iP|i!illii;i;:ii:';-i.;^'- ^ q 0. > • » • .0 <5^ •" o « o ' .^€^'^ o *':v*- ^'^ .0' % 5°x. o > •v ^"•^*-^ -,«^"«° .^ '^-^. .-..% ^^ ^. „?: v.*. ^' ^^ -^^ .<^ >A\>^/ o > V ^ •^^. ''Vwr>' y ^\^ ^ ^^ V, * o . o ^ ^«5,^ ,^-^°- ^0 ^'•""^^^ y .*A^VA^%. ./' <'f^'- \..^^^'' •;^v •-^^,* ^^" "^ ^.y%Z' a"" ^'^ "-^ o » • • /■ ^ \ 'THE ANCIENT CITY." HISTORY ■OF- mmm, m mim. 1649—1887, BY ELIHl S. RILEY. ANNAPOLIS. RECOKD PRINTING OFB^ICE, 1887. / i^h n Entered, according to Act of Congress in the year 1887, by ELIHtl S. RILEY, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wash ington. C\'^ ^ <^A Annapolis, Feb. 1, 1887. In pursuance of the Act of 1886, Chapter 150, entitled "an Act to provide for a State subscription to Riley's History of Annapolis," the undersigned, designated by said Act, to examine said History, hereby certify that we "have examined said History, as prepared by said Riley, and find that it contains much valuable and interasting matter, a considerable portion of which has not hitherto appeared in any published history ; and believing, as we do, that the book will be of interest to the people of the State, we, therefore approve the same. Henry Lloyd, R. H. Alvey, E. P. Duvall. PREFACE. : o : This History of Annapolis has been written in hours taken from the days of a very busy life. They have been hours of labor, but hours lightened by the pleasures of the task. The annals of the brave, intelligent, chivalrous people who made the City of Annapolis celebrated, are part of the history of the nation. In the early days of the capital, the sturdy Puritans represented the austere and religious in its annals : the political and aggressive period followed the removal of the capital from St. Mary's to An- napolis ; the third stage was the golden age of Annapolitan history. Its people, polished in literature, skilled in politics, energetic in busi- ness, experienced the benefits of literary culture, maintained their rights against encroaching proprietaries, pushed their commerce into many seas, and enjoyed the opulence that active trade returns to intelligent enterprise. Then came the Revolutionary epoch. In it, no city in the colonies was more prompt and decisive in resisting the aggres- sions of the crown, and in supplying troops and sinews of war for carrying on active operations in the field against the British forces. After the Revolution, Annapolis declined in importance, but the loca- tion of the Naval Academy here in 1845 restored its national charac- ter. The connection by Short-Line railroad with Baltimore renews its ancient hopes of commercial importance. To gather the rays of light from their varied sources and to form them into one prism of information has made it necessary to search many volumes of history. trench on the memory and patience of numerous citizens, and to record, out of our own limited store-house of recollection, things new and old. In this task we have had the aid of the following public documents, journals, and histories : Maryland (razatte, William Parks, Pu])lisher. Annapolis, 1727, 1728, 1729. Maryland Gazdte, Jonas Green and descendants, publishers, 1745 to 1839. Ridgely's Annals of Annapolis, 1841. Historical View of the Government of Maryland, John V. L. Mc- Mahon, 1831. /'Vk** '''''* ^"^ Historv of Maryland, John Leeds ilBfe 2 vols., ISo;. Scharf's History of Maryland, 8 vols., 1879. Archives of Maryland, 3 vols., 1883. Appieton's Encyclopedia. Laws of Maryland, 1637 to 17(33. 6 PREFACE. Allen's History of St. Aune's Parish. 1857^. EJdis' Letters from Aniianolis. 17G9 to 1776. Lord Baltimore's Kent Roll for Anue Arundel. MSS. in the Land <.)llic»*. Survev? iti Annapolis, MSS. in the Land Office. JouruaU of Proceedings of the House, MSS., in the. Land Office, Auuapoli.-i and Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. Procee-lings of the Provincial Court, MSS. in the Land Office. Proceedings of tho Governor's council, MSS. Land Office. Marsliall's Life of Washington. Terra Mara*. Force's Tnicts. lieiflster of St. John's College. Report of the Legislature on St. .John's College. A Puritan Colony in Maryland. Dan'l. R. Randall. A Fre:ieh Officer's Letters from America. Soltrv'.- History of the Xaval Academy. Hou'sf and .Senate Documents. IStJl. Pr(»ceedings of the Corporation. I>>ckt-l I i the Mayor's Court of Annapolis, The Annapolis dazftt*'. The Muiyland GazfAfe. i New Issue.) Th*- R I .,riL Annapolis. The Ke- vised Cec- tire offices. To my venerable anil esteemed relative. Mrs. Kli/a Bonsall. now in the 84tii year of her age, of sound mind, keen memory, and well-or- dered intellect, Thereby gratefully acknowledge my great indebtedness for much valuable information, especially in the location of former landmarks and the identification of ancient houses in oiir city. To Di. George Wells, whose unremitthig and unsolicited efforts were largely instrumental in s«M'uring the option of a .State's subscription to thia History, I here record my high ajtpreciation of his friendly and invaluable services, that were n-Jidered in that lofty spirit which, when ci»uferringa favor. si«ems to !»♦• receiving »»ne. T am indebted to the memlH-rs of the Legislature who voted to PREFACE, 7 isustain the work. Had it not been for them this volume had possibly not been written. My thanks are particularly due to the unwearied assistance the Anne Arundel delegation gave in securing State aid to this work. To the many friends whose interest has encouraged and whose help- ful efforts have aided in the preparation of this work, I am gratefully indebted, and none the less to those, in many quarters, who were in- stant in season and out of season in bringing to the attention of Legis- tors, the merits of the proposed work, and in urging upon them the propriety of encouraging the publication by a State subscription. The author has endeavored to make the work essentially one of fact, and to present those facts in the language of those who lived this history, or who first chronicled the events to which they were co- temporary. He conceives that the plan will convey to the reader a better picture of the people and the times of which he wrote than any style he might adopt. If the halo of a State's glory is brightened by this work ; if any service has been rendered the commonwealth; if something valuable has been preserved from partial or total destruction by the History of Annapolis, the members of the Legislature who voted for chapter 150, Acts of 1886, are entitled to a large share of the credit to be accorded this volume. Thesa members are: In the Senate. President Edwin Warfield, Senator from Howard. Nicholas Brewer, " '' Anne Arundel. William D. Burchinal. " •• Kent. Charles T. Claggett. '• '• Prince George. K. Johnson Colton, " '' St. Mary's. ^ G-riffin W. Goldsborough, " •' Caroline. Thomas G. Hayes, " '' " Baltimore City. Clinton McCullough. «- - Cecil. A. Beall McKaig. '' '' Allegany. George Peter, <« .* Montgomery. Isidor Rayner, '< " Baltimore Citv. Harry W.Rusk. C. Bohn Slingluff, " " Baltimore county. Theophilus Tunis. " •' Talbot. In the House of Delegates. Speaker .loseph B. Seth, of Talbot county. Francis V. King, '' St. Mary's oountv. Charles P. Norris, " ^' Lewis C. Justice, Jr.. " Kent. John Ireland, •' Anne Arundel. E. E. Gott, Jr.. M. Tilghman Howard, " •' Oeo. N. Potee, '' " Francis Gantt, '' Calvert. PREFACE, John Hiihner, William Pole. Sr., Joseph S. Baldwin, Michael < >*Hani, James J. Lindsay. F. A. ("Benson, Paul Winchester, De Wiltoir~Sno wden . Fillmore Beall, William W. Busteed, ?Mward C. Legg, William l>ndley, R. Harris Archer, Charles W. Wright, John Y. Graham, James U. Willing, Edward D. Fitzgerald. John Rooney, Peter J. Campbell, Riciiard J. Penn, Charles II. Evans, C. Doot county. " Prince George's county. " Queen Anne's county. Harford county. Caroline county Baltimore City. ' Washingtdepexdexce 164 XXXVIIL AxxAPoLis DuRixiJ the Revolutioxary War 165 XXXIX. A Politi(;al Prisoxer ix ax xapolis During the Revolution 189 XL. Annapolis After the Revolution 192 XL I . Anna polis Wants to be the Capital of the Ukited States 198 XLll. Gexeral Washington Resigns His Military Com- mission AT AXXAPOLIS 200 XIjHL St. Johx's College 208 XLIV. President Washix(;tox's Visit to Anxapolis^,,.^^ 218 XLV. Chroxicles of Axxapolis from 1777 to 1810. . 220 XLVl . The Axciext Regime Disappears 228 XLVIL William Pixkxev Haxquetted in Annapolis 230 XLVIIL Anxapclis Durixi, the War of 1812 28H XLIX. LaFavette's Visit to Annapolis 238 L. "Thk Glorious Nineteen" 244 LL '-Jok M()R(}Ue" 250 Lll. Chroniclvs of Annapolis from 1810 T(> 1839 253 lilH. Location OF the Uxited States Naval Academy AT Annapolis 264 Ll\'. A Riot ix Annapolis 26S LV. Chronicles of Axxapolis from 1S4.") to 1847 272 LA'l. A Retrospect of T\V(» Cexturip.s 274 LVU. A Galaxy of Illustrious Axxapolitaxs 275 LVIIL Chroxkles of Axxapolis from 1860 to 1861 280 LL\. Opening OF the Civil War — Annapolis Seizedby THE Federal Government 281 LX. Public Buildings. Churches, and Ancient Land- marks 302 LXL Elections in Annak)Lis During tiiic Civil War. . 310 LXn. Chronicles of Annapolis from 1863 to 1887 311 LXlil. A Disastrous AcciDKNT 321 LXI V. Annapolis of the Present 323 GOYERiXORS — :o : — Of the Province and State of Maryland from THE First Settlement in 1633 to 1887. : () : UNDER THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT. Leonard Calvert l(Jo:}. John Hart 1715. Thomas Greene 1047. Charles Calvert 1720. William Stone 1640. Benedict L. Calvert. . . 1727. Commissioners ii n d e r Samuel Ogle 1782. Parliament l(i-')4. Charles Lord Baltimorel788. Josiah Fendall 165S. Samuel Ogle 1785. Phili}. Calvert 10(U . Thomas Bladen 1742. Charles Calvert 1602. Samuel Ogle 1747. Charles Lord Baltimorel67(5. Horatio Sharpo 175B. Thomas Notley 1078. Robert >](lcn 1769. Charles Lord BaltimorelOSl. UNDER THE ROYAL GOVEHNMENT. Government seized by Nathaniel Blackiston. . 1699* the crown of Endandl689. John Seymour 1704- Lyonei Copley. . . .' 1692. John Hart 1714- Francis Nicholson 1694. PRESIDENT'S OF THE PROVINCE. Thomas Tench VO'-l Benjamin T.-^sker 1752. Edward Lloyd 1709. UNDFR STATE GOVERNMENT. Provisional Govern- Elected under Constitu- ment 1770. tion of 1851, for four Thomas Johnson 1777. years. Thomas Sim Lee 1779. Thomas WatkinsLigon.1858. William Paca 1782. Thos. Hollidav Hicks .1857. William Smallwood. . .1785. Augustus W. Bradford. 1801. John Eager Howard. . .1788. Elected under Consti- George Plater 1791. tution of 1860, for Thomas Sim Lee 1792. four yeost of my understanding, any way dero- gate from. Ijut will at all times'as occasion shall require, to the ut- most of my power defend, and maintain all such his Siiid lordship's and his heir's right, title, interest, privilege, royal jurisdiction, pre- rogative, proprict;\ry and dominion over and in the said provhice of Maryland and islan4!).] A small company from Richard Bennett's plantation, at Xansemond, in all about ten families, was the first to arrive on the Severn. At Greenbury's Point tiiey made a settlement — a tract of two hundred and fifty acres was surveyed and divided into lots of fif- teen acres, each settler receiving one lot, and Bennett securing the Imlance. As tlie Puritans came to the Chesjipeake they took posses- sion of unoccupied lands, and there was quite speedily a line of planta- tions extending from Herring Bay to 3Iagothy river, a distance of twenty-five miles. George Lynn Lachlin Davis says the town was originally intended to l)e erected at Greenbury's Point, and bases his opinion on the fact that tlie lots there were spoken of as the "Town Land at Green- l)ury*s.'* The events that led to the subsequent seleclion of tlie present as the location of tlie town, have not l>ecn preserved. Among those wiio Imd land surveyed in or about Annai)olis at this period, was Mattiiew Howard, whose lot was surveyed .July :), 1050, on "ye south side of Severn river." Then came these allottments: For William Grouch, on Dec. 11, ITmO, on "ye south side of Sev- ern river," for Thos. Todd, July 8, KJol, "on ye south side of Sev- ern river." **This,"saysthepresentRollIW)k,t"ispartof Annapolis Town, and part the Libertys begins at ye n. e. point of the town and extends along the river to ye first crot-k to ye west and then with l)aeklinestoyel)eginning." Nov. 22. 1<>51, LoeustXeck, on the south of the Severn, was surveyed for James 1 lorncr. Nov. 22, ITmI, land was surveyed for Nicholas \Vyat ; Nov. lo, l(;.~>i.ff.r Richard Acton, near * P.. zm.ms -MMiylHinl, vi). 2, v. t)-'i}i. t VcJ. 1, p. ••». H I S T R Y of A N N A r L I S . 1^ Severn river ; Nov. 20, 1651, for Peter Porter, on the south side of Sev- ern river ; Xov. 25, 1651, to Thomas Howell, on south side of Severn river ; Xov. 20, 1651, for James Warner, near Severn river ; Dec. 4, 1658, for Thomas Gott, on south side of Severn river, (afterwards escheated to the State and bought by William Bladen.) Xov. 3. 1658, John Xorwood was given the ti^le to tracts of land on the south side of the Severn; Aug. 27, 1659, land was surveyed for Wm. Galloway, on the south side of Severn ; Xov. 2, 1659, for John Colier. on south side of Severn ; Dec. 16, 1661, for Saml. Ruthers, on south side of Severn river, near Howell's creek. There were besides these many allottments on South river, one of which on Feb, 20, 1661, was of Wardridge, "for James Warner and Henry Ridgely, on the north side of South river, possessors of 200a., Coll. Henry Eidgely, 200a., ditto for his son Plenry's orphans : 200a. for Charles Ridgely." The tomb of a descendant of these Ridgelys remains to this day on the same spot, upon which the early Ridgelys first settled. Thomas Todd's lot is the only one of the early settlers' allottments that can be recognized as part of Annapolis. The water front of his lot began at a point on the harbor line and ran up to the mouth of Spa creek. The Puritans, who formed the nucleus of this colony, which was destined to rule the province, were with but few exceptions the sturdy sons of the English yeomanry. Warrosquoyacke county, or Isle of Wight, afterward called Xorfolk county, Virginia, lying'^on the south of the James, was the centre of the Puritan district, from whence the settlers of Providence came. Edward Bennett, a wealthy London merchant, who had obtained in 1621, a large grant of land on the Xansemond river, south of the James, when he caine to Virginia, had brought with him considerable company of Puritans. Edward Ben- nett was their patriarch. Rev. William Bennett, a relative, their spir- itual leader, and Richard Bennett, son of Edward, became the Moses of the Virginia Puritans when they made their exodus from Virginia to Maryland. X Descended from this hardy stock of sturdiest English, indoctrinated in the tenets of their austere faith, inheritors of trials and persecutions, their subsequent rebellious and courageous conduct in Maryland was the natural sequence of their blood, religion, and education. Soon after their arrival at Providence, Gov. Stone urged upon the iritans the oath of allegiance to Lord Baltimore, which he told them f they did not take, they must have no land, nor abiding in the ovince." The Puritans peremptorily refused to take the oath of allegiance, haggling especially at the expressions "royal jurisdiction" and "ab- solute dominion," which latter "they exceedingly scrupled." They objected to the aoth, also, because "they must swear t« uphold that government and those officers who were sworn to countenance and up- hold anti-Christ — in plain words expressed in the officer's oath — the Roman Catholic religion." Lord Baltimore's friend, Mr. John Langford, very aptly replied to these ^objections that "there Was nothing promised by my lord or Cap- tain Stone to them, but what was performed. They were first ac- t A Puritan Colony in Maryland, p. 7. 20 " T H E A X C 1 E N T C 1 T Y . ' ' quainted by Captain Stone before tliey came there with tliat oath of fidelity, which was to be taken by those who would have any land there "from his lordship ; nor had they any regret to the oath, till they were as much refreshed with their en'tcrtainment there, as the snake in tlie fable was with the countrymairs breast: for which some of 'them arc equally tiiankful. IJut it is now, it seems, thouirht, by some oE these peoj)k'. too much below tiiem t(^ take an oath to theh)rdpro- [trietary of that province. thouril, UioO, had recovered PUtViciently from their scruples of conscience to elect delegates to the (ieneral AssemVdy, that convened at St. Mary's on the (Itli of that month. H IS TORYOF Annapolis. 31 The Governor's return from Providence was, "By the lieutenant, &c., of Maryland. The freeman of that part of this province of Maryland, now called Providence, being by my appointment duly suminoned to this present assembly, did unanimously make choice of Mr. Puddington and Mr. James Cox, for their burgesses, I being there in person at the time." The reconciliation effected by Gov. Stone promised to be perma- nent. The House chose Mr. James Cox, of Providence, their speaker,, and the Assembly passed the folio whig : — "An Act for the erecting of Providence into a county by the name; of Annarundell county. '*Be it enacted by tlie Lord Proprietary, by and with the assent and approbation of the Upper and Lower House of this Assembly, That, that part of the Province of Maryland, on the west side of tlic Bay of Chessopeack, over against the Isle of Kent, formerly called liy the name of Promlence by the inhabitants there residing and inhabiting this yeare, shall henceforth be created into a shire, or county, Ijy the name of Annarundell county, and by that name hereafter to be ever Ciilled." It was probably so called from the maiden name of Lady Balti- more, then lately deceased. Lady Anne Arundel, the daughter of Lord Arundel, of Wardour, whom Cecilius, Lord Balthnore, had mar- ried.* After the adjournment of the General Assembly, Governor Stone,, in July, 1650, visited Providence, and organized it into a county. under the name of Anne Arundel. A commission was issued by the Governor to "Mr. Edward Lloyd, gentleman," appointing him "to be commander of Anne Arundel county, until the Lord Proprietary should signify to the contrary." James Ilomewood, Thomas Meares, Thomas Marsh, George Pudding- ton. Matthew Hawkins, James Merryman, and Henry Catlyn were, with Commander Lloyd, appointed commissioners of the county. The conmiission of Connnander Lloyd gave him, with the approval of the other commissioners, tlie right to issue "warrants and com- missions, and for all other matters of judicature, with whom you, Commander Lloyd, are to consult in all matters of importance con- cerning your said county." Commander Lloyd's duties, as by his commission declared, were "to call and appohit courts to be kept within and for the said county ; in which courts you, the said commander, or your deputy, (being one of the said commissioners,) with any three or more, of the said com- missioners there present from time to time, to hold pleas, and finally to determine all causes and actions whatsoever, civil, happening or arising between any of the inhabitants of the said county, of what value soever, saving and reserving to all and every, the inhabitants of said county and others, liberty of appeal from the county court to the provincial court, in any civil cause or action to the value of £20 sterling or 2,0001b tobacco, and upwards, the party so appealing first putthig hi sufficient security to the said county court to be answerable for treble damages in case the order of judgment of the said county court made in tliat cause, shall happen to be confirmed upon hearing ])y the provincial court ; and also to hear _^and determine all matters * Ridgely's Annals o« Annapolis, p. 37. 22 * * T H E A X C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' criminal, happening and committed in the said ojunty. which may be heard by justices of the peace in any county in Enghnd, in their courts of session, not extendiufr to life or member, and further to do, use, and execute all manner of jurisdiction and authority whatsoever, for the conservation of the peace within the said county, as any jus- tice of the peace in ^Cnjjland may. or ought to do. by virtue of his commission for the peace ; further Hkewise authorizing you the said commander, or your deputy, to ek'ct and appoint all nece'ssary officers for the execution of justice and conservation of the peace there, with allowance of such fees as are usually belong-ing to the same or like oiTicers hi Virginia ; and to do all otiier things and acts, which shall be necessary f(jr tlie execution of the powers and jurisdiction hereby committed to you."t Tliis commission was signed by Gov. Stone at Providence, July 30,1G50. The day ):»efore the aV)ove was issued, Gov. Stone had given a com- mission to the Commander of Anne Arundel authorizing him ''to grant warrants for land within the said county to adventurers or planters, according to his lordsliip's conditions of plantation, whereupon such land shall happen to be due to such adventurers or {danters respec- tively." •'The warrants, together with the particular demands or as- signment upon which the same slmll be granted, to be entered upon re- cord by his lordship's secretary of the said province.'' Thougli the jHjlitical storm had cjilmed. all was uot well in the infant colony. Tije Indian was still a near neighbor, and though generally peaceabh'. his savage nature haddisi»layed itself in the murder of some of tlie citizens of the new county in a most cruel and inhuman manner. These murderers were supposed to be Susquehainiocks, a powerful and war like tribe, who inhabited all that section which extends from the Patuxent to the Susquehaima river on the Western Shore, and all that i>art that lies between the Choptauk and Susquehanna rivers on the IrListern side of the bay. To punish the murderers and tiieir abettors, the General Assembly of KioO. enacted that '•Whereas, certain Indians these last year have most wickedly and barberously murthered an English inhabitant of the county of Kent and other mhal)itants likewise since, hi Anne Arundel county. Be it therefore ordered, that the Governor, with the advice of the council, or the major part of them, shall have power, hi case such Indians, who have committed such barberous and wicked murders, shall not be sent in, after demand made of them, to the government here to receive such punishment as is due for such offence, to press men, and to ajjpoint such allowance for their pay. and to make war upon the nations of Indians refusing to deliver up those of- fenders as aforesaid, as in in his and their best discretion, shall be thought fit ; the chargi' of which was to be laid by an equal assess- ment on the persons and estates of all the inhabitants of this province." Xo account lias come down to us of the result of these preparations, although the silence of our records raises the presumption that the traditional peace of tlie col Miy with the Indians was also unbrokv^v. ::". this case. I^Ieanwhih', with the usual activity of Englishmen, the colony carried on a l>risk tnuh' with those Indians whose peaceable methods led them ui the avenues of luirter and exchange. t Bo/man'f* iVl:ir.vl.iMil. v-^l 2. p 40S, I'ozaiaii*.- .Mar.vl.Mul. v. 1. L'. p. 401'. II I S T O K V O F A N N A P O I, 1 S . 21) CI I AFTER HI. TiiK PriiiTAN.s ItKFr.sE TO Se.xd Deleuatk.s to the LjXiisi^ATriJio or lijol. The Puritans who settled at Annapolis, were a restless set with itching ears, who seemed never so satisfied as when they %vere in open opposirton to the powers tliat were. The General Asseniljly of 1650 had modified the oatli of allegiance to Lord Baltimore, carefully expunging the objectionable plirases ••absolute lord" and "royal jurisdiction." In their place was inserted "that tliey would defend and maintain all such his lordship's just and la^\1:ul right, title, interest, privileges, jurisdictions, })rerogatives, propriety, and dominion over and in the said province, &c., not any wise understood to infringe or prejudice liberty of conscience in point of religion."' This, for a time, tranrpiilized the settlers at Providence, l)ut the next year, 1051, when they were called upon to send delegates to the General Assembly, they perem])torily refused. The reason for this refusal has not Ijeen preserved, but it is generally thought it was b^ecause the Puritans believed that the pro- prietary government would be overthrown l)y Cromwell, who was steadily advancing to power. Lord Baltimore heard of tlie conduct of the Puritans with just in- dignation. Under date of August 20, 1051, he wrote to "William Stone, Esq.. liis lieutenant of his said jn-ovince of Maryland, and to his right trusty and well-beloved, the Upper and Lower Houses of his General Assembly there, and to all other his officers and inhabitants of his province," expressing his '•wonder at a message which he under- stood was lately sent by one Mr. Lloyd, from some lately seated at Anne Arundel within his said province of Maryland to his General Assembly, held at St. 3Iary"s in March last, and his unwillingness to impute either to the author or deliverer thereof so malign a sense of ingrati- tude and other ill-affections as it may seem to bear: conceiving ra- ther, tliat it proceeded from some apprehensions in them at the time, grounded upon some reports in these parts of a dissolution or resigna- tion here, (in England) of his i)atent and right to that province." After declaring these rumors to be false and, referring the Puritans to Mr. Harrison, their former pastor, who was then in England, for the truth of his assertions. Lord Baltimore added, "in consideration •of a better compliance from these people with his government there ior the future, he should not any further expostulate, or make any iurther reflection on that message, till further occasion given him by them, and if such admonition did not pi-e vail, then that he w^ould make use of his authority, with the assistance of well-affected persons, to compel sucli factious and turbulent spirits to a V>etter compliance with the lawful government there." He accordingly willed and required "his lieutenant to proceed with all such as shall be for the future re- factory on that kind ; and in case any of the English inhabitants of that province should at any time hereafter refuse or neglect to send burgesses to our General Assembly there, being lawfully summoned ;for that purpose, he wills and requires all the members of the said .Assemltly, which sliall lawfully meet upon such summons to proceed, 24 ' • T H E A N (J I E N T City."' as thoy oii^^ht. as they may lawfully do. in all business helonging to the (Toueral Assembly there, notwithstanding any sueli refusal, or neglect as aforesjiid. and to fine all such refusers or neglectors accord- ing to their demerits ; and moreover, in case of their ])ersistency in sucli refusiil or negh'ct. then, that they l»e declared enemies to the public peace of tlie province, and rebels to the lawful government tliereof. and l)e proceeded against accordingly."*" Tile conduct of these Puritans was especially ungrateful, sii^ce, re- ceived by Lord Baltimore when j»rofessors of the Protestant relig- ion had refused theindomicil. their asylum in Maryland had cost Lord Baltimore the enmity of Charles II. then in exik' upon the continent. So great was the displeasure of tiie young king, tliat Lord Balti- more had given the Puritans a settlenu'ut in Maryland, that he, the natui-al friend of the proprietary, in spite of Jjord Baltimore's un- dou])te(l right to name his lieutenant in tiie province, ajijiointed Sir William Davenant, Governor of Maryland, alleging in the commission that Davenant was so appointed "because the Ijord Baltimore did visibly adhere to the re])els in England, and admitted all kinds of sec- taries and schismatics, and ill-affected persons in that province. "f " Hozmjtn's Msiiyland, vol. L', p. llti. t Mime p. 410. CHAPTER IV. TiiK Ammositiksof the Old VVobM.D Tkansit. anted IN THE New. [I(l41i.] In 1(54!J. when Charles 1 was executed. Thomas Greene, who was acting Governor during the absence of Governor Stone, caused the Prince of Wales to l»e itroclaimed in Mai-yland as the "un- doubted, rightful heir to all his father's dominions."' This i)roclama- tion was issued on the 15th of November, and on the same day an- other was published "to further the common rejoicing of the inhal)i- tants upon that occasion," declaring a general pardon to all the in- habitants of the province, who had connuitted any criminal offence.* This proclamation and tiie general rejoicing were not in consonance with the sentiments of the Puritan adventurers on tiie banks of the Severn, and this latent feeling was exhil)ited in their n'fusal to send delegates to the Genenil Assemlily. and. a little later, a more forcible proof of their political animositii's was given. The cause of the commonwealth triumphant in Enghuid. Cromwell turned his attention to the American plantations, and commissioners were sent out to take p(»ssession of all that were unfavorable to the Protector. ^Maryland was not named in the Act of Parliament, but Lord Baltimore's enemies contrived to have that c<»lony mentioned in the instructions to the commissioners. * KideKly'8 AiitiHl- nf Aiimtain Stone, the Lcjrd Baltimore's Governor of Maryland, to remove ourselves and estates into his province, with promise of enjoy- ing the liberty of consciences in matter of religion, and all other privileges of ICnglish snl)jects. And your petitioners did upon this ground, with great cost, labor, and danger, remove ourselves, and have lieen at great ciiarges in building and clearing: Xow the Lord Baltimore imposeth an oath upon us by i)roclamatioii, which he re- (piireth his Lieutenant forthwitli to publish; whicli, if we do not take within three months after publication, all our lands are to be seized for his lordship's use. This oath we conceive not agreeable to the .terms on which we came hither, nor to the liberty of our consciences as Christians and free subjects of the Connnonwealth of England: Neither can we be persuaded in our consciences by any light of God, or engagement upon us, to such an oath; but rather liumbly conceive it to be a very real grievance and such an o[)pression as Ave are not aV)le to bear; neithc: b we see by what lawful power such an oath, with sucli extreme ^-^ei'^ *\escan by his Lordship be exacted of us who are free sal)jects of the Commonwealth of England, and have taken the Engagement to them. We have complained of this grievance to the late Honorable Coui;cel of Stiite, in a petition subscribed by us, which never received an answer, such as might clear the lawfulness of such, his proceedingo with us, but an aspersion cast upon us of being factious fellows ; neither have we received any conviction of our error in not taking the Siiid oath, nor order by that power, before when; our petition is still dependic-, to take it hereafter; neither can we believe that the Connnonwealcn of England will ever expose us to fiuch a manifest and real bondage (who assert themselves, the main- li I S T R Y F A X N A P L I S . 27 tamers of the lawful liberties of the subject,) as to make us swear absolute sul)jection to a Government, where the Ministers of State are bound by oath to countenance and defend the Koman Popish Relio-ion, which we apprehend to be contrary to the Fundamental Law oE Eng- land, the covenant taken in the tliree Kingdoms, and the conscience of true English, subjects and doth carry on an arbitrary power, so as whatever is done by the people at great costs in assemblies, for the good of the people, is lialjle to be made null by the negative voice of his Lordship. But affirmative propositions and commands are in- cessantly urged, and must not be denied. '"In Consideration, whereof, we humbly tender our Condition and Distraction, upon this occasion, falling upon the hearts of the people, to your view iind consideration, intreating your honors to relieve us according to rlie Cause and Power wherewith you are entrusted by the Connnonwealth of England. We rather, because upon such an exi- gent at this, we have none to flie to but yourselves, the Honorable Commissioners of the Commonwealth of England; not doubting but God will direct you into what his mind and will is in this matter con- cerning us. and that you will faithfully apply yourselves to our redress in what is just and our lawful liberty, which is the ]3rayer of your poor petitioners. Severn River, the od of January, 1053/ '"■••' This petition was signed by Edward Lloyd and seventy-seven others of the housekeepers, freemen, and inhabitants of Severn. The people of north Patuxent sent a similar petition under date of March 1st. 10o3. This was signed by Richard Preston and sixty others. On 3Iarch 12, 1053, Bennett and Clarborne returned an en- couraging answer to the petitions from Severn and Patuxent, in which reply they counselled that the settlers • "continue in your due obedience to the Commonwealth of England, in such manner as you, and they, were then ap|iointed and engaged: and not to be drawn aside from tlie same upon any pretence of such uncertain relations as we hear are divulged among you. To which we expect your real con- formity, as you will answer the contrary: notwithstanding tiny pretence of power from Lord Baltimore's Agents, orany other whatso- ever to the contrary." " * * Force'-x Ti-iicts, vol. 2, ch. ix. p, -28. CHAPTER VI. Gov. Stone Proclaims THE PuEiTANS to be Eebels. [1G54.] Information of Cromwell's elevation to the protectorate been received Governor Stone proclaimed him protector on iiavin^ the 6th of June, 1654. The same year, on the 4th of July, Governor Stone, in public proclamation, charged the commissioners, Bennett and Claiborne, and the whole Puritan party, mostly of Anne Arundel, with "drawing away the people, and leading them into faction, sedi- tion, and rebellion against the Lord Baltimore." 2^ ' ' T n E A X c I E N T City."" Tliis proelamal ion is not now extant, V)ut Mr. Leonard Strong, a Puritan writer and a U^adinj; citizen of Providence, contemporaneous with the docunient. says that the paper called "that which was done l)y coinniissiou from tli'c Council of State inP]n^8ioiier>. + Ijeor.ard Strong. CHAPTER VII. An Indian Tkp:atv Made on thi-: Severn. [l()r)2.] The dissensions of the Maryland colonists did not lu-ovent them from looking to the peace of State with the Indians. The Crovernor and C.')2. Wm. Stone, Governor. Thomas Ilatton, Secretary, and Robert Brooke, CVd. Francis Vardley. Job Chandler, and Richard Preston, members, being present, passed the following: "Whereas, this court is informed, that the Susquehanna Indians have a long time desired, and much pressed for the conclusion of a peace with the government and inhabitants of this province, which as is now conceived, may tend very much to the Siifety ami advantage of the inhabitants here, if advisedly effected : It is, therefore, ordered,. History ofAxn A poLis. 39 ciud the court doth hereby give full power and authority unto Richard Bennett, Esq., Mr. Edwai-d Lloyd, Captain William Fuller, Mr. Thomas Marsh and Mr. Leonard Strong, or and three or more of them whereof the said Richard Bennett, Esqr., to be one, at such time and place as they may think convenient, to consult and treat with the said Susquelianna Indians, and by the use of all lawful and fitting means, (if they can,) to conclude a league and peace, on the behalf' of this government and the inhabitants thereof, with the said Susquehanna Indians, so as the peace, safety, and advantage of the inhabitants here may be, (so far as in them lies,) thereby advanced, settled, and preserved." All of the jiersons named as commissioners were, with the exception of Richard Bennett, inhabitants of Providence.* The commissioners proceeded at once to their work. On the fifth of July following, a treaty of peace was concluded with the Susquehannas, "at the River of Severn, in the Province of Maryland." It is not difficult to picture the canoe of the formidable Susquehan- nas, decked with feathers and paint, armed with bow and tomahawk, dashing with daring skillfulness from Greenbury's to Sycamore point, and thence to Windmill, and out again to the offing, and fading in thw dim sunset up the Chesapeake before the steady gaze of the sturdy Puritans, nor the ripple of excitement that moved the little settle- ment when these formidable" savages appeared in its midst. The following is an exact copy of the treaty made on' the Severn, and the quaint style of expression and homely phrases cast a ruddy glare of information upon the environs of the early -inhabitants of the capital : '•Articles of peace and friendship treated and agreed upon the 5th day of July, 1052, between the English nation in the province of Maryland on the one party, and the Indian nation of Sasquesahanogh •on the other parties, as followeth : "Istly. That the English nation shall have, hould, and enjoy to them, tlieir heires, and assigns for ever, all the land lying from 'Pa- tuxent river unto Palmer's island on the western side of the bay of Chesa])eake, and from Choptank river to the northeast branch, which lyes to the northward of Elke river on the eastern side of the said bay, with all the islands, rivers, creeks, f fish, fowl, dear, elk. and whatsoever else to the same belonging, excepting the isle of Kent and Palmer's island, which belong to Captain Claiborne. But, neverthe- less, it shall be lawful for the aforesaid English or Indians to build a house or fort for trade or any such like use or occasion at any tyme upon Palmer's island. *'2dly. That if any damage or injury be done on either side at any tyme hereafter, either by the English or Indians aforesaid, or by any other allies, confederates, tributaries, or servants, that reparation be made and satisfaction given from each other from tyme to tyme as the case re(piires, and as in reason should be done between those that are friends, and that desire soe to continue. "odly. That if any the people or servants belonging to the Eng- lish or to the Indians shall goe away or run away from either side, they shall not be concealed, or kept away from each other. But shall, with ail * Now Annapoli.-. t -A. word not legible in the record. 30 * ' T II E Ancient City.'' convenient si)ceclc, be returned back, and brought home. And satis- faction to be made in a reatJonable way for transportation by hmd or water to those that bring them in. "•4tlily. That, upon any occasion of Vmsiness to the English, or any message or tiie Hke, the Indians shall come by water and not hy land. That tliere siiall not be above eight or ten at* the most at one tyme. And that they bring with them the token given them l>y tlie English for that })nrpose, Ijy which they may be known and entertained. As also that the English on their i)artes, when they send to the Indians the messenger shall carry tlie token which wee have received from them. "othly. And lastly, these articles and every particular of them shall be really and invioaldy observed, kei»t, and performed by tlie two nations, before named, and by all the people lielonging to them, or that are in amity with them, for ever to the end of the world. And that all former injuries 'oeing buried, and forgotten from hencefor- ward, tlicy doe {)romisc and agree to walke together and carry one towards another in all tilings as friends, and to assist one another ac- cordingly. But if it so happen at any tyme hereafter that either party is weary of the peace, and intends war, tlien that the same shall be signified and mode knowne each to other by sending in. an«l deliver- ing up his writing before any Act of hostility or enmity be done or at- tem})ted, and that twenty days warning thereof be given l^eforehand. ''These several articles were solemnly and mutually del >ated and con- cluded at the river of Severne, inthe])rovinceof Maryland. V>y Richard Bennett, Esquire, Mr. Edward Lloyde, Capn. WiUiani Fuller. Mr. Thomas ]Marsh, and Mr. Leonard Strong, commissioners, authorized and appointed by the governor and councell of the aforesaid province. And by Sawahegeh, treasurer, Auroghtaregh, Scarhuhadigh, Ruth- chogah, and Xathheldianeh, warr captaines and couneilloi"S of Sas- quehanogh, commissionors, ai)p<»inted and sent for that purpose by the nation and stiite of Sas'piehanogli. An were fully ratitied, done, and confirmed by several presents, gifts, and tokens of friendship mutually given, received, and accepted on both sides. In witness whereof the afores;iid oounnissioncrs, in l)elialf of the aforesiiid nation have here- unto sett their hands and scales the day and the yeare above written. '•Ri. Bennett— Ivhv. Lloyd— Tlios. 3Iar ori^anize an armed force in the li)yal C(>unty of St. Mary's. Which of the two sides. Lord Baltimore's or the Commissioners'. Cromwell sustained isditlicult t > tell, in view of two letters on tiie sub- ject one written January 12th. IO.m. and the other September 2flth. which are palpable conti-adictions of each other. But this conflict of riijrlits liad i^one so far. war, and not words, could only decide it. The overt act was connnitted by Gov. Stone, who dcsjiatched Mr. John Hammond to recover the records of the jirovince and t(j Seize a macrazine of arms and annnunition. leathered at Mr. Richard Preston's house at Patuxent. and l)elonjjin,ix to the Puritans. Mr. Hammond sjiys : "I went uwarmed amonirst the Sons of Thunder, only three or four to row me, and despite all their braves of raisintr the country, callinfj in his servants to appre- liend me. threatened mv with the sev(>rity of their new made law, myself alone seizt'd. and i-an-ied away thi- Uecoids in de- fiance." The Puritan account of these proeeedini^s is(piaint. ]\[r. Leonard Stront,' wrote : "Then (that is on the arrival of the news by the (iol- de/i Foi'tnne,) the Lord Ualtimore's othcei-s, and the j)opish j)ai'ty be- gan to divulge abroad, and boast mucli of jiower, wliieli came in tliat ship from his highness, the lord j)r(Hector, to confirm the Lord Balti- more's patent to liim, and to re-establish his officers in their former jdaces under iiim ; which pretended power they assmned to themselves ; Captain Stone and tlie rest giving out threatening speeches. That now the rel)els at Patuxent and Severne should know that he was governor again : giving order. That neither Act of the sjud Assembly should V>e observed, nor writ from the power estaUished l)y the com- missioners aforesaid obeyed," — (to wit, writs in the name' of Cajitain Fuller and others, to whom Bennett and Clail»orne liad connnitted tlie powers of government, as beiore cited.) **but what should issue forth in the name of the lord proprietary, viz., h)rd Baltimore. And further, the said Captain Stone gave several commissions to the papists and other desperate and bloody fellows, to muster and raise men in arms to be ready upon all occasions, giving out that he would go to Pa- tux'Ut, and si-ize the records of the province at the place where they WL-re ajtpointed to W kejit by an Aet of the Assembly, and to ai)i»rehend Mr, Richard Preston also, at whost- house thev were ; which shortly was t'lfected by virtue of a warrant in Cajitaili Stone's name, without proclaiming, or shewing and jiower by which he acted such high rol)bers, But in threatening speeches declared, that they would luive the government: and for tiie terror of others, would liang some of the commissioners, wliich were entrusted with the i;overnment by the commissioiu'i-s of the conmnnonwealth of Enirland, under liis lughness. tlie lord protector, namelv. Cap- tain Williai'i 1-^iller. Mr/ liicliard Prest-.n. and Mr. William Du- mud." History of Annapolis. 3o' CHAPTER IX. The Battj.e of the Severx. [1035.] About the 20th of March, 1055, Gov. Stone started fruiii St. Mary's to briii2: the miruly Puritans of Providence into subjection to Lord Baltimore's g-overnment. The forces of the Governor con- sisted of 130 men. Part of these inarched by land up the southern peninsula, and were ferried across the mouths of rivers and creeks in eleven or twelve small boats which the Governor had pressed into his service. Advised of the advance of Gov. Stone's forces, the Puritans sent messengers to meet the Governor, whom they found near Herring Bay,* ill Anne Arundel. Roger Heameans who took part in the engagement that followed, says : "A message having been sent to demand his power and the ground of such his proceedings. ''The second message to him being such low terms, that those that sent it were grieved at their hearts that ever it went out of their hands; which was as followeth : "For Captain William Stone, Esq.: "Sir : — The people of these parts have met together, and considered the present transactions on your part, and have not a little marvelled that no other answer of the last message hath been made, than what tendred rather to make men desperate than conformable; yet being desirous of peace, do once again present to your serious consideration these ensuing proposals, as the mind of the people : "1. If you will govern us so as we may enjoy the liberty of Eng- glish subjects. "2. And that we be,- and remain indempnified in respect of our engagement, and all former acts relating to the reducement and government. "3. That those who are minded to depart the province, may freely do it without any prejudice to themselves or estate; we are content to own yourself as governor, and submit to your government. If not, we are resolved to commit ourselves into the hands of God, and rather die like men, than be made slaves. Will. Durand, Secretary. "But no answer to this was returned, but the same paper in scorn sent back again." These pacific offers were carried by six men in a boat. The pro- posals of peace were not only rejected, but the messengers were seized as captives of war. Three of them, however, contrived to escape, and took back to Providence the story of their treatment, and the intentions of Captain Stone upon the settlement. On the rejection of their offer of peace, the Puritans prepared to put in execution their resolve "to die like men, rather than be made slaves." Gov. Stone, in the meanwhile, behaved himself in a fustian style at Herring Bay, seizing one of the commissioners of State, and forcing * Then called iletiiag Creek. 3 8-i ' • 'P II E A N C I E N T I T Y . ' ' "another of quality to fly for his life, having threatened to hang him up to his own door; and not finding the man, affrighted his wife, and plundered tlie house of animnnition and provision, threatening still what tliey would do to the people at Prondence. and that they would lorce the rebellious, factious Roundheads to suhniit. and tlien they would show their power. "^•" (jov. Stone, moving nearer to Annapolis, sent forward Dr. Luke Uarht-r with a proclamation which is not extant. Dr. Barber, ui de- seril)ing his envoyage to (,'romwell, says that "in the end of this de- claration the governor did protest, as in the presence of Almighty (xod. that he came not in a hostile way to do them any hurt, but sought by all means possible, to reclaim them by faire meanes: and to my knowledge at the sending out of parties, (as occasion served,) he gave strict conunand. tluit if they met any of the Ann Arundel men, r.hey should not fire the first gun. nor upon paine of death plunder any. These were his actings to my knowledge upon the march.*' \Vhilst these messages were passing between the opposing forces, the men of St. Mary's were rapidly closing the gap between them and Providence. Dr. Barber and his companion. ]Mr. Coursey. were permitted to read the document they brought from Gov. Stone, "but having no other treaty to offer, they were cpiietly dismissed t:) their own company," to whom it seems they did not return. Mr. Packer, fromirov. Strchant ship. Golden Lyon, lloger lleamans. captain, then lying in the harbor. There they made a requisition upon the captain for the services of himself, his ship, and his crew, in defence of the town. Durand, at the same time, posted on tiie mainmast a proclamation by which lleamans "was re- • [uired, in the name of the Lord Protector and commonwealth of Kngland, and for tlie maintenance of tlie just lii)ertics, lives, and estates of the free subjects thereof, against an unjust jtower, to be aiding and assisting in this service." lleamans manifested a r^al or fictitious unwillingness to take part'in the engagement, but Siiys, "after seeing the equity of the cause, and the groundless proceedings of the enemy, he offered liimsolf, ship, and men, for that service, to be directed by the sjiid councillors." Dr. Barber, a partizan of Gov. Stone says, lleamans was hired by the Puritans to take the part he afterward played. lleamans reLites that, on seeing the "company of sloops and boats making towai'ds the ship, the council on board, and tlie ship's com- l)any, woidd have made shot at them, but this relator r*ommanded them to forbear, and went himself upon the poop in the stern of the s!iip, and hailed them several times, and no answer was made. He • I'.ozm.tiv^ Miiiylaiiil, v.'l. 2. v. o2i). f Boz'niirs .MiUj'liiiiti, v.,1. 2, i>. .^2.'. II I S T O R Y F A X N A P L I S . 35 then charged them not to come nearer the ship, but the enemy kept rowing on their waj^and wore come within shot of the ship; his mates and company having had information of their threatenings, as well against the ship as the poor distressed people, resolved to fire upon them without their commander's consent, rather than hazard all by the enemy's nearer approach, whereupon he ordered them to fire a gun at random to divert their course from the ship, but the enemy kept still course right with the ship, and took no notice of any warn- ing given. He then commanded his gunner to fire at them, but one of his mates, Mr. Robert Morris, who knew the country very well, the malice of the adversary against these people who were then near worn out with fears and watchings, made shot at them, which came fairly with them: whereupon they suddenly altered their course from the ship, and rowed into the creek, calling the ship's company rogues, round-lieaded rogues, and dogs, and vnth many execrations and rail- ing, threatened to fire them on the morning.'" Gov. Stone entered the mouth of Spa Creek, which forms the southern boimdary of the present city of Annapolis, and landed his forces on Horn point, a peninsula opposite Annapolis, and south of .Spa Creek. Whilst the Governor was landing his men, Capt. Heamans fired another shot at them. "The shot thereof lighting somewhat near to them, the Governor deemed it most prudent to send a messenger on board the Golden Lyon to know the reason of their conduct, with directions to the messenger to inform the captain of the ship, that he (Gov. Stone) thought 'the captain of the ship had been satisfied.' To which, Captain Heamans, who and a younger brother, Mrs. Stone says, were great sticklers in the business, answered in a very blustering manner — 'Satisfied with what? I never saw any power Capt. Stone had to do as he hath done, but the superscription of a letter. I must, and will, appear for these in a good cause.' "•••' "The same night," says Heamans, "came further intelligence from the enemy in the harbor, that they were making fireworks against the ship." On this the Puritans "commanded a small ship of Captain Cut's, of Xew England, then in the river, to lie in the mouth of the creek to prevent the enemy's coming forth in the night, to work any mischief against the ship.'* The St. Mary's men evidently looked- upon the campaign as one of certain triumph, and like of Goliath of Gath, before the armies of Israel, they defied the hosts of the Puritans. Approaching on the morrow by a narrow neck of land, near which their vessels were moored, the Cavaliers, with sound of drum and rail- ings loud, called to their enemies: "Come, ye rouges, come, ye rouges, round-headed dogs." On this the Captain of the Golden Lyon fired his fourth and, this time, fatal shot, killing one of the St. Mary's men. The day^ the 2oth of March, was the Sabbath, but religion and fighting are professions the Puritans always would mix. So whilst the Governor was putting his troops in martial array, the Puritans were already in his rear. Their little band of one hundred and twenty, under Capt. "Wm. Fuller, had marched out of town, around the head of Spa Creek, a detour of six miles, and now appeared behind the Gover- nor's army. * Leonard Strong;--in Bozmaii's Maryland, vol. 2; p. 52i. 36 ''The Ancient City.'' The sentry of the St. Mary's men fired the signal shot, when "Cap- tam Fuller still expecting, that, then at least, possibly they might give a reason of their coming, commanded his men, upon pain of death, not to shoot a gun, or give the first onset, setting up the standard of the commonwealth of England, against which the enemy shot five or six guns, and killed one man in the front before a shot was made by the other.'' "Then," continues Mr. Leonard Strong, "the word was given, "/m' the name of Gud Jail o/t; God in our streiif/fh.'" ' The cry of the St. Mary's men was, 'Hey, for St. Mary'-^.'' Thus the battle of the Severn began. The charge was fierce, but brief. "Througli the glorious presence of the Lord of liosts," says the samecotemporaryautlior, "manifested in and towards liis poor, oppressed i)eopk'. the enemy could not endure, but gave back ; and were so effectually charged liome, that they were all routed, turned their l)acks, threw down their arms, and begged for mercy. After the first volley of shot, a small company of the enemy, from behind a great tree fallen, galled us. and wounded divers of out men, but were soon beaten oft'. Of the whole company of Marylanders there escaped only four or five, who ran away out of the army to carry news to their confederates. Capt. Stone. Colonel Price, Capt.Gerrard', Cupt. Lewis, Capt. Kendall. (in-ol)a])ly Fendall.) Capt. Guither, Major Chandler, and all the rest of thecouncellors, oiiicers, and soldiers of the Lord Baltimore, among whom both commanders and soldiers, a great number being Papists, were taken, and so were their vessels, arms, am- munition, provisions, about fifty men slain and wounded. We lost only two men in the field, but two died since of their wounds. God did a])|)ear wonderlul in the field, and in the hearts of the people, all confessing Him to be the only worker of this victory and deliverance." However much the Puritans attributed the fate of battle to the Al- mighty, after the contest was once over, they laid aside His precepts, and })roceeded to close matters after their own will. Doctor Barber, an author of that period, writing in the interests of the St. Mary's men, says : "After the skirmish, the Governor, upon quarter given him and all liis company in the field, yielded to be taken prisoners, but, two or three days after, the victors condemned ten to death, and executed four, and had executed all, had not the incessant petition- ing and begging of some good women saved some, and the soldiers others : the Governor himself being condemned by them and since beg- ged by the soldiers, some being saved just as they were leading to execution." Those who were executed, were Mr. William Eltonhead, Lieut. Wm. Lewis, Mr. Legget, and John Pedro, a German. Gov. Stone, though his life was si)ared, was treated with great ciuelty, and, whilst in prison, sjiffering from a severe wound received in the battle, neither his friends nor liis wife were allowed to visit him. A year after this battle, the 23rd of Oct(jber, 1056, Lord Baltimore sent instructions to his Lieuteiumt and Council in which he required the peojile of Ainie Arundel to quietly and j)eacefully submit to his Lordship's Patents as he used and exercised the same there before the trouljles began, vizt. in the year 1(550, and according to the advice of the said (of Trade) committee, which had decided that Lord Balti- more was entitled to the Government of the province of Maryland. He added, "His Lordship wills and requires his said Lieutenant and Council that the Law in the said Province instituted, An act concern- History OF Annapolis. 37 ing Religion and passed heretofore there with his Lordship's assent, Whereby all Persons who profess to believe in Jesus Christ have Liberty of Conscience and free exercise of their religion there, be duly- observed in the said Province by all the inhabitants thereof, and that the penalties mentioned in the said act be duly put in execution upon any ofEendors against the same, or any part thereof."* The Province was restored to Lord Baltimore in March, 1658, he having been deprived of it six years. CHAPTER X. Quakers and Indians Disturb the Colony. [1658.] Incessant were the disturbances in the colony. When the Puritans and the State were at peace, the Indian and the Quaker ruffled the Province. "At a Council held 23 of Julij, at Annarundell Present, The Governor, The Secretary Col : Nathaniell Vtie." The following proceedings took place : "This morneing was sworne Of his Lordship Councell Mr. Edward Lloyd and from the Councell went to assist the Governor at the County Court. "After the Court was ended the Councell mett againe and there being then Present The Governor The Secretary Coll : Xathaniell Vtie Mr. Edward Lloyd. "Toke into consideracon the insolent behaviour of som people called Quakers who at the Court, in contempt of an order then made & proclaimed, would presumptuously stand Covered, and not only so, but also refused to subscribe the engagement notwithstanding the Act of Assembly in that case provided alleadging they were to be governed by Gods la we and the light within them & not by mans la we and vpoa full debate finding that this theyr refusall of the engagement was a breach of the Articles of the 24th of March last, and that theyr prin- ciples tended to the destruction of all Government. "Ordered "That all persons whatsoeuer that were resideing within this Pro- vince on 24th of March 1657 should take & subscribe the said engage- ment by the 20th of August next or else depart the Province by the 35th of March followeing vpon paine due to Rebbells & Traitors if fouRd within this Province after the said 25th of March, & that a Proclamacon be forthwith drawne to this effect. "Proclamation, "By the Lieutenant & Governor of Maryland. "Whereas vpon the Surrender of the Government to me his Lord- ship Lieutenant on the 24th of March last past amongst other things it was then agreed that the Oath of fidelity should not be pressed vpon the inhabitants then resideing within this Province but that in place. ♦ Archive? of Ma yhind. CGuncil Proceedings, p. 32o. 38 "TuE Ancient City." and stead thereof an engagement slionld be taken in Manner and forme as in those Articles (rehition vnto them ])eing had) more at hirge appearetli And whereas l>y Act of this last Generall Assembly the said Articles are confirmed & the said engagement V>ya La we com- manded to be taken To the end the said Articles may l)e inviolably ob- served and tliat all Jealousies and feares be removed These are in the Lord Pro})rietarys name strictly to charge & Command all persons whatsoeuer to make tlieyr repaire to the Clarkes of the respectiue County Courts at or Ijefore the 20th day of August next ensueing to make theyr subscriptions to the said engagement or else that they provide themselues to depart this Province by the 2oth day of March next and to declare tluit all persons who sliall refuse to subscribe the engagement witliin tlie time Ijefore limited and shall be found in any l»art of this Province after the Soth day of March aforesaid shall be proceeded against as llebbells & Traitors Giren vnder my hand this 33rd of July l'jo8. Josias Fendall. *-At Councell lield 25 Julij at Patuxent Present The. Governor The Secretary. "According to the ^Yarrant beareing date 22nd Instant Thomas Thurston was brought before tlie Governor, & the said Thurston being desirous to depart the Province tlie Governor Ordered this followeing "Warrant to be drawne "Whereas Tliomas Thurston by liimselfe Sc friends hath desired of me tliat he may passe vp to Annarundell, from whence he hath ingaged himselfe to depart this Province by Mon- day next being the second day of August, vntill whos departing out of this l^rovince Josias Cole is to remaineas by Order of Court Provided These are therefore in the Lord Proprietarys name to Will & require you not to molest the Siiid Thomas Thurston during the time limited for Ins stay and so soone as he shall signify to you his intention pres- ently to depart that you sett at liberty tlie said Josias Cole Provided that if they or either of them sliall be found ^^^thin this Province after the aforesaid second day of August (vnlesse made vnable to depart by sicklies) they or either of them be apprehended and proceeded against according to lawe in theyr case provided Given Vnder my hand at Pa- tuxfut this 25th day of .July IGoS. Josias Fendall." [IGflo.] In 1005, the Indians again became an element of trouble, and a Council that met at St. Mary's, June 0th, 1005, took "into de- bate some speedy way for the prevention of the Indian Enemyes further incursiones into this province, And liow they"may be sup- I>ressed for the future." In tlu' levy for the various counties. St. Mary's had to raise thirty men and the like numl)er was required of Ainui Annulel. Capt. Wil- liam Burges, of Anne Arundel, was jjut in command of the trooji, and lie was ordered to raise them by press or otiierwise, with sufTicicntarms and ammunition. He was also made Deputy Commander of all the forces. Tile commission and instructions given to Capt. Purges, preserved in the jjroceedings of the council. t give a curious insight into the state of the colony regarding that still unsolved problem— the Ameri- can Indian. "The Commission Reads: "Charles Calvert &c.. To Capt. William Burges Greeting Whereas * An^hives of Md. Council Procoi'dintrs, p. :;')o. t Arcliive.N of IMd. CouiumI Proci-edirms, p. nS-i. History ofAxxapolis. 39 Diverse Forraigiie Indians have of late Committed diverse murders vpon the people of this Province and Committed diverse other Out- rages for repression of which I have thought fitt to raise a Competent Number of Men Now Know Yee that I reposing especiall confidence in yor fidelity Courage and Experience in Martiall Affaires have Consti- tuted Ordained and Appointed and by these presents doe Constitute Ordaine and a])point yow Commandr in Cheife under mee of all the forces soe raised in St. Mary's, Kent, Charles. Calvert and* Anne Arnndell Countys against the said Indians to make warre and pursue and by Gods Assistance to Vanquish and Kill and Generally in all things to doe all or any thing or things as any Commandr in Cheife may or of Right Ought to doe according to such Instruecons as I haue herewith sent or shall from time to time send yow Given at St. Mary's undr my hand and Scale this 6th day of June in the 34th yeare of his Lordps Dominion Oner this Prouince Annoq Domini 1665. Charles Calvert." The following were the instructions given Capt. Burges :* "Instructions directed by the Honble the Leiutennt Generall Charles Calvert Esqr &c.. To Capt. William Burges and sent wth his Comcon dated 6th day of June 1665. "Imprimis you are to take Under yor Charge and Comand the Seuerall parties of men raised in St. Mary's. Kent, Charles and Cal- vert Countys as those in Anne Arundell Countys wth which men ac- cording to your Best discrecon and wth the Aduice and Consent of the major part of the Officers comanding in the Seuerall partyes yow are to Endeauour to find out the Indian Enemy in theire Quarters and them by God's Assistance to Vanquish or Otherwise driue Out of this Prouince or Otherwise uppon the place and Emergent Occasions as yow with the Advice and Consent aforesaid shall fiiide it more Exped- ient and for the safety of the Province in Generall to keepe severall partyes ranging the woods as well to the Head of Patuxent as Patapsco & Bush Riuers or euen up to the Utmost bounds of the Prouince up- pon the Sasquesahanough riuer. "Secondly yow are to take speciall Care to see yow men want not necessary prouisiones for foode nor Armes nor Amunicon and to that end yow are to issue Orders to the Sherriffes or other Officers next to yow in the seuerall Countyes where yow shall chance to come in pur- suite of yor Commission to presse any Armes Ammunicon or Provis- iones Needfull ; AVho are to keepe exact and true accompts of such thinges so pressed as aforesaid. "Thirdely yow are to take especiall Care of the People in Patapsco riuer and Gunn Powder Riuer and to that end yow are to keepe a Con- stant Correspondence with yor Colonell Lewis Stockett, whom, when yow shall Chance to meet yow are to Obey in all thinges. "Fourthly To the end all necessary assistance may be Given to all places in danger yow are to giue notice of all yor proceedings and all intelligence yow shall receive to me twice euery weeke and Oftener if need be, and to presse messengers expressely to bring yor letters to me as also to send yor intelligence to your Collonell as often as need shall be, and Generally yow are to presse Boates men or horses either to Carry Baggage or to March after the Ennemy as yow shall see Oc- casion. * Arcliive* of Md. Council Pr joeeding.s, p. 524. 40 ' ' T H E A X C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' "Fifthly Yow arc to Associate with any the fneiidle Indians to any number yow sliall finde most Contenient for the service now in hand ; but in yor march or in yor Quarters yow are to take speciall Care that noe English doe Game or wrestle with any Indians so to auoid all Oc- casiones of Quarrell.'' No war followed this preparation of arms, and, in 1G06, a treaty of peace was made with a number of Indians, in which the right was conceded to the proprietary to appoint the emperor of the Indians. For nine years the colony enjoyed exemption from Indian warfare. CHAPTER XI. Colonial Life. From 1G57 to 1683 there is a lamentable gap in the history of Provi- dence, due, it is believed, to the loss of the State's Records by "the removal of the records and documents of the province from St. Mary's to x\.nnaj)olis, some of which were greatly damaged," and to "the loss of some by the fire which destroyed the State House in 1704, where they were chiefly deposited."* The chasm will be filled by extracts from the journals of the General Assembly and records of the Courts, from wliose quaint proceedings and curious customs may be gleaned the thoughts, deeds, and charac- ters of the men who laid the foundations of Annapolis. Upper House, Saturday 28th, April. 10G(3. [IGGO.] "Then came a member from the lower house, and desired the governor,! from the the whole lower house, not to discharge Ed- ward Erbery, merchant, from the sare of Bristol ; in regard, they had sometliing to object against him, as well for abusing the lower house of Assembly, as his lordship, last night. "Then came a member from the lower liouse, with tliis paper follow- ing : Tuesday, 1st May, IGGG. "William Calvert, Esc^., motions the house, "That, whereas there was an abuse committed last night by Edward Erbery, to the disturbance of the wliole iiouse, in their ([uiet and rest, and the clerk of this house informs timt the siiid Erbery did call the whole house pajjists, rogues,**** rogues, &c., whicii the speaker is desired to take notice of, and proceed therein, either by presentment or otherwise, as to luin shall seem best, and that it be the first "thing^ this house takes into coiisideration or del>ate. "^Ir, Nicholas Piccard and Mr. Kichard Blunt informed the house of certain vulgar and indecent expressions of Erbery concerning the lower liouse, and that they were asliamed of tin- pluc'' from wlif-nce they came. * Ridgely's Annals of Annapolis, p. M. t Arc'hivfs of MiiiilHUil. l'io<'ee ol A'-seinbly, i'. .")r>. History OF Annapolis. 41 "Mr. Richard Hall says, that amongst a great many other extrava- gant words, Erbery said that Charles Calvert was a rogue. "William Calvert, Esq., saith, how that Erbery, inhishearmg, said, we, viz. the assembly, were in company of pitiful rogues and puppies, and there is not one in the country deserves to keep me company but Charles Calvert, who owes me ten thousand pounds of tobacco. ' 'Mr Richard Smith informs this morning, when Erbery awaked, the Erbery complained that he was bound ; that he remembered all that he had said last night, and that he was not drunk ; and in a threaten- in"- manner, said he would remember those that bound him. ''The abuse that Edward Erbery gave to the lieutenant-general and tliis assembly last night, being taken into consideration, and upon a full debate thereon, had in this house, they do judge the same to be a scandal to the Lord Proprietor, to his lieutenant-general, and to both houses of assembly, and a great reflection upon the province in gen- eral ; and, therefore, unanimously voted by this house, that the said Erbery be brought before this house, to give answer to the above said charo-e, in relation to those informations now given in against hiin. "Ordered by the speaker that Mr. Edward Erbery be brought into the sheriff, &c.' -, , i i • "And taxed by the speaker of all those words spoken, who making his appearance after the charge being read unto him, he answered that he remembered none of these words that is alleged, only he confesseth that he was in drink, and being further taxed about the words spoken this morning, (which were averred by a member of this house) he says that he remembers not that ever he spoken such words. _ "Which answer being taken into consideration, the house do judge the same altogether unsatisfactory, and that no person of full age shall take advantage by drunkenness in such case. "Whereupon this house do humbly present the consideration thereot to the upper house, that they would please to signify to this house then- resentment of the same, and what they shall judge further necessary to be done with the said Erbery as touching the punishment or other- wise for this house's concured therewith.' ,1. "The upper house do order that the said Edward Erbery be tyed to an apple tree before the house of assembly, and be there publickly whipped upon the bare back with thirty-nine lashes, and that the sher- iff of St. Mary's county be commanded to apprehend the said Erbery and see this order put in execution, and that the said Erbery do pay the sheriff his fees before he departs out of his custody ; and further ordered, that the said Erbery be, after he is whipped, brought into both houses of assembly publickly to ask them forgiveness. (Signed) John Gittings, Clerk." "Upper House, February 17th, 1674. [1674.] 'Came into this house, a petition of the lower house, as followeth, viz: ^ . -r ■ ^ ^^ j. n ^ "To the honourable Charles Calvert, Esquire, Lieutentstnt (reneral and Cliief Judge of the Provincial Court of the Right Honourable the Lord Proprietary. "The humble petition of the Deputies and Delegates of the Lower House of Assembly, "Humbly sheweth to your excellency, 42 ' ' T II E A N C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' "That, whereas John Cowman ])ein.£r arraijcned. convicted and con- demned ui»on the statute of tlie first of Kintr James of Enirlaud, &c., for witclicraft, conjuration, sorcery, or enchantment used upon the body of Elizal)etli Goodall, and now lyine: under that condemnation, and liath liumbly implored and beseeched us, your lordship's petition- ers, to mediate and intercede in his behalf with your excellency for a reprieve and stay of execution. "Your excellencie's |)etitioiiersdo therefore, accordinirly, in all hum- ble manner, beseech your excellency that the ri2:our and severity of the law to which the said condemned malefactor liath miserably exposed himself, may be remitted and relaxed by the exercise of your excel- lency's mercy and clemencie upon so wretched and miserable an object. "And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray, &c.' 'Upper House, February 17th. "Tlie lieutenant-general hath considered of the petition here above, and is willinjc, upon the request of the lower house, that the con- demned malefactor be reprieved, and execution stayed, provided that the sheriff of St. Maries' county carry him to the gallows, and that the ro)»e being about his neck, it be there made known to him how much he is beholding to the lower house of assemblie for mediating and interceeding in his behalf with tlie lieutenant-general, and that he remain at the city of St. Maries, to be employed in such service as the governor and council shall think fltt, during the pleasure of the governor." The Quakers, or Friends, who had settled in Maryland at an early period of its cstal)lisliment, suffering under that system of intoler- ance and prosecutoin wliich prevailed against all dissenters at that, and down to a latter day, remonstrated against the unjust laws of the province whieli del»arred their testimony or. "alhrmation," "and sub- jected them to heavy penalties for refusing to take the prescribed oaths," "although contrary to their conscience, and, in their opinion the Saviour's positive injunction, declared in his sermon on the mount — 'swear not at all.'" Thisremonstranceor i)etitionaj)pears upon the journals of the upi>er liouse in 1674, and is as follows : "Saturday, 23d May, 1074. "Read in the liouse, a petition exJiibited liy certain Quakers, as fol- lows, viz : "This we do lay before the goveruour and council assembly, in the wisdom of God, to consider of, from us who hi scorn are called, Quakers. ''What we can say and do instead of an oatli, it is iu obedience to Clirist's conuiiand, that we cannot swear and take an oath, and Christ our Lord and Saviour's command is, 'I say unto you swear not at all,' Though in the old time, they were not to forswear tliemselves, Imf perform their oallis to the Ijord ; and the Lord .Jesus Christ's com- mand is, l>ut let your connnunication be yea. yea, and nay, nay, for whatsoever is more than these couieth of evil: and St. James saith, in his general epistle to the Church of Christ, above all things, my l)retheren. swear not; neither by heaven, nor by tlie earth, nor by any other oath ; mark, but let your yea, be yea, and your nay, be nay, least you fall unto condemnaticm. Now, here ye may see, .that Christ and apostles sett us yea, yea, and nay. nay, over and above an HistoryofAnnap.olis. 43 oath and swearing, and in lieu of an oath. See, in obedience to Christ and the apostles' command, it is, that we do not, and dare not swear, least we should go into the evil, and so fall into condemnation, as ■Christ and the apostles saith before. But according to Christ Jesus and the apostles' command, doe keep to yea, yea, and nay, nay, wherein they do double their words to make them of more force. Christ Jesus to the deciples and the apostles to the church ; and now, if, that we are called to testifie the truth, or to serve in any office or place or jurie, if that we do break our yea, yea, or nay, nay, then let us suffer the same penalty, as they, that do break an oath, or are fore- sworne. And this not repugnant to the laws of England, having the same penalty on the same transgression ; for, in Jamaica, their law is so, that our brethren's testimony upon yea, yea, and nay, nay, as Christ and as the apostles commanded, is taken, and the same in the same in the acts and province laws at Carolina, and the same in the patent and acts at Road Island, and the same in the new country of Jersey, is taken instead of an oath ; which the governour and his council and assembly may, by an acfof assembly, let us have the same liberty here, as our brethren' have in other places, colonies, or provin- ces, that we may not be put to inconveniences, for you do not know what trouble often many of us are put to, because we cannot swear and take oath, and do lose our rights and that which is due to us from others, and how we have been made prey upon by many, because we cannot swear, and have lost much in our estates, and cannot be so ser- viceable in our generation to the country, as we might be, and also what trouble we have had, who have been overseers or executors, or the like, that have been intrusted with orphans, fatherless, and wid- ows' estates or wills, for want of an oath. And, therefore, you having power to remedie these things by making an act, we do lay them be- fore you, and that if we do breake our yea, yea, or nay, nay, or what we testifie, then let us suffer the same punishment as they do that break their oaths or swear falsely ; and this we are willing to suffer, who profess faith in Christ, and would all that profess the same, to exercise a conscience void of offence towards God and men. So you may remove this 'Oppression if you please, and let us have the same liberty that our friends and bretheren have in other countrys and is- lands, as we are creditably informed ; whose hands are hereimto sub- scribed in behalf's of our bretheren. 'WeXLOCK ChRISTERSON, Jo. HOMEARD, 'William Perrie, Hi. Beard, &c. "Ordered by the house, that the petition here above be sent to the lower house, and offered to their consideration. "This petition was accordingly sent to the lower house, who re- turned it with a message requesting to be informed by his excellency and the upper house, whether, in their opinion, the assembly had the power to alter the form of the oath prescribed by the laws of Eng- land, in point of evidence between the king and his people, &c., in matters depending within the province, or not. To which message, the upper house replied, that they had resolved, that the petition should remain upon the Journal till further advice from the Lord Pro- prietary, who declared that he 'formerly had intention of gratifying the desire of the said people, called Quakers, in that kind ;' but for some reason not mentioned, his lordship desired 'that all proceedings therein be, for the present, suspended.' 44 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' "This higlily respectable and long misunderstood society of chris- tians, were not restored to the riglits and privileges, so moderately, but firmly, insisted upon in the foregoing petition, until the year 1702* — wlien the legislature struck from the statute books this relict of in- toleranc£."t [1071.] On the 28th of March, 1671, when the Upper House had met at "two of the clock in the afternoon," it received "a message from the Lower House wTiicli was their desire to know whether the Deputys of Calvert county or the deputys of Anne Arundel county ought to take place. Upon examination whereof this House were of opinion that the Deputys of A me Arundel ought to have the Prece- dency and sent the honoraV)lo, the Secretary to satisfy them in that particular with the Records of their Commission constituting their county Courts. And afterwards this house sent Mr. Brooks and Mr. Trueman to the Lower House for their further satisfaction therein. "J The jurisprudence of a nation and the manner of its application to the causes wliich arise under it are indices of the moral and mental status of that people. From yellow and dusty volumes, MSS. preserved among the arch- ives of Marylanil, are taken the records of some quaint trials which throw a radiar:t light upon those curious times. [1().")G.] In lOoO, the provinc l)cing under the authority of the commissioners of Cromwell, Judith Catchi)ole was brought before the Court under a suspiction of having murdered her child. It was "a Generall Provincial court Held at Patiixent, Se])tembcr, 22nd, 1056,"' which heard the case to determine if she should be indicted. Patux- ent was then the name of Calvert county. The Court was composed of Capt. Wm. Fuller, Mr. Pichard Pres- ton, Mr. Edward Lloyd, Mr. John Sc^ott and Mr. Michael Brooke. Judith denied even the birth of the child, whereupon the court or- dered "a jury of able women to be impanelled and to give in their verdict to tlie best of their judgement whether she, the said Judith,, hath ever had a child, or not." The following jury was selected: Pose Smith, Mrs. Belcher. Mrs. Chai)lin, ]\[rs. Brooke, ]Mrs. Battin, ]\[rs Cannardy, Mrs. Bussey, Mrs. Brooke, P^hzabeth Claxton, Elizabeth Potter and Dorothy Day — eleven. The testimony in the case, as recorded, was : "James Jolly, sworne examined, saith that being at John Gram- mer's, a weeke before Wm. Bramliall's man died, tlie sjiid servant of Bramliall said that Judith Catchpole cut a maid's skinn olf her throat, and she. never felt it, and the sjiid Judith Catchpole sewed the wound up, againc. and further saith not." "Elizalx'th Norton, sworne and examined, sjiith that Wm. Bram- hall's servant that dyed, saith that Judith Catchpole, Cut the skina of a maid's throat when she was asleep, and the Siud maid never felfc it, and tlie said Judith sewed up tlie wound againe, with a Xeodle and thread ; and the sai -^ • [1665.] "At a court holden the fifth day of October, I660, it is recorded that "Peter Godson, being convicted of stealing n bodkin from the wife of John Hambleton, and concealing the same shall ac- cording^ to the Act of Assembly, restore four fould in silver, which is four shillings and six pence, to the defendent, with the charges of court being four hundred and six pounds of tobacco. ' ' In December of the same year Peter again appears m court. Thos. Ager complained "that he hath paid unto Peter Godson Tobacco tor a cure, ihe said Godson undertook to perform on the said Ager, and hath left him worse than he found him. It is ordered, ' ' said the Court, "that the sai d Godson pay him his tobacco back againe except he perform his undertaking." . In the succeeding March, the following proceedings in the case were had : . . i j. i "Whereas, by a former order, Peter Godson was injoyned to make a cure of Thomas Ager or else repay ye tobacco which he had received 46 * ' T H E A N C I E N T C 1 T Y . ' ' ill satisfaction of his euro, tiud it, appearing: to tliis Court, that tlic said Godson hath not performed the order, it is now ordered that the said Godson shall repay the said tobacco whicli is OOOlb and caske, or else execution." Jaines Johnson for a misuse of his tong'ue paid severe penalties. At a court held HTriy 15th, 1047, "the Court being: informed of certainc mutinous s[)eeches uttered by James Johnson, about ye 3d of July, viz.; that he should say unto Richard Bennett, after sojue discourse concerninij: the Goveriimi-nt nis()de in her household duties. She testified that ]\rrs. Brooks further said : Elizcbeth Tenuis would take her oath that it was two hours and a half," l)ut the important"*by the cloek." was not vouch- safed by this deponent. Klizebcth heard more ; Margaret liad fin- ished up with a delicious titbit of gossip respecting the conjugal rela- H I s T o R Y OF Annapolis. 47 tions of lier mimercifiil acquaintanoe. Margaret further continued her deposition by testifying- that ''Elizabeth Tennis should say" tliat the exasperated lord of Mrs. Goulson, "tore the hair of his head and wisht that she, the said Mrs. Gronlson ^YOuld kill the self-same maid, that she might never kill more." This record follows :—'" That, whereas, Mrs. Brooks reported that Sarah Goulson unhuvfidly punished her maid-servant, which cannot be proved. It is ordered that Mrs. Brooks shall pay the charges." Thus the slanderer received her reward. [1G48. ] Its dignity our provincial courts jealously guarded. Swearing at its sessions was punished, and perjury before it, it would, hi no wdse, countenance, as is attested by the sentence of one John Gonoore who was found guilty of this latter crime, "att a court held at Henry Morgan's att Kent 22nd Jan"y," sometime aljout 1648. Thomas Matthews in behalf of the Lord Proprietary complained ''against John Gonoore, that being called to answer upon his oath, not haveing the feare of God afore his eyes, he answered falsely and and against his knowledge, whereby he committed a willfull perjury, wherefore the said Thos. Matthews requireth in the behalf of the said Lord Proi)rietary, the said Goonore to be brought to condine punishment. "John Goonore not having anything to say for his defence, more than that it was the first time he ever committed the like offence. The Court adjudged him to be nailed by both ears to the Pillory with nailes in each eare, and the nails to be slitt out, and afterwards to be whipped with 20 good lashes. And this to be exequufed immediately hefore any other business of Court he 2')roceeded ur>oii.'" The following curious trial is found in Liber S. Folios 297 and 298, (vf the Provincial Court of Maryland : [1659.] "Whereas John Wasnington, of Westmoreland county, in Virginia, hath made complaynt against Edward Prescott, merchant, accusing ye said Prescott of felony unto ye Governor of this Province. xVUeging how that thee ye said Prescott, hanged a witch in his ship, as hee Vv'as outwards bound from England hither ye lastyeare. Uppon which complaynt of ye said Washington, ye Governor caused ye said Edward Prescott. to bee arrested ; Taking bond for his appeanxnce at this Provinciall Court, of 4,000rbs tobacco. Giving, moreover, notice to ye said Washington, by letter, of his proceedings therein, a copie of which bond, with ye said Washington's answere thereto are as fol- loweth : "Mr. Washington, ' "LTppon your complaynt to me that Mr. Prescott did in his voyage from England hither, cause a woman to bee executed for a witch, I have caused him to bee apprehended up2:)on suspition of felony, and doe intend to bind him over to ye Provincial Court to answere it ; w^liere I doe allso expect you to bee, to make good your charge. Hee will !)e called upon his tryall ye 4th on oth of October next, att ye court to bee held then att Patunent, nearo Mrs. FPenwick's house ; where I suppose you will not fayle to bee. Whitnesses examined m Virginia will be of no vallew there in this case, for they must bee face to face w^ith ye party accused, or they stand for nothing. I thought gooil to actuaynt with this, that you may not come unpro- vided. <^, 48 ' • T II K A X c I E N T City." "This at jiresent Sr. is all from ''Your Friend, "Josiat Feudell, "29tli September." 'vllumble Sir, "Yours, of this 29th instant, this day 1 received. I am sorry, yet my extraordinary occassions will not ])ermit me to ])C at ye next Pro- vinciall Court to he held in ^Maryland ye 4 of this next month. Be- cause then, God willinfr, 1 intend to ^^et my youn.ir sone baptized, all ye company and gossips being all ready invited. Besides in this short time witnesses cannot be got to come over. But if Mr. Prescott be bound to answer at ye next Provineiall Court after this. I shall do what lyeth in my j)Ower to get them ouer. Sir. I shall desire you for to acquaint me wheather Mr. Prescott be bound over to try, next Court, and when yr court is, that I may havo some time for to provide evidence. And so I rest "Your Friend & Servant, "John Washington, "oO September 1059."' "To whicli complaynt of John \Yashington, ye said Edward Pres- cott, (submitting himself to his tryall,) denyeth not but that there was one Elizabeth Richardson, hanged in his ship, as he was outward bound ye last year from England, and comming for this Province, neiir unto ye VVcstern Islands, by his master and company, (he having appointed one John Greene, for ye voyage master, thoug^ himself was both merchants and owner of ye ship,) but further sayth, that be understood ye proceedings 6f his said master and company, and protested against in that business. And that there upon both ye master and company were ready to mutiny. "And it appearing in y^- court by ye i)rinted custom house dis- charge, and light house bills or acquittances produced and shewn by ye said Edward Prescott, taken or given in John Greene's name, that ye said Green was master for ye voyage, and not Edward Prescott, and no one coming to jn-osequnto. Ye said Prescott, therefore prays that liee may be acquitted. "P^dward Prescott, prisoner at ye bar, upon suspition of felony, stated upon his acquittal. If any person can give evidence against him, let him come in, for the prisoner otherwise will ho acf[uitted. "And no one appearing, ye prisoner is acquitted l)y the Board." CHAPTER XII. An Indiscuket Representativk riioM Anne Arundel. [1G03.] The early annals of the province of Maryland preserve, as representatives of Anne Aruiidel in the General Assembly, the names of many families still to be found within the l^orders of this interest- ing county. In 1GG2. Anne Arundel was represented by Robert Burle, Richard Beard, and Rjilph Hawkins. History OF Annapolis. 4& The former became engaged in a serious difficulty by the indiscreet use of his pen, as will appear by the following extracts from the journal of proceedings of the General Assemlily :* "Wednesday, the 2d of April. Then was taken into consideration a certain paper, endorsed 'To the worshipful, the burgesses for this present Assembly, holden for Maryland. The declaration of several of the inhabitants of Anne Arundel county, which, as bearing no date, nor being subscribed by any person whosoever, was put to the vote whether it were a libel yea, or no.' "Voted by the House that it is a libel, containing scandalous and seditious expressions, tending to the utter subversion and overthrow of the legislative power of this province, residing in the Lord Proprie- tary andboth houses of Assembly, and, that it be sent to the lower house who are desired to jo\n ^vith this house in the searching out and centuring the author. "Ordered, that Mr. Daniel Jenifer, messer ~er, be sent from this house to the lower house, to present that seditious paper published at Anne Arundel, with the vote of this house lDT their concurrence." "Thursday, the 3rd of April. "Then the Lower House returned the seditious pamphlet sent by the Upper House to them together with the vote of this house, en- dorsed on the back side : "Assented to by the lower house. William Bretton, clerk. ' 'And further informed this house that as a member of that house, by name Robert Burle, did acknowledged that paper would reflect upon him, and that therefore the Lower House did desire that that member might be suspended from voting as a member till he had purged himself. "Unanimously voted by the Upper House that that person, viz : Robert Burle, should be suspended from sitting till he had purged himself, and that this vote be sent to the said Burle. "Then came two meml)ers of the Lower House, and said that the Lower House desired that Robert Burle might be forthwith tried. "Ordered, That a conference be desired immediately with the Lower House. "At a conference the Upper House did satisfy the Lower House, that Robert Burle is not to be tried by an assembly, but at a Provin- cial Court regularly. "Friday, the 4th of April. "Then came Robert Biirle and preferred the following petition and acknowledged his hearty sorrow for his faults concerning the mutinous and seditious expressions in the libel contained, which he penned and was published at Anne Arundel "To the Right Honorable, the Lieutenant General and to the Hon- orable Philip Calvert, Esq., Councellor, and to the Honored Council. "The humble petition of Robert Burle, showeth, "That whereas your petitioner is adjudged by your honors and by the Burgesses to have committed great transgression, and that of a high nature, which he hath committed inconsiderately through in- firmity and weakness, for which he declareth himself to be heartily sorry and humbly prayeth your honors to pardon and to pass by his great offence and conceiving liimseK to be the first offender since his * Archives! of Md. Proceedings of Assembly, p. 427. 4 5U ' ' T II E A N C 1 E N T Cl T Y . ' ' Lordshii)'s arrival, humbly prayeth for forgiveness which may be for the Honor of his Loj),! and .shall engage your petitioner to better fidelity, loyalty, and faithful o})edicnce, and shall ever engage the pe- titioner to pray for your honor's prosperity. "Ordered, That the said liurle do forthwith go to the Lower House and ask jiardon for his fault, and that the clerk of the Lower Iloilse be desired to see his suljinission recorded in their journal. "The Lower House sent to desire to know whether Robert Burle might be admitted to sitt with them again. '•Tiie Lieutenant General left it to their discretions." The exact contents of this paper are not jireserved. It is apparent the Lower House concluded to let Mr. Burle remain a member of that body, as his name appears among the list of delegates prefixed to the acts of assembly (jf the session of 1U02. t I.irdsliip. CHAPTER XIIL The CouKACJEors Spirit of the Maryland Settlers. [1081.] It was not alone in the tented field that that courageous spirit, which has always characterized Marylaiiders, was evinced by our early settlers, but in tvery position where manly deeds and noble words were required, the hardy adventurers proved themselves men worthy oC the stock from whence they came. Over and over again the Legislature of Maryland, the lower house especi.illy, showed a determined opposition to the encroachments of the jtroprietary upon their just riglits and liberties, and evinced that deteruiination in so marked a manner that proprietaries were com- pelled to submit to their imperative demands. This determination to yield no rights and to urge no unnecessary privileges was strongly jjortrayed by the proceedings of the Assem1)ly which met in August, KJ-SL On calling the roll, there appeared twelve vacancies in the lower house. The house thereu|)on addressed the Lord l*ro|>rietary requesting him to ai)i)oint some oflicer, to whom the speaker of their house migiit direct his warrants, to cause these vacancies to be filled: until which "they huml)ly conceived them- selves greatly incapacitated to act and do j>ropurtional)le to the great trust reposed in them, and sufficiently to consult tlie grand and weighty affairs of the province." The address alsocomj»lainedai)out his lordsliij) having called but two meuibers from each county when four should have '>een called. His lordship askeil tlie jjresence of the lower house. On entering the upi»er house, the Lord Proprietary said : "That by ln"s proelauui- tion, by vvhicli they were now called, the law for four delegates is suffi- ciently dissented to, and that otherwise, he would gratify their re- H I S T R Y F A N N A P O L I S . 51 quest in issuinroved themselves worthy of their honorable title, and gave abundant evi- dence of that love of liberty and courage to enjoy it which have char- acterized the English speaking race, at all times, the world over. * Ilidg-'ly's Annals of Anunpolis, y. SG. CHAPTER XIV. Providence CI^A^'(;ED to ^Tiie Town, at Prootor's/' [1083.] Providence seems to have changed its name sometime be- tween 10.10 and lG8o, for by an act of the Legislature of the last named year, cliap. V,* it .vas spoken of as "The Town at Proctor's," ana made a port of entry of tlie province. The commissioners appointed by this act to execute its powers were, son. crime before the 2.")th of March, 1084. to meet on the rcsju'Ctivo lands, and to agree with and purciiase of tiie owr.ers 100 acres of con- venient lands, and cause the same to be surveyed, marked and stake ^ out, and divided into convenient streets, lanes, and alleys, with open places to be left for erecting church, chapel, market-house, or other public buildings, and the remaining part of the sjiid 100 acres, to divide into 100 equal lots, marked on posts. 1, 2, 3. &c., to 100, of which the owner of the land, to have his first choice for one lot. No person to purchate more than one lot. during tour n.onths after the 2oth of :\[arcii, 1084, and the lots to be purchased by the inhabitants of the con- ty only. But if not taken up by tiiem" within the said four months, then to be free to any person whatsoever, to take up the same, paying the owner proportional)ly. ' If the owners refused, or were disabled Ijy legal incapacity to sell, the co-nmissioners were empowered to issue their warrant to the sheriff, to sunnnon a jury to value the lands, and the damage by them assessed, was to be paid to the owners, by the parties taking up lots, in proportion to tl"'" ^■"'^. * Bncon 8 Jitw- H I S T O R Y F A X X A P O L I S . 53 The coininissioiiers were empowered to summon the Surveyor-Gen- eral, or liis Deputy, in the county, to survey and layout the ''100 acres aforesaid," and to mark and stake out the same into 100 equal lots, with streets. After such survey, laying-out, and valuations, any I'crson making: choice of a lot, and makinu; entry thereof, with the person appointed by the commissioners, to keep tlie book of entries, and payin.2,- or giv- ing security for payment of such sum, as should be by direction of the commissioners, rated upon such lot, and payaV)le to the owner of the land, and building on such lot one sufficient twenty foot square house, at the least, before the last day of August, 1085, each respective lot to be held of the Lord Proprietary, his heirs forever, under the yearly rent of oii'^ penny current money, for each respective lot ; the same, or any other manner of settlement or building tliereon, according to the directions of Ihe act, was to invest the said taker-up and builder with an estate of inheritance in the said lot to him, his heirs, and as- signs forever. And also, upon tender of payment and refusal, the said buddings as aforesaid, with proof of such tender ard refusal, were to be binding to all intents and purposes, against the said parties so re- fusing, their heirs, &"c. The commissioners for each respective county, named in this act, were to appoint a person to keep a book, wherein to enter down each man's choice of any respective lot. The Surveyor's fee was to be SOibs. of tobacco for each lot, to be paid by the taker-up. In case the taker-up of any lot should refuse or neglect to build within the time by this act appointed, any person whatsoever, might take u}» the same, paying the tobacco first set on such lot, to tlie com- missioner of the county, or to the person by them appointed to receive the same, for the use and benefit of the said town, |)rovided such second taker-up begin to build such house, as was limited in the act within one month after such his entry, and finish the same within six months, which house, so built, should give and settle an estate of in- heritance to him and his heirs forever, on said lot. Lots not taken up in five years were to revert to their original owners '"as in their first and former estate." All ships and vessels trading with the province, after August, 1685, were lequired to ''unload their respective goods and merchandise at such towns, ports and places only," as were in the "act before set down and appointed, on j^enalty of forfeiting all such goods and merchandizes by them landed, at any other places whatsoever, one- third to his lordship, one-third to the benefit of the next adjacent town in tne county where such offence shall be committed, and one- third to the informer. No merchant, factor, mariner, or other person, trading into the province, whether foreigner or inhabitants, was allowed to traffic, sell, or barter away any goods but at some of these legally appointed ports and towns, but it was allowed for workingmen's wages to be paid, and the inhabitants were permitted to buy at their own jdanta- tions, necessary provisii-ns for their families, with any goods, &g., bought at any the ports, or with goods by them purchased, imported, and landed at any of the ports. All goods and wares, of the growth, production, ormanufactare of the province, intended for exportation, had to be brought to one of 54 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' these ports for sliipment. and all store-house keepers, havinj:^ room for storage, were required under i)enalty, to allow goods brought for ex- portation to be stored, under rent of 10 lbs. of tobacco per hogsliead. The store-house keeper acted by this receipt of goods as insurer of the goods, casualties by fire excepted. ' "This effort to enlarge tlie "Town at Proctors," it appears, proved futile, for, in 1094. commissioners, with similar powers, to those given in the act of 1083, were re-appointed todo these 'first worksover again." CHAPTER XV. The r>rPEA('HMENT of Ma.joii Thomas Ti;r>[AX. [lOTo.] The Snsquehannock Indians, at one time one of the most powerful tribes in Maryland, liad to retreat before the advance of the ferocious Senecas, and, in 1G75, the former located theuiselves in the coun'iry of the Piscattoways at the liead of the Potomac. Several murders having been committed by these Indians, iNfary- land and Virginia united in sending a force against them. The troops invested a fort occupied by the Susquehannocks, from whicli during the course of the siege, five Indian chiefs were induced, under offers of friendshi)) and i)romises of protection, to come into the colonial camp, in wliich they were treacherously murdered. This l)7ise conduct aroused the indignation of tlie people of "Mary- land, and Major Truman was impeached and tried for murder in 1070. The first article of impeachment declared : "Articles against major Thomas Truman exliiliited by tlie lower house of assembly to the right honourable the Lord Proi>riet;irv. and upper house of xYssffmbly."--- "We, your lordshiji's most humble, true, faithful and obedient |)eo- ple, the burgesses and delegates in your lowei' house of assembly, be- ing constrained, by necessity of our fidelity and conscience, in viiuli- cation of the honour of God, and the honour and welfare of your lordship and this province, do complain and shew that the said major Thomas Truman, late commander-in-chief ujion an expedition aL'ainst the Indians at the Susqueh.annali forte, hath, by ma)iy and sundry ways and means, committed divers and sundry enormous crimes and offences, to the dishonour of Almighty God, against the laws of na- tions, contrary to your l(U*dshij>'s (^onnnissionand instructions, atid to the great endangering of your lordshiji's peace, and the good and safety of your lordship's province, according to the articles liereaftcr mentioned, that is to say : "We find, ujion reading your lordship's conuuission and instructions, and the affidavits which we herewith send to your lordship and tii)per house of assemlily. and which we humbly submit to you lordsliip's examination and serious consideration.' • Arcliives of ^Inrjlitii'l. AMSt-inhly Pioceedini;'*, |i. IS."). History of Annapolis. 55 "Tlic first. That the said major Truman hath broken his commis- sion and instructions thus : that the said major Thomas Truman hav- ing received six Indians sent out by the Susquehannahs as embassa- dors to treat with him on the Sunday after the arrival of the ]\[ary- laiid forces, and received their paper and meddall,t by which we find they were received as friends, and in amity with us, and had liberty of going back to the fort, and were assured that no intention of force was to be used against them, and that no damage should be done to them, their wives, or children, and that they did, that night, go into the forte, and the next morning did return again with the like num- ber, only one Indian changed, and supposed to come on purpose to treat, and not in any hostile manner, yet the said major Thomas Tru- man, without calling any council of warr of your lordship's officers under his command, as he ought to have done, did, in a barbarous and cruel manner, cause five of the said Indians to be killed and mur- dered, contrary to the law of God and nations, and contrary to your lordship's commission and instructions." The upper house after a "full hearing on both sides, and after read- ing of the said major's commission and instructions from liis loirlship and council," found Major Truman guilty as impeached, and ordered a messenger to be sent to the lower house to draw up a bill of at- tainder against him. The lower house prescribed in the l)ill a fine as punishm.ont. The upper house objected to a fine being levied for "such broad crimes," and said ; "it will be much wondered by those who shall hear and view our proceedings thereon, what shall V)e the cause why the same hath been past over with so slender and shghta punishment, being no more than what crimes of a more inferior nature might have deserved." The lower house replied to this l)y saying "that the said Major Truman, for his crime does not deserve death, in regard that several circumstances that appeared at his tryall, extenuated his crime very much, as the unanimous consent of tlie Virginians, and the eager im- petuosity of the whole field, as well Marylanders, upon the sight of the Christians murdered at Mr. Hinson's, and them very Indians that were there killed, being proved to be murderers, both of them and several other Christians; and in regard, also* that it appears to this house that the said crime was not maliciously perpetrated, or out of any design to prejudice the province, but merely out of ignorance, and to prevent a mutiny of the whole army, as well Virginians as Marylanders; wherefore, this house do not think fittto recede from their former vote.'' Between the dift'erences of the two houses on the suliject. Major Truman appears to have escaped punishment altogether. t Very pioh:itily thosf^ received when iliey m ui-- ih ' Treaty "ith tiie Pari- tau< on the JSevni in 1652. CHAPTER XVI. Eemoval of the State Capital frdm St. Mary's TO Annapolis. [1694.] Plant a capital on any site, and it immediately throws out 56 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " its tendrils, and takes root in the l)ody politic and in the affections of the i)eople. Time increases the dejjth of these roots, and di?ninislies the clianees of tlieir transplantinc:. History establishes the fact that capitals are not easily removed from one place to another, and that a State clings to the site of its ancient cai)ital with almost religious veneration. Catholic Italy, for a time deprived of its early seat of government, at the favorable moment, i)ut its armies in motion, and headed by a son of the Church, thrusts the Pope into the narrow confines of the Vatican, and seizes upon its ancient capital to the joy of a Catholic i)eople. Maryhi'iid, since her settlement as a colony, has had but two sub- stantial changes of her capital. Several temporary removals of the place of the meeting of the General Assembly and the sessions of the Courts have taken place, but from 10o4, the year of the settlement of Maryland, to 1083, "St. Marie's," in St. Mary's county, remahied leually, and, most of the time, really, the venerated capital of Mary- land. The first evidence St. Mary's had that its treasured prerogative, the possession of the capital, could be taken from her, was in 1054, after the parliamentary commissioners, Bennett and Claiborne, had reduced the colony to ol)edience to the commonwealth — to which authority it was never overtly disobedient. The Assembly, called by the Puritan provincial authorities, met at one liichard Preston's nouse on the Pa- tuxent liiver, to which place tlie documents and records of the colony kad been removal. In 1050, whilst St. Mary's remained the residence of Lord Baltimore's Lieutenant in the Province, Gov. Fendall, Pa- tuxent still continued the place of the regular meeting of the General Assembly. St. Mary's, in the year lO'iO, was fully restored to all her ancient prerogatives, and, in that year, the session of the General As- sembly was held tlua-e. St. Mary's remained undisturbed in her re-acknowledged honors until 1083, when, through the remote-.-.ess of the town from the rest of the province, its inconvenience, ani1 expense of access, which had always been "felt and often complained of," she was once more tem- porarily shorn of iier laurels. Tlie will of tlie Proprietary and feel- iiiiTS of* the iH'ople conspired to sustain tlie ]>rivileges of tl'iis ancient cin- ; but the former, in 1083. yielded to the desires of the long-suffer- iuii p('oi)le, and the Assembly was removed, with the courts and pro- A-incial offices, to a place called the "Ridge," in Anne Arundel county. One session only of the Gejieral Assembly was held here. The poor accommodations of the Ridge drove tliem hence, and the ])eripatetic caintal took up its ai)ode on Battle Creek, on the Patuxent River, from wiience, after a session of three days only, it was again removed to its old site, the city of St. Mary's. The Proviiicial Court found it necessary to adjourn* also from the Ridge, from the want of necesstiry accounnodations. Once >nore settled at St. Mary's, the Proprietary gave the inhal)itants of tiiat town a written promise that the caj)itai "should not l)e re- moved ao-ain during his life." Resting under this assurance the peo- ple of St? Mary's had reason to feel secure in fiie possession of the capital of the province, at least, for the uncertain duration of the jn'o- iirietary's life. Subsequent events proveil the vanity of human calcu- lations uj)on this tenure. * JMi-Jhihon s Mmvland, i>, 'jr.i. History ofAnnapolis. 57 Providence, evidently, had a desire for the location of the seat of government within its limits very early in its history, for in 16T4. when the Legislature was considering the propriety of erecting a State House, prison, and office, at the Ridge, a member of the lower house stated, and the house sent the message to the Governor and Council that ''there are severall persons of qualitie in Anne Arundel county that will undertake to build a State House, prison and office at there own charge onlie to be repaid by the countrey when the buildings are finished and to build a House for his Excelency, at .their own proper costs and charges." The Lower House showed that it was fully ripe for the innovation by voting "that it be necessarie and this house doe petition his Excelencie accordinglie." The Upper House gave a sharj) reply. It returned "answer to which vote the Captaine General signifieth to the Lower House that he, having by.writiehig allreadie declared his choice and the public faith l)eing allreadie passed, and conceiving that this Last Paper is noe answer to the last message of this House tuching the Buildings, doth not thinke fit to take anie further notice of the said Paper ; but that the Lower House be desired to signefie to this House of what dimen- sion the said Buildings are to be and then some persons will ofEer themselves as undertakers of the same." In 1089, William of Orange mounted the throne of England, and Protestantism l^ecame the ascendant religion in that kingdom. Lord Baltimore received instructions to proclaim William and Mary, as sovereigns, in the province of Maryland. He promptly obeyed the command. His orders, however, failed to reach his agents in Mary- land in proper season, and, waiting to hear his mind in the matter, the Proprietary's "timid deputies lost him his government by shirking in a 'moment of emergency above the ordinary restrictions of law, from the exercise of powers not nominated in their commission."! The instrument of the revolution in the province was an organiza- tion known as "An Association in arms for the defense of the Pro- testant religion, and for asserting the rights of King William and Queen Mary to the provhice of Maryland and all the English domin- ions." John Coode was the leader of the association. After a brief struggle, the association, in August, 1G89, obtained entire possession of the province. A convention was immediately held in the name of the association, and a full account of the proceedings and purposes oC the organization was submitted to the King. The King approved the revolution, and the province remained under the authority of the convention until April 9th. 1692. At that time, in accordance with the wishes of the convention. Sir Lionel Copley, who liud appointed the first royal governor of Maryland, assumed control of the aifairs of the province. He convened the Legislature immediately. Notwithstanding the governor counselled moderation in legislation, the General Assembly commenced its work by throwing a fire l)rand in the province, in thanking the King for redeeming them "from the arbitrary will and pleasure of a tyrannical Popish govern- ment under which they had so long groaned." A most gratuitous and unwarrantable assertion. They followed up that charge, with the cstabKshment of the protestant religion in the ])rovince, and pro- viding for its support by general taxation. Lord Baltimore's agents t McMuiioti's Maryland, p. 23(5. 58 - • T HE Ancient City.'' were then prohibited from reeeiviiij^ port duties, and his collection of his land rents was ,t,a-ievously interferred with. The old city of St. Clary's, around wliich clustered all the historic associations of early settlement, and which had been the permanent seat of iTovernment since the existence of the colony, was innnolated in turn upon the altar of revolution. The town at this time. 1094, contained about sixty houses — a number it had reached a few years after its settlement. It had soon obtained its full growth. Stunted in its early energies, its vital powers were sapped, and, at the period when the removal of the capital was suggested, had become **a mere landing-place for the trade of its own immediate neighborhood." St. Mary's had several disadvantages that presented the town nnfavora- l)ly to the body of Legislators. Situated at the southern extremity of the province, it was remote from the rest of the inhabitants, and the expense and inconvenience, in those days of incommodious traveling, attended access to, and egress from the place. Besides its local dis- advantages, it had one feature to discommend it to the partizans of that day. Its people were Catholics, whilst the Legislature was pecu- liarly Protestant, at least, as far as illiberal men could represent protestant principles. With all these against it, there is no wonder at the result, although a State House of respectable dimensions at St. Mary's indicated what expense would attend the loss of one capitol, and the building of another. The })lace contemplated as the new capital was the "Town at Proc- tors," now Annapolis. This place, as we may judge from an almost contemporary description of it, was not so large even as St. Mary's but, by an ac^t of the Legislature of 1088, it had been created as a town and port of entry. In 1094, previous to the removal of the cai)ital, it was named. ''Anne xVrundel Town," and was made the residence of the district collector, the naval othcer. and their deputies, "for the dispatch of shipping." Passing ahead of the period of which we are writing, we quote a description of the town penned about six years l|iter. It reads. "Col. Nicholson has done his endeavor to make a town of that place. There are ai)out forty dwelling houses in it, seven or eight of which can afford a good lodging or accommodations for strangers. There are also a State House and a free school, built of brick, which make a great show among a parc'el of wooden houses, and the foundation of a church is laid, the onlylirick church in Maryland. They have two market days in a week ; ancl had (tov. Nicholson con- tinued there a few months longer, he had brought it to iierfeetion.'"]: The people of St. Mary's were not disposed to let this v.-ilued treasure slip from their grasp, without making the most stremu^us efforts to retain it. They turned their eyes toward Gov. Nicholson, lifted uj) their hands, and. casting themselves at his feet in an agony of des] eration, as their only'hope, |)rayed him for succor in this, the day of their calamity. They directed a petition to him as "his Excellency." and as "Captain General and Governor in chief, in and over this, their Majestys* province and Territory of ]\[aryland." The address beiran, ''The Mayor. Recorder. Aldermen, Common Cotmcil- men, and Freemen, of the city of St. Mary's in the said province, and jirincipally. from the bottom oi their hearts, they rejoice in your Ex- cellency's happy accession to this, your Governnient ; and "sincerely t (Jl«!m xon .- lli'torv of V'li' iiiiit. HistoryofAnnapolis. 59^ pray for your peaceable and quiet enjoyment thereof, and long and prosperous continuance therein for the Glory of God, their Majestys' service, the good and benefit of their subjects, and your own particu- lar comfort and satisfaction." The petition then proceeds to supplicate the Governor to continue to the petitioners "their ancient franchises, rights, and privileges, granted them by tlieir cliarter with such other i)enefits and advantages as liath been accustomed and generally allowed, and, from time to time, continued to them by your predecessors, rulers, and governors of the ])rovince, humbly offering and proposing to your Excellency these following reasons as motives inducing thereto." These reasons were classed under sixteen heads. The first, in full : '■^Iniprinms, As that it was the prime and original settlement of the province, and from the first seating thereof for above sixty years hath been the antient and chief seat of Government." The second reason was because Lord Baltimore had conferred on it, in consideration of the above fact, especial privileges. The third paragraph set forth tliat the capital should remain where it was, because "the situation in itself is most pleasant and healthful, and naturally commodious in all respects for the purpose, being plen- tifully and well watered with good andwliolesome springs, and almost encompassed around with harbor for shipping, where five hundred sail of sliip, at least, may securely ride at anchor before the city." The town also contained, this section asserted, excellent points of land on which to erect fortifications to defend the said shipping, and for the preservation of the "public magazine and records of the province." Tlie fourth argument recited tliat the capital ought not to be re- moved, because," by an act of the Legislature of 10(53, land was bought, and in 1674; the Legislature passed an act to build a State House and a prison, which cost the province 300,000 pounds of tobacco ; and in the next asserted that the inhabitants of St. Mary's had made and paid a free offering of 100,000 pounds of tobacco to build Lord Balti- more a house adjacent to the town. The si:;th and seventh paragraphs recounted the removal of the Leg- islature and Courts to the Kidge in 1688, and those inconveniences that brought again the .capital to the "antient seat of government." The eighth reason given was that, for the encouragement of the in- habitants rf St. Mary's to make provision for the accommodation of the persons who would be called to the town by public business. Lord Baltimore promised the seat of government should not be removed from St. Mary's during his life. The ninth section states that "upon which encouragement given, several of the Inhabitants of the Sc\id city have launched out, disbursed considerable estates to their great impoverishment and almost utt|r ruin, if they should be defeated of such, their promised encourage- ment, and not only so, but divers others the inhabitants for several miles about contiguous and adjacent to the said county, upon the same encouragement of his Lordship, have seated themselves upon mean and indifferent lands, and laid out their estates, and made im- provements thereon, barely for tlie raising of stock wherewith to sup- ply the said city for the end and purpose aforesaid, which is now be- come their whole and only dependence for their future support and maintenance." GO ' ' T U E A N C 1 E N T C I T Y . ' • The tenth pararovince, for the dispatch of letters and expresses, its ac- cessibleness from Patuxeiitand Potomac Rivers, and the "Main Bay," and the colony of Viri^inia, "with whom" the petition affirmed, "mu- tual intercourse and correspondence is most undeniably necessary and material." The eleventh reason g;iv(in announced that the cai)ital should not be removed because Gov. Copley had been required to enter upon his gubernatorial duties at St. ^Mary's ! The twelth set forth that "scarce any precedent can be produced of so sudden a change, as the removal of the antient and chief seat of government, upon the careless suggestion and allegation of some par- ticular persons for theirown private interest an advantage :" and evi- dently to array Gov. Nicholson upon the side of St. Mary's, the peti- tioners flattered him with the soft impeachment that the removal of the capital was invested with him as their majestys' representative, and, at his Excellency's "feet," continued the petitioners, "we humbly cast ourselves for relief and support against the calamities and ruin wherewith we are threatened, and wlioUy relying upon your Excel- lency's grace and favor tlierein, witli whom, we also conceive, should be good manners in all persons first to treat and interceed, before they presume to make any peremptory result, in case of so high a nature as this may be." The thirteenth and fourteenth paragraphs reminded the Governor that, in 1692, "it was put to the vote of a full house, whether the holding of the Courts and Assembly at Saint Mary's were a grievance, or not. and carried'in the negative," and they, the petitioners "hum- bly conceive that house did well consider all difficulties and outlays, losses, anl expenses to be incurred in moving the capital, l>esidestlie hazards and casualties of removing and transporting tlie records from one ]»lacc to another, of wliich already some experience hath been had," To meet all the objections of inconvenience of travel to the "antient and chief seat of government," the petitioners offered to ])rovide as soon as possible "a coach, or caravan, or both, to go at all times of public meeting of Assemblies and Provincial Courts, and so forth, everyday, daily, l)etween St. Mary's and Patuxent Kiver, and at all other times, once a week, and also to keep constantly on hand a dozen horses at least, with suitable furniture, for any person, or persons, having occasion to ride post, or otherwise,, with or witliout a guide, to any ]»ort of tlie ju-ovince on tlu^ Western shore." The sixteentii and concluding paragraph argued that the objection that St. Mary's was not in the centre of the province, and, therefore, not suitable as the capital, was conspicuously untenable from the fact that the Imperial Court is held in London, "as far from the cen- tre of England as St. Marie's in this province ; Boston, in New Eng- land : Port Royal, in Jamaica : Jamestown, in Virginia ; and almost all other, their ^Iaje>lantations, wiiere are ^till kept and continued in tlieir first antient stations and places, the chief seat of irovernment and courts of judicature.'' Then follow tlie names of the Mayor, Aldermen and Councilmen of St. Maries, with the freemen thereof, among the latter l)eing that of John Coode. HisTORYOpAxyjipoLis. 61 After the signatures comes an especial sop for the governor's vanity, in which the same parties hoped that the reasons and motives herewith offered to his Excellency and the Council will prevent their assent to the contemplated law, and affirmed that they placed their reliance on "his Excellency's known experience, assisted by so worthy a council." They urged again that it was a royal prerogative only to change the seat of government, and when that authority was invaded "the State is in a confusion." Knowing their Majesties' respect for the rights of their subjects, as "sufficiently evidenced by their placing a person of your Excellency's hnoivn regard to the same at the helm of the gov- ernment, the petitioners do humbly conceive that it is not consistent with the rules of gratitude for so great a blessing, as to pass a law which your petitioners are well informed, is an apparent incroach- ment upon their Majesties' prerogative." They supplemented their lengthly review of the case with a prayer, which showed how solicitous the people of St. Mary's were for the reputation of the State. "Least," said the petitioners, "the province may be so blamed as to have it said that it was the first of the Ameri- can plantations, that offered violence to the prerogative of so worthy a prince," they ask that the governor will reject" the bill, until, at least, leave be first obtained from his Majesty. An apology for putting with so much freedom his Excellency in mind of a matter which they knew was his "chiefest care to preserve," concludes the paper. The Governor sent the petition to the lower house. The quaint and jeering reply of that body to this petition was found in a yellow and musty MS, at the Land Office, Annapolis, Md. It is quoted entire : "By the Assembly, Oct. the 11th, 1694. "This House have read and considered of the petitions and reasons of the Mayor, Aldermen, and others, calling themselves Common Council and Freemen of the City of St. Maries^ against removing the Courts and Assembly of, from this Corner and poorest place in the province, to the Center and best abihtated place thereof. Although wee conceive the motives there laid downe, are hardly deserving any answer at all, many of them being arjainst the plain matter of^fact, some against i-eason, and all against Generall good and wellfaire of the province ; yet, ])ecause your Excellency has been pleased to lay them before us, wee humbly returne this, our sence of the same, that as to the 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : and 8 : Reasons, relating to what his Lord Proprietary has thought fitt to doe to the city of St. Maries, it is noe Rule, nor Guide to their Majesties, your Excellency, nor this hfuise. Itt seemes in some 2^arts to reflect on his Lord Proprietary more than this house believes is true, or deserved by his Lord Proprie- tary. "2. As to the 9 : this house say that it is against the plain m.atter of fact, for wee can decerne noe Estate, either laid out, or to lay out in, or about this famous City comparable with other parts of this pro- vince. But they say, and can make appoare that there has been moore 3Ioney spent here, by three degrees or more, than this city and all the inhabitants for tenn miles round is worth, and say that having had <>Oty-odd years experience of this place, and almost a quarter part of the province devoured by it, and still, like Pharoah's kine, remain as 03 ' ' 1^ H E A N c 1 E N T City.'' at first, they are discouraged to add any more of their substance to such ill iiiij)rovers. "As to the Tenth and Eleventh, wee conceive the beinp: of St. Maries soe neare Vir2:iniu, is not soe great an advantage to the jtro- vince, as the placeing the Courts in the Centre and Ilichest part of the same, which is noe great distance from thence of Virginia either, and nearer Xew York and other Governments which wee have as much to doe with as Virginia, if not more, and tiie place as well watered and as Commodious in all respects as St. Maries, which has only served hither to cast a Blemish upon all the rest of the province in the Judgment of all discerning strangers who, perceiving the meanness of the head, must rationally judge proportionably--- of the })ody tliereof. "To the 12 : 13 : and 14 : they say that they doe not hold themselves accountal)le to the Mayor and his Brethern for what they doe for their €ountroy's service, nor l)y what measures they do the same, nor what time they shall take to doe it in. nor for what reasons ; and are, and will be as carefuU of the records and properties of the people, as the proprietary. "To the' loth : the house say the petitioners offer faire as they have done formerly ; but never yet performed any, and this house believes that the Generall welfare of the province ouglit to take place of that sugar plum of all the Mayor's Coaches, who, as yet, lias not one. "To the 10 : this house conceive that the citty of St. Maries is very unequally rankt with London, Boston, Port Royall, &c. "All which wee humbly offer to your Excellency's juditious Con- sideration." All the honeyed words of flattery that fell from the lips of the pe- titioners upon the ear of his "Excellency," were also unavailing. On the reception of the answer of the House of Delegates, the council tersely recorded its view of the matter, in this brief paragraph — "This Board concur with the said answers made by the House of Burgesses." The removal was consummated the ensuing winter, and the Assem- bly met first on the 28th of February, 1094, (old style.) in its new capital. The archives of the province, wliich were the objects of such disin- terested solicitude on the part of the peojde of St. Mary's were ordered to be carried "in good strong bags, and to be secured with cordage and hides, and well jjacked — with guards to attend them night and day, to ill' })rof('cf('(l from all accidents, (!) and to be delivered to the Sheriff of Anne Arundel County at Anne Arundel Town." These re- cords reached Annapolis in the winter of 1094-9o. * This \v(»rtl is found in a later <'opy. In the 6; rli.'r records it seems to be •'fxporcunably.'' CHAPTER XVII. CHRONirLES OF AxXAPOLLS FROM 1G94 TO 1700. [1094.] By chapter 8, acts of 1694, passed Oct. 18th, the name of •'Town-Land at Proctors." now Annapolis, was changed to the "Town and Port of Ann-Arundel." The commissioners by the act of 1G94 II I S T O R Y O F A 2s X A P L 1 S . Go -were Major John Hammond, Major Edward Dorsey, Mr. John Ben- nett, Mr. John Dorsey, Mr. Andrew Norwood, Mr. Phihp Howard, Mr. James Sanders, and the Honorable Xicholas Greenbury, Esq. The eonclnding section of this act, appointhig the commissioners, says: "That, at the Town and Port at Severn in Anne Arundel county, shall be bought' or valued by the Jury as before in this act is mentioned, all that parcel or neck of Land within Leary Neck-Cove""'" and Acton's Covef lying and adjoining, or near, to the said Town as aforesaid, or so much thereof as by the commissioners shall be found convenient, to be fenced in and called The Towx Common, 'or Pasture, and paid for, and fenced in at the Public Charge: And shall be for the public use and service, when need shall require, and that the inhabitants of the said Town shall not raise any of cattle or hogs, horse's or sheep, more than what they can contain and raise upon their respective lot or lots, and not more, at the discretion of the commissioners." This same act also constituted Ann- Arundel town a port of entry and i)lace of trade, and made it the place of residence of the collector of the district, naval oificer, and their deputies, "for the dispatch of shipping." [1095.] Dignified with the seat of government, Annapolis put on its honors with the stir of a new vitality. The Legislature ordered one or more places to be laid out and reserved as ship-yards, and passed an act giving Anne Arundel the Town the more euphonious title, of An- napolis, "Chap. II of this session enacthig that the port shad for ever hereafter be denominated, called and known by the Name and Port of Annapolis, and by no other Name or Distinction whatever. ' ' The first session of the Legislature in Annapolis was held in the house of Major Edward Dorsey, begining on February 28. 1094, 0. S.. (or 1095, N. S.) One day during this session, the Legislature adjourned in a body to an ale-house, if, for other than the inferential reason, is not stated ; but the affair excited the indignation of Governor Francis Nicholson. Brick clay of good quality having been discovered near Annapolis, contracts were made with Casper August Herman, a luirgess from Cecil, for building the parish church, school-house, and Stadt-house.* This Assembly voted "that a publique ferry be kept upon Severn river at Annapolis, for the accommodation of the publique." Allen Robinett was appointed keeper of the ferry and was required to reside in Annapolis, and for his services was paid 9000 pounds of tobacco a year, out of the pulilic revenues. This ferry was maintained by the Anne Arundel county authorities to the year 1887, when it was super- seded by a bridge. In the act of 1095, "for keeping good rules and orders in the Port of Annapolis," it was eiiacted that "for encouragement of all sorts, of tpadesmen, or men of calling, to. come and inhabit the town aforesaid, «- i-:- ■;•:- in * ^]^y^^ when any baker, brewer, tailor, dyer, or any such tradesmen, that, by their practice of their trade, may any ways annoy, or disquiet the neighbors or inhabitants of the town, it shall and may be lawful for the commissioners and trustees aforesaid, to allot and appoint such tradesmen such part or parcel of land, out of the pre- sent town pasture, as to the said commissioners shall seem meet * 111 Gr'ivev;n-d Civek. t 111 ^pi Creek. * State-liou.-f . 64 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " and convenient for the exercise of such trade, a sufficient distance from the said town as may not be annoyance thereto, not exceeding the quantity of one lot or acre of land to any one tradesman afore- said. And provided, the same trade and lots of land for that use, may be as near toii^ether and contiguous as the nature of the trade will allow, without hindering or annoying one. another, which said ap- pointment and parcel of land aforesaid, allotted by the commissioners and trustees aforesaid, shall ])e to such i)ersons, tradesmen, and their heirs for ever, and to the maintenance of sucli trades and not others." [1090.] In this year, the Legislature passed an act for "keeping good rules and order" in the town of Amiapolis. and Gov. Nicholson, the Honorable Sir Thomas Lawrence, the Honorable Nicholas Green- bury, the Honorable Thomas Tench, ^Nlajor .John Hammond, .Major Edward Dorsey, 'Mr. -James Sanders, and Captain Richard Hill, or any five of them, were made the body cor];K)rate for the town. The same act gave Governor Nicholson a lot of land within the town common, "for planting or making a garden, vhie-yard, and summer-house." This land comprised all that part of the town beginning on the north east side the present dock, (then called Nicholson's Cove,) running with a straight line to East street, with the said street to State House Circle, with the Circle to Francis street, then down Francis to Church, down Church to the south east side of the dock. There stood within the lines of this lot, until fifteen years since a house, for many years occu[>ied by Mrs. Richard Ridgely, which tradition says was the house where the first Governor who lived in Annajjolis resided. That Gover- nor was Francis Nicholson. The house stood on the corner of Hyde's alley and Cornhill street and was of frame and of an architecture curious and ancient. It ajipears from the same act that Mr. Richard Beard had made a maj), or plot, of Annapolis. The commissioners were authorized to erect a market-house and to hold a markeV once a week, and a fair every year. At the same session it was proposed to have a Bridewell, "if any person would undertake to build and keo]) it that all idle and vagrant perpers may be taken up and put to work there." The house declared, "that such Bridewell, or house of correction, was very necessary and convenient, but that the present ill circumstances of this ]>rovince will not admit the beginning or carrying on of any new building then already undertaken." For the improvement of' Annapolis, it was proposed and adopted by the house "that ye townes poeple be empowered to purchase a com- mon, ami for the commissioners of the said town to make bye-laws, with jiower to Ilyne any persons, inhabitants committing breach thereof in such summetobeascertahied." "To assess ye conduit made at the i^ubhque charge. That the common be well (deaned Avith ye points of land, and ye place dividing the common to be well ditclied." •'That an handsome pair of gates be made at ye coming in of the townc, and two triangular houses Iniilt for ye rangers." "To have the way from the gate to go directly to the top of ye hill without thetowne,and to be ditched on each side and sett with quick setts or some such thing.""*' "That part of the land which lye on ye creeke,t by major Dorsey's * Kicluely's .Aiiuals of Annapolis, 11.90. t Tliis ereek jius^eii n|j Kinj; (leorge street jiiiil Piiterod the {garden \\ h re I>r. S. D. Kenedy now lesides, History of A x x a p o l i s . 05 house, whereby his excellency at present lives,"-'- \yc sett aside for pub- Jique buildiuii-s. and if in case the same happen to come within any of ve said major's lotts, — propose that land be c:iven him elsewhere for'it. "To have in the said towne two ffairs a year, and persons coming thither not to be arrested for one day before the said ffair and one day- after. "That forty foot space be left along the water side within the port of Annapolis, for any person to build warehouses upon if the owners of such lotts that front upon the same do not build thereon in such a tyme to be sett." "That the holes made by grubbing up stumps and cutting off tops of stones in the said port of AnnapoTis be filled up." It was proposed this session to build a church in Annapolis, and a committee was appointed to "inspect into the proposals for building the same." Major Edward Dorscy, from the committee, reported 'that there was in Banck for building the church at Annapolis, £458 sterling. That they had discoursed workmen, and the carpenter demands for his work £350 — the bricklayer, having all stuff \\\^on the place. £220 — the brickmaker £90 — that they find no other means to raise money there- for without the assistance of some charitable disposed persons'. That the charge of building the said church will amount to £1,200 ster- ling." An was act passed the same day imposing a tax of "three pence ner hundred on tobacco, to continue and be in force until the 12th dav of May, which shall be in the year of our Lord God, 1698, and to be*ap- phed to the building of ye church at Annapolis." The architect of this church was Thomas Ffie'der. This year a Mr. Gaddess arrived at Annapolis, "being sent, out hj his Lordship the Bishop of London and the house appointed him to read prayers in some vacant parish, and made a provision for his sup- port of 10,000 pounds of tobacco." The legislature at its May session, in 1696, passed the act, establish- ing at Annapolis the famous "King William's School," "forthe pro- pagation of the gospel and education of youth in good letters and manners." At this school the distinguished William Pinkney was a student. _ Mr. Pinkney was a native of Annapolis, and his renown is naturally linked with that of another distinguished lawyer and son of Annapo- lis, Reverdy Johiison, who followed him in the classic halls of St. John's, the lineal descendant of King William's school. These two men, whose talents and renown have been the glory of the nation, ought to have barbed the arrows of derision that conceited minds have often aimed at the age and size of the ancient city. When the long roll of America's illustrious names is called, the little hamlet on the Severn proves its right to existence by pointing with just pride to Pinkney and Johnson as the peers of any, in virtue, intellect, and patriotism. "^ [1700.] A general visitation of the clergy of the province was held at Annapolis, May 23, 1700. This was summoned by Rev. Dr. Bravf * This is thelionse vvhere Mis. ilargaret Marchand now live'; t Allen's St. Anne's Pansli, p. 34. 5 C6 ' * T II E A N C I E N T C I T y, ' ' who had been appointed by the Bishop of London, commissary of Maryhmd. This convocation, the first hekl in America, is memora- ble for orginatint? "the first missionary effort made by any part of the church on this continent." Tiie field selected was Pennsylvania — the people tlie Quakers ! Three clergymen a])peared at this convocation from Anne Arundel. They were Henry Hall, of St. Jamc's, Ilei-ring Creek ; Josei)h Colbach, of All Hallows ; and Edward Toj)p, of An- napolis. CHAPTER XVIII. The First State House ix Axnapolis. [169G.] "The foundation of the First State House in Annapolis Was laid April 30, 1G9G.- [10!)7.] On the 11th oi'June, 1097, the Legislature passed the fol- lowing :t "Wiiereas, this Province hath been at great charge and expense in the building of a State House, or Public House of Judicatui-e, at tliis Port of Annajiolis, whicli is now almost finished and completed, and to the end that the said House and the several rooms and a{)artments therein, may in time present and to come, be ai)plied and appropriated to the uses and jjurposes tlie same was designed for, and no other. "11. Be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the present General Assembly, and tlie authority of tlie same, that the said State House and the several rooms and apartments therein, for the time present and to come, be, and is herel)y appointed and approj)riate(1 to the uses and purposes hereafter mentioned, and no other, that is to say, "III. The great room below stairs, for courts and assemblies to sit in ; the little room below the stairs to l)e for a magazine for everything Ijut powder to lie in ; the two rooms on the right hand above stairs, for jury and committee rooms ; the two rooms on the left hand, to be for provincial and land-ollice records to be kept ; and the fore-porch to be for the commissary's office, and records of i)robate of wills and granting administrations, &c., to be kept in: the two rooms on the right hand in the up{)er lofts, one for the county clerk to keep the county records in, and the other for Annapolis town clerk to keep his papers in ; and the other two rooms on the left hand, one of them for keeping the records of the Chancery court, and the other for keeping the records of the Governor and Councils in one part of it, and another part of the same room for lodging of all bonds, bills, certificates, dockets and other navul i)aj)ers, transmitted from the Collectors and Naval Olficers of this province. * * *" * The room above the hick-porch to })e for the Clerk of the House of Delegates to keep the T liiicon's LiiwH. • Allen's Hist )ry of yt. Anne'e, p. 27. II 1 s T Ji Y o V A X X A r o LIS. GT Journals of Procesdintrs of that House in : and the loft above the fore- porch over tlie Comniissary's office to be for hanging a lanthorn ont, and for a committee room." Thns dis[)osin^- of the apartments, the Assembly enacted that the '•'rooms be fitted np with all necessary and convenient 'boxes and shelves, desks, and tables to write on. and at the door of every office a bar l)e made, within which no person shall come, but the clerk of such offi.ee. nrdess upon nrsjent and a-reat occasion." "flis Excellency. Francis Nicholson, his Majesty's present Governor of this ])roviuce. the Honorable Sir Thomas Lawrence. Baronet, his Majesty's Secretary, and the Honorable Henry Jowles, Esq., Chancel- lor of the province, and the Honorable Ken elm Cheseldyn, the Com- missary General," were made a committee to carry out the provisions of this act. [1699.] This State House had a brief and trade history. On the journal of the House of the 13th of July. 1(390. is the following : '.Ofemorandum. that on Thursday. July loth, about four or five of the clock in the afternoon, a violent flftsh of lightnin<]: broke into the State-house at Annapolis : the House of Delegates "oeino: there sitting, which instantly killed Mr. James Crauford, one of the members of Calvert cor.nty. and hurt and wounded several other members, and shattered and broke most ])art of the doors and window pases belong- ing to the said house, and sett ye said State House on fire in one of the upper chambers, and several other daraacres : but the fire was presently quenched by the diliQ:ence and industry of Ills Excellency. Nathaniel Blackistone, his majesty's governor."]: [1T04.] In 1704. the State House was burned down. From what cause it was ignited is left to conjecture. Gov. Seymour in his mes- sage on the subject said : "The late melanclioly accident might have been prevented had my often admonitions took place : for I never saw any public building: left solely to Providence but in Maryland. I hope this sad experi- ment will awaken your care for time to come, and in the interim your best considerations to secure the laws and records of your country iov •the advantage and quiet of future generations. What is proper to be done in rebuilding your Stadt-house, so very necessary for the accom- modation of the public, I leave entirely to your own serious debates and decision, for I have no other aim than the true interest and service of your country."**" This State House had been ordered to be built by the Lesrislature of 1694.t t Kideelv's Auhal-^ of Annapnli.*, i>. 104. ** Ridirely-s Ann;»!s of AniiMpnlis. ]i. 105. t Ri(ij;ely.s Anri.ii.s < f A'in.i|">Jis, p. 9:!. 08 " T H E A N C I E X T C I T Y . " CITAPTKU XIX. St. Axnf/s PAiiisii.'-'^ 1G92— 1887. [1092.] This parish is one of thirty which were established under the Act of Assembly, of 1092, The loss of the first twelve pa.i^es of the j>arish records has robbed us of much of its valuable history. In the returns, however, of the several vestries in the province to the Governor and his Council in 1092, St. Anne's w;is designated l)y the name of Middle X'eck Parish, and consisted of the terntoiy between South and Severn rivers. Tlie destruction of these pages of the records of tlie parish has left to speculation the origin of the jiame of the parish. There is, however, luirdly any doubt bwt that it was named in honor of the reputed motlier i>t the Virgin Mary, St. Ann ; and so designated l.>ecause it wasa hapjjy coincidence with the name of the Princess Atine, afterward ()aocn Anne, of England. [1094.] On the 8th of Octo1)er. 1094. the Governor proposed to his council that, at the port of Annapolis, a lot belaidolf for the minister nigh to where the church is to stand, and that the uiinister beobhged to read prayers twice a day. On the 7th of May 1090, Mr. Coney, supposed to be the incumbent of St. Anne's Parish, preached before tlie assembly, and this sermon he was desired by the jissembly to have printed. [1090.] When St. xVnne's returned its proceedings, as required by ch. 2d, acts of 1090. under the name of Middle X'eck Parish, the taxable persons in it were stated to nnmljer 874. The vestrymen of the ])arish were given as : Tliomas Pland. Richard Warfield, Lawrence Draper, Jacob Jfarnass, William Brown. Cornelius Howard. When King William's school was established the same year. 1090, Kev. Peregrine •Coney, the supposed rector of St. Anne's, was one of its trustees. < )n September 30th, the Lower House sent to the Upper tlie follow- ing message : "To show our readiness to contribute to the utmost of our abilities to the service of God. in building a free church and school at Aimapolis, we have proposed and resolved, that out of the revenue raised for the charge of the Province, l)y 3d per hhd, on tol)acco, one year's revenue so raised be for defraying the charge ot the church at Annapolis." The Lower House, jjreparatory to passing this Act, appointed a committee to ins])ect the proi)Osals for building thecliurch : which re- ported that there was in bank for this j)urpose £4~)S sterling. This had arisen froui the sale of the tobacco which had been collected. Thev also reported that the cliurch would cost £1200 sterling, about s7,dU0. These were busy times in Annapolis. The State House, King Wil- liam's Sciiool, and St. Anne's, for, on the 2d of Octol)er, the Governor ' For llie e triy fuel" ot" iliis <'liap:(-r I aiu mainly iiiilpbte.j to Ulory of St. Anne's P.-itisii. II I S T O R Y O F A N N A P O L I S . Cf> was selected by the council to employ workmen to ])uild the church, were all in course of erection. This was the first brick church in Maryland, buj^not the first^j^lace,. of woiisliii.) in Annapolis. There was a meetinsc-house of the Furitans -in Annapolis thirty years before this and the records show there was also a house dediccited to rhe service of God on Greenbury's Point that also antedated St. Anne's. [1697.] On the 30th of June, 1697. a petition from Ruth Grei^-g was laid before the Governor and his council. Rev. Peregrine Coney was defendant. This document, with Mr. Coney's defence, was ordered to be given to Mr. Carroll, "the said Ruth's procurator." The nature of the complaint has not come down to us, but Mr. Coney appears to have enjoyed, and never to have lost, the fullest confidence of Governor Nicholson, who gave him the duty of issuing marriage licenses. His sermons were frequently asked for publication by the Assembly. [1699.] Gov. Nicholson selected the site of St. Anne's, and was the active agent in its erection. Gov. Blackiston succeeded Gov. Nichol- son, and, in the former's term, July 3^, 1699, an Act of Assembly im- posed a fine of £3:>3. 6 s. 8 p., on Edward Dorsey for not fulfilling his agreement to build the church ; and another Act of the same session ap- pointed ])ersons to treat with workmen to build it. [1704.] Rev. Mr. Topp followed as the second rector of St. Anne's and Rev. .James Wootten was the third, and, in 1704. the vestrymen w^ere recorded as Col. John Hammond, Mr. William Bladen, Mr. Wil- liam Taylard, Mr. Amos Garrett. IMr. John Freeman, Mr. Samuel Norwood. An entry on the~parish records, ordering payment for altering the gallery seats, shows that the church was finished. Thomas Ffielder was the architect of the edifice. The entries in the parish re- cords also discover to us that the first St. Anne's had both bell and belfry, and a golden liall adorned the spire. The church was biiihl in the sha]>e of a T, and was neatly finished inside. The principal entrance faced east, that is toward the State House. [1706.] In 1706, the General Assembly, ever mindful of St. Anne's, directed that, of the three lots originally laid out within the city, one should he for the rector of the Parish, one for the Sexton, and a third for the clerk of the vestry and commissary's clerk. The revenues of St. Anne's were further exhanced l)y an firder requiring 40 shillings for every corpse buried in the church yard. This was the ground about the church and is embraced in the present circle. The grave- yard extended beyond its present limits into the streets as excavations within its beds painfully proved a few years since. The revenues at this period were exceedingly meagre, and it is es- timated that in 1717 the rector did not receive over S350 per annum. [1719.] May 15, 1719, the vestry of St. Anne's laid before the Lower House of Assembly the grievances under which the parish la])ored. The gravamen of their burden was that, the parish church, by being built near the utmost verge of the parish, is hereby rendered very in- convenient to a great part of the parishioners, some of these living twenty miles, and others at a greater distance from it, so that were "it no\ that the rector A^oluntarily goes up at api)ointed times and preaches among them, a great j^art of them would be without the benefits of a minister ; that to add to this difficulty the church is much 70 ' ' T K E A X C I E N T C 1 T Y . ' ' too little for a parish church, many of the parishoners being obliged to stay at liome for want of room, l)ut that this is most visible at pub- lic times, as we humbly conceive is apparent to the constant experience of this Honorable House, that there is no visible way to remove the first of these dilliculties, but by contracting the parish into narrower bounds, or dividing it, nor is there any means to remove the latter but-lty enlarging the church, l)ut no both these are rendered imprac- ticable to us l)y sarish. He was mobbed on the very first Sun- day of his appearance, under the influence, he said, of the Dulanys. Mr. Allen resigned St. Anne's and after holdhig on to All Saints one year resigned that also. Allen wasa tory a/.d. as l>y the bill of rights, the sui)i)ort of the clergy ceased In November. 177(5, he returned to England. Tliere on the ISth of June, 17.S2. he challenged Mv. Eloyd Dulany, formerly of Maryland, but then in London, and killed lihn. It Is'said of Allen that he died In wretched poverty, being intemperate and (Ungraded about the streets of Loiulon. He is said to have l)een a man. not only of finished scholarship, but of fine |)ersonal api)earance and address. He was, however, destitute of j)rlnclple and i)lety, profane, grasping and liaughty; "poor wretched man I"* [17 rO.] Nothing went on hi Annapolis at this time that escapi-d the eye or ear of the observant Eddls. who arrived In Annapolis,, t. Allen's ITisloiy ot St. .\iiiie's.' H I S T O R Y O F A N N A P L I S . 7o September 4th, 1770. ' 'Uiulerstamling-' ' he writes, ' "that I was in time for divine service, I availed inysclf of an immediate opportunity to offer up my fervent acknowledgement at the throne of grace. - ••• -;i:- -;■:■ The extcrior of the cliurch, (St. Anne's,) hab but little to recommend it, but the congregation was numerous. The solemn offices were performed with a becoming devotion, and my mind was in perfect unison with the important duties of the day." [1771.] St. Anne's was the only church in the city and notwith- standing ii was the protege of the State, it was allowed to fall into a ruinous condition. Its minister often remonstrated with his congre- gation and urged the repairing or rebuilding of it. Septemljer 5, 1771, the following poem appeared in the Maryland Gazette, addressed : "To the very worthy and respectalde inhabitants of Annapolis, the .humble petition of the old church, showeth : "That, late in century the last. By private bounty, here were placed, My sacred walls, tho', in truth. Their style and manner be uncouth ; Yet, whilst no structure met mine eye, That even with myself could vie, A goodly edifice I seemed, . And pride of all Saint Anne's was deemed. How changed the times ; for now. all round, Unnumbered stately piles abound. All better built, and looking down On me quite antequated grown. Left unrepaired, to time a prey, I feel my vitals fast decay ; And often have I heard it said, That some good people are afraid, Least I should tumble on their heads. Of wJiich, indeed, this seems a proof — They seldom come beneath my roof. The stadt-house, that, for public good. With me co-eval long had stood ; With me fall many a storm had dared, I?- now at length to l)e repaired : Or, rather, to be built anew. An hiiiour co the land and you. Whilst I alone, not worth your care, •Xva left your sad neglect so bear. With grief, in yonder field, hard by, A sister-ruin I espy ; Old Bladens place, once so famed. And now too well, "the folly" named. Her roof all tottering to decay. Her walls a mouldering all away : She says, or seems to say, to me, 'Such too, ere long, thy fate shall be.' Tho', now forever gone and lo-t, •I blush to say, how little cost. The handsome pile would liave preserved, Till some new perfect had deserved 74 * ' T II E A X C I E N T C I T T . " A mansion here, from us, to have As good as Carolina pive. But party, faction (friends that still Have been the foes of public weal) The do?s of war acfainst her slipi)ed, And all her rising: honours nipi)ed, Of sunshine oft a casual ray, Breaks in upon a cloudy day, O'erwhelnfd with avoc : methinks, I see A ray of hope tlius dart on me. Close at my door, on my own land, Placed there, it seems, by your command, I've seen, I own. with some surprise, A novel structure sudden rise. There let the stran.r^^er stay, for me, If virtue's friends, indeed one be. 1 would not, if I could, restrain, A moral sta<::e : yet, would I fain Of your induli^ence and esteem, At least, an equal portion claim. And, decency, without my prayers, Will surely whisper in your ears, 'To i)leasure, if such care you shew, A mite to duty, pray bestow.' Say, does my rival boast the art One solid comfort to impart. Or heal, like me, pour fortli trie strain Of peace on earth, g:()od will to men ? Merit she has ; but, let me say, The hijrhest merit of a play, Tho', Shakespeare wrote it, but to name With mine, were want of sense or shame. Why should I [»oint to distant times, To kindred and conf2:enial climes. Where, spite of many a host of foes, To God a mijxhty temi)le rose ? Why point to every land beside Whose honest aim it is. a pride. However poor if be, yet still, At least, to make God's house genteel? Here, in Annajiolis alone, God has the meanest house in town, The premises considered, I With humble confidence rely. That. Phcnix-like, 1 soon shall rise. From my own ashes to the skies ; Your mite, at least, that yon will pay. And your petitioner sliallpray." The ]ioem accomplished what the pastor could not. The congrega- tion resolved to erect a new church. • [1774.] The General Assembly was appealed to for aid, and af its March Session, 1774. Chai)ter 11, the General Assembly appointed John Kidout, Samuel Chase, William Paca, Upton Scott,^and Thomas- IT I S T R Y F A N X A P O L I S . <5 IlYde. trustees, for building in Annajiolis. an elegant church adorned with a steeple. It was to cost £0,000, and £l,oOO was to be received from the State. In return for it, there were to be provided a pew for the Governor, a large one for the Council, one for the Speaker, all to be properly ornamented, and other pews for the members of the Lower House, one for the Judges of the Provincial Court, and one for strangers. One was also to be for the incumbent, one for the Wardens, and one for the Provincial Juries. When completed, the subscribers were to choose their j)ews, preference being given to subscribers of the largest amounts ; no one who subscribed less than £20 being entitled to a pew. Then twenty pews were to be sold to the parisliioners by auction. There was to be a common gallery for the parishioners, one for servants, and another for slaves. July 1775, Mr. Woodcock was- a,llowed £30 a year as an organist. The revolution prevented the erection of the church, and the theatre was used to worship in. "It wasnow," says the faithful chroniclerof St. Anne's, "a dark day for the church in Annapolis. Her church edifice had been taken down, her congregation scattered, her minister deprived oi his sup- port" and the Parish was vacant. "In the last twenty- six years, St. Anne's had the services of eleven clergymen, not averaging two-and-a-half years to each one, yet no one of them had died while in the service of the paiish. It seems to have been the Point-Look-out of the church in the province. All save one had continued in the parishes, of which they became the incum- bents on their leaving here, till their death, or till the present time. Malcolm, Keene, and Boucher were certainly eminent men in their profession. One was indeed a bad man, and perhaps, two othe/swere of doubtful character. But Myers, McPherson, Edmyston, Mont- gomery, and T. Lendrum. all were of fair, if not, of excellent standing. Still, what had been gained, for the church. The population of the parish had increased probably one-third during the period under re- view, and wealth also had increased. But the theatre had been in- troduced, and horse-racing, card-playing, dancing and drinking had Ijecame unrestrained, and Governors and office-holders had upheld and patronized tiiem, not less than did the proprietaries theraselvesy and the church had shovrn itself powerless. And now, it was in the dust, a time of retriuution had come, and everything was dark." [1792.] The church was finally completed in November, 1792, eigh- teen years after it was commenced. It cost £(5,000, nearly 830,000. The church was 110 feet long, and 90 broad, and was surmounted with a tower. On the outside were pilasters, which divided the wall into panels, and long windows gave it, with its time-colored bricks, a sombre and religious appearance. Inside, the church was frescoed. This church, with its modern panels and posts, in green and white, encircling the yard, remained until the night of Sunday, February Hth, 1858, when it was destroyed^by fire. This originated [1858.] from the furnace below which ignited the flooring. About eleven o'clock the ringing of the bell of the church summoned the citizens to the destruction of this ancient edifice. At first the bell seemed to be only the nine o'clock curfew ; but the dole- ful cry of "fire," resounding through the dark and quiet streets told another story. For two hours the flames, unseen and inaccessible, lay hidden in their lairs, pouring forth volumes of stifling smoke .r 70 ' ' T 11 E A .\ c 1 E X T C 1 T Y . ■ ' This slninbor, that doceived the lio})efuL suddenly ended with the flames Ilarini; into the ceiUns:. dartinijr from the roof, and leapins: to the tower. The faithful V)ell, that had not ceased from the be^anninjj: of the tire to peal its own requiem, broke the stilly atmosphere with its doleful knell, the crackling timliers joined the dirsje. the pitiless heat, sweepins; through the organ, touched its keys with fiery fingers and made it sing its own death song, whilst a passing steamer's sympa- thizing bell and faithful women's tears attended the unexpected calamity. In a few hours only the bare walls of St. Anne's remained. The ial)orers employed to remove the rubbish froui the site of St. Anne's unearthed a tombstone bearing the following inscription : "HKKE LYETII THE TJODY OF JOHN THE ELDEST SOX OF EVAN .lOXES AND MAKY liTS WIFE ^YUO DYED TJIE 2d of 7tber AXO d m 1710 AGED T\V(J YEARS. Pe diuch nag wyluch yii gaeth Dyfaruch Darfu ty milwrneih iTyn o gnawd i hynny gwnaeth Prudd alwodd i pridd eilwaeth." The latter part of this inscription was in tiie \Velsh hmguage. and was cut on the stone in very rude characters in lines per])endicular to the lines of the first part of the inscription. Mr. Joseph 11. Bellis translated it. lie said it was a verse of ^Velsh poetry : "Do not, do not grieve to much. Rejient : I have finished my course This tlesh of mine for tiiat was made, Earth called to earth again." The stone was of rectangular shape, about three feet long, one-and- a-half feet wide, and four inches thick, with bevelled edges. It was steatite, and in excellent preservation. The following was copied from a stone which liad been lying at t/Jie east end of the church for many years : "Here lieth interred the body of ]Mr. Amos Gakuett of the city of Annapolis, in Anne Arundel county, in the Province of Maryland, Merchant, son of Mr. James and ]\irs. Sarah Garrett, late of St. Olive street. Southwork. then in the Kingdom of England, now a part of Orate Brit tain, who (lei)arte(l this life on March the Nth. 17'37. .Etatis 50." The stone was of wiiite marble, and the inscriiilion is Ixdow a coat of arms consisting of fleur de lis and a grillin rami>ant. Tliis ins(!rij)tion jjossesses interest to .Vnnapolitans. from the fact that ]\[r. (iarrett was tiie first Mayor of our city. He kept a store in the house on Green street, now occupied by the Public Sciiool. It is Siiid that alter his death liis l)ody was arrested for debt, and kept for seven «lays, as was allowed by an old law of England. The third St. Anne's was rebuilt the sime year the second was de- stroyed . Hon. George Wells, president of the Farmers' liank. and formerly ))resi(ling ollicer of the Maryland St'uate. was one of the Wardens of St. Ainie's when the furnace was put under the church. He remon- strated against it. and wiien the edifice was burned, he declined to History OF Annapolis. 77 give anything- to rebnild it. So the chnreh went np and thcbellless tower Avas finislied. One day a tlionsand dollar bell was sent to the church. The good-hearted warden had kei)t liis vow and also showed his generous spirit. [1887.] A change has come over the spirit of her dreams since the days when St. Anne's dragged paltry tithes from unwilling tax-payers or threatened callous citizens with public prosecution unless they at- tended church services. It is in the front rank of good works and charitable deeds ; its numerous societies for the benefit of its parishioners attesting its zeal, its piety, and goodly walk. From the report of the rector of 188(J. Rev. W. S. Southgate, it is found that St. Anne's has a Parish Church and two Chapels, 8 Sunday Schools, 44 teachers, 'SdQ scholars. During the year there were Bap- tisms 60 ; Marriages 21 ; Burials 44 : Communicants 859 : Contribu- tions for the year (including completion of Chapel and repairs of Rec- tory) $11,430. St. Anne's Chapel, East Street, was begun in 1877 ; lower story !)eing used for services in 1878. Tlie Building was completed, as a memorial of Alexander Randall, in 1886. Total cost about $9,000. St. Philip's Chapel — a place of worship for colored people — origi- nally built by Zion Baptists, was bought a few years ago and fitted up for the colored congrcEration now using it. It has about 35 communicants. The bell, given by Queen Anne's, perished in the fire of 1858, but St- Anne's retains one proof of its honorable age. The set of communion vessels, now used in St. Anne's Church, consists of five pieces made in London by Francis Garthorne in 1695. They are all of solid silver and engraved with the arms of William III. CHAPTER XX. KixG \ViLLiA:\r*8 School. 1696 1785. "For the propagation of the Gospel and the education of the Youth of this province in good letters and manners," the act of 1696. chap- ter 17, of the General Assembly of Maryland; provided that "place or places for a free school, or place of study of Latin, Greek, writing, and the like, consisting of one master, one usher, and one writing master or scribe, to a school, and one hundred scholars, more or less, accord- ing to the ability of the said free school* may be made erected founded, propagated estal.^hshed under your Royal patronage." This act was addressed "to his. most Excellent Majesty, &c., "Dread Sovereign," William the Third of England. This law further enacted, "that the most reverend Father in God Thomas, by divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate ?.":= ' • T 11 E A X c 1 K :c t L' i r v . ' ' and ]\[otrojK)litiin of all England, may be Chancellor of said bchouls and that, to pcrpotuato the tnemorv of your majesty it may be called King William's School, and managed l)y certain trustees, to be chosen and appointed by your sacred majesty to wit : as also by the following trustees nominated and ap[)ointed by this present General Assem- bly, That is to say, by your Majesty's said Governor, Francis Nichol- son, Esc[., the Honorable Sir Tho.nas Lawrence, Baronet, Col. George Hobothau, Col. Charles Ilutchins, Col. John Addison, of your Majesty's Honorable Council on this i)rovince : the Reverend Divine, Mr. Pere- grine Coney, and ]Mr. Jolin Hewett, together witli Rol)ei-t Smith. Kene- iinClif seldyne IlenryConrsey, Edward Dorsey. Thomas iMinals, Tliomas 'Tjasker, Francis Jenkins, William Dent, Thomas Smith, Edward Boothy, Jno. Thg^rjjpson, and John Bigger, gentlemen, or the great- est part, or the successors of them, npon and in a certain jdace of this province, called Anne-Arundel Town, (now Annapolis, ) upon Severn River." The trustees were given power to hold land to the value of floOO sterling and to accept all other personal ellects given for the support of the various schools to be established under this act. The othcial title of the boards of management of the various schools was "the Governors, and Visitors and Trustees," who were limited to twenty and of whom "one discreet and fit Person shall be called rector." One hundred and twenty-pounds per annum was voted to each free school thus established. In the proceedings of the House of Delegates, July ;], 1699, the follow- ing is found : ''The new elected members of this house give to the use of the free schools, to vv'it : £ toll. I Mr. Jas Crawford, 1.000 j ^j^^^^ .ontlemen to be Mr. -'f^'^kms, i,uuu i. ^^{^,,^,^1.^,^(1 from their own Mr. Wm. Hutton. 1,000 subscriptions in their several Mr. Wm. Helmsley, bOO .^^^^.tyes." Mr. Geo. Ashman, 800 •' Major Wm. Barber, 800 J This evidently went to King Williams school since these members were to l)e discharti-cd from "subscriptioiis in their several countyes-" 'Olr. Anthony Workman came ])efore this house, (the same 'day) and gave 1' 150 sterling to the building of a liouse upon a lott which hisexftdlcncy had already given together with tenn pounds sterlings towards building the said house, which is to be enjoyed by the said Antlioiiy Workman during his natural life, and reiuayued over to the use of tiie free schools. Also, the said 3Ir. Workman promised to leave all improvements upon said lott in good and sullicient repair." This house was built and King William's school succeeded to the ownership of it. King William's schoi>l was thus established at Annapolis. Gov. Nicholson gave a lot anil upon this tiie trustees iunnediately Itegan the erection of a brick scliool house. This was on the s')uth side of the State House, or {'()urt-house as it was often called, very nearly, if not on the site of the De Kalb Statue. The name of School street, the street that connects State liouse and Church circles — is doubtless a memento of this ancient seminary of learning. It was a plain V)uilding, History ofAnnapolis. "^^ containing besides scliool- rooms, apartments for the teacher and his family. It was completed in the year 1701. The Bishop of Lon-' don, sent over Mr. Andrew Geddess to take charge of the school, but, he, not finding it finished was sent to All Saints, Calvert county. The earliest mention of an officiating master of the school is found in the records of St. Anne's parish. Tiiey record, "Died, Xov. 9th, 1713. Rev. Edward Butler, rector of St. Ann's, and master of the free school, Annapolis." Mr. Butler was selected as rector April 14, 1711. and the fact, that he was a resident of Annapolis before that period, has raised the presumption that he had been master previous to being rector. tTnfortmiately information regarding this interesting seminary. which educated the celebrated William Pinkney, is exceedingly meagre. The act of 1750, chapter 26, indicates, however, that the school was not without friends and supporters. By anthorizing the sale of certain lands, it shows the school had some endow!nents })eside the £120 voted it as its establishment. This act authorized the rector and A-isitors of said school to sell 650 acres in Dorchester county, devised to them by Thomas Swithson, late of Talbot county, and also several houses and lots in Annapolis "of which they are seized." The rector and A'isitors were directed to lay out the money "arising from the sale of said lands, and the said lots and houses in the city of Annapolis, at interest on good security, for the use of said school, and apply the . annual interest arising therefrom towards the payment of a master, masters, or usher of the said school, and to no other use or purpose, whatever ; saving to his majesty, the Lord Proprietary, and all otliers not mentioned in this act, their several and respective rights." By act of 1774. chapter 15, the "rector, governors, trustees, and visitors of King William's school in Annapolis," were empowered to receive any gift of lands or chatties, provided they were not to hold beyond £200 annual hicome. By the same act any seven of«fcho above board were empowered to transact business in the absence of the rector. The register of the school, also by the same act was required, under a penalty of £20, to give notice to every member of the board, residing in Annapolis or any member whom he knows happens to be in An- napolis, of any intended meeting of the corporation. This sug- gests there may have been secret assemblies of a clique of the trustees for special purposes, and this act was to check these ancient "ways that were dark and tricks that were vain." The new political condition of the province required in 1778, the passage of a law enacting that any number of the visitors, not less than three, who have taken the oath of fidelity to support the State, may manage the affairs of the school, and execute all the powers of the corporation, until some three, or more, shall have met and elected so many other visitors as are required to complete their full number. This election they were enjoined to make on or before the 15th of July following, out of the inhabitantsof the State, "duly qualified who have taken the oath aforesaid." By act of 1785, chap. 39, the property and funds of Ejng William's School were conveyed to St. John's College. Among the chatties passed to the college was a number of "quaint and curious volumes of forgotten lore," which still remain in the Library of St. John's. Few of the rectors of the school have come down to us, but about 80 ' ' T II E A N C 1 E N T C I T Y . ' ' 1756, and for nine years after. ]Mr. Isaac Dakon is mentioned as mas- ter of the school. On the 17th of AuL^ust 1784. Rev. Ralph Iliggin- liotham was appointed master of Kiny- William's School. The record ot tlie 2:r:idnates of Kinir William's School is lost, bni one name rrmains — that proves its ris^iit to existence — William Pink- ney's. CITArTP:RXXI. The Second State House in Annapolis. 170G 1769. After the first State House was burned in 1704. a committee of the Legislature reported that the old walls could be built up<^n in '•form and manner as before," and it was rebuilt by Mr. W. Bladen, the ar- chitect of tiie other buildings. Tlie price was not to exceed £1.000 sterling, Mr. Bladen was given the benefit of all "the materials saved out the fire which apper;ai'.;ed to the old court house. "-^^ During the erection of this building the House of Delegates held its sessions in the house of Colonel Edward Dorsey, in Annapolis, the assembly meeting twice a day. from 8 o'clock to 12 A. M., and from 2 to 4 P. M., and was called together by the beating of a drum. Mr. David Ridgely, who wrote the ••Annals of Annapolis" in 1841, says : * '•This house," (the second State House,) "was finished in 1706, and is recollected by some few of the present inhabitants of this city — and stood wliere the present state house now stands. It is de- scribed as liaving been a neat l)rick building. It was in form an ob- long square, entered by a hall — opposite to. the door of which was the judges' seat, and on each side there were rooms for the jury to retire. Over the judges' seat was a full lengtli likeness of (^ueen Anne, presenting a printed charter of the ciiy of Annapolis. In this house the (.xeneral Assembly held its sessions. A handsome cu- pola surmounted the building, surrounded by balustrades, and furn- ished with seats for those who desired To enjoy the l)eautiful scenery around. Tiie portrait of Queen Anne, just uientioned, is said to have l)('en destroyed during the revolutionary war — when everything bear- ing the semblance of royalty was in I tad odour with our republican sires. "About the same i)eriod, an armory was built near the court-house, on the north side of it. It is repres. nted to have l)een a large hall with seats around it, above which the walls were covered with arms, tastefully arranged. It was often used as ball room — from tlie vaidted roof was susi»ended a wooden gilt chandolier, wliicli, when lighted up, produced a brilliant effect by the rellectiou of tlio li lit froin llic arnix. • '1 lie Stat<' House wns often callpd Court flouse. History OF Annapolis . 81 Tlio walls or the hall were also decorated with full length portraits of Queen Anno and Lord Baltimore, The governor and council held their sessions in one of the apartments of this building. "On the south side of the court-house, stood the memorahle academy of King William."! In the Treasury Building the Governor and Council also held their sessions, and, at one time, both Houses of the Legislature met there : probably when the ])resent State House was in course of erection. Ootober 1st, 1769. Mr. Eddis wrote of the State-house, then called the Court House, j "The court-house, situated on an eminence at the back of the town, commands a variety of views highly interesting : the entrance to the Severn, the majestic Chesapeake, and the eastern shore of Mary- land, being all united in one resplendant assemblage. Vessels of va- rious sizes and figures are continually floating before the eye : which, while they add to the beauty of the scene, excite ideas of t?.e most pleasing nature. , "Tn the court-house, the representatives of the people assemble, for the dispatch of provincial Inisiness. The courts of justice are iilso held here ; and here, likewise, the public offices are established. This building has nothing in its appearance expressive of the great purposes to which it is appropriated ; and by a strange neglect is suf- fered to fall continually into decay ; being, both without and within, an e^nblem of public ])overty, and at the saine time a severe reflection on the government of this country, which, it seems, is consideral^ly richer than the generality of the American provinces. "The council chamber is a detached building, adjacent to the former on a very humble scale. It contains one tolerable room, for the re- 'Ception of the governor and his council, who meet here during the sitting of the assembly ; and whose concurrence is necessary in pass- ing all laws." It was during this same year that the Legislature became iml)ued with sentiments similar to those entertained by Mr, Eddis, and de- termined to remove this " severe reflection on the government," and the second State House was pulled down to make room for the third. ? CHAPTER XXII. The Attempt of Richaru Clarke, ix 1707, to Burn Annapolis. [1707.] In the address of Gov. John Seymour, made to the House of Delegates of Maryland, on March 27th, 1707, he stilted that among ■other duties the members of the Legislature would be called upon to t Hii'ltcelv's Anii«l-i "f Annapolis, D. U'G. t Ee pleased to give order to the Atturney Generall to prosecute all such persons as now are, or shall be found to be, in the said conspiracy." On the same day the committee, appointed to investigate the case of Clarke, elected Col. John Contee, chairman, and Mr. Richard Dallam, clerk, and after examining a large mass of testimony, worded in the; quaint phraseology of those timss, and given at length in the manu- script copy of the proceedings of the Lower House of Maryland of 1707, and preserved in the Land office at Annapolis, made the following re- port to the House : "The Committee having fully heard and considered the aforegoing declarations, doe humbly report to the House, that they find there was a design fram'd by Richard Clarke, Daniel Wells, and a certaine per- son who term'd himself a saylor, to take some vessell, and get what assistance they could, in order to disturb her IMajestys peace and gov- ernment, here, to make an attempt upon the Town of Annapolis, and burn some houses there, and, whilst that consternation continued, to seize the magazine and powder house to furnish themselves with arms and aunnunition to goe a privateering ; that they so farr prosecuted their designe as to gain several housekeepers of desperate fortunes, and other disaffected persons to their party, and that Clarke, by his prodigality in disbursing and spreading about the counterfeit money, (which he'had coined himself,) had so insinuated liimself into the minds of several servants belonging to persons in and near the Towne of An- napolis and elsewhere, to joine with fhem in their cursed and wicked designe and intent ; "That they had caballs together especially at Annapolis, where a time for their goeing was prefix'd to be some time in March last . "That they had agreed to take Mr. Buff's boa to and if that (was) not sufficient, Mr. Evans Jones' Shallup, or any other vessell fit for their tume. as soon as they had done their mischief here, to go to Carolina. That Clarke was assisted out of Soutli River by Daniel Wells and him, called the Saylor, who afterwards came to Annapolis to prepare tlie others, but Wells having l)roke some of Clarke's money was in fear of being apprehended, whereupon he, the saylor and (William) Simpson had a meeting at the house of Smithers in An- napolis, and then Wells and the Saylor went off in a boat and pursued a shallop, wherein was I\[r. Jacob Lookerma n, Jr., and one Edward History of Annapolis 83 Taylor, bound lor bouth River, but not gaining tlieir intent made their way down the Bay and came xvithin a day'? journey of Clarke sometime afte.- several of them were apprehencid in AmiapoHs ^^^^^^^ committed to prison (to witt) SimpsoA Cooper, WilliamsTacocke and Keyton where they now lye by his Excellency's ordS (who w fo^'f 'itv''^' ^^' utmost thanks of the House for his care ]Tereii7) for had this cui-sed and villamaious design taken Effect, we fnd our prosterity might have been ruined by burning of the Recm-ds wh^ph we are of opinion was the Chief Intent and designe of the?e v IW? As to those persons that were Runing away with Mr Gaks' sloop at the Eastern, we are of opinion, was^o the%ame intent of the "As to the money, we conceive Clarke was the Tnal-Pvan,! -f. i • his wife the disburser, therefor, to Mr CaTroll ^'^^"' ';As to Sylvester Welch, his selling the country powder its verv fc^*^''^7^f/'^^'^^' '^' '^^^^^ ^''^^^^ ^^'^ Eleza^th F nley hat three pounds of the country powder was sold by Welsh to Wdfs and It is the opinion of this committee, that the several persons now^n ^Z7\^'^u'''''''''''V''^^'' ^^^™^ ^''^Sn and conspi^^cy 1 e P Le^ liSl A.^ ''''''T'' ^^7' ''''''^ ^^''^^ ^he House give order ti he? Ma- jesty s Attorney General, to proceed according " The committee also reported that William Simnson wh^^. ^ tion was before the committee, was one oUhe -S^aUors hi tlZ tended designe of Clarke and his accomplicies agaTnst h^^^^ Government, also that Wells and the privateer foll(^wPrl Plnvt ^ ^ to Long Island in tlie Bay where ClarL had ieifthrcl? b fte' and mquired after him that they were in a small boat weU ai^^^^^^^^ Wells carryed powder and shot with him from home nret ended ' fW were m pursuite of Clarke by order of Major WilZ that cS- *-^^^^^ tended himself a merchant giing to settle in News RivS in C^ ^olC' said many people of Maryland were following him and ll^A r!. ' arguments to perswade the inhabitants about the \"Cs t'goe "w^?J The House concurred in the report. Clarke's personal appearance was not preDossessin d- tt.. ;„ i th?9th of April' '"""'"■ "' '^'"'^^ ™^ P*^^*^* ''y boa Hou.es on that the General Assembly was most intensely exere fee I over th^ luSftTth^lfy""'"^""""^'^"' ^"""^ l^a JbeerS^Lr/lyt! 84 '* The Ancient City." April .^th. Major .Tosiah Wilson, high sheriff of Anne Arundel county brought before tlie Council, "as he^iad been ordered to arrest them, John S[)rv and Thomas Brereton, the former the professed'' skipper of the sloop jMargaret's Industry, lately arrived from Virginia in South Kiver, after the goods of some of the conspirators. The pro- ceedings say "neither of the said persons offering to make an Ingen- ious confession, but trifling with his Excellency and the board, were ordered to be committed to the custody of the Shei-ift" of Anne Arun- del county untill his Excellency and the Board had further leisure to Examine them."' It was. however, gathered that Clarke was at "Little Wicomico, in Virginia," awaiting the return of the sloop. It was also discoyered. pro])aV)ly from the same source, "that Clarke haunts Cartewrights, at the Kosey Crowne, in Norfolk Tovyne." Subsequently Brereton and Spry, in council, under oath, on the 7th of April, confessed that they had been sent by Clarke, after his wife, children, and household goods, with an open letter to ]Mr. Hill, who, in accordance with the paper, had given them assistance. On the 8th of April, Thomas Tench, Esq.. entered the House of Delegates and delivered a bill of attainder against Richard Clarke and tlie following message from the council : "Tlie bill herewith sent to House for the attainder of Richard Clarke is thought reasonable by this Board, since this is the second time your House has ordered the Attorney Generall to ])rosecute him and his accomplices, and that hath Ix^en ineffectual, and although there are now actually four bills of indictment found by several grand juries of this province against him. yet divers evil persons have pre- sumed to receiye, comfort, and aid him, whereby he has been able to ayoid justice, according to his demerits, scidking within tenn miles of this jdace, the seat of government, and practicing and carrying on his traitorous and wicked designs. ' ' The paper was read and referred for further consideration. It was on this evidence that the following proceedings were had : On the 9th of April, a warrant was issued by the council, directing the Sheriff of Anne Arundel county, to arrest Josejjh Hill for treason, and to keep him in custody until "such time as he shall l)e delivered by due course of, law therefrom.*' This process was reconnnended, or ap- proved of, by the Attorney General. Mr. Hill wa« arrested on the 10th, and brought before the council to make Ins defence, six mem- bers of the House ap'pearing to represent it : Messrs. ^lajor Low. Mr. Voung, Col. Greenfield, Mr. Hall, Mr. Spinner, and Mr. Macall. The Governor opened the interview by telling Mr. Hill, that he little expected a man of his status and character would be guilty of aid- ing, and corresponding with those that were enemys to her Majesty's Government, and disturbers of the peace thereof. ' The depositions of Spry and Brereton were read to Mr. Hill, wlio then "denyed ever the evidence mentioned Clarke's name to him. and says that' he has not .seen him for about twelve months, nor does he know where he now is." Mr. Hill denied ever receiving a letter from Clarke by the two wit- nesses who were called in, confronted him, and affirmed that they had delivered to him the letter in question. The Council concluded their inquiry by informing him that they would at present have nothing further to say to him, as he had given bail. H I S T R Y F A X N A P O L I S . 85 On the 11th the depositions were sent to the Lower House, and Mr. Hill was desired to withdraw from it as "the lioiise find" the deposi- tions relate "some high crimes and misdemeanors supposed to be com- mitted by Mr. Joseph Hill, a member of this House." The accused withdrew, and the House after fully considering and debatinj: the sub- ject resolved that Mr. Hill be expelled from the House "till he be cleared of what is lay'd to his charge." The expelled member was then called into the House, and informed of its action, when he with- drew. It seemed that the House wished the evidence of Spry, Brereton, and Thos. Richetts entei-ed on their Journal, probably as a justifica- tion of their actions. The Council only gave consent to put it in at the end, as they did not wish to have the' Queen's Evidence Divulged before trial, as "they were unwilling to trust to Mr. Taylard, their Clark'e integrity, in that he may give out a copy." The House did not agree to this, and sent a message saying that they ought to be in- serted the same day they were read in the house. The Council agreed to this on condition to which the House consented, that they "be close sealed up untill Mr. Hill's Tryall was over." What punishment was meted out to the conspirators, their abettors, and sympathizers is not known. The Court records of Anne Arundel of that period have not been discovered after research. The act of attainder which passed this session upon Clarke, and which set forth that he "had obstinately refused to surrender himself to justice," was not the first measure that had been taken against him. In 1705. he had been outlawed for the same character of offences. It is very probable, as our records and history are so silent upon the subject, that Clarke himself never suffered the penalty of the law for his. treasonable designs. CHAPTER XXIII. Anxapolis is Made a City. On the 10th of August, 1708, Annapolis received its cliarter as a city, which was granted by the honorable John Seymour, the royal Gover- nor of Maryland. "It appears to have been one of his favourite de- signs, and was proposed by him to the assembly, as early as 1704. No measures being adopted by the latter to carry his wishes into effect, he at length conferred the charter by virtue of the prerogative of his office. Under this charter, besides the powers and privileges relative to the organization and exercise of its municipal government, the city of Annapolis obtained the privilege of electing two delegates to the general assembly. ' ' ■•^• This privilege the city retained until 1836. That year it was re- duced to one representative, and finally, in 1840, it lost this remnant * McMiihon's Md, p. loo. 86 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C 1 T Y . ' ' of its ancient importance, and was merged into the comity of Anne Arundel. By the act of ^840, Annapolis was continued as the Capital of the State and tlie place of holding tJie Court of Appeals for the Western Shore, and the high Court of Chancery. The act of 1837, made it the residence of the Governor. These honors have been in- corporated in the organic law of the State and are part of the present Constitution adopted in 1867. The following was the petition presented to Governor Seymour, by the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, Common Council, and sundry citizens of Annapolis, asking a charter for the city : "To His JLxcELLEXCY, John Seymoir, Esq., "The liumble peticion of theCorporacionof theCitty of Annapolis, and the greater parts of the inhabitants of the same, humbly showeth : "That, whereas, in her most gracious majesties in l)eha]f of yor. Ex- cellency, for the beutfitt of her dutifuU subjects, inhabitants in this place was pleased to grant them a Charter, incorporathig thereby this late toA'ne of Annapolis, into a Citty, it haveing formerly had the honour in Remembrance of Princess Anne, now our good Queen to be erected into a towne, and in as much as it is the seat of Government the best situated and most convenient place for trade, wherein are a greater number of inhabitants than in any other place in this her ma- jesties Province, who are desirous that that parte of her majesties grant to this Citty, impowering tlie Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and five of the Common CouncilliVien, to ellect and send two representatives to the Genei'all Assembly, to serve as Burgesses, for this Citty, may be enlarged, 3Iay it therefore, ])k'ase yor. Excellency, Sv:o farr to enlarge the Charter that all persons beino: free-holder;;- inthisCitty, (that is to say, owning a whole lott of land with a house built thereon, according to law,) and that all persons actually resideing and i liaVntting in this Citty haveing a visible esta.;c of the valine of twenty pounds, sterling, and all soe, that all ])ersons that hereafter shall serve five yeai's to any trade within this Citty, and shall, after the expiracion of their time be actually housekeepers and inhabitants in the same, (they first taking the oath of tree citizens, ) may have a free vote in the ellect- ing such representatives or Burgesses to serve hereafter in all Gen- erall Assemblys as in the said Charter, is expressed and further that after the Decease or Removall of any of the Comn.on Councilimen. already ellected, and sworne by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, of the said Citty, all the freemen, inhabitants, as aforesaid, may have a free vote in the ellecting of another Common Conncillman, or Com- mon Councilimen, to serve in tliis or their place and stead : and it is further most humbly prayed, that noe person or jiersons — after the next Generall Assen.bly, (notwithstanding, being made freemen of the Citty,) shall have an ellection voyce in the chuseing of Burgesses, or Representatives, for this Citty, untill they have been jnade free three months, which is the humble desire of your petitioners, the sn)>scril)ers, and as in duty bound wee will ever i)ray, &c. "Amos Garrett, iMayor ; Wornell Hunt, Recorder ; Wm. Bladen, John Freenieii, Benjamin Fordham, Evan Jones, Thomas Boardley, Josiah Willson, Aldermen. "WiUiam llaiighton, Charles Crowley, Wm. Ellott, Richard Xhomp- son, Sanniel Newill, Wm. Gaylard, John Grosham, Jr., Cha. Kill- H I S T O E Y O F A X X A P L I S . 87 bourne, Math. Beard, Tho. Jones, Patrick Ogilvie, Caddcr Edwards, Common Councillmen. "John Baldwin, John Brice, Tho. Donera,Eichard Yoimof, .James Wotton, Christopher Smithers, Joseph Humphrey, -John B, Wm. Gwyn, Bichard Bukardike, Richard Kolk, Thomas Holmes, John Novarre, Wm. Durdan." The petition was acted upon immediately. The records bear the annexed endorsement : "November the 18th, 1T08. The Avithin petticion g-ranted and ordered that the Corporaicon prepare a Charter as within prayed, to be signed by his Excellency, and on her majesties, beliall'e sealed, witii the greate seals of this Province, Signed per Order, \y. Blauex, Clerk Council." This was the charter : ^'The Chakter of the City of Annapolis. "Anne, by the Grace of God, of Greate Brittain, France, and Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto belonging. Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. To all and singular our faithfull subjects within our Province of Maryland, Greeting, whereas, there is a very pleasant, healthful and comodius place for trade, by act of the Generall Assembly of this our Province, laid out for a to^Aaie and porte, called Annapolis, in' honour of us, which said towneand porte, hath in few years (especially, since the accession of our trusty and well beloved John Seymour, Esq., our Capt. Generall and Governour-in-Chiefe, of this our Province, to the Government thereof, ) very considerably encresed in the number of its inhabitants as well as buildings, Ijotli public and private, soe that it excelleth all other townesand ports in our said province, and for that our present seate of Government, within our province afore- said, is fixed att the said porte and towne, whereby the same is become the cliiefe mart of the whole countrey, wee, being willing to encourage all our good and faithfull subjects as well att present, residehig and inhabitting. or which hereafter shall, or mayinhabitt, or reside within the said porte of Annapolis, of our Royall Grace, good will, and meer motion with the advice of our Councill, in our said province, have thought fitt, and doe by these our letters pattents, constitute and erect the said towne and porte of Annapolis, together with the circuits and presincts thereof, includeing the lands heretofore laid out for the said towneand porte of Annapolis, publick pasture, and towne com- mon together, with the River and Creeks adjacient, into a Citty, by the name of the Citty of xVnnapolis, and doe grant to the inhabitants of the said Citty that the same Citty shall be incorporated a Citty, con- sisting of a Mayor, one person learned in the law, stiled, and bearing the office of Recorder, of the said Citty, and six Aldermen, and tenn other persons to be Common Councillmen. of the said Citty, which said Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Councillmen shall be a body incorporate, and one comunity forever in right, and ])y the name of Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Councill. of the said Citty of Annapolis, shall be able and capable to sue and be sued att law. and to act and execute, doe and performe as a body incorporate, which shall have succession forever, and to that end to have a com- ^mon scale, and that Amos Garrett, Esqr., one of the inhabitants of S8 ' • T II i: A N c I E N T City." the said Citty, shall for the present be, and be named Mayor of the said Citty, for the ensiieinjr year, and Wornell Hunt, Esqr., Recorder thereof, and William Bladen, John Freemen, Benjamin Fordham, Evan Jones, Tho. Boardley. and Josiah Willson, Escirs., inhabitants of the said citty, shall be Aldermen thereof, soo lon^cj as they shall well behave themselves therein, ha vein^ij first taken and subset ibed the test and severall oaths for security of the Crovernment, as by Law es- tablished and allsoe the oath api>ointed by us or our present Gov(;r- nour. to be taken liy the flavor. Recorder, and .Vldermen of the Citty of Annapolis, aforesaid ; Which shall be administered to them by our Governour-in-Chiefe, keeper of the f;:reate scale of this our })rovince for the time being, or by such^other ])ersonor persons as wee, our heirs, and successors, or our Gov. aforesaid, for the time beins^, shall, from time to time, authorize and appoint to administer the same, and wee ^'rant tliat the said ]Mayor, liecordei and Aldermen, or the Major parte of them shall ellect and choose some others of the most sulticient of the iiihal)itaats of the said City, beinjLr freemen thereof, to 1)C of the Common Councill of the said City, for soe loni,' time as they shall well l»ehav(' themselves, and to perpetuate the suecessi(jn of the said Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Councill in all times to come, wee (loo grant, that, for the future, they shall assemble in some conveniiMit place in the said citty, upon the feast day of St. Michaell, the Arch- angell, in every year, and shall ellect and choose by the ^[ajor vote. of such of them as shall be then present, one other of the Aldermen of the sjiid citty. for the time being, to V)e Mayor of the said citty, for the ensuing year, and upon decease or removeall of the said ^Mayrn-, of the said citty, for the time being, or upon any decease, or dece;isses, removeall, or removcalls, of the said Recorder, or Aldermen, or any of them, or within one month, after such respective decease, or de- ceases, removall, orremovalls, the residue of the said Aldermui, to- gether with the said Mayor, or if he shall be living or the major part of them whom shall at a set tinie by them to be ai>pointed within ye said citty and presincts ellect and nominate some other person or i)ersons to l)e .Mayor. Recorder, Alderman or Aldermen of the sjiid Citty in the place and places of such })erson or persons soe deceased or re- moved respectively as the case shall require soe as tiiesaid mayor to be EUccted and nominated to be att the time of such EUection and nomi- naion actually one of the Aldermen of tiiesaid Citty and soe as the said ]iecorder soe to be EUected and nominated, be a pei-son learned in the law, soe as the said Alderman or Aldermen soe to l)e Ellected and noMunated l)e actually att the time of such EUection and X<^mi- naciou (jf the Connnon Councill of the said City, the said Mayor, Re- corder. O!- Alderman, or Aldermen, soe to l)e Kllectedand Nominated, first T;;keing the severall and Resjtective Oaths before mencioned to 1)0 appointed as aforesaid, and shall likewise then fill uj) by the l']U'ctionof the free ^'oters of tlie sjiid Citty, out of and from among the Inhabit- tants and freeholders of the said Citty, the full number of tenn persons to be Connnon Comicillmen, and that tiiesaid persons herel)y appointed and named or hereafter to l)e Elected and nominated mayor. Recorder, or Aldermen, be Justices of tho peace within the City presincts and liberties thereof, having first taken the oaths usually appointed to bo taken by the Justice of the Peace, the said Mayor, Recorder, and Al- ilermen hereby named and appointed or hereafter to Im; l*]lected, nomi- History OF Annapolis. SQ* nated, or any three of them, whereof the said Mayor or Recorder, for the time being, shall be one, shall have, within the presincts of the said Citty, full power and authority to make Constables and other nessessary officers, and to rnle, order, and govern the inhabitants- '^hereof, as justices of the peace, are or shall be authorized to doe, and shall have power to execnte all the Laws, Ordinances, and Statutes, in that behalf o, made as fully and amply as if they were authorized thereto, by express, commission, named therein, willing and com- mandhig that noe other justices of the peace or quorum within our said county or province, doe att any time hereafter, take upon them or any of them to execute the office of a justice of peace within the said Citty, or in the presincts thereof ; notwithstanding any comission at large, authoriseing them thereunto, saveing the authority and juris- diction of her majesties' justices of oyer and terminer and Groale de- liver, now or liereafter to be assigned, dureing the time of their holde- ing their severall respecti\'e Courts in the said Citty, and further wee will and grant unto the said Mayor, liecorder, and Co-iimon Councill of the said Citty, for the time being, full power and authority, after the' space of six years, to ellect a Sherriif for the said Citty, but that untill then the Slieriiff of Anne Aruudeli county for the time being, shall be Sh'errili of the said county and to make, order, and appohit such by-laws and ordinances among themselves, for the regulacion and good Government of Trade and other matters exigences and things within the said Citty and presincts, as to them, or" the major parte, shall seem meet to be consonant to reason and not contrary, but as near as conveniently may be agreeable, to the Lav,'s and Statutes now in force, which ^aid Bye-laws, shall be observed, kept, and per- formed by all manner of persons, Tradeing and Kesideing within the said Citty, under such reasonable pains, penalities, and forfeitures, as shall be imposed by the said Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Com- mon Councillmen, or the major parte of them then assemljled from time to time, not exceeding forty shillings sterling, tfie said pains, penal- tys and forfeiture- to be raised by distress, and sale of the goods of such person offending, aud to be em[)loyed for the publick benefitt of the said Citty att tLeU' discression ; and further, wee doo grant and give full power, lyceuce, previllidge, and authority, to the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Councilbuen of the said Citty, for the time being, and their successors forever, and alsoe all free-holders of the said Citty, that is to say, ail persons ownehig a whole lott of land with a house built thereoii, according to law, and all persons actually resideing and inhabitting in the said Citty, haveing a visable estate of the valine of twenty pounds sterling, att the least, and likewise, all per- sons hereafter who shall serve five years to any trade within this Citty, and shall, after the expiracion of their time, be actually housekeepers and inhabitants in the same, to send two cittizens and delegates to every one of our assembly or assemblys, hereafter to be held, or att any time or times, hereafter to be called, to be held for this, our said Province of Maryland, to be ellectod and chosen out of the iniiabit- tants, actually being and resideing within the said Litty, haveing a freehold or visable estate of the vallue of twenty pounds sterling therein, by the said Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, Common Councill- men, Freeholders, and Freemen as aforesaid, or the major parte of rliem being present, by virtue of our v/ritt or writts of action to be DO " T 11 E A N C 1 E N T C I T Y . " sent to them for that purpose, which said writtor writts, wee doe here- by ^rant. shall be issued out and sent to the said Mayor, Recorder, and Aldernicn, soe often as occasion shall require : provided, that all such ellector or voters as aforesaid, doe take an oath to be true to the in- terest of the said Citty l)efore they lie admitted to such vote ;and pro- vided, alsoe. and att all times after the end of the next G-enerall As- sembly, to be held for this provijce, noe Freeman, as aforesaid, not ]>eini( a freeholder as aforesaifl, shall have the Hl)ertie of such vote as aforei'.aid. until free three months, after such his freedom obtained ; and when hereafter, there shall happen any Generall Assembly to l)e lield, accordinsr as writts shall be sent to the severall and respective counties for ollectinir Deputies or Delegates for their severall and re- spective counties in this our province of Maryland, wee further grant tliat the said cittizeiis and delegates, by them soe as aforesaid ellected and sent, shall have full and free votes and voices in all and every of our Generall Assemblys. touching or concerning all matters or things thereto, to be discoursed and handled as other, the Deputies or Delegates of the severall and respective countys, formerly have had. now have, or hereafter shall have ; and further, wee grant and give lycence to the Mayor, liecorder. Aldermen, and Common Councill or the said Citty, for the time bemg, and their successors forever, to have and to hold two marketts weekly within this said Citty, on every Wednesday and Saturday in the weeke, in some convenient place to be by them appointed within the presincts'='" Ijiberties of the said Citty. and alsoe two fairs yearly Jo be kept on Munday, otlierwise. called St. Phillip and Jacobs Day, and on the feast of St. ^Michaell. the Archan2:ell, or on the next Day succeeding, each or either of them, in ease they shall happen to fall on the Lord's Day. for tlie sale ami vending all inannorof goods, cattle, wares, and merchandizes whatever, on whieli said fair Days and first two days before and after all person.^ comeing to the said fairs together with their cattle, goods, wares, and merchandizes, and returning thence shall be exan])t and [jrevillidged from any arrest, attachments, or executions whatsoever, and that the said Mayor and Aldermen shall have power to sett sucli reasonable tole u[)on such goods, cattle, merchandizes, and other comodities a> shall l)e sold therein, respectively as shall be tiiought fitt. not exceed- ing six])ence on every beast sold, and the twentietli ])irte of the val- ine of any comodity, and shall and may hold a eourte of Pypowdry" dureing the said fair, for the determinacion of all controversies and (piarrels which may haj)pen therein, according to the u^uall course ii Knirland. in ihe like cases, {ind wee grant unto them all profitts and perqiiisitsdue. incident, and belonging to sjiid markett. fair, and Court ^' o\' Pypowdry : and further wee doe grant that tiie said Mayor, lie- corder. and Aldermen, or any three or more of tluMU. shall hold u <'ourte of Hustings within the said Citty where tliey an> hereby ini- powered to make |)r(»pei- otlicers and to sett reasonai)le ft>es, not ex- ceeding what are now allowed in the County Courte. and sliall have * "AnH" i>ioiiiibly left out. t The lowest— and. at the .«}imf time, the most expedition^ Court of Justice known to the Inw of Knglnnd, is tlie Court of Pi k.pimidhf.. ouri\ pkdcs pii.vkrI ZATi : so callffi from the dusty feet of tlie suitors or .icoordiiiy to Sir Edward <'nke, beiause justice is there dorip as speedily ms dtist ean f \il Irom the foot. Jt wRs held }it niiirk<'ts so that attendants on the mark.«t« might have their eans«s hoard and determined expeditiously, and they lose no time by the de- lays of the law. Bl;u'k.-tone, Vol, III. p. ;!l. History OF Annapolis. 91 jurisdiction and holdplea of trespass and Gectment for any lands or tenements within the said Citty. as alsoe of all writts of dower for the same lands and tenements, and of all other actions persoiiall and mixt. and as a Conrte of liecord give judgement and award execucion thereon, according to the Laws and Statutes of England and this Province ; provided, the demand in the said action personall and mixt exceed not the sume of six pounds, ten shillings sterling, or seventeen hundred pounds of tobaccoe ; and, provided, nevertheless, that any party or partys, plaintiffs or defendants, shall be at their liberty oil good grounds to luing writts of habeas corpus and certiorarie, to re- move any plaints from the said Hustings to the Provinciall Courte hi this Province and alsoe to appeale from the judgment of the Mayors, or bring writts of error att their choice to the Provinciall Courte un- der such limitacion and regulacion as is already by the act of Assem- bly of this Province assigned for prosecuting appeales and writts of error from the County Courtes to the Provinciall. In testimoney w^hereof , wee have caused these our letters to be made pattent, giveii att Annapolis, under the Create Scale of our said Province. Wittness our trusty and well beloved John Seymour, Esq., Captain Generall and Governour-in-Chief of our said Province, this twenty-S:econd Day of November, in the seventh year of our Reigne &c., Annoque Domni, 1708."* "From the period of the grant of its charter by governor Seymour, Annapolis was continually on the advance. It never acquired a large population, nor any great degree of commercial consequence : but long before the American revolution, it was conspicuous as the seat of wealth and fashion ; the luxurious habits, elegant accomplish- ments, and profuse hospitality of its inhabitants were proverbially known throughout the colonies. It was the seat of a wealthy govern- ment, and of its principal institutions ; and as such, congregated around it many, whose liberal attainments eminently qualified "them for society, "t A French, writer in speaking of this city as he found it during the American revolution, thus describes it : ''In that very inconsiderable' town, standing at the mouth of the Severn, where it falls into the bay, of the few buildings it contains, at least three-fourths may be styled elegant and grand. Female luxury here exceeds what is knovi^i in the provinces of France. A French hair dresser is a man of importance amongst them ; and it is said, a certain dame here hires one of that craft at one thousand crowns a year. The State House is a very l)eautiful building. 1 think the most so of any I have seen in America." This forms a striking contrast to the account given of it at a much earlierdate, and which is to l)e found in a satire, called, "The Sot-weed Factor, or a Voyage to Maryland ;" in which is described the laws, government, courts, and constitutions of the coimtry ; and also the buildings, feasts, frolics, entertainments, and drimken humours of the inhabitants of that part of America. In burlesque verse, by Eden Cook, gent., published at London in 1708. * Liber P. C. Clmncerj- Proceed in.i^s, p. 595. ■f McM;.hon's p. :>r.7. 03 ''The A n c i e n t C i t y . ' ' Annapolis is thus mentioned in one part oi' this quaint work : "To try the cause, then fully bent, . Up to Annapolis 1 went : A city situate on a plain, Where scarce a house will keep out rain The buildings framed with cypress rare ; llesemble much our Southwick fair ; But stranfi:ers there will scarcely meet With market place, exchange, or street ; And, if the truth I may report, t It's not so large as Tottenham court, — St. Mary's once was in repute. Now here the judges try the suit. And lawyers twice a year dispute — As oft the bencji most gravely meet. Some to get drunk, and some to eat A swinging share of country treat ; But as for justice, riglit, or wrong, Not one amongst tlie numerous throng- Knows what it means, or has the heart To vindicate a stranger's part." Mr. Jonas Green reprinted this poem in ITol, Init took care to tell tlie readers it was a descri![)tion of Annapolis twenty years before. CHAPTER XXTV. TiTi: ANXAPoi.rs Delegates Denied Admittance to THE House. The Lower House considered that the jiower to erect cities and grant charters was a prerogative tliat coukl l)e exercised only Ijy the crown itself, and when the delegates from Annapolis made tlieir ap- pearance at the September Session of 1708, that bvody denied the authority of the executive ''to confer the charter and expelled the delegates elected undei* it. Astonished at a measure to Iwkl and un- expected, the governor, at first, attempted to win it to his purposes by conciliation. Its members were suunnoned to the trpi)er House, \vhere they were addressed by liiiu in language disclaiming all inten- tion to interfere witii their rights and privileges in determining the election of their own members; but claiming for himself also, tho competency to judge of Jiis own prero:;atives, and they were urged to- return to tneir house, and resciiul their resolution. In justification of themselves, they replied that tlic course pursued by them was founded upon the complaint of some of the freeholders and inhabitants of An- napolis, wiio conceived that it ill'ected their rights as freemen, and [)articidarlyas to the privilege of voting for delegates ; that the right HistoryofAnnapolis. 93 to erect cities, was not expressly vested in the erovernor, and ought not therefore to be exercised until the Queen's pleasure was known : but that they would cheerfully concur with him in granting the charter, if all the inhabitants and freeholders of the place desired, and were secured in their equal privileges, to which they were entitled by the laws of England, and the public lands and buildings secured to the uses for w lich they were purchased. The Governor now tried the usual expedient with a refract-rry house. The Assembly was dis- solved and a new house immediately summoned, which he at first found quite as unmanageable as the old. Their first message desired him to inform them, if he had received from her majesty any instructions authorizing the grant of charters and the erection of cities which were not contamed in his commission ; and if so, to communicate them. His brief reply was. 'that he had no doubt of his own right and if the exercise of the power was unwarranted, he was answerable to her majesty, and not to them." To bring this difference to a close, a con- ference was now had between the two houses ; which terminat,ed in a compromise, and in the passage of the act of 1708, chapter 7th. to carry that compromise into effect. By this act. the charter of An- napolis was confirmed, under certain reservations as to the public buildings, and restrictions of the municipal power. ''"••• This was the act the Assembly passed to settle and confirm the charter of Annapolis : "Whereas this present General Assembly have taken into their con- sideration the Charter lately Granted to the City of Annapolis, and being desirous to give all due encouragement to cohaVdtation, have resolved to confirm the same Charter, and to explain and restrain some clauses and grants therein contained, they humbly pray that it may he enacted ; "II. AjmI it is herehy enacted. By the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of her Majesty's Governor, Coun- cil, and Assembly of this Province, and by the authority of the same, That the said Charter to the City of Annapolis, bearing date at the said City on the twenty-second day of Xovember, Anno 1708, in the seventh year of her Majesty's Reign, Sealed with the Great Seal of this her Majesty's Province, and signed with the Sign Manual of his Excellency John Seymour, Esq., Captain-General and Governor in Chief thereof, incorporating the inhabitants of Annapolis into a City, and Body Corporate, and the several Articles, Clauses, Grants, Powers, Authorities, and Privileges therein contained, shall, by virtue of this Act, be held, taken, stand, remain, and be firm, and valid to all intents a'.id purposes whatsoever, within the same Charter mentioned and expressed, subject nevertheless to the several restrictions and ex- planations herein specified and declared, (that is to say,) That it shall in no wise be intended, construed, meant, or taken, to infringe the liberties and privileges of the public, either in regard to the pub- lic lands and buildings by them heretofore purchased and built ; but that the same shall be reserved and continued forever, to the uses and purposes to which they have already been allotted : And that all and €very the Judges and Justices oi the several Courts of Judicature which have usually held their Courts within the same City, in the public Court-house thereof, shall and may continue so to do ; and the * McMahon'8 Md. p. 2i6. 94 " T H E A X C 1 E N T C I T Y . " Justices, Commissioners, and Sheriff of Ann-Arundel Connty shall have, hold, and exercise their Jurisdiction, in as full and ample manner, to all intents and purposes, in the Port of Annapolis, as heretofore had been usual. "III. And be it fnrther Emicfed ami Declared, That the Bye-Laws, to be made by the said Corporation, shall not affect or be binding to any other the Inhabitants of this Province, but wholly restrahied to the Inhabitants and Residents of the said City ; and that the Clause in the said Charter, impowering the Corporation to set toll on horses, cattle, and other commodities, to be sold on the two fair days, of the first of May, and of St. Michael the Arch-Angel, yearly, shall not. in any wise, enure, be construed, or extended, to impowering the Cor- poration to assess any toll or impost upon Cattle, Groods, Wares, or Merchandizes whatsoever, to be sold therein, if the Goods, Wares, or Merchandizes should not amount to the value of twenty shillings cur- rent money ; but if it exceed twenty shillings value, and not above five pounds current money, then the sum of six-pence shall be paid for the lee or toll thereof ; and for all Goods, &c., exceeding in value five pounds current money, then it shall be lawful to assess the sum of twelve pence current money for the fee or toll thereof, and no more. "IV. And Whereas, the Citizens and Burgesses of the several Boroughs in England have formerly been allowed but half wages, in respect to the salary of the Knights of the Shires ; Be it therefore En- acted, That the Citizens, representing the City of Annapolis, shall only be allowed half the wages to the Delegates and Representatives, as is and shall be allowed to the Delegates of the several Counties of this Province, and no more. *'V. A)ul whereas, Wornell Hunt. Esq., the present Recorder of the said City, is not yet qualified for that trust, by reason he hath not been resident in this Province during the term of three years ; never- theless the said Wornell Hunt, by virtue of this act, shall be deemed, and is hereby qualified and enabled to hold and execute the said Office of Recorder of the City aforesaid, any Law, Statute, Usage, or Custom to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. "VI. And he it enacted, by the advice and consent aforesaid. That I he Land called the Town-Common, be reserved and remain to the use of the proper Owner or Owners, unless the Citizens can make it appear to have made satisfaction for the same, the next Session of Assembly." CHAPTER XXV. The First Newspaper tx Maryland. [1737.] In August, 1737, William Parks, printer to the Province of Maryland, made the fii-st venture in Maryland journalism. He be- gan at Annapolis "The Maryland Gazette.'' It was printed on a PI I S T R Y O F A N N A P O L I S . 95 ^^heet a little larger than foolscap ; had two columns to the page, and four pages to an issue. It was published once a week. The first numbers of this interesting relic of Maryland history are lost to the State, as well as the concluding issues. The Maryland Historical Society, however, is the fortimate possessor of some twenty copies of the Gazette, beginning with number Go of the issue, dating from Tuesday, Dec. 3, to Tuesday, Dec. 10, 1728. The last number it has is number 97, of date of July 23, 1729. On either side of the head of the paper, was an excellent cut, and below the caption was a space left, in which the names of the several subscribers were written to take the Gazette o\\ its way through the post to its destination. At the bottom of the fourth page was the announcement — "Annapo- lis, printed by William Parks, by whom advertisements and subscrip- tions are taken. ' ' The paper was made up of copious extracts of foreign news, a few local items, and sometimes one page of advertise- ments. There were frequently long communications written in the semi-classic style of the period. In Xo. GG, there were four local items, all relating to the shipping of the port of Annapohs. On January 1, 1729, is a notice recounting that a negro, belonging to William Robinson, of the county, had impudently and without provo- cation struck William Smith, carpenter, during a dispute over the fighting of their dogs, and that for it the said negro had his car cropped which the Gazette said it noticed, because it was the first case under the law, and it published it as a warning. We can hardly believe that the said negroes intended to be forewarned by this Chari- table admonition were assiduous readers of the Gazette. In No. 89, there were pubhshed three advertisements, in one of which notice was given "that there is a ship arrived in South River with about two hundred choice slaves, which are to be sold by Daniel Dulany, Richard Snowden, and Peter Hume." Mention is made in the issue of June 16, 1729, that "on Tuesday last, George Plater, Esq., was married to Mrs. Rebecca Bowles,, the relict of James Bowles, Esq., a gentle woman of considerable fortune." From the issue of June 24, 1729, are the following extracts made : "On Friday last, died James Carroll, at the House of Charles Car- roll, Esq., in this city. "On Friday last, the Hon. Patrick G-ordon, Esq., Grovernor of Phila- delphia, attended by several gentlemen of that province, arrived here :o visit our Governor. His Excellency received them very kindly, and they were saluted with the discharge of our great guns, colors ilying, &c., and their entertainment has been made as agreeable as this place could afford. This morning his Honor, the Governor of Pennsylvania, departed this city under discharge of our guns, &c. "Annapolis, March 4th, Saturday last, being the birth day of our most gracious Queen Caroline, was celebrated here in the 'manner following : His Excellency, Benedict Leonard Calvert, our Governor, invited the gentlemen of this city to a very handsome entertainment at dinner, and in the evening there was a ball at the Stadt House." The price of the Gazette was fifteen shillings a year, and advertise- ments, no rule as to length, were "to be inserted in it at three shillings for the first week, and two shillings for every week after." When the Gazette ceassd publication, we are left to conjecture. The probability is it was discontinued in a fo.w years. Mr. Parks, elected 90 * ' T H K A N C I E X T C I T V . " in 1727 State Printer, remained in tliat office nntil 1742. when he wjis succeeded by Jonas Green. The (}az('fte was the sixth paper, in i)oint of time, that was printed in tlie American I'roAinces. CHAPTER XXVI.- ClIRoXICLES OF AXNAPOTJS FliOM 1 707 Tn 1740. [1707.] Jn 1707, tlie Leo-ishxture passed a snpidemcnt-ifiy act for the advancement of trade. In this law it was enacted that ''all th^- towns in lialtimore and Anne Arundel Counties, with the River. Creeks, Coves, tliereunto belonj^in^^:, (savinp: in Patuxent River) to be members of the Port of Annapolis." [1720.] A "Prospect to Annapolis" was laid off May 24. 1720. It comprised two lots of jj^round, one called Dnrand's Place, the other "Woodchurch's Rest. It was re-surveyed for Benj. Tasker. It lay on the North Side of Severn.! [1715.] By act of 1715. ch. IV, the Leo^islature reiterated its ajrree- ment with Anthony, alias William Workman, in reirard to fjivinc: him the privilege of buildinj? on the lots belonsinc: to Kins: William's School, a house which was to revert to the School at Workman's death. The act discovers that these three lots, that the sciiool was possessed of,^lay "to the foot of tlio Stadt House Hill, on the Eastward there- of." and that Workman was an inn-keei»er, and tliat, forerectinc: and so donatiui,^ tlie house allud.^d to the General Assembly, had jjranted him liberty and license "to keej) an ordinary in said House, duriuf:: his natural life, free and dischars^fed from the ])ayment of fine, then im- posed by law therefor." Workman came from Kent Island, then de- clared to I)e "in the county of Talbot." AVilliam Fre 'man, brick- layer, of Philadelphia, in Pennsylvam'a, built the house. The same act. after recitinfi: the difficulty of irt'ttinLr the board of Rector, Gov- ernors, and \'isitoi-s of Kinj^ William's School torjether to transact iMisiness. enacted that five of the board on special occasion, could exe- cute the powers of the school. [1718.] In 1718, "the Honorable Colonel William Holland. Colonel Thomas Addison, Capt. Daniel Mariartee and ]Mr. Alexander War- field" were made Commissioners by Act of Assembly, at the petition of the Corporation of Annaj)olis, to lay out ten acres of ])ublic land into half acre lots "for the better encourai^cment of poor Tradesmen to come and inhabit within the said city, and carry on their resj^ective trades therein." These were laid oif on Powder-House Hill and wer<' tolje donated to any person or persons not an owner of property in t Old le.U K.ll, vol. 1, p. 170. * The material of tlil" (Mi.iptfr is! m iinlv .Iri.vn from Ridg^'lV.s AtitiiIs <,f AniiHpolir;, pii^es KiS-ll'). li I S T O li Y OF A N >• A P L I S^ 97 the town, v/ho would buil-l a dwelling'-house irpoii the same. If tlie lots were i)ot taken up at the end of two years, then owners of proi)erty in the city were allowed to have them. This addition was called ''Xew Town." _^ ' The General Assembly, by the same Act. appointed Jani&s .Stoddc'fef. Esq., to survey and lay off the city of Annapolis, as the original plat of the town which had been made by liichaid Beard, had been burned when the State House was destroyed by fire in 1704. Mr. Stoddard's survey made the toAvn contain one hundred and forty-two acres : one hundred and fifty-thi-ee square perches, and two hundred, nine and tliree quarters square feet. The State House Circle was laid down as containing 218.988 square feet, with a diameter i)2S feet and a circumference of 1159. The Church Circle contained 01,- 025 square feet, with a diameter of 846, and a circumference of 1087 feet. Among those who were the first to have lots surveyed, has been well preserved by records in the Land OflRce. After the ?ublic Circle, (State House Circle, ) Church Circle, and Market Space had been surveyed. Dr. Charles Carroll had resurveyed his lot lying on the north west ^ideof Duke of Gloucester street, and running to Market street. Thos. Macnemara had the second lot resurveyed. It laid on the southwest side Duke of Gloucester street. He had five other lots resurveyed. all on the southwest side of Duke of Gloucester street. Thomas l>laden, Patrick Ogleby. Robert Thomas, Aijios Garrett, Benj. Tasker, James Carroll. Samuel Young, John Baldwin, Catherine Baldwin, Col. Sam'l. Young, atul Philip Lloyd are among the lot-owners by the re- survey of 1718. July 25, 1718, a lot was resurved for St. Anne. It lay between Temple street and Doctor street. Temple street has passed from memory, but Doctor street remains. [1720.] In 1720, an Act of Assembly was passed giving further time to the several tradesmen who originally took up the new lots within the addition to the City of Annapolis, to impro-. e the same: and at the same session a grant was made to Mr. Edward Smith of one hundred and twenty feet of ground in the City of Annapolis for a sawyer's yard. [1723.] In 1723, the Assembly passed an Act ''for the encourage- ment of learning and erecting schools in the several counties within this Province." Lender it Kev. Mr. Joseph Colebatch, Col. Samuel Young, William Lock, Esq.. Capt. Daniel Mariartee, Mr. Charles Hammond, Mr. Richard Warfield, and John Beale, Esq., were made the visitors of the schools of xVnne Arundel. [1727.] In 1727, Mr. William Parks, of Annapolis, was authorized to print a compilation of the laws of the Province. To this date there had been no printer. Mr. Ridgely who wrote in 1841, says, "this col- lection of the laws of Maryland is now nearly out of print — but few copies remaining — and is held by the few that own a copy of it as a rare and curious body of laws passed by our early legislators." [1728.] In 1728, "Henry Ridgely, Mordecai Hammond, and John Welsch, gentlemen," were empowered to lay out a lot of land, 60 feet in breadth on the water, 300 feet in length, and 25 feet wide at the head of the land, being a part of a lot formerly alloted on which to 7 OS "The Ancient City. " build a custom liouse. The corporcation was given the fee-simple to the lot provided it built a market house tliereon. Tiiis lot is the site of the present market house. [17:38.] In 173;J, the Le,i]:islature passed an Act ffivinfr £3.000 for purchasinir convenient g^round in Annapolis, for the use of the public, and for I)uildin2: ther^'on a dwellinj;^ house for the residence of the Governor. This was for a temporary residence. The Executive, Samuel Osfle, does not appear to have used the fund, and a further sum of £1,000 was added in 1742 to this, and Governor Bladen, em- jiowered to purchase four lots in the City of Annapolis, and to erect a buildinc: thereon as a residence for the Governor. Fro::i tliis act spranc: McDowell Hall, St. John's ColleG.] In 1786. Charles Hammond, Philip Hammond, Vachel Denton, Daniel Dulany, Esq., and Mr. Ricliard Warfield were em- ])owered to purchase a piece of ground witliin the town for a public school in Annapolis ; to contract for material and to em})loy workmen to build it. £1,500, current money, was voted l)y the Legislature for tliis work. [1740.] In 1740, is found the first Act of Assembly that brings to puVdic a name that will be foreverlinked with the history of Maryland. Chaj^ter 4, Acts of 1740, ''was for the speedy and effectual publication of the Laws of this Province, and for the encouragement of Jonas Green, of the City of Annapolis, printer." For twenty-eight years, and until his death hi 1708, Mr. Green continued the printer of the Province. He was a man of ready wit, large benevolence, and suc- cessful enterprise. His journal, the Maryland (rdzcftc, is one of the fullest and most reliable sources of history left the State by the cor- roding touch of time. In the act that made Mr. Green the State Printer, he was required to print, stitch, and deliver a copy of the public laws, speeches, ai.d answers made at the various sessions, and was directed to make marginal notes to the laws of the Legislature. He was also required to reside in Annapolis. I-Cach county court was obliged to lay a tax of £lo yearly in their respective counties for the su[)port of the State Printer. The olfice was for two years. Tlic Legislative Ivecords of this period contain numerous acts for the relief of languishing del)tors lying in prison for their debts. There- was rpiiro a, number so discliargt'd from tlie Annapolis j-ul. CnAPT]]ll XXVII. The Sr/oND ^^ewpai'kr Printed in Maryland. In that repository of archives — the Maryland State Library — will be found nearly one hundred volumes of "I'hp Jfan/liiiid (iazette,'' the second newspaper printed in ^laryland. The dimensions of the (ia- zcttc were exceedingly modest, its pages, but four in number, measunng only nine and a half inches in length and seven and a half in width. H I S T r. Y O F A X N A P L I s . 90 The first issue of the Gazette v^'as dated Thursday, January Kth. 1745; the publisher being "Jonas Green, Post-master, at the Printiag office in Charles street," who announced that it contained "the fresh- est advices — ^T-^reign and Domestic." These advices were from Lon- don in the preceding August and from Amsterdam, Frankfort, and Paris in the same month, and from Constantinople as far back as Jnly. News from Boston bore date of November 12th, 1744, and that from New York was exactly one week later. In the news from Paris of August 17, old style, was this item: "Six of the most noted Fish-wojuen of this city, took the trouble to go to Metz as soon as they heard of the King's Ilbiess, and made his Ma- jesty a present of a Shirt and Night-Cap, which they had touch'd to the Shrine of St. Geneveve : his T^lajesty slept in them very comforta- bly, and the next day found him much better. No doubt Shirt and Night-Cap touch'd by the Shrine of so precious a Saint, contributed, much towards his Majesty's recovery." The last sentence appears to be the Gazette^ s. Then, as now, editors like Presidents, felt incumbent upon them to offer an mangural address. Mr. Green, in making his bow to the pnblic. said" "the advantage of a newspaper * * -•■ being so universally known, renders it unnecessary to recommend a thing of the kind; however, since it might be looked upon as unfashionable to nsher one into the world without a word or two by way of introducticm, we shall "■•■ * "'•• "••• give some account of our design." "Our intent,'' con- tinues the editor, "therefore, is to give the public a weekly account of themost remarkable occurrences, foreign and domestic, which shall from time to time, come to our knowledge : having always a principal re- gard to such articles as nearest concern the American Plantations in. general, and the province of Maryland in particular; ever observing the strictest justice and truth in relation of facts, and the ntmost disinterestedness and Impartiality in points of controversy. "And. in a dearth of news which, in this remote part of the world, may sometimes reasonably be expected, we shall study to supply that defect by presenting our readers with the best materials we can possi- bly collect : havingalways, in this respect, a due regard to whatever may conduce to the promotion of virtue and learning, the supju-essioii of vice and immorality, and the Instruction as well as entertainment of our readers.*' The advertisements of the first issue were four in number — one offering a reward for a strayed or stolen stallion : the second, advertis- ing a computation table iov merchants ; the third placed on sale a work entitled, "A Protest against Popery, showing the purity of the church of England, and Errors of the church of Rome." This adver- tisement is quoted entire ; "Lent sometime ago, bnt to whom is for- got, a bound Book in Octavo intitled. News from the Dead, or True Inteligence from the other World : On a Leaf preceding the title page is wrote ; 'The Wicked borrow and never return,' The person who has it, is hereby desired to consider that Text, and restore the Book to the right owner. ' ' The subscription to the Gazette- was twelve shillings, Maryland currency, per annnm. When the paper was furnished sealed and directed, two shillings additional were charged. "Advertisements of moderate length," were inserted at five shillings each ; subsequent insertions at one shilling each. 100 "The A x c i e n t City." The Gazetta was so much encouraf^ed that, at the end of the secoiid voliiine, it was able to eidarge ; and it continued to jn-osper and in- crease in size down to iB^ii), when it had become a journal of very- respectable dimensions. It was, in that year, discontinued. Its pages reflect the history of the province ; its columns show tho ways and thoughts of the early Mary landers. The first volume contains many advertisements for run-away ser- vants, such as ''a negro boy, named Edward Mills,'" "aii Irish ser- vant-man, Alexander McCoy. ' " The rewards for their capt ure ranged from "being well rewarded,'' to ten pounds. The descriptions of runaways were pointed, and did not mince matters, Sarah Munro advertised Elizal)eth K rowder, a run-away, "as an English convict servant, "■^- ••■ u[)wards of f(tions of their wearing apparel wore as minute. An advertisement in October, 1745, announced, "next Spring a caravan will be set up to go from said plac;es, (Cliarlottetown and Patai)sco,) to York, Lancaster, and Philadelplna, for the conveyency of Passengers, Goods, letters, &c." Six months public notice was thus given of a journey that now can be made from those points to Philadelphia in six or eight hours : Nostrums were duly advertised in those pastoral times. In the issue of September lo, lT4o, one Francis Torres gave out in a flaming advertisement, a page and a quarter in length, that he liad possession of certain Chinese stones and powders which had cured "Rheumatism, Gout, Bite of Venemous Snake, Cancers, Swellings, Pleurisy, Tooth- ache, Headache, and numerous other diseases, simply by an outward application of the remedies." The announceuient was followed by a long number of certificates of persons, (which practice eontinues until this day, j who had seen cures made, or had themselves been healed, by these "chemical compositions." Some certified to seeing six per- sons cured of rattlesnake bites, one of being cured of tooth-ache, one of pain in the feet, one of a cancer being cured, and thus, throughout the hst, the marvelous healings ran. But "Monsieur Torres" was not allowed to sell in peace his Chinese cure-alls at twenty-five shillings per stone and bag. A corresi)ondent, in the (razatff, of Xoveinber 8, stated that "if any oue'couhl notafford the price charged for these articles, they shouhl go to a cutler's shop, there you will find a remnant of buck-horn, cut olf probably from a piece that was too long for a knife handle, saw and rasp it into what- ever shape you please, and then burn it in hot embers, and you will have Mons. Torres. Chinese stones which will stick to a wet finger, a fresh sore, &c., &;c., &c., and have all the virtues of — a new tobacco pipe." The powders were disposed of in as summary a manuer by this critic. History OF Annapolis. 101 The Gazette, paid some aj^tention to local matters ; considerably more to legislative proceedings. Its columns, in 1745, contained the correspondence between the Grovernor and the Legislature when they •were at variance about the imposition of a tax on tobacco, which the Governor and council of State had imposed without the authority of the Legislature. Several sliarp messages passed between them, and contro- versy ended in the dissolution of the Legislature by the Executive. The marvelous pervaded the columns of newspapers then as welL, as in these times. Thus we hear from Dorchester county, that, in the- great snow in December last, a poor man standing upon the limb of a. tree, with abroad axe in his hand, cutting ofl: some boughs for fire- wood, his foot slipped, and he tumbled down, and falling upon tlie edge of the axe, (which was kept uppermost by the snow,) his breast was cut open quite the whole breadth of the axe, and his lungs came out. A surgeon, being applied to in a few days, made a perfect cure of, liira." In the date of June 3, 1746, the Gazette published this item : "The following article, having been transmitted with a desiie to have it in- serted ill this paper, it is therefore, without any alteration, submitted to the judgment of the people : ' j^ " 'On Saturday, May 24, 1746. two men of repute, fishing off Kent Island, about four o'clock in the afternoon, the weather clear and calm, they saw to their surprise, at a small distance, a man, about five feet high, walking by them on the water, as if on dry land. He crossed over from Kent to Talbot county about the distance of four miles.' " The afttention that was paid ta foreign news was very great. Al- most the entire paper, number after number, was filled with news from important places of the old world. These clippings show a de- cidedly Protestant cast of sentiment. The following is an account of a procession observed at Deptford, England, in 1745, honor of the King's birthday : "I. A Highlander, in his proper dress, carrying on a pole a pair of wooden shoes, with this motto : The Xewest Make Fbo3I Paris. "II. A Jesuit in his proper dress, carrying on the point of a long flaming sword, a banner with this inscription in large Capital letters : IxQuisiTiON, Flames, and Damnation. "III. Two Capauchin Friars, properly shaved, habited and ac- coutred with flogging poles, beads, and crucifixes, &c. One or thera bore, on a high pole a bell, Massbook, and candles, to curse _ the Biit- ish nation with ; the other carried a large standard with this inscrip- tion : IXDT'LGENCES ChEAP AS DlRT. Murder Xine-pcnco. Adultery _ . . . ^ Nine-pence half pence. Reading the Bible A thousand pounds. Fornication Four pence half penny farthing. Perjury •• Xothiug at all. Rebellion A Revv^ard or draw-back of thirteen pence half penny Scots money. '•IV. The pretender with a ribbon, a nosegay, &c., riding upon an 103 " T U E A N C 1 E N T C I T Y. ' ' ass, supported by a Freiichraan on the right, and Spaniard ou left, each «lressed to the height of the newest modes from Paris and Madrid. •'Y. The Pojie riding upon his l)ull. "Tlie i)rocossioii was preceded and closed by all sorts of rough music, and after a march round the town, the Pope and tlie j^retender were committed to the flames according to custom, but not 'til they had been first confessed, absolved, and purged with holy water, by the Jusuit. The several actors played their parts with great drollery, and the only token of aifection to pojiery which the spectators gave was a liberal collection to tho money-boxes of the begging friars.'' The character of the education, tlicn available in tlie Province of Maryland, is learned from an advertisemeiit in the '"CTazette." Mr. Peter Robinson advertised that at his school iu Upper Marlborough, Prince George's county, re;iding, writing, arithmetic, geometry, cos- mography, astronomy, merciiants' accounts, "or theartof book- Keep- ing after the Italian manner," and algebra, were taught : also the description and use of "sea-charts, maps, quadrants, forestalls, noL-turnal protractor, scales, Coggershalls' rule sector, gauging rod, luiiversal ring dials, globes, and other mathematical instruments." The hard, persecuting spirit of those times is evidenced by a para- grapli taken from the same issue in which Mr. Robinson's advertise- ment appeared : "Annapolis: — Last week some persons of the Romish communion were apprehended, and upon examination were obliged to give security." The same mind was sliown in the needless cruelties inflicted upon criminals. In the issue of Friday, June 14, 174o, was this item : "Last week at Tiilbot County Court, a Xegro man was sentenced to have his right hand cut off ; to be nauged, and then quartered ; for the murder of his overseer, by stabbing him, a few days before with a knife." Another — "On Friday last Hector Grant, James Horncy, and Ether Anderson were executed at Chester in Kent county, pursuant to their sentence for the murder of their late jnaster. The men were hanged, the woman burned. They died penitent, acknowledging their crimes, and the justice of their punishment." The latter sentence commends itself to tlie sainted murderers of todav. CHAPTER XXVIII. Anxai»()Lis IX IT-!'). The membei's of tlie House of Delegates for this yivir from Anne Arundel were Major Henry Hal.', Dr. CJiarles C.-irroll, Mr. Philip ]lannnond, and Mr. Tiionuis Worthington. For Annapolis City, Ca[)t. Robert Gordon, und Dr. Charles Stewart. On Wednesday, May lotii, 174"), James Barret was executed at An- nai)olis for the murder of John Cain in lialtiiuore county, perpetrated HistoeyofAnnapolis. 103 under the following ciroumstances : Cain, Barret, and anoriier man. all three of them convicts, were engaged in petty thieving, and Cain was employed to sell some wool for them. He did it for eighteen pence ; ancl, on his refusal, after several demands to give his compiin- ions their share of it, they drew lots who should kill him. It fell upon Barret, and he inflicted a wound upon him with a knife, from which he died in nine weeks. Barret appeared at his trial about the first of April without remorse, but, at his execution, he ''seemed peni- tent for his sins ; implictily confessed the fact for which he suffered ; admonished the spectators to avoid drunkenness and passion, and de- clared he forgave, and died in charity with all manldnd."* Slave catching thrived in the province in these times. The records tell of one John Irwin, who was well known in the province, "particu- larly for his wonderful dispatch and integrity in taking up runaways, and his remarkable good nature in sometimes helping them off. It will be left to a certain class of moralists to determine which of these traits led him to commit a robbery and murder on the public highway in Scotland, which he expatiated by his life at Edinburg, Nov. i7'44." On Tuesday the IGth of July, 1745, there \^re great demonstrations of joy, such as the "firing of guns and drinkings of healths &c." made at Annapolis over the reduction of Louisburg by the Now Eng- land and English troops. The newspaper of the capital gave great space to the account of this capture, showing how keen an interest the people felt in the achievement. On the 4tli of August, 1745, Sunday, a severe storm passed over An- napolis doing great damage to it. A house was struck, and a man and his wife severely injured ; other persons, in and near the tovvu, were also hurt. Several cattle were killed in the country. The storm was particularly severe towards South Kiver. In this section three riders had just left their horses standing under a tree and had retired to the house for shelter, when all of the horses were struck by light- ning and killed. On the loth of August, a lad, aged 12 years, William Watson was knocked overboard by the boom of a schooner witliin Greenbury's Point and drowned. On the 35th of the same month two "servent men," one belonging to Mr. Tootell and one to Mr. Inch were upset jn a canoe on Spa Creek, and drov/ned. On the loth of September, James Briscoe, of St. Mary's county, was burnt in the hand at Aimapolis pursuant to a sentence of court for manslaughter, to which he pleaded guilty. Kobt. Gordon, Esq., was chosen mayor of the city in October. In this year the ship William and Anne, of Annapolis, Capt. Stra- chan was captured — it is supposed by the French — then at war with England — on her passage to London, and ransomed for 1,500 guineas. On Thursday, December, 20th, a fire broke out about midnight in the X'esideuce of Mr. GiV)8on, in Annapolis, which, notwithstanding all possi- ble assistance, entirely consumed the same, with all the furniture wearing apparel, and out-houses. Two negroes, a man and a woman, perished in the flames ; the rest of the family narrowly escaping with their lives. "It is thought tliis melancholy accident was occasioned by the negroes carrying coals up stairs to light tlieir ])ipes with." Friday, December 7, Ilobt. Gordon, Esq., and Walter Dulany were * Maryland Gazette. / 104 "The Ancient City." unanimously elected delegates to the General Assenil)ly to represent Annaf)()lis. On ^Monday, August 5th, 1745, the Maryland Legislature began a called session in Annapolis. A greater number of delegates was never known to l)e in attendence at the first day of the session. Col. Edward Sprigg was unanimously elected speaker and Major William Tilghinan appointed clerk. The Governor, Thomas Bladen, Esq., ap- proved their election. It is thus seen the Governor had an important prerogative in the House — the rejection of its elected olTicers. "The session," said the Governor in his speech to the House, "was occasioned by a letter I have received from the Governor of New England, which shall be laid before you. You will find by it, that we arc called upon to give our assistance towards securing to the obedience of our Sovereign the late acquisition of Cape Breton." After expressing his belief that the body would not be wanting in pab-iotism in the matter, Gov. Bladen concluded his speech, with "This service requiring the first place in consultations, and the spe;'diest dispatch, I shall postpone the mention of ar.y other Matters to you, 'til we have discharged our duties upon this point." The Upper House of tlie Legislature in a brief address assured Gov. Bladen the were ready to give all assistance in their power to aid in securing Louisburg or Cape Breton to obedience to their common sov- erign ; and were ready to show on all occasions their'^duty and zeal for his Majesty's cause. Gov. Bladen briefly replied to the Upper House : ' 'Gentlemen of the Uppei- House of Assembly, I thank you for your address, whicn can- not but be very agreeable to me, as it confirms me in the good opinion I have of your duty and affection to his ^Majesty, and zeal for his service." On Wednesday the 7th, the Lower House, or House of Delegates made their reply. The peculiar phraseology of the first part of the firet sentence is noticeable. "May it please your Excellency, We liis Majesty's most dutiful and loyal sul>jects, the Delegates of the Freemen of Maryland, in this present Asse:: bly convened, take leave to acknowledge the favour of your excellency's speech at the "opening of this session, and your goodness in communicating to us Gov. Shir- ley's letter, whereby we have the ploasing news of the lieduction of Louisburg or Cape Breto'n, to his Majesty's obedience." They added although exempted from tlie call for troops, they would proceed to raise a support, and promised to give this business their first atten- tion. On Friday, Gov. Bladen returned this brief answer : "Gentlemen of the Lower f louse of Assembly, It is a real satisfaction to me to find by yo':r address that you are resolved to act like good subjects, faith- ful re|)resen:atives, and true lovers of your country." Thus far all was well ; but behind the Govn-nor's anxiety to secure an ai)propriation for supplies for Ijouisburg was an executive skeleton. He wanted the supplies voted at once. That was all. it app-.^irs, that he desired tiien he. had the Legislature in his power. He had the right of dissolution in his hand. So, if the Legislature was tur- bulent afterward, he could prorogue them, and not disai)po)iit his wishes, but to send the members houie before the supplies were granted would defeat the very object for which they were called together. The History of Annapolis. 105 Lower House, on which its seems devolved the burden and the honor of defending:: the ri.u-lits of the "Freemen of Maryland" were as well aware of this pitfall, as was the Governor who set it. TJioy did not intend to step in it. On the evening^ of the 7th, probably after the otlier mild and agree- able address liad been presented to Governor Bladen, the following ad- ditional one .vas passed by the Lower House: "May it please your Excellency, It appearing to this House, that there has been assessed and levied by order of your Excellency and coimcil. the sum of one pound of Tobacco, on every taxable person within this Province ; and to force the collection thereof an execution hath been put into the hands of the respective sheiiffs : But in as much as it is not known to this House, by what Power or authority your excellency and their Honors have done the eame, we humbly pray your excellency will please to order to be laid before this House, the authority by which the said tax hath been assessed, levied, and execution issued for the same." On the' 12th another address was sent to his excellency. It read : "May it please your Excellency, We beg leave to represent to your ex- cellency, that, as the several Naval Officers of this province do, by vir- tue of sundry acts of Assembly, collect large sums of Money for the use of the public, we pray your Excellency will be pleased to acquaint us whether they give any bond for the due execution of their trusts in their offices, and if any, where lodged. As also to cause the same, or authentic copies thereof, to be laid before the House." The Governor ignored for a time these two addresses from the Lower House, but sharply rebuked that body on the 13th by the following message : "Gentlemen of the Lower House of Assembly, You have now sat above a week, and no bill has yet been offer-^d tome, or by what I can find, sent to the Upper House for the purpose, I so earnestly lecom- mended at our first meeting, and which brought us together at this season of the year. This Delay is the most extraordinary, as you have, in your address in answer to ray speech at the opening of the session, made the greatest professions of loyalty to our gracious sov- erign, ar>d zeal to the common cause, and you cannot but know, that the greatest dispatch is absolutely necessary, to render whatever you shall think fit to contribute, of real use. This is a truth not to be de- nied, and, therefore, it is that I postpone the mentioning any other matter to you 'till we shall have discharged our duties upon this Point ; which might very easily have been done in two or three days. I am sensible that what is passed cannot be remedied, and that all I can do is to remind you of your duty : therefore I earnestly exhort you, as you regard his ]Majesty's honor and service, and your own reputation, to discharge it without farther loss of time." Undismayed by attacks upon their loyalty to their sovereign or in- sinuatioi^s against their personal reputation, the members oi the Lower House, under date of the loth, made this manly reply : "May it please your Excellency, Whatever construction you are pleased to put upon our actions, we assure you, that our unfeigned loyalty to his Majesty will never permit us to give the least delay to anything that relates to his service, and this is apparent by the early and unanimous resolve of our House, to raise a sum of money for the lUiJ ' ' T 11 E A ^ c 1 E N T City.'' support ol liis garrison at Cape Breton : And accordingly a bill to that end is in as great forwardness as the subject matter would ad- mit, and will, with the utmost expedition, be sent to the Upper House. AVere we inclined to think of any other than a fair and upriglit be- havior in your excellency, we conceive there is equal room to suspect a delay on your part ; as you have had before you our address relating to the authority l>y which your excellency and his lordship's council have levied upon the people one pound of tobacco ])er poll, near as long as the aifair for support of Cape Breton hath l^een under our considera- tion, and we should think it less difficult for your excellency to say by what authority that tobacco was levied, than it is for us to find out ways and means effectually to answer the service of his majesty with the greatest ease to tlie peojde. * 'As wiiat we are about to do for the service of our most gracious sovereign is the result of our own free will, we are determined not to be diverted from that method of proceeding, whereby we hope to render it most useful and agreeable." The quarrel was now fully inaugurated and the irate Governor was not long in making a reply to this independent addtess. TJie next day, the IGth, Goy. Bladen sent this message to the Lower House : "Were I to judge of your address by the reasoning, language, and style of it, I should put no other consti'uction upon it, init that you were at a loss how to defeat the service you are met upon, and that you were resolved to treat me with the utmost indecency and ill man- ners, merely to furnish yourself with a pretence, that you wore di- verted from the metiiod of proceeding that would have rendered your services most useful and agreeable to his majesty. ''But, as you say, you are determined not to be so diverted, let yqur proceedinors give evidence of the sincerity of your words, and I shall rejoice at it, and shall willingly lose the remembrance of your extraordinary Ijehavior towards myself in the pleasure I shall receive, when 1 shall see your actions correspond with the profession you make of duty to his Majesty and alfection for. his service : This is the grea-t point you are met upon, and I must say, you have already let so much time go ijy, that yni have no more to lose, if you really mean to act like good subjects and avoid an odious distinction that must inevita- bly be made betwec n the behavior of a Maryland Lower House of As- sembly und that of all the other colonies, who have been apjdicd.to on this iuiportant business. "As for not giving you an answer to your address in relation to the levy of one ])ound of tobacco per jtoll, I have deferred i. purely in res]>ect to his Majesty's service whivh ought to have engrossed our whole attention, and which, if it had, would have saved the pain of answering an address of so strange a nature as what you have sent rae this day, which 1 know to l)e the production of a few. So to a a few, very few, do 1 ini[)Ute it."' Three days alter, the Legislature voted £1.000 towards the support of the garrison at Cape Breton. They had before made an appropria- tion to this si-rvice of £2,01)0. Thus they showed their loyalty to their sovereign, whilst they maintained their rights as freemen. Once in the arena, the Freemen of ^Maryland, by their representa- tives, were dis])0sed to bring their recalcitrant governor tothetortuiv block, and to answer for real or imaginary delinquencies. On the 21st, History OF Annapolis. 107 after reciting in an address to the governor that tlie people of Mary- land were '"burthened with many taxes and charges," they reminded him tliere were certain fines, forfeitnres and amerciaments, which ought to be appropriated to the support of the government, and, as there have been no accounts been rendered to the House of Delegates for many years, they desiried accounts of them from "1715 to this time." On the 23rd of the month, the delegates of Maryland sent his ex- cellency another address. It was brief and pointed. It read : "May it please your Excellency, You not being pleased hitherto to give us an answer to a former address of this House, requesting you would order to be laid before us, by what authority your excellency and his lordship's council have caused to be levied on the people of this Province one pound of tobacco per poll, we humbly presume to renew our application to your excellency for that purpose. "And we do hope this request will be the more readily complied with, as it is the desire of the whole representative body of the people of Maryland.'.' That day Gov. Bladen sent three messages to the Lower House m reply to the addresses of that body. In tide first he said that the tax of one pound of tobacco was levied "by virtue of an act of Assembly, for the ordering and regulating the militia of this province for better •defence and security thereof, which you will fii:d in the body of laws, page 101." In regard to the naval officers' bond, the Governor said they were "lodged." with him, and he had ordered copies to be laid before the House. As to the fines and forfeitures paid since 1715, that were appro- priated by the Legislature for the support of the Government, the governor said tliat he took it "for granted, that the agents, who re- ceived them, have accounted for them to the Lord Proprietary, to whom only they were accountable." The same reasoning and man- ner of reply was made as to the fines and forfeitures of common law. The Governor closed his communications with "and if there was any occasion to lay such accounts before the Lower House of Assembly, as you desire, which I think there is not, it would be a very difficult task on me to procure such accounts, because several of the gentle- men who have been agents, are dead, and I am not acquainted with their executors or administrators. The same reasons will reach the amerciaments, and, therefore, I need not add anything more relating to them." The governor's replies in regard to the bonds of naval officer, and the fines, forfeitures, and amerciaments appear to have been satisfactory ; but not that in regard to the levying of the tobacco tax by himself and council. On September second, the Lower House sent the longest paper of the correspondence to the Govei'nor, in which it recited the act by which the governor claimed to lay the tax, and stated that, as this act was one supplemental to one enacted to be in force for three years, its authority had long since expired. "And although," the address con- tinued, "this be our opinicni on that point, we take leave further to ob- strve to your excellency, that it the said act were in its full force, yet it does not appear to us, that your excellency and the honorable board, have acted agreeable to the letter, meaning, or intention thereof. lOS ' • T II c A X c I E ^- T C i T Y . ■ ' "It crives us great concei-:i to have any cause of complaint against or dilference with your excellency, and that honorable board, and therefore truly wish and ho])e to iind, that the welfare and ease of the people may, and will, be the measure and rule of acting. "We, therefore, hope you will agree with us, that it is a high in- fringement on the liberties of .the people of Maryland to levy any taxes on them under color of law, as not only we, but our constitu- ents generally conceived has been done in this casc.""-=- * T!ii> correspoivlence is fouii I in the current numbers of the Maryland Giizette. CHAPTER XXIX. AxxAPOi.is A Cextuky Old* [1749.] Mr. Allen, in his brochure of St. Anne's Parish, says of Annapolis at this period : ''At this date (1749,) one hundred years had passed away since the emigrants from Virginia had settled in the territory of this j^arish. And it may be worth while to take passi::g retrospect of the changes here during this period. The original inhabitants, the Indians, Avere all gone. The Puritans, they too, as such, wei-e^io longer heard of, their places of worsiiip wei-e desolate, and tlieir graveyards — Avhere are they? At their Proctor's Landing, a city had grown up ; it was the seat of Government for the province. The State House, the Church, the Scliool Houses, and magniticent dwellings, some of which still re- main, ■•■ liad taken the place of the log-liut of the emigrant and the wigwam of the Indian. Luxury, fashion, and commerce, with tlicir at- tendant dissipations and extravagance, had taken the place of the severe and stern simplicity of the early settlers. The battles and wars of its first days had lieen forgotten, and the full congregations worshipping at the Parish CJiurch and the Chapel at the head of the Severn, show that Puritan istn had passed away. And this last men- tioned change what liad produced it ? The descendants of the early Pui-itans were not a few, and many of them were still here ; but were they Puritans? How came all this? Was rt that there were lacking in Puritanism the elements of perpetuity? True, in returning to the church which their fatlicrsiiad left, they sacrificed no doctrinal belief; still, the ecclesiastical government and the forms of worship, which their ancestors had called by such harsh names, and so utterly repu- diated, were the same. Certainly, then we are left to the conclusion that while the Church of England did embody whatever was needful to sclf-jircservatitm and purity, the system whicli had hero passed away, did not possess them. For could earnestness and zeal and de- votion liave ])reserved them, they had continued to flourish." As spiritual changes had taken place in the Church — so in material matters, .--m,]-,,; < -"isitions had occurred. ^ '• '•■■'■' v' "v.- i-,,! * ib.-^s. Hist o ii y o f A >' n a p o l i s . 109 given the matehloek of the ]MAryhiiider for the quiver of the Indian ; the pinnace for the canoe ; the ])rinting- press for pictorial chronicles ; skilled tillage for "^he unthrifty hunt ; African idavery for sava.<]je liberty ; the race-course for the wrestling match ; the school for the war-dance ; substantial edifices for the wigwam ; the grand ritual of a mighty Church for the artless appeal to the Great Spirit ; the busy throb of an important C'apital for the still-hunt of trie savage. The out-look of the city was fair and promising — its merchants had secured the chief trade of the province ; ships from all seas came to its harbor ; its endowed school educated its citizens for important positions ; its thought made the mind of the province : the gayety of its inhal)itants and their love of refined pleasure had developed the race-course, the theatre, and the ball-room ; — their love of learning the Gazette and King William's School ; — creations and enterprises that made the province famous, in after years, as the centre of the social pleasures, of tlie culture, and of the refinement of the American colonies. CHAPTER XXX.* Chuonicles of Ann Algous feo:^i 174(j to 177.">. [1740.] January 28, the ship Aurora, Captain Pickeman, from Hol- land, arrived at Amiapolis with nearly 200 Palatines. f Four died on the passage of twelve weeks. Saturday, March 8. from 10 to 12 o'clock, there was a remarkable aurora borealis at Annapolis. '"It extended a full quarter of the compass, and in some places resembled a red-hot oven. The corusca- tions, or streams of light, which were numerous, and continually changing shape and situation, reached near 50 degrees towards the zenith." The importance of Annapolis in tiie province at this time can be seen from the fact that Baltimoreans were obliged to do their adver- tising in the Annapolis paper — Wxo, Gazette, — the only journal then printed in Maryland. On Tuesday, the 6th of May, the long boat of the ship llichmoad. was upset about three miles from Tolley's Point, and the boatswain, gun- ner, and three others were drowned. About a week afterwards their bodies washed ashore near Annapolis. At a meeting of the corporation about this period, all by-laws were re- pealed, and fourteen others were enacted in their stead, constituting at that time the entire local code of the city. They were : 1. To prevent nuisances. 2. To ascertain the allowance to juries for verdicts. 3. To oblige officers to attend to their duties. * T le i!etn* of thi ■ i-tiupt t ti-e t.ii^ ■ i m \\.\\\' fr un the M.trylatid Gnzelte' The quaint exi>res>iori3 arc t'le Gaz-'ttj'.-t owu. t Geimans. ' • T li li A X 1 E N T C 1 T V . ■ • 4. To prevent the dangers which may happen by the firin. Topn)hit)it keeping sheep, hogs, or geese, or nseless cattle, or horses within tlic town fence ; except in styes and inclo-^nros. 7. To prevent accidents by fire. 8. For the enconrageinent of tradesmen, 9. To prevent vexatious suits for small debts. 10. To subject such persons as shall hereafter be electeil Sheriffs of Annapolis to a line, if ihey shall refuse to undertake the execution of said otlice. 11. To prevent the dangers and accidents which may arise from building, beaming, or graving ships, sloops, l)oats. and other vessels. 12. To [)revent the entertaining and harboring of slaves 13. To prevent sundry irregularities within tiie city of Annapolis, 14. For repair of the public streets and other pnr[)osos therein men- tioned, 15. To repeal all former by-laws of this cori>oratiou. June 13. three {)ersons were fined 120 each by the Anne Arundel Court, lield at Annapolis, for drinking the Pretender's health. On July 0th, the schooner Peggy, bound for Annapolis, with pjxs- sengers, v/as struck by lightning near Sharp's Island, the mainma'^t was rent from top to bottom. Ten persons lay for some time as dead. On recovering their conciousness they were seized with violent vomit- ings. The cabin was filled with a sulphurous smell. The (}az(itte, of the issue of July 15, says : "The gentlemen belong- ing to the ancient South River Club, to express their loyalty to his Majesty, on the success of the inimitable "Duke of Cumberland's ob- taining a cojnplete victory over the Pretender, and delivering us from persecutions at home, and popery and invasion from abroad, have ap- pointed a grand entertainment to be given at their Club House on Thursday next. An example worthy the imitation of all true loyal subjects." On Wednesday night, September 2nd, about midnight, Dr. Charles Carroll lost a wareliouse by fire, "the third disaster of the kind," which had liefallen him in eight months. Loss £000 sterling. On tlie 15th of September, three companies set sail, in. high spirits, from Annapolis, to engage in the contemplated reduction of Canada by the Englisli. The Captains were Camjibell, Croftis. and Jordan. The men had attained great proficiency in drill. The practice of ap- pealing to the ruler of the universe for success in arms was in vogue in Maryland. The editor of the Gazette stiys of this emimrkation and enterprise : "This important affair must excite, in every true subject, a hearty zeal and ardour in his prayers, that the Great God of Hosts would crown their enterprise with success." Small caps are the editors. _ Monday September 29, Michael Macnemara was elected Mayor of Annapolis. Wednesday, November 5tli, the great Whitfield visited Annapolis. It was a day of thanksgiving. lie jtreached a sermon from Prov. XIV, 28 ; "Righteousness exalteth a nation." As the service ended, the ornament at the back of the Speaker's pew, gave way, and struck several gentlemen. Two were hurt severely. The fall was occasioned by a heavy gust of wind. II I S T O R Y O F .A X N A P (> T. I 8 . Ill Daring: this year the sloop Molly, of AMuapolis. Charles Giles, cora- inandor. bound to Barbadoes, was captured by a French privateer. [1747.] Tuesday, January G, was launched a very fine andlar^e ship, belou,2:iiig to Mr. William Robert, of Anna])olis. She was called the Runinti/iiml Long, after the names of the Builders, and would carry 700 ho,2:slieads of tobacco. On January 29, Sheriff William Thornton, by order of Anne Arundel County Court, offered for sale to the highest ^bidder, two men hi his custody, for his fees. The Maryland Gazette, of March 3, says, '-on Monday last week, ar- rived in Patuxent, Capt. Isaac Johns, from London, which place he left the loth of December last. We have not yet learned of any news he has brought except that he left Portsmouth twenty-four hours after a Fleet bound to America, under convey of a Man of War ; whom were tlie Captains Grerman Cole for Patuxent, and Grindell and Creagh for Patapsco. He also brings advice, that his Excellency Samuel Ogle, Esq., with his Lady and. Family, is on board the same Man of War, bound hither, with a commission to resume the Govern- ment of this Province ; his Excellency the present Governor designing for England this Spring." On March 9, Thomas Williamson, advertised that "he gives good encouragement to men, women, and children, that can be aiding and assisting in the business of making duck and osnabrigs ; especially spinners." By letters from London, the Gazette, of March 17, says, we learn that the Snow Glasgow, Capt. Montgomery, and the Ship Prince George, Capt. Coulter, both bound hither, were taken the 10th of September last, about 50 leagues from the Capes, by four Frenchmen of war from the West Indies, who, after they had taken out the goods, burnt both the vessels. Stephen West, Jr., advertised in March of this year for persons who "are skilled in spinning of Hemp for sail-cloth, osnabrigs, sacking, or cordage : and weaving'of sail cloth, &c., or laying of rope, having all materials in readiness for carrying on the business." A touch of Baltimore's growing commercial importance was felt at this time, the Gazette of Tuesday, March 24, argumentatively saying : "Last Saturday sailed out of Severn River, the Ship Britannia, Capt. John Hutchinson, for London, having onboard 1064 hogsheads of to- bacco, consigned to Mr. John Hamburg. The great dispatch which has been made in the loading of that large ship, being but httie more than two months (all our navigation being stopped for many weeks in the winter, ) and the dispatch which those ships that load in that ri^er commonly made, is enough to make one wonder that so many go further up the Bay into Patapsco to load, where the navigation is so much more dithcult, and must consequently take much longer time ; and where we are well informed the worm bites as bad as in Severn." The Brig, Raleigh, late the Raleigh Privateer, Capt. Samuel Allyne, from Annapolis, \vith 5,000 bushels of wheat for Madeira, ran ashore and bilged on Willoughly's Point in Virginia, on the 21st of March at night. "The vessel and c'argo were lost, and the crew saved with much difficulty. During April of this year, "some villians broke into the Council House in this city, and stole some of the arms. His Excellency, the 112 * ' T u E A s c 1 i; n t C i r v . ' " Governor, has issuod a Proclamation, offeriuix a reward of fifty [jo'.-ukIs toativ oue that will discovor the person or persons concerned in the fact." On Friday, May 20. Dr. A loxandorllainilton, of Annai>ohs, was mar- ried to I\Iiss Margaret Dnlany, (daug-hter to the Hon. Daniel Dulany, Esq., "a well accom[ilished and agreeable young lady, with a hand- some fortune." On Thi-irsday night the 12tli of May, "died here, after a short illness. Miss Anne Ogle, eldest dangiiter of his Excellency, ourOovornor, a A-ery hopeful and promising young lady, endowed with a surju-ising wit and eveiy endearing quality, beyonil most of iier tender years ; and is greatly lamented." Wednesday May 1. a negro man, named Tom, was executed liere for a burglary, of which he had been convicted at the {)recee(ling County Court in March. On Sunday, July r2th, last, two very hopeful children, the eldest sons of 3Ir. William Reynolds, hatter, of this place, one of them 7, the other years of age, were drowned. Their bodies were soon after taken up. Among the Acts, passed at the late Session, was one "for repairing and amending the public and county goal, in thecityof Annap-lis."' Also, one for the speedy and effectual publication ^f the Laws of this ''Provinces and for the encouragement of Jonas Green, Printer." <')n Tuesday, July 28th last, "Mr. Nicholas Maccubbin, of Aima po- lls, merchant, was married to Miss ]Mary Carroll, only daughter of Dr. Charles Carroll, a young gentlewoman l)lessed with every good qualification, having a handsome fortune." A number of the Rebeh , imported in the ship Johnson, into Oxford, were brought to Annapolis about this time and were put upon sale. On the ')n\ of August, the body of Elisha Williams was found drowned — servant to John Senhouse. An inquest was held, the coroner, at the time, cliarging "the too often rigorous usage and ill- treatment of masters to servants, whereby it very often happened, that such ill-usage was the causage of many servants making an end of themselves one way or other." The jury then took evidence. What was the exact result of their labors it is difTicult to say, as the only record there is at hand is the (lazi'tfc's account given in the fol- lowing climded style : "The jury gave the following verdict; viz: That by his having been lately ill-used by Hannah Seidiouse, his mis- tress, he went voluntarily into the water and was drowned, whether his having l)een ill-used, or expectation for the future to be so, was the cause of this drowning is left to a Grand Inquest for the body of this county to enquire into ; and we are informed, that the transgres- sor, as well as the evidences, are bound over to the next Assize-(!olirt. It is, therefore, to be hoped, and it is the intent of this (l)eing in print.) that all nuisters may, and will, for the future, use their ser- vants according to their deserts, let the consequence of this case end in whatever manner it will." At this period Nicholas (Uouds kept ''boats and hands at Broad •Creek, on Kent Island, to cross the Bay to Annajfolis with gentlemen and their horses, and like wise from Annapolis to Kent Island." The Annapolis Company, Capt. Campbell, showed the white feather at Saratoga. Lieutenant Joseph Chew of that company, and who was taken prisoner, stated : "We were indeed over-matched, yet our men History OF Annapolis. 113 behaved ill ; some threw away their pieces without ever firing of them ; others fired once, and ran off." On November 16th, a negro man, named York, was convicted of horse-steahng in Anne Arundel county, and sentenced to death, and, on Wednesdav, December 9, was executed at Annapolis. In con- tradistinction to the great parade made today in the newspapers when a criminal is hung, the Maryland Gazette summed up the whole mat- ter in two lines. December 14, the General Assembly was convened in extra session by Gov. Samuel Ogle. A quorum not appearing, the Assembly was prorogued until Monday the 21st. On the 22nd, the Governor made his speech to membeis, excusing the necessity of calling them together at that season, but he added he "thought it my indispensible duty to obey his majesty's commands, which I shall lay before you." He- further stated what his majesty desired was that money he raised to support their own colonial troops in the war against the French until the whole expenses could be laid before Parliament. The Upper House expressed its willingness to do all it could to de- monstrate their loyalty to their sovereign ; the Lower House, the im- mediate representative of the people, was more cautious in its ex- pressions. After stating the inconvenience with which they had as- sembled, they expressed their willingness to do all in their power to answer "his royal expectations." They also informed his Excellency that they would take the subject into their "serious consideration ; and determine thereupon, agreeable to the present circumstances of the people we represent." They were not long in coming to a con- clusion. On that very day it seems they made a further address to the Governor, in which they represented "that the vast charge and ex- pense the people of this province have already been at, in lodging, maintaining here, and transporting to Albany in the province of New York, the place of general rendezvous, and further supplying those levies with provisions there ; together with the heavy taxes, and other difficulties, under which the people we represent now labor ; have rendered it altogether impracticable for us to raise or advance any sum for payment of the said forces. And as no further business lies before this House, we pray your Excellency ^x\\\ please to put an end to this meeting." The Governor replied to the Lower House, "I wish with all my heart you could have thought of any way of answering his majesty's expectations at this time, in relation to our own le-sdes, agreeable to the zeal you have hitherto shown upon the like occasions ; but as you represent it impracticable for us to raise or advance any further sum for the payment of the said forces, nothing remains for me to do, but to put. an end to this Assembly." The Legislature was prorogued to the second Tuesday in May en- suing. On the 27th of December, Mrs. Baldwin, aged 99 or 100 years, died near Annapolis on her son's plantation. She is said to have been bom in Anne Arundel which would make her birth about the settlement of the county. She left behind a numerous progeny. [1748.] Information arrived at Annapolis early in this year that the schooner Hopewell, Capt. Coulhon, of Annapolis, had been captured by the French. 8 114 " T II E A X C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' The Judicial Proceedings of the province throw great light upon the principles of the early Marvlanders. We turn out of the way to take a case from Baltimore county. On the second of that assize "one Bevis Pain, an old groy-headed sinner, was tried for blasphemy. His abominably wicked expression (to vile and horrid to repeat) was fullv proved upon him, and the Jury soon found liim guilty, and he was* sentenced to be bored through the tongue, and to pay twenty pounds sterling ; the first part of the sentence benig immediately put in execution, a"nd he committed to the Sheriff's custody 'til he i)aid the fine, "j At the April Anne Arundel Court, ''On<' William Pliillips, alias Gormond, was indicted for l)urglary and felony. Cleared of the burglary, but found guilty of the felony, he was branded with the letter R in the hand, and then committed for the want of security for his good behaviour.'- On the second of June, one of the Kent Island ferryboats, that plied between Annapolis and the former place, was overset near the shore V)y a gale. Wm. Vickers, of Talbot county, Benjamin T. Fisli, and John Donnahoe were drowned. One person* saved liimself by swimming ashore and another by holding on to the boat until he was taken off. The captures, by tlie French privateers at this time, made an armed merchantnian a valuable carrier. Thus, in July, tlie Ship Winchelsea, Tliomas Cornish, commanding, lying in Severn River, as a carrier, advertised as an inducement to shippers that she carried 18 guns and 40 men. On the 18th of August, Capt. Loyallfrom Madeira, arrived at An- napolis in a sloop that had been taken from the French by an English Man of War. Because the sloop could not be condcnnied at Maderia, a court of vice admiralty met on the 23nd, at Annapolis, and con- demned her and her cargo as a legal prize. In August of this year, the Annapolis prison was guarded every night by a strong watch, as numerous prisoners were in it wlio were to be'tried at the next assize for capital offences. For all that, on Satur- day morning, the third, in broad daylight, about 8 o'clock, Mark Parr, one of the prisoners charged with robbery, and ''remarkable for his many infamous rogueries, having found meaiis to get oft" his irons, scaled the prison walls, and wilked off. lie was seen walking through the town by several persons who did not know him. It was stated shortly afterward, how correctly we are unable to siiy, that his dead i>ody was found in back woods."** On Thursday, the loth of Sei)tember, court ended for Anne Arundel county. On that day "Joseph Humes ; of the city of Annapolis," Jeweler, for a burglary and felony, in breaking open and entering the store of Mr. Lyde Goodwin, merchant in this city, and stealing from thence several things of vali.e ;Mathew Lai)ear and Charles liiggin- son, for breaking open and rol)bing the store of Dr. James Walker, near Patajjsco Feny, were sentenced to death. On Wednesday the 21st of Sej)tember, lligginson was rei)rieved, but the other two on that day were executed at the gallows near Annai)olis. It would seem from the expressi(m "at the gallows" that this horrid instrument was in such constar^it use it was kept continually erected. Humes t Grzette. •* Md. Gazette. PI I S T O E Y C) F A N X A P L I S . 11.") and Lajx-ar "'wei'e attended to the place of execution by a nnuierons crowd of spectators, implicitly confessed tlie facts for which they snfl'ered, behaved with greatdecency. and declared they died in chariiy with all ihe world."! On Thursday, the 22nd of Septemljer, the Ship AVinchelsea, Capt. Thomas Cornish, sailed out of Severn River with 950 hoc^sheads of to- bacco, consi.crned to John Hanbury. merchant, of London. On Thursday, the 29th of September, John Ross, Esq., was chosen Mayoi- of Annapolis. Two fatal accidents on a vessel iu South River is recorded on the Ctii of Octolicr — a boy belonging to it fell down the hold and was in- stantly killed ; and in the evening one of the crew of the same ship, fell overboard and was drowned. Felons were imported in the province as late as this period — for the Gazette notes that this day (the SGthof October,) the Snow Mary. Capt. Brown, arrived in nine weeks from London, with 52 felons. Th? same paper contains an advertisement for their sale for a term of seven years. They consisted of men, women, and boys. On Tuesflay, November 1st, Capt. John Carpenter, died at Annapo- lis. He "had long been a worthy inhaVntant of this city, and was many years commander of a ship from London, in the tobacco trade ; and wlio, by a diligent apnlication and honest industry, had acquired a considerable fortune, with a fair character.*' [1749.] On March 2nd, Robert Gordon, Esq.. and Mr. Walter Dulany. former representatives, were unanimously rechosen delegates to the Legislature for Annapolis. On Wednesday, March 28, "th^ Rev. Andrew Lendrum was in- ducted into this parish — Aimapolis^in the room of the Reverend and Ingenious Mr. John Gordon, who is removed to the great grief of his parishioners, to St. Michael's parish, in Talbot county. "i On the night of the 27th of March, the night after the county elec- tion, at a tavern in Annapolis, "some persons being more merry than wise, and not considering that Golden Rule of Doing to others as they would they should do unto tliem, made themselves sport witli Mr. Vincent Stewart, one of the company, (who had been a little too free with liquor,) by throwing and tumbling him about whereby he got very much hurt and bruised ; and last week he died. The coroner has had an inquest on his body, which is adjourned some days. It is a very melancholy affair, as he has left a sorrowful^wife and six help- less children." On Saturday, July 29, Wm. Rogers, Esq., a gentleman who had held many posts of honor and trust, died at Annapolis, in the 50th year of his age. He w^as, at the time of his death, one of the Alder- men of Annapolis. At the assize for Anne Arundel county, which ended September 13th, Charles Elliott received sentence of death for stealing a mare. On the 29th of September, John Bullen, Esc^., was elected Mayor of Annapolis. On the election day a race was run on the race-course near Annapolis, "for the late Mayor's Plate, £20, which was won by Mr. Butler's horse, Calico. ■••■'•■ At night there was a ball, where there t Md. Gazettp. X Md. Gazette. ** Md. Gaz-lte. 116 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " was a great number of gentlemen, and a splendid api)earance of ladies." Joseph Wilson and Isaac Wright, in October, were sent to Jail for counterfeiting bills of credit of the province. The counteneiting was poorly executed. They were sent to Cecil county for trial, where Wilson was soon after tried and received sentence of death, Wright having turned State's evidence against him. Wilson, however, sub- sequently broke jail and escaped. On Wednesday, the 8th of November, the Ship Chester, Capt. Sedgley, from Bristol, arrived at Annapolis with about 20 passengers and a number of indented servants and some convicts. On Wednesday, Noveml)er 29th. the Ship Tliames Frigate, Capt. James Dobbins, arrived at Ainiapolis, with 120 convicts on board. [1750.] It will be observed by the following advertisement in the ''JIai't/land Gazette,'' of the 7th of FeV»ruary, that the "servants" or" ume-service men were sometimes men of ordinary education : — ''To be Sold. The time of a servant man, who has about six years to serve, understands arithmetic, writes a good hand, and would do well for a teacher of children in the country. Enquire of the Printer hereof." Joseph Wilson, the counterfeiter, who escaped jail in 174!) from Cecil county, got into d fracas in New Jersey, was wounded, and afterward recognized and re-arrested. He was then confined in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, jail, and succeeded in escaping from it. Thursday, May 8th, the Legislature met at Annapolis. On Wed^ nesday 9th, the Legislature discharged from their body, ]Mr. Walter Dulany, a representative from Annapolis, "on account of his accep- tance of the office of Deputy Commissary, for Anne Arundel county,- since his election." On Wednesday the 10th, Mr. Dulany was unani- mously re-elected the representative of Annapolis in the same General Assembly. About the middle of this year. James ^Mitchell, a resident of Annapo,- lis, met with a singular and fatal accident, in Rajipahannock River, Virginia. lie went out on a flat and becamed entangled "in a great number of sea-nettles and was drowned." On Friday, August 81, a negro named Cuffec, was executed at An- napolis for horse-stealing. [1751.] On Thursday, February 28, Mary Steadman was found dead in her bed with numerous bruises upon her body. A coroner's jury brought in a verdict of wilful murder, and her husband was arrested. On Friday the 12th of April, the husband, John Steadman, a Scotch- man, was convicted of this murder. Besides many other bruises there were visible on her throat the marks of a man's thumb and finger. The evidence was entirely circumstantial. He was executed Wed- nesday April 17, denying to the last his guilt. He was afterward hung in chains on a gibbet near Annapolis. At the same time Daniel Sullivan, an Irishman, who was convicted of the murder of Donald McKennie in Baltimore county, was hung. His body was sent to that county to be placed in a gibbet near the spot where he committed the murder. On Friday, April 12, two negro women were executed at Annapolis for burning down a tobacco house. The convicts, transported to Maryland, committed numerous and alarming crimes — murder amongst them. Thomas Poney, in June, was sentenced to be burnt in the hand at Annapolis for burglary, and History OF Annapolis. 11'*' one Sipheoriis Lucas, for burglary, was sentenced to be hung. He was executed at Annapolis June 26tli. Both these were transported con- victs, .j_j_ 1 • A On Tuesday night, July 2nd, a bold robbery was committed m An- napolis. Two armed men placed a ladder up to a dormer window of the house of Mr. Charles Cole, merchant, and one entered the room of M^. Cole, with a dark lantern and pistol. Presenting the weapon to the head of Mr. Cole, he threatened, if he made a stir or noise, to blow his brains out. The robber proceeded to tie him, bruising him during the operation, and tellinghimhismoney he wanted, and that he would have. Mr. Cole's servant-man John, who was in a house adjoining, hearing a noise-, looked out and seeing the robber's accomplice below, was told by aim if he made a noise he would shoot him. The faithful fellow, not deterred from duty by this threat, proceeded to get his o-un, and fired out of the window at the robber, but, missing him, was fired upon in return, barelv escaping being shot. The robbers, being thus alarmed, made off. A reward of £80 current money was offered to the accomplice if he would inform who broke into Mr. Cole's room, and the certainty of a pardon. ^ , ^ Subseriuentlv, about the middle of August, John Conner, a convict servant, confessed he was the accomplice who was engaged m the robbery of Mr. Cole, and that Thomas Be van was the one who entered the room. Both were captured and lodged in jail. On being put on his trial Thursday, September 12th, Bevan pleaded not gmlty, and when his accomplice was put on the stand against him, he objected to him giving evidence as contrary to the laws of England. On being told tliat there was a law of the province which allowed it, he ''cour- teously." begged pardon for giving so much trouble, and entered a plea ot guilty. He was sentenced to death, and was executed at An- napolis on Friday, November 2nd, manifesting much contrition for his evil life, and, in an address on the scaffold, warning others by his bad 'life and sad fate. He was transported from England for crime. George Wilson was in September found guilty of the murder of .€apt. Smith, near St. Mary's, and received sentence of death. He was afterward reprieved. Richard Whaien, a resident of Annapolis, about this time was drowned in Bohemia River. . It was now that the authorities become thoroughly alarmed m reo-ard to the conduct of convict servants, and the magistrates of Anne Arundel, during August, ordered that, for every con\act servant hereafter irariorted in that county, there should be £50 security given. It was understood that other counties would do the same. The Gazette puns on the fact that these people were sent to America for the better peopling of the colonies. , ^^^ . ., [1752.] Green street was laid off in 1752 from Church [Mam] street to Duke of Gloucester, by Dr. Chares Carroll. He offered lots on both sides of it for sale. ' On Sunday morning. May 5th, Governor Samuel Ogle died at An- napolis, in the 58th year of his age. His remains were interred in St. Anne's Church. Benjamin Tasker, Esq., as the first person named of his Lordship's Council, assumed the Governorship of the province after the death of Governor Ogle. Governor Ogle had served three iterms as Governor. On Friday, INIay 15th, James Powells was hung at AnnapoUs, tor 118 ''The Ancient City. " - burglary and robbery committed in Somerset county. He fainted at tlie gallows, it was sujiposed, by the stagnation of blood caused by liis hands being tied so tightly. "On his coming to himself, he de- sired the executioner to make haste and, amidst some private ejacula- itions,w as turned off." Benjamin Taskcr, Jr., and Christopher Lowndes offered for sale hi Annapolis, by puljlic advertisement a parcel "of healthy slaves, con- sisthig of men, women, and children," directly from the coast of Africa, in the Elijah, Captain James Lowe. [IT.");),] Wednesday, May :'.Gth, Charles Campbell, Daniel Spinkfe, and John Brown, were executed at Annapolis for burglary. These frequent executions at Annapolis were not all due to the dissolute morals of the people of Anne Arundel, but the practice was to execute all the criminals of the province at the Capital. Several times in July a large wild bear was seen in the woods on the Xorth side of Severn, visiting plantations, and stealing hogs, and other domestic aniuials. September 7th, llol)ert Gordon, Esq., died, aged 77, wiio for many years was' ' a reputal^le inhabitant of this city . having held the offices of Alder- man, liepresentative to the Lower House of Assembly, Judge of the Provincial Court, and Commissioner of Land Office, which trusts he executed with diligence and industry." December Oth. Hon. Daniel Dulany, died. He had been Commis- sary General, one of the Council of State, and Recorder of Annapolis. "He was very eminent in the profession of law, and in all his several stations, acquitted himself with strict equity and unwearied diligence." This was Dulany, the elder. It was the other Daniel Dulany that was so prominent lor his ability. [17.")4.] November 28th, Messrs. Walter Dulany and Stephen Bordley — " were chosen to represent the ciiy of Annapolis in the ensuing General Assembly. [rToo.J March 13th, at the Anne Arundel County Court, Edward Vinn was convicted of stealing a grindstone for wiiich he was stood in the Pillory and received thirty lashes at the whiijjjing post, well laid on, "which convinced him of having had a hard bargain." Poiielope House Avas twice whipped and twice stood in the Pillory for sliop-lifting. Feluuary 28th, died here Mrs. Elizabeth Marriott, widow, who kept; the Ship Tavf rn in South East street. She had property valued at upwards of £;},000. Februaiy 28th, was landed here "from on board the Good, Captain Chew, for the use of the city, a very fine engine, made l)y Newthcm and Reagg, Ko. 1800, London, which the inhabitants last year gener- ously sub't-crib'ed for. It threw water l.-)G feet perj^endicular." Was not this the city's present heirloom, "The Victory?" October 30th. eJonas Green was elected Con.mon Councilman in I'lace of John Brice, Esq. November oth, the French and Indians were dra .ving so near the jtrovince that it was deemed expedient to fortify Annapolis. The cele- brated Fort Frederick, still standuig, was then built in Washington county. November 18th, al)out 4 o'clock in the morning, a shock of an c;irthquake was sensibly felt })y many. [1755.] On the first of Decemlier, 1755, five vessels arrived at An- History OF Annapolis. 119' napolis loaded ^vitll those unfortunate exiles— that Longfellow has immortiilized in verse. The people of the town were at first exercised- at the thought of having a number of "French Papists'' among them — the mixture beino:a double portion of foreign and religious evil. The poor Acadians proved objects of charity rather than of fear, and food and raiment were promptly supplied them. Three of the vessels were despatched to other points in Maryland to distribute the exiles among the people. One ship remained at Annapolis, and, no doubt, the descen- dants of these unfortunate people are with us to this day. It is to be regretted that the names of the exiles are not kno^vn to us that their progeny might trace their descent from them — genealogical study- being a pleasure for which even our sturdiest Republicans have the keenest zest. [175G.] February 5th, Mr. Launcelot Jacques, merchant, was chosen Common Councilmen, in place of Dr. Charles Carroll, deceased. February 17th, the birthday of Lord BaUimore was celebrated by the Governor who gave an elegant entertainment. In the evening a public ball was given at the Council House. March 22nd, Col. George Washington passed through Annapolis,, en route for Virginia. June 24th, there was a violent gust of lightning, thunder, hail,, and wind. The lightning struck the Court House, and set it on. fire, but, by the assistance of the inhabitants and the fire-engine, it was speedily put out. July 8th, a Tannery was set up at Annapolis by Thomas Hyde. Wednesday, the 10th of November, was celebrated at Annapolis as the birth-day of the King who, on that day, entered his 27th year. [1757.] June 23rd, a number of young gentlemen of the place, armed, went as volunteers from here, to join what other force might be raised for immediate defence of the colony against the Indians. This is the style in which the fair were puffed one hundred years ago: "On Saturday last (January 1st, 1757,) Wm. Murdock, Esq., of Prince George's county, was married to Mrs. Hamilton, of this city, a most agreeable widow lady, of excellent accomplishments, and a happy temper. ' ' During the jireceding fall and present winter Annapolis was infected with the small -pox. Inoculation was practiced upon one hundred persons ; all of whom recovered ; whilst of those w^ho had it in the natural way, one out of every six died. The family of Jonas Green was afflicted to such an. extent that many of his customers were afraid to take the "■Gazette,'" lest they would catch the disease. Mr. Green, whilst he expressed a doubt as to paper carrying the disease, subse- quently stated that people "need not fear to catch the small-pox from the paper, as it was kept all the time a good distance from the house, and beside the disease was now eradicated from his premises." On March 10th, the Gazette announced that, "As almost all the in- habitants of this city, who were liable to that distemper — (Small-pox,) have either had it, or are now down with it, we hope in a very little time the town will be quite clear of it, and business be carried on as usual." The small-pox was so bad on the 27th of March that the Legislature would not meet on that day in xVnnapolis, but was pro- rogued by the Governor to meet in Baltimore on the fifth of April. February 14th, Col. George Washington stopped in Annapolis. 120 "The Ancient City.'' [1758.] March 22, *'at night, at two minutes before ten, when the air was very cahn and serene, we had here a very considerable shock of an earthquake, but through God's mercy, it has done no damage that we have yet heard from. For about f of a minnte, before the sliock, there was a rumbling sound, not unlike that of carriage wheels on pavements or frozen ground, at a distance, which increased until the shaking, and that lasted about half a minute."* '^ September 7th, Walter Dulany and George Stewart, Esqrs., where chosen to represent this city in the Legislature. The price of lodging at this time was about $1.00 per day, during the session of Assembly. November 7th, during an inquiry into a contested election affecting a representative from this city, the question as to whether aldermen had a right to vote in the election of delegates was decided in the negative. December 21, the election of George Stewart, Esq., one of the re- turned members of the Legislature from this city, was set aside, and a writ issued for a new election. [1759.] August 20th, Mr. Thomas Jennings, Chief Clerk of the Land Office died here. He was succeeded by Mr. Wm. Stewart. During this year, n.any dead bodies of men, were, at intervals, found floating in the dock. They were supposed to have been thrown over- board by captains of vessels, to escape the trouble of interment. [17G0.] On April 17th, a negro man, named Bristol, died at An- napolis, aged 125. A handsome collection was made May 29th, in the Episcopal Church, for the sufferers by the late great fire in Boston. The Windmill, built on Windmill-point, in this town, began to grind September 1st, and was reckoned to )je tlie strongest and best built mill in the country. It ground, with a middling wind, 12 bushels in an hour. It was built of stone and stood on the site of the Naval Academy. In November, a Stocking Manufactory was in operation in this city. [17G9.] On May 11th, a servant of Richard Mackubin made a con- fession tlmt he was one of a gang of miscreants who for some time past had been plundering smoke-houses, ware-houses, cellars, etc., which they entered by false keys. Eleven of his companions were ap- prehended and committed to jaii. October 24th, a man, supposed to be intoxicated, went into a house and demanded grog, which being refused, he drew a sword, and stab- IjL'd a Mrs. Cumberford, who bled to death before assistance could be rendered. In the Act, entitled "an Act for emitting bills of credit and other purposes therein mentioned," passed during the Session of 1709, and a sum of money not exceeding £7,000 Stirling, was api>ropriated to the building an edifice in this city where the i)resent (the second) State House now stands, sufficient to accommodate the Ui)per and TiOwer Houses of Assembly, the High Court of Ajipeals, Chancery and Provincial Courts of this Province. [1770.] January 11th, Mr. James Brookes, of Annanohs, was ap- pointed (Uerk to the Commissioners for emitting bills of credit: [1771.] January 12th, the following gentlemen were chosen to ♦ Md. Gazette. History OF Annapolis. 121 represent the City of Annapolis in the General Assembly : Messrs. John Hall and William Paca. In an ' 'especial Conrt" held here, Jannary 1 7th, one person was burnt in the hand, two ordered to be whipped and stood in the Pillory. Morris McCoy and negro Daniel, the former for the murder of his master — were executed .January 22nd, on the gallows near this city, pursuant to their senteuces : McCoy's body was from thence removed to a place near which his master was murdered, and there hung in chains, on a gibbet erected for that purpose, in sight of the road lead- ing to the lower ferry on Patapsco River. As an instance of the curious matter deemed of such importance as to warrant publication, there is published on February 28th, a notice of the inoculation of the Governor's two children and their safe re- covery. Mr. Ralph Dobinton, of Annapolis, was drowned July 4th, while attempting to save another person, which person safely reached the shore. The new theatre on West street, was opened September 9th. This was on the lot now occupied by the Express Office. [1772.] A slight shock of earthquake was felt in Annapolis on April 25th. Captain Dunlop, on board of a schooner bound for the Eastern Shore, was seized with a frenzy on November 11th, and leaped over- board, near Greensbury Point, and was drowned. [1773.] On Tuesday, April 1st, as a young negro was digging away a bank in a gentleman's garden, he undermined the earth to such an extent that it fell upon him, and killed him instantly. The same day, a dispute arising between a man and woman, both under the influence of liquor, the woman gave the man several blows on the head wich a broomstick, from the effects of which he died in a few hours. November 14th, Mr. Robert Pinkney was killed by a fall from his horse. It was at thi« period the national feeling of the Annapolitans was all aglow. The famous dispute between the brilliant Dulany and the learned Carroll had taken place in the 3Iarylaii(J Gazette. Loving the mother country with all the loyalty of a patriotic people, the citizens of Annapolis were yet more loyal to their rights, liberties, and vSacred privileges. The author of the letters of "The First Citizen," who sustained the extreme American side of the stamp act controversy, was entirely unknown but so grateful were the people to the author, that they instructed the members of the Legislative Assembly of Mary- land, to return their hearty thanks to the unknown wri-^er, through the public prints. This was done by William Paca and Matthew Ham- mond. When it transpired that Charles Carroll, of Carrolton. was the author of these letters, numbers of citizens went to him and expressed their thanks personally. The knowledge of this authorship elevated him at once in public iavor. 122 • • T H E A X C I E N T C I T Y . " CHAPTER XXXL* Customs and Characters of the Capital. "William Fan-is, Maker. Annapolis." "Such is the inscription ou the face of an old clock standing in an old hall in old Annapolis. An'l pray who was William Farris, the maker of this stately time- piece that, in measured cadence, still records thecreeping hours mark- ing the day of the month and showing the phases of the moon by the appearance and disappearance of that ever rubicund and amiable countenance which in obedience to the mysterious mechanism, peers over and dodges behind the dial plate with lunar punctuality ? "lie must needs have been an oddity. The only record of his life, his will in rhyme, turns up from the dusty pigeon hole of a dead law- yer's ollice desk, legally endorsed, W. Farris, watchmaker at An- napolis, Maryland, his will — composed by Miss Charlotte lleselius, tirst wiL'e of Thos. Je- nings Johnson, Esq., and daughter of lleselius, the portrait limner.' " Here is The Will of William Farris. "Old Farris one day, as he sat in his shop Revolving the chances of dying or not, The hyppo so seized him he tho't it was best To divide his estate ere his soul went to rest. So to work went the goldsmith : — Dreadful the task ! But first, for advice, he ajjplied to his flask. The gin, ever generous, fresh spirits afforded And the will as I heard it was nearly thus worded, I, William Farris. being well as to health. Knowing Death often comes to old ])eople by stealth And without giving caution, or caring for fears, Will take whom he pleases, regardless of tears ; So I now think it best to be thus on my guard, By making my will, tho' I own it is hard To forsake all the gains I have made all my life, .Vnd, God knows, I have made tliem with trouble and strife, Many nights have I watched, dread want to defy ; Xow I make my last will and prepare me to die, Then. I give and bequeath to my dear loving wife ; In case she's a widow the rest of her life ; The plates, spoons and dishes, pots, kettles and tables, With the red and white cow that inhabits the stables, The landscape, and "Judith" that hangs on the wall, And the nmsical clock hind the door in the hall. My buckles and cane to son William I give. And no more, l)ecause he's got substance to live, His road I took care in his youth to instruct him, Tho' I sjiy it myself, a princess might trust him. The dog grew ungrateful, set up for himself, * A larue portion cf tins chnjiter is Hip re.«ult of tliP reseaich, labor, and nbiliiy of Finn k 15. Mitver, E-q , wlio, with tiDiisual leisonal kindiio.-s .nid marked zeil in tliP work of saving lo histoiv llie pliioniclps of Annapoli«, pbu'ed hi> maiiu^oript at tlm di*i'os»l of tlip niith..r, who ha< lib.-raliy availed himself of th^^ geiurou«^ offer. History OF Annapolis. 123- And at Xorfolk, they say, he has plenty of pelf. Since he's gone away 't will be best for his brother. I give flyam liis portion to comfort his mother, All the tools in my shop to said PI yam I give And, if he minds work, he'll make out to live. My coat, which I turned, is a very good Ijro wn And may serve many years to parade in the town. 'Twill be good as ever if he take my advice, And the buttons of silver will make it look nice, The place hi the back which is greased by my club Would come out if he'd take good care to rub It with soap and with brush or good spirits of wine Which will freshen the clotli and make it look fine. The coat he must wear with my corduroy breeches When Abbey has given them a few odd little stitches. And Ab' will he kind, I know, to her brother Because he's the favorite of me and his mother. A pair of silk hose I had when a boy Intend shall be his ; 'twill give him much joy. To own these said hose he has begged for so o^ten But they n'er shall be his till I'm safe in my coffin. I had always a mind to give them to Saint 'Till he, like a fool, turned Methodist quaint. I swore at the time he never should have them ; And I know Saint would irear, the other wonld save* em. For the reasons here mentioned I leave them to Ily To wear if he pleases when walking is dry. To my son, Charles Farris,* I have and bequeath My watch and bird organ, and also I leave To said son, as he pleases, a black ring or pin ; There are two ready made which I'm sure would suit him,. They're the first that I made, rather clumsily done, But good, in all consceince. enough for my son. The teeth he may have, rather clumsily strung ; Every tooth that I've drawn since the time I was young ; Six pair of thread stockings ; two cotton, two yarn ; That my wife, poor dear M'oman, sat up all night to darn, These will last him, with care, a very great while And so money he'll save to make the pot boil. To Saint Farris, my son, who is now on the seas I will that he- has any roots that he please ; All my garden utensils ; "Swift's Polite Conversations ;" And I wish he'd leave sea to live with his relations. I know all their minds, and they all love poor Saint, And his brother has promised to teach him to paint. The "History of China" and ''Swift" sometimes lend When your business or pleasure requires a friend ; Such acts, my dear children, I very well know Are of much greater service than making a foe. Thank God ! I've but two that I hate from my heart. And, as ill luck would have it, they're not far apart. * In Auo list 1765, Charles Farrit.; is mentioned a< n-e of many citizens to re- sist succe?sfuiiy the landing of the odious stiimp paper. J24 '"The Ancient City.'' I've the greatest dislike ; God forgive me the sin ;* But indeed there's no bearing that old Louis Dinn, There's another I hate bad as Quinn for the fraud That his heart is so full of that is Jonathan Todd.* This sin, as I die, I hope will be forgiven ; Or, else, I am sure, I shall ne'er get to heaven. My sons, if you heed me, beware of such friends ; They'll destroy all you're worth, if they have but the means. To Nancy, the darling of me and my wife. I give and bequeath the spinnet for life. Once I thought she would play with the help of a master, But, it grieves me to say, she learned not a bit faster, Harry Wpodcock I trusted to teach her to play, But 1 soon found 't was money and time thrown away ; So she did what was right, made me save all my pelf. And picked out a tune liere and there by herself. All the town knows that Harry's a very great liar And music from him she should never acquire. What a time there has been for his making of money ; Like a puppy he's missed it, like a puppy he's funny, Poor devil, sometimes, in the midst of a gloom, For a dinner he's forced to play the buffoon ; But I still like old Woodcock I vow and declare ; As a proof I shall leave him a lock of my hair. To Abagail next ; ray trunk, desk, and papers. That's therein contained, and a large box of wafers. The "Spectator" for her, as she reads very well. And she'll soon learn to write, for now she can spell, For Abb is the girl that would take the most learning And, I flatter myself, she's a girl of discerning. A negress, named Sylva, I leave to my Nancy, For Sylva she'd always a very great fancy. That woman's first child, about fifteen years old, I give to my Abb lest for debt she be sold. Poor thing 't was a fool from its birth, I well know. But her mistress will teach her to si)in, knit, and sew. I leave to Sol Mogg for tolling the bell. My old hat and i)i|)e which he knows very well. To my nephews and nieces my blessing I give And entreat tliey will mind and learn how to live. ]\[y tlianks to the public 1 cannot express ; Their goodness to me has been quite to excess, My feelings are many but words are too few To tell how it pains me to l)id them, 'Adieu.' " Here we have the man and his time. "He, in his l>rown coat and silver buttons, the back marked by the quadrant of powder, tlie club of his queue described as it moved back and forth with hijs head, like one of his own pendulums, so fuUfiUmg the resembluuce men grow to their pursuits. We have a jiicture of his house, his family and liis friends, the 'Landscape,' and the picture of 'Judith' in the hall •with the musical clock behind the door, the spinnet in the parlor * These are (ictitions names l)Ut the f< pnoirifMis of r-'al iioighbois were in the orianial will. The aiithnr ol thi> lii-tt>i\' doe:* not dosire to hand down A private sliinder. History of Annapolis. 125 and the red and white cow in the stable. Then there was the garden and the shops with its many tools and few books, and its half centnry accnm Illations ; prominently hanging among them all the trophies of his dental skill, strung together ; for trades mingled in those colonial days when 'specialities' were unkno^vn. His three sons had distinct individuality, and his daughters Nancy and Abigial were notable girls. He had a thrifty wife and his friend Harry Woodcock was a ne'er-do-well genius. He remembers Sol Mogg, the sexton, and does not forget to put on record his irrepressible dislikes. In that bro^vii coat with its silver buttons, his corduroy breeches, and silk stockings, 'if the walking be dry,' silver shoe buckles, cocked hat, cane and queue he paraded the town on Sundays, and on the King's birthday for a loyal subject of King George, was he, the reproduction in the Colony of a London craftsman, and a reader of ''The 31aryland Ga- zette" for the latest news, only three months old, from Europe, and in that venerable journal this advertisement for a runaway servant or apprentice : "Run away from the subscriber living at Annapolis, on the 27th of this instant August, 1745, a servant man man named John Powell, alias Charles Lucas, a Londoner born, by trade a clock and watch maker ; he is a short, well set fellow, has full goggle eyes, and wears a wig : He had on when he went away an Osnabrigs shirt, a pair of buckskin breeches, a pair of short wide trousers, two pair of white hose and a well-worn broad-cloth coat with metal buttons. "Whoever secures the said runaway so that he can be had again, shall have 3£ reward, besides what the law allows ; and if brought home, reasonable charges :— " but in the next number we find that "Whereas John Powell was advertised last week in this paper as a runaway ; but being only gone into the country a cyder-drinking, and being returned again to his Master's Service ; these are therefore to acquaint all gentlemen a^d others, who have any watches, or clocks, to repair, that they may have them done in the best manner at rea- sonable rates." Between one hundred and fifty years ago and and today there is no greater change than in the matter of a gentleman's dress. "In the male sex a fear of color and a slouchy negligence of attire charac- terize the nineteenth century ; in the eighteenth the porte and bear- ing of a man indicated his social rank and a 'gentleman' was sup- posed to be accomplished in all knightly exercises. The dress more- over exacted attention to mein and bearing, as any lack of muscular development was at once apparent and exposed the imf ortunate weak- ling to ridicule from the fair. We of today are disposed to measure dress and manner by the narrow standard of utility and to forget that ofttimes "manners make the man" and that an attire expresses as much as words. Perhaps the old-school exaggerated the needs of courtesy and deportment, but, when we consider what a time and trouble* a. full dress toilet must have cost my gentleman, may we not pardon that frailty of human nature which sought to display his art to the best advantage? To the complete gentleman dancing and fencing were as indispensable parts of education then 'as the use of the globes,' and a man's legs and spine were objects of critical scru- tiny." Mr. Charles Peale, probably the father of our Xestor of American 12G ' < T II E A X C 1 E N T C 1 T Y . " ' artists, Cliarlcs Wilson Peale, advertises in the JluryJaiiil Gazeite 1745, that, "At ]vent County School, Chestertown, Maryland, younp: gentleman are l)oarded and'tanglit the Greek and Latin tongues, Writing, Arithmetic, Mercluints accounts. Surveying, Navigation, and the use of the Glol)es by the largest and most accurate j/air in xVmerica : also any other parts' of the Mathematics. — N. B. Young gentlemen can be instructed in Fencing and Dancing l)y very good Masters." The ranks of Colonial society were most sharply defined in those days and tlie physiognomy and costumes at once indicated the social position. Of the dress and features of the coiivict and hewers of wood and drawers of water, we have detailed descriptions in the re- wards ollered for runaway servants (both white and black,) and there- from co\dd reproduce a niotley group of tlie tramps of 174."). These wliite men and women were sold for a term of years to pay their'pai^^age money from England and seem to have licen an uncer- tain kind of property. Dominick ilogan, a runaway Irish servant, wears a V)rown groat coat, a blue jacket, sliirt, and trousers, and "has an Iron colhir about his neck." A highland Scotch servant wears a red pea-jacket, a double breasted white flannel vest, white ribbed stockings, a cap, a white wig, and a felt hat. Another, "a white Whitney coat and l)reeches, a green callimanco jacket without sleeves, -white thi-ead stockings, a fi'.e hat and a large In-own wig." "An English convict servant woman, named Elizabeth Crowder, by trade a quilter, she is upwards of fourty years of age pretty tall and round shouldered, her hair very gray and has lately been cut off, but it is supposed she has got a iuicer to wear instead of it. She had on when she went away a dark stripped cotton and silk gown, a blue quilted r-oat, blue worsted stockings, and black shoes newly soled. She had with her a large bundle with sundry things in it, particularly, a sprigged linen gown, shifts, caps, aprons, etc. " Aeon vict servant man. im])Oi-te(l in tlie St. Geoi'ge. named Hugh Roberts, is a thick. lik(dy. full faced, middle sized fellow but stoops a little ; had on a short black wig, a full trimmed, open-sleeved, blue cloth coat, almost new ; a full trimmed scarlet waistcoat with a double row of buttons, red plush breeches, and diced yarn stockings. He was born in Shropshire, has been used to farming and malting, and can write a little. Whoever takes him up and returns him to the ship shall have four pounds reward and reasonable charges from Captain James Dobbins. "38 July 1747. A numlu'i- of rebels imported in the shij) Johnson, into Oxford, (Md.) are brouglit over here and are now upon sale." These were Scottish patriots who, having risked their lives in the cause of the "Young Pretender" of '4o. were transported as tlieir reward. 22 March, 1758. "Just imported from London in the Brigantine Grove, Capt. Robert Wilson, and to be sold by the subscribers, on board the said brigantine in West river, for sterling or current money. A par- cel'of healthy indented servants ; among whom there are tradesmen and husliandmen. Samuel Galloway." Of the Ladies, except in their praise, the (razette has little to say, if we except a "protest against stays," wliich met with the writer's un- qualified disapproval, and a "history of female dress" in which says the author, "my business today is chiefly with the ladies, on whose HiSTOR Y O F Ax N APOLIS . 127 dress I intend to treat with the same delicacy and tenderness as I should use in ray ap])roach to their pretty persons/' A En«:lish lady's dress of that day is thus described. ''A black silk petticoat; with a 'red and white calico border; cherry colored stays, trimmed with blue and silver ; a red and dove colored gown, flowered with large trees : a yellow satin apron, elaborately trimnied ; a muslin head-dress with lace ruffles ; a black silk scarf ; and a spotted silk hood or 'capuchin.' " "To judge by cotcmporary records and portraits the fashions of the colonies were no ways behind those of "home," as they persistently called old England. In those days fashions did not so rapidly vary as nowadays, and the materials were substantial, as notably the damasks and brocades, that dresses of necessity became heirlooms. We will not dwell upon the female costume of the time as we are all more or less familiar with the comparatively graceless dress of that day, tlie dress was stiff and graceless in those days. The stiff and unnaturally elongated stays, the immense expanse of skirt, sustained by the hoops, the high heeled shoes and the towering head gear, the short sleeve with immense cuff's, borrowed from the male dress, with the wealth of lace faUing over the arms. At that period, when, in the history of every style, it seems to attain its perfection, the male dress was emi- nently graceful, stately, and ample, and displayed the figure to great advantage ; the female' fashion for a while yieliled to some harmony with nature and the natural hair was worn of becoTuing length, the hoops somewhat cui tailed and aprons, even in full dress, became the vogue. This was about 1750. * 'Annapolis had then been the Capital of Maryland over fifty years, the government having been removed from St. Mary's, the place of the orignal settlement, in 1694, thus supplanting that ancient city in the honors and emoluments of official patronage and with the government transferring the commerce of the colony. Annapohs was now the rallying point of the cleverness and culture of such small popula- tion as then existed in separate colonies or provinces. Opulent men built costly, elegant houses as their city dwellings, if, as was commonly the case, they had large plantations or manors, where they dwelt at other seasons, superintending Maryland's grand staple of that time — Tobacco. Tobacco from America became smoke in the old world, but brought back very solid revenue, together with all the luxuries of life. Troops of slaves, docile as in the Orient, supplied service. Lumbering equipages, or very rickety stage-coaches, but generally superb horses, bore the colonists about the country. In town they visited in sedan-chairs borne by lacquers in livery. They sat on carved chairs, at quaint tables, amid piles of ancestral silverware, and drank punch out of vast, costly bowls from .Japan, or sipped Madeira, half a century old. At Annapolis they laid out the l>est race course in the Colonies and built certainly the first theatre. Here the best law-learning of America was gathered — the Jennings, Chalmers, Rogers, Stones, Pacas, John- sons, Uulanys. Dulany's opinions were sent for even from London. They built a superb ball room which a British traveller called 'ele- gant.' "The clergy were commonly men of culture sent from England, and portioned on the province by the proprietary. Generally they were men of excellent education and manners, seldom would one of a different character be tolerated by the high-toned men who 128 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " composed the A'estries. These clergymen did not abandon their chxssic pursuits when they croi>sed the sea, and familiarly wrote Latin notes to their boon companions of Annapolis, whose culture, in those days, enabled them to answer in the same languatje. They were free hearty livers, importing and relishing their old Madeira ; and it was in An- napolis that soft crabs, terrajjins, and canvass-back ducks first ob- tained their renown as the greatest delicacies of the w^orld. **The style of the time was hi ^vinte^, to enjoy the capital, but, in milder seasons, to travel a social round among the great estates and manors — until the principal families of Calvert, St. Mary's, Charles, Prince George's, and Anne Arundel counties, and across the Bay, on the Eastern Shore, were visited. They were bold riders, expert in hounds and horse flesh ; and the daily fox-chase, in season, was as much a duty to our systematic ancestors as it was to go to the parish church with proper equipage and style on Sunday. "With races every fall and spring ; theatres in winter ; assemblies every fortnight ; dinners three or four times a week ; a card party whenever possible ; athletic fox-hunting ; private balls on every festi- val : wit. learning, and stately manners, softened by love of good fel- lowship, it is not surprising to hear this character recorded of An- napolis in 1775 : 'I am persuaded,' says a British traveller, 'there is not a town in England of the Siirae size of Annapolis which can boast of a greater number of fashionable and handsome women ; and, were I not satisfied to the contrary, I should suppose that the majority of the belles possessed every advantage of a long and familiar intercourse with the manners and habits of your great metropolis.' "Between the old colonial mansions of the Northern and Southern colonies a striking contradiction seems to exist-while those of Xew Eng- land were invariably wooden structures with little use of either brick or stone, in the colonies of Maryland and Virginia we find brick build- ings of remarkable solidity and considerable architectural pretensions, well developed and worthy examples of the style of Queen Anne and the Georges. These interiors recall to us the Dutch taste of William and Clary's day as seen at Hampton Court, and later we trace the in- fluence of Sir Christopher Wren and the French architects of Louis XV and XVL Li solidity and honesty of construction they shame' the insincerity of the builders of our day and mock the shallowness of our modern pretension in their deep capacious window seats and noble hearthstones — which measure the thickness of the walls. To climb to the attic and study the joinery of the roof would delight the heart of a true artisan. - A stairway is sometimes concealed in these thick walls and suggests secret chambers behind the panelled wainscoating. The stairways, ascending from halls that greet you with spacious wel- come, glide rather than climb to the floor above where a largo upper hall or ball-room is often found. The walls are always panelled in wood or stucco and the carvings which frames the high chimney pieces and relieves tiie shutters and doors are evidently old-country work of the school of Grindling Gibbons, and the decorators of Hampton Court. The cornices both exterior and interior are l)orrowed from Italian designs. A noble hospitahty is expressed in the great mansions of this time — and a similar arrangement was adopted by most builders to insure this end. The central or main building lodged the family and guests and two wings or out-buildings, connected hj corridors, History OF Annapolis. 120' served for kitchen, offices, and servants' quarter?:. The strange ab- sence of verandah and porches in our climate can only be explained by the Englishman's tenacity to English custom and refusal to acknowledge that the sun was other than the sun of England. With our independence we began to develope a style in accordance with our climate and copied from Italy the piazza, portico, and verandah. In the less imposing houses, the homes of the people, the "hipped-roof" was almost universal, in our day revived as the Mansard or French roof. There is a look of cosy comfort in these old homes of the burghers, arranged very compactly and worthy of imitation, even if the ceilings be low and the chimneys quaintly placed in the corner of the room or windows opened with charming disregard of conventional symmetry. And can we forget those burnished brass knockers, the housewife's pride, so eminently respectable in their size and rich curvature, in their varied device and expression ; nor the 6 by 4 panes in the broad sashes j thedoimer windows with their heavy cornices,, the noble stacks of chimneys ; memorial pyramids of generous life, — and the gardens that environed all ? "An old fashioned Queen Anne's garden would now be rather a prim affair with so much box-edging and the walks so straight and Dutch- like, but the old fashioned flowers would redeem it. There you would, find plenty of lilacs and snow-balls, then known as the golden-rose,, privet and hollv in the hedges and borders. Larkspurs, wallflowers,, hollyhocks, periwinkles, snapdragons, candytufts and daffodils would abound. A damp, shady corner would be given to a bed of the lily of the valley, and ten to one, but you would find a bed of chamomile growing hard by a bed of lavender or sweet basil. Of course there would be balsam, (only called 'lady's slipper') and rocket under the name of 'dame's violet,'' pansies known as ladies' delight or 'hearts' ease,' pasque flower and cowslip, and meadow-sweet, and groundsel, and feverfew, and milfoil, yarrow, thrift, spurge, loose-strife, honesty, Adam and Eve, drop-wort, dittany, daises, jonquils, monk's hood, innocence, wind flower and moss pink and the Joseph's lily and la- burnum blooming in the most liberal and splendid way. "Fancy the delightful irregularity of the quaint roofs and chimneys outlined against the warm blue sky ; the sparkling leaves and soft glow of the flower beds, and listen, while you rest in the shady arbor, to the cooing of the pigeons, the whirr and twitter of the swallows and martins, and the defiant crow of chanticleers, heedless of the moving shadow of the sun-dial on the chimney side. "In the streets you find no pavements, they are still country roads edged with green grass, and the rights of foot passengers maintained by rows of posts. Here and there a more enterprising citizen may have laid bricks and a curb- stone. Bookishness had not then blunted the intelligence of vision, and the mind was still addressed by direct appeals to" the perceptive sense in the shape of signs of every descrip- tion of imitative art. The dangling key, the pendant awl, the golden pestle and mortar, the hammer wielded by a swarthy arm ; the sym- bols of good cheer, as the 'heart in hand,' or maybe cheap boarding expressed by the 'spider and the fly.' A jubilant negro, a jolly tar, or a taciturn Indian, the master work of the ship carver, guarded the tobacconist's door and 'the thistle,' and 'the ship' 'near the city gate,' invited the sailor as did the sign of the • top-sail-sheet-block* 9 130 "The Ancient City. ' ' near the market. The 'three blue-balls,' a rival of 'the Duke of Cum))erlaud' and 'the Indian Kiw*]:,' was a tavern of Church street, and there must have been a 'golden horse,' a 'black bear,' and a 'white swan,' to creak in concert of a stormy night. The 'Annapo- lis ro/?V/' -Ac* ?^>v'' was the resort of the gentry. From the 'Gazette we read that, 'what a grievous tiling the law is shown by a sign that once hung in rhe rolls of liberty in London : on one side a man all in rags wringing his hands with a label imi^orting that he had /o.v^ A/.s HuU, and on the otliera man that had not a rag left, but stark naked, capering and triumphing that he had (jained his cfiusf, a tine emblem of going to law and the infatuating madness of a litigious spirit.' "Many of these signs indicated the amphibious character of the popu- lation of Annapolis, and were evidently ins[)ired l)y nautical associa- tions complimentary to the sea-faring strangers who frequen.ted tiie port, for the 'ancient city,' had its custoni house ; a stately In-ick. yet standing, but no longer the receipt of his majesty's customs. The Maryland fleet imder convoy of British men-of-war and themselves, for the most part, well-armed gathered here as their port of destina- tion, and many is the tale related by our old journal of their combats with the French men-of-war and privateers, a prolific nursery of sailors' yarns, told in sea phrase, and recording I3ritish pluck and contemj)t of the Frenclnnan. "The two fair days of the annual fairs were the gala days of the peo- ple, as the high days and holiidaysof the gentry were the birth-days of Prince and Proprietary. May-day, Whitsuntide, Michaelmas and Christmas, Militia trainings, and muster-days also broke the monotony of dsvily duty. At the 'ifairs' horse-races were included as a principal attraction and in one advertised for 'Baltimore- town,' a bounty was olTerred of forty shillings to any person that pro- duces 'the best piece of yard-wide country-made wliite linnen, the piece to contain twenty yards. On Saturday, the third day, a hat and ribbon will be cudgelled for ; a pair of pumps wrestled for : and a white shift to be run for by two negro girls.' " A triplet of advertisements further illustrate the times : "John Wallis, chimney-sweeper, who served his timeto Jolui Kent, Esq., his most excellent majesty, King George the second, liis chim- ney-sweej)er in London ; and understands that curious and difficult business as well as any man, lives near the gate in Annapolis and will sweep ciiimneysin the best and cleanest manner. ■■■ * Any gentle- men, or others, who shall be pleased to employ him may depend on being served with fidelity, care, and dispatch by their humble servant. 'Richard WagstatTe, Peruke and Lady's tate-maker, and hair-cutter, will soon settle in Annapolis and follow the said business, and will sell hi>j goods at rinisonable rates. He also intends to teach reading, writing, and accounts ; and will take in youth to board and educate at twenty-three pounds per year. N. B. He has a few |>erukes ready made which he will dispose of very cheap, such as Kamillies. Albemarles, And Bobs, &c. "John Lannnond, musician, at the house of John Lansdale, shoe- maker, hereby gives notice ; that if any gentlemen should want music to their balls or merry-makings, upon application madr,they shall be diligently waited on by their humble servant. The said Lammond, History of Annapolis. 131 having a good able horse, will undertake journeys to any part of the province, with the utmost expedition, and fidelity, to the full satis- faction of any gentlemen who are pleased to employ hini. "The duties of a servant are shown by one who offers himself 'to wait at table, curry horses, clean knives, b(iots and shoes, lay a table, shave and dress wigs, carry a lantliorn, and talk French ; is as honest as the times will admit and as sober as can be.' We can fancy this man-of-all-work conducting his master home from some convivial meetnig, the lanthorn swaying to and fro as the faithful domestic ad- justs the old gentleman's wig and cocked liat and guides his meander- ing footsteps thro' the unpaved and unlighted streets of the provin- cial capital." The club, invention of modei-n days to avoid the rigor of prohiVii- tion, was no new thing in Annapolis. It was for quite a different pur- pose, yet being tocial, after the manner of the people of those days, it embraced a large amount of drinking. Tlie South River Club, near Annapolis, survived almost to the present day, and of the Tuesday Club, of Annapolis, it has been said "if its records h-ive been accurately kept, at least deserves so to have survived. The latter was an assemblage of wits, who satirized every one. and did it successfully." Some of their squibs and portraitures even now pass current, and the incomplete memorial of their transactions is among^ the most •interesting originals preserved in the Maryland Historical Society. When it is read what were the proceedings of the Tues- day Club, opinions will differ as to its right of survival. The same au- thor"^-" in a foot-note on the same page says : "The Homonv Club, founded later, was more or less political in its membership, and purposes, but the Tuesday, the Independent, Thurs- day, and most of the other clubs, were exclusively social, and, as the ladies, who were generally excluded from their sessions, complained, were usually organizations of men to encourage steady smoking and hard drinking. The records of the Tuesday Club, which extend over the space of ten years, are that of a society of the most distinguished and influential men of the ancient capital, graduates of the British Universities, and wits of the first order. They kept 'high jinks,' after the manner of that society to which Guy Mannering was intro- duced in his pursuit of Lawyer Pleydell ; but their records, most faith- fully and elaborately kept, abound with example of steadfast pursuit of wit and foes. The club met at the houses of members in regular ■alternation, and each member was bound to provide his own sand-box as a spittoon, in order to save the carpet. Offensive topics of conver- sation were dealt with by the 'gelastic' method and laughed off the floor. At suppers, it was ordered that the first toast should always be 'the ladies ;' after that, 'The King's Majesty ;' and after that, 'the -deluge.' There was much singing, some of it probably very good ; and Parson Bacon, the learned and venerable compiler of the laws of Maryland, * * * * was elected to honorary membership, on account .of his accomplishments as a fiddler, thus becoming, as it were, the tFriar Tuck, of this jovial society, the mottoes of which were — 'Uhertas Jit natale solum,' and 'concordia res parvae crescunt.' It is to be re- .gretted that we are forced to add that there was a great deal of dog- * 8charr» History ot Maryland. 132 ' 'The Ancient City." gerel in the club's poetry, and of indelicacy in its connindrums and jokes. The age was coarse and the clnb accurately reflected it." The only permanent club left is the Arundel. It is of recent date, having V)een organized in 188:^. It admits none but males to its mem- bership and festivities. Its diversions are suppers, billiards, cards, current literature, social converse and potations at the will of the in- dividual member, as it is a rule of the club that no one shall be invited to drink. There seems to be an exception to this in favor of visiting strangers. To return to the Tuesday Club, let the records of its Secretary tell of its witty sallies and bacchanalian pleasures. The liistory of the Tuesday Club, preserved in the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, is dedicated "To the venerable the Chancellor of the ancient and honorable Tuesday Club and his successors in that honorable office," and dated from the author's study September 9th, 1754, and in quaint style acknowledges all dedi- cations to be "at best ])ut paltry stuff," in which truth is warped "either by the power of flattery or by the pestilent inclination to party, or pussillanimous fear of the anger and resentment of men in power." The first volume contains the first decade of the transactions of that society comprehended in 239 sederunts, viz : from May 1745, to May 1755, inclusive, with the heads of the honorable the President, and the principal officers and members, and also figures of the most material transactions of the club — with an appendix of the club music composed by Signor Lardini, the most favourite songs used in clubs, etc. The laws provide that the club shall meet weekly at each other's- dwellings by turns, every Tuesday, throughout the year, that the member appointed to serve as steward shall provide a "gammon of bacon," or any one other dish of vittles and no more. That no fresh liquor shall be made, prepared or produced after eleven o'clock at night and every member to be at lil)erty to retire at jileasure. Here comes The Club in Session. "Long live the Tuesday Club, so wisely framed That 'mongst all those great Addison has named, Not one so great — long may the members stand And still maintain their l)adge of hand in hand." "It is established as a rule of the society," "Tliat immediately after supper the ladies shall be toasted, before any other toasts or healths go round. It is consented to — that such as are bachellor members of this society may be permitted to have a cheese instead of dressed vittles. "Sederunt, June 18th, 1745. This night the great clieese or bachel- lor's was i)roduced upon a sido board. Passed into a law. That if any subject of wiiat nature soever l^e discussed wliich levels at party mat- ters, or the administration of the (lovernment of this Province, or be disagreeable to the club, no answer shall be given thereto, but after such discourse is ended, the society shall laugh at the memlier offend- ing in order to divert the discourse." "June 25th. the g elastic law was this night put in execution against Mr. Secretary Marshe, who got into a prolix harangue about the con- History of Annapolis. 13o • sciences of lawyers. Ordered, that Mr. Secretary Marshe entertain this society" upon Tuesday, the 2nd of July next ensuing." July 25, 1745, "'Resolved, That cheese is not any moretoV)e deemed ■a dish of vittles. Therefore the use of it as such in the clul) is forbid." ' 'July 23d . This night the society before breaking up was entertained by Mr. Charles Cole, steward, with a large bowl of rack-punch, and a catch song, "Tlie Great Bell of Lincoln." As the society developed, the insignia of office and various adjuncts of ceremony were adopted, badges of silver, double gilt, and .engraved with the device and mottoes of the society were procured from London. Here are some of the club's orders : "There shall be a ball held at the Stadt-house for the entertain- ment of the ladies at the common expense of the club, etc." The terra "Stadt-house," points to the Dutch reign of William and Mary, and is still termed the "State House." "Ordered, That Wm. Thornton, Esq., frame a discourse to the society next meeting, upon that trite text "Omnia Yincit Amor." Next meeting or sederunt, Mr. William Thornton delivered a dis- course to the society upon the subject proposed last meeting, which met with the approbation of the Society, and was so Avell liked, that he was desired to deliver it a second time, which he very complacently did with a singular good grace. "Ordered, That tlieRev. Mr. John Gordon prepare a discourse to be ■ delivered to the society at next meeting the subject. Ad libitum — other "orders" follow on such subjects as "Government." "chearfuUness," "charity," "clubs," or "pru- dence, ' ' — ' ' wisdom. ' ' The entry is made that Wm. Thornton, Esq., on account of his un- common talent in singing, was by unanimous consent of the club ap- pointed proto-musicns or cliief musician, and it is ordained that as often as he votes in club he is to sing his vote in a musical manner, else it is to go for nothing. "The secretary delivered a speech the purport of which was an ac- ausation of Mr. Speaker Dorsey, of negligence in office, as not dis- playi!!g his talents in oratory to the club, on such occasions as de- manded his elocution, but the club let him go without censure. The Rev. Mr. Gordon congratulated the Secretary upon the late event of his marriage, which speech the clul) approved of, etc. Then our Speaker Dorsey, rising with that gravity and action which is. his pecu- liar talent on all such occasions discoursed, but little upon that sub- ject, delivering chiefly an encomium upon Mr. Gordon's discourse, in a nervous and elegant style which is natural to that gentleman upon all occasions. "June 23rd, 1747. The chief musician was accused by the Secretary of negligence in his office, which accusation was slurred .over by the President and club on account of that gentleman's good performances at other times. As acknowledgement of the favour, he entertained the club with two excellent new songs, the one solus and the other in concerto with another voice, after which he had the privilege conferred on him of commanding any member of the club to sing after having first sung himself." Here is : "The humble petition and remonstrance of sundry of the single .females of Annapolis, showeth, 134 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " "That, whcrear?, it has been observed by sundry persons as weil as your petitionei's, that a singular and surprising success has all along attended such happy females as your honor has been pleased to jntch upon as the toasts of the honorable chair, every one of whom in a short time after having been adopted by your honor has successfully and happily been provided with a much more eligible state, your peti- tioners, therefore, earnestly pray, that your honor instead of con- ferring your favors in so partial a manner, would, in commisseration of our desperate situation, include us all in the circle of favor that the Vjenign influence of your honors' maritiferous notice may henceforth equally shine upon us all. * ■■■ * * * * •'^ "To the honorable Charles Cole, Esq., President of the most worship- ful and ancient Tuesday Club." *'The honorable president was pleased to declare that he would grant this petition as far as lay in his power." The anniversaries were occasions of great ceremony. The members wearing their badges proceeded to the house of the President. "As they marched along in a solemn and stately manner they were honored by }i great many spectators of all sorts and ranks, and when they came within twenty paces of the honoral)le the president's gate, his honor made his a])pearance and did each member the honor of a Siilute by manuqua.ssafion, upon which they liaKfed a little, and Jonas Green, Esq., holding up the anniversary ode in his right hand, waved it around his head in a very graceful* maimer by way of salutation to his honor, who made several low bows M'hich were )-espectfully returned by the master of ceremonies. Sir John, and the Chancellor. ' Then his honor taking his place l)etween the two latter, the procession marched into his honor's court-yard, the way being all strewed with flowers and the ensign or flag displayed as usual. After some time sitting in the court-yard the members assembled in his honor's great saloon. As his honor Avent to take the chair with a grand i)as, a martial time was ])layed by the chief musicion or proto-musicus, ann he took the chair with a [)laudite." The Secretary in his speech reflects the sentiment of the club. "This is not a time to speak much, but to act well — that our discourse and conversation be regular, orderly, free, humorous, and jocose, without reflexion, without passi'^n, without reserve, without clamor, witiiout noise, — let our songs be in tune, our puns and repartees apropos, and not too poignant or sjitirical, our toasts loyal and amorous, our stomachs keen to relish our fare and our punch-bowls always replete with nectarious liquor, for this cordial juice taken with temperance and moderation heightens the spirit, enlivens the wit, and will conduce not oidy to make me a more fluent orator, but, more jolly and benevolent, long-standing members. "Whene'er we meet With bowl replete The loyal healths go round , , And in each toast We all can boast Wine honest, hearty, sound !" — After the supper of which the "outward decoration and apparatus was as elegant and harmonious as the inward rhetoric and eloquence of the club was uncommon," several loyal healths were drank, as, his History OF Annapolis. 135 maiestv Kinj? George the Second ; the Prince and Princess of Wales ; the Dn'Ke, (of Cnml)erland) ; success to his majesty's arms ; a speedy and honorable peace ; prosperity to the province of Maryland, etc. Then they drank to the memory of the "South Sea Company, and san^ "The Great Bell of Lincoln," and that favorite song, "the Hun- dords of Drury." , "A speech of a member being thought unseasonable, assuming, and unpolite, had the c/ela-sfic law put in force against him the whole company being seized with a most vociferous and roaring laugh m which the culjirit himself, joined with most prodigious force of lungs —But he- thinking to take the president upon his weak or blind side, knowing his enthusiastic fondness for old England, and everything appertaining to that happy country, he asked his honor to favour him at least, for country's sake ; that he was his countryman and the only Englishman now in club, besides himself and his honor's attorney, the rest of the members being either country-born or Scotsmen. To this his honor made reply 'that he set no value upon that and that he always judged of a man by his behaviour and not by his country.' This was an excellent sentiment and came from his honor unawares, he not being given to speak philosojjically or justly when old England was introduced into conversation which evinces that even resentment at times may make a man- utter philosophical truths."^ ^^ _ On issuing commissions to new members January 30, 1749, "it is thought fit to affix seals of black wax, upon the occasion of the day being the martyrdom of that blessed Saint Charles I." "The master of ceremonies, Mr. Jonas Green, and the Secretary are ordered to prepare each of them a conundrum, to be proposed in club immediately after all the toasts are drank— and in case the club should solve or answer them the above officers are expected to drink a bumper each to the prosperity of the club, in the opposite case the gentlemen are declared victors. The conundrums are ordered to be recorded." "To drowsy man pray how can you compare A garment that is worn till quite thread-bare. The answer's easy for we all must grant That both and each of them a nap does want. Two minutes only by the watch was given to answer — Why is a dancing master like a shady tree ? Because he is full of boivs — houghs. Why is a wizard like an Ethiopian ? Because he is a necromancer — negroe man, sir. A client who has lost his cause is like a winter stocking, be- cause he is worsted. A pump in a well is like a firelock, because it depends upon springs. An almanac is like a butcher, because he deals in wethers. 13G ' • T U E A X C 1 E ^- T Cl T Y . ' ' Driod apples are like married })eople, because they are paired. A scandalous story is like a church bell, because it is often told- toll-ed. The city of Westminster is like a school-boy's horn-book, be- cause it lias an Abbacy — A. B. C." A motion beinji; made to exclude the use of long pipes in the clul), excepting the president's, the same was not assented to. Mr. Jonas Green, the pi-inter of the Maryland (xazefte, in acknowl- edging the honor of admission to the club says : "May good fellowship dispell every cloud that may threaten us ex- cepting only tliat of tobaccco, the dear specific conde/imfur ofjMliti- cal coiireptions.''^ Although the circumspect and dignified IMaryland pu])lisher ad- vanced to high position in the club and "his titles were expressed in the manner of the ancient liomans by five capital p's, P. P. P. P. P. important sundry olficers of trust and dignity, viz. poet, printer, punster, purveyor, and punchmaker. he did not escape indictment duly preferred in law-latin and a formal trial and conviction. "After reading the sentence during which Jonas Green, Esq., stood up. His lordship knocked uj)on the table with a little mallet after tlie manner of Sir Hugh McCarty, Esq., Lord President of the Monday Club, of JVeii' York, and this signal being given the Sergeant at Arms imme- diately took Jonas Green, Esq., into custody and he was confined for a full half hour, a languishing prisoner in a remote corner of the room. l)eing deprived of all comfort and assistance from the spark- ling and enlivening board, a woeful and lamentable si^eetacle and a warning to all loyal members to be upon their good behavior." What pleasure there could be in all this except only that of eating and di'inking I "After all im]»ediments are removed and the clul) forms itself again around the great taV)le to smoke and drink how dull and sleepy are the members, how flat their conversation, what yawning, what gap- ing, what nodding, what sleeping, what snoring I How much better to have spent the time in witty conversation, such as punning, fram- ing of quaint conumdrums, cracking sly jokes, telling comical stories, .singing old catches or composing quaint rhymes ; but alas I all this is only -preaching to the wind, and beatin<.v the air in vain For one may preach to eternity and never reform the manners of clubs. "These (plaint and lively volumes are embellished with rude draw- ings, not without m(M-it in their sense of character. rei)i"esenting thn most humorous and imi)oiTant events in the clu!)'s history, its anni- versarie^j, its frolics, and its disputes. There is a series of portraits of the members in wjiicii the likenesses are evidently, in the words of a certain limner, 'strong as pisen.' " Before tiie Revolution the people of Annapolis were intensely loyal and preeminently convivial. The slightest pretext sulhced for an ex- hibition of the one and tlu' enjoyment of the other. Wednesday, the 2;]rd of April, 1740, being the festival of St. George, was ol)served "by a number of gentlemen of English 'oirth, descent, and principle, in an elegant manner. The same day the exit of the rebellion (lately occurred in EngLind.) was celebrated by firing of History OF Annapolis. loT ■guns, drinking loyal healths, and other deiLonstrations of joy. There was a ball in the evening, the whole city was illuminated, and a great quantity of punch given amongst the populace at the bonfire, on this occasion." It .vas again on October 30th, 1746, when this patriotic conviviality was exhibited, which the '^Gdzete"^ announced "as being the anniversery of the birth of his most sacred Majesty, our only rightful sovereign, King George the second, (who God long preserve,) when his majesty completed his (lord (a grand climaterical) year, the same was observed here (Annapolis) with firing of cannon, drinking loyal healths, &c. &c." The domestic circle, as now, furnished the local column with items. Only then t le stately courtesy of sentiment and expression united to smooth down the indelicacy that has invaded the reports of modern journalism. On December 2ord, 174(), the editor of the '■'Gazette'^ announced : "At the dawn of the 21st instant, the wife of the printer of this paper, to the great joy of her husband, was safely de- livered of a son ; who is to have the honor of being named after that great general, his royal highness Duke William." The arrival of dignitaries in the city was made the occasion of public and private courtesies and patriotic demonstrations. The faith- ful publisher of the ca|)ital, says in March 174? : "On Tuesday last, arrived within our Ca|)es his Majesty's Ship, the Foulkstone, Capt. Greger, with Samuel Ogle, Esq., and Lady, on board, who, some short time after, disembarked, and went on board the Neptune, Capt. Grindall, bound for this place, where he arrived about ten in the evening, and was received at his Landing by a num- ber of gentlemen, &c., and saluted by the town guns, and from on board Sundry Ships in the river. And yesterday morning, his honor, attended by his Excellency Thomas Bladen, Esq., then Governor, and his Lordship's honorable Council, &c., went to the Council Chamber, where his commission, appointed him Lieutenant-General and Chief Governor of this Province and Avalon, was 0])ened and published. After which his Excellency was pleased to issue his Pr'oclamation for continuing all officers, both Civil and Military, in their respective offices, until furtlier orders." Although the bill of rights had not been written and the 3Iaryland Code published, t..e Maryland Courts of the last century had an annate desire to adjudicate all causes before them "according to the ■very riglit and equity of the matter." For example : On Tuesday, June 16th, 1747, "at the County Court, held here last 'Tuesday, Mrs. S. C. of Patapsco, was fined the sum of one penny, for *.whip|)ing the R d Mr. X 1 W Pw with a Hickory Switch, it being imagined by the court that he well deserved it." In the same spirit, no doubt, the sword of justice was unsheathed in September 1747, when two servants, "Rebels lately imi'orted," were found guilty of drinking the Pretender's healtu, together ^vith "some other treasonable expressions," being incapable cf paying fines, ■were "well whip' d at the whipping post," and were stood in the pillory. The times were writ, when during the second week in January. 1747, a negro man in Annapolis .had one of his ears cut ofl: by the sentence of ,the peace, "for olfenng to strike his overseer. The ooui-t- then allowed no trifling with a lady's feelings, as was 138 "TheAncientCity." proved on the 12th of April, 1748, when "a great case'' was tried at An- napolis, "wherein a young gentle woman was plaintiff and a gentle- man defendant for breach of a promise of marriage. The trial latited about nine hours, wlien the jury went out. and after a short stay, re- turning with a verdict for the plaintiff and £5(3 damages." On May 2nd. 1752, Mary W n obtained from Joseph W d, after a long trial and the examination of numei'ous witnesses, £50 damages for a breach of promise of marriage. Electricity had its devotees nearly a century and a half ago, who had made some progress in the subtle sciene, as wasj)roved on Friday, June 0th, 1749, when a gentleman with an electrical machine made some interesting experiments in Annapolis, lie placed it on the South side of a creek, supposed the Spa, "and having set some spirits of wine in a small vessel, on a I able on the North Side, he caused a spark of electrical fire to dart across in an instant, through 200 yards of water, which set the spirits in a ])]aze in the first attempt, and several times afterwards : and discharged a battery of eleven guns, to the surprise and great satisfaction of the spectators."*' The Ancient, Free and Accepted jNIasons were established in the city at this early date, and "on Wednesday, the 27th of December, 1749, the festival of St. J ohn the Evcingelist, and the anniversary of the Ancient and IIonoral)le Fraternity of Free fud Accepted Masons, the Gentlemen of the Brotherhcxxl, connected with lodge in Annapolis with several of the order from the country, celelu'ated the day. At 12 o'clock, the whole company, 80 in nun)l)er, "went in pro- cession with white gloves and aprons, from the House of their Brother Middleton, being preceded by their master. Wardens ami Grand Stewards to the church, wheri an excellent sermon, adajitcd to the occasion, was preached by their brother, the Rev. Mr. Brogden : After Sermon, they returned in the same manner from Church to the Indian King, where having dined elegantly, they elected their master and officers for tlie ensuing year, and then proceeded in the above order to the great Council Room, where they made a ball for the en- tertainment of the Ladies, and the evening was spent with innocent mirth aiul gayety." The hearth-stone again furnishes the Gazette with a local note. On Wednesday, January 24th. 1750, it Sfiys : "Last Saturday, being tlie anniversary of the birthday of his royal highness the Prince of Wales, the wife of the printer of this paper was liappily delivered of a son, who will be baptized the name of Frederick." For the curious the colonial printer had a well-developed apprecia- tion. There was a naivete in his quaint expressions that lent a charm to his descriptions. On December 5th. 1750, he says : "We have an account that a few days ag(j, one J W e, in this county, as he was carrying home one of his neighbor's hogs, which he had killed with a design to make it his own, having tied the feet together, and put it over his neck, he went to rest himself by laying the hog on a dead tree, but laying it too far over, the string catch'd him by the throat and chock'd him, and they were there found ; so they proved executioner to each other." Emigrants, from the continent continued to arrive in large num- bers, in Annapolis. * Md. GitZfUe. History of Annapolis 139' On October 10th, 1752, the ship Friendship, Capt. Jam^s Lucas, arrived at Annapolis, with 300 German passengers called Palatines, who were consigned to Messrs. Alexander La wson and James Johnson, merchants. Among them were husbandmen and tradesmen, "who were offered for sale at Annapolis on the 14th of October to pay their passage money. From business to pleasure the Annapolitans of the last century ,.. turned with a keen zest ; and the Annapolis Theatre is now found in i full operation. Among the pieces played were The Busy 33ody, The Lying Valet, The Beggar's Opera, * The Beaux Stratagem, The Virgin Unmasked, HecTuiting Officer, The Beau in the Side, The- London Merchant, The ballad Opera. Damon and Pythias. King Richard III was advertised to be played. Mr. Wyrell took the part of Richard. In the early part of November, of the same year. 1752, Richard Buckell & Company exhibited at Annapolis, three wax figures, the queen of Hungary, her son. and a pandour in his military dress, also a curious brass piece of ordinance, that could be discharged twenty times in a minute, together with pictures of places of note in England, Scotland. France, and Italy. A Court incident occurred about this time that does not reflect much credit upon the wjmen jury system. At a late Provincial Court, Mary Perry, sentenced to die, pleaded that she was with child. A jury of matrons was summoned to examine her, "the foreman being an experienced midwife, which pronounced her not quick. A few days afterwards in Queen Anne's county jail, she gave birth to a lusty boy." The intense loyalty to all that was British was constantly shown by the people of Annapolis. Saturday, the 17th of February, 1752, the birthday of Lord Baltimore, at which time he attained his majority, twenty-one, was warmly celebrated at Annapolis. "At noon cannons' were discharged, in the evening the President of the province gave a public ball where there was a handsome appearance of gentlemen and ladies. Tho Loyal Healths, Lordship's Prosperity to Maryland, &c., &c.. were drank, and the town was beautifully illuminated. There was a bonfire near the dock, and a hogshead of punch was given to the populace." Again, on Xoveraber 1st. 1759, their loyality cropped out when there was great rejoicing at Annapolis on account of the taking of Quebec. — guns were fired, illuminations made, and a public ball was given by the Governor. Much regret was felt for death of Gen. Wolfe. The scenes shift, and the bright picture of filial affection is marred by the ominous clouds of disapproval on the brows of the Freeman of Maryland who had never submitted, and were determined never tO' submit, to the levying of any taxes upon them except such as were laid by their own deputies. On December 21. (1769,) "at ten o'clock at a numerous meeting, by beat of the town-drum, at which were many of the gentlemen com- mittees from the several counties of this province, who in July last, entered into the articles for non-importation of British superfluities, and for promoting frugality, economy, and the use of American manu- factures, resolved unanimously, that the said articles be most strictly il40 ' ' T u E A X 1 E N T City.'' adhered to and pn^servcd inviolate ; and that each and every gentle- man, present at this meetuig, will use his utmost endeavor to those laudable er.ds." Tliis mosaic of sentiment, politics, and festivities 2)resents Anna]»(>lis as it was a hundred years a^o. It was at this jteriod thatl Eddis, the English Surveyor of Customs at Annapolis, wrote : ''1 am persuaded there is not a town in England oi the same size as Annapolis, which can boast of a greater number of fashionable and handsome women ; and were 1 not satisfied to the con- trary. I should su[)pose that tiie majority of our belles possessed every advantage of a long and familiar intercourse mth the manners and liabits of your great (London) metropolis." During tiie winter tliese lovely and accomplished women had op- portunity to disi)lay their graces in fortnight balls. The rooms for ilancing, (tlte present Assembly Kooius) were large and of elegant construction, and were illuminated with great brilliancy. At eiich end of tlie room were apartments for the card tables, "'where select companies enjoy the circulation of the ))arty-colored gentry, without having their attention diverted by the sound of fiddles, and the evolu- tions of youtliful performers."^ It is to the credit of the citizens of jNIaryland that, during the gloom and distress occasioned by the Ivevolution, the convention prohil)ited balls througiiout tiie province. Tlie public mind, however, did not seem to need the legal prohibition for it was engaged in too serious business to pursue the ])liantom of social i)leasures. Cue of tlie most faithful pictures of Annapolis life iihmediately pre- ceeding the beginning of the hostihties of the Revolution is drawn by •tiie pen of Mr. Eddis who was part of what he described. In his cheerful and entertaining style, under date of January 18, 1771, he writes from Annapolis : "In a former letter, I attempted to convey some idea of the truly pictures(|ue and beautiful situation of our little cai)ital. Several of the most o])uleut families iiave here establislied their residence : and liospitality is tiiecliaracteristic of tlie inhabitants. Party prejudices have little influence on social intercourse : the grave and ancient en- joy the blessings of a respectable society, while the young and gay have various amusements to engage their hours of relaxation, and to l)romote that mutual connexion so essential to their future happi- ness. "You well know, that 1 have ever been strongly attached to the rational enteriaiiiment resulting from theatrical exhibitions. When I bade f,irewell t<» J'^ngluTid. 1 little expected that my pass'on for the drama could hnvv. been gratitieil, in any tolerable degree, at a distance so remote from the great mart of genius ; and I brought with me strong jn-epossessions in behalf of favourite performers, whose merits were fully established, by the universal sanction of intelligent judges. My pleasure and my surprise were therefore excited in proportion, on finding perforuiers in this county equal, at least, to those who sustain the best of the first eliaracters in your most celebrated provincial theatre-;. Our governor, from a strong conviction that the stage, under j)roi)er regulations, may be rendered of general utility, and maiiilling and six-pence. 144 *'The Ancient City. '' of the value of forty shillings : and to inflict punishment on servants,, complaint being regularly made, and the matter proved Vjy their em- ployers. "The governor has a discretionary authority to pardon persons capi- tally convicted ; and by the principles of the constitution, he is obliged to sign all warrants for the execution of those who suffer agreeable to sentence. "A litigious spirit is very apparent in thiscouniry. The assizes are held twice in the year, in the city of Annapolis, and the number of causes then brought forward, is really incredible. Though few of the • gentlemen who jiractice in the courts have been regularly called to the bar, there are several who are confessedly eminent in thtir pro- fession ; and those who are possessed of suj)erior abilities, have full employment for the exertion of their talents, and are paid in due pro- portior. by their respective clients. "The natives of these provinces, even those who move in the hum- bler circles of hfe. discover a shrewdness and penetration, not gener- ally observable in the mother country. On many occasions, they are inquisitive, even beyond the bounds of propriety; they discriminate characters with the greatest accuracy ; and there are few who do not seem perfectly conversant with the general, and particulr interests of the community. An idea of equality also seems to prevail, and the inferior order of people pay but little external respect those who occupy superior stations." . By October 3rd, 1772, there was another color in the political cur- rent. This is the sneering and inappreciative language which Mr. Eddis uses, evidently with the sincerest belief that he fitly described^ them, towards the patriots who were in the van in opposing British encroachments upon the just rights and liberties of the colonies ; "Under pretence of supporting the sacred claims of freedom, and of justice, factious and designuig men are industriously fomenting jealousy and discontent : and unless they arc stopt in their progress by the innnediate and determined exertions of the wise and moderate, they will aggravate the dissention which is become ]mt too evident, and involve this now happy country in complicated misery." In the decade preceding the Revolution and part of that contem- poraneous \nth it, its life of fashion and frivolity reached its height at" the cajtitol. Wealth gave leisure and education : education and leisure created the desire for refined and fashioiuible pleasures. The presence of a large number of olhcials, part of whom had come from the realm of "]\Ierry England," and had imported its follies and pleasures, not only added to the reportoire of social amusements, but the emoluments of office gave the means of gratifying their tastes. These enlarging the fund of native resources of society, not only did' the fame of the elegance and enjoyment of life at Annapolis extend to the utmost bounds of the Province, but it invaded the sister com- monwealth of Virginia, and one of the frequent visitors of Annapolis, and participant in the pleasures and excitements of its race-courses,, its card-i)arties, and its balls, was George Washington, then a colonel in the service of his State. The only place in Maryland that offered to the devotees of fashion the opportunity to gratify a refined and cultivated tjiste for social pleasures, it became the rendezvous of a gay and voluptuous society. The very emptiness of their minds and lack of useful employment be- History of Annapolis. 145 o-at a. longing for these trivial pleasures, which they called enjoyment because it relieved "from the ennui of the moment, even by occupa- tion in trifles." The seat of a wealthy government, the diily life of its inhabitants was softened by the refinements of art, the indolence of wealth, and the substantial benefits of opulence. The furniture of their houses was constructed of the most costly woods and the most valuable marbles, each enriched by the elegant devices of the painter's and sculptor's arts. When they paid their social debts, or gathered tor the stately minuet, they came in equipages light and handsome, drawn by fleetest coursers, and managed by livried slaves in richest apparel. Three-fourths of the dwellings of the city, by their style and elegance, gave proof of the wealth of the people whilst the em- jdoyment of a French hair dressei*, by one lady at a thousand crowns a year, was an out-cropping of that luxury which made it the home of a gay and haughty circle of giddy voluptuaries and social auto- Nor was the element of evil wanting in this dwarfed prototype of European social Ufe. Youth, beauty, wealth, and intelligence soon chastened the rigors of the primitive virtues of the settlers of the pro- vince and city into the refinement of continental manners. The fas- cinating and dangerous attractions of gayety, whilst they earned for Annapolis the title of the Athens of Aimrica, the chronicles of those times warrant the belief, that "her pleasures, Hke those of lux- urious and pampered life in all ages, ministered neither to her happi- ness nor her purity."* After the Revolution, its life of fashion subsided, its commerce d(^- parted, wealth gradually took its flight from Annapolis, and the cil v fell into a somnolent state. In its days of dreamy slumber a Nav;t . Commission reported that "A polar expedition is useless to determii) ■ the Earth's Axis. Go to Annapolis rather. It should be called th- pivot-city. It is the centre of the universe, for while all the worM around it revolves it remains stationary. One advantage is that yon always know where to find it. To get to Annapolis you have but I • cultivate a colossal calmness and the force of gravity will draw yoh towards the great centre— once there, there is no certrifugal force t'> displace vou, and you stay. By natural evolution your hands disap- pear in your breeches pockets and you assume the most marked char- acteristic of the indigenous Annapolitan. No glove merchant ever Jlovirished there. Annapolitans in heaven have heads and wings, their hands disappear. On old tombstones you may see them as An- gels, on earth they resemble exclamation points, all heads and tails, like the fish they eat. Natural evolution developes itseK in a taste for oysters, as they need no carving, and a phosphorous diet swells the brain ; thlst of October, a supplement to the ^Maryland (ian'lfp ap- peared in deep mourning. The edit(n- aniuninced his intention of sus- History OF Annapolis. 151 pending publication, rather than submit to the "intolerable and bur- thensome terms," imposed on all newspapers by the stamp-act, de- claring-, "The times are Dreadful, Dismal, Doleful, Dolorous, and DoUcrloss." On the 10th of December, "an apparition of the late Maryland Oazeffa''' ajipaarcd,^ the editor determining to resurrect his paper "under the firm belief that the odious stamp-act would never be car- ried into operation." He announced that the Gazette "shall be, as it liad been, sacred to liberty and consequently to virtue, religion, and the good and welfare of its country." Here was a noble example of the fearless and conscientious editor who, whilst receiving the patron- age of the crown offices, boldly defended the rights of the people. The attacks of the Gazette upon Parliament were incessant, and came often in pithy paragraphs and pointed allusions that carried greater weight than extended arguments. The final passage of the stamp-act it had conveyed to the people in this paragrapli : "Friday evening last, between nine and ten o'clock, we had a very smart thunder gust, which struck a house in one part of the town, and a tree in another. But we were more thnnderstruch last Monday, on the arrival of Capt. Joseph Richardson, in the ship Pitt, in six weeks from* Downs, with a certain account of the stamp-act being absolutely passed." The people of Maryland had never intended to submit to the stamp- act, and this determination culminated in March, 1766, when the "Sons of Liberty," from Baltimore, Kent and Anne Arundel coun- ties met at Annapolis and made a written application to the Chief Justice of the Provincial Court, the Secretary and Commissary-Gen- eral, and Judges of the Land Office, to open their respective offices, and to proceed as nsual in the execution of their duties. This request was granted and the stamp-act became a rigid corpse in Maryland. The presence of his Majesty Sloop Hawke, which arrived in Decem- ber, 1765, with the stamped paper for Maryland, did not cool the ardor of the patriots. There was no person to receive the paper, and Governor Sharpe had ignominiously to return three boxes of it to Eng- land bv a merchant ship, the Brandon, Capt. McLachlan, in Decem- ber, 17V)6. ^ "~ Hood himself afterward returned to Annapolis and conducted busi- ness without molestation. On the 5th of April, 1766, the glad news was received by express that the stamp-act had been repealed. The city responded to the good tidings, and the afternoon was spent by the people in mirth and congratulations, in Avhich "all loyal and patriotic toasts were drank." On the 11th of June, by proclamation of the Mayor, the day was given over to rejoicing and festivity on account of the "glorious news" of the absolute repeal of the stamp-act. At night the city was brilliantly illuminated. [1765.] A few nights after the mob destroyed Mr. Hood's intended residence in Annapolis, a British officer and a Mr. Hammond had a dispute about their prowess. Midnight was the hour, a public house the place, a large company the spectators. The disputants agreed to decide the debate by a bout at boxing. ]Mr. Hamm(md was worsted, ind so mucli so that he had to leave the company. Thereupon a cry 153 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " arose that Mr. Hammond had been killed by the olTicers. Whereupon a mob gathered, and the British officers of the Hornet, it seems lying off tlie town, were in danger of being murdered upon the strength of the false cry. The gentlemen of the town interferred, and the partici- ])ants in the mob were afterward ashamed to acknowledge their con- nection with it. CHAPTER XXXIV. Gov. EdeN; of Maryland, the Last Kncjlish Gov- ernor TO Leave the Eevoeted Gotonies. 1769—1776. Robert Eden became Governor of Maryland in 1760, under the grant of Charles the First to Lord Baltimore. He was alikr- the last of the proprietary Governors of Maryland and the last English Gov- ernor to leave the revolted Colonies. It was under his hospitable roof that Wa^^hington was guest when at Annapolis und where ho displayed that native dignity in conversation and broad liberality in opinion which so eminently distinguished his lofty character. It was in the lovely month of .Tune when (rQv. Eden landed. At this season the picturesque scenery of Annapolis is particularly beauti- ful. Oil the fifth of the month the ship bearing Gov. Eden, wife, and family arrived in the harbor. On coming to anclior the shi]) fired seven guns which number was returned l)y tlie citziens. In the afternoon when the Governor landed he was met ))y all the memliers of the Governor's Council then in town, and a groat number of citi- zens, the guns of the battery making the Severn resound with its salvo of welcome. On Tuesday morning, about ten o'clock, he went up to the council house, attended by his lordshijj's honorable council, where hi^ commission was open and published. Th'' royal Governor was a gentlemen, "easy of access, courteous to all, and fascinating by his accomplishments," and so t(K) !Mr. William l^]ddis found liim, for when he arrived in Anna|iolis, Se[)teinber ;>rd, 1700, to take the position of Englisli Collector of Customs and mado his aj)i)ed liim to give his parole, tliat lie would not take any measures for leaving the continent, till after the meeting of the next convention. This retpiisition the governor, for some time, warmly resisted ; but. on conviction that the measure was unavoidable, he thought it neces- sary to comply ; therefore, on the sixteenih of April, gave every satis- factory assurance. On the seventh of May, the convention as.serabled, and on the 2:kl. * came to a determination respecting the Governor, when it was resolved, "that his longer continuance in the province, at so critical History OF Annapolis. 155 a period, iiiig-ht be jn-ejudicial to the cause in which the colonies were unanimously engafjed ; and that, therefore, his immediate departure for England was' absolutely necessary." An address was aceordingly directed to be drawn up, a.nd presented to his excellency, which was delivered to him the next evening hj a committee of that body. In this address the sentiments of the convention were expressed in liberal terms ; they acknowledged the services re- dered l)y the gover- nor to the country, on many former occasions ; and they expressed the warmest wishes, that "when the unhappy disputes which at pres- ent prevail, are constitutionally accommodated, he may speedily re- turn and re-assume the renis of government." The Continental Congress urged the seizure of Gov. Eden's person, and the Virginia convention passed the following resolutions against the convention of Maryland : "Resolved unanimously, That theCnmmittee of Safety be directed to write a letter to the President of the Convention of Maryland, in answer to his letter of the twenty-fifth instant, expressing the deep- est concern at the proceedings of that Convention, respecting Gover- nor Eden ; and our reasons foi' not becoming accessary thereto, by giving him a passport through this colony, of the bay adjoining : that we would with reluctance, in any cause, intermeddle in the affairs of a sister colony, but in this matter we are much interested ; and the Convention of Maryland, by sendii:g their proceedings to the Com- mittee of Safety, has made it the duty of the Convention, to declare their sentiments thereon. "That considering the letter from Lord George Gcrmaine to Gover- nor Eden, in which his whole conduct, and confidential letters are ap- proved : and he is directed to give facility and assistance to the opera- tion of Lord Dunmore, against Virginia, we are at a loss to account for the Council of Safety of Maryland, for their having neglected to seize him, according to the reconniiendation of the general Congress, and more so for the Convention having promoted his passage, to assist in our destruction, under pretence of his retiring ;,o England, which we conceive from the above letter, he is not at liberty to do, that suppos- ing he should go to Britain it appears to us, that such voyage, with the address presented to him, will enable him to assume the character of a public agent, and by promoting division amongst the colonies, produce consequences of most fatal to the American cause, that as the reasons assigned for his departure: "That he must obey the ministerial mandates while remaining in his government," are very unsatisfactory, when the Convention declare, that "in his absense, the government, in its old form, will devolve on the President of the Council of State," who will be undei" equal obligation to ®bey such mandates. We cannot avoid imputing these proceedings to some undue hifluence of Governor Eden, under the mask of friendship to America, and of the proprietary in- terest of Maryland, whereby the members of that Convention were betrayed into a vote of fatal tendency to the common cause, and, we fear, to this country in particular, and feel it an indispensible duty, to warn the good people of that })rovince against the proprietary influence." "EuM. Pexdletox. President. "John Tazwell, Clk. Convention." l06 ^ ^ T H E A N G 1 E N T C I T Y . " The appeal of Virginia to seize Gov. Eden, of Maryland, added to the violence of the people : and the Whig club of Baltimore loudly- proclaimed the absolute necessity to capture the Governor, as a pledge of public safely, and it was asserted that a plan. was in agitation to accomplish that purpose in defiance of the legislature. Gov. Eden did not appear concerned, but relied on the honor of the convention which had solemnly pledged hig safe departure. On Sunday, June 23, 1776, the frigate Fowey, Capt. George Mon- tague, arrived for Gov. Eden, and the first Lieutentant of the ship came on shore with a flag of truce. Every moment now brought changes, the militia were under arms, and, a general confusion pre- vailed. Under date of June 29, 1776, Mr. Eddis wrote from Annapolis : "Till the moment of the governor's embarkation on the 23d, there was every reason to apprehend a change of disposition to his prejudice. Some few were even clamorous for his detention. But the council of safety, who acted under a resolve of the convention, generously rati- fied the engagements of that body ; and after they had taken an af- fectionate leave of their late supreme magistrate, he was conducted to the barge with every mark of respect due to the elevated station he had so worthily filled. •'A few minutes before his departure, I received his strict injunc- tions to be steady and cautious in the regulation of my conduct ; and not to abandon my situation, on any consideration, until absolutely discharged by an authority which might, too pro))ably, be erected on the ruins of the ancient constitution. I promised the most implicit attention to his salutary advice ; and rendered my grateful acknowl- edgements for the innumerable obligations he had conferred on me ; at the same time I offered my most fervent wishes that his future hap- piness might be full proportion to the integrity of his conduct, and the benevolence of his mind. •'In about an hour the V)arge reached the Fowey, and the governor was received on board under a discharge of cannon : his baggage and provisi:-ns were left on shore, to be forwarded in the course of the en- suing day. "During the night, some servants, and a soldier belonging to the Maryland regiment, found means to escape en board his ^lajesty's shij), which being almost immediately discovered, a fl^ag was sent oflf, with a message to Captain Montague, demanding the restitution of the men, previous to any further communication. "Captain Montague, in rej^ly, acquainted the council of safety, "that he could not, consistently with his duty, deliver up any persons who, as sul)jects of his Britannic ^[ajesty, had fled to him for refuge and protection ; he had strictly given it in charge to such officers as might be sent on shore, not to bring ofl: any of the inhabitants with- out the express permission of the ruling powers; but that the case was extremely different respecting those who had, even at hazard of life, given evidence of their attachment to the ancient constitution.' "This message not being deemed satisfactory, a letter was dis- patched to the governor demanding his interference in this critical business, with an intimation, that the detention of the men would be considered as a manifest breach of the regulation under which flags of truce are established. History OF Annapolis. 157 "Governor Eden received the officer which proper attention, but re- plied, he had only to observe, that on board his Majesty's ship, he had not the least authority ; and that Captain Montague was not to be influenced by his opinion, as he acted on principles which he con- ceived to be strictly consistent with the line of his duty. ''The event of this negotiation was disagreeable in its consequence to the governor. The populace were exceedingly irritated, and it was thought expedient not only to prohibit all further intercoui-se with the Fowey, but also to detain the various stores which the governor had provided for his voyage to Europe. This resolution was intimated in express terms ; and, on the evening of the 24th, Captain Montague weighed anchor, and stood down the bay, for his station on the coast of Virginia." The property, the Governor had left behind, was confiscated. In 1783, he returned to Annapolis to obtain the restitution of his prop- erty. He died soon after his arrival in the house now owned and oc- cupied by the Sisters of Notre Dame, on Shipwright street. He was buried, says Mr. Ridgely, "under the pulpit of the Episcopal Church on the north side of Severn within two or three miles of this place. This church was some years since burned down." I have tried by diligent inquiry to locate this church. The nearest approach to the truth is found in the fact that, on the farm of Mrs. Wnichester, near the track of the Annapolis and Baltimore Short Line Railroad, is an ancient graveyard — the site of an Episcopal Church that was burned down nearly a hundred years ago. There is a grave in this cemetery, marked by a cross of bricks — and the tradition is that an English Lord lies buried here. It would not take many repetitions of oral history to change an English Governor to an Eng- lish Lord. CHAPTER XXXV. Shipyards, Race Coueses, and Indians. In 1747, a large ship, belonging to Mr. William Roberts, was built, launched, and called after the names of its builders the "Rumney and Long." This is the year a shipload of rebels commonly called "the King's passengers," were landed in Annapolis. The first shipyard, of which there is any record, was located a few feet below the culvert on Northwest street where it crosses Calvert. The cove then made up beyond the jail. Its name has been lost and the water has receded a quarter of a mile since then. In other sections of the city the water has given place to land — notably where a cove came up Ch«rch street as far as Mr. James Munroe's store, and there is a lady living who has heard a gentleman say he used to tie his boat to a stake driven at the foot of Green street. 158 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " UoUand street and the property adjacent to the oyster-houses between Prince George and Hanover streets are evidences that made ground grows very fast under an impetus of business or improvement. The owner of the Rumney and Long built and lived in the house now owned by Mrs. A. Owen Iglehart. He had a blacksmith's shop north of his residence, on which was a steeple in which was the only bell of the city until St. Anne's arrived — the one tradition says was presented by Queen Anne, and which was destroyed by fire in 1858. Below this shop were sailmakers' lofts, and other workshops necessary in shipbuilding. Messrs. Kirkwell and Blackwell. ship-builders, were also in his employ. Tradition tells us, that they built the ''Brig, Lovely Xancy" — at the launch of which the following incident occurred : ''She was on the stocks, and the day appointed to place heron her destined element, a large concourse of persons assembled to witness the launch, among whom was an old white woman named Sarah McDciniel, who professed fortune-telling, and was called 'a witch.' She was heard to remark — •The Lovely Xancy will not see water today.' The brig moved finely at first, and when expectation was at its height to see her ghde into the water, she suddenly stopped, and could not be again moved on that day. This occurrence created much excitement amongst the spectators ; and Captain Slade and the sailors were so fully persuaded that she had been 'bewitched,' that they resolved to duck the old woman. In the meantime she had disappeared from the crowd ; they kept up the search for two or three days, during which time she lay concealed in a house." '•The 'Lovely Xancy,' did afterwards leave the stocks, and is said to have made several prosperous voyages. "Tnere was, at a later period, another shipyard on the Southwest side of the city, at the termination of Charles street, where the 'Ma- tilda,' and the 'Lady Lee' were launched — the first was owned by Samuel Chase, Esq., and the latter Ijy Governor Lee."* At the foot of Maryland Avenue, about 1840, Benjamin Linthicum built the Severn, a large schooner, for John S. Selby, an Annapolis merchant. It was a very fine vessel. Ship-building has since gradually declined in Annapolis. There was a small shipyard near the Xorth- cast side of the dock in which bay craft were built, and one on the Southwest side. The first commenced about the year 1850, and con- tinued to 18G0. It was also owned, by Benjamin Linthicum. The 3Iarine Railway, now owned by Haller and Matzon, was the out- growth and continuance of Linthicum's shipyard. About 1750, a jockey club was established at Annapolis, consisting of many "principal gentlemen in this, and in the adjacent provinces, many of whom in order to encourage the ])reed of the noble animal, imported from England, at a very great expense, horses of high repu- tation." This club existed for many years. "The races at Annapo- lis were generally attended by a great concourse of spectators, many coming from the adjoining colonies. Considerable sums were bet' on these occasions. Subscri[)tion purses of a hundred guineas were for a long time the highest amount run for, but subsequently were greatly increased. The day of the races usually closed with balls, or theatri- . al amusements." The race course at this time and for many years • AnnaJs of .\unapolis, p. 119. History of Annapolis. 159 iifter, was located on that part of the city just beyond Mr. Seyere's blacksmith shop, embracing a circle of one mile, taking m all that portion of the town now occupied by the Annapolis, Washington and Baltimore railroad depot and the lands adjacent. Severe's blacksmith shop stood where Henry B. Myers feed ware- house and coal yard, on Calvert street, are now located. On the 20th of September, in 1750. a race was run on this course between governor Ogle's Bay Gelding, and CoL Plater's Grey Stallion, and won by the foru.er. For next dav six horses started, Mr. Watsrs horse Parrott, winning, dis.tancing several of the running horses. ^ "On the same ground some vears after, Dr. Hamilton's 'horse Figure, won a purse of fifty pistoles— beating two, and distancing three others. 'Fi"-ure' was a horse of great renutation— it is stated of him that, "he hacf won many fifties— and in 'the year 1763, to have received pre» miums at Preston and Carlisle, in Old England, where no horse would enter against him— he never lost a race." Subsequently, the race course was removed to a field some short distance beyond the city, on which course some of the most celebrated horses ever known in America have run. It was on this latter course tliat Mr. Bevans' bay horse "Oscar," so renowned in the annals of the turf, first ran. Oscar was bred on Mr. Ogle's farm near this city— he won many races, and in the fall of 1808, it is well remembered, he beat Mr. Bond's "First Consul" on the Baltimore course, who had challenged the continent- running the second heat in 7 m. 40 s., wiiich speed had never been "Old Ranter" was "Oscar's" great, great, grand sire. _ To these races Gen. Washington used to repair, and m his diary naively recounts his gains on the bets on the successful pacers. These stirring seasons have long since ceased to occur — and the memory of them no more excites the garrulity of tradition. In 1884,. an attempt was made to revive the race course, in conjunction with agricultural fair grounds ; but the effort was abortive. Twenty-one years later, 1771, "The Saint Tamina Society,' was m- au^nirated in Annapolis, and continued its anniversary celebrations for many years. The first day of May was set apart in memory of "Samt Tamina," whose history, like those of other venerable saints, is lost in fable and uncertainty. It was usual on the morning of this day, for the members of the society to erect in some public situation m the city, a "May-pole," and to decorate it in a most tasteful manner, with wild fl.owers gathered from the adjacent woods, and forming themselves in a ring around it, hand in hand, perform the Indian war dance, with many other custom.s which they had seen exhibited by the chilcTren of the forest. It was also usual on this day for such ot the citizens, who chose to enter into the amusement, to wear a piece of buck's-tail in their hats, or in some conspicuous part of their dress, "The first lottery drawn in this province," was at Annapolis, on the 21st September, 1753, for the purchase of a "town clock, and clearing the dock. ' ' The highest prize 100 pistoles— tickets half a pis- tole. The managers were Benjamin Tasker, Jr., George Stewart, Walter Dulany, and ten other gentlemen of this place. On the 11th of August, of this year, Horatio Sharpe, Esq., governor of the province, arrived here, in the ship Molly, Captain Nicholas Coxen, from London. -5- Ridgely's Annals of Annapolis. IGO "The AxciENT City. ' ' In September, (17.")o,) seveml companies nnder the command of Captain Dagwonhy, Jjieutenants Forty and Bacon, marched from An- napolis aj2;ainst the French on the Ohio. On the od April, 1755, General Braddock, Governor Dinwiddie and Connnodore Keppel arrived here, on their way to Virginia. On the 1 1th and r2th of the same month, there arrived Governor Sherley, of Boston, Governor De Lancy. of New Yoric, and Governor Morris, of Philadelphia, with a number of distinguished gentlemen. They left here accompanied by Governor Sharpe, for Alexandria, and on the 17th they returned to Annapolis on their way to their respective govern- ments. A few days after, Governor Sharpe set out for Frederick Town. This period, which just preceded the defeat of General Braddock, near Fort Du Queen, appears to have been a busy time with their ex- cellencies. On the 29th of September, of this year. Dr. Charles Carroll departed tliis life, aged sixty-four years — he had resided in Annapolis about forty years. For some years after his coming to this city, he ' 'practised physic with good success ; but laying that aside, he commenced tradr and merchandise, })j which he amassed a very considerable fortune." In 1737, he was chosen a member to the Lower House of Assem))ly, in which station he is said to have spared no pains or application to render himself servjcealtle to the country and his constituents, to the time of his death. lie is represented to have been "a gentleman of good sense and breeding, courteous and affable," and was held in high esteem by his fellow -citizens. Dr. Carroll owned all of the ground on the lower part of Church street, on the South side, extending back to tlie Duke of Gloucester street. Mr. Green says in his Gazette of the 6th of November, of this year, "we are now about entrenching the town. If the gentlemen, in the neighborhood of Annapolis, were to send their forces to assist in it, a few days would complete the work." This measure, it would seem, was taken by the citizens, in con- sequence of the "dreadful murders and massacres" committed by the French and Indians upon the border country, and se- rious apprehensions were entertained by the inhabitants that Annapolis would fall into the hands of their "politic, cruel, and cunning enemies." It was asserted by a writer for the Gazette, that the Indians "were but little way from the city, and that so entire was their defenceless situation, that even a small party of twenty or thirty Indians, by marching in the night and skulking in the day time, might come upon them unawares in the dead of night, burn their houses, and cut their throats, before they could put themselves in a posture of defence." Other writers of the day, seemed to think that there was no more danger of "Annapolis being attacked by the Indians than London." The fears of the inhabitants were soon quieted, by the return of several gentlemen who had gone as volunteers to the ■westward, and who reported they had seen no Indians, except one, and he was "very quiet," for they found him dead. The last Indians to visit Annapolis lived on the Potomac river. Their name has not come down to us. They exchanged their lauds with the Calvert family for lands in Baltimore county where game was more plentiful, and, as the white population advanced, the tribe re- History OF Anitapolis. 161 tired to the Susquehanna. The Eastern sliore tribes occasionally visited Annapolis, and as late as 1840, there where some few residents •of Annapolis who remembered the visits of King Abraham and his ^ueen Sarah. CHAPTER XXXVI. The Third State House in Annapolfs. 1772—1887. The Third ^tate House. Corner Stone laid March 28, 1772. In 1769, the Legislature appropriated £7,500 sterling to build the present State House. The building committee was Daniel Dulany, Thomas Johnson, John Hall, William Paca, Charles Carroll, Barris- ter, Lancelot Jacques, and Charles Wallace. The majority were em- powered to contract with workmen, and to purchase materials, and were authorized to draw on the dual treasurers of the State for what- ever further sums might be required to complete the building. The foundation stone of the State House was laid on the 28th of March, 1772, by Governor Eden. In 1773, a copper roof was put on the State House, and in 1775, this roof was blown ofE. The Market House of the city was demolished by the same equinoctial gale, during which the tide rose three feet perpendicularly above the common level. The dome was not added to the State House until after the revolu- tion. 11 102 ' ' T 11 E A N C 1 EN T C I T Y. " ' The dimensious of the State House are : Feet.- From the platform to the cornice, about 36 " " cornice to top of arc, of roof 23 " " top of the roof to the cornice of the facade of the dome , 30 " " cornice to the band above the elliptical windows— 24 This terminates the view int-ernally 113 From the band to the balcony , 22 Height of the turret 17 From the cornice of the turret to the floor of the campa- nelle, or lantern G Height of the carapanelle, or lantern 14 Height of the pedestal and acorn 10 Height of the spire 18—87 Entire height, 200 Diameter of the dome, at its base 40 do. balcony 30 do. turret 17 do. campanelle, or lantern 10 do. acorn 3 8 in. Length of the front of the building 120 Depth, (exclusive of the octagon, ) 82 The architect was Joseph Clarke. Thomas Danoe who executed the stucco and fresco work, fell from the scafiEold just as he had finished the centre piece, and was killed. The State House is situated upon a marked elevation in the centre of Annapolis. The eminence rises in gradual terraces to the edifice, which, though simple in architecture, has a lofty and majestic ap- pearance, and has in all times "elicited alike the admiration of the citizen, the sojourner, and the stranger for the beauty of its structure." The main building is of brick, the dome of wood. From the dome of the State House, 125 feet from the top of the Hill, a most delight- ful view is obtained. The majestic Chesapeake and a hundred tribu- taries, their bosoms covered with endless varieties of busy water craft ; the ancient city ; its environs ; the Naval Academy — its ships of war ; — the contiguous country with its sloping hills and variegated plains, for an extent of thirty miles, gratify the eye of the deliglited spectator. The main entrance of the State House is through a modest porch* facing southeast. It opens into a spacious hall, beautifully ornamented with stucco work wliieh was made from plaster l)rought from St. Mary's coimty. On the right hand is the Senate Chamber, 30 by 40 feet. Its ceiling and walls are handsomely ornamented, and rich carpets cover its floors. It has accommodations for twenty-six Senators, and a contracted lobby gives room (ov a small number of auditors. Portraits at full length of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Samuel Chase, Wilham Paca, and Thomas Stone, signers of the Declaration of Independence from Maryland, adorn the walls. In 1870, this chamber was improved by onler of the Board of Pub- lic Works. The old gallery that linked the room with the great past was torn dowuand carried to the cellar, and the State acquiesced m a profanation it had never ordered. i History OF Annapolis. 163 In the room adjoining the Senate is a portrait of the elder Pitt, in which Lord Chatham is represented at full length in the attitude and costume of a Roman orator — decorated with emblems of his lofty prin- ciples. This portrait was painted by Charles Wilson Peale whilst in England and presented by him, in 1794, to the State. The Senate Chamber's highest title to renown is that in it Washing- ton resigned his Military Commission after the Revolution, and became again a civilian. In this room also was ratified by Congress in 1784, the treaty of peace with Great Britain, which treaty recognized Ameri- can Independence. In September, 1786, at the suggestion of General Washington, it is thought, as the scheme was concerted at Mt. Vernon, a convention assembled at Annapolis to propose measures to maintain harmonious commercial relations between the States. This body met in the Senate Chamber. Five States were represented. The Commissioners who arrived were from New York — Alexander Hamilton and Egbert Benson. New Jersey— Abraham Clark, William C. Houston, and James Schureman. Pennsylvania — Tench Coxe. Delaware— George Readj^, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett. Virginia — Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Jr., and St. George Tucker. Hamilton made the report that was adopted by the convention. It proposed to the several States the convocation of a convention to take into consideration the situation of the United States. The Annapolis convention was the parent of the great convention of 1787, that framed the federal constitution. ***' On the left of the rotunda is the Hall of the House of Delegates. It has seating capacity for 91 members. Three small lobbies give ac- commodations for visitors. On the Northeastern wall hangs a paint- ing, representing Washington, attended by General LaFayette and Col. Tilghman his Aides-de-camp, and the Continental Army passing in review. In Washington's hands are the articles of capitulation at Yorktown. This picture was painted by Charles Wilson Peale in pur- suance of a resolution of the Legislature, and is one of the best por- traits extant of the immortal Virginian. Opposite the entrance of the State House is the Library, containing, duplicates included, 80,000 volumes. These are chiefly works on law and public documents, but a handsome proportion of them is a valuable collection of works on art, science, history, and fiction. The library was established in 1834, and the building was enlarged in 1859. Be- fore the inauguration of the State Library, the room, occupied at its establishment, had been used by the General Court of Maryland. In 1804, that court was abolished. On the second floor to the left of the staircase is the suite of rooms occupied by the Court of Appeals. On the right of the stairway the room of the Adjutant General (formerly the State Armory,) the pri- vate office of the Governor, and the Executive Chamber are located. In the Executive Chamber the portrait of George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore and England's Secretary of State under James and Charles, is seen. It is a copy from the painting by Mytens, now in the gallery of the Earl of Varulam at Glastenbury, England — and was presented to the State by John W. Garrett, of Baltimore, as a result 164 * 'The Ancient City. ' ' of the researches and efforts of Mr. F. B. Mayer, of Aiiiia})olis, to in- augurate a gallery of the Governors of Maryland. A full length por- trait of Charles, tliird Lord Baltimore, was exchanged by the city of Annapolis for the six portraits of Governors Paca, Smallwood, Stone, Sprigg, Johnson, and Plater. These with the full length of Frederick, the sixth and last Lord Baltimore, and a recent gift of a portrait of Governor Robert Wright, and one of John Eager Howard, are the only portraits of her Governors owned by the State. In the Senate Chamber is a large picture l)y Edwin White, repre- senting "Washington's Resignation of his Commission," obtained under an order of the Maryland Legislature in 1859, The basement of the State House is occupied by the furnace for heating the building, the steam ventilator, and committee rooms. An Annex to the State Library was ordered V)y the Legislature of 1886, a building long needed by reason of the over-crowded condition of the library. CHAPTER XXXVIL Annapolis in the Declaration of Independence. [1776,] The dramatic arraignment of George III. in the Declara- tion of Independence, contains two counts that Annapolis helped to make in that unique indictment. The Fifteenth Count that gives as one of the causes which impelled the colonies to dissolve the political bands that had connected them with Great Britjiin, reads : "For protecting them, (armed troops) by a mock-trial, from pun- ishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- tants of these States," This waslitemlly done at Annapolis in 1768, when, in a dispute be- tween some soldiers and citizens of the town, two citizens were killed. As the homicides were marines, belonging to an armed vessel lying near, they were in time of peace, on complaint of the citizens arraigned before the Admiralty Court for murder. The whole affair assumed the character of a solemn farce, so far as justice was con- cerned, and, as might have been expected, the miscreants were ac- quit tetl,* Another count, the 16th, was: "For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us," The Maryland Assembly had been slack in voting money to keep Fort Frederick and Cuml)erland in the condition the provincial gov- ernor, the representative of royal authority, wanted, and in Decem- ber, 1757, five companies of the Royal Americans were quartered upon the citizens of Annapolis as a penalty for the contumacy of the General Assembly. They remained there until March 22nd, 1758, Gov- ernor Sharpe expostulated against the severity and injustice of the measure which punished the inhabitants of one town for the supposed sins of a State. * Lossiag'.o Lives of the nignerH, p, 287. History OF Annapolis. lO^ CHAPTER XXXVin. ANNArOLIS DURIXG THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. The seeds of the American Revolution had been sown in 1765 by the passage of the Stamp Act. The constant and determined support, Annapolis gave to the patriot cause, had been plainly foreshadowed by its resistance to the attempted enforcement of this odious legislation, audits summary treatment of Hood, the British distributor of stamps, though Maryland was loath to break those political ties that bound her to the mother country. When the news of the blockade of Boston Harbor reached Annapilis, a meeting of its citizens was called. On Wednesday, the 35th day of May, 1774, the people convened, when it was ''EesolverJ, That it is the unanimous opinion of this meeting, that the town of Boston is now suffering in the common cause of America, and that it is incumbent on every colony in America, to unite in effec- tual measures to obtain a repeal of the late act of parliament, for blocking up the harbor of Boston. "That it is the opinion of this meeting, that if the colonies come into a joint resolution to stop all importation from, and exportation to. Great Britain, till the said act be repealed, the same will preserve North America, and her liberties. ' ''Resolied, Therefore, that the inhabitants of this city will join in an association with the several counties of this province, and the principal provinces of America, to put an immediate stop to all ex- ports to Great Britain, and that, after a short day, hereafter to be agreed on, there shall be no imports from Great Britain, till the said . act be repealed, and that such association be on oath. "That it is the opinion of this meeting, that the gentlemen of the law of this province bring no suit for the recovery of any debt due from any inhabitant of this province, to any inhabitant of Great Britain, until the said act be repealed. "That the inhabitants of this city will, and it is the opinion of this meeting, that this province ought immediately to break off all trade and dealings with that colony or province, which shall refuse or de- cline to come into similar resolutions with a majority of the colonies. "That Messieurs John Hall, Charles Carroll, Thomas Johnson, Jun., William Paca, Matthias Hammond, and Samuel Chase, be a commit- tee for this city to join with those who shall be appointed for Balti- more Town, and other parts of this province, to constitute one general committee ; and that the gentlemen appointed for this city immediately correspond with Baltimore Town, and other parts of this province, to effect such association as will secure American liberty." William Eddis writing to England three days after this meeting said : "all America is in a flame ! I hear strange language every day. The colonists are ripe for any measures that will tend to the preserva- tion of what they call their natural liberty. I enclose you the re- solves of our citizens ; they have caught the general contagion.^ "Expresses are flying from province to province. It is the universal opinion here, that the mother country cannot support a contention with these settlements, if they abide strictly to the letter and spirit of their associations." 166 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " Several citizens of influence having expressed the o[iinion, tha"^ if the sense of the peoi>le had been properly taken, it would not appear that the whole of the proceedings of the meeting of the 2oth received their approval, the friends of American liberty mot the statement by distribuiing hand-bills, earnestly requesting another general meeting of citizens. The second meeting was held May 37th, when the pro- ceedings of the 28th were fully approved. Tlie opposition, ;iowever, did v:ot stop here. On Monday, May 30th, a protest, signed by one hundred and tliirty-five citizens, amongst wliom were some of the best names of the town and s'ieinity, made its appearance. The protest was : '^To The Printkks. May :]Oth, 1774. *'A puMication of the enclosed protest, supported by the names of a considerable numl)er of the inhabitants of the city of Annapolis, will, it is presumed, furnisli tlie most authentic grounds for determining the sense of the majority, on a question of the last importance. ' • We, whose names are subscribed, inhabitants of the city of Annapo- lis. C(.)nceive it our clear riglit, and most incumbent duty, to express our cordial and explicit disa}>[>ro!)ation of a resolution whicJi was car- ried by forty-seven against thirty-one, at the meeting held on the 27th instant. "'The resolution against whi(;h we protest, in the face of the world, is the following : " 'That it is the opinion of tliis meeting, that tlie gentlemen of the law of this in-ovince, bring no suit for the recovery of any debt due from any inhalntant of this province, to any inhabitant of Great Britain until the said act be repealed.' — I ) Use at lent. "FiiisT — Because we arc impressed with a full conviction, that this resolution is founded in treachery and rashness, inasmuch as it is big with l)ankruptcy and. ruin to those inhabitants of Grreat JJritain, who, relying with unlimited security on our good faith and integrity, liave made us masters of their fortunes, condemning them unheard, for not having interposed tlieir influence with parliament in favor of the town of Boston, without duly weighing the force, with which that influence would probably have oj^erated ; or whether, in their conduct, they were actuated by wisdom and policy, or l)y corruption and acarice. "Secondly— iJecause whilst the inhabitants of Great Britain are partially despoiled of every legal remedy to recover what is justly due to them, no j)rovision is made to prevent us from Ix'ing harrassed by the prosecution of internal suits, but our fortinies and {persons are left at the mercy of domestic creditors, without a possil)ility of extri- cating ourselves, unless l)y a general convulsion, an event in the con- templation of sober reas'.n, replete with horror. "Theuulv — Because our credit, as a commercial peoi)le, will expire under tlie wound; for what confidence can possibly be reposed in those, who shall have exhil)ited the most avowed and most striking proof that they are not bound by obligations as sacred as human in- vention can suggest. "Lloyd Dulany, Robert Kirkland, William Cooke, William Ashton, James Tilghman, Robert Morrison, Anthonv Stewart. Charles lirvan. History of Annapolis. 167 William Steuart, Charles Steuart, David Steaart, ITonathaii Pinkney, fWilliam Tuck, Thomas Sparrow, John Green, James Brice, George Gordon. John" Chalmers. ^John Anderson, John Unsworth, James Taylor, v- William Clayton. George Kanken. Kobert Moor, Jonathaii Parker, Brite Seleven, John .Varndel, John Annis, Robert Ridge, Robert Nixon. Thomas Kirl)y, Williams Edwards, Robert Lambert, William Eddis. - John Clapham, Elie Vallette, Robert Bucbanan , William Noke, James Brooks, Richard Murrow, John Brown, J'Jm Hepburn, Colin Campbell, Nathaniel Ross, William Niven, James Kingsbury, James Barnes, John Sands, James Williams, • Joseph Williams, John Howard, William Muuroe, John D. Jaquet, John Norris, John Steele, N. Maccubbin, Shoem Thomas Hammond, Thomas Pipier, Thomas Neal, William Tonry, James McKenzie, Nicholas Minsky, John Haragan, Hugh Hendly, Richard Thompson.- Reverdy Ghiselin, Charles Marckel, John Randall, William Stiff. James Mitchell. Charles Roberts, Samuel Skiugle. Thomas Stitl:^ Henry Jacksou. William Devinith. James Hackman. Charles Barber. John Evitts, James Maw. Jordan Steiffer. Josepii Riohanls, Edward Owens. Thomas Pryse. .1. Wilkinson, Robert Key. Lewis Joues, William Willatt, John Kiiig. William Prew. Thomas Towson, William Howard. John Donaldson. Daniel Dulany. of Walter ^ William Worthington , Thomas B. Uodgkin, William Wilkins. Thomas French. Joseph Selby. William Gordon. Thomas Hyde, John Maconochie, Philip Thomas Lee, John Ball, Samuel Owens, Samuel Ball. "^ Thomas Braithwaite, James Murray, Richard Mackubiu, Michael Wallace, William Hyde. Nathan Hammond, Peter Psalter, Joseph Browning, Thomas Hincks, Lewis Neth, Edward Dogan, 168 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " Martin Water, J. H. Anderson, John Warren. Richard Burt, William Chambers, Flenry Horsley, .lames Clarke, Cornelius Fen'ton, Denton Jacques, Richard Addaras, Joseph Dowson, George Ranken. Sr. Thomas Macken, Edward Wilmot, Richard Burland. Robert Ijung, Daniel Dulany, of Dan., George Nicholson, R. Molleson, Benjamin Spriggs, Robert Counden, John Horton, William Alkman, Charles Wright. George French, Constantine Bull, John Parker, Amos Edmons, Archibald Smith, Henry Sibell, Thomas Bonner, Josliua Cross, Matthias Mae.l John Woolford, Alex. McDona d, Samuel H. Howard, David Crinnig,^ Oliver Weeden, John Thimmis, Alex. Finlater, David Atchison, Con. McCarty, James Maynard, Jonathan Simpson.'' William llarrison, A meeting of the committees appointed by the several counties of tae province of Maryland, was held at the city of Annapolis, on the 22nd of June, 1774. There were present for Anne Arundel county and the city of Annapolis, Charles Carroll, Esq., barrister, Messrs. B. T. B. Worthington, Thomas Johnson, Jr., Samuel Chase. John Hall, William Paca. Matthias Hammond. Samuel Chew, John Weenis, Thomas Dorsey, Kezin Hammond. The letter and vote of the town of Boston, several letters and papers from Philadelphia and Virginia, the act of parliament for blocking up the port and harl)or of Boston, the bill depending in parliament sub- versive of the charter of the Massachusetts Bay. and that enabling the governor to send supposed offenders from thence t -another colony or England for trial, were read, — and, after mature deliberations thereon, it was ''Resolved, That the stiid act of parHament, and bills, if passed into acts, are cruel and oppressive invasions of tlie natural rights of the people of Massachusetts Bay, as men, and of their constitutional rights as English subjects : and that the said act, if not repealed, and the said bills, if passed into acts, will lay a foundation for the utter de- struction of British America, and, therefore, that the town of Boston and the province of Massiichusetts are now suffering in the common cause of America. ''Rcsolvejl, That it is the duty of every colony in America to unite in the most speedy and effectual means to obtain a repeal of the said act, and also of the sjiid bills if passed into acts." The third resolution was to the effect to stop all importations from and exportations to Great Britain. The fourth resolution asserted that this province will join in an as- sociation with the principal and neighboring colonies to stop all ex- portations to, and importations from, Great Britain, to go into effectJ on some day agreed upon by the ccjlonists. History of Annapolis. 161> The fifth resolution instructed the dejDuties from this province to agree to any restrictions upon exports to the West Indies, deen^ed necessary by the colonies in the general congress. The sixth resolution authorized the deputies from this province to admit and provide for the importation of particular articles from Great Britain as are supposed to be indispensable. The seventh resolution recommended to merchants and vendors of goods not to take advantage of the resolve for non-importation, but to sell their goods at the rate sold within the year previous. The eighth resolution provided for a subscription for the relief of the inhabitants of Boston. The ninth resolution expressed thanks to the friends of liberty in Great Britain. The tenth resolution appointed Matthew Tilghman, Thomas John- son, Jr., Robert Goldsborough, William Paca, and Samuel Chase, Esq., deputies for this province :o attend a general congress, w^hicli was recommended to be held on September 20th. The eleventh resolution asserted that this province will break off trade and dealings with that colony, province, or town, which shall decline the common plan ^vhich may be adopted. The twelfth resolution directed that copies of these resolutions be sent to the Connnittees of Correspondence, and be published in the Mary- land Gazette. The strong, loyal opposition to English measures, existing in An- napolis which cropped out, at this period, has made the ancient city renowned in American history. ^ The burning of the Peggy Stewart was one of the most remarkable events of the Revolutionary period. The valor of this extraordinary conduct was heightened by the presence of two local English officers, and a strong English senti- ment. Mr. Eddis, the English Custom House officer, quaintly says : ''I attended the whole progress of the business, and was active in my exertions to prevent the extremities to which some frantic zealots proceeded." Mr. Eddis further declares that the owners did not burn their ship- willingly, but were forced to destroy it by the citizens. According to adjournment, the State Convention met on December 8th, and continued ibo the :'.2th. There were present 85 members. Mr. John Hall in the chair, Mr. John Duckett, clerk. The proceedings- of the Continental Congress were unanimously approved, and it was resolved that every person in the province ought to carry into effect the association agreed on by the Continental Congress, and the most stringent measures were adopted to repress by force the invasion of their rights. It was now apparent that the dispute between the colonies and the mother country would be settled by an appeal to arms. Annapolis made ready for the conflict. In compliance with the recommendation of the deputies of the several counties of the province, at their con- vention in June, that the gentlemen, freeholders, and other freemen of this province, as are from sixteen to fifty years of age, form them- selves into companies, and to select their officers, a ' umber of the citizens of Annapolis met on December 14th, and chose their officers agreeably to the recommendation. The companies were composed of 170 ' * T H E A X C I E X T C I T Y . " all ranks of men in the city, gentlemen of the first fortunes being common soldiers. After one company had been formed the patriotic Gazttte added : "It is said tliat there are a sufficient number of citizens to form another company which it is hoped will be immediately done." Whilst the people were ardent in their fidelity to the American cause, yet such was their love of liberty and their respect for personal rights, in February, 1775, Mr. Eddis is found urging through the jjublic press, the cause of peace, and the wisdom of retaining their political affiliation with England. The times changed rapidly. In July, of the same year, Mr. Eddis plaintively wrote : ••(xovernment is now almost totally annihilated, and power trans- ferred to tlie multitude. Speech is become dangerous ; letters are in- tercepted ; c-o!ifidence betrayed : and every measure evidently tends to the most fatal extremities : the sword is drawn, and, without some providential change of measures, the blood (;f thousands will be shed in this unnatural contest." Annapolis, at this time, had two military companies ; in every dis- trict in the ju'ovince the majority of the i)eople were under arms ; almost eveiy ]iat was decorated with a cockade ; and the churlish drum and piping fife were the only music of Die times. At a meeting of the i ihabitants of Anno Arundel county and of the city of Annapolis. ( those (qualified to vote for representatives.) on Wednesday, the; nintli day of November, 1774, it was -'Rf.solri'l, That Thomas Dorscy, Jolin Hood, Jr., John Dorsey, Pliilij) Dorscy, John Burgess, Thomas Lapjungton, Ephraim Howard, Caleb Dorsey, Uichard Stringer, Iveubin Meri'iweather. Charles War- field. p]dw;ird Gaitiier, Jr., Greenbury Ridgely, Elijah Robinson, Thomas Mayo. James Kelso, Beirjaiuin Howard, Ely Dorsey. Sr., Mark Brown Sappington, Brice TT^. Worthington, Charles Carroll, l)arrister, Jolm Hall. William Paca-, Thomas Johnson, Jr.. Matthias Hammond, Samnel Chase Charles Carroll, of CarroUton, Rezin Ham- mond, Charles Wallace, Richard Tootell, Thomas Ilarwood, Jr.. John Davidson, John Brice, John Weems, Samue-l Chew, Thomas Sprigg. Girard Hopkins, Jr., Thomas Hall, Thomas Ilarwood, West River, Stephen Steward, Thomas Watkins, Thomas Belt, the third, Richard Green, and Stephen Watkins, be a committee to represent and act for this county anil city, to carry into execution the association agreed oil by the American Continental Congress, and that any seven have power to act. ''Ri'-ioIi'("L That Thomas Johnson, Jr., John Hail, William Paca, Charles Carroll, of CarroUton, Matthias Hammond, Samuel Chase, and Richard Tootell, be a committee of correspondence for this county and city, and that any three have power to act. "Ri'.iolced, That it is the sense of this meeting, that the gentlemen appointed to represent the county and city, in the late i^rovincial convention, together with Charles Carroll, of CarroUton, ought to at- tend the next provincial meeting on the 21st inst., and have full power to represent this county and city." On Friday, the 14th day of OctoV)er, 1774, the brig Paijipj Stbwart, Captain Jackson, arrived at Anmipolis from London, "having on l»oard seventeen packages containing 3,:J30 pounds of that detestable weed'' — the taxed tea. On hearing of its arrival, the Anne Arundel county committee, which took cognizance of such matters, immediately History OF Annapolis. 171 conTened. It was then three o'clock in the afternoon. The cojnmit- tee was mformed that the brig had been regularly entered that morn- ing, ''and the duty on the tea paid to the collector by ,Mr. Anthony Stewart, one of the owners of said brig." This was fuel to the flame of indignation already kindled ; but, with the law-abiding spirit which is a part of the Maryland character, they did not precipitate matters, but let the questiori take an orderly solution. Four only of the com- mittee were present, and the remainder, residents of the county, were inaccessible in this emergency. The committee, therefore, called a meeting of the citizens of Annapolis, to be held at five o'clock the same aftternoon. As the Provincial Court was in session at iVnnapo- lis at the time, a numl)er of persons from Anne ^Vrmidel. Baltimore, and other counties, who were in attendance on the court, joined the citizens of x\.nnapolis to answer the question, "What was to be done ?" The assembly proceeded at once to business. Tlu^ importers, the cap- tain of the brig, and the deputy-collector of the jjort were called be- fore it and examined. The consignees, Messrs. Thomas C. Wil- liams & Co., sent the following letter, which was read : "Friday Morning, 10 o'clock, OcToiiEii 14, 1774. "This is to inform you that the brig P^fifiy Stewmrt, Captain Jack- son, is just arrived from London, and agreeal)le to our order of the 14th of May last, have got many goods on board for us, among which are a few chests of tea. Although agreeaV////;/ Stewart We did not think till about the beginning of July importation of tea would be stopt But soon after August we was convinced that if the tea ordered was shipped it would not be allowed to be landed or the duty paid : and from that time was determined, in case it should arrive to give it up innnediately to the dis])osal of the committee, to do with it what they thought pro- per. This we told many people l)efore tlie tea came, which, we be- lieve, Mr. Th(js. llarwood and Mr. Ilodgsin well remember On the arrival of the Pegyy Stewart here with the tea, we immediately made the committee acquainted therewitli, and expressed our readi- ness to abide by tlieir determination with respect to it : and on Mr. Stewart's aj^plication to us for money to pay duty on the same, we absolutely refused it, or doing anything concerning it until the com- mittee had resolved what should l)e done with it. And we further declare that the vessel was entered at the custom-house and the duty paid without our knowldge or consent." The consignees ex|)ressed their willingness to give the utmost satisfac- tion, and with a view to mollify the exasperated feelingsof the people, declared that they had had no intention to infringe the resolutions entered into by tlie province of Maryland nor to import tea, nor were they "actuated by any sinister motives either in favor of ministerial j)Ower, court, court-i»arty or otherwise." In a subsequent letter to the public, the consignees stated that the committee ex[)ressed them- selves satisfied with their conduct in the matter, except in regard to the large quantity ordered. This statement was denied in public print by Mr. John'Duckett, clerk to the committee. The j)ayment of the duty on tea. which had been done since the meeting of Friday, was a matter the people could not lightly over- look. The general indignation excited by this act caused Mr. Stewart to publish a card explanatory of his j)art in tmnsaction. He Siiid : "When the brig arrived, the captain informed me she was very leaky, and that the sooner she was unloaded tlie better. I told him to enter his vessel, but not the tea. which I found on inquiry of the collector could not be done. Under these circumstances, the brig leaky and fifty three souls on board, where they had been near three months, 1 thought my self [bound,] l)oth in hnmanity and prudence, to enter the vessel and leave the destination of the tea to the committee. The impropriety of scouring the duty did not then occur to me ; neither History OF Annapolis. 173 did I know the tea would be suffered to be lodged as a security for the payment. I had nothing in view but to save the vessel from a seizure, and of having an opportunity of releasing the passengers from a long and disagreeable confinement." Captain Jackson added to this card an affidavit in which he stated that the tea had been put on board the brig in London without his knowledge. Neither card nor affidavit, which had been published in handbill form two days previous to the Wednesday meeting, calmed the popular indignation. Where the committee's action ended and the people s began, it is difficult to determine, owing to no definite distinction being made as to the respective parts played by each in this curious drama ; but it appears that the committee privately heard the letter of the Messrs. WiUiams read, then took action upon it, and adjourned to the pubhc meeting where the proceedings following were enacted before a large assembly of people. The first was the reading of the annexed letter signed by Anthony Stewart, Joseph and James Williams, m which it will be seen sentiments were expressed by these gentlemen very dif- ferent from what they had previously given out. Mr. Stewart and the Messrs. Williams read their recantation. It ran : '.'We, James Williams, Joseph Williams, and Anthony Stewart, do severally ac- knowledge that we have committed a most daring insult and act of the most pernicious tendency to the liberties of America ; we, the said Williams, in importing the tea, and said Stewart in paying the duty thereon ; and thereby deservedly incurred the displeasure of the pleoi)le now convened, and all others interested in the preservation of the constitutional rights and liberties ol North America, do ask pardon for the same ; and we solemnly declare for the future, that we never will infringe any resolution formed by the people for the salvation of their rights, nor will we do any act that may be injurious to the liberties of the people ; and to show our desire of living m amity with the friends to America, we do request this meeting, or as many choose to attend, to be present at any place where the people shall appoint, and we will there commit to the flames or otherwise destroy as the people may choose, the detestable article which has been the cause of this our misconduct." ,« -, 4.- The Williamses smarted under this compulsory self-condemnation, and, in the issue of the Gazette, of Annapolis, of the 17th of October, iustly and bitterly complained of this card as "a most ungenerous piece," which "was drawn up by Matthias Hammond, wherein not- withstanding our candid behaviour, we are most cruelly made liable to the same degree of censure as Mr. Stewart who paid the duty ; which piece was afterward produced, and we were called upon to read and acknowledge in the midst of an incensed people, wholly unacquain- ted with our conduct in the affair." The indignation of the people was centered chiefly upon Mr. Stewart, for what they considered his cheerful compliance with the act of Parliament taxing the tea ; and some were very much "disposed to present him with a suit of tar and feathers. ' ' A diversity of senti- ment sprung up as to what ought to be done. Some contended that the offer to destroy the tea was sufficient reparation ; others favored the destruction of the vessel that had brought the detestable weed" to American shores. A division took place on the question. "Whether the vess«l should, or should, not be destroyed?" It was carried in the negative by a large majority. 174 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " The citizens of Annapolis generally were averse to using violence ; but the minority, mainly persons from a distance, some of great in- fluence in their respective neighborhoods, avowed their determination to collect a body of men to accomplish the destruction of the Stewart. At this juncture, under the advice of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Mr. Stewart offered "to destroy the vessel with his own hands." The proposal was gladly accepted. The people assembled in crowds at the water-side to witness the conflagration. Mr, Stewart and the Messrs. Williams the former accompanied by several gentlemen to protect him from personal violence, repaired to the brig. Her sails were set, and, with her colors flying, she was run aground on the shore between the Gas-IIouse and the northwestern wall of the Naval Academy. It was brought up to this point that Mrs. Stewart, the invalid wife of the owner of the vessel could see the conflagration, from the window of her residence, the house on Hanover street, now occui)ied by Mr. Charles S. Welch. Mr. Stewart applied the match to the vessel, and, as an offering and atonement to the offended peo- ple and an open defiance to the Crown, tlie Peggy Stewart and the obnoxious tea-chests were, in a few hours, reduced to ashes. The adjourned meeting of provincial deputies, chosen by several of the counties in Maryland, was held at the city of Annapolis, Nov. 21, 1774, and continued by adjournment to Friday, the 2oth day of the same month at which fifty-seven deputies were present.. Mathew Tilghman was chosen chairman and John Duckett, clerk. The delegates appointed to represent the province at the late conti- nental congress, laid the proceedings of the congress before the meet- ing which Veing read and considered, were unanimously approved of. Not only in words and sounds of war did the inhabitants of Anne Arundel show their intention to defend their rights, but when oppor- tunity offered they put in practice the faith that was in them. July 18th, 1775, "the ship Totnefts, captain Harding, belonging to Mr. Gildard, of Liverpool, having on board a cargo of salt and dry goods, in coming up the bay, ran aground near the three Islands at the mouth of West river ; upon this the committee immediately met, and after consideration, determined she should proceed on to Balti- more, her intended port, but before she could get off, highly resenting so daring an infringement of the continental association, a number of people met, went on board, and set her on fire." There were opponents of these proceedings even among those who espoused the patriot cause. They had condemned the burning of the Peggy Stewart and also this, "the second burnt-offering to liberty within this province." But revolutions are not handicapped by a mi- nority of dissenting voices. Early on the morning of Wednesday, September 27th, Annapolis was alarmed by the beating of drums, and a proclamation for the in- habitants to assemble at the Liberty Tree. The ol^ject of the meeting was to secure the passage of the resolution : "That all persons who had refused to sign the association, and CQmply witli the other requi- sitions should be ol)liged to quit the city, as enemies to the essential in- terests of America." This was in opposition to the proceedings of the convention, and the resolution was easily defeated. A report, about this time, that a British sliip of war was to be ordered to the port of Anna|)olis, caused many families to quit the city, and others to talk of removing. At a meeting of the citizens, it was unani- History of Annapolis. 1~5 mouslv resolved : "If a vessel, belonging to his Majesty, should be stationed in our harbor to supply the same with every necessary, at a reasonable price, and cautiously to avoid any cause of contention with the officers or the crew." An address was also prepared to be delivered to the Governor, expressing the same pacific sentiments and asking him to convey the same to the commander of any ship that may be ordered on this duty. Private correspondence, in the latter part of 177o, began to be ex- amined by the provincial authorities, for here in Annapolis was set up the novelty of a dual government— the King's officers on the onej hand, and the local and general committees of public safety on th< other— hving harmoniously together, but so far as the King's repre- sentatives were concerned very much like the fox when invited to the stork's supper. « -t Annapolis became daily more and more deserted ; some lamiiies leaving because of apprehensions of a bombardment ; others on ac- count of the distressing times, bad markets, and ct, general scarcity of money • even tradesmen and mechanics quitted their habitations, and retired from the vicinity of navigable waters. Agriculture was neg- lected, the voice of peaceful industry was hushed, and mihtary science became the universal study of the hour. At a meeting of the deputies from the counties of Maryland, at Annapolis, on May 24, 1775, there were present 100 meii.bers. The Hon. Matthias Tilghman being in the chair, and G-abriel Duvall, clerk, the following resolutions were adopted : , ,. . -, "Resolved, That we acknowledge King George the third, as our lawful sovereign. ^ . -o ... u "Resolved, That all exportation to the provinces m British posses- sion be prohibited until further orders from the Continental Con- srress ss. Resolved, That the formation of militia be continued, and sub- scription for the same be levied by the several counties." Loyalty to the King, legions for the people, voted m the same breath ! . ^ » a j i A meeting of the committee of observation for Anne Arundel county and city of Annapolis, was held on the 14th day of June, 1 <75, in Annapolis, Mr. Charles Wallace, chairman. Its proceedings show how vigilant the people were to maintain inviolate the regulations adopted for their defence. A charge having been made on oath, that Thomas Chipchase, of the city, butcher, on the 23d day of May last, had killed several lambs, he was ordered to attend. He appeared, and confessed the fact, al- leging, in excuse, that he understood that there was no absolute pro- hibition by the continental congress, and that the scarcity of provi- sions at that time would plead for him, and what he did was from a a desire of supplying the many strangers in town. But as he had since been informed that such procedure was contrary to a resolve ot the provincial convention, he would take care to offend m that man- ner no more, and hoped the committee would forgive him. The sense .of the committee being taken on the above, they declared it a breach of the resolve of the provincial convention, respecting the killing ot lambs ; but, all circumstances considered, they were of opinion he ought to be forgiven. 1 76 ' ' T H E A N C 1 E N T C I T Y . ' ' It will still further be seen by the following, as well as by other in- stances quoted, that the committee of observation of Anne Arundel county and the city of Annapolis, was no idle form, but it was vigi- lant in sc^irching out offences, and inexorable in their punish- ment. On the 28th day of June, Capt. Charles Henzell, of the ship Ad- venture, informed the committee of his arrival with goods on board, cleared for Maryland, his cargo consisting of two hundred dozen por- ter, one hundred pipes in packs. 2,000 weight of cheese, and forty- two chaldron of coals, Winchester measure — also al)out seventy pas- sengers, including servants. The captain testified on oath that unfav- /)rable winds prevented landing at Madeira, where he intended to sell his goods. The committee refused to allow him to land his goods, but gave him permission to land his passengers. Those of the committee who were present, were Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Matthias Hammond, John Bullen, Charles Wallace, John Allen Quinn, John Brice, and Dr. Richard Fostell — Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, presiding, and G. Duvall, Clerk. At a convention of the people of Maryland, July 26, 1775, at An- napolis, a temporary form of government was established, which en- dured until the constitution of I80I was adopted. While other States had acted by the advice of Congress in establishing eimilar forms of gov- ernment, Maryland moved solely by its own volition. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and Charles Carroll, barrister, were members of the .Committee of Safety under its first organization, from Annapolis. At a meeting of a number of the inhabitants of Anne Arundel county and city of Annapolis, at said city, on Sept. 12. 1775 ; Present, eight members of the late Convention : Charles Carroll, barrister, in the chair, Gabriel Duvall, clerk, it was "Resolved, That Samuel Chase, Thomas Johnson"', John Hall, Wil- liam Paca, B. T. B. Worthington, Matthias Hammond. Charles Car- roll, barrister, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Capt. William Hyde, Rezin Hammon, John Bullen, Capt. Richard Fostell, John Weems, Joseph Galloway, Stephen Stewart, John Thomas, Thom. Tillard. Marmaduke Wyvill, Thomas Watkin's. sou, Thomas Dorsey, John Dorsey, son of Michael, Edward Gaither, Jun., Caleb Dorsey, Rich- ard Stringer, Dr. Chas. Alexander Warfield, John Burges^s, John Davis, Benjamin Jiaward, Elijah Robinson,' and Thomas Hammond, or any seven or more of them be, and they are here by appointed a committee of observation for this county for a term of one year. "Resolved, That Charles Carroll, barrister, Thomas Johnson, Jun., Samuel Chase, William Paca and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Esq., or any three or more of them, V)e delegates to represent this county in convention for the said term of one year." In committee, Annapolis, Wednesday, 13th of September it was "Resolved, That Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Brice T. B. Worth- ington, Capt. William Hyde, Matthias Hammond, Dr. Richard Fos- tell, John Bullen. and John Thomas, be a committee to license suits in this county during the lerra of one year. "Resolved, That Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. B. T. B. Worth- ington, Capt. William Hyde, Matthias Hammond, and Dr. Richard Fostell be a committee of oorresix)ndence for this coimty for the said ierm of one vear. History of A n x a p o l i s . 177 •'That the parliainentary post be prrvhibited, and that this reso- luiioii be strictly enforced by the several committees of observation. "That no vt-ssel leave this province without a license from this con- vention, neither shall any skipper carry any person, or letter, without giving previous notice, though this does not apply to vessels going up the Potomac, or the ])assage of the Pocomoke ferry." On December 38, an evidence of the zeal of the convention, was given by the publication by their order of a well established process for making crude nitre . On Januxary 21st, 1776. the Council of Safety, "Resolved, That Messrs. Lancelot Jacques, Charles Wallace, William Hyde, Allen Quynn, James Brice, William Whetcroft, and Beriah Marybury, or any three of them, be requested to make a chart of the land and water at the mouths of this river, specifying the width and depth of the channel between Horn Point and Greenbury's Point, and some dis- tance without and within the same." This chart, returned on the 16th of March following, has been lost. The convention of Maryland appropriated £5,900 to fortify Annapo- lis. The Council of Safety desired a larger sum, sugges'tins: that, with an increased appropriation, batteries migjTit be erected on Greens- bury's and Wind Mill Points, and other places, between those loca- tions and Annapolis, tluit would prevent men of war from apprach- ing Annapolis. The council was thereupon given leave to draw on the treasury for whatever sums it might deem necessary to com- plete the fortifications and to build a number of "row-gallies or gon- dolas." Fortifications were erected on Horn Point, Beaman's Hill, and Wind Mill Point, besides several breast works were thrown up at other places. They were finished with great celerity, under the direction of 3Iessrs. James Brice, John Bullen, Charles Wallace, William Wil- ' kins, Beriah Marybury, John Brice, John Campbell, Joshua Frazier and Allen Quynn. Whilst these preparations were made to receive the expected men- of-war, the public mind, by dwelling upon the subject, became un- usually alert to credit alarming reports. On the fifth (jf March, about eight in the evening, information was received, tliat a ship of war was on her passage up the bay, and no distance from the city. •'The consternation," says Mr. Eddis, who was present, "occasioned be this information, exceeds description. Tne night was tempestuous : extremely dark ; and the rain descended in torrents ; notwitlistanding which, many persons began to remove their effects ; and the streets were quickly crowded with carriages, laden with furniture and prop- erty of various kinds. A little reflection must have made it evident, that, without violent provocation, hostilities would not have com- menced : and, at all events, that titnely notice would have been given, previous to any liombardment. It ought to have been considered, that a governor, acting under the authority of Great r)ritain. was resi- dent in the town, and, apparently, exercising the powers with which he was invested. Xo complaint had been transmitted, on his ])art, rela- tive to the treatment experienced by him, and the adherents of the ad- ministration. His prudent and consistent conduct had greoitly tended •to prevent personal outrages, and under such circumstances, it was 12 178 ' ' T n E A N C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' manifest, that no commander in his Majesty's service, could have formed the most distant idea of proceeding to extremities, withont communicating his intentions to the supreuie magistrate, .vim was un- doubtedly a valuable pledge in the hands of the people, tu secure* themselves and property from innnediate violence. "But as reason seldom operates under instantaneous imjtrcssions. the Governor resolved to jAn-sue every eligiliOe method that might ef- fectually remove the apprehensions so universally entertained. Ac- tuated by such motives, he made immediate application to the Coun- cil of Safety, and, in order to dissipate the general anxiety, jjroposed sending a flag of truce on board his Majesty's ship, the instant she made her a})pearance, or came to an anchor off the harl)or. An offer, so evidently tending to preserve the public trancjuility, was accepted with every suitable acknowledment ; and, on the seventh instant, a ship of war, accompanied by a tender, passed by Annajjolis, 1 had the honour to be deputed to perform this service ; on which occasiproba- tion of the president of the Council of Safety, I repaired yesterday on board his ^Majesty's sloop, the Otter, commanded by Captain Squire, then lying at anchor in Chesapeake Bay. between Magothy River and the Bodkin : and delivered to liim a letter from the Gov- ernor, to which a satisfactory answer was retwrned. and immediately made known, for the general infor.t.ation of the citizens of Annai>o- lis." Whilst one part of the people were alarmed at the approach of the man-of-war, which ]n-oved to he the sloop of war Ott^r, Capt. Squire, and two tenders, the necessary disposition of troovis was made to re- ceive the enemy in case he thought ]>roper to hind, and expresses were dispatched to Baltimore and other parts of the province to connnuni- cate the presence of the foe. The Otter continued up Magothy River where she took a ship loaded with wheat and flour, and sevei'al other prizes. These, whilst in charge of the Otter's tenders, were subse- quently recaptured hj the Defence. Caj)t. Xicholson, the Otter stall- ing by and not offering assistance to her consorts. Mr'. Eddis gives a clear insight into the inner life of Annapolis ,i this interesting period. May 20. 1770. he wrote to England from An na polls ; "In consequence of residing with the governor. 1 expected an exemp- tion from any i)ev.alties inflicted on persons, who had refused to asso- ciate or enrol. But in this idea I was very materially mistaken. The cojnmittee of observation will not consider me as a member of his ex- cellency's household : alleging in support of their opinion, thai T hold ofTices immediately dependent on the province. These are iiot times to dispute nice ])oints. I have therefore j)aid ten pounds for my ^ne, and have taken a receij)t for the same, ^[y arms have likewise been demanded. I am, however, happy to inform you. that 1 have con- stantly been treated with kind attention, even by {)olitical opponents. It is my endeavour to regulate my conduct with propriety : carefully History OF Annapolis . 170 avoidinsj: mixed company : taking heed that 'T offend not with my tongue V si'id not ])ermitting my pen to expatiate on the tendency of public transactions. I intrust this to tlie care of a friend, bound to jjisbon ; may it safely reacli you !" The Council of Safety, fearing that the large number of slaughter- houses then in Annapolis, would engender disease, adopted on July 22d, the following : ''M^/iereri'S, it hath been represented t^ the Council of Safety by ])hysicians and others, that the intolerable stench arising from slaugh- ter-houses and spreading hides to dry in the city of Annapolis, may be productive of pestilential disorders and ill consequences to the troops and others residing in the said city: Therefore, ordered, that no butcher or other person shall, after the 2Gth of this instant, presume to slaughter bullocks, mutton, or any kind of meat, or i)ut up green hides to cure within the limits of said city for and during the terms of three months, thence next ensuing." On the 18tli of December, several of the citizens of Annapolis hav- ing received letters demanding their immediate departure from the city, and the Council of Safety being informed thereof, expressed its sense of the illegality of such a measure, by the following proceedings : ''Li Covncil of Safety, December 19, 1776. "We are called upon by the duty of our station to take notice of the powers assumed by some persons yesterday evening in ordering divers of the inhabitants of the city of Annapolis into banishment, without any cause assigned, by cards transmitted them. We are of opinion such cards are contrary to our association, flying in the face of the resolves of congress and convention, andagahist the letter and spirit of our declarafion of rights. The peace of the State ought and must be preserved, and all'offenders brought l>efore the proper judicatures for trial. Therefore we earnestly recommend to all asso- ciators and other well disposed persons to discourage such extra ju- dicial and disorderly proceedings, tending in their consequences to prejudice the common cause, and to the destruction of order and regu- lar government. ' ' On the 23d of the same month, the Council of Safety transacted the following : " Whereas, we have received information that on Wednesday, 18th day of this instant, (December) in the evening, cards were delivered to sundry persons in the city of Annapolis, to the follpwing effect : " 'You are hereby ordered to depart this city tomorrow, 9 o'clook. Signed, J. Weems. " 'In behalf of Anne xirur.del county :' "' "Which cards we are informed were delivered by Stephen Stewart, Junior, the Council of Safety having taken the same into considera- tion, are of opinion that such cards are contrary to the resolves of congress and convention, and against the 21st section of the declara- tion of rights, which asserts "That no freeman ought to be taken or imprisoned, or deprived of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of Iris life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or by the law^ of the land." "Ordered, therefore, that the said John Weems and Stephen Stew- art, Junior, attend the Council of Safety on the thirtieth day of De- 180 "The AxciENT City. ' ' cember, to shew l)y what authority the said cards were so made out and delivered." Ou the ^30th of December, Colonel John Weenis and Ste])heii Stew- art. Junior, accordinu'ly appeared V)el'ore the Council of Safety, and acknowledged that they htul been active in making out and delivering the cards mentioned in the order of the board, and having promised that they would not interitieddle in the same manner again, but would leave all persons to he dealt with according to the law of the land, they were dismissed by the (-(Mincil, on condition that they ]Kiy the messenger his fees. Annapolis, the centre of State (lovernment, felt every throb of the revolution. Here most of the political movements and martial preparations in the State had their initiative. Its people were strained to the utmost tension of excitement and were sullen and inimical to those who did not share their patriotic sentiments though always keeping within those bounds that courage and principle outline for the conduct of brave men against an enemy in their [)Ower. On July 0, 1776, the ^Maryland Convention then in session at An- napolis issued the following : Annapolis, Juhj 0th, 177G. ••A Der/aratiun of f/ic Ddtgaia-s of Marylaml. '•To be exemi)t from parliamentary taxation, and to regulate their internal govdrnment and polity, the i)eo])le of this colony have ever considered as their inhei'ent and unalienable right : without the former, they can have no property; without the latter, no security for their lives or liberties. "The parliament of Great Britian has of late claimed an uncon- trollable right of binding these colonies in all cases whatsoever, to force an unconditional submission to' this claim the legislative and executive powers of that state have invariably jjursued, lor these ten years past, a studied system of opi)ression, by passing many impolitic, severe, ard cruel acts for raising a revenue from the colonists. l)y de- priving them in many cases of trial by jury, by altering the chartered constitution of one colony, and the entire stoppage of the trade of its capital, by cutting oil all intercourse betwecii the colonies, by restrain- ing them from fishing on their own coasts, by extending the limits of, and erecting, an arbitrary government in the province of Quebec, by confiscating the property of the colonists taken on the seas, and coni- ])elliim- the crews of their vessels, under the i)ain of death, to act against tiieir native country and dearest friends, by declaring all seizures, detention, or destruction of the persons, or property of the colonists, to lie legal and just. "A war. unjustly commenced, hath been jjrosecuted against the united colonies with cruelty, outrageous violence, and perfidy : slaves, savajces, and foreign mercenaries have been meanly hired to rob a |)eo- ple of their ]>roperty. liberty, and lives : a peoi)le guilty of no other crime than deeming the last of no estimation without tlie secure enjoyment of the former. Their humble and dutiful petitions for ]»eace. lil)erty. and safety have been rejected with scorn : secure of, and relying on, foreign aid. not on his national forces, the unrelent- ing monarcii of Brilian hath, at length, avowed by his answer lo the city of London, his determined and inexorable resolution of reducing these colonies to abject slavery. History OF AxxAPo US . 181 "Compelled hj dire necessity, either to surrender our properties, liberties, and lives, into the hands of a British king and parliament, or to use such means as will most probably secure to us and our pos- terity those invaluable blessings, "We, tlie delegates of Maryland, in convention assembled, do de- clare, that the kiug of Great Britian has violated his comi)act with this people, and that they owe no allegiance to him. We have, there- fore thought it just and necessary to empower our deputies in congress to join with a majority of the united colonies in declaring them free and independent States, in framing such other confederacy between them, in making foreign alliances, and hi adopting such other meas- ures as shall be judged necessary for the preservation of their li!>er- ties : provided the sole and exclusive right of regnlatiug the internal polity and government of this colony Ije reserved to the people thereof. We have also thought pi'oper to call a new convention, for the pur- pose of establishing a government in this colony. Xo ambitious views, no desire of independence, induce the people of Maryland to form an union with the other colonies. To procure an exemption from parlia- mentary taxation and to continue to the legislatures of these colonies the sole and exclusive right of regulating their internal polity, was our original and only motive. "To maintain inviolate our liberties, and to transmit them unim- paired to posterity, was our duty and first wish ; our next, to con- tinue coiniected with, and dependent on Great Britain. For the truth of these assertions, we appeal to that Almighty Being who is emphatically styled the searcher of hearts, and from whose omnis- cience nothing is concealed. Relying on his divine protection and as- sistance, and trusting to the justice of our cause, we exhort and con- jure every virtuous citizen to join cordially in defence of our common rights, and in maintenance of the freedom of this and her sister col- onies. ''"•=• At a meeting of the associators of the city of Annapolis, on Thurs- day, the 11th of July, 1770, William Roberts, 'Esq., Chairman, and .Tno. Duckett, Clerk, it was "1st Resolved, That it is the duty of every inhabitant of the city of Annapolis, and all persons having property therein, to contribute every assistance in their power for the protection and defence of the city and the inhabitants thereof, and that Mr. James Brice, Mr. John Bullen. Mr. Charles Wallace, Mr. W^illiam Wilkins. Mr. Beriah May- bury, Mr. John Brice and Mr. John Campbell, or a majority of them, or of any three or more of them, be a committee to act on behalf of the inhabitants of this city, and that they wait on the Council of Safety, and inform them that the inhabitants will afford every assis- tance in their power for putting the city into the best posture of de- fence ; and that the inhabitants will, in person, or by others emjdoyed at their expense, labour on any intrenchments or works, which the council shall think necessary. "2d. Resolved. That the said committee be empowered to call on every person, having property therein, to labor in person, ortofurnisli some person to labor in his stead, at such time and place as the com- mittee shall think proper, on the works as may be ordered by the Council of Safety, to be erected for the defence of the city. * AnniJls of Aiinapolis, p. 177. 182 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . '. ' "3(1. Resolved, That the said committee be authorized Ui execute all matters which may be recommended by the Council (jf Safety, for the defence of the city, or for keeping the peace and good order therein. "4th. Kesolved, That no member of this meeting will, and that it is the opinion of meeting that no inhabitant of the city of Annapolis ought, to buy from or employ, any merchant, tradesman, or any other ])erson who hath not subscribed tiie association. "5th. Resolved, That application be made by the committee to the Council of Safety not to employ in the public service any non-associa- tor, and that they be requested to give a preference to such tradesmen and others liave manifested their attachment and zeal to the liberties of America. ••Ordered, That copies of the above resolutions ])e transmitted l)y the chairman to the associators of Baltimore town for rheir opinion and concurrence. ••Ordered, That the names of the non-associators in this city be published and distributed among the inhabitants. "Resolved, That this meeting be adjourned to the lOtii day of Au- gust next, and that the committee have power to call a meeting at any time helore, if they shall thiuk pro;;er. ••True copy of the proceedings, 'Test: — Jxo. 1)l:.kett, Clerk. *'t •July 10th, six companies of the first battalion of Maryland troops, stationed at Annapolis, and commanded by Col. Wm. Smallwood, em- barked fur the head of Elk in high spirits, and three ccnnpanies of the same battalion, stationed in I>altimore town, embarked the same day for the same place, from thence they were in proceed to l^hila- delphia. [1777.] In the latter ])ar^ of June, 1770, Gov. Eden left Annapo- lis : but Mr. Eddis and another English oflicer continued to discharge their duties to ]\[ay 30th, 1777, eleven months after the Declaration of Independence, when they were given a most "amjde and honora- ble discharge from that employment." .Fune 7th, Mr. Eddis took leave witli a distressed mind of a tew faithful friends in Aiinajjolis, and set sail for England. March 5th, Martha, wife of George WasJiington, passed through Annapolis, on her way northward. On Friday. March 21st, 1777, Thomas .lohnson, the first repuldican governor of Maryland, was proclaimed the executive of the State at tlie State liouse. in the presence of a great concourse of people •'all of wliom exf)ressed the highest })lcasure in the proceedings." The pi-oeession began at the assembly h"M<" n"! i.vMf .wi..,l in the following order, to wit : IlighSheriir. The Jlon. the President of llif Snuii.-. Senators. (iovernor. Council. .^i'i-r;iiil at Arms with the Mace The lion, the Sjieaker of the Ibnise of Delegates. D(>l.'L--at.-. t .Annals nlAmi;i|>i>l!s, p. l.sO. H I S 1' (-) K V <) F A X X A i> O 1. 1 .s . I'^y Mayor of the city and llecorder. Aldermen. Common Council. Military Officers, (leutlemen Strangers. Citizens. Silence oeing commanded, the high sheriit' then proclaimed the governor. On the signal three vcllies of small-arms from the soldiers, who were [)aradcd in front of the State house, and thirteen cannons were fi]-ed. The procession then returned as follows : High Sheriff. His Excellency the Governor. The Council. The Hon. the President of the Senate. Senators. ^ The Sergeant at Arms with his Mace. The Hon. the Speaker of the House of Delegates. Delegates. Mayor and Recorder of the city. Aldermen. Common Council. Military OtTicers- Gentlemen Strangers. Citizens, and repaired to the coffee-house, where an entertainment was ])ro- vided. the field ollicers of the army and strangers the., in town being fill present. After dinner the following toasts were drank . 1. Perpetual union and friendship between the States of America. 2. The freedom and nidependency of the Americ;i,n States. 'J. Prosperity to Maryland. 4. The Congress. -■). General Washington and the American army. <>. The American navy. 7. The arts and sciences. 8. Agriculture. 9. Trade and navigation. 10. The friends of liberty throughout the woild. 11. The memory of the brave patriots who have fallen in the cause of America. 12. General Lee and our otlier friends in captivity. 13. V/isdom and unanimity in the councils of America, and un- daunted courage in her forces to execute her measures. The whole concluded with an elegant ball in the evening. A matross, belonging to one of tlie companies stationed here, getting in the smoke before one of the cannons, just as it was fired, unhappily lost his life. About 9 A. M., on Thursday, the 21st of August, a considerable number of British men of war, transports and other vessels, passed the mouth of tlie Severn, and stood up the bay. Immediately after the fleet had passed Annaj)olis, Governor Johnson issued a proclama- 184 '-'The Ancient City." tion callinir on all the county lieutenants, field and other officers of- the militia of Maryland, of the Cnitcd States, to march at least, tvv(j full comjtanies of each V)attalion at once, to the neigh- borhood of the Susquehanna River, in Cecil and Harford counties. He concluded his proclamation : "To defend our lil^erties, requires our exertions ; our wives, our children, and otir country, implore our a:;- sistancc : motives anii)ly sulTicicnt to arm every one who can be called a man." The Governor was encouraged in his patriotic efforts by in- formation that the Eastern Shore militia were collecting hi great num- bers, determined to make the most obstinate resistance against the in- vasion of the State. The B:ilish fleet proceeded to Turkey Point, on Elk River, near which the British army, under Sir William Howe, was quartered. October 0. Samuel Chase and John Brice, l']sq., were chosen to represent this city in the General Asseml)ly — the first gentleman de- clining to serve, Allen Quynn, Esq., was elected. [17T])ointed a committee to present the resf>ective parties witli the meaning of the resolution. On the certificate of the ill- health of Mr. Lawrence by Dr. Murray, he was allowed to remain in the city until he could be removed with safety. The Legislature which aOth. jiassed an act to enable Ihe corporation f)f the city of Annapolis to sell certain land-^. to lay a further tax on property, v.ithin the said city and its jtrecincts, to regulate and license ordinaries and retailers of spirituous liquors within the siiid citv and precincts thereof. [17.S0.] The (razHh- of January 28th. 1780. reduced by the war to a half sheet, said "several j)ersons have gone from this to Poplar Is- land, Rock-Hall, and Baltiinore-Town, on the ice, and are crossing to and from Kent Island every day, which has not been known before by our oldest iidiabitants, nor has the like ever happened, we believe, since the memory of man." On the 4th of February, the Gazctic olTlce was burned. Tlie prin- ters retiirned their sincere thanks 'to their fellow-citi/ens for their assistance on that unhappy occasion, and in a particular manner to* History of Annapolis. I'So those, whose exertions preserved their goods and reseued their dwoU- inii-house from the flames." , . ' ' In elaborate discussion, bv means of communications in the Gazette, took phice in the early part of this year upon the question of confiscatiim- the property of British subjects. It was participated m by a number of correspondents under various signatures 5uch as • A Senator," "Publicola." "APlebian," "A Sentry." and -A Native of Xorth-Britahi." To show the warmth, with which the contest was carried on. the following is extracted from a communication pubhslied under date of February 27th : ^^ ^ , ,.^ o "It is ii.stly alarming to see principJes like the Senator s (the Sena- toi- defended the action of the Senate in not agreeing to the bouse Act to confiscate the property in question.) spread m a free country, when two years ago, if any man had talked in that manner, he would as soon have dared to put himself in the fire, and be tiirred and feathered, especially a member of our assemV)ly. Good (rod . W hat is this State come to. to be the subjects of Great Britani ? and we can- not take the property of our enemies to pay our taxes when, if it was in their power, they would take our lives. It is time for men.to trim and make fair wei^ther on both sides; but I can say this, though 1 cannot write, I can think : and I have bonie a firelock ; and I can say it is toryiHm. The Plebian is the echo of his voice, and the hot-becl of a furnace in all diabolical plots and conspiracies. God deliver this country from them. I am, your humble servant, a Sentry, >.liv Ridge, Februarys?, 1780." ^., •. t i • In the same paper, -'A Xat i.ve of yortli-Bntam,'' exhibited m him- self the irreat personal liberty enjoyed in this intensely patriocic com- monwealth by writing under^date of February 28, and saying that by the bill of rights of this county "we are still the subjects of Britain and under the realmof tliat kingdom ;" and remarks that "it w^ouid lie a great force put on any who have come to my time of day, to cast off their native country."' He naively adds : "I would give the best coat on my back to see a termination of the dispute. Whether it was the debate or the Revolution itself, for which this handsome sacrifice would be made, is not known. "A Maryland 0/^>er," under the same date as tne above says: "The Senator, I take to he a scary fellow. * "^ * France and Spam will not suifer us to confiscate British property ! I would see France and Spain to before they should hinder us from doing what is right. ^ ^ ■ Was I of "the legislative body I would have him cashiered for h\-- mean spiritedness. He may do well enough in private life, but I'll be^ . if he is fit to wear a commission m a pub- lic station." i j-p i Xotwithstandinc: the wide margin the editor allowed tor doul)ttul ])ersonal epithets.' it seems that even his doubtful taste was put to a cjreat strain, for. in the issue of March 3rd, he says : "Scoevola to the Senator, contains several questionable passages, and will be re- turned to the author. " "Vindex is likewise too personal and cannot be published." For the most part, however, it seems the discussion was carried on in a proper, though animated, spirit. Major-General Nathaniel Greene and Major-General Baron I)e Steu- ben, with their suites, arrived in Annapohs on Wednesday, November 7th. 1780. on their way southward, the former to relieve General Gates of the command of the Southern Troops. 186 ' ' T u E A N c I E N T City. ' ' • On the 8th oi' Soi)tember, 1780, the news of Baron De Kail)';? death reached AnnapoHs. He died from wounds received at the battle of Camden, South Carohna. DeKalb was leading his troops, his be- loved Marylanders, in a vigorous attack, when he fell j)ierced with eleven wounds. Col. Duliuysson his aid-de-camj). embraced him. and. announcing his rank and nationality to the encircling foes, be^-ged them to spare his life. Tlie gallant Englishmen responded with a soldiei-'s answer to the generous comrade, who, in protecting his Gen- eral, received several dangerous wounds, and who, with DeKalb, was taken prisoner, Althougli the brave officer received the most con- siderate attention from his captors, he died in a few days. His latest moments were sjjent in dictating a letter declaring his warmest affec- tion for the officers and soldiers of his command ; of the intense pleasure it gave him to hear from British officers the bravery of his troops ; of ins (iwn admiration of thp lieroic stand they made against superior nuuibei-s, after being forsaken by the remainder of the army : of the unmeasured deli-ght he experienced from the gallant conduct of the Doh»ware regiment and tlie compar.ies of artillery of his command, and of the aflVctionate regard he entertained for his entire division. The citizens of Annapohs particularly mourned DeKalb : for his manly virtues, exhibited wlulst he sojourned in the city recruiting his troops together with his patriotic conduct, had greatly endeared him to them. Coiigj-ess, froui a deep sense of gratitude for his gallant services. in October, 1780, "'Resolved, Th;it a monument be erected, to the memory of the late major-general, the Baron DeKalb, in the city of Annapolis, in tlie State of Maryland," with the following inseription : •'Sacred to the memory of The Baron DeKalb, Kuiglit of the royal order of military merit . Brigadier of the armies of France. and Major-general in the service Oi tlie Tnited States of America. Having served with honour and reputation for three years. He gave a last and glorious i)roof of his attachment to the liberties of mankind. and the cause of America, In the action near Camden, in the State of South Carolina, on tlie lOth August, 1780 : Where, leading ou the troops of the Maryhmd and Delaware lines, against, superior numbers. and animating them by his example to deeds of vahnir. lie was pierced with many woundsand on the UHli following expired, in the 48th year of his age. 'J'he Congress of the United States of America, in gratitude to his zeal, services and merit, li,i\-.> .■i-..,.i,.,1 this nK^nnmenf."' History of Annapolis. 187 This debt of one Inindred years standing was paid Ijy the Congress oi; 1883, and on the IGth of\\ugust. 1886, the statue of DeKalb. by E])hraim Keyser, was unveiled with appropriate ceren.onies. [1781.] In March, 1781, Annapolis was blockaded by the Hope and the Monk, British sloops of war. These prevented the French troops from reaching the Ilead of Elk. La Fayette found on arriving at Annapolis, the people greatly alarmed at the proximity of the British vessels, and very anxious to retain the French troops in the city. Meanwhile La Fayette contemplated making a land march to the Elk ; but wagons and horses were scarce and a trip that could be made in a day by boat, promised to consume ten days by the fre- quent ferriages across the mouths of rivers. The brave soldier obtained a small sloop and on it placed two 18-poui:derSj and, with this ridiculously unequal force, under Conunodore Nicholson, sallied forth to meet the foe. The little sloop that had excited the contempt of some of the timor- ous citizens, accompanied by another vessel, alarmed the Britisli so that after several manauivers they dropi)ed so far down the ]>ay. that La Fayette was enabled to embark with this army. On July, '18, 1781, a meeting of the citizens of Annapolis was held Charles Wallace in the chair, George Ranken clerk, to take into con- sideration the late law of the general assembly, for the emission of two hundred thousand pounds, to defray the expenses of the present campaign ; and the suliscription and association recommended by the legislature, to support the credit and value ^t said emission — it was among other things, resolved by the said meeting — that, as suffi- cient means could not be raised to carry on war by taxes — that the emitting of bills of credit was necessary, and deemed it to be the duty, and real interest of every citizen of the State — who was de- termined to prosecute the war in defence of his property and liberty, to exert every effort to support, the value of the said bills of credit, at par with gold and silver — and that every n an ought to associate to receive the said bills at par, James Brice, Jeremiah T. Chase, xVllen Quynn, Frederick Green, Nicholas Maccubbin, Jr., Samuel H. Howard, and Thomas Ilarwood, Esqrs , were appointed a committee, to attend to the conduct of as- sociators, and to see that none of them violated theirfaith and honour, l)y wilfully depreciating the said bill;! of credit — and that they should publish tiie name of any such offender, who should be deemed in- famous, and that to deal or associate thereafter with such an one, should be considered as dishonourable. That the credit of the paper money depended solely on public opinion, and must receive its value from the association of the principal merchants and inhabitants of Baltimore town, and the principal farmers in the several coiinties — all of whom were earnestly recommended to receive it at par with specie. The scenes at Annapolis at this period were well calculated to excite the populace to the utmost of patriotic resolve. At one day's notice twenty-three hundred militia assembled at Annapolis from Baltimore to meet an expected attack of the British fleet, vegiment after regi- ment of that glorious old ]\rary]and Hue was recruited at Annapolis and sent to the front. French "frigates sentinelled the mouth of the Severn, and thousands of French auxiliaries passed through the city towards Yo5'kt ovni , 188 "The Ancient City." The British ilcet, however-. Aujirust 1781, passed up Vork River, and landed the British troops at York and Gloucester. On the 28th of August, the third Maryland Regiment. Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, commanding-, marched from Annapolis to join the Southern army. This reLrimeut was recruited here, and had all the appearance of a veteran corps. They were enlisted for three years, and were well equipped for the field. The friendships, engendered by the agreeal)le social relations between officers and citizens, whilst the recruiting was in progress, made the departure of the regiment one of general regret. The ardor of the soldiers on the prospect of meeting the enemy, and the martial appearance of the regiment inspired the sincerest anticipations that the Third would render marked service to their country and prove an honor to its State. It did not disappoint the hopes it iiad created— but these Maryland troops proved, as they had the ifistincts of gentlemen at home, they possessed the mettle of soldiers in the field. The recruiting service at Annapolis was under the direction of that intrepid soldier. Major-General Smalhvood. whose; distinguished qualities on the field, especially fitted him for this important j)art of the service. He gave it his unremitting attention. On the 7th of September, ten days after the Third, the Fourth Maryland Regiment, jNEajor Alexander Roxburg, marched from An- na])olis 1o join La Fayette. Tiie Regiment numbered GOO men, its full com|)lement. Washington was concentrating his forces for the decisive blow at Yorktown. All was ardor and zeal in Maryland — a State that never flinched in its duty during the whole of the fiery or- deal of the Jievolution. Annapolis was a focal point in its patriotism and preparation. On the 13th of September. transj)orts with the artillery, the grenadiers, and the Light Artillery, of the allied army, arrived from the Head of the Elk, en route for .lames River. On the '.8th, four thousand l^>ench troops, with a train of artillery, marched into Annai)olis from the North, on their way also to join VVashington in Yirginia. It was at this time, off the mouth of the Severn, were the Romulus, the Gentile and several other French frigates. The very air was martial and the inspiriting scenes in the busy and throbbing little city well foreshadowed the final victory of the Revolution. In the meantime, Sei^tember 8th. the battle of Eutaw had l)een fought and the^Maryiand troops, under the command of the "Hero of Cow- pens," Gen. .lohuEag-r Howard, added new lustre to their already glorious name. The news of Cornwallis' surrender reached Anna[)olis Saturday cvenincf, October 30th. It was couimunicatcd l)y Count de Grasse in a letter sent liy expr(>ss to the Governor. The citizens hailed with ac- clamations of joy and volleys of artillery. On ^londay afteruoon, ./"c^'/^/r/o/V was fired l)y the ''-red artillery'."' and 'selected militia," and in tjie evening the ancient city was brilliantlv illuuiiujited. H I S T O K Y O F A N N A P h i 8 . 189 CHAPTER XXXXIX. A Political PursoxER in Axxa polls DrPvixi; tjie Revolution. The Eiio-lish Collector of Customs of Annapolis had an exi)erience rarely allotted to an officer in an enemy's country. For nearly three years after violent retaliatory measures had comnionced, and for two years after open hostilities were carried on, he had been allowed to re- main in Annajjolisas the King's officer, and collect the royal customs. Ilis personal expeiience as found in his published letter, describes the vibrations of public senti'uent and the march of events in a graphic manner. On Monday, June 10th, 1776, he writes : "Tomorrow I must obey the summons of the Connnittee. My col- league and T have drawn uj) the following representation of our case, which we mean to deliver to the chairman of that l>ody, in order to obviate the necessity of entering into bond. •• 'To the chairman and members of the Couimittee of Observation for Anne Arundel county, '"■ 'Genthiiiev, •* 'We flatter ourselves that the foUovring representation will engage the committee's candid, and dispassionate consideration ; and that when the personal liberty of even an individual is concerned, his en- deavours to preserve it will be received with indulgence. " 'You will please, gentlemen, to observe, that it is not ordered by the convention, that the Committees of Observation take bonds of all non-associators, but it is left to their discretion, whether to require bonds or not ; and, in the exercise of this power, though the commit- tees are not held, as magistrates are in similar cases, by the obligation of an oath, yet we presume they are bound in honour, not to demand security unnecessary for the public good, and incouA-enient and em- barrassing to the persons called upon. "'From the above consideration we inferred, on being required to give up our arms, without any demand or hint respecting the enter- ing into bonds, that the Committee of Observation, in their discretion, did not deem it necessary, or conducive to the public good. Had we been called upon for that purpose, we should have had an opportunity of appealing immediately to the convention. To that respectable body, we could have represented our peculiar circumstances ; that we are officers of the Crown ; that we have given security in London for the faithful discharge of our duty, agreeable to instructions from time to time received, respecting the revenue of customs ; that we are not entitled to our salaries without a nihil account, transmitted quar- terly of our proceedings ; and. that though a correspondence of this nature could lie no way injurious to America, yet it might, perhaps, be deemed a breach of the proposed bond, and consequently deprive us of the means of subsistence for ourselves and families ; for by the condition of this bond, "no correspondence, directly or indirectly, by letter, message, or otherwise, with any person holding a civil office under the crown." is allowable, even a demand for, and receipt of our salaries, would be a breach :f the condition prescribed. " 'Although we are not natives of this country, we are animated with the warmest attachment for its interest and happiness ; and we 100 • ' T II E A N C I E X T C I T Y . ' ' flatter ourselves, that our conduct, for a teini of years, has beeu generally approved, both as servants of the public, and members of the community. We are determined to persevere, faithfully and lionourably, in discharging the duties ot our respective offices, as long as witli propriety we can act in the same ; Vmt we cannot sacrifice our honour, or prostitute our oaths, for temporary indulgences. Should we be obliged to depart from this continent, we hope we shall be per- mitted to take leave, with security to our persons and property, agreealtly to a res'ilve of the convention, in that case provided ; and wherever we may fix our residence, we shall retain the most affec- tionate regard for Maryland, without deviating from our allegiance to our Sovereign, whicli has been, and will ever continue to be the invariable ride of our conduct. Not to trespass, gentlemen, upon your time, permit us to assure you, that we cannot, consistent with our peace of mind, enter into the proposed bond. We act solely from principle, and the dicta; es of conscience. Relying, therefore, on your impartiality, we sliall cheerfully suVnnit to whatever you may please to determine : and however Providence may dispose of us in future, our prayers shall be continually oft'cred for the prosperity of this once happy province, most ardently wishing a permanent and constitutional reconciliation may speedily take place, and that Great Britain and America may remain, to the latest period, one happy, free, and undi- vided empire. "We are, gentlemen. "Your obedient, humble servants. "JoHx Clapham, ••W.M. Eddis." *' 'Should the Committee be pleased to determine, agreeable to tiie resolve of the convention, and grant us passes to depart tlie country, we have only to desire that a sufficient time may be allotted us, to s»-ttle the various and intricate concerns of the loan-office, which we need not observe, are of the utmost imiwrtance to the community in general. It is also highly incum])ent on us, to leave the l)usiness of that department in a clear state, so that our securities, who are en- gaged in very large sums for our fidelity, may be honourably dis- carged from the ol)ligations entered into on our behalf. "We are by no means sanguine, with regard to the above api)lica- lion ; on the contrary, we are prepared to encounter every disagreea- iile consequence. It is possible a few weeks may be allotted, to ad- just provincial and private concerns : we nnist then give up every llattering expectation ; every late erec ;ed hope. We must forsake ALL, or act inconsistently with the dictates of honour and of con- si'ience.'' The connnittee required Messrs. Eddis and Clapham to give bond of £10.000 each, not to communicate with the enemy. On their refusal rhey were ordered to leave the province before tiie first of August. June iGtli, he wrote "I look forward with extreme impatience to the liour of my departure from this country, where every surround- ing prospect is dreary and uncomfortable.'* On the 1st of October he writes : "My worthy colleague and his family arc |)reparing to remove from Annapolis to a houso belonging to ]Mr. D . on I hinting Uidge, ab.nit H I S T O R Y F A N N A P (1 L T S . 1 9'l six ir.iles distant from Baltimore to which ])l;>ce I iiitc)i(] to accompany them. We propose to attend alternately in t.iiis city, nntil dis- charged from employments, or confirmed in th( in.*' HuNTixc; RjDGE, November 1. *'I write to you from one of themos: delightfnl situationson the con- tinent of America, where 1 have obtained an occasional retreat from the noise, the tumult, and the miseries, of the public world. From the back piazza of our habitation, we command a truly picturesque view into several fertile coujities : a distant prospect of the eastern shore : the mag-nificent waters of the Chesapeake, and the river Pa tap- sco, from the entrance at the Bodkin Poir.t. to its apparent termina- tion at the town of Baltimore. After this inadequate descriptioji, I need not observe, that we reside on a lofty eminence where ' the air Niujbly, and sweetly recommends itself Unto our gentle senses.' "xls Mr. C and myself are not superseded in our office we at- tend in rotation, every other week, in Annapolis, from which this place is about thirty miles distant. The contrast we experience on these occasions is hardly to be described ; from the churlish sounds of of hostile preparation to the calm enjoyment of peaceful retirement. Though in the vicinity of a large and populous town, agitated with uproar and confusion, and rumours of approaching calamities, here, sheltered by surrounding woods, we ai'e entirely secluded from the busy haunts of men. and are benevolently permitted to enjoy our retirement without dread of molestation. It is well known that we have never attempted, by any injudicious steps, to incur the resent- ment of those v\-ho conceive they are warranted by justice and by duty, to take a contrary part : and while we thus continue to regulate our conduct, we shall surely experience attention, with the most perfect security. ' ' January 1st, 1777, he says : "Myself and colleague are not yet superseded in our provincial em- ployment : but the day is assuredly at hand. When the event has taken place, I am persuaded I shall be at liberty to revisit England ; and have reason to believe, I shall be necessitated to shape my course by way of the West Indies. I think it possible we may be re- stored to each other early in the ensuing summer." April 2. he writes, "We are at length superseded in our depart- ment as commissioner of the loan office." Saturday, June 7, he embarked to return to England by way of the West Indies, permission having been refused him by the Americans to enter the British lines. On that date, he wrote : ' 'I have taken leave of the few faithful friends still residing in An- napolis. Perhaps a final one ! It is a painful distressing idea ! But I am hastening to those, my separation from whom I have so long felt, and lam.ented. That thought will firmly support me under every anxious trial it may be yet my fortune to encounter. I shall embark in a few minutes. So will Mr. D , as his vessel is likewise in the harbour, and rerdy for sea. Our projected route, though aiming at the same pohit, is widely different. I shall deliver this to his care. 192 ♦ 'The Ancient City. ' ' Should he accomplish his passage, agreeable to liis wishes, lie must reach England long before I can possil^lv expect that happiness. Adieu!" CHAPTER XL. Annapolis After the liEvoLrTiox. 1781— 1T«^. In the minds oi the people the battle of Vorkt(j\vu had closed the war. On his way northward. General Washington arrived in Au- na[>olis, on Wednesday, November 21st, 1781. ''When the citizens received the })leasing information of his Excel- lency's arrival, all business ceased, and every consideration gave way to their impatience to behold their benefactor, and the deliverer of his country. On his appearance in the streets, people of every rank and every age eagerly pressed forward to feed their eyes with gazing on the man, to whom, under Providence, and th'J generous aid of our great and good ally, they owed their security, and hopes of future liberty and peace; the courteous affability, with which he retnrned their dilutes, lighted up ineffable joys in every countenance, and diffused the most animated gratitude through every breast. "You would have thought the very windows spoke, so many greedy looks of young and old through casements darted their desiring eyes upon his visage ; and that all walls, with painted imagery, had said at once, '-God 5ave thee, Washington." '■The general's arrival was announced by the discharge of cannon, and he was accompanied to his Excellency the Governor, by the honest acclamations of the whigs ; a few tories, to expiate their crimes and shunie oif the opprobium of their characters, feebly joined in aj)plaud- ing the man whose successes had annihilated their liopes, and wh(;se conduct was a satire on their principles. The President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Dekgates. Members of the House of Delegates. Members of the General Assembly and Council, and many of the citi- zens, hastened to offer their tribnte of affection, which was ricidy re- paid l)y the engaging frankness and affectionate i)oliteness of the iv- eejjtion. The evening was spent at the Governor's elegant and hos- pitable board with festive joy, enlivened by good-humour, wit. and beauty. "On the next day the General partook of a public dinner given hy the legislature, as a mark of their respect, and to render the jjartici- pation of his com])any as general as possiV)le. In the evening the city was beautifully illuminated, and an assembly prepared for the ladies, to afford them an opportunity of beholding their friend, and thanking their protector with their smiles. '•■ • Md. Guzetie. History OF Annapolis. 19:3 "His Excellency, to gratify the wishes of the fair, crowned the en- tertainment with liis presence, and with graceful dignity and familiar ease so framed his looks, his gestures, and his words, that every heart overflowed with gratitude and love, and every tongue grew eloquent in his praise. When he retired from the assembly — with one united v;.ice, all present exclaimed, "Unrivalled and unmatched shall be his fame And his own laurels shade his envied name." The day on which General Washington reached Annapolis, the fol- lowing address was presented by the citizens : "To his Excellency General Washington. "The citizens of Annapolis feel themselves happy in having an op- portunity, personally, to express thoii* affection for, and gratitude to, your Excellency. Your private character forces admiration from the foes of virtue and freedom. "We derive peculiar pleasure fro-c the contemplation, that the successes at Trenton and Princetown laid the corner stone of our freedom and independence, and that the capture of Earl Cornwallis and his army has completed the edifice, ad secured the temple of lib- erty to us and our posterity. These brilliant and important events are the more agreeable to every American, from the reflection that they were planned by, and executed under, the immediate command of your excellency. "The love of your country alone, which induced you to accept the command of our armies at the expense of domestic happiness ; the persevering fortitude and equanimity of soul you have displayed on every occasion, and the very important services rendered America, justify us in saluting you as the patriot, the hero, and the saviour of your country. "Our prayers, with those of millions, are daily offered up to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, for your health, safety and happi- ness. (Signed,) John Bullen, Mayor. "Annapolis, November 21st, 1781."' To which address General Washington made the following reply : "Sir, — I am obliged by the polite and affectionate address of the citizens of Annapolis. Nothing can be more flattering to me than to know, that my general conduct has met the approbation of my coun- trymen ; it is the most grateful reward for those sernces which I have ever, in the course of ray command, endeavoured to render them, but which their too great partiality has oftentimes over-rated. That the State in general, and this city in particular, may long enjoy the bene- fits which they have a right to expect from their very spirited exer- tions in the prosecution of this just war, is the sincere wish of, "Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant, "George Washington. "The Worshipful John Bullen, Esq., "Mayor of the City of Annapolis. "Annapolis, November 21st, 1781."' On Friday, the 23rd, General Washington resumed his journey Northward. 13 194 ''The Ancient City. '' Annapolis was at this period a city of great importance. On the di- rect line of travel to tlie Xorth, Ijy way of Kock Hall on the Eastern shore, it received all the prominent generals of the war who passed from Xorth to South or the reverse. Loyal to its principles, hospita- ble to a fault, ample in resources, the distinguished stranger who chanced in its midst or ^he historic or patriotic event that happened in their hearing, were certain to be awarded the honors of a cannonade or the convivialities of the banquet. On the 2r)th of June, 1781, the birth of a Dauphin was celebrated in the city by a public dinner given in the State House where a numer- ous and respectable assembly gatlicred and many toasts were drunk suitable to the occasion. At intervals during the day there were five hundred discharges of cannon, and at night a splendid ball was given. [1783.] "On the 4th of January, 1783, count Rochambeau. with this suite, arrived in Annapolis, and the next morning embarked on the "Le Emerande" for France. On the 24th of April, Annapolis celebrated the signing of the treaty of peace between England and America. An extensive building suffi- cient to accommodate many hundreds was erected on Carroll's Green, thirteen pieces of artillery planted, and an elegant dinner provided. The proclamation of peace was then read, and thirteen cannon an- nounced the white-winged messenger. The gentlemen then repaired to dinner, at which were present, his Excellency, the Governor, the honorable council. Members of the Senate and Delegates of the As- sembly, and a large number of gentlemen, l»oth of town and country ; who "with unfeigned satisfaction congratulated each other on the blessings of peace — the rising glory of their country — the prospects of her commerce — her future grandeur and importance in the scale of nations. "After dinner the following truly liberal, generous, and patriotic toasts were drunk, each attended with thirteen cannon :*' 1. The third of February, 178o — in perpetual memory, on wliich day a virtuous war was concluded by an honouraVjk' peace. 2. The United States — may their confederacy endure forever. 3. Friendship with France — may every nation imitate the depth and moderation of her policy, by which the freedom of navigation has been secured, the liberty of these States confirmed, and the blessings of peace and commerce diffused throughout the globe. 4. His Excellency, General Washington. 5. The generals, officers and soldiers of our army — may their ser- vices 1)6 remembered, and generously rewarded by a grateful people. 6. The French generals, officers, and troops, who served in America. 7. The Marquis of Fayette — may our posterity ever retain a grate- ful sense of his strong attachment to this country, and of the im- portant services rendered it in the field and cabinet. 8. The immortal memory of the gallant soldiers and virtuous citi- zens who gloriously fell in the late war. 9. The patriots of America — honour crowns tlieir labours ; may future ages revere their memory, and emulate their fame. 10. The United Xetherlands, and the friendly j)owers in Europe. 11. May the influence of the present revolution be extended to all the nations of the earth, by introducing among them that spirit of History of Anxapolis. 195 humanity, and religious toleration, which has so peculiarly dis- tinguisjied this country, and united the efforts of all denominations of Christians in the support of freedom. 12. The Commissioners of the United States at Paris. 13. The State of Maryland— may she ever support religion, learn- ing, and virtue ; preserve justice, public faith, and honour ; give every encouragement and attention to agriculture and commerce ; and on all occasions maintain with dignity her narional character." At night, the State House was beautifully and brilliantly illumi- nated and an elegant entertainment given at the ball-room to the ladies. Major-General Greene and his suite arrived in the city from the South on their way Xorth on September 25th, 1783. On the next day the Corporation met, and presented the following address : To the Hon. Major-General Greene: "Sir, — We, the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council, of the city of Annaj^olis, impressed with the most greatf ul feelings for -the eminent services rendered these United States, and the cause of liberty, by the Southern Army under your command, beg permission to congratulate you on your arrival in'this city, and to testify, with the sincerest respect and regard, the lively sense we entertain of the invaluable blessings secured to us, by your conduct and unremitted assiduity, in the noblest cause that ever graced a soldier's sword. "Justice would wear the aspect of adulation, were we to enumerate the many signal endowments which endear you to the inhabitants of this city, and inspire us with the warmest and most respectful o-rati- -tude. They are such as will ever engage our prayers to Divine Provi- • dence, that you may long continue to possess the affections of a generous republic ; to share the sweets of domestic felicity ; and to ex- perience the happy reward of your distinguished virtues. "This address springs from the heart ; and we solicit your accep- tance of it, as the genuine sentiments of a grateful people. "Signed by order and in behalf of the corporation. "James Brige, Mayor. "AxNAPOLis, September 26th, 1783." To which the General returned the following answer : "Annapolis, September 27th, 1783. "Gentlemen. — It is with the highest satisfaction I receive your ^affectionate address, and feel my bosom glow with gratitude upon the occasion. "The happy termination of the war affords the most pleasing field for contemplation, and while it promises the richest harvest "to the good citizens of America, it gives the sweetest pleasure, and most de- sirable repose to the soldier. If the operations of the Southern Army have answered the expectations of the public, or have had any influence upon this great event, I shall consider it one of the most happy employments of my life. And if to this I may venture to flatter myself, that my conduct either merits, or meets in the smallest degree, the approbation of the public, I shall be still more happy. The honour you have done me, and the troops under my command, jare too sensibly felt to be fully expressed, or properly acknowledged! 196 * ' T 11 E A X CI E N T C I T Y . ' ' "I beg leave to return my most sincere thanks to the corporation,- for the interest they take in what concerns my future hap[)iness, peace, and prosperity. "I have the honour to be, gentlemen, "Your most obedient, humble servant, "Nathianiel Greene. "To the Corporation of the City of Annapolis." November 21&t, 1783, the order of the society of Cincinnati, for Maryland. was inaugurated in Annapolis; Otho 11. Williams in the chair; John Eccleston, Secretary. The order elected : Major-General Small- wood, president. ; Brigadier General Gist, vice-president ; Brigadier General Williams, secretary ; Col. Ramsey, treasurer ; and Lieut. Col. Eccleston, assistant treasurer. Annapolis was appointed the place for their annual meeting. On Monday. November 29th, 1784, Generals Washington and La- Fayette arrived in Annapolis. The next day the Legislature ordered a ball to be given in honor of the visitors. The Gazette says : "The evening was crowned with the utmost joy and festivity, the whole company being made happy by the presence of two most amia- ble and all-accomplished men, to whom America is so deeply indebted for her preservation from tyranny and oppression." The folloAving addresses were presented l)y the executive and legis- lative bodies respectively to the Marquis, during his \isit at An- napolis : "Annapolis, November 30th. 1784. \ In Council. J "Si]-, — We. the Governor and Council of INIaryland, beg leave with the most entire respect and he-.irt-felt satisfaction, to embrace this first opportunity of your presence in the metropolis of this State, since the estiiblishment of our peace, to offer you our warmest congratula- tions, and to express our high and grateful sense of the illustrious share wiiich you bore in the accomplishment of that happy event. "The early and decided part which you took in the cause of Ameri- can liberty and glory, your generous services for us in the court of your august monarch, our great and good ally, and your wise and magnanimous conduct in the field, upon many of tlie most arduous occasions of the war, have endeared your name to America, and en- rolled it high in the list of patriots and heroes, the supporters o'! her lil)erty and foundors of her empire. "May, sir, your future days be as great and honourable as the past, and may heaven take under'its peculiar care and i.rotcction. a life so eminently distinguished for its attachment and devotion to the rigiits and liberties of mankind. With every sentiment of regard and re- spect. \God, are in her disposal. ''I beg, sir, your Excellency and Council will accept the warmest acknowledgments, and sincerest wishes that an affectionate heart can most respectfullv bestow. "La Fayette." "November 30th. 1784. '•Sir,— The General Assembly of Maryland, are happy in having an •opportunity of personally testifying the grateful sense they and their constituents entertain of the important services which you rendered these United States during the late war. The strong attachment which you have jnanifested'to its interests in situations the most try- ing and difficult, still continues to actuate your conduct ; to this at- •tachment and predilection we partly attribute the commercial ar- rangements lately adopted by his Most Chrisiian Majesty, which bid fair'to perpetuate and extend the friendly intercourse and connexions between his subjects and the citizens of these United States. "May the Great Ruler of the Universe long preserve a life which has been so early dedicated to the service of humanity, and engaged in the most useful and brilliant actions. "George Plater. President of ihe Senate. "Thomas C. Deye, Speaker of the House of Delegates. "The Marquis de la Fayette. "To the Honorable the General Assembly of Maiyland : "Gentlemen, — On this opportunity so pleasingly anticipated, of my .respectful congratulations to your General Assembly. I meet such precious marks of your partialitV, as most haitpily complete my satis- faction. "Amidst the enjoyments of allied successes, affection conspires with interest to cherish a mutual intercourse ; and in France you will tiver •find that sympathizing good will, which leaves no great room for private exertions. With the ardor of a most zealous heart, T earnestly hope this State, ever mindful of the public spirit she has conspicuously displayed, will to the fullest extent improve her natural advantages, .and in the Federal Union so necessary to all. attain the highest degree of particular happiness and prosperity. "While you are pleased, gentlemen, to consider my life as being de- voted to the service of hunianity, I feel not less gratified by so flatter- ing an oliservation than by your friendly wishes for its welfare, and the pleasure I now experien'ce in presenting you , with the trilmte of my attachment and gratitude. "La Fayette." During the sitting of this legislature, the following act was passed : "An act to naturalize Major-General, the Marquis de la Fayette and his heirs male forever. 198 . "The Anci ENT City. " "Whereas, the General Assembly of Maryland, anxious to perpet- uate a name dear to the State, and to recoijnize the Marquis de la Fayette fir one of its citizens, who. at the age of nineteen, left his- native country, and risked Ids life in the late revolution ; who, on his joining the American army, after being appointed l)y congress to the rank of Major-General, disinterestedly refused the usual rewards of connnand, and sought oidy to deserve, what he attained, the charac- ter of patriot and soldier ; who, when appointed to conduct an in- cursion into Canada, called forth by his prudence and extraordinary discretion, the approbation of Congress ; who. at the head of a-, army in Virginia, balTled the manoeuvres of a distinguished general, and ex- cited the admiration of the oldest commanders : who early attracted the notice and obtained the friendship of the illustrious General Washington ; and who laboured and succeeded in raising tlie honour and name of the Cnited States of America ; therefore, ''Bp it cnarfcrl, by the (TCiierdl As-^emhly of Maryland, That the Marquis de la Fayette, and his heirs male forever, shall be. and they and each of them are hereby deemed, adjudged, and taken to be natural born ciiizens of this State, and shall henceforth be entitled to all the immunities, rights, and privileges of natural born citizens tljereof, they and every one of them conforming to the constitution and laws of this State, in the enjoyment and exercise of such immuni- ties, rights and privileges." CHAPTER XLI. Anna POLLS Wants to Bl tih<: Capital of the Unlfed S'rATP:s.'''' [1783.] In the proceedings of the corporation of Annapolis, Mon- day the 12th of j\[ay, 178:3 ; at which were present, James Brice, Esq., Mayor; Samuel Chase, Esq., Recorder ; Allen Quynn, Esq., .lohn BuUen. Esq., John Brice, Esq., Aldermen : Frederick Green. Esq., John Daviiison, Esc^.. William (joldsinith, Esq.. Samuel 11. Howard, Esq., Beriah Maybury, Esq., John Chalmei-s. Esq., Common Council- men, "It being rejjresented to the Corporation, tliat the welfare and hi- terest of the United States require that Congress should have a fixed place of residence, and with jurisdiction and Executive and .fudicial powers within the same, and over all ])ersons inhabiting or residing within the district allotted for their residence ; and this city from its central situation to the federal States , and the convenience of the raemliers of Congress to repair thither by land or water: the facility of receiving and conveying intelligence to Euroj)e : audits remarka- ble healthiness : and capacity of defence from any attack of an * From (Council pioceedinjj;? of 178;^. History of Annapolis. 199 enemy ; being, in the opinion of this corporation, the most eligible place in the United States, for the residence of the Honorable Con- gress, and their officers and foreign ministers, '■^Resolved, That the members of this Corporation be directed tocon- snlt the citizens thereon and report the same to this Corporation on Wednesday next. ''Ordered, That the following notice be set np at the State Honse and Market House and other public places in the city, to wit ; "A meeting of the citizens of Annapolis is requested by the Cor- poration on Wednesday, at 10 o'clock in the morning, at the house of Mr. Charles Ridgely to express their sentiments, if the General As- sembly will oiler this city and its precincts to Congress for their per- manent residence ; whether they will agree to such offer and consent to be subject to such jurisdiction and power within the city and its precincts and over the inliabitants and residents thereof as the General xVssembly shall think proper to grant to the United States in Congress Assem.bled." On the 14th, the Corporation met again. ''The memljers of the Corporation having reported that they had consulted the citizens and taken their opinion, whether this city and its precincts, ought to be offered to the Honorable Congress for their permanent residence, with jurisdiction over the same and the citizens having unanimously agreed thereto, "HesoIuc'I, Unanimously, that if the Honorable the General Assem- bly will offer this city and its precincts containing about three hundred acres of land to the llonoraljle Congress for the permanent residence of that body and successors, that this corporation, and their constitu- ents most cheerfully agree to such oiler and consent to be subject to such jurisdiction and power within the city and its precincts, and over the Inhabitants and residents thereof as the General Assembly shall think proper to grant ; to the United States in Congress Assembled. "■jResohed, That the Worshipfull the Mayor,. authenticate this Act under the Seal of the Corporation and present the same to the General Assembly." On the 7th of July at another session of the City Council : "The Worshipfull, the Mayor, laid before the Corporation a letter to him from the Honorable James ]McIIenry, Delegate of this State to Congress, Dated the oOth of last month, requesting to be furnished with an accurate account of the births and deaths in this city for the last 15 or 20 years which was read, and it appearing on enquiry that no regular and complete register of deaths or births has been kept be- fore the war, and that no register of any kind has been kept since that time, "Ordered. That Messrs. Goldsmith, Fairbrother, Chalmers, Mills, and Reynolds be appointed to inquire and report to the Mayor the number of births and deaths of the inhabitants within this city and its precincts between the 1st day of July, 1778, and the 1st day of this present month ascertaining as far as can be the number of whites and blacks, infants and grown persons, and the cause of death, and that they report the number of inhabitants in this city during the last year, "Mr. Mayor is requested to transmit the said report to Mr.- McHenry . "Ordered. That a plat of this city and its precincts be made out and Mr. Mayor is requested to transmit the same to Mr. McHenry." 200 ' ' T H E A N C I E X T C I T V . ' • The proceedings were continued on a kindred subject on Sjiturday, the 1st of Xovember, 178o, vvlien '"The Mayor laid before the Corporation a letter from the Honor- able James 'McHenry and Daniel Carroll, Delegates of Congress for this State, dated the 2;>rd day of October last, to the late Mayor enclosing the resolution of Congress of the same date respecting the temporary residence of Congress in this city and also a letter from the Hon. James Mollenry requiring suitable provision miirlit be made for the reception of the Members, Ministers, and Officers oi Congress — all which being considered, it was ordered that a committee of the Mem- bers of the Cor[)oration be appointed to inquire what houses can be procured for Congress and for what rent, and also how many boarding houses are in town, the accommodation of each and the sums upon which members can be l)oarded." "Mc^ssrs. Allen Quynn, John Jh-ice, John Davidson, and Jolm Chal- mers were accordingly ai)pointed.'' The council loaned Isaac Mclland £100 Continental Currency "to enable liim to provide fortheaccommodationof members of Congress." The legislature of Maryland ap[)ears to have taken no steps to furthei- the ajnbitious aspiration of Annapolis. On Tuesday, Octo- ber 21st, Congress settled the question as to the seat of government, so far as Annapolis was concerned l)y the i)assage of the following : ••Whereas, there is reason to expect that the ])roviding buildings for the alternate residence of Congress in two places, will be produc- tive of the most salutary effects, by securing the mutual confidence and affections of tlie States : ''Ri'-wlvi'd, That buildings hkewise erected for the use of congress, at or near the lower falls of Potovvmack or Georgetown, provided a suitable district on the baidvs of the river can be procured for a fed- eral town, and the right of soil, and an exclusive jurisdiction, or such other as congress may direct, shall be vested in the Ignited States : and that until the buildings to be erected on the banks of the Dela- ware and Patowmack shall be pre])ared for the reception of Congress, their residcuice shall l^e alternately, at equal i)eriods of not more than one year and not less than six months, in Trenton and Annapolis; and the president is hereby authorised and directed to adjourn congi-ess, on the 12th day on Xovember next, to meet at Anna})olis on the 20th of the same month, for the dispatch of jiublic business." CHAPTER XLII. Gknj:jia[. vVASHiN(iT()X Resigns His MiuTAJtv Com- mission AT Annapolis. 17S:5. Annai»olis became the scene of the resignation of General Washing- ton's military commission not from any peculiar fitness of things, but from one of those accidents that sometimes makes places, as well as men. famous. History of Annapolis. 201 Con.srrcss had resolyed tliat, until the pubhc buildings then in course ■of erection on the Delaware and Potomac were finished, it would hold its sessions alternately at Trenton and Annapolis. The latter place was selected because it had a commodious State-House. It was chosen for the first six months of the session of 1783. Thus it became the scene of a renowned event. Hastening from the at'iecting incidents of his farewell audience with the officers of his array, by a triumphal journey Washington arrived, on the 19th of December, in tlie City of Annapolis. The news of General AVashhigton's approach had preceded him, and a few miles from Ariuapolis he was met by Generals Gates and Small- wood, "and several of the principal inhabitants, who attended him to Mr. Mann's, where apartments had been prepai-ed for his reception. His Excellency's arrival," continues the local authority from v/hich we quote, "was announced by the discharge of cannon. After re- ceiving the heartfelt welcome of all who had the honor of knowing him. His Excellency waited on the President of Cono-ress (General 0;.. Mifflin, of South-Carolina,) with v/jiom he and the members of that ))ody, together with the ju'incipal civil and military officers of this State, dined on Saturday." Mann's Hotel, at which Washington had been provided quai'ters, | t a h still stands in Aniiapolis, an imposing structure even in this day of " ' improvements. It is now the City Hotel, and is situated on the corner of Conduit and Main streets. The room, which Washington occupied, yet remains, and is in one of the wings. "No. 9" is its designation. It is about sixteen feet by sixteen, with a ceiling of about twelve. There are two g-reat windows in it that look out upon the court-yard of the hotel. Until a few years ago the very bedstead that the Com- mander-in-Chief occupied remained in the room. When the hotel passed from the heirs of Colonel John Walton, who was for many years "mine host" of the City Hotel, his son. Dr. J. Randolph Walton, . took the illustrious relic away. He lives in Washington and when last heard from on this subject still had the bedstead in his possession. Annapolis, at the time of this interesting event, was a quaint and agreeable city. The hip-roofs and odd gables still left here bear evi- dence of the picturesque pei-iod of 1783. Mr. William Eddis, the English surveyor of the port, who wrote of it in 17G9, said that then it had "more the appearance of an agreeable village than the metropolis of an opulent province, as it contains within its limits a number of small fields which are intended for future erections. But in a few years it will proba))ly be one of the best built cities in America, as a spirit of improvement is predominant, and the situation is allowed to be equally healthy and pleasant with any on this side the Atlantic. Many of the principal families have chosen this place for their residence, and there are few towns of the same size in any part of the British domains that can boast of a more ])olished society. ••■ * "* Several modern edi- 'fices make a good appearance. There are few habitations without gardens, some of which, planted in decent style, are well stocked." ', Washington, with his accustomed promptness, set himself at once to the business he had in hand. On Saturday, December 20th, 1783, he addressed a letter to Congress, informing that body of his arriv^al iin Annapolis, with the intention of asking leave to resign the com- * MarvlHinl (iiizoltc. 202 -'The A x c i e n t City.'' mission he had the honor of holding:: in their service, and desiring' to know their pleasure in what manner it will be most proper to offer his resi^rnation : whether in writiii.s^ or at an audience. Congress resolved "that His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief be admitted to a puV)lic audience on Tuesday next at 12 o'clock, M." It was further resolved '"that a public entertainment be given to the Commander-in-Chief on Monday next." The State of Maryland was not V)ehind in offering to Washington the courtesies demanded by the auspicious occasion. The Council of State began the formal addresses of the ceremonies with the follow- ing : "Annapolis, December 20, 1783. \ In Council. j "Sir : — Amidst the general joy on the happy and honorable termina- tion of the war, we V)eg leave to welcome your Excelleiicy's return to this city, with hearts full of gratitude and affection. "As long, sir, as mankind shall return a pro[)er sense of tlic bless- ings of Pf^rtce, Liberty, and Safety, jonv character in every conn cry, and in every age wills, be honored, admired, rnd revered; but to a mind elevated as your the consciousness of having done great and illustrious deeds, from the purest principles of patriotism of having by your wisdom and mairuaaimity, arrested the arm of tyranny, saved a dear country and millions of fellow-citizens, and millions yet unl)orn, from slavery and all the horrors and calamities of slavery, and i)laced their rights and liberties on a permanent foundation, must yield a satisfaction infinitely superior to all the pomp and eclat of applauding ages and admiring worlds. "Attached to your excellency by the strongest obligations ; and feeling rlie most lively impressions of your une<|ualled worth and pub- lic usefulness : wc beg you to acce[)t our warmest wishes that your life may be [u^donged to a far distant period I and that it may be as happy in your retirement as it has ])een glorious in the field.'" The letter was signed with tiie usual prolonged and courteous protestations of affection and respect by Win. Paca, President of the Council and Governor of Maryland. General Washington refilied to this proiihetic* and eloquent address : "Sir: — 1 shall ever cherisli apleasuig remembrance of tiie welcome reception 1 have experienced from your excellency and the Council, on ray return to this city after the happy and honorable termination of the war. "The flattering sentiments you entertain of my exertions in defence of our country, and the favorable point of light in which you place my character, too strongly demonstrates your friendship, not to claim the most gniteful return from me. "Convinced from experience, of tiie wisdom and decision whicli liave signalized tlie g>)vernment of Maryland, 1 cannot form a better wish for the future prosperity of the state tiian that the same spirit of jus- tice and patriotism, which actuated its councils during a Jong and eventful war. may contmue to dictate its measures through a durable and hapi>y peace." Tiie following morning, (Sunday.) General Washington devoted to 'he return of the visits of citizens of Annapolis and others who had waited on ] im. He then dined, with a nnfnber of otliers, with Mr. History of ,\. n n a p o l i s . 202* Monday, the 22d of December, had a great deal crowded into it. There were the formal addresses of the city Annapolis, those of the Senate and House of Delegates of Maryland, a public dinner to Gen- eral Wasliington. the illumination of the State House and a Ball by^ the General Assembly of Maryland. Annapolis, by its Mayor, J. T.'^Chase, said "Tlie Mayor, recorder, alder- men, and common council of the city of Annapolis congratulate your excellency on the restoration of Dcace. and the establishment of the free- dom and independence of the United States of America. The citizens feel themselves particularly happy in this opportunity afforded them, of expressing their sincere approbation of your most disinterested and nnexam})led conduct through every stage of the war, and tiie high sense they entertain of your excellent virtues, fortitude, andnnrcaiit- ting perseverance, nnderthe pressure of the greatest diificulties. To yon they esteem themselves principally indebted under the favor and smiles of" Providence, for the inestimable blessings of peace and free- dom. This acknowledgement flows from hearts filled with gratitude and the most perfect re>.«pect and veneration for your person and charticter. '•In your retirement to the peaceful and pleasing scenes of domestic tranquility, may America long experience the benign influence of your example, and benefit by the salutary suggestions of your wisdom and may you sir. long enjoying your health and the heavenly sensa- tions arising from a consciousness of having done everything for your country, and wrested her from the oppressive hand of unrelenting tyranny, without the hope of any reward, but the approbation of a free people." To this flattering and very personal address, General Washington replied : "To the worshipful, the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Common- Council of the city of Anna:;olis : "Permit me, Gentlemen, to offei' to yon my sincere thanks for your congratulations on the happy events of peace, and the establishment of our independence. •'If my conduct throughout the war has merited the confidence of my fellow citizens, and has been instrumental in obtaining for my country the blessings of peace and freedom — I ow^e it that Supreme Being who guides the hearts of all — who has so signally interposed his aid in every stage of the contest, and who has graciously been pleased to bestow on me the greatest of earthly rewards — the appro- bation and affections of a free people. ••Though I retire from the employments of public life, 1 shall never cease to entertain the most anxious care for the welfare of my coun- try. May the Almighty dispose the heart of every citizen of the United States to improve the great prospect of happiness before us ! And may you. Gentlemen, and the inhabitants of this city, long enjoy every felicity this v.'orld can aftord !" The State of Maryland, through its General Assembly, then in ses- sion, followed with anotlier con^-ratulatory address. The surprise is that all being upon the same theme — the glories of Washington's personal character and his military achievements, there should be found so matiy variations of the sul^ject ; but the object glowed and the changes rang with every one that began the note of j^raise. Mary- land t-aid : 204 "The xV n c i e n t City." ■ "The General Assembly of Maryland embrace this opportunity, of expressing the grateful sense which they and their constituents enter- tain of your distinguished services ; services which, under the smiles of Divine Providence, have secured the peace, liberty, and indepen- dence, of these States I Your retirement to private life is a full evi- dence of that true patriotism which induced you to draw your sword in defence of your injured country, and made you persevere to the end of the arduous struggle, in which you have surmounted difficulties, that, with prudence less tlian yours, could not have Ijeen surmounted. Having, by your conduct in the field, gloriously terminated the war, you have taught us, by your last circular letter, how to value, how to preserve, and to improve that liberty, for which we have been con- tending. We are convinced that public liberty cannot be long pre- served, but by wisdom, integrity, and a strict adherence to public jus- .tice and public engagements. This justice and these engagements, as far as the inlluence and example of one State can extend, we are de- termijK'd to promote and fulfil ; aiul if the powers given to Congress by the confederation, should be found to bo incom[)etent to the purposes of t!ie Union, we doubt not our constituents will readily consent to en- large tlieni. In ex[):('ssin-j: these sentiments. :ind by thus engaort unity afforded the United States of be- comii::j: a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction the appoint- ment I accepted with diffidence : a diffidence in my abilities to accom- plish so arduous a task, wliich, however, was superseded liy a confidence in the rectitude of our cause, the supjtort of the supreme power of the Union, and the ])atronageor Heaven. "The successful termination of tlie war has verified the most san- guine expectations, and my gratitude for the interposition of Provi- dence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, in- creases with every review of the momentous contest. "While I repeat my obligations to the army in general; I should do injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place, the peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen, who have been attached to my person durir.g the war. It was impossible that the choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend in particular those, who have continued in service to the j)resent moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and patronage of Congress. "I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solenni act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to History OF Annapolis. 207 the protection of Almig-hty God, and those who have the snperniten- dence ol them to his holy keeping:. "Plaving now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of action ; and, bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my com- mission, and take leave of all the employments of public life." At its conclusion Washington advanced toward General Mifflin and delivered to him his commission and a copy of his address. The Presi- dent made the following answer : "Sir : — The United States in Congress assembled receive with emo- tions too affecting for utterance, the solemn resignation of the authori- ties under wliich you have led their troops with success through a perilous and doubtful war. Called upon by your country to defend its invaded rights, you accepted the sacred charge, before it had formed alliances, and whilst it was without funds or a government to support you. You have conducted the great military contest with wisdom and fortitude, invariably regarding the rights of the civil powers througli all disasters and changes. You have, by the love and con- fidence of your fellow-citizens, enabled them to display their martial genius, and transmit their fame to posterity. You have j^ei'severed, till tiiese United States, aided by a magnanimous King and Nation, have been enabled, under a just Providence, to close the war in free- dom, safety and independence ; on which happy event we sincerely join you in congratulations. "Having defended the standard of liberty in this new world : having taught a lesson useful to those v/lio inflict and to those who feel op- pression, you retire from the great theatre of action, with the blessings of your fellow-citizens — but the glory of your virtues will not termi- nate with your military command — it will continue to animate re- motest ages. "We feel with you our obligations to the army in general, and will particularly charge ourselves with the interests of those confidential officers who have attended your person to this affectir.g moment. "We join you in commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, beseeching him to dispose the hearts and minds of its citizens to improve the opportunity afforded them, of becoming a happy and respectable nation. And for you we address to Him our warmest prayers, that a life so beloved may be fostered with all his care ; that your days may be as happy as they have been illustrious; and that He will finally give you that reward which this world cannot give." The Secretary of the Senate then delivered to Washington a copy of General Mifflin's address, Washington arose and, with affecting dig- nity, bowed to Congress. The members uncovered before him. He withdrew from the Chamber leaving beauty's eye dimmed with affec- tion's tear. Washington, accompanied as far as South River, three n.iles from Annapolis, by the Governor of Maryland, immediately set out for Mount Vernon where he arrived on Christmas Eve. 208 • • T IT E A N C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' CHAPTER XLIir. St. John's ('ot.lixje. 1784—1887. Before the Revolviiion. Maryland had felt the necessity of larger facilities for advanced learnin":. Mr. Eddis, writing under date of Oct. 4, 1773, from Annapolis, says : "The Legislature of this province, animated by sentiments which reflect the highest credit on their patriotism and wisdom, have also determined, by a recent law, to endow and form a college for the education of youth in every liberal and useful branch of Science. '•An institution of this nature was most strongly recon^mended to their confidence by our worthy governor, (Eden,) at early period after his arrival in this country ; and to his laiulable and persevering exer- tions, the public are materially nidebted for the establishment of a seminary wliich. as it will be conducted under excellent regulations, will shortly preclude tlie necessity of crossing the Atlantic for the completion of a classical and polite education." This college was ii^cipient St. John's. Gov. Bladen's unfinished residence Wcis to be repaired and used as a college. The Revolutionary war came on and education v/as neglected in the struggle for political existence. The war was barely concluded before the long-cherished hope of the State was realized. By chapter 37, Act of 1784, funds were provided "for founding a college on the Western Shore of this State and constitu- thig the same, together with Washington College on the Eastern Shore, into one University, by the name of the University of Maryland." It is not possible for the most prejudiced mind to read the nineteen sections of this memorable Act and not be convinced of the large and wise provision the State intended to make to advance the cause of liberal education. The preamble recited that, as "many public-spirited individuals". have subscribed and procured subscription to form a college on the Western Shore of this State, that, therefore : "Se it Enacted by the General A.ssembh/ of Maryland, That a col- lege, or general seminary of learning, by the name of St. John's, be established on the said Western Shore, upon the following fundamen- tal and inviolable principles, mimely : first, the said college shall oe founded and maintained forever upon a most liberal plan, for the benefit of youth of every religions denoihhiation, who shall be freely admitted to equal privileges and advantages of education, and to all the literary honors of the college, according to their merits without requiring, or enforcing any religious or civil test, or urging their at- tendance u[)on any particular religious worship, or service, other than what they have been educated in or have the consent or approbation of their parents or guardians to attend ; nor shall any preference be given in the choice of a principal, vice-principal, or otlier professor, master, or tutor, in the said college on account of his particular re- ligious profession, having regard solely to his moral character and lit- erary abilities, and other necessary qualifications to fill the jJace for which he shall be chosen." History of Annapolis. 209 For every tkousand pounds subscribed by any individuals, who choose to cl.'^ss themselves tog-ether, one member of the Board of Visi- tors and Governors, was to be selected by those who formed the class. Rev. John Carroll, Rev. Wm. Smith, "and Patrick Allison, Doctors of Divinity, Richard Sprigg, John Steret and George Diggs. with power to appoint others, were made agents to collect the individual subscriptions to the College. The seventh section enacted, "That, if the city of Annapolis should be fixed upon as a place for establishing the said intended college, this General Assembly give and grant, and that, upon that condition, do hereby give and grant to the Visitors ar.d Governors of said college by the name of 'The Visitors and Governors of St. John's in the State of Maryland,' and their successors, all that four acres, within the city of Annapolis, purchased for the use of the public and con- veyed on the second day of October, 1744, by Stephen B<e ex})lained. By the- above method the student will not only be informed in the particu- lar language, which at the time engages his attention, but he will be enabled wSh ease to acquire a knowledge of other tongues, especially those of modern date, by the assistance derived from this mode of in- struction." The Crr^3e^/e added— "It is expected that the rooms will be ready in a few weeks for the different professors, by whom youth will be in- structed in all the sciences usually taught in colleges. The tuition is fixed at five pounds per annum, and good board, lodging and washing may be had, as the public is already informed, in respectable fami- lies, at the rate of £30 current money, per annum." Before this early date the uncertain tenure of the appropriation by the State was already indicated. In Novemljcr, 1788, the Legisla- ture resolved that the annual appropriation be suspended until "the professors and other officers thereof be appointed and actually en- gaged in the exercise of their several duties." On Monday, January 11, 1790, the grammar and mathematical schools were removed to the apartments prepared for them in St. John's College, which were "fitted up in a commodious and neat man- ner." On November 21 , 179:1. was the first commencement. There were two graduates — John Addison Carr, of Maryland and Charles Alexan- der, of Virginia. The former delivered a Latin oration, and another "On the Adviintages of Agriculture." Mr. Alexander delivered the valedictory. On both graduates was conferred tlie degree of Bache- lor of Arts. "The principal then closed the business of the day by an address to the graduates, respecting their future conduct in life, and concluded with commending them to the care and protection of the Almighty Governor of the Universe." "These young gentlemen, on their private and public examinations acquitted themselves to the satisfaction of the visitors and others whc attended, and their public exhil)ition, was received with the approba- tion of a polite and discerning audience."* The College early had its enemies and so industriously had they been at work that in March, 1803, the Governors and Visitors depu- tized A. C. Hanson, Charles Carroll, of Carrollt.on, and Richard Ridgely, "to publish an account of the state of the College, and of the- advantages ii possesses and may afford." From this paper the fol- lowing is extracted : "St. John's College was founded, and has been carried on, under an Act of Assembly, passed in 1784, by private contributions, by a pub- lic annual donation of £1,759, and by tuition money. Various un- toward circumstances delayed the opening and dedication until Novem- ber, 1789. But in the course of 18 months from that period, the plan of the college, and the regulations in the several schools, were com- pleted, and professors and teachers employed in the discharge of their offices. "It is notorious, that from that time methods have been essayed to destroy, or suj)press a seminary, the institution of which had been considered as reflecting a permanent honour on the State. It not- withstanding soon acquired a rei)utation scarcely exceeded by tljat of • Md. r;;izette. History OF Ann A POL IS. 211' any other college within the United States : and although reports in- dustriously circulated, have lately impaired its credit, no seminary on the continent has afforded superior advantages to students of every description. "It is incumbent on us to iiotict these reports. "It has been bruited through the country, that young men and even boys, belonging to the college, have been corrupted, or at least ren- dered idle and dissipated, by the attentions paid to them by the citi- zens of Annapolis. "It is indeed to be wished, that students be so far controlled as that they shall not neglect their college duties. But what is it that a wise parent or guardian comprehends in liberal education ? Does he not wish something more than languages, and abstruse science, to be at- tained by his child, or ward, whilst at college ? Can he be insensible of the vast importance of early acquired manners ? Let him then be- lieve all that with probability, can be told of those attentions. He may nevertheless, be persuaded, that the respectable houses which, have been reported as the haunts of collegians, confer on them at least the advantage of polishing their manners, and of preventing, in some instances, a'more pernicious dissipation of their time. Besides, it can- not be denied, that valuable connexions may be formed in the polite societies, to which the address or good fortune of some of the students has introduced them, and which prejudice or ignorance alone repre- sent as baneful to the rising youth. "And now, admitting that students have heretofore been allowed to consume too much of their time in certain genteel, amiable circles of society, is it to be imagined, that no remedy will be found for the grievance ? The bare report through the country will be sufficient to bring about a correction of the evil. "The truth is, that in Annapolis, where every person is known to every other, and where there are constantly men unfriendly to the college, viewing everything about it through the medium of prejudice, the con- duct of a few irregular young men may fix a reproach on the whole body of students, \as well as the trustees and faculty. "Can it be necessary to suggest to our intelligent fellow-citizens, that final advantage, enjoyed by the students m St. John's College of attending, at times, the debates in the General Assembly, and m tlie several supreme courts ? It is at Annapolis, that listening to the elo- quence of the bar, the Senate, and the House of Delegates, an in- genuous ardent young man may catch the flame of patriotism, imbibe a laudable ambition, and lay the best foundation for future eminence. "Let us be permitted, then, barely to hint at a comparison between this seminary and a college fixed in the country, or at an obscure place. What are the superior advantages to be derived from the lat- ter ' It is, beyond a doubt, that youthful innocence will be there bet- ter preserved ? No ! but the latter seminary is cheaper. This con- sideration is indeed important to men of scanty fortune. But, to men of easy circumstances, it surely cannot have weight sufficient to give ponderance to the scale, into which it is triumphantly thrown. VV e will not pursue a subject, which may be invidious, further than by giving a plain, correct statement of expenses at St. John s College: 312 ' 'TuE AxciENT City. " "Of a youth, boarding in the College Building, board, in- cluding washing, fire and candle, both in the public and bed rooms £50 00 'Tuition, fire-wood in the schools, pens and ink o 10 Total, £50 10 u "To which add £3 to each boyintlie higher classes learning French. "At the last meeting of the trustees, it was resolved, that the next summer vacation, every student entering the college, who has not in Annapolis, a parent, or guardian, or a friend who will give him board, or in wliom his parent or guardian reposes a confidence, and who will receive liim as an inmate, shall board in the college building. And the cases in which a dispensation is to be allowed are to be judged by the principal. Inferior teachers, who are not married men, or house- keepers, are likewise to board there, for the purpose of superintending the students. Mr. Duke, the professor of languages, already boards there. All the rooms are spacious, airy, and convenient ; and the family which keeps the house is respectable, and affords such fare and treatment in every respect, as ought to give satisfaction. Students now l)oarding in private house are not to be compelled to board in the college, although they are earnestly hivited to make that exchange, which must be salutary to themselves and to the institution. "We presume, that there are few seminaries in town, where the whole expense, exclusive of cloaths, pocket money, and books, does not exceed £56 10 or i59 10 0, and where a student shall not, to the mortification of himself and his fond parents, subsist scantily on un- palatable food and be stinted even with respect to clean linen, &c. It is cei tain that whenever board is fixed too low, either it must in a short time be raised, or the boarder must submit to hard fare, and other inconvenience. "lleports injui-ious to St. John's College have originated from an unhappy difference between a teacher and a professor. We content ourselves with remarking this most extraoi'dinary circumstance, that the professor, who is indeed eminent for hia knowledge of the learned languages, and who has voluntarily guided the college, without cen- sures from the trustees, has lately been appointed to an high station in a seminary of rising importance and reputation, in the prosperity of which every enlightened liberal citizen nmst feel an interest, although he may not wish the downfall of St. John's College." The faculty at this time was : John McDowell, A. M., Principal. lleverend Kalph Iliginbothom, Vice Principal. Kev. William Duke, Professor of Languages. Mr. John Connell, Professor of English and Grammar. Mr. Philip Curran, Assistant Professor of English and Grammar. Mr. Kichard Owen, Master of Writing and Arithmetic. Mr. Marin Detargny, Professor of French. St. John's survived unscathed this attack of its enemies, and for years realized the most sanguine hoi)es of its broad and liberal foun- ders. Poets, jurists, scholars, and statesmen were sent forth from her classic halls, "who have been the pride of her own and the admiration of other States, and who have earned for the State reputation, and reflected honor on their alma mater."" History OF Annapolis. 213 From 1793, when the first class was graduated to 180G, tliere ap- pears in the rejiristry of the Alumini of the College, four Governors of Maryland, one Governor of Liberia, seven Members of the Executive Council, six United States Senators, five Members of the House of Representatives, four Judges of the Court of Appeals, eight Judges of other Courts, one Attorney-General, one United States Disti-ict At- torney, one Auditor of the United States Treasurer, six State Senators, fifteen Members of the House of Delegates, besides foreign Consuls, Officers rt the Army and Navy, Physicians, and Surgeons, and dis- tinguished Lawyers, including one Chancellor of South Carolina. Th^re were many others who" left the College before complethig its course and engaged in agriculture and commerce. In 1806, though a political feud, the mature of which has not been handed down to us, the State appropriations to St. John's and Wash- ington College were withdrawn. The necessary bviiklings had been erected, the Professors appointed, a number of young men from all parts of the State and from some of the sister States had been drawn to it ; and thus, when the fondest hopes of its friends were more than realized, the Legislature so far ignored its solemn ol)ligations as to pass an Act for the rcYOcation of the grant made to St. John's in the Act of incorporation. "Each party," says Francis Scott Key, (the author of our great national hymn. "The Star Spangled P)anner," and an alumnus of St. John's, j referring to this action of the General Assembly — "caught at the advantage to be gained by the apparent pojjularity of the measure, and the real interests and honor of the State were sacrificed by each." The distinguished William Pinkney, who eloquently, but vainly, re- monstrated against the passage of this Act, predicted that "the day which witnessed the degradation of St. John's Collegt , in the very dawn of its promise, "would prove the darkest day Maryland had known." For some time the usefulness of the college seems to have been almost entirely destroyed, as no lists of grpduates appear until 1810. Xothi?ig seems to have been done to repair what is nov/ cmceded to have been a great wrong, ijntil 1811, when the sum of $1,000 was re- stored. In 1824, a lottery was granted to the college, the proceeds of which, amounting to $20,000, were invested in bank stock, from which an annual income of $1,200 was derived,jmtil about thirty years afterwards, wheti the whole fund was expended in erecting a dormitory for students and dwellings for professors. ■It was not until 1832, that the Boai'd of Visitors and Govern. n-s of the College, in a memorial to the General Assembly, having set forth in a most clear and forcible way the unanswerable character of their legal claim, the Legislature was led to increase the grant to S3, 000, at the same time, however, providing that the Board should agree to accept this sum "in full satisfaction of all legal or equitable chiims which the College might have, or be supposed to have, against the State." Here was, if not a plain case of duress, at least a case of "Might vs. Eight." "Xliere is no question," says President Garnett, in 1880, "that" if, at any time before 1819, when the Dartmouth Col- lege decision was rendered, and 1832, suit had been brought, the full amount of the arrearages (then over S100,000) might have been re- covered : but, in defense of the Board of Visitors and Governors, it may be said that they believed their rights were entirely in the power "21* • 'The Ancient City.- ' of the State and without any means of being enforced ; so the deed of release was executed and entered upon the records of the Court of Ap- peals." The Board of Visitors and Governors, liowevor, having become con- vinced of tlie arbitrary character of tliis settlement of their claim against the State, submitted, in 18-59, with the consent of the Legis- lature, the following points to the decision of tlie Court of Appeals : "l. Whetlier the ap[)ropriation made in the charter constitutes a contract on the |)art of the State which could not be legally repealed by the Act of iSOo. "2. Whether this latter Act is not a violation of the Constitution of the United States. "3. Whether the charter constituted such a contract as, if entered into between individual citizens, would )>e legally binding upon them." All three of these points (Vol. 15, Md. Reports p. 330) were unani- mously decided i'.i the affirmative. When, however, a few years thereafter, suit was brought to recover tlie amount of their claim — over S300,000. inclusive of interest — it was held l>y the Court that the Board of Visitors and Governors could not avoid the release given in 1833, and the suit was accordingly decided against them. Inasmuch, however, as eminent lawyers, among them the Hon. Reverdy John- son, himself an alumnus of St. John's, maintained that under the terms of the charter itself (Acts of 1784, Chapter 37, Section IG ), the I)Oard had transcended its powers in granting this release, measures were taken for an appeal to the Supreme Court of the Cnited States. Pending this proceeding, however, the Board, feeling reluctant, as they affirmed, to seek redress for the wrongs of a ^Maryland College in a tribunal beyond its jurisdiction, addressed a memorial to the Legis- lature of 18()(J, in response to which, and, doubtless, in recognition of this appeal to their sense of justice, the General Assembly appro- priated the sum of S12,000 annually for five years from June 1st, 18(>8. Humphrey Hall, standing to the right of McDowell Hall, was erect- ed in 1834. for the accommodation of students, a'-d for the improving and extending the library and {)hilosoi)lii(';il a])paratus of the institu- tion. "'This was done by the exertions of the Principal, Rev. Hector Humphreys, I). D., who by visits to different parts of the State, suc- ceeded in obtaining donations aggregating over $12,000." Tiic building soon after its erection was described as being "de- signed for one of the professors, and the students ; there are twenty ]>rivate rooms in it, intended for the separate studies for members of the advanced classes, and two large dormitorii'S for pupils in the pre- jiaratory branches. A building like this had long been needed. It will accommodate at least sixty stude-its in all tlie departments," During the war lietween the Federal Government and Seceded States, the liuildings and grt)unds of St. John's College were seized by the Government for military purposes. Its commons were turned into a camp, its halls into quarters, and its laboratory into a stable. During this period the educational functions were suspended and the State's appropriation withdrawn. It was revived and restored in an aggregate sum by Chapter 101. Acts of ISdO. The College buildings were soon put in thorough repair, and Dr. Henry Barnard, of Connecticut, late Commissioner of Education, was H 1 s T o K Y OF Annapolis. 215 .^elected Principal, by whom the College was reopened in September, 1866. By Chapter 303, Acts of 18T2. the College, in addition to the $3,000, .already received it was given a further grant of S13,000 per annum for six years. This was a renewal of the grant of 1868, The same Act gave So, 000 for "increasing and improving t^ie Col- lege library, laboratory, philosophical apparatus and cabinet." This Act also directed to be paid to the. Visitors and Governor;? of St. John's "the sum of 810,000 per annum, i)ayable quarterly, lobe ap- plied by them in furnishing board, fuel, lights, and washing, to two of the students, educated free of charge for tuition, from each Sena- torial District of this State, and appointed by the Commissioners of the Primary Schools, by and with the advice and consent of the Sena- tor in their respective Senatorial Districts, after a competitive exami- nation of the catididates, provided, that the said appointment shall not be held by the same student for more than four years, and that each student, receiving such appointment, shall give his bond to the State of Maryland for such amount, with such security, as may be approved of l)y the Principal of said College that he will teach school within this State for not less than two years after leaving College." By Chapter 315. Acts of 1878, the appro})riation of S12, 000 addi- tional to the .S3. 000 of contrac ; was voted the College for two years ; and the ten thousand to Senatorial Scholars was reduced to S7,500 per annum. The candidates for Senatorial scholarship, by this Act were required to produce befoie the School Commissioners of their respective counties and the city of Baltimore "satisfactory evidence of their moi-al character and of their inal)ility, or the inability of their parents, or guardians, to pay the regular College charges."' The ai)pi-opriations of ST, 500 per annum for Senatorial scholarships, and S3. 000 for general expenses continues to the present. The College, duiing its existence of a century presents a long ari'ay of honorable names that acknowledge St. John's as their alma nta-fer. Among them are : • Daniel Clarke, Associate Judge of the First Judicial District ; John Done, Judge of the General Court, Judge of the Fourth Judicial Dis- trict, and of the Court of Appeals of Maryland : Clement Dorsey, Judge of the First Judicial District ; Benjamin Ogle, Gov^ernor of Maryland ; Ninian Piukney, Clerk of the Executive C'^imcil, of the class of 1703 ; Richard Harwood. Adjutant-General of Maryland : John Carlisle Her- bert, Men.ber of Congress and Speaker of the House of Delegates of Maryland ; Alexander Contee Magruder, Judge of the Court of Ap- peals, Keporter of the Decisions of the same Court ; John Seney and John C. Weems, Members of Congress, of the class of 1794: Robert H. Goldsborough, United States Senator ; Francis Scott Key, author of "Star Spangled Banner ;" John Ridgely, Surgeon United States Navy ; Washington Van Bibber, Member of Congress, of the class of 1796 ; John Leeds Kerr, United States Senator ; John Tayloe Lomax, Jtidge of the Court of Appeals of Vircrinia, of the class of 1797 : Alex- ander Hammett, Consul at Naples : Thomas U. P. Charlton, Chancel- lor of South Carolina ; William Rodgers. Surgeon United States Navy ; Tobias Watkins, Auditor in United States Treasury, and Assistant Surgeon United States Army : John Wilmot, xVdjutant-General of Maryland, of the class of 1798 : Thomas Beale Dorsey, Attorney- 'BIG " T II E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " General of Maryland and Chief of the Court of Appeals ; Dennis Claude, M. D.. Treasurer of Maryland; George Washington Parke Custis, of the class of 1709 ; Nicholas llarwood. M. D.. Surgeon United States Navy ^George Mann, Lieutenant United States Navy ; James Thomas. Governor of xMaryland, of the class of 1800 ; James Murray, Examiner General ; Charles W. Hanson, Judge of the Sixth Judicial District : .VlexanderC. Hanson, Member of the House of Representa- tives and United States Senator ; David ITolf man . Professor of Laws in the University of Maryland ; Charles Sterrett Kidgely, Speaker of the House of Delegates, class of 1802 ; John Contee, Lieutenant U. S. Marine Corps ; William Grason. Governor of ^Laryland ; Christo- pher Huglies, Charge to Sweden ; Thomas Williamson, Surgeon United States Navy, of the class of 1804 ; George Mackubin, Treasurer of Maryland ; John Wesley Peaco, Surgeon U. S. Navy and Governor of Llljeria ; Daniel Randall, Deputy Paymaster General, U. S. Army ; Hyde Ray, Surgeon U. S. Navy ; John'R. Shaw, Purser U. S. Navy ; Seth Switzer, Consul to Guayaquil ; Williatn T. Wooton, Secretary of State, of the class of 180(3 ; Thomas Randall, Judge of the District Court of Florida ; John Ridout, Visitor and Governor : John Gwinn, Captain U. S. Navy ; William Latimer, Admiral U. S. Navy ; Wil- liam 11. Marriott, Collector of the Port of Raltimore., of the class of 1810 ; Nicholas Brewer, Judge of the Circuit Court of Anne Arundel ; William Caton, Surgeon U. S. Navy ; Re verdy Johnson, United States Senator, Attorney-General, of United States, Minister to England ; David Ridgely, State Librarian, author of ' ' Annals of An- napolis," William Greenbury Ridgely, Chief Clerk in the Navy De- partment at. Washington : John Nelson Watkins Adjutant-General of Maryland, of the class of 1811 ; Thomas S. Alexander, L. L. D., George G. Brewer, Register of the Land Office ; John Denny, Surgeon United States Navy ; John Johnson, Chancellor of Maryland ; Landon Mercer, Lieutenant United States Navy; Richard Randall, M. D. U. S. A., and Governor of Liberia ; Francis Thomas. Member of Con- gress, Governor of ^Maryland, Minister to Peru ; Ramsay Waters, Register in Chancej-y : John B. Wells, Surgeon in United States Army ; George Wells, President of the Maryland Senate ; William Williams, M. I)., President of the Maryland Senate, of tlie classes fi-om 1811 to 1821 ; Alexander Randall, Memi)er of Congress and At- torney-General of Maryland, of the class of 1822 : Nicholas Brewer, of John. Adjutant-General of Maryland : Burton Randall. Surgeon United States Army, 01 the classes from 1822 to 182(J ; John Henry Alexander, L. L. D. ; William Harwood, State Librarian. Professor at the Naval Academy. School Examiner of Anne Arundel County; William Pinkney, Bishop of the Protestant E[»iscopal Church in Maryland: William H. Tuck, Judge of the Court of Apj)eals; John Bowie. Lieutenant United State 'Navy, of the class of 1827; John Randall Hagner, I^aymaster United States Army: Thomas Karney, Professor of Etiiics and Librarian in the United States Naval Aca- demy ; Xiniau Pinkney, Medical Director, U. S. Navy ; Augustus Bowie, Surgeon U.S. Navy :Sprigg llarwood. Clerk of the Circuit Court : .John H. T. Magruder. State Libraiian : Richard Swann, State Librarian, (.f the class of 18:30 : Rev. Orlando Huttoii, John (iivene Proud. Poet before the Alumni: F. W. CJreen, Mcml)er of Congress; Peter V, Hagner, U. S. Army, of the class of 18:}4 : Al)ram Claude, Professor of Chemistry St. John's College, Mayor of Annapolis, of H I s T o R Y o F Ann a p o l I s . 217 the cuiss of l8o5 ; William R. Ilayward, Commissioner of the Laud Office; liev. Samuel llidout, class of 1836; William Tell Claude ; Henry H. Goldsboroudi- President of State Couveution of 1864, Comptroller, Judge of Eleventh Judicial Circuit ; William II. Thomp- son, Professor of Grannnar in St. John's College ; Marius Puvall, Medical Director of the U. S. Xavy ; William R. Goodman, M. D. ; Philip Lansdale, Medical Director U. S. Xavy; William Levely, Surgeon United States Army, of the class of 1838 ; Frederick Stoiie, Judge of the Court of Appeals, of the class of 1839 ; Luther Giddings, "Major of rhe United States Army; George S. Hum- phrey,'' Lieutenant, United States Array: Richard Grason, Judge of the Court of Appeals of Marylan<;i. class of 1841 ; Llewellyn Boyle, Lieutenant United States Army and State Librarian ; John Thomas Hall, Lieutenant Unired States Army; James Kemp Harwood, Purser United States Navy; Thomas A. McParlin, Surgeon United States Armv ; John Schaaff Stockett, State Reporter of the Courtof Appeals, of the class of 1844; Nicholas Brewer, State Re- porter of the Court of Appeals : Richard M. Chase, Secretary of the Naval Academy ; James Munroe, Mayor of Annnapolis, class of 1846 ; James Shaw Franklin, Clerk of the Court of Appeals ; John Mullan, Captain United States Army : Charles S. Winder, Captain U. S. Army, and Brigadier General Confederate States Army ; class of 184/; James Re veil," State's Attorney for Anne Arundel County ; Thomas ' J. Nelson, Paymaster U. S. Army, class of 1819 ; Charles Brewer, Surgeon inU.' S. and C. S. Armies ; William Sprigg Hall. Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Ramsey County, Minnesota, class of 1852 : Daniel R. Magruder, Juda-o of the Court of Appeals, class of 1853 ; John Hf Sellraan. Paymaster United States Navy, Collector Internal Revenue, class of 1857 : Andrew G. Chapman, Member of Coup-ress, class of 1858 ; John W. Brewer, Assistant Surgeon United States Army ; William Hersey Hopkins. Vice Principal of St. John s College, President Female College of Baltimore, class of l857 ; Samuel T. McCullough, Lieutenant Confederaie States Army, class of 1860. In 1857. there was added to St. John's College Pinkney Hall, con- taining 46 rooms. When in tliorough repair it will accommodate 140 to 150 students. Its floorings were greatly damaged during the occupancy of the College by the United States troops in the civil war.- Its dimensions are 38 feet front, 95 feet deep, and is four stones. 1 he Gymnasium is in the rear of the space between McDowell and Pink- ney Halls. The two professors houses to the right of Humphrey Iiall were built in 1855, the fine doulde house, intejided for the use of the Principal and Vice-Principal, was built in 1857. The following was the faculty of 1886 : Thomas J. Fell, University of London, England ; Acting President, Professor of Ancient and Modern Languages, and ■ Lecturer on ^ Me- taphysics, Moral Philosophy and Evidences of Christianity : A. Sager Hall, Graduate and Doctor of Philosophy of Michigan University, Professor of Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Zoology and Botany, and Lecturer on Mineralogy and Geology ; C. W. Reid, 1 ro- fessor of the Greek and German Languages ; diaries W. Foster, U . S \. Professor of Military Science and Tact'cb, and Lecturer on In- ternational and Constitutional Law : J. H. Baker, Assistant Engmeer U S N Professor of Higher Mathematics and :\rechanical Lngmeer- ■218 "The A n c i e n t City." •ing : 0. W. Cain, Professor of Mathematics and Acting Professor of Englisii Literature : C. W. Reid. Superintendent of the Preparatory Department and Librarian ; J. E. W. Kevell. Tutor in the Prepara- tory Department ; John L. Chew, Tutor in the Preparatory Depart- ment. CHAPTER XL IV. PULSIDENT WaSHINGT 'N's^A'isIT TO AXNAI'OLIS. On Friday luoniiiii;-. March 2oth. 17^1, President Washington, ac- •comi>aiii<'d oaly liy his private Secretary, Major Jackson, anived in Annupoh's. Intelligence liaviug been received of his iiitended em- barkation at Rock Hall, Ir^ had been anxiously expectiul on Thursday evenitig — but the Governor, and several other gentleiuen, who had failed to uieet him. were compelled to return without tidings. "The vessel, which c Mitaiued the chief treasure of America, did not enter the river Severn until ten o'clock, in a dark tempestuous night. She struck oil a bar, or poiut. within-about a luile from the city ; and although they made a signal of distress, it was impossible, before day-light, "to go to her relief. The guardian angel of America was still watchful : and we are happy in assuring our countrymen that the health of their dearest friend has not been at all aifected by an accident far more distressing t(j those who were a'pprised, or rather apprehensive, of his situation, than to himself. ""•'' At 10 o'clock on the same day attended by the Governor, and a number of respectable citizens, he visited St. John's College, and ex- pressed much satisfaction at the appearance of this rising seminary. He then pursued his walk to the government house. At three o'clock he sat dowii to a public diinierat IMr. Mann's with a numerous com- pany of thQ inhabitants, and continued at table until there had been circulated the following toasts, each. of which was announced liy the -discharge of cannon — 1. The People of the United States of America. 2. The Congress. 3. The dearest Friend of his Country. 4. The State of Maryland. o. Wisdom, Justice and Harmony, in all our Pul)lie Couut-ils. G. Agriculture Manufactures, Commerce and Learning: may they flourish with Virtue and true Religion. 7. The King of the French. 8. The National Assem!>ly of France. 9. The Sieur la Fayette, and the other generous Friends to America •in the day .f her Distress. * Md. (jinz -ite. H 1 ST R Y O F x\ N N A PO LI S . 219 10. To all those who have lalleTi m the Cause of America. 11. The Patriots of Nations and Ages. 12 The Powers of Europe friendly to America. 1?;. Miy all the inhal)itant. of the Earth he taught to cousider each • other as Fellow Citizens. 14 The Virtuous Daughters of America. 15: The Perpetual Union of distinct Sovereign btates nnder an efh- "?;iI:;^rdi^President again dined with a lav.e eomj^;aU h. Government House ; and in the evennig his presence enhxened a bail T^Uch^Lexhihitea everything which the httle city contained of "^'Tl^HtU^dT^s in a whirl of delightful excitement during the entire sUy of its illustrious visitor. .11 care seemed, ^"^P™^; ;.^"^ the inhabitants of the whole town were made; M.ap.-ym con eiplai^^^^^ him whom they considered as tlieir fastest fnend, as ^xsell a^ the most pxalted of tlieir follow -citizens, and the farst ot men. Sunday, the 2;th. the President left Annapoh. on ho^^^^ P^corted asfarasSouthKiver, by a company of gentlemen. Here irmost^^them touk leave of himlmtGover-mrPhUe^^^^^^^^ hhn to Oeorgetown. where the President stayed some dajs ^^ f, h« be"an 1 is arduous and patriotic journey through he ^^" If ™ ^.^ f^^ ; A pleasant outgrowth of President Washington s visit to Annapohs ^vas the following correspondence : Anxai-olis. April Tth. To The Prrsident of th<^ TJnUtfl States. Sir :-We. the Faculty of St. John's College beg ^^''^'^iX'^^:^'^ the Sincere ioy which the honour of your preseiice m our infant .erai- rary affoX us. In common with all those who super. ntend the naiy f "o^";"^ , . . 1 .^ lively grat tude to the defender of t^'i^e^Ln^f^m and^misequently thegreat pa^i^ o ? tera u^e? But as this seminary was begun since, the uuiecl voice of our America called you to preside over its most impm^^^^^ nnd ensure to them the continuance ot those blessmgb whi.li your ox In forS-ht and steady fortitude had bcon the happy ^^^^'^^9^^^ omnrit seem ^H^ to you with hlial 'p?; That^t dates its birth from this grand era, which has placed '^ft;hP^e^l of fifteen dist net Sovereijn States united into one ^hymmwl^Js^a^dbV its friends as an auspicious circum- sT4 e and fla ering assurance of its future eminence and nselulness To S rien of virtue and his country, the rise of a college, where ''''Sil^ned in behalf, and at the request, of the Faculty, ' * JoHX McDowell, President, To the Facidty of St. John's College, . Gentlemen :-The satisfaction which I have derived trom my visit 220 " T H E A N- C I E N T C I T Y . " to your infant seminary, is expressed with real pleasure, and my wishes for it^ progress to perfection are preferred with sincere regard. The very promising appearance of its infancy must flatter all its friends (among whom I entreat yon to class nie) with the hope of an early, and at the same time, a mature manhood. You will do justice to the sentiments, wliich your kind resrard towards myself ins])ires, liy believing that I reciprocate the good wishes contained in your address, and I sincerely hope the excellence of your seminary will bo manifested in the morals and science of the youth who are favored with your care. George Washington. President "Washington gave a proof of his friendly sentiments to- wards St. John's by installing his ward. George Wash inir ton Parke Custis, as a student in the iiistitutiou. Two nephews of Washington were also st'ndents of the Colle2-e. CHAPTER XLV. C . ;.i)NICl.ES OF AnNAFOLIS FRO.M 1777 TO ISIO. [1777.'] The General Assemldy, at its February Session, 1777, passed a resolution, under which the Court of Ajtpeals wasto be com- posed of five Judges. The first Judges were Benjamin Ramsey. Chief Judge ; Benjamin Mackall. Thomas Jones, Solomon Wright, James Murray, Associates. They were appointed Decendx r 12tli, 1778. The A'3ts of Fo!>ruary Session, 1777, Cha;)ter 15. made the "Talbot Court House" and Annapolis, the places of the iiiecting of the Pro- vincial Court, afiVrward changed into the General Court. It was a Court of original jurisdiction. The first Judge."--, api.ointed March 9th, 177b, were William Paca. Chief Judare ; Isicholas riiomas and Alex. Contee Hanson, Associate Judges. This Ccnirt met in tlie room which, in the State House, gave place to, and is now o'j* upied in part by the State Library. ' [178;i.] Iji 1783, one I. Chalmers, a goldsmith. <»f Annapolis. Mary- land, issued silver tokens as a speculative ventui-c of his own. They consisted oi shillings, six-[)ences. and three-pences.now r: re, the two smaller pieces jjartieularly so. Dr. John David Scholf, who visited this county in 1783-4, gives the following account of thesj^ coins : "Inthe United States, Annapolis lias the honor of having .urnished the first silver money for small change. A goldsmith of tliis plhce coins on his own account, though v'ith the consent of the government. After the depreciation of the paper money, it became customary and iiecessary, throu<^diont Ainerica, to cut tiie Spanish dollai;s, in two, four and more pieces for change. This dividing became soon a pro- fital)le business in the hands of expert cutters who knew how to cut five fpiarters. or nine and ten eighths our ol' a roinid dollar, so that shortly v.vevy one refused to take this kind of money otherwise than ii 1 H T O U ^' O F xV A" ^' A P L I S . It^il by wei.2:ht or at discretion. To get over this emburrassinent the said goldsniith assists in getting the angular pieces ont of circnhition, by taking them in exchange, with a considerable advantage to himself, for pieces of his own coinage."* [1783.] At Washington's reception, the day before he resigned his commission, Mr. Mann furnished the supper at the State" House. Ninety-eight bottles of wine, two and a-half gallons of spirits, nine pounds of sugar, a lot of limes, music and waiters, and a dozen packs of cards were supplied, and the Governor directed Col. Mills of the An- napolis Coffee Mouse, to furnish the people with punch and grog to the value of £10 10s. [1788.] The festivities of the day that celebrated peace between England and America were substantial. The State bought that day from James Makubbin a. hogshead of rum (116 gallons at 6s. 6d. per gallon) and from George Mann, 49 gallons of claret, 32 gallons of Ma- deria, 35 port, 6 of spirit. It also purchased 1511:) of loaf sugar, 176ib of bacon, 2841b of salt beef, 521b of shoat, 1261b of muttoiu 27211) of veal. 1831b of beef, 7 lambs and 12 fowls. For the ball that closed the day there were 8 gallons of wine, 4 of spirits, beef, hams, tongues, chickens, turkeys, tarts, custards, cheese-cakes, 502 loaves of bread, 24 shillings worth of cards, and a box of candles. The State had to pay Mr. Mann for 35 knives and 29 forks lost, and 28 plates, 43 wine glasses, 1 dish, 61 broken bottles — an index of what a day it was. [1786.] Xoah Webster, the lexicographer, began his life-work as an itinerant lecturer on the English language. t This was in 1786, in which course he visited the principal cities of America, Annapolis being one of the places in which he lectured. In 1787, William Clark, established a stage r5ute between Balti- more and Annapolis. T.he coach ran three times a week. It set out from Annapolis every Monday, Wednesday and Friday precisely at five o'clock in the morning. On the return it started from Mr. Wm. Evans at the Golden Bacchus, the corner of Calvert and Banks streets, in Baltimore, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, precisely at five o'clock in the morning. Fare — 15 shillings, way passengers, six-pence per mile. December 6th, a lady, whose name was not given, delivered a lecture on "Poetry'' in the Ball Boom. [1788.] In 1788, .ludge Samuel Chase, removed from Annapolis to Baltimore, on the urgeiit solicitation of Col. Howard, a large property- holder, who, as an inducement to reside in Baltimore, offered Mr. Chase one full square for city building lots, if he would make Balti- more his residence. The offer was accepted, the property was con- veyed to him, and is now within the heart of the city, a valuable estate. It remains in the possession of the descendants of Judge Chase. While on a visit to Baltimore, towards the close of the Bevolu- tionary War. he stopped, from curiosity, in a debating society, where he was astonished at the eloquence of a young man. He proved to be a druggist's clerk- Judge Chase ascertained the young man's name, searched him out, and advised him to study law. The young man disclosed to his admirer that poverty was an insurmountable difficulty in the way. Mr. Chase offered him at once the use of his library and * Seharf's History of Md. vcl. I, ps. 17S-179-1S0. T Appleton's Kncyclopedi;), vol. 1(). p. 5jo. 233 ' • T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . ' ' at his scat table. The offer was accepted with jjratitude, the youni? man pursued a course of legal studies, and, on his admission to the bar, passed his examination with marked alnlity. That obscure young drug clerk was afterward the distinguished William Pinkney. [1788. j The (-inzptU' of date of .January ^^Ist, publishes a list of sev^enteen vessels that had arrived at Annapolis. The magnitude and the importance of the commerce of this port are evidenced by the fact that OTie vessel was from each of the following places : Barbadoes. Limington, Demarara, Aux-Cays, Amsterdam, Dublin, St. Croix. Salem, Belfast Port-au-Prince. Charleston, St. Bartho- lomews, Rhode Island and Norfolk ; and three from Xew York. Nicholas Carroll and Alexander Contee Hanson were elected dele- gates to represent Annapolis in the Convention called to determine whether ^Maryland would acc:de to the projxjsed jjlanof a Confederate Government for the States. The Convention met at Annapolis Mon- day, April 21st, and on the followinij: Thursday by a vote of 63 to 11, passed a resolution that "the Convention assent to and ratify the proposed })lan of federal government for the United States." The nays on this important question form an interesting morsel of history. They were Jeremiah T. Chase, John T. Mercer, Benjamin Harrison, Charles Ridgely^ Charles Kidgely, of Wm., Edward Cockey, Nathan Cromwell. John Love, Willia'n Pinkney, and Luther Martin. The first ballot for the first United States Senators from Maryland, took i)lace at Aimapolis on December 9. The two houses met in joint session and it required a majority of the members in attendance to elect. There were thirteen Senators present and seventy members of the House of Delegates. Forty-two votes were necessary to elect. On the first ballot, John Ilenry'reeeived 41 ; George Gale 41 ; Ninah Forrest 41 : Charles Carroll 40 : The second ballot resulted. Henry 43 ; Gait 40 ; Carroll 41 : Forrest 41. The Assembly then adjourned until Wednesday the 10th. On this dav the first ballot resulted Charles Carroll 42 : Ninah Forrest 89. [1789.] On Tuesday, the 18th, of October, the Jockey Club of An- napolis had its fall races. The forty guinea purse was w. n by :\[r. Wm. Morgan's black horse Shakespere. The .foO purse by Mr. 'John Lee Gibson's bay mare Cub, and the £30 stake by ^Ir. W^m. Campbell's bay horse Sloven. [1790.] (hi 3[onday, February 11, about three o'clock in the after- noon the "Government House," (the Governor's residence,) was set on fire by a defectiv(^ chinmey. The citizens jiromptly repaired to it and extinsruished the fireafterit had injured the second story. Messrs. Andrew Brown. Alex. Thompson. James ]\FFaden, Dennis Dunning, John Sullivan, Patrick Dunnr Cornelius Wesr, Thomas Clark and Charles Caton dis{>layed judicious zeal in repairing to the roof and cutting a hole in which so as to admit the free passage of water by which the fire was extinguished. The same (lay, (old style,) was celebrated as the liirthdny of General Washington. An elegant dinner was set at Mann's Hotel, by which the Governor, citizens, and strangers honored the illus- trious hero. The (iazeftit- warms with the scene and says "it ex- hibited a striking picture of social and elevated joy. The name of Washington 0[>erated like a charm uj)ou the minds and spirit of the whole company. Reverence, gratitude, and lov." v,-.'rodopicted History OF Annapolis. 223- on every face, and the affections of the heart were disclosed in all the external expressions of ardent i^assions. The powers of beautv conld only complete this joyful festival. And these were not wanting, for, at the evening assembly, the an imatnig presence ot the ladies gave a fresh spur to the feelings of the day. 1 tve U 1 resi- dent shone in the countenance, was inscribed m the dress, and en- graved on the heart of every fair attendant. In a word such an occa- sion alone could excite feelings so general, and so sincere. Alter dinner a gentleman favored the company with an original song, de- picting the birth of Washington at the command of Jove. [1790.] Henry Kidgely, of Annapolis, on November 9, was elected one of the Governor's Council. In the Maryland Gazette's issue of November 11, appeared a com- munication, signed "A Freeman," which strongly denounced negro On the 16th of Novemlier, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenefer, a promi- nent citizen of Annapolis, died aged 07 years. . ^, tt -4- ^ Charles Carroll, of Carrolton, was re-elected Senator of the United States. On December 9, a communication signed "Citizen" appeared in the Gazette in which the writer wanted the firing of guns in the streets on Christmas Day broken up. The practice, however, obtains to this Ti792 ] On Friday, the 10th of February, Governor George Plater died in Annapolis. In his public character which began with his earliest manhood, and terminated with his death, he _ was- the firm advocate of the rights of man, and was distinguished by warm and zealous adherence to the principles of the Ameri- can Revolution. In private life, he lived an honest man and was above suspicion in the transactions of business. "He was warm in his affections and unbounded in his philanthropy." His remains were attended the next day by the honorable members of the council, theofficersof State, anda numerous company of citizens to South River, on the way to Sotterly, his seat in St. Mary's county. James Brice, being the first name of the Governor's Council, became Gover- In January, 1793 the Lof^ge of Antient York Ma?ons, installed at their Lodge-room in the city of Annapolis in due form, by authority of Peregrine" Letherbury, esq., grand-master of Maryland, and who have entitled themselves the Amanda Lodge, assembled to celebrate St. John's the Evangelist, A. L. 5792, at the house of Mr. Vachel Stevens, where, "with Masonic and convivial happiness, whilst decorum and philanthropy presided at their meeting, they drank the following toasts :" TT . T o i. 1. Our Sublime brother, the president of the United States. 2. The Day. ^ , , 3. Our grand-master of Maryland, Peregrine Letherbury, Lsq., 4. The Amanda Lodge. 5. The P. grand-master of Maryland, John Coates, Esq., 6. Our Masonic brethern. 7. The United States. 8. The Secretary of State. 9. The Governor of Maryland. 10. The Chancellor of Maryland. 224 •'The A x c i v. s r t i r v . ' ' 11. The Ohicf .]\kV^q of Maryland. 12. Col. Francis Mercer. 18. The National Assembly of France. On Fel)rnary 22iid, one of the Annapolis jiackcts on its way to Bal- timore, upset off Maj^othy river, and the following persons from An- ■nflpolis were drowned : Mr. Thomas Pryfe, saddler : Mr. John Ross, Mr. John Hammond, rifr. Benjamin Buckland, cabiiut-makers : Mr. Thomas ('arstin, and Mr. "Wm. Lockerman, owners of the vessel : and Mr. .Tamos Denning, Mr. Thomas Coats of Grcensbuiy's Poirit, and a colored boy were also drowned. Tjiorc were ten persons on the ves- sel and nine were drowned. On Fel)rnary 24th, Thomas Dance, a plasterer of Annapolis, whilst at work on the inside of the dome of the "Stadt-honse." made a false step, and fell to tlie floor. He. died in a few hours. .July olst. The Muse's flame was lit V)y adorers to Vnirn incense to their idols in ancient Annapolis as well as in the modern days. In the (xazctik of July olst, appears the following acrostic : '"Skilled in science, formed without art to please. As bright as '4'lory, yet as mill as ease, Refined in politeness, as in carriage nice, Altho's she's fair, she's diffident tho's wise, Her brilliant eyes a hermit would entice, Merry, tho" not light : against flattery a test, Unknown to intrigue, of female fair the best. Range from the Northern to the Southern pole Retrace yonr footsteps, e'en pervade the whole. And view the beauties of each various clime You'll see none so fair, as my nymph divine I" [1705.] There lived at Annapolis at this period, one William Caton, a hair- dresser and barber, whose chief claim to renown is that he shaved General Washington. Caton was an unctions tradesman, and when he opened a grocery and dry-goods store, he closed his adver- tisement with : "The said Caton, actuated by w due regard to the sacred principles of gratitude, tenders his grateful tliatdcs for that liberal patronage whicli a generous and indulgent public has olfered him, and he flatters himself, that, while his mind is animated by a lively sense of preced- ing favors. Ids future conduct will entitle him to the claims of universal approbation." [1800.] On Sunday, January 28th, the Almshouse, a large and commodious building, near Annapolis, burned down. None of the inmates were injured. Saturday, the 22d of February, by proclamation of the Governor, oVjserved at Ainiapolis, "as a day of mourning, humiliation and prayer," in respect to the memory of Gen. Wasliington. "The officials of State, City and College, the military and citizens, attended church in a body. Rev. Mr. Higinbothem preached in the morning and Rev. Mr. Ro))erts in the afternoon. The text in the morning was "It is appointed for all men once to die." In the afternoon, "Know ye not that there is a Prince and a Great Man fallen this day in Israel." Act 75, of the session of 1880, was a supplemental Act to an Act to lay out and establish a road from the city of Annapolis to the city of Washington, and to repeal the Act therein mentioned. History of Annapolis. 225 [1801 . ] In October, Allen Quynn and Richard Ridgely were elected to represent Annapolis in the Legislature. In DecemV)er of this year the proprietor of the Gazette had to de- fend himself against slav.derons reports circulated about the partiality of his charges to some of his Federal friends, whilst he made his de- mands very heavy upon the Republicans who brought him printing. Mr. Green was thoroughly vindicated by the Republicans who were charged to have suffered. [1802.] Act 104, of tlie Acts of 1802, was an Act to vest the funds heretofore belonging to the Rector, Governor, Trustees, and Visitors of King AYilliam School, in the city of Annapolis, in the Visitors and Governors of St John's College. Allen Quynn and Richard Ridgely were elected Delegates to the Maryland Legislature from Annapolis. [1803.] On Saturday, September loth, there was given a dinner at Mrs.Urquhart's spring where a discussion of politics followed by can- didates for the Legislature. This is the first notice found of the present barbecue. On the 8th of Xovember, 1803, Allen Quynn died at the ripe age of 77 years. He had been a member of the Legislature of Maryland for 25 years, and it is not out of place, to presume that his age was the cause of his retirement from service in the General Assembly. [1804.] In the Gazette of February 16th, a writer who signed him- self Juvenus, and who declared he desired to imitate Addison and Steele in correcting the foibles of his fellow-citizens, took up the cus- tom of whittling, wiiich he condemned as a destruction of property prevalent in Annapolis. On the Frigate Philadelphia, which was captured in the Tripolitan harbor, OctolDer 31st, by the Tripolitans, Dr. John Ridgely, of An- napolis, was surgeon. Dr. Ridgely was taken with sixty-three other Americans to prison in Tripoli. Whilst there, he was sent for by the Governor to attend his sick daughter. On the convalescence of the patient, the Governor graciously offered his daughter in marriage to the young American. This honor, having an affianced at home, he had to decline. The Governor then offered the Surgeon the freedom of the city. This the gallant doctor refused unless his companions were also allowed their liberty. When Dr. Ridgely returned to An- napolis, he brought with him a fine white Arabian horse and other valuable gifts which had been presented to him by the grateful Gov- ernor."* In August the articles of association to establish the Farmers' Bank- of Annapolis were first printed. The Bank contemplated fifteen directors and a president. The solicitors for subscription to the capital stock at Annapolis were John Gibson, James Williams, John Muir, Robert Denny, Lewis Duvall, and William Alexander, and books were opened in every county in the State. The plan contemplated a pow- erful Maryland ^rtya/e banking institution. In May, 1805, the Act of Assembly to incorporate the Farmers' Bank of Maryland was passed. There were an Annapolis subscription com- mittee and an Easfon committee. Thomas J. Bullitt, John Leeds Keer, Hall Harrison, Bennett Wheeler, Joseph Haskins, Wm. Meahng, James * Related to me oy his niece ilrs. Eiiza Bor.snll, then, 1880, in herS'^nd. year. 15 22(j *'The Ancient City.'' Earle, Jr., constituted the executive body to organize the bank. The books were opened July 16th, and in two days 1690 shares of the two thousand alloted to Annajiolis were subscribed. On August 15th, the election for directors to the bank took place. The following were elected directors : John Gibson, Arthur Shaaff, John F. Mercer, Richard II. Harwood, James Maccubin, Horatio Ridout, William Stewart, Louis Duvall, for Annapolis and Anne Arundel County ; William Wilkerson, for Calvert County ; Robert Bowie, for Prince George's County ; Henry H. Chapman, for Charles County ; Wm. Somerville, for St. Maiy's County ; Thomas Davis, for Montgomery County ; John Tyler, for Frederick County ; Lusby Tilghman, for Washington County ; James J. Wilkerson, for Baltimore County ; Benedict E. Hall, for Harford County ; Upton Brice, for Allegany County. The directors elected John Muir, of Annapolis, president of the bank. The bank at Easton was organized at the same time, directors elected, and Nicholas Hammond made president. At the Annapolis Theatre, in August, 1805, Alfonso, King of Castile, Love-a-La-Mode, or the Humors of the Turf, were played, also Hearts of Oak and Raising the Wind, the Cure for the Heart-Ache, with the Tale of Mystery were played. At the election October 4th, for two Members of the House of Dele- gates for Annapolis, the following was the vote : John Muir, 188 votes ; Arthur Shaff, 171 ; Thomas Jennings, 70. October 5th, General John Hoskins Stone was buried at Annapolis with military honors. Among the participants were officers of the Revolutionary Army and niembers of the Society of Cincinnati. [1804.] May 3rd, the Gazette adopted the present style of editorial sub-head. This year a lottery was inaugurated to raise money to improve the streets of Annapolis, to purchase "a large and forcible fire-engine, and to deepen the basin.'" As a matter of local interest the names of the managers are ap- pended : James Williams, Absalom Ridgely, Wm. Alexandria, John Barber, Joseph Sands, Lewis Neth, Jonathan Pinkney, John Shaw, Frederick Green, Frederick Grammer, John Muir, William Caton. [1807.] Nicholas Brewer was appointed Register of the Court of Chancery in May. On the 29th of June, a public meeting was held in Annapolis, at whicli resolutions were passed denouncing the attack of the British Frigate Leopard, upon the U. S. Shij) Chesapeake, on the 22nd of June, off Norfolk, and promising to "support such measures as should be adopted by the Government." The participants refused also to have any intercourse with British vessels and appointed the following com- mittee to carry out tlie resolutions : Governor Robert Wright, John T. Shaff, Jeremiah T. Chase, Reverdy Gheselin, Wm. Kjlty, John Gassaway, Nicholas Carroll, Richard H. Harwood, John Muir, Lewis Duvall, Burton Whetcroft, and Nicholas Brewer. On the 4th of July following, the city celebrated the day in an unusually animated manner. The tenth toast drank was : "The memory of our unfortunate citizens who fell in the late wanton and dastardly attack on the Chesapeake — may their brother tars be ready to avenge it." On the 26th of August, 1807, information was received at Annapolis that a piracy had been committed in the Chesapeake, 30 miles below History of Annapolis. 237 the city, by a French pirate, in the capture of the ship Othello, Cap- tain Glover, bound to Baltimore. The "Holy-Hawk," packet, with two brass four-pounders, under com- mand of Captain Muir of the artillery, and Captain Duvall of the in- fantry, with a detachment of their respective companies, armed with muskets and boarding pikes, accompanied by a boat from the 'L'Eole,' (then lying in our harbor,) with thirty-three volunteers, French and American under the command of Lieutenant Mann, of the United States Navy, and an officer of the 'L'Eole,' sailed in pursuit of the pirate. They proceeded some distance down the bay, but returned without encountering the bold buccanneer. Captain Samuel and John Sterrett, in conjunction with Captain Porter, of the United States Navy, were more successful, and the pirate was captured and taken to Baltimore. Five of the crew, who had passed through Annapolis, ■were captured by our citizens a short distance from town. These were also taken to BaUimore. Such was the pitch of popular excite- ment over this affair that a high official gravely informed the captors of these five unarmed Frenchmen "that they deserved well of their country." [1808.] Congressman Van Horn, on the 12th of January, presented a memorial from the Mayor, Aldermen, Common Council, and citizens of Annapolis, urging the great importance of the place to the trade ot the Chesapeake, and praying Congress to take measures to have suitable fortifications erected there. The petition was referred to "the Secretary of War. In March, proposals were advertised for the pur- chase of 100,000 good bricks, 200 tons of good foundation stone, and 2,000 bushels of good shell lime for the fortification of Annapolis. The advertisement was signed by John Randall. The Annapolis United Guards were at this time perfecting themselves in the military art. The First Volunteer Company also drilled at this period. On Monday, the 3rd of October, the city election for two delegates to the Legislature took place. It resulted, John Muir, 162 ; James Boyle, 138 ; A. C. Magruder, 111. [1809.] In May, counterfeits on the Farmers' Bank appeared. They were SI notes clumsily altered into $10. [1810.] On the 30th of August, John Muir, president of the Farmers' Bank, died in the 60th year of his age. He was a native of Scotland but came to America when quite young. He was a warm advocate of American Independence, and took an active part in the Revolution. He represented Annapolis six years in the Legislature. He enjoyed a high reputation for charity, patriotism, and particularly for devotion to the inlerests of Annapolis. Mr. Absalom Riigely, an Annapolis merchant of the seventeenth century, appears to have been a public-spirited citizen. The follow- ing is extracted from the Annapolis Council proceedings of the 10th of May, 1788 : "The committee, appointed to report on the petition of Absalom Ridgely, made the following report, viz : "We, your committee, appointed for the purpose of examining the situation of Prince George's street, adjoining Mr. Ridgely's, do report, that the filling up and completing the said street, will be both useful and necessary and beg leave to recommend an acceptance of the terms 228 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y. ' ' for filling up and corapleating the work of said street offered by Mr. Ridgely, which we have herewith transmitted for your consideration and appro Vjation. "Mr. xVbsaloin Ridgely's proposition : "To the vvorshii)ful the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Councilmen of the City of Annapolis. The proposal of Absalom Ridgely, to fill the public wharf at the end of Prince George's street, as far as the logs that are now down. "Your proposer will undertake at his o^v^l immediate expense to fill in the wharf aforesaid, in any manner that shall be directed, l)y the corporation or a committee thereof, will engage laborers for that purpose upon the most reasonable terms they can be procured for ready money. Will deepen the water in front as much as possible l)y throw- ing the mud at low tides within the logs. Will superintend the work himself without any compensation, that it may done as expeditiously as possible, and will wait for reimbursements of the cxpence in which he means to include the cost of the wharf logs, until it will amply suit the conveniency of the corporation to repay it without interest. Or if the corporation would rather choose to employ persons themselves for the above purposes, he will advance the money and wait for the return of it as aforesaid. "The corporation, taking «he same into consideration, do accept the first proposal of Mr. Absalom Ridgely." CHAPTER XLVI. Thk Ancient Regime Disappears. [1790.] Annapolis began to slough its distinctive features as a town of the colonial regime soon after the close of the revolution, though traces of these earlier customs remained until near the middle of the present century. One of the attempts of the friends of the capital to ad- vance its importance was the establishnient of it>- Court of Hustings. It excited at the time, 1708, the envy of the Anne Arundel ollicials and a compromise of duties, no doubt born of a straggle for fees, had to be made between the city's and county's sheriff and other officers, before the right was given the Mayor to hold a court. The duties of this court are indicated by a leaf from its docket :* "At a meeting of the Mayor's Court on Tuesday, the 2Gt}i day of January, 1790. Were Present : "Nicholas Carroll, Esq., 3Iayor. "Allen Quynn, ^ "Rol)ert Conden, I Es<][rs., Aldermen. ".John BuUen, J * Minute Book of tin- Mayor's Court, MSS. p, 2>. History OF Annapolis. 339 '*Mr. George Jennings is admitted an Attorney of this Court, and .qualifies as such in the usual manner. "The Court adjourns till 3 o'clock. "Post Meridien, the Court met. Present : "Nicholas Carroll, Esq., Mayor. "Allen Quynn, ^ ".James Brice, V Esqrs., Aldermen. "Robert Conden, j "The Sheriff makes return of his pannel of Jurors, out of which, the €ourt appoint the following as Grand Jurors, to wit : "Beriah Ma ybury. Foreman, "Thomas Simpson, "Joseph Clark, "John Long, "Henrv Whetcroft, "Joseph Rowles, "William Middleton, "Gilbert Middleton, "Thomas Dalziell, "Alexander Thompson,- ".Joseph Burneston, "William W^ells, "Richard Frazier, "George Johnson, "John Hannah, "John Hyde— Bailiff. "Who, being sworn and charged, retire to their chamber and after- wards return and present to the court the following presentments, to wit : "Richard Thompson^ Jr., for an assault on free negro Tom ; same, for an assault on Wm. Williams ; John Keith, for an assault on free negro Tom ; JamesReid, for an assault on Wm. H. McPherson ; Charles Beard, for firing a gun in the street ; Henry Sypolls, for same ; negro Tom, slave to Mr. James Williams, for an assault on Wm. Caton ; Charles Faris, for an assault on Jonathan Pinkaey. of Robert : John Wisehara, for suffering his chimney to lUaze out at tlie top ; Thomas Brewer, for an assault on negro Tom ; Benjamin Fairbain, for dealing with a slave ; .James Murray, for chimney blazing out at the top; Archd. Golder, for an assault on Wm. Grant ; George Tumblert, for same on John Tootell ; Samuel Hutton, for chimney blazing out at the top ; Richard Thompson," Jr., and John Keith, for entering the dwelling house of Mrs. Susannah Brewer, in a riotious and disorderly manner ; Benjamin Fairbain, for an assault on Richard Fleming ; John Gutroy, for same on Wm. Koss ; Thomas Adams, for selling liquor without licence ; Richard Jones, for same at four diflierent times ; John Rea. for harboring slaves ; William Alexander, for an assault on Elizabeth McMechen : same, for a riot ; John Rea, for selling liquor under a pint — three different times ; same, for harbouring negro Moses ; same, for selling liquor and suffering it to be drank in his house ; Sampson Salmon, for suffering his hogs to go at large : Daniel Fowler, 3, for same ; Robert Tysalel. for same ; Wra. Alexander, for dealing with negro Ruth ; John Brice, of Robert, for procuring liquor for negro Ruth ; William Ross, for an assault on Robert Gutroy ; John Gutroy, for an assault on John Hyde ; James Carroll, for chim- ney blazing out at the top ; negro Ruth, for keeping a disorderly house ; Thomas Adams, for same ; Thomas Jenmngs, for leaving his well open ; John Keith, for an assault on negro James ; Allen Quynn, Jr., for same on Matthew Truine ; Jane Thompson, for keeping a dis- orderly house, &c." 230 ' 'The Ancient City." By chapter 194, passed February 13th, 1819. the charter of Annapo- lis was altered so as to give the electors, qualified to vote for delegates to the General Assembly, the right to elect the Mayor, Recorder, five Aldermen and seven Common Councilmen. The Board was to be elected every third year on the first Monday in October. By this act the city's right to hold a "Court of Hustings," was anulled. CHAPTER XLVII. William Pinkney Banquetted ix Annapolis. [1804.] The Gazette of November, 29, 1804, says : "On Wednesday, the 21st instant, the Honourable William Pink- ney, Esquire, who has lately returned from a long residence in Eng- land, under a public appointment from the United States, and recently under a special appomtment also from the State of Maryland, arrived in this city, and was immediately waited upon at Caton's tavern by a large concourse of respectable citizens, members of the legislature, &c., whose looks, still more than their declarations evinced the satis- faction felt at the safe return of th's distinguished and highly accom- plished gentleman. Among others the persons svhose names are sub- scribed thereto waited on Mr. Pinkney, and presented him with the following note : 'To the Honourahle William Pinkney, Esquire. Annapolis, November 21, 1804. "Sir : — We are deputed Vjy a number of your old friends and fellow- citizens of AnnapoHs, to congratulate you on your safe arrival in this country, and to exj)ress the pleasure they feel at your appearance in this your native city. We are desired also to declare their impressions in regard to the honourable manner in which you are understood to have fulfilled the ol)jects of your late mission to Europe, and the ser- vice which you have incidentally been enabled to render to the State of Maryland in the successful termination of an affair of great impor- tance to its rights and interests. Those impressions we are authorised to say are as gratifying to the pride of your fellow-citizens as they are respectful and alfectionate towards yourself. We are further deputed, Sir, to request that you will give your friends an opportunity of per- sonally welcoming you to Annapolis, by favouring them with your company at a })ublic dinner at Mr. Caton's tavern on Friday next, at three o'clock. "Desiring to be considered as sharing most cordially in the sentiments here expressed, we have the honour to be, with great esteem, Sir, Your obedient servants, John Kilty, John (rassaway, John Davidson, Jolm Muir. Burton Whetcroft, Samuelli. Howard. History OF Annapolis. 331 "To which Mr. Pinkney, on the next day, (having in the interim signified verbally his acceptance of the invitation,) returned the fol- lowing answer : Annapolis, November 22, 1804. ''Gentlemen :— I have read with peculiar sensibility the kind and flattering testimonial of approbation and esteem which you have done me the honour to deliver to me on the part of my fellow-citizens of Annapolis. After an absence of more than eight years from my country to meet with such a reception from the mhabitants ot my native city, ^o which in every vicissitude of life and fortune I have always felt, and shall continue to feel, the most lively attachment, is more grateful to my heart than I am able to express. "I bee: you, gentlemen, to accept, with my best wishes for the future prosperil:y of this city, my sincere acknowledgments for the terms m which you have been so good as to convey its sense of my pubhc con- duct during my residence abroad. I shall take great pleasure in availing myself of your polite invitation. "I have the honour to be, with unfeigned respect and regard, b-eii- tlemen, Your most obedient humble servant, WILLIAM PINKNEY. Jolin Kiltij, John Davidson, Burton '\ Whetcroft, John Crassaway.John JIuir, V Samuel'Harvey Howard, Escfrs. ) "The following- card of invitation was. on the same day, presented to the President 'of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Dele- gates, and communicated by them (from the chair) to the members of their respective houses : Annapolis, November 21, 1804. ^^SiR ._A number of the inhabitants of Annapolis, desirous of giv- ing to their fellow-citizen, William Pinkney, Esquire, who has lately returned to this country from the successful discharge of importj,nt public functions in Europe, a testimony of the satisfaction they feel at his arrival amono- them, and of the high esteem they entertain tor his character, have deputed us to request his presence at a dniner to be given for that purpose at Mr. Caton's tavern on Friday next : this invitation havhig been accepted by Mr. Pinkney, we obey with pleasure a further injunction by requesting, Sir, to be favoured at the said public dinner with your company and that of the members of the Honourable House in which you preside. With great respect, we have the honour to be. Sir, Your most obedient servants. [Signed as before.] "Agreeably to this arrangement a great number of the citizens, the members of the Legislature generally, with the Judges of the Court of Appeals, several other gentlemen o! distinction who hacl also been invited, and the Honourable Mr. Pmkney, assembled on Fiiday at Mr. Caton's tavern, and partook of an elegant dinner, at wnich the utmost degree of conviviality and harmony prevailed. After din- ner the following toasts were given^ alternately by the Honourable 232 ''The Ancient City. " Mr. Harwood of the council, who (in the una voidable absence of the Excellency the Governor) jjresided and Nicholas Carroll, Esquire, who acted as vice-president. 1. The people of the United States. 2. The President of the United States. 3. The Congress of the United States. 4. The memory of General Washington. 5. The ever memorable day of the Declaration of Independence. 6. The memory of Benjamin Franklin and other departed States- men of America. 7. The memory of Warren, Montgomery, Mercer, and other de- parted soldiers of America. 8. The late revolutionary army and navy of the United States. 9. The heads of deparlnients in the government of the United States. 10. The militia of America. 11. The army and navy of the United States. 12. A sjicedv enlargement to our countrymen in cai)tivitv. 13. The State of Maryland. 14. Agricidture, commerce, and manufactures. 15. Peace, union, and public confidence. 10. Tiie cause of freedom throughout the world. 17, The American fair. After Mr. Pinkney had retired, h\ Mr, Montgomery of the House of Delegates, "William Pinkney, Esquire, the successful agent for the recovery of the bank stock belonging to the State of Maryland in the British funds." "On Saturday the following resolution being propounded to the House of Delegates was read and concurred with : '■'Bc.folied. That Mr, Ste])hen and Mr. Montgomery be a committee to wait on Mr. Pinkney to jjresent him with the compliments of this house, and to congratulate him on his safe return to his native coun- try, and to inform Mr. Pinkney, that the House of Delegates will re- ceive any further communications or elucidations which he may be pleased to make to them in person relative to the affairs of the bank stock, for the recovery of which the State of Maryland is so much in- debted to his personal attention and exertions. "Mr. Pinkney, having received the aforegoing communication by the gentlemen named for the purjiose of making tlie same, imme- diately attended the House of Delegates, and being conducted to a chair within the bar, gave, with his accustomed precision and ele- gance, the elucidations required relative to the recovery and transfer of the bank stock, on the subject of which his lengthy and able com- munications, comi)rehending liis correspondence with the ministers and law olFicers of the liritish government, and with the American Secretary of State, had already been read in botli Houses of the Leg- islature with every mark of interest and api)robation. After receiv- ing such private civilities as tiie shortness of his stay would i)ermit, Mr. Pinkney left Annapolis on Tuesday morning, intending, it is sup- posed, to visit the seat of tlie genera) government, wiiere it is not doubted his reception will l)e such as is due to acknowledged merit, highly cultivated talents, and faithful public service." ■if History of Annapolis. 233 CHAPTER XL VIII. Annapolis During the War of 1812. The period of the war of 1812 was one of alarm, dissension, and ex- ■citement in xinnapolis. Two parties were arrayed against each other with all the bitterness born of political strife, intensified by the clash •of arms before their very doors. The Federalists of Maryland were sympathizers with England in the war and bitter opponents of the policy of the administration. The re- publicans, or democrats, were intense haters of every thing British and ■firm and loyal supporters of Congress and the President in the prose- •cution of the war. Peace meetings were held in the county, Peace tickets voted for at elections, and the Gazette, the organ oi the Federalists, rang with bitter denunciations of the President, the results of the war, and the republican party generally. The 3Iarylan(l Republican, a democratic paper, had been cstaijlished a few years before the war. It was edited by Jehu Chandler, and it proved a brave and merciless advocate of its principles. The editor was rewarded for his zeal in the end by an ■office at Washington and a knock-down at Annapolis. The free and fearless utterances of the (xazette against the war and the administration shows that a high appreciation of the principles of liberty animated the people of the Republic in the early ■days of its history. On July 29, ISio, the Gazette in an editorial declared : "Mr. Madison may well call this "a season of trial and calamity" for never, since the struggle which united these states into a repub- lican government, did the citizens of this country witness such a scene of difficulties as now stare them in the face, and threaten a •subversion of their liberties. Whence do their difficulties arise, and who have been their authors ? From the imprudence of our own rulers they may be easily traced, notwithstanding all the arts made use of to cloak their designs. Could it for a moment be supposed, that this state of thing proceeded from measures which were unavoidable, there would then be some consolation for all of our troubles ; but this _ ex- cuse cannot, with any justification, be pleaded. Can any one believe that our differences would not be immediately accommodated, and that upon the most honorable terms, provided a proposition to that effect was made by our gos-ernment ? By a continuance of the war, they can never, with any reason, expect to obtain the object, the only object, which is now in dispute : but it is, day after day, plunging us deeper into disgrace and rendering us tenfold more contemptible in the eyes of all foreign nations. It may, indeed, be well to set apart •days of humilition, fasting, and prayer." Whilst these denunciations of the war and the administration were weekly heralded in the city, Annapolis was turned into a military camp," with the enemy frequently before its harbor, and its citizens ■constantly excited by expectations of attack and calls to arms. The Governoi of Maryland wrote, in the early part of this year, to the secretary of war acquainting him with the defenseless situation of Annapolis. The letter was lost on the way which gave rise to many •suspicions of bad faith. 234 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " On April 9, the citizens of Annapolis were alarmed at an early hour by the discharge of cannon from the fort, (Fort Madison,) and the drum beating- the town to arms. The alarm was caused by the arrival of several privateers who reported that they had been pursued some considerable distance up the bay by the blockading squadron. The people responded to their rendezvous with an alacrity that did credit to their promptness and patriotism. During this period of excitement the records of the State were re- moved from Annapolis to a place of greater safety, boats were pressed into the service of the State, and Major Charles S. Ridgely and his squadron hastened to xVnnapolis with great rapidity. Several companies of militia were also called to the place : but their services were not needed. During these trying times William Ross,- of Annapolis, was charged with treasonbly making bad cartridges for the soldiers. In the early part of May, a British sloop went aground on Thomas' Point bar. The patriots of Annapolis were very anxious to attack it, but the Governor prudently forebore as five British frigates were near to protect it. The publication that the Governor said he was glad that the sloop got off, caused considerable correspondence and a lively newspaper war. The weight of evidence was that the words were not used. On the evening of August 3rd, three of the enemy's ships came up the bay and anchored withni three miles of Annapolis. Nineteen other vessels stood a short distance below, and were distinctly visible from the State House. Every preparation was made for an attack. A large body of military and drafted men, with detachments of regulars and volunteers, under Col. Carbury, were in the town. Most of tlie fami- lies of the city fled to the country with the principal part of their goods, and the town assumed the air of a military post awaiting the immediate onset of the enemy. In a few days the scenes shifted. Two 74's and, and one 64, seven other ships, frigates, and sloops of war, and three tugs, lay between Ilackett's and Sandy Points. One large frigate dropped down immediately opposite the city, and a smaller one lay about two miles farther down. Below, were two 74's and two frigates, besides several smaller vessels, tugs, schooners, and tenders. There were constant calls to arms made on the citizens and the town was in a state of feverish excitement, not knowing at any moment when at attack would begin. The forces of tlie city were augmented by the arrival of Capt. Morris, of the frigate Adams, who was given command of both forts, lie brought a large body of prime sailors. Ca])t. Miller, from Washington, came witli a detachment of marines, and Capt. Getzendanner, from Frederick, with a company of riflemen. In the midst of these exciting times, soldiers in arms and the enemy in front, the Gazette was denouncing in the most vindic- tive manner the war and the authors of it. This imprudent conduct at a period so calamitons proved the great forbearance and love of free speech and a free press that prevailed amongst the people of the enlightened city. At the same time peace meetings were being held all over Anne Arundel. In the latter part of August, the British squadron sjiiled down the bay, and the excitement at Annapolis subsided. Internal dissensions, however, did not cease with the departure of the British, and they culminated from a remote cause in January, History OF Annapolis. 335 1814. From the chord of sympathy touched for the English in the war with their own country, the Federalists despised Napoleon. When he fell, they rejoiced. At Annapolis they celebrated his downfall at the hands of the allied armies by a banquet on the fifteenth of January. A large concourse of gentlemen from different parts of the State and from the District of Columbia, assembled for that purpose and a procession formed at twelve o'clock at the City Tavern,* and marched to St. Anne's Church, headed by a band of music, "where the throne of grace was addressed in an appropriate manner by Rev. Mason L. Weems, and an oration pronounced by the Hon. Robert Goodloe Harper, replete with political knowledge and the eloquence of truth, "f The distaste, which the democratic or republican portion of the community felt to these proceedings, was shown by the boys disturb- ing the ceremonies of the church by throwing stones at the windows- and making other violent demonstrations whilst men in the gallery expressed their opposition to the proceedings by behavior that added to the general confusion. Major Alexander Stuart, commanding a detachment of United States troops in the garrison at Annapolis, ordered the national flag to be lowered to half-mast and minute guns fired to show his regret at the discomfiture of Napoleon. "After the performances at the church were over," the company joined, by an illustrious deputation of their friends from Congress, Messrs. Pickering, Grosvenor and Hanson, who had just arrived in the city, formed into a procession, and marched back to the City Tavern, and then to the Assembly Rooms, where they sat down to a sumptuous repast prepared by Mr. Isaac Parker. J. C. Herbert, Esq., Speaker of the House of Delegates, presided at the table, as- sisted by Col. Plater and Samuel Ridout, Esqr., as vice presidents. The local chronicler says : "A spirit of unanimity reigned throughout the company, for they all felt the importance of the events they had convened to celebrate, and nothing occurred to mar the pleasures and enjoyment of the day. Actuated by the purest motives, and governed by the most laudable feelings, a heartfelt gratitude to the great heroes who had stayed the arm of the oppressor, all hearts united in responding these sentiments, and imploring aid from the great arbiter of the world for their patriotic exertions. When they were ground to the dust by the iron hand of ruthless power, we sympathized in their situation ; now they have burst the chains which enslaved them, we rejoice at it. Can there be feelings more philanthroi)ic, more worthy of freemen, who estimate liberty above all things, even life itself ? The infl^ience of events of snch moment will not be confined within the limits of Europe, but their beneficial effects will be bounded only by the universe. This then is another cause of rejoicing." It was natural that such sentiments, and especially the assertion that "the influence of events of such moment will not be confined within the limits of Europe," would produce the greatest indignation to the advocates of the war with England, when that influence was none other than England's hand off Napoleon, could come down all the heavier on the United States. * City Hotfl. t Aid. Gftzetfe. 236 "The Ancient City. " After the cloth was removed, a number of toasts were clriiiik, in- terspersed by songs, and music by the band. Among the toasts were : ''The Union of these States — May it be preserved on sure and just foundations. "The Principles of our Constitution — Which have taught us to sym- pathize in the common cause of national independence. "Alexander of Russia — The magnanimous emancipator of nations. "The Coalesced Powers of Europe — Whose banners have waved in triumph over the ruthless enemy of the liberties of mankind. "The active, indefatigable, and glorious Blucher — The worthy pupil of the Great Frederick. "The Keturn of Peace — Its light is only to be reflected to our land from the l)hize, of Bonaparte's funeral bier. "Our National Councils — Purse and brain both empty, the brain the heavier for being too light, the purse too light for being drawn of heaviness. "Our Country a Volunteer — ^May the emancipation of the nations of Europe bo tlie harbinger of her deliverance from the bane of French influence." By ]Mr. Grosvenor — A Volunteer — "MaryUxnd the Ararat of the Southern States — In tlie deluge of democracy, tliere the ark of Fed- eralism finally rested."' By Mr. G. Calvert — A Volunteer — "May Bonaparte never receive more agreeable dispatcnes from this country than the toasts of this day." This banquet augmented the animosities existing in the city, the democrats going so far as to charge that the Federalists, who inspired the occasion, huzzaed for the Prince Regent. After dinner, when nearly half the company had retired, those who remained formed themselves into a procession, and, headed by a band of music, marched through several of the principal streets. Whilst thus marching the procession was met by a mob, and assailed with clubs, brick-bats, and other miscellaneous weapons. Several of the processionists were injured but not seriously. They, however, turned tables on the ringleaders of the riot, says the Gazttte, and adminis- tered to them summary punishment. The Viitterness of the factions led not only to political, but personal, polemics. The Gazttfc, which had maintained a dignified silence under numerous attacks of the Rcjniblican, finally broke into severe infective. On Wednesday, January 20th, 1814, it wrote : "We had, as heretofore expressedly determined not to notice any of the in- famous paragraphs which might appear in that contemjjtible chroni- cle, the Marylund Ri^publicdH, wherein, 'every third word is a lie duer paid than the Turk's tribute' — nor would we now be diverted from our proposed course, were it not that the falsehoods which marked the two last numbers, might acquire a circulation from their very malignity. We know not, nor do we care, whether they be the venemous eflusions of the vulgar scoundrel ( Jclni Chandler) who pro- fesses to edit the paper, or of liis associates in the school of defama- tion, wlio occasionally exercise themselves in the wanton butchery of character. We have, indeed, seen and we have noticed too, a certain puffed up, conceited, swollen fool, who is ever first to laugh at his History of Annapolis. 3^ own folly, chuckling with apparent self-gratulation at the appetite excited among the vulgar, for the gross ailment weekly published by this cannibal editor. From these circumstances and the brutal sym- pathies of his nature which would necessarily iuipel him lo the asso- ciation, we strongly suspect him to V^e a member of the Jacobin club, which conducts that Journal. ***** * ^-f « v * « "We have heen led to these remarks, by the notice taken of the fes- tival of Thursday last in the 31aryhiiid RepuhUccui ; which, we are happy to learn, has met with the decided disapprobation of the more decent and respectable of the Democratic party. ■■■ ■•■ "■•■ •■■ •'•' * "The celebration of their Master's defeat has set in motion all the sullen humors of Democracy, and has excited them so far as they dare, to acts of violence and outrage." Not only were specific acts made the bases of editorial am.enities be- tween Mr. Green and Mr. Chandler, but articles, upon public matters, became the texts for most vindictive tirades. In the issue of August 10th, 1815, the editor of the Gazette said : "When a graceless scoun- drel, like the editor of the Maryland Reiyublican, a villainous com- pound of knavery and folly, promises not to be too familiar with us, we feel indebted to him for the only obligation which it is in the power of such a reptile to confer. What could induce him to take such particular notice of our remarks on bribery we cannot divine ; perhaps experience had rendered the subject familiar to him, and habit had endeared it. But the burthen of his song seems to be, that, in the proposed distribution of bribes, not one was offered to the poor wretch himself. The unlucky fellow ! after toiling in the work of de- famation with the most unremitting veniality, after selling malicious slanders, libels, and lies, by the square ; after having acquired the contempt of the world, and after having excited the blushes of his friends, if there be any so mean-spirited as to hold friendly commu- nion with him, to find himself at last almost hopeless, has he not a right to whine and whimper, and pitifully to beg the legislature to let him put his finger in the treasury for services for the not doing of which he should have been prosecuted ? He seems to think it an in- stance of unbending integrity that a poor man should reEuse the enormous bribe of five dollars, ^nd, by his astonishment, he seems to doubt whether he could have withstood the temptation. We believe, however, that any attempts to bribe this worthy editor would, in all probability remain a secret, unless, at any time, it might serve his purposes to publish his own sham.3. We dismiss the fellow without inquiring whether money is the root of his evil propensities, or whether they proceed from a native villainy and ol)liquity of principle." Mr. Chandler was apparently as caustic and far more industrious in his personal editorials than Mr. Green, and, it is not surprising that such offensive paragraphs had their natural result — a rencounter. Xot, however, between the two editors. Mr. Chandler gave great offence in his issue of June 22nd, 1816, to Mr. J. N. Watkins by re- ferring to him in the following enigmatical sentence — " I have a very curious and important law case, which I shall report in my next. "Blue Light vs. Blue Light." Mr. Watkins, considering that he was personally alluded to, and the term Blue Light* applied to him, pub- * The nnnie given certair. New England' opponents of the wai-of 1812, who were afcused of Pen iing up rockes. signals frotii landvto tne Briti-h Fleet hov'eringoff the coast. 238 ''TheAncientCity." licly declared the same day, that he would call upon the editor the first opportunity that offered, and make him declare whether he alluded to him, and what he meant by the term Blue Light as applied to him, and to chastise him if his explanation was not satisfactory. On Monday morning he met the editor in the street, and made the de- mand. Mr. Chandler informed him it was the case of the warrant of J. Howard against himself and Mr. Bowie, which was tried in the chancery olTice. Mr. Watkins then demanded what he meant by the term Blue Light as it applied to him ? Mr. Chandler replied— "Wait until next Saturday's paper appeared and he would see." Mr. Watkins answered, "I will not wait, and I am determined to have an immediate explanation, or I will whip you on the spot." Mr. Chandler was at this time moving off, but Mr. Watkins seized him by the breast, and told him he should not move a step until he had made the explanation de- manded. Mr. Chandler immediately struck Mr. Watkins a violent blow over the head with a stick that staggered him, but recovering before the blow was repeated, he struck Mr. Chandler with his fist, and knocked him down, and made his stick fall from his hand. This Mr. Watkins seized, and alternately, with his fist, used the stick un- til Mr. Chandler was severely beaien. These vindictive attacks on. private character and personal rights had no other foundation than the attritions of rivalship in legitimate business and the unavoidable differences on political questions. Whilst these internal dissensions were agitating Annapolis, external appearances were anything but agreeable. The British once more hovered near Annapolis. On Sunday night, June 26th, 1814, a British barge supposed to belong to the Jasseur, a brig lying at Plumb Point, about thirty miles below Annapolis, cap- tured several vessels, one of them being a regular packet between An- napolis and Hadda way's Ferry. On July 9th, the British Frigate, Narcissus, accompanied by a schooner and two smaller vessels, passed the mouth of the Severn, on its way up the bay. On the 13th, the frigate returned with twelve bay crafts, which it had captured. The proximity of the British again transposed Annapolis into a military post. A considerable body of militia arrived from Frederick and Washington counties, and the upper part of Anne Arundel. They displayed great ])atriotism. On August 25th, a British frigate, a schooner, sloop, and a fleet of barges were in sight off Annapolis. On Sunday, Sejitember 18th, the enemy, having between sixty and seventy sail, again appeared off An- napolis. Their l)0ws were down the bay. They had discovered there was a North Point and a Fort McHenry. Two of the vessels grounded on Kent Island, and that delayed them until Tuesday. On Wednesday they anchored ten miles below Annapolis. On the night of November 15th, Annapolis was thrown into a state of intense excitement by the firing of the alarm guns on Horn Point by the guard. Citizens flew to anus, and in a brief period the town was ready to meet the attack of the enemy. The alarm proved a false one created by two bay vessels entering the mouth of the har- bor and refusing to notice or answer the repeated calls of the guard. It was then announced that, after this alarm, those vessels which re- fused to notice the hail of the guard would be fired upon. History OF Annapolis. 239 In February, 1815, the news of peace arrived and on the 22nd An- napolis celebrated the welcome intelligence. The city was bril- liantly illuminated, the joy of the people was unbounded, all former political differences were buried, all past dissensions forgotten, and all was ' 'peace and good will towards men . " In the midst of this brilliant spectacle stood the State House, conspicious for its elevation and splendor. The great hall was decorated with a full length por- trait of Washington, suspended from the centre of the inner dome, the devices were tasteful and numerous, and the whole illumination brilliant and magnificent. CHAPTER XLIX. La Fayette's Visit to Axnapolis. [1824.] On Friday, December 17th, 1824, by invitation of the Mary- land Legislature, the Marquis de La Fayette visited Annapolis. The enthusiasm excited amongst the citizens by the arrival of the dis- tinguished visitor was indescribable "every eye beamed with pleasure, every heart throbbed with mingled emotions of gratitude, affection, \u and delight." His approach was announced by a national salute, and v/n the display of the Federal colors upon the spire of the State House. It ^ was three in the afternoon when he made his appearance in the city, 'C5 accompanied by his son George Washington La Fayette, Mons. Vas- -^ seur, his Secretary, the Hon. Joseph Kent, the Hon. George E. ^^' Mitchell, Representatives in Congress from Maryland, Samue] Sprigg, "^ Esq., late Governor of Maryland, and the deputation from Annapolis, consisting of Hon. Jeremiah T. Chase, late chief justice of Maryland, Hon. Theodorick Bland, chancellor of the State, Col. Henry Mayna- dier, an officer of the Revolution, and John Randall, Esq., collector of the port ; who had received him at the divisional line between Anne Arundel and Prince George's counties. Judge Chase delivered there the following address to Lafayette : ''General Lafayette, the citizens of Annapolis, ardently solicitous to demonstrate the feelings of their hearts on this happy occasion, have requested me, with one voice to express them to you — Welcome Gen- eral Lafayette, thrice welcome, as the revered guest ®f citizens who re- joice to see you. They rejoice to see you, as the friend of America, they rejoice to see you as the friend of the illustrious Washington— they rejoice to see you receiving the congratulations of a free people ; whose hearts from one end of the continent to the other, are filled with the most lively gratitude, for the great, the important services rendered by you in the Revolutionary war. To you. Illustrious Chief, they are indebted for that aid you afforded, at a time the most peril- ous, by which, under the favour and smiles of Providence, and under the guidance of the patriotic Washington, the freedom and independ- ence of America was established. 240 ''The Ancient City." "To you and your glorious acheiveirents they owe those rights^ which they are now in the full enjoyment of — Liberty, the rights of conscience, the rights of property, and the security of all personal rights, and that high and exalted station America holds among the nations of the earth. Your noble, disinterested conduct, as the de- voted friend of liberty, and your timely aid in her cause, will long be remembered by Americans. They are deeply engraven, indelibly im- pressed, on their hearts, and will be transmitted from father to son, from generation to generation, until America be lost and swallowed up in the never ceasing flood of time. "May the Almighty God, the Great Jehovah, take you in his holy keeping, prolong your days, and may they be prosperous and end in peace, that peace of mind which passeth all understanding ; and may you finally be fitted for and received into those mansions of bliss pre- pared l»y our Lord and Sanour Jesus Christ, for his happy followers, is the ardent prayer of the sons of freedom." To the above address General Lafayette made the following reply : "The welcome I receive from you, gentlemen, in the name of the citizens of Annat'olis, the pleasure to meet you again, my dear and venerated sir, and the remembrance of one of my earliest friends, and co-patriots, in the cause of America, your excellent brother, are senti- ment which I am happy to express. I thank you for the testimonies of your esteem and friendship. I rejoice with you in the admirable results of our glorious revolution, and feel an affectionate eagerness to re-enter the metropolis where I am so kindly invited, and where so many old obligations have been conferred upon me." Lafayette was escorted by Captain Bowie's elegant company of mounted riflemen from Xothingham, Prince George's county and Captain Sellman's troop of horse from South River, Anne Arundel county. At Miller's Ilill, the procession, in spite of the rain which continued from morn till night, was formed under the marshalship of Colonel Jones, of the United States Army. It presented a creditable military appearance, and consisted of : Two companies of the Annapolis riflemen ; Two companies of Annapolis infantry ; One company of Annapolis artillery ; Captain Dooly's company of riflemen from West River: Captain Bruce's company of mounted riflemen from Nothingham ; Captain Watson's, Captain Warfield's, and Captain Sellman's troops of horses ; The troops from Fort Severn ; Colonel Charles S. Ridgely, of the cavalry, and the officers of Cap- tain PTollingsworth's troop of horse from Elk Ridge. The procession passed through West Street, down Church Street, up Frances to the eastern gate of the circle where the General alighted from his carriage and was conducted to the State House. Upon entering the hall, he was greeted by about thirty little girls, each about twelve years old, formed in a semi-circle, all dressed in white, with wreaths of evergreen entwined around their heads, and holding in their hands banners with the following inscriptions : "LaFayette — The friend of our fathers will always V)e welcome to the hearts of their children," and "The cannon's roar proclaims the gratitude of warriors ; History OF Annapolis. 241 "More peaceful emblems must tell of ours." The General was conducted to the Senate Chamber of historic re- nown — where, in the presence of the corporate authorities of the city, the members of the Le|T:islature, a numerous assemblage of ladies, citizens, and strangers, he was addressed by Colonel James Boyle, the Mayor of the city, in the following terms : "On the part of the corporation and my fellow-citizens, I greet you with a hearty and affectionate welcome. You have been in this city before, during the gloomy period of that war, which severed one-half of the British empire from the other, and placed these states on an •equality with the independent nations of the earth. We rejoice to see you now. The children have inherited the grateful affections of their fathers. "We do not know which to admire most, that bold and chivalric spirit, which prompted you to leave the quiet of repose, the joys of a splendid court, where youth and beauty cheered even the dim lustre of the aged eye, and the soft endearments of an early love, or that spirit of benevolence, which urged you to gird on the warrior sword to battle for an infant land just struggling to existence. You came like Achilles, not the leader, but the young hero of the host, to bind upon your youthful brow your earliest laurels, and the myrmidons* of your country fougiit untired and victorious by your side. You have been reserved for a nobler and a better fate. He fell upon the very threshhold of victory. You have survived to see the maturity of that rich boon your gallant sword assisted to achieve. The Grand Master of the Universe would not summon you from your frail lodge of clay to his celestial and eternal lodge above, until you should Vtehold these fair fields the permanent abode of rational liberty. We have seen you retire frcm our shores with the nation's blessings and the nation's prayers ; we have known you in your own country to reap a rich harvest of glory, and we have sighed with you when the dungeon doors of the prison of Olmutz closed and shut you from the world, your tender spouse, and infant offspring. Believe me. Sir, through this wide extended country, washed by the Atlantic on the one side, and the Pacific on the other, there is not an human bosom, old enough to distinguish right from wrong, which at the sound of your name throbs not with mingled emotions of gratitude and pleasure ; not an infant prattler but has learned to lisp the name of our illustrious guest and disinterested benefactor. "General ! You have lately seen the place where the sword of the revolutionary war was drawn. You now stand in that very chamber, and on that very spot, where the father of his country returned it to the scabljard ; an act which stands alone among the recorded annals of the world. High in the affections of the army, the valiant chief- tain of a mighty people, reposing on the love and confidence of the nation, he might, had he been ambitious, have desolated his native land with war and bloodshed, he might perhaps have seized upon the crown through the misguided feelings of the many, and have stained to late posterity the bright escutcheon of his fame. The greatness of his character was preserved to the last as an entire whole. He would not suffer the glittering bauble to cross the bright- * Evidently a misprint in the Gaz.'tte. 16 242 ' ^ T H E A N c I v: x i" C i t y . " ness of his path, nor for a moment >\vcrvc him from the line of duty.- His throne is of an imperishable nature, his crowu more iK^norablc than the richest diadems of emperors, and his sceptre cannot be bi'oken by the united efforts of the world. Tiiey are placed upon the purest page of history, and form the brightest halo round its loveliest disk.- "Permit me again. Sir, to welcome you to Aunajtolis, and to assure you that your arrival is a source of unutterable i)lpasure." To which General Lafayette replied : •'I had eagerly anticipated the pleasure I now enjoy, to revisit this m.etro[iolis, and to find it in the possession of those ])lessings of inde- pendence and freedom, for whicli we have had to contend. My grati- fication is com[)leted by the affectionate and flattering welcome, Nnth which I am honored, and by the kind manner in which you, Mr. Mayor, have been pleased to express it. •'This city has been the theatre of resolutions most inq)ortant tc the welfare of the United States, and indeed to the general welfare of mankind. It has witnessed the alfecting scene, when our uni)ar- allelled chief resigned the powers he iiad exercised with so mucli civil moderation and military glory, at the head of our patriotic army, an army in every heart of who-n, be assni-ed Sir, the lofty principle of un- shaken and unalloyed rci)ublicanism was as warndy felt and as firmly- fixed as in the Ijreast itseif of our beloved commander. "Amidst those solemn recollections, tliere are personal remem- brances, endearing and honorable, which the view of this State House, most particularly impress upon my mind, and which mingle with the sense of my actual obligations, when T reciuest jon, Mr. Mayor, the gentlemen of the Common Council, and all the citizens of Annapolis, to accept the tribute of my most respectful and affectionate thanks." He was then introduced to the members of the Cori)0 ration, and to as many other persons, as the lateness of the hour would adn)it. The ceremonies in the Senate ChamV)er V)eing finished, 'the i)rocession was again formed, and moved on to Fort Severn, where a national salute was tired, and other ajjpropriate honors paid to the illustrious visitor by the excellent of!icers attached to rhat garrison. Colonel Jones, Lieutenants Lendrum and Davidson. The general and his suite were then conducted to the Government House, where, in compliance with an invitation from his Excellency, the Governor, his quarters were fixed. In the evening the general and his suite were escoi-ted Uj theeolle:re, which had been selected as the most convenient place for the Bivli which had been prepared, under the direction of the com- mittee oi arrangements, by Mr. James Williamson. The hall had been previously, tastefully ornamented by a connnittee of ladies, selected for tlie purpose, and was i)ronounced to be the handsomest room which had ever been appropriated to an occasion of the kind in this country. It was ornamented with wreaths of flowers, natural and artificial, transparencies of Washington and Lafayette, and many military insignia. Li the centre was suspended a large chandelier, of a circular form, but gradually decreasing in its circumference from bottom to top. beautifully ornamented, and illuminated with nearly one hundred lights. The Ball was rich and elegant — and was at- tended by an unusually large number of ladies from various parts of the State, and l»y a large concourse of gentlemen. Tlie ^Marine Band from Washington was procured for the occasion. History OF Annapolis. 243^ On Saturday inoruino: there was a review on the college green— and the evolutions performed were highly creditable, l:)oth to the com- manding officer, (Col. eTones,) and the soldiers under his command. A pavillion was erected on the green, for the accommodation of the General and his suite, the GoA^ernor, his aids, and other gentlemen, to whom places were assigned. After the evolutions were executed, a trial of skill was exhibited by the three Rifle Comj)anies, commanded by Captains Dooly, Xeth, and' Hobbs, in shooting at a target, for a Silver Cup. His Excellency, the Givernor, and Colonel Jones, were appointed the Judges, and they assigned the prize to "The First An- napolis Sharp Shooters." The cup was then presented by General Lafayette to Captain Neth, who received it in behalf of his company. In this exhibition Captain Dooly's company, (which is a remarkably fine one, and is commanded by an able officer,) distinguished them- selves as expert marksmen (as did also Captain Hobbs' company.) The prize was "nol)]y lost, and nobly won." At 5 o'clock in the afternoon the General and suite were conducted to the college hall, where a most sumptuous and splendid dinner had been provided by the committee of arrangements under the superin- tendence oE Mrs. M. Robinson, of the city. The ornaments and decora- tions which were placed in the hall, preparatory to the hall, were found to be equally appropriate for the dinner, and the hall upon this occasion presented a scene of splendor and elegance, "seldom, or per- haps never surpassed in this country. The dmner was truly sump- tuous, and the table presented not only every delicacy to gratify the [lalate, but was arranged with a degree of taste and elegance, which contributed to increase the temptations which it presented. The toasts which were drank upon the occasion, were very appropriate. At night a general illumination took place throughout the city, and the night being fine it had a rery pleasing effect. The lower stories of the State House were illuminated, and a variety of appropriate transparencies exhibited." On Sunday morning the General, by invitation, attended divine services at the Methodist Meeting House. On Monday the committee, appointed by the Jjegislature, claimed the privilege of entertaining Lafayette. He was introduced to the Senate and House of Delegates where addresses were made to him, by the President and the Speaker. At 5 o'clock he dined with the Les-isla- ture at the College. On Tuesday morning, he left the city for Washington, escorted by Captain Sellman's troop of horse, and accompanied, as far as the limits of the city, by Captain Neth's Rifle Company, the regulars from Port Severn, and a large concourse of citizens and strangers, "who lamented his departure, and were penetrated with a deep sense of gratitude for the eminent services he rendered our country, and with a profound respect for his character, and a sincere affection for- his person." 244 * ' T H E A N c I E N T City.'' CHAPTER L. ^'The Gloriols Xinkteen/' Annapolis was the scene of a bloodless revolution in September, 183G. The constitution of Maryland was an attenuated relic of colo- nial times with a dash of republican sjjirit permeating it. By it, was an extraordinary mode of electing one branch of the Legislative body preserved. An Electoral College, composed of forty electors, way elected by the people according to certain defined electoral districts. Of these it re- quired twenty-four to make a quorum. The State, since the adoption of the State Constitution in 1776, had gained so in population that these districts, which at first fairly represented the population of the State and the will of the people, had become a huge, political monstrosity by which less than one-fourth of the people of the State elected one entire co-ordinate branch of the legislative department and had a large influence in choosing the Governor of the S;ate. As it happened, the whigs were strongest in the*e numerically smaller districts, and, whilst not respresenting the fourth of the State, were enabled to dictate to the other three-fourths in two important branches of Government. Against this the democracy of Maryland revolted, and, assisted by many whigs who were opposed to the un- equal system, had called loudly for reform. The whigs, loath to give up power, resisted the ap})eals of party and people for redress. In the elections of 1836, the whigs elected 31 meml)ers of the Senatorial College, and the democrats 19. On this the democrats resolved to stop the wheels of government itself or ob- tahi the redress tney asked. From Major Sprigg ITarwood, who represented Annapolis in the College, on August 18th, 1886, then in his 7Sth year, the sole sur- vivor of "the glorious nineteen," as the democrats were wont to call them, I obtained the following : *'We had a little caucus at the Baltimore House, coruei- Baltimore and Hanover streets, Baltimore, and then agreed that we would as- semble at Annapolis and send a communication, as we did on the 19th of Sei)tember, to the twenty-one whig electors who were in the Senate Chamber, and who had qualified, and were waiting for all of us, re- quiring at least three before a quorum could be formed to transact business. When we sent our communication to them, they would hold no communications with us until we qualified. If we had qualified, they could have then proceeded to Imsiness with their majority of twenty-one. "I first heard of the intended proceedings some days before the Bal- tim(n"e meeting "by Mr. Dick Iliggins coming out to the country at Mr. Evans, and telling me of the letters written to the Democratic and Reform electors to meet in Baltimore. Before going, I consulted with my people here to learn their views. I said they could instruct me now, but if I went to Baltimore, and committed myself it was then too late, I would have to stand l)y it. They said 'Go, the i)rinciple is right, and we will stand by you.' This they did although they had a representation equal to Baltimore's — two delegates in the Leg- islature. History OF Annapolis. 345 "We met in Baltimore about a week previous to the meeting of the College here on the 19th of September, and agreed on the outlines of the proposition as indicated by the letter dated on the 19th. "There was no personal animosity among the participants. I used to associate with the whig electors outside, and they would ask me to go up to the Senate, but I would say — "No, you will lock me in." The outsiders were very much alarmed. They thought no rights were left in property as there was no legislature, the whig judges actually taking this view, and the people generally thought the country was gone. "Afterwards, when three of the nineteen concluded to participate in the organization of the College, John S. Sellman wrote to us to meet at Annapolis, but all declined save Marcy Fountain, Enoch George, George A. Tliomas, and Wesley Linthicum. Messrs. Thomas and George regretted coming, but finding three were going in, (enough to make a quorum,) they also consented to go, but not then until the basis of electing a Senate and the reforms to be given had been agreed upon. "The whigs gave the election of Governor to the people and altered the representation in the Legislature so as to equalize it somewhat in the State. "The democrats thereupon elected the Governor — the whigs only succeeded in getting in Gov. Pratt in 1843, and the Know Nothings, Thomas Holliday Hicks, in 1857. The whigs often, however, had the Legislature. "Our people were satisfied, but the whigs were excited here. They did not like giving up the State. Several steamers came here daily from Baltimore and the counties, filled with whigs, who hoped to make an impression on the nineteen. Everybody had gone away then ex- cept myself."* The following is the correspondence that took place on the 19th of September : "Gentlemen. — It is duty which we owe to our constituents, that be- fore we take our seats in the College of Electors of the Senate of this State, we should have a distinct and positive understandiug, as to the course to be pursued by that body. "You are apprised, '.hat, a crisis has occurred, when neither of the political parties of the State have elected Electors, having the consti- tutional power to form a Senate. Of the nineteen counties and two cities, into which the State is divided, we represent the two cities and eight of the counties, having a white population of 205,922, and federal numbers 2G7,G69. You represent ten of the counties, having a white population of 85,179 ; and federal numbers 138,002 ; and the- vote of the remaining counties is dividpd. Of the Electoral Body, we are nineteen in number, while you are twenty-one. But, although you are a majority (the smallest possible) of the College, it is to be recollected that we represent nearly three-fourths of the free white population, and two-thirds of the federal numbers of the State, and very much the largest portion of its territorial extent and wealtli : we shall, therefore, expect that you will concede to us the nomination of eight members of the Senate to be chosen, and that you will vote for the persons whom we may nominate to the College, although they may be favourable to a convention to revise and amend the Constitu- * Annapoli.x was his home. 240 "TheAnciext City." tioii of the State, if, in all other respects, in your opinion well qualified. The counties and cities we represent ought to have, upon any jiolitical principle which governs the appointment of members of a Legisla- ture, a majority of the Senate to be formed, greater than that which is sought to be obtained. To force upon them, then, being the majority of the people, an entire Senate, against their will, would l)e unjust and Ami-Republican; and we, their agents, cannot participate in such a violation of their rights as freemen ; neither can we become passive members of Electoral College, and thereby enable you to select for the people, we have the honor to represent. Senators residing in the district from which we come. The people of those counties and cities have elected us to make choice of their Senators, presuming that we who reside among them are better qualified than strangers can be. to choose those who know their rights and interests, and will protect them. If our constituents are to be subjected to a Senate opposed to their will, it woukl be an aggravation of the evils they will be com- pelled to endure to have some of the memliers of that body taken from the midst of communities whose confidence they do not enjoy, and whose wants and wishes they are not willing cheerfully to gratify. From these considerations, we feel compelled to take the position above assumed. Moreover, our constituents, who desire to see radical changes made in their present constitution have a right to expect that we will not fail to exert all the powers reposed in us under our form of government to make the institutions of the State more republican and conformable to the will of those for whose liappiness and safety they were designed. "The friends of reform in Maryland have sought repeatedly to obtain from the Legislature, by an exertion of the powers confided to that body by the fifty-ninth ^ection of the Constitution, such amendments of that instrument as are indispensable, and it is with regret we say that all their applications were in vain, and indeed it may be said, they were not even treated with that respectful deference to which the remonstrances of a large majority of the people are justly entitled. It would be needless for us here to spread out in detail, the several ap- })lieations for reform which liave been made. '•You know the history of many petitions which have been presented to the Legislature ; and we have felt the manner of their rejection. Each instant is fresh in the recollection of our constituents, a!id they believe as we do, that no redress of grievances can be had through the ordinary forms which the framers of our Constitution provided. Under this solemn consideration, we have determined not to be willingly in- strumental in i)erpetuating institutions that work such bitter hi jus- tice, and if, gentlemen, you will give us your pledge of honour to ac- cede to our proposal, and give to the majority of the people a majority of one l)ranch of the Legislature to [)revent future violations of their rights and privileges, it will afford us great pleasure to meet you in the Electoral College today. Should, however, your views as to our relative rights and duties not accord with ours, we shall most deeply regret it, and be compelled by a iiigh and holy sense of duty to our constituents and to the whole State, not to meet you in College, and thereby, we shall entirely avoid the odious responsibility of assisting to form a Senate obnoxious to the people we represent. ''We are aware that your rejection of this proposition, and the State or thinars which mav ii-nnv ont of it. will "jfivc sunu' alnrn) to the History of Annapolis. 247 'timorous. But upon the most calm and deliberate examination of the whole subject in all its bearings, we can discover none of those causes for deep and lasting excitement, which endanger the peace and good X)rder of the community, if the legislative functions of the government should cease for a season, that will be found to arise, should we assist to organize a Senate, which would perpetuate, possibly, all existing evils, and secure for five years, at least, that oppressive dominion, of a small minority over the majority, which has been so long reluctantly •endured by the people of Maryland. We perceive no cause for ap- prehensions and alarm in the temporary suspension of the powers of the Senate. Thereby, the whole Constitution would not be abrogated. The Governor would remain in office long enough to afford time to form a new Constitution, and perform the function of the Executive Department. "The Judiciary and the officers connected with the Courts would ex- perience no interruption of their powers, and all the officers who de- rive their appointments annually from the Executive are impowered under the forty-ninth article of the Constitution, to hold their offices until they are superseded by the appointments of others. "The laws, therefore, would be administered — civil rights and private property properly protected, and the peace of the community pre- served, by all the means now employed for that purpose. In the mean time the powers which have ))een delegated to us, will revert to the people, in whose integrity, virtue, patriotism, and hitelligence, we have the most entire confidence ; and we doubt not but that they, guided by the spirit that animated our fathers in seventy-six, will pro- vide for every exigency that may arise. Before any inconvenience can be experienced, the sovereign power of the people of Maryland will be employed, by means of a convention to reform our Constitu- tion, so as not to justify a recurrence of a similar contingency, by bas- ing all its departments on sound Republican principles, so as to secure equality of political rights, and a just responsibility in all public offi- cers, to popular will. "To prevent misapprehensions, we have submitted our prepositions in writing, and its manifest justice gives us every reason to expect that you yield to it, a ready assent. We hope you do not desire to leave the State without a Senate, unless you are permitted to select all its members, — as well for counties you represent as those counties and cities represented by us. Xor can we believe that you will ask us to join you in the Electoral College, and be passive spectators of your proceedings, merely to witness the degredation of our constituents, by your choice of a Senate for 205, 923^ people, whose representatives you are not. We ask only what we think is right, and are determined to submit to nothing that 'is wrong. To our propositions we respect- fully ask an answer at your earliest convenience.^^J^^' "And whatever may be your response, we cannot doubt your con- currence with us in the perfect conviction of the competency of the people to accept a surrender of the Legislative functions of the Gov- ernment, and that deeply embued with the spirit of patriotism and justice, and guided by the lights of experience they will, through the instrumentality of a Convention, so adjust and apportion them as to 248 " T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y. " secure the inestimable blessings of a republican government. We are, very respectfully, Gentlemen, Yours, &c., Charles Macgill, Ephraim Bell, Robert Wason, Robert T. Keene, Caspar Qnynn, Enoch George, John Fisher, M. Fountain, Joshua Vansant, John B. Thomas, Thomas Hope, Sprigg Harwood, Samuel Sutton, John S. Sellman, John Evans, ' Wesley Linthicum, George A. Thomas, Wash'n. Duvall, George Ellicott, "To Messrs. Heard, Leigh, Yickers, Gale, Gaither, Kent, Dalrymple, Williams, Handy, Spence, Franklin, Dickinson, Dudley, 'Hicks, Lake, Pratt, Duvall, Merrick, Brawner, Bruce, and Beall." "Annapolis, September 16th, 1820, P. M. "Gentlemen. We are anxious to elect a Senate, and for the promo- tion of this object, we sent certain propositions to you, for your con- sideration, and selected Colonel Heard as the organ of communica- tion, knowing him to be an old member of the Legislature, and an Elector returned for the County of St. Mary's which is always first called from priority. Colonel Heard returned this paper stating that he had no authority to act, and, therefore, declined presenting it to his political associates. We have, therefore, to request of you, whether you will receive any communication from us — and to indicate the manner in which you would prefer to receive communications from us. We are Gentlemen, Very Respectfully Yours, &c. Charles Macgill, Robert T. Keene, Robert Wason, M. Fountain, Casper Quynn, John Evans, John Fisher, George A. Thomas, George Ellicott, Washington Duvall, Ephraim Bell, John B. Thomas, Joshua Yansant, Enoch George, Sprigg Harwood, John S. Sellman, Thomas Ho])e, Wesley Linthicum, Samuel Sutton, "To Messrs. Heard, Leigh, Yickers, Gale, Gaither, Kent, Dalrymple, Williams, Handy, Spence, Franklin, Dickinson. Dudley, Hicks, Lake, Pratt, Duvall, Merrick, Brawner, Bruce, and Beall." "Annapolis, September 21st, 183G. "At one o'clock, p. m., the Democratic Republican members of the Electoral College again assembled, when Charles McGill, of Washing- ton county, resumed the Chair, and George A. Thomas, of Cecil county, acted as Secretary, whereujion the following proceedings were had : * History OF Annapolis. 249'' "Contrary to our reasonable hopes and expectations, the other Elec- tors having refused even to receive or reply to the propositions which we have thought proper to submit, formally and informally, in letters addressed to all of them, and in conversations held by individual mem- bers of this meeting, with individual members of the other branch of the Electoral College, and other Electors having moreover, made to us, or to any one of us, no propositions whatever, calculated to restore to the people of Maryland, through the medium of the Legislature, the right to revise and amend the constitution ; and this meeting being fully convinced that we have no alternative left but to adjourn, or to submit to the selection of a Senate opposed to those reforms, both of the constitution and of the administration of the government of the State, which our constituents desire to see accomplished — Therefore, "Resolve this meeting do now adjourn. CHARLES McaiLL, President. George A. Thomas, Secretary." The calm at Annapolis whilst this peaceful revolution was in pro- gress was in strong contrast with the excitement prevailing in other parts of the State. People generally felt a political catastrophe was at hand which threatened the destruction of property and govern- ment, and with these direful forebodings the timid saw impending and overwhelming evil, whilst the courageous prepared to meet the coming danger with heroic effort. In many places in the State pulilic meetings were held. At Balti- more, an immense gathering of citizens denounced the nineteen in forcible terms, and similar meetings followed in Washington, Freder- ick, and Allegany counties, at which all pledged themselves to sustain the supremacy of the law. On the I8th of October, the grand jury of Allegany county presented the nineteen electors "as unfaithful public agents and disturbers of the pul)lic peace." In the interim, whilst the whig electors remained out of theCoUegCy and awaited events, the presidential election was held. On the day following. Xovember 8th. Governor Thomas W. Veazey issued a pro- clamation denouncing in severe terms the conduct of the "recusant electors jind their aliettors," calling on the civil and military authori- ties to be in readiness to maintain the law, and convening tlie old Senate and House of Delegates to assemble on the 21st of November. The proclamation added greatly to the excitement in the State, and was responded to cordially. One company, the Planter's Guards, tendered their services to the executive to support the authority of law. Happily their aid was never required. Although tlie nineteen, Major Sprigg Harwood, who lived at An- napolis, alone excepted, had left the capital, steamboat load after steamboat load of people came to the city, in the spirit of some vague knight errantry, hopeful that they might by some means influence the nineteen to absolve their resolve. The strain, as shown by Major Harwood's statement, proved too great for the nerves of John S. Sellraan. of Anne Arundel, or else the specific promises he received were inducement enough to make him re- pent, early in October, his determination not to take part in the elec- tion of a Senate. He was followed by Wesley Linthicum, of the same county, on November 12th. Sellman signified this intention by letter «50 "The Ancient City." to his associates in the coinmiinication of the 19th of September to the twenty-one whig electors. The election of Delegates to the House hastened the dissolution of the combination. Sixty whigs and but nineteen Van Buren, or demo- cratic delegates, were returned. The Anne Arundel. Queen Anne's., and Caroline county electors regarded the elections in their counties, jas instructions from their constituents, and November 19th, 3Ir. "Wesley Linthicum, of Anne Arundel county, Dr. Enoch George and John B. Thomas, of Queen Anne's county, and Marcy Fountain, of Caroline county, all of "the glorious nineteen," appeared, and also qualified as Senatorial electors. The College, then composed of twenty-six members, proceeded to elect a Senate. On tlie 25th of Xoveml)er, Governor Veazey sent a special message to the General Assembly on this subject in wliich he declared "the an- nals of party contention and political errors and aberations from duty" * * ••=■ ''would be soarclied in vain for a case of such plain and pal- pable violation of constitutional duty and moral obligations as the conduct of the recusant electors of the Senate of Maryland exhibits." He regretted no statue existed to meet such an emergency and sug- gested the passage of one. But The revolt had crystalized public oj^iiiion on the suV)ject of the needed reforms in State government and tlie measures for wliich the democrats conrended were generally conceded by the Loirislature. One was the election of the Governor by the people. The demo-^rats thereupon held tnis office, with but one exception, from that date down to 18o7. There being no statutory pvuu'shment for their offence, the whigs who generally had control of the Senate, visited an unwrit- ten penalty on "the glorious nineteen." Xo matter to what office one of them was ever appointed by the Governor, a whig Senate would invariably reject the appointment. CHAPTEPw LI. 'MoE Morgue." The Maryland Eepubh'ran, of August, 1836, contained the ol)itu- ary of a very remarkable character. The article read : "Mr. Josepii Simmons, the oldest inhabitant of this city, departed this life on Sunday evening last, at the moment the church bell tolled for three o'clock — that Ik-U which from time immemorial he had hini- self tolled regularly five or six times every day. There lives not this day a native of Annapolis, nay, hardly any one that has ever dwelt amongst, or sojourned within our borders, tluit will not on meeting this melanclioly note, recall the web known sound of our church l)ell and the striking figure of the old man tliat lias so punctually attended to the precise moment of ringing the hoitl' ever since the oldest of us can remember. 'Ere the church wa^ a ruin,' on the spot wlierc the History of Annapolis. 251 present venerable edifice now stands, old Joseph was bell ringer. Not one man that ever has been a member of the legislature, Executive, or Superior Judiciary of tlie State of Maryland, not a student of St. John's College, or a scholar of our humbler schools, but will remem- ber the well known summons which his bell gave them alternately to duties and to relaxation. Alas ! old Joseph rings no more. "Whether it was by the influence of association that he had ac- -Ciuired the habit of punctuality, we pretend not to determine, but Mr. S. had deservedly obtained the reputation of being one of the most punctual of men. "This estimable quality he carried into the several departments of his pursuits in life. xVs a collector of accounts, which before he be- came too infirm he was considerably employed in, he was proverbial for recollecting and attending to the very moment appointed. "The same valuable precision was carried by him into the perfor- mances of the duties of Sexton, which he filled perhaps for the last forty years. "But it was at grave digging, that the deceased enjoved the dis- tinction of having held an office longer than perhaps any man ever did, nay, possibly ever will do, in this State. Undisturbed by the violence of those party contentions which would seem to spare no place however humble, unmoved even by the tide of revolution itself, by which allegiance was dissolved and a new and glorious^ nation was created, he held the prerogatives and performed the duties of grave digger to our community ; tor v,^ith honest pride we record it, we have here but one general receptable for tlie dead. In that single field is buried all social distinctions. Long before this field, now studded over with grave stones, on many of which the thick moss of a former cen- tury lias accumulated, was disturbed to deposit the relics of the dead, was this old man our grave digger. Of all the vast concourse in this grave yard reposing, ins hand has prepared and rounded the graves. At length, sinking under the accumulated weight of nearly pne hun- dred years, he is quietly deposited as one amongst the multitude his labours had gathered together. Accordingly to his last, and often repeated injunction, he is laid close by the side of him that in this life he loved the most, and, at whose death, was well known all over America, fifty vears ago. as the famous inn keeper at Annapolis, and for whose ample table, it was the province of this, his then faithful steward, to market and provide. • , n i, "Amidst the many peculiarities of character that distinguished the deceased, some of which no doubt grew out of an occupation that seventy or eighty years had made perfectly familiar to him, though spoken and even thought of with a strange superstition, awe and aversion by some "grown up children,"— amidst all his peculiarities we say, none were more distinct than his strict veracity, honesty, and sobrietv." , , This'obituary of Simmons sharply defines the aged sextons char- acter. There come down to us to color the silhouette, anecdotes of his oddities and peculiaiities. Shnmons is yet remembered by some who live in Annapolis. When he had reached a centennarian's age, he was an object of interest to all. With his v^hite hair flowing over his shoulders, his aged form tottering with the weight of years, his shackling step, and the som- 353 ' ' T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " breness of his occupation, he presented to the mind the apparition of Old Time himself, lacking only the emblematic scythe to make the picture complete. It was such a character that gave a thrill of terror to the juvenile mind whenever he came in sight, for it was the belief of tiie children that if Simmons looked at one and said : "I want you," the day of doom for it was fixed. Having occasion then to pass the aged sex- ton, the children were wont to don their most courteous graces, and with unusual politeness to simper in softest accents — "How do, Mr. Morgue?'' This nickname, and that it was one the children were quite ignorant of, always infuriated Simmons, as the astonished chil- dren found by the sexton's vigorous replies that they had missed their mark, and had produced an effect just opposite from what they had intended. The spirit of Simmons' occupation became more and more a part of him as iiis years grew apace. He had been known after somebody had offended him to pass an innocent gentleman on the street and to' take a ghnstly satisfaction in hissing at him, "Fll have you someday,*' in a tone that indicated that he thought, with him, remained the "issues of life and death. Simmons, however, had a genial side to that grim nature that made him a terror to young people and an offence to older folk. Amongst other duties that appertained to that of sexton ot St. Anne's, was the ringing of "the one o'clock bell." On one occasion, as he was going into church on that duty, a lady said to him, "Oh, Mr. Simmons, do not ring that bell until 1 get home. Mr. likes evei-ybody to be ready to sit down to dinner at one." "Well, then," replied Sim- mons brusquely, "walk fast." As the lady put her foot on the first step of the porch of her house which was in the extreme end of the town, the bell of Old St. Anne's rang out the hour of one. Simmons had arrested the march of time to please his fair petitioner. It was Simmons' habit when the clergyman ended the service for the dead at the grave to give a hearty, "Amen." There lived at An- napolis at this period, the Rev. Mr. AVyatt. He was of the Episcopal Communion with strong Methodistie tendencies. On one occasion wlien Parson Wyatt, as he was familiarly known, was reading the service, some boys offended Simmons and he vented his wrath in language not permitted by the decalogue. The minister and sexton finished speak- ing together, and SimuKms ejaculated "Amen." Parson Wyatt 'waited until the attendants at the funeral had departed, and, taking his cane in hand, shook it in Simmons' face, saying — "Don't you ever dare to stand along side of me again and say amen to an^- service I perform." Simmons, pointing to the other side of the grave as if the question at issue was one of position only, angrily retorted — "Well then go over on the other side." Col. Mann, whom Simmons liad faithfully served for years as caterer to Mann's Hotel, had touched the chords of his affection. Over his grave alone, of all the human dust he had interred, Simmons wept. One incident has come down to us that does not reflect his charac- ter in an enviable liglit. There was in Annapolis one familliarly called, "eTeffrey Jig," (from whom Jeffrey's Point took its name,) who with "Jinny Corncrackcr." his wife, lived at the loot of Duke of Glouces- ter street in a little hut so small they could not stand in it erect. Jef- History OF Annapolis. 253 frey periodically fell into a comatose state and was several times pre- pared for interment . but always awoke in time to prevent the funeral. On one occasion his resuscitation was deferred until he was placed in the grave. Then as the grim sexton threw in the clods of the val- ley, a noise was heard in the coffin. The bystanders said Jeffrey was alive. Hardly realizing, let us believe, that the dead was alive, Sim- mons continued to fill up the grave, traditioh says with the remark : •"'Pie's got to die sometime ; and if he was not dead, he ought to be." CHAPTER LII. CHRO^'ICLE> OF AXXAPOLIS FROM 1810 TO 1839. [1810-12.] During the years 1810-12, tradition tells us George Frederick Cooke, the brilliant and dissolute English actor played in the Annapolis theatre. [1818.] Rev. Ralph Higginbotham, A'ice-principal of St. John's ■College, died April 21. In October, Dr. D. Claude and Lewis Duval were elected delegates from Annapolis to the Legislature. The vote was Dr. Claude 157 ; Lewis Duvall 157 : T. H. Bowie 90. The two first were Democrats ; the last a Federalist. [1814.] Dr. Upton Scottfaged 90 years, died in Annapolis, on the 23rd of February. He was a native of Ireland, but had resided in Annapolis GO years. His career was one of unbroken virtue, dignity, and usefulness. He was the chosen friend of Gen. Wolfe. [1815.] On Saturday, February 25, 1815, a company of Pennsyl- vanians, from the neighborhood of Brownsville, and commanded by Capt. Giesey, was honorably discharged from the ser^'ice. They won a high reputation among the citizens of Annapolis for their good conduct and scrupulous regard for the rights of the citizens. [181G.] On Saturday, the 10th of March, His Britannic Majesty's frigate Xiger, of 32 guns, Capt. Jackson, arrived off Annapolis, with the Hon. Henry Bagot, Minister to the United States, his lady and suite. The frigate gave the town a salute of 17 guns, which was re- turned by the City Battery. The Ministerial party landed the next day, under a salute from the ship, and proceeded to Washington. Pablic feeling ran very high in the spring of this year over an al- leged attempt on the part of the federalist to colonize the town with permanent residents of federal proclivities so as to carry the city for the Federalist Party. The democrats held a public meeting, in which the scheme was denounced in a string of resolutions. Party animosi- ties were so bitter when the pedagogue of the town, one Mr. Bassford, changed his politics from democrat to federalist, his school became so reduced in numbers he had to quit the town. On Thursday, May 23, the U. S. S. Washington, 74 guns. Com. Chamicey arrived off Annapolis. President Madison and wife, the 254 • ' T H E A N C 1 E N T C I T Y . " Secretary of the Xary. Commodores Roocers and Porter came to An- napolis, stopping at Caton's. (now the City Hotel.) and A-i^ited the frigate. On June 7th, the Washington sailed, having on l)oard the celebrated William Pinkney and his family. Mr. Pinkney went as minister to Naples. At the election for delegates to the Legislature from Annapolis this year the federalists reduced the democratic majority. The vote was : Federalists, Alex. C. Mairruder, 91 : liichard Harwood, of Thos. 90. Democrats. Lewis Diivall 109 ; Dennis Claude 109. [1817.] The question of removing the capital to Baltimore was agitated m the Legislature of 1817 and referred to the next assembly. The strongest jjoint made atrainst proposed removal was the mob ni Baltimore in 1812, when Lingan was killed. Christopher Hohne, at the same session, was voted fifty dollars for venturing his life by going on the roof of the State House to extin- guish a fire. Fort Severn at this period was put in ati excellent state of repair under the supervision of Capt. James Keed, assisted by Lieuts. Bache and Smook. Fort Madison, at same time lay, in a state of dismantled desuetude. On the 14th of August, 3Irs. Ann Ogle, died at the advanced age of 94 years. Her remains were interred in the family vault at White Hall, at the seat of Horatio Ridout, Esq. The quaint cut of a steamboat appears in the Craze fte of September 18, 1817. It seems there was a very just suspicion in the minds of the public that steamboats were not altoprether the safest mode of conveyance. So the proprietors. George Stiles & Son, of Baltimore, advertised that the Surprise's boilers, which steamer ran bet wee- : Baltimore and Annapolis, "will be proved every month to bear double the pressure at which they are worked.'" It was propelled by an en- gine on the rotary motion, and moved ''with more ease and swiftness than any steamboat in the United State." The subject of a naval depot at Annapolis was agitated in Novem- ber, 1817. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Hughes and Stephen, was appointed by the corporation to memoralize the general govern- ment on the subject and the President of the United States was ad- dressed a long connnunication in which it was stated that "Annapolis is. from its situation, more accessible from the ocean than any other port Avithin a convenient distance from the city of Washingt(m. It has been spontaneously selected by the ministers from foreign provi- nces for their places of landing and our own envoys have generally made it the point of their departure." The memorialists also told how the French 74, L'Eole, drawing twenty-one feet, seven inches, had coine in the harbor of Annapolis in 1807, when the tide was not at its height, and that one mile above. Fort Severn, the river was oO feet deep. [1818.] .January 24, a meeting was held in Annapolis looking to the formation of a branch society to colonize, with their consent the free colored jieople of the United States in Africa. The Legislature of 1818 showed no disposition to move the capital to Baltimore, although the corporation of Baltimore pledged all the funds necessary to erect public buildings in case the capital was re- •moved. An effort to remove the capital to Baltimore, was also made History of Annapolis. 255 government at Annapolis is now a part of the organic law of the State. On the 2Sth of May. President Monroe visited Annapolis and was received by John Randall, Mayor of Annapolis, and presented with a series of complimentary resolutions by the City Conncil, and was given a banquet by the citizens. The President visited Fort Severn where he was saluted with cannon. He then sailed up tlie Severn on the revenue cutter Active, as far as Round Bay, to obtain a view of the river^ He remained until Saturday morning, tlie 30th. At the election in October to select delegates to the Legislature from Annapolis, the following was the vote ; Democrats — Dr. Dennis Claude 143, John Stephen 135 ; Federals— Robr. Welch of Ben. 113. Addison Ridout 107. [1819.] The question of changing the charter of Annapolis, which had remained almost untouched since its grant by Queen Anne in 1708, arose in 1819. A writer declared "its provisions are of the most odious kind, and in the highest degree repugnant to the sentiments, the feelings,, and the wishes of the independent citizens of a free re- public. In the true spirit of aristocracy, it permits none but free- holders to hold the office-of mayor, alderman, or common councilman, and denies to our citizens the privilege of election more than one of the branches of government." Vacancies in the board of aldermen were filled by the common council, out of their own body, and also the Mayor was elected by a joint vote of the two branches, out of the board of common council. The charter was pronounced "one of the most aristocratical and absurd charters that ever disgraced the land of freedom." The movement was successful, and by act of December session, 1818, chapter 194, the charter of the city was altered and amended. On the fifth, the first Monday in April, 1819, the first election under the new city charter occurred, and the following were elected to fill the respective offices : Mayor — Lewis Duvall. Recorder — Thomas H. Carroll. Alderman — James Hunter, Francis Hollingsworth, John Randall, Sr., Henry Duvall, Alex. C. Magruder. Common Councilmen — John T. Barber. Geo. Schwrar, Joseph Sands, Washingron G. Tuck, William M'Parlin, Henry Magruder, James Shaw. Sunday schools were opened in Annapolis, in April, 1818. The number of scholars entered during the year was 64. The colored scholars numbered over 20. The schools were under the charge of one directress and four superintendents, with a number of ladies, acting in relation, as teachers. The school does not seem to have been denominational. In this year, the time appears most vague from the indefinite terms used by the correspondents from whom the facts are taken, the col- lector of the United States, at Annapelis, had possession of certain goods, taken from a British vessel, on a charge of smuggling. The state court issued a writ of replevin. The high sheriff of Anne Arun- del proceeded to serve the writ, and the collector sent to Fort Severn, and when the sheriff attempted to take the goods, he and his posse were met by a United States officer and a file of soldiers standing be- tween him and the goods. The excitement amongst the citizens of Annapolis was intense. A number armed themselves, and executed ■25G ''The Ancient City.'' the writ in .spite of the sohliers, "nor was it without considerable personal! exertion on the part of 80 suits were brought and only one indictn eat found by the Grrand Jury and that of petty hirceny. xVnue Arundel at this time was the third in ijopulation in the State. havinLr nearly :30.000 inhabitants. Tt was before Howard had l)een carved out of Anne Arundel. By the report of the Mayor. Lewis Duvall. made in April of this year, it is learned "that tiie Police of the city is too n\uch weakened, witliin the last few months, by the discontinuance of, or from reducing the number of city-constables, from which period tlie city ajtpears to have relapsed into its former propensities, by indulufini: in riots and noise at nights, and gambling on the .'^altluith and other days, to the annoyance of sundry })arts of the city."' An article written for tlie Maryhai I R<'j)Hblkaihoi June 21st, raises the question, and])arenthetically answered it, whether, or not. thecele- ])rated Marshal Ney of France, was not * "a certain Michael Rudolph," of Cecil county, Maryland, who had served with distinguished bravery as a Captain in Lee's dragoons during the Ameri'-'an Revolution. Ney's ne))hew, Edward C. Genet, gave the true place of his birth as one of the German departments of France, in ITGO. The pleasures of the turf in Annapolis were attended with evils that alTlict them in modern days. The Marylund Republican, of October I8th, says: "It is with pleasure we announce that the members of tlie Jockey Club have reconsidered their articles of association and abandoned the proposed races this season. If there be any advantage to the breed of horses, in such S[)orts we have certainly been paying' too dear a price for that advantage in the sacrifice of time, money, character, and morals which the race week costs." [1824.] A census of the population of Annapolis was taken February 1824. The population was 2,500 including the United States Troops, in Fort Severn. In 1820, the census had made the number 2.200. During the December Session of the Legislature, of 182:J, protracted until March, the question of the right of the soldiers, stationed at Fort Severn, to vote in Annapolis at the State and national elections arose in the General Assembly. The question came to the Legis- lature undera petition from the fifty-one men stationedat the Fort. The Fort was then in the corporate limits of Annapolis. The judges of election in the preceding October election "refused to receive the votes of certain soldiers who had been in Fort Severn a longer term than six months, and who were citizeiis of this state at the time they en- tered into the service of the United States."' Some of the very men who were not allowed to vote at this election had voted at former elec- tions. The indignation on the subject was further heightened by the fact that the olTic'-rs had been allowed to vote. The Legislature adf)pted the re])ort of the conmiittee on the subject that it was then inexpedient to legislate on tliis question. On the first Monday of April, the city election occurred between the Caucus and Anti-Caucus party. The vote stood for Mayor — anti-cau- cus, R. llarwood, 101 ; caucus, James Boyle — 152. For Recorder — anti-caucus, E. D. Ridgely. 159 ; T. II. Carroll, caucus — 156. For Aldermen, the following an ti -caucus partv men were elected : T. An- derson, 101; J. X. Watkins. 102: J. W. Duvall. 159 ; caucus— D. Claude, 159 ; J. Williamson, 157. For Common Councilmen — the an- Li-caucus men elected J. Randall, Jr., 101 ; Geo. Shaw, 100 ; Bennett Annapolis. 259 Hurst. 159 : the caucus— W. G. Tuck. 158 ; B. B. Brewer, 158 ; J. Hu2:hes, 158. W. R. Tlioiupson< P. Schwrar and Jona Ilutton, anti- caucus, and J. Boyd, caucus, each received 157 votes, and a new elec- tion had to be held to elect one Common Councilman. At that elec- tion the vote stood W. P. Thompson, 154 ; J. L. Boyd, 135. These parties represented on one side a party opposed to the caucus system of nomination and on the other the advocates of it. Auo:ustl2th, H. B. M. Frigate Phjeton, 44 guns, Captain Sturt, arrived in Annapolis with Mr. Vaughin, minister plenipotentiary from the Court of St. James to America. The usual salutes were ex- changed between Fort Severn and the ship. The Mayor. General Harwood, and others waited on the minister, and congratulated him on his arrival. The Minister, whilst in the city, gave a dinner to Capt. Sturt, hi honor of his attentions during the voyage. March 9th, Dr. Wm. Rafferty, was chosen Principal of St. John's College. In April, the Baltimore Medical College, awarded the first premium medal to Dr. Edward Sparks, of Annapolis, for the l^est medical Latin thesis. On Monday, April 19th, the boiler of the Steamboat Eagle, on her first trip from Annapolis to Baltimore, exploded oft' North Point. A soldier from Fort Severn was killed, four persons were scalded, and Captahi Weems and all his crew, more or less injured. Among the scalded was Henry M. Murray, of Annapolis, aged 34 years, who sub- sequently died of his injuries. The explosion set the Eagle on fire but it was extinguished by the crew and passengers. The son of Captain Weems, a lad of 13 or 13 years, was blown through the sky-light from, the cabin without sustaining serious injury. [1825.] At the foot of Maryland Avenue, on the Severn, now part of the Naval Academy, ran transversely the highest hills in and about Annapolis. They remained until that part of the city was taken into the Naval Academy. About the year, 1825, Daniel H. Wiggins, an ingenious inventor of various implements, one of which was a wheat drill, which successfully accomplished the work, conceived the idea of erecting on this prominent elevation a wind-mill that would run on any quarter from which the wind would blow. The idea conceived, the mill was built. On the day for it to start, the assembled citizens gathered around the ingenious contrivance, the sails wBre set, the wind filled their open wings, and the latent machineiy began to move. Around and around it went obedient to the currents, but utterly un- controUablf by the inventor. He had neglected to provide means by which to throw off the power, and to render the mill subservient to his will. There it went on whirling and whirring to the chagrin of the inventor, who had to abandon his creation to the elements as a monument of misdirected genius. The power was taken from tbe wind and conveyed to the mill by means of sails rigged to the spokes of a wheel that any wind would revolve. [1827.] In this year the act was passed which established the State Library. The law restricted the use of the books to members of the executive or legislative departments. In October, George Wells, Jr., and John N. Watkins were elected delegates from Annapolis to the Legislature. It seems to have been ^60 "TheAxcient City." a purely personal contest and party lines were not drawn. The vote was George Wells, Jr., 151 ; John N. Watkins, 143 ; Henry Hobbs, 142 ; Richard J. Crabb, 141. In April of this year, Dr. Dennis Claude, was elected Mayor by this vote : Dr. Dennis Claude, 154 ; Richard J. Crabb, 188. [1828.] Tn Annapolis this year, national politics showed itself in the election for delegates to the lje:::islature. The vote was : Jackson ticket — Richard J. Crabb, 158 ; Thomas Anderson, 148. Adams ticket — John X. Watkins, 153 ; George Wells, Jr., 149. Jeremiah Townley Chase, an ex-member of Congress, and Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, died in Annapolis, May 11th, aged nearly 80 years. Jeremiah Townley Chase was from early manhood until nearly the close of his long and active life, a public man in many im- portant offices, in all of which he acquitted himself with honor and distinction. Mr. Chase was born in Baltimore in 1748. and removed to Annapolis in 1779. He was Mayor of Annapolis in 1783. and de- livered the address of welcome to General Washington when he came to resign his commission in 1783. He also enjoyed the lionor of meet- ing and welcoming Lafayette, when he cr^^ssed' the Prince George's border and entered Anne Arundel in 1824, on his way to visit Annapo- lis. Judge Chase took an early and decided ])art in the arduous and doubtful contest with Great Britain, supporting with vigor the rights of his country. During the whole of that trying conflict, he exhibited the most active and patriotic zeal and unshaken firmriess. The beginning of his public services was his ajipointment upon the first Committee of Safety in Baltimore, and he enlisted as a private in one of the first military companies in Maryland. In February, 1775, he was elected by Baltimore county, of which the town was then a part, a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution, and formed the Governmeno of the State, and was one of that body which united in the Declaratint of Independence for Maryland. He continued to be a representative from Baltimore ui til he re- moved to Annap':lis. He was at that time elected a member of the Executive Council, in which capacity he served to the close of the Revolutionary War. It was this Governor, Thomas Johnson, in whose council Judge Chase served, who received the aeknowlegements of General Washington for procuring su{)plies of flour and cattle for the American Army. Judge Chase was a member of Congress in 1783, and, in 1784. was appointed one of the Executive Committee of that body to act in the recess of Congress. In 1789, Mr. Cliase was appointed a Judge of the General Court of the State. On the abolition of that Court, he was appointed Chief Judge of the Third Judicial District, and Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. In June, 1824, Judge Chase resigned the office of Chief Justice. In the administration of justice, Judge Chase was firm, dignified, and im- partial ; in the domestic circle, amiable ; in society, brilliant ; in private conduct, kind and temperate ; exhibiting in all his acts, pub- lic and private, the benign influence of a sincere Christian life. Judge Chase died in 1828, and was buried in the City Cemetery, Annapolis. [1829.] In December Session, 1828, an act was passed incorporating the Annapolis and Potomac Canal Company to connect the city of History OF Annapolis. 261 Annapolis and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. The project came to naught. At the election for the Legislature this year, the following was the vote in Annapolis : Administration, (Jackson's Administration,) Richard J. Crabb, 150; James Murray, 137 ; Anti-Administration, George Wells, Jr., 167; Dr. Dennis Claude, 162. [1830.] The following extract, taken from the Maryland Gazette, of May 13th, 1830, shows that the freemen of Annapolis early put the tem- perance question in politics : At a meeting of sundry individuals, held on the 14th of April, 1830, in the city of Annapolis, the following Preamble and Resolutions were adopted : " Whereas, the manner in which elections have been for a long time conducted in the city of Annapolis, is viewed by us, as having a per- nicious tendency to corrupt the morals of youth, as well as fraught with evil to our citizens in general : And, ivhereas, the baneful effects of such conduct cannot be counteracted successfully but by taking a decided stand against it ; Therefore : ''Resolved by the undersigned, that we solemnly pledge ourselves to vote for no candidate or candidates for any office, for which we are entitled to vote, who shall himself give, or who shall for him, directly or indirectly suffer to be given, any kind of ardent spirits, fermented liquors, money, clothing or any thing else, to any voter or voters, at any election, for the purpose of obtaining their votes. ''Resolved further. That the course adopted by this meeting be re- commended to our respectable fellow-citizens, and that they are in- vited to unite with us in putting down an evil as degrading as it is desolating. "Resolved, That in order to carry our object more fully into effect, we agree to reserve our votes to 4 o'clock in the afternoon, unless the business or circumstances of any of us should require him or them to vote earlier. "Resolved, That the above proceedings be published in the different newspapers printed in this city. Signed by Edward Williams, Samuel Goldsmith, Lewis GassaAvay, Grafton Munroe, Basil Shephard, Thomas G. Waters, Andrew Slicer, M. W. Conner, Samuel Peaco, Jacob Bassford, William Ross, Peter Saussac, Vachel Severe, Samuel Parrott, Daniel H. Wiggins, Daniel Dorsey, Thomas Sands, W, J. Goldsborough, Charles Henshaw, X. J. Watkins, Thomas King, Jr., Philip Clayton, Thomas King, William M'Parlin." William Kirby, They are dead, but around the names of many of them there lingers the odor of a holy sanctity of life that has made their memory precious to their descendants and an honor to the community. [1831.] The startling episode of American slavery,*Xat. Turner's re- 2G2 .. ' < T H E A N C 1 E N T C I T y . " volt, alarmed the people of Anne Arundel, and companies of infantry were organized and night patrols established to defend the people from an expected uprising. Whilst the whites were preparing for belligerent measures, the following pacific action was taken in this city : At a numerously attended meeting of the Free Peo[>le of Colour of the city of Annapolis, and its vicinity, convened in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, on the evening of October 4th, 1831, — to take into consideration the propriety and expediency of adopting certain resolu- tions, expressive of tlieir views, wishes, and desires, the object of the meeting having been explained by the Chairman, the following Pre- aml)le and Resolutions were adopted : '* Whereas certain rumors, accompanied with suspicions of an unfav- orable character, have been in circulation tiirough the country respect- ing the colored population, calculated to destroy the confidence which the while j)opulation liave repoeed in them. '^Jiesohed f/icnifore. Tliat we deeply and sincerely regret that any circumstance should have transpired to create those suspicions. '^Reaolved, That we who reside in this city, and its vicinity, who now compose this meeting, cannot refrain from expressing our grateful acknowledgments in possessing the assurance that the confidence of their white friends is still reposed in them, and that no rumor has been al)le to impair the same. '■'Riinolved, That, as we are not insensible of the friends we have among the white population, and tliat many of them have labored to ameliorate our condition, we pledge ourselves, that our future con- duct and deportment shall continue to be such as will be calculated to increase and continue their confidence and go<'d wishes. ''■Resolved, That should anything occur contrary to our views of good order, peace, and tranquility, as inculcated in the word of God, we will use every means and all our influence, lo put it down. ''Resvli'ed, That we be grateful to Almighty God for the revelation of his will to man, and that revelation teaciies us, that it is our high- est wisdom to live soberly, righteously and godly, in this present world, that in the world to come we may be sharers of eternal life. "Editors friendly to tlie above resolutions, will confer a favor on this meeting, by giving them a few insertions, particularly those of our city. Signed, HENRY PRICE, Chairman. John Smith, Jr., Secretary." It was in Xovember of this year, 1831, that the project to build a railroad iietween Baltimore and Annapolis was inaugurated. At the same time the practicability of making the road connect Washington, as well as Baltimore, was suggested, hence came the twenty miles of road, known from its charter in 1830, as the Annapolis and Elk Ridge Rail- road. It was not, however, until February 0th, 1832, tluvt the bill was passed to incorporate the Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad Com- pany. Nothing appears to have come of tiiis. In December 1836, another act i)asscd, naming Ajnos A. Williams, Leonard Iglehart, Alexander Randall, Somerville Pinkney, George Wells, aiul EliasEUi- cott, as Commissioners to take subscriptions to tlie capital stock of the Annapolis and Elk I'idge Railroad Companv, which was placed at $450,000. The State subscribe $300,000 to the company's stock pro- History ofAnnapolis. 263 vided first, it was to be certified to the Treasurer for the Western Shore that before the State's subscription was formally made that its m Ota would complete the road. The Governor and his Council were ?o appoint a State director for every $100,000 of stock subscribed b^^ the State. The private stockholders were given S}^ directors by the act In May, 1837, it was publicly announced that sufficient stock had been subscribed to organize the company, and the State s suo- scription was thereupon made. Ko T,,r.nfimn The first passenger train left Annapohs for the Annapolis Junction, Christmas Day, 1840. Henry H. Bush, now living, was the engineer, and James Miller, the conductor. ^ nu ^ n.r^r.r.^^ ri834 1 A monument was suggested in January, to Charles Carroll, of Carroilton, at Annapolis, on the hill on the Priests' Property e.ast cor- ner of Gloucester street, where a large walnut tree stood which tiadi- •tionsavs sheltered Washington and Carroll. . In lucrust, the young men of Annapolis crystahzed their indigna- tion at the "dispwsitionto deprive them of any participation in the r)oltical benefits of the city," and nominated Sprigg Harwood and Cel^Lonis Grammer,';s candidates for the Legislature repre- senting the young men of the city. The nomination led t^ the usual biUer newspaper warfare that follows a new departure. The opposi- tion put iTp No holas Brewer and George Wells. It was charged that he e nominations were coached by WilHam B^Curran a young man in the employment of Mr. Blair, editor of the Washmgton Crlohe. The election, in October, resulted : ^ -, -r ^^ iq-> i^-^,^; Opposition-Sprigg Harwood, 13.) ; Fred L. Gra -mer, 13o. Domi- nation—Nicholas Brewer, 168 ; George \\e lis, 1(>4. [1835.1 June 25th, the corner stone of Humphrey Hall, St .Jolin s Colle-e, was laid. John Johnson, delivered an eloquent address on the occasion. The building committee were Eamsay Waters, John Johnson, and Nicholas Brewer. li. C. Long, was the architect, and ^^H's^BT^i'tL* p'oUti^^^ of candidates for the Legislature this yekr sho'w that there was another change in Pf tical sh^i^.^^^f^^^^ ^he result was : Van Buren candidates-Kiehard J '^^nes, 128 , John H. T. Magruder, 127. Whig candidates— Richard Swann, lo4; iho:,. S.* Alexander, 152. ^ ^u * ri839.] On Sunday, April 14th, 1839, Nicholas Brewer, father of the late Judge Nicholas Brewer, died. The following obituary ap- peared in thLext issue of the Maryland BepubUcan er.dentlj from the pen of Jeremiah Hughes, the veteran editor of that Journal : "Thus in the 68th year of his age, closes the earthly career of another of the most active, firm, steady, and undeviating politicians of this State, and of this age. A man who, as an opponent, was always a Man, open, undisguised, straight-forward, and high-minded As a friend, no man was ever more ardent, whole-hearted, and sinceie. "For several years, and until attacked by the disease which finally carried him off, Mr. Brewer, represented this city in the House o Delegates, of which he was one of the most useful and influential members. He seldom spoke in the House : when he did his speech was always brief, to theVurpose-and never failed to command at- tention It may be truly said, that a delegate more devoted to the interests of his constituents has never represented any people, iwice 204 *'The Ancient City.'* or thrice, at earlier periods of his life, he served as Elector of the- Senate — a station usually appropriated to the most popular man in each community. "As a next door-neighbor and most intimate friend — as an associate for the third of a century in every political struggle — in peace and in war — through good and through evil report — in prosperity and in ad- versity — sickness and health — we have known and can truly testify of Nicholas Brewer, as a high-minded, public- spirited, patriotic, amiable man — a man of inflexible integrity in public as in private life." Mrs. Baldwin, who died in 1749, one hundred years old, the sup- posed first person born in Anne Arundel. Avas the progenitor of Mrsr Jeremiah Townley Chase, nee Hester Baldwin and Mrs. Samuel Chase, nee Ann Baldwin. CHAPTER Lin. Location of the United States Naval Academy AT Annapolis. [1845.] As early as November 15. 1814, Hon. William Jones, Secre- tary of the Navy, under President Madison, suggested the expediency of establishing a Naval Academy, This recommendation, from its in- ception to the establishment of the Naval Academy, in 1845, was fol- lowed l)y the persistent and intelligent effort of the leading minds in naval knowledge, and the best informed as to the maritime wants of the country. In 1825, two bills were before Congress, proposing the inauguration of a naval school. Whilst these were pending, the Maryland Legisla- ture January, 1820, passed the following : ^'Mettolved by the General Assembly of Maryland, That our Sena- tors and Pepresentatives in Congress be, a!)d they are hereby requested to call the attention of their respective houses to the superior advan- tages which the city of Annapolis and its neighborhood possesses as a situation for a Naval Academy, and that they use their best exertions in favor of the establishment of such an institution." This resolution reached the United Stntes Senate February 7, 1826. Repeated efforts at legislation had failed, once in 1820 by a single v.te in the Senate, to give the United States a Naval Academy, when the illustrious historian George Bancroft became Secretary of the Navy in 1845. '•His own profound scholarshij), his rich and varied culture, and his personal familiarity with educational methods, enabled him to apfjreciate the want of the service and to devise a way in which it might be supplied. To him the Navy owes the foundation of the Naval Academy. He saw, as his predecessors had also seen that a dozen separate schools without organization or intelligent supervision, constituted as appendages to navy-yards and seagoing men-of-war, could produce no satisfactory results. He had seen, moreover, the History OF Annapolis. 265 failure of many efforts at legislation with a view to reforming the systems. But he discovered what those before him had failed to see, that with him lay the authority to remedy the evils, and that the means were already provided. By placing a large number of pro- fessors upon waiting orders — that is, by dispensing with their services — a large part of the annual outlay for instruction might be saved ; and by concentrating a few of the best men of the corps of instructors at a suitable place, a school might be formed with an independent organization."* On June 2d, 1845, a board of naval officers met at the Philadelphia Naval Asylum for the examination of midshipmen for promotion. The board consisted of Commodores George C. Read, Thomas Ap Catesby Jones, and Matthew C. Perry, and Captains E. A. F. Lavalette and Isaac Mayo. Amongst the instructions of the board was the following : "Navy Department. "Washington, June 13, 1845. "Sir : I desire the assistance of your board in maturing a more efficient system of instructions for the young naA'al officers. The op- portunity which your present arduous and responsible duties as ex- aminers of the school afford you of giving practical and useful advice leads rae to solicit your co-operation by as full a communication of your opinion as is consistent with your convenience. "Fort Severn has been recommended to me as a more suitable place for such a school than the Xaval Asylum, especially as a vessel could be stationed there to serve as a school in gunnery. "The present term of instruction is too short. Might it not be well to have permanent instruction, and to send all midshipmen on shore to the school ? What plan of studies is most advisable ? I hope your board will find time and will be disposed to aid me by their suggestions, "I wish, also, that they would nominate, for my consideration, a board of three experienced officers, whose qualifications incline them to give long-continued attention to this subject, and who could have the permanency necessary to assist me until a plan can be matured. If, from your own number, you would select such a board, or would take a wider scope in your selection, it would be acceptable to me." "I am, respecfully, yours, GEORGE BANCROFT, Commodore George C. Read, President Board of Examiners, &c., Philadelphia, Pa." After a thorough examination of. and deliberation over, the subject, the Board made a lengthy report, in which there occurs the following : "Three of the undersigned are ignorant of the precise situation of Fort Severn, and its fitness for a naval school in regard to its accomo- dation, in healthiness of location, and conveniences of the vicinity for gun -practice, but they are told by their associates, Commodore Jone& and Captain Mayo, that the fort embraces sufficient space and the har- bor and neighboring shores offer all the requisite advantages for gun- practice and evolution of steamers and boats. Supposing, then, that Fort Severn is selected, and there is ample accommodation within its walls for the officers and students of the establishment, it may be re- * Hi~t-'ry of the ^^1V3l Aoarletiiy. .Soley. p. 42. '^m " T H E A N C 1 E X T C 1 T Y . " marked tlmt the Government already possesses all the necessary means for commencing at once a naval school, which may be enlarged and perfected at some future time." Shortly after this Secretary Bancroft, Governor Marcy, then Secre- tary of War, and Commodore Warrington, chief of the Bureau of Xa%'y Yards and docks, visited Annapolis, the object of their visit being understood to be to examine the condition of Fort Severn and the im- provements commenced the previous fall. The rumor was also ailoat that it was the intejition of the government to remove the Xaval School from Philadelphia to Fort Severn, which be one of the reasons of this visit. t Some after this visit, the Secretary ordered a board, composed of Commanders McKean, Buchanan, and Du Pont, to consider the sub- ject, and to recommend a location and officers. The board decided upon Ai napolis as the site, and Ward. Chauveult, and Lockwood as professors. Commander Franklin Buchanan, a Baltimorean, had already been selected as superintendent. Fort Severn was an army post, the site of which had been purchased in 1808, at a period when Annapolis was deemed a place of military im[)ortance. The ground consisted of ten acres, almost square, in- closed on the west i.nu\ and uoi-thern side by brick wall, and on the southern and eastern sides ny the Severn. At the angle of the water front stood the l)attery. a small circular rami)art, monntin^ e/i b(i7'heffe ten heavy guns, with a magazine in the water. In the grounds was a Wind -mill built here in I7()0, and on the shore of the fort the Peggy Stewart was run agi'ound and burned by its owner, to satisfy the de- mands of the patriots of 1774. The buildings consisted of officers' quarters and barracks. Buch- anan row, (the new building for the Superinrcndent excepted,) the house opposite the southern end of the row, and the dwelling occupied by Secretary Richard M. Chase, are all that remain of tiiose that ex- isted when the Fort was transferred Aug 15, 1845, to the Xavy De- partment. October 10th, the school was opened. The State of Maryland acted promptly in the cession of every right and privilege re(|uired by the government. The young stripling bei;an to grow apace. In 1847, the first addi- tion was made to the grounds. It comprised three lots — one from F. Buchanan and others, the second from Rebecca Nicholson, with a col- lateral deed from Edward Lloyd and R. Nicholson to secure the title of Miss Nicholson's lot. The third from A. Randall, trustee for W. O'Hara and others. This included land adjacent to the school and lying between Scott street and the Severn, and reached to Northeast street, now Maryland Avenue. This was under Commander Upshur. The second addition, connuenced in 185:3, under commander Strip- ling was completed after the arrival of Com. Goldsborough. One part consisted of land lying between Scott street, Governor street, Hanover street, and Northeast street now occupied by the Academy Chapel, and by the row of officers' quarters numbered from one to eleven, and includes the lawns in front as far as the line of Scott street ; and the other part of land lying along the Severn River on the opposite side t Annapolis puper. History OF Annapolis. 267 of Northeast street and between it and Tabernacle street, the fourth gide being the line of Hanover street extended. The buildings on it are known as Goldsborough row. The Third addition was Scott street and Northeast street between Hanover and the river. This was in 1853. _ The fourth addition was made in 1866, Admiral Porter, superinten- dent. The executive mansion of the state, the residence of the governors since the time of Robert Eden, with the garden adjoining, a place where Wa'^hington had been guest, was bought by the United States, and a -square's length of Governor's street was taken in with it. This com- prised four acres. The Governor's house is now used as the Academy library, and Porter row has been built on part of the fourth acquisi- tion. , o i. t The fifth addition was made in 1867, by the purchase ot ten acres ot land from St. John's College between the College and Graveyard Creek. This tract has never been joined to the Academy, there being land intermediate between it and the Academy. Another tract ot land. Strawberry Hill farm, on which the Alms House of Anne Arun- del county once stood, was l^ought in 1868. This is not a part proper of the Academy. It adjoins tlie grounds of the Is aval Hospital, (thirty-two acres in extent,) one part being reserved as a naval necropolis. „ The sixth addition was accomplished in 1874, being four acres from that part of Lockwoodsville lying on the Severn, between, then laber- nacle, now College Avenue, Hanovor and Wagner Streets. The following is the summary of land in use by, and under the con- trol of, the Xaval Academy authorities : Acres. Grounds about Fort Severn -^ Purchases of 1847 and 1853, including streets ^^ Purchase 1868. (Governor's Mansion) 4 Purchase of 1874, Lockwoodsville. 4 Within the Academy a"^^ - Hospital Grounds Strawberry Hill . . . College Lot 32 .67 10 Outside of Academy r "oir'^i' I' V {^^^-^^ During 1883, one of the ancient landmarks ot the State lell. it was the one occupied to that period from 1845, as the residence of the Superintendent of the Naval Academy. ..i ^ . ^. i It was built bv John Huff, an architect who settled in the colony m 1728 This house was built, at least, in 1751, and probably much earlier. It was the residence of that talented family, the Dulanys, and was occupied by it from 1753 to 1808, and on the cession of the ground to the government as the site of Fort Severn, became the resi- dence of the commander of the fort and so remained to 184o. In 1883, by a commission of officers, Captain Francis M. Ramsay being Super- intendent, the house was condemned as unsafe, and was torn down, and the Superintendent, by funds reserved from the supplies voted the Academy, proceeded to build a residence for the Superintendent. Con- gress that had refused specific monies for this building, resented the 268 *'The Ancient City. '' action of the Superintendent, and, by proviso inserted, declared na monev should be used to complete the offensive structure. There it remained until the end of the term of the offending Superintendent, a monument of autocratic independence and congressional indignation. The location of the Naval Academy at Annapolis has been of large advantage to the business of the place. The social benefits have been well appreciated by its people, and the constant succession of interest- ing events occuring at the Academy, has added to the enjoyment and culture of an already polished community. CHAPTER LIV. A Riot in Annapolis. ]1847.] On the 5th of July, 1847, the steamboat ''Jewess," was chartered by Mr. C. C. Philips, of Baltimore, to make an excursion to St. Michaels, in Talbot county, with the express understanding that the steamer would accommodate at least seven hundred passengers comfortably. About that number took passage on the steamer in- cluding whom were the Eagle Artillerists, Col. Geo. P. Kane, com- manding, and the Columbian Riflemen, Capt. Rol)ert McAllister, com- manding. The military companies were on their way to join with the military of Talbot county in celebrating tiie National holiday, and the latter had made appropriate preparations to receive the expected visi- tors. Before reaching the county wharf at Fell's Point, it was discovered that the boat could not accommodate those that were already on board, and on ai-riving at the county wharf there were the military and several hundred who desired to take passage on the boat. The military alone were allowed to embark. With this large crowd on board, coni})osed, no doubt, of the motley company that generally gathers on general holidays on cheap excur- sions, the '"Jewess" started for St. Michaels, and steamed slowly down the bay. After being out four hours, the captain found it impossible with the large number of passengers he had on board, and the cranky condition of the steamer, to cross the bay. The cliarter party to the contrary notwithstanding. Captain Sutton determined that the lives of seven hundred passengers were in his keeping, and he Avas respon- sible if any accident occured. He. therefore, decided that he would put into Annapolis, and if one hundred and fifty passengers would land, he would then proceed to St. Michaels with the balance. After a passage of five hours, the "Jewess" reached Annapolis. Not a man would go ashore with tlie understanding that "he had the privilege of finding his way back to Baltimore the best way he could." On this Capt. Sutton decided to proceed no further, tied his boat to the wharf, and let off steam. History OF Annapolis. 2G0 '^ After the boat had been made fast," says an eye witness,* who spoke from a Baltimore standpoint, "and the passengers found they could go no further, they generally went on shore for the purpose of amusing themselves as might best suit their fancy, and were received with every mark of respect by some of the citizens. Those who vis- ited the Naval School were kindly received by the officers, as were also those who went up to the State House, but with some of the commu- nity there appeared to be something wrong, as if some past offence had not beeen forgotten or some new aggression had been committed. _ In contradiction of any bad spirit being shown by the citizens, it is asserted by a citizen living at this day that a part of the excursionists behaved very disorderly. If there was ill-feeling rankling, or bad temper provoked, by fresh aifronts, it found some vent when on Church street, a Baltimore youth broke a window, and whilst William F. Smith, of Baltimore, was paying for it, one of the crowd was arrested by an Annapolis constable. Mr. Smith persuaded the balance of the Baltimore boys to return to the "Jewess ;" and the culprit was res- cued by his friends. . . ^.^ i At the City Hotel Col. John Walton, proprietor, testified, sev- eral ot the party from the steamer entered the kitchen, took posses- sion of it, and insisted upon helping themselves to dinner. They be- haved in the same riotous manner at the bar, and he had to threaten to commit them to jail before they would leave. In other parts of the town, pistols were fired, and curses rent the air. At the Wes- tern Hotel kept by Mr. E. A. Davis, some of the party amused them- selves pitching the b-ead out of the windows. A significant fact bearing on the character of the people who_ com- posed the crowd on board the ' 'Jewess' ' was brought out in the testimony of Col. Geo. P. Kane, in the examination that followed the affray : "He had left the boat at Annapolis, and had procured a citizen's dress from a friend, which he had exchanged for his uniform, and had de- termined to come up in the cars in the morning; the conduct of a portion of those who were on board the boat having been so disorderly and riotous as to deter him from returning with them." Whilst Col. Kane was at dinner in Annapolis, he heard the report of fire-arms. He started for the "Jewess." Before he reached there another prominent character who was to figure in the subsequent pro- ceedings. Judge Nicholas Brewer, who had heard that a friend s son had become involved in a difficulty, and had come down to persuade him out of it, had arrived at the wharf. At the examination before Justice Walton Gray, in Baltimore, July 9th, Judge Brewer testified that he "saw by the soiled state of the clothes of the young man and injury he had received on his nose^, that he had been engaged in a fight. He remonstrated witM him, and per- suaded him to leave the wharf. Seeing that there was considerable excitement among those on the wharf, and every probabihty of a not ensuing, he decided to remain there and endeavor to prevent it. "Nothing of any moment occurred from this time for nearly an hour while preparations were making for the departure of the boat, and nearly all belonging to her had got on board." The testimony of Mr. Daniel T. Hyde, a prominent citizen ot An- napolis, then takes up the thread of the story : "He was sitting in his porch, (his house being about a hundred yards from where the boat * Balto. American of July 7, 1847. 270 ^ ' T H E A X c I E N T City." lay.) when he saw Judge Brewer go down to the wharf. The crowd on the boat began to hiss and hoot at him and some one of them called out "bring that big-bellyed man, witli a straw hat on board." Think- ing that violence might be offered to the Judge, and that it was his duty to endeavor to prevent it, lie immediately went down towards the wharf. There was. however, wlien Mr. Hyde reached the steamer, no attempt to offer violence to Judge Brewer." Mr. Hyde used his good offices to promote peace and to suppress the dis- tur})anceand was in imminent danger from the ill-feelings of the citizens on the wharf and the visitors on the steamer. The l)illingsgateand pro- fanity between the two crowds at this moment was terrible. The noise and confusion were so great that it was almost impossible to distin- guish what was said. In preparation for tlie coming fray several boys from the boat ran on shoi'e, and picked up stones and retreated to the steamer. An old man, whom Judge Brewer thought was William F. Smith, in company with a young man, advanced on the gangway leading to the wharf and seemed ready to fight. Judge Brewer per- suaded them to return to the boat. The lines were now catt off. Mr. Hyde advised Mr. Waters, the Mate of the l)oat and asked him to say the same thing to Capt. Sutton to move off. Mr. Hyde assisted in casting the liiies of the steamer loose from the shore. "At this time two halves of a lemon were thrown from the boat among the crowd on shore." This was the signal of battle. The crowd on the wharf gave way. a dark object was seen to fly from the boat to the shore, and the Annapolitans returned the attack with a volley of bricks. The Baltimoreans replied with stones and pistols. The bricks that had come from the shore had fallen amongtt the ladies and children, and a cry was made for the rifles of Capt. McAl- lister's company. The captain tried to prevent the !nen from getting the rifles out of the room in which tlieyhad Ijeen stowed. He sent James L. Wallace to take charge of this. Mr. Wallace, when he arrived at the temporary armory, found it filled with passengers taking away the rifles. Some of the company attempted to assist Mr. Wallace but they were "thrown aside like an old check shirt," and those in the room helped themselves to the rifles and cartridges and went on deck and used them on the citizens of Annapolis. The ladies on the boat were now in a state of great alarm, some at- tempted to throw themselves overboard, whilst the work of getting them below proceeded with a haste born of urgent necessity. Judge Brewer and Mr. Daniel T. Hyde who were in the dangerous posi- tion of being between two fires bravely endeavored to stop the An- napolitans from continuing the affray. Mr. Hyde, finding two col- ored boys throwing stones at the boat, kicked them away, and turned to the boat to hurry it out of danger. Fearing the boat would ground on an old stone wall m the water near the wharf, and thus make a continuance of the riot more certain, he went to the end of his own wharf, and called to Captain McAllister if he would send the stern line ashore, the steamer would be alJe to \)u\\ out. That is. it would make the steamer turn around from the wharf so as to head to the river — the dock here being extremely narrow and the work of steering a steamer exceeding difficult. In reply, Capt. ^McAllister shook his sword and said — "He was resiionsil^le for all he said and did." In vain Mr. Hyde tried, again and again, to make the captain accept his friendly offers. He was either not understood or his motives were suspected. History OF Annapolis. 271 Judge Brewer, at the same time, was driving some away and entreat- ing others not to interfere. Seeing a y<«ung man on shore with a pis- tol, preparing to discharge it in the direction of the boat, the Judge endeavored to prevent him, but was unable. Again seeing the young man i)reparing to fire, he seized him and called for lielp. Mr. John W. Brady came and took the young man. Meantime the firing from the boat continued, and glasses, bottles, and stones were hurled at the crowd on the wharf. Mr. Brady was shot whilst taking an assaii- iant of his assailants from the fray. Judge Brewer was assisted alone by constable John Lamb, and whilst thus endeavoring to preserve the peace heard some person on the boat exclaim, with an oath, ''Shoot that officer, I mistrust him." Three rifles were instantly levelled at the Judge. He jumped behind a wood-pile, whilst a friendly hand on the boat knocked up two of the rifles ; but the third, the Judge thought, was discharged at him. In all besides the bricks and other missiles exchanged between the combatants there were, it was estimated, twenty rifle shots from the boat and two pistol shots and two guns fired from the shore, but these not until after the volley from the rifles on the steamer.* The visitors were better prepared for the attack than the citizens and their aim wps good, for five citizens fell wounded, fortunately none of them fatally : T. C. Loockerman, shot in the leg, slightly wounded ; Basil McNew, shot in the side, badly wounded ; John W. Brady, shot through both legs, seriously hurt ; Watkins Hall, two toes shot oft" ; Edward BarroU, wounded very dangerously in the thigh. When Hall and Loockerman. who were actively engaged in throwing stones at the boat fell, "the people on board the boat hurrahed enough for an election day. " t Rifles are far more effective weapons than pistols and bricks and none of the excursionists, it appears, were hurt. The report of the riot had spread through Annapolis, and, with powder contributed by the merchant and cannon seized from the State, citizens hurried to the wharf to avenge the assault on their fel- low-townsmen, the fray the meanwhile being unabated, and to add to the calamities of the day, the steamer becatne wedged in between the two sides of the narrow wharf, and to escape the volleys of stones and bullets from the wharf most of the passengers ran to the opposite side. The steamer careened and for a moment was in danger of capsizing. On the opposite side of the wharf was a vacant mill. The "Jewess" as she came to that side of the dock to turn s-as within a few yards of this untenanted house. In it a young citizent had now secreted him- self and was about to pour a deadly fire from his gun into the passen- gers, when happily his prudent father came in and drove him away, and saved one or more of the excursionists from almost certain death. The State's cannon was then brought into position by the now thoroughly aroused Annapolitans. Col. Geo. P. Kane imme(iiately made his way to it, and remonstrated against firing it. Finding his appeals of no avail, he threw one arm over the breech of the piece, * Te.stim- life." The judicial investigation fastened the guilt on no one, and no punishment was meted out to the rioters. CHAPTER LV. Chronicles of Annapolis fuom 184") to 1i- and har- ness-maker, then watch and clock tinker, and, in their ordci-, silver- smith, painter, modeller, taxidermist, dentist, and lecturer. Tn 1770, he visited England, and, for several years, was a pupil of West. Re- turning home, he settled first in Annapolis and then in Philadelphia,- and acquired celebrity as a portrait painter. Among his works were several portraits of Washington, and a series forming the nucleus of a national portrait gallery. He commanded a company of volunteers in the battles of Trenton and Germantown, and also served in the Pennsylvania Legislature. About 1785, he commenced a collection of natural curiosities in Philadelphia, founding "Peale's Museum," in which he lectured on natural history. He aided in founding the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. LIEUTENANT JAIVIES BOOTH LOCKWOOD, U. S. A., Was born at Annapolis, Maryland, October 9th, 18o2. and died at Cape Sabine, Smith's Sound, April 9th, 1884. To Lieutenant Lock- wood belongs the distinction of having attained, during the Greeley Expedition, the point nearest to either pole, ever reachcfl l)y any human being. It was on Lockwood's Island in north latitude. 80^^ 24^ ; longitude 44° 5^. DANIEL DULANY. A history of Annapolis would be incomplete without a biographical sketch of Daniel Dnlany. who, under the nom de lihinit^ of Antion, car- ried on tlie memorable newspaper controversy in 1772, with (JarroU, of Carrollton, the "First Citizen" of that literary prologue of the American Revolution. Danitd Dulany, son of Daniel Dulany, was born at Annapolis, July 19, 1721, and was educated at Eton and at Clare Hall, (!ainl)ridge, England. * I-tidgely's Annals of At napolis. History op Anmapolis. 279 He entered the Temple, and, returning to the colonies, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1747. Mr. McMahon, of this brilliant man, says : "For many years before the downfall of the proprietary Government, he stood confessedly without a rival in this colony, as a lawyer, a scholar, and an orator, and, we may safely regard the assertion that in the high and varied accomplishments which constitute these, he has had amongst the sons of Maryland but one equal and no superior. We admit that tradition is a magnifier, and that men even through its medium and the obscurity of half a century, like objects in a misty morning, loom largely in the distance, yet with regard to Mr. Dulany, there is no room for illusion. ' You lUdy tell Hercidus hy foot,' says the proverb ; and this truth is as just when applied to the proportions of the name, as to those of the body. The legal argu- ments and opinions of Mr. Dulany that yet remain to us, "bear the impress of abilities too commanding, and of learning too profound to admit of question, flad we but these fragments, like the remains of splendor which linger around some of the ruins of antiquity, they would be enough for admiration. Yet they fall very short of furnish- ing just conceptions of the character and accomplishments of his mind. We have higher attestations of these in the testimony of cotempora- ries. For many years before the Revolution, he was regarded as an oracle of the law. It was the constant practice of the courts of the province to submit to his opinion every question of difficulty which came before them, and so infallible were his opinions considered, that he who hoped to reverse them was regarded *as hoping against hope.' Nor was his professional reputation limited to the colony. I have been credibly informed that he was occasionally consulted from Eng- land upon questions of magnitude, and that, in the southern counties of Virginia, adjacent to Maryland, it was not unfrequent to withdraw questions from their courts and even from the Chancellor of England, to submit them to his award. Thus unrivalled in professionallearn- ing, according to the representations of his cotemporaries, he added to it all the power of the orator, the accomplishments of the scholar, the graces of the person, the suavity of the gentleman. Mr. Pinkn,ey himself, the wonder of his age, who saw but the setting splendor of Mr. Dulany's talents, is reputed to have said of him, that even amongst such men as Fox, Pitt, and Sheridan, he had not found his superior. "Whatever were the errors of his course during the Revolution, I have never heard them ascribed, either to opposition to the rights of America, or to a servile submission to the views of the ministry : and I have been credibly informed, that he adhered, thoroughout life, to the principles advanced by him in opposition to the Stamp Act. The conjecture may be hazarded that had he not been thrown into col- lision with the leaders of the Revolution in this State, by the proclama- tion controversy, *' and thus involved in discussion with them, which excited high resentment on both sides, and kept him at a distance from them until the Revolution began, he would, most probably, have been found by their side, in support of the measures which led to it." Mr. Dulany was Secretary of the Province when he conducted the famous controversy with Charles Carroll, of CarroUton. He was also a member of the Upper House under the proprietary Government f. * Over 'iov. I by THE Federal Government, [1860.] The exciting contest of 1860 had just closed in the election of Lincoln. The political movements in the extreme Southern States vibrated in Maryland— a commonwealth identified with these States by its institutions, its traditions, and its interests. ,- • ^i The tone of the people of Anne Arundel and Annapolis, in the momentous political contest that preceded the civil war, is found in the vote in the Presidential election. -01-,^. -n -i ^ After an exciting campaign. Anne Arundel gave Bell for President, 24 maiority over Breckinridge. The vote was Bell, 1041 ; Breckm- rido-e 1017: Douglas. 98; Lincoln, 3. Lincoln received his three vot°es: in Annapofis, one ; Firs^ District, one; Second Distnct, one. In Annapolis the vote was Bell, 261 ; Breckmridge, 227 ; Douglas 36 • Lincoln, 1. Mr. William Taylor, the present head carpenter ot the Naval Academy, has been generally credited with the courage that made him give the lone vote for Lincoln at a time when public sentiment in Annapolis did not take kindly to Republicanism. _ _ The State authorities as well as the people generally felt a crisis was at hand. ,.„ , • . 0.1, on^i. ^* In his proclamation for a day of Thanksgiving on the 29th o. November, 1860, Gov. Hicks among other things asked the people to 282 * ♦ T H E A N C I E N T C I T Y . " pray "that dissension and strife may depart from among us ; that concord and love of country may prevail : that those in authority may have his guidance ; so disposing the hearts of the people and ordering the State, that the happiness and peace, the power and abun- dance, with all the unnumbered blessings, which this Union, which the God of our fathers gave to them, and to us, may suffer no diminution, through our follies, or our crimes ; but, safe-guarded through His mercy and multiplied by His favor, descend to our children's children." The martial sj)irit in the people as this time sliows an undefined .lesire to prepare for the arbitrament of the sword. On November 22, there was a great military display in Annapolis. The following companies took part : The Governor's Guards, Major \Vm. H. Thompson,' commanding ; St. John's College Cadets, Adjutant Hopkins, commandftig ; Union Guard, Cavalry, Capt. Iglehart, of West River, connnanding ; West River Guard, Cavalry, Capt. Stewart,commanding;the Southern Guard, Cavalry, Capt. Lyles, commanding; the Severn Guard, Capt. Clay- tor, commanding ; the Vanville liangers, Capt. Snowden, command- ing. The Governor's Guards were presented by Miss Eliza jNIurdock, on behalf of the ladies of Annapolis, with a beautiful flag. Major Thompson responded. Lieut. John R. Magruder, of the Governor's Guards, acknowledged the compliment paid the Guards. He said the gift was appropriate, "The Star Spangled Banner now, as I trust it and ever will be, the proud symbol to the world of the united power of Lhe people of more than thirty sovereign States, in their union one great and mighty nation." At the close of the proceedings Col. Spencer, Chief Marshal proposed "three cheers for the Union, which were given with a hearty good will and enthusiasm seldom excelled." The line. 500 strong, marched through the city and into the Xaval Academy where the battalion of cadets was drawn up in full uni- form and offered and received the military salute. This unexpected compliment gave eclat to the occasion.' Gov. Hicks was petitioned at this period by Tli«s. G. Pratt, Sprigg Harwood, J. S. Franklin, N. H. Green. Llwellyn Boyle, and J. Pink- ney to convene the Legishiture "to consid«- of the present momentous crisis," — the dissensions in the Union. Gov. Hicks declined. In December, 1800, South Carolina and other States had given full intention of dissolving iheir relations with the Federal Government, and Marylanders were debating what was the proper course for them to pursue. The editor of the Annapolis Gazdtc. Mr. Thomas J. Wilson, published the following as his sentiments: "Our own of>inion is that Maryland should declare that her soil shall not be the battle ground for tlie fanatics who are so eager to dye their hands in each other's blood. To declare that, whilst her borders are free of transit to all who are on missions of peace, they shall never be crossed by Northern men or Southern men in arms. "To maintain such a position it is necessary that the Old Maryland Line be re-organized and equipped. Her sons are numerous enough and courageous enough to defend tlie State lines. But they must learn the soldier's life and the soldier's skill, or their courage \vill be unavailing. The volunteer soldiery, though admirably drilled, and well equipped, are not numerous enough for the services we have indicated. Arms and ammunition must be provided, and men of un- History of Annapolis. 283 daunted courage must be put in command of the array that can be speedily raised." * * * * We no longer urge hope for the Union. We now counsel men to look to the defence of the State, and to provide for her welfare when strife shall cease." Events sped along at too rapid a rate for the editor to hold long to his separate sovereignity theory, and, in the winter of 1860-61, the Gazette is found violently denouncing the secessionists who were at* tempting to draw the State, as it alleged, into secession. It was especi- ally denunciatory of them for calling, outside of Gov. Hicks, a sovereign convention "to declare the position of the State of Maryland in the present crisis." This extraordinary project accomplished no definite results. The Gazette rapidly drifted from its passive policy, and on February 21, 1861, is found calling the Southerners "Hotspurs," and asking this question: "Has it ever occurred to you, reader, that our present troubles might never have come but for the over- weening pride and audacity of the Southern 'politicians ?" The Gazette spoke very contemptuously of Mr. Lincoln's night flight through Baltimore, and, in a subsequent editorial, declared that Mr. Lincoln intimated to Gov. Hicks that he could have any ofUce he wished.* March 28, the Gazette says : "Let Maryland be kept in the power of true Union men. Let secession, and all other hideous isms be kept in the dust." April 4, the Gazette said : "He who is not for the Union is against it. There is no half way place — no middle ground." The Gazette grew more and more furious with sympathizers with the South, saying on April 18: "Men in high office now-a-days have a queer way of shutting their eyes to the obligation of their official oaths. We know of several high in office in our city, who have solemnly sworn to support the Constitution and Laws of Maryland and of the United States, who. nevertheless, are openly preaching rebellion against the State and Federal Government, and urging men to join them in their diabolical crusade. Those men too, go to church, and pray God to deliver us from 'all sedition, piracy, conspiracy, and re- bellion,' and with holy prayers on their impious lips, button-hole the first man they meet and pour into his ear inducements for sedition." April 25. 'The I9th of April had been passed. The Gazette stiys : "It seems to be the impression that the Legislature will pass an ordinance of secession. The feeling hereabouts is almost unanimous on the subject. * * * * The excitement here is terrible. Xo man seems to know what should be done to avert the evil that has come upon us; and all admit that we are utterly powerless to offer any resistance." It was a few days previous to this that Gov. Hicks said in Monument Square, Baltimore, that "I will suffer my right arm to be torn from my body before I will raise it to strike a sister State." May 9, 1861, the editor indignantly denied he had pandered in his issue of April 25, to the secession element, and declared himself unreservedly in favor of the Union. Decemljer 6. 1860, Gov. Hicks wrote to John Contee : ' "In all my feelings and interests as a Southerner, I am ready to stand by the hiterests and honor of the South." Soon after. December 20, the Governor approved of, by procla* mation, the appointment by President Buchanan of January 4, 1861, • -Mr. Wilson, -.l.e editor, and Gov. Hieks werev^iy intim ..te au.i Mr. Wil- son he' ame afterwards the Governor's SecTftary o£ State. 284 "TuE Ancient City." as a day of Humiliation, Fasting, and Prayer for a restoration of friendship among the States of the Union, adding a prayer be directed to Ahnighty God that "we may all again realize 'how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in imity.' " The Governor was at this moment besieged with importunities to con- vene rhe Legislature. He had been elected as a candidate of the Ameri- can [tarty, and tlic Legislature was democratic. He resisted these in- cessant petitions with a rare courage until the tragic events of the 19th of April in Baltimore. In the meantime two parties were rapidly forming in the State — one for immediate secession, the other urging the maintenance of the Union and indorsing the course of Gov. Hicks. The Gazette was a valiant cham])ion of Gov. Hicks' sentiments. January 4, IS'JI, the day appointed by President Buchanan and endorsed by Gov. Hicks, was observed in Anna[)olis Ity religious ser- vices at St. Anne's, Salem Methodist Episcopal, St. Mary's Catholic, and the Presbyterian Churches. Rev. Mr. Daveni)ort preached at St. Anne's. He argued that the national troubles Wc-re brought upon us mahily by the corruptions of politicians, and by a sort otsansculottism that had mastered the minds of the people, causing them to look to a "higlior law," and to. consequently, be wanting in proper respect to our Rulers. He urged that this was contrary lo the teachings of the Bible, and exhoi'ted his hearers to yield their political passions and prejudices by sul^mitting to the will of those wlio rule us by our own elections, and whose authority over us had the divine sanction taught in the Bible." Mr. Davenport was of northern birth, and continued to hold his strong Union sentiments, as long as he stayed in Anna- polis, which was sometime after hostilities commenced; but his opinions, cropping out in church service, begot him a host of opponents. Rev. Mr. Clemm preached at Salem Church. Jaraiary 17, a meeting was held in Annapolis, of which Dr. Dennis Claude was appointed President, Col. John Walton and Dr. Edward Jacob. Vice-Presidents. Hon. Alex. Randall offered a series of reso- lutions on the State of the Union which were adopted. The reso- lutions denied the authority of a State to secede, declared the duty of the General Government to protect itself if any State should attempt to withdraw from the Union, and that, whilst they regret the election of Abraham Lincoln, they could see nothing in it that should impair the integrity of the Union. On Tuesday, February 5, a Paloietto Flag was hoisted near St. Anne's Church. It was soon hauled down and torn in pieces. On January 31, a meeting of the workingmen of xVnnapolis was held. Mr. L. W. Seabrook was made president ; Col. John Walton, Vice-President, and Norman Leslie, Secretary ; John E. Stalker, James E. Hopkins, John R. Magruder, Benj. ilo])kins, and A::drew E. Chaney were made a committee to draft resolutions. The reso- lutions which were adopted, declared unalterable attachment to the Union ; that secession was "no remedy for the grievious ills under which the slaveholding State have been so long suffering ; that the citizens assembled had full confidence in the patriotism and integrity of Gov. Hicks." The resolutions approved of the Crittenden Com- promise. Monday, April 1st, the municipal election was held. So soon hi the struggle had party names been assimilated to political opinions. Only FIlSTOKY OF AXNAP0LI6. 285 Olio ticket was voted for — the "Union ticket." By this Jolui R. ]Mat;ruder was elected flavor by a vote of 180, and Thomas J. Wilson recorder hy 184 votes. April 11th is the first date in which a headline ajipeared in tlie (jrazettc with war in it. It was "The War Excitement." The Naval Academy began to pulsate to tiie war news. Under orders from Washington the anthorities removed the cannon and am- munition from the battery to the practice ship Constellation. The ship took in a supply of oil and candles. The watchmen were armed with revolvers. During this period Anna])olis experienced a new sensation in obtaining the stirring news of the times by telegraph. Immediately after the 19th of April, Gen. Butler began to land the troops en route for Washington, in Annapolis: thousands of troop3 passed through the city, and the town assumed the appearence of a military outpost, and to experience the results of this distinction in a scarcity of pi-ovisions. There was now not three days supply on hand. By the 1st of May, the excitement in Annapolis had subsided, and troops, munitions of war. and provisions, arrived and departed daily from the Naval Academy which had been made a depot, on their way, via the Annapolis and Elkridge Railroad, to Washington. Tfieir passage through the city no longer stirred up any excitement. The soldiers were well-behaved, and treated the citizens with every courtesy. This was not accomplished without political throes that threat- ened to make Maryland the theatre of the war itself. Gov. Hicks, had, in view of theextraordinay circumstances in and out of the State, on the 22d of April, called the Legislature to meet at An- napolis on the 26th of April in special session, "to deliberate and con- sider of the condition of the State, and take such measures as in their wisdom, they may deem fit to maintain, peace, order, and security within our limits. ' ' Annapolis being, subsequent to the date of the proclamation occupied by Federal troops, on the 24th Gov. Hicks changed the place of meeting to Frederick city, Frederick county. Lincoln had called for Maryland's quota of troops to defend the capital from a real or supposed advance of the Southern forces upon Washington. There began immediately a diplomatic corres- pence between Gov. Hicks and the Federal authorities as to the use of Maryland's levy. Whilst this was proceeding, the people of Mary- land, whose sympathies were deeply aroused for the South, began to grow restive and threatening under the intention of the Federal government to force its troops through Maryland to Washington. The 19tli of April came with its startling episode in the streets of Balti- more. The correspondence changed from diplomatic to dramatic. These letters and telegrams bring the actors on the stage and shift the scenes witli living vividness. The first letter on the subject was this : War Department, His Excellency, April 17th, 1861. THOS. H. HICKS, Governor of Maryland. Dear Sir : — The President has referred me to your letter of this day, and, in reply, I have the honor to say that the troops to be raised ^yO ''The Ancient City.'' in Maryland will l)e needed for the defense of this Capital, and of the pnblic ])roperty in that State and neighborhood. There is no inten- tion of removini^ them beyond those points. Very respectfnlly, SIMON CAMERON, Secretary of War. This note was followed l)y the annexed correspondence : Baltimore, April 17th, 1861. To fhe President of the United States : Sir :— From the conversati'n I had yesterday, in Washington, witii the Secretary of War, and with Lieutenant-General Scott, I under- stood that the four regiments of militia to be called for from Mary- land were to be posted and retained within the limits of this State, for the defense of the United States Government, the maintenance of the Federal authority, and the protection of the Federal Ca]ntal. 1 also understood it w^as the intention of the United States Government not to require their services outside of Maryland, except in defense of the District of Columbia. Will you do me the favor to state, whether I am right in this under- standing, so that, in responding to the lawful demands of the United States Government, I may be able to give effective and relia1)le aid for the support and defence of this Union. I have the honor to be your obedientt servant, THOS. H. HICKS, Governor of Maryland. War Department, ) Washincjton, April 17th, 1801. j To Ills Exc^ellency, THOS. 11. HICKS, Governor of Mary hind. Sir : — The President lias referred to me ymw communication of this date, in relation to our conversation of the previous day, and I have the honor to say, in reply, that your statement of it is correct. The troops called for from Maryland are destined for the protection of tlie Federal Capital and the public [)roperty of the United States within the limits of the State of Maryland : and it is not intended to remove them beyond those limits except for tlie defense of this Dis- trict. I have the honor to he yours, &c., SIMON CAMERON. Secretary of War. War Department, ) Washington, April 18th, ISGI. f To His Excellency, THOS. H. HICKS, Governor of Maryland. Sir : — The President is informed that threats are made, and meas- ures taken, by unla^^'ful combinations of misguided citizens of Mary- H I S T O R Y F A N N A P L I S . ^» < laud, to prevent by force the transit of United States __ troops, across Maryland, on thelf way, pursuant to orders, for the defense of this capital. The information is from such sources and m such shapes, that the President thinks it his duty to make it known to you, so that all loyal and patriotic citizens of your State may be warnexl ni tune, and that you may be prepared to take immediate and effective meas- ures asrainst it. -, •, , i Such an attempt could have only the most deplorable consequences : and it would be as agreeable to the President, as it would be to your- self that it should be prevented, or overcome by the loyal authoiitie^ and citizens of Maryland, rather than averted by any other means. I am very respectfully, yours, &c., SIMON CAMERON, Secretary of War. STATE OF MARYLAND, Executive Chamber, ) Annapolis, April 20th, 1861. / HON. S. CAMERON, Sir -—Since I saw you in Washing-ton last, I have l^een been in Bal- timore City, laboring in conjunction with the Mayor of that city to nreserve i.eace and order, but I regret to say with little success. Lp to yesterday there appeared promise, but the outbreak came, the turbulent passions of the riotous element prevailed tear for safety became reality, what the^ endeavored to conceal, but wha was known to us was no longer concealed but made manifest ; the rebellious ele- rnent'had the control of things. We were arrangmg and organizing forces to protect the city and preserve order, but want ot organiza- tion of arms, prevented success. They had arms they had the prin- cipal part of the organized military forces with them and for us to have made the effort, under the circumstances, would have had the effect to aid the disorderly element. They took possession of the Armories, have the arms and ammunition, and 1 therefore think it prudent, to decline, (for the present,) responding affirmatively to the Requisition made by President Lincoln, for fourregiments ot mtantry. With great respect I am your obedient servant, THOS. H. HICKS. Frederick City, Mb., April 20th, 1861. His Excellency, THOMAS H. HICKS, Governor of the State Maryland, Annapolis, Md. Sir :— In obedience to Special Orders, No. 106 Adjutant General's Office, Washington, D. C. of April_ 15th 1861 (detailing me_to muster into the service of the United St^^es, the troops of this State called out by the President's proclamation of that date,) 1 ha\e the honor to report to you my arrival at this place. I would be pleased to receive from you, at your earhest convenience, 288 " T U E A X C 1 E >' T C I T Y . " information and instructions you may ha^-e to communicate to me,- in reference to this duty. I am sir, very respectfully. Your obedient servant, R. MACFEELY, Isf Lieut, 4th Infantry. STATE OF MARYLAND, Executive Chamber. ) Annapolis, April 23d, 1861. j R. MACFEELY, Esq.. 1st Lieut. 4th Infantry. Sir : — Your letter of the 20th inst. was received this morning. 1 am directed by the Governor to inform you that no troops have been called out in Maryland, and that consequently your mission is at an end. And you will therefore report to the Secretary of War, who has been informed of the Governor's views in this matter. Your obedient servant, GEORGE W. JEFFERSON, Private Secretary^ Annapolis, April 20th, 18G1. To the Secretary of War : I have understood that it is contemplated to send Northern Troops to garrison Fort Madison. I would earnestly advise that none be sent. Respectfully, THOS. H. HICKS. TELEGRAPHIC DISPATCH. Washington, April 20th, 1861. GOV. HICKS, I desire to consult with you and the Mayor of Baltimore, relative to preserving the peace of Maryland. Please come immediately by special train, which you can take at Baltimore, or if necessary one can be sent from hence. Answer forthwith. LINCOLN. STATE OF MARYLAND, Executive Chamber, \ Annapolis, April 22d, 1861. / To His Excellency, A. LINCOLN, Presidetit of the United States, Sir : — T feel it my duty most especially to advise you that no more troops be ordered or allowed to pass through Maryland, and that the troops now off Annapohsbe sent elsewhere, and I most respectfully History of Annapolis. 289 •urge that a truce be offered by you, so that the effusion of blood may be prevented. I respectfully suggest, that Lord Lyons be requested to act as mediator between the contending parties of our country. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, THOS. H. HICKS. Department of State, \ April 22d, 1861, / JSis Excellency, THOS. H. HICKS, Governor of Maryland. Sir : — I have had the honor to receive your communication of this morning, in which you inform me that you have felt it to be your ^luty to advise the President of the United States to order elsewhere the troops then off Annapolis, and also that no more may be sent through Maryland, and that you have farther suggested that Lord Lyons be requested to act as mediator between the contending parties In our country, to prevent the effusion of blood. The President directs me to acknowledge the receipt of that com- munication, and to assure you that he has weighed the counsels which it contains with the respect which he habitually cherishes for the •€hief Magistrates of the several States, and especially for yourself. He regrets, as deeply as any magistrate or citizen of the country can, that demonstration, against the safety of the United States, with very extensive preparations for the effusion of blood, have made it his duty to call out the forces to which you allude. The force now sought to be brought through Maryland is intended for nothing but the defense of this Capital. The President has necessarily confided the choice of the national highway, which that force shall take in coming to this city, to the Lieutenant-General commanding the army of the United States, who, like his only predecessor, is not less distinguished for his humanity than for his loyalty, patriotism, and distinguished public service. The President instructs me to add, that the national highway thus selected by the Lieutenant-General has been chosen by him upon con- sultation with prominent magistrates and citizens of Maryland as the one which, while a route is absolutely necessary, is farthest removed from the populous cities of the State, and with the expectation that it would therefore be the least objectionable one. The President cannot but remember that there has been a time in the history of our country, when a General of the American Union, with forces designed for the defense of its Capital, was not unwelcome anywhere in the State of Maryland, and certainly not at Annapolis, then, as now, the Capital of that patriotic State, and then also one of the Capitals of the Union. If eighty years could have obliterated all the other noble sentiments of that age in Maryland, the President would be hopeful nevertheless that there is one that would forever remain there and everywhere. •That sentiment is, that no domestic contention whatever, that may 19 390 ''The Ancient City.'* arise among the parties of this Republic ought, in any case, to be; referred to any foreign arbitrament, least of all to the arbitrament of an European monarchy. I have the honor to be. With distinguishedyconsideration, Your Excellency's most obedient servant. WILLIAM H. SEWARD. [ Telegram from Mayor Broioi.] Baltimore, April 20, 18G1. To Governor Hicks : Letter from President and Gen. Scott. No troops to pass through' Baltimore, if, as a miUtary force, they can march around. I will an- swer that every effort will be made to prevent parties leaving the city to molest them ; but cannot guarantee against acts of individuals not organized. Do you approve ? GEO. WM. BI10W5. \^Telegram in Reply. "] Annapolis, April 20, 1861. To the Mayor of Baltimore : Your dispatch received. I hoped they would send no more troops- through Maryland ; but, as we have no right to demand this, I am glad no more are to be sent through Baltimore. I know you will do- all in your power to preserve the peace. THOS. H. HICKS. \_Telegram to tice Mayor of Baltimore.'] Annapolis, April 20, 180L I have received the following dispatch : "I desire to consult with you and the Mayor of Baltimore relative- to preserving the peace of Maryland. Please come immediately by special train, which you can take at Baltimore, or, if necessary one can be sent from here. Lincoln." Have you received a similar dispatch ? If so, do you intend going, and at what hour ? My going depends upon you. Answer at once. THOS. H. HICKS. [Telegram i?i reply, ivithmd signature.] To the Governor of Maryla7ul : The Mayor is in Washington. We have no knowledge of any sucli movement. [Telegram to Mayor Broicn..] Annapolis, April 21, 18G1. To the Mayor of Baltimore ; It is rumored here that men have been sent for from Baltimore to come here to prevent the landing of troops. Do not let them come- The troops will not land here. THOS. II. HICKS. History of Axnapolis. 39€ STATE OF MARYLAND, Executive Ghamher, Annapolis, April 20, 1861. To the Commander of the Volunteer Troops on Board the Steamer : Sir :_i would most earnestly advise that you do not land your men at Annapolis. The excitement here is very great, and I think that you should take your men elsewhere. I have telegraphed to the Secretary of War, advising against your landing your men here. Very respectfully, Your obedient Servant, THOS. H. HICKS, Governor of Maryland. Seal of the State of \ Massachusetts. J Off Annapolis, April 23d, 1861. Eis Excellency TIios. R. Hicks, Governor of 3Iaryland : In reply to the communication from you on the 21st, I had the honor to inform you of the necessities of my command, which drew me into the harbor of Annapolis. My circumstances have not changed. To that communication I have received no reply. I can- not return, if I desire so to do, without being furnished with some necessary supplies, tor all which the money will be paid. I desire of your Excellency an immediate reply, whether I have the permission of the State authorities of Maryland to land the men under my com- mand, and of passing quickly through the State, en my way to Washington, respecting private property, and paymg for what I re- ceive, and outraging the rights of none— a duty which I am bound to do in obedience to the requisitions of the President of the United States? , J , ^ I have received some copies of an informal correspondence between the Mayor of Baltimore and the President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and a copy of a note from your Excellency, enclosing the same to Capt. Blake, Commandant of the Naval School. These purport to show that instructions have been issued by the ^ ar De- partment as to the disposition of the United States militia, differing from what I had supposed to be my duty. If these instructions have been in fact issued, it would give me great pleasure to obey them.— Have I your Excellency's permission, in consideration of these exigencies' of the case, to land my men— to supply their wants, and to relieve them from the extreme and unhealthy confinement of a transport vessel not fitted to receive them ? To convince your Ex- cellency of the good faith towards the authorities of the State of Maryland, with which I am acting, and I am armed only against the disturbers of her peace and of the United States, I enclose a copy of an order issued to my command before I had the honor of receiving the copy of your communication through Capt. Blake. I trust your Ex- cellency will appreciate the necessities of my position, and give mean immediate reply, which I await with anxiety. I would do myself the honor to have a personal interview with your Excellency, if you so desire. I beg leave to call your Excellency's attention to what I hope may be pardoned for deeming an ill-ad vised 292 *'THis Ancient City.'* designation of the men under my command. They are not Northern troops — they are a part of the ivhole militia of the United States, obeying the call of the President. I have the honor of being your Excellency's obedient servant, BEXJ. F. BUTLER, Brig. General in the Militia of the United StP.tes. p. S. — It occurs to me that our landing on tne grounds at the Naval Academy would be entirely proper, and in accordance with your Excellency's wishes. B. F. B. Seal of the State of ) Massachusetts. / Special Brigade, Order No. 37. Headquarters Second Division Mass. Vol. Militia, "> On board steamer Maryland, off Annapolis, April 22d, 1861. J Col. Munroe is charged with the execution of the following order : At five o'clock A. M. the troops will be paraded by company and be drilled in the manual of arms. Especially in loading at will, firing by file, and in the use of the bayonet, and these specialties will be ob- served in all subsequent drills in the manual. Such drill to continue until 7 o'clock, when all the arms will be stacked upon the upper (jeck — great care being taken to instruct the men as to the mode of stacking their arms, so that a firm stack, not easily overturned, shall 1)6 made. Being obliged to drill at times with the weapons loaded, great damage may be done by the overturning of the stack and the discharging the piece. This is important. Indeed, an accident has already occurred in the regiment from this cause, and although slight in its consequence, yet it warns us to increased diligence in this re- gard. The purpose which could only be hinted at in the orders of yesterday has been accomplished. The frigate Constellation has lain for a long time at this port substantially at the mercy of the armed mob, which sometimes paralyzes the otherwise loyal State of Mary- land. Deeds of daring, successful contests, and glorious victories had rendered "Old Ironsides" so conspicuous in the naval history of the country, that she was fitly chosen as the school ship in which to train the future officers of the navy to lik-e heroic acts. It was given to Masschusetts and Essex county first to man her ; it was reserved for Massachusetts to have the honor to retain her for the service of the Union and the laws. This is a sufficient triumph of right, and a sufficient triumph for us. By this the blood of our friends shed by the Baltimore mob is in so far avenged. The Eighth Regiment may hereafter cheer lustily on all proper occasions, but never without orders. The old Constitution, by their efforts, aided untiringly by the United States officers having her in charge, is now safely "possessed, occupied, and enjoyed" by the government of the United States, and is safe from all her foes. We have been joined by the Seventh Regiment of New York, and together we propose peaceably, quickly, and civilly, unless opposed by some mob, or other disorderly persons, to march to Washington, in obedience to the requisitions of the President of United States. If opposed, we shall march steadily forward. History of Annapolis. 298 My next order I hardly know how to express. I cannot assume that any of the citizen soldiery of Massachusetts or New York could, under any circumstances whatever, commit any outrages upon private property in a loyal and friendly State. But fearing that some im- proper person may have by stealth introduced himself among us, I deem it proper to state, that any unauthorized interference with pri- vate property will be most signally punished, and full reparation there- fore made to the injured party, to the full extent of my power and ability. In so doing, I but carry out the orders of the War Depart- ment. I should have done so without those orders. Col. Munroe will cause these orders to be read at the head of each company before we march. Col. Leffert's command not having been originally included m this order, he will be furnished with a copy for his instruction. By order of B. F. BUTLER, Brig. General. {signed} WILLIAM H. CLEMENS Brig. Major. State of Maryland, ") {Executive Chamber, Annapolis, April 22, 1861. ~Brig. Gen. B. F. Butler: Sir— I am in receipt of your two communications of this date, in- forming me of your intention to land the men under your command at Annapolis, for the purpose of marching thence to the city of Wash- ington. I content myself with protesting against this movement, which, in view of the excited condition of the people of this State, I cannot but consider an unwise step on the part of the Government. But I most earnestly urge upon you that there shall be no halt made by the troops in this city. Very respectfully. Your obedient servant, TH. H. HICKS. State of Maryland, | Executive Chamber, Annapolis, April 23, 1861. / To Brig. Gen. B. F. Battler: Sir: Having, in pursuance of the powers vested in me by the Con- stitution of Maryland, summoned the Legislature of the State to as- semble on Friday, the 26th instant ; and Annapolis being the place in which, according to law, it must assemble ; and having been credi- bly informed that you have taken military possession of the Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad, I deem it my duty to protest against this step ; because, without at present assigning any other reason, 1 am informed that such occupany of said road will prevent the members of the Legislature from reaching this city. Very respectfully, yours, THOS. H. HICKS. 2bi ' • T u E Ancient City.'' Seal of the State of \ Massachusetts. j Headquarters Third Brigade, ^ United States Militia, y Annapolis, Md., April 33, 18G1. j To His Excellency Thos. H. Hicks, Governor of 3Iaryland: You are credibly iiiformed that I have taken possession of the Annapolis and Elkridge Railroad. It might have escaped your notice, but at the official meeting between your Excellency and the Mayor of Annapolis, and the authorities of the government and myself, it was expressly stated as the reason why I should not land, that my troops could not pass the railroad, because the company had taken up the rails, and they were private property. It is difficult to see how it could be, that if my troops could not pass over the rail- road one way, the members of the Legislature could pass the other way. I have taken possession for the purpose of preventing the car- rying out of the threats of the mob, as officially represented to me by the Master of Transportation of this city "that if my troops passed over the railroad, the railroad sliould be destroyed." If the government of tlie State had taken possession of the railroad in any emergency, I should liave long waited before I entered upon it. But, as I had the honor to inform your Excellency in regard to insurrection against the laws of Maryland, I am here armed to main- tain those laws, if your Excellency desires, and the peace of the United States, against all disorderly persons whatever. I am en- deavoring to save and not to destroy ; to o1)tain means of transpor- tation, so I can vacate the capital prior to the sitting of the Legisla- ture, and not be under the painful necessity of occupying your beauti- ful city while the Legislature is in session. I have the honor to be. Your Excellency's ol)edient servant, Br. Gen. B. F. Butlek. .1 Headquarters Third Brigade Mass. Vol. Militia, Annapolis, JId., April 23, 1801. To His Excellency Thos. H. Hicks, Governor of the State of Maryland : I dill myself the honor, in my communication of yesterday, wherein I asked permission to land the i)ortion of the militia oJ the United States under my command, to state that they were armed only against the disturbers of the peace of the State of Maryland and of the United States. I have understood within the last hour that some apprehejisions were entertained of an insurrecti(?n of the negro population of this neighborhood. I am anxious to convince all classes of persons that the forces under my command are not here in any way to interfere with or countenance any interference with the laws of the State. I am, therefore, ready to co-operate with your Excellency in suppress- History OF Annapolis. 295 iiig most promptly ami effectively any insurrection against the laws of Maryland. I beg", therefore, that you announce publicly that any portion of the forces under my command is at your Excellency's disposal, to act immediately for the preservation and quietness of the peace of this .community. And 1 have the honor to be, Your Excellency's obedient servant, B. F. BUTLER, General of Third Brigade. State of Maryland, ) Executive Chamber^ Annapolis, April 23, 1861. j To Brig. (xen. B. F. Butler : Sir — I liave the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of this morning, tendering the force under your command to aid in sup- pressing a rumored insurrection of the slaves of this county. I thank you most sincerely for the tender of your men ; but I had, before the receipt of your letter, directed the Sheriff of the County to .act in the matter ; and am confident that the citizens of the county ,are fully able to suppress any insurrection of our slave population. I have the honor to be. Your obedient servant, TH. H. HICKS.