JHHH KSSSS mwK JsBwS*'* •'•'"•'•' ■' ■•":■- ' -•:'■•■••• § i •■; HbBKtt Qass__ Book. MYSTERIES HEAD AND THE HEART EXPL^I^ED: AN IMPROVED SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY; A NEW THEORY OF THE EMOTIONS, AND AN EXPLANATION OF THE MYSTE- RIES OF MESMERISM, TRANCE, MIND-READING, AND THE SPIRIT DELUSION. ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. By J. STANLEY GRIMES, THIRD EDITION. CHICAGO : HENRY A. SUMNER & COMPANY, 1881. w ■ COPYRIGHT, W. B. KEEN, COOKE & CO., A. D. 1875. ^ i- ! i Ff^ancis S. Grimes, M.. D., THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, AS AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS VALUABLE ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION, FOR SEVERAL TEARS, WHILE THE AUTHOR WAS ENGAGED IN RESEARCHES, THE RESULTS OP WHICH ARE RECORDED IN THESE PAGES. INTRODUCTORY This Volume contains a summary of the results of more than forty years of study and experience concerning Mental Phenom- ena. Part First consists of what the author and his friends regard as a greatly improved system of Phrenology. Part Second contains an entirely new account of the relations of the body and mind to each other, including several discoveries concerning the Physiology of the Emotions, and their beneficial effects upon the heart and other vital organs. Part Third is devoted to an application of the principles previously explained, to solve the mysteries that have hitherto surrounded the phe- nomena of Trance, Mesmerism, and Spiritism. If any of my readers, on seeing that my whole superstructure is founded upon phrenology, are inclined to reject it on that account, with the remark that they do not believe in phrenology, my reply is that I ask no one to believe in it. Science is not a matter of belief, but of positive knowledge. If it cannot be demonstrated to be true beyond all doubt, it does not deserve to be regarded as a science at all. No one is expected to believe in chemistry, in geology, or in astronomy. When Galileo, by means of his newly invented telescope, discovered that Jupiter had four moons, some of his opponents declared that they did not believe it. Very well, said Galileo, I do not ask you to be- lieve, I only ask you to look through this small tube and see them for yourselves ; but instead of looking they arrested and punished him. Now I assert, from abundant experience, that no person can fairly examine phrenology for a single day, under the guidance of a competent examiner, without finding satisfactory evidence that its main features are in accordance with nature. Let me suggest a few tests : 1. Find a man with a very low, wide, short (v) VI IJ5TTK0DUCT0KY. head, and lie will, upon acquaintance, in all cases, prove to be extremely selfish, and indifferent to the interests and wants of his fellow men. 2. Find another, whose head is very high and long and narrow, and he will prove to be deficient in selfishness; he will be prone to neglect his own affairs and attend to those of others. 3. Find a man whose head is high in front and low at the upper back part, and he will be found to be deficient in firmness of purpose ; on the contrary, one who is low in front and high at the back of the head, in the region of Firmness, will manifest decision and stability of character. 4. Find one who is very prominent in the lower part of the forehead and narrow and retreating in the reflective region, and he will prove to be a mere imitator, and incapable of invention. The history of the commencement of this science is exceed- ingly instructive. Francis Joseph Grail, the founder of phre- nology, was born in Suabia, in Germany, in 1757. At the age of nine, as he himself states, he was placed, with another boy, under the tuition of an uncle, and while with him was often reprimanded for his inability to compete with his companion in learning by rote, although in other respects he greatly excelled him. The two boys were subsequently sent to school at Basle, where thirty boys attended, several of whom committed to mem- ory with such facility, that, although they stood in the eighth or tenth place in other exercises, in this they rose to the highest. Two of the thirty even excelled Gall's first companion ; and he was struck at the coincidence of all of them having eyes so prominent as to have given rise to the nickname of bull's eyes. He was subsequently transferred to another school, and again lost his place by inability to compete with other boys at verbal recitation ; and here, too, he observed the projecting eyes of those who excelled him in this exercise. At a later period he again suffered defeat in the same way at the college of Strasburgh, and by youths whose eyes exhibited the same kind of prominence. Here was the beginning of phrenological discovery. He now entered upon the study of medicine. This, of all professions, was best calculated to aid him in his new researches, not only by outward observations in connection with mental manifestations, but also in extending his researches to the brain itself, by exami- nation after death. The first written notice of Dr. Gall's enquiries concerning the head, appeared in a familiar letter to Baron Retzer, which was INTKODUCTORY. VU inserted in a German periodical, in December, 1798. Two years previous he had given private lectures upon the subject at Vienna. Some of his hearers made public notices of his doc- trines, which ultimately drew from the Austrian government an edict that such lectures must cease, his doctrines being consid- ered dangerous to religion. Gall then removed to Paris, where he remained until his death, which occurred in 1828. It is an interesting and remarkable fact, that while Gall was in Paris, it was, temporarily at least, the residence of a greater number of the fathers of science than ever honored any other city of the world during an equal time. Among these were Cuvier, the father of systematic paleontology, with his celebrated pupils, Beaumont and Agassiz ; Lamark, the father ot the doctrine of evolution ; Franklin, the inventor of the lightning-rod, and the discoverer of the electric nature of lightning; Rumford, the father of the doctrine of the co-relation of force; Bichat, the father of modern physiology; Laplace, the author of the nebular hypothesis; Mesmer, the father of the practice of artificial trance ; Lavoiseur, one of the fathers of chemistry ; and Cham- polion, the father of Egyptology, and the first decipherer of hieroglyphics. All the sciences which may be said to have had their birth near the beginning of the present century, have been more culti- vated and improved, and more readily adopted, than phrenology. The reasons are not difficult to discover. The other sciences had no rival systems to supplant as phrenology had. A metaphysical system of mental philosophy was taught in every superior school in Christendom — a science of mind with the organs of mind left out. This metaphysical system lay at the foundation of the theological doctrines of all the sects, To teach that the mind is dependent upon material organs, and sub- ject to physiological laws, they regarded as equivalent to teach- ing materialism and fatalism ; in other words, rank heresy and infidelity. Gall and Spurzheim not only had to encounter the mental philosophy of the schools, but the theology of the churches. A more formidable opposition cannot be imagined. The consequence is that phrenology has been taboed and ex- cluded from all regular schools and colleges, and forced to make its way not only without their assistance, but in spite of all their opposing influences. This book is an attempt to advance phrenology, and bestow Vlll INTRODUCTORY. upon it the dignity of a systematic science, by showing that it is inseparably connected with physiology ; that when any emotion of the mind is excited, the head and the heart act in unison to effect the purpose of the will. I have furthermore endeavored to demonstrate that this new system of phreno-physiology fur- nishes the only reasonable explanation of the phenomena of trance Mesmerism and Spiritism. As these pages will doubtless be perused by many who are but slightly acquainted with the history and details of the subjects treated, it is due to them, to my predecessors, and to myself, that I should designate the principal innovations that I have made both in Physiology and in Phrenology, and thus enable the reader to distinguish the new from the old : I. Gall and Spurzheim discovered all the phrene organs now generally recognized, except Alimentiveness, which was discov- ered by Dr. Hoppe, of Copenhagen, and Vitativeness, which was first suggested by Vimont, of France. He and Andrew Combe thought that it was situated too far from the outside of the head to be made the subject of examination during life. But I found that persons whose heads were full immediately under Destruc- tiveness, so as to crowd the ears outward, Avere remarkably apprehensive of personal injuries and of sickness, and were unnecessarily anxious about their health. I regard it as the propensity to preserve the constitution and health, rather than the life, and have, therefore, named it Sanativeness, from the Latin sanatas, soundness or healthiness. II. Gall made no classification of the organs, and proposed no new philosophy of the mind. In his published catalogues he mingled the Intellectual, Ipseal and Social organs together with very little discrimination. His proceedings were purely empirical. He found Destructiveness large in the heads of mur- derers, and he therefore called it the organ of murder; he denominated Acquisitiveness theft; Secretiveness lying, and Submissiveness religion. Spurzheim possessed a more analyt- ical and methodical mind; he pointed out the fact that the Intellectuals are all grouped together in the forehead, and that they are all perceptives except the two highest, which are reflec- tives. The other organs he denominated affective faculties, or feelings. He observed that the organs in the lower parts of the brain are manifested by animals even more decidedly than by man ; he therefore denominated them animal propensities, while INTRODUCTORY. IX the higher organs of the brain, being much more strongly- manifested by man, he n'amed them Moral Sentiments. I regard this last division as unfortunate. There is no place where a line can be drawn so that all above it may be regarded as peculiarly human or moral, and all below it animal. Besides, the higher organs are just as much propensities as the lower, and some of the lower — those, for example, that relate to friendship and love — are accompanied with quite as much of sentiment as any of the higher. Spurzheim confounded the Social and Ipseal propensities together; he classed Amativeness and Adhesiveness with Destructiveness and Acquisitiveness ; Cautiousness with Benev- olence, and Hope with Firmness. Mr. George Combe, and all the other European and American Phrenologists, have adopted a similar incongruous arrangement in all their works. III. The reader will perceive that I have made an important change in the classification and arrangement of the organs, by recognizing all as Ipseal or Social propensities that are not Intellectuals, and regarding feelings or emotions as mere tem- porary states of mind and body produced by excited propensities. IV. I have also taken the liberty to change the names of some of the organs when I conceived that they were calculated to mislead inexperienced students. Conscientiousness I have Note. — Dr. Wm. Carpenter, the most distinguished and able physiologist of Europe, has lately published a volume of iipwards of seven hundred pages on Mental Physiology, in which, I am sorry to say, he does great injustice to his own reputation. It cannot be said that he is an anti-phrenologist, although he ignores the doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim, for he introduces in its place a phrenology of his own, which he seems to regard with great complacency. He places the lower^ mental faculties in the forehead, the higher in the posterior lobes, and the emotions and the sensorium among the sub- cerebral ganglia. The brain he regards as the organ of all the mental faculties excepting the will. This is independent of the body, and has no particular local habitation. It is a kind of lobby member of the mental congress. It however exerts a kind of regulating influence over the body and mind in a manner which he does not explain. Dr. Carpenter does not cite any authority to fortify his unphysiological assumptions, except that of Cardinal Manning. Now, although I have great respect for the opinions of the learned Cardinal in matters relating to the Catholic church, I beg leave, with all deference, to suggest that physiology is not properly within his jurisdiction, and I may therefore be permitted to question his infallibility when treating of this subject. It is evident that Dr. Carpenter derived his notions concerning the will from the old theological, rather than irom the modern medical schools. X INTRODUCTORY. changed to Equitableness or Justice. The organ in question does not alone produce honesty nor the feeling known among Christian people as Conscientiousness; Reverence, and proper moral and religious training are necessary to produce those desirable states of the mind. The state of mind called Mirth- fulness depends upon large Hopefulness, small Cautiousness and good health. I regard the organ (miscalled Mirthfulness) as the propensity to try experiments, and wit as one of its sportive manifestations when combined with a keen intellect. The organ that has been called Marvelousness, Wonder, Super- naturality and Spirituality, I regard as the propensity to believe the testimony and assertions of others. The names that have been given to this propensity indicate only its excesses and not its proper and normal manifestations. As for the candidate and doubtful organs, at the base of the brain, I wish it distinctly understood that I only propose them for investigation, and not for acceptance without further evidence in their favor. V. In 1845 I first published the conclusion, at which I had arrived some time previous, that the oblongata is the seat of the consciousness of all mental impressions. Since then I find that several European and American authors have adopted the idea. VI. I first insisted upon a distinction being made between the dormant faculties and the states of mind that they produce when excited. VII. The fact that the emotions powerfully influence the vital organs has always been known, and Gall was the first to suggest that the sympathetic nerve was the channel of this influence; but I have attempted to show that the emotional influence is a useful and functional one, and that it is of a preliminary char- acter. VIII. In studying the relations of the voluntary and involun- tary functions to each other, I have ascertained that the accents of speech are related to pulsation, and the pauses to the respira- tory movements, and that both are almost entirely involuntary. IX. I have demonstrated that what is called spirit trance, or Mesmeric sleep, depends upon the excessive action of the de- pressing propensities, especially of Submissiveness. It has never before been taught that those propensities which increase the voluntary exertions increase the circulation to sustain the exertions, and that, on the contrary, those propen- sities which restrain the voluntary exertions restrain the circu- INTRODUCTORY. XI lation also. Before this law was known it was impossible to understand the cause* of trance, the phenomena of Mesmerism, and the mental manifestations of the spiritists. Several very able writers — Maudsley, Spencer, Bain, Carpen- ter, Tuke — have, within a short time, written with great learn- ing and ability concerning the relations of the mind and body, without adding much to our knowledge of the subject. The reason is evident. They overlooked or ignored the only prin- ciples upon which their problems can be solved. This book does not contain a mere theoretical essay; it is adapted to the wants of those who wish to make themselves acquainted with both the principles and the practice of Phren- ology and Mesmerism, including the development of the so-called spirit mediums. Any person of common abilities who will carefully study these pages can learn to go into any community, and in a few days develop several writing, ghost and vision-seeing, table-tipping and speaking mediums, and at the same time so vary his exper- iments as to convince all reasonable and unprejudiced persons that all the honest manifestations proceed from the unbalanced and dreaming brains of the mediums and the credencive imag- inations of their patrons. For the information of those who wish to consult other authors upon phrenology, I will state that " Combe's System," together with this volume, contains substantially all that is at present known upon the subject. Chicago, May, 1875. In order to learn phrenology practically, a plaster bust is necessary, upon which the locations of the phrene organs are correctly marked. None of those that I have seen are reliable. I have, therefore, had one made which accords with my own experience. It may be procured in Chicago at the book score of W. B. Keen & Company, 33 and 40 Madison street. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART FIEST— THE HEAD. Classification and Arrangement of the Phrene Organs 5 Observation or Individuality explained _ 13 Flavor 14 Form 16 Size 17 Weight 18 Locality 19 Words or Language 21 Color 23 Order 24 Number 25 Eventuality 29 Time '. - 29 Comparison 30 Causality .. 32 Alimentiveness . 37 Sanativeness or Vitativeness 40 Candidate Organs 41 Destructiveness 44 Combativeness . - — 46 Secretiveness - 48 Cautiousness - - 51 Constructiveness - 56 Acquisitiveness.- 58 Tunefulness.. 63 Experimentrveness— Wit — Mirthfulness 65 Perfectiveness — Ideality 67 Hopefulness - - -- 73 (xiii) XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. Amativeness 81 Earenti veness — Philoprogenitiveness 86 Inhabitiveness — Concentrativeness 89 Adhesiveness 91 Imperativeness — Self Esteem 91 Approbativeness... 94 Firmness 98 Equitableness — Justice — Conscientiousness 101 Submissiveness — Eeverence 105 Kindness — Benevolence 108 Imitativeness 110 Credenciveness — Marvellousness — Wonder 114 Memory — The Temperaments ., . 121 Large Brains and Small.. 128 Practical Phrenology 131 Physiognomy 189 Instinctive Faculties 142 Play of the Faculties 144 Myths ..147 The Brain 150 Technical Terms .155 Structure of the Brain 158 The Organ of Consciousness 166 The Striatum and Thalamus 170 Evolutions of the Mind... ..188 The Posterior Lobes — An Objection Answered 197 PAET SECOND— THE HEAET. Physiology of the Emotions 203 Prelimination ..204 Kelationsof Body and Mind .1. 205 The Nerves — Nerve Substance _ .209 A Nervous Apparatus 211 Division of Nervous System. ..213 Locations and Functions of the Emotions 223 Definitions and Explanations 229 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV The Will— The Uses of the Emotions 232 Continued Action of Emfttions .235 Faith — Expectation __ . .239 Emotions and Development 239 Why Women are more Emotional 240 Laughter and Tears ...241 Physiology of Accent and Vocal Expression 243 PAET THIED. THE HEAD AND HEART UNBALANCED. Producing Trance, etc. - _ . . .251 Why some are more easily Entranced 257 Will and Self-Will 264 Abnegation of Will .266 History and Theories of Mesmerism _ 268 Credencive Induction 270 Practical Instruction in Producing Trance 274 Ascertaining Susceptibility 277 Manner of Inducing Hallucination 279 Two Opposing Wills 285 How to Make a Subject ...286 Influence of Imitativeness and Credenciveness in Trance 288 Trance and Poetic Genius ..289 Kelation of Imagination to Emotion 291 Relation of Emotion to Diseases 293 Manifestations of Strength and Insensibility 295 Mind Reading 296 Emotional Insanity .302 Modern Spiritism. 306 Prof. Wallace 307 Anti-Christian Spir? fcists 312 Evidence and its Riles... 314 The Fox Girls — Mrs. Fox's Account 319 Deposition of Mrs. Culver ..321 Professors Flint and Lee 323 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Prof. Page 325 Hon. R. D. Owen and Katie King .327 Hon. L. C. Ball 329 Mental Manifestations 331 Trance Speakers . 336 Mrs. Hardinge 341 Hon. J. M. Peebles ....342 Personation ..343 Degrees and Modes of Trance and Conformity 344 Hallucination 346 Figure 1. EXPLANATION OF THE BUST. The three classes of organs are separated from each other by double lines. The Intellectuals are in the forehead; the Ipseals or self-relative propensities on the side; and the Social propensities occupy the posterior and upper parts of the head. THE HEAD AND THE HEAET, INTELLECTUALS. PERCEPTIVES. PAGE. Obs. — Observation or Individuality - 13 A?— Flavor 14 Form. — Gives width between the eyes . 16 Size. — Gives width to the part where the forehead and nose join. 17 Wt.— Weight 18 Lo. — Locality 19 Words. — Language.... 20 C— Color 23 O.— Order 24 N— Number 25 Ev. — Eventuality 29 T— Time 29 REFLECTIVES. Com. — Comparison 30 Cau. — Causality 32 THE HEAD. IPSEAL OR SELF-RELATIVE PROPENSITIES. CORPOREAL RANGE, PAGE. Al. — Alimentiveness 37 San. — Sanativeness 40 B ? Unknown 1 Beyond all doubt there are organs in these n 9 Unknown I s P aces which will yet be discovered, relat- ' fing to sleep, breathing, warmth and other D?— Unknown j bodily wants 41 BELIGERENT RANGE. Des. — Destructiveness 44 Comb. — Combativeness. 46 PRUDENTIAL RANGE. Sec. — Secretiveness 48 Caut. — Cautiousness 51 INDUSTRIAL RANGE. Con. — Constructiveness - 54 Acq. — Acquisitiveness 56 IMPROVING RANGE. Tu.— Tunefulness 61 Exp. — Experimentiveness . 63 Per. — Perfectiveness - 65 H. — Hopefulness - 71 THE HEAD AND THE HEART, SOCIAL PROPENSITIES. DOMESTIC GROUP. PAGE. E? — Equilibrium or Locomotion 81 Am. — Amativeness . 81 Pa.— Parentiveness 86 In. — Inhabitiveness or Concentrativeness 89 Ad. — Adhesiveness 91 GOVERNING GROUP. Imp. — Imperativeness 92 App. — Approbativeness 94 Fm. — Firmness 98 Eqt. — Equity or Conscientiousness 101 CONFORMING GROUP. Sub. — Submissiveness or Reverence 105 K— Kindness 108 Imt. — Imitativeness 110 Cre. — Credenciveness 114 SCALE OF NUMBERS. The sizes of organs are usually represented by numbers — one being the lowest, seven the highest, and four the average or mean. According to this scale, if a head is perfectly balanced every organ will be marked four. If any organ is marked more than four it has more than an average share of influence in the mind, and if marked less than four it has less than an average share of influence. It is a great mistake to suppose that many high numbers indicate a superior character. The nearer all the organs come to being marked four the more perfect is the char- acter. When a head is well proportioned, a large and active brain indicates superiority. MYSTERIES HEAD AND HEART. PART FIRST -THE HEAD. Classification and Arrangement of the Phrene Organs. The first proceeding which is necessary in the crea- tion of a new science is the collection of its crude materials — its facts; the next is to make a correct classification. Those things that are in many essential particulars alike should be put into a class by them- selves. A science scarcely deserves the name until this task has been performed by its devotees. While the classification is imperfect the student is in continual danger of confounding together things that are unlike, and separating other things that nature has associated together. Dr. Gall laid the foundations of phrenology by discovering twenty-seven phrene organs; but he made no classification. His partner, Spurzheim, pointed out the fact that the intellectual organs consti- tute a distinct class, and that they differ in function from the emotional faculties. This distinction was 6 MYSTEKIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. previously recognized by metaphysicians, but Spurz- heim demonstrated that the intellectual organs are grouped together by themselves in the anterior lobe of the cerebrum, while the emotional faculties occupy the rest of the brain. Spurzheim also distinguished the two highest intellectual organs from the others, and denominated them reflectives, while the others are perceptives. No one has questioned the propriety of this subdivision. Dr. Gall observed that the organs at the base of the brain are more peculiarly animal than the higher, and Spurzheim drew a line between what he considered the animal propensities and the higher iaculties; there is no such line in nature. This was the condition of the science when Spurzheim died in Boston in 1832, at which time I began the study of the subject In 1838 I published a new system of phrenology, the principal novelty of which consisted in the natural classification and arrangement of the propensities or emotional faculties. I demonstrated that they consist of two great classes — the Ipseal and the Social; that one class is evidently designed to prompt the individual to preserve himself and advance his own personal interests, without reference to the wants or wishes of others; the other class is designed to multiply and pre- serve the species, and bind them together into societies. The importance of this division cannot be over valued. The moment we admit that nature has put in one group all the propensities that relate to the individual, and in another all those that relate to society, we are forced to acknowledge that no one can form a correct idea of the' functions of the organs who ignores this division. Any one who pretends to teach THE HEAD. phrenology, and rejects or neglects this division, does injustice to himself, to his pnpils, and to the science. The Ipseal class occupies the side of the head, and has its base in the middle lobe of the brain. The social class has its base at the posterior part of the brain, and extends along the middle line to the upper part of the forehead. The lower part of the brain has always been divided by anatomists into three lobes — the anterior, the middle, and the posterior. It is interesting now to learn the meaning of this natural division. The Intel- lectual class occupies the anterior lobe, the Ipseal the middle, and the Social the posterior. It is also a curious and inter- esting fact that the body may be divided into three departments. The anterior (including the hands and face) may be regarded as the Intellectual department; the mid- dle (including the digestive and respiratory organs) are Ipseal; and the posterior (including the reproductive organs) are Social. This relation becomes more strik- ing and obvious when we consider that the lowest organs of the posterior of the brain are related \ in function to the lowest parts of j the body, the lowest middle or- ' gans of the brain are related to the middle parts of the body, and Fig. 3. the lowest anterior parts of the 8 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. brain to the hands and face, the anterior parts of the body. In other words, the anterior of both the body and the brain (D, Fig. 2) relate to the Intellect, the middle of the body and brain (I, Fig. 2) to the Ipseal functions, and the posterior of the body and brain (S, Fig. 2) the Social functions. But important as this division is, the succession or superaddition of the organs of each class is, if possible, still more so. I know of nothing in any science more remarkable. If Gall and Spurzheim, when they first promulgated phrenology, had pointed out this classification and succession of the organs, they would certainly have been accused of mapping the head and arranging the organs to adapt them to the requirements of a previ- ously formed theory. But the truth is that neither of these philosophers suspected that the organs which they discovered were susceptible of such an arrange- ment. If any additional argument were needed to establish the truth of phrenology, it is furnished by the fact that after Gall and Spurzheim were both dead, the crude materials which they brought to light are found to be capable of being formed into such a won- derfully harmonious system. Let us review each of the three classes separately, and observe the manner in which the higher organs are superadded to those immediately below them: ARRANGEMENT AND RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE INTELLECTUAL ORGANS. The lowest intellectual organs are those situated near where the nose joins the forehead, at the base of the anterior lobe, near the middle line. The organs that cluster around this basilar central point have THE HEAD. 9 the peculiarity that they relate to what may be denominated the individual qualities of things, while the other intellectual organs represent their relative qualities. Thus, form, size, weight, color, place, sound and motion may be possessed by a single object without any necessary reference to any other; but order, num- ber, comparison and causality imply several things and their relations to eacn other. The lowest animals may observe the individual qualities of things, but only the higher minds can fully understand their relations. ARRANGEMENT AND RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE DPSEALS. The Ipseals are developed in five ranges or stories, one above the other. 1. The corporeal range relates to the bodily wants. Only two of them, Alimentive- ness and Sanativeness, have been fully established, though there must be several others in their vicinity that are yet to be discovered. There can be no doubt that all the corporeal organs of the Ipseal class that are undiscovered are near the two that are known. No sensible person would think of looking for them anywhere else. 2. Above the corporeal are the bel- ligerent organs. The struggle for existence resulting from the necessity of obtaining food requires those organs. 3. Above the belligerent are the prudential organs, which are rendered necessary by the previous existence of animals possessing the belligerent organs. 4. The Industrial organs relate to the necessity of providing shelter and food for a coming winter. 5. The Improving range crowns this class and produces ingenuity, ornament and enterprise. There is nothing 10 MYSTERIES OI? HEAD AND HEART. in the functions' of the organs of these five ranges that implies even the existence of society, or that tends to qualify their possessor for its enjoyments; they all relate to self. If they benefit society it is because the social organs are large enough to dominate over them and force them into subordination. ARRANGEMENT AND RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE SOCIALS. The lowest animals manifest the lowest social fac- ulty; the next higher manifest some degree of the parental instinct; the attachment to particular places, and the tendency of the young to remain under the protection of a parent, implies a still higher social development; the gregarious instinct which binds several families together for mutual protection, and forces them to acknowledge one or more for leaders, is a still further advance, for it introduces general government and subordination. Imperativeness, Ap- probativeness, Firmness and Justice, as well as Obe- dience, Kindness and Imitativeness, will naturally be needed and developed under these circumstances; they will be more and more developed as the com- munity becomes more numerous and intelligent. The societies of bees, ants and beavers are illustrations of the fact that social institutions are not the results of human reason; they proceed from instinctive pro- pensities which are possessed in different degrees by different classes of animals. The order of arrangement and succession of the social organs in the human brain is the very order in which society must necessarily have required them. It should be particularly remarked that the social organs lowest in position are lowest in rank, and those THU HEAD. 11 iii the mesial or middle line of the head are lower than the others adjoining. According to this rule, Amativeness is No. 1, Parentiveness 2, Inhabitive- ness 3, Adhesiveness 4, Imperativeness 5, Approba- tiveness 6, Firmness 7, Justice 8, Submissiveness 9, Kindness 10, Imitativeness 11, and Credenciveness 12. The last is the highest in rank. Of all the social propensities, Credenciveness is the most peculiarly human; it is the propensity to receive communi- cations, and is therefore the basis of tradition, his- tory, religion and literature. Take these away and man would be a brute. Before the natural classifica- tion was understood, this important faculty was known as Wonder and Marvelousness, and its extraordinary influence upon human affairs was not understood. Imitativeness was also regarded as a mere mimicking and dramatic faculty ; whereas it is a powerful social element, and an important moral faculty. We imitate those whom we most reverence and admire: our mother tongue, our manners and fashions, and most of our work is learned by imitation. It is the basis of sym- pathy. The social character and influence of this important faculty has been overlooked on account of the erroneous classification which has been adopted. Even the propensity of Kindness or Benevolence has been but half understood. The truth is it tends to conciliate strangers and persons in whom we have but a general interest. The lower any social propensity is in rank the more limited is its sphere. The domes- tic socials relate only to the family, but Kindness relates to all creatures that can appreciate it. It is an interesting fact that Causality, the highest Intel- 12 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. lectual, Perfectiveness (Ideality), the highest Ipseal, and Credenciveness the highest Social, come together at the upper lateral part of the forehead where the heads of the lowest savages are most deficient. FUNCTIONS OF PHRENE ORGANS. THE INTELLECTUALS. PERCEPTIVES. OBSERVATION OR INDIVIDUALITY. "You see, indeed, but perceive not." — Isaiah. The faculty of observing the most ob- vious things in a cursory and general man- ner. Dr. Gall called it, very appropriately, "the spirit of observation." Practically, it is undoubtedly true that persons large at »this part and small in the other organs above and each side of it, are very observ- ing, though they may not understand what they observe, but I doubt this being a sin- gle faculty. It is probable that several of the lowest perceptives are very small, and are crowded together here. Combined with Eventual- ity, it gives the memory of facts and transactions. Those who have it small are in the habit of passing things in which they have no particular interest with- out noticing them. If such persons have the Reflec- tives large, they are prone to be too metaphysical, and though possessed of good reasoning faculties, they reason erroneously, because they have acquired but an imperfect knowledge of the facts. (13) 14 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. While I admit that persons who are large here are more practical and observing than those who are small, I am not convinced that there is a distinct faculty of the mind such as that which Spurzheim and Combe have defined under the name of Individ- uality. Combe says, "Individuals in whom it is large experience delight in becoming acquainted with objects, without reference to their uses or active or passive qualities." Again he says, " It gives the notion of the existence of substance, and forms that class of ideas represented by names when used with- out an objective, as man, rock, tree." I cannot admit that we ever have an idea of any substance without reference to its qualities. Every substance has a form and a size, and we cannot even imagine its existence witho7i.t these qualities. FLAVOR. "Who taught the nations of the field and wood To shun their poison and to choose their food." — Pope. Independent of phrenological observa- tion, we have quite as good reason for believing that there is in the brain an organ for perceiving flavor (including odor and savor), as in admitting an organ 'of color that is related to sight, or an organ of weight, related to the sense of touch. In 1838, 1 called the attention of phrenologists to the fact that persons whose faces are prominent in that part Fi s- 4 - that is immediately under the eye and near the nose, possess an unusual power of discrim- ination in regard to the odor and savor of food and THE HEAD. 15 drink. It seems to, me that there is a part of the brain, just behind the convolution of the organ of words, that may give prominence to the bones under the eye, for the same reason that the word organ gives prominence to the eye itself. U ).». This faculty, says Dunglison, is capa- ble of being largely developed by culti- vation. The spirit- taster to extensive commercial estab- ^»*^\ lishments exhibits i "^ the truth of this in a striking manner. He has, of course, in his vocation, not on- ly to taste numerous samples but to ap- Fi g . 6. preciate the age, strength, flavor and other qualities of each; yet the practiced individual is rarely wrong in his discrimination. Some persons can tell by the taste whether birds, put upon the table, are domesticated or wild, male or female. Dr. Kitchener, indeed, asserts that many epicures are capable of saying in what precise stretch of the Thames the salmon on the table has been caught. Figure 5 is Apollo, the Grecian classical ideal of the highest civilization and refinement, contrasted with Figure 6, a some- what exaggerated representation of the negro face. No one would hesitate long in deciding which of the two to prefer for the kitchen department. Fig. 5. 16 MYSTEBIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. FOEM. " I knew him at a glance ! My father is not altered; The form that stands before me, falsifies No feature of the image that hath lived So long within me." — Coleridge. The faculty of judging concerning forms and remem- bering them. Dr. Gall named it the sense of persons. When large it gives width between the eyes. Spurzheim thinks that ideas of roughness and smoothness depend on Form. It is principally by means of Form that animals are capable of distin- guishing one object from another. A large develop ment of this organ also accounts for the extraordinary power which some persons possess, of remembering faces ; Cuvier, the celebrated Naturalist, could remem- ber for years, the forms of animals which he had seen, and could draw them from memory with great accu- racy. The talent for drawing is almost entirely depen- dent on this organ. When Language and Form are not in proportion to each other, persons can remember the names and not the faces, or vice versa, of their acquaintances. I knew a gentleman in Auburn, New York, who called into a store to see an acquaintance, but not finding him in, inquired of the clerk — "Is Mr. — Mr. — Mr. — r — r — you know who I mean, — is he in \ " " Oh yes," said the clerk, " I know who you mean; it is Mr. — Mr. — Mr. — r — r — No! he is not in," — and they parted in mutual embarrassment. Dr. Gall relates of himself, that he could not recollect a person who dined by his side, if in the afternoon he met him in the street. Dr. D., of Ann Arbor, Mich- igan, assured me, that it was to him a frequent source of embarrassment, that persons would come up to THE HEAD. 17 him, and claim to be his intimate acquaintances, and he was ashamed to say he did not know that he had ever seen 'them before. Authors who have it large are prone to describe the configuration of the objects which they introduce, and in their works of fiction, " Imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown." SIZE. " A boundless sea forevermore, Without a bottom or a shore." — Watts. Raphael— Fig. 7. Richard Baxter — Fig. 8. The faculty of measuring distances and magnitudes by the glance of the eye. It is one of the organs required in perspective drawing, and in judging of proportion. It is large, and Form also, in Milton, and he frequently manifests them in his writings. A good instance is his description of sin and death: Figure 7, the brow of Raphael, one of the greatest of artists in regard to form and outline. Observe the width of the part where the nose and forehead join; this indicates a large devel- opment of the organ of Size. The organ of Form is also very large in Raphael, and is indicated by .the uncommon space between the eye and the nose. Figure 8 is the brow of the Rev. Richard Baxter, a celebrated and pious metaphysical divine, who regarded all the uses of this world and its enjoyments as " stale, flat and unprofitable," com- pared with the glories of the things that are invisible. 2 16 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. " The one seemed woman to the waist, and fair, But ended foul in many a scaly fold, Voluminous and vast. * * * * * * * * The other shape, If shape it might be called — that shape had none Distinguishable in member, joint or limb, Or substance might be called that shadow seemed, For each seemed either. Again, he describes Satan: " As far removed from God and light of heaven, As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole. Prone on the flood, extending long and large, Lay floating many a rood. Collecting all his might, dilated stood, Like Teneriffe " Atlas, unremoved ; His stature reaped the sky, and on his crest Sat horror plumed." Nearly all poets have the organ that produces exageration (Credenciveness) large, and there is noth- ing that they exagerate more frequently than magni- tudes. WEIGHT. "And earth, self-balanced, on her centre hung." — Milton. This is the perception of weight, and the sense of force and resistance. Animals that are very low in the scale mani- Flg ' 9 ' fest this faculty with as much skill as the most profound philosopher. The cater- pillar travels to the end of a limb, and extends itself as far as it can reach, and if it finds nothing to rest upon returns the way it came, but never loses its balance. THE HEAD. 19 The nymphs of water moths, commonly called cod- bait, cover themselves with pieces of wood or gravel. It is necessary that they should keep in equilibrium with the water, and when they are too light they add to themselves a piece of gravel, and when too heavy a piece of wood. I have uniformly found this organ large in those mechanics and artists whose success depends upon their faculty of bringiDg force to bear with skill, pre- cision and delicacy. It is large upon authors who describe, in a natural manner, the effect of force. "And hark! The river, bursting every mound, Down the vale thunders ; and with wasteful sway- Uproots the groves, and rolls the s T [ tered rocks away." — Beattie. The organ, when large, gives depth and an over- hanging appearance to the brow near the nose, as seen in the brow of Washington (Fig. 9). Watt, Brunell, and other great practical engineers, have the same development. I have seen many persons who could sing well, but could not touch the piano with proper delicacy and skill. Men have the organ much larger than women, and though women are the better vocalists, and a hundred women to one man learn the use of the piano, the best performers upon that instrument are men. Machinists, blacksmiths, rail- road engine drivers, coachmen, and all men engaged in employments requiring them to exert, to guide or to regulate force, require this faculty. 20 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. LOCALITY OE DIKECTIOK 'There is a power whose care Teaches thy way along that pathless coast, The desert and illimitable air, Lone wandering but not lost." — Bryant to a water-fowl This may be defined to be the perception of the direction of objects. It is largely developed in the heads of all cel- ebrated navigators, trav- elers and geographers. Migratory animals man- ifest it in a much greater degree than man. It is very large in James Fen- nimore Cooper, and his "Pilot," and other nauti- cal works, afford admira- ble illustrations of it. Americus Vespucius — Vig. 10. His hero is represented as steering the vessel among rocks and shoals, through a thousand dangers that seem each moment to increase in magnitude; but with a firm and decided voice, and a calm spirit, he gives each necessary order, as with a skillful hand he guides the noble ship in safety. The head of Americus illustrates several peculiar traits. His forehead indicates a very observing, practical, orderly char- acter. His large neck, and strongly marked face indicate energy and strength. The back of the head indicates powerful domestic affections ; but the upper back part of the head shows- a great deficiency of self-will and firmness of purpose. THE HEAD. 21 Fig. 11. by habit. WOKDS OE LANGUAGE. "With words of learned length and thundering sound, Amazed the gazing rustics ranged around."— Goldsmith. This organ does not give the love of talking, nor does this alone bestow the gift of speaking with fluency. Those who have it large, remember and use unusual words, such as they have seen in books, and which are mostly used only by literary and pro- fessional characters. Those who have it small are forced to use common ex- pressions which have become familiar They cannot readily acquire a literary and classical style, nor do they easily learn a foreign or a dead language. This faculty is much more easily cul- tivated in early youth than afterwards. It is very important for parents and teachers to understand this, especially in those cases in which the organ is small in children who are otherwise intellectual. Math- ematics are learned more readily when the mind is more mature, but language is best acquired in child- hood, by imitation and habit. The organ crowds the eye downward and outward when large. Fig. 11. This is the face and head of a gentleman with whom I am well acquainted. He keeps a hotel, and is an excellent land- lord in every respect but one ; he can recollect the names of scarcely any of his guests. A wag tells an amusing story of him that one day, after dinner, he forgot his own name, and went out and looked at his sign to refresh his memory. But, in another re- spect, his memory is extraordinary. He can recollect and describe what he has had for dinner each day for several weeks. Observe his deep sunken eye and the prominence of the bone beneath. 22 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Language is the perception of the manifestations of mind. The mental process is concealed from observa- tion beneath the silent and mystic convolutions of the ' brain. ISTot so the manifestations of mind — the con- tractions of the muscles, producing voice, and the motions of the limbs and features; these enable ani- mals to indicate their thoughts and feelings in such a manner that other animals, possessing the same organ- ization, readily understand them. Animals do not, like men, connect by a process of reasoning the mo- tions and sounds or other signs of ideas with the ideas themselves in which the signs originate; but they are endowed with an instinctive perception which is per- fectly adapted to certain animal motions and sounds, so that, as soon as they are born, they can understand the signs of the mother inviting them to feed or warn- ing them of danger. This view of Language is in agreement with its location at the base of the brain, near the root of Observation. It must certainly be possessed by all animals that have any communication with their own species, or attend to the wants of their young. Those phrenologists, therefore, who consider Language peculiar to man, and rank it next in dignity to the reflective faculties, cannot be well acquainted with the natural history of animals, and they must also have overlooked the situation of the organ in the brain. Man uses artificial language for the same reason that he uses artificial clothes, tools, and a thousand other things which his superior reasoning power has enabled him to invent. Having invented an artificial language, it is the organ under consideration which enables him to learn it with facility and remember it THE HEAD. 23 with ease. It is plaiif that it requires more judgment to understand artificial than natural language, as the one is directly adapted to our faculty of Language, and the other is adapted to our faculty of Language combined with the reflecting powers that invented it. This is the reason why animals and some idiots can- not learn artificial language, although they readily understand natural language; the latter requires no effort of reflection, whereas the former originated in human invention, and can be understood only by human judgment. It is astonishing with what facility some writers and speakers pour forth a flood of indefinite words upon a subject which might be expressed in a few short sentences. On the other hand, we see individuals whose gigantic intellects survey at a single glance the whole circle of the sciences, and yet in a sudden emer- gency cannot find language to express themselves intelligibly upon the most familiar and ordinary top- ics. But a distinction must be understood between a facility of conception and a facility of expression. This will be explained under Comparison. COLOR " A thousand odors rise, Breathed up from blossoms of a thousand dyes." — Bryant. The faculty of perceiving nice shades, tints and hues of color. Painters usually have it large; but in ordinary per- Titian— Fig. 12. gong j^ cannot -be pronounced Figure 12, the brow of Titian, the celebrated painter, who excelled in the coloring of his pictures. Observe how his brow arches in the middle, where the organ is located. 24 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. upon with confidence. When very deficient persons do not notice the colors of flowers nor of dresses, and they often fail to distinguish one color or one shade from another. OKDEE. " Order is heaven's first law." — Pope. The faculty of noticing the succession and arrangement of things in nature, in business, or in art. When large the person Fi s- 13 - is neat and orderly without in- tending to be so, or even being conscious of it. When small there is a tendency to neglect the proper arrange- ment of things. It requires great care and perse- verance to acquire orderly habits if they are not nat- ural. The mechanical animals manifest Order in a most remarkable manner. Who has not admired the regu- larity with which the spider arranges the thread of his web, the bee the cells of his honeycomb, or the - bird the materials of her nest? Those who have the organ very large, are apt, uncon- sciously, to arrange in order whatever material objects occupy their attention. A retail merchant, for instance, has his attention (his Observation,) continually occu- pied with the numerous articles that constitute his stock ; and, if he has order very large, he will instinc- tively and unconsciously arrange and keep them in order; yet he may neglect his garden or his library, because his attention is directed to another subject of all-absorbing interest; as soon, however, as his mind is relieved from business, and he has leisure to attend THE HEAD. 25 to his garden or his library, he will manifest the same degree of order there that he previously did in his store. This will explain the apparent anomaly which some persons present, who are remarkably orderly in some things and neglectful in others. I know some students who are very neat and orderly in regard to their papers and books, but careless of their personal appearance, while others are careless of every thing but their dress ; this is all easily explained by the rela- tive development of Intellect and Approbativeness, and the circumstances which have directed their atten- tion to different subjects. Good clerks and accountants have this large; and it is of the greatest importance to merchants, especially if they have it small themselves, to select assistants who have it large. It is also large in women, and they are proverbial for their habits of putting things "to rights." Order must not be confounded with system, which is the result of reflection. I know many individuals who are very systematic — they plan well, but they need an assistant continually at their elbows to execute their plans in an orderly manner. I know others, who are remarkable for order, but are totally incapable of conceiving a complicated and systematic plan. NUMBEB. " The stars are numberless, resplendent, set As symbols of the countless, countless years That make eternity. — HilUwuse. This is the faculty of arithmetical calculation; combined with order it gives book-keeping talent. "When large it bestows readiness in counting and 26 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. reckoning; combined with reflection it gives mathe- matical ability. When deficient, it is difficult to excel in any business constantly re- quiring it; if not very small it can be cultivated, so that this deficiency will riot be severely Lagrange — Fig. 14. ielt. " The special function of this faculty seems to be to give the conception of numbers and their relations, including arithmetic, algebra and logarythms, but geometry does not belong to it." — Combe. I would here respectfully point out an error into which some good phrenologists have fallen, in sup- posing that Order should be preceded by Number, in the arrangement of these organs. Mr. Combe, 397th page, says: "Order supposes a plurality of objects, but one may have ideas about a number of things, and their qualities, without considering them in any order whatever." And he accordingly ranks Number before Order. Spurzheim also says: "The idea of order supposes plurality, but number may exist with- out order." Now I acknowledge that there cannot be order without number; but it does not follow that we must perceive number before we perceive order. Let me ask what can there be without number; do not the five senses, and Observation — ■ does not the organ of Color, adapted as it is to the seven primary colors, suppose the existence of plurality? Does not our very existence, " suppose a plurality of objects," previously existing? Figure 14. The brow of Lagrange. He had both order and number large. We seldom find number large and order small. When number is large it causes the brow to extend outward toward the ear. THE HEAD. 27 But Mr. Combe sajs : " We may have ideas about a number of things without considering them in any order whatever." I reply, so may the animals, that are destitute of both Order and Number; but all ani- mals do not have ideas of several things of the same appearance at once; they certainly have ideas of a number of things, but not as numbers. I once knew an idiot, who, although he could not count ten, yet, out of his father's flock of fifty sheep, if one was missing, he was always the first to discover it; for he knew every one of them by some peculiar mark; and he had names for them expressive of their pecul- iarities, such as crook-horn, smut-face, etc.; but he could not distinguish the difference between a lot of thirteen eggs and another lot of a dozen. Again I reply, we may also have ideas about the order of things, without having any idea of their number. This same idiot, who could not count ten, was yet extremely fond of order. Dr. Spurzheim mentions that the Sauvage de 1' Avignon at Paris, though an idiot in a very high degree, cannot bear to see a chair, or any other object, out of its place. He also saw, in Edinburgh, a girl who in many respects was idiotic, but in whom the love of order was very active. She avoided her brother's apartment in consequence of the confusion that prevailed in it. The lower animals manifest order in the most per- fect and astonishing manner, but they manifest num- ber very imperfectly. Spurzheim says : " I am not certain whether this faculty (Number,) exists in ani- mals." Combe also remarks: "It seems difficult to determine whether the faculty exists in the lower ani- mals or not." This fact alone would seem to decide 28 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AJNTD HEAKT. the question of precedence in favor of Order. Anoth- er important fact is, that in ordinary transactions we always use order before number. When we wish to count a number of articles, we arrange them in some order, that we may perform the operation with greater facility; for if the articles are in confusion, we find it next to impossible to count them. These two organs are of the greatest importance to merchants. Those who have the organ of Number large, can compute, without using the slate, with a rapidity and accuracy which to others is incomprehensible. This faculty does not give the ability to solve difficult arithmetical problems; it only gives the power to perform with rapidity and accuracy any operation in addition, sub- traction, multiplication or division; but it must be combined with higher powers to produce skill in the higher and more difficult branches of mathematics. Zerah Colburn, the youth who astonished the world with this talent, was but an ordinary mathematician; and accordingly his organ of Number was very large, but Causality moderate. Both Order and Number are large in the bust of Washington, and his whole life was in harmony with this fact: In the papers in his own hand-writing which he has left behind, though very voluminous, every i is dotted, every t crossed, and scarce a blot to be found upon them. His accounts were kept in the most regular manner, and perfectly correct. This organ is large in the bust of Alexander Ham- ilton, and in Lagrange, the greatest of French math- ematicians. THE HEAD. 29 IfvTEOTUALITY. " Sit at the feet of history — through the night Of years the steps of virtue she shall trace, And show the earlier ages." — Bryant. This faculty perceives action, motion, change. It is the foundation of the tal- ent for relating events, narratives and anecdotes in all their details. It is large in children; they are never weary of hearing stories. It is large in historical painters who represent objects in action ; Hogarth is a good instance. Dr. Gall named this the organ of educability, be- cause those young persons who have it Pitt— Fig. io. ] ar g e aC quire general information easily. He also thought, with Camper and Lavater, that animals are tamable in proportion to the fullness of this part. It is certain that tame and tamable ani- mals are fuller in the center of the forehead than wild, untamable ones; but I suspect that the conforming social organs of Kindness and Submissiveness produce the greater part of the fullness in these animals. Figure 15. The forehead of Pitt is remarkable. The organ of Observation (d) is small ; Comparison (c) is only average, but Eventuality (e) is very prominent. TIME. " To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time." — Shakspeare. Spurzheim proposed this organ, but practical phre- nologists are not yet satisfied that it is correctly located. It is still merely a candidate which may yet be rejected. Mr. Combe remarks that " the power 30 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. of conceiving time, and of remembering circum- stances connected by no link but the relation in which they stand to each other in chronology, and also the power of observing time in performing music, is very different in different individuals." This organ cannot be considered as established. It is located between Eventuality and Tunefulness. REFLECTIYES. COMPARISON. " Look at this picture and at this." — Shakspeare. This is the faculty of comparing things and ideas, assorting them, and distinguish- ing the like from the unlike. It perceives differences, resemblances, analogies and con- trasts. It gives the talent for classification in science, and for illustration by compari- son in speech and in literature. It gives birth to allegories, parables, metaphors and other figures of speech. It gives to busi- ness men quick practical judgment. They compare the matter before them with what Figure 16. The forehead of Moore, the Irish poet, represents a large class of persons of all professions who are remarkable for quickness and acuteness of understanding, and skill in illus- tration and expression, but who are not distinguished for the variety and extent of their learning. Comparison (c), and Ob- servation (d) are large, while Eventuality (e) is depressed. This forehead is greatly in contrast with that of Pitt. THE HEAD. 31 they have previously known, and thus judge accord- ing to experience. When small the judgment is slow, and the person seems stupid. When he talks he fails to state and illustrate his ideas clearly or popularly; he is unfit for a place where immediate decision is required. Almost every object or subject which can occupy the mind belongs to a class to which it bears more or less analogy; and it is the function of this faculty to compare all our perceptions together, and perceive their resemblances and differences, and the classes to which they belong. It harmonizes all our percep- tions and perceives the agreement among them. If a new object is presented "to us, Comparison imme- diately compares all that we know concerning it with every thing else within our recollection, in order to know to what class it belongs ; for instance, if a new phrenological organ is discovered in the brain, this faculty would compare it with the organs already known and discover whether it belongs to the Ipseal, Social or Intellectual class. If all the perceptives below Comparison are large, and this organ is also large, the individual will pos- sess great power of discrimination — will be capable of making nice distinctions, or conceiving striking contrasts. When he is explaining any difficult sub- ject he will illustrate it by comparison ; he will dis- cover analogies between things which to the common observer appear totally dissimilar; his language will abound with figures of speech brought together from all quarters of the explored universe; from the heathen mythology, the history of individuals, of nations, of animals, and vegetables — science, literature and the 32 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. arts — every thing under the sun will be pressed into his service to adorn, amplify, or illustrate his pro- ductions. The talent for public speaking is very dependent upon this faculty. After a plain and simple statement of the case has been made, many speakers find a great difficulty in dwelling longer upon the subject; even though Language may be large, they find it difficult to continue their remarks from a want of interesting matter which is related to the question. Let now a speaker with large Comparison rise, and he immedi- ately begins to present the subject in a new light, and to refer to analogous cases; or, if he knows no such cases, he supposes some to suit his purpose; and, if he is artful, he will suppose cases in which the audience feel a deep interest, thus enlisting their feelings warmly upon a subject which before was a matter of indifference to them. CAUSALITY. " Observe how system into system runs." — Pope. This is the faculty of perceiving the causes and effects — the natural connections and dependencies of things and facts — tracing things and events back, step by step, to their origin, and forward to their con- sequences. It is the principal but not the only ele- ment in profound reasoning. Combined with Obser- vation it gives philosophical talent; combined with Number it bestows mathematical ability. It is depend- ent for facts upon the perceptives, and if they are defi- cient in development or cultivation, this faculty arrives at erroneous conclusions. When very small the rea- THE HEAD. 33 Gibbon— Fig. 17. soning is superficial^ and the person is only capable of practicing what superior minds have originated. That cause which immediately pre- cedes an effect is called the immedi- ate cause, and all the other links in the chain of causation are remote causes. So. also those effects which immediately follow a cause are called immediate effects, and all others are remote effects; it is the function of the faculty of Causality to perceive the relations among phenomena which constitute cause and effect. It perceives the dependence of one thing upon another, of one event upon another, or of one phe- nomena of any kind upon some other. Thus it per- ceives the dependence of the rivers upon their trib- utary streams; the dependence of the streams upon the springs; of the springs upon the rains; of the rains upon the clouds; of the clouds upon evapora- tion ; of evaporation upon heat ; of heat upon the sun, and the dependence of all these phenomena upon the laws of gravitation. It perceives the dependence of known things and facts upon those that are unknown — thus Columbus perceived the dependence of one side of the earth Figure 17. The head of Gibbon, the philosophical historian of the causes of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, affords a good illustration of this organ. Below Causality, Tune- fulness and Order appear to be small, and above it Credencive- ness is quite deficient. The position of the eye indicates a good development of the organ of Words. He was a splendid writer, ornate and profound, but skeptical. 3 34 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. •which was known, upon the other which was unknown; Cuvier perceived the dependence of the forms of ani- mal's bones upon their dispositions and habits, and thus was enabled to ascertain the nature of the un- known animal by inspecting the fossil remains of a single bone. Gall discovered the dependence of cer- tain powers of mind upon certain portions of the brain. Causality perceives that many strange phenomena which superstitious minds have ascribed to supernat- ural powers depend upon natural causes. In mathematics, a certain number or quantity being known, this faculty perceives the necessary existence of other numbers or quantities. Combined with Com- parison and Observation, it invents and originates improvements in the arts. We observe the operations of nature, and discover the causes upon which they depend; we observe the operations of art, and com- pare them with those of nature, and by adopting the natural process we improve the eifect. Sir H. Davy's safety lamp originated in his observ- ing that a metalic net prevented the passage of name by cooling it, while it allowed the passage of light; observing also that in coal mines fatal explosions were frequently caused by the name of the lamps commu- nicating with the gas, his Comparison perceived the analogy between the two cases, and his Causality ena- bled him to remove the cause of the explosion while he retained the cause of light, by constructing a lamp surrounded with fine metalic net work. All useful inventions must originate in observation; but it is necessary to compare the facts which have been observed, and also perceive their connections and THE HEAD. - 35 dependences. The knowledge of facts alone would not distinguish man from other animals; and on the other hand, however profound the reflections, they are useless unless based upon correct observations. I have seen many visionary characters who were con- tinually dreaming of improvements, and who really seemed to manifest much originality of mind, but could never bring any of their plans into successful operation; the reason is, they were deficient in that practical talent which depends on the lower range of perceptives; had these organs been large, they would have been able to perceive the practical facts necessary to the execution of their plans; or else to discover some facts which rendered them impracticable. The dependence of the upper organs upon the lower, and tho great importance of attending to- the proportions which the different parts of the forehead bear to each other, cannot be too much insisted on; but it needs no further explanation in this place. It is common for those who have but a moderate degree of Causality to think that there must be some mistake in their case, because, they will tell you, they are habitually inquiring into the cause of every thing. I reply, so do children, so do all except idiots; but it does not follow that Causalitv must be large. The difference between a large Causality and a small one is that the latter is satisfied with knowing immediate causes, but the former traces out remote causes ; — the large organ delights in tracing a long chain of causes and effects, and perceiving the connection and depend- ence of a great number of links, — -the small organ only delights in tracing a few links, and can easily comprehend their connection and dependence; but 36 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. they are satisfied with this, and do not voluntarily and habitually proceed further. If circumstances compel them to urge their Causality to its utmost, it soon becomes an irksome task; and if thrown into competition with a large Causality they are easily overpowered. IPSEAL OR SELF-RELATIVE PROPENSITIES. CORPOREAL RANGE. RELATED TO THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY. ALIMEOTIYENESS. "Give us this day our daily bread." — Lord's Prayer. The propensity to obtain food and attend to it habit- ually, even to the neglect of all other pleasures. This propensity, like all others that are dependent upon the body for their excite- ment, varies in its activity as the condition of the body varies. When very small, especially in the young, the constitution is seldom strong. The organ, when large, gives width to the head just before the ears, as in Thomas Paine. This is the propensity to take food and drink. The new born infant, the most helpless of all creatures, without any previous teaching, makes the requisite exertions to obtain aliment, and it is evidently inrpel- (37) Pain? —Fig. 18. 38 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A1STD HEART. led to do so by a power inherent in its nature. This propensity is absolutely necessary to animals even in the first hours of existence; and they manifest it then in as much perfection as they do after years of expe- rience. Many instances are on record in which this propensity lias been diseased, while the others were in health. Plutarch relates that Brutus, after the death of Caesar, when advancing to the attack of a city, was seized with such an irresistible desire to eat, that he was obliged to halt three days to recover. Medical books contain numerous reports of cases which estab- lish beyond all doubt the existence of this propensity, and all authors now agree in referring it to the brain. Dr. Andrew Combe, physician to the King of Bel- gium, in his admirable work on the Physiology of Digestion, makes the following appropriate remarks: "The sensation of hunger is commonly referred to the stomach, and that of thirst to the upper part of the throat and back of the mouth; and correctly enough to this extent, that a certain • condition of the stomach and throat tends to produce them. But, in reality, the sensations themselves, like all other men- tal affections and emotions, have their seat in the brain, to which a sense of the condition of the stom- ach is conveyed through the medium of the nerves. "'The relation thus shown to subsist between the stomach and the brain, enables us, in sbme measure, to understand the influence which mental emotion and earnest intellectual occupation exert over the appetite. A man in perfect health, sitting down to table with an excellent appetite, receives a letter announcing an un- expected calamity, and instantly turns away with loath- ing from the food which, a moment before, he was THE HEAD. 39 prepared to eat with relish; while another, who, under the fear of some misfortune, comes to table indifferent about food, will eat with great zest on his ' mind being relieved,' as the phrase goes, by the receipt of pleas- ing intelligence. In such cases no one will imagine that the calamity destroys the appetite otherwise than through the medium of the brain. Sometimes the feeling of loathing and disgust is so intense as not only to destroy appetite, but to induce sickness and vomiting — a result which depends so closely on the state of the brain that it is often induced even by me- chanical injuries of that organ. " The most common source, however, of the errors into which we are apt to fall in taking appetite as our only guide, is unquestionably the confounding of appetite with taste, and continuing to eat for the grat- ification of the latter, long after the former is satisfied. In fact the whole science of a skillful cook is expended in producing this willing mistake on our part; and he is considered decidedly the best artiste whose dishes shall recommend themselves most irresistibly to the callous palate of the gourmand, and excite on it such a sensation as shall at least remind him of the envi- able excellence of a natural appetite. If we were wil- ling to limit the office of taste to its proper sphere, and to cease eating when appetite expressed content, indigestion would be a much rarer occurrence in civil- ized communities than it is observed to be. " Yiewed, then, in its proper light, appetite is to be regarded as kindly implanted in our nature for the express end of proportioning the supply of nourish- ment to the wants of the system; and if ever it mis- leads us, the fault is not in its unfitness for its object, 40 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. but in the artificial training which it receives at our own hands. When we attend to its real dictates, we eat moderately, and at such intervals of time as the previous exercise and other circumstances render necessary; and in so doing we reap a reward in the daily enjoyment of the pleasure which attends the gratification of healthy appetite. But if we err, either by neglecting the timely warning which it gives, or by eating more than the system requires, mischief is sure to follow." SAISTATIYENESS OE YITATIYENESS. " Infirmity doth still neglect all office Whereunto our health is bound : we are not ourselves When nature, being oppressed, commands the mind To suffer with the body." — Shakespare. This is the propensity to preserve the constitution from injury. No faculty is more universally or more plainly manifested. Were it not for this, animals, and even men, would sacrifice their limbs and their lives without making an effort to save them. I think the organ is smaller in women than in men, and this accounts for the apparent firmness with which they endure pain. They do not suffer from it as intensely, and can, therefore, bear it with more patience and sub- missiveness than men. I find, as a general rule, this organ is larger the more vigorous and robust the constitution. It is larger in the carniverous than in the herbiverous ani- mals. It is larger in children than in adults. It would, however, be obviously unphilosophical to name it the organ of pain, as this is only the disagreeable affection of a propensity, the proper gratification of which yields the opposite feeling, which is denomi- THE HEAD. 41 nated bodily ease. The proper inquiry is, what was the design of the Creator in bestowing this propen- sity? And this naturally brings us to the conclusion that it is the organ of Sanitiveness, or the propensity to protect and preserve the integrity of the bodily con- stitution, to prevent disease, injury and destruc- tion. Children and animals, ignorant of this design, make use of it instinctively when roused by the feeling of pain which it produces when disagreeably affected. If these views of pain are correct, the opinion of the poet, that the beetle which we tread upon, " In corporal suffering, finds A pang as great as when a giant dies," may be again revived, notwithstanding the belief of physiologists that the pain which an animal suffers is in proportion to the number and development of his sensitive nerves. CANDIDATE OKGAJSTS. In the engraved bust it will be observed that there are five places indicated by the five first letters of the alphabet, and that each has an interrogation mark before it, implying that the function of the part is questionable. Theoretical considerations and analogy seem to render it certain that all the faculties which these candidate organs are supposed to repre- sent really exist in the brain; but it by no means fol- lows that their locations have been discovered. Even if one observer should succeed in discovering the actual location of an organ, it would probably require half a century to obtain the assent of the other phre- nologists. A phreno-ethnological society is greatly needed to collect, compare and discuss the observa- 42 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. tions that are now being made all over the world, and to produce unanimity of opinion concerning the re- sults of their researches. There are very serious difficulties in the way of determining the functions of organs at the base of the brain. 1. Their positions are such that they pro- duce but little effect upon the prominences of the skull in places where it can be examined. This objection would, at first, seem to be insurmountable. But every practical phrenologist knows that the development of the organ of Words is one of the most easily exam- ined and determined, yet the cerebral organ itself .is situated directly over the eyeball, and its development is only indicated by the fact that it crowds the eye downward and outward. So also the organ of IS um- ber is very small, and lies beneath the bone at the outer part of the brow, so that it would at first seem impracticable to determine its development; indeed it really does require great care and considerable expe- rience, yet if we compare half a dozen merely literary men with the same number of successful financiers or traders, the difference will be obvious and convincing. Alimentiveness and Sanativeness would seem to be liable to the same objection, and they doubtless are difficult to determine, yet all phrenologists are agreed concerning them. In a work that I published in 1838 I remarked that persons whose faces are prominent at the place mark- ed a? in the engraved bust, excelled in judging con- cerning the qualities of food and drink, and I named it Chemicaiity, or H'la/oor. The correctness of my observation was generally admitted, but it was sup- posed that the prominence merely indicated that the THE HEAD. 43 external organs of smell were greatly developed, and not that the greater or less development of the brain produced the difference. In the same work I proposed an organ of the pro- pensity of Pneumativeness (marked c? in the bust), related to breathing and ventilation, situated imme- diately before Alimentiveness. In another work, published in 1857, I stated that I had observed that persons who were broad in that part of the head just under Constructiveness (see the engraved bust b?), manifested a propensity of Ther- mativeness — that is, they were living thermometers — their houses, their clothing and their conduct showed that they acted habitually with reference to the cli- mate and the changes of the weather. It is large in the Esquimaux and small in JSegroes. In the same work I mentioned an observation that persons largely developed behind the ear, just under Combativeness, manifested a propensity which may be called Excretiveness. They seemed to delight in talking about excrementive subjects, to which refined people only allude as a matter of necessity. In asy- lums for the insane I have found several patients whose principal monomania was upon this subject. The organ marked e? in the engraved bust seems to be related, in some way, to locomotion. This has been indicated, not so much by the observations of phrenol- ogists as by the experiments of physiologists. I sus- pect that it is the propensity to maintain Equilib- rium. It occupies the central part of the cerebellum^, while the lateral parts are related to Amativeness. I am also confident that there is an organ of the corporeal range related to sleep — Somniferousness — 44 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. but I have thus far been unable to locate it to my own satisfaction. The only observation of any value that I have been able to make in regard to this propensity, is the fact that persons who are very narrow through the head, in the corporeal range, sleep but little, and have weak constitutions. This is especially true of precocious children. BELLIGERENT KANGE. RELATED TO AGGRESSIVE AND OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS. Fig. 19. DESTRUCTIVENESS. " Rise, Peter, kill and eat." — Acts. When this organ was first an- nounced it was called the organ of Murder, and a thrill of hor- ror was excited at the very sug- gestion that the Creator had bestowed upon ail mankind . a propensity which characterizes tigers and murderers. Dr. Gall himself, when he first noticed the resemblance between the Figure 19. A boy named Armstrong murdered a girl in a very- shocking manner, without any motive that could be discovered. For this offense he was confined in the Auburn State Prison. His head was so peculiar that I requested an artist to sketch an outline of his head. His Destructiveness (d, Fig. 19) is remark- ably large ; so also is Sanativeness ; it is this organ that crowds his ears outward. In confirmation of this organ the overseer remarked that although the boy was cruel and malicious to oth- ers, he was very much afraid of corporal punishment. The organ of Alimentiveness was (just before the ear) also large. THE HEAD. 45 iieads of murderers and carniverous animals, recoiled from the conclusion to which it naturally seemed to tend. He says, " I revolted from this idea, but when my only business was to observe and to state the results of my observations, I acknowledged no other law than truth. It was afterwards ascertained to be in man the propensity of destruction in general, which when properly governed is absolutely necessary to the preservation of human existence." Bitter, caustic, and severe language, in which is included cursing, swearing and scolding, is referable to this propensity. Some persons when weak in body or restrained by circumstances, " Speak daggers, but use none." Many persons commit cruel deeds in whom Destruc- tiveness is small, for the reason that they are under the influence of some other passion which uses De- structiveness merely as a means. Some of the most bloody and revolting crimes recorded in history were committed under the influence of Conscientiousness when misled by superstition. St. Paul verily thought that he did God service by shedding the blood of the saints. Martyrs, in all ages, have been the victims of ignorance rather than of cruelty. I know many excel- lent men, with large Destructiveness, who are severe only when severity is a virtue; their frowns are ter- rible only to the wicked, and under their protection the weak and oppressed feel confident of safety. 46 MYSTERIES OP HEAD AND HEART. COMBATIVENESS. " I dare do all that doth become a man, Who dares do more is none." — Shakspeare. The propensity to oppose, contend and endeavor to over- come by superior strength, intellectual ability or social influence. When very large it renders a person pugna- cious, quarrelsome and fond of disputes. When small, the person is averse to con- tention, even for the sake of justice and truth, if it can mm m Fig. 30. possibly be avoided. The design of this propensity is to overthrow the obstacles which are in the way of enjoyment. It dif- fers from Destructiveness in being satisfied with vic- tory, and does not Crush a fallen foe. It only inspires with courage to " Strike till the last armed foe expires." The feeling which it produces is courage; — the acts which follow the feeling are called hostile, brave, fierce, impetuous, hasty; while those of Destructiveness are cruel, malicious, revengeful. The object of Combat- iveness is conquest, but Destructiveness demands extermination. Some of the most bloodthirsty mon- sters in the world have been contemptible cowards — such were Robespierre and JSTero; on the other hand some of the bravest men have in peace been the most Figure 20 gives a good idea of a head, viewed from behind, in which Combativeness (a) is large, and Cautiousness (o) is small. Such persons are " sudden and quick in quarrel." THE HEAD. 47 kind and gentle. There is also a great difference in animals in this respect; the bull, the ram and the hamster, though not destructive animals, frequently manifest a large degree of Combativeness in combi- nation with the Social propensities. Combativeness borders upon Amativeness, Parentiveness and Adhe- siveness; and when the enjoyment of these Socials is opposed, Combativeness is excited to battle in their behalf. " The wren, the most diminutive of birds, Will fight for her young in the nest against the owl." Combativeness also inspires with feelings of oppo- sition which vents itself in disputes; and, combined with a large intellect, produces literary and political controversies. Luther, Cobbett, J. Q. Adams, and Brougham are instances of this kind of manifestation. Combined with a very large organ of Equity, it dis- poses to moral controversies, such as relate to temper- ance, abolition, moral reform, etc. I know several individuals who, having embraced a doubtful or con- troverted doctrine, seem to take the greatest satisfac- tion in arguing the point, even when they do not expect to throw any light on the subject. They wish to gain victory, not converts — - to confound, but not to convince. If at the same time Secretiveness is large, they love to puzzle and entrap their opponents, by getting their assent to propositions without , their foreseeing the consequences; but when Secretiveness and Cautiousness are small, and Conscientiousness large, they contend openly, loudly, fiercely, and seem actuated by the spirit of Hamlet, when he exclaimed to Laertes: " Why, I will fight with him upon this theme, Until my eyelids will no longer wag." 48 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. This organ is large in all men who have distin- guished themselves by great personal bravery. It is very large in the portrait of the chevalier Paul Jones, who refused to surrender, although his ship was sinking, and threatened to shoot the first man who proposed to ask for quarter. It is more active in the males than females of all animals; and among some species the natural instru- ments of war or defense which they possess, such as horns, or tusks, are much more perfect in the males. PRUDENTIAL RANGE. RELATED TO SHREWDNESS, FORESIGHT AND DISTANT DANGER. SECRETIYENESS. " Look like the innocent flower ; But be the serpent under it." — ShaJcspeare. The propensity to act indirectly or secretly; to conceal from opponents and even from friends the real truth in regard to motives and designs until a favorable opportunity occurs for displaying them. When very large and uncontrolled, it gives a ten- dency to deceitfulness in dealing with both friends and enemies; when small, it renders a person too open, frank and unsuspecting, and leads to self-betray- als and difficulties which might have been avoided by a little secretive management and justifiable shrewd- ness. Suspicion is a disagreeable feeling which depends principally upon this propensity. Those who have it large are inclined to suspect that all appearances of THE HEAD. 49 Fig. 21. good-will are deceitful; that professions are hollow and insincere; and that there is in overy one a dispo- sition to sacrifice the interests of others to the advan- tage of self. How far the schemes which originate in Secretiveness shall be suc- cessful, depends very much upon the intellect; we ac- cordingly have knaves of every degree of intelli- gence; some lay their strat- agems so foolishly that they cannot possibly escape detection; their very faces are so indellibly stamped with the natural language of this propensity, that every one is thereby put upon his guard. But there are men whose large Secretiveness is so combined with intellectual and other powers, and who are so thoroughly acquainted with human nature, that it is almost impossible for any eye, but that of Omnis- cience, to discover their deep and comprehensive de- signs. Shakspeare has drawn a most perfect illustra- tion of this kind of character in his Iago, and also Richard the Third, who says to himself: " Why, I can smile, and murder while I smile, And cry content to that which grieves my heart, Figure 21 gives an idea of the width of the forehead produced by Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness. Acquis- itiveness is located at (c) ; Constructiveness a little below and in front of (c), and Secretiveness a little behind Constructiveness. In order to determine the development of Secretiveness, stand in front of the subject and fix upon Constructiveness; then observe whether the head continues to swell behind it. 50 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A1STD HEART. And wet my cheeks with artificial tears, And frame my face to all occasions." I have seen very dishonest men, who had small Se- cretiveness and large intellect and Cautiousness; they generally pride themselves upon their cunning and ability to deceive; but they deceive themselves most — they mistake caution for secrecy — and talent for cunning. They are apt to overlook some secret means of detection, or they forget to conceal something, or unconsciously allow some expression to escape them which leads to their exposure. They are unable to compete successfully with those who have equal intel- lect and more Secretiveness. I have always found this organ large on successful rogues; it enables them to assume the appearance of honesty by suppressing the expression of their real feelings. It is large in most of the celebrated European poli- ticians; in Talleyrand, Metternich, and in Pozzo di Borgo, and enabled them to rise from obscurity and exert a powerful influence upon the destinies of half the civilized world. Such men possess a profound and almost intuitive knowledge of human nature in its secret operations. Artifice, in order to impose upon them, must be most perfect; a single movement of the eye . or features, or the least equivocation of voice or manner, is sufficient to excite their suspicion and set them upon their watch. The fact that Secretiveness is so much used,, or rather abused by rogues, renders a good development of it the more necessary to the friends of justice, to enable them to detect the machinations of the wicked. Mr. Hays, the celebrated high constable of New York city, had it very large, and was consequently capable THE HEAD. 51 of conceiving the probable course which a villain would be likely to pursue rn a particular case, and of sug- gesting plans and stratagems to circumvent and bring him to justice. It generally happens that petty scoun- drels have small intellect, and Equitableness, and large Secretiveness. They are cunning but not wise; an officer, therefore, who has Secretiveness equally large, with an intellect much larger, has greatly the advan- tage of them, and frequently astonishes both them and the public also by his superior sagacity. I know several merchants who have failed in business for no other reason than because they were too deficient in Secretiveness to suspect the selfishness and treachery of pretended friends. Honest themselves — frank, open, and confident — they cannot understand the feel- ings which actuate those who have an organization of a contrary kind. Experience only teaches them wis- dom and prudence, but not cunning— • to avoid knaves, not to outwit them. CAUTIOUSNESS. " First fear, his hand its skill to try, Amid the chords bewildered laid, And back recoiled, he knew not why, Even at the sound himself had made." — Collins. This is the propensity to avoid danger. The opera- tions of the Lower Ipseals, which I have already described, is such as to produce a necessity for this propensity. Animals, in their eagerness to enjoy air and food and ease — and in their violent struggles to rend their prey, or to overthrow the obstacles to enjoy- ment, necessarily run into innumerable dangers, which this is designed to make them avoid. The great utility of this propensity is demonstrated by the consequences 52 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. which, may be sometimes observed to arise from its deficiency, or from the other propensities "when unre- strained by its influence. Goaded by Alimentiveness, Large Cautiousness and small Combativeness — Fig. 22. Large Combativeness and small Cautiousness — Fig. 23. we sometimes see animals perfectly reckless of danger The hamster, mastiff and game-cock, in their eager- ness for contention, seem to overlook the superiority of their opponents, and thus they sometimes uncon- sciously devote themselves to inevitable destruction. Other animals are prevented from doing the same by Cautiousness. I have seen whole families in which this organ was very small; and the number of their scars, caused by scalds, burns, carelessness in the use of edge-tools, upsetting of carriages, and unnecessary quarrels, bore ample testimony to the importance of this wise provision. One of them was a fisherman, who once went in a boat to Providence, without taking any provisions with him, and a storm keeping him several days at sea, he like to have starved; he after- M^ards facetiously declared that he would never trust to Providence for provisions again. Some people are always meeting with accidents; they can scarcely go THE HEAD. 53 a journey without bringing back an account of some misfortune which has befallen them; nor can they engage in any business without meeting with uncom- mon losses; or carry out any enterprise when careful- ness is requisite, without some disaster, which they attribute to any thing but the true cause. When such persons are deficient in the lower perceptives they are very phrenologically denominated blunderheads. When Dr. Gall discovered this organ, he called it Foresight — because he first found it large in several individuals who were disposed to hesitate, doubt, and look forward prudently to consequences, before they said or did any thing irrevocably ; but Spurzheim per- ceived that this was the eifect of the propensity under consideration, combined with intellect, and he there- fore changed the name to Cautiousness. Most of the herbiverous animals manifest it in a high degree; they have nothing to gain by destroying other animals; and except in self-defense, or in defense of their young, they never contend with other species of ani- mals. Their mode of life, and their means of obtain- ing food, are peaceable. The males of herbivorous animals sometimes contend fiercely with other males of their own species; but this is only at certain sea- sons, when acting under great excitement from the activity of their social propensities; but they will fly in terror from the attack of a carniverous animal not one-tenth their size, and which they might crush at a single blow. Cautiousness was not intended to help animals out of difficulty, but to keep them out. Those very animals which are the most desirous to avoid dan- ger, and which exert themselves the most vigorously to keep out of harm's way, submit with the most 54 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A1STD HEAET. quietness to the infliction when it is present; whereas those which are the most reckless in their attempts to injure others, for their own gratification, make the greatest ado when a personal injury is inflicted upon themselves. Cautiousness, then, needs more intellect than the lower Ipseals; or, rather, it is related to higher intellectual powers; and the philosophical student of Phrenology will perceive that the higher organs of each class, in their very nature, presuppose the existence of the higher organs of the other classes. Without keeping this principle in mind, we shall be liable to take a too limited view of the functions of the superior powers ; they are all more general in their effects — they take a wider range and exert a modify- ing influence upon those below them. This will be the more obvious when I have explained all the supe- rior propensities, and it will be perceived that the nature of all the powers becomes more and more gen- sral as we rise in the scale. INDUSTRIAL RANGE. BELATED TO WOEK, BUSINESS AND PROPERTY. CONSTRITCTIYENESS " I will pull down my barn and build greater." — Luke. Propensity to work with the hands; to engage in manual mechanical operations. It gives only the dis- position to work mechanically. The skill and inge- nuity depend upon the Intellect and experience. When large, the person, even if indolent, prefers manual mechanical labor to any other employment. THE HEAD. 55 Women, with this oirgan large, take pleasure in com- mon house-work, even when they are under no neces- sity of doing it. When small, although the person is fond of exercise, and not indolent, he has an aversion to regular mechanical business; he prefers some other kind of employment. It ic frequently small in engineers and other persons who excel in invention, and in directing the labors of others by superior intel- lect and knowledge, but who take no pleasure in work- ing with their hands in a routine manner which requires only common ability. So intimate is the relation between this propensity and the lower pereeptives, that some Phrenologists have considered it as partaking of the nature of an intellectual faculty, and have denominated it ccmi-in- tellectual; but it is very easy to demonstrate that it is in no degree intellectual; however largely devel- oped it may be, it never bestows mechanical talent, unless the pereeptives are large. In this respect it resembles every other propensity, and gives its pos- sessor a feeling of pleasure, which, in common lan- guage, is called a fondness of mechanics — a taste for architecture — a love for construction, etc. — and those who have it large have a great proneness to be engaged in mechanical operations, such as are in harmony with their other powers. How far an individual will be successful in his mechanical performances, depends altogether upon his intellect; but how much pleasure will be experienced in construction, depends upon Constructiveness. I know some persons who are excellent artists, with small Constructiveness; and others who are miserable bunglers with this organ uncommonly developed. 56 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAKT. I have seen many persons with large Constructive- ness aud large reflectives, and moderate perceptives; they generally excel in mechanical contrivances, but fail in practice. They will sometimes make good general superintendents, and can judge well of the nature and expediency of operations which they can- not perform. They make better masters than jour- neymen. Again, there are some men who, although first rate workmen, cannot proceed a step beyond their instructions. They can work by imitation or by rules which others lay down; but the moment they are left to their own judgment, without any precedent, or model, or overseer, they are in a maze of perplexity. Under these circumstances they are frequently directed by the judgment of a person who is totally ignorant of the use of the instruments, and who could never have equalled in practice the laborer whom he directs. With large Perfectiveness this propensity gives a fond- ness for the fine arts and constructions of the improved and ornamental kind. ACQUISITIVENESS. " And there will I bestow all rny fruits and my goods." — Luke. The propensity to acquire property — to attend to pecuniary business. It gives a love of mercantile pursuits; when very large it renders one unwilling to follow any profession or calling that is not lucra- tive. When small the person continually sacrifices his pecuniary interests to his love of pleasure, of art, of literature, of social distinction, or of philanthrophy. If this organ . and Cautiousness are both small, the result is improvidence, and the tendency is to extreme THE HEAD. 57 poverty. On the contrary, if Cautiousness is large and Hope small, there is a tendency to penuriousness and a want of enterprise. Dr. B. Franklin — Fig. 24. It is remarkable that all the animals that acquire property first make use of their Constructiveness to prepare a proper store in which to deposit and pre- serve it for future use. The beaver, for instance, first makes use of his Constructiveness to gnaw down trees and build a convenient hut, and afterwards acquires bark to gratify his Alimentiveness during winter. The Figure 24. Dr. Franklin's head is, in several respects, a good illustration of Phrenology. The dotted line indicates the posi- tion of Acquisitiveness, which was large; the height of his forehead, in the middle line, indicates large Kindness, and the prominence of his eye and the bagging appearance of the flesh beneath it, indicate the organ of Words large ; all of which agree with his well known history. 58 MYSTERIES OE HEAD AND HEART. rat also, that notoriously thievish animal, first prepares a nest, or hiding place, by gnawing and digging in a manner nearly as ingenious as the beaver, and then begins to acquire provisions for winter. The same is true of nearly all the rodentia. It is interesting thus to trace the connection between the propensities of Ali- mentiveness, Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness, and at the same time to observe the manner in which they are chained together in the brain. Man differs from other animals by the all-grasping nature of his Acquisitiveness; he is not content to preserve the bounties of nature for future comfort merely — for food or clothing — the whole material world is searched for things either of natural or arti- ficial value; every ocean and river, every mountain and mine is stripped of its treasures; the lives of animals are sacrificed without number and without mercy, not only to furnish food, clothing, light and medicine, but even for mere ornament or show. Liv- ing animals also are acquired and reduced to labor to increase his wealth. Not content with this, he often assumes possession of his fellow men, and disposes of them for the gratification of his misdirected Acquis- itiveness. Even his own health and personal comfort are frequently sacrificed to save property which he can never enjoy — which he only desires to possess — and does not expect to use to increase his happiness and comfort. Some with a very large Acquisitiveness are per fectly honest and noble in their dealings; they would not, for the wealth of all the world, sacrifice the great principles of morality, but they endeavor to gain property by every honorable means in their power; THE HEAD. 59 they rise early ancj sit up late; they are very indus- trious and attentive to all their pecuniary affairs; place a high value upon their time; allow nothing belonging to them, or left in their charge, to be wasted or injured through neglect; they not only acquire but preserve with great care; keep a watchful eye upon their agents, and insist upon having every item ac- counted for; — while they are ready to pay every far- thing that may justly be charged against them, they in return insist upon all that is due to themselves; they frequently give with great liberality to the poor and to the support of useful institutions — but they are careful not to give all — and they feel greatly shocked and offended to learn that their gift has been appro- priated without regard to economy; they love to repeat the prudent maxims of Franklin, and show the young " the way to wealth " ; they take great pleasure in seeing their property accumulating; they never lose an opportunity to make a good bargain, and in the language of Burns, " To catch dame fortune's favoring smile, Assiduous wait upon her, And gather gear by every wile That's justified by honor." I have generally found Order and Number larger on those with predominant Acquisitiveness than those who have it small ; probably this is owing to the fact that these organs generally act together; large Num- ber is necessary to calculate loss and gain with facility, and Order to arrange the acquisitions in such a man- ner as to preserve them to the greatest advantage. I know several merchants who have failed because they neelected their book accounts, and in them all I found 60 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. small Order and Number. When large Acquisitive- ness is combined with a large intellect, the reflectives predominating, and Cautiousness medium, with Hope- fulness large, then business will be likely to be done on a large scale — the plans will be comprehensive and complicated, yet systematic and reasonable. The loss or gain will be such as to produce the most im- portant results; sometimes affecting whole nations by a single transaction, and even changing the policy of the most powerful governments. But when Acquis- itiveness is combined with a small Hopefulness and a very large Cautiousness, the transactions are of the most limited kind ; a sure retail business is preferred, and capital, instead of being employed to extend the business, is lent on bond and mortgage. All the op- erations are small, the risk is little, the profits are small, the expenses are moderate — everything is con- tracted within the narrowest bounds. In some ex- treme cases of voluntary littleness, the character is strongly marked in the personal appearance. Alimen- tiveness is made to suffer; the lean, gaunt body is contracted within threadbare garments, which are too small in all directions; the snivelled features sharp- ened to a point; the upper lip drawn toward the nose, exposes the incisive teeth; the fingers crooked to resemble claws; the body bent forward, and the whole figure and expression resembling a rat in a sit- ting posture. THE HEAD. 61 IMPROVING RANGE. RELATED TO CIVILIZATION, INVENTION, THE FINE ARTS AND ENTERPRISE; AND NOT TO THE IMMEDIATE ANIMAL NECESSITIES. TUNEFULNESS. at Fig. 25. in the head of Handel. Music — a spell whose magic might Can raise the storm of passions high, Or curb their fury at its height And bid the raging tempest die. — J. S. G. Dr. Gall declared that he had observed that great musicians are full just over the organ of Order (t), as seen I have failed to confirm his observations on this point, but I have noticed that order and number are generally | large on musical composers, though not on mere performers. This is what might be expected, since music as a science is founded upon mathematical principles. May it not be that Gall mis- took the peculiar development Handel, Musician -Fig. 25. of thoge twQ organg for ft gup _ posed organ of Tunefulness ? It is a remarkable fact that besides man birds are the only singing animals, and but a few species of them possess the faculty. They are also the only animals that have the faculty of imitating human speech. Spurzheim and other prenologists have placed Tune- fullness among the perceptive faculties, but it has 62 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. every quality of a propensity. It does not 'perceive sound, for that is the function of the intellectual organ of Words or Language, for words are mere sounds. In some persons Tunefulness amounts to a passion. If then it is a blind propensity — what is its position in relation to the other propensities? Is it an Ipseal or a Social? What is its utility in the animal or mental economy? In answer to these questions I can offer nothing better than an hypothesis, which I shall abandon with pleas- ure when something better is offered. Although few animals sing, nearly all vertebrates make use of vocal sound, as a means of expressing their emotions and desires. There is, therefore, in all probability, a dis- tinct organ of a propensity which may be denominated Yocalitiveness. In man, and in a few remarkably social birds, this propensity becomes modified,- and re- ceives a super-addition which constitutes the propen- sity of Tunefulness. A person may possess a strong propensity to make music without the perceptive ability and vocal or mechanical skill to perform it; and on the other hand one may have a perfectly correct perception of pitch, melody and harmony without any propensity to become a performer. If this view of Tunefulness is correct, I am justi- fied in placing it in the improving range of Ipseal pro- pensities, as an exceptional and superior faculty, worthy to associate with wit, poetry and cheerfulness. The intimate relation of Tunefulness to Yocalitiveness — if wc may assume the existence of the last named pro- pensity — is indicated by the fact that music gives the most perfect expression to our emotions, passions and desires. Indeed Tunefulness may be defined as the emotions set to music. THE HEAD. 63 EXPEBIMENTIYENESS — WIT — MIETHFUL- * NESS. "A heaven of invention." — ShaJcspeare. Gall, who discovered this organ, named it Wit. He made no attempt at a philosophical analysis of the fac- ulty, but contented himself by saying that it was the distinguishing trait in certain very witty authors. Spurzheim committed a grave mistake in changing the name to Hirthfulness. In my first work I suggested that it should be called Playfulness. But after many years of experience I became fully satisfied that the word Experimentiveness expresses its real function precisely. When exercised sportively by literary characters it manifests itself by producing witty expressions, but I conceive that its primitive func- tion is to produce novel modes of proceeding when the old methods fail; it leads to mechanical, chemi- cal and philosophical experiments and inventions, and all kinds of departures from old, routine habits and modes of action. It is, therefore, the natural antag- onist of mere instinct, and of thoughtless imitation, and prompts its possessor to endeavor to discover the means by which he can vary his conduct and adapt himself to new circumstances. Combined with a large intellect it leads to scientific discoveries. If this organ is large and the intellect deficient, the individual will be continually trying foolish experiments, and attempting impossible inventions. Combined with large social organs it produces a love of news, of social variety, and a dread of monotony of all kind. Many of the mental operations that have been attrib- uted to imagination really depend upon the exercise 64 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. Fig. 26. of this propensity. The word imagination literally signifies image forming. When the intellect is stim- ulated by Experiment veness into a state of activity, it calls to mind all the facts and argu- ments relating to the subject and endeavors to perceive the best course to pursue under the circumstances. This so- ber reasoning process is not properly speaking imagina- tion, so long as it is confined to apparent realities, and deals in known facts and their logical relations; but when the intellect steps beyond these boundaries, enters the regions of conjecture, and begins to form hypotheses or mental experiments, it comes within the proper jurisdiction of the Imagination. The Intellect then enjoys unbounded licence; it is no longer held in check by the stern authority of truth; it passes beyond probability, revels without restraint amid the most incredible wonders, and even dares to scale the dizzy heights of the impossible. The character of the imaginative creations depends upon the other propensi- ties that are excited at the same time; Destructi veness imagines scenes of blood and carnage; Imperative- ness imagines itself governing subjugated nations; Reverence imagines a heavenly millenium; and Benev- olence the end of all human suffering. If a person has Constructiveness active he will im- Fig. 26. Represents Tunefulness (t) and Order very small, and Experimentiveness immediately above them so very large as to amount to a deformity. THE HEAD, 65 * agine mechanical inventions; if lie has Acquisitive- ness large he may invent schemes for enriching himself; if he is socially or politically ambitious he will form plans and resort to stratagems by means of which to rise above his rivals ; if he has literary genius he may invent poems or romances, and soar into what Shaks- peare calls a " heaven of invention." The sense of the ludicrous is probably one of the incidental modes in which this propensity manifests itself playfully, by giving the disposition to try absurd experiments, either physically or mentally, just for amusement, and without any idea of producing any useful or serious results. PEKFECTIYEKESS — IDEALITY— OKNATENESS. " Beautiful ! How beautiful is all this visible world ! How glorious in its action and itseli." — Byron. The creations of nature, and also those of art, differ from each other in their degrees of perfection. Two things may be equal to each other in every respect, so far as their utility is concerned, yet we instinctively prefer one to the other on account of what we regard as its superior beauty. This perfecting propensity is very little cultivated in savage life, but as civilization progresses in any community, and wealth is accumu- lated in a few superior families, their ambition to outshine each other prompts them to encourage the ornamental arts, and to make comparisons between the various productions of skillful workmen. It is easy to conceive that a great many generations of such rivalry would result in a modification of the upper 66 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. part of Constructiveness, or rather a superaddition to it, which would constitute a distinct propensity to beautify, ornament, improve, and perfect. Miss Hosmer, the Sculptress — Fig. 27. There is no one organ of Poetry. Perfectiveness gives a tendency to ornateness of style; Credencive- ness, to romantic and exaggerated ideas; Imitative- ness, to personations and dramatic modes ot expression; Comparison, to metaphors and appropriate illustra- Figure 27. In the head of Miss Hosmer we have a fine illus- tration of the organs requisite to an artist. Constructivenes is indicated by the great width of the forehead; Expenmentive- r.ess, by the outline of the left side ; Pertectiveness is seen large at the upper part of the right side of the forehead ; the heaviness of her brow indicates large Weight; the distance between the eyes, large Form; the breadth of the part of the forehead between the eyes, large Size ; and the fullness of the brow, on her left side, large Order. THE HEAD. 67 tions; the organ of Words, to copiousness and readi- ness of proper language; and (perhaps,) Order and Number, to rythm. To these may be added a pecu- liarity of temperament, which produces an almost unhealthy activity of the brain. This propensity and Acquisitiveness are naturally opposed to each other; one delights in mere utility, and the other in mere beauty; when one is small, the other is much more active. Artists, poets, and purely professional persons, generally have Acquisi- tiveness small; they are delighted with their labor independently of its profits, otherwise they never excel. "When very large, and the intellect small, this faculty produces fantastic notions, and tastes incon- sistent with common sense. The folly is still greater if Credenciveness is very large and the temperament excitable. When small, there is a want of tendency to the higher kinds of self-education, and to those artistic improvements that are not of immediate utility. The history of the discovery of this organ affords a good illustration of the manner in which the science of Phrenology has been created. Gall observed that the upper lateral parts of the forehead were remark- ably expanded in the busts of a great many poets, and proceeding in his usual empirical manner, he called a certain space the organ of the Poetic Faculty. Spurz- heim, by making a great many observations, ascer- tained that the upper part of the. space was very large on persons who were disposed to believe in the mar- velous, and this led him to divide the space into two organs, both of which are now fully established. Although at first this organ was attributed to poets only, it was afterwards observed also to be 68 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. equally large on celebrated sculptors, musicians, ora- tors, and all those who were uncommonly devoted to the fine arts, and manifested a quick perception of the beautiful. Dr. Spurzheim, perceiving the necessity of changing the name, adopted that of Ideality, which signifies ideal beauty, or a kind of beauty which is superior to reality, and which exists only in imagina- tion. Mr. Combe considers Ideality " an elegant and appropriate name." It is certainly elegant and eupho- nious, but I cannot admit that it is appropriate; I have therefore adopted that of Perfectiveness, by which I mean the propensity to improve and perfect. So far is it from being related to a kind of beauty which is superior to nature that I consider it directly related to the works of nature, particularly those which are perfect of their kind. This propensity seems to modify and exalt the aim of all the powers with which it combines. It disposes them to rise above mere utility, or rather, it crowns the productions of utility with ornament. Does Ali- mentiveness require a repast? this propensity insists upon its being served up with elegance, and is dis- gusted with the idea of feeding like a mere animal. Does Constructiveness inspire the mind with a desire to build a house? Perfectiveness wishes to have it in the best style; not merely warm, convenient and com- fortable, but splendid and perfect in every respect. Does Acquisitiveness desire to accumulate property? it inclines him to do so in the most refined manner; it soon becomes wearied with the dull monotony of mere business, however profitable. In this manner it very much modifies Acquisitiveness, rouses it from the mean and grovelling pursuits to which it is prone THE HEAD. 69 when this propensity is small, and demands time for improvement. The majority of thieves have this organ deficient, particularly those who commit petit larceny. It frequently deters men from little crimes, not because they are wrong, but because they are mean. I once saw a highway robber with large Per- fectiveness, and speaking of himself, he said, " I do not skulk around for my prey like a thieving owl, but I pounce upon it like an eagle." The artist who has it large, is continually searching for the finest forms in nature for his models. The proudest achievements of genius are but imperfect copies of natural beauty. In almost all the complicated productions of nature, certain parts are much more perfect than others; and the artist, by selecting from a great number of specimens the parts which happen to be most perfect, and grouping them artificially together, is able to pro- duce a combination superior to any that can be found in reality. The florist can select the most beautiful flowers of the season, and with them form a bouquet more exquisitely beautiful, and better adapted to please the human mind, than any that can be found in nature. The sculptor or painter proceeds upon the same principle when he produces a Venus, an Adonis, or an Apollo. He finds upon, one individual a beauti- ful forehead, upon another a nose, or an arm, and by combining all the individual instances of perfection in one statue, he seems to excel nature, when he has only grouped together a number of imperfect copies of her most perfect productions. Poetry is the perfection of language. We may com- bine words in such a manner as merely to be under- stood ; but if this organ is very large, its possessor will 70 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. choose a noble subject, use the most elegant and refined words, and combine them in the most graceful style; the illustrations also, will be chosen, not for their pro- priety only, but for their beauty, gorgeousness, and splendor. Every thing low, vulgar, mean, or common, will, as far as possible, be avoided. The images which spontaneously rise in such a mind, and which will be entertained with the greatest delight, will be of the highest order. In looking around upon the face of nature the attention will be particularly directed to such objects as are adapted to this propensity- — so that afterward, when writing upon any subject, the images of the objects thus noticed will be involuntarily pre- sented to the imagination, and described in the glow- ing language of poetry. " The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven," to find ideas fitted to illustrate, amplify and adorn his subject; and if his inspired vision cannot light upon any known objects " that suit his large desires," he resorts to invention, and his prolific " Imagination bodies forth, The forms of things unknown." Like an aspiring aeronaut, he cuts himself loose from the dull and prosing circumstances that confine him to the atmosphere of ordinary life; soars above the clouds; takes his station among the stars, and looks down through " the dizziness of distance " upon this lower world, where all common objects are lost in obscurity, and only the grandest and brightest can be distinguished. Such were the aspirations of Shake- speare, when he exclaimed, THE HEAD. 71 " O for a muse of fire, that would ascend The brightest heaven of invention : A kingdom for a stage, princes to act, And monarchs to behold the swelling scene." And such also must have been the feelings of Milton, when he invoked the inspiration of Him — "Who touched Isaiah's lips with hallowed fire." This propensity is very dependent upon the highest organs of intellect. Perfect! veness gives the desire to improve, but reflection gives the ability, the talent, the necessary invention. Sometimes a very large organ of Perfectiveness is found combined with a very small intellect. The forehead may be high and wide, but shallow. In such cases the manifestations will frequently be in the highest degree eccentric and ridiculous, especially if combined with very large Approbativeness and Hopefulness. They are contin- ually attempting more than they can perform. They lay out all their undertakings on such a large and splendid scale that they can seldom be realized; their ideas are like monstrous and brilliant bubbles, which burst while they are coming into existence. If we read their compositions, we are entertained with a pompous array of splendid and beautiful nothings; their public discourses are mere " Sound and fury signifying nothing." HOPEFULNESS. " Hope bears us through nor leaves us when we die." — Pope. This is the propensity to act with reference to the future with confidence of success. Authors and ora- tors have been so much in the habit of giving meta- physical, romantic and , poetical explanations of the 72 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. higher mental faculties, and leaving out of view their utilities and physiological relations, that it seems almost necessary to apologize for treating them in a plain, practical manner. It is difficult to ascertain the primitive and distinctive nature of a faculty if we only study its manifestations amidst a complicated and highly civilized community where the natural and simple is mingled and confounded with the artificial. In primitive and uncultivated communities where the fac- ulties are manifested in their native simplicity we can form more correct ideas of their distinctive peculiarities. If we descend to the most intelligent animals we are inclined by our prejudices to utterly deny them the possession of any of the higher facul- ties; but the remark of Cuvier that the bodies of animals are experiments ready prepared by nature to illustrate the bodily functions of man holds equally true concerning their minds. There is no question that all the organs of the Ipseal class are manifested by animals, excepting the improving range, and, perhaps, they exhibit some degree of all these. Tunefulness is possessed by birds, and Experimentiveness in a sJight degree by all the higher animals. In regard to Ferfectiveness, Mr. Dar- win thinks that he has demonstrated that animals in selecting their mates are governed by a sense of the beautiful ; and it must be admitted that considerable artistic skill is exhibited by some birds in the construc- tion of their nests. If Hopefulness is primitively a propensity to migrate from a poor region to a better one, it is possessed by several species of animals. Heaven is often described as the happy land to which the Christian at death hopes to emigrate; the Indian THE HEAD. 73 hopes to reach the " far off island in the watery waste," or the happy hunting ground where " no fiends torment nor Christians thirst for gold." Fig. 28. Fig. 29. In all the books and busts that I have seen this organ is placed too high, and to make the blunder still greater, some phrenologists have located what they call " the organ of sublimity " in the very place where Hopefulness has been placed by the Creator. The sense of the sublime depends upon Submissiveness or Reverence acting upon a poetical and cultivated mind. The organ of Submissiveness extends farther laterally than it is commonly represented. To assist beginners in locating Hopefulness, I have prepared the two an- nexed engavings. A line drawn from the orifice of one ear {meatus auditorius) across to the opposite ear, (Fig. 29) will pass through the organ ; and another line drawn horizontally around the head, Fig. 28, passing across the upper part of the forehead, will also pass across this propensity ; the organ is at the place where these two lines meet. 74 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AJSTD HEART. When large, this propensity causes a person to forget the misfortunes of the past, and undervalue the diffi- culties of the present, while anticipating the success and pleasures of the future. When Cautiousness is very small and Hopefulness large, there is a tendency to excessive Mirthfulness ; with small Acquisitiveness this mirthful tendency is increased, because there is an absence of care concerning pecuniary affairs. When Hopefulness is small, Cautiousness fills the mind with doubts and sad foreboding, enterprise is checked, and gives way to excessive prudence. When very deficient, I generally suspect that some of the ancestors have suffered great and long continued misfortunes, or depressing diseases. Disorders of the stomach or liver are frequently accompanied by depres- sion of spirits; diseases of the lungs by abnormal cheerfulness. This propensity is the highest of the Ipseal Class ; like the key stone of an arch it crowns the whole — is intimately related to the whole — and contributes more than any other to human happiness. It produces this effect by combining with the other powers, and in- spiring a feeling that they will yet be gratified. In order to fully understand the nature of Hopefulness we must bear in mind its high character, its extensive connections, its relations to the other propensities of its own class, and of the Socials, and especially its rela- tions to the highest Intellectuals. Every propensity is dependent upon the intellect, but the highest propen- sities are peculiarly dependent upon the highest Intel- lectuals. The lowest propensities may act effectually and perfectly without the aid of the reflectives; Ali- mentiveness, Destructiveness and Combativeness, for THE HEAD. 7 5 instances, can act vigorously and be perfectly gratified without reflection ; the perceptives are to them suffi- cient guides; not so the highest propensities — their very definition implies the existence of Causality to look beyond the present. These remarks apply with great force to Perfectiveness and Hopefulness; neither of these propensities can produce the effects which they were evidently designed to do without the aid of reflection. I have already shown the effect of a large Perfectiveness upon a deficient intellect, and its great dependence upon Causality and Comparison; this is even more obvious in respect to Hopefulness. I cannot conceive how this propensity can act at all until Caus- ality has first acted. It is only by means of Causality that we look forward to the future ; we remember the past and perceive the present by means of the percep- tives, but when from these premises we infer the events to come, we do so only by means of Causality. JSTow when we consider that Hopefulness relates to the doubtful, the contingent, the future — that its very office is to produce feelings and actions with reference to subjects concerning which we only know in part, and believe in part, conjecture in part, and hope the rest, we must admit that it is especially dependent upon Causality for the very material upon which it acts. When anything is present, or within our reach, we cannot feel any hope in relation to it; but when the event is one in which we feel a deep interest, and which by means of Causality we perceive must happen, though it is doubtful whether the event will be favor- able to us or not, then this propensity has its appro- priate stimulus, produces agreeable anticipations, dis- 76 MYSTEBIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. misses all forebodings, and disposes us to act as if suc- cess were certain. The lower animals can possess no more of hope than they do of reason. They know so little of the proba- bilities of future even ts, that they can scarcely be said to hope or fear concerning them. But man has intellectual powers sufficiently capacious to store up the events of a^es past, and, by the light which they shed upon the iuture, they enable him to foresee the probable fate of generations yet unborn ; without this happifying pro- ponsity he would be inconceivably miserable and mel- ancholy. We are not left to conjecture on this point. Hundreds of instances have fallen under my own obser- vation, in which a deficiency of the organ was attended with the most indescribable unhappiness. The more reflective power such persons possess the more melan- choly it renders them, by enabling them to see difficul- ties and troubles afar off, and thus exciting Cautious- ness to action while there is not sufficient hope to counteract its chilling effects. The most melancholy people that 1 have ever seen have large intellects. They have the gift of showing, by the most unanswerable logic, that they are the most unfortunate beings in the world, and they recur to the mi seres of the past as data from which to infer the misfortunes of the future. " Melancholy is a fearful gift ; — What is it but the telescope of truth, Which strips the distance of its phantasies And brings life near in utter nakedness, Making the cold reality too real." — Byron. Most of those who commit suicide, have this organ small and Destructiveness large. To them the future ho]ds out nothing sufficiently desirable to make life THE HEAD. 77 worth preserving. t If Equitableness and Creden- eiveness are large they are frequently disposed to relig- ious melancholy, and have "a fearful looking for of judgments to come," while the promises of the gospel afford them no consolation. " On horror's head, horrors accumulate,'' till nature sinks in despair beneath the intolerable load, and they rush into the arms of death in a frenzy of desperation. When the organ is but little below medium, the effect is less severe; then there is a dis- position to look at the dark side of every subject, and to foresee evils which exist only in their own imagina- tions. They are apt to think themselves cursed with bad luck/ they not only see troubles in the future, but they call up from the recollections of the past only the disagreeable incidents and circumstances, and dwell upon them with mournful interest; they will review their past lives and show that they have been continued scenes of misfortune; they seem to have a great fac- ulty of recollecting disagreeable things, and forgetting those which are agreeable, and they frequently enter- tain their friends with a doleful account of their mis- fortunes. One of this kind of persons lately under- took to convince me that he was naturally unlucky. " Not long since," said he, " I went a fishing, and every body in the boat caught fish but me. I baited my hook just as they did, put it down into the water in the same way close by the side of theirs, and yet caught no fish, while they hauled them in all around me ; and what was most provoking, there was a kind of half fool with us who had better luck than any of the rest." The friends of a young man once requested me to explain, upon phrenological principles, his singular 78 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. conduct. He had considerable money left him by hig father, and was surrounded by rich friends who urged him to engage in business, but he constantly refused on account of his fears that he chould not succeed. He seemed averse to all kinds of enterprise in which the results were in any degree doubtfuj. I found in him a very amiable organization, but Hopefulness defi- cient. Although his health was tolerably good, he undertook to show to me the probability that he should die with the consumption, as several of his relatives had fallen victims to that disease, and another, whom he mentioned, would doubtless have met with the same fate had he not been killed by lightning. Hope was Napoleon's " star," and led him on, like an ignis fatuus, first to empire and then to ruin. It was Hope and courage which dictated the celebrated remark of Julius Caesar to the fisherman, when the storm threatened him with destruction : " Fear not, you carry Caesar and his fortunes." Hope is the "good angel " which hovers around the couch of the pious, and inspires them with dreams of future glory and happiness. " O Hope ! sweet flatterer, whose delusive touch. Sheds on the afflicted mind the balm of comfort; Relieves the load of poverty — sustains The captive, bending 'neath the weight of chains." Those who have this organ large are comparative strangers to feelings of melancholy; they look forward to the future with bright anticipations of happiness. If they have been unfortunate they flatter themselves that it is all for the best, or that such bad luck, cannot last long, but must soon turn in their favor. They call up hundreds of instances in which, under similar THE HEAD. 79 unfortunate circumstances, the result had proved favor- able; and even let the worst happen they still have resources of happiness. When Acquisitiveness is large, they engage with confidence in hazardous specu- lations, and when small they make the most of pov- erty — live contented, and free from care and anxiety. So long as they can enjoy the present they " take no thought of the morrow, what they shall eat, nor what they shall drink, nor yet for their clothing what they shall put on." When they are in the greatest straits they feel a hope that by some means, they know not exactly what, they will be able to extricate themselves, and that all will yet be well. Actuated by these feel- ings they sometimes accomplish apparent impossibili- ties; they will persevere in undertakings when all but themselves have become discouraged. " Things out of hope are compass'd oft with venturing." In the days ot childhood we look forward to the happiness which we expect to enjoy after we have come to maturity, and when that time arrives we still have our greatest felicity in anticipation. We still " Bid the lovely scenes at distance hail! " The brilliant treasure is always almost within our reach, but continually eludes our grasp. " Time rolls his ceaseless course," and as we are eagerly engaged in the pursuit, our progress is suddenly arrested by the cer- tainty that we are on the brink of death, but even then " Hope hears us through, nor leaves us when we die." Dr. Rush remarked that the skulls of insane patients were depressed in the parietal bone, the place where Hopefulness is situated. Those patients were proba- bly melancholies, who suffered from diseases of the stomach and liver. 80 MYSTEKIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Marshall Hall writes: " The temper of the patient is singularly modified by different disorders. The state of despondency in cases of indigestion forms a remarkable contrast with that of hopefulness in phthisis pulmonalis." Dr. Fothergill, of the West London Hospital, re- ferring to the effects upon the mind of diseases of dif- ferent parts of the body, remarks: " The consumptive patient just dropping into the grave will indulge in plans stretching far into the future, ignoring his real condition, and the impossibility of any such survival as he is calculating upon. It is a curious yet familiar state. Hope seems to rise above intelligence, just as in certain abdominal diseases there is a depression which defies its corrections. " In curious relation to these conditions stand the well known differences of the pulse. In chest diseases the pulse is usually full, sometimes bounding; in abdominal diseases it is small and often thready. The pulse of pneumonia and the pulse of peritonitis are distinctly dissimilar, and contrast with each other. " The explanation which is shadowed out, for it really does not amount to more, is that abdominal diseases causes a depletion of the emotional centers of which depression is the outward indication, whilst phthisis leads to a plethoric state associated with excited emotional conditions. " Allied in essence to melancholia is the pamphobia or ' low spirits ' common to women generally. It is the cry of the suffer- ing brain for better nutrition, for a more liberal supply of arte- rial blood." THE SOCIAL PROPENSITIES. These are conveniently divided into three groups, namely: The Domestic, the Governing, and the Conforming. DOMESTIC GROUP. RELATED TO SEX, CHILDREN, HOME, AND FRIENDS. AMATIVENESS. " Be fruitful ; multiply and replenish the earth." — Genesis. The sexual propensity gives an intense love of per- sons of the other sex. When too large and unbal- anced b} T moral considerations, there is a disposition, for the sake of this love, to neglect business, imputa- tion, and duties of all kinds, for its gratification. When properly governed and directed, it leads to vir- tuous love and marriage. When very small, there is a manifest indifference toward the other sex. If, how- ever, Adhesiveness is large, there is a steady, though not very ardent attachment to one companion, and indifference to others of the opposite sex. In one Note. — Equilibrium. — Comparative anatomy, and the experi- ments of physiologists, combine to indicate that the posterior part of the cerebellum, near the middle line, the vermiform pro- cess, is an organ in some way related to locomotion. There is probably no organ in the brain related to motion of any kind per se, but it is reasonable to suppose that a propensity is pos- sessed by all vertebrates to maintain their equilibrium, and it is not difficult to understand that it is needed in connection with the function of Amativeness. At present we can only regard Equi- librium as a candidate organ. 6 (81) 82 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. respect this mental organ is analogous to Alimentive- ness, and that is that its activity depends upon the health, the temperament, and other conditions of the body, which cannot be ascertained by an examination of the head. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. The cerebellum does not increase- much until the age of puberty, it then begins to expand, and nearly doubles in size between the ages of ten and twenty; the character, during this time, undergoes a corres- ponding change; the opposite sex, Mdiich before were viewed without partiality, become now extremely interesting, and an indescribable charm seems to be thrown around them. Their voices are enchanting, their forms appear exquisitively lovely, and their favoring smile bewitching beyond all power of expres- sion. Unconscious of the nature of the feeling that inspires them, they only know that their greatest bliss The organ, when large, as in Fig. 30, gives width and fullness to the lowest part of the back of the head, behind the lowest part of the ears. In Fig. 31 it is small. THE HEAD. 83 is in each other's society; their highest ambition to gain each other's love; and the most dreadful of all apprehensions, that of bestowing their affections without a return. "Love," says the Count De Segur, "creates for us a new world, inhabited by two beings, one of which is to us the whole universe; for that being alone do we value our wealth, our talents, and even our virtue. We prize no worth in ourselves but that which pleases this being. Time seems to linger when it is absent, and fly when it is present; we expe- rience that which Madame de Lambert says : ' we do not find the hours sufficiently long when we have to dedicate them to the beloved one.' But whence comes so sudden a change in the existence of the youth? What has subdued his will, tamed his boldness, over- powered him, and triumphed over his independence? Is it a being more enlightened, more virtuous, or more powerful than himself? No! a very child in purity and power ; a young female. She has no other weapon than her looks, no other power than her charms ; but she has beauty, and youth imagines that whoever pos- sesses it, is endowed with all perfection. Even wisdom yields blushingly to her empire, and the wise La Bruyere could not refrain from saying, 'A beautiful face is the most enchanting sight, and the sound of the voice of our beloved is the sweetest of melodies.' " A large development of this organ explains the mysterious fascination which some persons possess, who are not endowed with more than a medium share of other agreeable qualities. It explains why we often see marriages of the most opposite characters. The amiable, virtuous, and talented, united to the morose, unprincipled and ignorant, without any other cause 84 MYSTEKIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. being alleged than pure love. If warned by their friends that they are rushing to their ruin, they cling desperately to the fatal hope, that by the fabled omni- potence of love, they shall, by some means, they know not exactly how, escape the threatened danger, and sail happily down the stream of life. A_t all events, spite of the remonstrances of friends, or even the pleadings of their own better judgment, they are determined to run the hazard of the die; and they only repent of their rashness when poverty, disgrace and finally perhaps desertion, extinguishes the last faint embers of their expiring hopes. But still the lamp of love burns on, and the deserted one exclaims, "With all thy faults, I love thee still." Or, in the language of Byron, "Though I cannot be beloved, still let me love." It may be objected, that this ardent attachment is not produced by Amativeness without being com- bined with Adhesiveness. This is true, but neither can Adhesiveness produce this effect without Amative- ness. It is Adhesiveness that produces friendship, but it is Amativeness that directs it to the other sex. So, also, the admiration of beauty originates in Perfective- ness, and it is Amativeness that directs it toward the other sex. The adaptation of Amativeness to the admiration of personal beauty, seems wisely designed to prevent the transmission of deformed and imperfect bodily organizations to posterity. It is not the effect of mere youthful fancy, but was implanted in the mind for a highly useful purpose, and therefore should be by no means discouraged; on the contrary it seems to be of THE HEAD. 85 the very highest importance that it should be properly directed, and just ideas of what constitutes beauty of constitution, should be early inculcated. This subject teaches us that the knowledge of the princi- ples upon which physical and mental energy and har- mony depend, cannot be too highly appreciated as a branch of education. I seldom find a person possessing much energy of character who is deficient in this propensity. It seems to give activity to Combativeness, and is generally accompanied with a large development of that organ. Males, among all animals, manifest it in a greater degree than females ; and I nave seldom found it very large in females, without observing at the same time an uncommon manifestation of the other masculine traits. FALLING IN LOVE. At the age di puberty, the organs of the whole con- stitution, of body and mind, undergo a change. The lungs expand, the circulation of blood increases, the face becomes more full and florid, the eyes brighter, the muscles firmer and more elastic, the brain larger, and the mind more serious and mature; persons of the opposite sex begin to appear more interesting. There is as yet no thought of love, much less of mar- riage. Young company is sought just for amusement; love and marriage are mentally postponed indefinitely, as something undesirable and inconvenient. If the subject is mentioned to the youth, he acknowledges a general regard and admiration for the sex, but ho is in love with no one. He prefers one lady to another very much as he does one gentleman to another. He 86 MTSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. sees others fall desperately in love, and wonders at their folly and infatuation ; he fancies that if he ever marries, it will be pretty much for the same solid reasons that he would take a mercantile partner. He feels sure that he never would marry one who had a disagreeable mother or sister, or who had red hair or large hands; indeed, he never will marry at all until he is rich, or at least has a competence. The poor fellow has not the least idea that the love principle is expanding within him more and more every day, and that it will soon burst forth and hurry him on to his destiny with the irresistible force of an insanity. At length the time arrives; he is ready to fall in love, but is utterly unconscious of it; nature has prepared him for the sacrifice, and he will certainly be in love with some lady within a short time. He happens in company with a person he has long known, and wonders that he has before been so blind to her angelic qualities ; what a voice ; what a smile ; and oh, what eyes. " Grace is in all her steps, heaven in her eye, in every gesture dignity and love." He has no doubt that the charm that has overpowered him is in her; but in reality it is in himself. If he had not fallen in love with her, he would with some one else. He fell in love for the same reason that an apple falls from a tree to the ground, simply because it is ripe enough to fall there. PARENTIYENESS OR PHILOPKOGENITIVE- NESS. " As a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings." — Luke. This is the propensity to protect, nourish and in- struct the young and helpless, especially one's own THE HEAD. 87 children. "When large, it gives tenderness, patience and condescension on the part of parents, nurses, teachers and guardians. When small there is a tendency to treat children with indifference if not with harshness. In females the propensity acquires additional intensity on account of its intimate relations to the maternal functions. It is much the larger in the female sex, they upon whom devolves the care of raising the young, and im- planting the first seeds of in- telligence and virtue. Who has not felt the influence of a moth- er's love, and fled from the stern rebuke of an angry father to take shelter behind the bosom of maternal indulgence? Even when compelled by a sense of duty to administer pun- ishment she docs so with such evident reluctance as to convince the sufferer that she would gladly refrain, if she could do so consistently with her regard to the future welfare of her child. This awakens a feeling of genuine repentance more certainly than any degree of severity would do if inflicted in a tyrannical man- ner. When, however, Parentiveness is so much devel- oped as to be ungovernable by the higher powers, the Fig. 32 is the head of a good natured school master who was repeatedly turned out of his school house by his unruly and vic- ious boys ; but he was so kind and forgiving, and at tho same time such an excellent teacher, that he finally won the love of them all and obtained unbounded influence over them. His Firmness was very small and his Parentiveness and Kindness both very large. Fig. 32. MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. consequence is a fatal indulgence toward the child, encouraging him in vice, and even in crime, which a salutary correction might have prevented if seasonably applied. This is certainly one of the most amiable traits in the human character, and when the organ is largely developed in a man it gives a gentleness to his manner which renders him very agreeable to young persons. The president of a college is seldom popular if this is small, but when large he feels a fatherly interest in the welfare of his pupils, which manifests itself in such a manner as generally to win their Adhesiveness in return. Governors, school teachers, and all persons in situations where authority over juniors is to be exer- cised in a discretionary manner, need the softening influence of this propensity to prevent them from act- ing with too much harsh- ness and severity. When the organ is very large in persons who have no child- ren of their own, substi- tutes are very frequently adopted. Orphan children are thus sometimes better provided for than they would have been had they never lost their parents. Fig. 33 is the head of Junius Brutus, the celebrated Roman patriot and stoic, who condemned his own son to death because he conspired against the state. In his head the domestic socials are very small compared with the governing group. Parentive- ness (p) is particularly deficient. Fig. 33. THE HEAD. 89 Children that have t)een left by their cruel mothers to perish have frequently found in strangers the most affectionate of parents. The fondness of little misses for dolls, and the aifection lavished by older ladies upon pets, such as lap-dogs, kittens, and even plants, is caused by Parentivenes, when it has no more proper object with which it can be gratified; but as soon as the care of an infant devolves upon one of them she immediately neglects all her former pets. To those females who have the organ very large there is a feel- ing of delight experienced in taking a beautiful infant into their arms, which a man who has the organ small cannot understand. I think Philoprogentiveness too long a namo, and have therefore adopted that of Parentiveness. INHABITIYEISTESS OE CONCEOTRATIYE- NESS. " It is my own, my native land." — Scott. This is the propensity to fix upon an abiding place, a home, and remain in it. There is an attachment to the village, the house, the lands, the trees, the streams and hills in our vicinity, even though our friends are no longer there. When very small all places are alike indifferent, provided friends and comforts are the same in all. It is generally small and Hopefulness large in sailors and persons who prefer a roving life. This propen- sity has been denominated Concentrativeness, because it has been observed that when large on some persons they seem to be indisposed to change the subject of conversation. They literally dwell upon it even when they have nothing new to say in regard to it. I con- sider this tendency to continuity as an incidental and 90 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. secondary effect of Inhabitiveness. Phrenologists have committed many errors, by not distinguishing between the primitive uses of faculties and their incidental modes of manifestation under peculiar circumstances, and in combination with other faculties. George Combe— Fig. 34. Mr. George Combe, the distinguished phrenological author, insisted upon changing the name of this organ to Concentrativeness, and considered his own head, Fig. 34, a good illustration of it when largely devel- oped. One objection that has been made by Dr. Elder and others to Mr. Combe's views, is thai Concentrativeness is merely continued attention, and, therefore, an intel- lectual function. But the obvious answer to this objection is that the intellect attends to those things that interest the dominant propensities. I have fully satisfied myself of the fact that persons full at the point (I, Fig. 34) are more continuous in all their men- tal operations than those who are small there, but this THE HEAD. 91 appears to me to be nferely one of the modes in which Inhabitiveness manifests itself. ADHESIVENESS. "Entreat me not to leave thee." — Ruth. This propensity was primitively intended to make children cling to parents, and to those friends who are capable of protecting and de- fending them. It is larger in the heads of children than in those of adnlts, and in women than men. Women man- ifest a preference for men who are brave and strong. " Beauty loves to repose upon the arm of strength." This propensity is one of the princi- pal elements of matrimonial attachment, and partial, enduring friendship and love. When Adhesiveness is very large and Kindness small, there is a disposition to be exclusive, clanish and sectarian, and to exhibit a want of philanthrophy and of courtesy to strangers. Some phrenologists believe that there is an organ near Adhesiveness related to monogamy or matrimo- nial attachment to one only. I regard this as an unsettled question. Figure 35 is the head of Dioclesian, the Roman emperor, who resigned a throne to enjoy the pleasures of domestic life. Ob- serve how long his head is from the ear back to the occiput. Amativeness, Parentiveness Inhabitiveness and Adhesiveness are all large. Fig. 35. 92 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART, THE GOVERNING GROUP. RELATED TO SELF-WILL, TO SOCIAL EMINENCE, AND TO FIRM AND JUST GOVERNMENT IN THE FAMILY AND THE STATE. IMPERATIVENESS OR SELF-ESTEEM. " When Caesar says ' do this ' it is performed." — Shakspeare. Thk ic the propensity to command, to take the lead and direct the conduct and affairs of others. It pro- duces independence and individuality of character, and indifference concerning the opinions and wishes of others, especially when Approbativeness is small. The organ is large in the head of Peter the Great — (Figure 36 i). When Imperativeness is large it often takes the form of self-conceit, and tends to unwarranted as- sumptions of authority. Combined with Kindness it prompts to meddlesome but benevolent attempts to do good by regulating the affairs, the morals and manners of others. Com- bined with a sense of jus- tice it insists upon estab- lishing just laws and rules of conduct, and forcing others to submit to such laws. When small there is a want of self-assertion, and a tendency to stand back and allow persons of inferior abilities or social posi- tion to take the lead. This is more strikingly true Fig. 36. THE HEAD. 93 when Reverence is farge and Imperativeness small. Self-reliance depends npon large Imperativeness, Hopefulness and Combativeness, while the conform- ing social organs are small. We often see individuals manifesting this propen- sity in a most ridiculous manner; putting themselves forward, confidently assuming superiority, and getting themselves into conspicuous situations, while it is obvious to all but themselves that they are miserably deficient in the qualities necessary to fill an important station. It is astonishing to see the success which sometimes attends the ambitious efforts of men of inferior talents, when acting under the influence of Imperativeness. Others, with gigantic intellects, give way before them, astounded at their impudent preten- sions and disgusted with their egotism and ignorance. If their favorite hobby is one which is complicated and difficult to be understood, such as theology, med- icine or politics, they generally gain the ignorant over to their opinions by the loud, confident and imperious manner in which they assert them, and the supercil- ious haughtiness with which they bear themselves toward others. If we examine the busts or portraits of all those master spirits of ages past who have assumed to dic- tate the operations of others, either in the cabinet, the army, the church, the bar, or the academy, we inva- riably find a large development of this organ. It is frequently very active in the insane, and is liable to be separately diseased, producing the most singular exhibitions of imperiousness. Gall, Spurzheim and Combe mention several instances in which they have found it largely developed in such patients. I have 94 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. also seen similar cases. A few years ago an insane man escaped from his friends and took his station npon one of the peaks of the New York highlands. Assuming that he was the Deity, he began to give orders to the whole universe; he called in a loud voice, " Attention, all creation ! in battalions to the right wheel ! march ! " APPROBATIVENESS. " The thought of what men's tongues will say." — ShaJcspeare. The propensity to gain approval, admiration and reputation. While Imperativeness aims at authority, this propensity assists by gaining the good opinion of those who can confer power and influence. In a weak mind it assumes the form of vanity and ostentation, or a silly love of compliments, praise and flattery. It produces a dread of ridicule, and if unbalanced, it pre- fers glory and popularity to truth and justice. When small and Imperativeness large, there is too much independence of public opinion, a neglect of reputation, and indifference to praise or blame; such persons often seem less honest and good than they really are; they do not flatter or compliment others, nor expect or desire compliments from them. The most despotic governments in the world, as well as the most republican, were originally founded upon the favor of the people. Caesar was thrice offered a " kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse," only because he doubted if public opinion was suffi- ciently ripe for the ultimate purposes of his ambition. Cromwell could never have driven out the long par- liament at the point of the bayonet and usurped des- potic power, had he not first won the approbation of THE HEAD. 95 his soldiers; nor could Napoleon have mounted the imperial throne had he not been popular with the French army. The extent to which Imperativeness may stretch authority depends in a great measure upon the previous success of Approbativeness ; the very same acts of tyranny which JN T apoleon could per- petrate with impunity, would have cost a Bourbon his sceptre, and perhaps his life. Imperativeness and Approbativeness are twin organs, closely connected in the brain, and in every well balanced mind these propensities mutually assist each other; their com- bined operation constitutes ambition, which, when properly regulated, is not only useful and laudable, but absolutely necessary to the well-being of society. Every political election affords illustrations of the influence of these two propensities. The candidate, all other things equal, who has the larger Approba- tiveness, will get a majority of votes over one who has the larger Imperativeness. The former will be smiling, bowing, deferential and polite; will take great pains to render himself agreeable to the citizens by assurances of his intention to advance their interests; by professions of regard for their welfare, and friendly inquiries concerning their health, their families, their business, etc. ; great care is at the same time taken to avoid touching upon any topics calculated to rouse their prejudices, and to say nothing which, if reported, will be calculated to lower him in public estimation. He salutes his acquaintances across the street, and pays the most particular regard to all the little cer- emonies that indicate respect and esteem. As soon, however, as he becomes firmly seated in power, so as to be in a degree independent of those who raised 96 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. him, his Approbativeness has no longer its appro- priate stimulus; Imperativeness is now in the ascen- dent, and frequently the " Proud man, Clothed with a little brief authority, Most ignorant of what he's most assured, Plays such fantastic tricks before high heaven As make the angels weep." " The proud man," says Dr. Gall, " is imbued with a sentiment of his own superior merit, and, from the summit of his grandeur, treats with contempt or indifference all other mortals; the vain man attaches the utmost importance to the opinions entertained of him by others, and seeks with eagerness to gain their approbation. The proud man expects that mankind will come to him and acknowledge his merit; the vain man knocks at every door to draw attention toward him, and supplicates for the smallest portion of honor. The proud man despises those marks of distinction which on the vain man confer the most perfect delight. The proud man is disgusted by indis- creet eulogiums; the vain man inhales with ecstacy the incense of flattery, although profusely offered and by no very skillful hand." Mr. George Combe makes the following remarks concerning this propensity: " The feeling which is most commonly experienced when this organ is large, even when favorably com- bined with other organs, is anxiety about what the world will think of us. A youth in whom it is pow- erful cannot do this thing because everybody will look at him, or cannot do the other because the people would Monder. In older persons it produces a fidgety THE HEAD. 97 anxiety about the opinions of the public, or of the circle of acquaintances who compose the public to them. They imagine themselves continually before the public eye, and that the world is occupied with little else than weighing their motives, speculating on their conduct, and adjusting the precise point in the scale of importance and respectability at which they ought to be placed. A great portion of this feeling, however, is the mere inspiration of a very powerful Love of Approbation in their own heads. The public are too much engrossed with themselves and their own affairs to bestow so minute and permanent a degree of attention upon an individual. This anx- iety about public opinion, when excessive, is subver- sive of happiness and independence. " When the development of Love of Approbation is excessive, while the regulating organs are deficient, it is tho cause of great unhappiness. It renders the lit- tle girl at school miserable if her dress and the style of living of her parents be not equal to those of the parents of her associates. It overwhelms the artist, author or public speaker with misery if a rival is praised in the journals in higher terms than himself. A lady is tormented at perceiving in the possession of her acquaintance finer dresses or equipages than her own. It excites the individual to talk of himself, his affairs and connections so as to communicate to the auditor vast ideas of his greatness or goodness; in short, vanity is one form of its abuse. ' Sir,' says Dr. Johnson, ' Goldsmith is so much afraid of being unno- ticed that he often talks, merely lest you should forget that he is in company.' '* The organ is possessed by the lower animals. The 7 98 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. dog is extremely fond of Approbation, and the horse displays the sentiment not only in his sensibility to marks of affection but in his spirit of emulation in the race. Dr. Gall mentions that in the south of France the peasants attach a ' bouquet ' to the mules when they have acquitted themselves well, and that the animals understand it as a mark of approbation and feel afflicted when it is taken away." Approbativeness is somewhat analogous to Adhe- siveness in seeking the support and good will of the powerful and influential, but it embraces a larger number and extends over a wider social field. FIRMNESS. " Come one, come all, this rock shall fly From its firm base as soon as I." — Walter Scott. This is the j^ropensity to resist the influences which tend to produce changes of purpose, such as persua- sions, arguments, threats, examples or commands. It tends to bestow stability of character. When very large, and Submissiveness and Kindness small, it pro- duces stubbornness, and an inability to reason fairly against opinions that have once been adopted. When very small the character is unstable, and the mind is continually liable to change under social influ- ences good or bad. This is especially true when the conforming social organs are large. A great deal of dishonesty is caused by a deficiency of Firmness. The lessons and principles inculcated in early life lose their influence in the presence of immediate temptation when Firmness is small. This is the propensity to maintain authority, to continue in the position, or course, which Imperative- THE HEAD. 99 ness assumes, to persevere in resolutions which relate to social intercourse. Imperativeness aspires to estab- lish government, Appro bativeness to render it popular, and Firmness to give it permanence, fixedness and consistency. It differs from Combativeness in being intended to benefit others, instead of conquering them. It does not attack or oppose, but only holds its own. ~No man can permanently establish the government ol a nation, a church, or a family, who is deficient in Firmness. It is larger in men than in women, and contributes more than anything else to their universal superiority in government. We frequently see a man with small Imperativeness but powerful Firmness; he may be modest, unassuming, and even cowardly, but still manifest the greatest reluctance to yield his post. Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 37 represents Firmness and Imperativeness very small and the conforming organs large. Fig 38 represents the upper back of the head shaped like the end of an orange, depressed in the middle at Firmness and Im- perativeness, and very large each side, at Approbativeness and Equity. 100 MYSTERIES OF HEAD ATSTD HEART. Danger, interest or duty may induce him to give way, but he does it with the most evident unwillingness, and returns again as soon as the difficulty is removed. It is common to see a man with very large Firmness and Combativeness governed on ordinary occasions by his wife, and even by his children; the trouble of commanding and directing the affairs of others is to him greater than the pleasure; but his Im- perativeness, though small, will sometimes be ex- ited, and when he does take his stand he is like St. Helena in the midst of the ocean — nothing can shake his purpose. Firmness is very large in our Indians, combined with Cautiousness and Secretive- ness, and accordingly they fight in a cowardly manner, but if taken prisoners they die firmly at the stake, suf- fering the most cruel tortures without uttering a word of complaint. They have been swept away before the whites, but they have never been reduced to submis- sion, or changed in their manners, habits or opinions. The Negro character is just the reverse, and the forms of their skulls present a striking contrast when com- pared with those of Indians. The character of those who have Firmness large, combined with Imperativeness, seems to be stereo- typed; they easily resist the influences which others bring to bear upon them; whatever notions they adopt in childhood they are apt to hold through life; and it \z therefore of the greatest importance that their first impressions should be correct. If they once acquire vicious habits it is very difficult to reform them; threats, punishment or entreaties, are often ineffectual; nothing but their own wills can change their wills ; sometimes they can be managed by gently THE HEAD. 101 falling in with them, admitting their superiority, and appearing to coincide with them, but at the same time suggesting certain ideas as worthy of cheir considera- tion, leaving the final decision entirely to their own pleasure. They should be "Gently seduced into the paths of truth," and the course of conduct which they are led to adopt, must seem to be one of their own choice. EQUITABLENESS, JUSTICE OR CONSCIEN- TIOUSNESS. " Be just and fear not." — Sluikspeare. The propensity to be impartial and equitable, espec- ially to those who are inferior in power or influence. It does not produce honesty or conscientiousness in the common acceptation of these terms, without the assistance of Submissiveness and other faculties, and a proper moral training and education. This propensity belongs to the governing group, and was designed to produce just and impartial government in the commu- nity and the family. Incidentally it tends to fairness in business transactions. "When very small, the person is capricious and partial, and decides questions accord- ing to prejudice, friendship, resentment or self-inter- est, and not according to the rules of truth and justice. The head of Kathleen is a good representation of a numerous class of ladies. She possesses a fine physi- cal form, good health, an emotional temperament, and strong and domestic affections; a full share of the love of dress and display common to her sex; Imperative- ness, Firmness and general Kindness small, but Sub- missiveness rather large, and Equity or Conscien- tiousness (Fig. 39) very large; a low wide forehead, 102 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. indicating mechanical skill with uncommon order and neatness in her work. She has all the good qualities and all the weaknesses of her sex; a loving, submis- sive, devoted wife, whose whole world is within her family; capable of the most passionate love and the most intense suffering from jealousy; constant in love but changeful in her temper and her mood. She takes not the slightest interest in public affairs, and cares Kathleen — Pig. 39. nothing about women's rights. She is perfectly con- scientious, and never intentionally does wrong or omits a duty, but her ideas of right, wrong and duty are derived entirely from education, the teachings of her church and the opinions of her small circle of friends. She is utterly incapable of understanding the characters or doing justice to the motives of people who differ widely from her sect in religious opinions, or who violate THE HEAD. 103 what she regards as £he sacred rules of conventional propriety. She has faith, hope and a good conscience, but no charity ,or toleration for sinners of her own sex. Conscientiousness is greatly dependent upon the higher organs of intellect. It is by means of re- flection that we are enabled to understand our relations to others, and Conscientiousness is affected according to the views which the intellect takes of a subject. If a person is so deficient in the intellectual organs that he is incapable of understanding his duty, Con- scientiousness alone will not guide him right. It only gives the disposition to do justice, and not the ability to ascertain what constitutes it. It is only by means of the intellect that we know anything. After the intellect has acquired a knowledge of all the facts in a case which affect the right of God or man, Consci- entiousness inspires the mind with a desire to act according to justice, and respect those rights. Some- times we see persons who, like Lord Bacon, know very well what is required of them, but are little disposed to perform it; and again we see others who have a strong desire to do their duty, but are deplorably igno- rant of it, and " need that some one should teach " them. It has frequently been urged as an objection to phrenology, that if men commit crimes on account of a deficiency of Conscientiousness it is unjust to punish them, and therefore they should be set at liberty. But whatever may be the cause that prompts men to vio- late the rights of others, society is certainly justified in protecting itself from their outrages, whether they are idiots, criminals, or insane; and any criminal code that has for its object the safety of society and the 104 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A1STD HEART. improvement of the offender, will be in accordance with phrenological principles. I must insist, how- ever, that nothing can be found in phrenology to jus- tify unnecessary punishment. The safety of society renders it necessary that criminals should be deprived of the liberty which they have abused, and so guarded that they can do no more mischief to their fellow men, but any farther proceedings against them should be intended for their reformation and improvement. Society has no right to punish any one for revenge, or merely for an example to others. I am aware that throughout the world the most severe inflictions are excused on the ground that they frighten others; and in some countries the most horrid cruelties are per- petrated under the sanction of this principle. But, in the name of humanity, does not the history of man furnish already a sufficient number of examples of the consequences of iniquity? Is it necessary to keep continually before the community the example of sev- eral thousand individuals in misery for the purpose of warning others ? Does the history of the past prove that severity is the best preventive of crime? Has society any right to protect itself by such barbarous and unmerciful means as those now in use, when milder means may be made equally effective? I con- fidently believe that when the sublime principles of phrenology are universally understood, the present criminal laws and criminal discipline will undergo an important change; and the convict, instead of being treated like a beast of prey, will be managed like a moral patient. Instead of being considered a fit object for the exercise of unnecessary severity, he will be pitied as the most unhappy of mankind, and a remedy THE HEAD. 105 applied adapted to the nature of the disease. While he will be secured, and every means taken to prevent him from repeating his crimes, every means will also be taken to render his situation as happy as circum- stances will permit, and to restore him again to society better qualified and disposed to respect the rights of others. THE CONFORMING GROUP. BELATED TO SOCIETY IN GENERAL, AND PRODUCING CONFORMITY TO ITS REQUIREMrNTS IN OPPOSITION TO SELFISHNESS, CLANNISHNESS, AND SELF-WILL. SUBMISSIYENESS, OR REVERENCE. " Thy will, not mine, be done." — Jesus. The propensity to obey commands, to submit to authority, and to admit others to be superior. It recognizes excellence or superior power, with pleasure, whether it is found in nature or in society. The immensity of space, the vastness of the celestial sys- tem, the velocity of the planets, the destructive force of earthquakes, the power of genius, the greatness of moral heroes, and above all, the omnipotence of God — these are subjects calculated to excite this propensity. It produces respect for parents, teachers, magistrates, and superior persons of all classes. It is probably the principal element in the sense of the sublime, the grand and the awful. "When small, there is an uncere- monious bluntness, a want of respectfulness in the manners, and a tendency to treat superior persons with undue familiarity. This kind of irreverence is still more manifest when Imperativeness and Combat- 106 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. iveness are large, and Approbativeness, Secretiveness, and Equitableness are small. Imperativeness, or Self- Esteem, is the propen- sity to compare our- selves with others, and if possible to establish a claim of superiority. Submissiveness, or Rev- erence, on the contrary, is the propensity to compare ourselves with others and admit our in- feriority. It recognizes authority and humbly sits at the foot of its throne, listening and learning. It unites itself with the other conforming propensities, and if there is no personal superior present, it resorts to books, traditions, relics, and monuments as substi- tutes. It seeks for something to admire, worship, imitate and believe. Even if the intellect is very Fig. 40. Fig. 40 is so drawn as to give an idea of the appearance of the top of the head when this organ is large, and also when small. There are, in early infancy, two open places, caused by the bones of the skull not having completed their full develop- ment, so as to come together and cover the brain. One of these is located at Imperativeness and the other at Submissiveness. The bones at these two points oftentimes join imperfectly, so as to mislead novices into the belief that there is an uncommon development or deficiency of the organs. But the prominences made by mere bones are angular and sharp, and easily distin- guished from those made by brain. A bony projection behind the ear is often mistaken for an organ, and so, also, is a bony prominence at the occiput, THE HEAD. 107 large, it becomes filled with the ideas thus acquired from others, and is destitute of originality; the opin- ions are all borrowed, and are sustained by authorities instead of facts derived from experience. There is in such a head more of learning than of practical wis- dom, or of the executive ability which springs from self-reliance. Sir Walter Scott— Fig. 41. Fig. 41. Sir "Walter Scott's head is extremely high in the Con- forming region. All four of the organs of this group are large in his head. It was said of him that he was prouder of being invited to dine with the king than he was of all his works. His reverence for royalty and rank, and ancient families is mani- fested in all his writings. His heroes, unlike those of Dickens, H'ere invariably chosen from among princes and nobles. 108 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. KINDNESS OE BENEVOLENCE. "Charity suffereth long and is kind." This is the propensity to treat all persons with suavity and benevolence, especially if they are stran- gers, and have no claims upon us. Its motto is, "Come, send abroad a love for all that live." It is the basis of philanthropy, and the love of humanity in general. It is opposed to sectarianism, clannish- Dr. B. Franklin — Fig. 42. Fig. 42. Benjamin Franklin. There is no trait in the char- acter of Franklin more remarkable than his benevolence. In him it never degenerated into a weakness. His charities and kind deeds were always accompanied with prudence, and admin- istered with shrewdness and wisdom. He was industrious and economical that he might have the means of being charitable. It is doubtful whether the American continent has produced a character with fewer faults, and a greater number of virtues. Kindness is indicated by the height of his forehead in the mid- dle line. THE HEAD. 109 ness, and exclusivene^s in society. It gives a ten- dency to acquire general knowledge concerning human affairs, instead of limiting inquiries to the immediate circle in which we live. This is especially true when the front part of the organ is large, and is combined with a large intellect. When small, there is a mani- fest indifference to the general interests of mankind, and a tendency to concentrate the feelings and thoughts upon self and home friends, upon the church, the village, and the community, or society in our near vicinity. Sometimes there is an apparent contradiction exhib- ited by persons in whom Kindness is large, combined with large Acquisitiveness ; they will not give away property, but they will give their personal services, attend the sick, show kindness in their manners, words, etc. A similar inconsistency appears in those who have Kindness with the Governing Group large; they will be kind to those who obey them, and con- form to their notions; but they will be tyrannical, oppressive, and intolerant to those who treat their authority with contempt ; or who are opposed to their views of politics, religion, or morality. Again, wc may see a person with large Destructiveness and Kind- ness, and Acquisitiveness small ; he will be profuse with his property, and therefore take great credit to himself for his benevolence; but perhaps he will at tho same time commit deeds of wanton cruelty. All these facts are explained on the principle that the large organs predominate over the smaller. 110 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. IMITATIVENESS OB SYMPATHY. " Catch the manners living as they rise." — Pope. The propensity to adopt the manners, language and habits of associates, and especially of those whom we admire and regard as examples worthy of imitation. It disposes a person to give up his old man- ners and practices, and conform to those of his associates. It tends to make all the members of a community act and dress and speak alike. It is the natural auxil- iary of Kindness, and is opposed to all man- ifestations of stubborn- ness and self-will. It is the principal element of sympathy, since it not only prompts us to Figure 43 is the head of Socrates, the moral giant of antiquity. What a magnificent head ! All the capabilities of human nature appear to have been exhausted in producing his brain. His forehead is broad, high and deep. This immense cerebral mass was not developed at the expense of his bodily vigor. He was a brave and hardy soldier, but his most noted deed in this capa- city was the saving of the life of a comrade on the battle-field, at the imminent risk of his own. He was a sculptor, having learned the art from his father, and his broad forehead indicates a mechanical propensity. He was an original, shrewd and unequalled logician and reasoner, and this agrees with his capa- cious intellectual lobe. His intuitive knowledge of human nature was probably never surpassed even by Shakspeare, and Socrates— Fig. 43. THE HEAD. Ill do as others do, but it makes us endeavor to conceive of their feelings, wishes and thoughts. It therefore tends to make us study human nature. In 1838, in my "New System of Phrenology," I pointed out the fact that persons with the front part of Kindness and Imitativeness large, are more prone than others to study human nature. Upon this hint several phrenol- ogists announced the discovery of a new organ, which they called Human Nature, between Causality and Reverence. They mistook a peculiar manifestation of a known faculty for a distinct faculty. Tho truth is that Kindness and Imitativeness, combined with the reflectives, produce a tendency to study the characters of all sorts of people. Those in whom these organ; are deficient may study the characters of their partic- ular acquaintances, but they fail to understand people who differ from themselves, or from their limited circle. Shakspeare is a wonderful instance of a writer who could describe with accuracy a great variety of characters. Walter Scott also excelled in this respect; and they are both remarkably large in tho region between the reflectives and Submissiveness. this is indicated by the vast expansion of the upper part of his forehead. Without being a fanatic or a sectarian, he was a truly pious reformer, and fell a martyr to the cause of moral and relig- ious truth. Among his other peculiarities he possessed a talent for imitation and drollery, and a faculty of illustrating his ideas in an exceedingly amusing and facinating manner. One of the •charges brought against him on his trial was that by his undig- nified and humorous manner of expression he captivated and corrupted the youth. Instead of teaching in the formal and grave manner of the schools, he condescended to amuse and entertain the young in order to gain their attention and instruct them more successfully. The organ of Imitativeness is large in his head. It is located at the dotted line (Fig. 43.) 112 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. This faculty is an important one to an actor or an orator, as well as to a dramatic author, as it enables one to temporarily forget himself and " enter in '' to the feelings of an imaginary character. A person having Imitativeness very large, with Kinduess small, will be able to conceive how another feels; will, as it were, imitate or repeat imperfectly in his own mind the feelings of others, but will have no very strong desire to gratify or relieve them ; yet this is one kind of sympathy, though not such as pro- ceeds from a well balanced mind. Lavater remarks, in substance, that by imitating the expression of another we may partially experience his feelings, and I doubt not that this is true, especially of those who have Imitativeness very large. The importance of making a distinction between propensities, feelings and actions, upon which I have so much insisted in this work, must now be obvious. Spurzheim, Combe, and all other phrenologians, agree in denominating this propensity a feeling of Imita- tion ; but imitation is an action produced by the pro- pensity of Imitativeness. It would be absurd to say " I feel imitation," but it is perfectly proper to say " I act in imitation," and it is also proper to say " I feel sympathy." I therefore name this the propensity of Imitativeness — the feeling which it produces I call sympathy — and the actions which it produces I denominate imitations. If the term sympathy does not convey the precise idea of the feeling produced by Imitativeness, then I know of none in our language that does. I have, in writing this work, often felt a necessity for new terms to express more precisely the different feelings, and I doubt not that as the science THE HEAD. 113 continues to progress* improvements will be intro- duced in this important part of the nomenclature of mental philosophy. Those who have this organ large, are capable of con- forming to the manners and habits of those with whom they associate much more readily than those who have it moderately developed ; they seem to have the power of approaching in a proper and successful manner those who occupy eminent stations. They are more easy and graceful in their manners, and can readily adapt themselves to the feelings, actions and situations of others. It is large in those who are capable of rep- resenting the feelings and actions of others in writing or speech; and no man can easily excel as an actor, orator, artist, dramatic author, ventriloquist, dancer or musician, unless this is fairly developed. In proof of this, we find it large in the portraits or heads of all who are eminent in either of these professions. It gives the dramatic author the power of calling up in his own mind the same train of ideas and feelings that he supposes the characters to possess whom he describes; and having thus, as it were, imbued himself with their spirit and made their case his own, he pro- ceeds to pour out their feelings in language such as that of Shakspeare, Yoltaire, Walter Scott, N. P. Wil- lis, and Longfellow. Those authors who are incapable of reasoning pro- foundly, but who can write racily and pictorially, and readily adapt their style to the subject, will invariably be found to have moderate reflectives and large per- ceptives and Imitativeness. They " Catch the manners living as they rise." They describe things as they see and feel and hear 114 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEAKT. them, but do not attempt to account for them. Most of the writings of novelists are of this character. CREDENCI YENESS — M ARYELOUSNESS — WONDER — SPIRITUALITY— jSIJPER- NATURALITY. " Lord, I believe ; help thou mine unbelief." — Matthew. The various names that this organ has received prove that it has not been well understood. Gall included Credenciveness and Perfectiveness, or Ideal- ity, under one name, (the poetic faculty,) and regarded them as one organ. Spurzheim separated them, and demonstrated that the upper portion is related to Faith, and the lower to Beauty; one is more especially devoted to religion, and the other to the fine arts. I regard this as the propensity to believe the asser- tions of others; to assume what they say to be true. It is very active in the young. By its promptings they acquire knowledge concerning what has been said or written. It is therefore an essential element in the love of literature, biography, and history. It fills the mind with the materials required for conver- sation, and for writing in a general and varied man- ner. The organ of Language gives memory and facility in the use of unusual words, but it does not bestow the disposition to use language; this springs from the conforming Socials, and chiefly from Cre- denciveness. When the intellect is small, or the knowledge deficient, this organ tends to produce superstition in its thousand forms. It is unfortunate for business men to have this organ large. They trust their customers and endorse THE HEAD. 115 for their friends too ifeadily. They allow themselves to be drawn into novel and doubtful schemes, from which a little more natural skepticism would have saved them. Women who have this organ large, and Secretiveness small, are too confiding. A scientific head is generally skeptical, but a literary and poetical head is credencive. This faculty does not prompt to deception, but it tends to unconscious exaggeration. It is an important element in a poetic and romantic imagination. The manifestations of this faculty are often confounded with those of Perfectiveness, (Ideal- ity,) but there is a vast difference between the exag- gerated and the beautiful. Paine— Fig. 44. Gibbon— Fig. 45. Every proposition, the truth of which we cannot test by the evidences of our own senses, if it is proba- ble, or even possible, is calculated to excite and gratify Credenciveness. But its most natural stimulus is the testimony of intelligent beings. I consider it as spe- cially designed to make us act upon the testimony of 116 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. others, and particularly of our superiors, in cases where we cannot have the evidence of our senses. Impressions enter through the senses to the percep- tives, and are analyzed, classed and connected by the renectives. Causality performs the last and highest process of intellect ; and if the proposition is not per- fectly self-evident, it becomes a matter of belief or of skepticism ; that is, it becomes an appropriate stimu- lus for Credenciveness. This propensity is of course modified in its action according to the nature of the subject, the amount of evidence, the proportion of Credenciveness to intellect, and the effect which it is to have upon our interests, or our hopes. Whether an individual will be skeptical or credulous, depends upon the proportion which his intellect bears to Cre- denciveness and Submissiveness. Those who have very high but shallow foreheads, are apt to be foolishly credulous; and those who have low and prominent foreheads, are inclined to skepticism. They wish to investigate much and believe but little. There is a third class who have foreheads wide, high and promi- nent; they love to believe when they can, but they cannot without proper investigation. They examine thoroughly, and believe sincerely, many controverted doctrines ; they seem to take pleasure in revolving in their minds doubtful subjects, even if they cannot quite believe them. If it is something which chal- lenges belief — if it has probability or even possibility in its favor, it is a proper subject to stimulate and delight this propensity, and produce the feeling of of marvelousness. This enables us to understand the characters of novelists, romancers, and dramatic authors, such as Scott, Yoltaire, Shakespeare, and THE HEAD. 117 Tasso, who all had v£ry high foreheads, jjarticularly in the region of this organ and Imitativeness. Those who have been remarkable for faith upon religious subjects, have the same development, combined with Submissiveness ; such are Bunyan, Baxter, Sweden- borg, Irving, Wesley, and hundreds with whom I am acquainted. I consider this as one of the most important ele- ments of a love of knowledge. The ability, or the talent of knowing, depends upon the intellect; but the desire, the love, the proneness to learn, depends upon the propensities. Each propensity produces a desire to know that which will be gratifying to itself. The highest gratification of Credenciveness consists in knowing what people have said or written. It is easy, therefore, to understand why those who have it large should be very fond of reading or hearing the extraor- dinary assertions of others, and of inquiring into their truth. If the intellect is large, they will be commonly successful in their inquiries, but if it is small they may be induced to give credence to the most absurd statements. It is this propensity that makes us love to hear or read extraordinary things, even if we do not believe them. It seems as if some love to stretch their faith to its utmost, just to give it exercise; the more marvelous the story, the better it suits them; and if Submissiveness is large, and the statement is made upon high authority, it becomes perfectly charming. This organ is larger in youth than adults, and in women than men. It accounts for the love of the marvelous manifested by children; for the pernicious novel reading habits of girls; and for the ease with which impostors of all descriptions succeed with the 118 MYSTERIES OE HEAD AND HEART. generality of women. I have noticed that those persons who in youth read the most novels, and the least science, in maturer years are the most prone to superstition and fanaticism; they are much greater sticklers for matters of mere faith and form than for moral and christian practice. The exposition which I have made of this propen- sity shows that it is one of very great importance in society. It is the grand lever by means of which the few can govern the many more despotically than by any other. It is for this reason that the union of church and state is a desirable object with all despots, and adds immensely to their power. Tasso — Fig. 47. This is plainly, then, a conforming Social propen- sity, since it is the means by which children and all ignorant persons are guided. Nothing renders a man more ungovernable, or unamiable, than a disposition to doubt every thing he hears, and to rely entirely THE HEAD. 119 upon his own judgment and observation, instead of giving due weight to the testimony of others. In regard to the lower animals, it is more difficult to show that they possess Credenciveness than any of the other Socials. It is certain that they have it in a less degree than any of the others, which alone is sufficient to prove its exalted nature. Fig. 47 is the head of Tasso, who divides with Milton and Shakespeare the highest honors of exagge- rated poetry. Shakespeare differs from his rivals in the fact that " in the very tempest and torrent " of his mythical creations he never entirely loses sight of the actualities of human nature, but Milton, Tasso, and Dante constructed high pyramids of wonderful and beautiful improbabilities and crowned them with things impossible. If we analyze poetic genius, we find it compounded of various elements: 1. There is the ability to use good language with facility; 2. The talent for rythm and rhyme; 3. The sense of the beau- tiful; 4. The inventive or experimentive imagination; 5. The propensity of Credenciveness, which, when large, bestows the tendency to imbibe the marvelous and exaggerated, and so to mingle it with the beauti- ful and the true in their expressions that it is difficult to separate and distinguish them. Contrast the head of Tasso, Shakespeare, Milton and Scott, with those of Paine, Hume and Gibbon, and then compare their productions, and you will find them equally in con- trast. One class delights in contemplating and relat- ing beautiful wonders that no sane man is expected to believe, while the other smiles with contempt upon historical statements which the whole Christian world regards as absolute truth. 120 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. There is no faculty of the mind that is manifested in such a great variety of modes, or that influences so many important human affairs as this credencive pro- pensity does. A person who has- this organ very large is certain to manifest it in some way or other. Many men are skeptical upon subjects with which they are thoroughly conversant, or in relation to which they have a prejudice, yet they are foolishly credulous concerning other things in regard to which they are comparatively ignorant. We frequently see a Spiritualist who does not believe in Christ, but he believes in A. J. Davis; he does not believe in the Yirgin Mary, but he believes in Kate Fox; he does not believe in the Apostles, but he believes in the Davenport boys; he does not believe that the Omni- potent God could assume the human form, to make communications to man, but he believes that Katie King, John King, and any number of dead savages can become incarnate and exhibit themselves to believers ! ! If an organ is very small it is not manifested in any combination or in any manner, and if it is large it may not be exhibited by any two persons alike. This remark is especially true of the higher faculties; their functions are more relative and complex than those of the lower, and it therefore requires a more searching and discriminating analysis to detect and illustrate their manifestations. One often sees a mer- chant who is skeptical and shrewd enough when deal- ing with mercantile sharpers, but who, in regard to spiritual manifestations, or love affairs, is credulous beyond measure. THE HEAD. 121 ipMOKY. The only plausible theory of the physiology of Memory, is that every conscious impression made upon a brain fibre produces such a change in the structure of some part of the fibre that when it is vibrated again, from any cause, it will repeat the same peculiar vibration and state of consciousness as at first. When a person is young the impressions upon the brain are easily and permanently made, but in old age, or after the brain has been diseased, the impressions are less effective, and consequently the memory is poor. The association of ideas probably depends upon associations among the phrene organs and fibres. The intellectual organs are so related that the excitement of one generally calls them nearly all into action to a greater or less degree. Thus the name of a thing recalls its form and color and its connections with other things ; so also the form of a thing recalls its name and the events that transpired when we saw it before. If the thing thus called to mind is in some way connected with a pleasant or a disagreeable event in our lives, the feelings formerly experienced are again in some degree excited on account of the nat- ural tendency to association in the action of organs. THE TEMPEKAMENTS. The word temperament originally signified mixture. It is applied to those proportions and conditions of the body, and appearances of the face that denote peculiarities of character, independently of phrenol- ogy and physiognomy. The probability is that the 122 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. different temperaments originated long before the commencement of the historic period, when men lived in widely separated localities, under various climates, where they fed upon very different kinds of food, and were subjected to greatly contrasted influences and conditions. The low, moist climate of Holland appears to produce men who are broad in the pelvic region; the elevated plains of the Peruvian Andes, where the pressure of the atmosphere is less than elsewhere, produce extraordinary expansion of the chest; the cold, clear air of the Scandinavian and British high- lands produces fair skins and flaxen or red hair; the sandy and dry deserts of Arabia produce slender, agile forms and swarthy features, greatly in contrast with those of people of the same race who inhabit more northern climates. Even in a single lifetime, the con- stitution and complexion of an Englishman undergoes a remarkable change in the warm miasmatic climate of India. In order to treat the subject systematically, and place the doctrine of Temperaments upon a scientific basis, we may consider the whole constitution as con- sisting of seven distinct classes of organs, and assume that the predominance or deficiency of one of these produces a simple or elementary temperament, while a combination of two or more classes produces a com- pound temperament. By adopting this method we can represent the temperament of any individual by numbers, just as we do his phrenological develop- ments. The ancients, who knew very little of physiology, believed that there were three different colored fluids in the body — the sanguine or red, the bilious or THE HEAD. 123 black, and the lymphatic or white. According to their ideas the dominance of one of these fluids pro- duced a particular temperament. Experience has demonstrated the accuracy of their observations. Dr. Thomas, of Paris, was the first to suggest that the three great cavities of the body, namely, the cra- nium, the thorax and the abdomen or pelvis, may be made the basis of three temperaments. I believe that I was the first to propose the addition of the muscular system as the basis of a seventh simple temperament. The following description of the tem- peraments will now be understood. I will first describe the three that depend upon the fluids; next the three that depend upon the great cavities; then those that depend upon the muscular system, and, lastly, several that are produced by combinations of the simple temperaments: 1. The Sanguine Temperament is indicated by a florid face, blue eyes and brown, flaxen, auburn or red hair. It abounds in the highlands of Northern and Western Europe. Probably exposure to the cold air originally produced this florid sanguine condition, by forcing the blood to the face to sustain it and keep it from freezing. Accordingly, it is generally found upon people who are fond of exercise in the open air, and who have an aversion to sedentary employments. Even if they have good intellects, and are fond of reading, the confinement required to study is irksome, and often injurious to the health; they manifest viva- city, and a love of various kinds of pleasure and spor- tive exercises of body and mind. Many authors com- mit the mistake of saying that the sanguine temper- 124 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A]5TD HEART. anient is indicated by large chests; but the fact is that florid complexions and light hair may be seen upon people of large or of small chests. 2. The Bilious Temperament was formerly supposed to depend upon the predominance of a black fluid in the body; it was therefore denominated the Melan- cholic temperament, from Melan, black, and cholia, a fluid or bile. It is probable that the sallow complex- ion and dark hair and eyes, when seen in the white race, is caused by the predominance of the dark, venous blood over the arterial. Possibly extreme cases of this temperament have resulted from diseases of the liver in tropical and miasmatic countries. The word melancholy, when used to signify a sad condition of the mind, was undoubtedly derived from the observation that this mental condition was frequently observed upon persons of this complexion. The word sanguine, on the contrary, is used as synony- mous with hope and confidence, because people of the sanguine temperament were notoriously cheerful, and inclined to look upon the bright side of the future. That there is no necessary connection between a dark complexion and melancholy, is proved by the well known fact that negroes are the most cheerful of human beings. Habitual sadness is unquestionably a manifestation of vital depression, which in most cases has resulted from the diseases of ancestors. 3. The Lymphatic Temperament is indicated by softness of the flesh and indolence of expression and action. It probably originates in a disease of the blood, and is most frequently seen in persons of scrofulous constitutions. Excessive fatness is often THE HEAD. 125 confounded with this temperament, but there is no necessary connection between the two conditions. Persons of all temperaments may become fat after middle age, and lymphatic people are occasionally seen who are quite lean. It is not the quantity but the condition of the flesh that is to be considered. Persons of this temperament are generally, but not always, light complexioned. Let us now describe the temperaments that depend upon the predominance of one of the three great cavities. 4. The Cranial or Cerebral Temperament results from a large brain and a slender body, particularly small in the thorax. Of course such a person might excel in study, and in mere intellectual operations, that require but little expenditure of animal vigor, but in everything else he would be deficient. 5. The Thoracic or Respiratory Temperament results from a large chest and a small head and pelvis. This bestows bodily energy and vigor without long continuance, and without a disposition to study. 6. The Pelvic or Abdominal Temperament is pro- duced by a broad pelvis and capacious abdomen, with a relatively small head and chest. Such persons are slow, unenterprising and uninteresting, but they have remarkable power of continuance. 7. The Muscular Temperament is indicated by a large frame and large, firm muscles, bestowing uncom- mon strength without much activity. The seven temperaments that I have described may be regarded as elementary, and as such they are sel- dom found. All other temperaments are compounded of these seven elements united in different proportions. 126 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS. 8. The Mercurial Temperament, erroneously de- nominated the Nervous Temperament, results from small muscles and well developed chest, and a head of at least average size. This may be combined with any complexion. It is the combination that bestows the greatest degree of activity, but without unusual strength. The leanness and delicacy of muscles that results from disease is often mistaken for this tempera- ment, but the genuine mercurial temperament is often seen in wdiole families, and even in tribes, in whom the health is unimpaired. The ancient Greeks repre- sented the God mercury, the wing-footed messenger of Jove, as possessing this combination. 9. The Cerebro-Mercurial Temperament. — The combination of the cerebral with the mercurial gives the highest degree of mental activity and power. This is the temperament most favorable for the manifesta- tions of imaginative genius. 10. The Emotional Temperament results from the combination of the cerebral with the sanguine and thoracic. A large brain acting upon a sanguine and vigorous constitution is favorable to powerful emo- tional expressions. This is frequently seen in Irish people. 11. The Plethoric Temperament is generally indi- cated by a large chest and pelvis and a short neck, with generally a florid complexion. There can be no doubt that this form of constitution is inherited from ances- tors who have indulged to excess in the pleasure of the table. 12. The Anaemic Temperament is the reverse of the plethoric, I do not know of any other appropriate THE HEAD. 127 word in our language that conveys the idea of a defi- ciency of the vital organs. The word anaemia and anaemic is nsed "by medical practitioners to describe indications of vital weakness; and it is certain that we see many persons who have well formed heads, of at least average size, who are so deficient in vital power that, without suffering from any positive disease, and without being decidedly lymphatic, they are constitu- tionally inefficient, and practically incapable of accom- plishing any important results. 13. The Herculean or Ponderous Temperament is the reverse of the mercurial, and results from a large frame, large muscles, and large chest and pelvis. Such persons are not active, but they are powerful; and if the brain is large they exercise great personal influ- ence. Such a man was Washington. 14. The Sanguine and Bilious Temperaments combined are indicated by dark hair and eyes and a florid complexion. Napoleon the First had dark brown hair, sallow skin and blue eyes; this indicates a union of vigor with endurance. 15. The Mercurial and Bilious Temperaments indicates activity and excitability with endurance. 16. The Mercurial with the Lymphatic Tempera- ment indicates activity without endurance. The different species of animals afford good general illustrations of temperament. The lion represents the thoracic; the beaver the pelvic; the greyhound and the hawk the mercurial; and the ox, buffalo and ele- phant the ponderous. 128 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. LAKGE BBAINS AND SMALL. It is a fundamental axiom that size is a measure of power, all else equal. Practical phrenology is rendered possible on this principle. The question is, therefore, of considerable importance: What differences are we to expect between the manifestations of two persons who, as far as we are able to discover, differ only in one having a much larger brain than the other? Let us suppose them at the same time to be situated and educated, and in every essential particular circum- stanced alike. In a word let us eliminate every con- dition of the problem excepting the difference in the magnitudes of the brains. The characters of the two would be the same so far as the dominant traits were concerned. The faculties that predominated in one would also predominate in the other. Now the ques- tion is, in what manner would the larger brain display its superiority ? It is evident that the differences must be quantitative and not qualitative: in other words, there must be something that both brains do precisely alike in manner, aim and intent; but one must do more than the other of the same things — must do it longer or stronger, or both. After some reflection, I am forced to conclude that the larger brain will continue in operation longer without weariness or a disposition to change or rest, provided the subject under consideration is important and worthy of occu- pying the attention. A large brain does not bestow great physical or motor power. Those whose brains are large perform less with their limbs than those with small brains. They think more and do less. They speak and act much less promptly or excitedly, THE HEAD. 129 but more wisely. Mr* Darwin has remarked that ani- mals that can give the most attention can be taught the most easily. A large brain can attend longer than a small one. All animals, as well as men, can attend longer to those things that interest their largest organs. A cat will attend to a place in which she suspects a mouse to be hidden, and watch and wait a long time for her victim to appear; a dog will attend his mas- ter's footsteps, or wait for his return during many hours without his attention flagging for a moment. A man with some organs of the propensities very large and others small, will generally manifest continued attention to those matters that interest his larger organs only. But if the whole brain, and all its parts are large and well proportioned, he will attend equally well to any or all subjects that interest him. I must protest against comparing a large, ill-proportioned brain with a small one of very different proportions, or with one that is joined to a very different bodily temperament. Children and persons with very mer- curial temperaments manifest less continued attention than mature persons or those who possess less ac- tive temperaments. Persons with very large conform- ing and small governing organs have their attention easily diverted. Persons with large intellects and moderate temperaments are capable of longer attention to study than those whose intellects, particularly the reflectives, are small, or whose temperaments are mer- curial. Persons with large Inhabitiveness are less dis- posed to change the subjects of conversation or of con- templation than those who have it large. But when we compare a large brain with a small one we must distinguish between differences produced by general 9 130 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. size and those produced by singularities of proportion. If two persons have bodies nearly alike, but one has much the larger brain, the influences of the emotions that proceed from the larger brain will be more contin- uous, and will, therefore, cause a greater drain upon the blood making system. We see this fact illustrated by those large headed, small bodied children, whose minds bloom so prematurely, and whose bodies suc- cumb so early. It is often said in such cases that the head is too large for the body, but no one has informed us heretofore in what manner the larger head operates to injure the body. Surely the mere exercise of the intellectual faculties does not injure the health if the emotions are mi excited. It has been estimated that the average quantity of blood received by the brain is one-sixth of that fur- nished to the whole human system. ISfo physiologist will doubt that an organ which receives so much blood must perform some labor of great importance. With this fact in view we can readily understand why severe and long continued mental labor frequently produces direful effects upon the health. When we perform bodily labor it is well known that the quantity of blood required and expended is in a definite ratio to the ex- ertions; when we perform mental labor the same rule holds good. In these estimates we must distinguish between the intellectual and emotional faculties. Mere intellectual study uses up but little blood, and proba- bly never per se injures the health or exhausts the body, provided the emotions are not involved. But love, anger, emulation, ambition, anxiety or religious enthu- siasm cannot be longed sustained without drawing heavily upon the stomach, lungs and heart. THE HEAD. 131 PKACTIC4L PHRENOLOGY. 1. In order to learn to make examinations, procure a plaster bust and a book and impress upon your mem- ory the definitions, locations, sizes and forms of all the organs, together with the class, range or group to which each belongs. 2. Distinguish the organs concerning which all phrenologists agree, from those that may be consid- ered as doubtful or candidate organs, and suspend your opinions in regard to the latter. 3. Acquire clear ideas concerning the traits that result from an uncommon development or deficiency of each organ. 4. Learn the effects of various combinations of large and small organs. This is the most difficult task, and requires time, patience and good judgment. 5. Learn the modifying effects of particular tem- peraments and bodily conditions, both from the book and from observation. 6. Learn to distinguish the effects of the original temperament from the effects of diseases or unhealthy habits. 7. While you are learning to examine, confine your- self as much as practicable to persons whose characters you know before hand, and see if the heads indicate the known traits. You can afterwards apply the knowledge thus acquired to strangers. 8. When you begin to examine strangers do not guess at anything; confine your remarks to the organs and combinations that are so decidedly developed or deficient that if phrenology is true you cannot be mis- taken. 132 MTSTEEIES OF HEAD A15TD HEART. 9. If the persons examined or their friends dissent from your opinion, do not dispute with them, but make a careful re-examination, and if you have doubts of your own accuracy, do not be ashamed to say so. It may be humiliating, but it is your duty. If you have made no mistake in regard to the size of the organs, adhere firmly but politely to your statement. You and the dissenting friends may both be right. An organ may be small, and yet for some unknown cause it may be very active, or it may be large and inactive; perhaps a local disease or some ante-natal cause may affect an organ for several years. A young man in Philadelphia manifested a remarkable want of Firmness, which his head did not indicate externally, and the celebrated .Dr. McClellan (father of the Gen- eral) cut off a large tumor which had long pressed upon that organ. In this case the cause of the dis- crepancy was revealed. 10. Do not attempt, as some do, to tell whether the person examined belongs to a long-lived family or not ; you cannot tell this by phrenology. It is true that persons with apparently well formed bodies will prob- ably live longer than others, but the family physician is much more capable of giving an opinion upon this subject, or any other relating to the health, than you are. The truth is that the causes of longevity are not yet known to any one. Who can tell why a robin dies of old age in eight years, and a crow in eighty ; a horse in twenty, an ass in sixty, a dog in twelve, and a lion in seventy? 11. Do not pretend, as some do, to tell by the devel- opments of the head what organs have been exercised THE HEAD. 133 most. When this pretence is subjected to a severe scientific test it fails. 12. Do not pretend to tell what kind of a husband or wife the person examined should choose. The only rules known to physiology are, 1, that both should be well formed and in good health, and belong to fam- ilies that are healthy in body and mind ; 2, that there should be slight but not extreme differences of com- plexion, form, size, features and mental traits. 13. In examining children you should recollect that the brain continues to grow until thirty, and under- goes a rapid and important change near the age of puberty. • The direction that the changes will take depends upon causes that existed several generations back, and are,, in a great measure, beyond our control. But they are not altogether so. I have no faith what- ever in the doctrine that after a person is twenty-one any particular employment or exercise of the organs will vary the form of the head. But 1 have very great faith in the effects of early training — especially in the effects of such patient, persevering, loving and forgiving influence as a judicious mother often exerts over the moral character of her children. . I have seen some wonderful instances of shockingly bad children converted to good men and women by the sleepless vigilance and exhaustless love of Christian parents and teachers. No one but an insane fiend can resist such influences. 14. Children and youth are much oftener tempora- rily insane than is supposed — probably much oftener than grown people. Their conduct is frequently such as can be explained upon no other hypothesis. Instead of being punished or treated severely, they should be 134 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEABT. pitied and restrained, as other lunatics are, kindly but firmly. We must not allow ourselves to be blinded or misled by the fact that such young persons show intelligence and shrewdness on ordinary subjects; all lunatics do this. We should consider that the brain is growing and changing; new propensities are coming into power, and revolutions are taking place in the character. This is especially true during sev- eral years after the commencement of puberty. I have observed in many of these cases that the body lias grown much more rapidly than the brain, and the higher organs of the brain are, to a certain degree, arrested in their development. 15. In making an examination the intellectual organs should be compared only with each other and not with the propensities. So also the propensities should be compared with each other, and not with the intellectu- als. We may with propriety compare the whole intel- lect with the whole of the propensities in order to determine their relative magnitudes. But it is clearly improper to estimate the strength of a single intellec- tual by comparing it with the magnitude of the whole brain. Causality, for example, should only be com- pared with Comparison, and with the perceptives in order to determine its influence in the intellect. The principal object of an examination is to ascer- tain the relative influences of the different antagonistic organs in the formation of the character. But the Intellectuals and propensities never antagonize one another; the whole Intellect, and each of its parts, is the servant and guide of the dominant propensities, but never their antagonist. The Intellectuals only antagonize each other, the largest being the most in- THE HEAD. 135 fluential; for this reaso«p they should be compared only with each other, in order to ascertain the peculiar intel- lectual character of the person examined. The pro- pensities that prompt to aggressive and energetic con- duct should be compared with those that restrain or moderate the conduct; thus Combativeness and Hope- fulness should be contrasted with Cautiousness; Im- perativeness and Firmness with Reverence and Kind- ness; Acquisitiveness with Kindness, with Hopeful- ness and with Perfectiveness. "When Hopefulness is small and Cautiousness and Acquisitiveness large, there is a tendency to engage in small and sure transactions, and even to be penurious. If Hopefulness is domi- nant it tends to hazardous speculations. 16. If phrenology has had incapable expounders and imprudent friends, it has also had some not over scru- pulous opponents. The assailants of a new science, whatever may be their motives, often render it a ser- vice by pointing out its defects and weak points. None of the objections that have been urged have produced as much effect upon simple minds as those concerning several of the small perceptive organs near where the nose joins the forehead. It has been objected that there is a cavern in the skull at this part called the frontal sinus, which renders a correct esti- mate of the sizes of the organs impossible. Let me confess that in regard to these organs this is a real difficulty; but let me also remark that the sinus does not exist, or is very small, in youth, and only becomes an obstacle at maturity. When the time comes, as it undoubtedly soon will, that every person will be exam- ined in early life, and a record made of the examina- 136 MYSTEKIES OF HEAD AND HEART. tion in the books of a permanent institution, this difficulty will entirely disappear. 17. Another objection is that the perceptive organs are so very small that they cannot make differences enough in the skull to be practically distinguished. It must be admitted that this also is a real difficulty. Within a space, the radius of which is not more than an inch, phrenologists have located, or rather have dis- covered, as they suppose, five organs, namely: Indi- viduality, Form, Size, Weight and Locality; and, unfortunately, four of these occupy the very place where the sinus interposes itself between them and. the outer part of the skull. There is no doubt that several of the lowest organs of the intellect are located in this central place; a decided depression here indi- cates a serious delect in the intellectual character. Dr. Gall denominated this part the organ of the Spirit of Observation. His definition was judicious. Spurz- heim changed the name and called the most central part (immediately above the nose) the organ of Indi- viduality. It is defined as the faculty of noticing things without reference to their qualities. I can- not admit that there is such a faculty in the mind. When we have noticed the form, size, color, weight and locality of a thing, we certainly have noticed the thing. A faculty of Individuality is, therefore, unnec- essary. By examining extreme cases, we may be able to prove that organs of Form, Size, Weight and Locality exist where they are located; but in ordinary cases the examiner is forced to content himself with observing the general fullness and width of the part of the forehead where these organs are situated, and assuming that if one is large the others are also. THE HEAD. 137 18. It has been objected to practical phrenology that only a part of each organ (each convolution) is immediately under the skull. There is some force in this objection, but not much. Show any artist or comparative anatomist one finger of a man and he will approximate very nearly to the size of the whole hand. Give a mathematician a small section of a circle and he will tell you precisely the diameter of the circle. Phrenology was discovered and established dv observation, and not by argumentation. It is founded upon facts derived from millions of examinations, and can only be overturned or improved by more correct observations. I never yet knew an opponent of phre- nology who became one in consequence of examina- tions. I have met a great many who thought that they knew without any investigation that it must be untrue. They remind us of the opponents of Gal- lileo, who condemned him without condescending to look through his telescope to see whether his new planets existed or not; they were sure that such plan- ets could not exist, and that was enough. 19. It is furthermore objected that phrenology is imperfect, and therefore ought not to be practiced. What science is not imperfect? Is medical science perfect? The ablest physicians frankly confess that it is so imperfect as scarcely to deserve the name of a science. The homoeopaths, allopaths and eclectics treat each other with quite as little respect as they do the phrenologists. But they all continue to practice their profession in spite of its imperfections and their mutual contempt for each other. With what con- sistency, then, can they complain of the phrenologist 138 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. who imitates their example, by practicing his profes- sion honestly, according to the best of his knowledge and ability? This treatise contains abundant evidence that I am fully aware of the defects of phrenological science, and that I have exerted the limited talents I possess to remedy them. A reproach has been thrown upon phrenology on account of the practice of itinerants and others exam- ining heads for a fee. Those who raise this objection, however, are the very ones who deny that there is any truth in phrenology. The moment we admit that it is a science, and an art capable of being made im- mensely useful, the objection to itinerants vanishes. If the only objection is that the itinerants are igno- rant of this important science, and incapable of doing it justice, no one laments it more than I do; but I would remark that there is quite as much reason for lamenting the ignorance and incompetence of doctors and clergymen. 'No doubt it would be more dignified to make examinations merely to improve the science, but there are few if any who would devote years to such a thankless task. I regard it as a fortunate cir- cumstance that phrenology has become a practical profession, and that some men can support themselves by making examinations. It prevents phrenology from becoming obsolete, and tends to test the accu- racy of the observations of the founders of the science. If phrenology is at fault, who is so likely to know it and correct it as the men who have devoted ten or twenty years to making examinations? It is these men who have unanimously agreed that Time and Tune are unreliable organs; that Language and Num- ber, notwithstanding they are very small and theoret- THE HEAD. 139 ically objectionable, are perfectly established, and that nearly all the other organs are correctly located. The only persons who are competent to give an opinion concerning the merits of phrenology, are those very ones whose daily business it is to apply it practically; they know that it is true, and therefore smile with contempt at the objections raised by those who admit that they never made any examinations. 20. Phrenology, as a scientific system of mental physiology, is much more advanced than as a practi- cal art. It must in candor be acknowledged that sev- eral organs that have been discovered by comparing extreme cases of development with remarkable man- ifestations of traits, cannot, in ordinary cases, be meas- ured and their relative strength determined with suf- ficient accuracy for practical purposes. This is a valid argument against the perfection of phrenology as a practical art, but not as a scientific system. There are no advantages possessed by other mental philos- ophers that the phrenologists do not possess in com- mon with them, and the latter certainly have an important source of information of which the mure metaphysicians are deprived. PHYSIOGNOMY. " There is no art to find the mind's construction in the face." — Shakspeare. There is an impression on the minds of people who know scarcely anything of phrenology, that physiog- nomy affords a surer guide to a knowledge of charac- ter than phrenology does. I have studied both of these subjects with great care for many years, and find, as a result, that very little can be known by the 140 MYSTERIES OP HEAD AND HEART. face alone. In function the face is related to the organs at the base of the brain, and to those only. The higher organs of the brain have no direct or functional relation to the face, and they may, there- fore, be large or small, without the face affording any indication of the fact. The form of the face indicates only a few of the lower — the animal — traits of the mind, and even these but vaguely and imperfectly. I have often seen a man who had a brutal-looking face, and who possessed the traits that his face indicated, but he also had the higher cerebral organs large enough to counterbalance the lower, so that in reality he was a noble character — such a man was Socrates ; such also was Luther. Again, I have seen a man with a similar face who was deficient in the higher organs, and his face really did indicate his character truly. I frequently see persons whose faces denote innocence and gentleness, but the higher organs being deficient, their characters are low and contemptible. This idea may be well illustrated by the head and face of Franklin. Let the face remain and surmount it with a low head, and in an instant the character of Franklin is gone. Those who have faces like bull-dogs generally have Destructiveness or Combativeness larger than people whose faces resemble those of peaceful animals. Per- sons with retreating chins and with teeth like beavers and squirrels, resemble those animals in their artistic and sometimes in their economical habits. Large nostrils denote energy, because they generally accom- pany good respiratory organs. The movements of the muscles of the face consti- tute a kind of natural language, by which the present passing emotions of the mind are often expressed with THE HEAD. 141 great accuracy. Keen,' experienced observers are some- times enabled, by watching the faces of people, to infer their thoughts and feelings with, remarkable pre- cision. But a hypocrite, a confidence man, or a good actor can assume any of these expressions and deceive the shrewdest of men. The face can be made to lie quite as effectually as the tongue can, but the head always speaks the truth. The expressions of the face sometimes become chronic and fixed, so as to indicate habitual mildness, cheerfulness, melancholy, morose- ness, gravity, levity, and many other traits. These expressions may be hereditary, just as other peculiar- ities are. The children of refined and social people have different expressions from those of persons who have for several generations been deprived of the ben- efits of cultivated society. We frequently infer, the moment we glance at a face, that it belongs to an Irishman, an Englishman, or a German, but we sel- dom detect these expressions in their American grand- children. The face undergoes important changes as a conse- quence of development from infancy to old age. In childhood the jaws and nose are small, while the fore- head is prominent, especially at its upper part. Prob- ably the reason of this is that the child, being cared for by its mother, and fed mostly upon fluids, does not need the same amount of strength in its jaws that it does when older. We sometimes see a face upon a full grown person that reminds us of the features of a child, and in fact it is what is called an " arrest of development." The nose will be small, short and flat, or the chin retreat- ing, or the frontal sinus will be wanting, while the 142 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A1STD HEART. upper part of the forehead is prominent. This is fre- quently seen in idiots, in whom the brains as well as the faces have been imperfectly developed. INSTINCTIVE FACULTIES. The bee, the spider and the beaver, without instruc- tion or experience, perform tasks which man can only accomplish after having had the advantages of both; yet men are in the habit ot speaking of their own slow and toilsome method as if it were immensely superior to what they contemptuously term mere instinct. When a poet, a musician, an orator, or an artist, exhibits faculties that approximate to those of animals in precocity and spontaniety, we hail him as a child of extraordinary genius. The genius of blind Tom for music is evidently of the same nature as ani- mal instinct. The fellow is in some respects idiotic, and nature seems to have developed one faculty at the expense of all the others. The musical faculty which he exhibits is not different in kind from that of other men; it is only different in degree. I have no doubt that this is true of all animal instinct; they do not differ in kind from the faculties possessed by man, but they differ in intensity, and in the fact that they require no cultivation or instruction. The quail, as soon as it is hatched, has the perfect use of its external senses and its voluntary muscles; it can run, and choose its food, and hide itself from approaching ene- mies. A child only learns to do this after tedious years of experience, during which it commits a thou- sand blunders. The human being can boast that he has the capacity to learn to do those things which the THE HEAD. 143 animal does at first without learning. It is folly to speak of the superiority of human beings in this respect; the truth is that they are very much inferior. Now the question is, why should man be made infe- rior to other animals in respect to the lower mental and voluntary faculties? The answer is, because the young of human beings are eared for by their parents during several years, and do not need the full use of their mental and voluntary faculties. They learn slowly because there is no necessity for their learning rapidly. As soon as the child is born it is capable of seizing the breast and drawing forth its nourishment; it needs this instinct and it has it in perfection; it needs nothing else but the protection of its parents, and it has the faculty of crying aloud for that. These two faculties of sucking and crying need no more education than do the faculties manifested by the new- born quail. I believe that the law is universal that the less care the parents bestow, the more perfect the faculties of the young are. The capacity which man has for improvement has been regarded as his crowning glory; but this very capacity springs from his imperfection at birth. It requires several years of improvement to bring man up to an equality with many animals that are not more than six months old. It is often said that ani- mals have instinct instead of reason; it would be nearer the truth to say that they reason instinctively wherever reason is necessary to them. Their reason, like their other faculties, is limited to certain subjects and adapted to certain wants, but so far as it extends, it is perfect. Insane people, and patients who are laboring under temporary delirium, often astonish 144 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. their friends by manifestations of mental or bodily force far beyond their normal capacities. Mesmerized and entranced subjects, and spirit mediums do the same. The manifestations of great special genius, of partial insanity, and of animal instinct, may all be referred to one cause, and that is a highly exalted condition of some portions of the mental organism. PLAY OF THE FACULTIES. When there are no occasions for the faculties to act in earnest, and in accordance with their primitive purpose, they often become spontaneously and play- fully active without any real occasion. For example, the parental propensity, which was originally designed to impel to the care of helpless children, manifests itself playfully in young girls, and prompts them to treat little images as if they were actual infants. So also boys, who are naturally pugnacious, and yet have no real cause for quarreling, will wrestle and box, and strive for victory. In playing with a ball, they will divide into nearly equal parties, and contend long and earnestly, under the influence of the same propensities which prompt them afterwards to risk their lives upon the battle field. Young people are fond of manual and pedal exer- cises; and in the absence of occasions for useful action, their faculties will manifest themselves in dancing, foot-racing, skating, and other similar exercises. Young girls will assemble together, and play that they are giving parties, and they will imitate the fash- ionable parties of their parents. All kinds of plays are representations of realities, and the same faculties THE HEAD. 145 are active in both the f representative and the real. It has been considered difficult to give a satisfactory definition of wit, but we find the key to it here; it is the playful action of the intellect and of Experi- ment! veness expressed in words. The primitive action of the same faculties is serious and earnest, and relates to utility or necessity, while wit relates only to amusement. Theatrical representations are properly denominated plays/ they give pleasure because they are a playful mode of exercising many of the mental faculties at times when there is no occasion for their serious action. Historical novels belong to the same class of performances, and so indeed do all works of fiction. The mental emotions are of two kinds, the exalting and the depressing. The depressing, (fear and awe,) require the solemn, terrible, and tragic drama and play for their gratification. These faculties require playful exercise quite as much as do the more numer- ous class of exalting propensities. There are many people who experience a " melancholy pleasure " in shedding tears and in sympathizing with the misfor- tunes of heroes and heroines in distress. They enjoy the thrill of horror which they experience when the beautiful and innocent Desdemona dies, or the con- science-stricken Macbeth shudders at the sight of his blood-stained , hands. Tragedies gratify not only the depressing propensities of Cautiousness and Rever- ence, but also the more savage faculty of Destructive- ness, which delights in the terror and misery exhibited in the drama. The spectators admire and sympathize with the hero, hate the tyrant, despise the villain and pity the "ictim at the same time, and thus gratify a ]46 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. variety of faculties. The depressing propensities are gratified by solemn, funereal religious exercises, inde- pendent of any sense of duty or obligation to God. Persons with these faculties dominant take pleasure in contemplating the tragedy of the crucifixion; the terrors of death; the awful magnificence of the judg- ment day; and the dreadful doom of the wicked. The pleasure is of course very much enhanced if they are fully satisfied that they themselves are among those who are elected to enter heaven in triumph. Ceremonial religion is often a mere play of the seri- ous faculties, without any necessary connection with sincere and intelligent piety; the solemnity of the performances contrasts so strangely with the vivacity and hilarity produced by the play of the more vigor- ous propensities, that we have been prevented from regarding them both as playful modes of action of faculties that were primitively created for very differ- ent purposes. This subject is intimately related to moral and reli- gious education. By managing the sports of children in such a manner as to excite the moral faculties that need cultivation, we can do more to modify the char- acter, initiate good habits and instill good principles than by any other means. In this manner they can " Be taught as though you taught them not." Those teachers who have the art, possessed in such a high degree by Socrates and by Franklin, of preserv- ing their dignity while they convey instruction in an amusing manner, are always eminently successful. For the same reason vicious and immoral men, who have an uncommon faculty of amusing, are dangerous companions for youth. THE HEAD. 147 » MYTHS. "When we see a play or read a work of fiction, we gratify our propensities by playfully imagining the characters and scenes to be real. In these cases we are not in the least deceived; for we never for a moment think of treating the subjects of contem- plation as actualities, or of regulating our serious conduct by them. But there are some things, equally unreal, the existence of which many people have not the slightest doubt; they not only believe in their real- ity, but they allow them to influence their most impor- tant concerns; these imaginary existences are called myths. The Greeks believed in the existence of a multitude of gods; the Irish and English in fairies; the Scotch in warlocks, and all nations in something similar. There is scarcely any department of human affairs in which myths do not abound; they intrude even into the domain of popular science; its early history is crowded with them; astrology, alchemy, animal magnetism, modern spiritism, are suggestive of little else. There are few religious systems that are not more or less adulterated by myths, and, indeed, some are entirely composed of them. Many of them were originally adopted playfully, but they gratified several powerful propensities to such a degree that they at length came to be believed in. Our pro- pensities oftentimes become fathers to our opinions. Many religious ceremonies and creeds that have taken a strong hold upon the minds of people, owe a large part of their influence to this cause. They are myths founded upon slight and fallacious evidence, but they are entertained and fostered because they give occa- 148 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. sion for the playful exercise of many powerful pro pensities. The religious creeds of a people are gener- ally adapted to their characters. The higher and nobler phases of the Christian religion can only be popular among a cultivated people, while its mere outward forms and pagan excresences are suited to inferior and superstitious minds. Intellectual per- sons often wonder that men of good sense can believe in such absurd things, and upon such slight grounds as they do. The key to this mystery is found in the fact that the intellect is the slave of the dominant propensities. When the propensities desire a partic- ular conclusion, they blind the intellect to the truth that opposes it. We see this fact exemplified every day by political and theological partisans, and indeed by zealots of all kinds. The conduct of sincere spir- itists affords a good illustration. The following may be taken as an example: A man lost a dear and only son; while his feelings were greatly affected, he was informed that the spirit of the deceased had taken possession of a certain medium; he knew very little of spiritism, and thought it probably false; but he wondered if it might not possibly be true. In this frame of mind he went to a circle of spiritists, and from a writing medium received what purported to be a communication from his son. He did not believe that it came from him, but he fervently wished that he really could be thus favored. He tried it again and again until his wishes conquered his intellect and his prudence, and he became a convert. If his feel- ings could have been unbiased, the evidence would not have made the slightest impression upon his judg- ment. It is useless to argue with such a man. If THE HEAD. 149 you succeed in demonstrating to him that he has been imposed upon, instead of being grateful he feels as if you have robbed him of a treasure. When Jacob and his wives deserted from their father Laban, and car- ried his idols with them, the only complaint of the unhappy idolator was, " Ye have taken away my gods, and what have I more? " It is the function of the senses and the intellect to receive and understand evidence; it is the function of Credenciveness to believe that kind of evidence which consists of human testimony. If the testi- mony is gratifying to several powerful propensities besides Credenciveness, and not disagreeable to any, we become prejudiced in its favor, and are almost cer- tain to adopt it as truth and act accordingly. If the evidence is contradictory, the propensity of Equity inclines us to weigh the arguments for and against fairly; but it is exceedingly difficult to do this if Acquisitiveness, Parentiveness, Approbativeness, or any other powerful propensity is enlisted on one side. Skillful lawyers, politicians and pulpit orators avail themselves of these principles in their public appeals. It has been said that there are more false facts than false theories. It may be added that there are very few false theories that are not founded upon false facts — upon myths. Logic consists in reasoning cor- rectly from certain premises; but logic does not ascer- tain the soundness of the premises; that is the func- tion of positive science. Metaphysical reasoning has been brought into disrepute, not because the reasoning was illogical, but because the premises were so fre- quently mythical. If the conclusions of reasoning are false, the resulting conduct must be erroneous, and it is oftentimes disastrous beyond measure. 150 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART, THE BKAIK STRUCTURE DOES NOT REVEAL FUNCTION. Dr. Gall, the discoverer of Phrenology, never stood as high in the opinion of the medical profession as he does to-day. Those among them who do not believe in, or rather know nothing about Phrenology, admit his extraordinary merits. Dr. Flint, in his work just published, pays a just tribute of respect to the charac- ter and genius of G-all, and intimates that nothing but his Phrenological theories have prevented him from receiving due credit for his great services to science. Dr. Flint ought to make himself better acquainted with the facts concerning Gall's teachings. Gall never proposed any theory whatever; this was one of his faults; he mererly proclaimed the facts which he had observed. He did not attempt even to systematize his observations, much less to give any theoretical explanation of them. As for Phrenology obscuring his merit, the contrary is notoriously true. Had it not been for Phrenology, his name would never have been heard of beyond his native province. It was that which led him to examine the brains of men and animals, and to dissect them with such care and accuracy. He was desirous to know whether the internal structure confirmed the external indica- tions. The results surpassed his most sanguine expec- tations. Mr. Solly, in his treatise on the brain — a standard work in our medical colleges — says, " Phre- nology alone can account for monomania," and he proceeds to give his reasons for regarding it as true. He adds: "The first philosopher who attempted to prove that the brain does not minister to the intellect THE HEAD. 151 as a single organ, bu£ as a combination of organs, was Gall, and I think he is entitled to the gratitude of mankind." When a few days ago, I requested Professor Jewell, of the Northwestern University, to refer me to the best work on the relations of the mind and body, he recommended the treatise of an English author, the learned and able Dr. Tuke,* I find that he has not over- estimated this excellent work. On page 158, speaking of Dr. Gall, he says : " Whatever may be the fate of the details of his organology, (Phrenology,) he was an original observer, a true philosopher, and infinitely superior to his critics." This is the language of one of the first medical philosophers of England in 1872, concerning a man whose name, during his life-time, was . never spoken in any college of Great Britain excepting with contempt. The scientific opponents of Phrenology, .or those who profess to be such, often endeavor to produce an impression upon young students that their opposition arises from their profound knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the brain; while the truth is, that all the useful knowledge that they possess upon the subject, has been derived from the founders and advo- cates of Phrenology. 1. Gall was the first who taught Phrenologists that the passions and emotions are * Dr. Tuke, in a note at p. 25 of his work, does me the justice to refer to the testimony of one of my pupils, Dr. Darling, during his visit to Europe, that I first performed the experi- ments which were afterwards repeated by Mr. Braid and others. Although my first work on the subject was published in 1845, the experiments were performed by me in Buffalo, N. Y., as early as 1838, but at that time I had no physiological explanation to offer. 152 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. located in the brain; the highest medical authorities in Europe, including Bichat and Brousais, denied this fact, but it is now admitted by all physiologists. 2. The convolutions or folds of the brain were sup- posed to be permanent structures until Gall succeeded in actually unfolding them and forcing his opponents to change their views. 3. The fibrous structure of the brain was not understood, and when Gall and Spurzheim demonstrated that the fibres proceed to and from the convolutions and the oblongata, passing through the striatum and thalamus, and receiving re- inforcements in them, they were shamefully misrepre- sented and slandered. The Edinburg Review con- tained an article by Dr. Gordon, Professor of Anat- omy in the college, denying the fibrous structure. Dr. Spurzheim visited Edinburg, and there, says an eye witness, " with the Review in one hand and .a brain in the other, he opposed fact to assertion, and that day won over five hundred witnesses to the fibrous structure of the brain." !No one now denies it; on the contrary every medical college in the world teaches it. 4. There are several parts of the brain the uses of which are now admitted to be to connect the different regions of the brain together so as to allow of intercommunication. They have received such fanciful and foolish names as the fornix, the tenia semicircularis, the ourlet, and the callosum. Gall, Spurzheim, and Solly, the three greatest Phrenological anatomists, were the first to point out their real struc- ture and probable uses. I defy any anatomist to men- tion a single fact in regard to the anatomical structure of the brain, that throws any light upon its functions, which has not been borrowed from the founders and THE HEAD. 153 advocates of Phrenology. It is the custom of the professor of anatomy in nearly every medical college, during the term, to dissect a brain in the presence of the students, and show them the different objects brought to their view, describe their shapes and positions, and endeavor to impress these things upon their memories, together with the ridiculous names indicative of ancient and profound ignorance, by which the parts are known. But unless they admit Phre- nology to be true, they are unable to even conjecture the special function of any part of the brain. The reader will naturally ask how it happened that the Phrenological investigators were more successful in their researches concerning the structure and func- tions of the brain than their learned opponents? The reason is that they pursued a different method. In- stead of dissecting brains to learn their functions, or tormenting living animals for that purpose, they com- pared the external developments of well-known per- sons of greatly contrasted characters, and learned by Phrenology and mental philosophy the functions of the different parts; and then dissected brains, and of course discovered that the structure harmonized with the functions which they had already ascertained. Structure seldom or never reveals function. The structure of the heart, the arteries, and the lungs were known to Harvey and his cotemporaries, but this knowledge did not teach them the great fact of circu- lation. The structure of the brain did not teach Cuvier, Bichat and Brousais that the passions reside in it. It was the undignified method of examining and comparing heads, that removed the passions and emotions from the body and enthroned them in the 154 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. brain. 5. Knowing as they did that volition proceeds from the oblongata, they inferred that there must be a fibrous connection between it and the parts immedi- ately beneath the skull, they therefore dissected brains and demonstrated the existence of the fibres that con- verge toward the oblongata. 6. Finding that the cerebral fibres pass through and form the principal portion of the striatum, and also of the thalamus, they inferred that those two apparently distinct bodies are but the trunks of the higher cerebral masses that seem to grow out of them. 7. After Gall and Spurz- heim were dead, and Combe had published his last work, I was so fortunate as to discover that all the organs of the brain are developed in three classes — the Intellectual, the Ipseal and the Social — which corres- pond with the three classes of bodily functions, namely, the volitional, the nutritive, and the reproductive. This being ascertained by observation and analysis, I was at once met by the confirmatory fact that the brain has always been regarded as having three lobes, the anterior, the middle, and the posterior, and that each of the classes was located in one of these lobes. The structure of the brain and its division into three lobes did not reveal the fact that each lobe performed a distinct class of functions. 8. Again: In attempting to account phrenologically for various mental phenomena, my attention was arrested by the fact, that notwithstanding the great number of nerves and phrene organs that communi- cate with the mind, the mind itself is a unit, in which one organ may predominate at one time and another organ at another. This being the case, these phrene organs and nerves should have some common central THE HEAD. 155 point where they could meet and contend for the mas- tery and control of volition. In looking into the structure of the brain, I found such a central point in the oblongata. In 1845, when I first announced this idea, no one had suggested that Conciousness was located in the oblongata. 9. The structure of the sym- pathetic nerve has been known for a long time. Gall was the first to suggest that it is the channel through which the emotions affect the vital organs; his opin- ion has been generally adopted, though few seem to be aware that this truth was one of the first fruits of phrenology. This idea of Gall has been abundantly confirmed by the important discoveries of Brown- Sequard, and others. 10. It never occurred to any anatomist that the mental emotions are functionally related to the heart and other vital organs until the writer was led to that conclusion by studying the phenomena of trance. I have in the following pages gone more into detail in explaining and illustrating the anatomy of the nerves and brain than is usual in works of this char- acter, and I have done so not because I found it neces- sary in order to 'prove any of my positions, but to show that, so far as anatomy has any bearing one way or the other, it is all in favor of the principles which I have advanced in this treatise. TECHNICAL TERMS, AND THE NAMES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BEAIN. The unprofessional reader who looks at the engraved representations of the brain, and reads below them the strange names that have been given to the different 156 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. parts, will naturally suppose that his inability to under- stand the matter arises from his ignorance or stupid- ity, and his mind will probably be filled with some- thing like envy of those distinguished professors who are supposed to be skilled in such mysteries. Reader, let me hasten to relieve your mind. The most learned professors know no more about it than you do. The absurd names by which the different parts of the brain are now known, were bestowed upon them a long time ago by men who had no idea of the functions of the parts. Like the names of places in a new country, they were determined by accident, by caprice, or by fancy. It may assist and at the same time amuse the reader if I give the literal definition of a few of the terms used by anatomists in describing the brain : 1. Medulla Oblongata — Something of an oblong form. 2. Corpora Restiformia — A rope- shaped body. 3. Corpora Pyramidalia — A body resembling a pyramid in form. 4. Corpora Olivaria — An olive-shaped body. 5. Pons Varolii — The bridge of Yarolius that passes over the oblongata and connects the right and left sides of the cerebellum. 6. Cerebellum — Little brain or little cerebrum. 7. Ganglion — A kuot or mass of grey nerve-mat- ter. 8. Cineritious Matter — Grey, pulpy, nervous mat- ter, that is of the color of ashes. 9. Corpus Striatum — -A striated or striped or fibrous-looking body. Thalamus — A bed. The original name was the Thalami Nervorum Opticorum — The bed of the THE HEAD. 157 optic nerves. It is npw known that it is not the bed of those nerves; but the name — thalamus — is con- tinued for convenience. Fornix — A vault — fibres that assume something of an arched or vaulted form. Fissure of Sylvius — A depression that separates the anterior lobe of the cerebrum from the middle lobe. Vermiform process — The worm-shaped part of the cerebellum, situated in the middle line, and is sup- posed to be related to the motions or the equilibrium of animals and men. The Rhomboideum — A ganglion in the interior of the cerebellum that is of a rhomboidal form. Corporo Mmmnalaria, or Mammary bodies — Two small bodies that look like breasts. Tenia semi-circularis — A white skein of fibres that runs between tho thalamus and striatum. Crura Cerebri — Legs of tho cerebrum. Corpus Caliosum — Hard body — a bridge of white fibres that connects the two halves of the upper part of the brain. Pes Hippo-Campus — A part that looks like the print of a horse's foot. Locus Niger — A dark place — a mass of grey, pulpy matter in the crura cerebri. Ourlet- — Mbres that connect the anterior and pos- terior parts of the cerebrum. They are seen in Figure 58, running above the Caliosum in the median line. 158 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A15TD HEART. STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN. Fig. 48. Figure 48. Side view of the brain, in its true position, show- ing the convolutions or folds of its surface. A, Anterior lobe. M, Middle lobe. P, Posterior lobe. C, Cerebellum — separated, from the cerebrum by a fold of the dura mater called the ten- torium. P. V. Pons Varolii, o, Olivary body in the oblongata, a, Anterior column of fibres, p, Posterior column of fibres. 8. G. Upper part of spinal cord, s, Frontal sinus — a hollow between the outer and inner tables of the skull, which, in some cases, renders craniological indications uncertain. F, Fissure of Sylvius, which separates the base of the anterior from the middle lobe. The disposition and directions of the convolutions, or folds of THE HEAD. 159 the brain, indicate that the brain was first compressed laterally, to make longitudinal convolutions, such as we see in lower ani- mals, and afterwards compressed antero-posteriorly or from front to back, so as to shorten the brain; this is evident in all the con volutions, but particularly in those over the eyebrow, over the letter M, and over the cerebellum. The Cerebrum is enclosed in the skull, and corres- ponds with it in general form. It is sometimes said that we cannot judge by the external form and appear- ance of the head what is the shape of the cerebrum, or the size of its parts. The varying thickness of the integuments and the skull are supposed to render it difficult, if not impossible, to determine, with the requisite accuracy, the development of the phrene- organs. I can testify that it is a real difficulty, in some cases, where the head is nearly balanced, and it is desirable to apply phrenology practically in an indi- vidual case. But so far as establishing the truth of Phrenology is concerned, the difficulty is entirely imaginary; for when we are at liberty to resort to extreme cases, we can easily prove to the satisfaction of any candid person the reality of a large majority of the organs which I have set down as established. Those persons who still talk about phrenology not being true, are, of course, to be treated with reason- able charity and courtesy; but it is difficult to resist the disposition to intimate to them that such opinions belong to an age that has passed away, and are no longer deserving of respectful attention. There has been considerable dispute among anat- omists as to the best mode of dissecting a brain, to learn its true structure — the old school preferring to commence by slicing off sections, until the callosum and the parts beneath come into view. The new, or 160 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. phrenological school, on the other hand, contend that the brain should be dissected from the oblongata upwards, to the convolutions. The truth seems to be, that human brains may be examined in both ways, with ever so much skill, without their actual structure or functions being ascertained, unless the simpler brains of other animals are made to perform the parts of alphabetical interpreters of the more com- plicated language of the human brain. Take a human brain out of the skull, and place it with the base downwards, and we see nothing but the cerebrum, with a part of the cerebellum, enclosed in a tough membrane, called the dura ■mater. Removing this, we come to a very delicate membrane, which dips down between all the folds of the brain, and seems to sustain the blood-vessels. This is called the pia mater. Between the dura mater and pia mater, if we are very observing, we can see a delicate web-like membrane, which has been called the arachnoid, or spider's web. The surface of the brain is folded like a piece of thick cloth that has been crowded into a small box. Cut into the brain, and we find that it is composed of two substances, the outside being grey-neurine, or cortical substance, extending to the depth of half an inch, and below this is the white substance, composed of fibrous neurine. Looking at the brain from above, we notice that it is in two equal halves, with a deep fissure between; and when we attempt to separate the two halves, by pulling them apart, we observe about an inch below the surface of the top of the head that there is a white bridge of fibres passing across from one side to the other, as if intended to unite them into one apparatus. THE HEAD. 161 Fig. 49 — Top view of the left side of the brain. Figure 49. A, Anterior. P, Posterior extremity. On the left side, the convolutions are represented, showing that most of them are transverse ; whereas, in the side view, most of them are lon- gitudinal. This is accounted for by the upper part of the human brain being more exposed to antero-posterior pressure, and not being as well protected by the skull-bones. 162 MYSTEEIES OP HEAD AND HEART. Fig. 50. Figure 50. Top view of the brain (from Solly), with the right half dissected away, down to the callosum, to show the fibres of this great commissure, extending across from one side to the other, and terminating in the convolutions. The left half of the brain, O, remains undisturbed. P P P, Fibres of the corpus callosum radiating into the right hemisphere. F F, Fibres, terminating in the convolutions. A, Anterior lobe. B, Pos- terior. This bridge is called the corpus callosum. Its precise connections with the other parts are yet unsettled. Foville declares that it is not connected with the convolutions, but that it proceeds from the crura of one side across the median line to the crura of the opposite side; thus making a kind of arch, THE HEAD. 163 which is analogous tb the pons varolii, that connects the two halves of the cerebellum. Solly, on the con- trary, contends that the callosum does not connect directly with the crura, but that it connects the con- volutions of one side with those of the other. Most anatomists agree with Solly/ but Dr. F. S. Grimes, (who had made a great many dissections of the brains, in order to settle points concerning which the authorities differ) assures me that in several instances he found that the callosum w r as composed of two horizontal layers oi fibres ; the superior layer could be distinctly traced to the convolutions of the lateral parts of the brain, as described by Solly; but the inferior layer was disposed in the manner described by Fovihle. Fig. 51. Figure 51. A transverse section of the middle lobes of the cerebrum, from Solly. The parts above the callosum, c, being sliced away by a horizontal incision; the posterior parts of the brain, X, are seen beneath in perspective. S, Section of the striatum, from which the anterior lobe is developed, c I, Sec- tion of the claustrum from which the middle lobe is developed, c, Section of the callosum. B, Fissure of Sylvius. 164 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Fig. 52. Figure 52. Diagram showing the fibrous structure of the brain, and the direction of the principal fibres, as they appear when carefully dissected. 0, Olivary body. D, Khomboideum, or central ganglion of the cerebellum. C, Cerebellum, showing the arbor vitae, or tree-like structure, produced by alternations of white and gray neurine. T, The fibres that connect the cer- ebellum with the crura cerebri ; they have been called, by Solly, the inter-cerebral commissure. F, Olivary column, or optic nerve, connecting the optic ganglion with the olivary body. JV, B, Optic ganglia. G, Two geniculate bodies, which seem THE HEAD. 165 to belong to the optic gtmglia. They are about as large as cof- fee-beans, i', Anterior pyramids, or columns of fibres, that con- nect the oblongata with the anterior part of the brain. V, Pons Varolii, a, Anterior lobe, q, Posterior lobe. B, Restiform, or rope-form libres that connect the spinal cord and oblongata with the cerebellum. This figure, drawn by Mayo, represents in a very perfect manner the improved — the phrenological — ■ method of dissecting the brain introduced by Gall and Spurzheim. Instead of commencing at the top, as other anatomists do, and cutting away horizontal slices, the brain, after having been kept in alcohol about a week, is dissected from below upward — not by cutting, except when absolutely necessary, but by gently scraping and tearing and following the fibres from the spinal cord into the convolutions. Fig. k 53 — (c), Conscious Centre in the Oblongata. 166 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD ANT> HEART. This figure is copied from Spnrzheim. It repre- sents the cerebrum as consisting mostly of white fibres, similar to those that constitute the nerves of volition. These fibres proceed from the outer parts of the brain and converge toward the oblongata (c). If we may compare the brain to a rose, the oblongata represents the stem of the rose; and just as the leaves of a rose converge toward its stem, so do the cerebral fibres con- verge toward the oblongata. The cerebellum, or little brain, like a smaller rose, also sends its concentrated fibres to connect and merge into the same oblong stem. Gall and Spnrzheim had no theory to support, as I have, in demonstrating this convergence of the cere- bral and cerebellar fibres to a central point — the same point that receives all the nerves of sensation from the head and body, and the same that sends forth all the nerves of volition. The illustrious founder of the greatest of the sciences, expressed no opinion con- cerning a conscious centre distinct from the phrene organs. I believe that I was the first to advance the idea that consciousness is located in the oblongata, in a work that I published in Boston in 1845. The engraving, Fig. 53, is the same that I then used for an illustration, and it was again used in another work which I published in 1850, entitled Phreno -Geology. I am induced to make this statement by the circum- stance that several eminent English authors have lately adopted my views of this subject. In a very learned and able work, published in 1872, by Daniel Hack Tuke, M. D., on the influence of the mind upon the body, I find the following quotation from a work by Professor Lacock : " There are phenomena, however, in favor of the THE HEAD. 167 doctrine that the medulla oblongata is the common sensory of all conscious states — whether they refer to corporal processes or the purely encephalic changes associated with ideas." Dr. Tuke remarks: "It is striking to observe how many cerebral physiologists have arrived at the con- clusion that the emotions are connected in some special way with the medulla oblongata, or the adjoining encephalic ganglia." Dr. Tuke also quotes from Brown-Sequard, who, in 1860, said: " I am ready to admit that the pons varolii, particularly by its part connected with the roots of the auditive nerve, is a portion of the centre of emotional movements, but not the seat of the whole of this cen- tre. The medulla oblongata is also a part if this centre." Referring to Mr. Herbert Spencer, Dr. Tuke remarks, that as respects the medulla oblongata, Mr. Spencer regards it "as the seat of emotional feeling, considered as a mental state apart from the movements to which it gives rise. Not, of course, that it by itself can generate emotion, but that it is that out of which emotion is evolved by the co-ordinating actions of the great centres above it." In my Phreno-Geology {Boston and Cambridge, James Monroe & Co.; London, Edward J. Whit- field, 1851,) I use the following language (p. 61): " It should be understood that according to my peculiar system of phreno-philosophy, the brain is not consid- ered as the organ of mind; mind, or consciousness, is exclusively confined to the medulla oblongata. The doctrine taught by all phrenological authors, before I published my phreno-philosophy in 1815, was, that 168 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. thought and feeling were performed by the brain itself, and that instead of there being one central organ of mind for a sensorium, each organ of the brain had in itself the power of feeling, thought or conscious- ness.. It seems to me that the truth as well as the Fi K . 55. Figure 54. An anterior view of the medulla oblongata, a, Anterior pyramids, c c, The olivary bodies, d d, Restiform bodies. /, Fibres shown by Solly to pass from the anterior column of the cord to the cerebellum. P, Pons Varolii, i, Its upper fibres. 5 5, Roots of the trigeminus. Figure 55. Posterior view of medulla oblongata, and back of the pons Varolii. The peduncles of the cerebellum are cut short, d d, Restiform bodies, (fasciculi cuneati ;) passing up to become inferior peduncles of cerebellum, p p, Posterior pyra- mids, v v, Posterior fissure, or calamus scriptorius, extending along the floor of the fourth ventricle, a b, Optic ganglia. / /, Superior peduncles of cerebellum, c, Eminence connected with hypo-glossal nerve, e, With glossopharyngeal nerve, i, With vagus nerve, v, With spinal accessory nerve. 7 7, Roots of auditory nerves. — Quain and Sharpey. THE HEAD. 169 beauty of my phreno ^central theory will be so appar- ent as to render it acceptable, not only to phreno- logical students, but even to those metaphysical phi- losophers who have hitherto regarded phrenology as crude and imperfect, for want of that very unity of plan which this system establishes." The oblongata is a part of ,-^reat importance, for the following reasons: 1. It is undoubtedly the phreno centre, or seat of the mind. 2. All the principal fibre:; of the brain converge toward it or diverge from it. 3. All the nerves of sensation from the face, and from all parts of the body, in man and in all animals, can be traced into it. 4. All the nerves of voluntary motion proceed from it. 5. All tho nerves that convey the influence of the emotions of the mind to the heart and other vital organs, proceed from it. Fig. 56. Figure 56. Front view of the oblongata, a, Anterior pyra- mid. 0, Olivary body. D, Decussation or crossing of the fibres of the two halves. M, Restiform fibres. V, Pons Varolii. 1 70 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Go r Ahe most intelligent invertebrated animals, such as the spider and bee, that have no proper brains, have this part in which thoir nerves of sensation and voli- tion centre, and in v/hich their mind seems to reside. THE STRIATUM AND THALAMUS. Each half of the brain contains a cavity or ventri- cal. At the bottom of this ventrical are two bodies called the striatum and thalamus. The anterior and middle lobes of the brain are developed from the stri- atum, (#,) and the posterior from the thalamus, (T.) If we slice away the top of a brain by horizontal slices until we come to the bottom of the ventricles, we have presented to us the view represented in Fig. 57. I doubt whether the real nature and character of the sub-cerebral parts will ever be fully understood until the doctrine of evolution is brought to bear upon them. I suspect that there are many parts of the brain, as well as of the body, that have been developed in different stages, in different geological ages; and that their forms can only be accounted for by the light of their past — their geological history. Spurzheim says, " the posterior cerebral lobes pro- ceed from the thalami." Solly says there is scarcely any rudiment of the thalami in fishes; their propor- tional size increases in reptiles, birds, and in the lower mammalia. Again he remarks, the spinal columns appear to terminate superiorly in two large tubercles; the striata and thalami, from the sides and under parts of which the cerebral hemispheres spring out, being afterwards reflected so as to completely envelope the bulbous extremities — the thalami and striata. THE HEAD. 171 1. Phrenology demonstrates that the anterior lobe of the cerebrum, (the forehead,) is the seat of the intel- Fig. 57. Figuro 57. Top view of subcerebral organs; the cerebrum above being cut away. A, Anterior. D, Posterior part. S, Striatum. T, Thalamus. G, Cerebellum, v v, Parts of the cerebrum around the great lateral ventricles. #, Anterior cor- nua, or continuations of the ventricles. X, Tenia semicircu- laris. F, Anterior pillar of the fornix, where it turns down to form the mammillaria. B, Middle commissure. A, N, Optic ganglia. P, Pineal gland, with its peduncles, or connecting fibres. M, Place where the fornix unites with the callosum in front. This; figure gives a good idea of the relative positions of the cerebellum, thalamus, striatum, and the cerebrum; and it enables the student to understand how the ventricles can be formed by the cerebrum developing over the subcerebral organs. 172 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Figure 58. F, Spinal cord. B is between the semicircularis and the peduncle. G, Mammillaria. L, Fibres of the fornix. t, Fibres of the anterior pyramid, r, Fibres of the olivary, or optic, tract. S L, Ourlet. P, Striatum. K, Thalamus. M, Sec- tion of the middle commissure. is called the peduncle of the pineal gland ; parallel with it is tenia semi-circularis, a white, semi-circular skein of D C, Optic ganglia. U, Section of the fibres, running in a furrow between the thalamus and striatum. posterior commissure. J, Pituitary gland; just above which is THE HEAD. 173 lectual class of faculties. Anatomy demonstrates that this lobe grows out of the small bulbous mass below, called the striatum. 2. Phrenology demonstrates that the middle lobe of the brain, (the side of the head,) is the seat of the Ipseal or Self-relative functions, and anatomy shows that this lobe is developed from the posterior and lateral part of the striatum. 3. Phrenology demonstrates that the posterior lobe of the cerebrum is the seat of the social propensities, and anatomy demonstrates that this lobe is developed from the thalamus. From these facts it is natural to conclude that the striatum is a lower degree of development of the Intel- lectual and Ipseal organs that constitute the anterior and middle lobes, while the thalamus is a lower .degree of development of the social organs that occupy the posterior lobe, precisely as a bud is a lower degree of development of the rose. Embryology and compara- tive anatomy sustains this conclusion. The next three figures are well calculated to give a good idea of the fibres, (commissures) that connect the different parts of the brain with each other. Fig. 48 is a section of the brain, directly in the middle line, so made as to separate the right from the left half, the inner side being scraped and j)repared with great skill the divided optic nerve, a, Olfactoiy ganglion. JV, Crus cere- bri, or leg of the cerebrum. Between iVand J is the mainmil- laria, G, a loop formed by a twist of the fornix, proceeding from the thalamus. 4, Fourth ventricle. 5, Iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum, or passage from the third ventricle to the fourth. These ventricles are of no account. S, Section of olivaria. X, Section of pons. B, Section of cerebellum. 174 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. to show the directions of the fibres, that instead of constituting phrene organs, (as those do that we rep- resented in Fig. 52 and 53, are designed to connect the different regions of the brain with each other to produce harmony and co-operation. It will be ob- served that these connecting fibres or commissures are of two kinds, the longitudinal or antero-posterior, the principal of which are the Fornix and the Ourlet, and the transverse, that connect the right and left halves Fig. 59 Figure 59. This is a section of the cerebrum in the mesial line, as far down as the callosnm, hut below that it passes to the left of the mesial line, so as to show distinctly the direction of the fibres of the fornix below the callosum, K. L, Thalamus. 5, Section of the cms cerebri. 6, Niger. 7, Striatum. A, Fibres proceeding from niger to B, mammillaria, where the fibres turn down and up again, and proceed to r, called the ante- rior pillar of the fornix. G is the septum lucidum, which is an extremely thin sheet of fibres proceeding from the anterior lobe. E, Trunk of the fornix. F, Fibres of fornix descending to G, hippo campus major, and H, hippo campus foot in the middle cerebral lobe. /, Fibres of the fornix in the posterior lobe, passing over the hippo campus minor. THE HEAD. 175 Fig. 60. Figure 60, modified from Solly, represents the fornix in a very- perfect manner. A, Anterior lobes of the brain. P, Posterior The figure gives a good view of the interior of the brain, it having been sliced away from above, so as to expose the great lateral ventricle, m, Striatum k, Thalamus, t, Tenia semi- circularis. r, Body of the fornix, h, Hippo-campus minor, a part covered over by the fibres of the fornix, which extend to the posterior lobes. 1, An internal eminence, which somewhat resembles a horse's foot, and has, therefore, received the name of pes hippo-campus, or horse's foot. 2, Fibres of the fornix, 176 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. of the brain; of the latter, the principal are the callo- sum (c,) above the ventricles anterior and the middle and posterior commissures below them. In order to convey an idea of the order in which the different parts of the brain are developed and super- added to each other in vertebrated animals — the only animals that have proper brains — I have made a series of diagrams, the first of which (Fig. F) represents the lowest known vertebrate, the amphioxus, a species of small fishes that have nervous systems like other verte- brates, but no brain. They have an oblongata in which all the nerves of sensation terminate, and from which volition proceeds, and that is all. The crosses represent the aconscious spinal centres; (1) represents the terminus of the nerve from the stomach (the vagus) and the end of the Ipseal class of propensities; (2) is the the terminus of the nerves of the external senses and the root of the intellectual class; (3) is the terminus of the posterior column of the spinal cord, and the root of the social propensities. Fig. G represents the lowest vertebrates that have even rudimentary brains; (4) is a striatum or bud of which, after proceeding backward, and winding over and around the thalamus, proceed forward to connect with the inter- nal part of the base of the middle lobe. Note. — The objection has been made to practical Phrenology that there is a large space between the hemispheres in the mid- dle line which cannot be examined during life. But it will be seen by inspecting Fig. 58, (S. L.) that this space is not occupied by phrene organs, but by longitudinal connecting fibres. This objection, therefore, goes where many others have gone— to the place where it belongs. THE HEAD. 177 the anterior or intellectual lobe of the cerebrum ; (3) is a small cerebellum. The striatum and the verm, a central portion of the cerebellum, were created in the Silurian period, before any other parts of the brain existed. Fig. H contains all the parts that the preceding diagrams do, with the addition of a latteral develop- ment (5) which is seen in the highest fishes — the shark and skate. It is probably the bud of the mid- dle lobe, and is related in function to (1) the vagus or stomach nerves. Pig. F— 54. ® Fig. G— 55. Fig. H— 56. . K— 57. Fig. K is like the preceding, except that it has an addition of (6) an anterior lobe growing out of (4) the striatum, and it also has (7) a small thalamus, or root of a posterior lobe, situated behind the striatum. This is the degree of development of the brain in the reptiles. 12 178 MYSTERIES OE HEAD AND HEART. Fig. L is like K, with the addition of a middle lobe (8) which has grown out of (5) the latteral part of the striatum. This represents the degree of development of brains in birds. The cerebellum has also a lateral addition. Fig. M is like L, with the addition of (9) posterior lobes which have grown out of (7) the thalamus. The cerebellum is left out of this diagram. This is the degree of development found in mammels and man. Fig. L-58. Fig. M-59. A comparison of the human brain six months before birth, with the brains of animals, shows that at that time it only equals the degree of development which is permanent in reptiles. THE HEAD. 179 Fig. 60. Figure 60. Four views of a human brain, six months before the time of birth. A, Side view, a, Cerebrum, b, Optic gang- lion, c, Cerebellum, d, Oblongata. B, Top view — references same as A. G, Top view, with the hemispheres reflected, or pushed back, to show the sub-cerebral organs. 1, Oblongata. 2, Cerebellum. 3, Optic ganglion. 4, Thalamus. 5, Cerebrum. 6, Striatum, imbedded in the cerebrum, as it is in birds. D, A longitudinal section in the median line, showing that the spinal cord and oblongata are hollow, as in fishes. It will be observed that the cord has the appearance of being bent up in a serpentine manner, as if to shorten and accommodate itself to the small space into which it is crowded. We can easily understand from this, that the parts in the back and front of the human brain are crowded out of their natural places, to make them occupy a shorter skull. 180 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Pig. 61 Pig. 62. Figure 61. Ascidia mammillata, an animal quite as low in the scale of progression as the oyster, and is essentially a mere stomach, into which food enters at the mouth, a, and if not used, passes out at 6 / c, is the analogue of the oblongata of higher animals. Below the oblongata, is d, a stomach-nerve, or vagus. Above is a mouth-nerve of taste and motion. Figure 62. Crab-fish. 1, is the cephalic or ganglion of tho senses, which is situated above the throat. 2, Is a ganglion in which all the nerves relating to locomotion centre. This is sit- uated in the body, and connected with the ganglion, 1, in the head, by two slender nerves, 3, which, with the ganglia, consti- tute an oblong nervous ring. The ganglion, 2, is. in effect, a whole npinal cord concentrated into one aconscious ganglion, which surpasses in size the conscious centre, or oblongata, 1, in the head. The spider has a similar nervous system; but animals which are lower in the scale of organization, such as the caterpiller, earthworm, and centipede, have a great number of spinal centres, and limbs, which produce the same results in a much less power- ful, concentrated and economical manner. THE HEAD. 181 Fig. 63. Fig. 64. Figure 63. Brain of a codfish, dissected to show the con- tinuation of the spinal cord up into the oblongata, and then still further up, to unite with the olfactory nerve, o, Olfactory nerve, m, Striatum, x, Optic ganglion, a, Cerebellum, c, Ob- longata, s, Spinal cord. Fig. 64. Brain of the carp, seen from above. 1, Potentive gang- lion on olfactory nerve. 2, Striatum. 3, Optic ganglion. 4, Gang- lion, function unknown. 5, Cerebellum. 6. Auditory ganglion. 7, The ganglion of the vagus. This fish is remarkable for the distinctness of its potentive ganglia on its nerves of special sense, and yet its striatum and cerebellum are very small. 8, Oblon- gata. 8, Spinal cord. Fig. 65. Brain of the skate, seen on its under surface. 1, Olfactory nerve, terminating in, 2, the claustrum, or lateral part of the striatum. 3, The striatum proper. Below 4, is the pitui- tary gland, which is very large in fishes. 5 Is the oblongata, which is very large, compared with the rest of the brain. 6, Optic ganglion. Fig. 66. Brain of a tadpole, or young frog, from Grant. 1, Stria- tum. 2, A small thalamus. 3, Optic ganglion. 4, The cere- bellum, which is very small. 5, Spinal cord. 182 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Fig. 67. Fig. 67. Side view of the brain of the turtle. 1, Olfactory- nerve, with a large potentive ganglion on it. 2, Cerebrum, in which is inclosed a striatum and thalamus. 3, Pituitary gland. 4, Optic ganglion. 5, Cerebellum. 6, A part of the oblongata. Fig. Figure 68 The brain of a skate, removed from the skull, and seen from above. 1, Potentive ganglion of the olfactory nerve. 2, Olfactory nerve. 3, Striatum, or brain. 4, Clan strum, or lateral part of the brain. 5, Optic potentive ganglion. 6. Poten- tive ganglion of the vagus, or stomach nerve. Figure 69. Side view of the brain of a bird. 1, Oblongata. 2, Optic ganglion. 3, Cerebrum, which conceals a striatum and thalamus. 4, Olfactory potentive ganglion. 5, Verm of the cerebellum. THE HEAD. 183 Fig. 70. Figure 70. Brain of a perch, side view. 1, The impresso- rium of the olfactory nerve. 2, The olfactory nerve, a, Yhe potentive ganglion of the olfactory nerve. 4, The striatum,, or brain. 5, The potentive ganglion of the optic nerve. 6, T'le oblongata. 7, The spinal cord. 8, The cerebellum. Figure 71. Dissection of the brain of a goose, which does net differ essentially from that of any other bird. On the right sido 184 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AO HEART. JV", is seen a fan-like radiation of fibres, which are supposed to be rudiments of the fornix. On the left side, M, are the striatum and the claustrum, so enormously large as to constitute most of the cerebrum. K, Is the small thalamus, which does not appear to be connected with the cerebrum ; yet, in man, more than half of the cerebrum seems to be developed from the thalamus. C, Optic ganglion. E, Cerebellum. F, Oblongata. Fig. 72. Fig. 73. Figure 72. Top view of the brain of a squirrel, the upper portion of the cerebrum being cut away, to show the parts'below. S, Striatum. T, Thalamus, a, Anterior optic ganglion. C> Posterior. D, Verm of the cerebellum, n, Lobulus of the cere- bellum, m, Oblongata. Here it will be observed, that the stria- tum is small, and the thalamus is comparatively large. Figure 73. Top view of the brain of a beaver. 1, Region of Constructiveness, where the beaver is full and the rabbit is nar- row. 2, Olfactory ganglion. 3, Verm of the cerebellum. 4, Lobulus of the cerebellum. 5, Oblongata. 6, 7, Between these figures is a small rudimentary convolution, indicating lateral pressure. It is an interesting fact, in regard to both animals and men, that, when they change from a pastoral to a mechanical mode of life, or from the condition of wanderers to that of citizens and builders, they become wider in the temporal region. Ethnolo- gists have lately made the observation, that the first inhabitants THE HEAD. 185 of England were not mechanics nor warriors ; and their skulls were narrow.' The next were warriors, and their skulls are wide at the base behind ; those of the present industrial ruling race are wide above in front. Phrenology will give a solution of all these various problems, and I commend it to the considera- tion of those learned ethnologists to whom we are indebted for these curious observations. Fig. 74. Piguke 74. Side view of the brain of a common cat. 1, Cere- brum, showing simple convolutions, or folds in the brain, such as would be naturally produced by pressure from side to side, and afterwards from front to back. 2, Olfactory ganglion. 3, Verm of the cerebellum. 4, Oblongata. 5, Fissure of Sylvius. Fig. 75. Figure 75. Side view of the brain of a fox. 1, Olfactory ganglion. 2, Oblongata. 3, Spinal cord. 4, Cerebellum. 5, Cerebrum. The brain of the fox is very much like that of the cat, but larger, and a. little more complicated in its convolutions. 186 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Fig. 76. Figure 76. Top view of the brain of the porpoise. 1, On the left side, the upper part of the cerebrum is cut away, to expose the sub-cerebral parts beneath. 2, The striatum, which is com- paratively small. 3, The thalamus, which is very large. 4 5, The optic ganglia — the posterior, 5, being the larger. The verm of the cerebellum, V, is exceedingly small, while the lobulus, 7, is very large. 8, Spinal cord. This animal, and indeed, all the cetacea, are remarkable for the great size of the thalamus and cerebellum, and the deficiency of the posterior lobes. Fig. 77. THE HEAD. 187 Figure 77. Top view of the fox's brain. S, Fissure of Sylvius. 1, 2, Longitudinal convolutions — the transverse convolutions being merely rudimentary. 3, Olfactory ganglion. 4, Cere- bellum. Pig. 78. Figure 78. Side view of the brain of a baboon. 1, Fissure of Sylvius. 2, Anterior lobe. 3, Middle lobe, enormously devel- oped. 4, Posterior lobe, developed beyond the cerebellum. 5, Cerebellum. 6, Oblongata. 188 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. EVOLUTION OF THE MIND AND ITS OKGANS. Naturalists are at the present time divided into two parties upon questions relating to the origin of species, and especially the human species. One party, of which Mr. Charles Darwin is the most distin- guished representative, point to a vast number of facts which tend to the conclusion that all animals now existing are the natural descendants of a lower species that previously existed. The other party con- sists, mostly, of those who are influenced by theolog- ical considerations. They do not deny the essential facts brought forward by the Darwinians, but they demur to their conclusions. They say, " It is very true that upon comparing all the vertebrate animals, the higher seem to be mere modifications of the lower, but upon a thorough examination of the subject, no evidence can be found that, in a single instance, one undoubted species of plants or animals is the offspring of any other species. The facts that seem to indicate such descent or evolution of species, can be best explained by assuming that several plans or types existed in the Divine Mind, upon which it was pre- ordained that all animals should be formed. One of these was the vertebrate plan. Each distinct species of vertebrates that now exists, or ever did exist, was separately and miraculously evolved from the mind of the Creator in a manner which the human intellect cannot comprehend. The evolutionists admit that there is no direct proof of the production of one species by another during the short period of human history, but they insist that during the vast eons of geology the slight variations that are known to occur THE HEAD. 189 t in species would so accumulate as to produce all the differences that now exist among vertebrates. The first scientist who distinctly taught this doctrine was Lamark, a distinguished French naturalist, and a cotemporary of Gall and Cuvier. In 1848 an anon- ymous author published " The Vestiges of the Nat- ural History of Creation" in which, with unimpor- tant modifications, he advocated, with great ability, the doctrine of Lamark. This work produced a remarkable sensation both in Britain and America, but it was denounced in severe terms by the leading naturalists, and especially by Professor Agassiz, who declared that no one would advocate such a doctrine unless he were ignorant of the very elements of nat- ural history. In 1850, I published " Phreno-Geol- ogy," in which I advocated the same doctrine as that since promulgated by Mr. Darwin, excepting that I assumed that Divine Providence superintended the natural evolution of organized beings. Although the work was stereotyped, only five hundred copies were issued. Dr. Jarvis, the histriographer of the Episcopal church, in a letter to my friend and pastor, the Rev. Orange Clark, declared that a man who advo cated the gradual and progressive creation of the brain from one geological age to another, was only fit for a mad-house. My publisher, Mr. James Munroe, of Boston, who lived in Cambridge, consulted with Pro- fessor Agassiz, and he denounced the idea in still stronger language. He asserted, what was then undoubtedly true, that no respectable naturalist in Europe or America held the views of Lamark, or any modification of them; and my personal friends ob- jected to the work, as impolitic, for the reason that 190 MTSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. the religious portion of the community would become prejudiced against me, and regard me as an infidel. The result was that I boxed up the stereotype plates and have them still in my possession. A quarter of a century has passed since then, and brought with it remarkable changes. Dr. Gill, of Washington, in a speech made at the meeting of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, in 1874, stated that three-fourths of the naturalists now living are advocates of natural evolution. I propose, in a short time, to issue a second edition of Phreno-Geol- cgy, and submit it once more to the judgment of the world. I do not propose in this treatise to discuss this question, and will merely remark that the order of arrangement and super-addition of the organs of man, both bodily and mental, is in perfect accordance with the great law of evolution — the existence of which both parties admit — and concerning which they only differ as to the manner in which it has been executed. There is no positive proof that man has descended from a lower species of creatures, but it is nevertheless true that the whole constitution of man is built up by several series of super-additions or specializations, that are powerfully suggestive of the idea of a natural evolution and progressive develop- ment. THE HEAD. 191 Fig. 79. The diagram, Figure 79, illustrates this hypothesis in a very- general manner. The lowest space (1) contains the organs of those functions which man performs in common with all other organized beings, both plants and animals. They may be denominated the vegetative organs. In the second space (2) are the superadded organs which man possesses in common with the very lowest animals. In the third space (3) are the additions possessed by the highest of those animals that are destitute of proper brains, but have otherwise well developed nervous systems. In the fourth space (4) are the rudimentary brains of fishes, the first created vertebrates. In the fifth space (5) are the cerebral organs of the higher animals, including man. If we wish to cany this analysis further s we must resort to phrenology. 192 MYSTEKIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. Fig. 80. Figure 80 is made to convey an idea of the manner in which the Intellectual organs were -developed by superadditions. We may assume that the lowest division (1) was possessed by fishes and reptiles, and that the next two (2 and 3) were superadded in higher animals. The highest (4) is peculiar to man. Those who are most developed in the fourth division excel in profound mathematical and philosophical reasoning. THE HEAD. 193 Fig. 81. Figure 81 represents the Ipseal class of organs and is intended to illustrate the idea that the ranges or strata of organs were superadded in the order of the numbers; 1 is the corporeal range ; 2, the belligerent ; 3, the prudential ; 4, the industrial, and 5, the improving or human range. 194 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Fig. 82. Figure 82 is designed to give an idea of the manner in which the Social propensities received additions during the successive geologic periods; (1) is the cer- ebellum, or little brain. In fishes and reptiles, the first created vertebrates, the cerebellum and the stri- atum, or anterior lobe of the cerebrum, are two sep- arate masses — one situated in the anterior and the other in the posterior part of the skull. As the brain continued to grow, its additions were made to the THE HEAD. 195 anterior portion in su«h a maimer as to make it expand laterally and backward until it covered the cerebel- lum, without uniting with it. This is probably the reason why the cerebellum is now separate from the cerebrum. In birds the anterior and middle lobes are one mass, or only partially divided, and the thal- amus is another distinct and separate mass, which afterwards, in higher animals, coalesced with the other lobes and gave birth to the posterior lobe (2). Pig. 83. Figure 83 is a diagram made to represent the manner in which the fibres from the right and left thalami — two distinct masses — develop backward to form the posterior lobe. Anatomists and phrenologists have often been puz- zled to account for the fact that the cerebellum is a distinct little brain by itself. If these views are correct, comparative anatomy furnishes the probable explana- tion. The brain as it developed from before, backward (Fig. 82), reached the occiput (2, Fig. 82) and then turned upward as it continued to develop until 3, 4, 5 196 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. were added, and I have no doubt some degree of all these are possessed by the higher animals; but the last development (6 Fig. 82) is certainly possessed by man and manifested in a manner which elevates him vastly above any other creature. This is the part of the brain that is so deficient in the lowest savages. It is an interesting fact that the highest Intellectuals, Ipseals and Socials come together at the upper lateral part of the forehead. Figure 84 is a diagram made to express, in a gen- eral manner, my concep- tion of the manner and order in which the differ- ent parts of the brain were developed. This theory of the cre- ation of man by superad- ditions is of great practi- cal value in enabling us to understand that i'n some idiots and in a great many semi-idiots and natural born criminals the devel- opment of the higher organs has been arrested, in 1, In the oblongata, proceeds to 1 in tlie brain, to form the striatum, and then to a b c in the forehead, to constitute the intellectual class of phrene-organs. 2, In the oblongata, proceeds to 2 in the brain, to form the claustrum, or middle lobe, and then to d ef g A, the five ranges, or strata of Ipseal organs. 3 in the oblongata, proceeds to 3, the thalamus, and then to I m n o p q r s t u v, the social phrene- organs of the cerebrum. 4, in the oblongata, proceeds to 4 in the cerebellum, to form the rhomboideum, and then to i and k, the lowest social organs. Fig. 84. THE HEAD. 197 consequence of ante-natal causes, and that special and extraordinary pains should be taken in their education and moral training. We can also understand that the higher organs are in some cases developed late in life, and in the mean time the individual acts like a mere wild animal in some respects, and like a stupid ani- mal in others, and stands in continual need of a guar- dian and teacher until near the age of thirty. THE POSTERIOR LOBES. An Objection Answered. A very plausible objection has been niade by Dr. Wm. Carpenter, of London, to Phrenology, drawn from the comparison of the brains of different classes of animals with each other and with that of man. Some animals possess only the anterior, and others only the anterior and middle lobes. of the cerebrum, and are destitute of the posterior lobes, in which phrenologists locate parental love; yet these animals, thus lacking in the organ, are not wanting in mani- festations of the affection. Birds, porpoises, and C, Conscious centre, or place where the sensory nerves and the mental organs all converge, to communicate with the mind. This figure illustrates the idea that the phrene-organs of the cerebrum are developed in three classes, and that each class is progressive, rising and branching like a tree, each higher branch being of a more general character, and adapting its possessor to a more extensive and complicated state of society. The figure is also a perfect illustration of the idea that the direction of the development of the Intellectuals and Tpseals is first forward, then upward, and then backward ; but the Socials develop, first forward, then backward, then upward, and forward again, fol- lowing the same course as the cerebral band, or fornix and our- let, and that the whole head is thus made of a convenient form. 198 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. rabbits, are careful of their young, but have no parental lobe in their brains. Dr. Carpenter remarks, " this seems fatal to Phrenology." To one but slightly acquainted with comparative anatomy, it will very naturally seem so; but I am surprised that Dr. Car- penter does not understand that it is really no proper objection at all. The following remarks will, I hope, make the matter clear and fairly remove the objection. 1. The very lowest animal known to naturalists is that of the amoeba, a mere minute mass of jelly. It cannot be said to have any particular permanent form, but it has the ability to assume almost any imaginable shape, according to circumstances. It can protrude a portion of itself forward in the form of a limb; it can thus produce a dozen limbs; it can spread itself out into a thin sheet, and envelope and absorb what it wants, and then change its form again. This crea- ture occasionally manifests a degree of mechanical skill that is not surpassed by the beaver, and not even equalled by uncivilized man. We learn an important lesson here, and that is, that nature is capable of manifesting superior mental qualities without any special organs whatever that can be perceived. Next observe the spider; he has nerves but no cerebrum nor cerebellum, no thalamus nor striatum. He has something that appears to be analagous to the human oblongata, and that is the nearest approach to any thing like a brain, yet he surpasses the beaver in mechanical skill, the fox in cunning, the monkey in dexterity, and the tiger in malicious cruelty. He surpasses all animals that have brains, excepting man. What is the explanation? The answer is obvious; the spider has the organs of his mental faculties, call THE HEAD. 199 them by what name 'you will, located somewhere in his body, in his nerves, or in his ganglionic masses. He has no brains; no animal has them except fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. Fishes have what is called a brain, but it is a mere bud of the anterior lobe of a brain, and that only. They have what ap- pears to be the homologue or equivalent of what in man is called the striatum, and from which the ante- rior lobe is developed. There is not in all nature a more interesting lesson than that which is conveyed by a comparison of the animals that have no proper brains with the fishes, the lowest of those that have them ; and then a comparison of these with the next class above them, the reptiles ; and these again with the birds that are one step higher still; and then the birds with some of the lowest animals of the next higher class, the mammals, such as porpoises and rab- bits; then higher mammals — cats, foxes, dogs, horses, elephants, apes, men. The lesson that we learn is this, that the Creator commenced by producing animals with mental facul- ties diffused throughout the body, and without any special organs; next he introduced animals with ner- vous systems of the body, some of which are almost as complicated and perfect as that of man, but to these no brains are added. Whether these brainless creatures have their mental organs diffused through- out the body or concentrated in their nerves and gan- glia, we do not know; but there is no doubt that the mass of nervous matter nearest the head is analao-ous to the oblongata of man, and is their conscious centre. When we examine the brain of a fish, we find that it is only the rudiment or bud of one class of mental 200 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. organs, the Directives or Intellectuals. The propensi- ties of the fish are not represented in its brain, but are still retained in the body. Now, if we look at the brain of the reptile, we see that it is like that of the fish, but no longer a mere bud, for an anterior lobe has developed out of the front part of it, and has, (for want of room in front,) turned over backward, like the collar or cape of a coat. Now look at the brain of a bird, and we find that the lobe or cape has not only developed further backward, but it has a latteral offshoot, which in man is the middle lobe, and con- tains the Ipseal or self- relative class of propensities; still there is no posterior lobe to represent the social propensities; these are still retained in the body. Let us examine not only the brain of the bird, but of the lowest species of the class next above them, and we find in these no posterior lobe, but we find a small body called the thalamus, situated behind the stri- atum, just as the body of a bird is behind its spread wings. This thalamus is very large in all those ani- mals that have anterior or middle lobes largely devel- oped, but are destitute of posterior lobes. In birds, in whales, and in porpoises, it is very large, and prob- ably performs, in some degree, the office of a posterior lobe; for when we come to the animals that have the posterior lobe well developed, we find it growing out of this very thalamus, just as the branches of a tree grow out of its trunk. Let us continue this investi- gation further. The posterior lobe is developed back- wards in some monkeys more (relatively) than in man. And now we learn a lesson from Phrenology that we could not learn from any other source, and that is that the posterior lobe is devoted to the lowest social THE HEAD. 201 functions, and that in the highest animals, and espe- cially in man, these social organs, that commenced their development in the back of the head, continue upward along the middle line, and then forward, pro- ducing the higher governing and conforming groups. Strongly confirmatiory of this explanation is the fact that the human brain, about six months before birth, has only the anterior or intellectual lobe developed. (See Fig. 60.) It continues to develope more and more backward until, at birth, the posterior is the largest part of the brain. Still the brain is low, especially in front; the highest organs are not fully developed, and will not be until after puberty. PART SECOND THE HEART. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EMOTIONS. A1SD THEIE PROPER AND USEFUL INFLUENCES UPON THE HEART AND OTHER VITAL ORGANS. It has long been known that the emotions produce powerful effects upon the heart, but hitherto these effects have been regarded by physiologists as alto- gether abnormal and injurious. I propose to demon- strate that this idea is erroneous, and that the effects of the emotions upon those organs are functional, nor- mal, and highly important. That the undue excite- ment of the emotions sometimes produces injurious effects is certain, but the same may be said with equal truth of every species of functional excess. Physiolo- gists seem to have assumed that the emotions should normally confine their operations to the brain and the voluntary muscles. If they occasionally intruded their forces within the sphere allotted to the involun- tary and vital organs, such intrusion was regarded as mischievous and deranging. They do not appear to have had any idea of the important fact that the emo- tions influence the vital organs to compel them to con- form to the exigences of the mind. (203) 204 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. There are two classes of emotions — the exalting and the depressing ; one class tends to impel the body to act with energy, and the other to restrain or moderate its action. When an exalting emotion — anger for example — is excited, it not only impels the voluntary organs to act with uncommon vigor, but it influences the heart to increase the supply of blood to sustain the exertion. On the contrary, when a depressing e^ lotion is excited, such as fear, it not only restrains the vol- untary organs, but it influences the heart and other vital organs in such a manner as to diminish the vital action, and the circulation of the blood. PEELIMINATION. It cannot be fairly objected to this statement, that the increased vital action is caused by the uncommon voluntary exertion which is made when the emotions are excited, for in all cases the change in the vital action 'precedes the exertion. For example, when anger is excited, the blood rushes to the limbs and face instantly, and before the mind is made up whether to exert the limbs or the tongue in a contest or not. The influence of the emotions upon the vital organs is always of a preliminary and preparatory character. I know of no word in our language that expresses the idea I wish to convey with precision, I shall therefore take the liberty to vary the word preliminary, to make fr elimination and ypr eliminating, and use them to characterize the preparatory influences of the emotions upon the vital organs. The word vasso moter has been applied to the nerves that increase the circulation in the capillaries when certain emotions are excited, but that term cannot properly be applied to the restrain- THE HEAET. 205 ing or inhibitory effects produced upon the blood ves- sels by the depressing emotions; and, besides, it does not convey the idea that prelimination does, which is, that the emotional influence is in all cases such as to prepare the body, and put it into proper condition to perform the voluntary actions that may follow. Before we do anything intentionally, we think of doing it; this is an intellectual process; in the next instant the action of the vital organs is changed in such a manner as to prepare the body for what, is to follow, this is an emotional process; then we do what we intended to do, and this last is a volitional process. Of these three processes, the two first are preliminary to the last. RELATIONS OF THE BODY AND MIND. There appears to be, at the present time, a strong disposition manifested by physiologists to acquire more correct ideas concerning the relations of the mind and body to each other. Until very lately the opinion has prevailed that mind, especially the higher faculties, were so entirely independent of the material organs that they could exist and perform their functions when separated from those organs. The body was regarded as the temporary prison of the mind, from which it was only released by death. Shakspeare expresses this idea: " Look how the floor of heaven Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold ; Theiv's not the smallest orb which thou beholdest But in his motion like an angel sings, Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubims : Such harmony is in immortal souls; But wliilst this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close us in, we cannot hear it.' 206 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. In common language, when a man dies his soul is described as "taking its flight." Byron inquires: " When coldness wraps this suffering clay, Ah, whither strays the immortal mind ? " What will be the condition of the mind after death, can only be learned by Divine Revelation; the eye of science cannot see beyond the material world. The scientist knows nothing of mind except by experience and observation, and that is all limited to this life and this world. Let those who doubt the absolute depend- ence of the body and mind upon each other during life, consider the following facts : 1. All the organs at the base of the brain are so directly related to the bodily functions, that they evi- dently must have been expressly designed by the Creator to serve the body. 2. It is safe to assert that mankind, as a whole, spend nineteen-twentieths of the time of their lives in exertions of body and mind to support and gratify the body. 3. The most powerful and constant impressions made upon the mind, are those that proceed from the body and relate to its wants. 4. All the good as well as evil deeds, of mankind are done by means of the body. 5. The mind and all its faculties is governed by physiological laws. 6. The brain is more dependent upon the blood than is any part of the constitution. This is made evident by the fact that the brain of man is only one-fortieth of the whole constitution, by weight, and yet it receives one-sixth of all the blood, instead of merely one- fortieth. THE HEART. 207 7. If from any cause — bad air, bad food, poison, bad digestion, intemperance, or inherited scrofula — the blood is poor in quality or deficient in quantity, the mind suffers in consequence much more than the body does. 8. If, in youth, while the body is growing, the brain is very large and much excited, it robs the body of its needed share of blood and thus ruins the health. 9. If the brain is very small, or is malformed, the mind is imperfectly manifested. THE NEEVES. Before proceeding farther with this inquiry, I will give a brief description of the Nervous System. I do not propose to weary my readers with a long and tedious account of the anatomy of the nerves, for it cannot be expected that any but professional students will take the trouble to master the details and tech- nicalities of the subject. But a general idea will be useful to all classes of readers, and especially to those who desire to acquire a clear understanding of the physiology of mesmerism and trance. Under the general term ''Nervous System," is included all the nerves, and also the brain; but as I have described the brain in another place, in this section I shall confine the term to the nerves proper. The nerves are, in some respects, like errand-boys, who are of no special importance themselves, and derive all their dignity from the masters whom they serve. All nerves perform one and the same func- tion ; they are the mediums through which dispatches are sent to and from important organs; this being the case, if we wish to learn the function of any partic- aYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. a,r nerve, we must inquire concerning the functions of the organs which employ it, and to and from which its messages are transmitted. NERVE SUBSTANCES. The word nerve literally signifies a string or cord. The nerves received this name from their appearance before their uses were known. The substances of which the nerves are composed are found in three forms: 1. Tubular Fibres. These are small, white tubes, which inclose a dusky gray substance; the material of which the tubes are composed is called " the white substance of Schwan," it having first been described by an anatomist of that name; the internal gray sub- stance is called the axis, to distinguish it from the tube. Around the tube is a delicate membrane. Care- ful observations, by the aid of the microscope, tend to the conclusion that the axis is the essential part of the nerve, and the conductor of the nervous influence. The membrane and the Schwan substance appear to be useful as mechanical protectors and insulators of the axis. 2. Fine Gray Fibres, without tubes, are found associated with white tubular fibres, and the present prevailing opinion is, that the gray fibres differ from the white only in being destitute of tubes or sheaths of Schwan substance. This opinion is confirmed by the fact, that, in some instances, the tubular fibres are without tubes at their extremities, where they are con nected with delicate tissues. It is also found that the fine gray fibres, mostly, if not all, belong to the sym- pathetic system of nerves. THE HEART. 209 3. Gray vesicular neurine is nerve substance which is commonly found in masses, called ganglia, or knots, instead of being arranged in fibres. It is composed of granules, or small grains, in which are embedded a variable number of small cells, vesicles, or corpuscles; each corpuscle has a central nucleus, and each nucleus has a central nucleolus; in other words, there is a cell within a cell, and another within that. The ganglionic-neurine is of a purple gray color, and it has, for that reason, been named the cineritious, or ashes-colored substance. It covers the brain to the depth of half or three-fourths of an inch, and for that reason it was anciently called the cortical, or bark-like substance. From its soft consistence it is sometimes denominated the gray pulp. It is now generally con- sidered as the generator of the nervous force; and the fact that it contains a large number of minute blood- vessels, and also the fact that it is most abundant at the extremities of the sensory nerves, sustains the idea. There is no evidence that nervous and electric influ- ences are identical; but the nerves appear to transmit their forces in a manner analogous to that in which the telegraph wires operate; so also does the gray neurine appear to generate force from the blood, in a manner that must necessarily remind us of the gal- vanic battery. We are, therefore, justified in con- cluding that the nervous apparatus is similar to the galvanic, whether the two forces are identical or not. 210 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. Figure 85 represents a large nerve, consisting of many smaller nerves, wrapped up in a common cellular sheath. 1, The nerve. 2, A single cord, or fibre, drawn out from the rest. Pig. 86. Figure 86 is intended to give an idea of the appearances occa- sionally seen in tubular fibres. 1, The axis, or conducting substance, projecting beyond the tube, and bent upward. 2, Membrane, and white sheath. 3, Parts of the contents of the tube escaped. 4, A part where the membranous tube is seen empty. The size of the nerve fibres varies, and the same fibres do not preserve the same diameter through their whole length, being largest in their course within the trunks and branches of the nerves, in which the majority measure from one-two-thousandth to one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter. As they approach the brain, or spinal cord, and generally, also, in the tissues in which they are distributed, they gradually become smaller. In the gray, or vesicular substance of the brain and spinal cord, they generally do not measure more than from one- ten-thousandth to one-fourteen-thousandth of an inch. THE HEART. 211 Fig. 87. Figure 87, fine gray fibres, magnified three hundred and forty times, according to Professor Hanover. Figure 88, A and B. Magnified representations of ganglion corpuscles, imbedded in fine gray fibres, with several tubular fibres. 1, 1, Tubular fibres passing through. A shows some of the corpuscles. A, 2, With nuclei containing nucleoli within them. B shows large corpuscles covered by capsules of gran- ular cell nuclei. A NERVOUS APPARATUS. A nervous apparatus is sometimes called a nervous circle, and is composed of several parts, each of which performs a distinct function. Fig. 89. 212 MYSTERIES OF HEAD A1NT> HEART. 1. The impressorium is the place where an impres- sion is made (1 Fig. 89.) 2. An afferent sensory or centripetal nerve, which transmits the impression to a central terminus or gan- glion (4.) 3. A potentive or power-giving ganglion, which is found on nearly all nerves of sensation, and which probably have the power to act on the capillary blood- vessels, and increase the circulation in a nerve of sen- sation when it is exercised for a long time and needs sustaining. 5. A motor nerve. 6, A muscular terminus. A commissure is a set of fibres that pass from one nervous apparatus on one side of the body or brain to a corresponding apparatus on the opposite side, in order to make the two sides act in concert. Fig. 90.- Figure 90. Magnified view of the upper surface of a segment of the spinal cord of an insect, (the spiro-streptus, from New- port,) to illustrate the nature of a commissure. 1, 1, The median line which divides the right side from the left. 2, 2, The nerves that are connected with the limhs. 3, The commissure, or set of nerve fibres that connect a limb of one side with a limb of the opposite side, so that an impression made on either side can communicate motion to the opposite. THE HEAET. 213 DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. When treating of a complicated subject, a good general division, even if it is not quite precise, is oftentimes a great help to the understanding. The functions of the whole human constitution may be divided into those that relate to the external world, and those that relate to the internal (or vital) opera- tions. To the external department belong the exter- nal senses, and the limbs and muscles of voluntary motion that enable us to act upon the things about us; to the internal belong all the organs concerned in the manufacture and circulation of the blood and the maintenance of mere vegetative life. The Xervous System, including all the nerves of the whole constitu- tion, are susceptible of the same general division into those that relate to the external world, and those that relate to the internal vital organs. Both of these systems of nerves have a common center in the oblongata, the organ of consciousness. One system, the external, is related to the intellect and the will; and the other, the internal, to the emo- tions alone. One system may be said to be related to the voluntary functions of the brain and the other to its involuntary. Man is so constituted that his brain cannot act upon the external without his. will — his whole mind — deliberating upon and guiding the actions, but his brain acts upon his internal organs — his heart, arteries, stomach, liver and kidneys — with- out his will, but not without his consciousness. The reason of this distinction is that a single propensity can act alone upon the vital functions, independent of the intellect or the will, but it cannot act upon the 214 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. external world without thus giving notice of its Fig. 91 represents the Fig. 91. exciting consciousness, and intention. main trunk of the external system of nerves, and Fig. 92 represents the main trunk of the internal system. Al- though the nerves of the two systems often intermin- gle, and seem confounded together, they are always per- fectly distinct and independ- ent of each other in function. I have introduced several engravings to show the po- sitions and complications of the two systems; but the only fact that has an impor- tant bearing upon the subject of this treatise is that there is a distinct system of nerves, Fig. 92 and Fig. 93, (com- monly called the sympathet- ic,) the office of which is to convey emotional influences from the propensities in the brain to the heart, and other vital organs in order to make them co-operate with the mind. I could not convey this idea in a satisfactory manner without giving a good general description of the whole nervous system. THE HEART. 215 t Figure 91. Diagram representing an outline of an anterior view of the cranio-spinal axis. The series of crosses in the middle line represent the spinal reflex, or aconscious centers. There are thirty-one pairs of nerves connected with the spinal centres ; each nerve has two roots — an anterior, or motor, and a posterior, or sensory root. Each posterior root has a swelling, or ganglion, upon it. The two roots unite to form a spinal nerve. Each root has fibres which connect it with the spinal cord, and which, when excited, act aconsciously; that is to say, they act independently of the mind. Beside these, each spinal nerve has other fibres that extend up and down through the spinal cord to and from the oblongata, to act in concert with the mind. Figure 92. Side view of the intercorcl or sympathetic nerve, with its series of ganglia, extending from the lower part of the trunk of the body, where &, the ganglion impar, as it is called, is situated, to n, the ophthalmic ganglion, below which are o, spheno-palatine ganglion ; p, otic, q, submaxillary, a, Superior cervical ganglion, remarkable for its connections with the vagus and the trigeminus, and its influence on the nutrition of the facial nerves of the senses. (See Brown-Sequarcfs Treatise.) a d e These three ganglia are on the fibres that proceed from the brain to the heart and lungs, along with the vagus. The cords that proceed anteriorly from the ganglia to the semi-lunar gang- lion, S, are called the splanchnic nerves. V is the situation of the stomach, and in connection with 8, is the vital centre from which the whole organism is developed, and on which it de- pends. The nerves in the vicinity of 8 are called the solar plexus, m, Mesenteric plexus, an offset from 8. S, Kenal plexus. H, Hypogastric plexus. The mesh of fibres near the heart is called the cardiac plexus and pulmonary plexus, and relates to the heart and lungs. Between a and q are fibres of the pharyngeal plexus that relate to the vocal organs. Figure 93. This diagram represents the intercords, or sympa- thetic nerves of the two sides, as drawn further apart than natural, to show the manner in which the nerves or cords, from the brain and from the ganglia converge to the middle line of the body, to form the prevertebral plexuses. No drawing that I have ever seen gives as just and clear an idea of the sympathetic system as this does ; though of course the details are omitted. 216 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. -5 Fig. 93. Fig. 93. a, Place of the eye. 6, Place of the nose, e, Place of the mouth, d, Ganglion of Ribes, which is sometimes absent. 1, Ophthalmic ganglion. 2, Spheno-palatine ganglion. 3, Naso- THE HEART. 217 palatine. 4, Otic. 5, Submaxillary. 6, Superior cervical. The two ganglia between 6 and 7 are the middle and lower cervical ; and, from the three, it will be seen that branches proceed from each side to the heart, to form e, the cardiac plexus. Thus it can easily be understood that mental influences reach the heart through these three branches. From 7 to 8, the ganglia are called the thoracic ; from 8 to 9, the lumbar ; and from 9 to 10, the sacral. Below 10, in the centre, is the ganglion impar, in which the right and left intercords unite. P is the pharyngeal plexus, that supplies the throat. V Is the vital centre; and below it is S, the semi-lunar ganglion. B, The renal plexus. m, Mesenteric plexus. E, The hypo-gastric. l 3 amp. Figure 94. Diagram to show the connections of the spinal cord and its nerves, with the sympathetic intercord, and its branches. B B B, Three of the vertebral bones. One of the 218 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. bones is left out, to show the connections of the nerves. 1, Spinal cord, extending through the vertebral canal, amp, Anterior, middle, and posterior columns of the spinal cord. 2 2, Inter- cord. 3, One of the ganglia on the intercord. 4 V, Splanchnic nerves, proceeding to and from the brain, and from the series of ganglia to the viscera. 5, Short trunk of the spinal nerve. 6, Anterior, or motor, root of spinal nerve. 7, Posterior, or sen- sory root of spinal nerve. 8, Anterior branch of spinal nerve.' 9, Posterior branch, going to be distributed to the back, without forming any connection with the intercord. 10, Ganglion on the posterior root of spinal nerve. 11 and 12, Short cords, through which the spinal and the sjnnpathetic communicate fibres to each other. Pig. 95. Figure 95. Ideal transverse section of the vertebra, spinal cord, intercord, vital centre, and spinal nerves, to show their THE HEAET. 219 connections. B, Bone of the vertebra. 1, Section of the spinal cord. 2, Section of the intercord. 4, Splanchnic nerve that connects the intercord with the vital centre. 5, Trunk of spinal nerve. 6, Anterior, or motor root of spinal nerve. 7, Posterior root, showing the place of its connection with the spinal cord. 10, Ganglion on posterior root. 8, Branch of spinal nerve, going to be distributed in front. 9, Posterior branch, going to be distributed to the back. 11 and 12, Short cords that connect the spinal cord with the intercord. Fig. 96. Figure 96. Diagram showing the principal nervous centres, their relative positions and arrangements. The posterior series — the crosses — represent the centres placed in the spinal cord ; one centre being reckoned for each vertebra. The middle series, represented in the diagram by small circles, are the ganglia on 220 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. The real use of these are undetermined, but they are probably designed to act upon the capillary blood vessels, to regulate the circulation in the nerves of sensation, increasing it when the nerves have extra- ordinary labor to perform. I do not believe that any ganglia are found on any nerves of motion. The anterior series— the dashes — represent the ganglia, which are attached to the inter- cord, or sympathetic nerve. The star at the top of the series of crosses indicates the place of the conscious centre. The letters and dots in the face, and in the anterior part of the body, repre- sent the ganglia which are specially related to the vital func- tions in their immediate vicinity, a, The situation of the opthalmic, or lenticular, ganglion, h, Spheno palatine, c, Naso palatine, d, Otic, e, Submaxillary, f, The place of the phaiyngeal plexus, g, The cardiac, h, The solar plexus and vital centre, i, The renal plexus, j, The hypogastric. Figure 97. Diagram of the base of the human brain, and the cranial nerves. A, Base of the anterior lobe, in which the lower THE HEAET. 221 IS Directive organs are located. M, Base of the middle lobe, in which the lower Ipseal organs are situated. P, Base of the pos- terior lobe, in which the lower Social organs are situated. G, Base of the cerebellum. S C, Spinal cord, the upper part of which is the oblongata, d, Decussation, or crossing of some fibres of the lower part of the oblongata, from one side to the other, which is supposed to account for injuries in one side of the body, producing paralysis on the other side, a, Anterior pyramid or column of the oblongata, o, Olivaria, or olivary body. P. V. Pons Varolii, or bridge of Varolius, which con- nects the two halves of the cerebellum, x , Commissure, or place of junction of the two optic nerves. F, Fissure of Sylvius, which divides the anterior from the middle lobe. The numerals indicate the twelve cranial neiwes, as they are enumerated in the text. 1, The Olfactory. 2, The Optic. 3, The Oculo-motor, that moves the eye upward, inward, and downward. 4, The Patheticus, that moves the eye a little in- ward and upward. 5, The Trigeminus, that gives sensibility to the face, moves the jaw, and gives the sense of taste to the fore part of the tongue. 6, The Abducens, that moves the eye out- ward. 7, The Auditory. 8, The Facial, that moves the face, in expression. 9, The Glossopharyngeal, that gives general sensi- bility to the throat, and taste to the back part of the tongue. 10, The Vagus, or Pneumo-gastric, that gives the sensations of hun- ger, thirst, suffocation, and pain from the nutritive viscera. 11, Accessory, that moves the lungs. 12, Hypo-glossal, that moves the tongue. Note. — By irritating the sympathetic after the death of an animal, contraction may be excited in any part of the alimentary canal — in the heart, aorta * * * thoracic duct, ductus, chole- doctus, uterus, fallopian tubes vas deferens and vesicular semi- nales. But the very same contractions may be produced by irritating the roots of the spinal nerves from which the sympa- thetic trunks receive their white fibers. — Carpenter's Physiology. 222 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. Pig. 98. Figure 98. A, Vagus, or pneumo-gastric. B, Glossopharyn- geal. C, Trigeminus. H, Heart. 8, Stomach. 1, Gasserian ganglion on the trigeminus. 2, Jugular ganglion on the glosso- pharyngeal. 3, Petrous ganglion. 4, Ganglion of the root of the vagus. 5, Ganglion of the trunk of the vagus. 6, Upper, or opthalmic branch of the trigeminus. 7, Middle, or upper maxillary branch. 8, Lower maxillary branch. 10, Nerve that moves the jaw. 11, Cardiac branch of the vagus, connected THE HEAET. 223 with the heart. 12, Puhnonary branch, connected with the lungs. 13, Gastric branch distributed upon the stomach. 14, The oblongata, or centre of all the sensory nerves, and phreno- organs. The diagram shows that though these nerves originate from very different and distant parts of the face and body, they all meet in the oblongata, thus demonstrating its importance. LOCATIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE EMOTIONS. The highest modern authorities are now agreed that all the mental faculties, including the emotions, are located in some part of the brain. Prof. William Hammond, of Bellevue College, N". Y., says: "The mind, under which term is included the intellect, the emotions, and the will, is ordinarily supposed to have its seat wholly in the brain.* Dr. Gall was the first to teach this fact. Bronsais, the cotemporary of Gall, and one of the most distinguished physiologists of Europe, in his earlier writings opposed the doctrines of Gall. He said: ' Prof. Richerand sides with Cabanis in referring the instinct- ive determinations (propensities) to the viscera; and the truth of this fact seems to be no longer doubted by any one except Gall.' Bronsais afterward not only became a convert to Gall's views, but wrote a splendid work advocating and illus- * Those physiologists who ignore phrenology, do not agree among themselves as to what part of the brain is the seat of the emotions. Some locate them in the oblongata, others in the pons varolii, and a few, including Dr. Carpenter, in the sub- cerebral ganglia. Their reasons for these locations are merely conjectural or fanciful, whereas the phrenologists found their conclusions upon positive observations. They point to the fact that temperament, health, and all else equal, the manifestations of particular emotions are proportional to the development of the phrene organs of the propensities, the excitement of which produces the emotions. 224 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. trating phrenology. Virey, another able writer, remarked: 'Dr. Gall pretends that the passions reside in the brain and not in the ganglionic (sympathetic) system, yet who does not know that the minutest reptiles, worms and insects, experience fear, desire, and love. There are then passions without the inter- vention of brains. The passions, properly speaking, belong therefore to animals as well as to man, because they reside in the ganglionic nervous system, and produce emotions of the heart.' " M. Tupper, also, in his inquiries concerning Dr. Gall's system, said: " We are far from consenting that the different organs of the affections and passions are concentrated in the brain. The opin- ions of the philosophers of antiquity, as well as those of our own time, supported by the testimony of consciousness, have placed in the procordial organs, or in those of internal life (which are farther distant, and which appear the most independent of the brain), the seat of our most impetuous passions." Bichat, who is by many regarded as the greatest of modern physiologists, and who died in 1802, taught that " the ganglionic system of nerves (the sympa- thetic) and the abdominal viscera are the sole seats of the affections and passions." — See Gall on the Functions of the Brain. The nerves commonly included under the general term sympathetic or ganglionic system (Fig. 92), un- doubtedly consist of two distinct and independent sys- tems, one of which has for its function to transmit the influences of the emotions to the heart and arteries, and other vital organs; these might with propriety be denominated the emotional nerves. The other sys- tem has for its office to produce co-operation among the vital organs themselves; these may be denomin- THE HEART. 225 ated the vital system,. They are, automatically speak- ing, bound up with the emotional nerves, and are dis- tributed along with them to the various organs of the body; but they are independent of the mind and the brain; they act involuntarily and without exciting consciousness. I have no idea that the vital, or indeed any other organs, require the assistance of nerves to enable them to perform their own peculiar and sepa- rate functions, but they need nerves to enable them to co-operate. It is obviously necessary for the heart, stomach, intestines, liver, lungs and arteries to act in concert. To effect this harmonious co-operation, a complicated network of nerves is absolutely necessary. The heart can pulsate, the stomach can digest, and the liver can secrete bile without the aid of nerves; but they cannot all increase or decrease their action together without the means of inter-communication. It is not requisite that these vital nerves should be connected with the mind; they can perform their functions better without its interference. They act during sleep, when the functions of the brain are sus- pended, and they continue their operations during the waking hours in the same manner. The emotional system of nerves suspend their functions during sound sleep, and even during the waking hours, provided the propensities are not excited ; but the instant one of these is aroused, an emotion follows, which transmits its peculiar influence to the vital organs, to bring them into co-operation and harmony with the mind. Dr. Gall was not only the first to demonstrate that the emotions reside in the brain, but he was also the first to assert that the sympathetic nerves are the agents through which the emotional influences are 15 226 MYSTEKIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. transmitted to the vital organs. This opinion has since been confirmed by the experimental vivisections of Brown-Sequard and others. It will be evident, however, after reading the following quotations from the writings of eminent physiologists, that those inter- esting experiments did not lead them to a knowledge of what I conceive to be the real relations of the emo- tions to the vital organs. I have been unable to find any author who has described these relations as func- tional; on the contrary, the emotional influence is regarded by all of them as abnormal and deranging. Dr. Carpenter says: " It is difficult to speak with precision of the functions of the sympathetic ; there is much reason to believe, however, that it constitutes the channel through which the passions and emotions of the mind affect the organic (vital) functions, and this especially- through its power of regulating the calibre of the arteries. We have examples of the influence of these states of the mind upon circulation, in the palpitation of the heart which is produced by an agitated state of feeling; in syncope, or suspension of tho heart's action which sometimes comes on from a sudden shock; in the acts of blushing and turning pale, which consists in the dilatation or contraction of the small arteries ; and in the sud- den increase of the salivary, lachrymal and mammary secretions under the influence of peculiar states of the mind." Dr. Carpenter suggests, as Gall did, that probably the sympathetic brings the organic or vital into relation with the animal or mental, but neither he nor Gall has given any intimation ac to what the relation is. Indeed, Dr. Carpenter, in his Mental Physiology, expressly states that " unless the emo- tions get the better of the will, they do not act down- ward upon the organic (vital) functions." Mr. Bain, in his work on " The Emotions and the Will," remarks: THE HEAET. 227 " It is well known thiat mental excitement has an immediate influence upon all the organic functions ; one set of passions, such as fear, have a deranging effect, while the exhilaration of joy, within moderate bounds, would appear to operate favorably. "There is evidence to prove that the state of anger is associ- ated with extensive derangement of the general secretions of organic life." Prof. Austin Flint, Jr., of Bellevue College, New York, in his splendid work on Physiology, p. 239, says: " The Pneumogastric nerves undoubtedly perform the important function of regulating the force and frequency of the heart's pul- sations" Dr. Flint puts the above expression in italics to convey his idea of its importance; and then proceeds to argue that the regulating consists in preventing those irregularities which would otherwise be inju- rious. If the views which I am advocating are correct, the irregularities of the heart's action (during health) are produced by the emotions, through the medium of those very nerves (branches of the emotional system), the office of which Dr. Flint supposes to be to prevent irregularities. I have an idea that the functions of the heart, and indeed all the vital functions, would be more regular if the cerebral nerves did not affect them at all. The cerebral (sympathetic) nerves com- municate with the heart and the arteries on purpose to produce such irregularities as will bring the vital functions into co-operation with the excited state of the mind. Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his " Principles of Psychol- t," Yol. I, says: 228 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. " There is found to exist a system of nerves which diminish action — inhibitory nerves they are called — and through one of these, it is concluded that the medulla oblongata reins in the heart when the cerebral irritation is excessive." There is undoubtedly a system of inhibitory nerves that proceed from the brain when Cautiousness, Rev- erence and other inhibitory propensities are excited; and there is also another system of propulsive nerves proceeding from the brain, that instead of reining in the heart's action, transmit to it the influence of courage, hope or love, and cause it to act with redoubled energy to supply the blood to the parts of the body which those emotional faculties call into action. I cannot, for a moment, admit the doctrine sanctioned by Mr. Spencer and Dr. Flint, that the oblongata, the brain or any nervous apparatus reins in, or regulates the heart, excepting to bring it into co-operation with the mind. Dr. William Murray, of London, in his " Treatise on Emotional Disorders," says: "Emotion does the most mischief to the organs over which the will has the least power." This is undoubtedly true. The will has no direct power over the vital organs. But the emotions have very great effects upon them, not only independently of the will, but against the most strenuous efforts of the will. Is it not strange that these able authors, while observing so accurately the mischievous effects of the emotions upon the vital functions, have never even inquired whether these emotional influences were not in some way necessary to the proper performance of the vital and animal functions? It is true that the vital functions would be better performed if the emo- THE HEART. 229 tions were prevented from interfering with them; but it is also evident, to me at least, that the mental and voluntary functions would be performed in a very imperfect manner, if the emotions were deprived of their power of forcing the heart, and other vital organs, to co-operate with and assist them. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. The ideas of writers upon the mental faculties are so inconsistent with physiology and phrenology, that it is necessary to define some of the terms used in this essay, and to point out clearly the distinctions and relations which I conceive to exist between the Intel- lectual faculties, the propensities, the emotions and the vital organs. 1. All the powers of the mind are included under the term mental faculties. 2. The mental faculties are divided into two grand divisions, namely, the intellectual faculties and the propensities. 3. Any mental faculty may exist in a dormant or latent state, not only when we are asleep, but also when there is no circumstance or occasion present to call it into action. 4. When a mental faculty is excited, it produces a state of conciousness (a state of mind) which we recognize and distinguish as different from the state of mind produced by any other faculty. 5. The states of mind produced by the intellectual faculties are called perceptions, thoughts, ideas, reas- onings, judgments, conceptions, imaginations and memories. 6. The states of mind produced by the propensities 230 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. are denominated emotions, passions, feelings, affec- tions or sentiments. 7. The state of mind produced by a powerful and greatly excited propensity, is sometimes called a pas- sion, while the state produced by the higher and more gentle propensities are termed sentiments. 8. The nerves of the external senses transmit impressions from the external world to the mind, producing states of conciousness which we term sen- sations. These sensations should properly be classed with intellectunl operations. The external senses are in reality the lowest species of intellectual organs. The higher cerebral intellectual faculties are super- added to these. 9. The nerves of internal and bodily sensation transmit to the mind sensations of a very different kind and for a different purpose. Their uses are to inform the mind of the conditions of the body, and to prompt the mind to make voluntary exer- tions to gratify the body and relieve its wants. These nerves may be regarded as organs of the lowest species of propensities, to which the higher cerebral propen- sities are superadded. Hunger, thirst, pain, nausea, sleepiness, weariness, faintness, amorousness, pneumor, a desire for air, and thermor, a sense of cold and heat, belong in this category. Whether these nerves act directly upon the mind, or whether each has a special representative in the brain through which it affects the mind, is a question that cannot, at present, be answered with positiveness. The probability is that each sense has the power to affect the mind directly, the instant it is impressed, but that, to keep the mind THE HEART. 231 a long time attentive to the impression, a cerebral organ is necessary, especially in the higher animals. 10. Feeling is a general term which is used to express several different ideas. We say gold feels heavy; furs have a soft, warm feeling; I feel comfort- able, or I feel sorry. The passions and emotions were by Spurzheim denominated feelings. I prefer to use the word emotion in this sense. Each propensity, when excited, produces a peculiar state of the con- sciousness, which may be denominated an emotion. According to this definition, hunger and thirst, and several other states of mind which are usually called appetites, or bodily sensations, must be included among the emotions. But this difficulty is unavoidable, unless we coin a new word to express this idea. It will be evident to any one who adopts this theory of the emo- tions which I am proposing, that we must use lan- guage that will enable us to distinguish clearly between 1, the dormant faculty; 2, the state of mind that it produces when excited; and 3, the effects which it produces upon the heart and other vital organs. We must no longer speak of a feeling or an emotion as a faculty; we may as well regard a thought as a faculty. There is no objection to using the term emotional faculty, to signify a propensity which, when excited, produces a state of mind called an emotion. It is often convenient to use this expression. A propensity is a natural disposition to do certain kinds of things. It may, and, during much of the time, does exist in a dormant state. When excited, it instantly acts upon the consciousness and produces a state of mind called an emotion. 232 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. THE WILL. If some of the faculties approve and others oppose, a struggle occurs between the contending forces, and the result is denominated the will. The intellectual faculties never constitute any part of the will. Their office is to furnish the knowledge which excites or allays the excitement of the propensities. They are the teachers and guides, and not the masters of the propensities; the propensities are the steam engines, the intellect is the surveyor and engineer. That the will is distinct from the intellect, is proved by the fact that the intellect is often forced by the will to think upon a particular subject, to the exclusion of others; thus, we can will to solve a problem instead of com- posing a discourse, although the latter would be the more agreeable task. THE USES OE THE EMOTIONS. ' What is the use of the emotions in the mind? I am not aware that this question has ever been asked before, but it seems to me well worth considering. Why do not the propensities, when excited, proceed at once to gain their objects by the aid of the intellect, without each first producing a peculiar state of the mind? I venture to answer: The use of the emotion, in the mind, is to give notice to all the other faculties, that the propensity is excited and inclined to produce certain results by getting control of the body. The other faculties, being thus fairly notified, have an opportunity to approve or oppose the proceeding. THE INDEPENDENCE OF EACH EMOTION. When an emotion is excited, it cannot act upon the the voluntary organs of the body without the consent THE HEART. 233 » of the will, but it can act upon the vital organs with- out the consent of any other faculty.* A single excited propensity can powerfully and specially influ- ence the vital organs, not only without the concur- rence of the will or the intellect, but against the efforts of both. When anger, or love, or fear is excited, the heart and the blood vessels are disturbed, and the cir- culation in the hands and cheek vary instantly, before we have time to think or will or determine anything. Even when we have time to think and will, and do so with all our power, it sometimes happens that the emotion will not down at our bidding; the heart will palpitate and the cheek redden or pale in spite of all our voluntary efforts to prevent them. So when we think of anything delicious and sour, like strawberries or lemons and sugar, the saliva flows into our mouths without the slightest regard to our will our wishes or our intellect. Let us recapitulate some of the principal facts: 1. The fact that there are two separate and distinct sets of nerves through which the mind influences the body: one set consists of volitional nerves, through which the will moves the voluntary muscles, and the other set consists of the emotional nerves, through *This view of the functions of the propensities and emotions, enables us to understand why the intellectual organs are so much smaller than the organs of the propensities. The intellectual organs only act upon the mind, and do not affect the body ; but each of the propensities acts in two directions : it acts upon the mind and intellect, to control volition ; and it also, through the emotional (sympathetic) nerves, influences the whole vital system. We can also understand why some of the propensities require larger organs than others (Cautiousness, Submissiveness and Parentiveness, for examples). It is because their frequent dorn- inence and conservative influence is so much needed. 234 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. which a single propensity and its emotion can affect the vital organs and vary their functional movements. 2. That while the volitional movement is voluntary, the emotional movement is entirely involuntary. 3. That the emotional movement precedes the voli- tional. It precedes thought and anticipates will. 4. The fact that the normal effects of the emotion upon the bodily organs are precisely such in all cases as to quality them for the movements which are to be required, if the excited emotions get control of the mind. Anger does not wait until the fight begins, before it sends blood to the hands and feet and face, and the external senses; it acts the instant the con- test is suggested to the mind. The alkaline saliva enters the mouth before the delicious sour fruit can possibly be put into it. 5. The excited emotion not only acts generally upon the vital organs as a whole, but it often acts spec- ially upon a limited set of vital organs, as in the case of the salivary on the mammary glands. What is denominated emotional expression, depends, in some degree, upon this fact, that each emotion produces its own- peculiar and distinctive effects both upon the vol- untary and involuntary organs of the body. 6. The same propensity, when excited, always pro- duces precisely the same kind of effects both upon the mind and the vital organs; it either increases or it diminishes vital action ; the same propensity does not at one time increase and at another time diminish the circulation. The law is that any propensity which, when excited, tends to increase voluntary exertion, produces an emotion which increases vital action also; THE HEART. 235 and, on the contrary, any propensity that restrains voluntary exertion does the same to vital action. 7. The intellectual faculties, when ever so much excited, have no effect whatever upon the vital organs. They neither increase nor diminish the circulation of the blood. They receive impressions through the external senses; they perceive and remember the qualities of objects, and they reason concerning them, and concerning the various emotional experiences of the mind; they also, when goaded by the will, direct and guide the limbs, and all the voluntary muscles, to the objects which will gratify the dominent propensi- ties. The intellect, alone, has no desires and produces no emotions and no actions. LONG-CONTINUED ACTION OF THE EMOTIONS. It seems to be assumed by all writers upon this subject, that the emotions only affect the vital organs upon extraordinary occasions, or in times of great excitement; whereas, I conceive the truth to be that they pervade the whole body with their influences almost continually, not only while we are awake, but even during sleep, when the brain is excited by dreams. Whenever we do anything, or think of doing anything, the propensity that prompts the thought stimulates a thousand nerve fibrils to act upon innumerable distant blood-vessels, and causes them to vary their action in sympathy. It is only when a propensity is violently excited that we are able to perceive its effects upon the larger vital organs — the heart, the lungs, the stomach, or the liver. In ordinary cases the emo- tional influence operates imperceptibly. When ambi- tion, avarice or anxiety predominates habitually in the mind, the morbid propensity pours an almost con- 236 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. stant stream of its own peculiar emotional influence upon the heart, and its myriads of minute arterial vessels — silently, unconsciously, but inevitably chang- ing the character of the whole constitution, and bring- ing it into accordance with the condition and character of the mind. RELATION OF FAITH AND EXPECTATION TO THE EMOTIONS. - The preliminating influence of the emotions is in no degree under the direction of the intellect or of the will. When we imagine our hand being burned or crushed, an emotion is excited by the thought, and that varies the circulation in the hand without our willing. When we think of the dentist coming to pull out a tooth, it often stops aching, because the emotional influence that accompanies the thought modifies the circulation near the tooth, and as soon as the influence ceases the aching returns. It is curious and instructing that willing the tooth to stop aching does not stop it, but imagining and expecting the dentist pulling it does. The same is true in all cases of emotional |>reiimination. If we will the face to become pale and the hands to become cold, no effect follows, but if we can imagine a situation and scene of great danger with sufficient vividness, the prelim- inating paleness will follow. So if we will to shed tears we cannot, but we can read an imaginary story which will produce the requisite emotional state, and the tears will follow as a natural consequence. On this principle we can understand the modus operandi by which warts are charmed away from the hand, by the influence of the patient's own emotional state of mind affecting the local capillary circulation. In the THE heart. 23? * same way scrofulous swellings, or king's evil, were cured by the supposed influence of the King of Eng- land, as described by Shakspeare in Macbeth: " At his touch, Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand, They presently amend ; How he solicits heaven Himself best knows ; but strangely visited people All swol'n and ulcerous, pitiful to the eye, The mere despair of surgery, he cures." The will and the emotions have this in common, that when the mind is put into a proper state, the appropriate effects upon the body follow without any mental direction. Thus when we will to stoop and pick a pin from off' the floor, we bring more than a score of muscles into play simultaneously, balance ourselves, and make all the requisite movements, without thinking of any of them. We only will the results,, and a complicated apparatus does the rest better without our guidance than with it. Just so the excited emotion of anger merely has to take pos- session of the intellect, and cause us to imagine an offense, and the blood mounts to the face and rushes into the limbs. If we think of acid fruits, that is sufficient to rouse the specific emotional influence which increases the flow of saliva. Precisely the same principle applies to the cure or the aggravation of local diseases. It is not requisite for the sufferer to understand the anatomy or physiology ot the parts, the nature of the disease, or the manner in which the effects are to be produced. He has only to imagine a result, and all the links, between the imagination and the result are furnished by nature, without our taking any thought about it. 238 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEAET. The influence of the mind in curing or aggravating diseases has long been known, and it has been con- sidered a sufficient explanation to say that the results are produced by faith, by imagination, by expectation or by expectant attention. But these are only names for causes and processes, the real nature of which was unknown. It was observed that when some patients had faith in certain remedies, they were more fre- quently cured than when they had none, and the happy results were, therefore, very naturally attrib- uted to their faith; it was observed that when patients confidently expected certain effects, they actually hap- pened much more frequently than when they had no such expectations. In these cases the results were attributed to .expectation, and the explanation was regarded as satisfactory. Di\ Carpenter, and other modern physiologists, seem to think that they have made an important advance by varying the expression, and calling it expectant attention, and declaring that this produces the important results which have here- tofore been attributed to faith or to imagination. It is difficult to perceive that one of these expressions is better or worse than the others. The question is, what is the physiological change that occurs? and in what way does expectant attention produce the change? These questions I conceive that I have answered, by showing that when we contemplate a result which it requires a vital change to produce, the emotions spon- taneously produce the requisite vital changes, without our conciousness or volition. The faith, expectation or imagination in such cases, is not the cause, but merely one of the necessary pre-conditions; just as aiming a gun correctly is one of the necessary con- THE HEAET. 239 ■t ditions, but not the cause, that impels the ball to the mark. Three links in the chain which constitutes this new theory of the emotions, have been furnished by my predecessors: 1. That the emotions are located in the brain. 2. That a distinct system of nerves connect the brain with the vital organs. 3. That through these nerves the emotions produce powerful, exciting and restraining effects upon those organs. Another link is wanting to constitute a proper theory, and I have endeavored to supply it, by showing that the emotions exert their influences upon the vital organs for a normal and useful purpose, and that the ill effects Note. — The advocates of the development theory of the origin of species have insisted that the frequent use or exertion of a limb, or any other organ, in a particular direction or manner, must have resulted in the greater extension and development of that organ, and in this manner they account for the modification of a species until it becomes a new species. The opponents of this doctrine admit that many varieties of a species may be produced in this way, but deny that a new species has ever resulted from this or any other natural cause. Without entering into this con- troversy, I wish to point out the fact that the new explanation of the emotions which I am proposing, has an evident and important bearing upon the subject, by showing that the mere desire or long continued thought upon a subject, even when the limbs are not put into actual use with reference to it, by increas- ing the circulation in the limb, will contribute to its extension. It is not necessary for the mind to perceive the manner or direc- tion of the needed development, but only to think upon the results desired, and the emotional nature will cause the necessary developments in the proper directions. How much more this influence is exerted upon the lower forms of animal life than the higher, and whether it is sufficient to carry modifications to the length of producing new species, I leave to be determined by those who are devoting their minds specially to this subject. 240 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. are due to the excessive, and not to the proper and normal action of the emotions. WHY ARE MEN MORE INTELLECTUAL AND WOMEN MORE EMOTIONAL ? AND WHY ARE CHILDREN MORE EMO- TIONAL THAN ADULTS ? We regard those persons as emotional who give fre- quent and strong expression to their emotions, and we assume that they are more intellectual who suppress their emotional expressions. It is true in this sense only, that women and children are more emotional than men. First, let us inquire what advantage there is in being free from the power of the emotions. As a general rule it is the duty and business of men to go out into the world and contend for the means of living, and for social position. In doing this they require health, courage, firmness and intellect. If one allows his feel- ings to be excited beyond a certain point, there are others watching him — cunning as foxes ; rapacious as wolves; merciless as tigers, to take advantage of him. The amiable, sympathetic, confiding, generous-hearted man is soon ruined. In our large cities, by the law of "natural selection," the credencive, amiable and emo- tional characters are continually weeded out, and the entire field ultimately left to the cool-headed man, whose noblest emotions are all held in check. Women are not generally subjected to struggles of this nature. They only rival each other in dress and manners, in household skill and agreeableness of disposition. Before marriage they are protected from wrong, not only by their own shrewdness, but by the courage and power of their fathers, brothers and uncles; after mar- riage, by the same manly qualities in the husband, THE HEAKT. 241 with the addition of t a terrible, but perhaps dormant jealousy. Before marriage she is treated like a child, and after marriage she is still protected like one. If men were treated in this manner for a hundred gen- eration, they would become as emotional as women. It is not in intellect that men are so much superior to women, as in the predominance of the propensities that enable them to suppress their own sympathies and take advantage of those of others. If women lack firmness and courage, men lack faith, reverence and confidingness. A man loves a woman or a child who has these qualities, but woe to the man who possesses them himself. When he goes out into the world, he goes like a sheep among wolves. Nature makes children emotional while they are in a state of dependence, and under parental protection, but when the boy is old enough to act for himself, he "puts away childish things, 1 ' and "girds up his loins like a man." LAUGHTER AND TEARS. Laughter and tears are neither of them intellectual operations; they are eminently emotional. Laughter belongs to the class of exalting emotional manifesta- tions, and tears to the depressing. The theory which I am advocating enables us to give a physiological explanation of both phenomena. "When pleasing and joyous emotions are excited, the blood vessels become filled and the muscles ready and prepared for action. If at the same time there is no serious occasion to do any thing to show our joy by muscular exertion, even playfully, the surplus energy is thrown off by laughter. It is the playful exercise 242 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. of the vocal and respiratory organs. We not only laugh when we see any thing ludicrous, but when we are pleased for any reason. The primary cause of laughter is in the brain, the effect is upon the respira- tory and vocal organs. Submissive reverence is op- posed to laughter because it belongs to the depressing class of propensities. The moment we become rever- ential we stop laughing, for the same reason that we stop all other kinds of playing. Crying and tears are the opposite of laughter ; they are caused by a sudden suppression of the invigorating or exalting emotions and the sudden excitement of the depressing. The two most powerful depressing emotions are fear and reverence. They both, when excited, produce coldness of the extremities and the skin, check the insensible perspirations, and change them to watery secretions. When fear is greatly excited, cold sweat exudes from the skin. If the skin had maintained its warmth this sweat would have passed away in invisible vapor, but now it gathers upon the skin, just as drops gather upon a window, when the previously invisible moisture is deposited upon it from the air of a warm room that is suddenly chilled. The same moisture-gathering process goes on internally; when sudden fear invades the body and mind, the bowels and kidneys are filled with moisture and their action increased. Tears are often produced by disappointment. When the mind is in a joyous state, and is expecting some important gratification, the face is flushed with the arterial blood; then suddenly disappointment comes and checks the genial flow of spirits, and we are unwil- lingly forced to submit. Disappointment is not itself a propensity; it is an negative quality, a reaction of THE HEART. 243 the invigorating emcftions. Just as a stream that is suddenly checked by an obstruction overflows its banks, turns back upon itself!, and threatens mischief to its borders; so the emotional capillary arteries of the brain and face, that a moment before were com- municating joy and energy to the mind and body, are suddenly arrested in their action ; and in many cases fatal mischief would certainly follow, were it not that nature has provided an outlet at the eyes. In the act of vocal crying the same object is attained as in laughing; the surplus arterial energy is thrown off in both cases through the same channel, and relief afforded to the brain. The remark has often been made, though not by physiologists, that tears relieve the heart, and that it is a dangerous symptom when a deeply-afflicted person is unable to shed tears. Shake- speare makes Malcolm express this idea when Mac- duff hears of the murder of all his children: " Give sorrow words ; the grief that does not speak, Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and hids it break." PHYSIOLOGY OF VOCAL EXPRESSION. INVOLUNTARY, INTELLECTUAL, AND EMOTIONAL. It is a curious and interesting fact, that in almost every department of our nature the voluntary and the involuntary are combined together. It seems that the Creator made our functions involuntary wherever it was practicable to do so, and that he has given the mind no control or care except when it could not well be avoided ; our thoughts and feelings are but slightly under the control of our will ; our emotions produce powerful effects upon mind and body, whether we will 244 MYSTERIES OF HEAD AND HEART. or not; our power over them is limited within very narrow bounds. It is commonly supposed that our speech is entirely voluntary, but I propose to show that this is far from being the case; on the contrary, our vocal organs, which produce accent and pause, are so intimately connected with the involuntary functions of pulsation and respiration, that both the accents and pauses of speech are in a great measure involuntary also. I am not aware that any other writer has men- tioned this fact, and I will therefore endeavor to explain and illustrate it as clearly as possible. Our involuntary motions may be divided into those that are made occasionally, as circumstances render them necessary, and those that are made regularly and consecutively. The pulsations of the heart and arte- ries, and the movements of the respiratory apparatus, are the only regular motions. In ordinary health, when the emotions are passive, the pulsations of an adult are about seventy per minute. These pulsations are observed in all parts of the body, and in the brain. In adults the average number of pulsations to the respirations is nearly as five to one. I find that accents and pauses are remarkably coincident with pulsations and respirations in three particulars: first, accents are involuntary; second, they are regular in time; and third, the accents are to the pauses as five to one. 1. Accent is involuntary. — It seems to have been taken for granted that the accent of speech is like emphasis, a perfectly voluntary matter. It is true that we may place the accent on any syllables of a long word we please, but it requires a strong voluntary effort to keep from accenting any of them. Children THE HEAET. 245 and savages, without instruction, accent as perfectly and regularly as cultivated people. It is sometimes said that the French language has no accents. This remark can only mean that in French the rules are less rigid than in English. Custom may determine whether the accent shall be placed on the first, the second, or any other syllable, but it cannot exclude accent altogether, any more than it can prevent respiration. To prove this let any one rapidly repeat the syllables te-to-tum ten or fifteen times, and he will find himself uncon- sciously placing the accent on one of them. By an effort of will he may avoid it for a while, but the moment his attention flags he will begin to accent. Or let any one attempt to read a sentence of a language, (the Spanish, for instance,) that he does not under- stand, and concerning the customary accents of which he knows nothing, and he will find it extremely diffi- cult to repeat the words without accenting them, whether he does it correctly or not. 2. Accent is regular in time, and in this respect it is analogous to pulsation. When the emotions do not interfere, we make a definite number of accents in a given time. To prove this, read a few sentences of ordinary prose monotonously, without any attempt to express the meaning by variations of the voice, and you will find that you naturally, and without effort, make your accents at regular intervals of time; for example: PoZ^ical parties frequently resolve them- selves into y^ctions. Take another example, in which nearly all the words are monosylables, and are there- fore commonly supposed to be incapable of accent, and we shall find the accenting impulse asserting itself instinctively, as in the following sentence: " Take my 246 MYSTEEIES OF HEAD AND HEART. yoke npon you and learn of me, for / am meek and lowiy of hearth Accent is not a property of words, but a function of the vocal organs, to which words must conform. When we read rapidly we accent no often er than when we read slowly. To prove this, let us read the following sentence very slowly, putting italics to represent the accented syllables: And Agrippa, said unto Paid, Thou art permuted to speak for thyself; then Paul stretched forth his hand and answered for himself, saying, I think my- self happy, King Agrippa, that / am permuted to speak hefore thee this day. ISTow read the same sen- tence rapidly. And Agrippa, said unto Paid, Thou art permuted to speak for thyself; then Paid stretched forth his hand and