nr QUESTIONS Classes oi Trades School MASSACHUSETTS REFORMATORY. JUN 3 '910 4 I Introduction. This pamphlet contains lists of questions used in the several departments of the Trades School in the Massachusetts Reformatory, which the boys are required to answer. I, (with the assistance of the different Instructors) have arranged these questions in as simple a manner as possible, in order' to teach the boys how to work understandingly. The boys are not given in- struction in theory only, bnt are taught to do fradicaL work. Considering the short term the average boy spends in the Institution, I think it wise to give him in- struction in the practical, rather than the theoretical, part of the work ; as it will be of more advantage to him when he is released. Hoping that the contents of this pamphlet will be a help to each boy who studies it carefully, I remain. Respectfully Yours, E. M. COMERY, Sup'' t of Trades School. MASSACHUSETTS REFORMATORY. QUESTIONS FOR THE PLUMBING CLASS NO. I. REFORMATORY PRINT 1896. QUESTIONS. 1. Name the tools used in plumbing? 2. What is solder made out of? 3. What is lead tax made from? 4. Name the exercises in plumbing? 5. How would you tin a soldering iron? 6. What is used besides solder to make a cup joint? 7. Only what metals is it proper to use acid on? 8. What is the average size of pipe used for water service in a house? 9. Nime the different sizes in lead pipe and their weights per foot ? fo. Where is sink located in a house? 11. Where are laundry tubs located? 12, Where are bath tub, water-closet and set wash bowl located? 13. Is it proper to use acid on lead connecStions? 14. What is the difference between wiping solder and fine solder, same as used with iron ? 15. How would you clean solder? 16. What is needed to wipe a joint with? 17' What are wiping; cloths made from? 18. What are the sizes^ of wiping cloths? 19. Name the different wiping cloths? 20. How do you prepare a lead pipe to join it together^ joint to be wiped ? 21. How do you prepare a bolt joint? 22. How do you prepare an overcast joint? 23. HovV do you prepare a joint to wipe on a faucet? 24. What is irsed to prevent solder from sticUmg all over pipes? 25,. What is used tO' form a- nice straight edge on round^ foint? QUESTIONS FOR THE PLUAVBING CLASS, NO. 2. NOTES. Before commencing work understand liow each line of pipe is to be placed and where each connection is to he ni.'de. Make a (hagram of each line of pipe with its connections drawn to a scale. This will save money by saving- time and avoiding was^e of material. Do not use inferior material to secure a job or even to oblige the owner. The loss of reputation, which, in the end will ensue, will more than equal any profit which may be obtained. A leak in a soil pipe may cause death or the ruin of a life through sickness. As cast iron pipe depends for its strength and for freedom from Haws and sand-holes upon the soundness of the casting, it is best to deal with houses of estab- lished reputation only. Tarred pipe is the most durable, but the tar temporarily covers imperfe6lions in the casting. QUESTIONS. 1. What kind of pipe is used for drainage and waste water? 2. Is ventilation a benefit to house drainage? 3. What part of a trap should the ventilation be taken troui ? 4. Why is it that a fresh air vent is not practical un- less carried above the highest window in the house ? ^. What does syphoning a trap mean? 6. What size soil pipe is used mostly where there are six fixtures perpendicularly ? Water-closets and bowls? 7. What size soil pipe leading from a bath-room to drain should be used in order to get a proper flush ? 8. Is it proper to have a separate trap for bath-tub? 9. Is it proper to have a separate trap for wash-bowl ? 10. In order to prevent traps under fixtures from syphonage \vh it should be done? 11. How much seal of water has a water-closet trap got? 12. How much seal of water has a i 1-2 full S trap for sink? 13. How much seal of water has a round trap got? 14. Why is it that a round trap is not as pradlical as a full S trap? 15. What size lead may be used for waste for sinks and bowls? 16. What kind of a faucet is best to use over a urinal? 17. Why is it the best? 18. What is a cleanout in a drain? 19. What causes expansion and contra6fion in water pipes ? 20. What is a running trap, and what is it used for? 21. Is it proper to run condudlors into drain? 22. How would you conned cast iron pipe joints to- gether? 23. How would you run a joint in iron pipe when the pipe runs horizontally? 24. What does calking a joint mean? 25. What is a lead pipe fastened by when upright against a wall ? 26^ What is it fastened by when running across ceiling or side Walls. 27. What is soil pipe fastened by to wall when run- ning upright. 28. Name the different fittings used with 4 inch soil pipe ? 29. What is a tank used for? 30. What is a water-closet valve? 31. How is it operated? 32. Describe what a ball cock is? 33- What is it used for? 34. How large should a pipe from tank to water-closet be in order to get a good flush? 35. How high should an ordinary size tank be from floor to get a good flush ? 36. What is a trap and why is it used? 37. Name the different traps in ordinary use? -28. Do they always allow the waste from sink to enter drain without catching greasy matter? 39. Why is it they use a catch basin or a grease trap? 40. Name the tools needed to conned soil pipe? 41. Where is stop-cock placed to control water from going up through the house to fixtures? 42. Is there more than one stop-cock required in a modern improved house? 43. Name the fixtures conneded with modern im- provements ? 44 • Is it best not to enclose plumbing work from sight? And why? 45. What is a shower bath? 46. How is it arranged and where in the bath-room ? 47. In order to get a good flow of hot water in house where should tank be located ? 48. What care should be taken when arranging tank in above position? 49. Is it necessary for a plumber to understand plans? 50. What is the best way to test soil pipe? QUESTIONS FOR THE TINSMITH CLASS, H QUESTIONS. 1 . What tools are generally used in this trade ? 2. What are used for bench tools? 3. How man\' kinds of snips and shears are used? 4. How many hammers? 5. What are the names of machines used by tinsmiths? 6. Describe the use of each. 7. What stakes are used? 8. Name the use of each. 9. VVlial is a lap-seam? 10. What is a groove? 1 1. What is a double seam ? 12. What metals are commonly worked in this trade? 13. Name the different tins, and how they differ. 14. How are the different weights of tin expressed? 15. Which is the thicker, X or XX, etc. ? 15 i6. What is meant by charcoal tin? 17. What by coke tin? 18. What by terne tin? 19. What by Banca tin? 20. What by straits tin? 21. How many kinds of iron are used in this trade? 22. How is the weight expressed on American iron. 23. How on American galvanized? 24. How on Russia iron ? 25. What iron is best? 26. What is the most expensive, and why? 27. What the least expensive? 28. What is the difference in appearance? 29. Name the different kinds of copper usually worked in this trade. 30. What is meant by hard and soft copper? 31. What by planished copper? i6 32. What by tinned copper? 33. What by plain copper ? 34. What by bolt copper? 35. Name some of the uses of each. 36. How many kinds of zinc do we use? 37. Name some of the places in which zinc is better than iron (either plain or galvanized). 38. Why is zinc preferable to iron for roofs and val- leys on roofs, etc. r 39. Why is zinc usually put under stoves instead of iron or tin ? 40. Of what is solder composed? 41. What proportions? 42. When solder shrinks in cooling is it too coarse, or fine ? 43. What is meant by coarse, or fine? 44. How do you improve it if too coarse? 45' How, if too fine? 46. What do you use in soldering? 47. Why is resin used in soldering? 48. Why is muriatic acid used ? 49. How do you prepare a soldering copper for use? 50. How do you prepare iron for soldering? 51. How tin? 52. How zinc? 53. How lead? 54. What will melt at least heat, iron or solder? 55. What melts first, brass or solder? ^6. What melts first, zinc or solder? QUESTIONS ABOUT Brickwork, Lime, Mortar and Cement. FOR BRICKLAYING CLASS. BRICKWORK. Bond is an arrangement of bricks or stones laid beside and above each other, so that the vertical joints between any two bricks does not coincide with that be- tween any other two. (This is termed "breaking joints"). Header is a brick laid with an end to face of wall. Stretcher is a brick laid parallel to face of wall. Header Course or Bond is a course or courses of headers alone. Closers are pieces of bricks inserted in alternate courses, in order to obtain a bond by preventing two headers from being exa(5tly over a stretcher. Flemish Bond is laying of headers and stretchers alternately in each course. Guaged Work — Bricks cut and rubbed to exa6l shape required. String Course is a horizontal and projecting course around a building. Cornice is a projection which crowns or finishes the parts of a building. Color of Bricks depends upon composition of the clay, the moulding sand, temperature of burning and volume of air admitted to kiln. Pure clay, that is free from iron, will burn white. Presence of iron produces a tint rangirg from red and orange to a light yellow, according to proportion of iron. Why should bricks always be wet before being used ? Because a dry brick'will absorb the water from the mortar and will become a powdery mass of lime and sand and injure the binding power of the mortar. To find the number of bricks required for a build- ing or wall. Find the number of cubic feet by multiplying the length, height and thickness of walls (in feet) together. This multiplied by 22 1-2 (the number of bricks in a cubic foot) will be the number of bricks required. * To find the number of bricks in a wall. First ascertain the number of square feet of surface, and then multiply by seven for a 4-inch wall, by 14 for an 8-inch wall, by 21 for a 12-inch wall, and by 28 for a 16-inch wall. Above rules are for bricks 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 2 inches thick. Ouestioos About Lime, Mortar and Cement. I. How is lime obtained? By calcininoj limestone. 3. What is meant by calcining? Expellinj^ the moisture and the carbonic acid gas from the limestone by a6lion of heat, moisture and carbonic acid gas being component parts of limestone. 3. What is carbonic acid gas? It is poisonous ; it is found in the atmosphere ; it is thrown off in large quantities of decaying vegetable matter; it is produced by our breath and from burniiig charcoal ; it can be obtained from limestone by pouring sulphuric acid upon it. 4. What happens when lime is exposed to the air? It becomes air slaked. 5. What is meant by air slaked? Lime which, when exposed to the air, absorbs moisture and carbonic acid. This makes it unfit for mortar, because it is necessary that the carbonic acid gas he absorbed after the mortar is used. 6. How is mortar made? Mortar is made by mixing one part of slaked lime to two parts of clean, sharp sand. 7. How much water does lime absorb in slaking? About one-quarter its weight. 8. How much does lime expand when mixed with water ? Two or three times. 9. What sort of sand is the best for mortar? Clean, sharp sand. 10. How can sand be tested? By rubbing it on the palm of the hand. It should sciatch the skin, but not soil it. [i. Why is sea sand obje6lionable ? It has had its angles worn off by fri6tion, and it is impregnated with salt. [2. What harm does the salt do? Salt absorbs water. Mortar in which salt enters is constantly becoming damp, by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. 3. Will slaked lime keep without being mixed with water ? Yes; slaked lime, so long as it is protected from the atmosphere, is benefited by being kept, any impurities existing- in it become absorbed. H The Roinan building laws required it to be kept two years. In Ital\' the lime is always slaked when a building is commenced and kept in pits, covered with a layer of earth. When the slaked lime cracks, the earth is scraped off and the lime is sprinkled and cov- ered again. It is kept covered with earth to prevent the absorption of the carbonic acid gas from the atmosphere. . 14. How should slaked lime and sand be mixed to make mortar? It should be mixed so thoroughly that each grain of sand is covered with a thin film of slaked lime, and a sufficient quantity of slaked lime added to make a paste like moss. 15. What should be particularly guarded against.^ That no lumps of unslaked lime or masses of sand unmixed with lime should be left; both are injurious to the mortar. 16. Is there any advantage in keeping mortar after it is mixed with sand? Rather tlie reverse. As it commences to harden the only advantage is that the second working mixes the lime and sand as thoroughly as should have been done at first. 25 17. Why is mortar more adhesive than slaked lime unmixed with sand? Slaked lime, when dried in any quantity, will easily crumble, and also shrinks considerably as it dries. 18. When hair is added to mortar for plastering, what precaution must be taken ? The mortar must be cold, otherwise the hair will be burned and the plaster will be liable to fall. 19. How does mortar unite biicks? By entering into the pores of the bricks and forming a solid mass with the bricks. 20. How are cements divided? • They are divided into two classes — natural and artificial cement. 21. What is natural cement? Cement made from limestone containing about 20 per cent, of clay. Rosendale cement is a natural cement, and is from Rosendale, N. Y. 23. Name some of the artificial cements? Hydraulic, Roman and Portland cement. 23. What is hydraulic cement used mostly for? It is used in constru6tion of fortifications, break- waters, foundations of bridges, etc., because 26 of the useful properties which it possesses of rapidly settling when immersed in water. 24. What are some of the properties of Hydraulic cement ? The best of Hydraulic cement contains a large proportion of silica, alumina and magnesia. It does not slake after calcination, and will set under water in from 3 to 4 minutes, while others require as many hours. It does not shrink in hardening, and makes an excellent mortar without any admixture of sand. 25. What is Roman cement? It is made from a lime of peculiar chara6ler found in England and France, and derived from kidney shaped stones. It is about 33 per cent, of the strength of Portland, and is not adapted for use with sand. 26. What is Portland cement? It is made in England and France from chalk and clay ; this mixture is moulded into bricks burned in a kiln at a low temperature to expel the carbonic acid gas, and is ground to a pow- der. Portland cement is improved by age if kept from moisture. It possesses the advantage of being managed by ordinary workmen. As 27 quick setting cement is always difficult to use, it requires special workmen and an a6live supervision. The less water used in mixing cement the better. Bricks, stones, etc., used with cement should be well wet before used. In using sand with cement, at the end of a year i of cement to i of sand is about 75 per cent, of the strength of neat cement; i to 2, 50 per cent, strength; i to 3, 33 per cent, strength; i to 4, 25 per cent, strength; i to 5, 16 per cent, strength. The above requires clean and sharp sand. Salt water has a ten- dency to decompose cement of all kinds, and its strength is considerably impaired by a mix- ture with it. QUESTIONS BLACKSMITH CLASS, 30 QUESTIONS. 1. How should a forge be built? 2. How should a chimney be built? 3. What kind of a tuyere iron should be used? 4. Why are bellows or blowers used? 5. What is the difference between anthracite and bituminous coal? 6. What kind of coal is used in a forge? 7. Why is this kind used? 8. What is coke? 9. What is charcoal ? 10. When is charcoal used in blacksmithing? I r. Why should it be used? 12. How should a fire be built? 13. Why should we wet coal? 14. Describe the following-named tools and their uses: Flat and round pein hammers, sle