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B* -S»>^ "^2^ ^ *^ ^^aiL' - '^^^SlK^S* 3^ >jjil^^ '" "^^^tbiy^ rfj^ jSjHiy ' '■ s^y E^9^ ' "^^^K^^ ^B^ ' ^Su»> -> 3 ^>»^^H^ » fi^iTYyw I nan P54^@^EK 2SS>o>y>vv ^^ IT ^ J^t>T>>^- '^^ S- - '^::s>> >^ ' "*-?- ? -^^^<.-l«. : >: * THE HISTORY OF LINCOLN. THB HISTORY OF LINCOLN; CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE Antiquities, ?Et>{ficcs, ^ralJ^, auD @u0tomg. OF THAT ANCIENT CITY; AN INTRODUCTORY SKETCH OF THE COUNTY; A DESCRIPTION OF THE CATHEDRAL. TO WHICH IS ADDED, AN APPENDIX, COMPRISING THE CHARTER, AND A LIST OF MAYORS AND SHERIFFS. LINCOLN: - PRINTED BY AND FOR DRURY AND SONS J AND FOR TAYLOR AND HESS£Y, 93| FLEET-STREET LONDON. 1816. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE LADY MONSON, THIS LITTLE WORK IS DEDICATED, As an humble Tribute of Respect For a Character Established on the Practice of every domestic and public Virtue, And as an Evidence of tlie Grateful Attachment Inspired by Her Ladyship's munificent Patronage of the CITY OF LINCOLN, And by the condescending Kindness To the Inhabitants Which Her Ladyship has shown on all Occaaons, Lincoln, July 31, 1816. PREFACE. Originality in a work like the present cannot be looked for, but it is hoped, that the accuracy and information it has been the endeavour to impart, will be acknow- ledged by those most competent to decide. A concise and yet sufficiently explana- tory compilation, was all in the Author's power, and those who derive their pleasure or profit from the City or County in ques- tion, will find it interesting from such cir- cumstances, while the lovers of the remains of ancient architectural magnificence, will read the descriptions of the numerous ves- tiges in this venerable town, with that de- light and enthusiasm seldom felt by those who daily witness them. Local history can have few attractions for the general reader. A resident in Lon- don or York is necessarily indifferent about the. Vin PREFACE. the convenience or inconvenience, the ele- gance or deformity, of a distant city. The value of such details depends entirely upon accidental association. The volume there- fore has been written with a constant refe- rence to that utility and interest which a native or inhabitant would seek for. The best authorities have uniformly been consulted, and a preference always given to those whose descriptions are the offspring of their own actual inspection. The recent improvements and alterations have been carefully noted ; and it is hoped, that whether the work be considered as a general history, applicable to those perma- ment features of topography which seldom change, or as a picture of Lincoln in its present condition, it will be found equally worthy of approbation. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION j CHAP, J. The early and progressive History of Lincoln to the present time . . 23 CHAP. IL The ecclesiastical History of Lincoln, its Cathedral, early Monas- tic Establishments, ^c 3T CHAP. III. The Civil History of Lincoln , 84 CHAP. IF. Public Buildings^ Castle, Antiquities, ifc 1 24 CHAP. r. Lincoln in 1816, Miscellaneous Facts, ^c 146 APPENDIX. Lincoln Charter 1,54 Majors, BaWf.s and Sheriffs of the e>t'^ of Lincoln 178 Members returned to Pari ament for the County of Lincoln 193 Sheriffs of the County of Lincoln 199 A copy of an award of the Commissioners appointed to incorpcrn.'e the Parishes in Lincoln • 217 r INTRODUCTION. IT has often been a subject of regret that in books, intended peculiarly for popular use, and exclusively adapted to the information and amusement of the general reader, too little attention has been paid to the selection of such topics as would most effectually answer the purpose in view. Sometimes we find a tedious and prolix minuteness of information, as if it were presumed that the reader knew nothing of the subject ; and sometimes auch a brief and rapid sketch as if it were thought he knew every thing. Both these modes are objectionable ; but, of the two, the least injurious is certainly that where too much IS given ; for though there may be superfluity to the instructed, there is certainly information to the ignorant. The happy medium between these two-ex- tremes would be a " consummation devoutly to be wish- ed;" and, without any undue feelings of presumption, we may venture to observe, that it will be the object of the present volume to attain that happy medium. With how much or how littife success that object may be ac- •omplished, belongs to another tribunal to decide. In strict conformity, however, with this intention, thus unequivocally expressed, it is proposed to precede the specific object of the work, by what will give, it is hoped, a greater value to it. He who admires the beauty of a jewel, naturally directs his attention to the adventitious ornament of its setting ; and he who pauses with pleasure, to gaze at some stately edifice, next casts his inquiring look to note the surrounding country. It is not easy, nor would it be desirable, if easy, to ab- stract our minds from all the contingent circumstances that w« materially connected with the objects of our A notice;. * INTRODUCTION. notice. It is the same, in fact, in the physical as for the moral world, where we do not content ourselves with knowing the form and figure of a man, but seek to learn something of his manners, his character, his habitation, his friends, and his pursuits. All this springs from curiosity, the actuating principle of human progress, the vital and imperishable source of human improvement. In writing a history of Lincoln, it might serve all the purposes of local circulation and local inquiry to confine the work strictly to what concerns the city, bail, and close; but. when it is remembered that a sort of general interest might be attached to it by extending the view, and embracing a variety of correlative subjects, it was thought a desirable scheme to adopt. With this view the intro- ductory account of the Shire of Lincoln has been written. Perhaps no county in England presents objects of greater curiosiiy than this does, and yet perhaps no county has been so little or so inadequately described. In the brief but accurate sketch which it is proposed to prefix on the present occasion, it cannot be expected that the subject will be completely discussed. The aim will rather be to present such a view of the county as may convey a ' satisfactory notion of its present state ; and in doing which it is hoped some additional value will be conferred upon the volume by extending its sources of information. The strict connexion between the two subjects will not be denied. • Its early history shall not be long dwelt upon. The Saxons called it Lincoll^ and the Normans, when they conquered the country, denominated it, by a transposition of the letters, Nicollshire. During the Heptarchy, it formed a part of that large central division of England called Mercia, which extended its boundaries to all the other six kingdoms. Its principal transactions during this period, are too unimportant to find any place in this general view. When William the Conqueror subjugated England, the whole property of Lincolnshire was dis- tributed among his favourite followers. The following li»t of names and manors may be found in Domesday Book. INTRODUCTION. 3 To Allan Rufus, Earl of Britain and Richmond, he gave 101 lordships. Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent, 76. Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, 2, Judith, Countess of Northumberland, IT. Robert Vesci, 7. William Mallet, L Nigil de Albini, 12. Robert de Stafford, 20. William de Percy, 32. Walter D'Eincourt, 17. Guy de Creon or Crown, 61.— Goisfred Hanselin, 15. Ranulph de St. Valery, 6. William le Blound or Blunt, 6. Robert de Todenes, 32. Ralph de Mortimer, 7. Henry de Ferrers, 2. Norman d'Arcie, 33. Alured de Lincoln, 51. Walter Bee, 1. Ralph Paganel, 15. Ernisius Burun, 28. Gilbert de Gondavo or Gaunt, grandson of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, 113. * It was thus that William parcelled out to his Norman adherents the soil of England : and though it has become difficult, from the lapse of time, to ascertain in what parts of Lincolnshire these different manors were situated, yet, there is little doubt that a diligent inspection of family records would shew, that many of the principal families in the county are derived lineally or collaterally from these original grantees. Passing over, however, all antiquarian details, which at any time are but mere curious folly, and on the present occasion would be something worse, it may be observed that Lincolnshire presents three remarkable divisions; that of Holland, Kesteven, and Lindsey. These are sub- divided into several Wapentakes, viz. Holland 3, Kesteven 10, and Lindsey 17. In addition to these three artificial divisions, it may be also said that it contains three others, impressed upon it by the hand of nature ; these are the Wolds, Heaths, and Fens. Lincolnshire is a large county, and according to the most accurate computations contains 2814 square statute miles, or about 800880 statute acres. Some writers differ in respect to this estimation, though it is, probably, the A 2 nearest * See Magna Britannia, vol II. pa, 1405. 1 INTRODUCTION. nearest to truth. Arthur Young, for instance, a writer of acknowledged accuracy in all that respects details, gives the following calculation : ' Acres. The Wolds 234880 The Heath 178400 Lowland 776960 Miscellaneous ..-.••«• 718880 Total 1909120 Another estimate, differing from the above, and making' the total still greater, has been hazarded by Mr. Stone, in his agricultural survey of the county. He supposes the whole number of acres to be 1893100; and these he thus divides : Acres. Inclosed, Marsh, and Fen Lands 473000 Cbmraons, Waste, and unembanked Salt Marshes 200000 Common Fields 268000 Woodlands 25000 Inclosed Upland 927100 Total 1893100 The south eastern side of this county is chiefly composed of large tracts of fen land, which were formerly entirely sterile and unproductive, but, by the modern improvements of agriculture, draining, &c. much of it has become un- commonly fertile. The heaths which lie to the North and South of Lincoln, and the wolds also, are of a calcareous quality, rising into eminences, from which many fine prospects are commanded. Between Gainsborough and Newark a large tract of flat sandy soil extends for twenty- five miles. The greater part of this has been enclosed and in some places drained. The soil of the island of Axholme is reckoned among the finest in England. " It consists of black sandy loams, warp land, brown sand, and INTRODUCTION, 5 and rich loams of a soapy and tenacious qunlity. The under stratum at Stacey, Belton, &c. is, in many placei, an imperfect plaster stone." With regard to the products of this county it may be observed, that all the low lands which have been drained and enclosed, produce ample crops of oats, hemp, flax, &c. Some of the wolds are not yet divided, and they are occupied chieRy by sheep and rabbits. The upland parts of the county are under excellent tillage, and produce all sorts of grain. A fine breed of horses also has long been peculiar to Lincolnshire. ISumerous mares are kept for the sole purposes of breeding, especially in the Holland division They are chiefly of the black cart kind. At Long Sutton, and in the vicinity, there is a breed of horses for the saddle, which have been pronounced, by competent judges, to be the best kind in the kingdom. They will trot sixteen miles an hour, wuth the accustomed riding weight. Young says that about " Normanby and Burton upon Stather, many are bred both for saddle and coach ; sell at two and three and four years old ; get from eighty guineas, at four years old for a hunter ; a good coach horse, at four years old, thirty to forty pounds. The neat cattle of this county are much esteemed. Lincolnshire is no less a grazing than a breeding county : The dairy, however, is not much esteemed beyond the purposes of domestic economy and utility in the farm. Where cows are kept, the rearing of the calves is the principal object. " It is evident," says Young, **that the Lincoln breed of cattle upon Lincoln pastures are profitable ; and it appears evident from the general colour of the comparisons made with the long-horned Leicester, their own short-horned are superior." Sheep are reared in considerable numbers in thii county, and perhaps form its most profitable stock. The manufacturing districts in the neighbourhood are thus sup- plied with wool of an excellent quality, for the Lincolnshire 4 3 breed 6 INTRODUCTION. breed of sheep, though not so generally noticed, ha« been declared, by skilful persons, to be equal to that of Leicestershire, so much vaunted. It is well known, indeed, says Mr. Stone, " that the late Mr. Bakewell, w^ho was the original breeder of the pretended variety of sheep called the New Leicester, laid his foundation upon the old Lincoln breed, selecting sheep that possessed the most perfect symmetry for his purpose, and afterwards crossing them with others, or breeding into the whole T)lood." Young mentions an instance of a Lincolnshire sheep sold at Smithfield, which clipped, the first year, twenty-three pounds of wool, and in the second year, twenty-two pounds and a half. But the average weight per fleece is eight pounds or upwards. Lincolnshire has few manufactures ; but it carries on a trade in two articles which require to be mentioned. These are goose feathers and rabbit fur. Both these branches of traffic are much diminished to what they were formerly, in consequence of the improvements in agri- culture by which the lands are. occupied more profitably : but they still form a distinguishing feature in the rural economy of this county. Rabbit warrens were once very extensive and very numerous here ; and even yet they are considered as advantageous no less as a source of actual and immediate profit, greater than can be obtained in any other manner from the investment of a small capital, than as a useful thing in imparting fertility to the soil, from the urine and dung of the rabbits. The fecundity of rabbits is well known, and this was no inconsiderable object in looking only to the produce of their furs, at a time when large and w^ell chosen skins would produce two and three shillings each. At present their value is decreased, in consequence of the substitution of foreign furs in many of our manufactories, and the use of them as articles of dress. Geese are chiefly reared in those fenny parts of Lin- colnshire which have not been enclosed, or rendered fit for the purposes of tillage. They live where nothing else will, and the lands being calculated for no other use in their INTRODUCTION. ^ tlieir present state, they become a highly valuable stock. Their quills every author has had reason to bless ; and their feathers form a prime article of luxury m our bedding. Even after they have thus supplied us w^ith two important parts of their bodies, it is no small treat to get the bodies themselves. Michaelmas day, which is sure to bring round the quarter's rent, is not always so certain of producino; a goose, though it most commonly does, at the tables of m.ost persons in London whose con- dition is anything above poverty. The barbarous custom of plucking geese alive is practised. They are generally plucked hve times a year. Some indeed pluck them only four times and some only three. "The feathers of a dead goose," says Arthur Young, "are worth sixpence, three giving a pound; but plucking alive does not yield more than three-pence a head per annum. Some wing them only every quarter, taking ten feathers from each goose, which will sell at five shillings a thousand.* — Plucked geese pay in feathers, one shilling a head in Wildmore fen." It would be impossible to take even so cursory a view as this, of a county like Lincolnshire, without adverting to what incontestibly forms its most remarkable feature, namely, its fens, A succinct and intelligent account of these fens has been given by a gentleman f whose topo- graphical labours are well known, and as its brevity pecu- liarly qualifies it for introduction here, we will venture to avail ourselves of his labors. It has been drawn up from the only works that we at present have respecting this most curious subject ; but it may be hoped that more diligent inquiry will establish something beyond conjecture as to the origin of these fens. *' They consist," says Mr. Britton, " of lands which, at some distant period, have been inundated by the sea, and by human art have been recovered from it. In the summer season they exhibit immense tracts, chiefly of A 4 grazing * 1813, Quills now sell at twenty shillings per thousand. f Mr. Britton; see th« ninth voiume of the ^Beauties o H & < tt O S > o o O H •5 c/> va 05 c^ c» 35 O i- -rt* c* 05 CO crs cr> ^1 f^ O CO w» 1 . . -^ . l- ^ rt« ?£>• • , 4^ 3 r -J ^ "2 r- CO r- to c .2 Tra. man actu an han craf -^ to r-H GO a. 3 *** >.L ~. -: CO r- o ^ ^ 1 I Chiefl emplo ed ii agrici ture. t- ^ CO Ok O p-i «a rj< »0 CO -^ . W5 (M »r5 00 V Oi 00 CO 5^ "(3 00 (M Oi ^ 00 p4 w ^ Oi O 05 o o o «o JO OS V5 ©< W 0? Tt* CO 00 C>4 OJ «0 O O w> 9 O »- '-^ 00 (M CO(Mi '^ a • 1 • • 1 ill! • » • • • ■ • • ^ a> • i i 1 o ^ • * I I :c i-, It! \4 § 1 S 5 Vi 4 » • • ' : i ' ' ' i '^ g T3 bi) 6? ' z; o V ^ ^ i C 03 P Elloe wapentak Kirton ditto . Skirbeck ditto Boston towu .. INTRODUCTION. 19 vQOiiriOOGOOOiSsl'O'— i(M CTiOOt-C^it-QOOOOGOOO CO CO CO O QO «OCDCQ(MC0'-^00(Mt-Tt<0O ,_ 00 05— (:o»^r-.t-(M«OV5 (M 00 X 05 ifft Oi ■^ 05 »i^ 00 t- «o ,__, g 05 »o u^ «:» (M CO 05 Tt^ CO Oi ^^ Cv| W5 CO «0 05 CO 05 »J^ Oi ;o l^ »/» C^ CO N c<» — < C^l c< ®^ CO (M faH OS "'f -^OOsC^fMOSOSCOCOt-CO OTrl05COlocoo5^-co^-G^ COCOCOCOCOx^QOrt^OiCOQO WCO(MWp-*:MC •>: 5 o •« ^os ■^ « << ^ ^ ^ ;g "^ =; c3 o S 22 r^ ^ ?^ ^ c<» r- CO 05 >>>--= . CO CO c^ 00 o 00 ^ 00 OD C*l o *? " = .t - cu ^ O Oi Tt" 05 ■^ CM Oi O Oi. ,- empI ed agri< tur T*i CO CO p-H CO O "* 00 C^J ws CO CO ^ W F-« , Oi ■>* V5 CO J' CO f— I 05 00 01 Ol O OS J- r-, OS r- CO ©vi o Of lo CO it^ r- »- r- CO '-H iJT) i— . B a> CO CO CO c<< "* c^ '-« (^^ e< 2 1^ 1 «^ •z: -^ oo Qi ^ O t- "^ «i r^ c^ (A O CQ ^ CO v:> T*^ CO -H t- c an( '.2 • > 1 . « • . . 1 > • • t !^ : : : < = 1 1 El 8 1 i Brought for gbroke soke, east and ley Haverstoe wapental waith hundred, marsh Id divisions , leshoe wapentake, mar Id divisions , ngham wapentake - . , ee ditto, north & south hundred castle soke eis wapentakt 's|=^§i ^ cScSSw^ INTRODUCTION. 2i rt« , in> Vi _ t- oo GO t^ M »/5 iO in> t^ (M lO OS »o »o o CO 1— t ITS r- CO Oi Oi CO Tl* (M rp 1—1 t^ o c^ ^ A^ >^ s 1 =3 '13 .-« o -G .s « bc5 c w '5 2 b£*- ll h^ =3 ig B 3 Being 22 INTRODUCTION. Being an increase, within the last ten years, of 13944. It must be observed, however, that two of the returns for this county are deficient, but they have been supplied by those for 1801, and the numerical difference cannot be very great. POPULATION 1811. Lincoln, the city, bail, and close 8600 Boston .^ 7841 Stamford 5519 Gainsborough 5172 Louth 4728 Spalding 4330 Grantham 3646 Holbeach 2962 Grimsby 2747 Horncastle 2622 Barton 2204 Long Sutton 1801 Sleaford 1781 Bourn 1674 Coningsby 1658 Swineshead .... 1561 Donington , 1525 Brigg 1361 Wainfleet 1254 Alford 1169 Caistor 1051 Market Raisen 964 Spilsby 963 Deeping : 899 Burgh 776 Folkingham - 640 Wragby 500 *^* The reader may be amused, perhaps, with the following mention of Lincolnshire, in a sort of metrical character of some of the shires. It is extracted from an old work, entitled a Helpe to Discource^ Sfc, 1631. Cheshire for men, Berkshire for dogs ; Bedfordshire for naked flesh, And Lincolnshire for bogs. Darbishire for lead, Devonshire for tin ; Wiltshire for hunting plaines. And Middlesex for sin. HISTORY HISTORY OF LINCOLN- CHAPTER I. THE EARLY AND PROGRESSIVE HISTORY OF LINCOLN T^ THE PRESENT TIME. Etymon of the name^Its condition under the Romans-^ L^Vesti^es of Us having once been a Roman static'"'-' State of under the Picts, Saxons, and Danes--Atthe period of the Norman conquest-^ The castle huilt'-tirst became a bishop's see^ Adhered to Stephen m the strups-le with the empress Matilda^ Also to king John during his contest with the rebellious barons-^The king's court and parliament held in this city^The part which it took in the civil wars between Charles and hn parliament. IN descrilDing tlie origin and progress of any plact, whether an empire, a district, a city, a town, or only a vilWe, our curiosity is first directed to the etymological peculiarities, if any, of its name, as such peculiarities are often found to be connected with some loc^al or ^istorica circumstances which mutually elucidate each other. VV itii reg-ard to Lincoln, indeed, several accounts prevail as to the origin of its present mode of ncmmation. Ky B 4 24 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. the early Britons it was called Lindcoit : by Ptolemy and by Antoninus Lindum, and by the venerable Bede Lindecoiliaa. From the latter probably arose its modern name, as Lincoln seems to be an easy corruption of LindecoUina. Two reasons have been assip:ned for this appellation : one, because of its situation, being built upon a hill, ( colliniis ) the other, from its having the privileges of a Roman colony ( coiovia. ) The former, however, seems the more probable derivation, as it agrees with the name ^iven by the Saxons, viz. Linbo-collyne. When the Norman conquerors under William reigned in this country, we tind l.incoin df^sianated by the name of Nichols accordmi': to the authoiities of some writers: but Mr. Gough, in his edition of Camden's Britannia, justly asks, " may one suggest a suspicion, that Nichol is owing to some misreading of Incol, or Lincoln or to the impprfect pronunciation of the Normans, as the French have dis- guised many proper names in latter times ? " There is a latin distich by Alexander Neckham,* (and not Necham, as the authors of the Magna Britannia write it ) in his treatise De divina Sajnentia, relating to this city. Lindisiae columen Lincolnia, sive columna, Munifica felix gente, repleta bonis. These monkish lines have been thus rendered inte English, with an elegance and taste, not much surpassing the original : Her pillar thee, great Lincoln, Lindsey owns, Famed for thy store of goods and bounteous sons. The early history of Lincoln, like the early history of every country, is involved in fable and obscurity. — Legendary * He \vas a canon of Exeter and abbot of St. Mary's in Cirences- ter. H{.' was a poet, according; to he -^riterifn of tho^e days, and so dep(!y v^rspd. it is said, in the arts and sciences, that ht was the MiRAcuiiM Ingenu. He was born at St. Ai.ban's in Heitfordshire, and died m 1217. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 25 Leg-endary tales are multiplied to supply the place of facts; and imagination, fertile to suppose what no authentic re- cord can prove, inverts with all the boldness of truth. To the antiquary, and to the reader of antiquities, it may be pleasing to disentangle intricacies, to separate fiction from reality, and to adjust the various degrees of probability, with the faint hope of uUimately establishing the existence of facts : but it is our purpose to follow a more certain and more pleasing course : to leave in obscurity that which the lapse of ages has destined to continue so, and to tell only that which may be considered as authentic. The first glimmering of historical light which strikes the eye of the inquirer, is the period of the Roman inva- sion of Britain, when Lincoln was occupied as a Roman station, diiiering in some local peculiarities however from the town built by the Britons, which, it is thought, stood on the very top of the hill, and extended much farther northward than Newport-gate, as is evident from certain remains of ramparts and ditches still visible. Vortimer, the British king, who so frequently defeated the Saxon invaders, died in this city, and was buried here. Lincoln, when occupied by the Romans as a military sta- tion, was doubtless a place of some importance. The form, indeed, of their Lindum may be clearly ascertained even at this remote period. It was a parallelogram, divided into four equal parts, by two streets which crossed it at right angles. The northern boundary of the Roman city reached as far as w^here the southern limits of the British one had extended, and here they built a strong wall, from east to west, enclosing an area of about 1300 feet in length, by 1200 in breadth ; this wall had only one entrance or aperture, and that vvas near the middle, where it is still standing, and is known by the name of Newport-gate, *' the noblest remnant " says Dr. Stukeley *' of this sort in Britain." Of the other fortified gates, three in number^ which jruarded (he extremities of each of the streets al- ready mentioned, all important traces have been for many years demolished. The tS HISTORY OF LINCOLN. The Romans built another wall, on the south, of the same length of the former, and exactly parallel to it. — Here also, they erected a gateway, called, from its poii- tion, the South-gate. It was directly opposite to Newport- gate, and of similar construction, standing about ninety-one ket north of the present Bail-gate.* " South-gate was pulled down" says Mr. Gough, "about the beginning of the last century by the proprietor of the house adjoining to it on the east side of the street. In a chamber now ( 1788 ) occu- pied by a barber, may be seen the east postern entire : but of the principal gate nothing now remains except the foun- dation stones on each side the street, and one jamb between the houses on the west side, with two or three cuneiform stones just above the springing of the arch. It was not without great difficulty that this venerable piece of anti- quity wa« demolished. The workmen, with a huge piece of timber shod with iron, like a battering ram, battered in pieces one of the stones in or near the crown of the atrch, expecting that the whole would then fall together, but every stone being as it were a key, the rest shrunk together and fixed as firm as ever." These two parallel walls were connected at each end by two other walls running in a direction north and south, and about 1200 feet in length, having also a gate in the centre of each, called the East and West-gates. The latter is conjectured to have stood where now is to be found the sally-port of the castle : the former was entire as late as the year 1740; Gough says " that it was a little north of the present gateway, but walled up and making part of the gable end of a dwelling house, a stable be- longing to the White Bear Inn being built against the other part. This gate had been of the same dimensions as Newport-gate, and built in the same manner, except that the arch had a key-stone in the crown, which New- port-gate had not. The ground being raised ten or twelve feet to the very spring of the arch, the posterns were quite buried. About the year 1730 Lord Burlington caused the rubbish to be dug up to the foundation of the jambs on * Bail-grtte s< oo!l near the entrance of the present county hospital, and divided the ciiy from the bail. It was removed about 1777, HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 27 on each side, and had it quite opened for a better view, when it presented a most yenerable appearance. Near it was found a large brass coin of Trajan. About twenty- five years ago it was taken down by Sir Cecil Wray, when he built a new house now (1T88) belonging to Mr. Thorold." Such seems to have been the out-line of the Roman station here. From the four gates ran two streets which intersected each other at right angles, and divided the city into four equal quarters. That which formed the south- west quarter is now occupied by the castle, and the close and the cathedral are to be found in the two easterly. — And here again we willingly recur to the statements of Mr. Gough, whose laborious accuracy and patient research are too well known to require commendation. ''The close ©f the cathedral" says he ** takes in very near half of the old Roman city eastward. The west w^all of the close beginning at the South-gate on the brow of the hill, runs northward almost up to Newport-gate and leaves little more than the breadth of a lane, formerly called East-byght, between it and and the Roman wall from Newport-gate to East-gate. By the two walls run- ning thus parallel round the whole north-east corner of the Roman city, and within so small a distance of one another, it may be imagined the city wall was ruined be- fore bishop Sutton's time, who, by licence of Edward I, built the Close-wall for the security of the canons and other ministers of the church, resorting thither at midnight to say matins. But the circuit of the close reaches consi- derably beyond the old Roman city to the east: for the Roman wall went in a direct line through where the chapter-house and upper transept of the church, now stand, to the brow of the hill, from whence, at the enlargement of the Roman city, it was continued down by the Were- dyke to the Tower-garth at the Water-side." In speaking of that part of Lincoln called the bail, the same author observes, that " it was undoubtedly the old Roman Lindum; the vestiges of whose walls are yet visible on every side." Having 28 HISTORY OF LINCOLN, Having thus endeavoured to establish the scite and di- mensions of the old Roman city,* as a matter of local interest and curiosity, ( omitting all idle antiquarian details and conjectures) we shall now proceed to take a brief view of its principal historical events, from the period of its occupation by the legiondary troops of Rome, down to the latest time at which any thiLg has occurred worthy of commemoration. When the Romans finally abandoned Great Britain, Lincoln shared probably, not only in common with the other principal stations, from the predatory incursions of the Picts, Saxons and Danes, but, it is likely that from its maritime situation on that part of the coast most obnoxious to the warlike descents of those fierce barbarians, it became more frequently subject to all the vicissitudes of war and conquest. It is not certain at what period the Saxons became possessed of this city, but we find from the autho- rity of Matthew of Westminster, that so early as the year 518, Arthur pursued a Saxon army as far as Lincoln, which was then besieged by another Saxon army under Cerdie, who, on the arrival of the Britons under their renowned leader, was forced to retreat. Previously to this however, Edwin, king of Northumberland, ob- tained possession of Lindsey, and made Penda, king of Mercia, his vassal ; and Paulinus preached Christianity in Lincoln, and converted the governor and his family. During the struggles between the Saxons and the British, there can be little doubt that Lincoln suifered much, and it is thought by Leland that the old town was nearly de- stroyed "and new Lincoln made out of old Lincoln." The Saxons fortified the southern part of the hill with ditches and ramparts, w^alled the town, and erected gates. No event, however, of any memorable character occurred during the heptarchy. In hastenina' to the period of the Norman conquest, we are told by William of Malmsbury that Lincoln was then one * Its length frpni east to west was 1300 feet, and its breadth from north to south 1200. HrSTORY OP LINCOLN. 29 one of the most populous cities of England, and a market for all sorts of goods coming eiiher by land or water. It appears indeed from the Domesday Book, that it con- tained 1070 mansions, 900 burgesses, and 12 largemen,* having sack and soke. But the ambition, or the pride, or the fears of the conquerer, led him to depopulate m part this flourishing place. Orders were issued to build four strong castles: one of these was to be erected at Hastings, a second at Nottingham, a third at York, and a fourth at Lincoln. Consequently a spacious and war- like edifice was erected in 1086, on the ridge of the hill where the city was situated. It occupied nearly a fourth part of the Roman city ; and, to make room for its erection, 240 mansions were destroyed. Little of it now remains however except the gates, wall, and keep. The gaol is within it; and opposite on the west side is an entrench- ment thrown up by king Stephen. Its position admirably qualified it either to repel foreign invasion, or to overawe the turbulent inhabitants, shpuld they strive to shake off the burden of a foreign yoke. It was 644 yards m cir- cumference. Lincoln first became a bishop's see about this time, when it was declared in synod that they should be re- moved to the chief cities in their diocese. Previous to this decree, many of them were settled in small towns or villages. Remirius de Fescamp, one of the early followers of Willicim, and the first bishop of Lmcoliu accordingly removed thither from Dorchester in Oxford- shire, and immediately after his translation began to lay the foundation of a cathedral, which he completed m four years, but which he did not live to consecrate. In the reign of Henry the first, a navigable canal was made, or enlarged, from the river Witham at Lincoln to the Trent near Torksey, and it was probably the first of the kind that was ever attempted in England. It was about seven miles in length, and is now called the Foss- dvke, of which some account has been already given in •^ ' the * These signify legal men, or such as we call good men of the jury. 30 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. the introductory chapter. A communication was thus formed with the river Trent, and down that by the Humbei' to the sea. Thus being accessible for foreign vessels, besides possessing the advantage of inland navigation, the city soon became populous and eminent. Some historians relate that at this period it engrossed a very considerable portion of the export and import trade of the kingdom. In 1110 Lincoln was nearly consumed by an accidental fire, and in 1185 it sustained considerable damage by an earthquake. Among the historical events of which Lincoln has been the theatre, we must not omit the part she took in the strug- gles between Stephen and the empress Matilda, for the succession to the crown of England. The latter, with her partizans, took possession of Lincoln in 1140, strongly fortified it, and stored it abundantly with provisions. — The citizens of Lincoln, however, were not so well af- fected to her as to Stephen, and they inviting him to their aid, he marched thither in person in 1141, and laid close seige to the castle, " in hopes*' says Hume, (Hist, of Eng. vol. L p. 255, ed. 4to. 1762 ) " of rendering himself soon master of the place, either by assault or famine. The earl of Gloucester hastened with an army to the relief of his friends: and Stephen, informed of his approach, marched into the field, with an intention of giving him battle. After a violent shock, the two wings of the royalists were put to flight: and Stephen himself, surrounded by the enemy, was at last, after exerting great efforts of valour^ borne down by numbers and taken prisoner. Matthew of Westminster, in describing this battle, which it seems was contested with an obstinacy equal t« the stake at issue, gives the following striking description of the valour of Stephen, " King Stephen, being deserted by his army, and left ahnost alone in the field of battle, yet no man dared ap- proach him, while grinding his teeth and foaming like a mad boar, he drove back, with his battle axe, whole troops, who DISTORT OF LINCOLN. 31 who came to assail him, and kilL-^d the bravest of them, to the eternal renown of his courage : and if but a hun- dred such men had been there with him, a whole army could not have surprised his person : but his battle axe and sword breaking, he w^as stricken down with a stone, and seized upon by William de Kahames.*' It was not long, however, before Stephen was released from prison, and restored to his throne by capitulation, and in 1144 he passed his christmas at Lincoln. In the deed of pacification, which w^as drawn up between the empress and Stephen, by which prince Henry, his son, was to succeed to the crown, it is expressly stipulated that the castle of Lincoln should be confided to the care of Jordan de Bussey, who, on taking possession, was sworn to de- liver it to prince Henry, or whom he might appoint, on the death of Stephen, After this period, Lincoln seems to have been considered as a place of importance in the estimation of future mo- narchs. Henry II. after being crowned in London, wag crowned a second time here in 1155, or according to Rapin in 1158. He was not, indeed, crowned in the city of Lincoln, because, as Carte observes, a superstitious notion prevailed among the people, that for a king to wear his crow^n wrihin the walls, was the sure omen of some disaster. The regal ceremony, therefore, w^as per- formed at a place in the suburbs called Wickford. It would be a dull and thriftless occupation, to ourselves and to our readers, were we to chronicle down every thing which may be found in the annals of English history that occurred at Lincoln. Passing over, therefore, various unimportant events,* we shall proceed to the memorable reign of king John, in the third year of which, David, king of Scotland, met him here, and on Nov. * One shall be singled out from the mass: Richard I. in a par- liament held at Nottingham in 1194, deprived Geibard do Canville of the possession of the castle, &c. of Lincoln, and the shrievalty of the county, and offered them to sale ! It does not appear, however, that the royal auctioneer had any bidders. 32 HISTORY OF XINCOLN. Nov. 22, did homagp to him in the presence of a vast multitude of people, assembled on a hill without the city. When the barons wa^ed the noble war of liberty against their tyrannical sovereign, that war, whose sacred object has rendered them illustrious in all after ages, this city was taken by Gilbert de Gaum, who had been created earl of Lincoln, by Lewis the dauphin of Francs, whom the barons had injudiciously invited to their aid. This interference of a foreign power made many disinclined to support a cause which all had at heart, and, consequently, John found persons disposed to rally round his person who detested his government. The castle held out for the king against all assaults, and John, having raised a powerful army, marched in the autumn of 1216 to relieve it. Taking the nearest w^ay from Norfolk across the washes, he lost, in that dangerous pass, all his carriages, treasure, portable chapel, regalia, and other baggage. — This accident so affected him, that, added to the distraction of his affairs, it is said it hastened his death. Nor did the allegiance of the inhabitants cease with his demise. They continued their fealty to his son and successors, and en- ^dured all the privations and horrors of a siege by the partizans of the dauphin, who now wished to contest the sovereignty with Henry IIT. At length, after the lapse of above a year, they succeeded in overthrowing the forces of the confederates, by the aid of Fulk de Brent, a powerful baron in the king's interest, who threw himself with a reinforcement into the castle, and of the earl of Pembroke who attacked the besiegers in front. The slaughter was not very great : many endeavored to escape in boats down the Witham, but were drowned in the at- tempt ; the greater part were made prisoners. This battle was fought on the 4th of June, 1218, and was a death- blow to the French interest in these realms. The riches of the city and the confederate camp became spoils to the king's army, and the discomfiture was hence insultingly denominated Lewis-fair, Each royalist wore a white cross on his breast, on account of the battle being fought in the Whitsun week. It began at two o'clock, and ended at nine ; HISTORY OF LINCOLN, 33 nine; *'so expeditious" says Matthew Paris " were the merchants in transacting the business at this fair." It appears that the castle and bail of Lincoln continu- ed in the crown till the time of Edward T. when they were vested in the person of Henry de Lacy; and passed, with all the other parts of his inheritance, to the earl of Lincoln, and thus became annexed to the duchy of Lan- caster. Accordingly we find that John of Gaunt, the duke of that palatinate, made the castle his summer resi- dence, and greatly improved its appearance and accom- modations: building, if we may believe tradition, a winter palace for himself in the southern suburbs below the hill. Edward I. frequently held his court, and met his par- liament in this city. Here, in 1301, he wrote his cele- brated reply to the pope's letter, advising his holiness not to interfere in the internal affdirs of the kingdom, and maintaining his right to the crov/n of Scotland by a species of royal sophistry not very unfemiliar in the present day. Here also, in 1305, he held another par- liament, in which he confirmed Magna Charter, a fine and perfect copy of which national deed is still preserved among the archives of the cathedral.* Edward II. also held two parliaments here, the first of which was specifi- cally assembled to devise efiective measures against the inroads of the Scots. (A.D. 1352.) In the 26th year of the reign of Edward III. the staple of v»^ool was removed from Flanders to England ; and the staple towns appointed on that occasion were — Westminster, Chichester, Canterbury, Bristol, Hull, and Lincoln. The last was also made a staple for leather, lead, and various other articles: privileges which proved highly beneficial to the city, as by the trade which they promoted, Lincoln was gradually enabled to recover from the effects of the military ravages it had sustained at various times. C III * This has been carefully copied under the direction ofMr. Wm. lUingworth, for the " Parliauientary Reports on the public records of Great Britain." 34 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. In 1386, the unfortunate Richard II. visited Lincoln^ and granted to the mayor (John Sutton ) and his succes- sors, the privilege of having a sword carried before them in their processions. In 1446, Henry VI. came here, and held his court in the episcopal palace. In this reign also, Bernard Fitz Allen, a person of good family and a carmelite or Lincoln, built a library here, and furnished it with books; some of them were his own writing, but the greater part were purchased, or else, as the authors of the Magna Bri- tannia slyly observe, the library "would have been but a smalt one, and of little value." In the reign of Edward IV. a rebellion broke out, and Sir Robert Wells, the son of Lord Wells,vvhom Edward had treacherously caused to be beheaded, out of revenge for the murder of his tV'her, took up arms and excited a violent commotion in the county. Collecting about 30000 men in Lincoln, he marched with them to Stamford, in the vicinity of which place the king's forces were. These he attacked with great violence, and a sanguinary battle ensued, in which sir Robert, with sir Thomas Deknd, being taken, the Lincoln men were so terrified, that they threw oflf their coats, and ran for it! This conflict is still called "TAe battle of Lose-coat-field,'''* King Henry VII. visited Lincoln after the battle of Bosworth Field, where he spent three days in offering up public prayers and thanksgivings, and in making splendid processions, in commemoration of the signal and decisive victory which he had gained over the usurper, Richard III. The next remarkable occurrence which took place at Lincoln w as in the reign of Henry VIII.- in 1 533. — Cromwell, the minister of that king, obtained an act of parliament to enforce the reading of the Lord's prayer, ^the creed, and the ten commandments in English: but the good citizens of Lincoln, acting upon the principle of the latin adage onine ignotum pro mag7iiJico, and not very desirous to understand what they prayed for, ' resisted- HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 35 resisted this daring innovation. The monks, of course, had a hand in fomenting their enmity, for their empire was built upon ignorance ; and every step the people advanced in the road of knowledge, was followed in- , evitably by a retrogade motion of themselves towards the no very comfortable abyss that awaited them. Be it as it may, the inhabitants of Lincoln were resolved not to pray in their mother tongue, nor rehearse the articles of their creed in their mother tongue ; supposing, no doubt, that latin was better understood by the saints and angels, whose interposition they implored, than english. A commotion was accordingly excited, and the malcontents were headed by a person under the feigned name of Captain Cobbler, They amounted to nearly 20000 men^ against whom the king prepared to march in person. This being known to the insurgents, they sent to his majesty a list of their grievances, with an humble request that he would pardon their having taken up arms against him. The king perused this, pacified their resentments, and granted them his pardon, upon their laying down their arms. He received, however, forty pounds from the city of Lincoln, in consideration of his clemency; and he levied similar fines upon the other towns, which he called a benevolence^ and which was paid for his pardon to the rebels. When the civil wars began, in the reign of Charles L Lincoln again stood conspicuous for its loyalty. That monarch visited the city, and received from the recorder, Charles Dailsen, strong assurances of the attachment of its citizens, and their determination to support his cause. In consequence of this, his majesty convened a meeting of the nobility, knights, gentry, and freeholders of the county, whom he addressed in a speech, vindicating the measures he had hitherto pursued to check the spirit of rebellion then raging throughout the country, and ex- horting them to a cordial perseverance in their loyal determinations, of supporting the government, the law^s/^ and the religion of their ancestors. This was on the 1 5th July, 1 642 ; and the speech may be seen in the volume of Reliquce ,Sacrce, or Works of King Charles I. c 2 la 36 HISTORY OF LINCOLN". In the following year, a plot was discovered, tlie objecf of which was to deliver up the city to the king, it being then in the possession of the parliamentarian forces. — This scheme was partially defeated ; but in 1644, we find the royalists in possession of it : for on May 2nd of that year, the earl of Manchester besieged it ; and drove, after some resistance, the besieged into the minster and castle. The resistance was vigorous, and the earl of Manchester at length resolved to attempt the taking of it by storm: the king's troops made a gallant resistance, and endea- voured to repel the besiegers, by throwing down upon them huge stones, which did considerable execution. They found, however, that longer resistance was impracticable, .^Tid they surrendered. Among the prisoners were sir Francis Fane the governor, colonels Middlemore and Bandes, two lieutenant colonels, two majors, twenty captains, and about seven hundred private soldiers. One hundred horse, and eight pieces of ordnance were also taken. Of Manchester's party, eight were killed, in w'hich number were captain Ogelby and lieut. Saundees, and about forty were wounded. Since this period, no event of any signal importance with respect to Lincoln has taken place ; arrd we shall therefore proceed to consider its history, as connected with its ecclesiastical establishments, both under the papal and the reformed church. CHAPTER IL CHAPTER II. ,/^A./^*X.A*^'./^y^^-/••SS•./\r./^X:ee of Lincoln, upon the removal of Laney in 1667. He is said to have had much knowledge of antiquities, and he very assiduously laboured to adorn the Ccathedral, which had suffered so much in the late wars. He rescued from destruction the tombs of some of the early bishops, ^and embellished them with new inscriptions. He died at Kensington near London, April ji2, 1675, and was suc- ceeded by Thomas Barlow^ Who was consecrated June 27 in that year. A rigid calvinist in principles, yet he had no objection to epis- copacy, as honour and emolument were excluded from the adherence to his own doctrines. He accepted the dignities and the profits of the bishoprick, but he could not consent to perform the corresponding duties. He never once visited Lincoln, and was hence styled the bishop of Buckden, at which place he commonly resided. While James was king. Barlow was obsequious ; when that monarch abdicated the throne, the bishop abdicated his duty ; and had the unfortunate monarch recovered his crown, no doubt our pious prelate would have re- covered his loyalty. He died in 1691, and was burici in Buckden church. Thomas Tenmson Succeeded him, and was consecrated January 10, 1692. He was afterwards (1694) promoted to the archbishoprick of Canterbury, in which character he is better known as an eminent divine. Burnet has given a just character of him in his history ; he was undoubtedly «ne of those men who have contributed, by their learning: D 4 itn^ 16 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. and ability, to raise the name of the english clergy to that proud eminence which it holds throughout all Eu- rope. When he succeeded Tillotson in the archiepiscopa' see of Canterbury, he was succeeded in the bishoprick of Lincoln by James Gardiner^ Who was consecrated March 10, 1694, and died in 1705. He was buried in the cathedral, under a raised marble monument. William Wake, Another distinguished divine, w^as consecrated bishop of Lincoln October 21, 1705, and in 1715 succeeded Tennison as archbishop of Canterbury, recommending as his iucecessor to the see of Lincoln Edtfitmd Gibson, W^ho was consecrated February 12, 1715, and trang- lated to the see of London in 1723. He published a very good edition of Camden^s Britannia. He was suc- ceeded by Richard Reynolds, Bishop of Bangor, who held the see from 1723 to 1740. John Thomas Was translated from St. Asaph to Lincoln in 1740, and from thence to that of Salisbury in 1761, in which year John Green Was consecrated. He held the see till 1771, when he was appointed canon residentiary of St. PauPs, and died in 1779. To him succeeded Thomas Thiirlow, Brother of the Lord Chancellor. In 1787 he was translated to the see ©f Durham, when George HISTORY OF LINCOLN. George Pretyman Tomline, The present bishop, was appointed ; a prelate distin- guished for his talents, of which he has recently given a decided proof in his work upon Calvinism. Having given this chronological summary of the va- rious bishops who have presided over the ecclesiastical afiairs of Lincoln, and among whom there are some names that reflect a high lustre upon the reformed church of England, we shall now proceed to state, briefly, the extent and jurisdiction of this see in past and present times. The jurisdiction of this see was very great before the reformation, and the revenues were, of course, propor- tionally ex ensive. "Except the two archbishopricks," says Camden's editor, " and the principality bishopricks thai had baronies belonging to them, viz. Winchester, Durham, and Ely, no see in the kingdom was so well endowed ; insomuch that we meet with no bishop trans- lated from hence to any see except Winchester, before the reign of Elizabeth, though since, no less than ten out of seventeen have left this for other sees. Nor was it less remarkable for its many palaces, or places of resi- dence for the bishops, wnthin the diocese ; for they had, before 1547, eight furnished in the diocese, besides others. In this county, Lincoln, Sleaford and Nettleham; in Rutland, Liddington ; in Huntingdonshire, Buckden; in Buckinghamshire, Wooburn and Tinghurst; in Ox- fordshire, Banbury Castle ; and two more at Newark, county of Nottingham ; and Lincoln place, Chancery- lane, London. All these, except about thirty manors, were given up in the first of Edward VI. by Holbeach, so that now, this see, above all others, consists in the propriety of rectories and tythes." Camden himself ob- serves, "that the diocese of Lincoln, not confined within the narrow limits which, in the early Saxon church, satisfied the bishop of Sidnacester, who presided over this county, takes in so many counties, that it is ready to sink under its own greatness ; and though Henry II. took out of it the diocese of Ely, and Henry VIIL those of 5S HISTORY OF LINCOLN. of Peterborough and Oxford, it is still reckoned the largest in England for jurisdiction and number of coun- ties, and comprehends one thousand two hundred and forty-seven parish churches.*" Our next business will be to present a faithful account of the past and present condition of that beautiful fabric, the cathedral ; and here we cannot do better than avail ourselves of the accurate and elegant description from the pen of Mr. Britton. "The Cathedral," says he, "or as it is usually called, the Minsier, is justly the pride and glory of Lin- coln. This magnitlcient building, from its situation on the highest part of a hill, and the flat ^tate of the country to the south east and south west, may be seen at the dis- tance of twenty miles. Raised at a vast expence, by the munificence of several prelates, it discovers in many parts singular skill and beauty, particularly its western front, which cannot fail to attract the attention of the most unobservant traveller. And of all the ancient fabrics of this description now remaining in England, no one de- serves the attention of a curious enquirer more than this, ' whose floor,' says Fuller, in his humourous style, * is higher than the roof of many churches !' It may be said to be a building ])roportioned to the amplitude of the diocese, and is justly esteemed one of the most extensive and regular of its kind, notwithstanding it was erected at different periods, and has undergone various alterations in later times. After the see was removed to this place, the new bishop, Remigius, according to Henry of Hun- tingdon, purchased lands on the highest parts of the city, near the castle, which made a figure with its strong towers, and built a church, strong and fair, in a strong place, and in a fair spot, to the virgin of virgins, in spite of all the opposition from the archbishop of York, w^h5 laid claim to the ground, placing in it forty-four preben- daries. This afterwards being damaged by fire, was elegantly repaired by that munificent and pious bishop of Lincoln, Alexander. The first foundations were laid in the year 1086, by bishop Remigius, and the building was continued HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 59 continued by him and his successor, Robert Bloet. — Soon after (he death of this bishop, the church is said to have been burnt down,* about A. D. 1127, and rebuilt by bishop Alexander, his successor, with an arched stone roof, to prevent the recurrence of a like accident in future ; and it is stated that he set his whole mind upon adorning his new cathedral, which he made the most magnificent at that time in England. But though thus rendered pre-eminent for size and decorations, it was made more elegant, &c. by St. Hugh of Burgundy, in the time of Henry II. This prelate added several parts, which were then named tlie new works.f To shew what these consisted in, and the periods when different altera- tions and additions were made to this structure, I shall transcribe a passage from the ninth volume of the Ar- chaBologia, the substance of which appears to have been derived from the archives of the cathedral." 'A. D. 1124. The church was burnt down. Bishop Alexander is, in the historical accounts given to the pub- lic, said to have rebuilt it with an arched roof, for the prevention of the like accident. But John de Scalby, canon of Lincoln, and bishop D'Alderby's registrar and secretary, says of Robert de Chesney ( who succeeded Alexander ) that he ' Primus Ecclesiam voltis lapidies communivit, 1147. ' 1186. John de Scalby says of Hugh the burgundian, bishop of Lincoln, that he ' fabricanae ecclesiae a funda- mentis construxit novam.' This can relate only to alterations and repairs of the old church, for the new east end was not begun to be built till one hundred an|l twenty years after.' ' 1244—5. The great tower fell down, and greatly damaged the church. Very little was done to repair this disaster, * Mr. Gough says * only damaged.* •f- It appears, from various documents, that all additions made to ancient structures were called new works. Various alterations, kc. were made at Ely cathedral, nearly at the same periods that others were making at Lincoln, and they are called n«w works^ or ' nova opera.* 60 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. disaster, till the time of Oliver Sutton, elected bishop 12T9. The first thing which he set about was extending the close wall, but not so far to the east as it now is, for it was, as w^ill be seen, further enlarged ; and he after- wards completely repaired, in concurrence with the dean and chapter, the old church : so that the whole was finished, painted, and white-washed, after the year 1290. When this work was done, the great tower was carried up no higher than to the part where the large windows begin, and where the bells now^ hang. The upper part was, with the other new w^ork, begun sixteen years after.* ' 1306. The dean and chapter contracted with Richard de Stow, mason, to attend to, and employ other masons under him, for the new work ; at which time the new additional east end, as well as the upper parts of (he great tower and the transepts were done. He contracted to do the plain work by measure, and the fine carved work and images by the day.' '1313. The dean and chapter carried the close still further eastw^ard, so as to enlarge the canon's houses and mansions, the chancellery, and other houses at the east end of the minster yard.' ' 1.321. In this year the new work was not finished, for bishop Burghwash, finding that those who were en- trusted to collect the money given by voluntary contri- bution, and leicacies to the church, detained the same, and were backward in their payments, published an excom- munication against all offenders in this way, which tended * in retardationem fabricae.' ' 1324. It may be collected, the whole was finished about 1324; but this is no where specified. The late bishop of Carlisle, Dr. Lyttleton, conjectured that all was finished about 1283. Conjectures are led into this mis- take, by supposing that the work was finished soon after king Henry III.'s charter, granted for enlarging the church and cloie. '1380 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 61 * 1380. John Welburn was treasurer. He built tha tabernacle at the high altar, the north and east parts are now standing; and the south \Yas rebuilt after, to make the north and south sides uniform. He was master of the iabric, and the principal promoter of making the two stone arches under the west towers, and the vault of the high tower; and caused the statues of the kings over the west great door to be placed there.' ' N. B. This new work is all of the regular order of gothic architecture, as I have supposed Jt to be finally established by the free masons. The rest of the church is in part the opus romanum, and partly of the style of the first essays of the gothic' Communicated by Mr. Bradley to governor Pownal. These notices are important, for it is interestino- to ascertain the dates, &c. of such ancient buildings as'' are beautiful or grand. The one now under consideration presents.x in its different parts, both these characteristics ; the principal of which I shall endeavour to describe and particularize. " The cathedral church consists of a nave with its aisles, a transept at the west end, and two other tran- septs, one near the centre, and the other towards the eastern end : also a choir and chancel, with their aisles of corresponding height and width with the nave and aisles. The great transept has an aisle towards the east ; attached to the western side of this transept is a gallilee' or grand porch ; and on the southern side of the eastern aisle are two oratories, or private chapels, while the north side has one of nearly similar shape and character. Branching from the northern side are the cloisters, which communicate with the chapter house. The church is ornamented with three towers ; one at the centre, and two at the western end. These are lofty, and are deco- rated with varied tracery, pillars, pilasters, windows, &c. To furnish the reader with an adequate idea of the di- mensions and general size of this structure, I subjoin the following table, the measurements f^r which were made 62 HISTORY OF LINCOLN', by Mr. T. Espin of Louth ; and I believe are more accurate than any hitherto published/' *' The height of the two western towers, one hundred and eighty feet. Previous to the year 1808, each of these was surmounted by a central spire, the height of which was one hundred and one feet. The great tower in the middle of the church, from the top of the corner pinnacle to the ground, is three hundred feet ; its width is fifty -three feet. Exterior length of the church, with its buttresses, five hundred and twenty-four feet ; interior length, four hundred and eighty-two feet; width of wes- tern front, one hundred and seventy-four feet ; exterior length of great transept, two hundred and fifty feet ; and interior, two hundred and twenty-two feet ; the width is sixty-six feet. The lesser or eastern transept, is one hundred and seventy feet in length, and forty-four in width, including the side chapels. Width of the cathe- dral, eighty feet ; height of the vaulting of the nave, eighty feet. The chapter house is h decagon, and measures, interior diameter, sixty feet, six inches. The cloisters measure one hundred and eighteen feet on the north and south sides, and ninety-one feet on the eastern and western sides." " Sftdi are tlie ]^rfhcipal measiirem^n^ts of this spacious fabric ; to describe the whole of which would occupy a volume. Therefore, in the following particulars, I can only advert 'to, and notice a few of its most prominent features." "Though it will not be an easy task to define and discriminate all the remaining portions of Remigius's and Alexander's buildings, yet there are some parts Vvhich may be confidently referred to as the works of these prelates. The grand western front, wherein the greatest variety of styles prevail, is certainly the work- manship of three, if not more, distinct and distant eras. This is apparent to the most cnrsory observer ; and oil minute inspection by the discriminating architect and an- tiquary, is very decisively displayed. This portion df the y HISTORY OF LINCOLN. |63 (be fabric consists of a large square-shape facade; the whole of which is decorated with door-ways, windows, arcades, niches, &c. It has a pediment in the centre, and two octangular stair-case turrets at the extreme angles, surmounted by plain spire-shaped pinnacles. — This front may be described as divided into three dis- tinct, though not separated parts ; a centre and its two lateral sides. The first presents three perpendicular divisions, and three others from the bottom to the top. In the lowest are three door-ways, a large one in the centre, which directly opens to the nave, and two smaller ones facing the side aisles. These arches are semi- circular, with various architrave mouldings, ornamented with carved figures, foilage, &c. and on each side are columns, which are also decorated with sculpture. These door-ways are of handsome proportions, and the sculp- ture is but little mutilated. On each side of the two small doors is a large niche under a semicircular arch, above which are some pieces of ancient emblematical sculpture in relief. Over the great western door-way are some statues of kings, &c. under decorated canopies, and above them is the large western window, whh raul- lions and tracery ; a circular window, with a cinquefoil muUion, is seen above this, at the sides of which the fiat wall is ornamented with a sort of treleis work, or lo- zenge-shaped tracery. This facing prevails in the lateral gables, north and south of the two western lowers ; also within the towers. ''The upper transept and the choir appear the next in point of date. These are in the sharp-pointed or early english style, and their architecture is very irregular, having pillars with detached shafts of purbeck marble in different forms, but all very light ; those on the sides of the choir have been formerly strengthened. Some of the arches are high and pointed, others obtuse, with straight upright lines above their imposts *, a few small arches are semicircular, and many are of the trefoil shape. The vaulting is generally simple, the ribs of a faw groins only have a billetted moulding ; a double row of arches or ajcades, one placed before the other, is continued round the 64 HISTORY OF LINCOL.V. the inside, beneath the lower tier of windows. The win- dows, which are lofty and narrow, are placed two or three together ; the o^reat buttresses in front are orna- mented in a si;ip:ular manner, with detached shafts, terminating in rich foilage ; the parapet is covered with lead, and the aisles have a plain stone parapet, with a billetted moulding underneath. Some of the sculpture is well executed ; but the arches and mouldings are very imperfect. This part of the fabric was probably built by bishop St. Hugh. The great transept, the gallilee porch,* and the vestry, are nearly of the same, but in a later style. The vestry is vaulted, the groining having strong ribs; and beneath it is a crypt, with groins, con- verging into pointed arches." " The nave and central tower were next rebuilt, probably begun by Hugh de Wells, as the style of their architecture is that of the latter part of the reign of John, or the beginning of Henry III. It seems to have been carried on from the west, as the two arches next that end are narrower than the others; perhaps they stand on the old bases. The clustered pillars of the nave are not uniform, some being worked solid, and others having detached shafts ; the upper windows are clustered three together, and two are included within each arch of the aisles. The lower part of the north wall is plainer than the south, whence it may be concluded that this w^as built first. Part of the great tower was erected by bishop Grosthead, who also finished the additions which had been begun to the old west front ; for there is the same fascia or moulding under the uppermost story as is continued twice roujid the rood tower, and altered it to its present form. The part extending from the smaller transept to the east end, was probably built by bishops Gravesend, Satton, and D'Alderby, about the conclusion of the thirteenth, or commencement of the fourteenth century. Over the south porch, v^hich is highly orna- mented, is a representation of the final judgment, in bold relief, * This is said to have been formerly appropriated to the use of probationary penitents, previous to their being; re-af!»nitted into connmunion with the faithful. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 65 relief. The lower windows have slender clustered pil- lars, with capitals ; and the heads are ornamented with circles, cinqueloils, and other devices : but the laro-e east window does not correspond in richness with the other component parts. The upper windows have double mud.ons, and a gallery runs between the upper and lower tiers. Bishop d'Alderby built the upper story of the rood tower, and added a lofty spire which was con- structed ot timber, and covered with lead. This was blown down in a violent storm of wind. A. D 1547- and the damages then sustained were not wholly repaired till the year 1775. ^ "^ " Bishop Alnwick probably raised the western towers, and erected the wood spires, the taking down of which lately by the dean and chapter, has provoked much sple- netic animadversion. He added also the three west win- dows, and the figures of our kings, from the conquest to Edward IlL Th^ arch of the centre window is much older than its mulhons. The ceilings of the towers, and facing ot the interior parts of the three west entrances, are of the same age The great marigold window, at he south end of the lower transept, was built about the tmie ot Edward III. ''Various chapels were erected, and chantries found- ed at diilerent periods, for the interment of the g-reat, and the performance of mass, to propitiate the Deity in -favour ot their departed spirits, and those of their friends and relaticHis A chantry was founded within the close fir J !ff F^ ^ ^^ 't]"/ -J""" ^" Cantalupe, m the thirty- first of Edvvard III. for a warden and seven chaplains. to pray for the soul of Nicholas de Cantalupe, her husband all the faithful departed. John Welbourn, treasurer 4>f this church, fortieth of Edward III. founded a chantiy here. . In an ancient MS. of the dean and chapter, containing copies of deeds and charters respecting this Chantry &c. IS a curious instrument, which conveys the bouse which belonged to 'Elye' (EU,^ the son of fjew' 6S WI9T0RY OP LTNCOLV. ^vho was hanffed at l.iiicoln, and the lands of anotliep jow, ho was outlawed. " Richard Flemniinp-, bishop of Lincoln, built a chapel near the north door, where a stattie lies on an al'ar tomb of marble, in his poniilical robes. Bishop Russell, in the rimr- of Henry VII. also built one lor the place of his interment, on the south side of the presby- tery. And in imitation of this, diirinoj the succeeding rei^'U, bishop Lontrland erected another for the like purpose. This is a beautiful and interesting specimen of the architecture of the age, *'The late earl of Burlington, whose taste for archi- tecture gave him the title of the english Palladio, in a question of precedency between the cathedrals of York and Lincoln, gave a decision in favour of the latter; and preferred the west front of it to any thing of the kind in Europe, observing, * That whoever had the conducting of it, was well acquainted with the noblest buiiditigs of old Rome, and had united some of their greatest beauties in that very work.' That nothing might be yvantmg to render this church as splendid in furniture as it was elegant in its decorations, it received the most lavish donations. Indeed so sumptuously was it supplied with rich shrines, jewels, vestments, &c. that Dn<;dale informs us Henry VII L took out of its immense treasure no Ipss than two thousatid six hundred and twenty-one ounces of gold, and four thousand two hundred and ^^ifihty-five ounces of silver, besides pearls and precious istones of the most costl\ kind. Also two shrines, one called St. Hugh's, of pure gold ; and the other of massy silver, called St. John d'\!derby's: at the same time the episcopal mitre is said to have been the richest in the Icingdom. " From the time the custom of buryina: in churches -was adopted till the present, this cathedral has had its share of costly sculpture ; its chapels, walls, and columns have been ornamented or disfigured by monumental re- i:ords and emblems of mortality. But when the observer views HISTORY OF LINCOLN. g7 views the state of such pious memorials, and compares them with the number and grandeur of those which history relates to have been erected in the different periods, he is strongly reminded of the transitory nature of the very exertions made to counteract the oblivious ravages of time ; and of the ineffectual mode of securing to ourselves or others the meed of posthumous fame, by the pomp of monument or lettered stone. Of many of these tombs not a vestige remains, nor are the places known where once they stood. *' At the reformation, for the purpose of finding se- creted wealth, and under the pretence of discouraging superstition, many of them were destroyed. Bishop Holbech and Dean Henneage, both violent zealots, caused to be pulled down or defaced most of the hand- some tombs, the figures of saints, crucifixes, &c. so that by the close of the year 1548, there was scarcely a perfect tomb, or unmutilated statue left. What the flaming zeal of reformation had spared, was attacked by the rage of the fanatics in the time of Charles I. — During the presidency of bishop Winniffe, in the year 1645, the brass plates in the walls, or fiat stones, were torn out, the handsome brass gates of the choir, and those of several chantries pulled down, and every re- maining beauty, which was deemed to savour of super- stition, entirely defaced; and the church made barracks for the parliamentary soldiers. " In 1782, the floor of the cathedral was new paved, which occasioned a great change in the state of inscribed stones, and the alterations lately made in the transepts and choir, have totally disarranged many of the principal tombs. In the choir were four monuments, one of which is said to have belonged to Remigius, the first bishop, — Mr. Gough observes, ' both Remigius who began to build this church, and his successor Bloet, who finished it, are said by Willis to have been buried in the church of Remigius' building ; the first in the choir, the other in the north transept, and both to have had contiguous monuments, or as he calls them, chapels on the north E 2 side €8 HISTORY OP LINCOLN. side of tlie choir.' Ir seems probable thaf^ the present monuments ascribed to both were prected over their re- mains within the old choir, when it was rpbailt by bishop Alexander in the reigns of Henry I. and Stephen. This choir was continued further east about the close of Henry III/s reiyn. and the screen, rood-loft, and stalls, made in that of Edward II. To one of these periods may thos^e monument'^ therefore be ascribed. The knie;hts on the front of this monument may denote sol- diers placed to jo:uard.our Lord's sepulchre; as on a tomb in the north side of the altar at Northwold in Nortolk, w'lere are three armed men between three trees, all in a recli>iinni. Mm, vol. I. part H. p. m. to mSTORY OF LINCOLN. north of the other, at the feet of bishop Burg'hersh, js an altar tomb without canopy or figure. The cover is made up of two flat blue slabs, the uppermost and largest seemingly reversed, and the other a fragment of a grey slab, once charged with a brass shield and ledge, neither of which seem to have belonged to this tomb originally. On the north side are five arches, with ten figures of men and women, all buttoned with roses ( one man holding a scroll), and all standing in pairs, and in the spandrils of each arch over them, these coats beginning from the east. " Mr. G. particularly describes the arms, gives the various conjectures which have been formed of the person for whom this monument was intended, and concludes — ' Notwithstanding the various opinions about this tomb, it is most probable it was erecfed by John lord Wells, who died thirty-fifth of Edward III. 1361, seized of vast possessions in the county of Lincoln/* " In the aisle, on the north side of the choir, is the pedestal of a monument, which Stukeley supposed to have been formerly the shrine of St. Hugh the Burgundian, and in his Itinerarium Curiosum, he has given an engraving of a raised altar tomb, with an elegant pinnacled shrine, of a pyramidal shape, under this name . But Mr. Lethieulier,in the first volume of the Archaelogia, observes, that no instance occurs of a saint having two shrines dedicated to him in the same church. " The imputation of the jews having from time to time crucified children, has been, by Rapin and some other historians, considered as an unfounded calumny. It is mentioned however by Matthew Paris, an historian of veracity, who was unlikely to be deceived as to an event which happened during his life time. The fact is established, Mr. Lethieulier thinks, beyond all contradic- tion, by a commission from the king to Simon Passelier and William de Leighton, to seize for the king's use the houses belonging to the jews, who were hanged at Lincoln for crucifying a child, &c. " Many * (Sough, Sepul. Mon. vol; I. part II. p. HI, 113. HISTORY OP LIxVCOLN. 7J *' Many defaced monuments, and others which had lost both fiiTi^res and inscriptions, were taken up during the new pavin^!^, and are intended to be placed in the aisles of the choir, or in the cioisters. On the north side of, and connected with the cathedral, are the cloisters, of which only threo sides remain in the oriojual state. Attached to the eastern side is the Chapter house, a lotty €lej2:ant structure. It forms a decag;on, nineteen yards in diameter, the (rroined roof of which is supported by an umbilical pillar, consisnng of a circular shaft, with ten small fluted columns attached to it ; havino- a band in the centre, with foliated capitals. From this ihe groins issue, resting on small columns on each side. One of the ten sides forms the entrance, which is of the same ahitude as the Chapter house. In the other sides are nine windows, havino- pointed arches, with two lig-hls each. Seven of these have five arcades beneath each; and under the two others are four. The Library over the north side of the cloister was built by dean Houeywood, whose portrait by Hanneman is s'ill here preserved. In this room is a large collection of books, with some curious specimens of roraan antiqui- ties: one is a red glazed urn, having at the bottom the makers name, Donatvs, F. Also several fraomenrs of poftery, among which are many urns and vessels of va- rious construction. A very large one of baked earth, unglazed, is of a roundish shape, with a short narrow neck, to which are affixed two circular handles. It is one foot four inches in diameter, and two feet four inches in heisjht. There is also a very curious glass phial, of a bluish green colour, with a handle near the mouth ; it is three inches diameter, by nine inches and a half high. Its contents consist of pieces of bones of too large a size ever to have been put in through the present aperture. This circumstance has excited much surprise; but it would hence appear probable, that in some in<» stances the romans, after they had blown the vessel and deposited the sacred relics, again heated the glass, and cave the upper part of it the requisite shape. E 4 *'The VZ HISTORY OF LINCOLN'. " The officers belonging to the cathedral, are the bishop, dean, precentor, chancellor, subdean, six arch- deacons, iifty-two prebendaries, four priest vicars, five Jay clerks or singing men, an organist, seven poor clerks, four choristers, and six burghersh chanters. The dean is elected by the chapter, upon the king's letters recommendatory ; and upon the election being certified to the bishop, he is instituted into the office of dean, and collated to some vacant prebend, to entitle him to become a residentiary. The precentor, chancellor, and subdean, are under the patronage of the bishop, who collates to these several dignities. To the precentorship and chancellorship, prebends are annexed. And when the. subdean is collated, if he is not already a prebendary, the bishop confers on him a vacant prebend, and by the statutes of the church, the above dignitaries, being pre- bendaries, are of course residentiaries.'' The length of this extract will be amply compensated by its value, as it contains by far the most succinct, and yet perspicuous, account of this structure, so justly celebrated, that can perhaps be found. It may not, however, be unin- teresting to the reader to peruse the impression produced by this magnificent edifice, upon a fictitious, but ingenious traveller : we allude to don Espriella, a reputed Spa- niard : but all the merit of his volumes belongs to Mr. Southey, who is known to have been the writer of them. Indeed he did not manage his assumed character with sufficient dexterity to escape detection. He thus de- scribes his approach to this venerable building, from Dunham ferry. " We now entered upon a marsh, and once more beheld the cathedral upon its height, two leagues distant. This magnificent building stands at the end of a long and high hill, above the city. — To the north there are nine windmills in a row. It has three towers, the two smaller ones topped with the small- est spires I have ever seen ; — they were beautiful in the distance — yet we doubted whether they ought to have been there, and in fact they are of modern addition, and not of stone, so that on a nearer view they disgrace and dis- figure the edifice.* Imagine this seen over a wide plain, this * These were taken down in the year 180T. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 73 this the only 'object, — than which the power of man couid produce no finer. The nearer we approached, the more dreary vTas the country — it was one wide fen. — the more beautiful the ci?y, and the more maiestic the cathedral : never was an edifice more happily placed ; it overtops a city built on the acclivity of a steep hill, — its houses intermingled with gardens and orchards. To see it in full perfection, it should be in the red sunshine of an autumnal evening, when the red roofs, and red brick houses would harmonize with the sky, and with the fading foliage. " The exterior of Lincoln cathedral is far more beau- tiful than that of York, the inside is far inferior. They have been obliged in some places to lay a beam from one column to another to strengthen them; they have covered it with gothic work, and it appears at first like a con- tinuation of the passages above. It is to be wished that in their other modern works, there had been the same approximation to the taste of better times. A fine romaa pavement was discovered not many years ago, in the centre of the cloister : they have built a little brick buil- ding over it to preserve it, with commendable care ; but so vile a one, as to look like one of those houses of necessity w'hich are attached to every cottage in this country, and which it is to be hoped w ill one day become as general in our own. A library forms one side of the cloister quadrangle, which is also modern and mean. Another work of modern time, is a picture of the annun- ciation, over the akar. " Most of the old windows were demolished in the days of fanaticism ; their place has not been supplied with painted glass ; and from the few which remain, the eflfect of the coloured light crowning the little crockets and pin- nacles, and playing upon the columns with red, and purple, and saffron shades of light, made us the more re- gret that all was not in the same stale of beauty. We ascended the highest tower, crossing a labyrinth of narrow passages; it was a long and wearying way; the jackdaws who inhabit these steeples have greatly the advantage of '^4 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. US in getting to the top of them. How very much must the birds be obliged to men lor building cathediais for their use. It is somerhino; hig-her than York, and the labour of climbing it was compensated by a bird's-eye view all around us. " We ascended one of the other towers afterwards to fee Great Tom^ the largest bell in England. At first it disappointed me, bat the disappointment wore otf, and we became satisfied that it was as great a thing, as it was said to be. A tall man might stand in it upright ; the mouth measures one and twenty english feet m circum- ference, and it would be a large tree of which the girth equalled the size of its middle. The hours are struck upon it with a hammer. I should tell you, that the method of sounding bells in England is not by striking, but by swinging them; no bell, however, which ap- proaches nearly to the size of this is ever moved, except this; it is swung on Whitsunday, and when the judges arrive to try the prisoners, -another fit occasion would be at executions, to which it would give great solemnity, for the sound is heard lar and wide over the fens. On other occasions it was disused, because it shook the tower, but the stones have now been secured with iron cramps. Tom, which is the familiar abbreviation of Thomas, seems to be the only name which they give t(x a bell in this country." Round the crown thereof is this inscription : SPTRITVS SANCIVS A PATHE ET FILIO PROCEDENS SV^VITER SONANS AD SALVTEM, ANNO DOMINI 1610, DECEMBRIS 3 REGNI JACOBI ANGIJE 8* ET SCOTIE i*''. TRANSLATION. The Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the Son, sweetly sounding to salvation : anno dom. 3 Decem- ber, 1610, in the 8th year of king James of England;, 44 th of Scotland. And round the skirts is the following: LAVRENIIVS STANTON, DECANVS. ROGERVS PARKER,, PRECENTOR, ET MAGISTKR FABRICIE GEORGIVS El.AND. CANCELLAHIVS. ET M AGISTER FABRICIE. RICHARDVS eUAYlXJN, ARCHIDIACOJNVS, LINCOLN. translation;. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. <5 TRANSLATION. Lawrence Staunton, dean. Roger Parker, precentor, master of the fabric. George Eland, chancellor, master of the fabric. Richard Clayton, archdeacon of Lincoln. The weight of this surprising bell is nine thousand eight hundred and ninety-four pounds. It has been gauged, and will hold four hundred and twenty-four gallons, ale measure. The compass of its mouth is about seven yards a half, and two inches. * Great Tom of Lincoln has never travelled beyond the precincts of his own church, but was manufactured on the spot; for which purpose a furnace was erected in the minster yard, in the year 1610; from which he was cast by Henry Holdfield of Nottingham, and William Newcomb of Leicester, bell-founders, and partners in this concern only ; which connection arose from the for- mer being a man of the first eminence in his profession, and to whom such a charge could with safety be com- mitted, and the latter living within the diocese; for the honour of which it was deemed necessary he should have some concern in the business. Many beautiful specimens of Holdfield's work are still to be seen in this and the neighbouring counties ; one, in particular, is the ninth bell of that fine peal of ten in St. Mary's at Nottingham, cast in 1595, which is singularly elegant; the ornaments are similar to those upon Great Tom, and the tones of J)oth are uncommonly fine. In order to render this view of the ecclesiastical his- tory of Lincoln complete, both as to its past and present state, we have freely brought before the reader every thing that could tend to produce that eftect ; and we shall now conclude this division of our work with a general riew of the churches and other religious edifices which formerly adorned, or still continue to adorn this cele- brated city. It appears from authentic records, that previously to the reformation there were no less than fifty-two churches, exclusively * Don Espriella's statement of the circumference is. UQt correct) Wb HISTORY OF LINCOLN. exclusively of the cathedral, in Lincoln, and besides^ various religious houses of different denominations. But the ceaseless and decaying hand of time has silently mouldered away the greater part of these sacred edifices v and only twelve now remain triumphant over the ravages of succeeding centuries. The following list of their names and situation; as far as the latter has always been cor- recily ascertained, will be acceptable to the general reader, and especially to the resident in Lincoln. Those, to which an asterisk is prefixed, are still remaining. NAMES. SITUATION. St. John Baptist Newport. St. Nicholas Ditto. *St. Paul N. E. side of the Castle. . St. Bartholomew W. side of the Castle. St. Peter's in the Bail. All Saints .«» Near the Deanery. *St. Mary Magdalene N. side of Exchequer gate^ St. Margaret. S. K. side of Cathedral. *St. Peter : Eastgate. St. Leonard.-, Ditto. St. Giles Ditto. St. Laurence Skinner's lane. St. Cuthbert Near Bull-ring lane. *Si. Martin Near Dunstan Lock. St. Peter In the old Fish market, St. John Ditto. St. Faith By the Fish closes. *St. Michael on the Mount, Near the front of the Palace^. St. Clement West gate. St. Andrew Within the Palace. St. Gregory Closegate St. Trinity Ditto St. Dennis Thorngate *St. Swithin Near the Sheep market. St. Edward the king. St. Augustine. St. Panond. St. Rumbold. St. Peter by the pump. Holy- HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 'i NAMES. SITUATION. Holy Innocent St. Clement , St. Andrew . ,. . ^-Beyond the Bar. All Saints , St. Peter *St. Botolph Near the Bar. '*St. Peter Near the Gowt bridge. St. Andrew. St. Marg:aret. St. Michael. Holy Cross. *St. Mark. *Sf. Mary-de-Wigford Old Conduit. St. Peter Broadq;afe. ^St. Peter's at Arches Near the Stone-bow. S;. James. - - ^ St. Stephen > Newland. St. Mary Crackpool 3 St. Georoe High bridge. *St. Benedict. . - Near the Corn hill. St. John Corn hiH. St. Trinity -Near the Greeston stairs, St. Edward. Of those to which no " local habitation " is assigned, tradition has not preserved even the slightest menior\ of their site: while of others, the authority is sometimes du- i)ious, by which they have been collated to. Our account of the ecclesiastical history of Lincola shall be terminated by a brief survey of the remains of some of the religious edifices above enumerated. The progress of religion in the different states of Europe pre- sents many remarkable facts to the philosophical historian, and to the sagacious enquirer into the moral prooress of man in society. While, in some countries, the slow developement of reason, and the discoveries of science, have preserved to a bi^-otted priesthood all their pernicious influence upon the welfare of the coairaunity, in others, the .rapid T3 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. rapid diffusion of knowledge has led, not only to a refor- mation of theological abuses, but, to a more enlightened system of general policy, as the best preservative of re- ligious freedom. Thus, while a considerable portion of Europe remained under the disqualifying operations of a corrupt faith, England early followed in the tract pointed out by the first reformers, and divested herself of those shackles which the ignorance and credulity of many ages bad rivetted upon her. Her spurious piety, however, was at one time so great, that she merited and obtained the appellation of " the isle of saint s,'^^ but that venerable denomination was soon abolished when she herself abol- ished the tributary servitude in which she was held by the court of Rome. Lincoln was not behind the other divisions of the empire in her exemplary endeavours to provide for the maintenance and endowment of the pro- fessors of religion at this period. Besides monasteries, nunneries, and other buildings erected for pious uses, Lincoln could boast of more than tifty churches, though few ot these have survived the assaults of tims. Their former existence however forcibly demonstrates the piety of the inhabitants, the influence of the clergy, and the vveahh of the community. Exclusively of the cathedral, only twelve of these religious edifices, as has been already mentioned, now remain ; and it has frequently been re- gretted by men of taste and science that their structure exhibits so little skill, magnificence or fitness, that scarce- ly any of them are deserving of elaborate description.— Among the most distinguished for their antiquity or ar- chitecture are St. Paul's, St. Martin's, St. Benedict's, St. Mar^-de-Wigford, and St. Peter at Goats or Gowts. St. Paul's Is situated near the Mint wall, and though not remark- ble for elegance, yet affords valuable materials for the research of the antiquary, as it is conjectured that it was built on the remains of one erected by Paulinus. Dr. Stukeley very carefully examined it, and he was of opin- ion that in many parts there had been more than one re- building on the foundation ; and he carried conjecture so far as to conclude that the north door, by which the church HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 19 tliurch is entered down aflierht of six steps, belonffed to the ori iiial church, and was thai through which Blecca and his family went when thpy attended divine service. The eye-^ of an antiquary, it should be remembered, have a par- ticular sagacity in discovering the traces of whatever is wanted ; and though it is commonly imagined that ima- gination is the very last quality that is to be found in the composition of an antiquary's brain, yet it would be very easy to shew that this, like many other populir errors, is iounded akog-eiher upon false premises, for it is hardly possible to discover more imagination, more fancy, more inuenuity in fiction than are presented in the volumes of antiquarian research.* Whatever claims to antiquity, however, might be possess- ed by the former fabric, its present condition has little to attract curiosity, being of mean appearance and unskilfully cosnrructed. It should no: be forgotten thai the advocates for its remote antiquity, contend that its very name is an additional proof, St.' Paul being nothing more than an abbreviation of St. Paulinus, St. Martin's • The following is an amusing instance which may be added tQ the manv already upon record, of the facility with which anti- quaries maki^ discoveries. In 1 779. ^ome excavations being made in Paris by order of the police, in search uf stolen articles said to be h.dden between Belle- ville and Mont Martre, a stone was found with an inscription in Tomnn characters which was deemed worthy of the examii'atjon of the gentlemen of the academy, and a commi'tt e was named ior this purpose. Here is the inscription in its original order. 1 C I L E C H E AV I N D E S A N E S. The acadftmy of inscriptions being compl*>tely puzzled, had recourse to the teamed author of the primitive world, count de Gebelin, who was inclined to thiik it antedeluvian, or at least as ancient as the skeletons of unknown anur.als found in th* neigh- boufhood. He had written to the late learned Mr. Bryaat ou the 80 HISTORY or LINCOLN. St. Martin's Church is still prebendal : it consists of a nave and a chancel, with a modern tower built in the last century, by alderman Lobsey. In a chapel to the north of the chc»ncel, is a large monument of alabaster, with two whole length recumbent figures, to the memory of sir Thomas Grantham and his ladyi dated 1618. The fi- gures, however, are greatly damaged by the falling down of the canopy, which happened some years since. St. Martin's also lays some claim to antiquity. in the Pembroke cabinet there was, in Camden's time, a curious silver medal, *' having on one side a sward rsciA\-^ and -? ART I > and on the other Lincolnia Civt, round a cross, which seems to have been struck by the preposi- tus or chief magistrate of the city, in the Saxon times, before the conquest. The cross and saint's name prove it to be christian, and would induce a belief that St. Mar- tin was a tutelar saint of the ciiy before the foundation of the cathedral, one of the principal churches here being dedicated to him, and antiently of royal patronage, till William 1. granted it to Remigius.* To subject, and was preparing a dissertation to shew that the roman characters were derived from thi-se of the insciiption, which were vtrv rude and primitive; and seemed to be the only remaint, of the Celtic empire. Meanwhile, a member of the academy of a more cool and saga- cious turn, visited the spot in order to determine the localities of this grand and interesting discovery. The visit and the stone makinfj a noise in the village, the beadle waited on the academy, recognised an old acquaintance of fifty years, and thus read the antediluvian inscription — hi le chemin cles Anes. That is, in plain english, "'I'his is a road for asses ;" for those aniraal neither any place named Buttercross, or any other cross. S6 HISTORY OF LINCOLN, The city of Lincoln is a county of itself, having four townships in the neighbourhood subject to it, viz. Brace- bridge, Canvvick, Branston, and Waddington. These are called the " liberty of Lincoln. *' This privilege was conferred in the 3rd Geo. I. In all official acts it is styled " the city and county of the city of Lincoln. " Its vis- countial jurisdiction extends twenty miles round: a privi- lege said to be unequalled by that of any city in the kingdom. Lincoln was first represented in parliament in the 49th of Henry III. Some faint and uncertain traces of earlier representation have been urged by those who easily take that for granted, which they are seeking to establish.* The right of election is in the citizens and freemen. The number of voters is estimated at about eleven hundred. The political influence, though by no means absolute, was possessed by lord Delaval, who had a seat at Doddington» in the neighbourhood. As a borough, Lincoln has as high claims to antiquity as any one in England ; and its corporation is older thau most others. The cordvvainers and the weavers are the only incorporated companies. The former was erected into a corporation twenty-one years before the cordwainers of London, and the latter at the. same period, both being incorporated by the royal charter of Richard 11. in 1389. This therefore may be considered as the most ancient company of linen weavers in the nation, being composed of those unfortunate natives of Brabant, who were driven from their native country some years before, and who rewarded the nation that had granted them an asylum, by introducing a lucrative and hitherto unknown trade. Lincoln, like all other corporate places, exercises a sort of monopoly which is highly injurious to the general advancement and freedom of trade. All persons who have not obtained their freedom, if they carry on any kind of trade, * It is said that in the 26th Edward I. Willielmus Disney, and Johannes Ma.rmion, were summoned to parliament as its first representatives. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 8T trade, are obliged to pay an annual acknowledgement to the sheriffs for the time being, for permission so to do. This city had no mayor till 1384, its principal civil governor being a port-reeve, an officer whose business it was to guard the gates of cities and fenced towns. Edward II. however, perhaps with a view to facilitate the obtain- ing supplies for his Scottish wars, granted Lincoln the privilege of being governed by a mayor. Two years after, a parliament was holden here, which voted a soldier and provisions for sixty days, from each village and hamlet in the kingdom, to serve the king during his wars. Of the corporation charters granted to Lincoln, only the last, that of Charles I. 1628, has ever been extracted from the public records of the city. This, there- fore, we have given in the appendix to the present work. " From a perusal of the charter," observes an intelligent writer, " it is evident that it is not the original one, and that the elections and customs there confirmed, were what had been for a long time in common and received usage in that city ; that the privileges of the citizens had been progressively acquired ; and that all then wanting, was a renewed grant or charter, to enforce the observ- ance of their regulations, and to secure what time had so gradually established. Yet though there was every ap- pearance of their privileges being well secured, this corporation did not enjoy the independence it merited, and to which, as part of a free nation, it had a right, for in the year 1 647, three of its aldermen* were turned out of office by the parliament, for having borne commissions in the army of their sovereign; and in 1661,t seven aldermen, two sheriffs, the town clerk, and many of the common council, were displaced by Charles II. for having favoured the measures of parliament; so that whichever party they served, the consequence appeared to be the same. " F 4 These • The names of these three aldetmen were Robert Becke, William Bishop, and Anthony Kent. fThe aldermen displaced in 1661, were Robert Marshall, John Becke, William Marshall, Edward Emiss, William H:ill, John l-.eacb, and Robert SHtterby. Their places wero supplied by ^8 HISTORY OF LINCOLXi These however, were the necessary consequence of tb.it tumultuous state of civil discord in which the voice of neither law uor re .son could be heard, but eich party as it happened to obtain ffte ascendancy, punished the adherents of its less fortunate rival. It might have indeed been expected, that when these causes ceased \o operate, and when from the return of order, pe-ice, and ^otn] faith, the civil Oicupations of society resumed their inflaence, Lincoln, from its local advanfa:.os, would have risen ra- pidly to eminence among our provincial towns. But this did not hapnen. Her progress, on the contrary, was slow and dubious, arid it was not till one individual, actuated no doubt as much by personal as by patriotic itiotives, and calculating; upon future advanages ti*> accrue as well to the city as to his own pos eri?y, oViAined the lease of the Foss-dyke, already alluded to, and by perse* vering revived the droopinof ch-iracer of Lincoln, and created a prodigious source of wealth to his family. A6 tbiscbapter, which is devoted to the detail of every subject connected, however remotely, with the civil con- dition of Lincoln, will necessarily embrace numerous and dissimilar topics, any thing like arran^emenr seems scarcely practicable. The vario.is matters, therefore, shall follow each other with as macb attention to classi- ficaiion as can be paid. Thfe freedom of the ci(y might formerly be purchased for thirty poandn. In 1808, this sum was augmented to fifty pounds, and in 1814, to one hundred pounds. Ap- prentices, however, gain their freedom by serving seven years to a freeman. *r\te right of election is in the citizens and freemen, two members being returned by them to serve in parliament, Lincoln was represented as early as the 49th of Henry in. but the names of the first two that were elected, do Robert Ross, William Dawson, Richard Kile, John Kent, Georije Bracebridge, Thomas Hadiiey, and Edward Cheales. The sheriffs John Middleluook and Juhn Goodenap, weie exchanged for John Townson and Henry Mozlev ; and the town clerk, Mr. Staiuh, Monson. Sir Thomas Meers. 4 1688 Henry Monson. Sir Christopher Nevile. WiLUAM HISTOJIY OP LlJfCOLN. Anno Anno Keg. Uoin. William &MARY.2 1690 7 1695 10 1698 12 1700 13 1701 Anne. 1 1702 4 1705 7 1708 9 1710 12 1713 George L 1 1714 8 1722 ©EORGB II. 1 1727 7 1733 14 1740 20 1746 27 1753 George IIL 1 1760 Sir John Bolles. Sir Edward Hussey. Sir John BoIIes, William Monson. Sir John Bolles. Sir Edward Hussev, Sir John Bolfes. Sir Thomas Meers. Sir John Bolles. Sir fidward Hussey. Sir Thomas Meers. Sir Edward Hussey. Sir Thomas Meers. Thomas Lister. Sir Thomas Meers. Thomas Lister. Richard Grantham. Thomas Lister. John Sibthorp, Thomas Lister. Richard Grantham. Sir John Tyrwhitt. John Monson. Sir John Tyrwhitt. Sir John Monson.* Charles Hall. Charles Monson. Coiiin^sby Sibthorp. Charles Monson. Sir J. de la Font. Tyrwhitt. Charles Monson. Coningsby Sibthorp. George Monson. John Chaplin. George Monson. Coningsby Sibthorp. Thomas • Sir John Monson Tyrwhitt was «lected. made a peer, in whose place »ir John 9S HISTORY OF LINCOLN. Anno Anno Reg. Dom. 8 1T68 Thomas Scrope. Hon. Const. J. Phipps, 14 1T74 Lord Viscount Lumley, Robert Vyner. 20 1780 Sir Thomas Clarges.* Robert Vyner. 24 1784 Sir Richard Lumley Saville. John Fenton Cawthorne. 30 1790 Hon. Robert Hobart. John Fenton Cawthorne.t 36 1796 Richard Ellison Hon. George Rawdon.:|: 42 1802 Richard Ellison. Humphrey Waldo Sibthorp, 46 1806 Richard Ellison. Hon. William Monson. 48 1808 Richard Ellison. Hon. William Monson.§ 52 1812 John Nicholas Fazakerley, Sir Henry Sullivan, bart.|f We have thus traced, and with extreme accuracy, the list of all the different individuals who have, in the pro- gression of centuries, represented the ancient and important city of Lincoln in parliament. There do not appear among them any names of distinguished celebrity in the history of the country ; but many of them recal to the present inhabitants of the city the ancestors of families who * Sir Thomas Clarges died in 1782, in his place John Fenton Cawthorne was elected. t John Fenton Cawthorne expelled, in whose place George Kawdon was elected X George Rawdon died hi 1800, in whose place Humphrey Sibthorp was elected. § William Monson died in 1808, in his place the earl of MeKl)orough was elected. (I Sir Henry Snllivan died in 1814, in whose place Coningsby Waldo Sibthorp was elected. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 99 who still stand high among the wealthy and most re« spected inhabitants of the county. The family of Monson. . in particular, seems to have represented (he'city in many successive parliaments, and the foliovvino- brief particulars of its origHi will therefore be acceptable. The first, of whom tradition has preserved any notice, was William Monson, who was educated at Baliol Col- lege Oxford. Literature, however, had less attractions for him than the activity and dangers of a warlike life ; and entering into the naval service of his country, he soon rendered himself eminent. He commanded in several expeditions against the Spaniards, and rose first to the dignity of vice-admiral, and afterwards to that of admiral. He was knighted by the earl of Essex at the siege of Cadiz, and took a carack of 1 600 tons at Ca- zimbria in Portue;al. He wrote an account of the wars of Spain, from 1585 to 1602, in folio, and dedicated, says Wood, to his son, John Monson. " This worthy knight," observes the same laborious antiquary, *' was in great renown in the beginning of the reign of king James I. and the last time I find him mentioned in the sea service is in 1605, in which year he conveyed over sea Edward the old earl of Hertford, when he was sent ambassador to the archduke for the confirmino- of a pepce ; in which voyage, it is observed bv a ''certain person, that the royal ships of England did then (beino- the first time as he saith) suffer an indignity and affront from a dutch man of war, as he passed by them without vailing.-' His son, sir John Monson, knight of the bath, was not educated at the same university as his father. He lollowed the profession of the law, and became distin- guished for his legal knowledge and forensic acuteness. During the civil war, he remained faithfully attached fo the fortunes of the king, and was always consulted bv Uiarles m all cases of difficulty and moment, such was his reputation for wisdom, and such the royal confidence m his fidelity. His loyalty, however, procured bim the €©mmoa reward when the lebeJiious taction prevailed; « 2 Jtb lOd HISTORY OF LINCOLN. his estates were sequestered, and he paid a fine of two thousand six hundred and forty-two pounds for liberty to pass the rest of his life in peace and obscurity. While he continued secluded from the world, he wrote the following!: works : I. An Essay uijon Afflictions. 2. An Antidote againH the Errors of O^innions, S(c, 2. Supreme Power^ and Common Right. He died in 1684, in the 84th year of his aoe ; and was buried at South Carlton, in the church of which is a monument to his memory. Of the succeedins^ branches of this femily nothing remarkable is recorded. Though this city does not al present confer any titl& in the english peerage, the jjages ot our history bear «mple testimony to the many illustrious individuals who derived their civil and patronymic honors Irom It. The carls of Lincoln w^ere for many centuries distinguished for their power and opulence; and the blood of the an- cient line still flows in the veins of our modern nobility. The following is a correct series of the various families who,, at different periods, derived their titles from the city of Lincoln : — Egga had the honor of being officiary earl of Lincoln* in the year 716, being then co-witness to the charter of king Ethelbald, granted by that monarch to the monks of Crowland. To him succeeded Morcar, after a consider- able lapse of time ; and those are the only two saxon carls of Lincoln that history or tradition mentions. After the conquest the title was revived, and maintained with more regular succession. William de Romara, a norman, was earl of Lincoln ; but in him the dignity did not seem to be hereditary ; for though he had a son, who succeeded to his estates, he did not inherit his title, which remained unappro- priated till the reign of Stephen, who conferred it upon Gilbert de Gaunt, who received it with conditions similar to those that attended the assumption of it by William de Romara ; it was not descendible to his heirs. The HISTORY OF LINCOLN. lOl The next earl of Lincoln was Simon de S. Lize, the younofest son of earl Simon, who, soliciting some lands trom Henry II. for services which he had rendered him, not only obtained the territories he sought, but the title of earl of Lincoln, and the kino-^s daughtor in marriao-e also. When the vveak and faithless tyrant John excited; by hi8 vices, domestic rebellion and foreign invasion, Lewis, the d?iuphm of France, who came into this country to aid the revolted barons, created Gilbert de Gaunt, (of the same family as the preceding Gilbprt ) earl of Lincoln. This however, proved but a «eeiinc- honor ; for no sooner was the authority of Lewis j to his philosophical acquaintance, most of whom Relieved him. He died in 1654. H Df. 114 HISTORY OP LINCOLN. Dr. John Pell, master of arts of Trinity college ia Cambridife, a 2:reat scholar and liniiuist, yet neither scholar nor fellow of that society, because he minded his Btudv so much that nobody minded him ; yet leaving; the collegre be( ame famous (strane;e that his worth was not discerned in the college, where learning is pretended to be loved, admired, and rewarded) for he was soon after made professor of the mathematics at Amsterdam, where his learned colleajrue Le Ger Vossius, heard him with admiration, and by him he is styled, a person of various erudition, and a most acute mathematician. In 1646 the prince of Orange called him to be professor of philosophy and mathematics in hisSchola Illustris at Breda, founded that year, whither William lord Brereton was sent to be his scholar. In 1652 he returned into Enoland, and two years after, Oliver, lord protector, sent him envoy to the switz cantons; and because it was known, that in that public employment, which he held four years, he acted nothino; to the injury of the church of England, Dr. Sanderson, bishop of Lincoln, at the restoration, or- dained him; and Dr. Sheldon, then bishop of London, fTfive him the livinofs of Tobbinp; and Ijaundon-cum- Basseldcne in Essex ; and, when removed to Can erbiiry, made him his chaplain, where he was expected to have been made a dean, but not being active, he never o:ot hijiher than a rector ; and in that post, being a shiftless man, he died poor, and was buried at the charge of Dr. Busby and Dr. Sharp. He wrote divers curious treatises in mathematics, and was the liist inventor of the marginal working in algebra. He died in 1665. Among the great names which are connected with this county, either by birth, habitation, or exploits, it would be inrpossible to forget the two earls of Lindsey, whose zeal, loyalty, and courage, were alike conspicuous. The following account of Robert, is derived from Lloyd's Memoirs, a copious, though not always an impartial work : — He was born December 16, 1572, at London, the <^roat father, like Paulus iEmilius, being amazed with three HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 115 three ^lad tidinsjs at a time ; the taking of Bellefont by his reorimenr, the routing of the duke of Guise's guards by his brigades, and the birth of his sprightly son' by his wife. I ^ J J Queen Elizabeth would needs be god-mother to the young general, as she called him, and the earls of Essex md Leicpsier god-fathers, christening him Robert, (a name, she observed, happy m soldiers and statesmen, as Henry was in kings ; John in divines ; Edward in kwyers; Elizabeth in queens; William in physicians; Edward and Francis in scholars and politicians) and en- joining a trial of his temper, as Pharaoh did of Moses, be- fore discretion might be dissembled, when he discovered more inclination to the armour than the gown, bein^- manly in his very gewgaws and rattles; and almost, with Scanderbeg, calling, the very first word he spoke, for a sword ; and being once, by sir Walter Raleigh, offered the same choice that Achilles was by Ulysses, that is, the soiter fairings of pictures, little books, &c. and those more severe, of little swords, pistols, &c. he betrayed an earl's manhood by his choice of the latter, laying hold, the first thing, when gentlemen came to the house, upon their sword and dagger. Much of his accomplishments he owed to his father's well-disciplined house, more to the strict university more than that to a sober and manly court ; more yet to his four years' travels ; and most of all to his under- takings m the low countries ; where his entertainments were free and noble, his carriage towards officers and soldiers obliging, especially those of his own country his engagements in every action and council remarkable,' his designs on the enemy restless, and his assaults for- ward, being with the first generally at a breach or pass • thrice unhorsed, but never daunted, before NeuTiort ~ His courage growing from his dangers, seldom using a bed abroad, and having but little use of it (as sleepine; but four hours a night usually) at home; hardening thereby his body, and knitting his souj. h2 The. 116 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. The first expedition wherein he appeared, was in the company of the earls of Essex and Nottingham to Calais, where his great spirit was so impatient of delay, that when it was voted that they should set upon the town and ships, he and the earl of Essex threw up their caps, and were so forward, that he was knighted in the market place ; where he said an old woman with a stone knocked down the esquire, and the general commanded him to rise a knight. His next adventure was with sir Thomas Vere to Brill, where he bestowed his time m observing the exact way of modern and regular fortifications. His third expedition was Cwith Gilbert Talbot, carl of Shrewsbury, then ambassador) to make observation upon the renowned french king, Henry IV, and his court (the safest and most useful travelling is in an ambassador's company, and the best places to travel in is Holland to see all the world, and France to see any part of it) Whence he stepped to see the siege of Amiens, so ho- nourably managed by sir John Baskervile and sir Arthur Savage. His fourth sally was Cafter a voyage with the earl of Cumberland, to take the Spanish caracks at Porto Rico) with the northern ambassadors, the lord Zouch and Dr. Perkins, to view the strength, interests, and alliance of the danes, sw^edes, muscovians, &c. and upon his re- turn, a short journey after the earl of Essex, to see the obstructions to, and the benefits of, the conquest of Ire- land. And the last voyage under queen Elizabeth, was with his countrymen sir Richard Leveson and sir William Mounson, to take the great carack worth 1000000 croyvns, 111 the very sight of the Spanish fleet, and under their castle, to the great loss of the Spaniards, but the infinite advantage of the english, who were looked upon now as a people to be fej^red, not to be invaded i thus diverting the power of Spain, that ever and anon threatened us, to de- lb nd itself. Upon HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 1^* Upon king James' arrival, he took a private journey to view the interests, rarities, politics, magnificences, and the designs of Italy, to prepare himself with the more advantage to wait on the earl of Nottingha'.u, iti the splendid embassy to the slow and reserved court of Spain, whence after a view of the famous siege of Os- tend, he returned to be one of the knights of the bath, at the installation of Charles, duke of York, afterwards king of England. When the civil war broke out, Charles appointed the earl of Lindsey lord general of the army, and at the head of his army, a-foot, with a pike In his hand (having trained up his soldiers by skirmishing, before he brought them to battle) he appeared at Edge hill, October 23, 1642, too prodigal of his person, which was not only to fill one place, but to inspire and guide all the army. But it is a maxim of the duke of Roan, that never great persons performed great undertakings, but by making war in person; nor failed, but by doing it by their lieutenants. Here, rather oppressed with numbers, then conquered by powers, opposing his single regiment to a whole brigade, and his person to a whole company, after eighteen wounds, passages enough to let out any soul out of a body above sixty, but that great one of the earl of Lind- sey, he was forced to yield himself, first to the numerous enemies about him, and next day, being hardly used, to the enemy, death ; his side winning the day and losing the sun that made it. Upon Edge hill the noble Lindsey died. Whilst victory lay bleeding by his side. At Edge hill, that was true of him and his country- men, the loyal gentry of Lincolnshire, that was observed of Cataline and his followers — that they covered the same place with their corps when dead ; where they stood in the fight, whilst living. Montague, earl of Lindsey, his son and successor, being embarked in the same loyal cause, was taken H 3 prisoner 118 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. prisoner at the same fight, and kept at London near a year, when being released, he returned to the king at Oxford, where he was the more welcome, becriuse he had, by his confinement, brouoht over to his majes- ty several lords and gentlemen, who immediately fol- lowed him thither. At Oxford he laboured to further an accommodation between his majesty and parliament, and while that could not be effected, as dexterously man.iged the king's cause at Newberry and Naseby, when the king's cause was so deplorable, that he was forced to trust his enemies. His lordship, with the duke of Richmond, yielded himself up to the army ; and though, after a considerable imprisonment, he was re- leased, he was sequestered, decimated, &c. to the loss of above seven thousand pounds. When the king fell into his enemies' hands, he used all possible application to save his life, not only offering a ransom, or himself an hostage, and if nothing but blood would satisfy them, to suffer death in his stead ; but when all he could do did not prevail, he, with some other honourable persons, pro- cured orders for, and gave attendance upon, his majesty's funeral. In the banishment of king Charles II. he made a provision privately for his majesty and his friends, and, with general Monke, consulted all along for his resto- ration, which being effected, he was made one of his majesty's privy council, lord lieutenant of Lincolnshire, a commissioner for the trial of the king's murderers, lord chamberlain at his coronation, and a knight of the most noble order of the garter. He died at Kensington, anno 1365. This county has further been eminent for the highest stations ; for not to rise higher, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, the men of this shire had the highest offices. Edward, lord Clinton and Say, was made lord higfo admiral of England for life. William Cecil, was made lord high treasurer. . John Whitgift, was archbishop of Canterbury. Peregrine HISTORY OP LINCOLX. H9 Peregrine Bertie, was lord general of France. Sir Edmund Anderson, lord chief justice of the com- mon pleas, Thomas Wilson, doctor of laws, and secretary of stale. All these were countrymen and contemporaries, and, though born in the same sliire. none of them akin to each other, but all raised themselves by God's blessino, the queen's favour, and their own deserts, without any help or assistance from each other. To this list of eminent men may be added the name of Dr. Willis, who was a native of the city of Lincoln. He was educated at Brazen-nose college, Oxford, where he took a mastery's degree in the year 1T40. After entering into holy orders he was preferred to the rectory of St, John's, Wapping. Having a partiality to the medical pro- fession, he determined to adopt it; for which purpose, in the year 1T59 he accumulated the degrees of bachelor and doctor of physic at his own university. In this profession he soon became eminent; and paying particular attention to a malady, whose causes and cure were little understood, he became celebrated for the treatment of insanity. He went to reside in his native country, and opened a large house for ihis purpose at Gretford, where he w^as so auccesslul, that on a late relapse of our sovereign, his advice was sought for on that melancholy occ^ision. — Having fortunately restored the king's health, the fame of his professional service to this country, induced the court of Portugal to solicit his assistance for the queen, then labouring under a similar affliction ; but though after some months trial, he was unsuccessful, his reputa- taion remained undiminished. It was a confirmed case, which completely baffled all medical skill, and resisted the force of medicine. At the time of his death, a num- ber of afflicted persons of family and respectability were under his care at Grefford and Shillingthorpe, where the doctor had establishments for such patients. He lived H '1 highly 120 HISTOJtY OF LINCOLN. highly esteemed, and died greatly lamented, at an ad- vanced age, December the 5th, 1 807 ; and his remains were interred in Gretford church. Having thus enumerated the principal names of those individuals whose characters have shed a lustre upon the place of their nativity, the next consideration natu- rally leads us to the means, by \yhich mental capacity is enabled to expand and display its energies. It is in vain that a soil is fertile, if it be prolific only in weeds ; and weeds alone can thrive, where the fostering hand of cul- tivation does not extend its labours. Man is a creature so largely dependent on the circumstances, by which he is surrounded, that he cannot develope even the endow- ments, which nature may have bestowed upon him, with- out the aid of concurring events. Had Newton been born in the reign of Alfred, he would have been some- thing above the rest of his countrymen, by the mere un- assisted energies of his character; but he could not have disclosed those wonderful operations of his mind, which required the existence of antecedent and contemporary events for their production. There can be no doubt that men of transcendent genius have been born in every age, that is, men born with the capacity of greatness ; but wanting a fit theatre for action, adequate causes and requisite opportunities, they have passed through life, eminent only in their own narrow circle, without filling the world with their renown. Hence, there is no less of philosophical truth than of pathetic poesy, in the well- known stanzas of the poet: Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid. Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire. Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, Or wak'd to ecstacy the living lyre. But KNOWLEDGE to their eyes her ample pag^ Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll; Chill penury repressed their noble rage And froze the genial current of the soul. Fuli HISTORY OF LINCOLN. VZ) Fall many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear, Fall many a flowV is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness in tha desart air. Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast. The little tyrant of his fields withstood. Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest. Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. These affecting images are applied to the nameless dead of a village churchyard ; but let the mmd of the reader suppose it is contemplating the vast charnel-house of the world, the sepulchre of buried generations, of forgotten millions of human beings, and their truth will be no less applicable and resistless. Every age, every country, every hamlet, in the revolving course of tmie, has produced minds of that character and description, which would have led their possessors to the same heia:ht, that a Shakespeare, a Bacon, and a Milton have reached, if their lot had cast them upon times and circumstances calculated to bring forth their occult capabilities. An eminent writer has observed that " education form:- the common mind;" but the maxim would have been more philosophical, if he had extended the influence of education to every mind. Not that early instruction pro- duces exactly the same degree of effect upon all minds, because some are compounded of such sluggish and inert materials that they have no motion but what is derived from external impulse ; while others, possessing an ori- ginal and salient spring of action, overleap the bounds prescribed by tuition, and, instead of forming themselves by precedent example, become examples for future gene- rations. Still, however, something, in every intellect, is to be ascribed to the early impressions received from education, and, however vigorous may be the native facul- ties, they cannot wholly shake off the trammels imposed by youthful habits and associations. Gra}, in that beau* tiful fragment, which every lover of philosophical poetry must 122 HISTORY Oh LINCOLN. must lament is only a fragment, the Essay on the alliance between education and government^ happily illustrates the force and efficacy of education: As sickly plants betray a niggard earth. Whose barren bosom starves her gen'rous birth, Nor genial warmth, nor genial juice retains. Their roots to feed, and fill their verdant veins ; And as, in climes, where winter holds his reign, The soil, tho' fertile, will not teem in vain. Forbids her gems to swell, her shades to rise, Nor trusts her blossoms to the churlish skies, So draw mankind in vain the vital airs, Unform'd, unfriended, by those kindly cares. That health and vigour to the soul impart. Spread the young thought, and warm the op'nin^ heart. In considering the moral and political condition of any place, therefore, a topic inseparable from that considera- tion, is the state of education, and the facilities for diffusing it. Lincoln, though somewhat behind other cities in public institutions for this purpose, is not wholly destitute of them. Of private seminaries it will not be necessary to say any thing, because they are always the offspring of individual interest, and of course fluctuate according as the probabilities of promoting that interest change and vary. There were formerly two grammar schools upon pub- lic foundations ; one in the close, maintained by the dean and chapter, the other in the city, supported by the corporation. In the year 1583, both these were united, and the master is elected, and half his salary paid, by the dean and chapter ; while the usher is elected and paid by the corporation, who are also bound to pay the other half of the master's stipend, and to keep the school-house in good repair. The Blue-coat school, or Christ's hospital, joins the West-gate of the Episcopal palace^ and is a neat modern building HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 123 building. Richard Smith, M. D. was the founder of this hospital, in 1602, who left the manor and certain estates at Potter Hanworth in the county of Lincoln, for the purpose of maintaining and educating twelve poor boys in the hospital. Benefactions since left, and the in- creased value of the estates, have enabled the governors to increase the number (in 1815) to tilty, who wear a similar dress to those of Christ's church, London. The boys are taken in between the ages of seven and eight, and aprenticed out at the age of fifteen, with a premium of sixteen pounds. The following is an account of the benefactors, since Mr. Richard Smith's : — A person or persons unknown, devised estates at l<'ramp- ton, Kirton, and Wehon-cum-Beckering, for two more boys. Peter Richer, M. D. of the bail, Lincoln, left, in 1732, by will, twenty pounds yearly, issuing out of lands at Winthorpe, for two more boys. Mr. alder- man John Lobsey of Lincoln, left, in 1748, two hundred pounds, for one boy. Mr. Edward Holland, plumber and glazier of Lincoln, in 1749, bequeathed an estate, which sold for two hundred and fifty pounds, for another bo)^ Mr. alderman John Hooton of Lincoln, in 1767, be- queathed two hundred and twenty pounds, for another boy. In 1766, Mr. Richard Barker, schoolmaster, Lincoln, bequeathed one hundred pounds, the interest arising from which was to be given, every seven years, amongst such poor men, educated in the hospital, as the governors should deem most worthy, but not less than five pounds to each. The late Mr. Gamston also bequeathed a con- siderable sum of money for the support of this establish- ment. In 1813, a National school, upon Dr. Bell's plan, was erected near the church of St. Peter's at arches, in Silver-street. It educates 180 boys and 120 girls; a number too small, we should think, for the population of the place ; but if it receive due encouragement, it may in the process of time be extended, so as to render it >nore extensively useful. CHAPTER IV, CHAPTER IV. *^»*^^,/^*^yvr<^^.#V^*\^x^»,/Vy^*,*^**^* PUBLIC BUILDINGS, CASTLE, ANTIQUITIES, &C. stone. A mass of the old roman wall is still to be seen, eastward of this gate; and to the west is another large mass, called the Mint wall, which ran parallel with the town wall, and is described by Dr. Stukely as consisting of '' a layer of squared stones, with three layers of brick, each one foot high, then three of stone for the same height, then three of brick, and twelve of stone, and then brick and stone to the top." It was about dxteen feet high, and forty feet long, and had scaffold holes, and marks of arches. Mr. Gough thinks this was part of a roman gra- nary. Southward of the station above described were other roman works, which extended from the brow to the bottom of the hill. As the colony increased, this was necessary ; and the southern side of the hill would be found more pleasant and temperate in winter than the summit. Besides, the river at the bottom would attract the mhabitants, when they felt themselves protected by a commanding and powerful garrison.* It appears that a fortified 'The following are the roman roads branching off from, and sta- tions connected witli, Lindum-colonia. The Ermine-sireet, some- limes called High street and Old-street, left the station on the north, and continued nearly in a straight line to the river Humber, on the southern bank of which were the roman settlements, or vil- las, Ad-Abum, VVinteringham, and Horkttow. About five miles north of Lincoln, another roan, or military way, branched off from the former, at nearly right angles, and passed wc-sterlv. by Scamp- ton, Stow, and Marton, where it forded the Trent, and near which was Agelocum. On the east of Lindum, the road called the 126 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. wall, with towers at the corners, continued from the top to the bottom of the hill, where it turned at rij^ht angles by the side of the river. These fortifications underwent several alterations and additions during the various civil wars, to which the place was subjected. Hence it is very difficult, if not wholly impossible, to define what is really of roman origin, or of saxon or norman workmanship. It is equally perplexing to ascertain the time of establish- ing the first colony here, forming the station, building the walls, or extending the city. The Rev. Mr. Sympson, one of the vicars choral, has offered some conjectures on those subjects; and as they serve to illustrate a few points respecting the roman city, I shall avail myself of some passages from his writings. In taking down the roman wall, several coins have been found, ])elonging to the following emperor>: — FI. Vespasian, Nero, Carausius, Julian, &c. '*• From considering them, and the situation in which they were found, I conjecture that this wall was either built by Carausius, or built or repaired after the lime of Julian. When Carausius assumed the pur- ple, and bade defiance to the authority and power of Maximian Hercules, who was so exceedingly enraged agamst him, that he had endeavoured to assassinate him, we may reasonably suppose, that so vigilant and consum- mate a general would fortify himself in the securest manner; and this colony being of the greatest importance to him, from its situation near to the banks of that part of the Witham, which continued the communication be- tween the Car-dyke and another artihcial canal called the Foss-dyke, to the Trent, for the convenience of car- rying corn, and other commodities, from the Iceni. &q. for the use of the northern pra?tentures ; it is not impro- bable that he built the walls and gates of the old city. This was about the latter end of the third century." — From Foss-way, branched off towards the sea coast. The Pame road entered the city, on the soiulieri) s^ide, and in a south-westerly direction comnxunicated withCrocolana, probabiv at or near Brough in Nottinghamshire 'I'be F.rmine-street joined the last road near the southern border of the station, and communicated with the itiition of Causeunis, supposed to be at Ancaster. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 127 From the various coins of Carausius found here, at difFe- renr times, Mr. Sympson supposes that the emperor resided here lor some lime. Amon^ these was one of Dioclesian, with the reverse '' PAX. AVGGG," which was struck in honour of the peace made by Carausius and Dioclesian, and Maximian. A votive tablet, with the followino- in- scription, has been found among the ruins of the wall : — M. LA ETII. F MAX CT. MI. Mr. Sympson reads it as follows: " Marcus Laeliu- i^tii P'ilius Maximo ct (et) Maximo Jovi, and I sup- pose it dedicated to the emperor Maximus. In 1739, a discovery was made of three stone coffins, at the south-west corner of the close, near the Chequer- gate. Beneath these was a tessellated pavement, and under that a roman hypocaust. *' On the floor, a strong cement, composed of lime, ashes, and brick dust, com- monly called terrace mortar, stood four rows of pillars, two feet high, made of brick, eleven in a row, in all forty-four, besides two half pillars. The round pillars beiny composed of ten courses of semicircular bricks, laid by pairs, the joint of every course crossing that of the former at rigrht angles, with so much mortar betwixt the two semicircles, rather form an oval, making the pil- lars look at first sight as if they were wreathed ; the square pillars are composed of thirteen courses of bricks, eijrht inches square, ihinner than those of the red ones. The floor of the sudatory, resting on these pillars, is com- posed of large bricks, twenty-one by twenty-three inches, which lie over the square bricks on the pillars, the four corners of each reaching to the centres of the adjoining pillars. On this course of brick is a covering of cement, six inches thick, inlaid with a pavement, composed of white tessellae. The walls of this room were plastered, and the plaster painted red, blue, and other colours, but no figures discernable in either painting or pavement. This pavement, which is on a level with the testudo of the 128 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. the hypocaiist, is about thirteen feet below the present surface of the ground : so deep is old Lindum buried in its ruins."* In 1T82 another similar discovery was made near the Kings arms. This appears to have been also a sudatory. On a floor, composed of two courses of bricks, and two layers of terrace mortar, stood a number of squares four feet high, their crown eight inches and a half thick, supported by pillars of bricks, sixteen inches by twelve, which, as well as the arches, were covered over with two coats of mortar; and supported a floor composed of terrace and bricks irrepuiarly intermixed. The inter- vals between the pillars were two feet three inches, two feet five inches, and two feet seven inches : several of the pillars were gone. To the north beyond two rows of these pillars, whose floors rise one inch and a half from north to south, were passages, at the end of which the arches began again; but the discovery was pursued no further that way, for the external wall, which is six feet thick of brick and stone intermixed, extends north- ward beyond the width of one arch, but how much fur- ther cannot be traced, the arches being broken in and filled with rubbish. Where the second set of arches commmences, was found a hole, that goes sloping up into the outer wall, beginning at the crown of the arches, and seems to have communicated with some part above. By the joints in the work, it is conjectured, that the place with pillars, and the one with passages, had been built at different times. On the south was an entrance, whose floor l^lls five inches, and is continued beyond the jamb. The surface of the floor is thirteen feet six inches below the garden, in which it is situated. Numbers of fragments of urns, paterae, and other earthen vessels, but none very ornamental, were found amongst the rubbish ; also earthen bottles terminating in a point, without any orifice. The external walls were built of stone intermixed with brick. In • Camden's Britannia, by Gou»h, Vol. 11. p. 257. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 129 In a communication made to the society of antiquaries by Jolin Pownal!, Esq. published in the tenth volume of the Archoeologia, is a description of an ancient place of sepulture, discovered in an open field, half a mile due east of the East-gate of the ancient Lindum. Mr. P. says, there were found in 1T90, in digging about three or four feet below the surface, a very curious sepulchral monument, evidently roman, and of some person above the rank -of the lower order; but as the urn, which the sarcophagus inclosed, contained nothing but sand, ashes, and burnt bones, the aera of interment could not be ascer- tained. The sarcophagus consisted of a large stone trough, of rude workmanship, with a cover of the same ; both the stone and the cover had originally been square, but the ravages of time had so worn off the an- gles, as to give it the appearance of rotundity. Ano- ther stone of the same kind, was found near it, ol a quadrangular shape, evidently used for the same purpose, but without a lid or urn. This, with many rare fragments of antiquity, were preserved by the Rev. Dr. Gordon, the precentor of the cathedral ; who, in a letter to Mr. Pownall, dated March 2, 1791, gives an account of several earthen and glass urns, which w^re discovered in the same field, some of which were of a singular shape. He also de- scribes a room, twenty feet by sixteen, which was dis- covered in a quarry about one hundred yards west from the other : the heio-ht could not be ascertained, but the bottom vvas about twelve feet from the present surface. The floor was covered with black ashes, and the walls bore evident marks of fire. Two skeletons were found lying on the floor, also a large stone trough, capable of holding" a man, but not of sufficient depth for the purpose of a coflin. This was probably a sarcopha«ius, in which, as Pliny informs us in his Nat. Hist. Lib. II. all bodies, previous to urn burial, were accustomed to be burnt. The doctor thinks the room mi^ht have been ap wopriated for the recetnion of bodie-< tlia' were pre- pared for the funeral ceremonies. Suetonius in Nerone, t and 130 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. and some other writers, have described similar places unde/ the name of Libitina, whither dead bodies were carried previous to interment. — " Erat porro Roma& porta Libitina per quam cadavera ad Libitinam eflfere- bantur."* The same field having been broken up for the purposes of quarrying, several stone coffins of various shapes have at different times been discovered in the loose ground, which covers a substratum of rock ; from these and other circumstances, it is highly probable that this was a roman burial ground for the great contiguous municipium, and continued so till a different mode of burial was established by the introduction of Christianity. Fragments of roman pottery were found here in 1 786. They consisted of fine close clay, cleared of hetero- geneous sand, and so baked as to preserve an equal hardness and uniform red colour throughout. Between the castle and Lucy tower, on the side of Foss-dyke, have been found some glazed earthen pipes, two feet long, and between two and three inches diameter, fastened together by joints. These formed part of a set of conduit pipes, for the conveyance of water to the town from a spring on the high ground near. In a field north-east of the town, was discovered another supposed conduit of the same aera. About fourteen yards to the north of the Assembly room, was a large well or cistern, of very sin- gular construction, called the Blind well. It was built with neat walling ; and at the top was eighteen feet dia- meter, narrowing towards the bottom. This has some years since been filled up. Communicating with this, it appears, pipes were laid from a spring head, at a dis- tance of forty-two chains. In a low ground, abounding with springs, on the other side the hedge of Nettleham inclosure, are trace? of a building, supposed a reservoir, whence, from under a raised bank, parallel with a balk pointing to the spring head, are pipes to another such bank, forming with it an obtuse angle. In the bank or road to which the first series of pipes point, are in places raised parts, which bear a strong resemblance to a roman rampart, * Lazius Comm, Reipub. Rom. HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 131 rampart, and a remarkable excavation is said to have been discovered in it some years since, by the breaking HI of a loaded wagcjon. the whole length from the mound to the second pipe, is sixty-three chains and forty- six links, or nearly 1397 yards. The pipes are about one foot ten inches long. They have no insertion, but are joined by an exterior ring or circular course, with a process of very strong cement, like the bed in which the pipes are laid. Count Caylus, in his Receuil d'Antiq. tom. II. describes a similar kind of aqueduct, which supplied Paris with mineral water from Chailleot, in the time of the romans. A plan of that at Lincoln is engraved in Gough's Camden. Within the area of the cathedral cloisters is part of a roman tessellated pavement, still preserved, and secured from the weather and injury by a small building erected over it. In 1T8S, in the area of Lincoln castle, was found a roman vessel, nearly emire, three feet and a half below what appears to be the natural rock, and fourteen beneath the present surface. It was of black pottery, and one side of it was corroded. Another fragment of a roman vessel, found in the rubbish of a roman building within the castle, had been apparently gilt ; and was, according to governor Pownall, who furnished the account, of a sinor a decree ^for supplyinoj it refrularly with corn. Amon^ the collections of medals this coin is considered as a rarity, because rhe reii^n of Claudius was too short to allow of many medals being struck during his government. In 1810 there were other brass coins of roman manu- facture, and very small, found in the castle yard, and in digging the foundations of the judg^es' lodgings on the castle hill. Among them was a Claudius with the radiated head. The rest w^ere illegible, if we except the follow- ing which was in a perfect state. Round a laureate head was FLAV. L. coNSTANTiNVS NOB. c. Ou the reverse were military standards with the inscription gloria exercitvs. In the exergue tr. s. The title nob. c. or nobilis CiESAR was sometimes conferred on the young prince, that was heir apparent to the throne, and appears to have been given to Constantine by his father Constantius at ihe time this coin was struck; and the tr. s. or treviris signata, shews that it was struck at Treves. " Numbers of tablets " says a modern writer, to whose labours we have frequently been indebted in compiling the present volume, " inscriptions, &c. have been found in various parts of Lincoln, some of which have been preserved ; but the greater number have fallen a prey te» ruthless ignorance, and been completely destroyed. — Others have been removed and placed as ornamental stones in the walls of modern buildings, as if to burlesque the taste of the architects, and mislead the antiquary in his conjectures." " In the wall of a stable, in the yard of the Rein-deer inn, is an oblong stone, evidently brought from some other situation, and placed here to preserve it. It is long and narrow, and has an inscription in two lines, in saxon characters, which proves it to have been a monu- ment or tomb-stone, to the memory of some illustrious per-on. The lang-uage is the old Norman, such as was used in the tenth century, and is thus read : Randolph history of lincoln. 115 Randolf Doberton Gyt Ici. DiEu De Sa Alme Ayt Merci. Amen. forming a monumental distich agreeable to the taste of those times for sepulchral inscriptions. It is thus trans- lated: Randolph Doberton lies here, God on his soul have mercy. Amen. There is nothing on record to inform us who this Ran- dolf Doberton was ; so that whether he belonged to the laity or clergy, must be mere conjecture. This stone, no doubt, belonged to a monastery or church, as in the same wall where it is placed, are other stones, carved, and not unlike some over the porch of St. Peter's at Gowts. There is a cherub's head, rudely carved, with a cross, at the beginning of the inscription. It has been supposed by some, that he was a person who had followed the conqueror, and had received the manor of Burton, about two miles from the city, as a gift ; and indeed the words are so much alike ( it being only necessary to substitute an e for an o) that it does not seem improbable to have been the case. When thus transposed, it would read '* RandeJf de Borton, or Raa^ Mi of Boxton." CHAPTER V. CHAPTER V. LINCOLN IN 1816, MISCELLANEOUS FACTS, SlQ. Division of Lincoln — Entrance to the city — St. Botolph\^ church — Gowt bridge — John of Gaiinfs stables — Old window — St. Mari/s conduit — Corn hill-— High bridge — Stone bow — Butter market — City assembly room — Butchery — County assembly room — House of indus- try—Depot — Monk's house, S^c. A local history can scarcely be considered as complete, without some description of its present, as well as past condition, and some account of subsisting regulations, conveniences, and institutions. We shall therefore con- clude this volume with a brief enumeration of such par- ticular facts as may interest the temporary or permanent resident in Lincoln, and may serve to direct his inquiries upon points not altogether unimportant, in the estimation of what is either useful or convenient. Lincoln is divided into two parts, called above hill and below hill ; but this division is altogether arbitrary, and so little defined, indeed, that it is doubtful whether any of the inhabitants can determine, where the one commenc- es or tb.e other terminates. That part, however, which is called above hill, is commonly selected as a residence by the more opulent and genteel portion of the community, while the other is inhabited by merchants and tradespeo- ple, a class of persons certainly not less respectable or less valuable than those, who live upon the fortunes bequeath- ed by their ancestors without contributing any thing to the general stock of industry or wealth. The city is large «nd long, and consists of only one grand street, from which some HISTORY OF LINCOLN. \il some smaller ones branch off at right angles. The en- trance to the city, by the London or Newark road, is by the norman soiuh-gatp, called the south Toll bar, which is guarded on the outside by the Sincil dyke, running from west to east, to some distance below the bar,* where it turns southward, past the remains of an old tower, built to defend the angle. At present however it answers no pther purpose than that of a shed for cattle. On passing the bar lodge, which, in its structure, ex- hibits no proofs of taste, Lincoln presents the appearance of a long street, with buildings of every description con- fusedly intermingled, without any attempt at order or uniformity. But the gradual ascent of the houses erected on the declivity of the hill, as crowned by the cathedrcil, forms a picture, which, to strangers, must appear pecu- liarly striking and sublime. Nor, as you approach the object, which forms the commanding feature in this land- scape, is the admiration of the spectator diminished, — That which excited his wonder at a distance, now attracts him with its elegance, and delights him with its symmetry. The architecture of the cathedral will bear the minutest inspection. The more it is examined, the more, after every examination, will its beauties unfold themselves. The just proportions, the chaste simplicity of the decora- tions, the harmony of the parts, and the extreme lightness of the edilice, considered as a whole, must, to the critical eye of taste, stamp it as one of the most elegant gothic structures, that can be seen in this kingdom. A small church stands on the right, called St. Botolph's, which harmonizes well with its local situation, being that of a village, but which has nothing imposing or grand in its appearance. A branch of the river Witham crosses the street at some distance beyond St. Botolph's church, over which there used to be two bridges, that were inconvenient and dangerous to passengers ; but the whole of this district K 2 has * On the west side of the road, a cross formerly stood, in memory 9f qaeen Eleanor, who died at Harby, seven miles from this citv-- MS HISTORY OF LINCOLN. has untler2:one various improvements, by the spirited ex- ertions of the mayor, in the course of the year 1815, by clearing; some waste g;roun(l ol' the rubbish that had ac- cumulated, and placing: posts, chains, and lamps from the bridge to St. Botolph's church. A plea=;ant walk has also ieen made from the bridge to the little village of Canwick, the seat of Col. Siblhorp, by which means a considerable distance is saved to those whom business or pleasure may lead thither. The two bridges have likewise been takea down, and in their place one handsome bridge has been erected, which is both commodious and ornamental to the city. Adjoining to the church of St. Peter's at Gowts, are the old buildings, called John of Gaunt's stables, and oppo- site to them is the oval window ; both of which have beea before described. The next object which attracts the attention of the cu- rious observer, after passing St. Mark's church, is the Conduit, situated in the front of St. Mary-de-Wigford's church. This is considered as one of the most beautiful among the minute curiosities of Lincoln. This edifice appears to have been erected in the reign of Henry VIII. wlien gothic architecture was in its greatest perfection ; Leiand, who died in the fifth year of Edward VI. men- tioning it as, '« the new castle of the conduit, " confirms this conjecture. It is surmounted by a small parapet of pierced work, in the form of expanded roses; and this again is crowned by a battlement, agreeing in size with the whole. A mould- ing runs below the open roses, and a little below that, another, forming a fillet for a similar border of expanded roses, but carved in semi-relief, instead of being pierced through, like the upper ones: at the south-west corner is a niche,''which no doubt contained a statue formerly. The windows are of that kind of pointed arch, which is deno- minated the compound gothic, and is the most beautiful of all its varieties.. On each side of the west window is a circular projecting stone, appearing to have once sup- ported a statue. On the south of this edifice are two recumbent HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 149 rccumhent figures on the wall: supposed to be Raniilphus de Kyme, a rich merchant of Lincoln, and a great bene- factor to its religious establishments; and a female, pro- bably his wife, in a relioious habit, with a book in her hands, resting upon her breast. On the east side of the street, between the churcheis of St. Mary-de-VVigford nnd St. Benedict's, is a small square, used as a corn market. The High bridge. A tradition exists that this bridge had no less than five arches, to cross as many channels of the river. It has now only one, twenty-one feet nine inches diameter, and eleven feet bi^h. is at least four hundred years old. Many old houses remain on and about the bridge, which appear to have been religious buildings.* It has this year (1815) been widened,^ and has received other improvements, which are a great ac- commodation to the public. On the eastern side of the bridge is an obelisk, erected in 1763, beautifully ornamented;' adjoining is a conduit, which supplies the city with water from the same spring, as that at St. Mary''s and the Grey friars. The Stone bow is a large tower gateway, crossing the hi^h street. It is said to have been built about the 13th of Richard II. but from the style, probably much later. This is reckoned one of the most perfect gateways in England. It consists of a large gothic arch in the centre, guarded on each side by a round tower ; on the outside of each tower is a lesser gateway or postern not pointed like the middle arch, but composed of that kind of flat gothic, which masons distinguish by the term of elliptical. K 3 The * " Running from the bridije down the chapel entry, on the souih side of the river, is Scotch hall, an ancient buiidinp-, whose windows were formerly full of painted glass. On one side of a door case, within the court, and on the other parts, were carved in wood and stone, the arms of Geg^ge ( whose mansion it probably was ) a chevron between two crescents in chief, and a cross patee ^tohee in base; also in the south window of St. Benedict's church adjoining:, and qviartered by the Grantham's from the time of Henry VIII." — Gough's Camden. 150 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. The two lower tiers of windows are of tlic s;imc shape as the two posterns, but those in the upper storv of an f le- gaiit nuillion. The whole is embattled and docorrited with mouldings. In a niche in the east tower is a larj^e statue of the angel Gabriel, holding a scroll ; and in the western one, another of the virgin Mary, treading on a serpent; between them, over the grand arch, is a coat of arms much defaced; and on the outside ol" the two towers, on the wall, are the ciiy arms. The two towers, and the lovYer part of this building are certainly much older t!;an the upper part, which is elegant, and of the style of the sixteenth century. It appears not improbable, therefore, that some part of the original structure has been pulled down and rebuilt. Before the erection of the present commodious sessions house for the city, the upper room of the Stone bow was used for that purpose, and the apartments at the east end as the city gaol ; but it is evideirt these apartments were not originally built for this purpose, but appear to have been used as a kitchen, very probably at the city feasts. Those at the west end are at present let off as dwelling houses. The Butter market, which is situated just past the church of St. Peter's at arches, owes its origin to the patriotic exertions of a citizen of Lincoln, John Lobsey, Esq. who, in 1736, obtained an act of common council for applying annually, for ten years, the sum of one hundred pounds, which was usually spent in the city feasts, to the improve- ment of the city. It is difficult to determine, which we should most applaud in this transaction ; the public-.-pirit- ed feeling of the individual, or the philosophical submis- sion of the common council, who voluntarily forewent the luxuries of a good dinner, to confer a benefit upon posterity. We apprehend the history of common coun- cils in genera] record few such instances of magnanimous self devotion. The building consists of four rows of forms, which are placed two or three deep from end to end, and on which those v\ho bring butter, fowls, or any similar commodity, seat themselves and rest their baskets. Above n HISTORY O? LINCOLN. 151 Above the market is the City assembly room. It was erected in 1757, and though small, answers all the purposes, for which it was designed. Five or six sub- scnpjion assemblies, besides charitable ones, are usu^illy held in it during the year. Three recesses in this room severally contain large bronze statues, given by the right honorable lady Monson, in 1813. The Butchery was erected in 1774, at the expense of the corporation, and, though small, is, in all other respects, deserving of the commendation, which has been bestowed upon it. At the top of the hill there is a long seat, called the Mayor's chair, fixed in 1733, at the expense of the city, as a resting place for the aged and weary traveller. The County assembly room is nearly opposite (o St. Paul's, in the bail. It is very spacious, and neatly de- corated. At this room assemblies are held at the races ; there is also an annual one for the encouragement of the stuff manufactory, which is supported by many of the first nobility. The House of industry stands on the north west of the castle, in a most healthful situation. It contains the poor of the several parishes of Lincoln, and as many others, as choose to take advantage of its establishment. It is governed by a board of directors, chosen from the several parishes, who hold a meeting weekly. Three auditors are appointed to publish a statement annually of the expenditure, &c. The Depot, or military arsenal, which was erected in 1806, during the alarm of invasion, stands a little to the north-east corner of Brayford, on the Gainsborough road. It is a brick edifice, and is capable of holding about a thousand stand of arms, from which the inhabitants were ta have been supplied, in case of actual necessity. It is al- ways guarded by a detachment of invalids from the royal artillery. K 4 Abo tit 152 HISTORY OF LINCOLN. About half a mile eastward of the city, are the riiiiis of a religious habitation, called Monk's house, situated very near the river Witham. Part of the walls of the chapel, and the cuter walls of the apartments, remain almost entire, but have been disrobed of their roofs, and all ornaments, time immemorial. That this building was a place of religious retirement, is evident from what Le- land says, *' some hold that east of Lincoln were two suburbs, one towards St. Biges, late a cell to St. Mari abbey at York, which place I take to be Icanno, where \Yas a house of monks in iSt. Botolph's time, and of this speaketh Bede : it is scant halve a mile from the minster." There was, as we are informed, a priory of black friars at the eastern part of Lincoln, so early as the twelfth year of Edwaid I. That their residence was, what is now- termed " Monk's house," seems confirmed by Camden, who informs us the priory mill was turned by a spring of a very petrifying quality. A short distance east of the ruin is a spring of this description ; and though at present it does not yield sufficient water for the turning of a mill, yet, on observing its former channel, (close to the ruin) it appears at that time to have been of sufficient depth for this purpose. It cannot, however, at present be ascer- tained, that a mill actually did stand hereabout. The water of this spring is similar, in some measure, to that of the petrifying springs in Derbyshire, containing a large quantity of carbonate of lime, and a proportion of iron ; and its medicinal qualities are similar to those of the waters of Spa and Pyrmont, namely, highly carbonated chalybeate. It is much resorted to during the summer season. Many porous stones are to be found at the bot- tom of the channel, which have undoubtedly been formed by the deposition of the carbonate on any substance it met with ; these, joining one to another, form soft and porous masses, which iDecome a sort of stone on being exposed to the air. To the ecclesiastic antiquarian, the Monk's house is an object well deserving attention.— There is an excellent view of the minster, and the higher part of the city, from this place, which is highly gratifying. On i HISTORY OF LINCOLN. 153 On (he New road are the Grecian stairs, but why so nau.ed, we are unable to say. According to report, a cock boat was found chained to a post, in digging the foundation of some buildings near these stairs : if so, it may reasonably be supj>o&ed, that the water once extended as far as here. Some are opinion that the term Gre- cian, is a corruption of gress-stone, the former word being an ancrent expression for an inclined plane. But others, and wi(h more probability, suppose the name to be a corruption from grit-stone, or gris-tone, with refer- ence to that kind of stone, of which they are composed. The Catholic chape], erected in 1799, is deserving of the attention of strangers, and is situated in Silver street. It contains a beautiful painting of the " taking down from the cross," supposed to belonor to the flemish" school, which was presented to the chapel by the Rev. William Beaumont, B. D. professor of rhetoric, and ex-rector of the university of Caen in Normandy ; and was brought into this country by the english nuns of Gravelines in France, when expelled from thence at the revolution. The Race-course is about half a mile from the west side of the city, and though without the advantage of a grand stand, is allowed to be as good as any in the king- dom. The races are held for three days in September. The course is upon a public common, appropriated to such freemen and householders, as live above the High bridge ; the former being allowed to stock it with three head of cattle, and such of the latter as are not free, with only one. There are three other commons belong- ing to the town ; one is near the Toll bar, called the South common ; the other is near to Brayford, and called the Holmes ; and the third is eastward of the City, and named the Monk's leas. The last two are exclusively for free- men. APPENDIX. APPENDIX LINCOLN CHARTER. tf* f^f^-r^^*,r^4jh*'f.r^.t^-f.r^ Edward Broug-h, Stephen Mason, Robert Beck, and Rich- ard Summerby, to be thirteen present and made aldermen oj the city aforesaid, to continue in the office of aldermen of ihat city, during their natural lives, unless, in the mean time, they or any of them shall be removed from the office of alderman, in manner and form by these presents here- after ordained. How long the mayor shall continue in office. We also have assigned, nominated, made, and declared, and by these presents, for us, our heirs, and successors, do assign, nominate, and declare, the above-named Am- brose Rycroft, now is, and shall continue in the office of mayor, until noontide of the feast of St. Michael the arch- anjrel. APPENDIX. 1^3 ano-el, now next following, and from thence until another shall be elected and chosen into the office of mavor, ac- cording to the form in these presents expressed. How long the sheriffs shall continue in office. And also we have assigned, nominated, constituted, made, and declared, and by these presents, for us, our heirs, and successors, do assign, nominate, constitute, make, and declare, our well-beloved Alexander Jolley and Thomas Field, now sheriffs, to be present and modern sheriffs, of the city aforesaid, and of the county of the same city, to continue in that ofHce until noontide of the day or feast of St. Michael the archangel next following, and from thence until two others, according to the form in these presents, shall be elected and chosen into the said office of sheriffs of the said city. How long the coroners shall continue in office. We have also assigned, constituted, made, and declared, our well-beloved Richard Summerby, Samuel Hooton, Thomas Cumberland, and William Dry, now coroners of the city aforesaid, and of the county of the same city, that they shall continue in the ofiice of coroners of the city and county of the same, during their natural lives; unless in the mean time, they or any of them shall be removed from the office of coroner in manner and form hereafter by these presents ordained. How long the chamberlains shall continue in office. Also we have assigned, nominated, constituted, made, and declared, our well-beloved John Beck, William Lamb, Samuel Brown, and William Pell, now chamberlains of the city aforesaid, to be present chamberlains of the city aforesaid, and to continue in office until noonday of Mon- day next following after the feast of St. Michael the arch- angel now next to come, and from thence until others shall be chosen and elected into the office of chamberlains, % 2 unless 164 APPENDIX. unless they or any of them be removed in manner and form by these presents hereafter ordained. When the mayor and sheriffs are to be elected. We will also that every year, upon the day or feast of the exaltation of the holy cross, in the guildhall of the aforesaid city, or in any other convenient house for that purpose ]>rovided, it may and shall be lawful for the mayor and common council of the city aforesaid, for the time being, or the greater part of them, which, upon call- ing and summoning to the same purpose, shall and will be gathered together and present in the house aforesaid, to nominate and elect one of the aldermen of the city afore- said, to be mayor of the said city, for one whole year, from noontide of St. Michael the archangel; in manner and form following; that is to say, he who is eldest in degree and order, amongst the aldermen, and hath not undergone the office of mayor, shall be chosen, if he will take upon him that office of mayor; and in case of refusal, he which shall be next senior alderman in degree and order as aforesaid, shall be chosen into the office of mayor ot the said city, if he will take it upon him : and in case all the aldermen of the said city, for the time being, who have not served the office of mayor, shall refuse to take upon themselves that office; or if it shall so happen that no such aldermen be surviving which have not before undergone the said office, he which is eldest in degree and order of the aldermen, and has but once un- dergone that office, shall be chosen to be mayor of the eity aforesaid, if he will lake upon him that office : and so successively in degree and order, until any alderman of the city shall be chosen mayor of the same, who hath be- fore undergone that office twice or more times: to have and hold that office from noontide of the feast of St. Mi- chael the archangel then next to come, for one whole year then next following, unless in the mean lime he shall be lawfully removed. Before APPENDIX. 165 Before whom the mayor shall take his oath. And we will also, that every person elected mayor of thf^ city aforesaid, (before the mayor of the city aforesaid, for the time bein^. and in his absence before four aider- men, or more of the said city, then and there present) shr>.ll publicly and solemnly take his corporal oaih, faith- fully to execute that office of mayor for the year following;, according to the ancient customs (here used and approved, in the presence of so many of the common council of the said city as shall be present. We do also give and grant, for us, our heirs, and successors, by these presents, full power, faculty, and authority, to administer such like oath to him newly elected mayor. If the mayor shall die or be removed. And whenever it shall happen, that any mayor of the city aforesaid, in the time of his mayoralty, or after that he shall be chosen into the mayoralty of the same city, shall die, or be lawfully removed from his office, that then immediately after the death or removal of such mayor, or of such one to be elected mayor for the year following as abovesaid, another of the aldermen of the said : ity, that is to say, the alderman next in degree and order as aforesaid, and in manner and form aforesaid, shall be elected and m ide mayor of the city aforesaid, by the greater part of the common council, who by public summons being met together, shall be there present for that purpose; and shall have and exercise the office of mayor during the residue of that- year, (viz) until noonday of the festival of St. Michael the archangel, then next fol- lowing, and from thence until another shall be elected and chosen into the said otFice of mayor, ( if he shall so long live ) according to the form in these presents exprest, his corporal oath being first taken in form abovesaid, before lour or more aldermen of the city aforesaid, for the time being. And to the mayor and aldermen, for us, our heirs, and successors, by these presents, we do give and grant full power and authority to administer such oath without any commission or further warrant, from us, our heirs, and L 3 successors. 166 APPENDIX. successors, in that behalf to be procured or obtained, anrd this so often as to them shall appear needful and necessary. Sheriffs. And that moreover upon the aforesaid festival day of the exaltation of the holy cross, two of the citizens and free- men of the city aforesaid, which before that time have executed the office of chamberlain, and not the office of alderman of the same city, shall be elected and nominated into the oiRce of sheriffs of tiie city aforesaid, and of the county of the same city, in manner and form following; that is to say, the first sheriff shall be nominated and ap- pointed by the mayor that day elected; such nominated sheriff havini^ served the office of chamberlain and not the office of alderman of the said city. And the other sheriff shall be nominated and elected, at the same time, in man- ner and form following: the mayor for the time being, and the aldermen which first have undergone the ofiice of mayor, and shall then be present, shall present five elect- ed citizens out of the citizens and freemen which before that time have executed the office of chamberlain and not the office of alderman; (the rest of the common eonncil of the city being present ) of which five elected citizens, one shall be elected sheriff, by the mayor, aldermen, and common council then gathered together, or by the greater part of them ; and, with equality of votes, by that part or half of them, of which the mayor, for the time being, shall be one. And if it shall hapj^en, that the newly elect- ed mayor shall fail in th.e nomination and election of such aforesaid sheriff, then the election of both the same sheriffs shall be made in manner and form following; that is to say, the mayor for the time being, and the aldermen which have first undergone the ofiice of mayor, or the greater part of them which shall be then present at the election, shall j)resGnt six elected citizens out of the citi- zens and freemen, which then before have executed the oceffi of chamberlain and not the ofl'.ce of alderman ; (the rest of the common council being then and there present ) of which six elected citizens, two of tliem shall be elected sheriffs of the said city, for the year fullowing, by the aforesaid mayor, aldermen, and common council, then and APPENDIX. 16T and there gathered together and present. And the said two sheriffs shall be admitted to execute that office at noon of the festival day of St. Michael the archangel next after such their aforesaid election, for one whole year then next following, if they shall so long live. The mayor shall elect the chamberlains. The election of the chamherlains of the said city, from time to time, yearly lor ever, shall be made by the mayor of the city for the time being, upon Monday next after the feast of St. Michael the archangel, of the better sort of the citizens of the city aforesaid, which at that time have not undergone the office of sheriffs of the same city ; to continue in that office of chamberlain for one whole year then next following, if they shall so long live, unless in the mean time, for any default or abuse, they or any of them shall be removed by the mayor of the city for the time being. But if it shall happen at any time hereafter, that any of the aforesaid sheriffs or chamberlains shall die within the year after that they shall be admitted to execute that office, that then and so often, within time convenient, a new election shall be made of others to supply »heir places and offices, so being void, and to execute that of- lice for the residue of that year. And as often as it shall happen, that any of the com- mon council of the city aforesaid, shall die in that office, or be removed from the office and place of common coun- cil, ( any of them for reasonable causes, at the direction and pleasure of the mayor, for the time being, and of such aldermen of the city vvhich then therebefore have under- gone the office of mayor, or the greater part of them, and, with equality of votes, that part of them of which the mayor, for the time being, shall be one, with the assent of the greater part of the common council, for the nme being, we will and grant to be removable) that then and so often, within convenient time after such dea h and removing, upon Monday the feast of St. Michael the archangel next following, a new election shall be made of other citizens which have then beiore undergone the •ffice of sheriff or chamberlain, and not the office of £ 4 alderman, 168 APPENDIX, alderman, to supply ^^'^'^ places and oiTices, in manner and form following; (viz) the mayor, for the time beino;, and the aldermen which first have undergone the office of mayor, or the greater part of them which shall be then present at such eleclion, and, with equality of votes, that pp.rt of them of which the mayor shall be one, shall present three selected citizens out of the calendar of the names of the citizens and freemen which before that time have un- dergone ihe office of sheriff or chamberlain, and not the office of alderman; the rest oT the common council being then there present : of which three selected citizens, one of them shall be chose into the office of common counsel- lor, by the rest of the common council of the city afore- said, then and there present and gathered together, or by the greater part of them, so being present, and, with equali- ty of voices, of that part or half of them, of which the mayor of the city for the time being shall be one. Officers must be SAvorn. We will also that all and singular sheriffs, chamberlains, and citizens of the common council aforesaid, before that they shall be admitted to the executing of their offices, that they and every of them shall take their corporal oaths, faithfully and respectively to execute their office accord- ing to the aforesaid forms, herein specified and set forth. Kecorder. And we do will and grant to the aforesaid mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city of Lincoln aforesaid, and their successors, that they may and shall have one famous man skilful in the laws of the kingdom, chosen and elected by the mayor, aldermen, and common council, for the time being, or the greater part of them which shall and will be there present, who is and shall be elected and called recorder of the city of Lincoln aforesaid; to execute hereafter, from time to time, all things and ways appertaining to the said office, for the public good of the said city, during his life. Steward. APPENDIX. 1 69 Steward. And also to elect and constitute one other honest man, expert in the laws, in manner and form aforesaid, who shall be called the steward of the courts of borough-mote and court for foreigners, wiihin the city aforesaid, and other courts there whatsoever, and in like manner to execute other things appertaining to the same office, during his life. Town clerk. And also to elect and con?tifute one other honest man, in manner and form aforesaid, who shall be called the common clerk of the city aforesaid, to do and execute ail things appertaining to the same office, for the public good of the cny ; which common clerk for the time being, sliall be clerk of the peace within the cily aforesaid, liberties, suburbs, and county of the said city. And we will, ordain, and declare, by these presents, that he shall exe- cute during his life, all such things which pertain to that ofiice of a clerk of the peace, in any county of this our kingdom ot England. The recorder, &c. to hold their offices for life. We will also, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, do ordain and constitute that William El- lis, knight, now recorder of the city aforesaid ; Stephen Mason, gentleman, now steward of the county of the city aforesaid; and John Julian, gentleman, now common clerk of the city aforesaid, shall respectively have, hold, and enjoy the same several offices of recorder, steward of the courts, and of common clerk aforesaid, durino- their natural lives. ^ On death, others to be chosen. And as often as it shall happen that any of the aldermen or coroners of the city aforesaid, or recorder, or steward of the courts, or common clerk, as well present as for io come, shall die, that so often it shall and may be lawful for no APPENDIX. for the mayor and common council, according to the ancient forn» and election of the same city, to nominate, elect, and make, one other or more of the citizens of the city aforesaid, to be alderman or aldermen of the said city, to fulfil the aforesaid number of aldermen there : and one olher discreet man, skilful in the laws, to be recorder: and one or more of the said citizens, to be coroner or co- roners of the said city and county of the city afore- said, to fulfil the aforesaid number of four coroners: and one able and fit man to be steward of the courts: and one honest and expert man to be common clerk and clerk of the peace of the city aforesaid. Nevertheless, we will that he or they so named or elected, before that he or they are respectively admitted to the executing of their offices, shall take their corporal oaths, well and faithfully to execute their offices in manner and form above by thesa presents ordained. Sword bearer, &c. And we further will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, do grant to the aforesaid mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city of Lincoln aforesaid, and their successors, that they and their suc- cessors for ever may and shall have within the ciiy afore- said, one sword bearer, one mace bearer, one cryer, and four Serjeants of the key or bailiffs; and also constables and other inferior officers; to be named and elected in the same manner and form as in the same city hath here- tofore been accustomed. And further for us, our heirs, and successors, we give and grant to the mayor of the city aforesaid, for the time being, and in his absence or vacancy of that office, to the aldermen of the said city, or to any four or more of them for the time being, which here- after are and shall be present at tlie chusing of the officers aforesaid, full power and authority to give and administer the corporal oaths upon the holy evangelists, to all and singular the aldermen, recorder, sheriffs, coroners, stew- ards, town clerk, and chamberlains, and to all olher of- ficers and ministers of the said city, that they shall well and faithfully execute their offices and places respectively, in APPENDIX. 171 ill and tlirou^h all thirii^s touching or concerning their oiTice, without any further commission or furthor warrant iVom us, our heirs, and successors, in that behalf to be had and obtained. The mayor may fine, &c. any refusing ia serve oifices. And moreover for us, our heirs, and successors, of our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, we do grant to the aforesaid mayor, sheriiTs, citizens, and commonalty of the city aforesaid, and their successors, that if any of the citizens of the city aforesaid, which liereafier shall be nominated and elected to the olRce of mayor, alderman, sheriff, or chamberlain, or any other office of the city aforesaid or county of the said city, or any of them, (except the office of recorder, steward, and common town clerk aforesaid ) shall refuse or deny to take upon him or them (hat oiiice or offices to which he or they shall be nominated or elected, that then and so often it shall and may be lawful for the mayor and com- mon council of the city aforesaid, for the time being, or tlie greater part of them, to that purpose by public sum- mons in form aforesaid assembled, of which the mayor of the city aforesaid shall be one, him then so refusing or denying to execute the office or officcis for which he or thoy shall be so named or elected, to commit to any jail of the aforesaid city, there to remain until he or they exer- cise the office or offices, or otherwise to sell, sign, or amerce, the person or persons so refusing, and the tine and amerciament to levy, have, and retain to the use of the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city of Ijincoln aforesaid, as it shall seem reasonable to the same mayor and common council of the city aforesaid, or the greater part of them gathered together. And in de- fect of payment of such sums or amerciaments, to take and commit him or them to the jail of the aforesaid city, there to continue until he or they shall pay, or cause to be paid, the line and amerciaments*^ to the use aforesaid, or other- wise shall be delivered according to the law and custom M our kingdom. And we further will, and by thesf^ presents 1T2 APPENDIX. for us, onr heirs, and succe-sors, do grant (o llie aforesaid inavor, sheiife, and commonalty of the city aforesaid, for the lime bcinj^, and also all and singular the aldermen of the said city, which heretofore have executed the office of mayor of the same ciiy, and also all and other such al- dermen of the city aforesaid, for the time bein^x, which from time to time have undergone the office of mayor of the city during the time in which they shall be aldermen of the city aforesaid, ior ever are and shall be justices, to prosecute, keep, and cause to be kept, and preserve the peace of us, our heirs, and successors, within the city aioresaid, and county of the said city, liberties, and pre- cincts of the same. And to keep and make to be kept all ordinances and statutes for the good of our people, and for the conservation of the peace, as sei forh in all their articles in the city aforesaid, and county of the same city, liberties, and precincts of the same, according to the force, form, and elfect of them; and fo chastise and punish all such trat!S{i;res:-ors and delinquents, against the form and order ol these ordinances and statutes, or any of them, in the city and county aforesaid, liberties and precincts of the same, as it shall seem best to be done. And make all these to come before the jiistices aforesaid, or any of them, which shall threaten any of our people to burn their houses, to find sufficient security of the peace, and good behaviour towards us, cur heirs, and successors, and our people, or the people of us, our heirs, and successors; and if they cannot find such security, or refuse, then to caut^e all those to be safe kept in prison within the city aforesaid, or coun- ty of the same city, until they shall find such security. — And to do and execute all other things which belong to a justice of the peace to be done. And that the mayor of the city aforesaid, for the time being, and ihe aldermen which hereafter may execute the office of mayor of the city aforesaid, or any four or more aldermen, of which we will that the mavor shall be one, shall be justices of us, our heirs, and successors, to enquire by the oath of honest and lawful men, of the city and county of the city aforesaid, and by other ways and means by which the truth may be known, of all and all manner of felonies, insurrections, rebellions, murders, man^-laughters, and rebellious APPENDIX n3 rebellious words; coiifodoracies, false allefrations, falskies, ftnd transgressions whatsoever. And also aii and singu- lar otlier misdeeds and offences, which lawfully may be enquired of by ju,tices of the peace. And more fully to enquire the truth, by whom or to whom, when, how, and in what manner, and of other circumstances conceraino; the premises, and any of them whatsoever, and also of all those which shall ride or o-o armed, or hereafter shall presume to ride in the city aforesaid, or the county of the said city, and the liberty of the same, an:ainst the peace of our heirs and successors, to the disturbance of our people. And also of all those which there have Iain wait, or hereafter shall presume to lie in wait, to maim or kill our people; and also of inn-keepers, and all and singular other persons, which in the city aforesiid, and county of the same city, shall offend or hereafter presume to offend or abuse the weights or measures of sellin*:^ vic- tuals, against the form and ordinances of the statutes, or any one of them, made for 'he common profit of the king- dom, and our successors. And also of all sheriffs, bailiffs, constables, stewards, jailors, and other officers within the city and county of the city aforesaid, who shall misbehave themselves in executing their ofhccs. And of all and sin: gular articles and circumsiances and other matters what- soever, or in what manner soever made or done within the city and county of the said city, or which hereafter shall happen to be done or attempted: and to look into all the indictments whatsoever taken before the said mayor or others his fellows, now or late justices within the city afore- said, and to make and continue proofs thereof againsl all and singular persons so indicted, until they are taken or yield themselves, or shall be outlawed. And to hear all and singular and determine felons, murderers, and other pre- mises, according to the laws of ihis our realm, as hath been accustomed or ought to be done in such case. And also diligently to make enquiry upon the premises, and to hear and determine all and singular the premises, and to do and dispatch them, or to chastise, or to punish by fine, redemption, amerciaments, or forfeiture; and cause to be done by any other way whatsoever, which doth belong to justice, accordino- to the law and custom of our kingdom. The ] *4 APPENDIX. The mayor, &c. may deliver the jail. We further will and by these presents do grant, to the aforesaid mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city of Lincoln, and their successors, that the mayor and aldermen of the city aforesaid, or any four or more of them, (the mayor, or one of the two eldest aldermen of the said city, for the time being, to be one) from time to time, for ever, shall be justices to deliver the jails of the said city of Lincoln, and county of the same city, of the prisoners being in the same, for any cause whatsoever, which be- longeih to justices of the peace. And further we will that the sheriffs of the city and county of the city aforesaid, shall retain all juries, inquisitions, attachments, and other things, by them or any of them, taken, or hereafter to be taken before the aforesaid mayor and aldermen as above- said : and that they shall relieve the jail of the prisoners being in the same, and be attending to them in all things touching the delivery of the prisoners out of the jail aforesaid, and shall, from time to time, execute the pre- cepts of the same justices for the time being, and of every one of them, in the same manner and form, even as any sheriffs of our kingdom are accustomed. And we do further will, that all and singular the mayor and aldermen of the city aforesaid, before they shall be admitted to execute the office of justice of the peace within the city and county of the same, that they and every of them shall take the corporal oath upon the holy evange- lists, well and truly to execute the office of justice of the peace within the city and county of the same, the liberties and precincts thereof, in and by all things appertaining or belonging to the office of a justice of the peace, according to the laws and customs of this kingdom. And further of our more ample grace, we do give and grant unto the aforesaid mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and com- monalty of the city aforesaid, and their successors, special licence, free and lawful power, to have, hold, and possess, for ever, all and singular the manors, messuages, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, heretofore granted or pos- sessed by them, by what name or names soever granted or -APPENDIX. 175 or mentioned by any other letters patent, whereof they at this present are seized, to be theirs for ever, for (he u«e and profit of the aforesaid mayor, sheriffs, citizens and commonalty of the city aforesaid; and the said mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty, may have and take their issues and profits to the repairing, sustaining, or maintainino of the church walls, bridges, or other common things and charges. And also to have, get, re- ceive, hold, and possess, aiiy other manors, messuages, J.mds, tenemenis, meadows, Yieidings, pastures, woods, rectories, rents, reversions, and other hereditaments what- soever, within our kingdom of England, or elsewhere, within the dominions of us, our heirs, and successors. Rent to the king, dc. And whereas the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and common- alty of the city of Lincoln aforesaid, of anciem time have held the said city of the kings of England, and now do hold It of us, our heirs, and successors, in fee farm, by the yearly rent of fourscore pounds of lawful money of England, we will, and by these presents iov us, our heirs, and successors, do give, grant, and confirm to the afore- said mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city of Lincoln aforesaid, and their successors, all the aforesaid ciiy of Lincoln, wiih all and singular its rights, members, and appurtenances whatsoever, under the afore- said farm of fourscore pounds of lawfulmoney of England, to be paid henceforward to us, our heirs, and successors, in as ample a manner and form as heretofore the same has been paid by the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and common- alty of the city aforesaid, or their predecessors. And further of our more special and plentiful grace, we do grant, approve, and confirm to the aforesaid mayor, she- riffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city aforesaid, and their successors, all and singular the said manors, messua- ges, rectories, tythes, lands, rents, tenements, cuurt-leet, view of frank-pledge, court of borough-mote, and other things whatsoever; fairs, markets, customs, liberties, fran- chises, immunities, profits, fines, amerciaments, exemp- tions, jurisdictions,jgoods and chattels of felons condemned to die, convicted, out-lawed, fugitives, wastes, strays, fines, licence 176 .4PPEx\DIX. licence of compounding of fines and forfeitures, before us, our heirs, and successors, judges of the common pleas, justices of the bench, barons of the exchequer, adjudged and determined, as well within the city of Lincoln, sub- urbs, liberties, and county of the same city, as within our kingdom of England^ which the citizens of the city afore- said, or the mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city aforesaid, now lawfully have, hold, use, and enjoy, or their predecessors, ever have held, used, or enjoyed, by reason of charter or letters patent of any of our pro- genitors and ancestors, late kings and queens of En- gland, heretofore in any wise lawfully made, confirmed, or granted, and not lawfully revoked, although they have not used the same, or any one or more of them have been discontinued by abuse or ill usage, or although the same. or any one or more of them have been lost or forfeited, or otherwise seized : and also all and singular charts and letters patent aforesaid, and all things in them or any of ihem given, granted, ratified, confirmed, or mentioned to be granted, ratified, or confirmed. And we do will and command, for us, our heirs, and successors, that the aforesaid mayor, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city aforesaid, and their successors, may have, hold, and enjoy, for ever, all and singular the courts aforesaid, fairs, markets, liberties, goods, exemp- tions, chattels of felons condemned to die, convicted, out- lawed, fugitives, and also all treasures found on waste, as strays, fines, licences, and compounding fines and for- feitures: and also all and all manner of amerciaments, issues, profits, forfeitures, and grants whatsoever, accord- ing to the tenor and effect of these our letters patent, and according to the tenor and effect of the charts and letters patent of our ancestors aforesaid. And we do firmly charge and command, as well the treasurer and barons of our exchequer of Westminster, and all other justices and officers of us, our heirs, and suc- cessors, as also our attornies and solicitors general, and attornies in courts whatsoever, for the time being, and every of them, that they, nor any of them, shall prosecute. APPENDIX. 17T or cause to be prosecuted, the said mayor, sheriffs, citi- zens, and comnionahy of the city aforesaid, or any of them, for any charts, letters patent, customs, and busi- nesses, used or usurped before the day of these our letters patent. And that this our said charter may be understood, adjudged, and determined, in the behalf of the said mayoY, sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the cily aforesaid, and their successors; and that it may be better and more bountifully known and understood, notwithstanding any omission or neglect, false reciting, or contradiction in the same, we do hereby save and reserve always, to us and our heirs, in the right of our dutchy of Lanca-^tor, our castle of Lincoln, the ditches and walls of the same within and without, with all members, courts baron, and whatsoever belongeih to a court baron, and all liberties, privileges, and franchises, appertaining to the same, and all other our franchises, and all other liberties, as freely and wholly as they are now used and occupied. And we do save and reserve also to the bishops of Lincoln, and also to the dean and chapter of the cathedral church of Lincoln, and the lord of the liberties of Beaumont-fee,* their heirs and successors, all manner of liberties, privi- leges, and customs whatsoever, which of right in anywise heretofore they have used, had, and now have, these pre- sents, or any thing in them specified, in anywise, notwith- standing. Witness ourselves, at our place of Westminster, this eighteenth day of December, in the fourth year cf our reign, and in the year of our Lord — one thousand, six hundred, and twenty-eight. * " Beaumont-fee was a manor belonging to t])at noble family, from the time of Edward III. in right of Isabel, widow of John, loui Ve^ci, of Alnwick, and sister to Henry do Beaumont ; whence inn mansion- house had the name of Vesci hall. It came afterifards to the Nor- folk family, and has since been sold more than once, Jt is exempt from the city's jurisdiction, and the bailiff is called at the assizes next after the sheriffs of the city." MAYORS MAYORS, BAILIFFS, and SHERIFFS \ OF THE CITY OF LINCOLN. rf^ f^t^.t^t^^**-**^^^^'*^*^*^*^ EDWARD II. Mayors, 1314 HENRY BEST, 1st mayor of the city of Lincoln. 1315 Simon de Eglington. 1321 John de Nova Castro. 1316 Gilbert de Wetherby. 1317 John Vincent. 1318 Robert de Bardney. 1319 Hugh de Russels. 1320 Rich, de Blaekenben. 1322 Hughde Eglington. 1323 John de Tame. 1324 William de Snarford. 1325 Robert de Omer. EDWARD III. 1326 Hugh Taylor. 1327 William Blyton. 1.328 Thomas de keel. 1329 Robert Benson. 1330 Richard de Keel. 1331 Hugh, son of Simon de Eglington. 1332 John, son of William Blyton. 1 333 Henry Lavender. 1334 Richard Long. 1335 Robert Quirrell. 1336 Wm. Humberstone. 1337 VVilliam de Rastle. 1338 Thomas Russell. 1339 Henry FiUinghand. 1340 Robert Dalderby. 1341 Robert Huddlestone. 1342 John Wilger. 1343 John de Ashby. 1344 Robert Chesterfield. 1345 Roger Windeck. 1346 Richard Took. 1347 John Fenton. 1348 John de Outhorpe. 1349 Walter de Keelby. 1350 Thomas de Exton. 1351 Wm. de Harpswell. 1352 Wm. de Siielsband. 1353 Peter de Thornton. 1354 John de Burgess. 1355 Waher de Orsby. 1356 Robert de Volme. 1357 Roger de Thorold. 1358 Hugh, son of Robert de Bardney. 1359 APPENDIX. 179 Mayors, Bailiffs. 1359 Peter Canoiss. John Western, AdamBlavv, 1st bailiffs. 1360 John Cole. J. Western, A. Blaw, 2nd time. 1361 John, son of Wm. John Huddleston, Robert Sutton. de Harpswell. 1362 W"m, Thormish. Roger Cooke, H. de Snarford. 1363 John de Roades. Thos. Walker, Rd. de Boothby. 1364 John de Welton. John Cooke, Richard Laneham. 1:^.65 Thomas Elshand. John Collingham, Rd. Whitby. 1366 Richard Thorpe. John Everstone, John Beance. 1367 John Sutton. John Huddleston, John Bett. 1368 Rog. Torrington. William Goldby, John Crosfield. J 369 John Collingham. John Norman, Walter Berry. 1370 William Juggill. Tho. Horncastle, Wm. Boothby. 1371 William Belly. Nich. Corringham, John Beane. 1372 John Thock. Tho. Bonkin, John Forlesthorpe. 1373 Hugh Cornwall. Wm. Norton, Thos. Pigworth. 1374 John Huddlestone.John Batty, Tho. Thornough. 1375 Tho. Horncastle. Rd.Torbourne, JohndeBoltham. 1376 JohnHopperstone.Nich. Warke, John Haverbury. RICHARD II. 1377 Thomas Bannam. Robert de Lee, Tho. Thornby. 1 378 John Blyton. Wm. Balby, Simon Massingham. 1379 Robert Sutton. John Heden, Robert b'avTster. 1380 Gilbert Boothby. Robert Holme, Wm. Dismoke. 1381 SimonMassinghamSimon Laxfield, Wm. Helton. 1382 Wm. Sevelstone. Rt. Messingham, Tho. Hawke. 1 383 Robert Saherby. John Chipman, Tho. Ledingham. 1384 William Dalby. Hen. Harvvood,T. Huddlestone. 1385 John Norman. Robert York, John Belasis. 1386 John Sutton. ' Rt. Neltleham, Rt. Landale. 1387 Robert Read. Wm. Barkworth, Jo. de Carlton. 1 388 Rt. de MassinghamHeiii y de Rephara, John Hoylon. 1389 Simon de Laxfield. John Sickling, John de Boston, 1390 Tho.de Thornby. Peter de Sahby, Rt. de Brough. 1391 John W infield. JohndeThorlay,JohndeSearby. 1392 Henry Harwood. Adam Ranse, Thomas Alhatt. 1393 Robert Harwood. John Sparrow, John Rippen. 1394 John Belasis. John Barkwilh, John Haverby. M 2 1395 180 APPENDIX. Mayors, Bailiffs, 1395 Henry deRepliam. Jonathan Welby, Rt. Neville. 1396 John Shipman. J. de Bilderstone. J. de Appleby. 1397 Johnde Thurlby. J. de Houghton, N. Hnddlestone. 1398 John de Searby. Wm. Dettpeck, Jo. de Wigford. HENRY IV. 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1400 1406 1407 John Balderton. Robert Broiigh. William Blyton. Robert Appleby. John Houghton. Peter Sriltby. Nich.Huddlestone Wm. Burkworth. Wm. de Fording- worth. Mayors, 1408 Robert Rathby. 1 409 Richard Carlton. 1410 John Rvles. 1411 William" Caden. 1412 Thomas Foster. John Dyke, Thomas Russell. Henry Morsop, Thomas Foster. Robt. Aiken, John de Kett. Robt. Marcham, Tho. Mulcome. Thomas Fulham, John Sheffield. Richard Bott, Thomas Walsh. Rd. WinlifF, Rd. de Aystrop. . William. Barton, John Donn. John Massinghani, William Chesterfield. Sheriffs, John Hycon, Richard Covcll, Ist sheriffs. Tho. Collington, John Sparrow. Richd. Barnby. W"m. Saxelby. Jo. Huddleston, Wm. Hawarby. John Ryles, William Kerby. HENRY V. 1413 Ralph Curtois. 1414 Dennis Salasby. 1415 Richard Cooke. 1416 Thomas Archer. 1417 William Mar kby. 1418 Henry Tamworth 1419 JohnHogleton. 1420 Thomas Seringo. 1421 John Sparrow. 1422 Roger Garmston. Samuel Winslow,Tho. Broom- head. Tho. Canterbury, Tho. Rose. Rt. Alaster, Roger Dawquell. Wm. Seaton, Wm. Cawdwarill. Stephen Skclton, Gilbert Read. .Tho. Terrige, Robert Nainby. Robert Toynton, Henry Harvy. Rt. Hawarby, Wal. Lindwood. John Newcomb, Robert How. Winslow Bracebridge, Edmund Cohon. HENRY a?pbi*;dix. 181 Mayors, Sheriffs. HENRY VI. 1 423 William BIyton. 1424 John Huddleston. 1425 John Locking. 1426 John Rouse. 1 427 Roger Knight. 1428 Robert Hawarby. 1429 Simon Grantham. 1430 William Saxelby. 1431 Walter Linwood. 1432 J«hn Griffington. 14.33 John Clifton. 1434 Jo. Thetlethorpe. 1435 JohnDurkett. 1436 William Bane. 1437 Thomas Reeve. 1438 Wm. Hawarby. 1439 John Rouse. 1440 Wm. Markvoy. 1441 F-dward Copjoy. 1442 John Hoyden. 1443 John Witter. 1444 John Ossin. 1445 Edward Burton. 1446 John Raithby. 1447 Thomas Boston. 1448 John Carburton. 1449 Rd. Popplewick. 1450 Simon Grantham. 1451 Richard Barnard. 1452 Robert Bright. 1453 Robert Buckley. 1454 John Alien. 1455 Wm. Haltham. 145S Jo, Huddlestone. 1457 William Hoone. 1458 Roger Bright. 1459 Jo. Williarasou. Tho. Kerraond, John Rately. William Beefe, Jo'm Ru;!sei. S.Grantham, Jo. Thetlethorpe. John Clifion, Richard SturtDO. John Swan, John Rausby. Robt. Etiinvvell, John 8y^3on. John Furfbrth, Edward Copjoy. Ralph Smaiiwood. Tho. Daiby. VVilliam Bayne, Johii Hertcou. Robert Cons! able, John Sraith, Robert Rancsby, Wm- Koltham. Ralph Saenby, Thomas Seer. Rd. Barnard, Wm. Maskham. John Winter, John Walden. Robert Cato, John Fraiik. Richard Garner, John Gibbon. Edward Tonnard, John Burton. Edward Burton, John Tonnard, John Ossin, Thomas Bastin. Rd. Popple vTick, John Barge. Cuthbert Skelton, John Raithby. John Allen, Robert Bright. John Braieworth, Rt. Octoby. John Scarbro', Rd. Eorinington. W.Maynard, Jo. Householder. Rt. Buckley. Rt. Scapholm. William Venis, John Title. Jolm Willi'unson, Rt, Beadle. Roger Wrighr, Jo. Margretton. Wrn. Hoine, Thomas Browell. Wm. Chapman, Richard Wake. Tho. Hornsey, John Gray. John Parke, William Smith. Richard Ranph, John Sleeford. Robi. Grabden, John Tayl' r. Wm. Piinipton, Edw. Though. Tho. Martin, Wm. Bootenhail. M 3 EDWARD 182 APPENDIX. Mayors, Sheriffs, EDWARD IV. 1460 Robert Beadle. 1461 Wm. Simpson. 1462 James Wilton. 1463 Thomas Hornsey. 1464 Richard Bolton. 1465 Tho. Grantham. 1466 Thomas Besby. 1467 John Sleeford. 1468 Richard Coats. 1469 Robert Crabden. 1470 William Toft. 1471 John Eiston. 1472 William Browne. 147.3 Oliver Frank. 1474 Ral. Huddlestone. 1475 W. Killinfjworth. 1476 Thomas Knight. 1477 Thomas Winess. 1478 John Otligne. 1479 Wm. Achambers. 1480Rt.Huddlestone. 1481 Tho. Baitland. 1482 John Stanley. Jacob Witlon, Robert Green. Wm. Killinc;vvorth. Jo. Elstane. Robert Bright, Wni. Walter. John Colbeck, Thomas Besby. Wm. Toft, Ralph Huddlesten. Rd.Othvvood. Tho. Beech. William Browne, Oliver Frank. John Poll, John Othenn. John Toft, Peter Dickinson. Robert Peart, Wni. Achainbers. Wm. Harley, Wm. Richardson. John Oldway, Thomas Bride. Wm. Hall, Wm. Read. Edw. Browne, John Sparrow. Rt. Huddlestone, T. Britland. T. Dalewent, John Robinson, John Clavelder, Rd. Raughton. John Ripler, John Tainton. Rd. Stainfield, Covandus Colsey. Wm. Neele, Rd. Fox. Wm. Long, Henry Hogden. Roger Hutchinson, Tho. Hird, Wm. Jinley, Rd. Paley. RICHARD III. 1483 Edward Browne. John Watson, Henry Brinkley. 1484 Robert Bate. Rt. Clarke, Rt. Dighton. HENRY VII. 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 John Bilby. John Poll. William Long. John Dixon. Henry Hogden. Robert Gill. William Bell. Edw. Grantham. Wm. Hullyman, Rf. Othose. Wm. Miller, Tho. Evenwood. Tho. Welbourne, Tho. Barrow. John Burnet, John Brownell. Wm. Hutchinhead, Rd. Codd. Wm. English, Wm. Orrans. Rd. Radcliff, Thomas Norton. Wm. Ley, Rt. Whymark. 1493 APPENDIX. 183 Mayors. H93Rt. Hutchinson. 1494 Rt.Digkon. 1495 John Watson. 1496 Richard Paley. 1497 Robert Clarke. 1498 W. Hutchinhead. 1499 William Ley. 1500 Richard Codd. 1501 Row. Huddleston. 1 502 Robert Allenson . 1 503 Edward Browne. 1504 John Stanley. 1505 Edw. Grantham. 1 506 Robert Dighton. 1507 Roger Aided. 1508 Thomas Norton. Sheriffs. John Drybar, Wm. Grantham. Tho. Langton. Robert Allenson. Hugh Willoughby, Tho. Sayle. Rd. Pecher, Robert Fowler. John Talboys, William Sams. John Percer, John Hinto. Richard Disney, John Halvester. Adam Dawson, Wm. Humphry. John Bryan, John Barton. Fran. Mooreing, Rt. Dallington. Thomas Bearbox, Tho. Elstone. John Fox, John Huflfey. Henry Catley, Hugh Fox. Rd. Johnson, John Popplewick. Richard Mason, Wm. Pearson. Thomas Vessey, Tho. Rainton. HENRY VIII. 1509 John Pickard. Wm. Westcome, Geo. Browne. 1510 Robert Veighton. Wm. Fox, Robert Wheman. 1511 Robert Allenson. Robert Miller, Christ. Barton. Rt. Calgarth, Wm. Hutchinson. John Haltham, Robert Lever. Wm. Barker, Edward Freefoot. Robert Smith, Thomas Suffenan. Christ. Branston, Wm. Robson. 1512 Thomas Vessey. 1513 Thomas Barton. 1514 Wm. Inchmett. 1515 Watland Love. 1516 Wm. Pearson. 1517 John Popplewick. Rt. Verey, Poseras Watkinson. Robert Stains, Robert Oulett. John Grissington, Edw. Dawson. Edward Smith, Thomas Power. John Jobson, John Hutchinson. Rouse Goodknap, John Clarke. Rd. Taylor, Wm. Palfreeman. Robert Wright, Richard Home. John Burd, Robert Baynard. Wm. Latch, Robert Semer. 1 527 Vincent GranthamHenry Sapscotts, John Aile. 1 528 Thomas Norton. John Gatr, Robert Miller. 1529 Jo. Grissingham. Wm. Bailey, John Rotterdam. M 4 1530 1518 William Fox. 1519 John Talboys. 1520 Peter Elford. 1521 Robert Smith. 1522 John Holland. 1 523 George Browne. 1 524 Robert Allenson. 1525 Edward Smith. 1526 Thomas Burton. 184 APPENDIX. Mayors, Sheriffs, \5?:0 Robert Urry. John Fa'kner, William Smilli. 1531 Peter Eliord. Chrisf. Haltby, John Emerson. 1532 John Popplevvick. Tho. Burton, Robert Skinner. 1523 George Sapscotts. John Collinghig, Wm. Dighton. 1 534 Wm. Palirceman. Christ. Smith, Andvv.Huddleston. 1535 Ralph Seednap. George Sample, Edvv. Glover. 1536 Robert Allenson. John Smith, William Miller. 1537 Edvvard Smith. Thomas Hanson, John Beck. 1538 John Falkner. Wm. Wheeler, Nich. Falkner. 1539 William Gates. George Smith, Thomas Wright, 1 540 Peter Elford. Wm. Allenson, James Phimtree. 1 54 1 Vincent G rantham Wm. Simkinson, George Porter. 15d2 Wm. Allenson. James Goodknap, Wm. Hudson. 1543 William Smith. Hugh Hallyley. Rd. Drewry. 1544 Henry Sapscotts. John Skinner, Edward Crosfield. 1545 Thomas W^right. Vv^m. Rotherham, Wm. Hill. 1 546 Edward Smith. Christopher Winley , Wm. Clifie. EDWARD VI. 1547 Christ. Branston. Rd. Miller, John Hutchinson. 1548 George Stamp. Tho. Beverley, Wm.Madenwell. 1549 William Yates. Richard Carter, Wm. Clarke. 1550 Edward Atkinson. M. Hollingworth, W. Newc(6me. 1551 John Falkner. Wm. Goodknap, Richard Dove. 1552 Wm. Hutchinson. Ralph Stubbs, Wm. Crovvne. QUEEN MAKT. 1 553 John Emerson. Rd. Orrell, Christ. Johnson. 1554 Wm. Rotherham. Richard Kent, Leonard Ellis. 1555 George Porter. Wm. Vergette, Wm. Schoolheltl. 1556 Johnllutchinson. John Westcome, Geo. Brough. J557 ThomaBGraniham.John Green, Rd. Croslield. QUEEN ELIZABETH. 1558 Nicholas Falkner. Rd. Smith, Anthony Hare. 1559 Wm. Goodknap. Ed. Hallyky, T. Winterborne. 1560 M. Hollingworth. John Wilson, Richard Hawkes. 1561 Richavd Miller. Martin Mason, Edward Knight. 1562 Witliam Kent. Tho. Dawson, John Harnood. 156.1 APPENDIX. 185 Mayors. Sheriffs, 156:3 William Carter. John Cockle, Christ. Hutchinson. 1 564 John Hutchinson. John Cockle, Christ. Hutchinson. 2nd time. 1565 Thomas Fulbeck. Thomas Hodprson, Wm. Scoffin. 1566 Leonard Ellis. Thomas Knike, Johaiuies de Multon. 1376 Johannes de Rocheiord, Johannes Anvill. KICHAUD n. 1377 Johannes Dymock, Robertas de Irford, 1378 Wiliielmus Bu^sy, Thomas Jaurdan. 1379 Willieimus Bussy. Johannes de Boys. 1381 "oh.innes de Toiichby, VViliielraus Leveryke. 1382 Walterns Bozouii, Johannes TaboNS. ' 1383 Johannes de Muilon, Johannes Bussy. 1383 Johanneh de Multon. Johanne-; Bozoun. 1384 Robertus de Leek, Johannes Bozoun. 1385 Philii)pus de Tilney, WiUielmus de Ayremin- 1386 W^alterus Talbojs, Johannes Boron. 1389 Johannes Bussy, Johannes de Tilney. .1391 Johannes Bussy, Johannes Rochfort. 1:^94 Johannes Bussy, Robertas de CumbervYorth. 1396 Johannes Busgy, Johannes Coheldyk. HRKHV APPENDIX. 195 HENRY IV. 1399 Thomas Hanley, Johannes de Rocheford. 1401 Henricus de Rifford, Johannes Bricrg. 1411 Thomas de Willoughby, Johannes Ponger. HENRY V. 1413 Richardus Haunser, Johannes Bell. 1414 Thomas de WiUughby, Ricardus Hansard. 1420 Johannes de Skypwith, Johannes de Meeres. 1420 Thomis Cumbervvonh, Robertus Hakbeche. 1421 Thomas Cumberworth, Ricardas Welby. HENRY VI. 1422 Robertus Roos, Johannes Braa. 1423 Ricardus Haunser, VViUieimus Tyrwhitt. 1424 Thomas Cumberworth, VValrerus Talboys. 1427 Parricius Skypwith, Walterus Talboys. 1428 Thomas Meeres, Walterus Talboys. 14.^4 Thomas Meeres. Hamond Sutton. 1441 Thomas Meeres, Robertus Shelheld. 1446 Johannes Byron, Mauncer Marmyon. 1448 J(diannes de "Nevill, Ric-irdus Rartertoa, 1451 Johannes Newport, Nicholas Welby. *EDWARD IV. J466 Thomas Burgh, Thomas Blount. 1472 Robertus Tailboys, Ricardus Welby. ********** EDWARD VI. 1547 Sir Edward Dymock, Sir William Shipville. 1552-3 Sir Edward Dymock, Robert Tyrwhitt, jun. QUEEN MARY, 1554 William Dalyson, Thomas Hussey. 1554 Sir Edward Dymock, Robert Tyrwhitt. w 2 PHIMP * From the seventeenth of Edward IV. which is the date of the last returns of parliament in the tower now known, to the first of Edward VI. the returns are all lost.--BRADy. i 9& APPENDIX, PHILIP AND MARY. 1554 Sir John Copuldike, Philip Tyrvvbitt, 1555 Sir William Cecil, Geor2:e St. Poll. 1557 Sir Edward Dymock, Robert Tyrvvhitt. QUEEN ELIZABETH. 1558^9 Sir William Cecil, Sir Richard Thimbleb-y. 1563 *Sir William Cecil, Richard Bertie. I5T.I Sir Henry Clinton, Thomas Heneage. 1572 Thomas St, Poll, Thomas Heneage. 1585 Sir Thomas Cecil, Sir Edward Dymeck. 1586 Sir Thomas Cecil, Sir Edward Dymock. 1588 Sir George St. Poll, Sir Edward Dymock. 1592 Sir George St. Poll, Sir Edward Dymock. 1597 Sir Thomas Cecil. 1601 John Sheffield, Sir William Wray. JAMES I. 1603 John Sheffield, Thomas, lord Clinton and Say. 1614 Sir John Sheffield, Sir Thomas Grantham. 1620 Sir George Manners, Sir Thomas Grantham. 1623 Sir Montague Bertie, Sir Thomas Grantham. CHARLES I. 1625 Sir John Wray, Sir Nicholson Sanderson. 1625 Sir William Airmin, John Mounson. 1628 Sir William Airmin, Sir John Wray. 1640 Sir Edward Hussey, Sir John Wray. 1640 Sir Edward Ayscough, Sir John Wray. CHARLES II. 1653 Sir William Brovvnlow, Richard Cast, Burnaby Bowtell, Humphry Walcot, Wm. Thompson. 1654 Edward Ro^siter, Thomas Hall, Thomas Lister, Charles Hall, Thomas Clinton, alias Fynes, Tho- mas Hatcher, William Wolley, William Saville^ William Welby, John Wray. 1656 * Created lord Burleigh, 1570, iu tvhose place Thomas Heneage was elected. APPENDIX. 19T 1656 Thomas Hall, Thomas Lister, Thomas Hatcher, Edward Rossiter, Charles Hall, VVm. Volley, Francis Fyne-, Williain Saville, Wm. VVelby, Charles Hussey. 1658-9 Edward Rossiter, Thomas Hatcher. 16fi0 Sir Georo'e Saunderson, Sir George Castleton. 1661 Sir George Saunderson. Sir Robert Carr. 1678 Sir Robert Carr. Sir George Castleton. 1679 Sir Robert Carr, Sir George Castleron. 1681 Sir Robert Carr, Sir George Castleton. JAMES 11. 1685 Sir Thomas Hussey, Lord Castleton, 1688 Sir Thomas Hussey, Lord Castleton. WILLIAM AND MARY. 1690 Sir Thomas Hussey, Lord Castleton. 1695 Sir Thomas Hussey, Lord Castleton. 1698 Charles Oymock, George VVhichcote. 1700 Charles Dymock, Sir Thomas Thorold. 1701 Charles Dymock, Sir John Thorold. QUEEN ANNE. 1702 Lewis Dymock. Sir John Thorold. 1705 George Whichcote, Albermarle Bertie. 1708 George Whichcote, Lord Willoughby. 1710 Lewis Dymock, Lord Willoughby. 1713 Sir Willoughby Hickman, Lord ^Villoughby. GEORGE I. 1714 Lord Tyrconnel, *Sir William Massingberd. 1T22 Robert Vyner, Henry Heron. GRORGE II. 1727 Robert Vyner, Sir T. L. Saunderson. 1734 Robert Vyner, fSir T. L. Saunderson. 1741 Robert Vyner, Thomas Whichco:e. 1747 Robert Vyner, Thomas vVhichcote. 1754 Robert Vyner, Thomas Whichcote. N 3 GEOUGE * Sir William Massingberd died and Robert V^yner elected. f Sir T. L. Saunderson made a peer, and Thomas Whichcote elected. 198 APPENDIX. GEORGE III. ]T61 Thomas Whichcote, Lord BrovTnlow Bertie, 1T68 Ihomas Whichcote, Lord Brownlow Bertie. 1774 *Lord BrownlowBertie, Charles Anderson Pelham. 1780 Charles Anderson Pelham, Sir JohnThorold, Bart. 1 784 Charles Anderson Pelham. Sir John Thorold, Bart. 1 790 tCharles Anderson Pelham, Sir John Thorold, Bart. 1796 Robert Vyner,jun, Sir Gilbert Heathcote, Bart. 1802 Sir Gilbert Heathcote. Bart. Charles Chaplin. 1806 Sir Gilbert Heathcote, Bart. Charles Chaplin. 1807 Charles Chaplin, Hon. Charles Anderson Pelham. 1812 Charles Chaplin, Hon. Charles Anderson Pelham. * Lord Drowiilow Bertie died, and Sir John Thorold, Bart. elected. t Charles Anderson Pelham made a peer, and Robert V'yner. iun. elected. SHERIFFS SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY OF LINCOLN. HENRY II. 1155 RAINERUS DE BADA. 1156 Jordanus de Blos?evil!a. 1157 Walterus de Amundevel. 1158 Idem. 1159 Idem. 1 1 60 Idem. 1161 Idem. 1162 Idem. 1163 Idem. 1 164 Pttrus de Gossa. 1165 Idem. 1 1 66 WiIHelmus de Insula. 1167 Aluredus de Poiltona. 1 168 Philippus de Kime. 1169 Idem. 1 1 70 Walterus de Grimsby. 1171 Idem. 1 172 Walterus de Grimsby, and Aluredus de Poilton. 1173 Idem. 1174 Idem. 1175 Idem. 1176 Drogo Filius Radulphi. 1177 Idem. 1178 Willielmus Basset. 1179 Idem. 1180 Idem. 1181 Idem. 1182 Idem. 1183 Idem. 1184 Idem. 1185 Nigellas Filius Alexandri. 1186 Idem. x4 J 137 200 APPENDIX. i 1 87 Nicrellus Filius Alexandri. 1188 Uem, RICHARD r. 1190 Gerardus de Camvill, and Rogerus de Stikewald. 1191 Gerardus de Camvill. 1192 Gerardus de Camvill, & Rof^erus de Stikewald. 119:^ Idem. 1 1*^4 Gerardii?; de Camvill, and Enstarius de Hedenham. 1195 Simond Kimmeo, and Petnis de Tribanton. 1196 Simon de Kime, Petrus de Beckering, aad Ro* bertus de Trihanton. 119T Idem. 1198 Philippus Filius RobertL JOHN. 1200 Robertus de Tateshall. 1201 Gerardus de Camvill, & Hugo Filiu^Ricardi. U^02 Idem. 1?03 Idem. 1204 Idem. 1505 Idem. 1206 Idem, 1207 Thomas deMuleton< 1208 Idem. 1209 Idem. 1210 Hubertusde Burgo, & Alex. Ormesby Cw^ Citsios.) 1211 Idem. 1212 Hubertus de Burozo, & Robertus de Aoziulver. 1213 Hubertus de Burozo, & Robertus Apruilum. 1214 Hubert us de Burgo, Robertus Aguilum, & Alex. de Puncton. 1215 Idem. 1216 J ohannes Marescallus. HENRY III. 1217 Willielmus Comes Sarisburiensis, & WiHielmu« Filius Warner. 121S Williel. Comes Sarisburiensis, & Johannes Bonnet. 1219 Idem. 1220 Idem. *^^^ APPENDIX. 20i 1221 Williel. Comes Sarisburieiisis,& Johannes Bonnet. 1222 Idem. 1 223 Stepfianus de Segne, & Radulphus Filius Reginaldi. 1224 Idem. 12^5 Hugo LincolniensisEpiscopus,& Radulphus Filius ' Reginald!. 1226 Idem. 12*^7 R:idulphus Filius Reginaldi. 1228 Idem. 12- 9 Idem. J2 Robertusde Rohcfietd. 1231 Walierus de Cuerarae, & Willielmus de Curum. 123 a Idem. 1233 Philippus de Ascelles. 1234 Idem. 1235 Idem. 1236 Idem. 1237 Robert us Lupus. 1238 Idem. 1239 Idem. 1240 Mem. 1241 RvJuIphus Basset. 1242 Idem. 1243 Idem. 1244 Idem. 1245 Idem. 1246 Willielmus de Dorley. 1247 Willielmus Films de Curzin. 1248 Idem. 1249 Idem. 1250 Idem. 1251 Idem. 1252 Gilbertus deCheile. 1253 Idem. 1254 Mem. 1255 Idem. 1256 Roo-erus Beler, & Rogerus HaereFejusdem. 1257 Willielmuc de Leverton. 1258 J( hannes de Cockerington. 1259 Willielmus de Augleby, & Williel. de Nottingham. 1260 Hamo Hauthejn. 1261 Idem. 1262 ^0% iPPENDIX 1262 Willielmus de Grey. 1263 Idem. ^ 1264 Idem. 1265 Willielraus& Richnrdus de Grey, Filius ejus Haeres, & Willielmus de Nottingham Clerius. 1266 WiJHelmus & Richardus, Willielmus & Jacobus Panfon. 1267 Idem. 1268 Jacobus Panton. 1269 Idem. 12;0 Idem. 1271 Idem. 1272 Thomas de Bolton. KDWARD I. 1273 Thomas de Bolton. 1274 Idem. 1275 Richardus de Harington. 1276 Nicholaus de Rye. 1277 Idem. 1278 Idem. 1279 Adamus de Sancto Laudo. 1280 Idem. 1281 Idem. 1282 Radulphusde Arnehall. 1283 Radulphus de Arnhall, and Walterus de Stuchesse, 1284 Idem. 1285 Idem. 1 286 Robertus de Cadvvorth, 1287 Idem. 1288 Idem. 128S Idem. 1290 Idem. 1291 Johannes Dyne. 1292 Idem. 1293 Johannes and Radulphus dc Trihampton. 1294 Robertus le Venur. 1295 Idem. 1296 Idem. 1297 Idem. 1298 Radulphus de Paynell, and Rich, de Draycot. 1299 Idem. 1300 APPENDIX. 203 ] 300 Ricardiis de Howell. 1301 Hugo de Bussey. 1302 Idem. 1303 Thomas Fillus Eustarchi. 130 i Thomas Films Eustarchi, & Johannes Nevile. 1305 Thomas de Burnham. 1306 Idem. EDWARD II. 1308 Radulphus Paynell. 1309 Idem. 1310 Thomas de Burnham. 131 1 Johannes de Nevile, and Radulphus de Ryo. 1312 Idem. 1313 Johannes de Nevile. 1314 Idem. 1315 Thomas de Tittele, and Johannes de Nevile. *1316 Idem. 1317 Johannes de Nevile, & Robertus de Staunton. 1318 Robertus de Staunton. 1319 Robertus de Staunton, & Simon de Landerthorpe. 1320 Johannes de Bellafide. 1321 Idem. 1322 Idem. 1323 Idem, 1324 Simon le Chamberlayne. 1325 Simon le Chambarlayne, & Reginaldus Donington. 1326 Idem. EDWARD III. 1327 Thomas de Novo Mercato. 1328 Simon Kinardsley. 1329 Thomas de Novo Mercato. 1330 Idem. 1331 Radulphus de Sancto Laudo, and Thomas de Novo Mercato. 1332 * Sheriffs were elected by the freeholders of the counties until this period, but by the statute of sheriffs made by the paihament held at Lit.coln, anno 9 Edvr/, Jl. A D. 1315. " Sheriffs shall be ap- pointed by the Chancellor. I reasurer, and Baron.^ of the Exchequer, and the Justices of the King's Bench and Common Pleas." 204 APPENDIX. 1332 Reginaldus de Donington, and Radulphus de Sancto Laudo. 1333 Idem. 1334 Johannes de Trehampton. 1335 Idem. 1336 Radulphus de Sancto Laudo, and Reginaldus de Doning'on. 1337 Johannes de Bolingbroke, and Johannes de Tre- hampton. 1338 Gjjbertus de Beaved. 1339 Idem. 1340 Willielmus Disney, and Gilbertus de Leddred, 1341 Idem. 1342 Willieimus Franuke. 1343 Johannes de Hundon. 1344 Saierus de Rochlord. 1345 Idem. 1346 Johannes de Trehampton. 1347 Idem. 1348 1349 Saierus de Rochford. 1350 Idem. 1351 Idem. 1352 Idem. 1353 Idem. 1354 Idem. 1355 Thomas de Fulvetby, and Saierus de Rochford. 1356 Idem. 1357 Idem. 1358 Idem. 1359 Johannes de Cormil. 1360 Idem. 1361 Johannes de Boys. 1362 Idem. 1363 WiIlielrausHandley. 1364 Idem. 1365 Idem. 1366 Idem. 1367 Idem. 1368 Idem. 1369 Thomas de Fulvetby. 1370 Idem. 1371 APPENDIX. 205 1371 Thomas de Fulvetby. 1372 Idem. 1373 Willielmus Bussey. 1374 .Johannes Hode. 1375 Thomas de Kydale. 1376 Rcperuh de Baler. 1377 Rdduiphiis Paynell. RICHARD II. 1 378 Thomas de Kydale de Ferrihy. 1 379 William de Spaygne. 1380 John Ponger. 1381 Thomas Thimotby de Irnham. 1382 William Belesby de Eelesby. 1383 John Fonger. 1284 John Bussey de Hather. 1385 William Spayne. 1386 John Bussey de Hather. 1.387 Philip de Tdney de Boston. 1388 William Belesby de Eelesbr. 1.389 Anketm Mallore. 1390 Walter Taylboys. 1391 John Buss> de Hather. 1392 John Rochford. 1393 Henry de Reeicrd. 1394 John Cupuldike, of Harrington, 1395 John Skipwith, oi'Ormsby. 1396 John Walsh, of Grimsby! 1397 Roger Welhv. 1.398 Henry Bidfofd. 1399 John Littlebury, knt. HENRY IV. 1400 JohnCobeldikes, kijt. 1401 John Rochford, knt. Bn6 Thomas Swynford. 1402 Gerard Soi'hil, of Redbourn, knt. 1403 Thomas Willou.ghby, of Eresby, knt. 1404 1405 Thomas Handley. 1406 Henry Redford. knt. 1407 Ralph Rochford, knt. 1408 Thomas Chaworth. knt. 1409 206 APPENDIX. 1409 John Rochford. 1410 John de Waterton, of Waterton. 1411 Robert Waterton, of Waterton. 1412 HENRY V. 1413 Thomas Clarell. 1414 Robert Hilton. 1415 Thomas Cumbervvori.h, of Cumber worth, knt. 1416 Nicholas Tournay, of Cainby. 141T John Normanvile. 1418 Thomas Chawonh, knt. 1419 Richard Haunsard, of South Kelsey, 1420 Robert Roos. of Melton. 1421 Robert Ciarell. 1522 Thomas Clarell. HENRY VI. 1423 Walter Talboves, knt. 1424 John Hayttield. 1425 Robert Hildyard. 1426 John T«ilboves. 1427 William Cupuldike. 1428 Henry Retford. 1429 Hamo Sutton, of Willoughby. 1430 William Rither, knt. 1431 Thomas Cumbervvorth, of Cumberworth, knt. 1432 Robert Roos, of Melton, knt. 1433 Joiin Pigot, of Dodding;{on. 1434 Thomas Darcy. of Norton. 1435 John Constable, of Halsham. 1436 Robert Roos, of Melton, knt. 1437 Thomas Meres, of Kirton. 1438 Philip 'i ilney, of Boston. 1439 HMgh Willoughby, of Eresby, knt. 1440 John Nevile. 1441 Nicholas Bowet, knt. 1442 Roger Pedwardin, of Burton Pedwardin. 1443 John Sothil, of Redbourn. 1444 Thomas Moigne. 1445 1446 John Harrington. 144" APPENDIX. 207 1447 Thomas MereP, of Kirton. 1418 Nicholas Bowet, knt. 1419 Mfincer Marmyoa, of Scrivelsby. 1450 Brian Stai^Iefon. 1451 Wiiliam Hither, knt. 145? Nicholas Bowet, knt. 1453 John Nevile. 1454 Richircl Warerfon, of Waterton. 1455 Henry Retford, knt. 1456 John Tempest^ knt. . 1457 John Harrington. 1458 Richard Waterton, of Waterton. 145^^ WiJiuim Skipwith. ot Ornisby, knt. 1460 Johti Marrayon, of Scrivelsby. EDWARD IV. 1461 John Bnrffh, of Gainsborough. 1462 Thomas Blound. 1463 1464 William Skipwith, of Ormsby, knt. 1465 Brian Sfapleton, knt. 1466 John Whichcore, of Harppuell. 1467 Robert Constable, of Halsham, knt. 1 168 Thoma-< Meres, of Kirton. 1469 Richard Fitz-Viiiiams, of Mapleth, knt. 1470 Richard Tempest, knt. 1471 Richard Weibv. 1472 1 eonard Fhornburcrh. 1473 Thoira^Kime, of Friesnev. 1474 John Villiers, of Leicestershire. 1475 Thomas Wimbech. 1476 Robert Markham, of Sidebrook, knt. 1477 John Boiies, of Hough. 1478 William Browne. 1479 Tliomas Tempest. 14S0 John Bushy, knt. 1481 Robert Talboya, knt. 1482 William Tyrwhit, of Kettleby. (eDWAUD v.) UICHARD III. 1483 Thomas Knight. 1484 Robert Dy moke, knt. 1485 208 APPENDIX. 1485 Thomas Meres, of Kirton. HENRY Vir. 1496 Thomas Pinchbeck. 148 7 Brian Standford. 148S John Copuidike, of Harrington. 1489 Thomas Tempest, knt. 1490 Oliver St. John, knt. 1491 H^nrv Willouo-hby, of Eresby, knt. 1492 Thomas Welby. 1493 John Skipwith, ofOrmsby. 1494 John Hiissey, of Sleafofd. 1495 William Shirvvell. knt. 1496 George Talboyes. 1497 Mancer Marmion, of Scrivelsby. 1498 Thomas Knight. 1499 Thomas de la Land, of A-hby, knt. 1500 William Avscouo-h, of Kelsey. 1501 William Tyrwhitt, of Kettleby, knt. 1502 Henry Willoughby, of Eresby, knt. 150:^ Robert Dymoke, knt. 1 504 Leonard Percy. 1505 William Ayscough, of Kelsey, knt. 1506 Miles Bushy, knt. 1507 Robert Sution, of Willoufrhby. 1508 William Ayscough, of Kesley, knt, HENRY Viri. 1510 Robert Dymoke, knt. 1511 Thomas Parr, of Northam. knt. 1512 Edward Guildlord, of Kent. 1513 Thomas Cheyne, knt. 1514 Marmaduke Constable, jun. of Halsham, knt, 1515 George F'itzvvilliams, of Maplethorp. 1516 Leonard Dymoke. knt. 1517 William Hansard, of South Kelsey, knt. 1518 William Tyrwhitt. knt. 1519 Thomas Burgh, jun. of Gainsborough, knt. 1 520 Robert T\ rvvhitt. knt. 1521 William Ayscough, of Kelsey, knt. 1522 Francis Brown. 1 523 Andrew Belesby , of Belesby, knt. 1 524 APPENDIX. ' 209 1524 Robert Tyrwhitt, knr. 1525 Thomas Burgh, of Gainsborough, knt. 1526 Gilbert Talbo3es, knr. 1527 William Skipwith, of Ormsby, knt. 1528 Thomas Portington. 1529 George Firzwilliams, of Mapleth. 1 530 Andrew Beiesby, of Belesby, knt. 1531 William Hussey, knt. 1532 William Disney, of Norton Disney. 1533 John Markham, of Sidebroke, knt. 1534 George Fitzvvilliam, of Maplethorpe, knt. 1535 John Goodrick. 1536 Edward Dymoke. 1537 William Tyrwhitt, knt. 1538 John Harrington, knt. 1539 William Newenham, knt. 1540 William Sandon, knt. 1 54 1 Robert Tyrwhitt, knt. 1542 Thomas Dymoke. 1543 Robert Hussey, of Halton, knt. 1544 William Sandon. 1545 Francis Ascough, of Kelsey, knt. 1546 William Dallison, of Laughton. EDWARD VI. 1547 Edward Dymoke. knt. 1548 John Copledike, of Harrington, knt. 1549 Francis Ascough, of Kelsey, knt. 1550 Richard Bolles, of Hough. 3551 Richard Thimolby, knt. 1552 William Skipwith, knt. QUEEN MARY. 1554 Francis Ascough, of Kelsey, knt. and Williani Monson, of South Carlton. 1555 Edward Dymoke, knt. 1556 Richard Disney. 1557 Thomas Littlebury. 1558 William Thorold, of Blankney. o * qUEES 210 APPENDIX. QUEEN ELIZABETH. 1559 Robert Tyrwhitt, km. 1560 Richard thimolby,knt. 1561 Richard Welby. 1562 Adlard Welby. 1563 Sir William Skipwith, knt. 1564 Richard Bertie, of Grimsthorpe. 1565 Thomas St. Poll, of Snarford. 1566 Richard Disney, of Norton Disney. 1567 John Copledike, of Harrington. 1568 John Carr, of Sleaford. 1569 Richard BoUes, of Hough. 1570 Thomas Quadringe. 1571 Anthony Thorold. 1572 William Hunston. 1573 Robert Savile. 1574 Andrew Gedney, of Bag Enderby. 1575 William Metham, of Bullington. ' 1576 George Heneage, of Hainton. 1577 John Monson, of South Carlton. 1578 Francis Manby, of Elsham. 1579 Thomas St. Paul, of Snarford. 1580 William Fitzvvilliams, of Mapleth. 1581 Robert Carr, jun. of Sleaford. 1582 Daniel Disney, of Norton Disney. 1583 Edward Tyrwhitt. 1584 Sir Edward Dy moke, knt. 1585 William Heneage, of Hainton. 1586 Bartholomew Armyn, of Osgodby. 1587 Edward Ayscough, of Kelsey. 1588 George St. Paul, of Snarford. 1589 John Markham. of Sidebroke. 1590 John Savile, of Doddington. 1591 Charles Hussey, of Hunington. 1592 Nicholas Saunderson, of FiUingbam. 1593 Valentine Brown, of Croft. 1594 William Wray of Glentworth. 1595 Philip Tyrwhitt. 1596 John Meres, of Kirton. 1597 Thomas Monson, of South Carlton, knt. 1598 APPENDIX. 211 159S Sir William Hpneage. of Hainton, knt, 1599 Robert Tyrvvhitt, olKet.leby. 1600 Thomas Grantham, of Goltho. 1601 Roger Dallisoii, of Laughton. 1602 Willirtm Pelham, of Brocklesby, and William Armyn, of Osgodby, knt. JAMES I. 1603 Sir William Armyn, of Osgodby, knt. 1604 Sir Edward Marbury, of Girsby, knt. 1605 Sir Richard Amcotts, knt. 1606 Sir William Welby, knt. 1607 Sir Gervase Helwhich, of Worretly, knt. 160S Sir Richard Ogle, of Pinchbeck, knt. 1609 Sir John Read, of Wrangle, knt. 1610 Sir John Hatcher, of Careby, knt. 1611 Robert Tyrwhiit, of Carnerin. 1612 Sir John Langton, of Langton, knt. 1613 Sir Nicholas Saunderson, of Saxby, bart. 1614 Sir Edward Carr, of Sleaford, bart. 1615 Sir John Thorold, knt. 1616 Sir Francis South, of Kelstern, knf. 1617 Anthony Thorold. 1618 Sir Edward Hussey, of Hunington, bart. 1619 Sir John Buck, of Humby Grange, knt. 1620 Thomas Taylor, of Doddington Pigot. 1621 Richardson Hickson. of Ropesley. 1622 Sir George Southcote, of BIythborough, knt. 1623 Sir Thomas Middlecot, of Boston, knt 1624 Williara Lister, of Coleby. CHARLES I. 1625 1626 Sir John Wray, bart. 1627 John Bolles, of Scampton. 1628 James Brampton, of Touse. 1629 George Heneage, of Hainton, knt. 16:^0 Sir William Arnnn, of Osgodby, bart. 1631 Sir Daniel Deligne, of Harlanton, knt. 1632 Sir Edward Ayscough, of Kelsey, knt. 1633 Sir William Thorold, of Marston, knt, o 2 1624 212 APPENDIX. 16?4 Sir Gervasp Scrope, of Cockerington, lent. }e?5 WMier Norton. 16:-?« Sir William Pelham, of Brockelsby, knt. \6*?1 Sir Edward Husspy, of Hunington, bart. 16:^8 Anthony Irby, of JBoston. ]fi:'9 Thomas Grantham, of GoJtber. 1640 John Brownlou', of Belron. 1641 Sir Thomas Trollope, of Casewick, bart. 1642 S;r Edward Heron. 1643 Edward King. 1644 Thomas Lister. 1645 Francis Fynes, alias Clinton, of Kirkstead. 1646 John Hobson. 1647 ^ir Richard Earle, of Craglethorp, bart. 1648 EdvAard Maddison. CHARLES If. 1649 16.^0 1651 1(52 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 ]662 1663 1664 166n 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 y Interregnum* Sir Philip Tyrwhitt of Stainfield, bart. Sir Anthony OldlieJd, of Spalding, or Pinchbeck, bart. Sir Edward Dymoke, of St rivelsby, knt. Sir .?ohn Buck, of Hamby Grange, bart. Sir Edward Barkham, of Wainfleef, bart. Sir P]dward Ayscongh, of North Kelsey, knt. Sir Michael Arniyn, of Osgodby, bart. William Welby, of Denton. Sir Thomas Hussey. of Doddington Pigot, bart. William Lister, oi Colehv. Thomas Browne, ot Saltfleetby. Sir Edmund Winn, of Thornton Curtis, bart. 1672 APPENDIX. 213 1672 Sir William Humble, of Aswick Grange, bart. 1673 John Lodmgfon, of CarlJon Scrope. 1674 Sigismund Tratford, of Danston. 16 r^ Sir Richard Earle, of Screglesthorpe, bart. 1676 John Hafcher, of Coleby. 1677 Thomas Harrington, of Boothby, near Grantham. 1678 Joseph Edmonds, of Howel. 1 679 Ralph Maddiscn, of Siormon Whole, and Sir Chris- topher Nevile, knt. 1680 Sir Christopher Nevile, of Aubourn, knt. 1681 Sir Kdmnnd Turnor, of 8(oke Rochford, knt. 1682 Sir Christopher Ciapham, of Utiington, knt. 1683 Sir Edward Ayscough, of South Keisey, knt. 1684 Sir Edward Ayscough, of Scuih Keisey, knt. JAMES ir. 1685 William Stowe, of Newton. 1686 Anihoiiy jEyre. 1687 Anihony Eyre, 1688 Sir John Brownlow, of Belton, bart. WILLIAM AND MARY. 1689 Sir William Buck, of Hamby Grange, bart. 16"^0 Joiin Chaplin, of Blankney. 1691 Christopher Hales. 1692 I h. ma-; Pownail. of Lincoln. 169:^ Edward Pavno. of Hoao-h. 16 <4 Sir John XCrwhitf, of Staintield, bart. 16*5 Sir Pury Cast, of Srainford, knt. 1696 Thomas Lisier. of Coleby. 1697 Sepheu Rothwell, of Stapleford. 1 698 Martin Brown. 1699 1700 1701 Robert Tyrwhitt. QUEEN ANNE. 1702 Thomas Fane, of t«'ulbeck. 1703 Sir Thomas Troiiope, of Casewick, bart. 1704 Richard Welby, oi" Denton. o 3 1705 214 APPENDIX. 1705 Charles Pelbara, of Brockelsby. 1706 Ma'tbew Boucheret, of Stallingborough. 1707 John Toller, of Billingborough. 1708 William Ude. 1709 Sir John Sherarde. of Lobthorpe, bart, J 7 10 Sir Marniaduke BurrelKknt. 1711 James Chohueley. of Easton. 1712 Thomas Hatcher, of Corby. 1713 Edmund Tumor, of Stoke Rochford. 1714 Francis Anderson, of Mumby. GEORGE I. 1715 Sir Cecil Wray, ol Glentworth, bart. 1716 Bartholomew Burton, of Surfleet. 1717 Francis Brown. 1718 Richard Nelthorpe. 1719 John Maddison. of Stointon Whole. 1 720 Sir Richai d Cust, of Stamford, bart. 1721 Gervsse Scrope, of Cockerington. 1722 Sir John Thorold, of Marsion. bart. 1723 Siiji^mund Trafford, of Ounston. 1724 Sir Samuel Thorold, of Harmston, bart. 1725 James Stovin. 1726 Vincent Amcotis, of Harrington. 1727 Phillips Glover, of Wispington. GEORGE II, 1728 Henry Andrews. 1729 Thomas Pindar, of Girsby. 1730 Thomas Payne, of Hough. 1731 1732 1733 Coningsby Sibthorp, of Canwick. 1734 John JBuissere, of Marsh Chapel. J 735 Robert Litchford. of Boothby Pagnell. 1736 Joseph Banks, of Revesby. 1737 Conev Tunnard, of Frampton, 1738 St. John Wells, of Alford. 1739 Thomas Burrell. 1740 Richard Popplewe!!, of Belton. ^74 1 Sir Henry Nelthorpe, ef Barton, barf, Hit APPENDIX. 215 1742 Thomas Dayrell, of Horkstow. 1743 John Cholmeley, of Easton. 1744 Henry Herring;. 1745 William Burrell Massing-berd, of Ornisby* 1746 William Welby. of Denton. 1747 Gilbert Caldecof, of Holton. 1748 John Grea;oiy, of Harlaxton. 1749 Christopher Nevile. of Grantham. 1750 Sir John de la FountaineTyrvvhi't,ofStainfield5bart. 1751 Sir John Thorold, of CranwelUbart. 1752 Richard Hardwicke, ofSpil^by. 1753 Charles Amcotts, of Harring;ton. 1754 Ayscough Boiicheret, of STalling;borough. 1755 William Marshall, of Thettlethorpe. 1756 Thomas Lister, of Burgh-cum-Girsbv- 1757 Charles Gore, of Horkstow. 1758 Gervase Scrope,of Cockrington. 1759 Joseph Dixon, of Fulbeck. 1760 Clement Trafford, of Dunslon. GEORGE in. 1761 William Roe, of Sudbrooke. 1762 Thomas Mainwarin;'-, ofGoltho. 1763 William Gildas, of Barton. 1764 Marmaduke Tomlin, of Riby. 1765 Thomas Williamson, of Allmgton. 1766 John Somerscales, of East Ravendale. 1767 Sir John Nehhorpe, of Barton, barl. 1768 Joseph Walls, of East Kirby. 1769 John Hopkinson, of Burton Cog-gles. 1770 Edward Parker, ofGlamfoi^ Brigg:s. 1771 Charle*; Anderson Pelham, of Brockelsby. 1772 Mountague Cholmeley , of Easton. 1773 John Key, of Leadenham. 1774 Michael Newton, of Culverthorpe. 1775 John Nplihorpe, ot Little Grim-sby, 1776 Thomas Douglass, of Grantham. 1777 Sir Christopher Whichcot, of Aswardby, bart. 1778 Sir John Thorold, of Sy-^ton, bart. 1779 John Madison, of Gainsborough. 1780 Sir Charles Buck, of Harby. 4 1781 216 APPENDIX. 1781 Richard Nelthorpp, of Scawby. 1782 William Pennyman, of Little Ponton. J 783 Sir Jennison Gorflon,of Haverholme Priory, bart. 1784 GeorL'S'e William Johnson, of Witham on (he Hill. 1785 Charles Chaplin, of Blankney. 17S6 Darreal Douglas, of Faikinohara. 1787 Theophiliis Burkworth, ofSpalding. 1788 Edward Brown, of Waloot. 1789 Lewis Dyaioke, of Scrivelsby. 1790 Sir Thoma;* VVhichcot, of Asvvardby, bart. 1791 Robert Michael Robinson, of Hanihorpe. 1792 Christopher Nevile, of We'lingore. 1793 Richard Ellison, of Siidbrouke. 1794 Sir Joseph Banks, of Revesby. 1795 Ayscough Boucherett, of North Willingham. 1796 William Earle Welby, of Denton. 1797 John Cracroft, of Hackihorne. 1798 Thomas Burton Shaw, of Willou^hby. 1799 Henry Hopkinson, of Castle Bytham. 1800 Mitthew Bancroft Lister, of Burwell Park. 1801 Charles Mainwaring, ofGoliho. 1802 Henry Dalton, of Knaith 1803 Sir Henry NeUhorpe, of Scawby, bart. 1804 Robert Vyner, of Gautby. 1805 Mountague Cholmeley, of Easton. 1806 W^illiam Reeve, of Leadenham. 1807 Marmaduke Graburn, of Barton. 1808 The Hon. William Beauclerc, of Redbourn. 1809 Sir Robert Heron, of Stubton, bart. 1810 Edmund Turnor, ofSiokc Rochford. 181 1 Sir John Trollope, of Casewick, bart. 1812 George Lister, ofGirsby. 1813 George Robert Heneage, of Hainton. . 1814 Robert Vyner, of Gautby. 1815 Joseph Livesey, of Sturton. 1816 Nevile Kmg, of Ashby. A COPY A COPY OF AN AWARD OF THE COMMISSfONF.RS APPOINTED TO INCORPORATE THE PARISHES IN LINCOLN. MANY of the churches, (of which a list is ^iven in Chap. II. p. 76.) having fallen from leng-ih of time, and want of necessary reparations; and the parishes heing so very small, that there was neither a snfiicent income for the support of an officiating mini-ter, nor were the inhabi- tants able to support so many churches, without sustain- ing a burthen far more than adequate to the number of parishioners in each distinct parish ; application was made to parliament, for the purpose of uniting or conso- lidating them into a smaller number, and a private or local act was passed in the second and third years of Edward VI. " for the union of churches in the city of Lincoln," authorising four persons, namely, John, then bishop of Lincoln, William Hutchinson, mayor, Georjre Stamp, and John Fowler, to carry the same into effect ; and it appears, by a copy of the act or deed ot union, dared 4th Septem- ber, 1553^ in the iirst year of the reign of queen Mary, under their hands, that the several parishes in the city, bail, apd close of Lincoln, were united by them in the following order, and were then of the following estimated value : St. Botolph. £ s. d. £ s. d, St. Botolph 3 0^ St. Margaret 2 St. Cross, as far as the Gowt bridge 1 ^"^ I q , « . St. Catherine I/. etleMalendrve ]0s. 1 10 f ^ ^"^ ^ In land in the Parish of St. Botolph 16 8 | St. Margaret 6 8 J Freer Holme on the west of Lincoln. Th« 218 APPENDIX. The tythes of certain closes lying east of Sincii d}ke, in the parish of St. Boiolph, to remain as theretofore. Deduction. £ s. d. £ s. d. To the prebendary of St. Botolph . . 1 > , ^ To the precentor of the cathedral -.0 3 i ^ So remaineth clear to the finding of the curate -.7 10 Q All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above written to be of the parish of St. Botolph, and the prebendary of St. Botolph to be proprietor of all profits of the knd and church yards above mentioned, except the church yard of Holy Rood, paying yearly to the chanter of the caihedral church of Lincoln 3s 4d, and finding a sufficient curate from time to time. The church yard of Holy Rood remaineth always to the prebendary named See Crucis, or Holy Cross. St. Peter's at Gowts. St. Peter at Gowts, and part of St. Cross, on the north part of the £ s, d. £ s. d. Gowi bridge 3 0"] St.Tnni'v 1 6 8 1 St. Edward 1 • . ,. ,. St. Andrew 10 ,^ ' ^^ ^ In land in the parish of St. Peter and Mark 2 Oj Marshes west of Lincoln. The tythes within the limits of St. Peter, of the common closes and grounds as theretofore.with the tythes of the common grounds within the limits ot the said late parishes of the Holy Trinity, Holy Rood, and St. Ed- mund's unto Nychar-poole. Deduction. APPENDIX. 219 Deduction. * £ s. d. To the precentor of the cathedral 10 So remaineth clear to the finding of the curate-- 7 6 8 All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above written, to be of the parish nf St. Peter at Gowts ; and the chanter of the cathedra! church of Liiicoln to be proprietor of all profits within (he parishes and limits above written, and to have the land and church yards above Bicniioned, finding a sufficient curate from time to time. St. Mark. £ s. d. £ s. d» St. Mark 4 0' In land there per annum 2 In land in the late parish of St, Edward, given by Mary Wymbysh, widow, )> 8 per annum 1 In land given by Edward Atkinson and Richard Clysth, per annum 1 OJ A scite formerly called While Freers, or Fryers. All persons dw^elling within the parish and linvts above written, to be of the parish of St. Mark; and the chan-er of the cathedral church of Lincoln to he proprietor of all profits within the parish and limits above written, and to have the land and church yard above mentioned, finding a sufficient curate fiomiime lo time. St. Mary. £ s. d. £ *. d, St. Mary 6 01 A close in the parish of St. Faith, with ! tythes in the late parish of St. An- I drew on the Mount 3 1 Part of the parish of St. John the Evan- S.9 6 8 gelist, adjoining to the parish of St. j Mary, on the west of the king's highway, w^ith the tythes of wardens and orchards on the east of the said ehurch ofSt. John 1 6 8J The 220 APPENDIX. The t}'thes of the common closes and grounds within the limits of the said parishes of St. Mary's, east of Lincoln, as theretofore accustomed. Deduction, £ s. d. To the precentor of the cathedral 3 4 So remaineth clear to the living of the vicar 9 3 4 All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above written, to be of the parish of St. Mary ; and the vi<;ar of St. Mary for the lime being, to have al! profits within the purishe^ and limits above written, and to have the church yard of St. Miir\'s above mentioned, paying yearly to the ch-uiter of the cathedral church of l..incoln 3s 4d; and ihe prebendary of Grctton to give the same vicarage from time to time. St. Benedict. £ s. d. £ s, d. Part of the parish of St. John the '] Kvanjrelist, on ihe east of ihe king's | hjirhwHy, to the parish of St. Bene- )- S diet, <\c 1 6 8 I St. Benedict 6 13 4 J Deduction. To the precentor of the cathedral 3 4 So remaineth clear to the living of the curate 7 16 8 All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above v\ritten, to be of the parish of St. Renedici ; and the prebendary of North Kelsey lor the time being, to have all profits within ihe parishes and limits above written, and to have the church yards of St. Benedict's and St. John's above mentioned, finding a sufiicient curate from, time to time, and payinn- to the chanter of the cathedral church of Lincoln 3s 4d. ^ St. Petefe APPENDIX. 221 St. Peter's at Arches. £ s, d, £ s. d. St. Peter at Arches 6 0"^ The rectory ho-ise there. . | In land in St. Peter at Arches 12 0)>8 5 4 Ditto St. John the Evangelist ... 1 6 8 [ Ditto St. Cross 6 8J Deduction. To the queen jinnually 10s. procurations 10s — 1 00 So remaineth clear to the living of the parson - - 7 5 4 All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above written, lo be ol the parish of St. Peter at Arches; and the parson of St. Peter at Arches for the time being, to have all profits within the parish and limits above writ- ten, and to have the land and church yards above mention- ed ; and the queen's majesty to have the presentation of the said parsonage. St. Swithin. £ s. d, £ s, d, St. Swithin ^ ^ ^ I 6 In land there per annum 10 05^ bvod the mansion, and the tythes ofmarshes,& closes under- written. A mansion in tenure of Henry Sapcote lately called Blaciv Monks. The scite of a mansion formerly called Grey Fryers and Black Fryers. The tythes of certain marsh grounds and closes, east of Lincoln, in such places as w^ere accustomed to be paid before the union of churches was maiie. All 222 APPENDIX. All persons dwelling within the parish and limits above writ'en. and all the Iand> above mentioned, to be of the parish of St. Swithin ; and the chanter of the cathedral church of Lincoln to be proprietor of all the profits within the parish and limits above written, and to have the land* and church yard above mentioned, finding a sufficient curate from time to time. St. Martin. £ s. d St. Laurence , 2 0^ St. Martin 2 St. Mary Craypoole, or Crackpool and INewland 2 In lands in the said pai ish of St. Martin, clear yearly, without doing any repa- rations 1/. 65. Sd. or else the vicar there to have the whole church lands w^ithin the said parishes, and do the reparations thereof — --.--. 1 6 0_ Deduction. To the precentor of the cathedral -- .0 6 8 £ 8, d. >7 6 8 So remaineth to the living of the vicar 7 Reservation of tythes in St. Mary Craypoole. , All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above wiitten.to be of the parish of St. Martin ; and the vicar of St, Martin for the time being, to have all profits within the parishes and limits above written, and to have the land as is above said, and the church yards above mentioned, paying unto the chanter of the cathedral church of Lincoln 65. 8c?. yearly ; and the prebendry of St. Martina's to have the gift of the vicarage from time to time, and the church yard of the said late parish of St. Lawrence to serve for burial in time of need, and the church yard of the said late St. Mary Craypoole to serve for burial for the persons within the same. St. Michael APPENDIX. 223 St. Michael. £ $ d. £ s. d. St. Cuthbert 1 0^ St. Michael 1 OOj In land per annum 13 4 I- ^q a A pension or annuity lately ^iven by j Robert Deighton, esquire, deceased j per annum. .-- 5 OOJ All persons dwelling within the parishes and limits above written, to be of the parish of St. Michael, and the curate of St Michael's ; for the time being, to have all profits within the parishes and limits above written, with the pension or annuity above named ; and the said curate to have the land and church yards above mentioned ; and the church yard of the said late parish of St. Cuthbert, to serve for burial for the persons dwelling within the said late parish. The parishes of St. John and St. Nicholas in Newport, have now no other remains of their churches, than a small belfry in the cemetery of the latter. St. John's church was taken down some years ago by the Dean and Chapter, ( patrons of the living,) being then in a very dilapidated state. FINIS. ERRATA. Page 11, line ^^for places read plans. Page 15, line 28— /or Paldgraphica read Palaegraphia. Page 28, line 6— for legiondary read legionary. INDEX. Alnwick, William, bishop, (keeper of the privy seal, under Henry VI.) porch of the south door built by him, 48. Antique stone and inscription, 145. Antiquities, various specimens of roman, preserved in the cathedral, 71. Antiquaries, instance of their sagacity, 79. Archives of the cathedral, extracts from relating to the Nova Opera, 59, Arch in the west door of St. Mary's church, 82. Arthur, king, military exploits of, at Lincoln, 28. Assembly room, the city, 151. The county, ib. Asylum, lunatic, projected erection of, 142. Site of the building, ib. Amount of subscriptions received, ib. Atwater, William, bishop, 49. Axholme, the island of, beneficial effects by drainage oi, 11. Its ori- ginal state, 17. B. Bardney, monastery at, re-built by Remigius, 38. Barlow, William, bishop, preaches to convert Scotch presbyterians, 53. Barlow, Thomas, bishop, short sketch of his character, 55. Beake, or Le Bee, Thomas, bishop, 45. Beake, or Le Bee, Thomas, bishop, 46. Beaufort, Henry, bishop, the well known subject of Shakespeare's pen, 46. Beaumont-fee, 177. Benedict's, St. church, when erecieo, 81. Bishop's palace, description of, 138. Blandevil, Ranulph de, earl of Lincoln, 101. Blecca, governor of Lincoln, converted to Christianity, 38. Bloet, Robert, bishop, account of, 39. Blois, Alexander de, bishop, particulars of, 39. Blois, William de, bishop, 42. Blue-coat school, by whom founded, 123. Names of benefactors sine* its foundation, ib. rXDKX. Boston, town of, when first represented in parliament, IT. Emineifl character born at, 15. Botolph's, St. church, 83, 147. Bourn, distinguished persons born at, 16. Buckingham, or Beckingham, John, bishop, 46. Burleigh, lord, William Cecil, birth place of, 16. Burlington, lord, decision of, with regard to the precedency between Lincoln and York cathedrals, 66. Burghersh, or Burwash, Henry, bishop, 45. Story of his appearani^e after death, ib. JBurghersh, lord Bartholomew, monument of, 69. Butter market, 150. Butchery, 151. Bullingham, Nicholas, bishop, 52. C. Canal, the Foss-dyke, beneficial eifects attendant on its re-opening, 85. Carausius, roman wall built by, 1 26. Castle of Lincoln, w^hen built, 29. Descriptive view of, 132, 133, 134. Arch of roman construction in the west wall of, 131. Its present ap- pearance, 134. Castle and shrievalty of Lincoln offered for sale, 31. Catholic chapel, 153. Exquisite painting in, ib. Cattle, the Lincoln breed of, much esteemed, 5. Cathedral, when first erected,38, 58. Made barracks for soldiery, 54,67. Its general history, 58. Extracts from the archives of, relating to the Nova Opera, 69. Arched over with stone, ib. Damaged by the faliing of the great tower, ib. When finished, 60. Particular de- scription of the, 61. MeasurerAents of, by Mr. Espin, of Louth, 62. Height of the western and great towers of, ib. Grand western front of the, dr-scribed, 63. South porch, 64. Western towers of the, by whom erected, 65. Its immense riches, 6Q. Plundered by Henry VIII., ih. Floor of the, new paved, 67. Its principal monuments flescribed, 68. Library, by whom built, 71. Curiosities preserved in, ib. Its modern oflBces, 72. Ingenious description of don Espriel- la, relating to. ib. Cenotaphs marble, description of a, 69. Chad«rton, William, bishop, 52. Chadworth, .John, bishop, 48. Charitable assemblies, plan of, explained , 1 06. Advantages arising from, 107. Beneficial effects exemplified, ib. Chapter house, by whom built, 42. Its admeasurement and form, 62, 71 . Charter of the city of Lincoln, 154. Chesney, Robert de, bishop, 40. Children, crucifixion of, by the jews at Lincoln, 70. Christianity, Mhen introduced into England, 37. Its introduction into Lincolnshire, and by whom, 38. Christ's hospital, account of, (See Blue-coat school.) Church payments, excommunication published against detainers of , 60. Churches, original number of, in Lincoln, 75. Names and positions of, 76. Union of, by act of parliament, 217. INDEX. Ooals, extraordinary reduction in the price of, on the re-opening of tiie Foss-dyke canal, 85. Cob's hole, or hall, account of, 133. Conjectures respecting its origin, 134. Coffins, stone, discovered at various times in a quarry, 130. Coins, roman, discovered at Lincoln, 126, 127, 143, 144. Colsterworth, Sir Isaac Newton born at, 16. Companies, incorporated, in Lincoln, 86. v Conduit, remains of the roman, 130. St, Mary's, exquisit;^ arehiteciurc of, 148. Constants, Walter de, bishop, 40. Cooper, Thomas, bishop, .52. Cordvi'ainers, the Lincoln incorporated company of, more ancic'ut than that of London, 86. Corn market, the, 1 49. County of Lincoln, when first represented in parliament, 17. D'Alderby, John, bishop, 44. David, king of Scotland, does homage to king John, at Lincoln, 32. Assists at the sepulture of bishop Hugh, 4 1 . Deanery, the, by whom erected, 137. Decoys for waterfowl, account of the, 15. Deeping fen, favorable view of its improvement by draining, 9. The present system of the drainage of, reprobated by Mr. Stone, 10. Tra- dition of its being a forest, 16. Dep6t, or Military arsenal, 151. Dioclesian, coin of the roman emperor, discovered, 127. Division, the natural and artificial, of Lincolnshire, 3. Dodd, Dr. a native of Lincolnshire, 16. Doomsday book, list of names and manors in, relating to William the conqueror's division of Lincolnshire, 3. Drainage tax, sum total of the, 12. Aggregate number of acres sub ject to the, ib. E. Earl of Lincoln, the title of, its first possessor, 100. To whom it now belongs, 103. East-gate, description of, 26. Its position, ib. Taken down by sir Cecil Wray, 27. Ecclesiastical history of Lincoln, 37. Education, state of, in Lincoln, considered, 122. Edifice, singular old, in Broad-gate, 138. Edward I., the celebrated letter of, to the pope, written at Lincoln, 33. Elizabeth, qu-^en, opinion of, with regard to christian names, 115 Ely, bishopric of, taken out of the see of Lincoln, 57. Knglefield, sir Henry, description of, relating to a roman arch in the castle wall, 132. i»2 INDEX. Episcopal palace at Lincoln, when, and by whom built, 40. Espriella, don, ingenious description of the impression produced on the first sight of the cathedral, 72. Exchequer-gate, description of, when erected, 135. Fens, general descriptive view of the, T. Their origin, ib. Peculiar appearance of, in summer and winter, 8. Flemming, Richard, bishop, brief particulars of his character, 47. Monument of, in the cathedral, 48. Fortress, roman, conjectured to have been on the site of the present castle, 131. Foss-dyke canal, when first begun, 29. Its importance to Lincoln, 85. Lease of, granted to Mr. Ellison, ib. Fox, the martyrologist, a native of Lincolnshire, 15. Fuller, William, bishop, 55. G. Gaol, the county, 142. The city, 143. Gardiner, James, bishop, 56. Gaunt, John of, the residence of, 33, 82. The palace of, described, 139. His stables, ib. Gaunt, Gilbert de, earl of Lincoln, 100, 101. Geese, dissertation on, 6. Times of plucking, 7. Value of their fea- thers, ib. Gibson, Edmund, bishop, 56, Giles', St. hole, subterranean passage so called, described, 136. Grammar school, 122. Great Tom, ths bell, description of, 74. Its weight, 75. Inscriptions on, 74. Where cast, ib. Grebby, Robert, a distinguished character of Lincolnshire, account of his appearance aft^r death, to announce the existence of another state, 113. Grimsby, when first represented in parliament, 1 7. Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, born at, ib. Grostete, or Greathead, Robert, bishop, 42. His character, 43. Letter of, to the pope, ib. His excommunication, ib. G-^vesend, Benedict, (or Richard de), bishop, 44. Account of ib. Grey, William, bishop, 48. Grecian stairs, 153. Grey Friars, old building so termed, 137. Its present use, ib. INDEX. H. Haverholme monastry, when built, 39. Henry II. crowned at Lincoln, 31. Henry VII. visits Lincoln, after the battle of Bosworth field, 34. High bridge, the, description of, 149. Holbeach, or Holbecb, Henry, bishop, his character delineated, 50. Holbeach, town of, Slukely th3 celebrated antiquarian born there, <5I, Holland, the division of, 3. Why so called, 14. Its extent and general appearance, ib. Number of wapentakes in, 3. South, the drainage of, considered, 10. Horses, peculiar fine breed of, in Lincolnshire, 5. Their value according to Arthur Young, ib. Hospital, county, plan and government, 142. Hugh, bishop, detail of his life, 4 1 . Character, ib. Regal assistance at the sepulture of, ib. Orders the body of Fair Rosamond to be re- moved from Godstow church, 42. Canonization and magnificent ihrine of, 41. I.J. Industry, the house of, 151. Jews' house, description of, an old edifice so called, 139. Conjectured to be a religious house, 140. Jews, houses and property of the, at Lincoln, confiscated for crucifying a child, 70. K. Kesteven, a division of Lincolnshire so called, 3. Number of wapen- takes in, ib. Its boundaries, extent, and general features, 15. Kings, who have resided at, or visited Lincoln, 25,28, 31 — 34. L. Lacy, John de, earl of Lincoln, 101. Land, cstruoidmary increase in the value of, by means of draining, 13. Laji'-y, E'^njnmin, bishop, 55. Learned and eminent characters produced in Lincolnshire, III. Lewi.« fair, h battle at Lincoln, so called, 32. Lexirgton, Henry, bishop, 44. Library, thv rublic subscription, general view of the rules, 108. The cath-rdral, by whom founded, 71, HI. Lincoln heath, 16. Lindum, the old roman, still discernable, 25. Extent of, 28. p3 INDEX. Lincoln, city of when first represented in parliament, 17. Its early and progressive history, 23. Etymon of the name^ 24. State of, under the picts, saxons, and danes, 28. At the norraan conquest, 29. Ves- tiges of its being a roman station, 25. Becomes a bishop's see, 29. Honored with the regal presence, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34. The Bail of, supjiosed to be the roman Lindum, 27. Nearly consumed by fire, 30. Damaged by an earthquake, ib. Its loyalty ia the war of the barons, 32. Becomes a staple for leather, lead, and wool, 33. Commotion of the inhabitants of, 3-5. Its conduct during the civil wars, ib. Visited by the unfortunate Charles I,,ib. Taken by storm during the civil M'ars, 36. Names and position of the churches of, 76. Places of worship in, 83. Its local divisions, 84. Magnitude and situation, ib. Admirable position of, for trade, 85. Extent of its jurisdiction, 84. Number of parishes and houses in, ib. Trade of, under the nor- ir.ans, 85. Suspected decrease, ib. ToM^nships subject to its govern- ment, 86. Viscountial jurisdiction, ib. First representatives of, in parliam.ent, ib. Riglit of election, ib. In whom invested, 88. Numberof voters, 86. Its political influence, ib. Freedom how ob- tained, 88. Members that have represented it, from 1289 to 1812,89. Early civil government of, 87, 192. List of peers who have derived their title from, 100. Saxon earls of, ib. Manners and customs of the inhabitants, 103. The local divisions of, 146. Improvements iu 1815, 148. Charter of, 154. Mayors, bailiffs, and sheriffs of, 178. Lincolnshire, general view of, 2. Its early history, ib. The natural di- visions of, 3. Appellation by the normans and saxons, 2. Its state duri'igthe heptarchy, ib. Divided by William the conqueror, among his followers, 3. Its extent, computed by Arthur Young and Mr. Stone, 3, 4. Soil of, considered, 4. Products, 5. The fens, its prominent feature, considered, 7. Eminent characters born in, 15, 16, 111, 112, 1 13. When first represented in parliament, 17. List of its members, 193. Numberof members in, 17. Population returns, 18— 22. Cha- racterized in metre, 22. The gentry of, instance of their loyalty and obstinate valour, 117. List of the high-sheriffs for, 199. Lindsey, the division of, 3. Number of wapentakes in, ib. Its deno- mination by Bede, 16. Extent, boundaries, and characteristic of, ib. Lize, Simon de, earl of Lincoln, 101. Lobsey, aliln-umn John, patriotic exertion of, with regard to the improve- ment of Lincoln, 150. Lord's prayer, its use in the english language, resisted by the inhabitant', of Lincoln, 34. Longland, John, bishop, account of, 60. Lose-coat-field, conduct of the Lincoln men, at the battle of, 34. Luinley, Marmaduke, bishop, 48. M. Map-na charta, confirmed at Lincoln, 33. Fine copy of, preser\'ed in the catiiedral, ib. Martin's, St. church, description of, SO. Alabaster monument in, ib. Its rfcent embellishments and additions, 81. Mary's-de-Wigford, St. church of, 81. Its antiquity, ib. Singularity of an arch in the Mest door of, 82. INDEX, Mayor's chair, the, 1,^1. Measurements of the cathedral, 62. Medal, ancient, in the Pembroke cabinet, 80. Mint wall, description of, by Dr. Stukely, 125. Conjectured to be part of a roman granary, ib. Interesting account, by Mr. Sympson, 141. Monument, pedestal of, in the cathedral, supposition of Dr. Stukely re- lating to, 70. Monuments in the cathedral, general description of, 67 — 70. Monk's house, description of its ruins, 152. Monson family, history of, 99. Morison, Fines, a distinguished character of Lincolnshire, 112. JHounson, sir Thomas, short account of, 113. Mountague, earl of Lindsey, biographical sketch of, 117. H^mjos the restoration of Charles XL, with general Monke, 118, Mountaigne, George, bishop, 53. M. >7ational school, 123. Neckham, or Necham, latin distich of, relating to Lincoln in the early age, 24. Neil, or Neale, Richard, bishop, 53. Newport-gate, 25. Minute description of, 125. Its dimensions, ib. Newton, sir Isaac, a native of Lincolnshire, 16. O. Obelisk, the stone, on the High-bridge, li9. Palace, John of Gaunt's, 139. The bishop's, description of, 138. Parkinson, Mr. synoptical table of, with regard to the recent beneficial effects of drainage, 1-9. Paul's, St. church, by whom originally built, 78. North door of, Stukeley's conjectures respecting, ib. Pavement, roman, in the cathedral cloisters, 131. Tessellated roman, discovered, 127. Pell, Dr. John, a literary character of Lincolnshire, account of, 114. Peter's, St. in East-gate, the church of, 83. At Gowts, described, 82, Baptismal font at, 83. Remains of painted glass in the east window of, ib. At Arches, ib. Popbam, lord chief justice, plan of, relating to drainage, 11. Pottery, various fragments of roman, described, 130, Potler-gate, why so called, 1 36. INDSX. Priory, 136. Privilege of a sword bearer granted to the mayors of Lincoln, 34. Prophecy, relating to the regal presence at Lincoln, and its remarkabU fulfilment, 135. Quincy, Robert de, earl of Lincoln, 101, R. Race course, 153. Remigius de Fescamp the first bishop, 29. Amiable character of, 38. Monument of, 67. Repingdon, Philip, bishop, 47. Re5'nolds, Richard, bishop, 56. Road*, topography of the old roman, connected withLindum-colonia,125 Robert, earl of Lindsej-, life and distinguished character of, 1 '.4. Mili- tary expeditions of, 116. Visits the court of H?nry IV., of France, ib. Installed knight of the bath, 117. Appointf^d lord general of th* king's army in the civil wars, ib. Slain at Edge-hill, ib. Romara, William de, earl of Lincoln, 100. Roman station, remains of the, traced minut?ly, 124. Rosamond, Fair, the body of, removed from Godstow church, 42. Russel, John, bishop, 49. S. Sanderson, Robert, bishop, distinguished character of, 54. Sarcophagus, account of the remains of a roman, 129. Scot, Thomas, bishop, 49. See of Lincoln, when first created, 38. Its extent, 57. Smith, William, bishop, 49. Smoking, its anti-social character, 104. South-gate, its position, appearance, and destruction, 26. Stamford, town of, when first represented in rarliam^nt, l7. Stephen, king of England, striking instano ot his valour, 30. Stone-bow, date of its erection, 149. Description of, ib. Stukely, the antiquary, a native of Lincolnshire, 15. Sudatory, curious roman, discovered, 127. Superstitious notion formerly prevalent in Lincoln, 31. Sutton, Oliver, bishop, 44. Synewell, John, bishop, 46. Swithin's, St. the church of, when erected, 83. INDEX. T. Taylor, Jobu, bishop, 51. Tennison, Thomas, bishop, 55. Theatre, 143. Thomas, John, bishop, 5Q. Thory, Dr. John, a literary character of Lincolnshire, 111. Thuriow, Thomas, bishop, 56. Tiptoft, sir John, monument to, 69. Tomline, George Pretyman, the present bishop, 57. Turnbull, Charles, a noted mathematician of Lincolnshire, account of,l it. Tuttings, curious obsolete custom so called, 105. U. V. Urns, account of several ancient roman glass and earthen, preserved by Dr. Gordon, 129. Vicar's college, 13T. Vortimer/king of England, died at Lincoln, 25. W. Watson, Thomas, bishop, persecution of, by queen Elizabeth, 51. Wake, William, bishop, 56. Warping, a method of fertilizing the soil, peculiar to Lincolnshire, 14. Weavers, the incorporate company of, 86. Wells, sir Robert, commotion in the county of Lincoln, raised and headed by, 34. Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, a native of Lincolnshire, 17. White, John, bishop, 51. Wickham, William, bishop, 52. Willis, Dr. a native of Lincoln, biographical accoiuit of, 119. His ce- lebrity in cases of insanity, ib. Attends George III., ib. His service* solicited for the queen of Portugal, ib. Williams, John, bishop, engages in military pursuits in the civil wars, 53. Winniife, Thomas, bishop, 54. Wolsey, Thomas, bishop, the celebrated cardinal, 49. Wool, the staple of, removed from Flanders to Lincoln, and other towns, 33. y. Young, Arthur, computation of, with regard to the extent of Lincolnshire, 4. jr, DRCRY AND SONS, PRINTER?, mi :?^ c C in *' :l5i^ ri S: ' C 4 << rr 3-.** %<<■ ' < ;*:' ,'^ i^iT ' (', ■ .«-< % ^r mm : i- 4M§ 1^^ 11'' c < -c mA ^c<" -V' fti • <'l