their huts. The marker gives this information in 
 regard to this brigade : 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. IO5 
 
 SECOND BRIGADE 
 LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM BUTLER 
 
 COMMANDING 
 
 4TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM BUTLER 
 
 RAISED JANUARY II, 1777; MUSTERED OUT NOVEMBER 3, I783 
 
 5TH REGIMENT INFANTRY, COLONEL FRANCIS JOHNSTON 
 
 RAISED JANUARY I, 1777; MUSTERED OUT JANUARY I, I783 
 
 8th REGIMENT INFANTRY, COLONEL DANIEL BRODHEAD 
 
 RAISED JULY 20, I776; MUSTERED OUT JANUARY I7, I781 
 
 IITH REGIMENT INFANTRY, COLONEL RICHARD HAMPTON 
 
 RAISED OCTOBER 25, 1 776 
 
 CONSOLIDATED WITH lOTH REGIMENT INFANTRY JUNE 24, I778 
 
 To the east of the Second Brigade was encamped the First, 
 under Colonel Thomas Hartley. It consisted of the following 
 regiments: First Regiment Infantry, Colonel James Chambers; 
 raised July i, 1776; mustered out November 3, 1783. Second 
 Regiment Infantry, Colonel Henry Bicker ; raised October 25, 
 1776; mustered out November 3, 1785. Seventh Regiment In- 
 fantry, Lieutenant-Colonel David Grier; raised January i, 1777; 
 mustered out January 17, 1781. Tenth Regiment Infantry, Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Adam Hubley; raised October 25, 1776; mustered 
 out January 17, 1781. Hartley's Additional Regiment of Infantry, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Morgan Connor; raised January 11, 1777; 
 consolidated with Eleventh Regiment Infantry, January 13, 1779. 
 
 Brigadier-General Anthony Wayne. — The Pennsyl- 
 vanians were honored in having as their commander one of the 
 greatest and most popular men of the Revolution, Anthony 
 Wayne. He was a born fighter, and it was said "where Wayne 
 went there was a fight always; that was his business." His un- 
 expected successes in perilous enterprises won for him the title 
 of "Mad," but he was far from the rash man many imagine him 
 to have been. Washington called him "prudent," and a study of 
 his life reveals the fact that he had a cool head as well as 
 impetuous valor, and was withal sagacious and tactful. The 
 spirit of the man is reflected it seems to me in two of his say- 
 ings, both addressed to Washington: "It is not in our power to 
 Command Success, but it is in our power to produce a Convic- 
 
I06 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 tion to the world that we deserve it," and "General, I'll storm 
 hell, if you plan it." 
 
 Wayne was born at Easttown, only a few miles away, and 
 knew this country well. To the south, near the Centreville 
 road, was his headquarters while at Valley Forge. The Sons 
 of the Revolution have placed a marker on the road, which tells 
 the visitor that "600 yards east from this stone is the head- 
 quarters of Major-General Anthony Wayne." 
 
 The Wayne Statue. — The equestrian statue of Major- 
 General Anthony Wayne was erected by the Commonwealth of 
 Pennsylvania at a cost of $30,000, through a Commission con- 
 sisting of Col. John P. Nicholson, Richard M. Cadwalader. 
 Esq., and John Armstrong Herman, Esq. It was dedicated on 
 the 20th of June, 1908, with impressive ceremonies, in which the 
 Pennsylvania Society, Sons of the Revolution, and Battery E, 
 Third U. S. Artillery, took part. The orator of the day was 
 the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, LL. D. 
 
 H. K. Bush-Brown was the sculptor who has been most 
 successful in his effort to present Wayne as the ideal warrior, 
 such as "every man in arms should wish to be." 
 
 A replica of the statue has been erected at Stony Point, 
 N. Y. 
 
 The bronze tablets bear the arms of the State and the fol- 
 lowing inscriptions : 
 
 ANTHONY WAYNE 
 COLONEL CHESTER COUNTY BATTALION OF MINUTE MEN, JULY 21, I775 
 COLONEL 4TH PENNSYLVANIA INFANTRY BATTALION, JANUARY 3, I776 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL CONTINENTAL ARMY, FEBRUARY 21, 1777, TO 
 
 NOVEMBER 3, 1 783 
 BREVETTED MAJOR-GENERAL SEPTEMBER 3O, 1 783 
 
 "resolved UNANIMOUSLY THAT THE THANKS OF 
 CONGRESS BE PRESENTED TO BRIGADIER-GENERAL WAYNE 
 FOR HIS BRAVE, PRUDENT AND SOLDIERLY CONDUCT IN 
 THE SPIRITED AND WELL-CONDUCTED ATTACK ON STONY 
 point; THAT A GOLD MEDAL EMBLEMATICAL OF THE 
 ACTION BE STRUCK AND PRESENTED TO BRIGADIER- 
 GENERAL WAYNE." 
 
The Wayne Monument. 
 
I08 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF UNITED STATES ARMY, 
 MARCH 5, 1792, TO DECEMBER 1 5, 1 796 
 
 CHAIRMAN OF THE CHESTER COUNTY COMMITTEE, I774 
 DEPUTY TO THE PROVINCIAL CONVENTION, 1 774 
 MEMBER OF THE ASSEMBLY^ 1774, I784-I785 
 DELEGATE TO THE PROVINCIAL CONVENTION, 1 775 
 MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY, I77S-I776 
 MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OF CENSORS, I783 
 MEMBER OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COxNVENTION TO RATIFY THE CONSTI- 
 TUTION, 1787 
 BORN IN CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, JANUARY I, I745 
 DIED AT PRESQU' ISLE, PENNSYLVANIA, DECEMBER I5, I796 
 
 "lead me forward" — WAYNE AT STONY POINT 
 
 A Soldier's Hospital. — To the north of the Wayne statue, 
 protected by the hill, stood one of the brigade hospitals, and on its 
 site the Park Commission has built a reproduction of the original. 
 As it is completely furnished it is well worth visiting. A path 
 to the right of the statue leads to it. 
 
 In the orders of January 13, 1778, are the following direc- 
 tions for the erection of the hospitals "The Flying Hospital 
 Hutts are to be 15 feet wide and 25 long in the clear and the 
 story at least 9 feet high to be covered with boards or Shingles 
 only without any dirt, Windows made on each side and a 
 Chimney at one end, Two Such Hospitals are to be made for 
 each Brigade at or near the Center and if the ground permit 
 of it not more than 100 yards distance from the Brigade." 
 
 Two days later the Quartermaster-General was "positively 
 ordered to provide Straw for the use of the Troops and the 
 Surgeons to see that the sick when they are ordered to the 
 Hutts assigned for the Hospital are plentyfully suplied with 
 this article." From the orders of April 17th we learn that the 
 regimental quartermasters were "directed to go Into the Country, 
 and make contracts with proper Persons for bringing in Milk 
 and other Necessaries for the Sick." 
 
 Dr. Waldo, one of the surgeons at Valley Forge, has left 
 
B y H I s E X C £ I- L E N C T 
 
 GEORGE V/ A S H I N G T O N, Esquire, 
 
 GENERAL and COM M AND K R in C 111 E F of tl:^^ Foiiccs 
 of the United StatH:; of A.-mtiuca. 
 
 BY Virtue of the Power and Direction to Me cfpe- 
 cirJIy given, I hereby enjoin and require all Perfons 
 re/iding vvithin feventy Miles of my Kcad Qu^^rters to 
 threih one Half of their Gr \m by the i ft Day of February, 
 and the other Half by the lil Day of March next enfuing, 
 on Pain, in Cafe of Failure, of ha\ing all that fhall re- 
 main in Sheaves after the Period above meniicncd, feized 
 by the Commiilaries and Quarter-Mafcers of the Army, 
 and paid for as Straw. 
 
 GIVE N cinder my Hand^ al-\Head S^ncrrrerSj i2car 
 the Falky Forge^ in Philadelphia Comity^ this loth 
 Day of December^ 1777. 
 
 G. JV A S H I N G T O N. 
 By His Excellency's Comn.and, 
 Robert H. Harrison, Secy. 
 
 LANCASTER: pRWTto iv JOHN D U N L A P. 
 
 A Valley Forge Broadside. 
 
 From the original in the possession of the Historical Society 
 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
no GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 this description of the sick soldier as he knew him : "There comes 
 a Soldier — His bare feet are seen thro' his worn Shoes — his 
 legs nearly naked from the tatter'd remains of an only pair of 
 stockings — his Breeches not sufficient to cover his Nakedness — 
 his shirt hanging in Strings — his hair dishevell'd — his face meagre 
 — his whole appearance pictures a person forsaken & discour- 
 aged. He comes, and crys with an air of wretchedness & dis- 
 pair — I am Sick — my feet lame — my legs are sore — my body 
 cover'd with this tormenting Itch — my cloaths are worn out — my 
 Constitution broken — my former Activity is exhausted by fatigue, 
 hunger & Cold — I fail fast, I shall soon be no more! and all the 
 reward I shall get will be — 'Poor Will is dead.' " 
 
 Mr. Bolton says that "From the records of the general hos- 
 pital at Sunbury, Penn., for 1777-80, it appears that about four- 
 tenths of the patients (not counting the convalescents) were the 
 wounded; about three-tenths suffered from diarrhoea or dysen- 
 tery, and one-tenth from rheumatism. To state this in another 
 form, lack of proper food and shelter crippled the army as 
 much as did the fire of the enemy." Here at Valley Forge 
 small-pox must be added to the list, as well as the itch. In such 
 a camp filth was a large factor in disease and death. The 
 smoke of gunpowder and pitch daily might conceal its presence 
 for awhile, but it remained to do its deadly work. 
 
 The hut is furnished with cots and an operating table, and a 
 plentiful supply of herbs is suspended from the ceiling. 
 
 Remains of the brigade bake ovens have been found close 
 by. These were a necessity, as this brigade was so far dis- 
 tant from the bakehouse. 
 
 Those who desire to avoid the detour of the boulevard 
 should not return to the monument, but follow the path to the 
 left upon leaving the hospital. Within a short distance the path 
 emerges from the woodland and Mount Joy appears to the north- . 
 east, with the boulevard close at hand. 
 
 Those who' can afford the time, however, should retrace their 
 steps in order to have the view from the hill beyond the monu- 
 ment. 
 
 Scott's Brigade. — This strategic point was occupied by 
 General Scott's Brigade. The line of earthworks is plainly seen 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 Ill 
 
 above the boulevard. The steps from the boulevard lead up to a 
 lunette upon which the Commission has planted a battery, thus 
 telling the use of the earthwork. Like Washington, Charles 
 Scott had learned his first lessons of war in the ill-fated expedi- 
 tion under Braddock, in which he served as a non-commissioned 
 officer. At the outbreak of the war he raised the first company 
 south of the James River, and was made colonel of the 3d Vir- 
 ginia Battalion. At the conference of officers at Whitemarsh 
 
 Knox's Headquarters. 
 
 to decide whether an attack should be made on Philadelphia, 
 he voted with the minority in the affirmative. The others of 
 the same opinion were Lord Stirling, Wayne and Woodford. 
 His bravery was unquestioned, and at Monmouth he was the 
 last to leave the field. 
 
 From this point there is a beautiful view of the rich farm- 
 lands and the Valley Forge hills. A grand panorama of the 
 famous Chester Valley lies before one. To the right is Mount 
 Joy, and directly in the foreground of the picture is General 
 
112 ' GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Knox's headquarters — a white house with red roof. The fields 
 between and a long way beyond belong to the Hon. Philander 
 C. Knox's "Valley Forge Farm." His residence lies in the valley 
 beyond, the old farmhouse being occupied by Mr. and Mrs. J. R. 
 Tindle. 
 
 General Knox's Headquarters. — Naturally one recalls 
 the romance of General Knox and his young wife, who lived 
 here during the time of the encampment. She was the daugh- 
 ter of the Secretary of the province of Massachusetts, who was 
 a strong Tory. Lucy Flucker was the belle of Massachusetts, 
 and when her love for John Knox, the poor bookseller, was dis- 
 covered her incensed father told her she must decide between 
 her family and her lover. The choice had already been made, 
 and the young lovers were married, her family soon leaving the 
 country. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, Knox 
 gave up his business and entered the army, his devoted wife 
 following him through all the campaigns. 
 
 When Washington took command of the army he was 
 sadly in need of cannon. The young Boston bookseller's sug- 
 gestion to obtain a supply from the forts on Lake George and 
 the Canadian frontier was ridiculed, but in a personal inter- 
 view the enthusiastic patriot convinced Washington of the 
 feasibility of the plan and Knox was given permission to carry 
 it out. The result approved Washington's judgment of the 
 man. Through almost trackless forests he dragged the cannon, 
 fifty-five in all, hundreds of miles to the camp at Boston, where 
 he was received amid the acclamations of the troops. His reward 
 was a commission as a brigadier-general of artillery, and, better 
 far, the friendship of Washington, whose constant companion 
 he became. 
 
 Mrs. Knox was a close friend of the Commander-in-Chief 
 and his wife, both of whom came to rely upon her judgment. 
 "In social and ceremonial affairs she was the arbiter in the 
 army, and afterward the chief adviser of Mrs. Washington in 
 New York and Philadelphia." Here she helped in the sewing 
 and knitting at the headquarters, and by her spirit and cheer- 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. II3 
 
 ful endurance of privation greatly encouraged the suffering 
 soldiers. 
 
 The boulevard makes a sharp curve round the extremity 
 of the hill before descending to cross to Mount Joy. 
 
 Here the Commission has placed a marker, giving the fol- 
 lowing information : 
 
 scott's brigade 
 brigadier-general charles scott 
 
 commanding 
 
 additional infantry regiment, pennsylvania line, colonel 
 
 john patton 
 
 (raised JANUARY II, 1777; CONSOLIDATED WITH IITH REGIMENT 
 
 INFANTRY, JANUARY 1 3, 1 779) 
 
 4TH VIRGINIA INFANTRY 
 
 8th VIRGINIA INFANTRY, COLONEL ABRAHAM BOWMAN 
 
 I2TH VIRGINIA INFANTRY 
 
 VIRGINIA REGIMENT INFANTRY-AT-LARGE, COLONEL WILLIAM GRAYSON 
 
 This point gives one of the best views of the wooded slopes 
 of what might have been the last stand for American liberty. 
 Washington Redoubt occupies the commanding position just above 
 the point where the boulevard crosses the Centreville Road. To 
 the left of this lay Woodford's Brigade, the site being indicated 
 near enough by the narrow clearing. 
 
 Directly in front, on leaving the marker, one can see the 
 Waterman Monument, and above it on the hill the Cloister of 
 the Colonies and the Washington Memorial Chapel, and to the 
 left, the Defenders' Gate. 
 
 Monument, to the Unknown Dead. — At the sharp 
 curve in the boulevard, Valley Forge Chapter, Daughters of the 
 American Revolution, has erected a monument to the unknown 
 dead at Valley Forge. The massive block of granite, standing 
 near where the faded flags and rough stones mark the graves 
 of unknown soldiers of the Revolution, and near the spot 
 
114 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 marked by the Commission as a burial ground, is most im- 
 pressive. The bronze tablet bears this inscription : 
 
 IN MEMORY OF 
 
 UNKNOWN SOLDIERS 
 
 BURIED AT VALLEY FORGE 
 
 1777 — 1778 
 
 ERECTED BY 
 
 VALLEY FORGE CHAPTER 
 
 DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
 
 Washington Redoubt from the Right Line Boulevard. 
 
 This monument was dedicated June 18, 1911, when the 
 oration was delivered by the Rev. Charles H. Rorer, D.D. The 
 introductory address was made by the Hon. Samuel W. Penny- 
 packer. Mrs. Joseph Fornance, Regent of the Valley Forge 
 
THE RIGHT LINE BOULEVARD. II5 
 
 Chapter, unveiled the stone, assisted by Mrs. F. I. Naile and 
 Mrs. Wilfrid Stauffer, and made the speech of presentation. 
 The monument was accepted by Mr. William H. Sayen, President 
 of the Valley Forge Park Commission, on behalf of the State 
 of Pennsylvania. The chaplain of the day was the Rev. W. 
 Herbert Burk. 
 
 Between the boulevard and the Centreville Road Hes the 
 burial ground, while to the right is the site of General Knox's 
 stables. The Artillery Park was located on the ground along 
 the Washington Lane. 
 
 The Centreville Road, to the left, is the most direct route to 
 Devon, three miles away. Visitors desiring to reach the Valley 
 Creek Road should turn to the left, follow the Centreville Road 
 as far as the first house on the right, turn to the right, pass 
 General Knox's headquarters, and turn to the right at the 
 creek. This makes a delightful route to Washington's head- 
 quarters. 
 
 Washington Lane, which passes in front of the inner line 
 of fortifications, passes the site of General Knox's Artillery, the 
 Camp School and the Grand Parade, and is the most direct route 
 to the Valley Forge Museum of American History and the Wash- 
 ington Memorial Chapel. Turn to the right at the end of the 
 lane. 
 
 The Camp Road, the first to the left at Washington Redoubt, 
 passes the site of a blacksmith shop, the site of Washington's 
 Marquee, Maxwell's Brigade and Conway's Brigades terminates 
 at Washington Lane near the River Road. 
 
 The second road to the left at Washington Redoubt is the 
 Inner Line Boulevard, the route described after the Washington 
 Lane and Camp Road. 
 
THE WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. 
 
 VISITORS to the Washington Memorial Chapel and Valley 
 Forge Museum who have not time to make the longer 
 tour of the camp should return to Washington Lane, and 
 turn to the left. The Lane runs along the entire front of the 
 fortifications from Huntington Redoubt to Washington Redoubt. 
 The former is plainly seen standing out from the hillside on the 
 right. To the south of it was General Huntington's brigade 
 of Connecticut troops. The Camp Road has been continued 
 across the Gulph Road to a point near the River Road. This 
 runs close by the marker of Huntington's Brigade. 
 
 Huntington's Brigade. — When Congress asked for 
 eighty-eight regiments of infantry it decided to call upon 
 Connecticut for eight of them. That State not only gave this 
 large percentage, and more, of the men required, but also fur- 
 nished supplies so bountifully as to win the title of "the 
 Provision State." Washington wrote to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull 
 telling of the dire need of the army and at once the Committee 
 of Safety provided $200,000 with which to purchase "live beef" 
 to be sent to Valley Forge. The first drove to reach the camp 
 was devoured in five days. 
 
 Connecticut deserves high honor for the way in which her 
 soldiers were cared for while in the field. In a letter to Governor 
 Trumbull Washington said : "Among the troops returned unfit 
 for duty for want of clothing, none of your State are included. 
 The care of your legislature in providing for their men is highly 
 laudable, and reflects the greatest honor upon their patriotism 
 and humanity." 
 
 Much of this credit was due to the zealous patriotism and 
 shrewd business ability of the old Governor, whose sterling 
 qualities won the love and honor of the Commander-in-Chief. 
 In his difficulties he was wont to appeal to Governor Trumbull 
 with the remark, "Let us hear what Brother Jonathan has to 
 say." This is supposed to have been the origin of the familiar 
 personification of the United States as "Brother Jonathan." 
 
 (116) 
 
WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. II7 
 
 Although the Connecticut troops were well clad, they had 
 to suffer with the whole army on account of the disordered 
 commissary department. On the 226. of December, General 
 Huntington wrote as follows to Washington: "I received an 
 order to hold my brigade in readiness to march. Fighting 
 would be far preferable to starving. My brigade are out of 
 provisions nor can the commissary obtain any meat. I am ex- 
 ceedingly sorry in being the bearer of complaints to Head- 
 quarters. I have used every argument my imagination can in- 
 vent to make the soldiers easy, but I despair of being able to 
 do it much longer." 
 
 The site of the encampment is marked by the Park Com- 
 mission which furnishes the following information in regard to 
 the brigade : 
 
 Huntington's brigade 
 brigadier-general jedediah huntington 
 
 commanding 
 1st regiment, connecticut infantry, lieutenant-colonel 
 
 samuel prentice 
 2d regiment, connecticut infantry, colonel charles webb 
 5th regiment, connecticut infantry, colonel philip b. bradley 
 7th regiment, connecticut infantry, colonel heman swift 
 
 Conway's Brigade — The Conway Cabal. — Next to 
 Huntington's Brigade was Conway's. The site of this is marked 
 by the battery, placed by the Park Commission on' the remains 
 of a redoubt, and behind it the marker, with this inscription : 
 
 continental army 
 valley forge, december iq, 1777 june 18, i778 
 
 Stirling's division 
 
 major-general lord stirling 
 
 pennsylvania brigade 
 
 commanding 
 
 3d regiment infantry, colonel thomas craig 
 
 RAISED JANUARY I. 1777; MUSTERED OUT NOVEMBER 3, I783 
 
"IlS GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 6th regiment infantry, lieutenant-colonel josiah harmar 
 
 raised january i, 1777; mustered out june i, i783 
 
 9th regiment infantry, lieutenant-colonel george nagel 
 
 raised october 25, i776; mustered out january i7, i781 
 
 i2th regiment infantry, colonel william cooke 
 
 raised october i, i776; consolidated with 3d regiment infantry, 
 
 JULY I, 1778 
 
 This was Conway's Brigade. His name is inseparably con- 
 nected with Valley Forge on account of the dastardly intrigue 
 in which he was engaged with Gates and others to suj^plant 
 Washington. Gates had been successful in his efforts to dis- 
 place Schuyler, and had taken to himself the glory of the vic- 
 tory over Burgoyne, and now sought Washington's office. He 
 found favor in high places and a ready tool in Thomas Con- 
 way, an Irish adventurer, who had spent much time in France 
 and who had been piqued at Washington's opposition to his 
 undeserved rapid advancement in the army. Colonel Wilkinson, 
 aide-de-camp to General Gates, told one of Lord Stirling's staff 
 of a letter which Conway had written to Gates. Lord Stirling 
 reported the matter to Washington, who promptly wrote to 
 Conway as follows : "Sir, — A letter which I received last night 
 contained the following paragraph : Tn a letter from General 
 Conway to General Gates, he says, Heaven has determined to save 
 your country, or a weak General and had counsellors would have 
 ruined it' I am, sir, your humble servant George Washington." 
 
 The attempts of the principals to exculpate themselves 
 blazoned abroad their perfidy and increased the prestige of 
 Washington. The attempt to corrupt Lafayette failed, and the 
 "Conway Cabal," as it was called, utterly collapsed after the 
 fiasco of the much-heralded invasion of Canada. Conway's con- 
 ditional resignation was unconditionally accepted by Congress. 
 Later he was wounded by General Cadwalader in a duel, and 
 under the impression that he would not live he wrote a letter 
 of apology to Washington. His wound was not mortal, and on 
 his recovery he returned to France. 
 
 Colonel Malcom's regiment was added to the brigade by 
 Washington on October nth. This fact is of interest because 
 
WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. II9 
 
 it helps us locate "Little Burr," as he was called, the story of 
 whose ruined life forms one of the saddest pages in American 
 history. As lieutenant-colonel in Malcom's regiment he was 
 encamped on this hillside, although much of his time seems to 
 have been spent at Gulph Mills, in command of the picket, where 
 he ruled with a firm hand and won the hatred of his men. 
 He was strongly prejudiced against Washington, whom he dis- 
 liked. Alexander Hamilton, whom he killed in a duel years 
 after, was at this time one of Washington's aides. 
 
 Here, too, we must place James Monroe, fifth President of 
 the United States. He was a lieutenant in the 3d Virginia Regi- 
 ment, and was among the wounded at Trenton. He took part 
 in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, and while the 
 army was encamped at Whitemarsh he was made aide-de-camp 
 to Gen. James Alexander, claimant to the earldom of Stirling, and 
 commonly known as Lord Stirling. Major Monroe resigned on 
 December 20, 1778, and his military services concluded with an 
 assignment to duty by Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 The Park Commission has located a blacksmith shop a few 
 
 feet back of the marker. 
 
 '. 
 
 The Old Schoolhouse. — At the intersection of the Gulph 
 Road and Washington Lane stand two schoolhouses, that to 
 the east being the Camp School, used by the children of the 
 district, while that to the left was used by the troops as a 
 hospital. It was built in 1705 by Letitia Aubrey, the second 
 daughter of William Penn. The Park Commission has restored 
 the building to its original condition, and thus speaks of its work : 
 "The desks and benches around the walls of the building with 
 the Master's desk erected upon the platform, as in 'ye olden 
 style,' have been placed in their proper positions, and thus the 
 young of the present have an object lesson as to the manner 
 with which the inculcation of the youth with the rudiments of 
 education was imparted in earlier days." Since it was opened 
 to the public. May 15, 1908, it has attracted large numbers of 
 the visitors to the park, who have found it well worth seeing. 
 An interesting collection of relics dug up in the Park is on ex- 
 hibition. 
 
I20 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 To the right of the walk there is a small cannon, a four- 
 pounder, from the palmetto fort on Sullivan's Island, in the 
 harbor of Charleston, S. C. After doing service in its defense 
 it was used on a Continental privateer. 
 
 Washington Redoubt is little more than a quarter of a mile 
 beyond the schoolhouse, and between them was the artillery park. 
 Those who have the time will do well if, instead of continuing 
 
 The Old Schoolhouse. 
 
 by the Washington Lane, they return to the Gulph Road and 
 turn to the left. A quarter of a mile from the lane turn to the 
 left on the Camp Road. 
 
 Maxwell's Brigade. — At the corner the Park Commis- 
 sion has placed a marker to show the location of the New Jer- 
 sey troops which occupied this ground. The tablet gives the 
 following information : 
 
WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. 121 
 
 Sullivan's division 
 major-general john sullivan 
 
 maxwell's BRIGADE 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL WILLIAM MAXWELL 
 
 COMMANDING 
 
 1ST NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL MATHIAS OGDEN 
 2D NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL ISRAEL SHREVE 
 3D NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL ELIAS DAYTON 
 4TH NEW JERSEY INFANTRY, COLONEL EFHRAIM MARTIN 
 
 Col. William Maxwell was elected brigadier-general on Octo- 
 ber 23, 1776, to command what was known as the "Second Es- 
 tablishment," consisting of four battalions. Colonel Maxwell 
 had entered the service of New Jersey upon the first call for 
 troops issued Octobei* 9, 1775. At that time William Alexander, 
 titular Lord Stirling, was made colonel of the First, or Eastern, 
 Battalion, while Maxwell commanded the Second. 
 
 It is interesting to read of the enlistment of the First Es- 
 tablishment, which served in the Hudson Valley and Canada. 
 The men enlisted for a year, and were to be paid five dollars a 
 calendar month. As a bounty each private was allowed "one 
 felt hat, a pair of yarn stockings, and shoes, 'the men to find 
 their own arms.' " A dollar a week was allowed for subsist- 
 ence "whilst in quarters" and one and one-third dollars "whilst 
 on march to join the army." It took so long to find arms and 
 clothing for the troops that it was not until January that Colonel 
 Maxwell could report at Albany to General Schuyler. At Ticon- 
 deroga an inspection was made in October, when it was re- 
 ported that the men were "destitute of many articles of dress, 
 supplies of every kind they want, but shoes and stockings they 
 are in the last necessity for, many having neither to their 
 feet." Evidently this did not dampen the ardor of the men, for 
 many re-enlisted and thus became the nucleus of the "Second 
 Establishment," that which encamped here. As the troops were 
 reported as "sadly in need of clothing" at the time of the 
 Battle of Monmouth, th^ir condition in this camp must have 
 been deplorable. 
 
122 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The sufferings which Maxwell's men endured at Valley- 
 Forge in common with the rest of the army were nothing new. 
 Valley Forge only repeated their experiences at Morristown 
 during the previous winter. Washington writing on his birth- 
 day in ^']'J to Commissary Irvine said : "The cry of want of 
 Provisions comes to me from all Quarters. General Maxwell 
 writes word that his men are starving." 
 
 Site of Maxwell's Brigade. 
 
 They were read}^ however, to give a good account of them- 
 selves in the movements preceding the winter encampment. 
 They formed the vanguard of the army which entered Dela- 
 ware when the destination of General Howe was discovered, 
 and occupied this dangerous position with honor. At Chadd's 
 Ford and Birmingham Meeting House they made a gallant fight 
 against overwhelming odds, and fought their way to Chester. 
 
WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. I23 
 
 From Chester to Valley Forge they followed the fortunes of the 
 American army, leaving their quota of dead in the fields of 
 Germantown. 
 
 The New Jersey Monument. — The State of New Jer- 
 sey has appropriated $5,000 for the erection of a monument to 
 commemorate the services of the men of New Jersey who served 
 in the Revolution. This is the fourth State, outside of Penn- 
 sylvania, to take such action. 
 
 Site of Washington's Marquee.— A short distance be- 
 yond the New Jersey marker there is a road to the right, leading 
 up to the Inner Line Boulevard. By continuing on the Camp 
 Road another road is soon reached, having the same termina- 
 tion. To the left of this point the Park Commission has located 
 Washington's Marquee. 
 
 Washington's First Headquarters. — When the army 
 went into camp Washington did not establish his headquarters 
 in any of the farmhouses in the neighborhood, but had his 
 marquee placed on this hillside in close proximity to the artil- 
 lery park. This seems to be borne out by the first Valley Forge 
 orders — "The Guards to parade near the park." His intention 
 had been to make his permanent quarters with the soldiers, as 
 he did until Christmas Day. 
 
 Washington's quarters consisted of two tents, one a large 
 banqueting tent, capable of seating forty or fifty persons, and 
 a smaller tent for his personal use. The former is owned by 
 the Government and the latter is now in the Valley Forge Mu- 
 seum, and is the greatest relic of Washington at Valley Forge. 
 A description of this tent will be found in the account of the 
 Washington Memorial Chapel and the Valley Forge Museum. 
 These buildings lie to the northeast and are plainly visible from 
 this point. 
 
 The decision to encamp here had been reached only after 
 a long and tedious argument into which we need not enter. 
 The decision was met with a protest from the Assembly of 
 Pennsylvania, whose members considered it the duty of Wash- 
 ington to keep the field throughout the winter. He was stung 
 
WASHINGTON LANE AND CAMP ROAD. 1 25 
 
 to the quick by this utter lack of consideration for the men 
 under him and addressed a long letter to the President of Con- 
 gress. Washington has sometimes been regarded as passion- 
 less, but these are the words of a man thoroughly aroused: 
 "We have," he says, "by a field-return this day (December 23d) 
 made no less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight 
 men now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and 
 otherwise naked. By the same return it appears that our whole 
 strength in Continental troops, including the eastern brigades, 
 which have joined us since the surrender of General Burgoyne, 
 exclusive of the Maryland troops sent to Wilmington, amounts to 
 no more than eight thousand two hundred in camp fit for duty; 
 notwithstanding which, and that since the 4th instant, our num- 
 bers fit for duty, from the hardships and exposures they have 
 undergone, particularly on account of blankets (numbers having 
 been obliged, and still are, to sit up all night by fires, instead of 
 taking comfortable rest in a natural and common way), have 
 decreased near two thousand men. 
 
 "We find gentlemen, without knowing whether the army 
 was really going into winter quarters or not (for I am sure no 
 resolution of mine would warrant the remonstrance), repro- 
 bating the measure as much as if they thought the soldiers 
 were made of stocks or stones, and equally insensible of frost 
 and snow ; and moreover, as if they conceived it easily practicable 
 for an inferior army, under the disadvantages I have described 
 ours to be, which are by no means exaggerated, to confine a 
 superior one, in all respects well-appointed and provided for 
 a winter's campaign, within the city of Philadelphia, and to 
 cover from depredation and waste the States of Pennsylvania 
 and Jersey. ... I can assure these gentlemen, that it is a 
 much easier and less distressing thing to draw remonstrances 
 in a comfortable room by a good fireside, than to occupy a 
 cold, bleak hill, and sleep under frost and snow, without clothes 
 or blankets. However, although they seem to have little feeling 
 for the naked and distressed soldiers, I feel superabundantly for 
 them, and, from my soul, I pity those miseries, which it is 
 neither in my power to relieve or prevent." 
 
126 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 While reading these words one is reminded of Lowell's 
 tribute to Washington: 
 
 Dumb for himself, unless it were to God, 
 But for his barefoot soldiers eloquent, 
 
 Tramping the snow to coral where they trod, 
 Held by his awe in hollow-eyed content. 
 
 In these few lines the poet has told the story of Valley 
 Forge and its hero. 
 
 In the "Memoirs of Chevalier de Pontgibaud there is an in- 
 teresting description of Washington as he appeared at Valley 
 Forge. "Washington," says he, "was intended by nature for 
 a great position — his appearance alone gave confidence to the 
 timid, and imposed respect on the bold. He possessed also 
 those external advantages which a man born to command 
 should have ; tall stature, a noble face, gentleness in his glance, 
 amenity in his language, simplicity in his gestures and ex- 
 pression. A calm, firm bearing harmonized perfectly with these 
 attributes. . . . He appeared to be about forty. He dressed 
 in the most simple manner, without any of the marks dis- 
 tinctive of a commanding officer." 
 
 The West Chester State Normal School has in its pos- 
 session a portrait of Washington which was painted here by 
 Charles Willson Peale, at that time an officer in the army. It 
 is painted on bedticking. 
 
 General Knox's Artillery. — The next point of interest 
 along the Camp Road is the site of General Knox's Artillery. 
 Close to the road stood the camp blacksmith shop. In front of 
 this was placed the artillery, and here the Commission has placed 
 a battery. Between the Camp Road and the Washington Lane 
 the marks of the soldiers' huts have been found. These roads 
 meet at the beginning of the Inner Line Boulevard at Wash- 
 ington Redoubt. 
 
; 
 
 
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 Copyright, 1902, by Jesse E. Phillips. 
 
 Washington. 
 Painted at Valley Forge by Charles Wilson Peale. 
 
THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 The Inner Line Boulevard begins at Fort Washington and 
 follows the line of the earthworks. It is one of the most delight- 
 ful drives in the park. Pedestrians will find a shorter route by 
 entering the woodland to the right of the redoubt. The path 
 
 Washikgton Redoubt. 
 
 leads up the hillside, crosses the boulevard and continues to the 
 observatory on Mount Joy. In front of the line of earthworks 
 it passes a rifle pit. This will be seen to the right of the path. 
 Washington Redoubt. — Washington Redoubt, one of the 
 most important defenses of the American army at Valley Forge, 
 is well worth a visit. The old earthwork has been restored by 
 
 (128) 
 
THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. I29 
 
 the Commission, which has also built observation platforms, so 
 that visitors can see its outline without treading down the em- 
 bankment. The redoubt is of small size, its longest side being 
 less than a hundred feet. The traverse, the earthwork which 
 divides it into two parts, is seventy-five feet long. This was 
 intended to protect its defenders from an enfilading fire. A 
 lunette to the v/est of the redoubt is marked by cannon. 
 
 The ground falls away steeply from the boulevard on the left, 
 and through the trees are charming views of the Chester Valley. 
 
 Woodford's Brigade. — On the right of the boulevard 
 the Commission has located the sites of soldiers' huts. These 
 were probably occupied by the men of Gen. William Wood- 
 ford's Brigade. When the Virginia troops assembled at Will- 
 iamsburg in the autumn of 1775 he was chosen colonel of the 
 Second Virginia Regiment, having established for himself a 
 reputation as a soldier in the French and Indian War, The 
 choice was a wise one. At Hampion Roads and Great Bridge 
 he and his Virginians acquitted themselves with honor in the 
 struggle with Lord Dunmore. His ability was recognized, and 
 in 1777 he was appointed brigadier-general and given command 
 of the First Virginia Brigade. Although he was wounded in 
 the hand at the Battle of Brandywine, he took part in the Battle 
 of Germantown, and was with the army in its encampment here. 
 
 This hillside will ever be reverenced as the camping ground 
 of John Marshall, who as soldier, author, jurist and statesman 
 faithfully served his country, and by his wisdom laid deep 
 and firm the foundation of constitutional liberty in America. He 
 was only twenty-two years old when his regiment, the Eleventh 
 Virginia, came to this spot, but already he was giving evidence 
 of those rare qualities and great ability with which he was en- 
 dowed. Disputes among his fellow officers were referred, to 
 him for settlement, and his judgments were so fair and his 
 reasons for them so sound that they were generally accepted as 
 final. Officially he was employed as Deputy Judge Advocate, 
 and in this position formed the friendship of Washington and 
 Hamilton, 
 
 One of his companions has thus described some of their ex- 
 
130 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 periences here: "Most of the officers gave to their ahnost naked 
 soldiers nearly the whole of their clothing, reserving only that 
 they themselves had on. Slaughter was reduced to a single 
 shirt. While this was being washed, he wrapped himself in a 
 blanket. From the breast of his only shirt he had wristbands 
 and a collar made to complete his uniform for parade. IMany 
 of his brother officers were still worse off, having no under- 
 garment at all ; and not one soldier in five had a blanket. . . . 
 Washington daily invited the officers, in rotation, to dine with 
 him at his private table; but, for want of decent clothing, few 
 were enabled to attend. Slaughter being so much better pro- 
 vided, frequently went in place of others, that, as he said, 'his 
 regiment might be represented.' " 
 
 On the hillside above the boulevard can be seen the low line 
 of earthworks. These become more plainly visible as the boule- 
 vard approaches their western limits. At this point, where a 
 guardhouse has been erected, the boulevard makes a sharp turn, 
 and passes above the earthworks. Three-eighths of a mile from 
 the end of the earthworks the boulevard is crossed by the path 
 to the observatory and just beyond this is the observatory road to 
 the left. 
 
 The Observatory. — The Park Commission has won the 
 gratitude of visitors to Valley Forge by the erection of the 
 Mount Joy Observatory, whose platform is 500 feet above the sea- 
 level. From this vantage point there is a magnificent view of 
 the surrounding country. To aid visitors to the appreciation 
 of the strategic value of the site selected by Washington and 
 his generals, a cast-iron plate has been placed on the platform, 
 giving the direction and distance of each important place in the 
 vicinity of Valley Forge. 
 
 The boulevard from its junction with the observatory road 
 makes a sharp descent toward Valley Creek, whose waters gleam 
 in the sunlight far below, while the Valley Creek Road, like a 
 narrow pathway, follows its meanderings toward the Schuylkill. 
 Beyond the woodland are the houses of Valley Forge village, 
 standing on the outskirts of the rich farmland which stretches 
 away until lost in the blue of the distant hills. Within a short 
 distance the earthworks are again approached, and through the 
 
THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 131 
 
 Opening on the right are seen the Washington Memorial Chapel, 
 the Waterman Monument and the Soldiers' Hut. The path to 
 the left leads down to Washington Spring on the Valley Road, 
 making a shorter route to Washington's Headquarters. A short 
 distance beyond there is a road to the right by which one can 
 reach the Camp Road near the site of Maxwell's Brigade, or at 
 
 Line of Intrenchments. 
 
 the site of Washington's Marquee. Most persons will prefer to 
 follow the main line of the boulevard to Huntington Redoubt. 
 The line of intrenchments on the right is a reconstruction. For- 
 tunately, the Commission will not permit any more work of this 
 kind, being determined to preserve the earthworks unaltered save 
 by the elements. 
 
 The Earthworks. — As one traces the line of earthworks 
 as they appear to-day the question naturally arises, "What has 
 
132 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 been the effect of the elements upon the original work?" For- 
 tunately we can answer that question satisfactorily, for in De- 
 cember of 1778, only a few months after the army left here, 
 Capt. Thomas Anbury, formerly of Burgoyne's army, passed 
 through here as a prisoner of war on his way to Virginia. He 
 says : "Our troops slept in the huts at Valley Forge, which had 
 been constructed by the Americans, and we remained till late 
 next day for the delivery of provisions before we marched. I 
 had a full opportunity to reconnoiter the whole camp. On the 
 east and south sides were intrenchments, with a ditch six feet 
 wide and three deep, the mound not four feet high, very nar- 
 row and easily to have been beat down with a cannon ; two re- 
 doubts were also' begun, but not completed. The Schuylkill was 
 on the left, and, as I before observed, hath a bridge across it; 
 the rear was mostly covered by an impassable precipice formed 
 by Valley Creek, having only a narrow passage near the river. 
 This camp was by no means difficult of access, for the right was 
 attainable, and in one part of the front the ascent was 
 scarcely to be perceived. The defenses were exceedingly weak, 
 and this is the only instance I ever saw of the Americans hav- 
 ing such slight works, these being such that a six-pounder could 
 easily have battered down. The ditches were not more than 
 three feet deep, and so narrow that a drummer-boy might with 
 ease leap over." 
 
 One much higher in authority had a different idea of these 
 works. In response to the demand of the British Government 
 for the reasons for the inactivity of the army. General Howe 
 replied that he "did not attack the intrenched position at Val- 
 ley Forge, a strong point, during the severe season, although 
 everything was prepared with that intention, judging it im- 
 prudent until the season should afford a prospect of reaping the 
 advantages that ought to have resulted from success in that 
 measure ; but having good information in the spring that the 
 enemy had strengthened the camp by additional works, and 
 being certain of moving him from thence when the campaigns 
 should open, he dropped thought of attack." 
 
 The plan for the fortifications at Valley Forge was made by 
 General Louis Lebeque Duportail, a graduate of the military 
 
THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 133 
 
 school of Mezieres. He was an able engineer and one who is 
 remembered for the valuable services which he rendered the 
 American people throughout the war, and especially at York- 
 town. 
 
 The path on the left beyond the line of intrenchments 
 leads to the lonely grave of an unknown soldier of the Revolu- 
 tion. It was this grave that suggested to Vice-President Fair- 
 banks those thoughts which he so beautifully expressed in his 
 
 Intrenchments. 
 
 address in the Washington Memorial Chapel. The grave is only 
 a short distance from the boulevard. 
 
 Beyond this the Gulph Road is seen. Between it and the 
 boulevard and the Camp Road were the huts of the New Jersey 
 troops. 
 
 Valley Forge is so inseparably connected with Washing- 
 ton that everything which is commemorative of his personality 
 has the greatest interest here. We associate these hills with 
 
134 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 his heroic endurance and patient suffering. It is good to have 
 them reminiscent of his joy. 
 
 The French AlHance.— At 6 o'clock on May 5, 1778, the 
 following order was issued: "It having pleased the Almighty 
 Ruler of the Universe propitiously to defend the cause of the 
 United States of America, and finally, by raising us up a pow- 
 erful friend, among the Princes of the Earth, to Estab- 
 lish our Liberty and Independence upon lasting founda- 
 tions ; It becomes us to Set apart a day, for grate- 
 fully acknowledging the Divine Goodness, and celebrating the 
 Important event, which we owe to his Benign interposition — The 
 Several Brigades are to be assembled for this purpose, at 9 
 o'clock To-morrow morning, when their Chaplains will com- 
 municate the intelligence contain'd in the Postscript from the 
 Pennsylvania Gazette of the 2d instant; & offer up a thanks 
 giving, and deliver a discourse Suitable to the Occasion — " 
 
 At 9 o'clock oil the happiest day at Valley Forge Wash- 
 ington came here to worship, and the private prayer beneath 
 the leafless trees had its antiphon in the public thanksgiving 
 on this green clad hill. The Rev. Andrew Hunter, a Presby- 
 terian minister, the brigade chaplain, preached the sermon, but 
 of it we have no record. 
 
 From the point where the boulevard crosses the Gulph 
 Road there is a fine view of the Schuylkill Valley with Phoenix- 
 ville in the distance. The staff at the foot of the hill marks 
 the site of Washington's headquarters, whose red tin roof can 
 be seen to the left of it. Those whose time is limited should 
 take this road, turning to the right at the Washington Inn. To 
 the right one can trace the Gulph Road as far as the Right Line 
 Boulevard. In the open space on the other side of the Gulph 
 Road from Maxwell's Brigade were the huts of Conway's. A 
 better view of the site can be had farther along the boulevard, 
 opposite the Camp Road, which can be traced almost its whole 
 length as it skirts INIount Joy. The best point from which to 
 see the sites of Conway's and Huntington's Brigades is the 
 Washington Lane. 
 
 By the Gulph Road the Commission has placed a battery. 
 Beyond this, on the left, is the grave of an imknown soldier of 
 the Revolution. 
 
THE INNER LINE BOULEVARD. 
 
 135 
 
 Huntington Redoubt. — For some distance there have 
 been no intrenchments, but the line is soon reached again, and 
 just beyond the point where they first appear is the path to 
 Huntington Redoubt The traverse is 100 feet long, and the top 
 of the earthwork is in some places 20 feet from the bottom of 
 the fosse. 
 
 Huntington Redoubt. 
 
 In front of it there has been buried a soldier whose body 
 was discovered while making some improvements on one of 
 the farms in the neighborhood. From the location of the 
 body and the buttons found with it, it is presumed that he is 
 the soldier who suffered in consequence of Wayne's advice to 
 a farmer. This man complained to Wayne that the soldiers 
 were robbing him. Wayne told him to shoot the next man he 
 caught at it, which he did, killing a soldier who was milking 
 
136 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 one of his cows without the formality of a permission. The 
 headstone bears the following inscription : 
 
 HERE LIE THE REMAINS 
 
 OF A 
 
 REVOLUTIOXARY SOLDIER 
 
 SHOT ON A NEIGHBORING 
 
 FARM DURING THE WINTER 
 
 OF 1777 AND 1778 
 
 To the right the Commission has placed a pump for the 
 use of visitors to the Park. The hillside on which it is placed 
 was the site of Huntington's Brigade. 
 
 Picnic Grounds. — The Park Commission has placed 
 tables and benches under the trees near the boulevard for the 
 use of picnic parties. Tables will be reserved by the guard if 
 application be made to Mr. Samuel S. Hartranft, superintendent 
 of the Park, or to Mr. Albert Guillerman, Valley Forge, Pa. 
 
 A large pavilion, for which the State of Pennsylvania made 
 a special appropriation in 1909, stands near the boulevard. Its 
 shelter is greatly appreciated by those who are caught in a 
 shower while visiting the Park. 
 
 The other picnic grounds at Valley Forge are those ad- 
 joining the Valley Forge Inn and the Washington Memorial 
 Chapel. The former are close to the millpond, on which there 
 is boating, and within a short distance of Washington's head- 
 quarters. The Washington Chapel Grove is back of the Wash- 
 ington Memorial Chapel, and is provided with conveniences for 
 picnic parties. 
 
 At the end of the earthworks the Commission has built a 
 guardhouse overlooking the River Road. To this the boulevard 
 makes a steep descent. Valley Forge Station, on the Reading 
 Railway, can be reached more quickly by following the boule- 
 vard on the other side of the road, but most persons will prefer 
 to turn to the left and follow the River Road to Valley Forge. 
 To reach the Washintgon Memorial Chapel, Port Kennedy Sta- 
 tion, on the Reading Railway, and Betzwood, on the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad, turn to the right. 
 
WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS. 
 
 WASHINGTON'S headquarters are the chief object of 
 interest beyond the line of fortifications. Following 
 the River Road to the left in its descent to Valley 
 Creek, one has a view on the right of the boulevard along the 
 river and of the site O'f the huts of Mcintosh's Brigade and the 
 Life Guards. 
 
 Mcintosh's Brigade. — To mark the former the Commis- 
 sion has placed a marker among the trees on the right. It bears 
 the following inscription : 
 
 continental army 
 valley forge, december iq, i777 — june 18, i778 
 
 Sullivan's division 
 major-general john sullivan 
 
 MC INTOSH's BRIGADE 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL LACHLAN MC INTOSH 
 
 COMMANDING 
 1ST NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL THOMAS CLARK 
 
 2D NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN PATTON 
 
 3D NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JETHRO SUMNER 
 
 4TH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL THOMAS POLK 
 
 5TH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM L. 
 
 DAVIDSON 
 
 6th NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL GIDEON LAMB 
 
 7TH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JAMES HOGUN 
 
 8th NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JAMES ARMSTRONG 
 
 QTH NORTH CAROLINA INFANTRY, COLONEL JOHN WILLIAMS 
 
 The commander of this brigade, Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh, 
 was a man of striking personality. His father had gone from 
 
 (137) 
 
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WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. 139 
 
 Scotland to settle in Georgia under Gen. E. Oglethorpe, and was 
 the originator of the protest of the colonists against the intro- 
 duction of African slaves into the colony. While acting as a 
 clerk in Charleston, S. C, Lachlan lived in the family of 
 the patriotic Henry Laurens. Later he studied mathematics and 
 civil engineering, being also greatly interested in military tactics. 
 He was appointed brigadier-general in 1776. 
 
 Before the evacuation General Mcintosh was sent to the 
 frontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia to quell an insurrection 
 of the Western Indians. Washington had a high opinion of 
 him, and in a letter to the President of Congress, May 12, 1778, 
 said : "I part with this gentleman with much reluctance, as I 
 esteem him an officer of great merit and worth. His firm dis- 
 position and equal justice, his assiduity and good understand- 
 ing, point him out as a proper person to go, but I know his 
 services here are and will be materially wanted." 
 
 The Bakehouse. — The Washington Inn stands at the 
 junction of the River Road and the Valley Creek Road. It 
 includes the old "Mansion House" of the Potts estate, supposed 
 to have been erected prior to 1768. When the house was en- 
 larged the original building was not disturbed, but the newer por- 
 tions were built around the old. This older portion is now 
 used as a dining-room of the hotel. In 1773, Joseph Potts con- 
 veyed an undivided moiety of Mount Joy Forge to William 
 Dewees, who seems to have occupied the house as early as 
 1771, and to have carried on the iron works in connection with 
 David Potts. 
 
 On August 30, 1777, the Board of War sent the following 
 letter to President Wharton : "Sir : There is a large quantity 
 of flour spoiling for the Want of baking. It lies at Valley 
 Forge; I am directed to request of you that you with the Coun- 
 cil will be pleased to order Furloughs to be given to six Bakers 
 out of the Militia for the purpose of baking the Flour into hard 
 biscuit. Colonel Dewees will receive your order & endeavor to 
 find out the Bakers. 
 
 "Rich. Peters, Sec." 
 
140 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 To help carry out this order it would seem that Colonel 
 Dewees built the large ovens in the cellar. Unfortunately these 
 were removed a few years ago. 
 
 During the British occupation of Valley Forge the house 
 was not destroyed, as it has been stated, but was ransacked 
 and damaged. The story is told of how Mrs. Dewees gathered 
 many of the valuables in one room and bravely told the sol- 
 diers that they should enter it only over her dead body. Such 
 heroism was appreciated and her treasures were saved. How- 
 ever, her feather beds were ripped open and emptied, and one 
 of her descendants has a bed made of these feathers. This ap- 
 parently wanton act was prompted by the knowledge that a 
 feather bed was most often the thrifty housewife's saving bank. 
 
 When the American camp was established the ovens built 
 by Colonel Dewees were used to bake much of the bread used in 
 the army, when flour could be had. For those who were located 
 at some distance from these ovens others were established, 
 and people in the neighborhood made a business of baking for 
 the army, receiving a pound of flour in exchange for a pound 
 of bread. 
 
 To the soldiers of the army, therefore, this was known as 
 the "Bakehouse." It was not made the headquarters of any 
 general, but within its walls some of the courts martial were 
 held. For instance, on February 4, 1778, Philip Kirk was tried 
 and found guilty of supplying the enemy with cattle, and was 
 sentenced to be "Confin'd in some Goal in Pennsylvania during 
 the Enemies Staying and both his real and personal Estate be- 
 taken from him for the Use of the United States of America." 
 Only the first part of this sentence was carried out, as Wash- 
 ington was of the "opinion that Confiscation of Property is a 
 matter not cognizable by Martial Law." On the same day, and 
 for the same crime, John Williamson and David Dunn were 
 sentenced to receive 250 and 200 lashes, respectively, on the 
 bare back. Daniel Williamson was also to receive 200 lashes 
 for "attempting to take a number of Sheep into Philada." 
 These sentences were executed the next morning on the Grand 
 Parade, Washington making the humane provision that "a 
 Surgeon from General Patterson's Brigade attend and see that 
 
WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. I4I 
 
 the Criminals do not receive more stripes than their strength 
 will bear." 
 
 The Valley Forge Picnic Grounds. — Opposite the 
 Washington Inn is the Valley Forge Inn. Connected with this 
 are the Valley Forge Picnic Grounds. At one time these were 
 a popular resort, but were supplanted by places more easy of 
 access. The pavilions have been rebuilt recently and provision 
 has been made for the usual features of such resorts. The dam 
 across Valley Creek has been rebuilt in a most substantial man- 
 ner, and a number of boats are kept for the use of visitors to 
 Valley Forge. Those who can spare the time should row to the 
 head of the pond, where Valley Creek is crossed by a covered 
 bridge. Beyond it lies "Valley Forge Farm," the summer home 
 of the Hon. Philander C. Knox, Secretary of State. 
 
 The mill is run by William Lund & Son, woolen spinners. 
 
 Most of the village of Valley Forge lies across the creek in 
 Chester County. The road which passes through it is the most 
 direct route to Phoenixville, four miles beyond. Near where it 
 crosses Pickering Creek is Moore Hall, now the residence of 
 Henry C. Pennypacker. This was the headquarters of the Com- 
 mittee which Congress sent to Valley Forge to confer with 
 Washington on the needs of the army. 
 
 The "Mansion House" is just beyond the village, and, like 
 the "Washington Inn," includes a building which was built before 
 the Revolution. It was used by the army as a hospital. But the 
 chief interest in this road lies where it crosses the creek and 
 ascends the hill, for here it was that "Light-horse Harry," Capt. 
 Henry Lee, made his thrilling escape from the British dragoons. 
 He and Alexander Hamilton had been sent to superintend the 
 removal of some stores from Valley Forge, and while engaged 
 in their work a detachment of British dragoons appeared. Ham- 
 ilton and some of the men hastily embarked in a small boat, 
 but Lee, fearful of delaying it, leaped upon his horse and 
 endeavored to reach the bridge before his pursuers. He and 
 his men safely crossed, escaping the enemy's fire at a distance 
 of ten or twelve paces, and galloped up the hill closely fol- 
 lowed. The British soon gave up the chase and returned to 
 
142 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 endeavor to prevent the escape of Hamilton, who, with his men, 
 was struggling with the swollen stream. From the sound of 
 the firing Lee feared that Hamilton and his party had failed to 
 escape, and immediately sent a despatch to Washington, telling 
 of his experience and fears. Washington had hardly finished 
 reading Lee's message when Hamilton appeared unscathed, but 
 fearful for Lee's safety. 
 
 Washington's Headquarters. 
 
 On the hill across the creek were the huts of the artificers. 
 This regiment was authorized by Congress in 1777, and as 
 formed consisted chiefly of men from Connecticut. 
 
 A contemporary map now owned by the Historical Society 
 of Pennsylvania shows, what other maps do not, the location 
 of a brigade at this point. This was the Carolinian Brigade, 
 which belonged to Lord Stirling's Division, if the map be trust- 
 worthy. 
 
WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. I43 
 
 To reach Washington's headquarters turn to the right at 
 the Washington Inn. The State has acquired the land between 
 the road and Valley Creek, and the ruins of the paper mill have 
 been removed. The Commission will maintain the tract as a 
 part of the Park. 
 
 The Office of the Valley Forge Park Commission. — 
 
 The second house from the Inn has been fitted up by the Val- 
 ley Forge Park Commission as its office. Mr. Albert Guillerman 
 is the resident, and will gladly give information about the Park. 
 
 A Camp Hospital. — The stone stable on the right is 
 said to have been used as a hospital while the army was en- 
 camped here. On the strength of this tradition it was purchased 
 by the Valley Forge Memorial Association, and is now owned by 
 the State. The Custodian's Lodge, which stood for several 
 years on the opposite corner, has been removed to a new site, 
 to the east of the stone stable, thus giving an obstructed view 
 of Washington's Headquarters. 
 
 Washington's Headquarters. — Washington's headquar- 
 ters are a substantial stone house, two stories high, containing 
 five rooms, and connected by a covered way with a stone 
 kitchen. As far as we can learn it was built prior to 1768. 
 The ground on which it stands is a portion of Mo'unt Joy Manor, 
 which William Penn granted to his daughter Letitia on October 
 27, 1701. Passing through the ownership of several persons it 
 came into the possession of John Potts, and at the time of the 
 Revolution the house and the Valley Mill were owned by his 
 son Isaac. 
 
 The house is of small size, being only 21 feet 6 inches 
 across the front and 30 feet 6 inches deep. It is in a most excel- 
 lent state of preservation, and has to-day the same doors, win- 
 dows, locks, etc., which were here when it was occupied by 
 Washington. 
 
 In front of this door Washington himself mounted guard, 
 as tradition has it, in order to allow the hungry sentinel tO' go 
 inside to be cared for by Mrs. Washington. 
 
 The hallway passes through the building and at the farther 
 end opens out into the grounds at the back of the house. The 
 
144 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 doorway on the left leads to the kitchen, while the first on the 
 right opens into the front room. 
 
 In the hall has been placed a bronze tablet to commemo- 
 rate the work done by the Valley Forge IMemorial Association 
 in preserving Washington's headquarters. It bears the follow- 
 ing inscription : 
 
 THIS TABLET COMMEMORATES 
 
 THE PATRIOTIC SERVICE RENDERED BY 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL AND MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION 
 
 OF VALLEY FORGE 
 
 GENEROUSLY AIDED BY THE 
 
 PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA 
 
 IN ACQUIRING, RESTORING AND PRESERVING 
 
 THIS HEADQUARTERS 
 
 1878 1906 
 
 The front room has an ample fireplace and closet, and is 
 connected with the adjoining room by what is popularly called 
 "the secret passage," a small entry. It contains only a few ob- 
 jects of interest, including portraits of some of Washington's 
 generals, and an oil painting of Dr. Bodo OttO', "hospital phy- 
 sician and surgeon" during the Revolution, a German reel and 
 spinning wheel. In the closet are a bracelet containing a lock 
 of Washington's hair and one of his book plates ; a paper case 
 and snuffbox, once owned by General Wayne ; a glass pitcher 
 which belonged to Colonel Pickering; battleaxes found at Fort 
 Huntington ; canister shot from Fort Washington ; a hatchet 
 head found beneath the east window ; a pewter plate from the 
 battlefield of Germantown ; a forge tool, and other relics. 
 
 In this room one recalls the stately reception with which 
 Mrs. Washington welcomed Gen. Charles Lee on the 20th of 
 May, upon his return from captivity. He was shown the great- 
 est honor. Washington and his officers rode four miles from 
 camp to meet him, and they passed to this house through the 
 lines of the army. Here he was received by Mrs. Washington 
 and "was entertained with an elegant Dinner, and the music 
 playing the whole Time." 
 
WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. I45 
 
 Washington's Office. — The chief place of mterest in the 
 building is the next room. This was the office of Washing- 
 ton. Here during that trying winter he wrote his reports to 
 Congress and his letters tO' the Governors, pleading for their 
 help for his starving men. Here came his officers, the Com- 
 mittee from Congress and the countless ones who sought favors 
 from the great commander. Here he learned of the Conway 
 Cabal and of the alliance with France. Here he spent the 
 darkest days of his life and here he saw the dawn of the 
 brightest ones. 
 
 In this room should be read the following account which 
 formed part of a letter of Mrs. Washington to Mrs. Lund 
 Washington at JNIotint Vernon : "The general's headquarters 
 have been made more tolerable by the addition of a log cabin 
 to the house, built to dine in. The apartment for business is 
 only about sixteen feet square, and has a large fireplace. The 
 house is built of stone. The walls are very thick, and below 
 a deep east window, out of which the general can look upon 
 the encampment, he had a box made, which appears as a part 
 of the casement, with a blind trap-door at top, in which he 
 keeps his valuable papers." 
 
 The room is even smaller than she imagined, being only 
 about thirteen feet square. Washington's box for private papers 
 is 10^ inches deep. It is divided into two compartments 
 9^ inches wide, one 17 inches long and the other 16. 
 
 This gives one a very good idea of the preservation of this 
 old house. There is the east window out of which you can 
 look toward the encampment. Washington could see the quar- 
 ters of the life guard, and beyond them the huts of the 
 Southern troops. The trap-door does not fit as perfectly as it 
 did in those days, for since then thousands have taken it off 
 and put it back. 
 
 A very pretty story is told of how Mrs. Washington came 
 here from Whitemarsh. "On that cold wintry journey to Val- 
 ley Forge, Mrs. Washington rode behind her husband on a 
 pillion. He was on his powerful bay charger and accompanied 
 by a single aide-de-camp, followed the last remnant of the 
 army that left the encampment at Whitemarsh." All of which is 
 
146 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 pure liction. On the 1st of February, Washington wrote the 
 following to John Parke Custis, his stepson : "Your mamma 
 is not yet arrived, but if she left Mount Vernon on the twenty- 
 sixth ultimo, as intended, may, I think, be expected every hour. 
 Meade (Richard K. Meade, aide-de-camp to Washington) set 
 off yesterday (as soon as I got notice of her intention) to meet 
 her. We are in a dreary kind of a place, and uncomfortably 
 
 Washington's Windows.* 
 
 provided; for other matters I shall refer you to the bearer. 
 Colonel Fitzgerald (also an aide), who can give you the oc- 
 currences of the camp, &c., better than can be related in a let- 
 ter." Mrs. Washington reached Valley Forge a day or two 
 after this letter was written. In a letter to Mrs. Warren she 
 said : "The general is in camp in what is called the great valley 
 on the Banks of the Schuylkill. Officers and men are chiefly 
 
 * That next to the door is the one mentioned. 
 
WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. I47 
 
 in Hutts, which they say is tolerable comfortable ; the army 
 are as healthy as can well be expected in general. The Gen- 
 eral's apartment is very small ; he has had a log cabin built to 
 dine in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable than 
 they were at first." 
 
 The only relic of Washington here is a letter. On the walls 
 are pictures of the Commander-in-Chief and his generals, a gun 
 carried throughout the war by Isaac McGlathery, and a sword 
 lost by the Hessians at Brandywine. The old settee was brought 
 from England in 1620, and formerly belonged to Mrs. Ogden, 
 who occupied the house at the time of its purchase by the Me- 
 morial Association. The anvil was found near Fort Huntington. 
 
 The cupboard contains a number of relics, but the most 
 interesting, on account of its association with the soldiers who 
 were encamped here, is the old powder horn. While the army 
 was starving a few head of cattle were driven into camp, and 
 many of the men wanted the horns for powder horns. Wash- 
 ington decided the matter by selecting a number between 1500 
 and 2000, and allowing the men to guess it. One guessed cor- 
 rectly, 1776. He and the nine who guessed numbers nearest 
 to this were awarded the horns. Jabez Rockwell was one of 
 these. He made sure of his prize by cutting his name on it, 
 and later added the record of its use. The inscription is as 
 follows : 
 
 JABEZ ROCKWELL OF RIDGEBURY 
 
 CONN. HIS HORN, MADE IN 
 
 CAMP AT VALLEY FORGE 
 
 FIRST USED AT MONMOUTH, JUNE 28, I778 
 
 LAST AT YORK TOWN, I781 
 
 The flintlock belongs to the large King George cannon in the 
 grounds of the headquarters. 
 
 The Second Floor. — In the hallway on the second floor 
 is "The Chronological Portraiture of Washington, 1772-1778," 
 prepared by Dr. Julius F. Sachse, and presented by the His- 
 torical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
148 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 The first room has been furnished by Valley Forge Chapter, 
 D. A. R., with an interesting collection of antique furniture. 
 The front room has been furnished in the same manner by 
 Chester County Chapter. 
 
 There is no doubt in my mind that this was Airs. Wash- 
 ington's room, and that General Lee's baggage was deposited 
 in the little room at the end of the hall. 
 
 The Back Bedroom. 
 
 Mrs. Henry Drinker, one of a committee of Friends which 
 sought the release of those confined at Winchester, has left this 
 record of her visit under the date of April 7th: "Arrived at 
 HdQuarters, at about >^ past one. We requested an audience 
 with the General, and sat with his wife (a sociable, pretty kind 
 of woman), until he came in. A number of officers were there 
 who were very complaisant. Tench Tilghman among ye rest. 
 
WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. I49 
 
 It was not long before G. Washington came, and discoursed 
 with us freely, but not so long as we could have wished, as 
 dinner was served, to which he invited us. There were 15 Of- 
 ficers, besides ye G. and his wife, Gen. Greene, and Gen. Lee. 
 We had an elegant dinner, which was soon over, when we went 
 out with ye Genls wife, up to her Chamber — and saw no more 
 of him." 
 
 This "sociable, pretty kind of woman" shared the burdens 
 of her husband and most nobly seconded his efforts in behalf 
 of the suffering soldiers. Mrs. Westlake, who lived near the 
 headquarters, has left us a graphic picture of her laborious 
 life at Valley Forge. She told Mr. Lossing, 'T never in my life 
 knew a woman so busy from early morning until late at night 
 as was Lady Washington, providing comforts for the sick sol- 
 diers. Every day, excepting Sunday, the wives of the officers 
 in camp, and sometimes other women, were invited to Mr. 
 Potts' to assist her in knitting socks, patching garments, and 
 making shirts for the poor soldiers, when materials could be 
 procured. Every fair day she might be seen, with basket in 
 hand, and with a single attendant, going among the huts seek- 
 ing the keenest and most needy sufferer, and giving all the 
 comforts to them in her power. I sometimes went with her, 
 for I was a stout girl, sixteen years old. On one occasion she 
 went to the hut of a dying sergeant, whose young wife was 
 with him. His case seemed to particularly touch the heart of 
 the good lady, and after she had given him some wholesome 
 food she had prepared with her own hands, she knelt down by 
 his straw pallet and prayed earnestly for him and his wife 
 with her sweet and solemn voice. I shall never forget the 
 scene." 
 
 The Garret. — The garret, once so uninteresting, has been 
 completely furnished by Merion Chapter, Daughters of the 
 American Revolution, which has named the apartment the 
 "Ro'und Window Room." The chapter has published a carefully 
 prepared catalogue of the furnishings, with an account of the 
 owners. The bedstead, once the property of Charles Thomson, 
 Secretary of the Continental Congress, is the property of the 
 
I50 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Valley Forge Centennial and IMemorial Association. The arm- 
 chair was brought from Wales by Dr. Thomas Wynne, Penn's 
 physician, in 1682. The rocking-chair was owned by Col. Ed- 
 ward Heston, and the portraits were painted by Isaac Heston, a 
 "Revolutionary artificer," of himself and wife. The mahogany 
 washstand, 150 years old, belonged tO' the mother of Capt. An- 
 drew Geyer, and all the articles are of historic interest. 
 
 Descending to the first floor one should pass through the 
 doorway which at the foot of the stairs opens into the passage 
 
 The Kitchen. 
 
 to the kitchen. At one time this was supposed to be a much 
 later addition, but examination showed that it was a part of 
 the original structure. 
 
 The Kitchen. — The kitchen is just what one would imag- 
 ine should be a part of such a venerable building. In the 
 great fireplace are the cranes, roasters, pots and skillets, and 
 above it on the mantel shelf are candle molds, etc. Adjoining 
 the kitchen is the log pump house, a modern addition. It is 
 
WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS. I5I 
 
 built over the entrance to what has been romantically called the 
 "Passage to the River," and supposed to have formed a secret 
 way by which Washington was to escape the British in case 
 of an attack. A narrow passage leads down by thirteen steps 
 to a vaulted cellar 14 feet 7 inches long, 10 feet 2 inches wide 
 and 7 feet 10 inches high. It seems to have been the kitchen 
 cellar. 
 
 The Grounds. — The grounds about the headquarters are 
 kept in excellent order and add greatly to the attractiveness of 
 the spot. 
 
 The Commission has removed the fence and built a low 
 stone wall in front of the headquarters. The large cannon to 
 the south of the house was presented by the Navy Department 
 of the United States. It bears the arms of Great Britain and 
 the initials G. R., showing that it was once the property of 
 King George III. 
 
 ^ 
 
THE VALLEY CREEK. 
 
 THE Mill. — Opposite the house stood the grist mill of 
 Isaac Potts. 
 The old mill was destroyed by fire in the spring of 
 1843, the fire being started by a spark from a locomotive, Mrs. 
 Ogden, who owned the headquarters in 1874, said : "It stood near 
 the railroad, and was much larger than the mill my father built 
 higher up the race the next year, and which is now used as a 
 paper mill. The old mill had very heavy massive timbers used 
 in its building, which were unimpaired by time, and I heard 
 say the burrs were the best in the country; they were all de- 
 stroyed by the fire." 
 
 Chevalier de Pontgibaud says that Washington used the 
 mill as his headquarters, but I have not found anything to sus- 
 tain this statement, although it may have been used as an of- 
 fice, being so close to the residence of the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 A piece of the old water wheel is preserved in the head- 
 quarters. It is suspended over the doorway leading from the 
 hall to the kitchen, and is of the greatest interest. 
 
 It will well repay those who can afford the time to go up 
 the road along Valley Creek. Not only is it a picturesque 
 drive, but it affords such points of interest as the site of the old 
 forge, the Valley Forge Farm and Lafayette's headquarters. 
 
 Crossing the Gulph Road at the Washington Inn, and pass- 
 ing the woolen mill, the road follows all the windings of 
 the creek, the hillsides becoming more steep, until the nar- 
 rowest point of the valley is reached, where the creek has cut 
 its way between Mount Misery and Mount Joy. Less than a 
 mile from the headquarters is the Washington Spring, of which 
 Washington probably knew nothing. From this there is a path 
 up to the boulevard on the heights. Beyond is the supposed site 
 of the old forge. 
 
 The Valley Forge. — Wherever the forge stood, it gave 
 the name to the famous camp. It was built some time between 
 December. 1742, and April, 1752, by Stephen Evans, Daniel 
 Walker and Joseph Williams. Some time after 1751 a sawmill 
 
 (152) 
 
THE VALLEY CREEK. 1 53 
 
 was built, and later the grist mill. The property came into the 
 possession of John Potts, of Pottsgrove, the great ironmaster, in 
 1757. Up to this time the forge had been called Mount Joy 
 Forge, as it was located on Mount Joy Manor. For a while the 
 old name was retained, but was gradually superseded by the 
 more familiar one of Valley Forge, derived naturally from the 
 Valley Creek, whose waters were used by the old iron workers. 
 
 Suggested Site of the Valley Forge. 
 
 The property passed from John Potts to his son John, and from 
 him to his brother Joseph, who, with his brother David and their 
 cousin, Thomas Hockley, formed the firm of Potts, Hockley & 
 Potts. The iron was brought from Warwick furnace in large 
 quantities. At the time of the Revolution the property was 
 owned by William Dewees, Jr., who seems to have carried on the 
 works in connection with David Potts, who for nearly fifty 
 years had sold in Philadelphia the bar iron made here. 
 
154 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 When the British were at Valley Forge, September 18-21, 
 1777, the forge was destroyed. Hidden in the thick woods on 
 Mount Joy, Alexander Hamilton watched the destruction which 
 he was powerless to prevent. This gave the American soldiers 
 an excuse to make inroads upon the buildings until they were 
 checked by Washington. After the war the works were re- 
 built farther down the stream, and were maintained until 1824, 
 when they were allowed to fall into ruin. 
 
 Perhaps one reason for the destruction of the forge, by the 
 British is to be found in an old musket in the Valley Forge 
 Museum. It was made at Valley Forge in 1777 for the Amer- 
 ican army. 
 
 Valley Forge Farm, — Less than a half-mile beyond the 
 forge is Valle)'- Forge Farm, the residence of the Hon. Philander 
 C. Kno'x, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General under Presi- 
 dent McKinley and President Roosevelt. A quaint covered 
 bridge spans the creek where it leaves the Senator's grounds, 
 and crossing it one passes at once from the wild woodland 
 scenery to a landscape whose natural beauties have been en- 
 hanced by the hand of man. The house occupied by the Secre- 
 tary and his family is set amid well-kept lawns and is shaded 
 by fine old trees. The best view of it is from the road just 
 beyond the gateway. Of course visitors will not intrude upon 
 the grounds. To the left, on the other side of the creek, is the 
 old farmhouse which was the headquarters of General Knox. 
 
 Lafayette's Headquarters. — To reach Lafayette's head- 
 quarters turn to the left at the corner of the Secretary's grounds, 
 and follow the road which skirts the lawns. This will soon 
 descend to another bridge over Valley Creek. Just beyond this 
 on the right stands the residence of Henry Wilson, which at 
 the time of the encampment was owned by John Havard and 
 occupied by Lafayette. The old house is in a splendid state of 
 preservation. Visitors are not admitted. 
 
 Marquis Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du 
 Motier Lafayette was only twenty years old when he came io 
 Valley Forge, having recently been appointed to succeed Gen. 
 Adam Stephen. Lispired by a romantic interest in the struggle 
 
156 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 for liberty he had eluded French vigilance, fitted out a ship at 
 his own expense and had come with Baron de Kalb and eleven 
 other officers to offer his services to Congress. At first he 
 served as a voluntary aide to Washington, and between them 
 was formed that noble friendship which was an honor to them 
 arid their nations. 
 
 Lafayette was a victim of the Conway Cabal at first, but 
 as soon as he saw what it meant he withdrew in disgust from 
 those whom he counted the enemies of their country. Here he 
 wrote a letter whose truth, loyalty and open-heartedness must 
 have been a boon to Washington in that dark hour. In it he 
 thus pledges himself tO' Washington: "Aly desire of deserving 
 your satisfaction is stronger than ever, and everywhere you 
 will employ me you can be certain of my trying every exertion 
 in my power to succeed. I am now fixed to your fate, and I 
 shall follow it and sustain it as well by my sword as by all 
 means in my power." 
 
 One of the most interesting relics of Lafayette is the check 
 for $120,000, paid to him by the United States as part of the 
 $200,000 which he received for his services in the Revolution. 
 This is preserved in the Valley Forge Museum of American 
 History, together with letters and other relics of this devoted 
 friend of America. 
 
 The road just traversed is the shortest route to Valley 
 Forge Station. Those who have more time and desire a dif- 
 ferent route should turn to the right after passing through 
 the covered bridge over Valley Creek, pass General Knox's 
 headquarters, and turn to the left at the Centreville Road. At 
 Fort Washington one can take the road on the left, the Camp 
 Road, or follow the Centreville Road, here called Washington 
 Lane, to the River Road. The first is shorter, as it soon strikes 
 the Gulph Road, near the Front Line Boulevard. Turn to the 
 left and follow^ the Gulph Road to the Washington Inn, and 
 there turn to the right and pass the headquarters. By the 
 second route, cross the Gulph Road and continue to the River 
 Road. Turn to the left, and at the boulevard turn to the right. 
 
 To reach either the Port Kennedy Station or the Betzwood 
 Station, turn to the right at the River Road, pass the Waterman 
 Monument and -Washington Memorial Chapel. 
 
THE CENTENNIAL AND MEMORIAL ASSO- 
 CIATION OF VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 THE most important result of the celebration of the one 
 hundredth anniversary of the Evacuation of Valley Forge 
 was the determination to secure the headquarters as a 
 memorial of that event. To accomplish this there w^as formed 
 "The Centennial and Memorial Association of Valley Forge," 
 of which Mrs. Anna M. Holstein was elected regent. This 
 association really carried forward the work of "The Valley 
 Forge Centennial Association," which had so successfully ar- 
 ranged for the celebration of the anniversary. The new asso- 
 ciation appealed to patriotic citizens for co'ntributions, and for 
 every dollar contributed a certificate was issued giving the 
 holder a share of stock in the association. The house and one 
 and a half acres of land were purchased for $6000, one-half of 
 which was secured by a mortgage. Despite the efforts of the 
 members of the association it was unable to pay the interest, 
 and an appeal was made to the Patriotic Order of the Sons of 
 America at its convention in Norristown in 1885. In a little 
 more than six months the order paid off the mortgage and can- 
 celed all the indebtedness of the association, receiving in re- 
 turn 3600 shares of stock, and a voice in the management. 
 Col. Theodore W. Bean, of Camp 114, did much toward the 
 success of this movement by the publication of his "Footprints 
 of the Revolution," first published in the "Camp News." The 
 State of Pennsylvania appropriated $5000 to further the work 
 of the association, and in 1887 the building was restored to its 
 original condition, as far as possible, a warden's lodge was 
 built, and the grounds improved. Additional ground was pur- 
 chased in 1889 and in 1904. The association maintained the 
 headquarters in an excellent manner, and was aided in this 
 by a small admission fee. In the report of the Valley Forge 
 Park Commission, in 1904, attention was called to this fee and 
 the recommendation was made that the State acquire the prop- 
 erty. This received favorable action and on August 15, 1905, the 
 
 (157) 
 
158 
 
 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 Commission took possession of the headquarters under the 
 new powers given to it by the Legislature, paying the Association 
 $18,000 for its property. Later the Commission made the claim, 
 that the money could not be distril^uted among the members of 
 the Association, because the shares of stock were only receipts 
 for money contributed for a charitable purpose. The courts 
 sustained the claim of the Conunission, which received the 
 money as trustee. 
 
 'Valley Forge. 
 
THE VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION. 
 
 THE Valley Forge Park is the creation of the Valley Forge 
 Park Commission which was appointed by the Assembly 
 of the State of Pennsylvania June 8, 1893, under the Act 
 of May 30th, of that year, which provided "for the acquisition by 
 the State of certain ground at Valley Forge for a park." This 
 bill was the result of an effort begun many years before by Mrs. 
 Mary E. Thropp Cone, to whose schoolgirl verses America owes 
 the preservation of the old Trappe Church. Born at Valley 
 Forge, she loved its historic hills and plead for years for some 
 monument to properly mark the neglected spot. She and her 
 sister Amelia originated the Valley Forge Monument Associa- 
 tion, which began work in 1882. Of this association Anthony J. 
 Drexel, Jr., was the treasurer and George W. Childs, a charter 
 member. Mrs. Cone and her friends appealed to Congress for 
 aid, but in vain. Thereupon an effort was made to obtain a State 
 appropriation, and this effort resulted in the Act of 1893. The 
 idea of the monument was abandoned for that of a reservation 
 by which the intrenchments would be preserved to the Nation. 
 
 We do not know who first suggested the preservation of 
 Valley Forge, but the Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker has pub- 
 lished an interesting broadside in which he sets forth the work 
 done by Dr. Isaac Anderson Pennypacker, who, as early as 1842 
 wrote in behalf of the preservation of the encampment, and in 
 1845 suggested the erection of a monument on Mount Joy. To 
 this end he brought Daniel Webster, William H. Seward, Neal 
 Dow and others to Valley Forge. In the effort to arouse pub- 
 lic interest in Valley Forge no one has been more zealous than 
 the author of the broadside, for as Commissioner and Governor, 
 through writings and through speeches, he has striven to direct 
 the attention of the American people to the place and its history. 
 
 The first act passed by the Assembly provided $25,000 for 
 the purpose of the Commission, and in 1895, $10,000 were ap- 
 propriated. Including the 1909 appropriation, the State has 
 
 (159) 
 
l6o GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 appropriated $365,445 for Valley Forge. The park includes about 
 500 acres. 
 
 The Commission has done a noble work for the American 
 people, and the Valley Forge Park is destined to become one 
 of the greatest pleasure grounds in the country. The determi- 
 nation to preserve the wooded heights in their rugged beauty, 
 to leave the earthworks untouched, to make every part of the 
 encampment accessible by well-kept walks and roads, and to 
 guard every part of the reservation, are resolutions which must 
 meet with the hearty approval of all visitors to Valley Forge. 
 The Commission as now constituted is as follows : W. H. Sayen, 
 President; John P. Nicholson, Vice-President; John W. Jordan, 
 Secretary and Treasurer; J. P. Hale Jenkins, M. G. Brumbaugh, 
 William A. Patton, Richmond L. Jones, John W. Jordan and 
 John T. Windrim, Col. John A. Wiedersheim, the Hon. Samuel 
 W. Pennypacker. Mr. Samuel S. Hartranft is the Superin- 
 tendent. The Office of the Commission is located in the house 
 to the south of the Headquarters. The Philadelphia Office is 
 at 1414 South Penn Square. 
 
WASHINGTON AND VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 "No spot on earth — not the plains of Marathon, nor the 
 passes of Sempach, nor the place of the Bastile, nor the dykes 
 of Holland, nor the moors of England, is so sacred in the his- 
 tory of the struggle for human liberty as Valley Forge." — Cyrus 
 Townsend Brady. 
 
 HAVING made a tour of the encampment, it may well 
 be asked. What impression is left on the minds of the 
 visitor? All who think seem to feel the spell of the 
 place. These hills make a subtle appeal to the best in man, 
 and many go away pledged to a nobler effort in life. Valley 
 Forge affects one as does no other place in the land. 
 
 No better analysis of this characteristic power of Valley 
 Forge has been made than that by Bishop Gibson, of Vir- 
 ginia, who, in the course of his sermon at the opening of the 
 Washington Memorial Chapel, said : 
 
 "The chief distinction of Valley Forge is human, personal, 
 individual, practical. In one word, it is spiritual. It grows out 
 of the unintentional and unconscious display of a character. 
 Need I say the character of Washington? Valley Forge was 
 Washington's place of martyrdom. Never again in the course 
 of a life filled with extraordinary experiences did this 'greatest 
 of good men and best of great men,' who had accepted the 
 office of commander-in-chief with unfeigned reluctance, and, 
 because of his feeling that he was always liable to make mis- 
 takes, was ready at any time to have his actions freely criticised 
 by those from whom he had received his commission, never 
 again, T say, did Washington pass through an ordeal so fiery 
 as that which made Valley Forge for him and for many others 
 the Valley of Decision. 'He that findeth his life shall lose it,' 
 said the Master of Wisdom and of wise men — 'He that findeth 
 his life shall lose it; and he that loseth his life for my sake, 
 shall find it.' On this spot Washington fought out the spiritual 
 battle of his career, endured and triumphed in the majestic name 
 
 (161) 
 
1 62 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 of Duty; which is also the name of Him to whom all is due. 
 When he turned his back on these scenes there was no longer 
 any question as to who should command the armies of America, 
 nor was his heart again torn, as here, by the sight of troops 
 under his own eye, starving and naked from neglect. And what 
 is the result? He has become the genius of the place; invest- 
 ing all we read with his own aura, supplying the clear atmos- 
 phere through which each incident of the time is seen, clothing 
 with the colors of actual vision every account of hospitals and 
 huts, of wounds and bruises, of chilly, comfortless nights, and 
 days of weakness from hunger. We see what he saw, we feel 
 his emotions. Into our faces failure stares and treachery kisses 
 us on the cheek. As the story moves on, gathering force in 
 its progress, we are drawn more closely to the hero. As troubles 
 thicken about him, apparently unconscious of their presence, our 
 anxiety deepens, the tension of our hearts grows rigid. He 
 saved others, we say, but to save himself is beyond his power. 
 And so it was. He was not tried to the limit of death or dis- 
 grace, but he was tried so sorely as to make him one of the 
 exemplars of mankind. To secure independence for his country 
 he suffered that which made him a great moral luminary for the 
 world. The exhibition of the character of Washington is the 
 crowning glory of Valley Forge." 
 
 Tablet on Pennsylvania 
 
 Memorial Columns. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Artillery Park 126 
 
 Bakehouse 139-141 
 
 Betzwood Station, P. R. R 5, 82, 136 
 
 Brigades — 
 
 Conway's 1 17-1 19 
 
 Glover^s 92 
 
 Huntington's 116, 117 
 
 Learned's 92, 93 
 
 Maxwell's 120-123 
 
 Mcintosh's 137-139 
 
 Muhlenberg's 83-86 
 
 Patterson^s 90, 91 
 
 Poor's 99-103 
 
 Scott's 110-112 
 
 Varnum's 31-41 
 
 Wayne's 103-108 
 
 Weedon's 86, 87 
 
 Woodford's 129, 130 
 
 British Army at Valley Forge 14, 15, 22, 25 
 
 Cemetery, Washington Memorial 33» 34 
 
 Centennial and Memorial Association 144, 157, 158 
 
 Chapel, Washington Memorial 43-81 
 
 Cloister of the Colonies 43, 47-52 
 
 Conway Cabal 18, 1 18 
 
 Defender's Gate 31-33 
 
 Divisions — 
 
 DeKalb's 89-92 
 
 Greene's ; 88, 89 
 
 Stirling's 117 
 
 Sullivan's • 121 
 
 Evacuation Day Celebrations 25, 44, 45 
 
 (163) 
 
164 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Fatland Ford 14, 23, 25, 29 
 
 Flag of the Commander-in-Chief of the American Army 76 
 
 French Alliance 19, 28, 29, 134 
 
 Graves of Soldiers , 33,39.41, 113, 114, 134, 136 
 
 Headquarters — 
 
 DeKalb's 86, 87 
 
 Huntington's 42 
 
 Knox's 1 12, 1 13 
 
 Lafayette's 154-156 
 
 Morgan's 83 
 
 Muhlenberg's 83 
 
 Varnum''s 28, 29 
 
 Washington's — 
 
 First, the Marquee 74-76, 123-126 
 
 Second, the Potts House 143-151 
 
 Weedon's 86, 87 
 
 Hospitals 28, 35, 36, 103-110, 143 
 
 Huts 27, 34-37 
 
 Intrenchments 22, 25, no, 11 1, 131- 134 
 
 Lafayette's Cheque 19 
 
 Library, Washington Memorial 76-78 
 
 Life Guard 21-23 
 
 Maps — 
 
 Encampment at Valley Forge Insert 
 
 Points of Interest at Valley Forge which the Phoenix- 
 ville, Valley Forge and Strafford Trolley Will 
 
 Reach 11 
 
 Relation of the Reading Stations to the Points of 
 
 Interest 7 
 
 Route of the Phoenixville. Valley Forge and Straf- 
 ford Trolley 9 
 
 Markers — 
 
 Brigade 31, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94-97, loi 
 
 State 91, 93 
 
 Markets 2-] 
 
 Marquee, Washington's 74-76, 123-126 
 
 Mill, Grist 132 
 
INDEX. 165 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Monuments — 
 
 New Jersey 123 
 
 Massachusetts 93> 97 
 
 To Unknown Dead 113, ii5 
 
 Waterman 39-41 
 
 Wayne 105-108 
 
 Mount Joy Observatory 130, 131 
 
 Museum of American History 72-76, 123, 124, 156 
 
 National Arch 98, 99 
 
 Observatory 130, 131 
 
 Office, Valley Forge Park Commission 143 
 
 Patriots' Hall 70-78 
 
 Pennsylvania Columns 102, 103, 162 
 
 Pews of the Patriots 58-62 
 
 Pickets 26 
 
 Picnic Grounds 80, 136, 141 
 
 Port Kennedy Station, Reading Railway 82, 136 
 
 Porch of the Allies 70 
 
 President Roosevelt's Valley Forge Address 32, 33, 78-80 
 
 President's Pew 58, 59, 61 
 
 Provost Guard 81, 82 
 
 Redoubts — 
 
 Huntington 135, 136 
 
 Star 29-31 
 
 Washington 128, 129 
 
 Right Line Boulevard 83-126 
 
 Schoolhouse, Old 119, 120 
 
 Stations — 
 
 Betzwood 5, 82, 136 
 
 Port Kennedy 5, 82, 136 
 
 Valley Forge 5, 20, 99, 136 
 
 Steuben's Kitchen 37-39 
 
 Sufferings at Valley Forge i7> 18, 100, loi, 104, no 
 
 Sullivan's Bridge 25-27 
 
 Thanksgiving Tower 70-78 
 
 Valley Creek 152-158 
 
 "Valley Forge," The Statuette 12, 67, 68, 158 
 
 Valley Forge, The 152-154 
 
BU\a 2^ i^»« 
 
 I 66 GUIDE TO VALLEY FORGE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Valley Forge Farm 154 
 
 Valle}^ Forge in American History 13-19 
 
 Valley Forge Museum of American History 72-76 
 
 Valley Forge Park Commission 136, 159, 160 
 
 Valley Forge Picnic Grounds 80, 136, 141 
 
 Valley Forge Station. Philadelphia & Reading 5. 21, 99, 136 
 
 Washington, George — 
 
 Accounts 20, 22 
 
 Appearance 126, 127 
 
 Defense of His Soldiers 123-126 
 
 Headquarters 74-76, 137-151 
 
 Marquee 74-76, 123-126 
 
 Prayer at Valley Forge 44, 68-70 
 
 Spirit of Valley Forge 161-162 
 
 Washington, Statuette 12, 67, 68, 158 
 
 Washington, ]\Iartha 145-149 
 
 Washington Memorial Cemetery 33, 34 
 
 Washington Memorial Chapel 43-81 
 
 Washington Alemorial Door 52, 53 
 
 Washington ]\Iemorial Library 76-78 
 
 Washington-Burk Memorial 12, 67. 68, 158 
 
 Washington-Sullivan Font 56, 57 
 
 Washington-Wood Pulpit, Perclose and Lectern 61-67 
 
 Waterman Monument 39-41 
 
 W^ayne Monument 105-108 
 
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