U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. BULLETIN No. SO. EXPERIMENTS SUGAR BEETS 1890 HARVEY W. WILEY, Chemist of fhe U. S. Department of Agriculture and Director of the Department Sugar Exptrinxtnt Stations at Schuyler, Nebraska; Runnymede (Narcoossee F. 0.), Florida; and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas, PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THB SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. ■WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1891. / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF CHEMittTiiY. /[/JL BULLETIN No. 30. ^^r EXPERIMENTS SUGAR BEETS IN 1890 BY ■-r- HARVEY V/!^WILEY, Chemist of the U. S. Department of Jgrivultiire and Director of the Department Sngar ExperimiHt Stations at Schiti/ler, Nebraska; Rniini/mcde {Xarcoossee P. O.), Florida; and iSlerlin(j and Medicine Lodtje, Kansas. PUBLISHED BY AUTEOKITV OF THE SECRETAUY OJT AGKIGULTUIM': WASHINGTOI^: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1801. ^-3 \\3. o PREFATORY NOTE. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, Washington, D. C, March 28, 1891. Sir: I submit for 3'onr iuspection and approv^al the manuscript of Bulletin No. 30 of the Chemical Division, containing? a record of the experiments made by the Department in 1890 with sugar beets. The work of the Department recorded in this bulletin consists chiefly of analyses of samples of beets grown in many different States. In addition to this work, a few culture experiments, on a small scale, were carried on under the supervision of the Department. A chemist from this Division was also stationed at the Grand Island Sugar Fac- tory, in Nebraska, and data of the greatest value were secured at that place. Special studies of the whole subject of the growth of the sugar beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom were published in Bulletin No. 27. In Farmers' Bulletin No. 3 have been published full instructions for the culture of the sugar beet. The data contained in these two bulle- tins are supplemented by the facts recorded in the present one, which show further that beets of fine quality and well suited for manufactur- ing purposes can be grown in the United States. So conclusive have been the results obtained as to fully justify the action of the Department in establishing a culture station at Schuyler, Nebraska, for the more exact study of the conditions of the most suc- cessful methods of growing sugar beets in this couutr3\ liespectfuUy, n. W. Wiley, Chemist. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture, TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pajre. Experiments with sugar beets in 1890 7 Purchase aud distribution of seeds 7 Experiiuents at factories B Financial returns to beet-jirowers 8 Analytical data from various States 10 Experiments with sugar beets in Wisconsin 46 Experiments with sugar beets at Fort Scott, II.iiisn.s 60 Analyses of beets at the Agricultural Experiment Staliun of Minnesota 60 Experiments with sugar beets at Topeka, Kansas 60 Experiments with sugar beets at Medicine Lodge, Kansas (Jl Effect of soil on beet production 71 Culture of the Klein Wanzlcbener original 72 Systematic study of the different varieties of sugar beets in Saxony 74 General conclusions 75 Appendix — Notes on sugar-beet culture in France and Germany. By Walter Maxwell 81 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1890. PURCHASE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS. From Mr. Henry T. Oxnard, the Department purchased 3 tons of sugar-beet seed, of whieh the greater portion was the variety known as the Klein Wanzlebener, grown by Dippe Brothers, of Qnedlinburg. In addition to this, however, smaller quantities of the White Improved Vilmorin were purchased, together with the varieties of beets grown by Lemaire, Simon Legrand, Florimond, and Bulteau Desprez. These different varieties were put in one-pound packages and sent to over one thousand different persons who had made special inquiry for them. Accompanying these packages were directions for preparing the soil and planting and cultivating the beets. Directions were also sent for harvesting and sampling the beets and for sending samples to the Department for analysis. Nearly one thousand samples of beets were received by the Department, of which the analyses were made and the results communicated to the farmers sending them. In addition to this work a large number of the beet plots were personally inspected by agents of the Department, and particular inquiry was directed to a large number of farmers in regard to the methods of cultivation which they had pursued. Only in a few instances were the directions of the Department fol- lowed out to the letter. In most cases the planting and cultivation of the beet seed were conducted according to such methods as the agri- culturist might hit upon at the time. From the information gathered it was found that the chief variation from the instructions was in the preparation of the soil. In very few cases was a subsoil plow used and most of the beets which were sent to the Department were evidently grown in soil of insufficient depth. In some cases, where the exact directions for cultivation were carried out, the character of the beets received showed by contrast with the others the absolute necessity of employing the be§t methods of agriculture for their production. It was not thought best the first year to make any effort to obtain from the farmers the exact yield of their beets per acre. The difficulty of securing such information is almost insurmountable. In the first plac« the amount of land under cultivation is usually guessed at, and in very few tases are exact measurements made. The results, therefore. 8 at best are only estimates unless the absolute control of measurements and weights can be secured. It was thought best, therefore, to depend for estimatesofyield upon the actualquality of the beets produced, since it is well known that about 40,000 beets of fair quality can be produced upon an acre. It is therefore fair to presume that the yield per acre would be, within ordinary limits, the weight of the average beet sent for analysis multiplied by 40,000. When, however, it is necessary to speak of the beets weighing over one pound the rule no longer holds good, as it would be evidently impracticable to grow 40,000 beets of such a size u])on an acre. It is fair, however, to estimate the yield upon beets weighing about 1 pound at 40,000 per acre or 20 tons. It is not meant by this that a yield of 20 tons can be obtained by farmers at the beginning, for this is not the case ; it is only exceptionally that such a yield can be secured. When, however, the exact methods of beet culture are thoroughly understood and the method of fertilizing and preparing the soil studied, it will not be difficult, with favorable climatic conditions, to secure a yield of beets equal to 20 tons per acre. EXPERIMENTS AT FACTORIES. By the courtesy of the managers of the company the Department was permitted to station a chemist at Grand Island, who had charge of the sampling of the beets as they came to the factory in wagons or carloads. Xearly three thousand analyses of samples were made and the full tabulated reports of these analyses will be found following. The proprietors of the factory were so encouraged by the season's work that they have decided to erect another large factory at Norfolk, Nebraska, and at the Chino Ranch in southern California, and work on these factories is now going on. Manufacturing experiments, on a small scale, with sugar beets, were also carried on during the season just past at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. About 80 acres of beets in all were harvested for the factory, and a summary of the work done will be given in another place. FINANCIAL RETURNS TO BEET- GROWERS. In general, the following remarks may be made concerning the last season's work in the beet-sugar industry, from a commercial point of view, in Nebraska and Kansas. The summer in both localities was exceptionally dry. For this rea- son and on account of lack of knowledge among the farmers in regard to the proper methods of raising beets the average crop was very short. In Nebraska the exact tonnage can not be known, but. probably it would not average more than 2 or 3 tons of beets per acre ; in Kansas the average seems to have been somewhat higher. In many cases farmers obtained 10 and even 15 tons of beets per acre, showing that even in adverse conditions of season a reasonably large crop may be harvested when all other conditions necessary to the proper growth ©f the crop are attended to. As might well be expected from the small yield, the farmers in gen- eral were dissatistied with the season's work. It is not reasonable to expect satisfaction from a crop of so low an average when the labor of growing it is so great ; but while the farmers are dissatisfied it must be confessed that a great deal of this dissatisfaction must be attributed to their own lack of knowledge of the subject or to their disinclination to put upon the beet fields the proper amount of labor and culture at tbe proper time. Instead of being therefore deterred from continuing the production of sugar beets, it would seem wiser on the part of the farmers to study carefully the methods of agriculture pursued by those who made a success of beet culture, and to injitate those methods during the coming season. The fact should not be forgotten, however, that even with the poor results obtained the beet crop was uniformly better than the average of other crops in the same locality. It would be useless to hold out to the farmer the hope of financial reward from a beet crop which would average only 3 tons per acre ; but if from this acre he could produce 10 to 15 tons of beets then his ven- ture would prove financially successful. In order that the manufacture of beet sugar should become an established commercial success, the factories and the farmers must work in harmony. The method i)ursued in France and in Germany would probably be best suited to bring about this result. In those countries the beet growers themselves are usually shareholders in the factories, and thus participate in the profits. It is probable that the annual dividends of German and French beetsngar factories do not fall below 10 per cent net on the capital invested. The farmer, therefore, who has even a small interest in such a factory secures a handsome profit on his invested capital. At the same time he has a vote in the board of directors and is personally in- terested in the success of the factory. In many factories of Europe the stock is thus held by the beet-growers. If, on the other hand, the whole of the factory be owned by the capitalists, then there is a cause for continual conflict between the interests of the farmer and the interests of the manufacturer, although this conflict is perhaps more in theory than practice. Even if the factory be owned exclusively by the capi- talists, it is to their interest to work in harmony with the farmers, in order that they may secure a crop of sufficient magnitude to render the operation of their factory profitable. It perhaps, however, would be unavoidable at the beginning of the industry that a feeling of animosity should exist between the beet- grower and the manufacturer. After a few years the prices to be paid for beets and other agreements with the farmers will doubtless be ad- justed on a scale of equity and satisfacton to all concerned. In case farmers have no money to put into beet-sugar factories they might take shares of stock and pay for thein with beets during the first and second years; iu this way they would secure a financial interest in the com- pany, own their shares of stock, and pay for them from the proceeds of the field without investing in ready cash. By adopting some such plan 10 as this it might be possible to get every beet-grower within reach of the factory to become himself interested as a stockhokler. ANALYTICAL DATA RELATING TO BEETS GROWN FROM SEED PURCHASED BY THE DEPARTMENT. The samples of beets which were sent to the Department in response to the request already noted were immediately analyzed and the results of tiie analyses communicated to the growers of the beets. Returns were received from a great mauy States, but principally from Nebraska and Minnesota. The data obtained follow arranged alphabetically by States and counties; CALIFORNIA. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received. ^o c o i 3 to © .9 a o o CO 3 H a) oj JO ^ ^ til M.P Los Angeles County. 7016 7617 7618 7619 Sept. 27 Sept. 27 ••^ept. 27 Sept. 27 P.cl. 16.3 14.9 13.9 16.8 P.ct. 15.5 14.2 13.2 le.o 84.5 80.5 82.2 87.0 18.1 15.1 12.4 17.9 P.ct. .90 .99 1.12 .04 Or'ms. 407 ibrnia. Do Iiiipcriiil Imperial Improved 372 Do 3't7 Do 332 Average 15.5 14.7 84.6 15.9 .99 382 COLORADO. Garfu'ld County. 7956 8035 8036 8037 8038 8039 80 jO 8096 Kleiu Wanzlebener . . - Biilteau Desprez . . do Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 1 13.7 13.0 74.1 9.9 1.39 405 Larimer County. C.S. Orandnl Do 16.0 15.5 13.0 15.9 16.2 12.1 13.4 1.5.2 14.7 12.9 15.1 15.4 11.5 12.7 86.0 84.7 70.8 86.0 84.4 80.2 81.3 16.9 16. 3 13.7 1G.7 18.0 12.9 14.1 .95 .95 .99 .95 .90 .94 .95 395 460 1 3''0 Do Do Klein Wanzlebener . . . I'lorimond Desprez ... Sircon Legrand Lane's Imperial 805 475 665 390 Do Do Wm. Boyco Average . ^ 14.7 14.0 83.2 15.5 .95 644 8073 7760 7767 7785 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 30 10 10 10 Meia County. n.U. Rhone 15.2 14.4 86.4 13.0 1.17 453 Florimord Desprez Kleiu Wanzlebener ... Moriiuond Desprez Phillips County. C.R. Peters Do 12.6 14.6 13.7 12.0 13.8 13.0 69.9 74.9 71.0 8.5 10.5 7.1 1.49 1.3rf 1.99 533 Mrs. M.Peters 620 Average 13.6 12.9 71.9 8.7 1.62 638 7789 7793 7791 7795 77U0 Colorado Imperial Calitoruia Li^graiid . . Florimond Desprez .. Colorado Vilmorin ... Klein Wanzlebener . . . Oct. Oct. Ocl. 0 p 1 a i S o . a "3 00 < .3 bt.a S « Pueblo County. Pueblo Boaid of Trade 8177 8178 8179 8180 8181 8182 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 8 8 8 8' 8 8 P.et. 11.4 15.5 15.9 15.4 12.3 10.6 P. et. 10.8 14.7 15. 1 14. C 11.7 10.1 76.5 82.9 84.1 83.7 77.9 70.2 8.8 13.3 14.0 14.3 7.8 10.3 p. Ct. 1.30 1.17 1.12 1.08 1.57 1.03 Qr'mK. 515 Do C'lO Do Do 48) Do r)45 Do 690 13.5 12.8 79.2 11.4 1.21 578 8264 8J65 Nov. Nov. 17 17 Sa7i Miguel County. C.F. Tniax 9.5 11.3 9.0 10.7 65.5 C6.1 7.5 7.4 1.26 1.53 875 Do 765 10.4 9.9 65.8 7.5 1.40 8''0 7871 7872 Klein Wanzlebcner ... Oct. Oct. 15 15 Tuvia County. H.Hitchcock Do 12.6 8.2 12.1 7.8 75.9 63.1 10.4 6.8 1.21 1.21 720 4'i5 10.4 9.9 69.5 8.6 1.21 573 8055 811.3 Simon Legr.ind Klein Wanzlebeuer ... Oct. Nov. 29 3 County unknown. 15.7 19.2 17.4 14.9 18.2 79.7 12.1 13.3 1.30 1.44 333 Do 93 16.5 79.7 12.7 1.37 213 CONNECTICUT. Litchfield County. W.n. Barber Do 7939 7940 German Imperial Oct. 21 Oct. 21 10.8 9.6 10.3 9.1 76.1 76.2 7.1 7.6 1..53 1.20 410 390 Ifi.'Z 9.7 76.1 7.4 1.40 400 IDAHO. Ada County. N.F. Kimball.... 7970 Oct. 24 8.4 8.0 68.3 9.0 100 ILLINOIS. Kendall County. 8029 8170 8410 7787 8108 8266 82S.7 8299 Oct. 27 Nov. 7 Nov, 22 Oct. 10 Nov. 3 Nov. 17 Nov. 17 Nov. 20 7.2 10.7 6.4 6.5 10.2 6.1 64.9 71.8 6L0 7.0 7.9 4.3 1.03 1.35 1.48 832 Pike County. 1,368 Piatt County. G.H. Morse 685 White Sugar Will County. J.W.Merrill 10.8 7.9 15.9 14.7 13.3 10.3 7.7 15.1 14.0 12.6 07.6 65.3 85.0 83.7 77.3 10.0 7.8 16.1 14.3 11.4 1.08 0.09 0.99 1.03 1.17 645 Henry Abbott E.McAUister Do do . . French Richest ...do German Impori ed . . . . 775 600 1,445 S. Mottinger 686 12,5 11.9 75.8 11.9 1.05 830 12 INDIANA. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received. 6 '5 a to p 3 9 'u S cs' m < Average weight of beels. lientoa County. Tlios. Scliluttenliafer. Do 7373 7374 7607 777G 7777 7025 7912 i-017 8422 7778 7945 8072 8074 8079 8081 8136 8137 8080 7779 Sept. 22 Sept. 22 Sept. 26 Oct 10 Oct. 1 Oct. 20 Oct. 22 Oct. 27 Nov. 25 Oct. 10 Oct. 22 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Nov. 5 Nov. 5 Oct. 31 Oct. 10 P. ct. 12.6 11.0 12. 5 12. 1 9.8 13.9 13.9 13.4 14.6 11.6 8.5 12.6 12. 2 14! 2 13.8 1.5.0 13.5 13.2 12.2 r. ct. 12.0 10.4 11.9 11.5 9.3 13.2 13.2 12.7 13.9 11.0 8.1 12.0 11 6 13. 5 13.1 14.2 12.8 12. 5 11.6 79.2 73.3 81.7 78.0 69.0 88.5 84.8 95. 81.1 7.5.8 6(i.9 79.7 73.5 85.6 85.7 87.7 84.4 84.1 80.8 1C.4 12.9 15.4 13.3 11.9 12.4 14.6 16.5 16. 2 10.5 6.3 10.4 12.3 17.5 16.7 1.5.8 18.8 15.3 12.8 P. ct. .77 .85 .81 .91 .82 1. 25 .95 .81 .90 1.11 1.35 1.21 .99 .81 .81 .95 . 77 .86 .95 Or' MS. 2.52 Klein Wanzlebener ...do 322 n.W. Wiley 417 ]),, 500 Do 470 Do Do 535 413 Do 690 Do 687 Joae])li Gtietter Ole 01.S0I1 1115 1250 J.G. I'.o/.cinoi'o ^ White Sugar 1320 517 900 J.lI.Schi.tt N H Niitt 515 823 Oliver ^lUt G. S Khmt 733 665 Josepli (iiietter 1115 12.6 14.6 10.3 10.4 14.8 1.-.. 1 13.3 12.0 13.9 9.8 9.9 14.1 14.3 12.6 80.8 88.0 77.4 73.8 66.4 03.8 61.9 14.0 22.1 13.9 7.2 8.6 8.8 6.4 0.94 .66 .74 1.44 1.71 1.71 2.07 697 7670 7671 7052 8274 8275 827C Klein Wanzlebener Floriiuoud Desproz Oct. 4 Oct. 4 Oct. 22 Nov. 17 Nov. 17 Nov. 17 Cags County. Henry Bloom Do 680 810 G. W.(;..iira Hoivard County. Dr. T. Baldwin 8277 7782 778;) 79:i;i 7934 7950 7951 Nov. 17 Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 P.ct. 13.9 P.ct. 13.2 70.5 8.8 P.ct. 1.57 Gr'ms. 6U0 Floriinond Deaprez ... Klein Wanzlebener ... Leniaiie Klein Wanzlebener ... do . .... Marion County. J. H. Bradford Do 6.4 9.8 8.1 8.2 16.2 13.5 6.1 9.3 7.7 7.8 15.4 12.8 60.3 72.1 64.3 4.4 9.0 6.4 5.5 8.3 9.1 1.44 1.09 1.26 1.48 1.98 1.48 940 935 J. V. Carter Do 565 430 Dr. J. P. Cope Do 115 Florimond Deaprez 300 10.4 9.8 65.6 7.1 1.46 548 7740 7741 Oct. 8 Oct. 8 Montgomery County. P. S. Kennedy Do 7.9 8.3 7. 5 63. 2 7.9 ! 65.6 7.4 7.8 1.07 855 l.Od 1 1,050 8.1 7.7 64.4 7.6 1.07 j 953 7946 7947 White Oct. 22 Oct. 22 . Newton County. J E Watt 10.6 10.4 10.1 9.9 72.1 71.2 8.4 8.3 1. 26 475 Do Wliite Rose Heart 1.26 610 10.5 10.0 71.7 8.4 1.26 543 7370 ?C19 7920 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Sept. 22 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 I'ike County. J.T. Brumlield 11.2 10. 5 7.5. 7 11.8 0.95 432 Tippecanoe County. W A Conlilin 8.2 9.3 7.8 8.8 61.2 67.9 6.1 8.6 1.35 1.08 605 Do Klein "Wanzlebener . . . 600 8.8 8.3 64.6 7.4 1.21 603 7747 7718 7753 White Improved Klein Wanzlebener . .. Wiiiie Improved Oct. 9 Oct. 9 Oct. 9 White County. Do Z.C.Love 7.8 9.4 8.8 7.4 8.9 8.4 63.4 65.3 61.1 6.0 10.0 6.4 1.31 0.99 1.38 630 250 750 543 8.7 8.2 63.3 7.5 1.23 IOWA. Audubon County. Mrs. S. Simpson 7909 7770 7771 7772 7773 7774 7775 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 18 10 10 10 10 10 10 11.3 10.7 74.9 8.7 1.30 535 Black Eauik County. 12.9 10.8 14.5 12.9 13.6 1.5.9 12.3 10.3 13.8 12.3 12.9 15.1 83.2 74.5 80.1 78.6 71.5 81.5 13.0 9.6 19.3 14.3 14.5 18.1 .99 1.12 .75 .90 .94 .88 510 Do Klein Wanzlebener . .. do 740 Do 550 Do 6U5 J. A. Fillers . Do ....do do 440 625 13.4 12.8 78.2 14.5 .93 578 7898 7899 8020 8021 8078 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 17 17 27 27 30 Carrol County. G.Watties 14.6 10.9 12.4 15.5 12.7 13.9 10.4 11.8 14.7 12.1 81.6 67.3 74.7 85.2 73.4 15.5 8.1 10.2 14.4 10.1 .94 1.34 1.21 1.08 1.26 810 Do 985 640 Anjiust Bohme Daniel Cooper ...do ...do 213 265 Average 13.2 12.6 76.4 11.7 1.17 583 14 IOWA— Continued. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received. a a o 3 m 3 o . Co a .a" 00 <1 1. <0 CO > < Cherokee County. F. M. Langloj Do 7602 7693 Klein Wanzlebener ... .. do Oct. C Oct. 6 P.ct. 9.7 12.1 P.ct. 9.2 11.5 03.4 72.9 6.4 9.9 P.ct. 1.52 1. 22 Gr'ivs. 440 507 10.9 10.4 68.2 8.2 1.57 474 7602 7605 Klein Waiizleboucr ... ...do Sept. 25 Sept. 25 Fayette Cotmty. J. W.Yeadcn G. W.Kiple - 10.4 13.3 9.9 12.6 71.7 79.6 9.3 12.9 1.12 1.03 752 747 11.9 11.3 75.7 11.1 1.08 750 7642 7737 Sept. 30 Oct. 8 Harrison County. R. Yeisloy & Son Do 13.9 8.8 13.2 8.4 79.4 66.7 11.4 5.6 1.22 1.57 1,002 1,027 11.4 10.8 73.1 8.5 11.8 1.40 1,013 7954 8270 8271 Oct. 23 Nov. 17 Nov. 17 Page County. 11.7 11.1 72.6 .99 668 Florimond Desprez Klein Wauzlebi^ner . . . Polk County. H.Wendt Do 6.1 10.7 5.8 10.2 56.0 3.7 7.7 1.66 1.39 430 280 8.4 8.0 56.0 5.7 1.53 355 7703 7704 8U16 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 27 Sioux County. N.G.O. Goad 12.4 10.7 13.6 11.8 10.2 12.9 71.7 69.0 77.3 8.1 7.3 10.1 1.50 1.47 1.35 298 Do 1, 045 Jobn Cornfoi'th 1,020 12.2 11.6 72.7 8.5 1.44 788 7892 8172 8173 8174 Oct. 16 Nov. 8 Nov. 8 Nov. 8 Webster County. K.Hoff 15.9 18.1 17.6 8.7 15.1 17.2 16.7 8.3 95.2 87.5 91.1 65.4 18.3 23.5 25.9 6.4 .81 .77 .68 1.35 390 Do . do ... 220 Do .. do 52Q 1 180 Do do . Average 15.1 14.4 84.8 18.5 .90 560 7638 7639 Klein Wanzlebeuer Sept. 29 Sept. 29 Woodbury County. Mrs. H. A. Mercer Do 10.0 10.4 9.5 9.9 68.5 65.4 7.7 6.8 1.30 1.53 665 590 Average 10.2 9 7 67.0 7.3 1.42 628 KANSAS. Barber County. "W.H. Fleming 0. Covle 8432 8433 Dec. Dec. Dec. 1 1 1 14.6 17.8 14.1 13.9 16 9 13.4 81.1 84.8 74.2 11.2 17.3 11.7 1.03 1.03 1.21 259 140 690 Allan W. Smith 8434 Average 15.5 14.7 80.0 14.4 1.09 363 8106 8107 8160 German beet Nov. Nov. Nov. 3 3 7 Bourbon County. Wm. Lehman 6.5 9.5 13.5 0.2 9.0 12,8 61.3 72.0 80.6 4.5 7.9 13.6 1.44 1.21 .99 1 64i Do 1, 925 610 J.C. Hart White Vilniorin Average 9.8 9.3 73.3 8.7 1.21 1, 403 15 KANSAS— Continued. Name of grower. Serial No. Varietj-. When received. o u "5 .S "i s o a CO a V o u u 9 a Oh a c« CO .a < J3 be £<" > < Butler County. L K Smith 7879 7385 7386 riorimond Desprez Oct. 15 Sept. 24 Sept. 24 P.ct. 10.2 p.ct. 9.7 70.5 8.4 P.ct. 1.21 Gr'mg. 085 Lyon County. Son. V. B. Plumb 4.9 4.2 4.7 4.0 50.0 51.2 3.3 3.1 1.50 1.35 2 130 Do 2,695 46 4.4 50.6 3.2 1.43 2,423 7722 7723 77^0 77el Klein Wanzlebonor Floriniond Desprez do Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Clay County. Mrs.C.W. BLiclvIund Do 10.9 9.5 8.5 10.4 10.4 9.0 8.1 9.9 '76.' 3' 64. 8 68.0 7.1 6..'; 6.3 7.2 1.53 1.46 1.36 1.44 162 232 1 010 Do Simou Legrnud 1,040 9.8 9.3 67.6 6.8 1.45 611 8423 8424 Klein Wanzlebener ....do Nov. 25 Nov. 25 Douglas County. S D Coffin 8.5 9.2 8.1 8.7 65.3 64.8 5.2 5.3 1.62 1.75 1 385 Do 965 8.9 8.4 65.1 5.3 1.68 1,175 8041 8042 Klein Wanzlebener Florimoud Desprez Oct. 28 Oct. 28 Hamilton County. 15.7 10.9 14.9 10.4 82.2 71.3 13.8 7.8 1.12 1.39 720 Do 780 13.3 12.6 76.8 10.8 1.20 7.';o 7810 7811 Klein Wanzlebener Oct. 13 Oct. 13 Geo. B. Lord Do 9.3 16.8 8.8 16.0 68.4 7.1 12.2 1.31 1.38 410 18u 13.05 8.4 8.2 12.4 8.0 7.8 68.4 9.7 1.35 295 7666 7C67 Klein Wanzlebener Floriiuond Despiez Oct. 3 Oct. 3 Saline County. Ed. Latz 65.6 60.7 8.6 8.1 1.28 1.01 930 Do 847 8.3 7.9 63.2 8.4 1.15 889 7815 Klein Wanzlebenei' Oct. 13 Stafford County. S. A. Marteeny 12.1 11.5 75.2 10.0 1.20 548 MARYLAND. Prince George's County. Maryland Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do 7883 7884 7885 7886 798 1 7985 7986 7987 Vilmorin . Simon Legrand White Improved. Bulteau Desprez Rich- esf. Florimond Desprez Richest. Klein Wanzlebener ... Vilmorin Simon Lej;rauU White Impioved. Bulteau Desprez Rich- est. Florimond Oct. 16 12.3 11.7 82.0 15,2 .81 Oct. 16 14.2 13.5 88.2 16.5 .80 Oct. 10 8.6 8.2 72.3 7.7 1.12 Oct. 16 8.3 7.9 74.1 8.7 .95 Oct. Oct. Oct. 16 25 25 10.8 10.4 7.9 10.3 9.9 7.5 81.8 77.0 70.2 10.9 9.6 7.3 .99 1.08 1.08 Oct. 25 10.2 9.7 75.6 9.6 1.08 Oct. 25 11. 1 10.6 82.2 12.9 .88 480 413 433 445 265 355 335 42» 16 MARYLAND— Contiuued. Name of grower. Prince George's County — Contiuued. Maiylaiid Agricul- tural Experiinont Station. Do Do Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do Do. Do. Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. (D SS +3 .£3 3 ,2 o o 'S u3 Serial No. Variety. When received. .9 c o t^ 3 "5 fl u _ ja s = ee t> CO Xfl fM M < < P.ct. p. ct. P.ct. Grains. i'.m Kloin Wanzlebener . . . Oct. 25 9.3 8.8 73.8 9.4 .99 540 8057 Dipi>e'.«i Vilmorin Oct. 29 15. 9 1.5.1 90.4 19. .81 383 80 8 Siinou Legrar.d White lin])roTed. Oct. 29 13.2 12.5 82.5 1L5 1.17 300 8059 liulteau Desprez Rich- est. Oct. 29 8.0 8.2 73.5 8.0 1.08 580 8060 Floriraond D e s p r e z Richest. Oct. 29 10.0 9.5 76.9 8.9 L12 3C0 80fil Klein Wanzlebener . . Oct. 20 11.1 10.6 78.2 10.5 .99 380 8097 Dippe's Vilmorin Nov. 1 10.5 10. n G9. 6.9 1.53 330 8098 Simon Lenrand White Improved. Nov. 1 12.5 11.9 86. 8 12.1 1.03 320 8099 Bulteau De.sprez Rich - est. Nov. 1 10.5 10.0 77.8 9.7 1.08 435 8100 Florimond Desprez Richest. Nov. 1 8.3 7.9 66.9 7.7 1.08 335 8101 Klein Wanzlebener ... Nov. 1 13.3 12.6 13.4 .99 168 8140 Dippe's Vilmorin Nov. 5 14.6 13.9 21.5 .68 155 8141 Simon Legrand White Improved. Nov. 5. 14,5 13.8 24.6 .59 195- 8142 Bulteau Dcsprez Rich- est. Nov. 5 12.7 12.1 16.5 .77 153 8143 Florimond Dcsprez Richest. Nov. 5 12.6 12.0 18.5 .68 163 8144 Klein Wanzlebener ... Nov. 5 13.2 12.5 16.3 .81 140 81G1 Dippe'.s Vilmorin Nov. 7 13.2 12.5 84.6 18.3 .72 198 8102 Simon Legi and White Improved. Nov. 7 13.6 12.9 81.4 18.9 .72 170 8103 Bulteau Desprez Rich- est, Nov. 7 11.5 10.9 82.2 13.4 .86 137 8164 Florimond Dosiirez Riche.st. Nov. 7 12.5 11.9 82.3 17.4 .72 183 8105 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Nov. 7 13.4 12.7 15.6 .86 120 8^!00 Dippe's Vilmorin Nov. 12 15.4 14.6 26.1 . 59 170 8201 Simon Legrand White Improved. Nov. 12 14.1 13.4 19.6 .72 135 8202 Bulteau Desprez Rich- est. Nov. 12 12.6 12.0 15.6 .81 136 8203 Florimond I) e a i> r e z Richest. Nov. 12 14.9 14.2 23.0 .63 103 8204 Klein Wiinzlebeuor ... Nov. 12 13.3 12.6 18.5 .72 173 8224 Vilmorin Nov. 15 13.1 12.5 80.8 12.8 1.08 605 8225 Simon Legrand White Improved. Nov. 15 n.o 10.5 78.0 9.8 1.12 760 8226 Bulteau De.sprez Rich- est. Nov. 15 10.4 9.4 76.5 8.6 L21 830 8227 Florimond Desprez Richest. Nov. 15 9.8 9.3 74.8 10.3 .95 645 8228 Klein Wanzlebener ... Nov. 15 10.7 10.2 76.5 11.4 .94 37C 8229 Dippe's Vilmorin Nov. ]5 15.1 14.4 83.9 15.9 .95 385 8230 Simon Legrand White Improved. Nov. 15 14.9 14.2 83.2 16.4 .90 285 8231 Bulteau Desprez Rich- est. Nov. 15 13.7 13.0 82.5 14.4 .95 275 8232 Florimond Desprez Richest. Nov. 15 7.9 7.5 69.9 8.8 .90 530 8233 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Nov. 15 12.1 11.5 78.6 10.8 1.12 255 8234 Dipi^e's Vilmorin . . . Nov. 15 13.4 12.7 84.3 16.5 .81 32( 8235 Simon Legrand White Improved. Nov. 15 14.3 13.6 80.8 15.0 .95 122 8230 Bulteau Desprez Rich- est. Nov. 15 12.1 n.5 82.3 14.1 .86 163 8237 Florimond Desprez Richesit. Nov. 15 11.0 10.5 15.3 .72 125 8238 Klein Wanzlebener . .. Nov. 15 14.9 14. S 19.4 .77 100 8239 Dippe's Vilmorin Nov. 15 13.0 12.4 83.3 14.4 .90 45( 8240 Simon Legrand Whiie Improved. Nov. 15 9.9 9.4 75.6 11.1 .90 305 8241 Bulteau Desprez Rich- est. Nov. 15 12.2 11.6 75.8 10.4 1.17 390 17 MAPvTL AND— Continued. Kaiue of };io\vcf. I'rince (leonje's Cduiity — Continued. Mnr.vland Ajrricul- tlji-.il Rxiifiiiiifiit Stalidii. Do Do Do Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do- Do Do Uo Do- Do. Do Do Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Average . J. n. AVil]i:iin.s Do Serial No. 82-) 3 82U 8245 824G 8247 8248 8249 825IJ 82.51 8252 82.i.3 82.54 825.5 8256 8257 8258 82.5'j 82(0 «8 8139 8140 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8440 8175 8170 Variety. Floriiiiimd DeRi)rez Kiulie.st. Kli-in W.mzlebener ... DipjJe's Viliuorin . ... Siiuou Legraud White Improved. Bultoau Desprez Hich- est. Fieri m on d Desprez Riclie.sr. Klein "NVanzlebener ... Vilojoriu Simon Le^rand Wliite Impioved. Bulteaii De.sprez Rich- est. Flo rim on d De.sprez Kichest. Klein Wiinzlebener . . . Dippe's Vilmoriu . Siinor Le^rand White Improved. Bultt-au Desprez Rich- esr. Florimond Desprez Richest. Klein Wanzlebener ... Fl o !• i m o n d Desprez Richest. Dippe's Vilmorin Buiteaii Desprez Rich- est. Florimond Desprez Klein Wanzlebener ... Dippe's Vilii;oriu Simon Legrand White Improved. Bulteau Desprez Rich- e.st. Fl o !■ i m o n d Desprez Richest. Klein Wanzlebener . . . Siijrar beet E.Ktra Eclipse. Wlieu received. Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Dec. 4 Dec. 4 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. Nov. 8 Nov. 8 /'. ct. 10.9 13.1 H.O 14.2 11.4 11.2 13.2 1.5.4 12.6 13.7 11.8 12.3 1.5.1 12. 7 11.4 8.0 12.9 12.0 12.2 22. 18.4 20.0 19.8 19.9 17.6 17.8 13. C 17.4 12.9 10.0 8.9 P.et. 10.4 12.5 13.3 13.5 10.8 10.6 12.5 14.6 12.0 13.0 11.2 11.7 14.4 12.1 10.8 7.6 12.3 11.4 11.6 21.0 17.5 19.0 18.8 18.9 16.7 16.9 12. 9 16.5 12.3 9.5 8.5 76.3 84.0 90.3 87.7 80.0 82.8 77.8 81.1 79.2 78.4 86.3 76.9 75.5 68.4 76.8 78.4 73.5 94.8 91.2 84.8 83.4 09.4 60.1 12.7 19.4 19.7 18.1 14.5 17.1 24 4 12.7 17.8 12.4 15.2 19.6 14.1 9.7 7.4 14.4 13.9 12.3 34.9 23.9 27.8 22.0 20.9 19.6 19.8 12.6 17.6 15.1 8.3 7.6 P.H. .99 1. 03 .72 .72 .63 .77 .77 .63 .99 .77 .95 .81 .77 .90 1.17 1.08 .90 .86 .99 .63 .77 .72 .90 .95 .90 .90 1.08 .99 .90 1.21 1.17 ^S Or'riis. 335 MASSACHUSETTS. JlawpsHre County. Ma.ssiichnsetts State Experiment Stat ion. Do 8030 8031 8032 80J3 8034 Simon Leg r a n d White Imp. Dippe's Vilmorin Klein Wanzlebener ... Bnlteaii Desprez Rich- est. Florimond Desprez Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 27 27 27 27 27 11. I 11.8 13.3 9.8 13 2 10.6 11.2 12.6 9.3 12.5 81.6 80.3 86.9 80.7 84.7 13.7 12.4 14.9 10.3 16.3 .81 .95 .90 .95 .81 430 SIS Do 3-10 Do 458 Do 595 Average 11.8 11.2 82.8 13.5 .88 468 8139 Nov. 5 Suffolk County. . W. II. Tenncv& Co.. 16.8 16.0 82.8 17.0 .99 350 25243— Bull. 30- 18 MICHIGAN. Name of grower. S.'iial Ho. Variety. When received. o « 1 d 02 o g o 03 >> s . Co m .a . J3 be &I < Clinton County. Georne Archer Do 7887 7888 Klein Wanzlebener ... Ii'lorimonil Desprez Kicliest. Oct. 16 Oct. 16 P.ct. 12.9 11.2 p.ct. 12.3 10.6 81.7 72.7 15.9 15.6 P.ct. .81 .72 Gr'mg. 745 780 12.1 11.5 77.2 15.8 .77 .763 8278 8279 Floriniond Desprez . . . Kleiu Waiizlcbeuer . . . Nov. 18 Nov. 18 Eaton Covnty. D. J. McCar < Anoka County. 7658 7C59 77U5 7707 •7708 7712 77] 5 7716 7717 8006 Oct. 2 Oct. 2 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 27 P.ct. 12.3 1.5.9 14.9 16.3 12.0 14.1 13.5 10.5 10.8 12.7 P.ct. 11.7 15.1 14.2 15.5 11.3 13.4 12.9 10 10.3 12.1 75.5 84.1 85.0 82.3 76.4 77.0 76.2 63.6 74.5 72.6 10.1 17.2 16.4 18.3 11.3 16.6 14.5 7.2 10.8 11.2 P.ct. 1.19 .93 .91 89 1.06 .85 .93 1.45 1.14 1.14 Qr'ms. 440 Do 680 735 387 L.J. Carpenter F. A.Ertgerton A J Siiiitli 607 Klein Wanzlobener . . . 407 750 S. A . Farrinston Joseph Rid^e Edward Stack Klein Wanzlebener . . ..do 617 590 1,160 13.3 12.6 76.72 13.4 1.05 637 8062 806.3 8061 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Becker County. 15.0 13.7 9.7 14.3 13.0 9.2 77.3 74.9 68.8 11.8 12.7 6.6 1.26 1.08 1.48 1,060 Do do French sugar ... 1,200 Do 1,970 12.8 13.4 11.3 10.9 7.9 11.4 11.5 10.6 11. 1 12.2 12.7 10.7 10.4 7.6 10.8 10.9 10.1 10.6 73.7 10.4 1.27 1,410 7608 760U 7()10 7029 71)30 7649 7G50 7918 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Florimond Desprez Richest. Klein Wanzlebener ... Florimond Desprez Lemaire Richest ....do Florimond De.sprez Sept. 26 Sept. 26 Sept. 20 Sei)t. 29 Sep(. 2!) Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Oct. 18 Blue Earth Coxmty. B. W. Sower 80.2 76.8 74.1 60.3 77.6 73.2 74.1 76.1 13.2 11.4 9.7 6 5 11. 1 9.0 9.6 12.3 .99 .99 1.12 1.21 1.03 1.28 1.11 .90 480 Do 500 Do F. W. Lossow Do Cha.^i. Boiineti Do 587 1,135 955 523 693 500 11.0 10.5 74.1 10.4 1.08 684 7660 7665 Florimond De.ifprez Klein Wauzlebeuei- . . . Oct. 3 Oct. 3 Brown County. Herniau Pfaender Do 7.7 10.1 7.4 9.5 66.4 69.7 7.3 7.8 1.06 1.29 1.370 945 8.9 8.5 68.1 7.6 1.18 1.04 1.04 1.44 1.71 1, 1-58 7753 7754 7968 7969 7631 7632 7S66 7867 7983 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Florinioud De.-iproz Boheiiiiau Oct. 9 Oct. 9 , Oct. 24 Oct. 24 Sept. 29 Sept. 29 Oct. 14 Oct. 14 Oct. 24 Carver County. Leonliard Ziermann . Do G. Tenbert 15.8 13.2 9.2 8.2 15.0 12.5 8.7 7.8 81.0 77.5 65. 7 60.0 15.2 12.7 6.4 4.8 503 642 1,640 Do 1,020 Klein Wanzlebener . .. Floriuioud Desprez ... Average U.6 11.0 71.1 9.8 1.31 951 Chisago County. Eric .Jonasou Do 12. 2 15! 1 13.8 12.7 13.9 11.6 14.4 13.1 12.1 13.2 75.3 79.5 80.2 80.9 83.7 10.4 14.0 15.2 9.8 15.4 1.17 1.08 .91 1.30 .90 680 495 650 Do 1,265 1,525 13.5 12.9 79.9 12.9 1.07 923 8205 8430 Klein Wanzlebener .. Nov. 12 Dec. 1 Clay County. C. B. Kiltredge Do 13.6 13.7 12.9 13.0 73.9 76.5 9.1 13.3 1.48 1.03 865 665 Average 13.7 13.0 75.2 11.2 1.26 765 8007 8008 FloT-iniond Desprez ....do Oct. 27 Oct. 27 Cottonwood County. Simon Huntington... Do 15.6 10.3 14.8 9.8 72.9 62.4 10.8 5.9 1.44 1.76 675 1,120 Average j 13.0 12.3 67.7 8.4 1.60 898 20 MINNESOTA— Continiu^d. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received. 6 a o m p CO 6 5 o . CO J < '5 » > Dakota County. H W. Koch . . 8110 8111 Nov. Nov. 3 3 r.ct. 1G.7 14.0 /'. ct. 15.9 13.3 84.4 77.8 14.3 9.0 P.ct. 1.17 1.44 Gr'ms. 400 Do French sugar 333 15.3 14.6 81.^1 11.6 1.31 367 84.59 8i60 Dec. Dec. 6 6 FanbauU County. C. n. Culver j)o .9.6 10.9 9.1 10.4 66.2 63.0 6.3 5.2 1.53 2.11 880 865 10.3 9.8 64.6 5.8 1.82 873 7-12 8114 Simon Legrand Brabant Oct. Nov. 13 3 Fillmore County. Dr.C. H.Robbins.... D.J. Tow 9.7 14.2 9.2 13.7 56.0 83.2 5.9 15.2 1.64 .95 1,262 390 12.0 11.4 16.1 7.8 10.0 8.5 11.1 12.1 74.6 10.5 1.30 .93 1.48 1.17 1.25 1.48 1.62 826 7788 812,5 8188 8 IK!) 8190 841C Klein Wan/lcbener . . , AVhitesu'jiir Klein Wiiuzk'ljener ... ....do ....do ....do Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. N..V. Nov. 11 4 10 10 10 24 Goodhue County. Edward A. Donnell .. William Hagman J. G. Stearns G eorge W. Judd Mr.s. Jaiut's G iiero . . . It. P. Thauher 16.9 8.2 10.5 8.9 11.7 12.7 .80.7 63.1 75. G 63.6 64.4 73.4 18.2 5.5 9.0 7.4 7.9 7.8 447 1, 025 930 815 300 5J0 Average 11.5 10.9 71.1 9.3 1.32 685 7948 7949 8132 S133 81.51 8171 Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 22 22 4 4 6 8 Hennepin County. 14.7 12.5 9.4 9.7 16.5 15.6 14.0 11.9 8.9 9.2 15.7 14.8 92.5 09.4 68.6 69.8 79.3 87.2 14.9 8.2 7.5 7.5 15 3 15.8 .99 1.53 1.26 1.30 1.08 .99 780 Hans Burlmgame . . . 940 Georsiu Dawlhwaite . 1)0 r.tor Weinand Williaio 11. Lovcrin. . Klein Wanzlebencr . . . i'loriuiond Dcspi-ez Klein Wanzlebener . . . 1, 500 57(1 817 000 Average 13.1 12.4 77.8 11.5 1.19 1.08 1.26 1.48 1.24 1,216 7C20 8196 7790 7791 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Sept. Nov. Oct. Oct. 20 11 11 11 Houston County. llcimau Pederson ... 13.7 13.0 80.6 12.7 8.7 6.6 8.9 510 Isante County. Ganlbey & Anderson. 10.9 9.8 10.8 10.4 9.3 10.3 67.9 68.0 75. 5 1, 445 N.A. Ahlstroiu Do Klein Wanzlebener Simon Legrand 1, 9J5 1 500 Average 10.5 10.0 70.5 8.1 1.33 1,623 7798 7799 Oct. Oct. 11 11 Lc Suciii- County. J.C.Swaiu 11.8 11.0 11.2 10.5 74.2 71.9 8.8 13.6 1 34 .81 1.08 500 Do. 515 Average 11.4 10.8 73.2 11.2 508 8104 8105 Klein Wanzlebener Floriiiior.d Desprez Kicliest. Nov. Nov. 3 3 Lincoln County. A.J. Grain Do 13.2 12.7 12.5 12.1 73.7 72.6 10.9 9.8 1.21 1.30 1,513 1,173 Average 13.0 12.3 73.2 1C.4 9.7 11.5 1.26 1 343 8126 ^1.7 Klein Waiizli'benor Nov. Nov. 4 4 Lyon County. Andrew De Sutli-r Do 13.7 17.6 1.3.0 16.7 72.5 83.8 1.44 1.53 500 480 Average 15.7 14.9 78.2 10.6 1.49 400 21 MTNNESOTA-Continued. is'iiiue of grower. Serial Ao ymXtiXy. When received. 6 '3 3 IB g O S ■J2 o McLeod County. Daniel Devitt Do 7G51 7652 Fiorimond Desprez llicllrst. Klein W'auzlcbener Oct. 2 Oct. 2 P.ct. 10.0 13.0 P.ct. 9.5 12.3 69.4 77.9 7.5 12.7 P.ct. 1.34 L02 Gr'm.g. 1,090 795 11.5 8.9 10.9 73.7 10.1 1.18 943 7657 7877 787« 79o9 79G0 79(33 8070 b071 Klein Wanzlebeuer Klein Waiizlebeuer I'lniiMKind Dcspro/. .. Klein \\ an/.Iebener. .. Floiimoud Dcsprez Oct. 2 Oct. 15 Oe.t. 15 Oct. 23 Oct. 23 Oct. 23 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Marglial County. 8.5 14.3 9.8 12.3 8.6 12.1 8.4 12.7 66.9 6.5 L37 740 Martin County. William H. Build .... Do 15.C 10.3 12.9 9.0 12.7 9.0 13.4 85.2 70.5 76.4 64.3 76.5 04. 7 77.0 13.9 7.9 9.6 15.4 10.0 6.5 9.3 1.08 1.30 1.35 1.39 1.17 1.39 1.44 730 735 Nelson Bouse Do 725 620 850 1,070 Do 895 11.8 11.2 73.5 10.5 1.30 1.24 1.15 889 7768 77b9 I.emaire Floiiuioud Di'sircz. . . . Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Meeker County. E. Kvenson Do...-. 11.1 12.0 10.6 11.4 74.0 75.9 9.0 10.4 515 535 11.6 11.0 75.0 9.7 1.15 525 8076 8077 8208 8_'09 ^•218 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Nov. 14 Nov. 14 Nov. 14 Murray County. 13.3 12.6 18.6 18.7 17.1 12.4 12.0 17.7 17.8 16.3 86.1 84.6 84.3 82.4 84.7 12.0 11.3 19.6 18.2 17.3 1.08 1. 12 .95 1.U3 .99 600 Do 4)0 V.H. Maxwell 279 Jaiin'.s Tayloi- Do 280 475 16.1 15.2 84.4 75.6 15.7 1.03 415 7955 8092 8093 Oct. 23 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nieolet County. Fritz Virth 1.3.7 13.0 9.3 1.4S 612 White Noble County. J.P.Moulton 13.8 13.7 13.1 13.0 76.2 76.6 11.4 12.2 1.21 1.12 1,000 Do 1,475 13.8 13.1 76.4 11.8 1.17 1,208 8094 8095 Holland Nov 1 Nov. 1 Pipestone County. 10.3 12,9 9.8 12.3 67.4 74.6 7.6 10.2 1.35 1.26 933 Do 1, 37.3 Average 11.6 11.2 10.8 10.9 12.9 9.4 10.8 10.1 8.0 11.3 8.5 9.9 9.7 11.0 71.0 8.9 1.31 1,154 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294: 8295 82'J6 8297 8298 Klein Wanzlebener ... Bulteau Desprez Rich- est. Simon Legrand White Improved. Oippe's Vil morin Floi imond Desprez Vihnorin Sugar White Suaar.Grogory . Improved Imperial Excelsior Sugar Lane's Grogoi y Lane's Inipi () ved Sugar Vihnorin Wliito Imp.. Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Ramsey Coxinty, Minnesota Experi- ment Station. Do 10.6 10.3 10.4 12.3 8.7 10.3 9.6 7.6 10.7 8.1 9.4 9.2 8L8 77.1 74.2 89.6 83.2 77.7 8.3.4 74.8 82.7 'm.5 86.1 13.8 12.0 14.2 19.0 12.2 12.6 •12.5 9.3 12.6 7.9 10.4 10.2 .81 .90 .77 .68 .77 .86 .81 .8(; .90 .08 .95 .95 783 900 Do 653 Do 873 Do 1, 035 Do Do Do Do 635 770 1, 185 805 Do.... Do D,. 650 870 796 _ ATcrage 11.1 10.6 81.0 12.2 .80 830 22 MINNESOTA— Continued, Name of jriovrer. Serial No. Variely. AVhen received. 9 a » o o o 3 m o . "a a -J Kock County. J. F. Shoemaker 8150 8027 8272 Kleiu Wanzlebrmr Florimotul Desprez ...do Nov. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 17 P. el. 14.2 P.ct. 13 5 79.3 12.7 p.ct. 1.12 Gr'ms. 870 Steele County. Clark Chambers Do 8.5 11.0 8.1 10.5 60.3 74.8 7.6 8.7 1.12 1.26 1, 230 855 9.8 9.3 67.6 8.2 1.19 1 043 8103 8103 German Legraiul do Nov. 3 Nov. '3 Travers County. H. C. Bartlot IS. 3 17.5 17.4 16.6 79.2 73.3 14.1 14.6 1.30 1.21 840 Do 575 17.9 17.0 70.3 14.4 1.26 708 7641 8018 8019 81G9 Florimoud Desprez ... Floiir.ioiid De.sprez. . . . Klein Wiiiizltbeiier Sept. 29 Oct. 27 Oct. 27 Nov. 7 IVabash County. 10.3 11.3 13.6 11.7 9.8 71.0 7.1 1.44 280 Washington County. Rogers. Mclntosb... Do Heury B. Vollner.... 10.7 12.9 11.1 79.5 80.5 69.2 10..7 13.5 7.7 1.08 1.03 1.53 810 710 1,790 11.2 10.6 76.4 10.6 1.21 1103 7600 7967 8437 Dutch Sept. 24 Oct. 24 Dec. 2 Wilkins County. Robf. Glover 15.4 10.5 6.6 14.6 10.0 6.3 80.6 71.4 61.7 15.6 8.1 4.6 .09 1.30 1.44 447 yVright County. C. "W.Judaon County unknown. Henry Hillesheim ... Kkiii Waiizlebuner 910 2,053 MISSOURI. Batcx County. Jacob Blocher Do 790O 7901 White Silesian Oct. 17 Oct. 17 9.1 8.4 8.7 8.0 6R. 9 66.7 8.4 7.8 1.08 1.08 ."•.OO 700 Avera<;o 8.8 8.4 66.7 8.2 1.08 GOO NEBRASKA. Antelope County. F.n. Trowbridge.. Do Do Do C. A. Hatliaway ... Do.. Do Do E. L. Heneway Do N. Cosby Do 73P6 7307 73C8 730!) 7672 7673 7674 7075 7697 7608 772.-> 7729 Floi-imond Desprez Richest. Klein Wanzlebe.ner . . . Florimoud Desprez l!icli.-it. Kb'iu WuHzlebener ... ...do Flo I iriioiid Desprez Improved White. Sept. 22 Sept. 22 Sept. 22 Sept. 22 Oct. 4 Oct. Oct. Oct. 4 Oct. 6 Oct. 6 Oct. 7 Oct. 7 16.1 15.3 82.1 16.9 ,95 15.9 15.0 81.5 16. T .95 16.6 1.5.8 88.8 16.1 1. 0.J 18.8 17.9 81.8 18.3 1.03 13.1 12.4 75.2 9.8 1.34 14.1 13.4 9.0 1.55 10.3 9.8 70.9 7.6 1.36 16.0 15.3 13.6 1.18 14.3 13.4 77.3 11.1 1.29 12.2 11.6 77.7 10.3 1.18 13.3 12.6 70.4 12.2 1,09 9.0 8.6 72.0 8.4 1.07 241 226 176 119 455 200 885 265 755 410 250 382 23 NEBRASKA— Continued. Name of grower. Seiial No. Variety. When received. 6 'p a 9 ? u ■Jl p '2 .a ^ (U < Antclcpe County— Couliuueil. C. E. Ueneway. .... Do 7732 77a3 7742 7743 77.'>1 7752 7863 7997 7998 8086 8U87 8088 8080 8090 80!) L 8109 8115 Klein Wanzlebener. . . Floiimond Des|irez ... Klein Wanzleliener. .. Floiiiuond De-iine/, Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. 8 8 8 8 9 9 14 25 25 31 31 31 31 31 31 3 3 P. ct. 7.9 9.2 10.9 12.1 10.0 10.9 10.7 16.5 10.3 14.6 13.9 13. e 12.5 14.6 1,3.1 16.7 14.4 P.rt. 7. 5 8.7 10.4 11.5 10.1 10.4 10. 2 15.7 9.8 13.9 13.2 12.9 U.9 13.9 12.5 15.9 13.7 C.3.4 65.3 6.5.7 65.7 50.2 68.' 2' 86.4 76.8 78.1 79.8 80.5 73.6 'si)'.¥ 81.4 4.8 6.4 7.0 5.3 7.8 8.8 11.5 16.7 13.5 13.0 12.9 14.3 9.0 11.2 9.4 10.0 12.9 P.ct. 1.04 1.45 1.56 2.28 1.36 1.21 .93 .99 1.08 1.12 1.08 .95 1.39 1.30 1.39 1.07 L12 Gr'ms. 920 540 CM. Wynian Do.'. 440 430 357 Do 170 Georj^o Biokaw W. H. Conueuy Do " Floriraond Desprez... 491 380 280 680 Do Do Simon Lepraud Klein Wanzlebener... 520 565 Do 490 Do 350 Do Lane's Imperial 320 400 458 13.2 12.5 74.7 10.2 1.26 419 7392 7393 8026 French Beet Sept Sept Oct. 24 24 27 Banner County. Wm. Everett 10.8 11.4 14.0 1C.3 10.8 13.3 66.2 68.3 76.9 8.3 10.6 9.7 1.30 1.08 1.44 710 Do ... (lo 693 Tbos. H. 'VVilson 435 12.1 11.4 70.4 9.5 1.27 1.20 1.26 612 8051 8052 Klein Wanzlobencr ... Florimoud Desprez Oct. Oct. 29 29 Blaine County. H. Heitholt 14.6 11.9 13.9 11.3 78.1 74.4 11.0 9.4 610 Do 550 13 3 12.6 76.3 10.5 1.26 580 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 78.; 6 7827 7828 7829 7830 7831 7832 7833 78o4 7835 7836 7837 78:!8 78?9 78J0 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 7850 7851 7852 7853 7654 Desprez Leniaire Simon Legraud Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9.1 8.1 13.3 13. 3 12.8 11.4 14.3 10.7 10.1 7.6 8.8 9.5 8.7 11.9 14.2 8.9 8.1 U.7 10.7 10.3 13.3 11.7 12.0 12.3 13.2 10.8 12.4 11.4 8.8 8.2 9.2 9.9 11.4 10.1 9.6 7.0 Boone County. CD. Dean 8.6 7.7 12.0 12.6 12. 2 W.S 13.6 10.2 9.6 7.2 8.3 9.0 8.2 n.3 13.5 8.5 7.7 11.1 10.2 9.8 12.6 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.5 10.4 11.8 10.8 8.4 7.8 8.7 9.4 10.8 9.6 9.1 6.6 68.6 65.3 72.2 71.6 73.6 67.8 88.3 '67." 3' 57.6 62.8 65.9 65.4 7i.'2 62.3 75.0 68.2 66.0 76.8 74.7 81.1 72. 2 62! 3 63.5 64.5 70.7 76.5 71.2 63.2 62.1 C.3 5.5 10.3 12.7 10.3 10.2 11.7 7.8 6.9 4.3 4.9 6.9 5.3 10.8 11.5 8.2 4.4 10.9 10.0 9.0 10.1 15.0 12.0 10.5 10.5 7.1 8.2 8.5 5.9 5.6 12.5 8.1 11.5 9.0 7.9 5. I 1.45 1748 1.30 1.05 1.24 1.12 1.22 1.34 1.46 1.77 1.78 l.CO 1 64 1.18 1.23 1. 00 1.86 1.07 1.07 1.15 1.21 .78 1.00 1.17 1.26 1.53 1.51 1.34 1.50 1.46 .74 1.23 .99 1.12 1.24 1.37 350 Do 433 Anton Ankle Do 685 995 Lewis Leslie Do Simon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener ... 820 500 Do 820 Do 515 Do 720 J. B. (ireen 445 Do Simon Legr.and Klein Wanzlebener ... 545 Do 735 J. E. Grepn 485 T.C Williams 225 Do Simon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener ... 340 Do 615 Do 410 Do 58.) 7l'5 Do Simon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener ... 765 Do 765 Do 740 Do 640 M. G. Curtis ... 2S0 Do Simon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener . .. 270 Do 365 Do 165 H.n. Howard 510 Do Simon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener . . . 590 Do 630 Do 670 Ed. Popper Simon Legrand Klein Wauzlobcn«*r ... 595 Do Do 405 455 Do 790 Do Liuiaire 620 Average 10.7 10.1 69.2 8.7 1.29 550 24 NEBRASKA— CoDtinued. Name of grower. ij.riiil No. Varifaty. When received. 6 o ■3 a P p a 2 B CO ca ^ .a to 'S . © e «.= > < Box Biitle Count If. 7740 77C5 7801 7«0'J 7S():{ 8009 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 Oct. 11 Oct. 11 Oct. 11 Oct. 27 F.ct. 12.9 14.4 15.0 10.3 14.7 9.7 P.ct. 12.3 13.7 14.3 9.8 14.0 9.2 72.5 76.2 G8.5 69.1 69.4 74.0 9.3 10.6 10.0 7.4 10.1 8.0 P.ct. 1.39 1.39 1. : 1.40 1.45 1.21 Gr'ms. 825 ho 1 P. W.Tiacv M.W.Nvt' J. A. Heist H.W.AxtcU Klein Wauzlebeuer . .. ....do... Flofiiiionii Klein Wauzlebener .. Klein "Wanzleb e n o r, Dippe's. 820 407 513 650 785 12.8 12.2 71.6 9.2 1.39 666 78G8 7»)G8 76U1) De.sprez Lemaire Legrand ....^.io Oct. 10 Oct,. 3 Oct. 3 Brown County. AV. II. Carey 10.6 10.1 69.7 68.9 7.0 10.9 11.8 1.51 350 Butler County. Elizabetli Bales Do 12.6 14.0 12.0 13.3 1.16 1.19 260 230 13.3 12.7 68.9 11.4 1.18 245 77-14 7745 8012 801.1 82 U 8215 8J0G 8207 Oct. 8 Oct. 8 Oct. 20 Oct. 29 Oct. 2!) Oct. 29 Nov. 14 Xov. 14 Ckage County. E.J. Ledger Do 10.5 12.1 10.0 11.5 13.9 13 7 14.3 13.9 10.0 11.5 9.5 10.9 1.3.2 13.0 13.6 13.2 70.5 6.t. 5 66.2 69.7 73.5 74. 1 74.9 72.4 8.4 9.2 8.3 7.5 9.4 9.5 9.7 7.9 1,25 1.31 1.21 1.53 1.48 1.44 1.4tf 1.75 1380 Miss D. Vioiiian ... Do Floriniond Desprez, Kiclie.'if. Klein Wauzlebener ... I'loiiniond Desprez . .. Klein Wanzlebeiier . .. FloriiiKiud Desprez . . . Kleiu Wauzlebeuer ... 800 855 708 j)i) (>7.i Li/.zic Joues Do 540 630 1' 4 11.7 70.6 8.7 1.43 796 7.376 7a77 Sept. 24 Sept. 24 Cherry County. 9.0 9.7 8.6 9.2 55.2 65.8 4.5 5.2 2.00 1.85 455 Do 60.5 Average 9.4 8.9 60.5 4.9 1.92 530 7880 7881 8001 8010 8011 8l:i0 8131 Oct. 15 Oct. 15 O.t. 25 Oct. 27 Oct. 27 Nov. 4 Nov. 4 Colfax County. H.M.Kenip Do 10.3 10.9 13.6 1.').4 13.0 11.3 12.4 9.8 10.4 12.9 14.0 12.4 10.7 11.8 65.3 70.3 77.3 81.9 75.1 62. 4 66.7 G.6 0.9 11.2 14.3 10.0 5.2 7.3 1.57 1..57 1.21 1.08 1.30 2.16 1.71 1,025 850 Jolm Selnililt Klein Wan/.lebener ... Dippe's Vilinoriu .J. B. Martiu 5'3 Do (186 Joseph PraibliT Do Floriniond Desprez Kleiu Wauzlebeuer ... 500 5)0 Average ... 12.4 11.8 71.3 8.8 1.51 661 7907 71)08 Klein Wanzlebener . .. Floriraoud Desprez . . . Oct. 18 Oct. 18 Cutning County. Uriah Brume)- Do 10.8 10.9 10.3 10.4 67.9 71.7 8.3 8.7 1.30 1.26 475 910 Average 10.9 10.4 69.8 8.5 1.28 1.32 1.63 1.35 1.96 692 Custer County. W. O.l'orter l)o 7fiG3 76(14 7679 7680 Vilmorin ... do Oct. 3 Oct. 3 Oct. 4 Oct. 4 7.9 8.8 7.4 5.6 7.5 8.4 7.0 5.3 60.8 kV.'i 52.3 6.0 5.4 5.5 2.9 565 305 575 J. D. Haskell Do 575 Average 7.4 7.0 58.2 5.0 1.56 550 Dawes County. li. P. Gregg 7074 7075 8050 Flniiinond Desprez Richest. Klein Wanzlebener ... Vilmoiin White Oct. 24 0<:t. 24 Oct. 29 10.4 16.2 13.7 9.9 15.4 13.0 69.3 72. 7 77.9 7.2 8.4 9.5 1.44 1.93 1.44 246 290 340 Do W.J.Hooker Average 13.4 12.7 73.3 8.3 1.60 258 25 NEBRASKA— Continued. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received. (0 o o a .a _d o o M 3 o o .2 " CO < > Daioxon Cowtty. Mrs. Ella Stanley Do 7927 7928 Klein Wanzlebener . . . --..do Oct. Get. 20 20 P.ct. 10.8 11.3 P.ct. 10.3 10.7 69.7 76.9 6.7 6.3 r. ct. 1.62 1.71 Gr'mg. 840 500 ll.O 10.5 73.3 6.5 1.66 670 8028 7941 8124 Klein Wanzlebener ... Vilraorin Oct. Oct. Nov. 27 21 4 Deuel County. G. W. Hultz 19.8 18.8 12.2 1.02 248 Dodge County. 14.9 16.3 14.2 15.5 81.4 83.2 13.8 15.8 1.08 1.03 750 450 15.6 14.8 82.3 14.8 1.05 600 8427 76S4 TOSS 7086 7087 7688 Klein Wanzleb e n e r , Diijpe's. Nov. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 28 4 4 4 4 4 Dundy County. E.B. Moore 10.5 10.0 67.7 8.3 1.26 1565 Fillmore County. J. S. P.cavdsly Do 12.5 11.2 13.5 12.1 10.9 11.9 10.6 12.8 11.5 10.4 73.1 67.9 71.1 05. 8 65.0 8.4 6.8 8.4 6.1 7.0 1.49 1.05 1.61 1. 98 1.55 990 710 Klein Wanzlebener ... 640 Do 440 Do 605 Avera"e 12.0 11.6 68.7 7.3 1.06 677 78.56 7857 7^.i8 78.19 78G0 7993 7994 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 13 13 13 13 25 25 25 Frontier County. A.E. Hill 9.8 13.9 12.0 11.2 17.1 15.7 11.8 9.3 12.3 11.4 10.6 16.3 14.9 11.2 bO. 7 60.8 72.3 70.9 85. 9 81.3 76.6 7.5 11.3 9.5 8.5 16.4 12.1 8.7 1.31 1.14 1.22 1 32 1.04 1.30 1.35 895 Do Klein Wanzlebener ... 355 Uo 4')5 G. L.ShoMiian Do 533 490 W. V. Shfiiiian Uo Viliiioriu Improved -.. Kkiu Wanzlebener . .. 350 000 12.9 12.3 74.4 10.5 1.24 531 7CS1 7G82 7813 7814 7932 Klein Wanzlebener ... Floumond Despiez Klein Wanzlebener 1< lorimond Deaprez Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct- Oct. 4 4 15 15 20 Furnan County. H. Montfiomery 1)0 W.B.Keith 12.0 13.0 14.7 13.2 14.0 11.4 12.4 14.0 12.5 13.3 71.4 74.7 75.0 77.2 81.9 7.7 9.4 11.0 11.6 9.2 1.55 1.39 1.34 1.14 1.53 565 247 600 Do n. MoutKomery 605 255 Average 13.4 12.7 76.0 9.8 1.39 454 7387 7388 7389 77U2 8400 8401 Klein Wanzlebener . - . do Sept. 24 24 24 6 21 21 Gage County. A. C.Wngner Do 13.3 7.3 12.0 8.1 10.7 10.0 10.7 6.9 11.4 7.7 10.2 9.5 79.0 .59.3 6.55 67.5 7!. 3 69.0 14.0 5.2 13.3 6.6 8.2 7.7 .81 1.40 .90 1.23 1.30 1.30 610 725 Do do Floiinjond Desprez Sept. Get. Nov. Nov. 323 M.C. make E. Arnold IZ-MS 705 Do'.... Klein Wanzlebener ... 715 Average 9.9 9.4 13.9 11.8 16.7 12.7 9.3 12.5 68.6 9.2 1.16 721 76!)!) 7700 7738 7739 7780 7S00 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Get. Oct. 6 6 8 8 10 U Garfield County. T. Crane 14.6 12.4 17.6 13.4 9.8 13.2 '8.3."4' 82.5 61.2 72.0 11.3 9.9 13.7 11.7 6.3 9.9 1.29 1.20 1.28 1.15 1. .'•.6 1.34 260 Do ... do 265 M O'Connor. 800 Do . do 700 M. ('riUH^ 0;!0 A. riiilliiis 483 1.3.3 12.8 74.8 10.5 1.31 533 26 Kanio of grower. Serial No. Mall County. HansStixlt Fred Siiehlseu . . . Average Hamilton County. J.D.Evans 1)0 Average Earlan County. A. C. RoWna Do Aug. Sasse Do Average Bayes County. C.A.Kpady. Do Do Average . Hitchcock County. Aiitlioiiy Stark H. H. Taylor Do Do 7891 7Ji93 NEBRASKA— Continued. Variety. 70.55 7656 German White. 7383 7384 7'.I04 7905 Vilmorin Kli'iu Wanzlebener . .. do ...do 7816 7817 7818 7906 i'044 8045 8046 Klein "Wanzlebener ...do Lenirtire Desprez Average — Holt County. J.H.Gordon 7394 Do ":^95 Tbos. Wiggins 7G94 1)0 7695 E.H.Benedict T7ii9 no 7710 Do 7711 I N.15. Bisbeo 7713 I Do 7714, E.H. Benedict I 7718 | Do 7719 Do 7720 H.H. Saiiiidcr.s 7864 Do 7S6 J.Gus.KlucU 7917 W.B. Lower 800' Edgar bruncr I 8197 Vilmorin ... do Klein Wanzlebener ... do ...do Vilmorin Florimoud Desprez. ...do ...do Average Hoioard County. C. T. Kenyon Jefferson County. W. "W. Watson . Uo Hr> h'o......--- Do A.Wilson J. G.Dougat. . Imported Wiiite. 7375 Klein Wanzlebener ... Sept. 22 Average . 7910 7911 7912 7913 7914 8414 S415 Vilmorin I Oct. Oct. I.emaire Oct;. Klein Wanzlebener... Oct. Florii\i"iid Desprez... Oct. Desprez Nov, Nov 434 27 NEBRASKA— Continued. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received O '3 a ® 2 (D .a .3 1 O a (S 0) a "5 > Kearney County. 79f-2 8447 8448 Klein Wanzlebener ... Oct. 24 Dec. i Dec. 4 P.ct. 15.6 22.8 25.5 P.ct. 14.8 21.7 24.2 76.1 13.3 13.7 14.6 P. ct. 1.17 1.66 1.75 Gr'ms. 214 CD. Emersou Do Leniaire Ri< best Klein Wanzleben 155 er . . 303 2i.3 20.2 76.1 13,9 1.53 1.44 224 7(i^C 7(;4n 7802 7978 7979 71)80 73S8 7.S59 7360 7361 7011 7724 7720 8000 8208 White Improved Oct. . 1 Sept. 29 Oct. 14 Oct. 24 Oct. 24 Oct. 24 Sept. 5 Sejit. 5 Sept. 5 Sept. 6 S. pt. 26 Oct. 7 Oct. 7 ( )<-t. 25 Nov. 17 Kimball County. 11.4 10.8 70.4 7.9 227 Knox County. H.S.Morton In. 3 7.8 10.3 12.9 10.2 14.5 7.4 9.8 12.3 9 7 81.4 62.2 70.8 68.3 68.5 13.1 5.9 7.9 8.4 9.0 1.17 1.32 1.30 1.53 1.35 595 C;irl Scliiiiiller 2,010 William Biinier William liaiiiuni Do Klein Wanzlebener ... ..do .. do 1,150 485 100 Averan e 11.3 10.7 71.4 8.9 1.33 868 Lincoln County. Caspar Bolish G. i;. Gull.ra \V . S. Hawluns Dr. Calvert Lane's Imperial . Vilnioriii .. do 10.9 12.7 14. 1 5.8 12.5 13. 9 12.9 1.5. 8 19.8 10.4 12.1 13.4 5.5 11.8 13.2 12.3 15.0 18.8 67.4 73.9 70.5 CO. 4 76.7 79.4 77.2 86.8 82.8 7.9 12.3 11.4 4 9 10.7 14.9 10.8 16.4 14.7 1.39 1.04 1.24 1.18 1.17 .93 1.19 .90 1.35 423 177 236 9i>0 8-i7 C. C. Hawkijis Do 680 710 J. Wliiter Dippe's A'ilmorin Kkiu Wauzlebeutr . . . 9:;o J. H. Knowles 515 13.2 12.5 75.0 11.6 1.15 613 7035 7936 Florimond Desprez, Richest. ....do Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Lovp County. H. W^. Adams Do 10.5 9.7 10.0 9.2 67.3 64.7 6.0 5.4 1.75 1.75 675 710 , 10.1 9.6 66.0 5.7 1.75 692 7976 7977 Klein Wanzlebener, Dippe's. Florimond Desprez, Richest. Oct. 24 Oct. 24 McPherson County. D.P.Wilcox Do 11.7 14.3 11.1 13.6 75.0 77.3 11.8 11.3 .99 1.26 285 190 Average 13.0 10.4 12.2 13.2 11.2 14.2 12.4 76.2 11.6 1.13 . 238 Madison Cirnnty. D.K. Daniels Do 7921 7922 7923 7924 7930 Desprez Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 9.9 11.6 12.6 10.6 13.5 71.7 70. ;> 73. 3 72.7 85.5 8.9 8.0 10.5 8.6 13.8 1.17 1.53 1.30 1.30 1.03 ."ISO 800 Do VilnioT'in ... do 1,340 Do 655 T.J. Harter Kkiu Wanzlebener ... 410 12.2 11.0 74.7 10.0 1.26 1.50 1.20 1.20 1.25 523 7378 7879 7380 7381 Florimond Desprez, Richest. . . do Sept. 24 Sept. 24 Sept. 24 Sept. 24 _ Nucl-olls County. G. Ct. Heilsecock Do 7.3 10.8 9.0 8.2 6.9 10.3 9.1 7.8 58.8 09.2 73.3 C8.3 4.8 9.0 8.0 6.6 393 390 Do Klein Wanzlebener, Dippe's. do 295 Do 320 Average 8.9 8.5 67.4 7.1 1.28 347 28 NEBRASKA-Continnod. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. AVhen received. a o •Jl .a a 0) o u l5 4> O ;prez 360 Do Do 490 255 Do 130 Average 13.1 12.4 70.2 7.9 1.70 305 7981 8183 8184 8185 8186 Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 24 8 8 8 8 Pierce County. U. S. Forbts 11.5 10.9 75.2 8.2 1.39 565 Platte Covnty. Gerliaid A.scko.' 12.3 10.1 11.2 8.6 11.7 9.5 10.6 8.2 71.1 69.1' 64.7 8.9 6.5 6.4 5.2 1.39 1.53 1.75 1.66 .365 Do Simon Legrnnd Klein Wanzlebener ... LeniaireKichest 2.50 520 340 Do Do Averaiie 10.6 10.0 68.3 6.8 1.58 369 8003 8004 8005 T^ippe's Vilraorin Floriinonrt Ue.spvez Klein Wanzlebener, Dippe's Oct. Oct. Oct. 25 25 25 Polk Coimty. J.B.Dey Do.' 8.9 12.1 13.3 8.5 11.5 12.6 64.5 69.5 71.1 5.8 8.2 8.5 1..53 1.48 1.57 435 575 590 Do Avorage 11.4 10.9 68.4 7.5 1.53 533 7762 7763 Oct. Oct. 10 10 Red Willow County. S.lJollos 5.3 11.9 5.0 11.3 48.1 74.3 2.6 14.5 2.05 .82 1, 2.35 645 D < Saline County. F. J.Foss Do 8022 8023 Floriinoud De.sprez ... Klein Wanzli^bener ... Oct. 27 Oct. 27 P.ct. 7.4 9.1 p.ct. 7.0 8.6 56.1 64.1 3.9 5.1 P.ct. 1.89 1.80 Gr'ms. 375 475 Averai^e 8.3 7.8 60.1 4.5 1.85 425 7727 7728 8128 8129 Oct. 7 Oct. 7 Nov. 4 Saunders Covnty. W. Mevr 11.2 10.8 17.7 15.3 10.6 10.3 16.8 14.5 69.6 74.5 4.8 10.3 17.2 14.9 2.34 1.05 1.03 1.03 825 Do. ...do 730 305 Do 370 13.8 13.1 75.8 83.3 11.8 1.36 5,575 8138 7382 7929 Nov. 5 Sept. 24 Oct. 20 Scott Bluff County. 23.9 22.7 15.6 1.5 333 - Seward Covnty. E. L. Blanchard 10.3 9.8 66.0 78.5 9.4 11.2 1.10 1.17 440 W.K.Ke]ley Vilmorin 13.1 1 12.5 460 11.7 11.2 72.3 68.4 76.0 77.3 71.4 68.7 63.0 54.7 78.7 10.3 11.4 450 7623 7624 7625 7626 8014 8015 8083 80B4 8085 Floriraond Desprez do Sept. 27 Sept. 27 Sept. 27 Sept. 27 Oct. 27 Oct. 27 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Sheridan County. N.J.Cook 9.3 11.4 14.7 10.5 9.2 8.5 7.5 19.6 15.8 8.8 10.8 14.0 10.0 8.7 8.1 7.1 18.6 15.0 5.7 8.4 10.2 8.3 7.3 6.3 4.4 12.5 10.6 1.62 1.35 1.44 1.26 1.26 1.35 1.71 1.57 1.53 455 Do 265 S. E. Ferguson Do ...do do 485 568 C. A. Watterman . . . Do Klein Wanzleboner, Dippe's. Floriuiond Desprez 663 548 700 Do 500 340 11.8 11.2 69.8 8.2 1.45 503 8191 8102 8193 8194 8195 8451 8452 8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 Nov. 10 Nov. 10 i\0V. 10 Nov. 10 Nov. 10 Dec. 6 Dec. 6 Dec. 6 Dec. (1 Dec. Dec. Dec. C Dec. Thayer County. W. B. Hnsilie.s 12. 7 14.1 11.2 13.6 14.2 14.6 12.7 16.9 18.3 17.1 18.2 14.1 15.9 12.1 13.4 10.0 12.9 13.5 13.9 12.1 Ifi 1 17.4 16.2 17.3 13.4 15.1 77.5 80.6 74.2 76.4 84.5 66.4 71.8 77.9 82.1 83.2 84.7 75.4 76.4 11.8 15.7 9.3 11.2 13.2 8.5 8.8 12.2 13.6 13.6 16.9 9.8 9.5 l.OM .90 1.21 1.21 1.08 1.71 1.44 1.39 1.35 1.26 1.08 1.44 1.62 870 Do Simon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener ... 1,060 Do Do 1,595 645 Do 1, 020 C.E.Ward Do Improved White Sugai Despiez Xvlein Wanzlobeuer .. . I.emaire 315 403 Do Do Do . 335 385 292 Do Klein Wanzlebener ... 323 Do 495 Do Klein Wanzlebener ... 500 Averaiic 14.9 14.6 77.8 11.8 1.29 632 7804 7805 Floriiuond Desprez . . . Klein Wanzlebener Oct. U Oct. 11 Valley County. E. W. AVaterraan Do 10.2 12.0 9.7 11.4 68.9 69.4 7.0 8.1 1.45 1.48 400 547 11.2 10.6 69.7 7.6 7.4 6.0 1.46 1.30 1.57 503 7621 7622 Sept. 21 Sept. 21 Wayne County. D. W. C. Hood 9.6 9.4 9.1 8.9 73. 5 68.1 325 Do Klein Wanzlebener ... 500 Average 9.5 9.0 70.8 6.7 1.44 413 30 NEBKASKA- Contimieil. Name of grower. Seiial No. Variety. When received. a '3 © o (.1 o S m o a a o •a a m o a Oo •Ji J3 s 'S . ^^ &^ > < York County. D 11 itcoder 806.-. 8000 8007 80C8 8009 8417 8418 8419 8420 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Nov. 24 Nov. 24 Nov. 24 Nov. 24 Ret. 9.8 13.9 14.4 14.7 11.1 16.4 15.4 14.6 12.0 P.ct. 9.3 13.2 13.7 14.0 10.6 15.6 14.6 13.9 11.4 02. 73.9 75.8 75.0 68.9 78.5 "72.' f.' 7.3 10.3 11.1 13.1 10.3 11.1 9.5 8.8 6.9 P.ct. 1.35 1.35 1.30 1.12 1.08 1.48 1.62 1.66 1.75 Gr'ms. 620 Do Simon Legiautl Klein Wanzlebener .. Desidcz 4.30 Do Do 590 530 Do Henry Smith Do 560 445 210 Do 230 Do 350 Avorvse 13.6 12.9 79.4 9.8 1.41 443 NEW YORK. Genesee County. A. D. Lemley »... 8261 8262 8263 Florimond White Red Top Nov. Nov. Nov. 17 17 17 10.5 15.0 12.8 10.0 14.3 12.2 73.9 83.3 82.1 9.7 18.5 14.7 1.08 .81 .86 2,500 Do Lane's or French Ked 1,210 Do Vilmorin Red Top 1,485 12.8 12.2 79.4 14.3 .92 1,732 7875 7876 Simon Legraud Florimond Desprez Oct. Oct. 15 15 Oneida County. Henrv Bran.stater ^•^ 11.9 11.5 11.3 10.9 78.2 70.3 10.6 11.2 1.12 1.03 400 445 Avera"e n.7 11.1 78.8 10.9 1.08 423 8216 8217 Florimond Desprez Klein Wanzlebener Nov. Nov. 14 14 Warren County. F. H. Crumb 15.3 13.8 14.5 13.1 87.0 81.7 17.0 12.8 .90 1.08 610 Do 675 Aveiage 14.6 1.3.8 84.5 14.9 .99 643 7964 7905 79G6 Dippe'.s Vilmorin Florimond De.sprez ... Simon Legrand Oct. Oct. Oct. 24 24 24 Tales County. Rolii^rtPlUman Do 12.3 10.7 12.9 11.7 10.2 12.3 72.4 67.7 75.0 11.4 16.1 14.3 1.08 1.04 .90 405 465 Do 540 12.0 11.4 71.7 13.9 10.1 470 NORTH DAKOTA. Burleigh County. Job n Yegi.n 7635 7647 7648 7721 8425 8426 Sept Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. 29 1 1 6 15 15 10.9 10.4 70.3 7.8 1.39 453 Cass Gotmty. J. R. Fuller 13.7 13.2 8.3 16.2 17.1 13.0 12.5 7.9 15.4 16.3 72.9 74.2 59.2 79.0 86.8 4.5 10.2 4.6 11.7 14.1 1.62 1.29 1.80 1.39 1. 21 550 Do Klein Wanzlebener . .. Klein Wanzlebener . . . Dippe's Vilmorin 575 M. Woodliull G. N. Smith 1, 102 760 Do 695 Average 13.7 13.0 75.5 9.0 1.56 736 7991 7992 Florimond Desprez Klein Wanzlebener . . . Oct. Oct. 25 25 Dickey County. Charles Stekl Do 10.5 12.7 10.0 12. i 67.3 73.4 6.3 8.8 1.66 1.44 1, 0,-iO Avei'age 11.6 11.0 70.4 7.6 15.5 1 060 7764 Brabant Oct 10 Morton County. Joseph Miller 14.5 13.8 73.9 8.1 1.79 508 31 ^^ORTH DAKOTA— Continned. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. Wben received. _o '5 .9 o o « CO o a o o a m o a < 2 to 'S . < Nelson County. James Lawer 7683 7612 7613 7614 7615 Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 4 27 27 27 27 p. ct. 14.3 P.ct. 13.6 74.1 9.9 P.ct. 1.45 Gr'msi. 675 Klein Wanzlebener . . . ....do Hansom County. I J Oliver 10.9 12.6 9.4 10.6 10.4 12.0 8.9 10.1 70.8 73.7 67.6 73.1 8.1 9.9 7.5 8.8 1.35 1.35 1.26 1.21 803 Bo 825 Do. Florimond Dcspiez ... ....do 820 Do 725 10.9 10.3 71.3 8.6 1.29 794 8198 8199 Nov. Nov. 11 11 Sargent County. Henrv Stranb Do 22.1 21.6 21.0 20.5 18.3 18.4 1.21 1.17 220 do 215 21.9 20.8 18.4 1.19 218 7792 7000 7001 7926 7953 7957 7958 8210 Klein Wanzlebener . .. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. 11 24 24 20 23 23 23 14 StuUsman County. J. J. Nierling 13.2 12.5 77.6 10.5 1.26 570 Traill County. 10.5 10.3 13.8 20.6 16.7 18.6 17.8 10.0 9.9 13.1 19.6 15.9 17.7 16.9 69.1 70.1 78.4 84.1 73.6 79.1 82.4 8.1 8.1 12.3 17.0 8.8 12.2 12.5 1.30 1.39 1.12 1.21 1.81 1.51 1.43 1,022 Do 796 P. Herbrand son Buve Bureson Klein "Wanzlebener . .- ....do ...do ..do 1,263 397 288 N. F.Giiswold 490 650 15.5 14.7 76.7 i 11.3 1.91 701 OHIO. Butler County. Jno. W. McClellan 7645 7797 8461 8075 8408 8409 Oct. Oct. Dec. Oct. Nov. Nov. 1 11 9 30 24 24 9.7 9.2 76.4 9.8 0.99 1,017 Erie County. 9.3 8.8 71.5 8.1 1.15 305 Hamilton County. Henry L. Law 13.1 12.4 80.9 9.4 1.39 458 Klein Wanzlebener . . . Siraon Legrand Klein Wanzlebener . . . Sandusky County. C.W. Storer B. B. Overmver Do ../. 12.2 14.2 12.3 11.6 13.5 n.7 82.4 77.2 71.1 10.9 11.3 8.9 1.12 1.26 1.39 570 1,210 1,025 12.9 12.3 76.9 10.3 1.26 935 7894 7895 7896 7897 8280 8281 8282 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. 16 16 16 16 19 19 19 Trumhull County. D.H. Wilder 10.1 8.0 11.1 9.0 9.1 11.9 11.6 9.6 7.6 10.6 8.6 8.7 11.3 11.0 69.6 77.6 88.8 76.9 70.0 81.0 81.1 10.1 8.9 13.7 8.3 7.2 12.0 14.3 .99 .90 .81 1.08 L26 .99 .81 801 Do Do Lane's Improved do 1,113 485 Do 1,273 Do 507 Do 1,010 Do 371 10.1 9.6 77.9 '67.' 3 10.6 3.4 5.1 9.3 808 7889 7890 Oct. Oct. 16 16 Van Wert County. 5.7 7.4 5.4 7.0 1.66 1.44 320 Do do 420 6.6 " 67.3 4.2 1.55 370 32 OKEGON. Name of jtrower. Sciial No. Variety. When received. 6 o .5 2 o .a a o o S a !/; 3 m o at .a < Average weight of beet. Jackeon County. F. X. Musty Do 8428 8l2U Kov. 28 Nov. 28 P.ct. 1.5.3 1().4 P.ct. 14.5 15.6 72.2 74.5 9.1 17.3 P.ct. .68 .95 Or'ms. 610 510 15.9 15.1 73.4 14.2 .82 560 PENNSYLVANIA. Dauphin County. E H Leil) 8285 8286 Nov. Nov. 19 19 8.8 8.9 8.4 8.4 74.6 78.8 7.0 9.0 1.26 .99 1,014 Bo Kcd Top 1,404 8.9 8.4 76.7 8,0 1.13 1,209 7363 7364 73(15 7036 7637 77-in 7750 Klein Wanzlebener ... Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. 18 18 18 29 29 9 9 Lancaster County. F. M. Weaver Do 6.8 6.3 10.3 8.6 9.8 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.0 9.8 8.2 9.3 6.6 6.3 63.5 82.2 78.0 74.1 73.7 65.1 6.6 5.6 12.0 8.7 9.5 8.4 7.0 1.03 1.12 .86 .99 1. 03 .82 .94 1, 067 362 Do L. WinKciiralli Do Klorimond De.sprez — Klein Wanzlebener . .. Klorin)ond Uesprez ... Dippo's Vihnorin 380 537 560 Frank Stan tier Do .. .. 445 610 9.3 7.5 72.8 8.3 .97 566 8U1 Nov. 24 Philadclplv.a County. N. liait 10.9 10.4 75.2 9.0 1.21 1,225 SOUTH DAKOTA. Brookings County. South Dakola Ajiri- iultiM;il IC -; peri- niciit Station. Do Do. Do Do Do Do Average Broivn County. Andrew Callweg ... Davidson County. vSalcni limner 11. C. I'reslou Average Grant County. D.W. Diggs Hyde County. Jno. 0. Stoner Do Do Do Average . 8117 8118 8119 H120 8121 8122 8435 7>>7:l 8062 7661 7662 7961 7062 Bulti'au Desprez Rich- est. Dippe's Vilmorin Oxnanl Faetory Pa.jarro VrtUey'Cal.... Floiimond Desprez .. Klein Wanzlebemr . .. Simon Legrand White Inipioved. Klein Wanz.lcbener .. Siiiinn Lcgiand . ...do Nov. 3 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. 1 Oct. 15 Oct. 31 Oct. 28 Oct. 3 Oct. 3 Oct. 23 Oct. 23 15.7 15.9 17.8 14.4 13.0 15.2 14.2 17.2 13.2 13.7 14.6 13.3 13.7 1."). 1 16.9 13. 8 12.4 14.4 13.5 84.0 84.1 91.3 76.6 85.0 86.4 87.1 80.4 10.7 10.2 ! 66 15.8 15.0 i 78.6 13.3 12.6 72.3 11.0 12.5 13.0 13.9 12.6 13.0 73.0 76.0 81.1 78.8 14.5 18.5 20.7 13.3 7.8 14.7 5.9 13.1 7.4 13.1 11.1 14.8 11.0 12.5 1.08 .87 .86 1.00 1.67 Lo.st. Lost. 1.80 1.21 1.57 390 328 418 585 5.56 454 821 790 1.01 1.23 99 1.21 l.U 725 7!)5 445 510 33 SOUTH DAKOTA— Continued. Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received a3 .2 a 1 .a _d Kingsbury County. W. A. Palmer Bo 7603 7604 Florimond-Desprez Simou Legrand Sept. 25 Sept. 25 P.et. 9.0 13.0 P.ct. 8.6 12.4 68.2 73.4 6.9 9.0 P.et. 1.30 1.44 Gr'ms. 655 450 11.0 10.5 71.1 8.0 1.37 533 8049 8050 White Improved .. do Oct. 29 Oct. 29 McOook County. Asael Larson Do 11.0 11.4 10.5 10.8 78.4 10.9 9.7 1.03 1.17 385 345 11.2 10.6 76.4 10.3 1.10 365 8412 8413 Nov. 24 Nov. 24 Mead County. W. P. Flowers 14.7 14.8 14.0 14.1 72.1 76.3 8.6 11.4 1.71 1.30 780 Do 14.8 14.1 74.2 10.0 1.51 763 TEXAS. Scurry County. W. M. Sawyer Do 8024 8025 Oct. Oct. 27 27 9.9 11.0 9.4 10.5 67.3 71.4 6.9 8.2 1.44 1.35 1, 150 9:i5 Average 10 5 10 fi 69.3 7.6 1.39 1,072 VIKGINIA. Augusta County. O. K. Lupham Do Do Do Do Do Wm. Goodwin. Do Do Do Do Do J. J. Pennybacker. . Do Do Do Do Do Average Loudoun County. J. B. McLaaghUn Do Average . 7756 7757 7758 7759 7700 7761 8154 8155 8156 8157 8158 8159 8402 8403 8104 8405 8406 8407 7995 7996 Florimond D e s p r e z Richest. Klein Wanzlebener . . Lane'a Imperial Lemaire Vilmorin do FIorimond-De.sprez . . Klein Wanzlebener . . Lane's Improved Im- perial. Lemaire Kichest Vilmorin Vilmorin Improved Imperial. Florimond Desprez ... Klein Wanzlebener Lane's Improved Im- perial. Lemaire Richest Dippe's Vilmiirin . . . Vilmorin Impioved ... Oct. 9 Oct. 9 Oct. 9 Oit. 9 Oct.. 9 Oct. 9 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Oct 25 Oct, 25 10.0 9.8 8.6 8.9 8.7 6.1 12,8 11.1 13.3 15.3 12.1 16.1 12.6 14.9 13.3 13.6 14.3 13.9 6.6 4.8 9.3 8.2 8.5 8.3 5.S 12.2 10.6 12.0 14.5 11.5 15.3 12.0 14.2 12.6 12.9 13.6 13.2 6.3 4.6 78.7 74.2 75.4 7L8 67.4 78.0 69.1 81.7 83.2 80.7 83.8 73.9 74.9 72.9 76.3 53.7 53.7 13.9 10.5 9.9 9.0 6.1 14.9 14.4 19.6 17.8 10.8 20.9 7.6 15.2 16,4 13.3 10.9 11.8 12.9 4.6 3.3 .72 .93 .85 .90 .97 1.00 .86 .77 .68 L12 .77 .81 .63 .72 1.48 L48 1.75 470 576 5!i0 605 4C5 835 228 245 260 170 255 265 650 350 305 228 378 525 L44 1.44 430 530 25243— Bull. 30- 34 "WASniNGTOK. 1 !S ♦a .4 o « . Name of grower. Serial No. Variety. When received. .3 ^ a o o a 3 fc o aj w Ph M ->! -< Lewig County. P.ct. p.ct. P,c«. Gr'mg. W. J. Hoyne 8436 Dec. 2 16.0 15.2 84.2 14.2 1.12 450 WISCONSIN. CaJumef County. Gotfried Abitz Do 7808 7809 7869 Klein Wan/.lebener . .. Vilmorin Uippe's Sinii>n LegVand im- ported. Oct. Oct. Out. 13 13 14 9.9 13.9 13.9 9.4 1.3.2 13.2 78.0 86.9 90.2 8.3 18.3 17.0 1.20 .76 .82 1,300 315 Do 500 12 6 11.9 81.9 14.5 .93 705 7701 7861 Dippe's Richest Iniported from Bohe- mia. Oct. Oct. 6 13 Ke-ivaunee County. ■W Sejk 15.7 12.6 14.9 12.0 81.3 77.8 14.3 11.5 1.10 1.10 813 Do 450 14.2 13.5 79.6 12.9 1.10 632 7913 7944 Lemaire Richest .... .. do Oct. Oct. 22 22 Ozawkee County. Ernest BarkLauson.. Do 11.5 13.2 10.9 12.5 'si .'5' 13.4 14.7 .86 .90 420 .^.90 12.4 11.7 81.5 14.1 .88 505 8166 8167 8168 Nov. Nov. Nov. 7 7 7 Vernon County. 12.5 14.8 16.2 11.9 14.1 15.4 82.3 80.9 12.1 14.4 18.0 1.03 1.03 .90 800 Do 420 Do 260 Average 14.5 13.8 81.6 14.9 .99 493 WYOMING. Carbon County. E. E Bernard 7390 7391 Sept. 24 Sept. 24 13.3 12.5 12.6 11.9 73.4 72.2 11.9 11.6 1.12 1.08 1,005 1,420 Do Piuk Top Average 12.9 12.3 72.8 11.8 1.10 1 213 7784 8053 8054 Oct. 10 Oct. 29 Oct. 29 Crook County. H.C.Hensel 17.1 16.3 12.2 1.40 210 Laramie County. Henry S. Parker Do 16.7 19.8 15.8 18.8 84.8 12.4 16.9 1..35 1.17 690 325 Average 18.3 17.3 84.8 14.7 1.26 508 35 Nt-irtovoiocooowMooiriooccoooe'? otft»cin«M»rtoiftt^o /v^ •* *A ^<| m »4» ..41 fO lr^ TW irrt fn frt fo ^-^ 1^ ^» ^ i>- _j ni i ft.^ .,-s ,^i .i^i .zl ^ « « iX « ^ ^ ii: ^ >s ^ ^^ rT :^ •«l')'M'«00'fl>TjltOO->rCO:00« IC N ^ I— rt t- M t>- o t^ o m ooscsr. 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I .T. I^ M< — ' OS CD -^ lr"*oro ooo?©^'— cst—iO'-tooo i-T cJ CO* CO •^'" irt cd" cd' t-* oo" os" o" o" ^OOC^lCOO'^XilviCDO'rfOONCOO OO^^CvJC^ICsiCOCO-f-^-^iOiOCD t>'^i-iOOiOi^O>CDCOOC>-^'-iOO»C i-Tc^ c^* CO Tj^" TjT lo cd" t^ t-^ 00 oT oT cT '*h--H-<^30(Mi005'M:DO:^r^O'* cocDorocDOcotDOcot-orot-o «DrJ05i0»-H00^tOt^C00ic^»o ^IftOmr-HCDi-Ht-CMf-^COOOCOOO' ^coi>o-«jlt^.-iT*iod-^irJac'ri»rJosc^ ^ •— I'-ir-KNr^c-jcorocoTj'Tjt^iO Jooc-oooooooooooo ^ = 00000=. 30000000 :^C^4CO'2 ; M ia o OS O »4 O.S p. a t».T3 g © » o -d « J o St* ft a) w 03 11 — !W ■* O J a so ® i 9 ® 2 £ gj3 o . =*_, je (B b oj"^ P-lL flja ■£ 2 -= . g -^ o >- o2; *-^g (E (O <« o s g £. cs o o ?, o.gSa-?j 2g 2^S2?§ |S jjOojaoo ^■ •g»)a2 2 =*" ^a5-a§g gs ^SgS*^gMil ►zajt^., So,aa >; s ^j= — -ts is (c -t^ o»ts'5.3«fl-gs 2'Sc«sj;t^5 Buchholz, Fr Bulilke, John Busing, Ernst Case, (J (■arr, Geo. W Carter, Kr. M Carlsen, N. T Campbell, J. M Clad, Jno. E. R Class, Frank Clarks Sugar and Beet Co Clau.ssen, Turgen Craniviseur, John Craig, C.,E. and A.R . Cushman, I. B OnnniDghara, M. J Daniels. A. P Post-office address. Sr.lniyler, Colfax Co Danntsbi'og, Howaid Co. Palmer, Meiriek Co Dannebrog, floward Co. Grand Island ...do ...do Alda, HallCo ....do Grand Island ....do ...do St Michael, Buffalo Co.. Schuyler. Colfax Co Grand Island ....do .. do Seward, Seward Co Grand Island Seward, Seward Co Grand I.sland Chapman, Merrick Co . . . Grand Island Chapman, Merrick Co. . . Grand Island do Wood Rivfcr, Hall Co Grand Island Cairo, Hall Co Grand I.sland Nantasket, Buffalo (,'o ... Central City, Meriick Co St. Libory, Howard Co Ab>>ott, HaU Co Grand Island , ...do .. do Alda, Hall Co Boelus, Howard Co , St. Libory, Howard Co Chapman, Merrick Co Grand Island ... do ...do Clarks, Merrick Co St. Michael, Buffalo Co ... St. Paul, Howard Co Dannebrog, Howard Co. . , Cairo, Hall Co Chapuian, Merrick Co Ravenna, Buffalo Co Clarks, Merrick Co , Grand Island Columbus, Platte Co , Chapman, Merrick Co Wood River, Hall Co . Clarks, Merrick Co — No. of sam- ples. Aver. age weight of beet. Grams. 285 20f 130 189 2.')1 204 273 419 131 173 221 209 242 351 232 124 280 255 334 2!)4 231 212 203 273 2(19 218 188 188 182 267 217 275 245 2:3 302 542 178 215 199 178 287 229 334 160 240 322 160 187 282 2';0 279 269 210 207 Total solids indica- ted by Biix' spindle. Pr. ct. 20. 20.3 18.6 20.1 20.2 19.7 20.6 20.5 20.0 19.3 20.2 19.5 19.1 19.6 19.0 23.5 19.9 19.7 19.5 18.1 19.3 20.0 20.5 18.6 18.7 19.8 20.1 21.0 18.5 19.6 20.5 22.1 18.2 20.4 19.2 18.9 19.5 18.4 21.2 19 3 18.8 18.2 19.1 18.9 20.0 18.2 22.7 20.0 22.8 20.5 23.2 20.6 21.5 18.8 18.8 19.3 19.8 Sucrose in juice. Pr. ct. 16.8 17.1 16.0 17.9 16.5 16.4 17.5 16.5 16.6 16.3 16.9 16.5 16.3 16.7 15.2 20.1 16.7 16.7 16.3 14.9 16.0 16.7 17.3 15.8 15.9 17.1 17.4 16.4 15.6 16.3 17.7 17.9 ■14.4 17.4 15.6 15.5 16.5 16.1 17.9 16.7 15.5 15.3 16.0 15.8 15.5 15.1 18.2 16.6 15.9 18.8 16.4 19.1 17.3 18.4 15.5 15.6 16.4 16.6 40 Name. Dankeit, ILiiis Daiiiiiiaii, Clans Daviil, M. 1'' Diiberkon, Karl DeMosa. W. X Detlel.S Detlef, Cristen Dcicliniaini, Carl lti(hl,E Diekniann, Peter Dorgenaen, Saren Duliiiis, Carl Dobrinsko, Aug T)i'ake, Leroy DiUton, Jaa.'H Uiineriiiaim, C. 11 — Duncrmann, G Eickliott.H Elsteimeiir, Carl Euuis, Martin Enders, Casper Erozim, Chas Erickson, Jacob Erii'ksou, Nels Emstmeyer, F Erozim, A ntou Ewoldt, Cay Ewold, B Ewold, Glaus Ewiiisi, John Falldorf, Fred Fallfs, W.H Fay, Peter Farnham, D. W Fislier, Jolin Fishburn. W. U Fiscbei', Jul Florke, Ileinz Folson, Janiea Foulk, Geo Frauen, Joa Frey, J.S Frauen, Paul Franz, Fred Friend, Jolin Frank, Jacob Gallup, Henry A Gatwertl), Erbs Gallup, Henry A Gehrt, Peter Gerard, A Geisinger, Felix Giese, Henry Glaggner, Paul Gottschalk, Fritz Goebrinc, Rich Goebring, Kicbard... Goetacbe, Cbrist Gosda, Herman Grant, Jas Grotzky, Claus Grozch, Juliua Grembe, Jacob Grotzky, Claus Grumpecbt, Carl Gutzow, Henry Griinlher Bios Halderaann, J. T Hannibal, P.M Ham, Henry Hansen, Peter Hamilton, T. M Hand, John Harria,T.R Ham, Moses Hamilton. T.M Hanasen, Gila Hailing, Wra Hansen, Jens Post office address. Grand Island ...do Broken Bow, Cnster Co... Grand Island Sbelloii, Hall Co Grand Island ...do .. do Cairo, Hall Co St. Libory, Howard Co ... Danuebrog, Howard Co ... Grand Island .. do Shelton, BuflFaloCo Chapman, Merrick Co Grand Island ...do ...do .. do ...do St. Liborj', Howard Co — Kavenna. Buffalo Co Nj'sted, Howard Co ...do Grand Island Ravenna, Buffalo Co Grand Island ...do ..do Wood River, Hall Co Grand Island ...do St. Libory, Howard Co ... Central City, Merrick Co . Ravenna, Buff.ilo Co Grand Island ..do .. do ...do St. Paul, Howard Co St. Libory, Howard Co Boelus, Howard Co Lockwood, Merrick Co ... Alda, Hall Co Grand Island ... do Alda, Hall Co Duncan, PUtte Co Alda, Hall Co , Nantasket, BuffaloCo Bellwooil, Butler Co , Grand Island ...do do Fremont, Dodge Go Grand Island ... do ...do ....do St. Libory, Howard Co Merrick Co Grand Island, Hall Co. . . .. do Shelton, Buffalo Co Grand Island Ravenna, Buffalo Co Alda, Hall Go Dannebrog, Howard Co.. Grand Island Dannebrog, Howard Co .. Warner's Addition Seward, Seward Go Marquette, Hamilton Co St. Michael, BuffaloCo... Grand Island ...do MerrickCo Dannebrog, Howaxd Co.. No. of sam- ples. Aver- age weight of beeti. Total solids indica- ted by Brix spindle. Sucrose in juice. Grams. 335 217 339 173 164 138 265 306 146 277 228 178 332 "' i98 25) 197 219 173 271 390 224 409 259 443 180 206 125 212 234 275 211 234 193 331 igi 271 131 212 163 210 270 263 240 414 218 151 119 204 303 179 180 144 142 2,^5 78 211 236 221 194 294 >88 215 410 2.-.7 239 254 Pr. ct. 18.4 19.7 22.1 18.8 23.4 20.2 18.9 19.4 20.5 19.4 19.5 18.7 20.6 19.3 20.9 20.4 19.3 19.7 22.3 17.7 20.3 23.0 18.2 20.7 19.6 19.6 15.3 17.3 18.2 19.0 18.6 20.7 18.3 19.9 19.8 19.8 20.1 19.7 19.4 20,0 20.0 19.1 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.0 18.7 19 5 18.3 2L5 19.6 17.8 20.9 17.5 19.5 19,6 21.5 18.4 18.2 18.5 19.3 17.2 20.3 18.5 21.0 18.7 19.8 19.2 16.8 17.1 17.9 18.9 20.3 18.3 18.9 19.9 19.2 18.7 Pr. ct. 15.4 17.3 17.6 15.9 21.0 16.7 15.5 16.4 16.8 16.6 16.2 15.4 17.5 17.0 17.6 17.3 15.8 16.1 18.2 15.0 16.6 18.5 M.6 17.4 15.6 15.9 11.9 14.1 14.5 16.5 15 5 17.8 1.5.4 16.7 16.1 15.8 17.7 16.4 16.1 17.1 16.7 16.1 17.0 IG. 8 16.6 15.7 1.5.9 16.1 15.5 18.4 1.5.3 18. 17.8 13.4 16.9 16.2 18.2 15.6 14.6 15.3 16.0 15.1 17.6 14.1 19.9 15.2 16 6 16.3 12.6 11.8 14.5 15.5 16.7 14.2 15.9 16.7 16.0 15.8 41 Name. Post-office address. No. of Barn- plea. A ver- age weight of beet. Total 8oiia« iiidUa- ted by Brix spiudle. Sucrose iujuice Purity coeffi- cient. Haun, T.C HaiiiliD, J. J Hansjosten, Peter Hansen, Jens Hanajoaten, .Jahn Haaman, Ernst and Fritz Honrikson, M Henrillkrev,Jav Hilli.^ Jno. & W Horak, John Houseworth, More 'Honten, J.D. van Hohiuau, Caspar Hou(n Wfll, G. W Hunter, C.H Hund,G.& B Husch, Peter Janssrn, Peter Jacob, Gi'org Jensen, ( Ihrist Karp, Cbaa Karstel, George Kettler, A.B Kent, M Keiihii, H.F.W , Ketteler, A. H Kunyon, Ch Keiucli, M.E Kingaley, O. H Klase, Kob Kleiue.E Klein, Ernst Klingeuberg, Hans Klunker, Fred Knipphals, Chr Koach, Vincent Kolar, Joseph , Kozel, A nton Kahler, Oscar Kroeger, Hans Kropger, Rnd Kruae, Henry Kraeni er, Peter Krekuke, Jul Kroeger, P'red Kroeger, Michael Kulilman, W.M Kuhner, Karl Kundsen, B Kutacbkan, Gus Lamsen, John Lange, Henry Lange, H Lassen, Conrad , Leppin, Wm LexM'in. Christ Linden, John P , Lilienthal, H Linelstrom, M. J Lojiniann, Wilhelm Long, T.M Liibs, Henry Luth, Fred Liibbe, Claua Lyons, Miles Marghall, John Martin, David Marshal, Thos. F Madson.P.Ch Marshal, Jas Grand Island Seward, Seward Co Chapman, Merrick Co .. Boelus, Howard Co Grand Island ...do Dan nebrog, Howard Co. Boelus, Howard Co Dannebrog, Howard Co. Buckley, J efferaon Co. .. Shelton, Buffalo Co Grand laland ...do Fremont, Dodge Co Chapman, Merrick Co. .. Pleasant Add., Hall Co . Norfolk, Madi.son Co Doniphan, Hall Co Sherman Co Fremont, Dodge Co Norman, Kearney Co Grand Island St. Panl, Howard Co Seward, Seward Co Cairo, Hall Co Grand Island Rockville, Sherman Co.. St Panl, Howard Co ... Dannebrog, Howard Co . St. Michael, Buffalo Co.. St. Libory, Howard Co . . ....do ..-■ Grand laland Dannebrog, Howard Co. St. Libory, Howard Co .. Boelus, Howard Co Cairo, Hall Co Clarks, Merrick Co Doniph.an, Hall Co Grand laland ....do Chapman, Merrick Co .. Shelton, Buffalo Co Grand Island Boelus, Howard Co Ravenna, Buffalo Co Ravenna, Buffalo Co Grand laland ...do ....do Merrick Co Alda, Hall Co Grand laland ...do ..do Philips, Hamilton Co St. Libory, Howard Co . . Grand laland Dannebrog, Howard Co. Grand Island ....do .do .do do do Boelus, Howard Co Grand Island . St. Michael, Buffalo Co ... . Alda, Hall Co Grand Island .. do. Wood River, Hall Co Columbus, Piatt Co Central City, Meirick Co Columbua, Piatt (Jo . . . . . Dannebrog, Howard Co . . Columbas, Piatt Co 10 Grama. 151 278 285 245 241 246 343 236 135 232 178 227 227 192 266 488 317 292 324 204 134 3)0 130 260 212 101 396 324 143 286 321 219 277 289 270 211 164 354 206 339 360 221 215 181 373 240 169 219 252 276 277 286 283 186 204 180 151 110 351 170 290 168 161 277 247 187 175 101 261 234 261 237 274 207 388 2C9 Fr. ct. 21.5 19.2 19.4 20.3 19.4 19.2 20.0 18.8 20.0 20.9 21.0 18.7 2C.0 20.5 22.4 19.1 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.1 21.5 19.6 21.0 20.6 19.5 19.7 19.6 19.2 16.8 20.6 21.2 18.9 20.6 20.2 19.8 20.8 20.0 20.7 16.1 19.0 21.8 18.5 19.7 19.7 21.2 20.0 21.2 20.2 20.8 20.4 19.1 18.4 19.9 19.2 20.6 19.7 18.0 17.7 21.0 19.2 18.5 20.4 17.5 19.5 22.8 17.2 19.2 21.0 20.3 19.9 21.5 20.1 19.5 21.0 18.7 20.1 18.2 19.7 19.5 Pr. ct. 18.4 15.7 16.2 16.9 15.6 16.4 16.2 15.5 17.5 18.1 17.7 11.7 15.9 17.5 18.9 16.4 15.8 1.5.8 1G.3 17.2 19.4 16.0 18.5 17.4 15.6 1G.8 16.9 15.5 14.2 17.3 18.3 16.3 18.1 l(i. 16.3 17.2 17.1 16.3 14.1 14.8 16.7 15.5 15.9 15.8 17.9 16.8 17.5 17.6 17.3 17.2 16.0 15.0 16.6 15.7 18.8 15.6 1.5.0 14.6 17.5 1.5.6 15.6 17.8 14.3 16.2 18.6 14.0 16.1 17.8 16.5 17.7 18.3 16.1 16.5 16.9 15.6 16.7 14.8 16.4 16.1 42 Name. Postoflice address. No. of sam- ples. weight of beet. Total .•(olids indica- ted 1)V Biix spindle. Sucrose in juice. Martin, J.B Martin, J. L McKee and U.B. Wray. McDaniel, W. R McLoin, R Mcintosh, W.G ^Metteiu brick, C Melaon, L Mildenakein, N Millard, C.E Mitchell, Robert Mohr, John Ml irse. M arenas Mooily. J. L Mohr, Peter Moore, P. C Morris, C.H M I irey, Gordon MUelier, Ludwig Muhl, Peter McMuUen, R Myers, John Natifke.Carl Navy, Wenzel Neubert, Johann .... Neubert, John Nerills.M.T Nelson, N Nieturjrt'r, Christian Nietfeld, Wni Nissen, Chr Nietfeld, Henry Nichols, H. \V Nietfeld, Fritz Noack, Ernst Norris, C.E Otiernieyer. Henry Ohhnann, Fred Oltnianti, John ()lsen,Fied Onist, J.D Crndorft", Peter Pabl, Hans Paustiau, G Peter.s,C.T Petzalil, Louis Peters, C.T Peterson, W.C Peterson, H. P Pitrek, Chas Piefer, Henry Pickett, James Pitrick, John Pohl, Jacob Polenz, Julius Priidy, H. G., and Laun- born. Pucliert, Chas Roehler, H Rapp, L.F Ra.-~9 173 174 145 170 333 367 205 115 403 140 253 234 191 310 139 104 243 230 217 262 114 4ii2 337 419 290 171 205 297 Pr. ct. 20.7 18.8 19.8 20.5 18.8 20.2 19.0 20.2 18.8 20.3 18.4 19.8 20.4 18.8 19.1 20.0 23.5 20.5 17.9 22.1 18.6 23.7 18.6 21.7 18.8 20.4 21.4 19.8 21.6 19.2 20.0 21.0 21.8 19.7 21.2 20.1 18.8 23.4 20.9 19.9 23.2 20.2 20 2 20. 1 19.8 20.4 20.3 17.7 19.2 21.2 20.2 18.4 20. 1 20.5 18.6 20.8 20.5 22.3 19.4 19.5 18.5 17.7 17.1 18.6 18.6 20.1 20. 2 23. 5 19 5 111.9 20.4 18.8 21.3 18.4 18.0 19.8 18.7 19.5 Pr. ct. 16.7 15.7 16.6 18.5 15.7 16.8 15.9 16.7 15.5 16.3 15.0 16.9 16.7 15.6 16.2 16.0 18.2 17.5 14.8 18.5 15.4 20.2 15.6 17.8 15.3 17.1 17.9 17.0 18.7 16. 1 17.0 17.4 18.7 16.6 17.6 16.7 15.4 21.3 17.3 16.3 19.2 16.2 17.4 10.5 16.9 17.1 16 8 14.7 1.5.5 17,4 16.9 14.4 1.5.7 17.3 15.7 17.6 1.5.5 18 3 15.1 16.5 15.3 14.4 14.5 15.5 l.i.4 17.5 17.4 19.2 16.1 16.5 17.5 15.9 18.9 14.6 16.1 16.5 14.9 16.4 43 Name. Post-oflice address. Rob V, Fred Roh weder, Heurj- Robliiifi, Fr Kopke, Heirick Russell, J.B Ruge, Uaus Ruttstson, Oh. J Russell, O.W Salyards, David Schmidt, Erust Schioeder. \Vm Schlund.Nat Schaubdacb, Chi Schniale, Caii - Schiiltz, John Schleichardt, Fr Schultz, Ludvvig Schroedev, Kvitz Schuldt, John , Schuster, Heinrich Schinkel, John Schmale, H Sehull z, Peter Schoeustein, Alb Schinimer, Henry Schipmann, H Schultz, Ernst .' Scherzbeig, C Serei, John Seelmsen, John Senkbeil, Riid Sear.s.(;. H Seibert, Reed Seifert, David Shipman, H Shoof, Henry Shoman, Wm Silvers, Theo Sigman, Walter Skoogard, C. T Smith wick, M Smith, Alex Smith, A. Sondermeyer, Caspar . . . Sotliman, frus Sorensen, E. II Sothman, Glaus Spethman, Leopold Spech, K. and McKl- henny, D. Specht, -Nat Stuhr, Hans Steinbeck, Diedt Steinbeig, H Stuhr, Gebs Stalt, Hans Stegemann, Ernst Stiller, Wilhelm Stolteuberg, Claus Steinmeyer, H Stepe. Henry Sundbeig, E.N Sueplsen, Fritz Taylor, T.W Taylor, F.N Taylor, John R Thavernet, G Thompsen, John Thomas, C.N Tbacker, W. R Tinge, C Toinanch, Fr Tolkey, John Trummer, Hermann Turner,N.H Underbill, I. C linger, August , Veudt, Chas Veeder, W.H Grand Island, Hall Co. .-do Kelsa, Howard Co St. Libory, Howaril Co. Grand Island. Hall Co. - do : Boelua, Howard Co St. Paul, Howard Co... Kichland, Colfax Co Fremont, Dodge Co Columbus, Platte Co... St. Michael, Buflalo Co. Alda, Hall Co Grand Island, Hall Co - ...do ...do ...do Alda, Hall Co Schuyler, Colt'as Co Phillips, Hamilton Co . Grand Island, Hall Co . ...do Cairo, Hall Co Grand Island, Hall Co . ...do ...do ...do Grand Island, Hall Co Dannebrog, Howard Co... Grand Island, Hall Co Ciarks, Merrick Co Grand Island, Hall Co Boelus, Howard Co Grand Island, Hall Co Oconel, Platte Co Ciarks, Merrick Co Grand I.sland, Hall Co Cairo, Hall Co Nysted, Howard Co Grand Island, Hall Co Seward, Seward Co Central City, Merrick Co . Grand Island, Hall Co Shelton, Buffalo Co , Dannebrog, Howard Co.. St. Michael, Buffalo Co... Grand Island, Hall Co Cairo, Hall Co , St. Michael, Buffalo Co. . . Grand Island, Hall Co ..do . ...do ...do ...do Marquette, Hamilton Co. Grand Island, Hall Co ...do ...do ...do Dannebrog, Howard Co .. Grand Island, Hall Co Columbus, Platte Co Wood Ptiver, Hall Co Seward. Seward Co Grand Island, Hall Co ... ...do Chapman, Merrick Co... Ravenna, Buffalo Co St. Libory, Ho ward Co.. Nimberg, Butler Co Rockville, Sbeiman Co .. Grand Island, Hall Co... Columbus, Platte Co Cairo, Hall Co St. Michael, Buffalo Co.. Ciarks, Merrick Co Grand Island, Hall Co . . . No. of sam- ples. Aver- age weight of beet. Grams. 2J0 183 222 37.5 218 173 215 200 402 204 126 336 192 208 247 286 237 317 242 225 200 215 166 255 196 358 336 197 227 246 158 222 289 270 197 135 192 280 198 245 312 223 305 232 117 184 354 Total solids indica- ted by Brix spindle, Sucrose ^"""^'P 250 202 184 384 288 275 210 246 136 130 113 187 165 218 171 343 335 191 250 161 343 125 180 Pr. ct. 19.4 18.8 17.4 20.3 19.8 20.2 21.2 21.0 19.4 17.4 19.4 18.1 20.2 19.7 17.9 19.7 21.1 18.3 18.9 18.9 18.3 19.6 20.2 18.5 18.8 20.9 19.7 20.1 20.7 19.0 18.4 21.3 19.4 16.8 17.4 19.8 19.3 19.1 18.3 20.3 20.1 17.9 20.4 19. .'- 20.3 20.5 21.4 18.8 20.4 15.8 18.9 19.4 19.0 17.8 20.5 17 3 18.8 20.3 16.6 19.9 18.9 18.6 20.4 21.2 18.8 15.5 19.5 17.8 16.1 15.2 21.4 17.9 20.5 21.8 18.8 17.8 18.9 20.2 Pr. ct. 16.2 14.6 13.0 15.9 16.7 17.2 17.9 18.2 17.0 15.0 16.2 15.1 16.7 16.1 14.8 16.1 18.2 15.4 14.9 15.7 14.1 16.4 17 3 15.3 15.7 18.2 17.1 16.4 15.9 14.8 15.2 18.3 15.8 13.0 13.2 16.5 16.2 15.4 15.4 17.2 17.3 14.0 16.9 15.7 17.6 16.3 19.0 16.1 16.5 13.1 82.9 15.8 83.3 16.0 82.3 15.4 81.9 14.4 80.7 17.7 82.9 1.3.9 80.1 1.5.2 82.0 17.3 84.4 13.5 85.0 16.2 81.9 1.5.1 83.6 15.9 18.3 89.7 17.4 82.0 1.5.3 81.3 14.0 89.6 16.5 84.7 13.7 71.3 13.1 81.4 12.2 80.2 18.8 87.8 15.2 84.9 17.3 86.5 19.6 89.9 1.5.5 82.6 14.2 79.8 15.9 85.9 17.0 84.1 44 Kame. Post-oflBce address. No. of sam- ples. Aver- age ■weight of beet. Total solida indica- ted by Brix dpindle, Sucrose in juice. Purity coeffi- cient. Vocke, Herman H "Voss, Haus Vose, Heinrich Wallter, Aug Wajiner, Bernhard Waters, George Waj^ner, Traugott.. "Wagner, Christ Waid,O.E.&Co , ■West,\V".H Wrils & Wienian "Wegner, Herman Werner, Frauz B Weiss, Fred Weinhold, Paul and Wever H. Weller, Conrad Wheeler, Jasel , Witt,C.F Wilt, Heinrich G Wiene, Bernt Wissink,Jan Wienhake, Heinrich Windolph, Adam Williams, W. T. and W. G. Wines, E.J Wilkelmie, Wilh Windolph, C Wieso, Wm Will, Wm Witt, Wilhelm Woodworth, T. L Wulf, Wilhblm Yessen, Peter Do Tohnik, Henry Zehrke, Juliu.s Zeleny, Jos Zlank'e, E Tamsen, Fritz Grand Island, Hall Co . ..-do ...do Palmer, Merrick Co St. Libory, Howard Co. Clarks, Merrick Co Grand Island, Hall Co. St. Libory, Howard Co. Belvidere, Thayer Co.. Cairo, Hall Co Schuyler, Colfax Co ... Grand Island, Hall Co . ...do ...do ...do .do Bromfleld, Hamilton Co , Grand Island, Hall Co.. Rookville, Sherman Co.. Brorafield, Hamilton Co. St. Libory, Howard Co . Grand Island, Hall Co.. ...do Alda, Hall Co Grand Island, Hall Co. Chapman, Merrick Co Grand Island, Hall Co. ...do Columbu.s, Platte Co-.. Alda, Hall Co Chapman, Merrick Co . Grand Island, Hall Co. Chapman, Merrick Co . ...do Ravenna, Buffalo Co . . . Nimberg, Butler Co ... Grand Island, Hall Co. Alda, HaUCo 17 Orams. 229 261 149 230 147 121 354 323 279 478 253 268 235 190 234 213 416 101 Pr. ct. 21.2 19.1 18.6 2i». 6 20. & 18.8 18.1 18.9 19.9 17.2 20.2 19.7 19.8 18.9 20.3 20.9 20.2 20.6 19.6 Pr. et. 17.8 15.7 15.3 18.4 17.1 15.7 14.5 15.7 16.3 13.9 15.7 16.2 17.0 15.1 17.6 18.3 17.4 17.3 16.9 83.9 82.6 82.0 89.3 82. 2 88.9 80.1 83.4 79.8 77.6 81.5 86.2 79.9 86.5 8S. 5 85.9 83.9 86.2 205 332 278 260 195 193 280 250 161 141 208 271 200 333 148 335 243 197 17.7 19.6 20.0 19.7 19.6 18.3 19.3 18.3 20.7 19.2 19.5 18.7 19.2 18.5 20.0 19.5 21.4 19.4 19.9 15.4 15.8 16.6 16.1 16.6 14.9 16.2 15.2 17.2 15.5 15.9 14.8 16.4 14.7 16.5 16.0 18.8 16.1 15.7 Means . 238.9 19.6 16.3 87.0 80.4 83.6 61.6 84.2 81.0 83.1 82.6 82.8 82.8 81.3 79.5 85.6 74.0 83.9 82.0 78.8 84.2 78.5 83.2 Total number of samples, 1,866. CHARACTER OF BEETS DELIVERED TO THE GRAND ISLAND FACTORY. Through the courtesy of Mr. H. T. Oxnard the Department was allowed to establish a laboratory in the sugar factory at Grand Island for the purpose of obtaining information in regard to the character of the beets entering into manufacture. In all about three thonsand samples of beets were examined, a sample having been taken from every wagonload and every carload of beets delivered to the factory. These samples were taken in such a way as to give as nearly as possi- ble the average character of all the beets worked. A large number of beets was taken from each sample, and after they had been properly cleaned and dried their average weight was taken. The beets were then rasped, the juice expressed, and an analysis made on the ex- pressed juice. The total solid matter was determined by a specific- gravity spindle, and the percentage of sucrose in the juice was esti- mated by the polariscope. The purity efi&cient was determined by dividing the percentage of sucrose in the juice as indicated by the polari- scope by the percentage of total solids as indicated by the spindle. 45 AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BEETS. The average weight of all the beets examined was 238.9 grammes. This small size of the beet was doubtless due to the extremely dry season. The drought throughout the region covered by the sugar-beet fields was the most severe perhaps that has ever been known in the State of Nebraska. Ordinary crops such as corn were almost total failures, and it is a matter of encouragement to note that in such a season the beets, although not making an average yield, yet did fairly well. On the whole, however, it must be confessed that the results from an agricul- tural point of view were disappointing; but this disappointment must be chiefly attributed to the exceptionally severe drought already men- tioned. It is also doubtless true that in the practice of the new system of agriculture which is required for the proper production of sugar beets many failures were made, and perhaps very few of the farmers prac- ticed that form of agriculture which was best suited to the soil and the season. In a soil which is apt to be dry, as in Nebraska, too much attention can not be paid to the importance of loosening the ground to a good depth. Deep plowing, followed by deep subsoiling, together with such harrowing and other treatment of the surface as will produce a perfect tilth, are absolutely essential to the production of a profitable crop. The remarkably high percentage of sucrose shown in the juice is an evidence of the fact that the soil and climate of Nebraska are favorable to the production of a beet rich in crystallizable sugar. It must, how- ever, not be forgotten that the extremelj^ high percentage of sucrose in the juice is probably a reciprocal of the small size of the beet due to the dry season. Had the season been favorable to the production of a beet of average size, with a tonnage of from 15 to 20 per acre, the per- centage of sucrose in the beets would doubtless have been less. This is well illustrated in the data obtained in the Department from the analysis of sugar beets sent from Nebraska. It is evident from the character of the samples which were received by the Department that the farmers have selected the larger beets to be sent on for analysis. It is seen by comparison of the respective sizes of the beets received for analysis by the Department with those received for manufacture at Grand Island that the beets sent ou for analysis were about three times the size of those manufactured into sugar. It will also be noticed that in the beets received for analysis by the Department the percentage of sucrose is low as compared with those which entered into manufacture at Grand Island. It would therefore hardly bejust to claim that beets as rich as those manufactured at Grand Island duriug the past season can be grown in quantities of from 15 to 20 tons per acre. It is not a matter of surprise that many of the farmers who grew beets are dis- couraged at the results of the first year's work. The planting and cul- tivation of the sugar beet, as is well known, are matters which require 46 great labor and expense, and when, therefore, an unfavorable season cuts the crop very short, it is but natural that the farmer should be discontented. It is, however, diflicult to see how he could have done better with any other crop, and the fact that in many instances even with the present dry season the farmers of Nebraska were able to grow 10 or even 15 tons per acre, shows tliat with proper cultivation and proper attention in other ways to the growing crop the evils which attend a severe drought can be greatly mitigated if not altogether avoided. It is not the purpose of the Department to encourage farmers to engage in an industry which does not give promise of success; but it will be a matter of regret to every one who desires to see the success of the sugar industry if the discontent which naturally attends a very unfav^orable season should be sufficient to deter farmers from continu- ing the cultivation of a crop which under ordinary conditions promises so fair a yield as sugar beets. It would be wiser on the part of the farmers to continue the cultivation of the sugar-beet until it has been demonstrated at least that even with favorable years it is not profita- ble. In that case it would be necessary to cease the cultivation of a crop which afforded no prospect of financial success. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN WISCONSIN. Extensive experiments were carried on in Wisconsin during the sea- son of 1891 by the Department in cooperation with the agricultural ex- l>eriment station under direction of Prof. W. A. Henry. The general directions for the work were given by the Department, but all the details thereof were left to the sutler vision of Professor Henry. The results of the work were encouraging, and its data, arranged by F. W. Woll, chemist of the station, will be found following: Seeds of the following six varieties of sugar beets were received from the U. S. Department of Agriculture in the beginning of May : Dippe's Vilmorin, Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener, Simon Legrand's White Im- proved, Bulteau Desprez Eichest, and Lemaire's Richest. About 3 acres of land were prepared at the experiment farm for beet culture, and divided up between the varieties in proportion to the quantity of seed on hand. Arrangements were further made with five farmers liv- ing in different parts of the State to grow three of the varieties, viz: Simon Legrand's White Improved, Bulteau Desprez Eichest, and Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener, on a piece of land, 3 square rods for each variety ; to send samples of the beets grown at different times for ex- amination of sugar content, and to report the results as regards culture and yield. Notice was given in the newspapers that a supply of sugar- beet seed was on hand for distribution among farmers who would in- vestigate the adaptability of their soils for sugar-beet culture, with the obligation to send samples of the beets grown for analysis. In this way, samples of beets from seventy farmers were received and analyzed; 47 about half of these received their seed from the station, and the major- ity of the rest received seed directly from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. First are given the results of the beet culture at the station, then those of the culture at substations, and finally the results of examina- tions of beets grown by farmers in different parts of this State. SUGAR BEET CULTURE AT WISCONSIN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, SEASON UdO. Two plats, IJ and IJ acres, were set apart for sugar beets during the spring of 1890. Potatoes had been grown on Plat A the preceding year; on Plat B clover was grown the preceding year, and the land plowed that fall ; the soil was a light clay, a portion of Plat B being a sandy loam. The beets were planted in rows 20 inches apart on Plat A, with beets every 8 inches in the row , the following varieties were planted on May 27 on this plat: Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener, Simon Legrand's White Improved, Bulteau Desprez Richest, and Dippe's Yilmorin. On the other plat (Plat B) the beets were planted in rows 30 inches, with beets every 10 inches in the row; the following varieties were planted in this way on May 28 : Florimond Desprez Richest, Le- maire's Richest, and Dippe's Vilmorin. The seed of the last variety was divided between the plats, so as to determine the influence of dif- ferent thickness of planting on the yield of beets. The beets received the very best treatment during their period of growth that the circumstances would allow. The heavy rains in the beginning and middle of June made cultivation impossible for a time, and gave the weeds more of a start than they would otherwise have had. The cultivation was done partly by a harrow tooth cultivator, or by a wheel hoe and shovel attachment with shields, or by hand. The weeds in the rows between the beets could not be reached in any other than by a hand hoe. The features of the growing season were plenty of rain in May, June, August, and October, with a temperature some- what below normal during May, August, and September, and higher than normal in June. The main meteorological data for the season are given in the following table : Meteorological data for summer, 1890, for Madison, Wis. [From observationa made at Waahburn Observatory.] Month. Temperature. Kainfall. Max. Min. Mean. Mean normal. 1890. Normal. May oy. 84 93 91 93 83 69 OF. 33 50 54 46 36 25 °F. 53.0 70.6 71.7 66.1 57.4 48.2 °F. 57.8 67.2 72.7 69.4 61.0 48.5 Inches. 5.03 7.72 1.81 4.23 2.62 4.59 Inches. 3.64 4.42 4.19 August 3.28 3.35 October .. 2.87 Total . . 25.00 21.75 48 Samples of the beets grown were taken every week from September 5 on. Three to four beets of every variety of what seemed average size were pulled and the average sugar content in the same ascertaiued by the po- lariscope. While it is not believed that the beets sampled in every case represented exactly tbe stage of growth of each variety at the time, the analysis may indicate in a general way the increase in sugar con- tent and in tbe purity of the juice of the beets. The following table gives the results of the weekly examinations of each plat. The aver- age weight of the beets sampled is also given : Plat A. [Distance between rows, 20 inches; between beets in the row, 8 inches. | Dippe's Vilmorin. Bulteau Desprez. Klein Wanzlebener. Simon Legrand. a ^ Date. 'a O <6 "3 o o a .2" "3 « '5 O m 2 a .2 'S ^■2 *•"' >>s (B 10 •^ t>55 Oi 'O >,a 0.5, M>Q CD M-= M.^ MJ= (S 4J .£ ti^ |"S p . h So o u o b t^ 2 t- > a a > s P» a > S < OS Ph < M Ph < w (U < M p^ a s Previous crop on land. Date of planting. a a ^ c3 05 P §1 B^ o2 . c ca a S "» = ll-i P &-e8 C H Date of harvest- ing. Woodworth. Kenosha Co. .. Germania, Marquette Co... Janesville, Rock Co Hudson, St. ('roix Co Colgate, Waukesha Co Light sandy.. Loam Black loam. .. Rlack sandy.. Clay loam Sq.ft. 797 550 817 817 1,221 Potatoes .. Clover . . Pasture... Oats ... Timothy.. May 29 May 19 May 15 May 19 May 31 In. 18 18 20 18 18 In. 4-6 6 6 (*) 8 Hrg. ■2i 45 37 •20 54 Oct.. 28 Oct. 28 Oct. 28 Oct. 29 Nov. 16 * Simon Legrand, 16 inches; Klein Wanzlebener, 12 inches; Bulteau Desprez Richest, 20 inches. Seed did not all grow, hence the great distance between beets in the row. 52 In order to study the developraent of the beets at each place, during the fall four samples of each variety grown were secured from each station between the middle of September aud the date of harvesting. On the arrival of the samples at the station they were weighed and the juice polarized. The results of the examinations are given in the following table. Sugar iects from substations. 1. FROM F. W. KOBEETS, WOODWOBTH, WIS. Date. Bultean-Desprez Rich- est. Aver- age ■weight of heets. Sugar in juice. Purity coeflB- cient. Simon Legrand While Improved. Aver- age weight of beets. Sucrose Purity coeffi- cient. Dippe'8 Klein-Wanzle- bener. Aver- age weight of beets. Sucrose juice. Purity coeffi- cient. Sept. 18 . Oct. 8 . " 15. " 30. Grams. 237 458 782 614 Per ct. 10.72 10.26 9.87 12.81 77.7 75.3 74.9 79.6 Grams. 455 476 f.86 578 Per ct. 10.69 12.51 11.77 12.87 80.3 61.2 80.7 78.9 Grams. 461 4ol 816 585 Per ct. 12.37 12.91 11.96 13. 45 85.3 81.5 79.5 79.6 2. FROM PAUL M. PEIRCE, GERMANIA, WIS. Sopt. 23 . Oct. 7 . " 18. Nov. 4 . 325 12.04 80.8 463 12.70 80.1 381 13.93 248 12.98 83 1 646 13.41 82.8 555 13.84 682 13.58 85.7 428 13.05 82.2 796 13.27 722 13.79 83.2 783 13.68 83.2 832 15.50 91.7 85.4 81.9 84.9 3. FROM FRED. BURTON, JANESVILLE, WIS. Sept. 25 . Oct. 8 . " 17. Nov. 7 . 608 15.24 85.1 561 14.14 83.2 687 13.75 438 16.00 80.2 418 15.08 82.6 421 14.40 483 13.17 83.0 581 15.29 79.8 672 13.80 551 14.77 85.2 516 13.04 82.8 479 14.31 77.2 81.9 82.3 83,1 4. FROM L. F. NOTES, HUDSON, WIS. Sept. 23 . Oct. 6 . " 20. Nov. 4 . 197 228 186 203 13.14 14.84 14. «9 12.99 78.2 78.8 79.6 75.5 179 205 179 232 13.71 14.13 16.12 13.60 82.8 82.1 79.9 79.0 208 164 158 243 13.91 14.86 16. 83 15.44 85. 3 8.3.0 84.4 83.5 5. FROM A. L. GRENGO, COLGATE, WIS. Sept. 26 . Oct. 9 . " 18. Nov. 12 , 504 14.92 86.0 491 14.69 85.4 605 15.10 667 16.25 81.4 761 15.07 80.0 1,040 14.42 632 12.53 80.7 925 12.77 80.0 1,046 12.51 829 17.14 84.5 791 15.95 87.4 1,047 14.95 83.4 81.5 79.5 83.2 It would seem from this table that the beets did not improve mate- rially at any place as far as sugar content and purity of the juice are concerned after the beginning of October. At the Janesville Substa- tion the beets seem to have been as mature and rich on September 25 as at any time later on. At the Hudson Station the beets never grew large (weighing on the average not more than half a pound apiece), and they seem to have been about as far advanced when the first sample 53 was taken as later on; the light yield is explained by the cold wet weather at Hudson when the seed was planted, causing the seed to rot ; potatoes planted there at the same time also rotted. The mean temperature and rainfall at St. Paul during the past season and normally were as follows : Meteorological data for St. Paul, Minn., May to Ovtoier, 1890. May Juue J uly August Septembor. October Total , Months. Temperature. Mean. 52! 69. 71. 65. 58. 46. Mean normal. °F. 58! 4 67.1 71.6 69.5 58.9 47.1 BainfaU. Inches. 3.66 5.29 1.87 2.20 2.73 2.79 18.54 Normal rainfall. Inches. 3.34 4.85 3. 26 3.67 3.38 2.05 20.55 The other stations produced beets of average size, with a good to fair percentage of sugar. The yields of beets at the different places may be seen from the following table, and also the estimated yield per acre ; Sugar beets from substations. Kaaie. Bulteau Desprez. Area crown. Yield of beets. Sugar In juice. Yield per acre. Simon Legrand. Area grown. Yield of beets. Sugar juice. Yield per Elein Wanzlobener. Yield g™^°- ibeets. Area Sugar luice. Yield per P. W. Roberts, Woodvvoi ih P. M. Peirce, Ger- mania Fred Burton, Janes ville L. F. Nojes, Hud- sou A. L. Grengo, Col- gate Sq.ft 796. 75 550. 00 816.75 816. 75 1, 224. 00 Lbs 1,095 410 600 163 2,093 Perct. 11.81 13.79 14.77 12.99 17.14 Lbs. 59, 880 32, 470 32, 000 8,694 77, 470 Sq.ft. 796. 75 550. 00 816. 75 816. 75 1, 224. 00 Lbs, 915 200 486 174 1,851 Perct 12.87 13.68 13.04 13.60 15.95 Lbs. 50, 010 15. 840 25, 880 9,279 67, 410 Sq.ft. 796. 75 550. 00 816. 75 816. 76 1,224.00 Lbs. 1,075 610 575 185 2,146 Perct. 13.45 15.50 14.31 15.44 14.95 Lbs. 58, 790 48, 310 30, 670 9,868 76, 370 In judging these results, it must be remembered that the area grown was small, and hence the yield per acre must be taken only as an indi- cation of what might be reached under very favorable conditions. The yield found at the Colgate substation is higher than that of any of the other stations, going even up to 38 tons in case of Bulteau Desprez liichest and following closely with the other varieties. The yield of beets as well as their richness may be pronounced satisfactory in all cases except in case of the Hudson station, where the yield was very light, for reasons already stated. The climatic conditions of the four Southern stations probably did not vary very much from those of Madi- son, which have been previously given. 54 As it was deemed of some interest, the weights of leaves were ascer- taiued at LarvestiDg time along with those of the beets. In the follow- ing table are given the percentage weights of leaves, calculated on weight of beets: Relation betipeen tops and beets at substations. Substation. Bnlteau Desprez Kichest. Simoii Le- graiid White Imp. Dippp's Kl.iii Wan- zlebeuer. Weight of beet root : weight of tops as 100 : Germania, Marquette Co Woodwoith, Keuosha Co Janesville, Rock Co Hudson, St. Croix Co Colgate, Waukesha Co .. Average 67 60 55 52 54 70 40 34 55 59 54 55 EXAMINATION OF BEETS FROM FARMERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE STATE. It remains to give an account of the work done during the past season in analyzing sugar beets grown by fjirmers in different parts of the State, the seeds having been mostly obtained, either directly or in- directly, from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Realizing the importance of the sugar-beet problem and the widespread interest in its solution, this station had notices published in all newspapers in the State offering to analyze free of charge beets grown anywhere in the State. As a result, 70 farmers in 28 counties of the State sent in samples of sugar beets for analysis. The results are given in the follow- ing table, along with such information about the beets as it was pos- sible to obtain — variety, soil, time of planting and harvesting, etc.: 1 55 00 »-t rt S ,a > ^ ei o .5 (I a- a 00 S5a S B a P5 P ■'s a H a s a a a P •OO A'jlill J ■aoinf •9.1II)f niS|)i]os ■sjdaq JO CJ t^ r-"« ooo eOrHr-1 ■>* tn Oicot^Oi o 00 U5 CO e IM ■* l^ 1-1 fi 00 X 00 ss tO00«) 00 o 05 " CO 123 ?: § C5 OS o => ?g s§s •n 00 >A r^ « T^. s OO « s ;o r-( S S o l~ to 00 00.- OS CO o N C^-H-*0 00 00 00 « rH OJ NC- IM t>: <0 O ri mo (MOO irt OC^OlOtA lOC^OO ic to o (M IC 00 O O >n to in I • Irt T-t .— Cl O Ift (M 00 "* .-H •* S CO §~1 lO ■«* .-^ OS CO to (N (M to O CMOS COtOOO t- OS O ■* lO to Ol •»* CI — I 00 t* o o ■.*< C* OS CO to IM o en to to to cq 00 e^ SOI ° ■ o :^ : o-^ >s t»s a a " o |a|22 t>< >< pa 5 ° >j-3 t) q ■■<>■• >= 5-= =s * * = O » . cj © 4> ti rlCO O "-O CO N > o o «• *: 4i > > ;p .3 ■« S ^ fH o 3 s « o a a m I I T? T? "^ -\ T; c-i -^ 'T! ; 3 « •3 ® • ^ "OS • Mo .M M !i a C3 •jaqwu^ © 3 33 8 2 ^-H 000 as^ 3 f< ... Wo -^^ ' '• ; CO tH 10 to t* 00 OS sa 9 33 • o ^^ o5 =o_ o — ^ 'PW^rt w a tjji) H3 -«1 3 g ^^ CJ CO Tj. IC5 to i-l .-4 .1 C« 56 MP MP M M o 4 •oajfiunj •901 n[ ni jBgiig t- CD eo t'OO OJ 00 o to -* eooo> t-eo ojcxj CO a> m 00 f-i ta to ift X 05 o c4 o «o P]lOC-->l>CjTjo OOtK -5 ocsi ? to 00 Cs» OS O 00 M 1 f-( Tf« 00 rH CO Ci lO to M ci — ^ OO'^rOfOOOOOS (MtOOOiOtOOCeO^H U^ 03 OS t ft.S C^ Ci I- O C- Oi c iro coc4 ^ ocot>cJco-^co Hico^owcoost^t-^ oJ •goinC ui epilog »iO0 r;2 s? 11.42 16.78 15. 62 15.62 15.40 OS 5 to to' to 00 0(M O CO to' to 14.59 17.70 10.91 15.51 19. 95 18.38 18.82 17.70 16.90 18.70 15.05 16. 55 14.25 21.40 20.18 00 CO oo' •nio CO 00 •B^99qj0 !m3l9Al. 9gBJ9Ay eoO> B ITS O O O 00 « CI i.T O! CO ■«(i totoiooo 00— ' OS 5^3 in g- r-T .* to -f lO O M to 00 = to rj = -< a> ■* (M t- 00 00 OS Id .— COTJtOOOOtO os.i-osS5 1H r-T s toia osia a^ ,y •" w © ..J t^ ro . c3 :w :m c« r? r; a ti =1 O O OtOtO— li-H rHiHO O «0 CI d C4 iH rl CI N O O OOOOO OOO OO O O OOOlZil^i OOO OO O !25 O O II — if-ie a) (C ^1^ o P a S'-S' CSiHiH .HO S ►? -?»?^^3 !^^»? ^3 ^ ^ a a ^ a 1 1 ooooo oco 'C'w T3 'Ca 'O 'C t3 OOO ara-a a g -s •« t. 3 .(X P. o t^ *^ £ "T- fc ^■=w»Tso P >l -^ SCO Sa^ M ■ H a£; .S § oo§o2Sspoo, '§0.500, .^5 •^ ;;o;'^0'^^;;'0®w(c i^MW > o 0? n o) n Mmpp :p P :M ^ S o ^ o o o ph :hi 3 « !S o ft ^w O « OOOOO w L^ w w v^ w w n3 P "O TS "O '^ '^ • a) oooooooM •cd -a »« 13 13 -o g 1^ jaqtuaij ■ '3 ^ ; ^ £ M : « .£t2^ ;.2o S 3 ^ a §0m J o -3 o "d O ® S • a; ■ © • .""3 ,Ci5 :0 : «»i-s . B cj :j C * O ;m^'3:S':m "W 6 * o .B a '^•^ Cl.I' P-^ oa^-sgs«§| ^0.2 ti a S®^ u fl o cS'SM^ • if 3 -di-^ S S E;%SSZ! H£2S !2S Er oo os o -h d eo ■* lo to i> oo os o .i m eo ■* C4 n dddcora coeaca coco co co co rr 'W -« ^ '^ ^'«'«.«'«Zmo to lo 57 oS ® ^ C3 ^ (£03 f^Sod 6 2 P.CS bS<* &-So &S2 o d o 00 ® cig^Sooo e8d gdpap iSSSgaSg« Sgap o« 00 g lEgfiPfi s« iO 00 iH CD OS -^ i?S ihcN 16 ai CO CO *ft »0 CO £ t^^ CD W ?-H lO "' ■^ t> CO ^ 05 10 t- CO 10 CO 'tj- O 00 o'rfSS ^CDCO-^odcdoQ^-^ cow OOOi-Hic^Wi-ScOi-^lO C O X CO 00 CO t-- t-^ OCV:) 00 ir^ CD t-- CP !>■ CD c- t> r^ co ... t^i^ t^ OCOO JOOOt^ ODt- os CO CO 00 o o 00 CD cc t- IF^ ^ c^i ' 00 t^^ 05 i-H 00 o t- 0005 CO t-"rt< ccmt— oco O COCO O r-i CS 0> X -^ -H COCOOSXCOCOt-HIO lOCM O CO 00 t- t- Ift -^ C0:»Ot>'^»fl t>Oa U5M W CD X t-ThCO »ox 00 x'oo oi oct^ Tj! (>ood 00 o n* ca co c4 rn i-^ -^ V i-Ico CD o(3i> t^cd-i* t-^-^jJ ■^T* COb- Tf" T»CI CQ COCO--^ CO X r^ "» 05 w lOf-H (M -^X X COft^X CO lO 1-1 CO OS O 00 -* OlO oi 05CB X x- X CO cooo oco .^ o S "^ «5 ca S 5 « c3 M P5 •s t». " S M S rs -a X! SS£ O t- rt 'w'w'w oo rt g . ■ . iO M 00 OOIQ r-1 1-1 rt i-l >-l 1-H CO i-lr-li-l r-l(M o;2i ooooooooo P P 3 kS oin i-H "-I (Mi-I CrS ^ s 1-1 IM rH >5 t-J >> >> f>> C3 Cd CQ CQ Cd ^ s 1^ 1^ a irt X X w ox in lO ift too CON r-4»-i i-t C^CJ 3 3 ^ Sh >.>.>> ^i^ sa p.a S ■ p ■*-' S — '-a p<9 • g pH-r • o>^ § p • o © ss! „ © "o^ =-< a s p-gg^tSeo-g ^. ^*^- O 9 ^6l2&^'o"SaSgc « p fl o^ " :a o o 2 ^ o "3 2® A s a 5 1^ i. .a „ j» a -S g-- £ "C p 2 I-! ^ Eh h) ea kJ H"" a * 1 §a M t> fHH] ca • a ^ « o o S 2 '^o a» -w 25 • p< 51 -So o o o pMg rt ©te ^ p p W>^0 ^ S - „ +i ,Q O /P " g -73 "3 13 ^ ^ (Q g O h 5 (B OS C O t? « K M Izi i=S 5 c 42 00 p ' a :^ "i ■SS P o o o g-go-a'O'S 2 « ':6 rt rs^ pq 2 te c w p4 Wfew Ph' a hi s a !>, o ; ^ p ^ i ea ft O a P ^ w < <4 e-S'^ <4 B^ M h^ : K 2 • ©-P I »s ■ !>vp O ^^ : f4a t- XOJ O fHW lO lO O CO COCO Si 00 a» o «H c-£6 1 gscp pas 50 art 5« pq ^ pcQ •(jnapgja OJ -^ CS -^ CO l^ = -00 A'lunj 00 <-' c g g:5S •eomf 5jT r-iC ni .lu'Siis (^ ci ^ M 2 L' 2 N : if^ in 10 © »c ■QOtnf ^ t- coco C-l t- CO M m 8pT|0g (^10 b^ t~ js;2^ ^ 05 i cs -^ ea S cS e« ^^ . — ' rt Or^ CQ ;U cCh-lO M ^-1 ^ -i —00 ^ mo ^ Ox (M (N rH r- r-( CO s*« 3i, a -ts *: *s -» «• *3 -4^ •«-" cS'^ 00 000 h5 00 000 "^ bi) If; in 10 (35 -H N = a CM (M (N !-■ « :S 3 e8 d rt e? ^ ^^ s»;a a -s I s^ ! ! ! : a.g ; : : c8 1-1 C3 •5 I 5 a O p n . ^ . . • •■H-s : : : : aii ; : : J :-=c« ; . . u N "3 . 'X! i 'c--;3 2 ; 5 s ' ' ' ^l V a , u £ = « M u a bfi ^ S tj 'w' '3 a ® 2 a 2 ° = e.a ^a-c > ►St^ t?»3 ; a rt o 1 •§-§ -sl-s a o a ^ ■^ ^ _2 © f=H a .2 : 1 9 £> t-> . a s i £1 X o „ ^ a. ^1 1 -§ |g^ J3 3 ^^^s 6 p m '• <£ • ©d ^ : §3 1 r 3 2 ••1 «l-^ 4 ^ ; 1 o ■ ;| gS| 1 ^ B !2; ^ -2a ,f 2 « : = ■=■= 3 W 5 «■ •jaqtun^ 1 s Q 1° ? ? »« 3 1 c- 5 a i 1 69 The above analyses of sugar beets grown in this State during the last season have a very wide range, viz, from 6.39 to 18,79 per cent of sugar in the juice ; of the 95 analyses given in the above table, 19 come below 10 per cent of sugar, 56 come above 13 ])er cent, 38 above 13 per cent, and 16 above 15 per cent of sugar in the juice. But very few of the farmers who sent in beets for analysis had previously had any experience in growing beets ; besides this some of the beets were grown tor stock food, with no intention of testing their sugar-producing capacity. Bearing this in mind, it would seem that the showing is a very creditable one ; where grown for sugar, and where good care was bestowed, the beets contaiued a high percentage of sugar. As regards the yield, but very few and uncertain data were obtained, most of the farmers having grown only small plats, from which an estimated yield was reported. ' Of the different portions of the State, the eastern region seems bet- ter adapted for sugar-beet culture than the western, as far as the data on hand will enable us to judge about the matter. Judging from the data obtained, which are of course very limited, it may further seem that three regions may prove especially well adapted for the culture of sugar beets of the localities from which beets were received duriug the past season, viz, the country around New Holsteiu, Calumet County, (latitude about 44<^) ; around South Germantown, Washington County, and around Kewaunee, Kewaunee County (latitude 44.5°). The aver- age of all analyses from New Holstein was found to be the very high figure of 17.83 per cent of sugar in the juice ; the average for South Ger- mantown was 13.51 per cent, and for Kewaunee 13.85 per cent (of the fourteen samples received from this locality, twelve came above 12 per cent, and seven above 14 per cent of sugar in the juice). Also other localities may prove well adapted for sugar-beet culture, which have not yet been investigated outside of our substations, e. g.., the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Waukesha, Washington, Milwaukee, and Ozaukee, in short the whole eastern portion of the State. A continued study of this subject may disclose other sections where sugar-beet culture may be conducted successfully. The work has just been entered upon. From what has been done at this experiment station and at substations in different parts of the State, it is known that good crops of beets can be grown of a good quality. While the results reached so far would indicate that Wisconsin may prove well adapted for the culture of sugar beets, the work must be repeated for several seasons before the question can be considered as fully settled. 60 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS AT FORT SCOTT, KANSAS. Quite a number of samples of beets was analyzed at Fort Scott with the following results : In the juice. Date. Total aolids. Sngar. Purity. Date. Total solids. Sugar. Purity. Sept. 26 Oct. 8 Oct. 15 Oct. 18 Oct. 18 Oct. 23 Oct. 23 Oct. 31 Nov. 1 Per cent. Per cent. Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Nov. 1 Per cent. 15.0 15.4 16.8 15.7 16.6 15.7 19.1 14.4 14.0 Per cent. 12.2 12.8 12.2 11.7 1.^7 12.9 16.7 11.1 10.6 81.3 83.1 72.6 74.5 82.5 82.2 87.4 77.7 75.7 13.13 15.5 18.17 13.84 13.54 15.17 14.85 15,8 9.6 11.5 13.7 10.25 9.5 12.5 11.5 13.25 73.11 74.2 75.4 74.1 70.9 82.4 77.4 83.8 A few of these samples showed good qualities for sugar making, but the most of them had too low a content of sugar and purity to be of any value for the manufacture of sugar. ANALYSES OF BEETS AT THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT STATION OF MINNESOTA. with Prof. D. F. Harper, chemist of the station, has furnished me the following analyses of beets made at that station. The character of the beets for sugar-making purposes is fairly good Varieties. Brix. Sugar. Per cent. Per cent. 17.10 14.01 16.02 14.07 17.60 14.83 15.00 12.17 15.95 12.42 15.90 12. 55 15.86 11. 15 13.72 10.96 15.92 13.04 15.55 12.26 17.24 13.42 14.48 11.45 Purity. Dippe's Vilmorin Bult. Desprez's Richest Simon Legrand's Wiiite Improved Vilmoiin's Wliite Improved Vilmorin Gregory White Sugar Lane's Improved Vilmorin's White Improved Dippe's Klein- Wanzlebener Excelsior Morimond Desprez's Richest Improved Imperial 81.93 87.89 84.26 81.13 77.87 78. 93 73.45 79.86 81.91 78.84 77.84 79.07 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS AT TOPEKA, KANSAS. Quite a quantity of beets was brought to the factory at Topeka, and an experimental run was made with them. The number of tons of beets used was 22. The juice from the samples of beets entering the battery was found to contain 15.36 per cent, of total solids and 9.30 per cent, of sugar. It will be noted by the above figures that the quality of the beets was worthless for sugar-making purposes. 61 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS AT MEDICINE LODGE, KANSAS. In addition to the analyses and control of the sorghum sugar work extensive examinations were made of the beets growing in the locality of Medicine Lodge. The season was a peculiar one for beets. At the commencement of the rains on the 28th of August the beets were scarcely at all developed and were regarded as a total failure. After the rains commenced the beets grew rapidly and continued to grow vigorously through the months of September and October. About the middle of November the harvesting of the beets was commenced and continued until De- cember. At that time the beets had reached a fair size and developed a high content of sugar. Two hundred and sixty-one wagonloads were brought to the factory and large samples were taken from each of these loads and subjected to analysis. The means of 261 analyses follow : In the juice. Total solids percent.. 18.52 Sucrose do 15.12 Purity 81.04 Four hundred and eleven miscellaneous analyses of the beets from different plots in the vicinity of Medicine Lodge were made with the following mean results : In the juice. Total solids percent.. 17.80 Sucrose do 13.20 Purity 75.60 The fresh chips entering the battery had a mean sucrose content in the juice of 13.90 per cent, much less, as will be noted, than that repre- sented by the analyses from the different loads. The diffusion juices show a content of 10.45 per cent sucrose, and a purity of 81.2. The working of the beets with the sorghum-sugar machinery was extremely slow, and either from this cause or from the method of liming, which was very heavy without any subsequent use of carbonic acid, the clarification and boiling of the juices became a matter of great difficulty, and they suffered in this process rapid deterioration j for in- stance, the purity of the clarified juice was only 78.8 and of the sirup 78.3, while the mean purity of the massecuites showed the enormous depression represented by the difference between 78.8 and 59.4. The actual cause of this remaikable deterioration in boiling is not well understood. The juices boiled with the greatest difiiculty, it being almost impossible to prevent them from foaming in the pan. The semi- 62 sirups also, after staudiug for a time, deposited a large quantity of mucus or viscous material, and tliis would lead to the supposition that a i)ernicious lermeutatiou of a viscous or manuitic nature was the cause of the great loss of sugar during the boiling operations. It is evident at once that the attempt to make beet sugar without ai)i)ropriate ai)paratus must be regarded as futile. Beets of the quality of those delivered at the Medicine Lodge factory, if they had been properly and promi)tly manufactured, would have yielded almost 250 pounds of sugar to the ton ; instead of this the yield was extremely small, the separation from the massecuite very difficult, and the whole manufacturing process disappointing. In regard to the probability of producing beets in the locality of Medicine Lodge, I am still of the opinion, expressed in Bulletin No. 27, that it is a locality too far south to expect the successful culture of the sugar beet. In using the term "too far south" it is not meant in an absolute sense, but too far south from the zone of the probable beet industry as indicated in the maj) given in Bulletin No. 27. The actual growing season at Medicine Lodge, it will be noticed, was not during the summer, but in the autumn after the rains fell and the weather had become cool. Had the early part of the season been wet enough to secure a growth of the beets it is hardly probable that they would have shown the high content of sugar which they did. The splendid results obtained at Medicine Lodge in the working of sorghum cane would seem to indicate the course which the sugar industry should follow in that locality. Everything indicates that the culture of sorghum sugar will prove a success while there is little to encourage the further de- velopment of the beet-sugar industry in that locality. ANALYSES OF BEETS AT MEDICINE LODGE. The following analyses show the character of the beets examined at Medicine Lodge during the months of November and December, 1890, As has been stated, the character of the season at Medicine Lodge was peculiar. On September 25 the beet crop was a total failure. Owing to the extremely dry summer the beets had not grown and were but little larger than a cigar. After that date copious rains with other favorable climatic conditions induced a rapid growth and produced by November a small crop of beets of exceptional richness in resi)ect of sugar content. The data will illustrate in full the character of the juice of the beets. The general data of the season precede the details in the tables. 63 Analyses of beets — General data. Tt.tal sulida. Sucrose. Puritv. Exhausted chips Fresh chips Dillusion jiiico Cliiritied juice Semi-sirup Ma-'secuiie Marc per cent.. Press cake Extraction Dilution Sugar Beets worked tons.. Harvested acres.. 1.20 17.31 12.81 13.05 43.00 86.90 5.11 .25 13.90 10.45 10.80 31.95 51.64 1.53 98.1 27 87.0 293 70 80.3 81.2 78.8 78.3 59.4 Date. Fresh chips. Diffusion juice. Clarified juice. Solids. Sucrose. Purity. Solids. Sucrose. Purity. Solids. Sucrose. Purity. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Nov. 23 17.33 13. 90 80.37 12.80 9.71 76.02 13.63 9.93 73.02 24 17.0! 14. 20 83. 52 13.03 10.11 79.82 14.07 12.43 *88. 43 25 17.62 13. 92 79.92 12.67 10. 86 85.21 13.24 10.99 82.86 26 17.17 13.70 80.14 12.87 11.03 84.97 13.73 11.37 82.51 28 17.27 12.96 44.98 12.93 11.01 84.83 13.84 11.43 82.60 Dec. 2 18.09 14. 11 78.39 11.99 10.22 85. 43 14.00 10.67 75.72 3 17.03 13.96 81.81 13.00 10. 30 79.11 14.07 10.68 75.09 5 17.00 13.97 81.83 12.97 10.67 82. 21 13.82 10.99 78. 92 6 Means . 17. 2o 14.38 83.16 13.31 10.14 76.82 12.45 9.38 75. 23 17.31 13. 90 80.31 12.84 10.45 81.26 13.65 10.80 78.86 ' Sorghum sugar melted in juice. Semi-sirup Exhausted chips. Press cake. Date. Solids. Sucrose. Purity. Solids. Sucrose. Sucrose. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Nov. 23 44.17 32.16 72.91 1.20 .23 1.62 24 46.19 41.19 *89. 38 1.32 .30 1.57 25 42.11 29.11 69.98 1.16 .22 1.55 26 43.76 29.16 67. 93 1.19 .22 1.42 28 44.11 31.11 70.55 1.27 .24 1.48 Dec. 2 39.24 29.12 74. 28 1.22 .26 1.46 3 39.90 29.13 73. on 1.19 .24 1.49 5 42. 27 30. 11 71.32 1.22 .24 1.64 6 Mean . . 46.00 35.46 77.09 1.16 .30 1.54 43.00 31.95 74.30 1.20 .25 1.53 * Sorghum sugar added. Date. Massecuite. Sugar, (sucrose) Solids. Sucrose.] Purity. Dec. 1 .. Dec. 8... Mean Per ct. 87.14 86.70 Per ct. 51. 02 58. 57 52. lO 60. 27 Per ct. 86.8 87 2 86.92 51.64 1 59.42 87.0 Per cent. Marc 5. 11 Extraction 9^-1 DUution 27.0 64 Miacellaneotis analyses of teets. [In the juice.] Date. July 15 16. 17 20. 24. Aug. 1 6. 6, 9 Sept. 1. 1 1. 1, 6. 6 (). 10. 10 10. 10, 11. 11. 15. 15 15. 15. 18. 18 18. 20. 21. 23. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27 30. Oct. 1. 1. 3. 3. 6. <) 6. 6 6, 6. C 9. 9. 9 12, 12 12, 12, 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 Solids. Sucrose. Purity. Percent. Per cent. 20.50 16.83 82.02 21.53 16.77 76.82 21.53 16.54 76.53 19.87 15.75 79.23 H,90 15.20 80.43 14.50 9.45 65.33 17.73 13.45 73.44 17.03 13. CO 80.03 14.20 10.81 76.11 11.00 7.10 64.14 17.10 12. 87 74.90 15.63 11.95 76.25 15.10 16.70 78.75 15.23 11.14 73. 52 12.13 8.15 66.93 13.03 8.40 64.97 15.03 11.25 74.70 13.00 9.25 70.80 13.47 9.30 70.10 17.53 13.20 75.42 15.83 11.60 73.40 16.00 11.80 73.80 12.20 7.90 61.98 14.17 11.95 83.39 9.57 7.15 74.73 14.17 8.20 58.16 16.93 12.55 73.95 15.80 12.00 75.90 16.00 11.15 73.62 13.80 9.45 68.11 17.43 13.05 75.25 17.80 11.05 60.72 17.67 9.10 55.02 17.37 10.40 60.18 17.63 9.95 57.69 15.87 8.90 55.39 17.03 9.83 56.86 16.00 10.95 68.03 18.37 11.75 63.85 18.37 12.65 69.48 18.63 12.25 66.30 20.30 12.15 59.35 18.07 12.60 69.27 17.87 10.95 62.21 16.09 11.60 68.78 18.10 13. 05 72.10 21.43 16. 85 78.00 18. 63 12. 55 67.64 17.20 12. 00 69.86 19.00 13.45 68.62 17.47 11.20 63.67 17.53 11.70 66.14 17.80 10.70 69.92 18. (iO 12. 80 67.69 18.37 13.90 74.01 17. 54 13.60 78.70 15.83 12.05 75.90 17.80 12. 75 71.20 15.10 11.70 78.75 17.37 12. 75 73.99 19.20 13.60 69.00 20. 67 15.85 73.76 19.10 12.20 62.03 19.77 14.80 72.21 19.10 12.20 62.03 16.87 10.80 63.26 16.83 10.55 62. 16 16.30 9.90 59.38 18.37 11.75 64.49 18.40 10.75 63.39 16.00 11.40 71.88 17.83 11.15 63.13 18.60 11.75 63. 51 18.17 12.15 66.00 16.07 10.85 59. 50 15.83 8.75 54.11 20.97 13.20 03.07 Description of samples from — J. H. McCracken. M. Best. Hy. Hinze. P. B. Cole. George Heydenrick. Mullen ; tops destroyed by web worms. J. H. McCracken. George Mawaon. Jf eligh, Nebraska. K. Lammerman. Hy. Hinze. S. B. Hunt; from middle of plot. S. B. Hunt; from outside of plot. Neligh, Nebr. L. Clovis, Wanzlebener, L. Clovia, Vilmorin. George Mawson. M. Best. Do. A. R. Moore. T. Bennings, Wanzlebener. T. Bennings, Vilmorin. K. Lammerman. W. W. S. Snoddy. G. H. Moore. K. Lammerman. A. L. Dancan. John D. Fleming. O. Coyle. W. Helget. A. R. Moore. J. H. McCracken. Osborn. E. Wennet. Dobbs Bros. L. Clovis, Wanzlebener. Do. Vilmorin. Mullen ; tops destroyed by web worms. W. Schmidt. A. W. Smith. George Heydenrick. A. R. Moore. Do. C. H. Blackford. A. W. Smith. Ily. Hinze. J. H. McCracken. W. Helget. Osborn. Do. T. Bennings, Wanzlebener. T. Bennings, Vilmorin. J. B. Cool. Rice. A. W. Smith; dark ground. O. Coyle ; non-alkali soil. O. Coyle ; alkali soil. A. L. Duncan. J. H. McCracken. P. B. Cole. M. Best. Do. Hy. Hinze. M. H. Sparks. F. F. Mullen ; tops destroyed by web woima. O.sbnrn. J. D. P'lennniug ; average size. J. D. Flemruing ; large beets. J. 1). Flemming; small beets. A. L. Duncan. K. l..animerman. Geo. Heydenrick. Do. W. Kchmidt. L. Clovis. Do. A. W. Smith. I I 65 Miscellaneous analyses of beets — Coutinued. Date. Out. 17. 17. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 20. 22. 22 22! 22. 22. 22. 22. 24. 24. 24. 26. 26. 26. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 30. 30. 30. 30. 31. 31- 31. 31. 31. Nov. 1- 1. 2. 2. 2. 3^ 5. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. 8. 8. 9. 9. 9. 9. 10. 10. 10. 11. 12. 12. 12. 12. 12, 12. Solids. Per cent. 19.03 19.27 19.43 17.80 19.40 17.67 15.77 17. .50 15. 47 17.07 20. 47 17.67 17.80 18.58 20.30 17.57 19.33 18.50 19 07 17.77 18.50 17.30 19.80 19.03 19.09 19.77 18.07 17.43 16.93 19.63 17.57 18.43 18.37 19.83 16.17 19.78 18.46 17.27 19.47 18.47 17.87 18.37 2i. 18 19.33 18.89 19.47 19.47 17.47 19.19 19.88 19.86 10.40 20. 07 19.97 21.00 20 17 18.78 20.02 21.74 18.97 19. 27 17.43 19.81 22. 37 21.20 20.83 16.97 20. 23 18. .57 19.03 19.90 19.53 21.13 17.77 20.63 18.07 20.00 Sucrose. Fer cent. 11.50 12. 55 11.70 10.70 11.95 11.70 9. kO 11.20 9.70 11.10 11.70 11.35 10.95 11.70 12.15 11.00 12.30 11.60 12.25 10.55 11.85 10.75 12.75 15.85 12.55 12.90 11.40 11.25 12.50 13.05 11.30 11.25 11.40 12. 80 8.90 13.05 11.90 11.50 13.70 13.43 12.20 12.30 15.80 12.80 13.85 14.20 13.70 13.75 13.35 13.95 14.25 14.40 14.45 15.55 15.75 14.75 13.55 14.55 10.15 13.65 14.55 13. 05 16.20 17.95 17.10 16.70 12.55 16.20 13.55 15.50 16.05 14.60 17.50 13.40 16.-00 15.00 15.80 Purity. 60.62 63.25 50.95 59.92 61.31 66.14 62. 14 63.67 61.40 63.90 54.66 64.43 62.21 58.41 59.35 62.75 63.81 61.44 64.77 59.30 64.05 62. 25 64. 39 83.19 04.92 65. G6 61.72 64.88 73. 95 71.98 62.97 61.61 62.06 64.55 51.94 63. 95 61.69 68.81 70. 42 72.82 67.71 66.96 74.59 66.22 73.05 73. 70 70. 42 78.73 69.56 71.98 71.38 74.23 72.00 77.76 75.00 73.12 72.15 72.67 74. 29 73.01 75. 50 75.55 81. 79 80. 63 80.66 80.19 73.98 80.19 72. 97 81.60 80. 69 74.87 8 '.94 75.90 77.76 83.30 79.00 De.scription of samples from — T. Bennings. Do. K. Lamnierman. Do. S. B. Hunt. Rice. Hfti'tzell. Dobbs Bros. A. R. Moore. J. U. McC'racken. A. R. Moore ; roots. A. R. Moore ; tops of roots above ground. O. Coyle. J. D. Flemming ; roots J.D.Flemming; tops of roots above ground, W. Welget. Blackford. F. F. Mullen ; tops destroyed by web worms ; new tops appeared. Underwood. P. B. Cole. Geo. Mawson. J. B. Cool. Geo. Hoydenrick. J. n. McCracken. Do. K. Lammerman. Do. M. n. Sparks. Hy. Hinze. E. Wennet. Do. S. B. Hunt. Dobbs Bros. G. U. Moore. Dobbs Bros. Hartzell. Do. Blacklord. Do. L. Clovis. Do. W. Delget. P. B. Colo. J. H. McCracken. O. Coylo. J. H. McCracken. M.Best. Do. Do. O.sborn. Rico. A. \V. Smith. Do. W. Schmidt. S. B. Hunt. T. Bennings. Do. Geo. Heydenrick. E. Wennet, lops. E. Wennet, roots. A. L. Duncan. Do. O. Coyle. Do. Do. Scott Cummiugs, Cauema, Kansas. Mawaon. P. B. Call. O. Coylo. Do. J. H. McCracken. O. Coyle. M. Best. F.F.Mullen; had been injured by web- worms ; new tops have appeared. Do. A. L. Duncan, 25243— Bull. 30- 66 Miscellaneous analyses of heels — Coutiuned. Date. N..V. r.'.... 12... l-J... V2.... 12 ... 13... 13.... 13.... 13... 13.... 13.... !-t ... 14 ... 14.... 11.... 14 ... 14.... 14.... 14.... 14.... 14.... 16.... 16... . 16.... 16 ... 17... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 17.... 18.... 18... 18.... 18.... 18.... 18.... 18.... 18.... 18.... 18.... 18.... 19... 19.... 19.... 19.... 19.... 19.... 19... 19.... 19... 19 .. 19.... •JO... 'JO . . , 20.... 20... 21..., 21... 21.... 21... 21... 21... 21... 22... 22... 22... 22... 22... 22... 22... 22... Solids. Sucrose. Per cent. 20. 70 15.80 17.80 17. 93 19.60 19. 63 21.20 18.93 20.23 19.77 16.09 19.47 20. 83 18.77 19.53 19.83 20.40 18.73 19. 67 20. 80 19.80 21.20 15.47 17.77 18.53 18.59 19.87 18.77 21.20 20.83 21.27 18.89 20.93 15.10 17.07 19.00 17.54 18.03 17.47 1.5. 65 17.40 16. 93 18.77 19.50 19.60 17.82 18.27 20. 84 21.84 10.86 20.03 20.23 20.37 17.07 20.71 19.10 19.10 19.77 18.21 21. 73 20. 27 19. 70 20. 83 21.77 17.80 17. 36 21.33 19. 23 17.77 10.67 18.77 19.63 18. 33 18.59 18.73 20.23 18.93 19.47 19.77 Per cent. 15 35 12. 00 12.75 14.70 13.65 15.90 17.10 14.00 16.95 10.17 12.55 14.65 16.45 14.30 14.60 15.25 15.80 14.40 14. GO 16. 15 15.40 16.75 11.90 13.20 13.80 14. 30 16.00 14.55 17.10 16.40 18.45 14.45 16.50 11.70 15.35 14.70 13.75 14.10 13. 75 11.95 13.65 12.55 15.40 16.00 15.90 13.65 13.50 15.30 15.90 14. 25 1.5.00 1.5. 40 15.35 13.35 1.5.35 15.90 14.70 15.60 15. 90 17. 25 1.5. 90 15. 65 16.70 17. 65 12. 75 11. 25 16.70 14.40 13. 90 12.55 14. 55 15.90 14.05 13. 55 13.65 16.20 14.00 14.10 1.5. 60 Purity. 74.10 75. 90 71. 28 82.10 76.45 81.12 EO.CG 71.09 83.91 81. 73 74.00 75.26 79.09 74.87 74.87 76.76 78.30 77.00 74.30 77.64 77.80 79.01 77.90 74.60 74.60 78.40 80.80 77.50 80.66 78. 44 87.02 76.60 79.00 78.75 78.25 78.30 78.73 78.35 78.75 76.25 78.25 73. 95 82. 40 82. 01 81.01 76.45 74.18 73.40 72.81 71.38 74.88 76. 62 74.72 78.35 74.01 83.20 76. 20 49.20 83. 90 80.00 79.20 79.20 83. 29 81.33 71. 2^ 68.40 78.40 75.00 78.53 74.10 77.50 81. 12 77.03 72. 97 72.73 80.19 74.09 72.70 79.20 Description of samiiles from — O. Coylo ; iion-alkali soil. O. Coylo ; alkali soil. Do. O. Coylo ; uou-alkali soil. Hum. Smith. Do. Rice. Schmidt. Do. K. Lammerinan. J. H. McCracken. Mullen. Hv. Ilinze. M'. Bust. Geo. Heydeniick. Do. P. B. Cole. Mullen. A. W. Smith, roots. A. W. Smith, tops. George Mawson. K. Laramerman. T. Bennin<;s, Wanzlcbeuer. T. Bennings, Vilmorin. Ilico. J. B. Cool, roots. .1. B. Cool, tops. J. D. Fleming. Do. O. ('oyle, uon-alkali. O. Coylo, alkali. Beet pile. K. Lammerman. Beet pile, roots. Beet pile, tops to above. K. Lammerman. Underwood. Horn. Beet pile, one yellow beet. Beetpile, one very large beet, weight7;Jlbs. Rice. A. W. Smith. Do. W. Schmidt. Hy. Hinze. A. R. Moore. Do. Blackford. Osborn. Beet pile, well shaped beets. Beet pile, well shaped beets. Beet pile, well shaped beets. Beet pile, imperfect beets. O. Coyle. Do. A. 11. Moore. J. D. Fleming. Do. W. Helget. Beet pile, selected. Beet pile, selected. Geo. Heydenrick, .selected. A. W. Smith, selected. Attica, Harper County, Kans. Do. O. Coyle, uon-alkali soil. O. Coylo, alkali soil. Rico.' M. Best. S. B. Hunt. E. Wennct. Do. Hy. Hinze. M. H. Sparks. A. L. Duncan. J. H. McCracken. Do. L. Clovis. i i 67 Miscellaneous analyses of beets — Coutinued. Date. Solids. Sucrose. Purity. Descriptiou of samples from — Per cent. Per cent. Nov.22 20. 93 16.50 79. 00 Do. 22 J 8. 89 14 45 76.00 Dobbs 13io.s. 22 21.27 18.45 87.02 A. W. Sinitli. 22 20.83 16.40 78.84 J. D. FlomiiiR. 22 21.20 17.10 80.66 0. Covlo, non-alkali. 22 17.77 13.85 78.00 G. H. Moore. 22 18.07 14.10 78. 35 Underwood. 22 18. 33 14. CO 79.80 15eet pile. 22 20.00 16.65 80. 82 Do. 22 19. 13 15.00 78.50 Do. 22 17.73 13.45 73.44 Do. 22 20. 20 15.00 76.85 J. B. Cool. 22 18.70 13.80 73.79 Do. 22 22.00 16.80 70.30 Do. 22 19. 00 14.00 78.40 Geo. llevdenriek. 22 18.27 13.50 74.18 T. Beunins, lar^e beets. 22 17.82 13. 65 70.45 Do. do. 22 19. 60 15.90 81.04 A. R. Moore, larj;o beets. 22 19.50 16.00 82.01 A. R. Moore, small beets. 22 18.77 15. 40 82.40 Mullen. 22 16.93 12.55 73.95 Mullen, very largo beets. 23 17.40 13. 65 78. 25 Load, roots. 23 15.63 11.95 76.25 Load, top of root. 23 19.47 14. 65 75.26 Do. 23 20.83 16.25 79.09 Load, root. 23 19.83 15.45 76.76 Do. 23 19.53 14.00 74.87 Load top of root. 23 18.77 14. 30 70.45 Beet pile, lart;c yellow beet. 24 20. 93 16.40 78.00 O. Coyle, non-alkali soil. 24 19.70 15.65 79.20 O.Coylo, alkali soil. 24 20.40 15.80 78. 30 J. D. Flemins. 24 20.30 15.00 78.70 Do. 24 19.00 14.25 75.25 Blackford. 24 20.80 16.15 77.64 E. Wennet. 24 21.77 17.65 81.33 W. Helsjet. 24 19.67 14.00 74.50 A. W. Smith. 24 20.17 15. 55 77.00 A.K.Moore. 24 19. .57 14.83 70.38 Mullen, roots. 24 18. 23 14.00 70.90 Mullen, top of root. 24 19.33 14.80 70.70 J. n. McCraeken. 25 20. 83 16.70 80. 29 Mr. Hinuian, taken lioiu pile. 25 18.70 14.05 74.88 Osborn. 25 21. 70 17.40 81.31 W. Schmidt, high, red ground. 25. 18.63 13.40 73.80 W. Schmidt, low, dark ground. 25 21.43 16.80 78.02 Ilartzell, dark loam. 25 18.33 14.00 79. 80 Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 25 17.77 13.45 73.44 Selected samples, beet pile, toi)s. 25 22.00 16.80 76.36 Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 25 20.29 15.60 76.85 Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 25 17.40 13.65 78.25 Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 25 15.63 11.95 76.25 Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 25 18. 51 14.45 77.80 Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 25 17. 69 13.25 71.20 Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 25 17.77 13.80 78.00 Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 25 15.88 12.00 78.00 Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 25 19 27 16 20 84 07 Selected samples, beet pile, roots. Selected samples, beet jiile, toi)s. 25 20.70 15. 35 74.01 25 18. 13 13.65 74. 20 One large beet, A. W. Smith, wei.!.:ht 2 pounds 10 ounces. 26 17.80 12.75 71.28 Red and pink beets, pile. 26 20.93 17.35 82.81 Selected samples, pile, average weight 9 ounces. 26 19.63 15.90 81.12 Selected samples, pile, average weight 13 ounces. 26 19.77 15.60 79.20 Transplanted beets, Coyle. 26 21.17 16.70 79.14 Selected samples, load of Coyle. 20 21. 57 17. 25 80. 23 Do. 20 18.83 10.15 86.90 Do. 26. 21. 23 18.35 86.93 Do. 26 22. 22 16.10 72.49 Do. 26 21.12 13.50 03.91 Yellow beets, pile. 26 20.87 15.20 72.83 Mawson. 26 19.13 14.70 76.95 McCiacken. 26 10.03 5.60 55.83 White table beet. 26 19.70 15.65 79.20 Pile, root. 26 18.73 14.40 77.00 Pile, top. 26 21.13 17.50 82.94 Pile, root. 26 20. 40 16.35 80.14 Pile, top. 26 17.77 13.80 78.00 Pile, root. 68 Miscellaneous analyses of beets — Continued. Date. Nov. 26. 20. 2G. 26. 26. 26. 27 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 28. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 29. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. Dec. 2 2 2.'.'.'.'.'. Mean Maximnm Minimum . Solids. Per cent. 17.10 19.73 18.77 20. 23 20.65 21.33 22.00 19.51 19.47 21.80 18.89 18.97 18.57 19.90 17.77 22.76 21.63 19.81 19.70 18.03 18.20 18.03 18.37 21.07 21.77 20.03 13.63 19.69 20.30 20.40 18.40 18.88 18.30 18.40 22.37 21.03 21.60 21.23 20.13 20.80 19.28 20.43 19.27 20.70 20.57 18.20 21.48 20.20 13.70 15.03 15.03 15.47 15.00 16.43 13.47 14.35 16.10 15.57 18.77 17.49 19.37 18.80 20.83 . 18. 73 19.90 18. 30 19.73 18.73 23.07 23. 00 25.27 23.40 22. 37 25.83 18.92 25.83 11.27 Fer cent. 12.87 16.10 15.40 17.00 16.85 17.00 16.05 14.60 14.10 10.05 14.45 15.03 14.50 15.70 13.20 18.50 17.45 16.20 15. 65 15.00 14.15 15.00 14.60 18.40 17.25 15.80 8.10 16.70 16.20 15.70 14. 20 14.00 15.50 13.95 18.40 16.35 18.30 16.10 16.40 16.80 1.5. 35 17.00 15. 20 16.70 Hi. 75 14.30 16.90 17.10 8.60 9.80 10.60 10.60 9.20 12.40 8.60 10. 00 11.60 10.80 13. 65 12. 37 15.40 14.40 16. 73 14.05 15.05 14.25 15.60 14.45 19.30 18.65 20.79 19.45 17.95 21.80 15.19 21.80 5.60 Purity. 74.90 81.63 82.01 84.20 81.77 79.40 72. 95 74.87 72.70 73. 62 76.00 79.40 78.40 79.30 74.00 81.50 80.00 81.79 79.73 8:i. 30 77.98 83.30 79.81 87. 02 79.32 78.88 n9. 09 83.40 79.89 77.09 70. 83 74.03 84.70 " 75. 55 82. 51 77.87 84. 72 75. 94 81.f.0 80.83 78.03 83.33 79.21 80.67 81.43 78.61 78.94 84.60 62.77 65.33 70.66 68.83 59.00 75.60 64.19 69.09 72.05 69.23 72.73 71.26 80.30 77.10 80.82 74.87 78.31 78.09 79.11 77.03 83.91 81.52 83.79 82.70 80.58 80.62 79.83 80.90 54.11 Description of samples from- Pile, top. Pile, root. Pile, top. Very perfect beets, pile. Do. Do. Load, root. Lond, top. Do. Load, root. Load, top. Load, root. Load, top. Load, root. Jackson. Load, root. Load, top. Load, root. Load, top. Load, root. Load, top. Load, tops of root. Load, roots. Load, tops of root. Load, roots. Carload of beets from Newton, Kans. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Load, tops of root. Load, roots. Load, tops of root. Load, roots. Load, tons of root. Load, roots. Beet ijilo. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Carload of beets from Newton, Cans. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Beet ]nle, root. Beet pile, top of root. Beet pile, root. Beet pile, top of ro(>t. Beot pile, root. Beet pile, top of root. Beet pile, root. Beet pile, lop of loot. Beet pile, root. Beet pile, fop of root. Hartzoll. Purchased by Department ol Agriculture for seed. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. ._, 69 Load tests. [In the juice.] Date. Nov. 14 1.5 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 IS 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18, 18, 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 Solids. Per cent. 17. 77- 18.07 18. B3 20. 60 19.13 17.73 20.29 18.70 22. 00 19.00 18.27 17.82 19.00 19.50 18.77 16.93 17.40 15. 03 19.73 16.60 17.93 18. 21 19.30 20.93 20.39 19.90 19.38 19. 10 21.50 17.69 18. 21 17.77 17.80 17.10 19.63 19.10 17.69 18. 51 19.97 15.80 17.77 18.33 18.33 18.57 20.70 18.63 19.27 17.77 20.00 18. 03 17.47 17.54 19.00 17.07 1.5. 10 18.27 20.17 16.00 16.00 16. 53 18.33 17.53 17.57 18.20 19.37 19.00 18.70 18.30 13.37 17.53 17.40 19.11 18.74 18.03 18.43 17.00 16.93 Sucrose. Per cent. 13.85 14.10 14.60 16.65 15.00 13.45 15.60 13.80 10.80 14.90 13.50 13.65 15.90 16.00 1.5. 40 12.55 13.65 11.95 16.10 13.05 14.70 15.70 15.60 17.,S5 16.25 16.15 16.90 14.70 16.40 13.30 14.75 14.30- 12.75 12.87 16.00 15.90 13. 25 14.45 16.00 12. 00 13.80 14.60 14.20 14.55 15.35 14.20 16. 20 14.70 15. 60 14.10 1.3. 75 13. CO 14. 70 1.3. 35 11.70 14.80 15.20 11.90 11.80 12.15 14.20 13.20 13. 20 14.70 15.30 15.70 15.10 13.70 14.95 13.35 13.40 14.60 14.10 15.00 14.00 13.00 12.50 Purity. 78.00 78.35 79.80 80. 82 78.50 73.44 76.85 73.79 76.36 78.40 74.18 76. 45 81.04 82. 01 82.40 73.95 78.25 76.25 81. 63 78. 30 82. 10 86.25 80.80 82. 89 79.69 81.15 87. 20 76. 95 76.28 75.55 80.80 88.18 71.28 74.90 81. 51 83. 20 71.26 77.88 80.12 75.90 78.00 79.80 77. GO 78.40 74.01 76.30 84. 07 83. 00 78.00 78. 35 78. 73 78.70 78.30 78.25 78.75 81.30 75.62 74.35 73.80 73.35 77.60 75.42 75.40 80.80 79.30 80.60 80.70 85.80 81.46 75. 00 77.00 76.42 75. 60 83. 30 76,20 76.50 73.95 Date. Xov. 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 19... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20... 20 .. 20... 20... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... 21... Solids. Per cent 1.5. 83 3.5.47 17.80 17.80 20.63 19.67 19.51 19.71 17.38 18.29 16.73 19.63 19.63 20.33 17.50 17.40 17.77 18.17 16.93 15.03 18. 30 19.77 21.03 18.77 18.51 19.11 19.00 20. 27 17. 03 18.27 17.80 17.50 17.80 17.79 19.13 16.53 20.37 19.17 17.67 19.63 19.93 19.77 18.80 16.00 20.40 19.73 18.37 17.53 20.37 20.17 19.03 17.71 19.27 18.00 17.39 17.78 16.41 19.47 18.60 18.40 19.10 18.27 18.43 18.83 16.30 17.27 19.81 20.33 18.80 19.37 20.33 21.00 20.40 18.80 16.80 18.40 20.37 Sucrose. Per cent 11.60 12.40 13. 40 13.45 16.00 15. 00 14.60 15. 37 12.40 14.00 12.25 15.20 15.00 16.65 13.00 12. 75 1.3.40 13.65 12.05 11.25 14.15 14.90 16.15 14.05 14.35 15.00 14.50 16.20 12.35 13.60 12.70 14.20 12.85 13.25 14.00 13.35 15.60 15.10 13.40 15.25 15.00 15.10 14.35 12.15 16.15 15.25 14.60 13.00 15.35 16.00 14.50 14.95 15. 35 14.10 12.50 14.30 12.10 14.20 14.20 13. 95 14.55 14.50 13.75 14.00 12.40 13.95 10.20 15.90 14.40 15.40 16.40 16.35 15.70 14.95 12.90 15.10 15.40 Purity. 73.40 80. 50 75.30 75.35 77.76 70. 53 74.84 77.40 71.68 76.90 73.65 77.60 76.53 81.89 74.30 73.99 75.70 75.10 71.31 74.70 77. 05 75.66 76.79 74.98 77.30 78.50 76. 30 79.92 72. 35 74.73 71.28 81.10 71.91 74.60 76.40 80. 60 76.95 79.05 76.10 77.60 75.50 76.44 76. 05 75.65 79.16 77.20 79.80 74.85 76.12 79.32 76.30 84.20 79.20 78.90 72. 83 81.40 73.75 73.70 76.30 75. 55 76.40 79.70 75.00 74.48 76.10 81.40 81.79 79.31 77.10 80.30 80.67 77.86 79.80 77.80 77.40 81.30 75.87 70 Load tests — Oontimied. [In the juico.] Date. Nov. 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 . 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22.'".'.'. 22 22. 23 23 23. 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Per cent. 21.23 17.47 18.77 19.87 17.43 19.27 17.20 21.80 18 90 19.30 20. 00 19.00 19.00 20.80 21.77 19.07 20. 17 19.57 18.23 19.33 20.83 18.70 20.00 20. 00 18.03 19.03 18.23 19.91 19.49 19.59 18. 29 19.89 21. .39 18. 19 le. 63 20.43 18.77 19.03 21.63 20.33 20. 33 20.47 19.47 20.83 19.83 19.53 18.77 20.93 19.70 20.40 20.30 18.73 19.90 19.30 20: 27 19.70 21.00 21. 40 20.90 10.67 21.13 21.13 19.73 21. 73 20.40 21.40 19. 43 21. 17 19. 80 20. 43 16. 37 20.20 19.83 19.17 Sucrose. Purity. Per cent. 16.10 75.94 12.37 71.26 13.05 72. 73 1.5. 80 80.30 13.05 75.25 15. 10 78.65 14.75 85. 45 17. 15 78.67 14.00 75.16 14.80 76.70 14.80 74.00 13.70 72.66 14.25 75. 25 16.15 77.04 17.65 81.33 14.60 74.50 15.55 77.60 14.85 76. 38 14.00 70.90 14.80 76.70 16.70 80.29 14.05 74. 88 15.90 79.50 15.45 77.25 14.00 7.5. 27 15. 85 83.20 13.75 75. 80 14.90 75. 20 14. CO 74.87 14.60 75.26 14.20 78.00 15.05 78.30 16.25 70.29 14.10 77.90 14. 30 86.15 15.50 75. 92 14.30 76.45 J 4. 20 74.79 17.40 80.55 15.60 76.85 15.70 77.32 15. 25 74. .50 14.65 75. 26 16.45 79. 09 15.25 76.76 14.60 74.87 14.30 76.45 16.40 78.00 15.65 79. 20 15.80 78.30 15.00 78.70 14.40 77.00 15. 25 70.38 15.90 82.90 15. 90 79.20 15. 35 77.70 17.20 80.00 17. ,50 81.77 16.75 80.14 15.60 79.60 17.50 82.94 17.50 82.94 15.00 76.14 17.25 80.00 16.35 80.14 17.40 81.31 16.05 82.22 16.70 79 14 15.45 77.80 1.5.95 78.18 12. 95 79.80 15. 75 78. 20 15.45 77.80 14. 50 75.91 Date. Nov. 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24. 24 24 24....... 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 20 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28. 28 28 28. 29 29 29 29 Dec. 1 Mean Maxims.. Minima .. Solids. Per cent 20. 47 21.57 19. 03 19. .57 19.80 21. 20 19.90 19. 00 16.40 15.47 19.90 17.77 18.17 19.77 19.57 19.67 19.03 19. 93 18.53 20.13 18. 83 19.87 18.57 19.87 20.50 19. 63 18.70 19.70 18.13 20. 23 21.33 19.23 17.77 16,07 18.77 19. 03 18.33 18.57 18.73 20. 23 18.93 19.47 19.77 20. 93 18.89 21.27 20.83 21 20 20.73 21. 03 17.83 21.37 20.10 19.00 22. 00 21.80 18.97 19.90 20.00 22.76 19.51 18.03 21.07 24.37 18.30 22.37 22. 37 21.60 18.73 18.52 24.37 15.10 Sucrose. Per cent 15. 25 17.25 14. 93 15.20 15.40 16.75 16.05 16.05 11.90 11.90 15.35 13.20 14.15 16.17 15. 55 15.40 15. 50 15.20 13.80 16.10 16.15 10.00 14.50 16.00 16.15 15.40 14.65 15.40 14.45 16.95 16.70 14.40 13.90 12.55 14.55 15.90 14.05 13.55 13.65 16.20 14.00 14.10 15.60 16.50 14.45 18.45 16.40 17.10 16.60 18.00 13.40 17.90 16.65 15.30 16.05 16.05 15.05 15.70 15.80 18.50 16.20 15. 00 18.40 19.50 15.50 18.40 18.40 18.30 1.5.50 15.12 19.50 11.60 Purity. 74.50 80.23 76.02 77. 90 77. 80 79.01 80.69 82. 00 73. 20 77.90 76.88 74.60 77.90 81.73 79.50 78.60 81.60 76.38 74.60 80.19 85. 90 80. 80 78.40 80.80 78. 53 78. GO 78.10 78.20 79.60 83.91 78.40 75.00 78. 55 74.10 77.50 81.12 77.03 72.99 72.73 80.19 74.09 72. 70 79.20 79.00 76.60 87. 02 78.84 80.66 80.00 85.71 75.30 84.03 82. 83 81.00 72. 95 73. 62 79.40 79.30 79.00 81.50 81.79 83.30 87.62 80.25 84.70 82.51 82.51 84.72 82.90 81.04 88.18 71.20 71 Composition of ash of heets grown at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. DESCKIPTION OF SAMPLES. No. of sample. 8432 8433 Description. ( Necks of beets ) Roots ( Necks of beets I Roots ( Necks of beets < Roots ( Leaves Grown by — >Mr. Flemiug. O. Cojle A. W. Smith Kind of soil. Upland red soil. Bottom alkali soil. Bottom land ; not alka- line. Table of analyses of ash of heets and beet leaves, groxmi at Medicine Lodge, Kansas, ASH, SOLUBLE IN BOILING WATER. COa CI SO3 P063 K2O NajO , SiOa CaO Total , Corrected for CI Necks of 8132. 15.50 17.39 7.76 1.73 46.95 11.57 0.88 Trace . 101.78 97.86 Roots of 8432. 19.90 16.37 2.66 2.74 4.5. 79 13. 22 0.30 Trace. 100.98 97.29 Necks of 8433. 22.44 4.53 10. 17 2.57 57. 52 2.87 0.50 Trace . Roots of 8433. 29.04 2.88 5.02 0.87 61.90 2.45 0.30 Trace. 100.60 102.46 99. 58 101. 59 Necks of 8434. 17.50 14.25 10.49 3. (i;t 51.10 6.92 0.20 Trace. 103. 49 100. 28 Roots of 8434. 27.17 11.78 1.97 .'). 70 50.30 3.05 0.20 Trace. 100. 13 97.48 Leaves of 8434. 14.34 17.36 12.72 0.42 41.33 18.65 0.35 0.53 1C5. 70 lul.77 ASH, INSOLUBLE IN BOILING WATER. CO2 SiOj Mn304 CaO P,06 MrO I'VA K/) NajO Total 4.07 6.36 8.28 7.99 6.95 3. 95 36.74 19.21 23.56 12.49 35.96 9.31 1.21 1.31 0.74 1.54 0.74 1.10 12.76 13. 82 23.24 23.11 11.02 14.82 7.66 10.74 14.48 16.03 16.81 20.10 22. 58 38. 27 21.44 37.53 15.51 38.28 6.70 4.88 4.73 0.76 5.80 4.60 ,5.00 3.30 2.07 1. 22 3.05 4.35 2.54 1.50 1.04 0.33 2.25 1.63 99.86 99.39 99.58 101. 00 98.09 98.14 3.37 55.86 0.41 12.36 6.59 15.01 3.40 3.20 1.95 102.15 TOTAL, SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE ASH COMBINED, CO, CI 12.07 12.17 .5.43 3.51 34.55 8.86 11.64 0.36 3.83 6.77 2.01 17.19 13. 05 2.12 4.36 37.17 10.84 4.14 0.27 2.81 7.77 0.09 16.33 2.90 0.74 6.58 40.21 2.25 8.27 0.25 7.83 7.23 1.59 23.67 2.15 3.74 4.74 46.43 1.91 3.48 O.'SO 5. 89 9.57 0.19 14.07 9.60 7.05 7.52 35.43 5.39 12.85 0.24 3. .59 5.48 0.99 21.32 9.26 1.55 8.78 43.97 2.95 2.05 0.24 3.15 8.19 0.98 9.35 9.41 S03 6.89 P.,05 3.31 K20 10.11 Na.,0 SiOj 22.40 26.14 MHsOj 0.14 CaO 6.03 MgO 7.02 FejOj 3.18 Total 101.20 98.40 100.71 97.77 100.18 99.53 102.16 101. 67 102.21 100. 04 102.44 100.35 103. 98 Corrected for CI 101. 62 EFFECT OF SOIL ON BEET PRODUCTION. Kot only the climate but also the soil affects profoundly the quality of the beets grown. This is well illustrated by the experiment of Briem, published in Austro-Hungarian Journal of the Sugar-Beet Industry and of Agriculture, vol. 17, p. 571. Briem chose two typical soils for a comparative trial, near each other, in order to secure identical climatic conditions. The mother beet from 72 wliicL the seeds were obtainetl was a Yiliuorin improved, which con- tained 19.80 per cent sugar. The seeds were planted in the two soils under precisely similar conditions and received the same culture. The one soil was very poor, with a gravelly subsoil. The other was a rich garden soil, on which a pond had once stood. The beets which were produced were so different that even an expert would not have admitted that they came from the same seed. The ])oor soil gave a small beet, which soon reached the term of its vegeta- tion, while the rich soil furnished a beet resembling those raised for forage and which at the time of harvest was still in full vegetation. A tabular view of the results is instructive: Description. Weight of root. Sugar. Qrams. 298 ICO 876 Per cent. 19.86 14.57 13.61 That a race of beets introduced into a new country develops new characteristics has long been known, but the above shows in a striking manner the part that the soil itself may take in these transformations. CULTURE OF THE KLEIN WANZLEBENER ORIGINAL. In a letter from the proprietors of the sugar factory at Klein Wanz- leben, some interesting data have been communicated concerning the original Klein Wanzlebener beet, from which all the different varieties of this family have been derived. The methods of selection of beets for seed j)roduction are described as follows : For tlie production of our beet seed, wLicli is carried on by us exclusively, we use none but tlie full-grown beets, having never been able to satisfy ourselves with regard to the use of small beets. Although this method of cultivation would be much more j»rofitable it has always appeared to us to bo contrary to all laws of nature, and the seed from such imperfect beets is certainly more subject to degeneration than that from full-grown, mature beets. Variations of form can never be safely detected iu these dwarf beets, while the mature beets are chosen with the greatest certainty by their external appearance. The selection of the mother beets on the field and before siloing is made with the greatest care. Only those fields are used for this purpose which have been planted with seed from beets which were polarized and whose actual sugar content has been determined by the alcohol-extraction method. All beets which are defective in growth are rejected. The process of selection commences in November, after all the beets have been har- vested, and continues until the middle of April. The work is carried on in three laboratories. Iu Laboratory I the beets are as- sorted by means of a solution of salt. About nine-tenths of all the beets reserved for seed selection arc rejected in this laboratory, and ouly about 100,000 beets are transferred to Laboratory II. 73 The per cent of sncrose in the juice of these beets is now determined in Laboratory II by the polariscope, the figure thus obtained being always considerably reduced so as to allow for variations. The actual sucrose content of these polarized beets — daily about 150-200 — is determined in Laboratory III by the alcohol method, so as to have a check on the polarization, and to avoid errors which might be caused by the pres- ence of optically active bodies. Only those beets whose high sugar content is defi- nitely proved by the last method are chosen for cultivation. These are again as- sorted, the finest specimens being planted in the spring for the production of extra fine seed. This seed, of which we can only furnish limited quantities, is therefore obtained from high polarizing beets without an intervening generation. We do not, however, consider that the careful selection of mother beets by their sugar content insures satisfactory resvJts. If the choice of mother beets by polarization were the only condition necessary to obtain good results, every large estate would be able within a few years to raise a beet satisfactory in all respects. This is, however, im- possible, as the beet is, more than any other plant, subject to sndden degeneration, which is explained partly by the history of its development and partly by insufficient transmitting of those qualities which distinguished the mother beet. Very often external conditions, such as location and fertilization, exercise at times a deteriorating influence and cause a poor quality of beet, such as is not a natural variation of the family and is not hereditary. For these reasons it is absolutely necessary, if we wish to raise a beet of constant high quality, to observe the experimental crops for a number of years, both as to their external appearance and chemical properties. The fact that the beet is a biennial plant renders this method of selection propor- tionally more difficult. The cultivation byfarailies, together with the most conscientious individual cultiva- tion, has been the foundation of our work for more than .30 years. It insures certain success to the grower's of our original beet, an individual superior both in quality and quantity; in short, results such as the varieties introduced in Germany during the last ten years are unable to guaranty as the proof of their constant high qual- ity, which can only be determined by careful observations extended over many years, is wanting. As a transfer of the beet into other conditions of climate and soil may cause a dete- rioration in the second generation, the statement that the seed was obtained from our finest quality of beet is not a certain guaranty of success. Some interesting data in regard to the operation of the sngar factory are also communicated, this being one of the companies which carries on both the manufacture of sugar and the production of sugar-beet seed. As will be seen from the data communicated the object is to produce not only a rich beet but one of large size, so as to secure as large a yield as possible of sugar per acre. The data in regard to the operations of this factory follow : [Sns;ar Factory Klein Wanzleben, successors to Rabbetbge & Giesecke Stock Company at Klciu Wanzleben.] We beg permission to send the following data for general information concerning our house : Our capital is 2,700,000 marks. Our stockholders are under no obligations to raise or furnish beets. Our plant consists of a raw-sugar factory, which diffuses about 7,000 hundred- weight beets per day, and a molasses desncration factory, which is capable of work- ing up about 1,000 hundred-weight of molasses. A large farming estate is connected 74 with the factory. The beet-siigar factory diffnsea clrtrinjr the campaign abont I>00,000 hunched- weight beets. Tlio yield in the campaign of 1890 was : Per cent. First product 11.32 Second product about 1.40 Third product about .20 Total 12.92 Onr estate consists (excluding a large area which is planted with wheat, oats, etc.) of about .^1,000 morgen of beets, both purchased beets and seed beets (4 morgen — 1 hectare ; 1 English acre = about 1^ morgen). The yield of 1889 w.as reduced by the poor results on certain strips of land, but nevertheless the average yield was 207.4 hundred-weight per morgen, some strips yielding as high as 284 hundred-weight. The crop of 1890 will yield about 200 hun- dred-weight per morgen. A very important branch of our farm Is the improvement of beet seed, which we have engaged in for the last thirty years. The mother beets are chosen from the plats by careful methods of selection. In 1889-90 we examined 2,782,300 beets, of which 3,043, that is, about one per thousand, were chosen for purposes of cultivation. The extensive work of selection occupies onr experts from January to April, and visitors to our laboratories are always wel- come. We are always pleased to give all information desired. Our united fiirming and manufacturing interests soon proved to us the necessity of cultivating beets according to the yield of sugar per morgen, and we found the cul- tivation of our original Klein W.anzlebeuer beet, which unites a high yield per mor- gen with a high sugar content, as most profitable. We desire to point out that we have adopted the name Original Klein Wanzle- bener beet seed, as varieties of this beet have appeared of late which are offered under such names as "improved, containing a high percentage of sugar," etc., and which, in many cases, are not equal to the Klein Wanzlebener beet. The above name also provides a means of distinguishing between our original beet and these varieties. We will be glad to furnish directions for the introduction of the beet, its cultiva- tion, the methods of planting our Original Klein Wanzlebener beet, and samples of the seed. Klein Wanzleben, February, 1890. SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SUGAR BEETS IN SAXONY. Professor Maercker of Halle has, for several years, collated the data in regard to the different varieties of sugar beets grown in iSaxony; arranged in respect of their improvement in sugar percentage and in yield of sugar per acre. Nine reports have already been issued on this subject, containing data on all the different varieties of sugar beets grown in Saxony and especinlly on the different branches of the Vil- morin and Klein- Wanzlebener families of beets. 75 From Professor Maercker's ninth report the following table has been compiled, showing the character of some of the different varieties of beets investigated : Contparative mean results of Professor MaerTcer^s experiments in 1888. Sugar in the beet. Siigfir in the juice. Purity quo- tient. Yield of beets per acre. Yield nfanjiar per acre. No. of beets per acre. Sugar beets of Vibiiorin origin : Gebr. Dippo's zuckerrcirliste ]5lite Heine-Emersleben vorbusserte Viluiorin Schreiber &■ Sohn Origiii.al Knocbe-Wallwitz, Viluioiiu Mette Vilraorin Strandes Vibiiorin Scblitte-Aumiihle Vilmorin Grasshofif-Quedlinburg Vilmorin Means Sugar beets of Klein-Wanzlebener origin: Geiir. Dippe's verbesserte Klein-Wanzlebener ifilite Knoclie-Wallwitz Klein-Wanzlebener Kortuni-Sondershausen Klein-Wanzlebener Klein-Wanzlebener Original Heine-Eniersleben Klciu- Wanzlebener Neu-Querfnrter Riibe Grassbofl-Qiiedlinburg Klein- WanzloViener BranneBieudoif Klien-Wanzlebener Schreiber & Sohn Klein-Wanzlebener Kimpau Schlanstedt Klein-Wanzlebener Wilke Gr.-Mohi'ingen Klein-Wanzlebener Ziemann-Quedlinburtr Klein- Wauzlebenor Strandes-Zehringen Klein-Wanzlebener Means Sugar beets of other strains: Bestehorn-Beli tz Dividenden Mette Specialitiit Bniune-Biendorf Kreuzung Schlieckman-Auleben Specialitiit Means Per ct. 15. 9R 15.70 15.4!) 15.48 15.37 15.22 15.04 14.82 Per ct. 18.15 17.81 17.87 17.90 17.67 17. 37 17.20 17.05 15.39 15. 55 15.53 1.5. 44 15. 38 15. 3G 15.21 14.91 14. 85 14.71 14. C9 14.56 14.43 14.40 15.00 15.15 14.78 14.71 14. 38 14.70 87.70 87.70 87.10 88. 23 87.80 87.30 87. 40 88.40 Ponndn. 25, 942 27, 702 26, 752 29, 128 27, 262 25, 274 27, 202 28,019 Pounds. 4, 141 4,349 4, 145 4, 509 4, 189 3,810 4, 101 4,154 17.63 87.71 27. 174 4,180 17.89 17.48 17.61 17.44 17. 56 17.24 16.71 17. 01 10.02 10. 75 10.67 10.44 16.04 88.75 87.30 88.20 88.73 88.70 88.80 88.30 88.10 87. 80 87. 00 88. 20 87. SO 87.40 31, 698 31,004 28, 670 32, 965 32, 102 31,708 29, 374 32, 894 33, 080 33, 950 33, 422 34, 109 33, 810 4, 928 4, 822 4, 428 5, 071 4, 933 4,831 4,379 4,884 4, 950 4,988 4,806 4, 475 4,870 17. ( 8.13 32, 278 4,836 17.88 10.00 10.90 10.35 87.70 87. 70 88. 04 87.80 28, 670 32, 877 33, 264 33, 352 4,344 4,859 4,893 4,790 16.93 87.81 32, 050 4, 724 34, 773 33, 894 34, 401 34, 077 35, 254 34, 738 34, 253 34, 482 34, 566 34, 909 36, 1.54 34, 525 35, 103 35, 048 30, 059 34, 260 35, 440 37, 200 35, 222 35, 170 30, 133 35, 971 35, 482 34, 936 34, 9.55 34, 912 34, 349 34, 787 GENERAL CONCLUSION. The result of the analyses at Grand Island and other places show that beets of high sngar content and great pnrity can be grown in many parts of the United States. The average size of tlie beets, however, in many places is too small to assume that their culture would prove profitable. It would be far better for all intere^sts to grow beets aver- aging from GOO to 700 grammes in weight, even if the percentage of sugar should drop one or two points. The causes of the small crop at Grand Island have already been set forth, and it is not necessary to repeat them here. The Department has organized an experimental sta- tion for the culture of the sugar beet at Schuyler, Nebraska, and it is confidently expected that rich beets with high tonnage can be pro- duced. In a critical study of the data given above there are many points of interest. In judging of the character of a beet for sugar-making 7G purposes three factors must be taken into consideration. First of all, tbe beet must be large enough to make its growth profitable to the farmer. Experience has shown that a beet which weighs about 600 grammes, that is a little overt pound, is best suited to secure the in- terests of both the farmer and the manufacturer. Therefore, in all cases attempts should be made to grow beets as uniformly as possible of that weight. Having once established the average weight of the beet, the next point to be considered is its content in sugar. In the data given the percentage of sugar is reckoned on the weight of the beet itself and not upon the extracted juice. Sugar beets contain on an average about 5 per cent of marc and 95 per cert of juice. Therefore if the analysis is made upon extracted juice, the number obtained must be multiplied by 0.95 to give the percentage of sugar in the beet. The question may arise as to how poor a beet can be in sugar and- still be profitable for sugar making. This of course is a question which has to be determined by a comparison with many economic problems, the study of which can not be introduced at the present time. In general, however, it may be said that the limit of profit in manufacture will be reached when the percentage of sugar in the beet drops to 12, although it is possible under certain conditions for factories to work economically and profitably on beets having a lower percentage of sugar than that indicated. With the present degree of perfection in the production of rich sugar- beet seed, and with the knowledge of the scientific principles of agri- culture which should guide the beet-grower, it is possible, I think, to show that beets can be produced, under favorable soil and climatic conditions, which will contain on an average 14 per cent of sugar. The farmer, therefore, should not be satisfied if his results fall below this standard. It will be easy to see, by comparing the averages given in the above tables, how many of the beet-growers have succeeded in growing plants which will average 600 grammes in weight and contain 14 per cent of sugar. In addition to these two factors, however, a third must be taken into consideration, namely, the purity of the juice. By the i^urity of the juice, or, as it is expressed in the tables, th*i coefficient of purity, is meant the ratio of pure crystallizable sugar in the juice to the total solids there- in. For instance, if in 100 parts of solids there are 80 parts of pure crystallizable sugar, the coefficient of purity of that juice is said to be 80. The number 80 may be taken as a fair average which should be attained in this country. In the older beet-growing countries a much higher degree of purity can be obtained than this. The degree of pu- rity of the juice is influenced chiefly by the amount of salts which are represented in the analysis by the ash obtained on the ignition of the sample. In soils highly impregnated with mineral substances, such as are often found in our western countries, the percentage of ash will be 77 found very high, aud there will be a correspouding' depression of the jjurity coefiScient. In lauds, however, which have been long- cultivated, aud scientifically treated from an agricultural point of view, the per- centage of ash in the beet will be diiuiuished aud the purity coefficient correspondingly raised. The ash of the beet consists largely of phos- phoric acid and potash, and these two substances are essential to the proper growth of the beet. It is therefore not expected that the ash of the beet shall be reduced below a certain content, otherwise the growth and maturity of the plant will be retarded. It will not be possible in the space which is at our disposal here to discuss each of the series of data obtained by these analyses, but the above remarks are made for the purpose of enabling anyone who is interested in any particular series or analysis to discuss it intelligently and determine from the numbers given the value of the beets produced for sugar-making purposes. At the present time, for the purpose of fixing a standard of comparison, I would say that the typical sugar beet for sugar-making purposes should weigh 600 grammes, contain 14 per cent of sugar, and have a purity of at least 80. With such raw material at his disposal in sufficient quan- tity, the manufacturer can not fail of success, provided he be supplied with the latest and most improved forms of machinery. It may also be of interest in connection with the data above given to discuss some of the particular qualities of the beet separately. In gen- eral the mistake is made by those not acquainted with the principles of the growth of the sugar beet and manufacture of beet sugar of judging of the possibilities of success by the percentage of sucrose in the beet alone. The danger of relying solely upon this constituent of the beet is at once manifest from the considerations above mentioned. Nevertheless, as it is often done, I have collected into tabular form from the analyses given all of the sugar beets showing from 15 to 18 per cent of sugar in the juice, which were analyzed by the Department at Washington during the past season. In another table have been col- lected all the beets in the juice of which more than 18 per cent of sugar was found. In the case of Minnesota 3 samples of beets were found in which the percentage of sugar was more than 18; in the State of Indiana, 1 sample; in Iowa, 1; in North Dakota, 4; in Maryland, 5; in Colorado, 1; in Wyoming, 1; in Nebraska, 13. Of beets showing a percentage of sugar from 15 to 18 in the juice the following numbers of samples were found : In Illinois, 3 ; in Minnesota, 15 ; in Nebraska, 36; in Maryland, 8; in Iowa, 4; in Wyoming, 2; in Colorado, 9; in North Dakota, 4; in Massachusetts, 1 ; in Wisconsin, 1'; in California, 2; in South Dakota, 6 ; in Michigan, 4; in Kansas, 3; in Washington, 1; in Oregon, 2; in Virginia, 2. The production of beets containing from 15 to 18 per cent of sugar is not unusual, and such beets may be regarded as strictly nor- mal in constitution, but possessing a particularly high content of sugar. When, however, the content of sugar in the beet exceeds 18 per cent 78 it must bo re^^arded at the present time as something abnormal ami due to peculiar conditions attecting the particular locality, or even the particular plant itself. Such beets are usually extremely small in size, and the richness of their sugar content has been acquired at the expense of normal growth. In other cases the effect of a particularly dry season preceding the time of harvest or other very peculiar condi- tions may affect the sugar content. In many other cases, from the wilted condition in which the beets have beea received, it must be admitted that a portion of the water which they contained has dried out between the tiuie of harvest and the time of analysis, thus increas- ing the apparent percentage of sugar in the beet. It will doubtless be possible hereafter, when the beet has been njore fully developed by careful selection, to produce beets normally which contain more than 18 per cent of sugar, but to expect at the present time the production of such beets on a large scale would be unreasonable, and such an expectation would not be realized. Even when we consider the other class, namely, those containing in their juice from 15 to IS jier cent, we must confess that it would be unwise to look for a production of beets on a large scale containing so large a percentage of sugar. In many of the cases of beets of this class the high sugar content must be ascribed primarily to some of the conditions mentioned for the class above 18. When, however, the tables are further studied, and the remarkably low percentages of sugar are noticed which were sometimes found, it must be confessed that in these cases the abnormally low content of the sugar is also due to the abnormal growth of the beet. In some cases these beets are of abnormal size, weighing 2,000 grammes or over, and to this extraordinary growth must be attributed to a certain extent the low content of sugar. In general, it has been found that when beets exceed 600 grammes in weight it is diificult to maintain their sugar content at a high standard. When, therefore, the beets become im- mensely overgrown it is always accompanied with a falling off in con- tent of sugar. In the cases, however, of the small beets which have shown a low content of sugar, the result must have been due to defect- ive conditions of soil and climate, or to defective methods of planting and cultivation, or to premature harvesting. When we consider the varying qualities of beets which have been grown from the same seed, we are at once struck with the immense importance of the factors of soil, climate, and cultivation, in the pro- duction of the sugar beet. In the fact that the seed of the Klein Wanzlebeuer variety of beet in the hands of different farmers will show a variation of from G to nearly 20 per cent of sugar, it must be confessed that we have in soil and climatic conditions, and in methods of cultiva- tion, a more potent means of intlueucing the sugar content of the beet than is found in the germ of the seed itself. 79 It cau only be expected that a sugar-beet seed which is high bred will be able to reproduce its kiud wheu it has become fully acclimated and has received in its new condition the same scientific treatment and selection which it had in its original home. The great hope, therefore, of uniform production of sugar beets high in sugar-producing power in the United States must be found in the establishment of culture sta- tions where different varieties of beets can become fully acclimated, and where they can receive the same careful scientific culture and selection which have brought them up to their present state of excel- lence in Euroxjc. i APPENDIX. NOTES ON SUGAR-BEET CULTURE IN FRANCE AND GERMANY. By Walter Maxwell. Those notes are not intended to be a report npon the sugar-beet in- dustries of France and Germany, nor in any measure a statement of the actual present condition of the sugar-growing industry of Europe, but ' rather as a short record of observations made during a tour tlirough some parts of those countries, and more especially as a repetition of conversations held with certain distinguished authorities. It will be found that the statements of several of the authorities have already been given in certain of the sugar journals, and are not new ; however, it will be of value to repeat these opinions, and i)ar- ticularly in connection with the circumstances under which they were made. The statements of the authorities cited were made in reply to precise questions, and 1 have endeavored to reproduce them exactly as they were given. CLIMATE. Prof. A. Girard, of the Conservatory of Arts and Industries, Paris, whose studies of the sugar beet are well known, made the following observations : " The greatest number of our beet sugar factories are established in that part of France extending from the center to the north and pass- ing through the eastern provinces, where the climate is a temperate one ; where the yearly amount of rainfall during the growing season is favor- able to an even development of the beet, and where the summer lasts just long enough to mature the roots before the frosts set in. Tbat part of France has been considered the besrand the only part adai)ted to the cultivation of the sugar-beet. Until lately it has been held that beets could not be grown with any measure of success in the south of France, on account of the hot, dry weather which prevails during the summer and the heavy rains in autumn, which cause a second or de- layed growth. That opinion has now changed, and two factories are well established in the south— Beaufort, Department de Yaucluse, ^5243— Bull, 30 6 8} 82 which produces 10,000 bags of sugar, and Laudun, Department du Gard, thus showing that with proper cultivation, fertilizers, and irri- gation the culture of the beet in that part of France is also possible." Eespecting the action of climate upon beets and beet seeds grown in the north and in the south of France, respectively, M. Henri Vilmorin, Paris, said : " " The influence of climate on the characteristics of the seed of a given variety of beet is not perceptible if only exerted for one year. We had seed grown from the same batch of stock-seed in the north and south of France, and no difference whatever was observed in the features of the roots. The seed from the south, however, was generally of a brighter color, drier, and of a slightly stronger growth." Although it is held that given climates are specially adapted to cul- ture of the sugar beet, in the words of Professor Girard " the results of more recent experiments, and particularly where the conditions of growth have been largely within experimental control, indicate that it must not yet be said where the beet can not be successfully grown." SOIL. " Is there anything to be added to or taten from the opinions of Chaptal, Vivien, or Basset in respect to the soils most or only adapted to the growth of the sugar beef?" In reply to this question Girard said : " It would take a long time to detail all the kinds of soil which are or can be made suitable to the culture of the sugar beet, since with peculiar culture, the right fertil- izers and chemicals, good beets may be grown wherever mangolds suc- ceed. However, it is still held that the kinds of soil which are of a light rather than too compact a texture, containing a given amount of calcareous matters, or having a chalky subsoil, with good natural or artificial drainage, should give the best results. It is well known that fresh soils from old forests or virgin prairies, which are not only acid but also contain an excess of undccomposed organic matter, are unfit for the sugar beet. Lands on which sheep have been fed are likewise in an unsuitable condition to follow with beets for sugar pur- poses. But this, in some measure, depends upon the variety of beets to be grown. If a soil is full of nitrogenous matter it is, in general, not in a condition in which most beet varieties will grow and form sugar. It has been shown, however, that certain varieties will thrive in such unfavorable (generally) conditions, and this is a matter for special consideration." Late in September of 1890 a visit was made to the farm and factory of MM. E. Dufay & Co., Chevry-Cossigny, Department of the Seine et Marne. The farm is comprised of some 700 acres, with an annual acreage of beets of about 170 acres. Contracts, which run on with a good understanding from year to year, are made with the large and well-to-do farmers in the immediate neighborhood, whose supplies bring 83 up the total annual acreage of beets worked by the Dufay fiictory to about 2,000 acres. In the course of our conversation upon the nature of Chevry-Cos- signy soils and of soils adapted to growing sugar beets, M. Dufay gave me the following data showing the relation of the clay and sand in the soils generally of his farms: In 1,000 parts of soils. Clay. Sand. 707 292 674 326 673 327 C29 371 681 319 658 340 680 320 609 391 M. Dufay said : " I consider a soil which is composed of about two- thirds clay and one-third sand to be well suited for the sugar beet." But M. Dufay's knowledge of his soils was not limited to the relative amounts of clay and sand of which they are composed. He furnished some equally precise data showing the relative quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime in the soils of his farms, whose clay and sand composition has been given : In 1,000 parts of soils. Nitrogen Phosphoric acid Potash Lime .96 .97 .99 .94 .98 .80 .94 1.50 1.75 1.75 2.15 1.35 1.80 1.15 1.53 2.29 1.91 1.96 2.39 2.53 2.82 7.20 10.50 8.50 9.90 8.20 9.70 7.20 .83 1.95 3.11 .50 M. Dufay said further : "A soil may be said to be well adapted chem- ically for the culture of the beet when the constituents spoken of are present in the following proportions: "In 1,000 parts of soil — 1 part of nitrogen, 1 part of phosphoric acid, 2^ jjarts of potash, 30 parts of lime. " My soils are deficient in lime by two-thirds, and I have to add lime continually. The presence of constituents which act against the forma- tion of sugar, such as the alkali salts, is too small to be observed." CULTIVATION, FEBTILIZATION, AND SEEDING. With the general principles of cultivation of soils for growing sugar beets we are abundantly supplied on all sides. It is, though, of more interest and special value to know just how certain authorities manage, and what are their ways and methods, who are well known by their great success. It is specific knowledge that we want, and the actual facts from men who, during a length of years, have got great results. Early in September I went over the farms of Messieurs Vilmorin, Audrieux & Co., at Verri^res, near Paris. The farms comprise some 120 acres, which are exclusively used for horticultural and agricultural experiments. Going over the plots, which were bearing the experimental sugar beets, I put some questions to the practical farm manager and care- 84 fully took his replies. These data should be of very special interest, as we are speaking of the actual niauagemeiit of the plot of the " Improved Yilraorin" for the year 1890, which is the latest in the series of trials dating from the year 1850. <' What is the soil of this plot, and does the soil vary much over your farm?" The manager replied: "Just here it is a deep sandy earth and in places almost a sand. In other places it varies from a sandy to a heavier loam. We have no chemical analyses of our soils. "Although the land lies flat, the natural drainage is in general enough ; only in places has it been necessary to put in tile drains, as the beet does not require a dry earth. It is on the whole a dry surface soil lying upon a subsoil of more than average moisture." "Now, how has this plot been cultivated from the first up to the present?" "Last October the land was i)lowed to a de])th of 10 inches, and after this plowing superphosphate of lime was added at the rate of 28 grams per square metre. After sowing the fertilizer the land was replowed, and to a depth of 16 inches, and left in that condition till the following April. "At the latter part of April the land was replowed very deeply, scuffled, harrowed, and rolled until the soil was in a fine state, and the seed was put in." " What was your mode of light cultivation ?" "As soon as the plantlets were out of the ground far enough to show the rows the hand hoe was used, not coming too near the plants. When the plants had four leaves the thinning out of the plants in the rows commenced. The plants were left 4 inches apart in the row at the first thinning. After the plantlets had grown so far that the roots were almost as thick as the thumb a second thinning took place, which left the plants as they stand — either 8 or 12 inches apart, according as it was determined. In the thinning process care was taken to leave the most promising jilants. " The ground was frequently hoed during the early season of growth to keep down the weeds and to open up and keep porous the surface. The hoeing was done exclusively by hand, no horse imj)lement being used. " If it is found, as it was this year, that the plants appear weakly, and the young leaves are of a yellow color, a second quantity of fertil- izer is added, composed of equal quantities of superphosphate of lime and nitrate of soda, and at the rate of about 30 grammes per square metre. " It is seen that no farm-yard manure was applied to the land for beets. Usually it is given to the preceding crop, in order that the ex- cess of organic matter may be used up ; yet a certain amount remains when the beets are planted. Our method of fertilization is usually as 1 have given it to you," 85 "What rotation, or rotations, do you follow with the land which is used for your seed beets?" "Our mode of cropping is not a fixed one. This crop of 'mother' beets is growing after the following rotation of crops: 18S6, beets; 1887, peas; 1888, wheat; 1889, potatoes (heavily manured); 1890, beets. "Another rotation which has been followed is, beets, wheat, potatoes, peas, beets. In every case our rotation allows of three years of other crops between the crops of beets." The practical example of cultivation which has been given applies to the growing of beets exclusively for seed or propagation uses. It will be of value to recite some notes taken from the system of a practical farmer and sugar manufacturer, whose beets were grown for factory purposes. Dufay made the following remarks to my questions concerning his system of cultivation, fertilizing, and general management : " Immediately after the harvesting of the grain crop where beets are to follow in the coming year, the ground is broken up about 4 inches deep with the plow, harrowed, and rolled with a • croshill.' Almost immediately fine farm-yard manure is added, varying from 8 tons to 16 tons per acre, according to the known condition of the soil, and the ground is plowed to a depth of from 8 inches to 12 inches, and in this state left until the spring. I must here insist ujion the need of deep plowing for sugar-beets. Where the less quantity of farmyard manure is used the deficiency is made up sometimes by the use of cot- ton-seed meal, applying about 1,000 pounds per acre, which is done in December, or at the time of deep plowing. "In the spring, beginning even in March, we commence getting the seed bed ready. Since these operations depend solely upon the nature of the soil, the weather, and other circumstances, a direct rule can not be given. A practical man acts and does just what is best at the time, and a man who is not practical can not carry out a rule. But in a few words, in preparing the soil for the seed of the sugar-beet the end to be reached is to get the earth, chemically and mechanically, into a com- pletely homogenous state ; for only in this condition can we count upon a sure harvest of sugar-yielding beets." In speaking somewhat in detail of the nature and quantity of artifi- cial or chemical fertilizers which M. Dufay applies in addition to the farmyard manure mentioned, he furnished the following formula from his memoranda: A. B. C. Slip. phos. linio Lbs. 1,000 625 375 850 500 Lbs. 750 425 250 375 125 Lbs. 1,500 Potass, chloride 425 Aimu. sulphate 250 Nitrate of soda 375 Sulphate of lime 125 3,350 1,925 2,675 86 The mean cost per acre of the quantities of these fertilizers is about 00 francs ($12). The cost per acre of producing the year's crop was given as follows : Farmyard manure $28.00 Fertilizers 12.00 Spreading manure 60 Spreadiiig fertilizers 25 First plowing 1.60 Harrowing and rolling after plow 64 Plowing and subsoiling 4. 60 Two scar i fyings 2. 00 Two barrowings 64 Two rollings 64 Cost of seed - 3. 00 Sowing of seed 80 Harrowing and rolling again .64 Three times hoeing with horse 2.40 Hoeing by hand 4.80 Harvesting by hand 4.00 Harvesting by machine - 1.60 Carting to factory 2. 40 Total , 70.61 To the figures stated are still to be added the rent of land and taxes, $9.40, making a total of $80.01. M. Dufay added : " The average per acre is from 12J to 18 tons. The content of sugar year is 16 per cent of the weight of the beets and 17 per cent in the juice. If my crop averages in any year only 12 per cent of sugar in the beets, then it nearly pays the cost of produc- tion. Every pound above 12 per cent, is profit. This year we shall do very well. The only varieties of beets grown by me are the ' Improved Vilmorin' and 'Desprez,' and the seed is obtained each season direct from those firms." The cost of production per acre given by M. Dufay is high. An ap- proximate estimate of cost, expressed during conversation with a member of the Trotha Bros.' factory, Halle, Saxony, was lower ; but the details were not given with such precision as to be worth stating. A general estimation of the cost per acre, furnished me by M. G. Bureau, Paris, though somewhat lower, was about the same as the figures in the Dufay statement. The question of intensive culture, or high farming, which lies at the very root of success in sugar-beet growing, will be spoken of later and in connection with some other considerations. SEED BREEDING. In the course of conversation and communications with such author, itative sources as Messrs. Dippe Bros., Rickmann (formerly Rabbethge & Giesecke), and M. Henri Vilmorin, no very specific data were obtained which have not already been communicated through the journals. A 87 conversation, however, which was held with M. Henri Vilmorin, and which sets forth the principle and emphasizes the main features of the Vilmorin system of seed breeding, has a value that deserves to be re- peated; and more especially in the light of the opinion and comments expressed by Professor Maercker, Halle, Saxony. Maercker said : " It must be admitted fully and by all that the Vilmorin firm had led the way in the improvement of the beet for sugar purposes. In the ' Im- proved Vilmorin' we had the first great representation of what could be done in the direction of increasing the sugar-forming quality of the beet." M. Vilmorin spoke as follows: "The experiments for the improve- ment of the sugar-beet were commenced at Verri^res in 1850, by my father. The object held in view was the formation and fixing of a race containing a higher per cent of sugar and a more even composition than the races then in use. Several methods of selection were successively tried. First, dipping the roots in liquids of great specific gravities. This system was unre- liable in the case of the whole roots in consequence of the presence of air cavities in the neck, which made some roots float which should have sunk; and in the use of small pieces or sections of beets fermentation of the liquids was induced, or strong endosmotic effects altered the results. " Finally, it was found to be more exact to take a small cylindrical piece from the beet and to ascertain the specific gravity of the juice from the pulp. This was done by means of weighing a silver button in the juice. The roots were numbered in each individual and the rich- est in sugar kept for seed ; and the same process was applied to the beets grown from the seed of the previously selected roots or ' mother beets.' " The process stated was followed till 1872, and the ' Improved Vil- morin may be said to have been formed by that system of selection, the roots giving juice of the highest specific gravity being held to be the richest in sugar. The office of the polariscope is now added to the above process." M. Vilmorin continued : " I consider it the most important point in the selection and growing of beets for seed that the roots be grown under such conditions that they freely- and fully develop all their good- and bad qualities. Tbe system of growing beets for seed on very rich land, but very thickly together, is a great error, as this process hinders the formation of lateral roots, and at the same time greatly increases the content of sugar in the roots, so that they are made to appear of a better form and of a higher sugar quality than they really are. Now, in order to secure a perfectly just appreciation and proof of our ' Im- proved' beets, they are grown on exactly the same principle and by the same method as beets that are grown for the factory." 88 The method of cultivation and general management of the plot of " mother" beets on the Vilmorin farm is given on an earlier page, and exactly as received from the practical manager. In speaking of the system of selection, M. Vilmorin continued : " Only roots of perfect shape and weighing not less than GOO grammes are tested in the laboratory. Each single root is numbered, which num- ber remains quite legible even after the root has been jjlanted and borne seed. " The seed of each individual root is harvested separately and kept by itself in a paper bearing the same number that was upon the root. " The next year a trial is made with a small sample taken from each paper and the bulk of the seed is still kept back till after the roots grown from the sample have been tested. " This is Vrficticed as a precaution against the possibility of the pro- geny from a good beet falling far below the accepted standard of quality, which is a rare thing, but by no means unknown, even after long breed- ing in one line. "After the previous test, all such beets as have not given satisfactory results are thrown away, and the seed from which such underquality beets were grown left unused. Of course the season and certain other circumstances have to be borne in mind in selections of each year, as in some years roots with 16 per cent of sugar may be relatively better than certain roots containing 20 per cent in some other j^ears. To ascertain, however, the influence of the weather, some good lots of seed have been tested several years in succession and with a view to estab- lishing the variation and error due to climate. "All the seed that has been proved by the first year's test to be up to the standard of quality is sown the next year, and very thin and care- fully, and from it a crop is grown more than a thousandfold the weight of the original seed. " It is thus seen that any and all seed of the ' Improved Vilmorin ' has come from stock-beets weighing not less than 600 grammes, all of which were for successive generations perfect in shape, color, proportion of sugar, and purity of juice; and only once has it occurred, and when the seed was grown for commerciial use, that the seed was raised from beets of less size than 600 grammes. " By the system of severe and unflinching constancy of selection that I have described to you, the ' Improved Vilmorin ' beets have been brought to their present high standard of fixed economic qualities. " The more marked characteristics of our beets are the hardness of flesh, wliich is at least equal to that of a Swedish turnip, the dull white and rough, rather smooth skin. The leaves, which are numerous, are strong and of a dark-green color, which, in the fall, like the foliage of most beets, droops down around the root." 89 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CERTAIN VARIETIES. !N"o effort was made to obtain information in-general on the number, aud constantly increasing number, of varieties wliicb are being put upon tbe market. Our attention was directed only to one special char- acteristic, whicli is found to be the property of some varieties more than of others, viz, the capability of a beet to resist such unfavorable outward conditions of growth as climate, unfitness of soils for beets in general, in consequence of the presence of excesses of undecomposed nitrogenous matter. We shall give the statements of authorities direct on particular phases of this inquiry. Franz Schiudler, professor in Kiga, said : "All the three types, Vil- moriu's Improved White, Vilmorin's Early Kose, aud the ImjirOved (with Vilmorin) Klein-Wanzlebener, developed exactly their proper character- istics as well in Kwassiz, Moravia, as in the neighborhood of liiga, Russia, although the latter place is about a thousand miles farther north than the former. Aud all three types remained true not only in point of sugar content and other biological qualities, but also in ana- tomical structure. The climate of the two places is extremely diiferent, and, moreover, the beets were grown in Kwassiz in an excellent beet laud and under correct cultivation, while at Riga they were raised on a sandy soil rich in vegetable mold and largl}^ manured with stable manure. Now, it has been found by Deherain, in France, and also by Schiudler aud de Proskowetz in Russia that "the Vilmorin beets contain a higher ])roportion of fibrous to cellular tissue than any other types of sugar beets, aud the amount of sugar being corelative with the fibrous tissue the higher sugar content is easily understood." From notes sent by MM. Jacquemart and Delamotte, sugar growers and manufacturers at Quessy, Department Aisne, " beets of the ' Improved Vilmorin' were grown comparatively on the same field with doses of nitrogen amounting respectively from 37^ to 75 pounds per acre. The drought interfered with the action of the manure, but it was seen that the beets grown with the double allowance of nitrogen were of better quality than the others." The value, respectively, of the types and kinds of beets is regulated by other conditions than the content of sugar — such as the production by weight per acre, etc. Professor Maercker said : " For a time the ' Im- proved Vilmorin' almost entirely substituted the Klein- Wauzlebener in Saxony on account of its high content in sugar. It has been found, however, that the 'Improved Vilmorin ' does not produce the weight per acre, and has not succeeded as well with us under certain indifferent conditions as the Improved Klein-Wanzlebener. Consequently in our district (Halle and Magdeburg) the Improved Vilmorin has been re- placed largely by a cross between the Improved Vilmorin and the Klein- Wanzlebener, which cross very specially combines the richness in sugar 90 of the former variety with the greater productiveness by weight of the Klein- Wauzlebener." There are two fundamental economical conditions which control very largely the varieties of beets which shall be grown, in addition to the climatic and soil conditions, of which we have already spoken. Those conditions are : The system of taxation obtaining in each district or country. If the taxes are levied on the weight per acre of the roots, then it is specially advantageous to have the largest quantity of sugar contained within the smallest weight of raw produce or beets. If the tax is upon the manufactured product, the condition does not exist in the same form. The second fundamental condition regulating the va- riety of beets to be grown is devolving upon the consideration as to whether the beet crop is being grown exclusively for the sugar without secondary purposes, or whether the beet crop, as well as being grown as a direct source of profit in the form of sugar, is cultivated as part of a large and general rotation of cropping. Upon farms where live stock and the providing of food for such is an essential item iu the economy, the difference between 20 tons and 35 tons per acre of beets is to the farmer a weighty consideration and often a decisive condition. The substance of the observations made to me by many sound authori- ties on the relative and particular merits of respective varieties have in- clined me to the following conclusion : As a variety for the highest and most concentrated production of sugar, for the withstanding of the un- favorable effects of certain climates and soils, and for use in new soils and such as are not habituated to the growth of the beet plant, no better beet can be adopted than the Improved Vilmorin. And again, as an all-round valuable beet, suitable to the farmer as a source of direct profit and as part of his system of mixed and general agriculture, as well as to the manufacturer of the sugar, the Improved Klein Wauzle- bener is spoken of with unhesitating recommendations. ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Many conversations were held with well-known authorities in France and Germany upon features of the sugar-beet industry that may be termed more specially economic. The substance of what was obtained will be given as the result of a conversation with Professor Maercker on some of the economic features of the industry. In conclusion will be given a conversation held with M. Tisseraud, permanent secretary of the department of agriculture of the Government of France. Professor Maercker, in reply to questions, made the following re- marks: "Owing to the very nature of the manufacture of sugar from beets, in which large and costly machinery plants are necessary, it is not possible for small owners or holders of land to grow beets and to make sugar therefrom on their own farms. The acreage of beets grown by such farmers individually could not pay for the investments neces- sary to the manufacture. 91 " There was only one of two courses by which it was possible to intro- duce beet culture among farmers generally, and as a great and general industry. The first method by which it could be done was by the farm- ers contracting with the large growers and owners of factories to grow a given acreage of beets and deliver the same to the factories under given conditions, as is the system in France. A second system was the uniting of the farmers among themselves and thus forming manufactur- ing companies (Actien Fabriken). The articles of these corporations or companies require that each member shall supply a given acreage or weight of beets to the factory, and according to conditions fixed upon by the board of control. " With the founding of the latter system, which is the prevailing one with us, the growing of beets by the great farming class in the beet districts became solidly established. It was the opening of a new era of agricultural prosperity when the industry was made to prevail. The small owners and farmers, whose farms are comprised generally of from 50 acres to 120 acres, and quite exceptionally reaching 250 acres, became manufacturers of sugar as well as growers of the beets by accepting a direct interest in the owning and conducting of the factories." In reply to the question " Have the owners of large private factories or the companies i)aid the best? And which system has done most for the industry ? " Professor Maercker replied : '• The undertakings of the large owners (gross Herren) are conducted with method and have the advantage of large capital, but there is not the degree of enterprise and care of detail characteristic of the companies (klein Herren) as repre- sented by the farmers. " The 'klein Herren,' being practical farmers, are well up in thorough and economical culture. They enter into the industry with the care and enterprise which their smaller conditions have always forced upon them ; and as regards the technical or manufacturing part of the in- dustry the companies composed of the farmers have shown an intelli- gence, ingenuity, and enterprise which has placed them in advance of their competitors of the ' large system.' The companies were the first to introduce improved methods of extracting the sugar from the beets, such as the diffusion method. " Our farmers are in good circumstances, which have been improved with their general system of agriculture by the introduction of the sugar-beet industry. They are rich and free." The German has most decided features of advantage over the French system. In Germany the growers of the beets are the manufacturers, and they reap a gain in the growth of the beet and the production of the sugar. The system of farmers supplying beets under contract to large factories always places the growers at some measure of disadvantage ; and where factories are large and isolated in wide districts, and the factory owners have little interest in the general agricultural interests, the result to the farmer may be, and is often, calamitous." 92 To M. Tisseraud, who is the permanent secretary of the depart- ment of agriculture of France, and who is not only conversant with the sugar-beet industry of France, but of whom it may be said that he holds French agriculture in his right hand, we have to express our ob- ligations, not only for the general candor and copiousness with which he replied to our inquiries, but also for a very special politeness in causing certain data for the current year (1890), which had not at that time been published, to be furnished to us in manuscript. The following observations were made in reply to certain carefully prepared questions which were put to the secretary in the order in which his remarks proceed : "The very nature of the cultivation of the beet tends to make it an industry more adapted to growers, if not essentially on the large scale, at least who are not small in the sense that our peasants are, who cul- tivate from 5 to 10, or even from 20 to 30 acres. The culture of the sugar beet, if it is to be a success for the making of sugar, must be done well. The grower must be a man of capital, who can invest liber- ally per acre in the form of modern implements, of abundant labor, both manual and animal, at the right season, and who can purchase largely and with judgment of chemical manures, such as superphos- phates. The soil must be plowed deeply and cultivated thoroughly, which means good implements and horses; it must be kept in clean condition, which means much labor ; and it must be well fertilized with costly manures, which means a large outlay. Now, these conditions of the successful culture are not within the compass of our small peasant farmers. The larger farmers, i. e., such as occupy enough land to bear investment in implements, labor, and manures, are capable of growing beets with as great success as the owners and holders (tenants) of the large tracts which exist in the districts where our sugar industry is making the greatest progress." "What is now the tendency in France in respect to the 'large vs. small ' system of beet culture F " The tendency is toward obtaining large tracts of land, where the heavy investments, in labor, implements, and manures, of which I have spoken, can be made most remunerative, and the facilities for manu- facture of sugar are most complete. In the northern departments of France, where the culture is on the large system, the industry is ex- panding and gaining the most ground." " What has been the eftect of legislation upon the development of the sugar-beet industry, agriculturally, and also through the beet industry, upon your agriculture in general?" " Before the year 1884 the farmers who grew beets to supply the fac- tories had no interest in producing beets of high quality and with a large content of sugar. The law, as it at that time existed, made it most advantageous to the farmers to produce weight or quantity, as it was not merely the same to them in the price per ton that they ob- 93 tained. They also grew a much larger weight per acre for sale and had a correspondingly larger amount of pulp J^r feeding their cattle. The manufacturers, on the other hand, were being ruined by the operation of the law of that date. (See the law before 1884.) The law of 1884, however, altered these conditions. Under this law it became necessary to grow beets with a higher content of sugar, which not only were worth manufacturing, but which were found to be equally worth growing by the farmers, as the sugar factories were able to pay the growers $6 to $7 a ton instead of |4 to $5, as had been formerly paid. This change in the law affecting the sugar industry brought about the great im- I)rovement in the culture of the beet which has occurred in the last few years. In the first place, the improvement of the seed has taken the lead in consideration, and varieties have been produced and grown which were very rich in sugar. In the second place, the modes of cultivation have been improved and the application of chemical fertilizers in- creased up to the standard of the most intensive culture or high farm- ing, all of which conditions are the essential factors of success in grow- ing sugar beets." "Are you of opinion that the successful growing of beets for a sugar- making purpose is only possible where ' intensive culture ' or high farm- ing obtains ? " " That is strictly the case. Sugar beets pay better than any other agricultural crop for high culture, and they can be made to pay only where ' high farming' is practiced. If you grow beets, grow the best that high culture can i)roduce. Unless you farm well, have laud in high condition, with liberal manuring and abundant labor, don't at- tempt to grow beets. Grow wheat, potatoes, or what you like, but don't grow beets. * * * We are not only increasing our productions in comparison with former periods, we are holding our place in compe- tition with the world." I U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY BULLETIN No. 33 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 18 9 1 BY HARVEY V^. WILEY Chemist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture a^id Director of the Department Sugar Experiment Statio^ia at Schuyler, Nebraska; Bunny mede (Narcoossee P. 0.), Florida; and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas WITH THE COLLABORATION OF Dr. WALTER MAXWELL, Prof. W, A. HENRY, and others PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1892 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY BULLETIN No. 33 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 18 9 1 BT .-•V^ HARVEY V/. AVILEY Chemist of the U. S. Dtpartment of Ar/riiiilliire and Director of the Department Sugar Experiment Stations at Sehni/ler, Nebraska; Eunniimede ( Narcoossee P. O.), Florida; and Sterlimj and Medicine Lodge, Kansas WITH THK COLLABORATION OF Dr. WALTER MAXWELL, Prof. W. A. HENRY, and others PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1892 7- T7 -^ ^^ ^^^ V tvt TABLE OF CONTENTS. >^ Page. Letter of transmittal 5 Exjierimeiits conducted l>y farmers in different parts of the connl rv 7 Directions for takinj;- samples of sugar beets for analysis '. . 7 Model for description of samjile of sugar beets S Eeport of analysis of sauiple of sugar beets Summary of results by States and counties 12 Arizona 12 Arkansas 12 Califoinia 12 Colorado 12 Connecticut 14 Georgia 15 Idalio 15 Illinois 15 Indiana 17 Indian Ten ilory 19 Iowa 19 Kansas 30 Kentucky 32 Maryland 32 Michigan 32 Minnesota 35 Missouri 37 Montana 10 Nebraska 11 Nevada 44 New Hampshire 45 New Jersey 45 New Mexico 45 New York 46 North Dakota 46 Ohio 47 Oklahoma 49 Oregon 49 Pennsylvania 51 South Dakota 51 Tennessee 58 Texas 59 Virginia 59 Washington 61 Wisconsin 62 Wyoming 75 Notes on the analyses of beets from the different States and Territories 77 Sugar beet experiments in Wisconsin in 1891 90 Beet-sugar experiment station at Schuyler, Nebr 112 Keport of assistant in charge 118 Miscellaneous 153 3 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, Washington, D. C, February 27, 1S92. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith, for your inspection and approval, the manuscript of Bulletin No. 33, being- a record of the ex- periments conducted by me, under authorization from you, on the cul- ture of the sugar beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom during the season of 1891. Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chemist and Director of Beet Sugar Station. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS m 1891. The experiments coiiducted by tlie Department of Agriculture during the season of 1801 maybe divided into tliree classes: (1) Culture of the sugar beet conducted by farmers in different parts of the country; (2) culture of the sugar beet conducted by the Agricultural Experiment Station of Wisconsin and numerous farmers in Wisconsin, under the direction of the Agricultural Experiment Station of that State, by au- thority of the Secretary of Agriculture; (3) experiments conducted at the beet-sugar experiment station of the Department located at Schuy- ler, Nebraska. EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY FARMERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. To meet the numerous demands for samples of sugar-beet seed re- ceived by the Department, 5i tons of the best varieties of sugar-beet seed were purchased. Four tons of this consisted of equal portions of Kleinwanzlebeuer seed, grown by Dippe Brothers, of Quedlinburg, Germany, and Vilmorin's improved beet seed, grown by Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie., of Paris, France. The other ton and a half consisted of Desprez, Lemaire, and Simon Legrand varieties, obtained from Mr. Henry T. Oxnard. The beet seed Avas put up in packages averaging nearly 13 ounces each, making 15,000 packages. These were widely distributed, being sent to about 5,000 addresses. Many of those requesting several packages of seed made a subdistribution of them ; so it is but fair to suppose that between 7,000 and 8,000 farmers received seed directly from the Depart- ment of Agriculture for experimental i)urposes. Accompanying each package of seeds was a Farmers' Bulletin Ko. 3, containing full directions for the planting and cultivation of the beets. There were also sent to each one receiving a package of seed directions for taking samjiles of sugar beets for analysis and forwarding them to the Department. These directions were as follows: DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING SAMPLES OF SUGAR BEETS FOR ANALYSIS. U. S. Department of Agriculture, WasUmjton, D. C, July 1, 1S91. When the beets appear to be mature (September 15 to November 15, according to the latitude and time of planting) and before any second growth can take phice, select an average row and gather every plant along a distance which should vary as follows, according to the width between rows: 8 From rows 16 inches apart, gather 75 feet ; from rows 18 inches apart, gather 66f feet; from rows 20 inches apart, gather 59.i feet; from rows 22 inches apart, 54* feet; from rows 24 inches apart, gather 50 feet. The number of beets growing in the row, of the length above mentioned, must be counted. The tops are then to be removed, the beets carefully washed free of all dirt, wiped with a towel, and weighed. Where the row is not long enough to meet the conditions, take enough from the adjacent row or rows to make up therequired length. The number of beets harvested multiplied by 435.6 will give the total number per acre. The totiU weight of beets harvested multiplied by 435.6 will give the yield per acre. Rows of average excellence must be selected ; avoid the best or poorest. Throw the beets promiscuously in a pile and divide the pile in two parts. This subdivision may be continued until there are about ten beets in a pile. Of these ten select two of medium size. Be cai'eful not to select the largest or smallest. Wrap the beets carefully in paper and put your name thereon. Sew the beets up in a cotton bag, attach the inclosed shipping tag thereto, and send by mail. Fill out blank describing beet, inclose in the envelope, and sew up in bag with beets. No beets will be analyzed which are not sampled as described above and properly identified. Miscellaneous analyses of samples without accurate description are of no value. It is but jvist to the farmer and the Department that samples should be taken with the precautions required. Blanks are sent to each one for two sets of samples. From two to four weeks should elapse between the times of sending the two sets of samples. If additional analyses are required other blanks will be sent on application, but not more than four analyses can be made for any one person, except in special cases. A model, showing how blanks should be filled out, is inclosed. H. W. Wiley, Chemist. There was also sent a blank for describing the samples taken, a coi^y ofwbicL, tilled in, follows: MODEL EUU OESCIIIPTION OV SAMPLE OF SUGAR BEETS. Variety Kleinwanzlebener. Dale planted May 2, 1891. Date harvested November 5, 1891. Character of soil black prairie loam; in cultivatiou for twenty years, chiefly in corn ; level, tile-drained ; last crop oats Chai-acter of cultivation plowed November, 1890, eight inches deep, subsoiled six inches; dug twice with disk harrow May 1, 1889; rolled; seed planted with hand drill one-half inch deep; hoed by hand May 16; thinned May 29 and 30; plowed with horse hoe May 28 and J une 8, 16, 24, and July 3 ; no fertilizers used Width between rows 18 inches. Number of beets harvested 88 Total weight of beets harvested 80 pounds. Weather May, dry ; June, copious rains ; July, fine growing weather ; August, hot and dry ; September, dry until 24th, w hen a heavy ra in fell State Iowa. Post-oflice Hanover, Buena Vista County. Name Kobert Simpson. Tlie samples of beets for analysis began to be received in the De- partment in Augnst and continued to arrive until February, 1892. The total number of sami)les received for analysis, January 1, 1892, was 1,G05. It is therefore seen that of the 5,000 original persons to whom packages were sent over 32 per cent responded by sending samples for examina- tion. As soon as each sample of beets was analyzed a return was made to the sender in the following form : REPOUT OF ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE OF SUGAR BEETS. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, WasMvgton, D. C, October 24, 1891. From Clarence Reed ; post-office, Veruonia ; State, Oregon ; variety, Kleinwanzle- bener; number, 2; serial number, 15838 : Average weight of beets: Grams, 275; ounces, 9. Sugar: Per cent in beets calculated from per cent sugar in juice, 15.67. Sugar: Per cent in juice, 16.5. Yield : Tons per acre, 17. * Coefficient of purity, 83.9. t Probable yield of sugar per acre from a crop of 17 tons : pounds,4,036. Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chemist. One of the most striking features in regard to this method of conduct- ing experimental work is found in the fact that it is ahnost impossible to secure comjiliance with directions. It is evident at once that the value of experimental work depends upon the care with which it is done and the accuracy with which the directions prescribed are followed. It is not to be wondered at that farmers, busy with their other occupa- tions, failed to comply with the minute directions necessary to secure the greatest advantage in experimental work. Very few of the blanks were returned properly filled out. In many cases the data which were returned were palpably erroneous. In one instance a yield of 99 tons per acre was reported, and in a great many cases the yield i)er acre was so great as to show inaccuracy on the part of the measurement of the land or the weighing of the beets. In making out returns for such reported phenomenal yields the theo- retical quantity of sugar per acre given was always questioned. We are accustomed to look with suspicion upon any yield of sugar beets which exceeds 25 tons per acre. While it is not impossible to secure a higher yield than this, and of beets of good saccharine quality, yet it is so rare as to throw doubt upon miscellaneous data showing an excess of that yield. Another point which makes the returns obtained less valuable is found in the fact of the length of time which necessarily elapsed be- tween the harvesting of the beets and their reception at the laboratory. *The coefficient of purity is the per cent of sugar in the total solids of the juice of the beet. tThis number is only ap^noximate, and shows the quantity of merchantable sugar which might be expected per acre from the yield, as reported by you, if manufac- tured by the best aj)proved modern process. 10 Kearly all the samples received were from distant States, requiring for l)ackages of this kind from three to eight days in the mails. Although the beets were in most cases well wrapj^ed according to direction, our experiments have shown that they must have lost a considerable quantity of moisture by evaporation during their long transit. The data, there- fore, showing the content of sugar in the juice would be uniformly too high for normal beets. It is estimated that not less than 10 to 15 per cent should in general be subtracted from the yield of sugar to express the normal i^ercentage of sugar in the beets as originally harvested. On account of the great number of samples received it was imprac- ticable to determine the content of sugar directly in the beet pulp, either by cold instantaneous diffusion or by alcohol extraction. Re- course was had to the simpler method of calculating the quantity of sugar in the beet from the percentage of sugar found in the juice. This quantity was obtained by multiplying the percentag'e of sugar in the juice by 95 on the assumption that the beet contained 95 per cent of juice and 5 per cent of pulp. It is possible that, for the reasons above mentioned, this result is also too high, inasmuch as the beets having dried out would probably contain a larger percentage of pulp than that mentioned. At any rate the numbers give for all practical purposes the percentage of sugar which the beets contained and it was not intended that the analyses should be scientifically accurate. The com- parisons among the beets received from different parts of the country must be considered just, with the exceptions before noted that some of them being longer in transit than others would suffer a greater loss of water. For this reason it would be expected that beets received from Washington ajul Oregon would show an apparently higher content of sugar than beets of equal original richness received from Maryland or Virginia. The work of the Department has certainly resulted in great good in interesting people in all parts of the country in the problem of sugar- beet culture. The Secretary of Agriculture has, however, decided not to make as large a distribution of sugar-beet seed in the manner practiced during the past two years, but to concentrate his eftbrts in the development of a sugar-beet station, in which practical illustrations can be given of the very best methods of sugar-beet culture and the selection of mothers for the prodnction of a high grade of seed. In arranging the analyses of the samples of beets which have been sent in, they have l)een collected together by Statesand in the States by coun- ties. I'he counties ha ve been arranged alphabetically and all the samples from each county considered together and an average of the data from each county has been obtained. The averages for the States are made by samides, which gives the mean composition of all the beets in the State. In regard to the data by States it must be renunnbered that they can not be taken to represent actually the possibilities of each State in the growth of sugar beets. In the first place, the results of a single year 11 of culture, however carefully it may be conducted, could not be con- clusive in regard to tlie possibilities of any one State or locality in the production of beets. In the second place, it must be understood that the farmers of different States may not have folloAved exactly the same method of sampling- beets. In some of the cases, at least, where the general average of the State seems to run low it is found that the average weight of the beet was far above that which is required of a beet of high saccharine strength. The results, therefore, must be simply regarded as tentative, showing in gener.al where beets of fine quality can be produced, but not in any way deciding on the comparative ability of the several States for the production of rich beets. 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As would be expected the content of sugar was very low, the average of the two samples being 7.69 per cent. ArTcansas. — Only two samples were received from this State. In the first one the beets were of a normal size, weighing 18 ounces, neverthe- less the content of sugar was very low. In the second the beets were very much overgrown, averaging 62 ounces. California. — Eight samples were received from this State. The aver- age size of the beets was entirely too large, being 48 ounces. The average percentage of sugar in the various samples was 11.06. The highest percentage of sugar was 13.35, with a beet weighing 23 ounces, and the lowest was 8.35 in a beet weighing 62 ounces. The average yield per acre as reported was 14.2 tons, showing a theoretical yield of sugar of 2,188 pounds. Colorado. — The number of samples from this State was forty-seven, representing ten counties. The average percentage of sugar as found in the samples was 13.08, and the average weight of the beets 26 ounces. Some of the samples gave phenomenally high percentages ot sugar; especially is that true of the samples from Yuma County, which, how- ever, were very much undergrown, averaging only 6 ounces. The county making the best showing, all things considered, is Arapahoe, where the average content of sugar in the beet was 14.27, and the aver- age weight of the beet 21 ounces. 1:^0 better agricultural result than this could be desired, in so far as the size of the beet and the content of sugar are concerned. Connecticut. — Five samples were received from the State of Connect- icut. The mean content of sugar was 10.77, and the average weight of the beets 27 ounces. Georgia. — Two samples were received from the State of Georgia, both from Clarke County. The average content of sugar in the two samples was 11.03, and the average weight of the beets 12 ounces. Idaho. — One sample was received from Idaho; it had a content of sugar of 12.73, and a weight of 15 ounces. 77 78 Illinois. — Thirty-six samples were received from the State of Illinois, representing fourteen counties. The average content of sugar was 11.73, and the average weight of the beet was 32 ounces. The best showing among the counties was made by Lee. which showed an average con- tent of 13.61 of sugar in the beet, and an average weight of beet of 34 ounces. This is a remarkably high content of sugar considering the size of the beet produced. All the samples from this county showed high results. Another county showing excellent results was Cook, where the average content of sugar was 13.48 and the average weight of beet 44 ounces. It is very rare to see so high a sugar content with a beet of such ^ize. IndiaiM. — Seventy-one samples were received from the State of In- diana, representing eighteen counties. The average content of sugar for the samples for the whole of the State was 11.64. and the average weight of the beets 27 ounces. Among the counties Wabash has the best results, showing 13.45 per cent of sugar in the beet, with an aver- age weight of 30 ounces. All the samples except one received from that countj* showed good results. The highest sugar was 13.58, obtained in Clinton County, from which, however, only two samples were received. This would make it rather unfair to compare it with the other counties sending a larger number of samples. Kosciusko County also made a good showing, with an average percentage of 11.93 of sugar in the beet, irom 16 samples, being the largest number received from any one county in the State. WORK COXDUCTED BY THE AGRlCrLTUKAI, EXPEBIMEXT 5TATIOX OF IXDIAXA. Prof. H. A. Huston, chemist of the Experiment Station of Indiana, conducted an extensive series of experiments with sugar beets during the season of 1891, the re- sults of which are printed in Bulletin No. 39 for April. 1892. A large numher of samples of seeds was sent to farmers in different parts of the State and 65 samples of beets were sent in for examination. The mean percentage of sugar in the juice of the beets and their mean average weight in ounces are as follows : Sugar in the juice, per cent 12. 8 Weight of beets, ounces - 20. 7 Sixty-six samples of beets grown on the experimental farm of the station were also examined and found to contain 12.4 per cent of sugar in the juice. The average weight of the beets is not given iu these samples, with the exception of six, and so no comparison can be made. As a result of the experiments it is concluded that the station will be justified in making tests in all parts of the State so that all the different characteristics of the soil in the State can be thoroughly studied with reference to the character of beets which can be grown upon it. A table is given of the relative amount of sugar in three typical sizes of beets : Fifteen large beets weighing 40 pounds contained 4 pounds and 4 ounces of sugar. Thirty-nine beets of medium size weighing 40 pounds contained 4 pounds and 14 ounces of sugar, 79 Ninety-six small beets weighing 40 pounds contained 5 i>ounds and 10 ounces of sugar. A table is also given showing the influence on the size of the beets and the amount of sugar present in them from planting at different seasons. In the sumraarj' it is said that the results of the last year certainly justifies the station to continue the experiments with sugar beets in Indiana, and are favorable to the establishment of a beet-sugar industry in the State. There seems to be little doubt that beets with a good percentage of sugar and with sufficiently pure juice can be grown. The fertility of Indiana lands is well enough known to insure an abundant yield when proper methods of cultivation are followed. The geograph- ical location of the State ; its position in the center of a group of large markets ; its cheap fuel, gas, petroleum, and coal; its relatively pure waters; its highly efficient transportation facilities by land and water, all favor the introduction of the industry. A valuable report on diseases affecting the sugar beet is introduced by Prof. J. C. Arthur and Miss Katherine E. Golden. Iowa. — Three hundred and twenty-two samples were received from the State of Iowa, representing' sixty-one counties. The mean content of sugar in the samples Mas 11.82 and the mean weight of the beets 30 ounces. From Marshall County were received thirty-four samples, showing an average content of 11.54 of sugar in the beet and an average weight of 21 ounces. From Muscatine County were received thirty -tliree samples, showing 14.10 ])er cent of sugar in the beet and an average weight of 26 ounces. This is a magnificent showing, and indicates that iu this couuty the beets must have been cultivated in accordance with the directions sent, or that the soil of the county is especially suited to the growth of the sugar beet. There is only one sample among the whole number that can be considered as poor, while many of them are above the average in richness. It can not be that among so many samples, good results are due to accident. Thirty- one samples were received from Scott County, showing an average of sugar in the beet of 12.63 and an average weight of 29 ounces. This is also a most encouraging result. Mneteen samples were received from Dallas County, showing an average of 11.96 of sugar in the beet and an average weight of 23 ounces. This is also an encouraging result. Eighteen samples were received from Allamakee County, showing an average content of sugar in the beet of 12.64, and an average weight of beet of 40 ounces. This must also be regarded as a high content of sugar, considering the excessive size of the beets. The above comprises all the counties sending a large number of samples. Many of the coun- ties sending a smaller number of samples show excellent results, but of course the greater reliance must be placed on those counties tvom which the larger number of samples was received. It will be interesting to compare these results with those obtained at the experiment station at Ames. This institution distributed large quantities of seed, received chiedy from the Department of Agriculture, and had samples sent directly to the laboratory at the station for ex- amination, where they were analyzed by Prof. G. E. Patrick. Experi- 80 ments were made upon the station grounds with dififerent varieties, which yielded the following results : .a go- es CO ca to h fco « 3 1 % . ««3 4.3 .d . Soil conditions. 3 1- O o 1 ID i d fii oz. oz. 1 Apr. 15 German Upland sandy loam 28. 163 10 16.7 14.62 77.7 11 27.5 11.49 75.3 2 May 25 French . Low rich loam 21. 28 12 20.0 12. 19 72.5 15 16.0 12.19 75.5 ;< May 25 ...do .... Medium sand loam 24 14 12.5 13.02 75.5 15 10.0 12.13 75.2 4 May 9 ...do .... Low rich loam .... 25.76 10 36.5 11.09 72.1 8 37.5 11. 32 7.3.5 5 May VA ...do .... Timber clay loam . 17.6 12 12.5 14.47 80.1 15 12.5 13. 80 78.3 fi May 13 German . ....do 15. 86 13 11.5 15.73 78.3 11 11.0 14. 12 80.1 7 May 20 ...do Same as No. 1 and lime. 18.5 11 20.0 11.87 70.4 12 12.0 12.89 76.9 8 May 20 ...do.... Same as No. 1 and sugar fertilizer. 18.3 11 15.5 13.15 76.0 9 10.0 13.02 73.8 9 May 20 . .do.... Same as No. 1 and vegetable ferti- lizer. 19.1 12 12.0 14.21 76.2 13 15.5 11. 72 70.8 10 May 25 ...do-... Same as No. 1, sub- soiled. 19.36 12 16.0 13.45 75.8 12 10.5 13.46 77.3 11 May 13 French . Stitf timber clay . . 8.5 12 9.0 15.41 51.0 11 9.5 14.29 78.2 12 May 13 Desprez Timber clay loam . 12.32 13 11.5 15.71 82.5 10 12.5 15.05 85.4 So ^ o O a ■-S a o •si "3 "Si p <0 6 Cm O • 1 Soil condi tions. S 1=1 2 ^ "v a. a o OS 1 "^ p t> Izi-" ^ fW P4 <1 orted from the analyses was 13.09. Nevada. — Eighteen sami^les were received from this State, from three counties of which one, Washoe, furnished fifteen. The average percentage of sugar in the beet for the State was 17.2 and the average weight of beet 11 ounces. Washoe County, which practically furnished all the samples from the State, also leads in the quality of the beets ob- tained. The numbers representing their quality are almost phenomenal with the exception of the average weight, which is only about what it should be. This doubtless accounts for the fact that the beets were so exceptionally rich. The fifteen samples from this county showed an 86 average percentage^f sugar in tlie beet of 18.02 and an average weigTit of ounces. Neio Hampshire. — Only one sample was received from this State, which contained 11.(34 per cent of sugar and weighed 19 ounces. New Jersey. — Only one sample was received from this State, which contained 7.33 per cent of sugar, with a weight of 17 ounces. Neio Mexico. — Seventeen samples were received from the Territory of New Mexico, showing an average content of sugar of 13.8 and an aver- age weight of 28 ounces. Eddy County, which furnished the largest number of samples, also leads the list in regard to quality, showing an average of 14.45 per cent of sugar and a weight of 27 ounces. This result is exceptionally fine and shows that the possibilities of the production of beets of high saccharine richness is very flattering. New York. — Four samples were received from the State of New York, and the average content of sugar was 11.58 and the average weight 32 ounces. Three counties sent samples. The best sample was received from Genesee Oounty, with 13.02 percentage of sugar and a weight of 23 ounces. Erie sent two samples with an average con- tent of sugar of 12.25 and an average weight of 33 ounces. North BaJcota. — There were received by the Department from North Dakota eleven samples from six counties. The mean percentage of sugar for the State was 11.84, and the mean weight of the beets 23 ounces. The best results by counties were from Mcintosh. Bulletin No. 5 of the Experiment Station of North Dakota, issued in February, 1892, contains an account of the results with sugar beets in that State during the season of 1891. Seed of the standard varieties of sugar beets was distributed to dif- ferent parts of the State and one hundred and forty-four samples., were received for analysis. In general it may be said that the samples were somewhat overgrown, as will be seen from the average weight. The percentage of sugar in the juice and the purity are also rather low; lower than would be expected, in fact, for that locality. Mr. E. F. Ladd, who conducted the analyses, makes the following summary of the results : (1) The oue liuudretl and tweuty-nine samples of beets aualyzed gave au average sugar coutent (sucrose) of 11.43 percent. (2) Many of the samples of beets sent for analysis ^Yere harvested before the sugar in the beets was fully formed; in other words, before the beets were ripe. (3) In many cases the beets had not received j)roper treatment and much of the root grew above ground. (4) In many instances the ground was not plowed to sufficient depth, not more than 6 inches deep, leaving a hard, impenetrable subsoil below, and the beets grew prongy and of ill sh;i^)e — such as would be rejected at the factory. (5) To grow sugar beets for the factory the land should be plowed to a depth of 8 to 10 inches; the beets grow well in the ground, for the part above ground is of inferior quality and generally rejected at the factory. (6) The large beets are not the best for sugar. Beets weighing above 3 pounds have a less per cent of sugar than the smaller beets. 87 (7) For the present it is my belief tliat for the most of North Dakota other infliis- tries will be found more profitable for both mauufacturer aud farmer than the sugar- beet industry. It will be seen from the coiicliisious which he reaches and which are justly based ui)()U the analyses made, that he is not disposed to favor- ably consider that the sugar beet has a j)romising future in North Dakota. I am inclined to the opinion, however, that with more sci- entific methods of culture the results obtained in North Dakota will prove much more encouraging than those secured in the last year. From the data given in the bulletin as printed the mean figures of the samjjles analyzed are as follows : Average weight of beets in grams 822. 90 Per cent sugar in juice 11. 36 Purity coefficient 74. 00 Ohio. — Sixty-six samples were received from the State of Ohio, repre- senting twenty counties. The average content of sugar in the beets from the whole of the State was 11.33 and the average weight of the beets 31 ounces. Morrow County is best on the list with samples, showing 16.44 per cent of sugar and an average weight of 22 ounces. Hancock County furnished rich samples, four in number, aver- aging 16.32 ]ier cent of sugar in the beet and 19 ounces in weight. One of the samples, No. 26614, received from Ohio, deserves special mention on account of its high content of sugar and its high purity. It con- tained 20.19 per cent of sugar with a purity of 87.4. Trumbull County sent six samples, with an average of sugar in the beet of 13.12 and an average weight of 25 ounces. Ashtabula County sent two samples with an average content of sugar of 13.19 and an average weight of 25 ounces. The largest part of the samples were from Erie County, which furnished eighteen, with an average content of 11.5 of sugar and having an average weight of 32 ounces. Many of the sam])les from Erie County were of exceptional richness, but others were as exceptionally poor, which pulled down the average to the number given. OMahoma. — One sample was received froni the Territory of Oklahoma, very much overgrown, showing only 6.37 i^er cent of sugar. Oregon. — Thirty-five samples were received from the State of Ore- gon, containing an average percentage of 13.8 of sugar and with au average weight of 23 ounces. Samples were received from fourteen counties. The richest sami^le was received from Jackson County, show- ing 17.99 per cent of sugar with a weight of 20 ounces. The next best results were from Clackamas County, three samples averaging 14.78 per cent of sugar with an average weight of 21 ounces; Columbia County, three samples with an average per cent of sugar of 14.56 and au average weight of 19 ounces; Coos County, five samples, showing an average of 13,83 per cent of sugar with au average weight of 30 ounces, and Lane ( 'eri- nient Station of the State, under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture. The following data give the results of these experiments : SUGAR BEET EXPERIMENTS IN WISCONSIN IN 1891. By F. W. WOLL. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Madison, Wis., Felruary S, 1SD2. Dear Sir: I transmit herewith our report of beet-sugar investigatious for this State during the seasou of 1891. The report shows that we distributer! a thousand pounds of seed among 850 farmers in the spring. In the fall 373 sample lots of beets were received at the station grown from the seed distributed in the spring. Had not a drought of almost unknown severity prevailed during the growing season, a much larger number of farmers would have sent in samples, as we received scores of letters from parties who had received seed, stating that they had been unable to grow any beets. The results of these analyses show 7.12 as the lowest per cent of sugar, highest 23.52, the average for the 373 samples being 12.56, with an average estimated yield of beets of over 15 tons to the acre. At this station 2 acres of beets were grown, with every prospect in the spring of marked success, as the soil was well adapted to the roots and the stand of young plants remarkably even and uniform. The drought, however, cut the yield down to a little more than 14 tons for the 2 acres. Had there been a normal amount of rain- fall, the yield would have been not less than 50 tons from the same plat. Eleven varieties were planted in the station plat. The report shows the average per cent of sucrose in the beets grown by us to have been 15.5 per cent, with 13.27 per cent and 17.56 per cent as lowest and highest limit. Much interest has been awakened in this State by the study of the sugar-beet plant carried on by this station under your direction, and I think it would be veiy unfortunate if the work were dropped at this time. While some other States have gone ahead faster than Wisconsin in the establishment ot beet-sugar factories, I believe we have really lost nothing in the apparent delaj', for we are learning the capacity and possibilities of our soil and climate, and our farmers are gaining knowl- edge of the requirements essential to successful cultivation of the beet plant. We recollect the failure of two sugar-beet factories many years ago and are desirous of not repeating such results. This does not mean that the people are indifferent and lack confidence in this direction, but rather that they would move cautiously and be sure at each step of the ground occupied. Trusting that this report may in some measure bear evidence that the confidence you have reposed in us was not misj)laced, I am, Very resjiectfully, W. A. Henry. Hon. .J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculhire. The report of the work done by tliis station during the year of 1891, in regard to the culture of sugar beets, a\ ill be discussed under two general headings : (1 ) Report of experiments at this statiou; and (2) report of analyses of beets from farmers in different parts of the State. 91 SUGAR BEETS AT THIS STATION IN 1891, A piece of laud of very nearly 2 acres was set apart in tlic spring for sugar beets. The plot slopes 8omewli;*.t to the west, and is light clayey loam, Ijccomiug more sandy at the east end. As a consequence, the eastern portion is considerably drier and would suffer more in case of a drought, which also proved true duriug the past season, as the summer of 1891 was exceedingly dry. The meteorological data for this place for the luouths May-October, inclusive, are given in the following table. For the sake of comparison the total rainfall for the same mouths last j'ear, and also the normal rainfall (average for two years) are given in the table. Meteorological data May to October, 1891, for Madison, Wis.* RAINFALL IN INCHES. Date. Kaiu- fall. Date. Rain- fall. Bi. In. May 10 0.07 June 10 trace 15 trace 10 trace 21 .10 17 .012 22 1.00 18 .03 25 . 25 19 .72 31 .02 21 20 .04 04 1.44 27 .04 28 1.58 June 1 0.71 .02 .33 30 .01 3 3.69 5 .09 6 .06 Date. Rain- faU. July 2 ■ 6 7 13 21 22 23 28 29 In. 0.47 .39 .03 .02 .01 .14 .62 .01 2.67 Date. Aus Rain- fall. In. ] .18 11 .10 14 .03 20 .31 21 .02 20 .28 29 .28 30 trace 1.41 Date. Rain- 1 fall. 1 Tn. 1 Sept. 2 0.01 ! 6 trace 12 trace 28 .37 1 .38 ! Oct. 3 0.65 4 .40 Date. Oct. Rain- fall. In. 0.11 .04 .03 .07 .03 trace .16 1.49 May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Total. Total rainfall. 1S91 1.44 3.54 5.03 3.69 4.42 7.72 2.67 ■i. 19 1.81 1.41 3.28 4.23 .38 3.35 2.62 1.49 2.87 4.59 11.02 21.65 25.00 Rainfall, 1890 ■ From Observations made at Wasbliui'n Ob.servatory. TEMPERATURE oF. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct 78.0 32.0 56.0 57.8 88.0 44.0 67.2 67.2 80. 48.0 06.6 72.7 92.0 46.0 68.4 69.4 90.0 35.0 07.0 61.0 83.0 19.0 45 4 48 5 It will be noticed that the precipitation for 1891 for the summer months was only 11.02 inches, or about half of normal and less than half of last year's, during the same months. Up to July 7 the prospects for a large yield were most promising. Be- tween July 7 and August 26 there was not more than one good rain, and as a result the beets suffered greatly from the drought from this time on. August, September, and October all being very dry, the growth of the beets was checked, and a small yield of beets, to some extent abnormally rich in sugar, was the result. May, July, August, and October were colder than the normal, while September was considerably warmer. With a proper supply of moisture there is, however, little doubt but what a good crop of beets would have been harvested. 92 VARIETIES PLANTED. The following el even varieties were planted on May 26 and 27: Le Maire's Richest, Simon LeGrande, Vilmorin, Kleiuwauzleben, Bnlteau Desprez, Desprez B. & R., La Plus Riche, F. Kroemer, O. B. S. & Co., French, German. The first nine varieties were obtained from Oxliard Beet Sugar Co., Grand Island, Nehr., and the two last varieties from the United States Sugar Experiment Station at Schuyler, Nehr. In all, 183 rows were planted. The length of each row was 190.6 feet, and the distance between each rowSOinches; the seed was planted thickerthau lastyear; after last thinning the beets stood 4 to 6 inches apart in the rows. From 14 to 22 rows were planted of each vari- ety, these being planted in the order given above, starting from the west end of the plot. The plot was cultivated on June 10 and 11 with wheel hoe, June 15 with nar- row tooth single cultivator, June 22 to 26 the plants were thinned and hoed and a horse cultivator run through the rows. At this time the plants were about 3 inches high. The horse cultivator was run through the rows again on July 2, 14, 31, and the weeds in the rows were destroyed by hand hoeing July 20 to 23 and August 1. The harvesting was done by plowing a furrow close vip to the beets; after thus laying them bare they were easily pulled and thrown in a pile. After all beets were thrown in piles they were topped and drawn by team to the farm root-cellar, after having first been weighed. A basketfiil of each load was taken out to be washed and the per cent of dirt adhering to the beets thus obtained. The following gives the time spent in growing the crop of beets, and also the cost, estimating the wages for a man 10 cents an hour, for man and horse 15 cents, and man and team 25 cents per hour : Cost of growing a crop of beds from a S-acre field. Plowing and preparing the laud (allowed) $2. 00 Planting and cultivating the crop : 304 hours' time for one man 30. 40 22 hours, man and horse 3. 30 Harvesting and hauling the crop : 111 hours' time for one man 11. 10 28 hours for man and team 7. 00 Total 53.80 From this field we obtained a little more than 14 tons of washed beets (as we shall see presently), which would make the total cost of growing and harvesting a ton of beets $3.76, allowing the tops, which yielded more than 4 tons from the plat, to pay for rent of land, the cost of seed, and wear of machinery. Last year our beets yielded more than 20 tons per acre on an average. This yield may be considered slightly above average for good land and cultivator; but if we take 15 tons as an average yield per acre we get the cost of raising and harvesting 1 ton of sugar beets $2.46, assuming the cost of harvesting and hauling the beets double the amount charged in the above table. The average price per k)n of beets during the past season was, in Nebraska, $3.50, in California $4, in Utah $4.50. With the average price of $4 paid for the beets the net income from one acre would be $23. Doubtless the cost of growing the crop could be considerably reduced by growing the beets on a larger scale, and by the application of machinery that will successfally j)ull the weeds in the rows be- tween the beets. On the other hand, the cost of hauling the beets would be larger with a greater distance to the factory — an item that would easily swallow up all profit if the distance is too great. EXAMINATION OP BEETS GROWN AT UNIVERSITY FARM. The beets wore sampled and analyzed September 26, 1891, and also at harvesting time, October 26. Three beets were selected for analysis, washed and dried, a quarter section of each beet cut and grated together, the pulp put in a bag, and the 93 juice pressed out. The specific gravity of this was then observed, and the clarified juice polarized. At harvesting time two or three dift'erent samples of each variety were taken, and the results averaged. The sugar in the beets was determined in these samples by the alcohol method of ToUens-Rapp-Degeuer (Koenig, Unters. landw. wicht. Stoife, 1891, p. 436). The results of the analyses are given in the following table : Suga7- beet season, ISDl. SAMPLES TAKEN SEPTEMBER 26. Name of variety. Le Maire's Richest Siraon Lellrande... Vilmorin KleinwaDzlebener , Bultoau Desprez . . . Desprez La Plus Riche E. Kroemer O. B. S. &Co French German Averas;e weight of beets. Pounds. 1.32 .88 .77 .62 .82 .50 .75 .55 .48 .43 .55 Solids in jnice. Per cent. 19.05 19. 64 20.54 21.82 22.62 21.05 22.40 23.00 22.40 23.05 24.15 Sugar in j uice. Per cent. 15.71 16.45 17.26 18.75 19.47 17.67 19.37 19.44 18.38 28. 43 20.59 Purity coefR- 82.5 83.8 84.2 85.0 86.1 84.00 86.6 84.5 82.0 88.6 85.3 Sugar in theoeets. SAMPLES TAKEN AT HARVESTING TIME, OCTOBER 26. Le Maire's Richest Siraon LeGrande Vilmorin Klein wan zlcbener Bulteau De.sprez Desprez La Plus Riche F. Kroemer O. B. S. & Co French German Average of analyses, October 26 1.28 19.72 16.97 86.1 1.08 18.52 14.99 81.0 .71 21.07 17.95 85.2 .69 2L77 18.78 86.3 .61 20.69 16.84 81.4 .73 21.38 17.28 80.8 .57 22.23 18.24 82.0 .49 22.79 19.35 84.9 .53 22.25 17.81 80.0 .70 21.25 17.37 81.7 .37 23.86 20.53 86.1 .71 21.41 17.83 83.3 14.54 13.27 15. 63 15.70 15.67 14.87 15. .50 15. 99 15.61 16.17 17.56 15.50 The analyses of the samples taken September 26 agree as well as could be expected with those of the samples taken at harvesting time. The latter samples were taken from the harvested beets when a good idea could be obtained of the average size of each variety. It may be said, in general, that the quality of the beets did not improre after September 26, and it is not likely that the yield was increased perceptibly dur- ing the month of October, owing to the extreme dryness of the soil. The beets were very small, averaging only about 11 ounces for all the varieties. The average per cent of sugar (sucrose) in the juice at harvesting time was 17.83 per cent, ranging from 14.99 to 20.53 per cent. The average sucrose in the beets was 15.50 per cent, with 13.27 per cent and 17.56 per cent as lowest and highest limit. By dividing 15.50 by 17.83 we find that the beets contained 86.9 per cent of juice on an average, showing that the dry season produced beets with unnaturally high sugar content and with a low percentage of juice. It will be noticed that the percentages of sugar increase as we go down in the table— that is, with the beets growing farther east on the plot. We saw that the soil was drier and perhaps also poorer in the eastern part of the field than in the west- em, and the beets were smaller in size and richer in sugar the farther east we go in the field. As a rule, size and sugar content of the beets stand in inverse ratio to one another. 94 • YIELD OF BEETS. The following table will give the necessary data with reference to yield of beets and of tops from the plat and the estimated yield of beets and of sugar per acre : Yield of beefs and of tops. No. of rows. Kame of variety. Le Maire's Richest Simon LeGrande . . Vilmorin Klein wauzlebener . . Bulteau Desprez Desprez La I'lus Riche F. Kroemer O.B. S. & Co French German Total from plat, 1.945 acres 31, 957 Average per acre - Beets from plot. Pounds. 4, 828 4, 204 2, 994 2,804 2,624 3,534 2,780 2, 188 2, 355 1,945 1,701 Top,s from j)lat. Povnds. 1,570 1,334 654 1,008 772 768 632 504 568 466 460 8,736 Dirt on beets. Per cent. 8.1 4.4 9.7 13.1 14.7 8.9 13.3 12.5 12.4 12.4 14.8 Sugar per acre. Povnds. 2,566 1, 390 2, 421 2,506 2, 298 2,195 1,903 1,755 1, 833 1,986 1, 555 2,267 The beets yielded a little more than 7 tons to the acre and a little more than 1 ton of sugar to the acre. Last year under favorable conditions of weather the yield was 15 to 26 tons per acre, with an estimated yield of 2 to 3| tons of sugar per acre. Owing to the extreme di'onght, the like of which according to the testimony of many old settlers has not been seen for a generation with us, the beets yielded less than a half crop. The yield of 7 tons to the acre may therefore be considered the very lowest returns which will be obtained where good cultivation and care are bestowed on the beets with us. No comparison can be made between the dilferent varieties as regards quality or yield, the difference between the different parts of the field being greater than that between the different A'arieties. The varieties being under the most favorable con- ditions (on the lowest ground, which contained most moisture) gave the largest yields per acre of both beets and sugar. BEETS FROM FARMERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE STATE. One thousand pounds of imported white imperial sugar-beet seed was bought by the station last spring from the Menomonee Falls Sugar Company, and distributed in pound packages to 851 farmers, requesting them to keep notes as to the growth and cultivation of the beets and to forward samples of the beets grown for analysis to this station in the fall. Owing to the drought, the beets did not do well with a large number of farmers, and many paid but little attention to them as a cousequence ; in all, 373 samples of beets were received and analyzed by the writer. Twenty samples were forwarded by mistake to the U. S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D. C, and analyzed by their chemists. Of the farmers receiving sugar-beet seed from us, 33 reported failure of the crop, and four wrote they did not plant the seed. Tlio samples analyzed were all from the White Imperial seed sent out, except where other- wise stated. The 373 samples came from fifty -nine counties in the State, making only nine counties that were not represented. Most portions of the State suffered greatly from the drought, although not all as much as the central part. The following table will give an idea of the distribution of rain during the summer months at 17 weather-service stations in different parts of the State. The table is condensed from data furnished by Mr. W. L. Moore, fore- cast official, Milwaukee, Wis., to wliom credit is due for the favor. 95 Rainfall May to October, inclusive, ISDl, in inches. Name of station. County. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Total. Xornial piecipi- taticui. Crawford 1.C5 1.42 2.00 .44 L83 1.52 .83 .69 .29 L47 .01 .21 1.19 .11 .40 .70 .37 2. 95 3. 08 5. 40 2.73 "4.' 27' 3.12 5.62 3.73 4.98 5.20 5.19 7.61 2. 95 3.54 3.47 8.46 1.76 2.64 2.20 2.94 2.25 3.67 1.85 2.92 2.16 3.57 5.20 3.23 2.73 1.7U 2. 27 2^99 2.85 2.32 i.m. 1.70 2.17 1.47 1.62 3.62 1.48 2.42 2.83 1.45 '2.' 20' 2.79 2.08 1.36 3.48 L73 .38 1.70 .58 .48 .72 1.42 1.77 .70 .18 .69 .18 1.48 1.13 2.60 1.04 2.28 1.82 1.49 3.10 1.03 2.06 "i.'87' 1.70 1.66 1.43 2.35 1.98 1.23 3.20 2.03 1.52 12. 23 11.02 15.47 10.49 *8. 09 *1L 80 *10. 84 14.35 11.06 14.69 13. 98 *11. 15 17.19 9.91 14.15 11.59 13.96 21.7 Eau ("laire Eiiu Claire Fond dn Lac Jetler.son Kewaunee La Crosse Manitowoc Milwaukee Outagamie Eock La Crosse 2.3.1 19.7 19. 8 St. Croix Shawano Taylor * Total for four months. We give here the results of the aualysis of sugar beets made by the U. S. Depart- ment iu Washington. The beets were forwarded during the first days of October and must have been harvested between Sejitember 15 and 25. Analyses of sugar heets yroivn in Wisco7isin, 1891. Analyses made by U. S. Department of AyricnUure, Washing ton, D. C. Serial No. Name. Post-office. County. Aver- age weight 0? beets. Sugar in juice. Sugar in beets. Puri- ty* Variety. 1.52.^>8 15207 Aug. Kreamer E.T.Mixdorf . ..do Green Bay Dorchester ..do Brown Clark Ounces. 33-i 12 17? 21i 30i 15 14f 16 32J 20 21t 19 60f 14i 34f 16i 31g Pr. ct. 9.44 12.88 15.42 8. 15 8.7s 11. 34 12.61 12.59 11.61 1L32 13. 26 15.65 10.20 13.37 11.29 9.17 12. 89 7.38 12.24 10.58 Fv. ct. 8.97 12. 22 14.65 7.65 8.27 10. 77 11 98 Coeji- cieiit. 83.5 74.9 83.1 61.7 (i9. 6 77.7 so Imperial. Kleiinv:mz- leb.n. Do 15208 do 3.5201 15260 15230 1,5269 John Michlcr Wni. Kube Jos. Zeller A. Langniorc ];.K. lloberls Doylestown . . . Rich wood Calumetville.. Montfort IMonroe Columliia Dodge Pond dii Lac Grant Do. Imperial. Do. Do 15206 11.96 1 77.3 11 02 ''•> French. Kleinwanz- leben. Do. German. Kleinwanz- leben. Do. Do. Imiierial. Do 15209 Henrv Osborn do . 15202 15271 15173 J. C. Loomis Jacob Keth L. Vaiighan Z.G.Taylor W. E.Volk G. F. Wieseman... A. Austin E.Hubbell Alma Center.. Ahnapee Unity Jackson Kewaun<'e Marathon Marquette Oconto 10.75 12.60 14.87 9.69 12. 76 10. 72 8.71 12. 29 7.10 11. 62 10. 05 76.6 77.5 82.4 65.0 78.6 72. 70.1 72.9 65.3 77.3 71.1 1.5174 1.5225 1.5257 Packwaukee .. Oconto Fall.s . . Olivet 15169 Janes ville do 15211 do Do. Do. Do. Do. 15253 15226 Thos. Match ie M. J. Warner Elk Creek ....do Trempealeau . 15213 Jno. E.Hughes ... Wales Waukesha.. .. 22^ 11.51 10.93 * i. «., the ratio of sugar to the other solids in the juice of the beet. As will be noticed, nearly all the analyses come very low, only two samples analyzing above 15 per cent of sugar iu the juice, and only nine out of twenty above 12 per cent. Doubtless the early date at >vhich the beets were harvested will largely exj^lain their inferior 96 quality. No further data are on hand as regards soil, period of growth, or yield of beets from an acre of land. We shall now give the analyses of samples of sugar beets made at this station during the past fall, along with such additional informa- tion as to the culture of the beets as it has been x>ossible to gather. The analyses are arranged aliihabetically according to counties and according to post-ofBces within each county. The data for each county are averaged so as to give the average size of the samj)les received from each county, the yields of beets, solids and sugar in the juice, and the purity cueflicients. 97 ;3 a a 6 '^2 2 ags a s « £i3 cs a . . .aa ^ O ' a » S 5 3a 3 2 3 £ a-=P S '^■'^ » o a « "^ « P< Wt3M « ? 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Another reason lies in the fact that the farmers are apt to send in the ]arg(>st beets grown, thinking that tlu? larerg beets they can groAV the better; doubtless the analyses given in the above table aro Ill lower in a large number of cases than truly representative samples would liavo shown. I''ifteen counties furnished l)eets analyzing on the average above 13 per cent of 8ugar in the .juice; beets analyzing on the average above 14 per cent were received from the following counties: Door, Green, Jelferson, Lincoln (only one analysis), Peitin, liaciue, Sauk, Trempealeau, and Washington. These counties do not belong to any single section of the State, but are scattered all around, iu the western, south- ern, and northeastern portion of the State. This would indicate that successful sugar-beet culture with us is more a question of skill in growing than a question of soil. In any part t)f the State there is soil well adapted to sugar-beet culture; what is wanted is farnnu's who understand the cultivation of the beets, and enough of them within a limited area to furnish a sufiicient f|uantity of beets to supply a beet- sugar factory witli 200 to 300 tons of beets daily for a campaign of about three months. This means the product fronr not less than 1,500 acres of land iu an average year. Whem?ver these conditions are present, beet-sugar factories will be estaldished in our midst; capital will doubtless be ready to invest as soon as there is any i)rospect of successful outcome. But it w^ould be simply throwing away a fortune to enter upon the undertaking with no certainty of the supply of beets. A modern beet-sugar factory will cost at least .$150,000; before beginning on the en- terprise all conditions nmst therefore be carefully studied; the question of supply of beets is i»erhaps the most important of these. The results of the work done by this station during the past three years indicate that Wisconsin can grow beets in suf- ficient quantity and of good jiercentage of sugar; if this is correct, manufacturing of beet sugar will be a success with us Avheu enough beets can be obtained to supx)ly a beet factory. Wijomiju/. — Fifteen samples were received from this State, of which 9 came from Albany County. The mean results from this county show 14.32 per cent of sugar in the beet, with an average weight of 7 ounces. The best results, all things considered, from the State are from Crook County, althongh oidy three samples were sent, showing 13.77 per cent of sugar and an average weight of 1(5 ounces. In closing these remarks on the data obtained from the different States and Territories, it may be well to call attention to the fact of the remarkable extent of the area in the United States in which sugar beets of fair richness can be grown. In Bulletin 27, from theoretical considerations, a map was given showing- practically where in the United States beets of exceptional richness could be grown. At the time of the pnblication of this map it was distinctly stated that there wouhl be doubtless many localities witliout the bonndaries of the pro- posed area in which excellent beets could be produced. The experi- ments, which have now been carried on for two years, show that the limits of beet-culture for sugar making purposes are even wider than those intimated l)efore. Beets of fair quality have been grown as far south as Texas, and it is now believed that on most of the high plateaus of the central western portion of the United States beet-culture can be practiced with profit, esi)ecially where irrigation is possible. Oil accimnt of the value of lands which are reclaimed by irrigation it is highly necessary that some croi> should l)e grown which will pay for the intensive culture, and nothing better than the sugar beet can be recommended for this pur- 112 pose. It has been thorouglily demoustratcd by the experiments carried on by this Department, that sugar beet culture is possible in this coun- try, and it only remains for the farmers of the country to indicate a willingness to grow the beets to secure the rapid development of our beet-sugar industry. The education of the farmers in this direction will doubtless be slow, but there is no reason to doubt its success. There is abundant capital in the country waiting to embark m the manufacturing part of the industry whenever it can be assured of a sufficient quantity of raw material for its operations. BEET SUGAR EXPERIMENT STATION AT SCHUYLER, NEBR. Impressed with the necessity of securing in this country experimental tests of the most scientific methods of cultivating sugar beets and pro- ducing seed therefrom, I was directed by the Secretary of Agriculture in autumn of 1890 to visit Nebraska and other States with the inten- tion of selecting a site for the establishment of such an experimental station. The reasons which led to the selection of Nebraska as the State in which this station should be established were the fact that already a beet-sugar factory had been erected in that State and others were in process of erection, and that in its soil and climate it seemed to pre- sent a favorable locality in which to try the experiments, Avhich, when finished, might prove of the greatest advantage to all parts of the country. The location of the station on the Pacific Coast Avould have placed it too far away to secure the personal control on the part of the Department which seemed to be necessary to success, while, had it been established farther east and north, it would not have so weU represented all the points of soil and climate of the northern central portion of the country, in which the farmers seem to be most interested in beet- culture. Many localities were found in the State of Nebraska, and, as a result of personal inspection, two sites were favorably recommended for the loca- tion of the experiment station. The first of these was near Norfolk, in the northeastern part of the State. At this place a beet- sugar factory was in course of construction, and the people not only of the town but of the whole country were thoroughly aroused to the importance of a careful study of the beet-sugar industry. A favorable location was also offered for the establishment of the station at a distance of about a mile and a quarter from the location of the beet-sugar factory. The second place recommended was near the town of Schuyler, where two or three different plots of ground were offered, each of which seemed to possess some advantages. The Secretary finally selected Schuyler as the site, leaving the particular location in the vicinity to be determined after- Avard. The work therefore which is carried on at Schuyler must not be taken to represent the interests of Nebraska alone. Those interests are amply provided for by the excellent investigations of the State 113 station at Lincoln. Our work is to be taken for the advancement of the beet-sugar industry in general, and it has been carried on in a locality as nearly central as possible. The plat of land which was tiually selected was, in general, the best adapted to the purpose. I^o piece of laud could lie more favorably for an experimental station. It has a gentle slope toM^ard the south, and yet is practically level, but with a sufficient difference in altitude between its southern and northern portions to give excellent natural drainage, and yet not sufficient to produce washing during heavy rains. The soil is a deep sandy loam, and the only objection to it was that it was prac- tically a virgin soil. Part of it had never been plowed, but the whole of it had been closely pastured for several years, so it was not exactly of the nature of the virgin prairie. The only fear entertained in select- tliis piece of land was that the beets would grow to a remarkable size and be deficient in sugar content. This, however, as will be found in consulting the experimental data, was prevented by close planting, which kept the beets down to below normal size and secured in them a normal development of saccharine matter. Being unable to give my personal supervision to the work of the sta- tion, it was placed in charge of Mr. Walter Maxwell, who brought to his work a large experience in farming and a thorough comprehension of the nature of the problems to be investigated. The scope and extent of the work was thoroughly explained to Mr. Maxwell before his de- liavture to take charge of the station, and the thoroughness with which he carried out the instructions in the conduct of the work will be more clearly perceived by a perusal of his report, which follows. During the planting season I spent sometime at the station, and also during the analytical season. Seed of the best European varieties was especially imported for the purpose of starting the crop for the first year, and in all cases an ex- cellent stand was secured, although the conditions for germination were somewhat unfavorable. At the time of planting, the earth was remark- ably dry, and continued so until near the end of May, after which time a period of exceptional humidity prevailed, accompanied by repeated and heavy rainfalls. In spite of these unfavorable climatic influences, however, a good stanacking the earth down firmly on the seed. If one could be assured of the oc- currence of very dry weather for a considerable period after planting, then depositing the seed at a greater depth would be advisable, but it would be extremely dangerous practice to follow in a country where rains are likely to occur at any time. In localities where irrigation is practiced the amount of seed employed could be easily controlled, and in this case the seed could be deposited to a greater or less depth, ac- cording to whether the soil might be more or less moist. The object of the Avork in cultivation was to show in a practical way how to secure a good stand of good, healthy beet plants at as nearly as possible even distances in the rows and to illustrate the method of cul- ture. With the sugar beet the method of culture is essentially a super- ficial one; no deep plowing and stirring of the ground is required. On the contrary, the principles of beet culture look to a sufficient stirring of the ground to break up the caiiillary connection between the surface portions and the parts below to secure the proper tilth and pulveriza- tion of the surface and to prevent the growth of weeds and grass. These are the points which are to be secured, and any method of cultivation which accomiilishes these ends will be sufficient for beet culture. When the rows of beets are planted only from 12 to 15 inches ajiart, as in the case of some of our experiments, hand-hoe culture is the only practicable method. The rows are too near to i)ermit the use of horse- I)ower. When the rows are 18 inches apart, and greater distances, cul- ture by means of horse hoes and cultivators is, of c(mrse, more econom- ical than hand-hoe culture. Any good garden horse hoe which will stir the surface of the soil and at the same time protect the young plants from being covered up will be found useful in beet culture. In this re- spect it is but fair to call attention to the fact that culture of beets by steam or electric plowing may perhaps in the future be found to be the most economical. By the use of steam plows greater care can be exercised and greater or less speed can be imparted to the plow and al)so- lute immunity from tramping the beets secured. This, however, is a matter for the future; meanwhile we may avail ourselves of the means of cultivation which can be procured. Quite a number of hand cultiva- tors and horse cultivators and hoes were purchased from difterent imple- ment dealers, and all of them, so far as we have been able to try them thoroughly, proved to be of a satisfactory nature. Connected with the culture work, careful meteorological observations were conducted, in order that the climatic intiuences could be as thor- oughly studied as possible. This leads to the observation that inter- continental areas, subjected as they are to great vicissitudes of climate, will perhaps not prove as favorable to beet-culture as the marine lit- IIG toral portions of the country. The influence of the sea water in modi- fying tlie climate of adjacent agricultural regions is too well known to need elucidation, and the extraordinarily favorable results reported from the Pacific coast with the beets grown by farmers in general are illustrations of this fact. So, also, the vicissitudes of climate are well known without consulting the meteorological data kept by the station at Schuyler during the past season. Prolonged periods of drought in such climates are followed by heavy aud repeated rains; cold and hot days follow each other in rapid succession, not oidy in the spring and autumn, but even in the middle of the summer. It is thus rendered important to be able to be in a measure independent of climatic condi- tions, and therefore the proper preparation of the soil for the seed bed and the careful cultivation of the plants are more imjiortant factors in growing beets in intercontinental areas than in localities where the climatic conditions are more equable. A striking illustration of such changes may be cited by referring to the fact that we had scarcely secured the beets selected as mothers in the silos at Schuyler, early in ^N^ovember, before the temperature fell below 0° F. By reason of these extremes of climatit; conditions, also, it would be pre)per to call attention to the ftict that the silos for preserv- ing the mother beets during the winter season must be constructed with great care. It will be necessary to Avait until the spring in order to determine how successful we were in preserving the beets during the winter which is just passing. Three different silos were made, varying in the principles of construction, in the hope of determining which of the methods of preservation Avould prove more successful. The attend- ant left in charge of the silos during the winter was also instructed to watch carefully the forecasts of the weather aud add extra covering to to the silos whenever the temperature was expected to be extremely low. In the same way care was directed to be paid to ventilating the silos in periods of high temperature, which occiir frequently, even during the winter, in that locality. The success which attended these efforts at scientific culture were well attested by the magnificent appearance of the fields of beets dur- ing the latter part of the summer and as they approached maturity. The plots were seen to be absolutely free of weeds and grass, and in no place, in looking over the field, could the ground be seen. The beet leaves formed a complete covering and presented in every respect a most satisfactory appearance. An outline of the principles underlying the analytical period of the ex- periments will indicate tlie general line of work. First of all it was x>roposed to determine the yield in cleaned and topped beets per acre — that is, beets ready to send to the factory — for each period of planting and for each variation in the width between the rows, and the number of beets per acre. To secure this a carefully measured portion of each plot, under the condition >* above mentioned, 117 was liarvested, prepared as if for the factory and carefully weighed. At the same time the saccharine richness of each sample was to be determined. For this purpose no selection was made in regard to the beets, but each one was taken as it grew in the row until a certain number was selected, and each of these beets was analyzed separately. In the same jdat an additional number of samples was taken in groups of ten, and each sample of ten beets was submitted to a separate exami- nation. In this way the character not only of the individual beets was determined, but also the general character of the whoh' i>lat, being taken in grou])S of ten. 0\ er 100 analyses ])er day were made from the time of the beginning of tlie harvesting, early in Sei>tember, until the close of the analytical work in November. The results of these analyses are suhiciently set forth in the tables which accompany the report, and the details will not be mentioned here. Attention, however, should be called to the fact of the great varia- tion Avhicli will be noticed in individual beets, amounting to even as much as 2 or 3 per cent, iu the quantity of sugar which they contain. It may be stated, therefore, that the results are given upon the compo- sition of the expressed juice, as with so large a number of analyses it was imi)racticable to determine the sugar in the pul]> of the beet itself. Inasmuch as the beets, however, were all submitted to analysis directly after they were harvested, so that no opportunity was given for loss by evaporation, it may be assumed that the percentage of sugar in the iuice multiplied by 95 will give approximately the total quantity of sugar present in the beets. In addition to the analytical worlv a careful selection was nuide of the dilferent varieties of beets to be preserved as mothers. For this purpose the whole of the remaining plat, after the analytical data were obtained, was harvested and the beets selected for mothers which showed a normal size of from 500 to 600 grams and a perfect outline. All beets varying from normal size were rejected, as likewise were all of irregular surface, multiple roots, or deformed beets of any descrip- tion. These beets Avere very carefully harvested and handled, the leaves only being cut away without injuring the attaclnnent of the leaves to the stems of the beet, and were carefully preserved iu silos. In order to determine the character of the beets preserved in the silos, representative samples of mothers were taken for analysis and their Aveight and content of sugar determined. Another portion of exactly similar beets, as nearly as possible, Avas carefully weighed and sepa- rately preserved in the silo. The object of this was to determine in the spring the loss in weight which the beets might have experienced during the winter, and then, by determining the sugar iu the samples thus preserved, any changes which the beets might have undergone in the silo can be determined. Tliis, then, can be used as a standard in judging of the character of the mother beets when analyzed for planting. 118 It is the purpose of the Department to continue the experimental work with beets, should Congress grant money for that purpose, during the coming season on the following general principles: The entire number of plats (thirty) in the experimental field will be so divided as to bring each plat into beets once in four years. The re- maining plats will be planted in ordinary crops, so as to secure a trial of the principle of rotation. The beginning of this has already been in- augurated and a number of the jdats has been i)laiited in ftill wheat and rye, while an additional number will be planted in maize, oats, spring wheat, and other crops during the coming spring. All of the plats have been properly Ml-plowed and prepared for the spring planting, and those plats which are to be planted in beets have been thoroughly sub- soiled. At the proper time it is proposed to open the silos and examine the mothers which they contain, first, in regard to the way iu which they have been preserved; second, in regard to the loss of weight of the test samples of mothers, and, third, to subject each of the beets so preserved to analysis, rejecting all Avhich fall below a given standard and planting the remainder for the production of seed of a high grade. It is seen from the above outline of the work that it has been or- o-anized on the best approved i>riiiciples for the illustration of the most scientific methods of producing beets. Not only Avill the work be valu- able for the data which we obtain, but especially so for serving as a sample of what such work should be, which may be a guide not only to the farmers of the country who propose to enter beet culture, but also to those who may undertake the production of sugar-beet seed of high grade to supply the planters of the country. It is perfectly well under- stood that the farmers themselves will not be able to grow high-grade beet seed, on account of the great cost of analytical work which it involves, and if we produce our own seed in this country it will have to be done in the way indicated in the outline above given. REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN CHARGE. The further details of the experimental work are found in the report of the assistant in charge, Mr. Walter Maxwell, which follows: Division of Chemistry, U. S. Department op Agriculture, Washington, D. C, February £6, 1S92. Sir : I beg to submit to you a detailed report of the work accomplished by the sugar-beet experiment station of the Department of Agriculture at Schuyler, Nebr., in the year 1891. Very respectfully, Walter Maxwell, Assistant in charge. Prof. H. W. Wiley, Director. 119 INTRODUCTORY. The Department suj^ar beet experiment station, Sclinyler, Colfax County, Nebr., ia located near the junction of the narrow Shell Creek Valley with the broad plain through which the Platte River runs. The station is located 6 miles in a direct line north of the Platte River, and under the south slope of the terminating line of hills which separates the Shell Creek and Platte valleys. The situation is thus protected against the action of the north, northwest, and northeast winds, and has an amjile exposure to the south, west, and east. The station farm consists of thirty 1-acre plats and 1 acre of roads and borders. Two tracts of land were offered for the use of the experimental station, including the one selected and a tract of equal size having a north exposure. In favor of the latter tract was the circumstance that it had been under cultivation for three years, while the selected tract at the beginning of this year was practically virgin prairie. Although the condition of the soil in the licld exposed to the north appeared to be in a much more favorable state than the soil of the selected field for the immedi- ate culture of beets, the equal richness and physical properties of the soils of the two tields .and the climatic advantages of the field with the south exposure caused the selection of the latter as the location of the actual experimental station. How- ever, as the new .and crude state of tlie soil of the station field gave some doubt con- cerning the results of the first year's work, it was decided to grow beets in both tho stated fields and pi'ovide against a failure in case the station field was too crude for immediate beet culture. To guard against confusion, the two fields will be desig- nated: Field A, station field with south exposure ; Field B, field with north ex- posure. SOIL. The soil of the station farm appears to be uniform with the prairie soil of the Platte Valley. It is a dark loam to a depth of 2^ feet, resting upon a mixture 1^ feet thick of clay and sand, and gradually going down to a pure sand at a depth of 5 feet, which meets the normal water level at a distance from the surface of 8^ feet. It is a loose easy-working soil, highly sensitive to variations in the temperature of the air, but very resistant of the action of the extremes of moisture and drought. The chemical .analyses of the soils gave the following results. No. 1 indicates the surface Layer, 6 inches, and No. 2 the second 6 inches of the soils : Moisture Organic matter Insoluble residue Ferric oxdie (Fe^O,) . . . Aluminic oxide (AI2O3) Calcuim oxide (CaO) . . . Magnesia (MgO) Soda (Ka-jO) Potash (KjO) Phosphoric acid (PjOs) Sulphuric acid (S03) Chlorine (CI) Carbonic acid (Coj) Total Nitrogen Field A. Field B. No. 1. No. 2, No. 1. No. 2. 2.01 1.93 1.84 1.73 6.G4 G. 13 5.20 5.01 81.14 82.11 81.80 82.19 3.11 2.99 4.16 4.12 3.19 3.26 3.98 4.02 0.72 0.68 0.52 0.44 0.82 0.80 0.73 0.75 Trace Trace Trace Trace 0.59 0.01 0.57 0.58 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.003 0.020 0.014 0.019 0.012 1.420 1. 620 1.320 1.270 99. 794 100. 180 100. 177 100.165 0.28 0.25 0,28 0.25 CULTURAL SEASON. Tlie work of preparatory cultivation began April 9, in Field B. The late d.ate at which it was decided to establish the st.ation where it is now located prevented the adoption of the most advisable plan of cultivation, .and the 120 work which shouhl have been done in the fall was not entered npon until late in the spring. April 9. 4 acres in Field B, which in the past year had been planted with corn, were i)lowed lightly and harrowed, and the cornstalks and roots, the latter being turned out by the plow, were gathered up and hauled off. Rains prevented any further operations until April 22, when plowing and subsoiling began. The crouud, Avhich had been freed from all cornstalks and roots, and which laid quite level, was plowed to a depth of 9|^ inches with an ordinary jilow and the subsoiler followed to a further depth of 6 inches, so that the soil was broken up to a depth of 15 inches. The width of fiuroAv taken by the plow was not more than 10 inches, in order to be sure that the lower soil was perfectly stirred by the subsoiler, the share of which was 9 inches broad. The laud plowed each day was harrowed and dragged in the evening, to prevent it drying in a lumpy state and to lessen the loss of moisture. April 26, the temperature of the soil in Field B was still too low for planting the seed, and it was left a few days, and 4 acres selected in Field A were plowed and subsoiled and treated further in the same way as had been done in Field B. April 29, the seed bed of Field B, which had beeu quickly prepared by harrowing and dragging twice, and finally rolling after a third harrowing, had a temperature of 51'^ F. and the seed was put in. Although the ground had plowed well, and each day's way was got down mod- erately fine with the harrow and drag, the coualitiou of the seed bed was not satis- factory. There were no large clods, but instead of a thoroughly pulverized soil, such as can only be produced by the action of frost, the surface was made up of small clots or particles, rather than a mass of fine, moist mold. The seeds were planted with a horse drill, taking one row. In the first place the ground was marked off in rows with a coumiou wooden marker, making five lines at a time. The seed drill followed in each of the lines or rows left by the marker. The drill was set to deposit the seed 1^ inches deep. The seed was planted at the extreme depth ()n account of the extremely drying weather which had set in, with a prospect of lasting for some time. After drilling the seed in rows at a distance of 17 inches a])art t he ground was again firmly rolled, in order to induce the rising of the moisture of the soil to the seed bed. The surface of the soil had become decidedly dry, and there was not moisture enough in the seed bed to produce immediate germination. Six varieties of seed were planted, including — (1) Dippe Bros, Klein wan zlebener. (2) Vilmoi-iu White Improved. (3) Desprez &, fils and Bulteau Desprez. (4) Lemaire pere et soenr. (5) Feid. Knauer. (6) Klein wanzlebener (Elite). The average amount of seed planted per acre was 17.6 pounds, the diill, with the same sized distributing wheel, delivering 18 pounds of the Kleinwauzlebener and Elite varieties, 17.2 pounds of the Vilmorin and Desprez, and 17.5 pounds of the Le- maire and Knauer varieties. On May 5 and 6 the ground in Field A was prepared in the same way as in Field B, and on those days the seed was put in. The seed bed in Field A was in exactly the same state as in Field B — neither rough nor in that state of moist and pulverized mold which is essentially desirable. The seed was planted 1^ inches deep, and in rows 18 inches apart. The temperature of the seed bed was 49. f^ F. on the first day of jjlanting — May 5. The amount of seed planted per acre was 16.5 pounds. The six varieties already specified were planted in Field A. The special purposes of the planting of the large plats of the varieties of beets stated were, in the first place, to observe the results obtained from the soils and climate of the situation under the application of the best method of beet culture ; 121 further, to note the behavior of the specified and well-estal)lished European vari- eties iu new conditions of soil and climate; and finally, to produce and select beets of each of the named varieties for pro])a'^ation uses. It may be found that the known varieties can not sustain the high standard of their characteristics iu the new con- ditions to which they are being submitted, in which case it is considered that it will be possible and necessary to breeounds per acre. Plat 3 2.0 pounds per rod, or 320 i>ounds per acre. Plat 4 3.0 pounds per rod, or 480 pouuds per acre. Plat f) 4.0 pouuds per rod, or 640 pouuds per acre. (3) Time experimcats, or experimeuts for the purpose of showing the results of e.arly and later planting, and to indicate the most advisable time forplautiug iu such soil aud climate. The plautiug of the plats was done as follows: Plat 1 l)lanted May 12. Plat 2 planted May 19. Plat 3 planted May 26. Plat 4 planted June 2. The preparation of the soil and seed bed of the small exijerimeutal pints was con- ducted in the same way as in the example of the larger plats. The seed was put iu with a hand drill, the use of the horse drill bel.ig impracticable. The planting of the No. 1 series was done on May 11; of the No. 2 series on May 12 and 13; and of the No. 3 series as already given. May 15, light cultivation was commenced in Field B. A part of the seed of most of the varieties had germinated and the plantlets were out of the ground sufficiently to mark the rows. Although the ground was still practically free from weeds, flat- hoeing was commenced, hoes with 8-inch blades being used, aud the ground between the rows was thoroughly hoed up to H inches of the i)lautlets. Most of the laborers were green, aud had not seen a beet Held before; but a short time was enough to show them the difference between taking long strokes aud merely scrapino- the top, and short strokes, by whicli the surface of the soil was thoroughly moved to a depth of li to 2 inches. Also the need of keeping so far from the rows as not to disturb the plantlets. A very notable difference was observable in the six varieties in respect of the ap- parent vitality of the seed, as indicated by the per cent of seed which actually germi- nated. The "Vilmorin" variety not only came up one to two days before the other varieties, but almost the whole of the seed of that variety came up together. Next to the "Vilmorin" the " filite" indicated the greatest vitality and soundness. Other of the varieties not only required more time to make a first appearance, but the seed kept coming up for five weeks even after a heavy rain, which indicated that seed of various ages had been put together iu the samples. The actual comparative 122 vitality of the seed of the respective varieties is given in the following table, and shows the number of seeds out of one hundred which grew — Per rent. (1) filite, after 9 days 92 (2) Knauer, after 9 days 85 (3) Lemaire, after 9 days 87 (4) Desprez, after 9 days 88 (5) Vilmorin, after 9 days 95 (6) Kleinwaiizlebener, after 9 day o 90 By May 25 the plats in Field B, also in Field A, had been tlioronglily flat-hood, and some part of the former field a second time. May 26, "thinning out" commenced in Field B. The Vilmorin variety, as already stated, had come up almost perfectly and nearly all the plantlets were large enough for "thinning." Not more than one-half of the seed of the other varieties had germi- nated, and, as a consequence, the "thinning out" had to be done twice, which not only increased the expense of that operation, l»ut the plantlets were destined to be and remain of two sizes, the early plants from the first gernnnation, and the later which germinated after the rains, and the evil of two sizes was to be seen through- out the season in the circumstance that the early plants made too large beets and the late plants too small. From April 22 to June little rain fell, and not only was there no rainfall, but every day was warm, and the heat was accompanied by south winds, the velocity of which ranged from 15 to 20 miles per hour. The continuous drouth had a bad effect upon the early stage of the croj), which was planted in a soil quite unable, in consequence of the spring cultivation, to resist such a continuous spell of dry weather. At that period the future of the crop appeared threatened. On June 2 2 inches of rain fell, and the aspect immediately began to change. The temperature of the soil during the germination season, and for the time in- cluded between May 1 up to the end of June, appears in the following table : Field A. Field B. Date. Seed bed. 6-in(h deep. 12-inch deep. Seed bed. 6-ineh deep. 12-iueh deep. May. Meanof— 49.5 ,')9. 69.0 64.0 58.0 66.0 Not taken ...do 50.0 57.0 64.0 03.5 59.0 82.0 74.0 76.0 50.0 55. 56.0 64.0 61.0 61.0 69.5 73.0 49.5 57.0 68.0 61.0 55.0 64.0 Not taken ...do .52.0 55. 5 62,0 61.0 57.0 62.0 72.0 73.5 52.5 53.5 55.0 61.5 Jiine. .55^.5 60.0 68. 72.5 Before leaving the planting and germination period of the cultural season it will be specially in place to include certain particular observations upon the nature of the climate and the comparative adaptability of the soil to given climatic conditions. It has already been said that from April 22 until June 2 no rain fell. In such re- spect this has been an abnormal year. The normal rainfall for the month of May would be enough for cultural purposes were other physical conditions favorable. In point of fact, the rainfall for the month of May in the State of Nebraska is equal to or exceeds the rainfall for the same month in i\w beet-growing districts of Europe, And again, the temperature of the State of Nebraska does not vary materially in the mean from the temperature of the European countries, although the distribution of the temperature of Nebraska is subject to very much greater fluctuations. There is, 123 ho-wcver, a factor in the climatics of that part of the Western and Northwestern and Southwestern States which appears to be much more potent than the considera- tions of temperature and rainfall, and that is the winds of those re<>ions. That factor reduces any comparative statements of the temperature and rainfall of the State of Nebraska and the beet regions of Europe to a small value. A comparison of the Western States with tlie States on the Atlantic border in respect of the rainfall and temperature is upset by the same prevailing factor. The mean tem- perature for the month of May in Nebraska and the beet districts of Germany does not vary more than 1 to 2 degrees, being about 59° F in Nebraska and 58'-' in the European country. The actual effect, however, of the temperature of Nebraska, borne as it is upon the south Avind at a high daily velocity (it is notable also that the wind rises with the sun, attains its maximum velocity in the middiiy, and moderates or goes quite down with the setting of the sun), is much greater than in localities where the air is generally in ii more stagnant condition. Again, the action of those winds upon the evaporation of moisture from the soil is very great. The seed bed, which at sunrise is soft and moist, after noon is dried out 1 to 2 inches, and the soil is actually hard and remains so until after sundown. Tlie evaporation process occurs to such an intense degree that the rainfall of a nmist and still atmosphere, of one-half to 1 inch per week in that season, Avould have a much smaller effect in the intense conditit)ns of Avhich we have spoken. And yet, notwithstanding the conditions of which we have spoken, and which at first sight appeared unfavorable, the growth and vigorous appearance of the beet plants of the first germination were unmistakable. The plants not only looked vigorous, but they grew rapidly. That circumstance directed attention to the nature of the soil, for it appeared very evid<^ut that an adapability in a high degree existed of the soil to the characteristics of tlie climate. Following the observation stated, experiments were conducted with the purpose of ascertaining the power of the station soil to absorb moistui'e, both by capilliarity ami from the air; and, further, the capability of the soil to retain the moisture already absorbed. In order that the results of sucli experiments should be apparent they had to be made comparative, and samples of soil were obtained from the ex- perimental stations of LaFayette,Ind., and College, Md., whieli samples were sent to us through the courtesy of Prof. Huston of the former and Maj. Alvord of the latter station. About 30 pounds of soil were contained in each sample sent to us, which represented the surface soils of the respective stations to a depth of 9 inches. A corresponding samjile was taken of our own station soil. The samples were each pulverized, but not sifted, and laid very thinly upon boards exposed to the sun for several days until they were thoroughly sun dried. When quite dry, smaller samples were taken from each of the original ones and put into zink forms made for the purpose. The "forms" or vessels were 9 inches deep by 2 inches square. The bottoms were finely perforated, and before putting the soil into them square pieces of linen were damped and laid at the bottom inside in order to prevent any particles dropping through the perforations made for the capillary passage of water. When completed and filled with soil, care being taken that the latter should not be too loose or too compressed in the vessels, the latter were placed in a tub containing water one-half inch deep for twenty-four hours, or until each sample had taken up its maximum quantity of water. The sun-dried soils, with the vessels, were weighed before being put into the tub and immediately after being taken out, any drops at- taching to tlie vessels being wiped ofi'. The quantity of water taken up, or the absorptive power (by capillarity) of each soil, was thus determined. Havinsj; thus come at the absorptive power of each soil, the next step was to deter- mine the relative power of the soils to retain the water they had taken up under the same conditions. A double series of vessels and samples of each soil were used, one part of which were placed under a normal exposure, i. e., the vessels were put out in the field and 124 exposed to every change of weather, day and night, whilst the second part were kept in the barn, and thns kejit from the sun and any rainfall. The data observed in the experiments are expressed in the following tallies: I. — Table showing the kelative ausorptive powers of the soils. Sample of soil. Dry weight of soil. Weight after im- mersion. Weight of water absorbed. Own weiglit of dry soil. Grams. 1, 344 1,414 1,40!) 1,426 1,304 1,330 Grama. 1,702 1,777 1,795 1,818 1 , 735 1,808 Grams. 358 363 386 392 431 438 Per cent. 26.6 mai J lana. i^. . . ■;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; :;;;;:;::;;;;; 25.6 27.3 IV 27.4 station, V VI 33 " 32.9 II. — Tables showing the relative retentive powers of the soils. (a) Series of samples placed in the harn. Samples of soils. Per cent of water, of own weight of the samples, in the soils on- - July 13. July 20. July 27. Aug. 3. Aug. 10. Aug. 17. Aug. 24. Aug. 31. Maryland, No. I ... Indiana, No. Ill .. - Station, No. V Per cent. 26.6 27.3 33 Per cent. 25.4 23.4 26.6 Per cent. 17.7 20 22.5 Per cent. 16.1 18.5 20.4 Per cent. 13.4 15.6 16.8 Per cent. 11.3 13.7 14.2 Per cent. 9.8 12.2 12.2 Per cent. 8.1 10.0 12.5 (h) Series of samples placed in normal exposure. Samples of soil. Per cent of water, of own weight of the samples, in the soils on- - July 13. July 20. July 27. Aug. 3. Aug. 10. Aug. 17. Aug. 24. Aug. 31. Maryland, No. I . . . Indiana, No. IV Station, VI Per cent. 25. 6 27.4 32.9 Per cent. 10.5 14.3 10.3 Per cent. 14.4 18.2 20 Per cent. 9.0 12. 5 14.9 Per cent. 7.2 9 10.3 Per cent. 7.9 9.6 10.8 Per cent. 8.9 12.2 21.5 Per cent. 7.8 10.4 20 If the results of the station samples are talven as expressing 100, the relative capil- lary aud retentive powers are as follows, based upon the data observed on August 31: Soils. Station soil Indiana Maryland . . Capillary or absorptive power. 100.0 82.7 78.7 Retentive power (in the shatle). 100.0 84.2 64.8 Ketentive power (normal ex- posure). 100.0 52.0 39.0 Table I shows the great resorbtive power of the station soil, which means its great capillarity, as the moisture was taken up by capillary action. Table II, series (a), indicates certain very important lixcts iu the station soil, viz : First, that a portion of the very high per cent of water taken mp by absorption is very rapidly given off, after which the rate of evaporation continues very gradual down to 12.2 per ceut, wheu, ou reaching that minimum, it commences reabsorbing 125 ynoistnre from the air, whilst the Indiana and Maryland soils continue to lose in weight. Series (h), of Table II, where the soils were placed in normal exposure, similar re- sults are observed. The per cent of moisture in the station soil is constantly higher than in the other soils, and toward the end of August, when the Maryland and In- diana soils had become practicably insensible, the station soil was still highly sensi- tive in taking up and in retaining the moisture which it had received, as is shown by the data tabulated on August 31. The data set forth in the tables illustrate the striking adaptability of the Nebraska soils to the Nebraska climate. They show the peculiar capability of those soils to withstand the usually liad effects of an excess of either rain or drought. They further indicate that, should the strong winds exercise an influence disturbing to the balance of the other climatic conditions, temperature, and rainfall, that influence appears to be effectually neutralized by the signal properties of the soil. The " thiuniug out," it was said, commenced May 26. The plants were taken when they hail four well-developed leaves. It appears very undesirable to disturb the young plantlets until they have reached the size stated. The rootlets have too frail a hold of the ground, and premature disturbance maj^ more or less detach the plant- let from its soil connection. The laborers employed were chiefly men who had never seen a beet field. Occasion- ally an old workman came who as a lad had been in the beet fields of Germany or Bohemia. The thinning out of the beets is the most particular operation of the cul- tural season, and with such laborers the work not only proceeded very slowly, but it was only possible at the beginning under constant practical supervision. Each man had to be shown, and repeatedly shown, until he could observe all the small points in the work. Small hoes with 3-inch blades were used, but the nervousness of the men, fearing they would not be able to manage the strokes, caused them at first to rely too much upon their hands. In the hands of expert workmen the hoe not only enables more work to l)e done but the work is done better. Not merely is the ground removed around and between the plants which are left, but the actual sepnration of the plants thinned out from the plants left is done with less damage to the latter when the hoe is used. A skillful workman will separate a bunch of plants better with the hoe than with the hand ex- cepting where there are very many small plants together. He will quickly with his practiced eye and hand separate the best plant, and by a manipulation of the hoe slightly press the soil about it, and in the same act cut out the surplus plants, and in such a way that the standing plant remains even more firmly in its place than before. Such skillfulness requires much practice to acquire. Thinning out with the hand is apt to do more damage to the standing plants unless one hand is used to hold the standing plant, while the surplus plants are pulled out with the other hand ; but that is an endless method. The ultimate form of the beet, andpossil)ly other conditions are directly affected by the act of thinning out. If the plants which are to stand are disturbed by the removal of the surplus plants so that the tap-root is severed from the soil at the point of the root, by which act the root-cap may also be injured or separated from the root, then instead of developing one tap-root with a system of very-minute, fine, and fibrous root growth, several prongs will be put out and the form of the beet is wholly distorted. For example: Ton plants were drawn out of the soil with great care, and without apparently leaving any portion of the root in the ground. Those plants were replanted and grew to average sized beets. Each one of the ten beets, however, developed no tap-root, but instead several prongs or fingers, varying from two to five in number, and the natural form of each beet was distorted. The " thinning out " of Fields B and A, the first time over, was finished June 11. On June 2, a strong rain fell, which brought away the seed still lying in the ground very 12G rapidly on account of the high temperature of the soil. The plants grew very quickly aiid the "thinning dilt" Of all the plats; including the small experimental plats, was coinpieted June 18. The growth of the heets after the rain of June 2 aiid following days ivaS phenom- enal. This rapid growth, and the heavy and fre(j[ueut rains, made the further acts of cultivation very difficult to do. In Field B the rows wore only 17 inches apart, and the plants from the second period of germination being so far behind the early plants it was not practicable for the use of the horse hoe. The beets were hoed twice over after the final "thinning out," including the whole space between the rows and around the plants, and any "double plants" Avere seiiarated. This work continued ui) to July 6, when the beets were "rowed up," that operation being done with the broad-blade hoes, the soil being hoed up on each side of the beets level with the top of the neck of the same. In that form, the beets hidden in soil and a trench made between the rows, the work was ended. In Field A, where the rows were 18 inches apart, horse labor Avas used in the light cultivation. After the thinning out, the horso hoe was Used three times over, at such jieriods when the rains allowed. The beets were hoed twice AVlth hand hoe amongst the plants and finally hoed up, the same as in Field S. The cultivation of the sUiall experiment plats was conducted in a way similar to what has been described. On those plats the seed came up thick and evenly. There w£ls a full plant. The plants AVere thinned out exactly 6 inches ajjart in the rows, the distances being regtilated by a 6-inch measure which the man carried for the purpose, the whole t\'ork on those plats being done by one skilled mau. The jilants were left about 6 inches apal't In the rows on the large plats, but the same degree of exactness was not attained as Upou the small plats. Further hoeing twice over and the final hoeing up completed the work on the small plats. July 12 the cultural Avork of the season AVas done. The beets covered the Avhole ground, and, as far as cultivation could exercise an eft'oct, there was no obstacle in the Avay of their progress. The crop was now left to the clinuitic conditions, as it Avas advanced beyond reach of danger from other sources. And it Avill be in place here to observe the almormal conditions of Aveather extending OA'cr tlie cultural season. It has been seen that lit- tle rain fell during the Avhole month of May, and normally the latter half of that month receives the usual spring rains, which continue into early Jnne, and Avhich are in the highest degree faA'orable to the cultural season of that period. On June 2 the first good rain fell since early in April. When the rains began they fell in torrents. In the month of June 12 inches were recorded, or nearly half an inch daily. On the 24th and 25th 8 inches fell in thirty -two hours. On the latter date the beets were not A'isible, the water standing from 6 to 8 inches deep over the Avhole tract of Field A. No immediate damage occurred to the croji, but the continuous dull weather, Avith a high atmospheric humidity (78.7 for June), fre<|uent rains, and comparatively little sun, which conditions continued through July, caused eventually an unfavora- ble api>earance. On July 25 it was observed that in the lower parts of the plats, Avhere the deep green of the leaves had gone OAer into a sickly brown-yellow, the beets had commenced rotting. The deeay commenced at the neck, on account of the moisture which was constantly resting on the foliage, for it was seldom dry. The decaying continued until the first Aveek of August, Avheu a period of dry weather, Avith hot winds, set in and saved the further damage of the crop. The decayed beets were dug up as soon as they were detected, but others which had merely commenced rotting recoA'ered and put forth a second growth of foliage. The sugar content of those beets, howcA'er, remained abnormally low. A table of the rainfall and temperature for May, June, July, August, September; and October is given, expressed iu weekly means: 127 Date. May. June. July. Augusts Septeitibet; Octobet'. Raih; Teinp. Rain. Temp. Haiti. Tfcnip. Rain. TemJ). Raiil. Temj). Raitl. Tfemj). Fir.st week... Second week. Third week . . Fourtli Week . In. 0.14 (I. OS 0.77 0.-15 o 50.8 ea. 2 60.8 62.4 tn. 2.65 1.D4 0.21 7.64 Bi.s 69.8 69.1 73.6 in. 3.16 0.20 1.47 1.88 6 137.7 69.9 72.7 69.4 tn. b'.hi)' 1.54 0.08 76.0 73.1 08.3 63.3 in. '6." 27' 6'57" 62.4 64.5 74.0 59.7 In. 3.25 0.52 0.15 43.6 48.8 51.5 40.4 Mean rain . . . Mean teniper- 1.38 59.0 11.51 08. 4 6.71 09.9 2.22 70.2 0.84 05.1 3.92 47.6 Total rainfall fol- tlie given six nloliths incites.. 20.01 Xornial rainCall (for northern Kebraska) six mouths do 12. 49 Total units of heat for the ^iven six months 11,051 ^Normal units (for northern Kebraska) six months ^ 1 ; . llj 518 The total heat units for the given six months afe almost Ideiitical with thfe tidrmal quantity found for northern Nehlaska. The distlibutlou, hDwevet, as we have 111 another place shown, Avas very fat from the normal ; May aild Sejitembet being sev- eral degrees too waim, alid July, even in a grieatet degree, too cokL ANALYtlCAL SEASON. The -work of testing the beets analytically, in otdet to learn the results of the cul- tural season, opened early in Scptembefi The station laboratory Was completeel and ready for use September 10. The analytical work of the laboratory Avas conducted by T. C. Trescot, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, assisted by C. B. Edsou and others. September 12 a general view of the crop was taken, expressed by the mean of sev- eral analyses of beets from each held, with the following results : Sucrose in juice. Purity. Field A Per cent. 12.8 14.3 77.1 82.0 Field B September 14 and 15 each of the six varieties in Field B was examined, and the mean of ten analyses of each variety gave as follows : Variety. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Elite Per cent. 14.6 15.7 13. 2 13.8 14.3 14.7 82.0 80.2 77.0 81.3 Des])rez Vilniorin Klein wanzlebener It is seen from the polariscope readings that the sugar present in the juice was very satisfactory. The juices, however, still appeared " green," and the general appear- ance indicated that, if the sucrose Avere approaching its maximum, there was room for improvement in the condition of the juices. The beets, moreover, had not fully taken on the melloAV, golden-green color of the leaves indicative of maturity. Analyses were made with ten beets selected from No. 1, small plat, on September 15, the mean of which gave 13.8 per cent sucrose in the juice. No further work Avas done in the laboratory for another week, it appearing desira- ble to leave the beets alone, as they Avere gradually improving. September 21 work commenced again in Field B, tmd upon a large scale. The beets of certain varieties appeared to have reached a state of maturity Avhich made it possible to arrive at conclusions concerning the actual results of those varieties 128 expressed in weight per acre, the content of sucrose in the juice, and the total yield of sugar per acre, which data form the ultimate purpose and end of the work. The work of determining the weight of beets per acre was done by selecting a given number of 3 square rods, according to the size of the whole plat, and ascertain- ing the weight of each square rod from the several parts of the plat and taking the mean as representing the 160-part of an acre. The details of selecting the square rods and the weighing of the l)eets were as follows : A wooden square made of light wood, was dropped down upon the place selected. That frame inclosed exactly 1 square rod. Every beet was taken up inside the square and none outside, so that each measurement was essentially precise. The beets were thoroughly cleaned ; the tops, including the neck, were cut off with any coarse lateral roots, and weighed immediately. As already said, the mean of the square rods thus weighed upon each plat was taken as the acre unit. The method of sampling a plat for determining the per cent of sucrose in tlie juice and the yield of sugar per acre was as follows : The length of the plats in Field B was between 30 and 40 rods, consequently the breadth of the plats was very small and tlie number of rows of beets few. Where the number of rows to a plat was less than 20 one average row Avas selected, and Avhere the number exceeded 20 to the plat two average rows were selected. The selected rows were taken up in the follow- ing order : Either one hundred or two hundred beets, as decided upon, were selected in twentiestrom either five or ten different places intlierows, the places being so far apart as to give an actual average of the beets in the rows. Those beets were taken imme- diately to the laboratory and analyzed. Each one of those two hundred beets was anal- yzed individually, in order to afford not only an average, but also to observe the scale of variation in weight and sugar content of the single beets. In the next place, the whole of the beets remaining in the selected rows were taken up and brought direct to the laboratory and analyzed in ''tens," i. e., the juice of ten beets already weighed and grmind up, was expressed and one polariscope reading made. From the indi- vidual beets the weight and sugar content of each one were found ; and from the beets analyzed in tens the average weight, sugar content, and purity were obtained. The number of beets analyzed daily Avas from one hundred upwards, oven to nine hundred daily, Avhere the work Avas done in tens. The weight of beets per acre (the samples being prepared for the scales in the manner already described) of the several Aarieties was as follows: Field B. Variety. Elite Knauer Lemaire Desprez Vilmorin Kleinwanzlelieiier *A]1 tons=2,000 pounds. Field A. Pounds per Date. Sfiuare rod (mean of Pounds per *Tons per 3 square acre. Sept. 21 rods) . 257.0 41, 120 20.56 Sept. 23 266. 42, 560 21. 2S Sept. 24 293. 2 40,912 23.49 Oct. 6 330. 3 52, S48 26.42 Oct. 7 322. 2 51, 552 25.80 Oct. 8 307.5 49, 200 24.60 Variety. Date. Elite Oct. 13 Knauer Oct. 13 Lemaire Oct. 15 Desprez Oct. 1 5 Vilmorin Oct. 19 Kleiuwanzlebener i Oct. 19 Pounds per square rod (mean of 3 square rods). 226.3 220.8 229.7 266.3 263.3 281.0 Pounds per acre. 36, 240 35, 328 36, 750 42, 608 42, 128 44, 960 Tons per acre. 18.10 17.7 18.4 21.3 21.1 22.5 129 The varieties "Elite " and "Knauer," in Fifld B, wliirh were wei. SO 13.6 24.00 13.9 Field A. Variety. Elite Kiiauer , Lemaire Desprez Vilmorin KJeinwanzlebener - Weight Sucrose per acre. iu beets. Tons. Per cent. 18.1 13.8 17.7 14.0 18.4 13.4 21.3 13.7 21.1 13.9 22.5 13.8 Sugar per acre. Pounds. 5; 001 4,945 4,924 5,837 5,855 6,204 In order to come at the volume and value of production of the respective varieties this season, and to obtain an indication of the comparative value and adaptability of the varieties to tlie soil and climate in vt^hich they have been grown, the mean of each variety in liehl A and field B will be given, expre.ssed iu the weight of beets per acre, the sugar per acre, and the jiurity of the juices, from Avliich collective data a precise estimate may be formed of the value of each variety, both to the grower of the beets and the manufacturer of the sugar. Mean of field A and field B. Variety. Weight Sugar per acre. per acre. Tons. Pounds. 19.33 5, 564 19.49 5,613 20.94 5,698 23.85 6,459 23. 45 6,407 23.55 6, 521 Purity of juices. Elite Knauer Lemaire Desprez Vilmorin Klein wanzlebeuer 84.6 86.4 86.0 86.2 85.4 83.3 The analysis of the varieties does not require further comment. Tlie almost iden- tical values of the "Klein wanzlebeuer," "Desprez," and "Vilmorin "varieties are very notable. The other varieties form a second class in respect of the actual money value per acre. It may be of interest to add a comparison of the results obtained by the Department beet station with those of a station in Europe, where the work is conducted with the same care and accuracy. The Chapelle agricultural station, France, affords the data for such a comparison published in the official bulletins of this year. The data of the Chapulle station represent the mean condition and results of several experi- mental plats at the several periods stated, and the statement of the Department station gives tlie mean condition of all the varieties and plats at almost correspond- ing periods in the season at Schuyler. Stations. Weight Date. of beets per acre. Tons. Sept. 9 11.35 Oct. 7 14.86 Nov. 18 16.30 Sept. 15 21.77 Oct. 15 21.77 Nov. 2 21.77 Sugar per acre. Chapelle (France) . Schuyler (Nebr.).. Pounds. 3, 014 4,182 4,919 5,790 6,060 5,393 135 The exact weight of each plat on the Schuyler station was not obtained upon all the dates given, but certain plats were weighed September 12 and 15 and October 26, and the weight of beets per acre was found to be constant. The sugar content on September 15 indicated that the maximum growth had been attained, although there was room for improvement in the state of maturity of the juices. A comparison of the data given of the two stations suggests the dissimilar climatic conditions attending the maturing season in the respective countries. In France the beets mature slowly and late into the fall. lu Nebraska the season is early, prompt, and sooner over. SMALL PLATS. The results of the experiments conducted upon the small plats will now be exam- ined. It was explained in the early part of the report that those experiments consisted of three series, having the following purposes : (1) The determination of the distances that the beets should be planted apart from each other in order to obtain the maximum production, expressed in weight of beets and sugar per acre. (2) The observing of the effects (if any) of varying quantities of phosphate fertil- izers upon the yield of beets and sucrose. (3) To indicate the time when it may be most advisable to plant the beet seed in the conditions which obtain in the district where the station is located. It must be previously observed that the analytical work upon an exhaustive scale was not commenced upon those small plats until a week after the beets were at their best. As a consequence the total value of the results of the plats as indicated by the content of sucrose present in the juices will appear low, and it is certain that the sucrose in the juices of all the plats, excepting Nos. 14 and 15, was lower by 1 per cent at the time of analyzing than it was a week before. The plats Nos. 14 and 15 were very late in maturing, not having been planted until June. FIUST SERIES. The weight of beets per acre of each plat will first be given. The beets on each plat were planted exactly 6 inches apart in the rows. Tlie distance between the rows was different upon each plat, thus showing a varying scale of the number of beets to the acre. Plat. Distance between rows. Number of beets per acre. Weight per square rod. Weight per acre. No. 1 Inches. 12 14 16 18 20 22 87, 137 74, 674 65, 340 58, 080 52, 272 47, 520 Pounds. 300 252 219 198 190 175.5 Tons. 24 20.2 17.5 15.8 15.4 14 2 3 4 5 6 The sugar content of the juices of the plats is given in the following tables : Plat No. 1. — Sixty beets were analyzed individually and gave the following mean re.sults: Per cent sucrose in juice, 13.8. Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXI. The average results of the analyses No. 1 Plat were : Mean sucrose in juice, 13.7 per cent; mean purity, 80.8 per cent. Plat No. 2. — Sixty individuals analyzed the foUowingmean result : Sucrose in juice, 13.1 per cent. Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave results recorded in Table XXII. 136 The average results of the analyses of JS'o. 2 I'lat: Mran sneroso in jniro.13.1 per cent; luean purity, 82.7 per cent. Flat No. S. — Sixty individuals analysed ga^-e tlie following mean results: Sucrose in juice, 14 per cent. Sixty beets analyzed in " tens" gave results recorded in Table XXIII. The mean results of the analyses of No. 3 Plat were: Mean sucrose in juice, 13.5 per cent ; mean purity 80.9 per cent. Plat No 4. — Sixty individuals analyzed separately gave the following mean result: Sucrose in juice, 13 per cent. Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXIV. The mean results of the analyses of No. 4 Plat were : Mean sucrose in juice, 12.9 per cent; mean purity, 80 per cent. Plat No. 5. — Sixty individuals analyzed separately gave the following mean result: Sucrose in juice, 13.5 per cent. Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXV. The average results of the analyses of No. 5 Plat were: Mean sucrose in juice, 13.0 per cent ; mean purity, 77.7 per cent. Plat No. 6. — Sixty " individuals" analyzed separately gave the following mean result: Sucrose in juice, 12.8 per cent. Sixty beets analysed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXVI. The average results of the analyses of No. 6 Plat were : Mean sucrose in juice, 12.9 per cent; mean purity, 80.5 per cent. The value per acre of each of the plats, expressed in weight of beets and sugar per acre, was as follows : Plat. Distance between the rows. Weight of beets per acre. .Sugar per acre. No 1 Inches. 12 14 16 18 21) Tons. 24.0 20.2 17.5 1.5.8 15.4 14.0 Pounds. 6,240 9 5,009 3 4,480 4 3, 855 5 3,788 6 3,416 It must be said, by way of comment upon the comparatively low weights per acre of the beets, that the small plats suffered the most excessive effects of the heavy rains of June and July because of the ground lying lower than the large plats near by. Moreover, the rows ran from east to west instead of from north to south (the form of the plats made the other direction impracticable), and that was si)ecially disadvantageous in the wet season. It w^as observed that the individual beets were very litflc larger on the plats where the rows were 22 iuclies apart than on the plats where the rows were only 12 inches distant from each other. Tlie beets in the row.s, however, were X)lauted only 6 inches apart on all the plats, and that circumstance controlled the comparative uniformity of the size of the beets throughout, tin; distance between the plants in the row being a more important factor than the distance between the rows in deciding the size of the beet. SECOND SERIES. The five following plats were devoted to observing the effect of phosphorous ferti- lizers upon the production of weight of beets and sugar per acre. The fertilizer experimented witli was a. slag pliosphate. The application of the fertilizer was at the time of planting tlu; seed. The. results may serve to indicate that those soils do not require any aid from artificial fertilizing agents. 137 The results will be given in brief in the following table: Plata. No. 7 8 9 10 11 Fertilizer Pounds. IGO 240 320 480 640 (*) Weight of beets per acre. Tons. 16. :^ 16.7 I.'). 6 15.4 14.5 15.8 Sugar per acre. Pounds. 4,192 4,141 3,900 3,942 3,699 3,855 * Nonfertilized plat. THIRD SERIES. The follo-\ving four plats "were u.sed for the purpose of observing the results obtained from beets planted at different periods. The plats Nos. 14 and 15 did not suffer so much from the heavy rains ; otherwise the conditions were equal. The results are given in brief in the following table : "Plat ^^^'^ °^ •^'**- planting. Weistht of beet per acre. Sugar per acre. No. 12 May 12 May 19 May 26 Tons. 14.1 1,3.2 14.9 12.5 Pounds. 3,750 i;i .. . 3 616 14 3 093 15 3 450 During tlie analytical season experiments were conducted for the purpose of ascer- taining — (1) The loss of weight in the beets from evaporation when exposed for varying lengths of time. (2) The action upon the sucrose contained in the beet when the latter is removed from its connection with the soil. It has been claimed that wheu beets are taken up out of the soil and stored a further increase of sucrose takes place in the organism, and more lately it has been stated that if the beets are disturbed by an implement sufficiently to break the root connection with the grouud, the beets being left in the soil, an increase of sucrose takes place. There does not appear to be anything in the organism of the beet to induce such an expectation. The evaporation experiments were made in two series : (1) With beets fastened up in a bag and kept from the sun and wind. (2) With beets under normal exposure to air and sun. Table of first series. Date. mum air temper- ature. (1) Weisbt Loss. (2) Weiuht Loss. (3) W.-iiiht Loss. (4) Weight Loss. of beet. ot beet. of beet. of beet. Crram.i. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. Oriins. Per cent. Orains. Per cent. Oct. 12 53 63 1,283 1.242 048 G20 753 725 3.8" 426 404 Oct. 13 3.2 4.4 5.2 Oct. 14 52 1,188 7.3 592 8.8 703 6.7 381 10.6 Oct. 15 52 1,166 9.2 579 10.7 691 8.3 370 13.2 Oct. 16 7G 1, 136 11.5 503 13.2 676 10.3 358 16 Oct. 17 65 1,111 13. 4 550 15. 2 660 12.4 350 17.9 Oct. 18 59 1, 085 1.5.5 538 17 650 13.7 329 22.8 Oct. 19 67.5 1,055 17.8 518 20.1 631 16.2 315 26.1 138 Tahle of second series. Bate. Maxi- mum air temper- ature. (1) Weight Loss. (2) Weight Loss. (3) Weight Loss. (4) Weight Loss. of beet. of beet. of beet. of beet. o Grams. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. Grams. Per cant. Grams. Per cent. Oct. 12 .53 63 724 661 661 592 503 457 580 537 Oct. 13 8.8 10.5 9.2 7.5 Oct. 14 52 620 14.4 542 18 418 16.9 501 13.7 Oct. 15 52 592 18.3 516 22 401 20.3 473 18.5 Oct. 16 7G 570 21.3 493 25.5 375 25.5 456 21.4 Oct. 17 65 548 24.4 468 29.2 366 27.3 435 25 Oct. 18 59 526 27.4 447 32.4 351 30.3 416 28.3 Oct. 19 67.5 505 30.3 426 35.6 335 23.4 396 31.8 If the meau loss of weight be taken of the individual beets each day, as shown by the two tables, a ratio of evaporation may be determined, and a standard of correc- tion establislied approximately exact, to be applied in the analysis of beets which have been some time out of the ground. First series, ratio of evaporation. Secend series, ratio of evaporation. Per cent. Loss of weight for one day 4.2 two (lays 8.5 three days 10. 4 four (lays 12. 8 live day.s . 14 7 Per cent. Loss of weight for one day 9 three (iiiys 19.8 four days 23.4 six days 17.3 seveu days 20 six days 29. 6 seven days 32. 5 In addition to the observations conducted with individual beets, an experiment was made with a square rod of beets in the middle of a large plat. The beets were got up and the tops removed exactly as though prepared for the factory and then left lying on the ground with a normal exposure to the air and sun. Third series. Weight of 1 square rod of beets. Eatio of evaporation. Poimds. Original weight 267.5 Second weiuht 226 Third weight 209 Loss of weight for— Per cent. Two days 15.6 Four da'ys 21.9 Six days 28.3 Fourth weight 192 Upon the third day of exposure rain fell, consequently the evaporation was some- what retarded. It will be understood that the "loss of weight" for the given periods means the loss in per cent of the weight of the beet and not the per cent of water evai)orated of the original water contained in the beet. The per cent of water lost would be greater than the numbers given. As the ''loss of weight" implies the loss of weight of the beet, the per cent of loss means an equal per cent gain in the reading of the sucrose, and the correction should be as follows : A beet which reads 15 per cent of sucrose, but which has lost 20 per cent of its original weight, should be read: Sucrose in juice, 15 per cent less; loss of weight in beet, 20 per cent; actual sucrose in juice, 12 per cent. In proceeding to a consideration of the second projiosition, viz, " the action upon the sucrose present in the beet consequent upon breaking the connection of the latter with the soil," the data obtained in the evaporation experiments are of the first value- It may, in the first place, be indicated that any apparent increase of sucrose in a beet which has had its taproot broken, or which has been in any way detached or 139 loosened in its connection with the soil, is 2 Kleinwanzlebener . 13.4 Field A. Fresh beets. Stored beets. Variety. Date. Sucrose in juice. Date. Sucrose in juice. Elite Oct. 13 Oct. 14 Oct. 15 Oct. 17 Oct. 18 Oct. 19 Per cent. 14.5 14.8 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.5 Nov. 6 Nov. 6 Nov. 6 Nov. 7 Nov. 7 Nov. 7 Per cent. 12 7 11 6 Lemoire 13 12 5 Vilmorin 12.9 Kleinwanzlebener 12 5 In comparing the results of the "fresh" and "stored" beets it must be remembered that the latter had lost some water by evaporation, so that the sucrose should have been higher in the j uices of the stored beets than in the j uices of the fresh beets. It is thus seen that the actual decrease and loss of sugar in the stored beets was greater than is indicated in the table given. An experiment was made with individual beets, also with the purpose of observing if there were a decrease in sucrose contained in the beets after removal of the latter from the soil. The experiment was made as follows: Twenty beets were taken fresh from the soil, the tops removed, washed, and dried. Each beet was cut into equal halves and the halves marked No. 1 and No. 2. No. 1 140 of each of the twenty beets was immediately weighed, the juice expressed and the sucrose determined in the hitter. The No. 2 halves of the beets were also weighed immediately and afterwards laid upon a board with the cut surfaces upward and re- njained thus for live days, when they were rcAveighed, in order to ascertain the loss of weight by evaporation. After reweighing, the No. 2 halves were immediately analj'zed and the actual sucrose contained in the juice of each half determined. Having determined the sucrose contained in the No. 1 half of each of the beets, and having further determined the loss of weight in each of the No. 2 halves, it was possible to observe whether a decrease of sucrose had taken place or not. The per cent increase of sucrose in the jirices of the No. 2 halves should be exactly equal to the per cent decrease in the weight of the beets, if no loss of sucrose had taken place. Instead of the data belonging to each beet being given, the mean data will be given of the No. 1 and No. 2 series. Beets. Mean of first ■weights. Mean of second weights. Mean of sucrose in juices. Loss of weight of heels. Increase of sucrose in juice. Loss of sucrose. Ko. 1 halves Pounds. 350 345 Pounds. Per cent. 14.5 18.4 Percent. Per cent. Per cent. !No. 2 halves 248 28.2 19.2 9 If the juices of the No. 2 halves had gone up in sucrose in the exact proportion per cent that the beets had decreased in weight, those juices wonld have contained 20.2 per cent instead of 18.4 per cent which was actually found. The diiference be- tween 20.2 per cent and 18.4 per cent gives the loss of 9 per cent of the original con- tent of sucrose in the beets. The data obtained from the expei-iments with large numbers of beets of six varie- ties, and the observations made with the halves of the individual beets, indicate that a loss of sucrose takes place when the beets are removed from their normal connec- tion with the soil. In reviewing geuerallj- the characteristics of the season, and the result of the ex- perimental work of the station, we have to observe the following : The late date upon which it was decided to establish the station at its present loca- tion did not permit of the best advised plan of cultivation, and delayed the con- ducting of farm operations till April, which should have been performed in the preceding fall. The cultural season was marked by the widest extremes of climatic conditions. The planting period was a continuance of drought, lasting from April 20 to June 2. At the end of the dry period a succession of weeks of rains followed, which were ab- normal Avhen compared with the usual precipitation for the months of June and j July. The abnormal conditions accompanied the development of the season to its | end. The steady and continuous heat common to the months of July and August was, in the most part, postponed till the middle of September; and the extreme i heat of the latter month was followed again by rains which amounted to more than twice the normal precipitation for that period. The results of the work of this sea- son have been achieved under the influence of climatic conditions unusually un- ^ favorable. Experiments conducted comparatively with the soils of Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska indicated the peculiar adaptability of the soil to the climate in the latter State, which fact may be found to obtain equally for the other States. The general results of the analytical season are found to be satisfactory both in respect of the weight of beets and yield of sugar per acre. In such respect the results of the Schuyler Station compare satisfactorily with the work of correspond- ing stations in Europe. The observations made upon the results of the six varieties used in the experi- mental work of the station, have resolved those varieties into two classes, in respect 141 of the actual money Talue per acre of their products, viz, the first class including the " Klein wauzlebener," " Desprez," and " Vilmoiin " varieties, whose values are uni- form. The "Lemaire," "Elite," and Knauer" have also an approximately equal value, which, however, is much below that of the three former varieties. The experiments conducted with the view of observing the results of early and late planting indicated that early planting may be expected to give the highest pioney value yield per acre. That conclusion, indicated by the experiments upon the small plats, is supported by the actual results obtained in Field B in comparison with Field A, the beets in the former field having been planted several days earlier than the other, and the rate of development continued fourteen days in advance of the beets in the latter field. The fertilizer experiments indicate that the soil of the station farm contains all the constituents of plant food in abundance, and that artificial aid can not be given to the growing plant with any apparent advantage. In respect of the distances that the beets should be placed from each other, or the number of plants given to an acre, the experiments on the No. 1 series of the small plats have shown conclusively that the money value of the crop was greatest where the greatest number of beets were placed upon the acre. The economic considera- tion, viz, the greater cost of raising an acre of beets planted closely together is very secondary in comparison with the greater money value of the product. Instead of the distances at which beets should be planted between the rows being regulated by the consideration of implements which have boen invented for the cheaj) cultivation of the crop, the character of the implements should be adapted to the highest value and advantage of the crop. The means of analyses indicating the condition of the beets at the periods when the tests were made show that the crop generally, and particularly in Field B, where the beets were planted early, had reached a high condition, in respect of the weight of the beets and the sugar content of the juices, on 8eptember 15. Further, that certain of the varieties had reached a maximum value by September 25, and that all of the varieties were at their best by October 15, and after that date the content of sucrose began to fiill away. Those observations indicate the time when, in a normal season, the harvesting and handling of the beets by the factories should commence in that part of Nebraska. The past season has been an abnormal and late one, and it is apparent that with a moderately early planting season (April 20 to May 1), and proper cultivation, a crop should be ready for the factory commencing September 1. The period of maturity depends upon the beet as well as the time of planting and cultivation, and in such respect it is indicated that if the three varieties are used, which have been found to be the best this year, it would be advisable to plant them in the following order: " Vilmorin," " Kleinwanzlebener," " Desjirez," and they will mature most advantageously in that order for the factory. In view of the early date in the season that the factories may have to suspend operations on account of frost, an "early season" is of the greatest importance. Commencing September 1, a three months' factory season is almost assured, and that would enable a factory with a capacity of 300 tons per day to work up about 30,000 tons of beets by December 1, or the product of 3,000 acres at 10 tons per acre. The experiments made in order to determine the loss of weight by evaporation, and to ascertain the eifect of evaporation with the removal of the beets from the earth upon the sucrose contained in the beet have indicated that no gain occurs in the sucrose content of the beet, l)nt that an actual loss of sugar takesplace if any length of time is allowed to transpire between the raising of the beets from the soil and the handling of them in the factory. It thus appears of advantage to the grower and the manufacturer that the beets should not only be harvested at the period of their maximum sugar value, but that they should be handled by the factory as nearly fis possible as they come fresh from the field. 142 Table I. — Analyses of one hundred Kleimvanzlehener Elite suf/nr beets. [Date: September 21.] No. Average weight Sucrose No. Average weight Sucrose No. Average weight Sucrose No. Average weight Sucrose beets. injuioe. beeta. injuice. beeta. injuic*. beets. injuice. 6-rams. Per cl. Orams. Per et. Grains. Per ct. Orams. Per ct. 1 231 16.8 26 650 15.9 51 602 15.8 76 401 16.8 2 380 12. 2 27 223 16.0 52 484 15.1 77 272 15.8 3 766 Ills 28 288 15.0 53 412 14.8 78 343 15.5 4 738 14.0 29 482 13.7 54 537 14.0 79 342 18.9 5 736 13.2 30 96 16.4 55 814 10.0 80 709 12.7 6 742 12.6 31 409 16.4 56 418 15.6 81 346 14.0 7 341 13.5 32 565 14.3 57 343 18.4 82 350 16.6 8 411 13.5 33 625 18.0 58 377 17.6 83 858 14.2 9 255 14.6 34 770 13.7 59 679 13.9 84 625 15.7 10 564 12.7 35 367 15.8 ; 60 519 15.5 85 250 17.0 11 292 15.2 36 725 13.9 61 931 13.5 80 228 17.8 12 149 13.0 37 189 13.5 62 470 16.7 87 328 15.8 13 145 15.0 38 502 13.8 63 370 16.7 88 432 15.4 14 412 13.6 39 538 14.5 64 439 16.5 89 265 17.6 15 254 14.6 40 636 16.4 65 243 17.6 90 359 16.0 16 224 16.0 41 325 18.1 66 239 17.0 91 296 14.0 17 395 13.4 42 489 16.9 67 278 16.2 92 220 15.2 18 140 17.0 43 473 16.7 68 195 15.5 93 240 15.2 19 212 13.0 44 281 14.5 69 279 18.2 94 510 17.2 20 1,124 12.2 45 241 17.3 70 306 15.9 95 497 15.3 21 171 16.8 46 294 17.7 71 431 14.4 96 522 13.8 22 229 16.0 47 354 16.8 72 565 15.0 97 360 17.8 23 598 14.0 48 379 14.1 73 349 15.7 98 165 18.7 24 227 17.2 49 167 15.8 74 360 17.2 99 120 18.6 25 219 17.8 50 390 ♦ 13.6 75 177 16.7 1 100 119 20.4 Table II. — Variety Kleimoanzlebener Elite, analyzed in eighty groups of ten ieeta each. [Date: September 22.] No. Average weight, beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose injuice. Purity. Orams. Per cent. Orams. Per cent. 1 472 17.4 13.5 78.1 42 192 19.3 17.0 88.1 2 398 18.4 14.9 81.0 43 299 18.3 15.4 84.2 3 579 17.8 14.1 79.2 44 357 20.2 16.9 83.7 4 422 18.4 15.1 82.1 45 261 17.8 14.4 80.9 5 378 18.8 15.3 81.4 46 346 18.7 15.9 85.0 6 454 18.4 14.5 78.8 47 331 18.8 15.8 84.0 7 410 18.9 15.1 80.0 48 331 19.8 16.9 85.4 8 396 18.4 14.9 81.0 49 348 18.7 15.4 82.4 9 404 18.4 14.4 78.3 50 303 18.7 15.4 82.4 10 363 17.9 16.3 91.0 51 303 18.7 15.5 82.9 11 394 19.2 15.5 80.7 52 341 19.3 16.9 87.6 12 430 19.0 15.6 82.1 53 363 18.4 15.5 84.2 13 387 19.0 15.3 80.5 54 346 18.4 15. 1 82.0 14 344 19.3 16.1 83.4 55 274 18.7 15.8 84.5 15 406 18.6 15.3 82.3 56 335 18.6 15.7 84.4 16 359 19.1 15.6 81.7 57 342 18.4 1,5.6 84.8 17 337 19.6 16.6 84.7 58 341 19.2 16.8 87.5 18 291 19.7 16.7 84.8 59 317 18.2 15.2 83.5 19 307 18.9 14.6 78.5 60 279 19.3 16.3 84.5 20 483 17.9 14.4 80.4 61 299 19.2 16.2 84.4 21 421 18.7 15.8 84.4 62 241 19.1 16.1 84.3 22 354 18.3 15.3 83.6 63 327 18.7 15.3 81.8 23 421 19.5 16.1 82.6 64 286 18.5 15. 1 81.6 24 331 19.1 15.3 80.0 65 271 17.8 15.3 87.1 25 467 18.4 16.0 87.0 66 217 19.3 10.6 86.0 26 298 19.3 16.1 83.4 67 238 18.5 16.7 90.3 27 330 19.6 16.5 84.2 68 262 19.6 17.5 89.2 28 292 18.3 15.1 82.5 69 332 18.6 15.8 84.9 29 252 18.7 15.7 84.0 70 296 18.8 15. 5 82.4 30 328 18.6 15.6 83.9 71 364 18.7 1.^).4 82.4 31 319 18.8 15.8 84.0 72 341 18.6 1.5.0 80.6 32 363 19.0 16.0 84.2 73 281 19.2 16.1 83.9 33 318 18.6 15.4 82.8 74 311 18.2 1.5.0 82.4 34 271 18.7 15.9 85.0 75 285 19.5 16.8 86.2 35 307 19.1 16.7 87.4 76 358 19.3 16.1 83.4 36 337 18.2 15.1 83.0 77 394 17.9 14.6 81.6 37 246 19.0 16.0 84.2 78 382 19.3 16.3 84.5 38 231 19.6 17.4 88.8 79 329 18.1 15.0 82.9 39 325 18.5 15.6 84.3 80 234 18.9 16.3 86.2 40 41 311 238 19.8 19.0 16.7 16.9 84.3 89.0 Mean 15.7 84.6 1 143 Tablk III.— Showing analysis of sixty-two sets, of fen beets each, of the Ferdinand Knaner variety. [Date: September 24.] No. Average ■weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucro!»8 in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose injuice. Purity. Oiams. Per cent. &rams. Percent. 1 471 18.7 15.5 82.9 33 262 19.0 16.0 84.2 2 372 18.6 15.1 81.2 34 272 18.9 16.4 86.8 3 360 18.0 15.0 83.3 35 379 18.6 15.8 84.9 4 451 18.8 15.2 80.8 36 264 18.2 14.8 81.3 5 469 17.2 14.1 82.0 37 256 19.1 16.1 84.3 6 372 18.0 15.0 83.3 38 323 18.7 15.8 84,5 7 503 16.5 13.0 78.8 39 308 18.5 15. 3 82.7 8 353 18.4 15.6 84.8 40 325 18.0 15.5 86.4 9 326 18.2 15.3 84.1 41 268 18.3 14.9 81.0 10 505 17.2 13.9 80.8 42 266 18.8 15.7 83.5 11 371 18.1 15.6 86.2 43 405 1.3.8 14.4 91.1 12 503 17.9 14.9 83.2 44 393 17.9 14.5 81.0 13 400 17.3 14.5 83.8 45 314 18.0 15.4 85.6 14 412 17.8 15.0 84.3 46 255 18.1 15.5 85.7 15 393 18.5 15.8 85.4 47 360 18.7 15.8 84.5 16 419 17.9 15.0 83.8 48 347 18.2 15.8 81.8 17 499 17.8 15.0 84.3 49 314 17.6 15.8 89.8 18 328 17.4 16.0 92.0 50 333 18.0 15.3 85.0 19 284 17.8 15.0 84.3 51 332 17.4 14.5 83.3 20 392 18.9 15.8 83.6 52 489 16.4 12.3 75.0 21 313 18.7 15.4 82.4 53 319 17.5 15.0 8,5.7 22 164 18.4 15.8 85.9 54 282 10.9 14.3 8t. 6 23 287 18.1 14.8 81.8 55 333 18.5 14.7 79.5 24 206 19.7 16.2 82.2 56 317 17.3 13.8 79.8 25 275 18.1 14.9 82.3 57 374 17.8 14.3 80. 3 26 250 17.4 14.3 82.2 58 364 17.7 14.0 79.1 27 251 18.2 14.4 79.1 59 362 18.4 15.6 84.8 28 281 18.6 15.5 83.3 60 359 18.6 15.2 81.7 29 256 18.6 15.5 83.3 61 374 17.4 14.0 80.5 30 272 17.5 14.4 82.3 62 551 17.5 13.8 78.9 31 180 19 2 17. 3 90. 1 32 279 18.5 15^5 83.8 Mean. 1 15.1 84.9 1 Table IV. — Showing analyses of beets in sixty sets, of ten beets each, of the Lemaire variety. [Date: September 26.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in jnice. Purity. Gratna. Per cent. Oramg. Per cent. 1 538 17.2 13. 3 77.3 32 034 17.1 13.3 77.8 2 415 17.1 13.7 80.1 33 320 17.5 14.2 81.1 3 343 17.2 14.1 82.0 .14 325 17.5 14.0 80.0 4 657 17.1 13. 3 77.8 35 507 17.1 13.9 81 3 5 492 16.4 13.0 79.3 .■!6 535 16.9 14.2 84.0 6 422 17.7 14.5 81.9 37 290 17.4 14.4 82.7 7 542 16.8 13. 5 80.4 38 488 17.5 14.2 81.1 8 461 10.9 14.3 84.6 39 514 16.9 14.0 82.8 9 465 16.5 1.3.4 81.2 40 286 17.7 14.9 84.2 10 504 17.7 14.1 79.7 41 371 17.5 14.0 80.0 11 351 18.4 14.7 80.0 42 374 17.4 14.4 82.7 12 417 17.9 14.5 81.0 43 370 17.8 14.5 81.5 13 485 17.0 13.7 80.6 44 331 IS. 4 1.5.3 83.2 14 438 17.4 13.9 79.9 45 287 17.0 15.1 84.4 15 486 16.4 13.4 81.7 46 278 15.5 12.0 77.4 16 527 17.5 14.1 80.6 47 377 17.4 14.0 80.5 17 338 16.1 14.2 88.2 48 388 16.5 13.5 81.8 18 499 17.5 14.3 81.7 49 375 17.7 14.0 79.1 19 493 16.7 13.4 80.2 50 387 17.3 14.6 84.4 20 422 17.6 15.1 85.8 51 338 17.8 14.3 8(1. 3 21 .314 16.3 13.3 81.6 52 359 17.6 14.7 83.5 22 327 17.3 14.3 82.6 53 371 17.4 13.9 79.9 23 383 17.8 14.7 82.6 54 365 15.9 14.7 92.5 24 540 16.7 13.0 77.8 55 484 17.1 14.4 84.2 25 517 17.8 14.0 78.7 56 398 17.0 13.4 78.8 26 517 17.6 14.2 80.7 57 384 16.9 13.1 77.3 27 354 16.7 13.7 82.0 58 365 15.9 13.3 83.6 28 313 17.3 13.7 79.2 59 .372 16.9 13.3 78.7 29 452 17.2 14.1 82.0 60 244 16.6 13.9 83.7 30 659 17.0 13.8 81.2 31 361 16.7 13.1 78.4 Moan 13.8 81.2 144 Table V. — Showing analyses of twenty iets of ten beets each of the Eleinioamlebener Elite variety. [Date: October 13.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weiglit beets. Solid.s in juice. Sucrcse in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 289 278 287 295 344 355 278 299 309 372 364 Gravis. 16.9 17.1 16.6 17.0 17.0 16.4 16.2 17.0 16.6 16.3 16.5 Per cent. 14.7 14.6 1.3.2 12.6 13.9 14.5 1.3.9 14.0 13.7 14.6 13.8 87.0 85.4 79.5 74.1 81.8 88.4 8.5.8 8'>.4 82. 5 89.6 83.6 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Grams. 349 334 314 259 310 203 143 267 162 16.8 10.1 16.5 15.7 16.2 16.3 17.2 16.9 16.8 Per cent. 14.3 13.8 14.0 14.3 13.4 13.0 14.9 14.5 15.3 85.1 85.7 84.8 91.1 82.7 79.8 86.6 85.8 91.1 14. 1 1 84. 6 Table VI. — Showing analyses of tiventy sets of ten beets each of the Ferdinand Knauer variety. [Date: October 14.] No. Average weight beets. Solifis in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weiglit beets. Solid.=i in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Grams. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. 1 323 16.4 12.4 75,6 12 231 17.0 15.4 90.6 2 382 16.3 12. 8 78.5 13 217 17.5 15.1 86.3 3 323 16.6 14.0 84. 3 14 221 16.8 15.5 92.3 4 366 16.3 14.3 87.7 15 229 15.8 14.5 91.8 5 355 16.7 15.1 90.4 16 245 16.8 14.2 84.5 6 330 17.2 14.7 85. 5 17 188 16.5 14.8 89.7 267 17.6 15.7 8!). 2 18 225 15.7 13.9 88.6 8 233 17.7 16.1 91. (t 19 278 17.3 1,5.6 90.2 9 361 16.4 14.5 88.4 20 228 17.0 15.0 88. 2 10 251 16.8 16.6 98.8 11 254 17.0 15.3 90.0 14.8 88.1 Table VII. — Shoiving ajialyses of twenty sets of ten beets each of the Lemalre variety. [Date; October IS,] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity, Grams. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. 1 378 17.2 15.2 88.4 12 354 16.4 13.1 79.9 2 356 16.9 13.9 82.2 13 358 1,5.8 12,9 81,6 3 358 17.0 14,0 82.3 14 364 16.4 i:{, 5 82.3 4 374 17.2 14,4 83.7 15 333 16.8 13,4 79.8 5 351 17.2 14.4 83.7 16 447 16,3 13,2 81.0 6 392 17.1 15.0 87.7 17 286 16,3 14,2 87.1 7 471 16.6 13,9 83.7 18 294 16.6 13,9 8.3.7 8 321 16.6 13.7 82.5 19 312 16.4 14,3 87.2 9 323 16.2 13.4 82.7 20 161 16,8 14,0 83,2 10 11 367 369 16.6 15.5 13.9 12.9 83.7 83.2 Mean. 13,9 83.5 145 Table VIII. — Shnirinri a)iolijsi's of lirrniii .sr/.s of ten heefs each of the Despnz variety, [Date : October 16.] No. Average weight beets. Grams. Solids in juice. Sncroso iu juice. Per cent. Purity. No. Average weight bcet.s. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Grams. Per cent. 1 341 16.3 13.7 84.0 12 298 16.4 13.6 82.9 2 3r)4 16.1 12. 9 80.1 13 374 15.6 13.5 86.6 3 3li(i 17.6 14.7 8.3.5 14 337 16.1 14.4 89.4 4 575 16.6 13.7 82.5 15 333 15.7 13.9 88.5 5 446 16.3 13.2 81.0 16 339 15. 5 13.4 86.5 6 .315 16.5 14.9 yi). 3 17 318 16.5 14.0 84.8 7 363 16.8 13.3 70.2 18 309 16.5 13.8 83.6 8 373 17.1 13.4 78.4 19 253 16.5 14.8 89.7 9 401 1.5.8 13.1 82.9 20 174 17.9 16.1 89.9 10 11 343 292 16. 2 16.8 13.0 U 8 80.2 88.1 13.9 84.6 Table IX. — Showing analyses of hventy sets of ten teets each of the Desprez variety. [Date: October 17.] No. Average ! c ,j i„ j„ weight S' '^^'i beets. J'"*'®- Sucrose in juice. ! Purity. No. Average weiglit beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in beets. Purity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Grams. 521 457 339 324 425 370 314 312 270 507 366 15.8 15.7 16.7 16.4 16.7 16.6 16.2 17. 16.1 17.1 17.3 Per cent. 13.0 13.1 14.3 13.7 14.4 13. 7 13.5 13. 8 14.3 14.4 14.3 82.3 83.4 85.6 83.5 86.2 82.5 83. 3 81.2 88.8 84.2 82.6 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mean Grams. 321 348 565 299 317 309 330 283 205 17.1 17.2 17.2 16.7 17.1 17. 2 17.7 16.9 17.2 Per cent. 14.0 15.2 14.0 14.2 14.7 15.4 15.7 14.9 14.6 81.9 88.4 81.4 85.0 86.0 89.5 88.7 88.2 84.9 14.3 84.9 Table X. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of fen heets each of the Kleinwanzlebener Elite variety. [Date: October 19.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucro.se in juice. Purity. No. Average \\-eiglft beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Grams. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. 1 302 17.5 15.5 88.6 12 364 16.9 13.2 78.1 2 396 17.4 14.3 82. 2 13 468 17.1 14.8 86.5 3 392 16.9 13.5 79.9 14 381 18.4 15.4 83.7 4 5U6 16.9 13.0 76.9 15 330 16.7 14.2 85.0 5 396 17.7 14.7 83. (1 16 357 18.0 15.0 83.3 6 523 l(i.2 12.8 79.0 17 377 16.5 13.9 84.2 7 362 18.1 15.1 83.4 18 384 17.7 14.5 81.9 8 335 17.8 15.0 84.3 19 334 18.0 15.0 83.3 9 378 17.9 14.9 83. 2 20 403 18.2 16.0 87.9 10 11 396 379 16.6 16.7 13.2 13.9 79.5 83.2 Mean 14.4 82.8 lOSGi— No. 33- -10 146 Table XI. — Shoivinfj anah/ses of eifihtii heels in sets of fens of the Lemaire variety. [Date: October 20.] No. Average weiglit beots. Solids in juice 16.3 16.7 16.3 17.0 16.5 Succroso in juice. Per cent. 14.9 U.l 14.4 15.0 15.0 Purity. 91.4 84.4 88.3 88.2 90.9 No. Average weioht beets. Solids in juice. Sncrosp in juice. Purity. 87.5 93. 4 84.4 1 2 3 4 5 Grams. 347 320 304 264 270 6 7 8 Orams. 277 2.i6 165 16.0 16.6 16.7 Per cent. 14.0 15.5 14.1 14.6 88.5 Table XII. — Showing analyses of one hundred heels of the Desprez variety. [Date: October 20.] Average Sucrose Average Sucrose Averag^ Sucrose Average Sucrose No. weigbt m No. weight m No. weight in No. weight in beets. juice. beets. .juice. beets. juice. beets. juice. Grams. Per ct. Grams. Per ct. Grams. Per ct. Grama. Perct. 1 566 15.5 9 242 15.2 17 314 15.8 25 383 15.5 2 292 14.7 10 412 15.5 18 346 12.9 26 132 17.0 3 292 15.2 11 519 14.9 19 365 16.6 27 240 15.5 4 394 16.0 12 299 16.4 20 418 15.0 28 213 13.9 5 483 16.2 13 499 14.9 21 718 14.2 29 187 14.3 6 170 10.9 14 287 13.4 22 368 16.1 30 343 13.2 7 275 14.5 15 279 15.5 23 292 16.0 8 347 12.6 16 162 15.2 24 475 14.2 [Date: October 21.] 31 200 14.6 49 597 14.0 67 447 13.0 85 607 13.7 32 328 14.2 50 499 14.6 68 805 15.3 86 411 14.9 33 426 14.2 51 350 13.1 69 691 9.9 87 272 14.1 34 377 11.8 52 327 14.7 70 489 12.9 88 434 13.3 35 281 9.6 53 270 13.0 71 625 12.9 89 437 14.9 36 730 12.9 54 284 17.4 72 622 12.8 90 289 14.1 37 324 15.0 55 309 16. 6 73 215 12.7 91 396 11.0 38 639 14.5 56 304 14.8 74 183 18.2 92 217 16.1 39 444 13.2 57 376 12.3 75 457 15.0 93 150 13.0 40 400 13.8 58 225 14.4 76 191 15.8 94 627 11.2 41 298 14.0 59 442 15.1 77 320 14.9 95 126 14.6 42 630 13.0 60 200 13.9 78 270 14.3 96 186 7.5 43 496 15.1 61 287 12.2 79 226 12.2 97 359 11.8 44 270 15.0 62 153 14.2 80 265 12.9 98 271 13.6 45 359 14.8 63 211 14,5 81 337 12.8 99 280 13.9 46 495 11.5 64 307 14.0 82 899 12.2 100 529 16.0 47 48 270 197 12.3 12.9 65 66 1,023 466 12 7 83 84 318 13 14.6 427 13.6 Mean 14.1 147 Table XII. bis. — Showinfi analyses of thirty-eight sets of ten beets each of the Desprez variety. [Date: October 21.] No. Average weight beets. SuHds in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Grams Per cent. Qrayns. Per cent. 1 369 15.7 12.9 86.0 21 323 16.4 14.8 90.2 2 386 10.6 1.5.0 90. 4 22 342 16.4 14.0 85. 4 a 376 16.5 15.7 95.1 23 351 16.4 14.0 85.4 4 386 15.4 13,2 85.7 24 321 15.5 13.3 85. 8 5 386 15.9 13. 8 86.8 25 372 16.1 14.2 88.2 t> 368 10. 3 13.7 84.0 26 343 15.8 13. 3 84.2 7 380 15.4 13.0 84.4 27 338 16.2 15.2 93.8 8 398 15.6 1.3.7 87.8 28 353 15.3 13.0 8.5.0 9 378 15.6 13.9 89.1 29 339 15.6 13.9 89.1 10 323 15.7 14.9 94.9 30 370 14.4 12.5 86.8 11 359 15.8 13.5 85.4 31 351 1.5.8 13.6 86.0 12 386 1.5. 9 14.7 14.1 92.5 32 3.55 15.9 14.6 91. 8 13 271 16.4 87.8 33 319 14.9 13. 3 89.3 14 318 16.0 14.5 90. e 34 373 15.9 14.4 90.6 15 351 15.8 13.7 86.7 35 335 16.1 14.0 87.0 16 476 15.5 13.7 88.4 36 352 16.4 14.6 82.9 17 411 16.0 13.8 86.2 37 470 15.3 12.4 81.0 18 380 15.9 13.7 86.1 38 366 15.6 14.5 93.0 19 15 6 13 83 3 2U 298 16.2 14.0 86.4 Mean 14.0 87.7 Table XIII. — Showing analyses of sixty-six sets of ten beets each of the Filmorin variety. [Date: October 22.] No. Avei'age weiglit beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weiglit beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Gravis. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. 1 372 15.4 12.4 80.5 35 536 16.0 13.3 83.1 2 382 15.5 13.3 85.8 36 464 16.3 13.9 85.3 3 368 16.7 13.8 82.6 37 340 16.3 13.0 79.8 4 381 15.6 13.1 84.0 38 343 15.4 13.2 85.7 5 390 16.1 13. 2 82.0 39 384 15.3 12.9 84.3 6 363 16.0 15.0 93.7 40 365 16.0 14.2 88.8 7 384 15.9 13.6 85.5 41 396 1.5.5 13.2 85.2 8 389 14.7 12.6 85.7 42 377 16.1 13.4 83.2 9 3.56 16.1 15.0 93.2 43 384 15.1 13.3 88.1 10 368 16.4 14.2 86.5 44 386 16.1 U.O 87 11 331 1.5.7 13.0 82.8 45 385 15.5 12.2 78.7 12 758 16.3 14.1 86.5 46 317 16.6 13.9 83.7 13 351 16.6 15.5 93.4 47 359 14.7 13.4 91.2 14 355 16.4 13.7 83.5 48 359 1.5.2 12.0 78. 9 15 366 15.5 13.2 85.2 49 296 1.5.7 13.2 84.1 16 377 1.5.5 13.6 87.7 50 233 16.0 14.0 87.5 17 366 1.5.4 12.4 80.5 51 353 16.4 14.0 85.4 18 352 16.2 14.2 87.7 52 292 16.0 14.7 91.0 19 341 16.0 14.6 91.3 53 335 15.8 13.7 86.7 20 362 1.5.8 13.8 87.3 54 3.57 14.5 13.2 91.0 21 342 1.5.2 13.6 89.5 55 353 16.0 13.9 86.9 22 315 15.3 13.4 87.6 56 328 15.7 13. 2 84.1 23 363 15.9 12.8 80.5 57 309 16.2 14.1 87.0 24 357 16.2 14.0 86.4 58 290 16.5 13. 9 84.2 25 361 16.8 13.8 82.1 59 372 16.9 14.8 87.6 26 321 16.5 14.0 84.8 60 392 15.9 1.3. 2 83.0 27 371 16.1 14.8 91.9 61 198 17.1 15.2 88.9 28 376 15.7 13.4 85.4 62 284 15.5 14.3 92.3 29 321 15.3 13.0 8,5.0 63 243 1.5.4 12.2 79.2 30 291 15.7 13. 82.8 64 238 16. 3 13.6 83.4 31 410 15.9 13.5 84.9 65 243 16.4 15.0 91.5 32 350 16.5 14.8 89.7 66 185 17.0 14.5 85.3 33 34 495 366 15.6 15.0 13. 12.8 83.3 85.3 Mean 10.0 13.4 85.8 148 Table XIV. — Shotving analyses of sixtii-tivo sets of ten beets each of the Kleinwanzle hener varieti/. [Date: October 23.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Grams. Per cent. Grams. Per cent. 1 861 15.4 14.4 93.5 26 452 11.6 13.0 78.3 2 396 15.4 12.3 79.9 27 459 16.9 14.1 83.4 3 397 16.8 14.6 86.9 28 443 15.9 1.3.4 84.3 4 383 16.8 14.8 88.1 29 379 17.4 14.9 85.6 5 397 16.3 14.7 90. 2 30 397 17.0 14.5 85.3 6 386 17.4 15.0 86.2 31 387 16.8 14.7 87.5 7 390 16.0 12.9 80.6 32 589 17.0 14.3 84.1 8 394 16.4 14.9 90.9 33 390 17.1 14.4 84.2 9 379 16.7 14.3 85.6 34 361 16.3 13.2 81.0 10 394 16.7 14.2 85.0 35 369 16.6 13.3 80.1 11 387 17.2 13.9 80.8 36 373 16.8 13.8 82.1 12 371 16.5 13.9 84.2 37 394 16.9 14.7 87.0 13 374 16.4 14.8 90.2 38 384 16.7 13.7 82.0 14 664 17.0 13.6 80.0 39 396 16.9 14.2 84.0 15 439 16.6 13.7 82.5 40 386 17.4 14.5 83.3 16 441 15.3 12.2 79.7 41 383 17.2 14.9 86.6 17 459 14.6 12.0 82.2 42 378 17.1 14.4 84.2 18 360 16.5 13.9 84.2 43 .377 16.0 14.2 88.8 19 562 16.1 13.0 80.7 44 549 16.8 13.9 82.7 20 475 16.3 13.2 81.0 45 352 17.4 14.9 85.6 21 451 17.2 14.5 84.3 46 371 17.0 14.5 85.3 22 503 16.0 13.3 83.1 47 374 17.9 15.2 84.9 23 463 16.3 13.4 82.2 48 366 16.5 13.7 83.0 24 527 17.3 14.9 86.1 49 383 17.6 14.3 81.2 25 459 16.5 13.6 82.4 50 374 17.6 14.8 84.1 [Date: October 24.] 356 340 324 379 355 349 360 17.0 16.6 18.0 16.7 17.3 16.7 16.9 13.9 14.0 14.5 13.8 14.0 13.9 14.1 81.8 58 84.3 59 80.6 60 82.6 61 80.9 62 83.2 83.4 Mean 326 318 358 360 409 16.4 16.9 16.2 16.4 17.1 13.4 14.3 13.0 13.9 14.4 14.1 81.7 84.6 80.2 84.8 84.2 83.8 Table XV. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of ten beets each of Kleinwanzlebener elite variety. [Date: October 31.] No. Average weight beets. Solid.s in juice. Sncro.se in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Orams. 454 289 325 344 351 357 341 347 256 369 371 16.5 16.9 17.2 17.4 16.9 16.8 17.9 15.9 16.2 16.2 17.1 Per cent. 13.4 13. 9 14.5 14.8 14.0 13.2 14.8 13.7 14.4 14.3 14.0 81.2 82.2 84.3 85.1 82.8 78.6 82.7 86.1 88.9 88.3 81.9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Grams. 357 333 297 302 304 296 274 221 239 16.2 16.6 17.4 16.9 17.1 17.0 17.4 17.3 17.1 Per cent. 13.9 14.3 14.4 14.1 14.4 14.3 14.4 15.0 13.7 85.8 86.1 82.7 83.5 84.2 84.1 82.7 86.7 80.1 14.2 83.9 149 Tablb XVI. — Showing analyses of Uventy sets of ten ieets each of the Ferdinand Knauer variety. [Date: November 2.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Chrams. 386 386 375 363 370 394 416 355 315 317 360 15.6 16.3 16.1 14.6 14.8 15.1 16.4 15.8 16.5 17.1 15.9 Per cent. 12.0 13.2 13.3 11.7 11.6 11.7 13.5 12.9 13.2 14.2 12.5 76.9 81.0 82.6 80.1 78.4 77.4 82.3 81.6 80.0 83.0 78.6 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Meaji Grams. 387 394 342 290 246 290 224 170 140 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.4 17.5 17.3 16.2 16.6 15.7 Per cent. 13.1 13.4 13.5 13.7 14.8 14.4 13.8 14.4 13.9 83.4 82.2 82.3 83.5 84.6 83.3 85.2 86.7 88.5 13.2 82.1 [Date: November 2.] Table XVII. — Showing analyses of tiventy sets of ten heets each of the Lemaire variety. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sacro.ie in juice. Purity. 79.1 80.4 76.8 80.3 82.8 75.9 79.1 84.0 79.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Grams. 370 387 318 389 379 529 376 535 330 342 358 15.5 16.0 16.0 15.7 16.9 15.5 15.0 15.3 15.7 15.8 15.9 Per cent. 12.9 12.8 13.8 12.6 13.3 12.4 12.0 11.2 13.2 12.6 12.7 83.2 80.0 86.2 80.3 78.7 80.0 80.0 73.2 84.1 79.7 79.8 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mean. Grams. 390 380 565 380 370 349 36; 391 663 15.8 15.8 15.5 15.2 16.3 15.8 14.3 16.3 15.3 Per cent. 12.5 12.7 11.9 12.2 13.5 12.0 11.3 13.7 12.2 12.6 sn ft 1 1 Table XVIII. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of ten heets each of the Desproz variety. [Date : November 2.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in iuice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .11 Grams. 382 350 392 301 556 389 382 373 481 466 341 15.5 15.9 15.7 15.9 14.8 16.4 15.3 15.4 16.0 16.2 15.6 Per cent. 12.7 13.3 12.0 13.0 11.5 13.8 12.4 12.6 12. S 13.4 13.0 81.9 83.6 76.4 81.8 77.7 84.1 81.0 81.8 80.0 82.7 83.3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Grams. 502 339 371 391 559 383 379 395 3S9 15.3 15.4 15.6 16.2 15.1 1.5.0 15.8 14.9 15.5 Per cent. 12.0 13.1 12.7 12.6 12.2 11.5 12.8 11.9 13.0 7^4 85.1 81.4 77.8 80.8 76.6 81.0 79.9 83.9 12.6 80.9 150 'r.\Bi.E XIX. — Shoiving anah/ses of tweiuii sets of ten heets each of the Vilmorin variety. [Date: November 2.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average Weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 Grams. 405 329 361 326 446 382 382 298 347 286 236 ]5. 1 15.7 1.5.3 15.2 15.2 15.3 1'..8 16.0 15.7 15.1 16.3 Per cent. 11.8 13.7 12.8 12.5 12.4 12.5 13.2 13.0 12.6 13.3 13.7 78.1 87.3 83.7 82. 2 81.6 81.7 83.5 81.2 80.3 88.1 84.0 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mean . Grams. 210 248 317 365 360 351 334 261 267 1.5.5 16.1 15.8 15.3 15.3 15.8 15.7 15.9 17.0 Per cent. 13.2 13.7 13.5 13.0 12.4 13.3 13.6 13.5 14.3 85.2 85.1 85.4 85.0 81.0 84.2 86.6 84.9 ?4.1 13 1 i 83 fi 1 1 Table XX. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of ten beets each of the Klelntvanzlebener variety. [Date, November 2.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 354 366 5U9 510 358 367 360 379 365 555 559 16.8 16.3 15.8 16.1 16.8 16.2 15. 5 15.8 16.6 15.6 15.8 Per cent. 12.9 12.5 11.8 11.9 13.9 12.4 11.9 12.3 13.4 12.2 12.9 76.8 7G.7 74.7 73.9 82.7 76.5 76.8 77.8 80.7 78.2 81.6 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mean . Grami. 3t)9 546 393 575 374 367 302 385 17.1 16.7 16.1 16.5 10.7 16.8 16.6 16.8 16.5 Per cent. 14.1 13. 3 13.0 13.2 12.9 13.4 13.9 13.8 13.8 82.4 79.6 SO. 7 80. U 77.2 79.8 83.7 82.1 83.6 1 13 79.7 1 Table XXI. — Shonnng analyses of six sets of ten hects each of Plat jVb. 1. [Date: October 26.] No. Average Aveight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 Grams. 281 227 269 331 16. 8 16.3 17.3 16.6 Percent. 13. C 13.5 14.1 13.2 80.9 81.8 81.4 79.5 5 6 Grams. 283 288 10.7 16. Per cent. 13.6 12.7 81.4 79.4 13.5 80.8 1 Table XXII. — Showing analyses of six sets of ten beds each of Plat Xo. 2. [Date: October 26.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. i ! No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 Grains. 222 226 248 241 16.2 16.7 16.2 15.0 Per cent. 13.4 13.7 12.8 12.1 82.7 82.0 79.0 80.7 « Grams. 256 224 15.7 15.4 Per cent. 13.4 13.0 85.4 84.4 13.1 82.7 1 151 Table XXIII. — Showing analyses of six set-t of ien Ivits each of Plat No. S. [Date : October 27.] No. Average weigiit beets. SolitLs iu juice. Sucrose iu juice. Purity. No. Average wcigbt beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 Grams. 243 303 250 273 15.8 16 15.8 16.3 Per cent. 12.3 12.7 12.6 13.7 77.8 79.4 79.7 84 5 6 Grams. 253 210 16.4 15.6 Fer cent. 13.4 12.9 81.7 82.7 80.9 12.9 Table XXIV. — Showiiu/ anaJijues of six sets of ten beets each in Plat No. 4. [Date: October 27.] No. Average weijflit beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. ! No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 Grams. 250 282 303 289 16.4 16.5 16.0 16.0 Per cent. 12.9 13.5 12.2 12.8 78.7 1 81.8 76.3 80.0 5 6 Grams. 2S5 221 15.5 15.7 Per cent. 12.9 12.6 83.2 80.3 12.8 80 Table XXV. — Showing analyses of six sets of ten beets each from Plat No. 5. [Date: October 28.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weiglit beets. Solids in .juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 Grams. ;i50 357 355 377 16.0 16.4 15.3 16.6 Per cent. 12.8 12.6 12.2 12.8 77.1 76.8 79.7 77.1 5 6 Grams. 343 282 15.7 15.9 Per cent. 12.4 12.2 79 76.7 12.5 77.7 Table XXVI. — Showing analyses of six sets of ten beets each from Plat No. 6. [Date : October 28.] No. Average weight beets. Solids in juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. No. Average weight beets. Solids iu juice. Sucrose in juice. Purity. 1 2 3 4 Grams. 243 255 288 325 16.4 16.5 16.0 16.6 Per cent. 13.6 13.3 12.6 13.6 82.9 ; 80.6 l 78.8 81.9 5 6 Mean. Grains. 293 243 15.4 15.7 Per cent. 12.2 12.5 79.2 79.6 12.9 80.5 152 MISCELLANEOUS. PROCESS FOE THE PRODUCTION OF SUGAR-BEET SEED BY CUTTINGS. Andreas JSTowoczek, of Kaadeii, Bohemia, has patented a process iu Germany for the production of improved sugar-beet seed by cuttings from the mother beet. The process consists in taking the buds from the axis of the leaves and cutting tbem out with as little as possible of the Hesh of the beet adhering thereto. These buds are treated with an antiseptic to prevent them from decay and to prevent the ground worms from eating them. The material chosen for the antiseptic is powdered charcoal. These buds are planted in beds and produce beets of average size which, it is claimed, have all the properties of the mother beet from which they were taken. The beets as produced can be planted for seed in the usual way. It is claimed for the process that the excellent quali- ties of the inother beet are much better preserved by this method than by the usual method of planting it for seed directly. letter fllom mk. hknry t. oxnard on the prospects of the beet-sugar in- dustry in the united states. Grand Island, Nebr., November 7, 1891. Dear Sir: I esteem it a pleasure aucl an honor to be able to write a few words briefly regarding the development of the beet-sugar industry and the condition in which it exists in the United States to-day. The btjet-sugar industry has become well established in Europe only within the last half century, and has become a great factor in the world's sugar supply within th(>, past ftfteeu years, so that to-day more sugar is produced from beets than from all the other sugar-producing plants of the world combined. This result has been brought about within the last fifty years by the Governments of Europe, chiefly Germany and France, subsidizing and encourag- ing the production of sugar to such an extent as to diminish the price of that article at least one-half whatit was ten years ago. The United States, as you well know, has, within the past year, by a wise provision of the McKinley bill, ofl'ered a bounty of 2 centsperpound for a limited period for all sugar produced in the United States, and by following the example of Germany and France can soou hope to become independent of the rest of the world for the supply of its sugar, thereby keeping at home some hundreds of millions of dollars sent abroad annually to enrich the farmers and manu- facturers of foreign countries. The 2 cents given iu the shape of a bounty by the United States Government takes the jilace of the 2 cents which formerly existed as a tarift' on the importation of sugar. The result of this legislation is, that the price of sugar since the law went into eft'ect has fallen 2 cents per pound, the consumer paying just 2 cents less than a year ago, and at the same time the de- velopment of the home industry has not been sacrificed, but encouraged, and that is not the only advantage we shall derive, as each factory, similar to the one we have built here, means an outlay of about half a million dollars, and the United States will require about a thousand of such factories to supply it with sugar in 1900. The building of these factories will start up the coal and iron mines as well as the ma- i 153 ohine shops all over the United States, giving- employment directly to thousands^ and give a far greater impetus to our national prosperity than could be obtained in any other channel. We will also give our farmers an opportunity to diversify their crops, and we all know the advantage to be derived from that source. Under the old tariif the industry never thrived, but with the stimulus of tbe bounty, within the past eight mouths, beet-sugar factories have started or are about to be started all over the United States. At least twenty States are, in my opinion, well adapted to the sugar beet. We have the soil, climate, and capital necessary to become the greatest sugar-producing country in tlie world, and as soon as we have acquired the knowledge of the industry which will enable us to compete successfully with those countries of Europe, with the aid of the stimulus given by our last Congress, we can hope to lead the world in the production of sugar in the next iifteen or twenty years. But the supply of the home article is not the only advantage to be gained. I refer to the eft'ect of the beet crop on the soil. Properly carried on the cultivation of the sugar beet is greatly beneficial to all other agriculture. The deep and careful cul- tivation which the beet requires greatly improves the land, the soil becoming thereby deepened and the disintegration and solution of the mineral constituents greatly accelerated. The tap root of the beet descends to a great depth, loosening the soil which most other plants fail to reach. The nourishment thus obtained passes partly into the leaves and is left with them on the ground at the time of harvest, and to-day in Europe the fanners are anxious to plant beets, as they find their next crop grown on the same soil is increased 33 per cent. The pulp, after the sugar is removed makes an excellent food for fattening cattle, and can be sold to the farmers for little or nothing after paying them liberally for the privilege of extracting tbe sugar. We have in oi)eration this fall three beet-sugar factories, each with a capacity of 300 tons of beets daily, besides which each factory uses about 50 tons of coal and 40 tons of limestone daily, spending in the immediate neighborhood of the factory each and every day upwards of $2,000 amongst the farmers for the beets and laborers working in the factory, keeping that amount at home which formerly found its way to the pockets of the European fanners and laborers. This large sum is dis- tributed in the community immediately surrounding each one of our factories and the result has been to build up the towns where our factories are located as well as the surrounding farming district ; these towns in turn build up the State. Since the establishment of our factories in each community where situated the demand for labor has so far exceeded the supply that not a single iudividual wishing to work has lacked the opportunity of tiuding remunerative employment either in the field or factory. The Oxuard Beet Sugar Company, located at Grand Island, Nebr., was built and operated for a short time last year, working very satisfactorily. This vear our company has built two new factories, locating them at Norfolk, Nebr. and Chino, Cal. Both of these factories commenced operations for the first time this year and are now turning out a standard grade of tine white granulated sugar which sells readily in competition with the sugars offered by the large refineries. We expect to manufacture 9,000,000 pounds of granulated sugar in our three factories this year. Besides ours there are three other beet-sugar factories at pres- ent in operation, and the number will be largely increased next year, spreading all over the northern and central portion of the United States. It is Avith pleasure that I can inform you, after a very careful study of the subject and practical trial of same, that a most brilliant future and speedy development awaits this new industry. I remain, very sincerely and respectfully yours, Henky T. Oxnard. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Af/ricuUitre. INDEX. A. Paere. Absorptive power of soils, table showing-. 12-4 Analytical data, arrangement of 10 methods _ 10 at the Schuyler Station 116 Arizona, analyses of beets from 12 notes on beets from 77 Arkansas, analyses of beets from 12 notes on beets from 77 B. Beet analyses, miscellaneous . 150, 151 notes on 77 cultural season 119 Beet-mothers, selection of 117 Beet seed, production of, by cuttings 152 Beet-sugar industry, prospects of 152 Beet-sugar season, length of 141 Beets analyzed in Wisconsin, remarks on 109 analyses of various varieties of 129 experiments with, in Wisconsin, 1891 90 distances between rows of 115 grown in Wisconsin 97 loss of weight of, by evaporation 138 methods employed in the examination of 10 thinning out of 125 variation in individual 117 Beet seed, depth of planting 114 methods of planting. 114 quantity of, required per acre 114 source of, used in experiments 7 varieties of, planted at Schuyler Station 120 C. California, analyses of beets from 12 notes on beets from 77 Colorado, analyses of beets from 12 notes on b3ets from 7 Connecticut, analyses of beets from 14 notes on beets from 77 Cultural season for baets 119 155 156 D. Page. Desprez beets, analj^ses of, in groups of tea 145, 146, 147 average results of 130 E. Eclson, Mr. C. B., analytical work of 127 Elite beets, analyses of, in groups of tan 144 F. Fertilizer experiments 121 G. Georgia, analyses of b?ets from 15 notes on beets from 77 H. Henry, Prof. W. A., letter from 90 Huston, Prof. H. A., experimants conducted by 78 I. Idaho, analyses of beets from ._ 15 notes on beets from 77 Illinois, analyses of beets f I'om 15 notes on beets f i-om 78 Indiana, analyses of beets from 17 notes on beets from 78 Indian Territory, analyses of beets from 19 Iowa, abstracts from station bulletin 81 analyses of beets from 19 beets from, analyzed in State laboratory 80 notes on beets from 79 K. Kansas, analyses of beets from 30 experiments with beats at Sorghum Station, Sterling 82 notes on bee ' s from ._ 82 Kedzie, Dr. R. C. , experiments conducted by 83 Kentucky, analyses of beets from 32 notes on beets from 82 Klein wanzlebener beets, average results of 131, 132 Klein wanzlebener Elite b3eis, analyses of, in groups of tan . 1 12, 144, 145, 148, 150 one bundled 142 Knaur baets, analyses of, in groups of ten 143, 144, 149 Ladd, Mr. E. F., analyses by 86 Lemaire beets, analyses of, in groups of ten 143, 144, 146, 149 Letter of transmittal _ 5 Lloyd, Prof. Rachel, experiments (-onducted by 85 157 M. Page. Maryland, analyses of beets from 32 notes on beets from 83 Maxwell, Mr. Walter, report of 118 Meteorological observations at Schuyler 115 Michigan, analyses of beets from 32 Experiment Station , notes on beets analyzed at 83 notes on beets from 83 Minnesota, analyses of beets from 37 notes on beats from 83 Missouri Ag-ricultural Station, analyses of beets by : 37 analyses of beets from 37 notes on beets from 84 Moisture, absorption of, by soils 123 Montana, analyses of beets from .. 40 notes on beets from — 84 N. Nebraska, analyses of beets from 41 Experiment Station, abstract of results obtained at 85 notes on beets from 84 Nevada, analyses of beets from 44 notes on beets from 85 New Hampshire, analyses of beets from 45 notes on beets from 86 New Jersey, analyses of beets from 45 notes on beets from 86 New Mexico, analyses of beets from 45 notes on beets from 86 New York, analyses on beets from 46 notes on beets from 86 Nicholson. Prof. H. H., experiments conducted by 85 North Dakota, analyses of beets from 46 O. Ohio analysesof beets from 47 notes on beets from 87 Oklahoma, analyses of beets f I'om 49 notes on beets from 87 Oregon , analyses of beets from 49 notes on beets from 87 Station, experiments by 88 Oxnai^d, Mr. Henry T., letter from, in regard to beet-sugar industry 152 P. Patrick, Prof. G. E., experiments conducted by 'ii) Pennsylvania, analyses of baets from 51 notes on beets from 88 S. Samples, difficulty in securing compliance with instructions in regard to. 9 directions for taking 7 model for description of 8 158 Page Sampling-, method of 128 Schuyler Experiment Station, analytical work at 127 description of 113, 119 general scope of work at 113 Nebraska, experiment station for beets at ' 112 Station, experiments with small plats 135 results, comparison of, with similar data from Chapelle, France 134 Seed, beet, methods of planting 114 quantity of, required per acre 114 Shaw, Mr. G. W., experiments of 88 Soil of Schuyler Station farm 119 preparation of , for beet experiments 113 temperatures 120 Soils, absorption of moisture by . 123 table showing the absorptive power of 124 retentive power of 124 South Dakota, analyses of beets from " 51 notes on beets from 88 Sugar-beet seed, production of, by cuttings 152 Sugar beets. ( See Beets. ) experiments with, in 1891 7 Summary of results by States and counties 12 T. Taproot, apparent increase in sucrose through the breaking of 139 Tennessee, analyses of beets from 58 notes on beets from 89 Texas, analyses of beets from 59 notes on beets f i-om . 89 Trescot, Mr. T. C, analytical work of 127 V. Vilmorin beets, analyses of, in groups of ten-.. 147, 150 average results of 130, 131 Virginia, analyses of beets from 59 notes on beets from 89 W. Washington, analyses of beets from 61 notes on beets from 89 Wisconsin, analyses of beets from _- 62 meteorological conditions in 91 notes on beets from 89 remarks on beets grown in 109 Woll, Mr. P. W., experiments of. in Wisconsin 90 Wyoming, analyses of beets from 75 notes on beets from 111 O BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 1. Au Investigation of- the Compositiorf of American Wlieat and Corn. Edited bj^r Clifford Ricliardson. 1883. Pp.69. (Out of print.) No. 2. Diffusion: Its Application to Sugar Cane, and Reoord of Experiments with Sorghum in 1883. Edited by H. W. ^Viley. 1884. Pp. 36. (Out of print.) No. 3. The Northern Sugar Industry: A record of its progress during the season of 1883. Edited by H.W. Wiley. 1884. Pp.120. (Out of print.) No. 4. An Investigation of the Composition of American Wheat and Corn. (Second report.) Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1884. Pp.98. (Out of print.) No. .5. The Sugar Industry of the United States. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1885. Pp.224. (Oat of print.) No. 6. Experiments with Difi'usion and Carbonatation at Ottawa, Kans. Campaign of 1885. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1B85. Pp. 20. (Out of print.) No. 7. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Association of OflScial Agricultural Chemists, September 1 and 2, 1885.) Edited by Charles W. Dabney. 1885. Pp.49. (Out of print.) No. 8. Methods and Machinery for the Application of Diffusion to the Extraction of Sugar from Sugar Cane and Sorghum, and for the use of Lime and Carbonic and Sulphurous Acids in Purifying the Diffusion Juices. Edited by H. W. Wilej-. 1886. Pp.85. (Out of print.) No. 9. Third Report on the Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of American Cereals, Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1886. Pp. 82. (Out of print.) No. 10. Principles and Methods of Soil Analysis. Edited by Edgar Richards. 18SG. Pp.66. (Out of print.) No. 11. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., Season of 1885-'86. (Second report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1886. Pp. 26. (Out of print.) No. 12. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Third Annual Convent tion of the Association of Oflicial Agricultural Chemists, August 26 and 27, 1886. Edited by Clifford- Richardson. 1886. Pp.59. (Out of print.) No. 13. Food Adulterants. Part First. Dairy Products. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp.132. Part Second. Spices and Condiments. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1887. Pp. 130. Part Third. Fermented Alcoholic Beverages — Malt Liquors, Wine, and Cider. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1887. Pp.140. (Out of print.) Part Fourth. Lard and Lard Adulterations. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1889. Pp. 154. Part Fifth. Baking Powders. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp. 63. Part Sixth. Sugar, Molasses, and Sirup, Confections, Honey, and Beeswax. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 255. Part Seventh. Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa Preparations. Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1892. Pp. 155. Part Eighth. Canned Foods. (In preparation.) Part Ninth. Bread, Flour, and Meal. (In preparation.) No. 14. Record of Experiments at Fort Scott, Kans., in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum and Sugar Canes in 1886. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp.64. No. 15. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La^ Season of 1886-'87. (Tliird report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1887. Pp. 35. No. 16. Methodsof Analysisof CommercialFertilizers,FeedingStuffs,andDairyProducts. Adopted at the Fourth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, August 16, 17, and 18, 1887. Edited by Clifford Ricliardson. 1887. Pp. 80. (Out of print.) No. 17. Record of Experiments Conducted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum and Sugar Canes at Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N. J., and Lawrence, La., 1887-88. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 18.-8. Pp. 118. No. 18. Sugar-producing Plants: Record of Analyses made by Authority of the Commissioner of Agriculture under direction of the Chemist, 1887-'88 (Sorghum— Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N. J.; Sugar Cane— Lawrence, La.), together with a study of the data collected on Sorghum and Sugar Cane. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1888. Pp 132. No. 19. Methodsof Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Cattle Foods, Dairy Products, Sugar, and Fermented Liquors. (Adopted at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricul- tural Chemists, held at the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture August 9 and 10, 1888.) Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1888. Pp. 96. (Out of print.) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF CIIEMISTKY BULLETIN No. 36 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS , 1893 , HARVEY V/.'^WILEY u Chemist of the U. S. Dvpartmext of AurivnllKre and Director of the Department ^iirjar Experiment Stations at Sehmjler, Nebraska; Bunnymedc (Nareoossee F. 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M •5 : s • rf N CO ^-r ^ : >i lO to C lO -H in II c» 1 "^ u "^ Ph a 1 71 Cl ■<* •— » rH d^ (^ 02 II C» J-S OS t^ '-' '-I Hg (? ^ 00 •^ i5^ 1 O o » Nio Min in II ^^ §"" ."^ ^'S «>■»-»•£:& 6: ""£ 00^)2; !z5 fO CO 1 ° IC "■ 1 C15 ■= ® C8 Si •^ 1 ""^ >^ II =W 4i CD in CD !0 O a, £ > y> +J-M4J > > h5" 000(2; tz; t^ s o c o a c A ^ 6 « E o a "m p= if O Ph <2.S 2.2 '0 n© a OPHP o tc iK o " to'Z 392 1 » c bo re p «S|h c OJ 'A t <^ '3 ■ CiO t- !S 000 fe^ cc 1 - ■* *" ^ •" 1 IN in cc«o c o ^_o •^-i -< 00 ino P. P. COM OS 00 rH O Izi o CO co" CO ciin CO r-4 cs o rH C-) M 27 OC 00 o o Ph Ph art there are vast areas suita- ble to the culture of beets, and the climate of northeru Ohio is certainly favorable to the production of a high-grade beet. Oregon. — Eight samples from the State of Oregon showed a beet of average size and fine sugar content, suitable to the economical and ])rofitable production of sugar. Oregon evidently shares with the rest of the I'acitic coast those special advantages for beet culture which have already beeu demonstrated ])ractically in the State of California. Pennsylvania. — Only two samples were received from this State. They were rather small in size and showed only a moderate content of sugar. South Dakota. — Thirty samples fronj the State of South Dakota showed an average beet above the normal size and with a fair content of sugar. South Dakota has so nearly the same advantages for the production of beets as Nebraska that the remarks applied to one State may also be justly ai)plied to the other. The only danger to be feared in beet production in South Dakota Avould be the advent of an early frost, which would not give sufficient time for the farmer to proi)erly harvest and protect his crop. TennexHec. —OwQ sample from Tennessee shows a beet below the aver- age size and with a low content of sugar. Virginia. — Six samples from the State of Virginia showed an average beet rather below the normal in size, but with a fair content of sugar. Washington. — Fourteen samples from the State of Washington showed a beet of full normal size and with a very high content of sugar. Washington, in common with the rest of the Pacitic slope, shows es- pecial advantages for beet culture. West Virginia. — Two samples from the State of West Virginia show a beet almost of normal size and with a fair content of sugar. Wiseonsin. — The number of samples received from Wisconsin during the past season was much less than usual, due to tlie fact that the De- partment did not have the valuable cooperation of the W^isconsiu State Experiment Station. The State, however, has been so fully exploited in previous experiments that a continuation of them is hardly neces- sary to shoAv the great capabilities of it for beet sugar production. Twelve samples of beets showed an average considerably above the normal in weight and with a fair percentage of sugar. Wyoming. — From the State of Wyoming thiee samples were received. They were only about half normal size, but extremely rich in sugar. Wyoming possesses the general advantages which have been indicated for Colorado, and on the irrigated lands of the State sugar beets of typ- ical size and high sugar content can be easily grown. The elevated plateaus of Wyoming, when properly irrigated, would doubtless prove more profitable for beet culture than for any other croj*. Utah. — The Territory of Utah has high ])lateaus capaltle of irrigation which are well suited to ])eet culture. One beet-sugar factory is oper- 13610— Kg. 36 3 34 ated in tlic Territory, located at Lelii. It is the only fiictory which at this date (December 31, 1892) has made a full report of its operations to the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue. This report follows : TJie Utah Sugar Company. [Season of 1802-'93.] Date of commencing operations (commenced on sirnp of previous year, operating five days), September 1, 1892. Date of commencing ojjerations on beets of tbis year, September 26, 1892, Date of final closing, November 19, 1892. Actual time that the whole of the machinery was in op(uation, thirty days and four hours. Running time, not including the five days first mentioned, thirty-seven days. Number of employes at factory proper, 110. Quantity of beets consumed, 9,816 tons. Acres of beets consnmed, 1,090. Yield in tons of beets per acre, 9. Average per cent of sugar extracted from beets, 7|. Average per cent of sucrose in beets, 11. Total amount of sugar made, 1,473,500 pounds. Sugar made per ton of beets, 1.50 pounds. Sugar made per acre of beets, 1,350 pounds. Molasses left over from season of 1892, 70,603.72 gallons. Estimated sugar in mohxsses left over for further treatment, 183,958 pounds. Residue of molasses from season of 1891 worked over in 1892, held in tanks, 50,063 gallons. In averaging the per centum of sugar extracted from beets, the sugar extracted from last year's molasses is included, as the same amount of sugar is left over this season in process of manufacture. Sugar extracted from last year's molasses, 131,800 pounds. WORK DONE AT THE DEPARTMENT STATION AT SCHUYLER, NEBR. The work at the Department station at Schuyler during the present year was carried on for the purpose of determining the best methods for the production of the beets and for a comparative trial of the differ- ent standard varieties of beets grown from imported seed. The rotation work of the station was also inaugurated by the grow- ing of dift'erent crops in such a way as to bring once in four years each plat of ground into culture with beets. Wheat and oats were taken as the best crops for beginning the rotation, and some very interesting ro- tation experiments were made of autumnal-grown wheat, which yielded large crops and at remunerative rates. The experiments in growing wheat sown in the autumn were of X3articular interest in that locality, where the greater part of the wheat is sown in the spring. It is the intention to prosecute the rotation experiments not only in such a way as to prepare the laud thoroughly for the growth of beets, but also in- cidentally to illustrate the best crops fbr the locality and the best methods for the culture thereof. In special work of this kind there is a tendency to overlook the im- portance of this incidental work. In the growth of sugar beets for com- 35 mercial purposes there is perhaps no af^ricultural problem of greater importance than the proper preparation of the land and the proper ro- tation of crops in order to secure a periodic growth of beets, not only of high tonnage but rich in sugar. More particular attention in succeed- ing years Avill be given to this branch of the work. The importance of this work is especially true for an agricultural community such as that in which the station is situated. It is ;i com- munity in which the fertilization of the soil is a problem which lias en- tirely escaped the attention of the farmer. ]51essed with a virgin soil of the greatest richness the farmer has contimied heretofore to harvest his large crops without concerning himself respecting the continual drain which he is making upon his soil. It has been said in Europe that a beet-sugar factory in any locality is a true agricultural experiment station, and as a result of establish- ing these factories every branch of agriculture has been immensely benefited. Other crops, such as cereals, potatoes, and grasses, have been made to yield far greater retni-ns as the result of the experiment lessons taught by the beet fields. It is hoi)ed that some such instruc- tion as this may result from the conduct of a beet-sugar experiment station organized ui)on the plan of the one at Schuyler. In the organ- ization of the station and in the original plan for its operation this point was held constantly in view, and as long as the station remains under its present management it Avill be the purpose to carry out its work on the lines originally laid down, modifying them from time to time as the exigencies of the circumstances may require and as the ex- perience gained by the work may indicate. The work of the station last year was under the personal su]>ervision of Mr. Walter Maxwell, who was assisted in the chemical work by Mr. T. C. Trescot. The detailed statement of the work at the station will be found in the report of Mr. Maxwell, which is made a part of this bulletin. EXPERIMENTS IN THE PRODUOTION OF BEET SEED. The work of the season commenced during the last week of March. The weather was so severe up to that time as to preclude any possi- bility of successful investigation. The silos, in which the beets designed for propagation of seed had been preserved through the winter, were opened on the 26th of March. On the 5th of April the work of ana- lyzing the mother beets commenced. Each of the beets was subjected to separate analysis, a conical piece being bored out of each one of them diagonally in such a way as to secure a sufticient amount of pulp for chemical examination without in- terfering in any way with the vitality of the beet. Each variety of beets was examined separately. Tliese beets, as indicated in the last report, were selected by physical appearance during the harvest of the preceding year. Those beets which had perfect form and were of the 36 full weight were selected and preserved. At the time the beets were preserved a sufficient number was taken to form an idea of the char- acter of the whole lot, and this sample was subjected to analysis. Another selected portion, representing- an average sample, was care- fully weighed before being deposited in the silo. On the opening of the silos these weighed portions were reweighed, thus showing the actual gain or loss of weight in the beets during their confinement un- der ground. Another average sample similar to the one analyzed the preceding fall was also subjected to analysis, thus determining the loss of sugar during the winter. These two sets of data, viz, the loss of sugar and the gain or loss of weight, together form the data for the corrections to be applied to the analysis of the mother beets so as to express the data arising there- from in figures which would have been obtained had the analyses been made at the time the mother beets were siloed. The reason for this kind of work is at once apparent. The object of the analysis of the mother beets is to classify them for the production of seed of different grades. It is therefore necessary to know just what the original condition of the mother beet Avas in order to know its tendency to i)roduce offspring of a given kiiul. It would manifestly be unfair to gauge the beets for sugar-producing pur- poses from the condition in which they are found in the spring, inas- much as the beet would tend to produce the same character of seed as would have been indicated by its original analysis at the time of stor- ing. Any incidental deterioration during the winter would simply effect the content of sugar and not the potency of the parent to re- l)roduce a seed of a given strength. The dimensions of the silos in which the beets were preserved, the methods of their structure, and other data connected with the storage of the beets during the winter will be found in the appended report. The mother beets were analyzed at the rate of four hundred and fifty a day, and only those which were analyzed during the day were taken out of the silo and prepared for analysis. In regard to the classification of the beets, the following resume may be given : Each beet was numbered on analysis, and at the close of the day's work they were sorted into classes according to the results of the analytical data. Three grades were made of the beets of each variety. The poorest grade, nnmbered 2, 'consisted of all those beets which, reduced to the condition in which they were at the time of storing, contained from 12 to 16 per cent of sugar in the juice. Of the whole number of mother beets examined 3,567 were included in this classifica- tion. The No. 1 grade consisted of those beets which on the same basis contained from 16 to 18 per cent of sugar. Of the whole number of mothers analyzed 830 fell in this grade. 37 The highest grade consisted of those beets of extra quality contain- ing 1roduce seed. The cultivation received was simply keeping the weeds down and the ground loose by hand hoe- ing, of which the croj) received three cultivations. The harvesting of the seed commenced on August 5 on some parts, which were prematurely ripened by the hot weather. The harvesting was finished on the 24th of August, and, as a whole, resulted in the production of seed of tine appearance, great vitality, and excellent yield. The total area under cultivation for seed was 98,.3 square rods. The total yield of seed was 595 pounds, or at the rate of 968 pounds per acre. At 15 cents per pound the value of the seed per acre would therefore be $145.20. The interesting part of the seed-i^roduction work will come during the next season, when the home-grown seed will be compared directly with that of foreign importation. It is contidently believed that the seed i)roduced in the locality Avill have superior qualities in respect of vitality and prepotency over the imported seeds. At the present time no organized eftort has been made in this country to grow high-grade beet seed on a large scale to supply the demands for home consumption. During the past season about 15,000 acres of beets were cultivated in this country. At 15 pounds per acre the amount of seed required to plant this area was 225,000 pounds, and, at 15 cents a pound, the value of this seed was 133,750. Already the item of beet seed is one of considerable importance, and in common practice it may be said that the expense of beet seed for each acre, when properly planted, will be about |2. A great increase in the acre- age, therefore, sown to beets would soon create a demand for high-grade seed of home production, which would justify a reasonable amount of capital in entering into the business on a large scale. EXPERIMENTS IN BEET CULTITEE. The preparation for the cropof 1892 was commenced in October, 1891. The land which was to be planted in beets on the following sjiring was at that time carefully plowed, and subsoiled to a depth of IC to 18 inches. The surface of the soil was thus exposed to weathering dur- ing the winter. The preparation of the seed bed was commenced on the 24th of April. 38 The plats designed for tlie reception of the beet seed were pulverized with a disk harrow to a dej^th of 4 to 5 inches, and afterwards an ordi- nary 2-horse harrow was drawn twice over them. After hoeing, the plats were rolled and the seed was then put in with a drill to a depth of from one-half to one inch, and the ground rolled a second time. The varieties of beets planted were Vilmorin's Improved, Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener, Desprez, Lemaire, Kleinwanzlebener Elite, and Original Kleinwanzlebener. The Knauer variety of seed which was planted in 1890 was not planted in the season of 1892 because tlie beet seeds ordered from Europe did not reach the station in time. Before planting the seed a test was made of its vitality in a germinating frame. The vitality of the different varieties of seed ranged from 3(j to 90 per cent. Some of the seeds had become moist in transportation across the ocean, and the low vitality is perhaps due to this cause. The first planting was made on the 30th of April and the i)lanting was continued until the 4th of June at various intervals. Details of the planting and cultural w(>rlv of the season will be found in the report following. One of the most interesting parts of the work carried on, from a practical point of view, was the determination of the actual expense of growing, harvesting, and delivering to a distance of 3 miles one acre of beets. Accurate account was taken of every hour's work done on this i)lat, which was charged for at full rates for labor and team. No charge, however, was made for the general sui)ervision. The ravages of the caterinllar, which will be referred to in detail later on, unfortunately cut the yield of this test acre down to a very low point, and, as will be seen by the details of the work, the actual exjiense incurred was a little greater than the actual cash received for the beets. This, however, would not have turned out in this way except for the damage done to the crop by the caterpillar mentioned. The yield of this acre, which was taken for the experiment, was con- siderably lower than that of any other plat, but had it been only equal to that of the other plats, there would have been a handsome profit. Specimens of the injurious insect were submitted to the Entomolo- gist for identification. The methods of treatment suggested by him for destroying the insects were also tried. In general, it may be said that the agricultural work for the season of 1892 was fairly satisfactory in spite of the many adverse conditions which were encountered. The j)roduction of a crop averaging nearly 16 tons per acre is certainly satisfactory, especially when, as shown by the details of the Avork, tlie production of each ton of beets above 13 per acre is almost clear profit. Tliere is no reason to doubt tlie ability of good farmers to produce a crop of equal tonnage when growing beets for the factory. It is true that farmers in some cases may have been misled liy state- ments concerning the profitableness of beet growing. Extreme care 39 is exercised in tlie piiblislied reports of tliis Department to avoid mis- takes of this kind. On the otlier hand, discouraging data are not reported by the Dex)artment, as has been alleged in some quarters, for the sake of discouraging the industry, but simply for the purpose of presenting to the farmer the actual facts in the case. There is no business, agri- cultural or otherwise, which can be conducted with uniform success. Failures are always possible and always probable, and the fact that some people fail in a business is no argument whatever against the pos- sibility of others being successful therein. It is the object of the Department in publishing these cultural data to lay before the farmer who desires such information accurate data on which to base the estimates of his work. It is therefore the purpose of the report not only to be scientifically accurate, but also to present practical information which can be at once utilized by the farmer who does not have the time or the means to make such experiments for him- self. ANALYTICAL DATA. The work of analyzing the beets grown during the season of 1892 was commenced on the 1st of September. The condition of tlie crop on September 1 was hardly such as to warrant the beginning of the analytical work. It was far from maturity and in many cases had not recovered from the insect ravages of the summer. In the publication of the analytical data a departure has been made from the course pursued the last year, in omitting altogether the indi- vidual analyses and all analyses by groups of tens or otlierwise. The analytical data which are of value are those which are the means of the analyses of any given variety at any given time. Inasmucih as the tabular statements of individual analyses take up an immense amount of space, without subserving any further practical result than to secure a permanent record of the analyses, it has been thought best in the in- terest of the economy of space to suppress them. Each individual analysis made, however, remains on record on the books of the Depart- ment, so that it will not be lost in case it is desired to consult any par- ticular series of results. The method of examination was based essentially upon that used last year. At each period of examination each plat of beets was gone over in regular order and a definite number selected for analysis. These selections were made in sucli a way as to represent accurately the average condition of the crop. The whole number of plats was thus gone over and the results tabulated before a second examination was commenced. An efibrt was made to go over the whole of the plats each week, so as to get a complete weekly record of the progress of the crop toward maturity, and also of the period at which it reached its maximum content of sugar, both in the juice and per acre, and finally toward the end of the season to determine the deterioration to which the crop woukl be subjected on being left too long in the ground or being sent too tardily to the factory. 40 Twice during" the analytical examinations a measured area of eacb plat was liarvested, so that the average weight of tlie beets could be determined and the average yield per acre at tliat time be calculated. The results show that upon the whole there was little variation in the actual content of sugar per acre. In other words, that as the content of sugar in the juice increased the weight of the beet diminished, and vice versa. The beets of last year, as well as of this, were uniformly smaller than the average best sugar beet should be, being only a little over half the size which should be expected of the normal beet. In other words, the beets averaged only a little over 225 grams in weight, whereas a beet averaging 500 grams in weight would, from an agricultural point of view, be far more desirable, while as respects its content of sugar it might show a little less in the juice, but still it would be sufficiently rich for all practical purposes. A glance at the weights of the beets in the different seasons should be supplemented by a study of the meteorological data, because the varying weight of the average beet was largely a factor of warm and moist weather and dry and cold weather; the dry and cold weather tending to diminish the weight of the beet, and the warm, moist weather tending to increase it. It is seen, therefore, that there was a minimum in the weight of the beet at the beginning of the season, and that the first maximum was reached along about the end of September, followed by a second mini- mum near the middle of October and a second maximum near the 1st of November. In regard to the sugar content of the juice, we find that it was lowest at the middle of November and reached a maximum about the middle of October, showing a gradual decrease in richness until the 18th of November, when the analytical work ceased. In respect of the purity of the juice, we find it following closely the sucrose content of the juice, showing a minimum purity about the 15th of September and a maximum near the middle of October. The practical result of this is that the most profitable time for the farmer to harvest his beets in the locality in which these experiments were made, and the most profitable time for the factory to purchase them is about the middle of October. Practically, of course, it is im- possible for all of the beets to be delivered at a factory at this time, and there must be some loss both from too early harvesting and too late harvesting, and from keeping the beets in silo until they can be manu- factured. The analytical data gave also some valuable information in regard to the maximum yield of sugar per acre; in other words, tlie actual sugar produced i)er acre by eacli variety at the ]»eriod of its maximum sugar content. The Vilmorin Improved variety produced 3,000 pounds per acre. 41 The Desprez variety produced 4,368 pounds per acre. The Leniaire variety produced 4,614 pounds per acre. Dipi)e's Kleiuwauzlebener variety produced 4,800 ijounds per acre. The Kleinwaiizlebeuer Elite variety produced 5,120 pounds per acre. The Original Kleinwanzlebener variety produced 5,989 pounds per acre. The difference in the amount of sugar per acre coiisists chiefly in the tonnage yielded by each variety and not so much in the varying con- tent of sugar. Nevertheless the Original Kleinwanzlebener not only had the largest tonnage per acre, viz, 18,6, but also the highest content of sugar in the juice, viz, 16.1. The means for all six varieties were as follows : Mean tonnage per acre 15. 8 Mean percentage of sugar in juice 15. 1 Mean yield of sugar per acre pounds . . 4, 800 The mistake should not be made of supposing that the amount of sugar per acre mentioned above is what would be obtained in merchant- able form. This represents the actual yield of sugar per acre as grown in the field. The mean purity of the juice for all the varieties was 79.6. Had the beets been manufactured by the best approved methods the yield of sugar per acre would have been, approximately, 3,200 pounds. The comparison of the analytical data obtained during the seasons of 1891 and 1892 shows that in 1891 the mean yield of all the varieties per acre was 21.7 tons, containing 6,060 pounds of sugar; and for 1892 the mean yield of all varieties was 15.8 tons per acre, containing 4,800 pounds of sugar. Interesting observations were also made on the effect of different methods of preserving beets as respecting their content of sugar. The loss in weight which beets undergo, when transmitted through the mails, has already been noticed. In a special experiment of this kind it was found in a case of a certain number of beets sent from the station at Schuyler to the Department laboratory in Washington, that the loss in weight was accom])anied by a corresponding increase in the per- centage of sugar in the juice. In other words, when beets are care- fully wrapped as indicated in the directions for transmitting to the Department and sent through the mails they suffer no appreciable loss of sugar within the three or four days necessary for their transmission. On the other hand, it has been shown that when beets were harvested and exposed to the sunlight at a time of rather high temperature not only was there a greater loss in weight in four days amounting to as much as 37 per cent, but that also there was an actual loss in the amount of sugar contained in the beets. This loss amounted to about 29 per cent in the time mentioned. When the beets were kept in a shed, the loss in weight was also considerable, due to evaporation, but the loss in sugar was considerably less. When, however, beets were 42 kept in cold storage or in moist earth the temperatnre of which was below 40<^, it was fonnd that there was practically no loss of sngardnr- ing a ijeriod of over twenty days. There was a slight loss of nioistnre in the beets kept in cold storage and a corresponding increase in the amount of sngar in the juice. In the beets kept in the moist, cold earth at a temperatnre below 40o bnt not low enough to freeze them, there was neither loss of weight nor sugar. The conclusion to be drawn from these interesting experiments is of a practical nature, namely, that in the preservation of beets an attempt should be made to keep them covered with moist earth and at a tem- perature which should not be allowed, if possible, to rise above 40°. The idea j)resents itself here in a very forcible way whether or not it would be profitable for beet-sugar factories to provide cold-storage cellars for the preservation of their beets, in which the temperature could be so regulated as not to be allowed to rise above 40° or fall be- low 32°. In such a cold-storage cellar the beets could be kept proba- bly for two or three months without any appreciable loss of sugar. The loss of sngar in beets after they are harvested is doubtless due to the vital processes going on in the organism of the beet. In other words the beet is living off of itself, no longer being connected with the earth and air in such a way as to draw any nourishment from either source. This vitality of the beet is almost completely checked when it is kept at a low temperature and in a dark place, but it is stimulated to the highest extent when it is exposed to a high temperature and a bright light. In other words, the exclusion of heat and light from the organism of the beet will tend to arrest almost completely all the vital action and thus i)reserve the sugar which nature has stored in the beet as a source of food supply in secondary growth. The general result of the season's work has shown, first, the effect of the season on the crop, showing as the work has done this year that ii] the seasonal condition of 1892, even with more favorable culture than was received in 1891, the crop was much less per acre. In the second place, the season's work has shown the danger which may be encoun- tered in this country from an entirely new pest in the form of a cater- pillar which is liable to attack the crop in the middle of summer. In the third place, the work has shown practically the best method of storing the beets in order to preserve their sugar content at its maxi- mum. In the fourth place, the method of producing a high-grade beet seed has been thoroughly worked out and the seed produced in this way preserved for future propagation. In the fifth place, the actual cost of i)roducing an acre of beets, when labor is paid for by the day, has been worked out in its minutest detail and the numbers given representing the expense in dollars and cents, maybe taken to indicate the maximum cost of the i)roduction of an acre of sugar beets by the method indicated. Although the experiments showed, in the given 43 -^ case, that the actual cost of the beets in mouey was greater than the actual cash received therefor, yet it was shown that upon the whole station, had it been cultivated in the same way, there would have been a net profit of over $10 per acre. These reliable data can not fail to be of the utmost interest to the farmer, enabling him to thoroughly foresee the probable cost of the production and the probable income which he will receive from a crop of sugar beets. REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN CHARGE. The details of the experimental work at this station are given in the report of Mr. Walter Maxwell, assistant in charge, which is as follows: U. S. Department of Agricui.ture, Division of Chemistry, Washington, V. C. Sir : I beg to submit to you the second annual report of tlie work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture sugar beet experiment station at Schuyler, Nebr., in the year 1892. Very respectfully, Walter Maxwell, Assistant in charge. Prof. H. W. Wiley, Director of Station. The work of the season of 1892, at the sugar beet experiment station, began the last week of March. On March 26 the silos, in which the beets intended for propagation uses had been preserved through the winter, were examined. April 5, the work of analyzing the beets which had been preserved in the silos was begun. Mr. T. C. Trescot assisted in the analytical work. The mode of selection for the mother beets was by examining all of each variety grown at the time of harvesting and taking out from the whole evei'y individual beet whose properties came within the standard of conditions requii'ed. The standard conditions were that the beet should be of the form typical of each variety and of the size approved for propagation purposes. The beet should have a more or less tapering and elongated form, according to the type of the variety, and one leading tap root, which is a graduation of the body of the beet to a point, and and the body of the beet should be free from coarse side roots and inequalities of surface. The foliage system should rest closely upon the body of the beet and without a long and coarse-fleshed neck. In respect of the size, no beet was selected which weighed less than 500 grams or more than 800 grams. The silos in which the mother beets were preserved were constructed upon a plan embracing precautions against the great fluctuations and lowness of temperature which prevail in this part of Nebraska, and also provision for sufficient ventilation and air replacement in the silos. Each silo was 18 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 6 feet broad at the surface, the breadth tapering to 4 feet at the floor. Over the whole a solid frame roof was placed, which supports a covering of soil 2i feet thick. Venti- lation is secured by six ventilators which are placed tliree feet from each other, and which rest with lower ends upon the floor of the silo, the upper end protruding one foot above tlie covering of soil upon the roof. Along, and underneath the floor of the silo an air channel runs, of about a cubic foot in space, which is connected at each end of the silo with air shafts, which, as the ventilators carry ofl:' through the roof 44 the imwholesome and heated air from the interior of the silo, replace the had air with fresh air from outside. The six ventilators are let into the air channel rimniug under the Hoor of the silo; consequently as the hot and foul air jiasses oft" the re- placement with fresh air is immediate and complete. The ventilators are opened and closed as the degree of temperature of the air requires. The heets in the silo were packed In moist sand, each layer of heets heing interlaid with au inch layer of sand and not heing allowed to touch each other. The use of moist sand was made in compliance with the principle of siloing which includes the securing of a low temperature, in order that growth shall not proceed, and a moist atmosiihere, which prevents a loss of moisture from the heet hy evaporation ; in hrief, that the normal conditions of the organism may remain unchanged during the period of storage. The heets were laid up to within 6 inches of the gi'ouud surface, the space hetween the last layer and the roof of the silo heing left vacant, the air space acting as a protection against low temperature and also for ventilation. In order to oltserve the operation of the mode of siloing with respect to the loss of weight, and incident changes in the organism of the heet, as a consequence of its vitality and of evaporation, a given numher of heets, whose weights had heen taken, were placed in the middle of the silos and tags attached to each heet hearing the weight. In the spring those heets were reweighed and ihe change In weight ascer- tained. Out often heets i^laced thus in the silo only three could he relied upon, the tags upon the others having hecome so saturated hy the moisture that the numhers were no longer legihle. The results ohtaiued Avith the three heets were as follows : Date. No. 1 beet. No. 2 beet. No. 3 beet. Total weiglit. Grams. 800 797 Grams. 758 780 Grams. 781 768 Gram*. 2 it39 April 8 2,345 There is a diftereuce of hehavior ohserved hy the individual heets, hut the total result shows a gain of 6 grams in weight, which indicates that no change had taken place, practically, in the water contents of the heets. The 1)eets had already commenced to shoot at the time that the silos were opened, small, yellow leaves appearing on most of those which were exposed to the faint light admitted through the ventilators. A small loss of sugar was, without douht, caused hy the premature growth which would have heen prevented hy removing the heets three weeks earlier Irom the silos and placing them in the earth, the tempera- ture of which was little ahove the freezing point. The only modification that could have heen made Avlth advantage in the control of the silos and mode of preservation was the removal of the heets from the silos in the early part of March instead of the second week in April. The moving of the dense mass in which they were packed and placing the roots in single layer in the cold earth 1 foot from the surface would have deferred even the initial degree of growth which had occurred until the period of "planting out," which is the latter part of April and early May. In the work of analysis just so many heets as were required for one day (the mean day's work was 450 heets) were taken out of the silo in the morniug, the silo heing at once closed up and the light shut out. The sample was taken out of each heet with an auger-like sampling machine, the sample consisting of a cone of the size of a man's fore-finger. The pulp Is ohtaiued in a finely comminuted condition. The cone or sample is taken from the heet in a diiigoual line, the horer entering the heet at its lower end and passing diag(mally through towards the top, care heing taken that the outer rind of the heet is not punctured and hroken through hy the instru- ment. The latter precaution was ohserved in order that the beet, when planted out in the ground, shall present an intact surface to the weather conditions, and iui)ar- ticular that rain water shall not he ahle to run into the root. 45 The sample, is bronolif, into a hand-press and the juice completely expressed. la the extracted juice the sugar coutent is deterniiucd hy means of the polariscope. Each beet is sampled and its richness in sugar determined according to the method given, and the sugar content is made the basis of a division and classifica- tion of the beets into grades, which are distinguished from each other by their less or greater richness in sugar. The actual method of classification which was followed is seen from the following details. Each beet is numbered. The juice expressed was placed iu a beaker, marked with the same number. The number of the juice was re- tained through each process of the aualysis, and until it was recorded in the book of analyses, with ihe per cent of sugar that it contained. The beets were then classified acording to the data obtained. After the classification of the beets, which had made up the work of the day, they w^ere immediately placed in the earth, in pits 1 foot deep, and covered with soil to a height of H feet. Each grade of each variety was carefully placed to itself, and the beets were laid in the pits with the heads downwards, in order that they should rest upon the floor of the pit, whose temjterature was still nearly at freezing point, and protected from the increasing heat of the mid-day April sun. In those pits the beets remained until taken out for immediate ]>lautiug. In stating the analytical results, iu the first place, a table will be given showing the actual sugar content of the beets of each variety as they came out of the silos and the mode of variation of the sugar content between the minimum and maxi- mum. Afterwards, the sugar content of the beets at the time of removal from the eilos will be compared with the amount of sugar present in the beets at the time that they were taken out of the soil in the previous autumn (October) and at the time when they were placed in the silos for the winter (November). TaiJe giving the sugar content of the heets of each, variety, and the mode of variation of the sugar content l)ctwccn the minimum and maximum. Variety. 9 per cent. 10 per cent. 11 per cent. 12 per cent. 13 per cent. 14 per cent. 15 per cent. 16 per cent. 17 per cent. Total beets. Vilmorin's Improved 38 37 144 44 58 32 1 as 001 IGl 115 337 93 160 72 tained 268 196 331 127 169 93 ess tba 295 245 243 99 128 76 n 9 per 170 211 78 59 79 50 cent of 50 53 10 8 32 30 siifrar.. 4 8 3 3 4 8 986 Dippe'.s Kleinwanzlebei.er . Desprez 1 866 1 146 1 2 3 i' 434 638 365 4,435 i«5 Kleinwauzlebener Elite . . . Rejected beets, or sue] 4,880 The data contained in the al)ove table give the content of sugar in the beets at the time of their removal from the silos iu April. The normal and real sugar con- tent and standard of quality of those beets was the per cent of sucrose found in them by analysis in the jirevious autumn, and when the crop was at its period of maximum value. But the data in the table given, placed in comparison with the known sugar content of those beets last October, show the loss of sugar which had taken place between the date of harvesting the beets in the autumn and removal from the silos in the spring. And these data are of the first valus in studying the results obtained by different modes of autumn and winter preservation, and of ob- serving the period when the greatest loss of sugar takes place. The mother beets were not placed in the silos at the time of harvesting the crop; they were put into small pits in the field as soon as they were removed from the soil, and they remained in those pits three weeks, after which they were transferred to 46 the silos for the winter. The following table shows the content of sugar in the beets of each vaiiety as indicated by analysis on the given dates: Variety. Vilmorin's Improved Pippe's Klein-wanzlebener Dosprez T>emaire Knaiier Kleinwanzlebener Elite . . . Means October 15. November 6. Per cent. 14.6 14.5 14.4 14.1 14.8 14.5 14.5 Per cent. 12.9 12.5 12. 5 13 11.6 12.7 12.5 1892. April 10. Per cent. 11.90 12.12 11.12 11.44 11.37 11. 86 11.65 The above table shows that the sugar content of the mother beets had fallen, be- tween the dates of October 15, 1891, and April 10, 1892, 2.8.5 per cent. It is likewise observed that the chief loss of sugar took place between October 1.5 and November 6, the reason of which circumstance will be discussed on a later occasion and in rela- tion with certain other data on the subject. It has been shown by the latter table that practically a loss of 3 per cent (2.85 per cent) of sugar had taken place in the mother beets between the time of harvest in the autumn and the dates of their removal from the silos in the spring. That amount requires to be added to the sugar content of each beet analyzed in the spring, in order that the normal and real quality shall be understood, and that the actual qtial- ity of the several grades, which were planted for the production of seed, shall be clearly established upon the normal sugar content of the beets at the period of ma- turity in the i)revious autumn. It is very evident that the sugar content of the beet at the time of full development and ripeness is tlie actual expression of its standard of quality, since the content of sugar found in the beet in the spring is wholly de- pendent upon the mode of preservation which has been adopted, and it is possible to treat the beets in a way which would cause a loss of more than one-half of the sugar contained. The beets of each variety were resolved into three grades of quality, distinguished from each other by the sugar content. The following table gives the normal sugar content of the beets of each grade, with the number of beets of each grade planted: Variety. Extra quality beets con- ' taining from 18 to 20 per cent. No. 1 grade beets con- taining from 16 to 18 per cent. No. 2 grade beets con- taining from 12 to 16 per cent. Vilmorin's Improved Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener Desprez Lemaire Knauer Kleinwanzlebener Elite . . . Total 38 220 264 88 67 111 80 830 763 593 1, 055 •363 521 273 3,567 The setting out of the mother beets was done on May 4, 5, and 6. The varieties were planted at points on the station field of extreme distance from each other in order to prevent the action of insects in hybridizing. The beets were planted in rows 3 feet apart, with a distance of 2 feet between the beets in the row. The planting was done by hand, the beets being set into the ground at a depth which left the head of the beet level with the surface. The soil was pressed moderately around the beet as it was placed in the hole, care being taken not to damage or break off the young shoots which were making an appearance. 47 Extremely favorable weatLer for the mother beets succeeded tlie time of setting out, and the roots took an almost immediate hold of the ground. In ten days the foliage was 6 inches high, and there were not more than twenty beets out of the 4,435 planted which did not grow and produce seed. The ground around the beets was kept clean and loose by hand-hoeing, the opera- tion being repeated three times during the season of growth. The progress of growth was steady and strong up to July 15, at which date the A'^igor of the crop and the " seed-stand" were magnificent. After that date a period of extremely high temperature set in, which continued almost without a respite up to the end of August, and, with the high temperature, a minimum rainfall was re- corded, which combined conditions of weather produced a premature and somewliat irregular ripening of the seed. It was estimated that the seed would be ready for gathering about August 15; but, in consetjuence of the conditions of the weather described, a first portion of the prematurely ripened was collected on August 6. The first collection was small and somewhat dried up, but had an abundant vitality. The second collection, made from August 12 to 16, was seed of excellent size, weight, and quality. The third and last collection, made from August 20 to 24, was good and of perfect maturity, but hardly so bright in appearance as the second collection. The seed was gathered by hand, being stripped from the branches of the stand. By making three several collections all the seed was obtained in a perfect condition of maturity. AVheu gathered, the seed was laid out in the sun upon boards and pieces of burlap and thoroughly dried, after which it was separated from particles of leaf and branch by use of a winnowing machine. The winnowing or cleaning process not only blew out all dust, leaves, and shreds of branches, but the seeds of undersize, underweight, and imperfect maturity Avere also separated, thus pro- ducing a sample of seed of excellent appearance, and sound and high quality. The seed from each grade of mother beets of each variety was collected, cleaned, weighed, and preserved separately. The extra quality grade will be used exclusively upcm the experiment station in further high-class experimentation. No. 1 grade will also be used, in some portion, by the station for experimental purposes. No. 2 grade, which may be considered as seed of an ordinary commercial quality, will be dis- tributed or sold for the production of beets for factory use. The actual results obtained with the six varieties used in the production of seed are shown in the following table, in which the area of ground planted and the weight of seed collected are given : Variety. Area. Weight. Yield per acre. Bods. 20 20 24 10.3 15.0 9 Pounds. 117 128 92 66 126 66 Pounds. 936 1 024 613 1 056 Knauer 1 344 Kleinwanzlebener Elite 1 173 Total 98.3 595 1 025 The actual yield from ! Yield per acre ?.3 rods of collected, cleaned, and weighed seed was pounds.. Value of 595 pounds, at 20 cents per pound $119. 00 Value per acre 193. go A record of the cost of production of the seed was not made. Such an estimate or record would be of an extremely complicated character; including the cost of the production of the mother beets in the previous year, the expenses of siloing, ana- lyzing, and classifying the mother beets, in addition to the cost of cultivating and harvesting the seed. Neverthsless, such an estimation of the cost of seed production will be made in the immediate future. 48 These experiments, which rcjirescnt the tii'st eiutoavor to produce sugar-heet seed by the strict metliods of selection aud culture which are practiced iu P^urope, and which hav(5 brought the European varieties to their jiresent standard of excellence and value, are a trustworthy, although an initial, indication of what it may be pos- sible to accomplish iu the soil and climatic conditions of the region in which the station is located. However, nothing more can ])e stated with assurance uutil the home-f/i'oivn seed h.as produced at least one generation of progeny, and it is found that the beets grown from the seed are equal in size and content of sugar, and the seed produced from those beets eijual iu (luality to the seed imported from Europe and the beets growu therefrom. So far, the indications are full of promise of suc- cess. CUI/rURAI. SEASON OF THE BEET CROP. The cultural season of the beet crop of 1892 was begun in October of 1891. The plowing and subsoiiing of the land intended for planting in beets were done iu the third week of October, and (comprised the autunmal preparation for the next year's crop. With the exception of three acres which had produced beets in 1891, the whole of the remaining portion of the station field had been laid to fallow in the summer of that year. The ground was virgin prairie, which had not produced a crop, and it was essential, in the lirst place, that a mode of treatment of the soil should l»e adopted by which the excess of undecayed organic matter would be most rapidly changed aiul reduced to the measure not inimical to sugar-beet production. Breaking up the ground to a depth of 9 inches, in May, 1891, and a method of fal- lowing which kept the vsoil iu motion and ex^iosed to the action of the air and sun during the course of the summer, was a means of causing the most rapid oxidation and decay of the vegetable matter, and of converting the superabundance of organic nitrogen into inorganic forms, capable of l)eing utilized for plant nutrition. An analysis of the soil had shown that the nitrogen present iu t he soil at a depth of 12 inches was as great as the amount found iu the upper 6 inches, and for that reason the fallowing was conducted to a depth of 9 inches, in order that the largest possible mass of soil should be exposed to the action of the air. In October the land of nearly the whole of the station was in the condition ])ro- duced by such a course of fallowing. The plats selected for bearing beets in the fol- lowing season were again plowed and to a depth of 10 inches, and subsoiled to a depth of 6 inches, thus securing the stirring of the soil to a depth of 16 inches. The width of furrow taken by the plow was 10 inches, or a width no greater than could be moved by the share of the subsoiler. In such a way the land was laid up for the winter, and was not touched again until the season of preparation in the following spring. The work of prei)aring the soil for the recei»tion of the seed was commenced in the spring on April 24. The act of preparation of the seed bed was delayed later than was desirable by the wet condition and low temperature of the soil. It is, however, more advantageous and better practice to delay the operations if the con- dition of the ground is not satisfactory. The labor in the spring preparation of the seed bed was reduced to a minimum by the work of heavy cultivation which had been done in the autumn, and the fine state of pulverization of the soil which had been wrought by the action of frost during the winter. The actual preparation for planting was made in the first place by moving the ground to a depth of 5 inches with a disk harrow; afterwards a two- horse harrow was put twice over, when the ground was rolled down and the seed put in. After drilling in the seed with a one row horse drill, the ground was rolled a second time. Tire details in the work of preparation and light cultivation of the ground were in the most part identical with the same in 1891, the latter being described in full in the report of that season. 49 The varieties of beets j^rown upon tlu- station in 1892 wove the Vilmoiin Improved, Dippe's Kleiiiwaiizlebeuer, Desprez, Le Maire Pore et Soiier, Kloiiiwaiizlcbeu Elite, aufl the Original Kleiuwanzlobener. The variety Ferd Knauer, which was one of the six varieties grown ia 1891, was replaced in 1892 by the original Kleinwan/le- bener, owing to the circumstance that seed of the former variety could not be pro- cured in time for planting. Before planting, the quality of the seed of the six varieties was tested by special germinations, which were conducted in the station laboratory, and the degree of vitality observed is given in the following table, which states the rate as well as the measure accomplished by each variety. ViiaUty of seed. [One hundred seeds of each variety were planted; date of i)lanting, April 27.] Varieties . Visible on May 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Vihnoriu's Improved. Plantlets. 8 20 54 78 89 93 94 96 96 Dippe's Kleinwanz- lebener. Plantlets. 2 31 50 59 60 70 70 70 Desprcz. Plantlets. 8 20 26 29 33 36 Lemaire. Plantlets. 3 7 30 56 66 81 85 85 85 Kleinwanz- lebener Elite. Plantlets. Original Kleiuwanz- lebener. Plantlets. 84 89 The notable features in the germination are the high vitality of the Vilmorin va- riety and the extremely low germinating power of the Desjirez. April 30 the first seed was planted. One acre was drilled with seed of the Vilmo- rin Improved variety. The ground was in the finest condition of tilth, the seedbed being a mass of fine moist mold, and the temperature of the soil was 54° F. Heavy rains immediately followed the first planting, and all further planting was delayed until May 20. The rains were accompanied with extremely low temperature, which caiised a lowering of the temperature of the soil of 12° from the date of planting the first seed on April 30. The coldness of the ground delayed the germina- tion of the seed, and the plantlets of the seeds sown on the last day of April were not visible along the rows until May 18, which was nearly twice tlie length of time occupied by normal germination. From May 20 the temperature of the air rose rap- idly, and an equally rapid response was seen in the state of warmth of the soil. The action of temperature upon germination was well illustrated during the period of planting, and some observations of interest are given in the following table : Variety. Date of planting. VUmorin's Improved Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener. Desprez Lemaire Kleinwanzlebener Elite Original Kleinwanzlebener Apr. 30 May 20 25 26 26 31 Mean tem- perature of soil. Days. 18 10 9 7 46 56 60 60 61.5 64 Date of appear- ance of plants. May 18 May 29 June 3 June 2 June 1 June 4 Flat-hoeing was begun May 27, upon the plat planted on A])ril 30. The ground was extremely soddened and caked by the heavy rains that had fallen during May and the hot sun at the latter part of the month. By hoeing, the plants were re- 13610— No. 36 4 50 leased from the encrusted condition of the surface, and they made a rapid growth, so that on June 8 thoy were large enough for thinning out. The hiter-plauted plats made a rapid growth; and, with the exception of the plat planted with the Desprez variety, all w ere a full and regular stand. In such respect, the season of 1892 was much more advantageous than the season of 1891. In 1891 the period of germination was extremely dry, and the plants came up at two differ- ent times. The planting season of 1892 was very moist, and all the seed germinated simultaneously. The work of thinning out commenced June 8. Several of the workmen who had been employed upon the station in 1891 applied for turther service, and they were reemployed. Those men were alrendy fairly well acquainted with the nature of the operation, and not only was the difficulty of training green hands very much les- sened, but the amount of labor accomplished daily by each man was very greatly increased and the cost of the operation proportionally reduced. The saving in time and expense which was effected by the greater skill of the workmen in the oiieratiou of thinning out the beets was the least important indica. tion of increased expertness. The work was done in a precise, clean, and effective manner, and with a minimum of damage to the standing plants. Special experi- ments conducted last year showed that an unskillful handling of the plantlets in the process of thinning out may produce results of a disastrous character. It was seen that when the plants which are left standing are unduly disturbed in their con- nection with the soil, by the act of removing the surplus plants, not only the growth but the form and sugar content are later most materially affected. Those experi- ments were repeated in the season of 1892, and with results of a still more emphatic character. Plantlets which had been roughly handled were afterwards taken out of the ground and examined under the microscope. It was observed in each of thirty examples that the end of the taproot of the plantlet was ruptured and the rootcap was displaced. Further, a given number of such plantlets were replanted in a row parallel with auother row of plants which had been thinned out with particular care, and the two rows were allowed to grow, under conditions in every other re- spect analogous, until the period of maturity, when the plants of each row were taken up, examined, weighed, and the sugar contents determined. In the first place, the beets from the row which was manipulated with great care at the time of thinning onfc, were jjerfect in form, without exception. The beets, however, from the transplanted, and more or less iujured, plantlets exhibited an extreme degree of deformity. Amongst ten of those beets eight had failed to develop a taproot, and in place thereof three to five coarse prongs or fingers had grown out. The beets were utterly deformed, and without any points of resemblance to the other beets grown by the side of them. The weights and sugar contents of the respective beets were as follows: Deformefl beets Correctly formed beets. Number of beets. "Weight of beets (mean of 10 beets), Orams. 358 324 Sugar content. Per cent. 11.6 15.0 Purity of juice. Per cent. 74.4 79.7 It is seen that while the well-formed beets were of an excellent quality, the de- formed beets were below the standard (in sugar content and purity of the juice) required for manufacturing purposes. And the results of those experiments urge a still more emphatic insistence upon care and a correct mode of manipulation being practiced in the operation of thinning out the beets. If the success of a crop can not be wholly assured by care and expertness in the work of thinning out, its pros- pect and value will be decidedly ruined by ignorance and neglect at that particular period in the history of the ])laut. 51 Thiuning out of nil tlie plat* was coin])le<(Ml on June 18. The work was accom- plislied, ill all ies[)t'ct.s, in an almost perfectly satisfactory way. The distance be- tween the rows, ujton all the plats, was uniforuily 18 inches. The distance between tiiei)lants in the row was, in the early-planted plats, 8 inches, and in the late-planted plats, 9 inches. Tlie plants appeared to lie of one uniform size, and the distribution over the ground showed the utmost attainable regularity. About live days after the operation of thinning out the horse hoe was passed over all the plats. The ground, however, was particularly free from weeds, which was, in part, owing to the fallowing of the jirevious summer, and likewise to the circum- stance that the ground was thoroughlj- moved by the hand and horse hoes as soon as the plautlets Avere visible in the rows. One day's labor, employed before the weeds have gotten a stronghold of the ground, Avill save the labor of several days later in the season. After the first time horse-hoeing, the hand hoe followed amongst the plants, every stray weed being cut out, the ground thoroughly removed, and the "double plants" drawn out which had been overlooked in the operation of thinning out. The hand-hoeing was again followed by the horse hoe, the operation being twice repeated at intervals of one week. The ground at the end of those operations was not only free from weeds, the surface, to a. depth of 3 inches, was in a state of great fineness, looseness, and porosity, which condition favored a ready circulation of air in the upper layer, and prevented the rapid escape of moisture from the lower soil. The operation required to complete the work of cultivation was ihe "soiling up." The foliage of the beets, as well as the root development, were too far advanced to allow of further work being done either with the horse or hand hoes, excepting the act of drawing up the loose soil from between the rows around the plants in the rows. That operation was performed between July 7 and 13. Upon the latter date the cultural period of the season closed (with the exception of some detail work con- ducted on certain very small plants, which will be spoken of later and in relation with the results obtained). AN INSECT VISITATION. The high condition of promise which the plats of all varieties exhibited in the middle of July, when the cultural work closed, was not maintained very lono-. On July 20 it was observed that a caterpillar had appeared upon the foliage of the beets, and in very threatening numbers. Although the visitation of those insects was extremely localized, and the sphere of their operations confined to patches of small area, yet the total damage was very great. Efforts were much: to destroy the caterpillars before they could get into the ground to jireparc for the production of a second generation. Preparations of Paris green were applied with sprinkling cans, the Avhole of the attacked portions of the plats being treated. Also Persian insect ]»owder and white hellebore were tried, but the difficulty of applying insecticides in the form of a dry powder, and particularly in the presence of the winds which are usually blowing in Nebraska, rendered the application of substances in solution or sus])ension a more convenient and likewise a more effective operation. Paris green in suspension (one teaspoonful to one gallon of water) was applied to all the plats which were attacked, and evidently with a very considerable efltect. Twenty- four hours after the ajiplication of the insecticide great numbers of the caterpillars were lying dead upon the ground. Unfortunately, however, the a]ipli(ation of the Paris green was not made until a great number of the insects had left the leaves and gone into the ground, there to go through the stages of metamorphosis previous to their reappearance in the winged form as moths. In the meantime communications were being conducted with the Division of Entomology at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, concern- ing the character of the visitation, the natural history of the species, and the mode of lessening the ravages or destroying the insect. On August 5 a communica- 52 tion was received from Mr. L. O. Howard, acting Entomologist, in which he said : "The matter is a very interesting one, and the insect is new to ns. It seems to he a near relative to the so-called garden webworm {Eurycreon rantilia) which did great damage to cotton, corn, and many garden vegetables in Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Indian Territory, and northern Texas in 1885. It is a different species, however, and I find no account of it in the literature of economic entomology. It is quite likely that another generation will appear this summer unless your remedial measures have been extremely effective. The record of your experiments is very interesting, and there is no question but that the Paris green treatment is the best, everything con- sidered. It would be desirable for you to determine the amount of Paris green which can be applied in solution without burning the foliage of the sugar beet, as this point has not heretofore been definitely ascertained." Certain experimental data had already been obtained upon the question of the strength of solution of Paris green required to effectually destroy the insects in great numbers ; and certain general, biit no specific, observations had been made in order to determine the strength of solution that could be applied without damage to the beets. It was found that a solution containing one teaspoonful of Paris green to 1 gallon of water was effective in destroying all insects that were upon the upper surface of the leaves, and which ate of the sprinkled material. Many of the caterpillars, how- ever, were tipon the underside of the leaves, where they were protected from the insecticide applied, and, moreover, continued to feed upon the epidermis of the under leaf with complete immunity from its action. For the reasons indicated in the above remarks the application of insecticides can be only partially effective. There is further the consideration of damage done to the crop by the application of insect-destroying substances. Where a solution of Paris green of the strength already given was applied and an overdose fell upon certain leaves those leaves were burnt through into holes, or turned brown in the places where the arsenical mixture lodged. However, a solution of the strength stated did not do an appreciable amount of damage, either to the foliage or the roots. The intimation made by Mr. Howard, that a second generation of the insect might be expected to appear during the summer, caused a most careful daily attention to be given to the matter. The caterpillars of the first generation had wholly left the beets on August 1. On August 8 a number of gray-colored moths was observed. By the following day the number of those moths appeared to have increased a thousand- fold. If the foliage of the beets was disturbed they rose in cloud-form, and they were generally distributed over the greater portion of the plats. About 100 of those moths were caught, inclosed in a box, and sent to the Depart- ment at Washington. In speaking of them, Mr. Howard said: " In my last letter I hazarded the guess that the insect would prove to belong to the genus Eurycreon, and that it would be closely allied to the common garden web worm of Kansas, Nebraska, and other Western States — Eurycreon rautalis. The moth you sent is Eurycreon stictalis. Please watch the eggs which it is depositing upon the beet leaves, and send us larva? which may hatch from them." The leaves of some beets were examined under the microscope and the eggs of the moths observed. The eggs were deposited in minute groups, and exclusively upon the underside of the leaves. On August 20 the eggs were noticed to be hatch- ing out, and numerous caterpillars of a very minute size were already upon the leaves. On the following day it appeared as though the whole crop were infested and doomed to utter destruction. Upon some plants 1.50 insects were deposited and were consuming the foliage at an extreme rate. No time was lost In the effort to destroy the second generation before it got a complete hold of the crop. Arseuicals were applied by sprinkling, the solution containing one teaspoonful of Paris green to a gallon of water. All the plats were treated with the insecticide, and at the rate of three pounds per acre. W^hen the Paris green solution had been upon the crop only about eight hours a heavy rain began falling, which washed every trace of the 53 material from the leaves down into tlie neck of the beets or into the ground, and the application was without effect. The crop had already beeu treated twice with the arsenical, and where it had become deposited in considerable quantities in the necks of the beets the indications were that a further application could not be made with- out direct damage to the crop, and rendering it possildy unfit for manufacturing purposes. Consofiuently, no further attemiit at destroying the insects was made with Paris green. Powdered ({uicklime and also soot were scattered over the patches which were the worst affected, but without any i)erceptil>]e effect. It was likewise attempted to cross the rows with a light roller, and thus crnsh the cater- pillars, but the latter appeared able to bear the operation with less destruction than the beets. Nothing could be done to stop the ravage of the insects. Had the rain not fallen so soon after the treatment with Paris green the application would very l)robably have been in a great measure effectual. As it was, no good was done, and nothing was considered of any possible value in the situation. The caterpillars followed their natural course, and until the greater portion of the foliage of the ci-op was eaten down to the ground, only the northern ends of cer- tain plats, bearing four different varieties, escaping the attack. But the ends of those plats were fortunately not in the least attacked by the second generation of the insect, although they suffered somewhat lightly from the ravage of the first gen- eration, and they aftord the data required to form a comjiarative estimate of the dam- age wrought by the visitation. Those data are shown in the following table, which is the record of the weights of the varieties upon a given date, and likewise of the weights of the portions of the plats which sufl'ered from and those whiph escaped the attack. Variety. Date. Desprez Oct. 15 Lemaire 15 Kleinwanzlebener Elite 15 Original Kleinwanzlebener 15 Mean. Yield per I Tielrt per acre of I acre of insect-dam- undaniaaed aged beets. Tom. 10.9 10.9 beets. Tons. 16.8 15.8 16.0 18.6 10.5 16.8 The difference shown in the two columns of the table indicates the actual loss in weight per acre of the beets of those varieties, caused by the insect visitation upon the station crop. The visitation was observed in portions of the beet districts of the Grand Island and Norfolk beet-sugar factories. I was instructed to visit and inspect the beet fields of those districts, and to report upon the condition of the crop and the ex- tent and ravages of the insect attack. Frequent inspections of the attacked fields in the districts specified were made, obtaining further data upon the nature of the visitation, and making such suggestions to the growers as had any appearance of value. The work of inspection was extremely facilitated through the active aid and courtesy extended by the Oxnard Beet-Sugar Company and the enterprising gentle- men in its service. The climatic conditions prevailing at the time of the first visitation, and extend- ing through the whole period, embracing likewise the appearance and duration of the second generation, were of an extreme character. An abnormally high temper- ature marked all that part of the season of which we have spoken, and the rainfall for .June and July was unusually small. These data require to be considered in con- nection with the appearance of the insects and with the question of a probable re- currence of the visitation in the coming season. (By direction of Secretary Rusk, that portion of the Entomologist's annual report referring to this insect pest ia appended to the present report.) 54 The climatic conditions prevailing during tbe cultural season of 1892 are given in comparison with the data for 1891, and with the normals for the district of the ex- periment station : RainfaJl. Year. May. Tncheg. 6.62 1.38 June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Totals. 1892 . Tnehes. 0.50 11.59 Tnehes. 2. .50 G.71 Tnehes. 3.36 2.22 Tnehes. 0.28 0.84 Tnehes. 1.00 3.92 Tnehes. 14.26 1891 26.1)1 The mean rainfall of the northern and southern districts of Nebraska for the same months: May, 3.50 inches; June, 3.68 inches; July, 3.09 inches ; August, 2.96 inches; September, 1.57 inches; October, 1.50 inches; total, 16.30 inches. Temperalnre. Year. May. Jinie. 60.6 68.4 July. Aug. Sept. Get. 1892 55.3 59.0 75.00 69.90 72.85 70.20 66.56 65.10 56.3 1891 47.6 Total units of heat for the given six months in — 1892 12,036 1891 11, 651 Normal for same period 11, 548 The climatic conditions of the cultural season of 1892 were characterized by a temperature considerably above the normal, and a rainfall not only little more than one-half of the rainfall of th^ cultural season of 1891, but very considerably below the normal precipitation. It is further observed thatduring the months of June and July, when the chief precipitation of the year takes place, the rainfall was phenomen.illy small. The rains of June and July are a chief factor in the development of a normal vegetation, and when that factor is irregular the measure of vegetable growth will vary in a similar way. ANALYTICAL WORK OF THE SEASON. The work of analyzing the beets was begun on September 1, with the assistance of C. B. Edsou, of the station laboratory. On September 5, T. C.Trescot took charge of the polariscope and conducted the analytical woi'k until the close of the Season . The condition of the crop on September 1 was in no measure wliat it should have been at that jieriod in the season. In the jilace of the old foliage, which had been almost wholly consumed by the caterpillars, an absolutely new growth was in the stage of half development, so that the plats more nearly resembled their appearance on the last day of June than what they should have been on the date sjioken of. The destruction of the old foliage not only caused a check in the growth of the roots ; the sugar content of the beets was kept abnormally low, and by the production of the new set of leaves the sugar content was reduced to a still lower point. It was in the midst of the conditions of that period that the work of analysis was begun. The mode of determining the results and value of the plats of each variety was by ascertaining the weiglit of beets per acre, and the content of sugar in the beet, iand calculating from these factors the yield of sugar per acre. The determination of (he weight of beets per acre was condutted strictly accord- ing to the method adopted last year, and which is given in full detail in the report 55 of 1891, containoil in Bulletiu 33, Division of Clionii.stry, U. S. Department of Agri- cnlture. In the season of 1892, however, tlie weight of the crop was taken twice, on September 15 and October 15, the latter date representing the period when the weight was at the maximnm and growth had ceased. Eacli time when the weight was ascertained, the method consisted of taking np precisely 1 sqnare rod of beets, which measnre was determined by the nse of a wooden frame 1 sqnare rod in dimen- sion. When the frame was laid down on the place selected, all the beets inside the square were gotten up, thoroughly cleaned, topped, and weighed, and the weight of the square rod taken as the unit of the acre. The weights per acre of the six varieties grown are given in the following table : Variety. Vilmnrin's Improved Dipjie's Klein wanzlebener. JJesprez Lemaire Klein wan zlebeuer Elite . . . Original Kleinwanzlebeiier Mean September 15. Oclober 15. Tons (per Tons {per acre) . acre) . 10.3 12.5 12.3 13.3 16.5 16.8 15. 1 15.8 15.7 16.0 15.6 18.6 14.25 15.8 The weights given in the column under date of October 15 indicate the max- imum weight per acre of each variety, and in that portion of the plats which suf- fered the least from the insect ravage. The attack of the cateri)illars upon the ground planted with the Vilmorin's Improved and Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener varie- ties extended over the whole of those plats, and such is the precise explanation of the lower yield in comparison with the other four varieties. It is seen that an in- crease of weight was made between the middle of September and October 15, which observation is confirmed by the increased weight of the individual beets which grad- ually took place during that period. As it has already been said, the work of testing the beets in the laboratory was begun on September 1. The mode of conducting the examination of the varieties was somewhat different from the procedure in the analytical season of 1891. There were six varieties grown. Commencing with the Vilmorin's Improved on September 1, the other varieties followed in the order in which they are recorded in the table of the weight determination. By giving one day to the examination of a variety the whole week was required for the testing of the six varieties. In such order, each variety was examined upon the same day every week, the work being continued without intermission from the first week of September until the second week in No- vember. By such a mode of examination, and chemical control of the crop, the rela- tive conditions of the varieties at the time of beginning the analytical work, the behavior of each variety under the fluctnating climatic cimditions, and the rise of each toward its maximum value, with the gradual decline from the maximum, as the season approached the close, Avere clearly established. In preparing the samples for analysis the method adopted last year was strictly followed. In order to obtain a reading or test of a variety never less than 100 beets were taken, and the usual number was 200 beets. Those beets were taken in " twen- ties" from five different parts of the selected row in the plat. Each "twenty" was taken consecutively, large and small, as the beets were standing, and in no case was a sample taken by selecting individual beets from different places in the row or se- lected parts of the plat. When taken up the beets were immediately taken to the laboratory and washed, dried, and weighed without any delay. The 200 beets were not all taken up in the morning, but only r)ne half of that number, and the second hundred was gotten up after the first part was analyzed and recorded. The ob- 56 ject of those procantions was to allow no time for loss of weight in the beets before the juice was expressed, and thus avoid obtaining too high polariscope readings. All beets and samples of beets were analyzed in their normal condition, or in the exact state in which they left the soil, consequently the analyses of the station laboratory are correct readings of the actual sugar contained in the crop upon given dates. The errors proceeding from analyses which are made with beets that are more or less dried out will he considered in a later part of the report. The beets, which had already been washed, dried, and weighed, were at once ground up, and the juice expressed from the pulp. The first hundred beets each day were analyzed individually, and the juice from each one was expressed with a small hand-press and the use of small filtering bags. The beets of the second hun- dred were always ground up in "tens," and the juice from each "ten" obtained in one sample, the expression of the juice being accomplished by the use of a high- power screw-press. The question concerning the relative richness in sugar of the first and second por- tions of the juice expressed from a sample of beets is not yet generally decided. An experiment was made by the station laboratory, 100 beets being used for the pur- pose, and the pulp of 10 beets going to one analysis. The relative sugar content of the first and second expressions are given in the following table. The first half of the juice was obtained by expressing with the hand, and the second half by the heavy screw press, each portion being, as it is designated, an exact half of the total juice capable of being expressed. Number of beets. First half of .i nice. Second half of juice. Brix. Sucrose. Purity. Biix. Sucrose. Purity. 10 Degrees. 18.8 19.4 17.3 18.1 16.8 19.0 18.4 18.9 Per cent. 14.6 15.6 Per cent. 77.6 80.4 Degrees. 18.7 18.9 17.4 17.2 16.7 19.0 18.4 18.7 18.7 19.4 Per cent. 14.8 15.5 14.1 Per cent. 79.1 10 82.0 10 14.0 1 80.9 13. 7 75. 7 13. 4 79. 8 14. 9 78. 4 14.6 1 79.3 14.4 1 76.2 81.0 ic 13.8 80.2 10 13. i 77. 8 10 15.0 1 78.9 10 14.9! 81.0 10 14.8 i 79.1 10 18.5 i 14. 1 j 76.2 19.9 i 15.8 1 79.4 14.7 i 78.6 10 15.5 1 79.9 1 18.5 14.5 78.4 18.3 14.6 1 79.8 The table shows that the juice of the second expression was not only slightly richer in sucrose but notably higher in purity than the juice of the first half. It has been stated that of the 200 beets analyzed each day, 100 were tested indi- vidually, and the second 100 by grinding 10 beets together, expressing the jnice from the whole pulp, and taking one sugar reading of the whole. The object of handling a given number singly was to observe the degree of variation in the weight and sugar content of the individual beets. But the reasons for analyzing in bulk, as it may be termed, where a number of beets are analyzed collectively, are several and important. It is known that small beets are usually richer in sugar than large ones. When 100 beets are analyzed individually the sugar content of eacli is recorded. In obtaining the mean sugar content of the 100 beets, the small beets not only count for as much as the larger ones, they bear somewhat more towards the result because of the greater richness in sugar. The proportion, by weight, of the small beets to the aggregate weight of the crop, however, is in the opposite di- rection. A crop composed at the rate of 100 beets weighing 200 grams and 100 beets weighing 400 grams indicates that the larger beets compose two parts in three of the whole crop, and the smaller beets only one part in three of the same. It will thus be observed that if the yield of sugar per acre be calculated from the weight of beets per acre and the mean sugar content of the individual beets, the result 57 will be too high. That error is corrected by analyzing in bulk, or taking the mean sugar rcadiug of ten or twenty beets which have all been ground up together. If the smaller beets are richer in sugar they yield a less quantity of pulp and juice, and only influence the actual sugar reading in the exact relative proportion. Con- sequently, the sugar readings of beets which have been analyzed in bulk furnish the actual sugar content of the crop; and when the mean of those readings is taken in calculation with the weight of beets per acre the exact yield of sugar per acre is given. The only exception to the statement that "the smaller beets are richer in sugar than the larger '" occurs in the early part of the season, and before the crop has reached maturity. The larger beets mature somewhat earlier than the smaller ones, and in the first period of the ripening season it is found that the larger beets give a higher sugar reading in the mean than the small beets; but that difference is quite reversed in the end. Having explained the mode of obtaining the samples of beets in the field, the prep- aration of the beets for grinding, and the method of securing a juice whose sugar content is, as nearly as possible, a true reading of the richness in sugar of the ci'op, the analytical data relating to each variety will be given, extending from September 1 to the close of the analytical season. The development, history, and results of each variety will be recorded in a separate table, in which the mean weight of the beets, the mean sugar content, and the mean purity of the juice will be given for each week from the opening to the close of the work. The means found in the tables, and which are accepted as showing the actual condition of the variety upon the given dates, are based upon the data obtained from the analysis of 200 beets. Vilmorin^s Improved Variety. Number of becta. Sept. 1 Mean of 50 beets 8 j JiFean of 200 beets . . . 15 1 Mean of 200 beefs . . . 22 1 Mean of 200 beets . . . 29 1 Mean of 200 beets ... 6 ! Mean of 200 beets ... Oct. Nov. Mean of 200 beets Mean of 200 beets . . . Mean of 200 beets . . . Mean of 100 beets . . . Mean of 100 beets . . . Weight of beet. Grams. 216 222 225 252 241 230 222 242 240 256 243 Brix. 15.3 35.0 14.1 15.3 16.9 17.8 18.2 17.8 17.7 16.0 16.7 Sucrose. Per cent. 12.4 12.2 11.7 11.6 13.5 15.1 15.2 14.6 14.8 13.0 13.2 Purity. Per cent. 80.2 81.0 77. 5 74.5 80.8 83.0 83.2 80.2 80.5 81.2 80.4 The behavior of the Vilmorin's Improved variety was peculiar. The peculiarities, however, are more apparent than real, and are wholly traceable to the action of the insect attack. It is seen that on September 1 the sugar content in the juice was 12.4 per cent. From that date until September 22 the sugar in the juice went down. With the apparent loss of sugar a very noticeable increase took place in the weight of the l)eet, which rose from 216 grams to 252 grams. From the time that the caterpillars disappeared from the plat, which was about the first three days of September, the beets developed a new crop of foliage, and very rapidly. With the appearance of the fresh foliage a new period of assimilation and growth began, which gradually added weight to the beets. The new growth and the increment of weight of the beet appeared to have been made, in some meas- ure, at the expense of the suger contaiued in the beet. That result, however, was only in appearance. As a matter of fact an increase had occui-red in the actual quantity of sugar present in the organism^ although the sugar content of the juice had decreased. That result may be determined by a comparison of the weights and sugar contents of the beets on September 1 and 22, respectively. On September 1 the mean weight of the beets of the plat was 216 grams. The sugar content of the juice upon that date was 12.4 per cent, which shows that the beet at that time con- 58 tained 26.78 grams of sugar. On September 22 the mean weight of the beets of the same plat or crop was 252 grams. The sugar tonteat of the juice was 11.6 per cent, or 29.0 grams of sugar, which is a gain of 2.2 grams of sugar during the interval of time considered. The increase of the total weight of the beet, however, had been out of all proportion greater than the increase in the weight of the sugar in the beet, and that circumstance reduced the proportion of tlie sugar relative to the other con- stituents of the organism. The chief increase had been made in the water present in the beet, and that caused the sugar and other soluble solids to be cont.iiued in a more dilute solution in the juice. The table shows that the Brix reading of the juices on September 1 was 15.3; but on September 15 only 14.1, indicating that a large amount of water had been taken up ])y the beet. From September 22 to October 13 the table shows a rapid and notable increase in the sugar richness of the beet, but at the same time a slight falling oft" in the weight of the beet during the same interval. The inci'ease of sugar was in part actual, and .also in part only apparent, and was owing to a concentration having taken place in the juice of the beet by the loss of water. During that period the temper- ature of the air and soil was extremely high, and the loss of water from the beet by evaporation was greater than could be made up by cajiillarity. Some of the beets were quite soft from loss of moisture. If the observations are carried on until Oc- tober 20 a decrease in the sugar content of the juic3 but a rise in the weight of the beet are observed ; and these coincident circumstances are explained by a notable lowering of the temperature of the air and a fall of one-third of an inch of rain. On October 27 the sugar in the juice had risen two-tenths of 1 per cent, but the weight of the beet had slightly fallen. On November 5 a very notable fall had oc- curred in the sugar content of the juice — trom 14.8 to 13 per cent — but a correspond- ing rise had taken place in the weight of the beet. Now, during the preceding week, 1 inch of rain had fallen, and the temperature had come down to a daily mean of 40 degrees. If the relative weight of the beet and the corresponding sugar contents are viewed during the period from Septemlier 1 to November 5, the behavior of the or- ganism in relation to its sugar content is observed as follows: Weight and sugar eonients. Date. Weight of beet. Sugar iu the juice. Sugar in the beet. Sept. 1 22 Oct. 13 Nov. 5 Orams. 216 252 222 256 Per cent. 12.4 11.6 15.2 13.0 Oramt. 26.78 29.00 32.60 33.28 The data contained in the tal)le show that there was a gradual increase in the weight of sugar contained in the beet from September 1 to November 5, and that on the latter date the actual weight of sugar to the acre was greater than at any pre- vious time. The data further indicate that the sugar content of the beet is a more constant factor and less liable to Muctuations under the influence of climatic changes than has been duly considered. The indication emphatically suggested by the observations recorded is that the sugar content of the organism is practically an" invariable factor, and that the constituent of the beet which is the factor chiefly subject to fluctuation is the water content, the variability of which is caused and controlled by the temperature of the air and soil, and the rainfall. A more exhaustive analysis has been made of the data l)elongiug to the " Vilmo- rin's Improved" variety than will be attempted with the tables of data of the varie- ties yet to be recorded, for the particular reason that the Vilmorin's Improved plat was selected and controlled with the special j)urpose of establishing the cost of pro- 59 tluctioii of tho crop. Consequently each detail was observed with a care and. accu- rac^y wbicli could not be extended to all the [)lats in the Held. For example, in de- termining the mean weight of the beet each week, when the variety was analyzed, the removal of the top and neck was always in the same exact proportion. The topping and necking of the other varieties was not always done bj' the same indi- vidual, nor the same proportion of neck always removed. And again, in the case of the Desprez variety, it was found in the first analji-sis that too small a portion of the beet had been cut off as " neck " before taking the weight, on account of the coarse- ness of that variety; and in the following weelf more of the neck was removed, which lowered the mean weight recorded. Nevertheless it will be found that each of the varieties exhibit the nature, mode, and degree of fluctuation from week to week, which were observed in the example of the Vilmorin's Improved variety. Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener Variety. Sept. 2 . 9. 16. 23. •30. 7. 14 . 21. 28. Nov. 5 . 18. Oct. Date. No. of beeta. Beets. Meau of 50 . . 200.. 200... 200.., 200.. 200.. 200... 200... 200... 100... 100... Weight of beet. Grams. 236 301 271 271 292 291 279 291 306 322 329 Brix. Degree. '15.0 14.8 15.8 17.0 18.7 19,5 19.9 19.0 19.1 18.3 17.5 Sucrose. Per cent. 12.0 11.7 12.5 13.8 14.8 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.3 14.4 13.9 Purity. Per cent. 79.3 76.0 78.8 80.9 77.8 80.1 79.5 79.8 79.4 78.7 78.1 Desprez Varietj/. Sept. 3. 10. 17. 24. Oct. 1. 8. 15. 22. 29. Nov. 5. 18. Meau of 50. 20U. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 100. 50. 422 12. 5 8.8 70.7 404 13.6 9.6 73.8 418 14.7 10.7 71.3 420 15.2 11.4 71.8 448 15.5 12.2 74.0 401 17.2 13.0 75.0 384 17.4 13.0 73.1 385 16.9 12.5 71.8 390 16.0 11.8 71.1 390 16.3 12.3 72.6 377 16.2 12.0 73.9 Lemaire variety. Sept. 5. 12. 19. 26. 3. 10. 17. 24. 31. Oct Nov. Mean of .50. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 100. 285 12.9 274 14.0 286 15.7 282 17.4 275 17.6 288 17.9 260 19.1 270 18.7 250 18.3 265 17.6 272 10.9 9.1 10.8 11.8 12.9 13.8 14.2 14.6 14.0 13.5 13.1 13.1 73.3 75.6 75.8 75.2 75.4 76.4 76.9 75.1 72.5 74.9 77.4 Kleinwanzlehener Elite Variety. 60 Original KUinwanzUheno Variciy Date. No. of beets. Weight of beet. Brix. Sucrose.. Purity. Sept. 7 Beets. Grams. 309 311 306 326 316 320 314 301 320 333 320 Degree. 14.3 15.7 18.2 18.6 19.8 19.5 20.8 20.0 19.4 19.2 18.2 Per cent. 11.0 12.7 14.3 14.7 15.7 16.1 15.9 16.1 14.5 14.7 14.4 Per cent. 11. i 14 200 78.6 21 200 79.2 28 200 77.8 Oct. 5 200 77.7 12 200 80.2 19 200 76.3 26 200 78 9 Nov. 2 100 75.3 5 100 76.3 18 100 79.2 It will be remembered that in the te.sts made to determine the vitality of the s.eed of the varieties planted, the Desprez variety showed a germinatinjjf power of only 36 per cent. That circumstances aftected the history of the variety during the whole season. The crop was not more than two jjarts in three of a full stand. The devel- opment of the organism was irregular, and the beets when mature were extremely coarse, and the sugar content and purity of the. juice remained abnormally low. In the season of 1891 the Desprez variety gave the largest weight per acre, with the highest sugar content and purity of juice amongst the six varieties grown. It must thus be considered that the poor results obtained in 1892 with that variety are in a great measure owing to the small degree of vitality of the sample of seed, which sam- ple was the only one of that variety assailable at the time of planting. The higher yield per acre of the " Oi'igiual" Kleinwanzlebener was, in part, OAving to the circumstance that the variety was totally exempted from either of the succes- sive insect attacks on one portion of the plat. The following table gives the weight per acre of beets, the highest sugar content in the juice, with the yield of sugar per acre of each variety : Variety. Vilmoriu's Improved Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener . Desprez Lemaire Kleinwanzlebener Elite Original Kleinwanzlebener Means "Weight per acre. Tons. 12.5 15.0 16.8 15.8 16.0 18.6 15.8 Sucrose in juice. Per cent. 15.6 16.0 13.0 14.6 15.2 16.1 15.1 Sugar per acre. Pounds. 3,900 4,800 4,368 4,614 5,120 5,989 4, 890 Purity. Per cent. 83.2 80.9 75.0 77.4 81.0 80.2 79.6 A comparison of the seasons of 1891 and 1892 indicates as follows : Season. Mean weight of crop of all varieties per acre. Mean sugar per acre of all varie- ties. 1891 - Tons. 21.7 15.8 Pounds. 6,060 1892 4,800 18.8 5,430 The mean results of the seasons of 1891 and 1892, obtained upon the Nebraska sta- tion, are given in comparison with the mean of results of the same seasons recorded at the Capelle station, France: Stations. Capelle (France) Schuyler (Nebraska) . Beets per Sugar per acre. acre. Tons. 17.5 18.8 Pounds. 5, 36fl 5, 430 61 The data from the French station represent the mean condition of the crop in all the experimental fields ou November 18, 1891, and Novenil)er 1, 1892, as stated in the weekly bulletin of that station. The causes of the smaller yield per acre of the crop in 1892, iu comparison with the crop of 1891, upon the Nebraska station, have been already fully considered iu parts of the report treating of the climatic conditions and the insect attack. A series of experiments was made upon small plats, exclusively managed by hard labor, in order to observe the results obtained with a varying number of jilants to the acre, or of thiclc and thin planting. The following table gives the data recorded : Date. Oct. 11 11 11 11 11 Plat. A B C D E Number of beets to the acre. 65, 300 56, 000 49, 000 43, 500 39, 200 Weight per acre. Tone. 13.2 12.2 14.3 11.8 10.5 Sucrose in juice. Per cent. 16.6 17.6 16.0 15.9 16.0 Sugar per acre. Pounds. 5,043 4,296 4, 599 3,753 3,344 The only notable characteristics of the plats of the given aeries are the small yield of beets and the extreme richness in sugar. It is, however, clearly shown that the thick planting gave the largest yield of sugar to the acre. A plat of 4 square rods was planted, the rows being placed 36 inches apart. Upon one-half of the plat the plants were left 6 inches apart in the row, which gave 29,000 plants. Upon the other half the plants were left 12 inches apart in the row, giving 14,500 plants to the acre. The results obtained were as follows : Date. Plat. Number of beets per acre. Weight per acre. Sucrose in juice. Sugar per acre. Oct 11.. First half 29, 000 14, 500 Tons. 10.5 11.5 Per cent. 15.0 12.9 Pounds. 3, 150 2,967 11. Secouil half It is observed that although the second half of the large beets yielded the greater weight per acre, the part of the plat bearing the smaller beets yielded the largest weight of sugar ])er acre. Moreover, the small beets not only contained 6 per cent more sugar to the acre than the larger beets, the amount of sugar that could be obtained by manufacture from the smaller beets was very much greater because of the greater purity of the juices in comparison with the juices from the large beets. Per cent. Purity of juice of small beets 79. 7 Purity of j uice of large beets 75. 6 During the analytical season of 1891, a series of experiments was made in order to ascertain the loss of weight by evaporation when the beets were exposed, at varying temperatures, to the action of the atmosi^herc difterent lengths of time. In the season of 1892 not only were the experiments upon evaporation and loss of weight continued, those exjieriments were conducted in order to embrace a study of tlie problem, viz : The cause of decomposition and loss of sugar in the beet after removal from its normal connection with the soil. Much attention has been given to the question of the loss of sugar by several dis- tinguished French scientists, and the opinions of those gentlemen upon " the loss of weight and richness of the beet " may be noted as follows : M. Pellet says " All that 62 is known is that there is a certain loss, and especially an alteration of tissue in the beet." M. Blim says: "The loss is important. But for want of precise information we can not estimate the loss." M. Pagnoul says: "The loss can not spring alone from the sprouting." M. Martin says : •' Ventilators in silos increase the respiration and loss of sugar by letting in the oxygen of the air." In opposition to M. Martin, MM. Battut, Beaudet, Desprez, Salo, and Pierrot state that "moving the beets in the silos and letting in the cool air is of utility." The statements that have been quoted are taken from a translation from the Bulletin do I'Association des Chemists de France et de Colonies. The opinions cited do not touch the question of the primary cause of the loss of weight and sugar in the beet, but are rather statements concerning the chemical changes, which, by the action of a given cause or causes, are observed to take place in the organism of the beet. It is the cause of those chemical changes with which Ave are concerned, and a knowledge and control of the external conditions which disturb the normal condition of the beet. And under this head there is "no precise information " to enable " us to estimate the loss " of which we speak. The series of experiments carried out at the station in the season of 1892 was for the purpose of studying the problem stated. The loss of sugar was studied in association with the loss of weight of the beet, in certain known conditions of temperature of the air and soil. The normal weight of the beet, or its weight when removed from the soil, was the basis of all com- parisons and calculations of changes observed to have occurred after its removal from the soil. On October 3, a S(iuare rod of beets of the Vilmorin's Improved variety was gotten up, cleaned, topped, and weighed immediately, and all was completed in fifteen min- utes. Before weighing, every particle of soil was removed and the tops were cut off close to the neck, but the neck was not removed. The scxuare rod of beets was weighed at the time of getting up and laid about on the ground again, and re- weighed every twenty-four hours for the following four days. The results of the weighings were as follows: Oct. 3 4 5 6 7 Original weighing Second weighing . Third weighing . . Fourth weiirliing. Fifth weighing. . . founds. 152 132 116 103 or. Per cent. Iday =13.2. 2 days = 23.8. 3 days ^32.4. 4 daVs i^ 37.5. From October 3 to 7 the daily mean temperature of the air was 68°, the mean maximum temperatures for the given days being 90^, which was abnormally high for that period The rays of the sun were not intercepted by clouds during the four days. Moreover, a wind of high velocity prevailed on each day named. It was observed that under the action of the sun and winds, such as has been described, the beets lost by evaporation no less than 37. .5 per cent of their weight. The sugar content of the beets of the said plat containing the square rod at tlio time of the original weighing was (mean of 200 beets) 15.1 ]»er cent; the sugar con- tent of the beets upon the last day of weighing (mean of 200 beets) was 17.1 per cent. It is seen that although the beets lost no less than 37.5 per cent of their weight during the stated period the polariscope reading of the juice of the withered beets was only 2 per cent higher than the reading of the juice of the fresh beets. A great loss of sugar had taken place. The second polariscope reading, instead of being 63 17.1 per cent, should have heeu 24.2 per cent had no loss of sugar taken place. The follo-n-iug table shows the proportion of loss: Oct. 1 square rod = 152 pounds 1 square rod = 95 pounds . Difference. Sucrose in Sugar in juice. , beets. Per cent. 15.1 17.1 Pounds. 22.95 16.24 Loss of sugar in four days equals 29.24 per cent. Even after allowing for the abnormally high temperature recorded during the i»e- riod of the experiment; the loss of sugar that had taken place was so enormous as to lend doubt to the result notwithstanding the care that had been observed in all the details. The experiment was repeated, and in the following manner: One hundred and fifty beets were gotten up of the Vilmorin's Improved variety and divided into 3 fifties, each of the same weight, 25 pounds. One fifty was analyzed immediately after weighing. Another fifty was left lying on the field, and the third fifty Ava.s laid upon a board in the barn, and exposed to the air, but shaded from the sun. The table following gives the results : Date of analysis. Oct. 8 (fresh beets) 11 (shed lieets) 11 (field beets) Weight of beets. Pounds. 25 20 19.5 Loss of ■weight. Per cent. 20.0 22.0 Sucrose in juice. Per cent. 16.3 19.6 18. a The actual changes in the sugar content of the shed beets and the field beets are shown ns follows: Beets. Weight of beets. Sucrose in juice. Sugar in beets. Loss of sugar. Fresh beets Pounds. 25.0 20.0 19.5 Per cent. 16.2 19.6 18.3 Pounds. 4.05 3.92 3.56 Per cent. 3.2 12.1 It is seen that the "shed beets," during the seventy-two hours that they lay ex- l»osed to the air, but shaded from the sun, lost 20 per cent of their weight and 3.2 per cent of sugar. The " field beets " lost 22 per cent of their weight and 12.1 per cent of sugar. The mean temperature during the three days that the experiment lasted was 58. 6*^, or 10^ less than prevailed in the first experiment, which difference of temperature accounted for the smaller loss of weight and sugar, as shown in the latter experiment. A striking feature in the last experiment is the circum- stance that the shed beets lost almost the same proportion of their weight as the field beets, l)ut their loss in sugar was only one-fourth of the loss in the field beets. It is thus indicated that the action of the sun was a chief cause of the greater loss of sugar in the field beets. The latter observation was illustrated by an earlier ex- periment, which was conducted as follows : Exactly 210 beets, of the original variety, were gotten up and prepared for analy- sis. The mean weight of the 210 beets was 326 grams. Before analyzing, 10 beets were selected from the numljer, and the mean Aveight of the selected beets was 325 grams, or the mean of the whole. The 10 beets were each wrapped closely in thick 64 paper and all put in a mail box, which was tightly fastened up aud sent to Wash- ington for analysis in the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. On arrival at the Department laboratory the beets were immediately reweighed and analyzed individually and the results sent to the station at Schuyler. The following table gives the results: Date. Sept. 28 Oct. 2 . . . Num- ber of beets. 200 10 Weight of beets. Loss of ■weight. Grams. Per cent. 326 289 12.0 Laboratory. Schuyler Washington Sucrose in juice. Per cent. 14.7 16.6 Sugar in beets. Grams. 47.9 47.9 The latter experiment was made merely as a practical test of the condition of the beets after shipment to Washington. The results, however, provide an opportune illustration and support of the circumstances indicated in the preceding experiment, viz, that the beet may lose weight by evaporation, under certain conditions, with- out a loss of sugar taking place, and that the action of sunlight is a potent factor in causing the decomposition of sugar. The experiments which have been recorded furnish the most precise data, showing that the decomposition and lo.ss of sugar in the organism of the beet, after its re- moval from the soil, are caused by heat, and particularly by the action of the sun, and that the rate of decomposition and loss is in proportion to the degree of tem- perature. The apparently greater loss in direct sunlight is probably no more than can be accounted for by the difterence between the temperature in the shade and in the sun, which difterence could amount to 30° when the temperature of the air is 90°. Having observed the action of high temperature upon the organism of the beet and shown that the loss of sugar is in proportion to the degree of temperature, it appeared of particular moment and value to observe the influence of low tempera- ture, and to obtain, if possible, data which might conduct to a mode of storage and preservation of the beets after their removal from the soil that would prevent the great decomposition and loss of sugar which has always been known to occur. It was decided to store a given number of beets in the ground, the temperature of the soil and the air being recorded, and to place an equal number of beets, in all re- spects the same as the first lot, in a refrigerator, where the temperature could be maintained approximately at ice temperature. On October 12, when the beets were placed in the earth, the refrigerator had not been delivered, and the cold-storage test could not be run simultaneously with the earth test. It was not material, how- ever, as the conditions of each mode of storage were regulated and recorded rigidly and have the same value. In the earth-storage test the results observed in the in- stance of six varieties will be given. The beets were gotten up, the tops removed within 1 inch of the neck of the beet, and placed in pits in the earth immediately. The laying in was done by placing a row of beets in a slanting position, with the root on the ground. Between each row a layer of fine soil was placed, and before covering up the beets the soil about them was made moist with water. The covering of soil was 1 foot deep, and the mean temperature of the soil at the time of storing was 63"^. 65 The following table sliows the results of storing in earth at the given temperature of the soil (63^ ) for a meau period of twenty-one days : Varieties. Fresh beets. Date, Sucrose in juice. Stored beets. Date. Sucrose in juice. Vilmorin's Improved Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener. Desprez Lemaire Klein wan zlebener Elite Original Kleinwauzlebener Oct. 13 14 15 17 11 12 Per cent. 15.3 16.0 13.2 U.6 15.2 16.1 Nov. Per cent. 11.4 13.5 10.8 10.4 13.6 13.1 Mean . 15.1 L 12.1 The behavior of the beets in earth storage in the seasons of 1891 and 1892 is seen as follows : Mean of all varieties. Tempera- ture of soil. Date. Sucrose in juice. Date. Sucrose in juice. Season 1891 51.5 63.0 Oct. 15 15 Per cent. 14.6 15.1 Nov. 6 4 Per cent. 12 6 SeaBon 1892 12 1 It is seen that in the same length of time the beets in 1891, with a soil temperature of 51°, lost 2 per cent in sugar, whilst in 1892, with a soil temperature of 63° the loss was 3 per cent. It must also be considered that the beets had possibly lost a little in weight, in which case the sugar content should appear higher rather than lower. The loss above consequently, was probably somewhat greater than the table indicates. Storing beets when the soil temperature is above 50° is an undesirable practice. In the uncertain climate of Nebraska it is imperative in order to be safe, as a warm spell may be suddenly followed by a very great fall of the thermometer. On Oc- tober 20, 1892, the day temperature was 71°, and in the night of October 23 the ther- mometer went down to 15° (F.). Many beets were frozen too badly to keep. The experiment conducted in order to establish the results and value of cold stor- age as a mode of preserving beets after removal from the soil was carried out as follows : On October 27, 150 beets of the original variety were gotten up, the tops removed to within 1 inch of the neck, washed, and dl"ied. Immediately on being dried the beets were divided into three "fifties "by selecting the lax-gest beet and running down to the smallest and placing a beet by rotation to each of the three lots, thus obtaining a division of the whole into three parts practically identical in weight and quality. After the division each fifty was weighed and the weights recorded. One fifty was immediately analyzed and the sugar content and purity of the juice ascertained. A second fifty was placed in the earth at a depth of 1 foot. These beets were laid in and interlaid with soil, so that they did not touch each other, and before being covered up the soil and beets were made moist by sprinkling with ice water. The temperature of the soil on October 27, when the beets were put in the soil, was 43°, which was further lowered by the ice water. The third fifty was placedin an ice chest or refrigerator. Before being put iu the beets were made moist and rolled iu earth, in order that tlie surfaces .should be placed as nearly as was jios- sible in normal conditions. Very little earth, liowever, could be made to adhere to the beets, and the portion that did adhere did not do so in the manner that tlie soil particles are attached by the root fibers in the natural condition. The tempera- ture of tlie refrigerator was 41 ^ at the time the beets were put iu, and 32° when 13(;i0— No. 3(; 5 66 they were taken out. Tue chest was closed and not opened again, except at the top for putting in ice, until November 18, upon which date the beets were removed from the earth and the refrigerator and analyzed. Before analyzing, the beets were washed, dried, and reweighed. The weights be- fore and after storage were as follows : Date. Beets. "Weight of beets before Date, storing. Weight of beets after storing. Loss of weight. Oct 27 Pounds. 1 30. 5 i Nov. 18 30. j 18 30. j 18 1 Pounds. 30.5 28.5 Per cent. 27 27 6.0 The analyses of the beets of each fifty are recorded in the following table. ' The beets were analyzed in tens, five readings being made in the analysis of each lot : Fresh beets analyzed Oct. 27. Earth-stored beets analyzed Refrigerator beets analyzed Nov. 18. Nov. 18. Brix. Sucrose | p .. in juice. 1 """J*- Brix. Sucrose in juice. Per cent. 16.5 16.1 15.0 16.0 15.8 Purity. Brix. Sucrose in juice. Purity. Degrees. 20.2 19.6 20.5 21.1 21.8 Per cent. 15.2 14.8 16.5 16.1 16.8 Per cent. 75.3 75.4 80.5 76.3 77.1 Degrees. 20.0 19.9 18.6 20.5 19.8 Per cent. 82.5 81.4 80.6 78.0 79.8 Degrees. 22.5 22.0 21.8 21.0 21.0 Per cent. 17.8 16.8 17.6 15.3 16.8 Per cent. 79.2 76.4 80.7 73.0 80.0 20. 6 15. 9 76.9 19.7 15.9 80.4 1 21.6 1 16.9 77.9 1 It is seen by the table that the earth-stored beets gave precisely the same sugar reading after twenty-two days as the fresh beets did. The refrigerator beets gave a reading of 1 per cent higher than the fresh beets. It was seen, however, that the refrigerator beets had lost 6 per cent in weight, which would cause the sugar con- tent of the beets to appear 6 percent greater, providing the actual sugar content had not altered. Now, if 6 per cent be deducted from the polariscope reading, 16.9 per cent, the result is 15.9 per cent, which shows that the sugar content had remained constant. The following table illustrates the actual results : Date. Beets. Weight of beets. Sucrose in juice. Sugar in beets. Oct. 27 1 Fresh beets Nov. 18 1 Earth-stored beets. 18 ': Refrigerator beets . Pounds. ! 30.5 j 30.5 28.5 I Per cent. I 15. 9 I 15.9 I 16.9 I Pounds. 4.8 4.8 4.8 It is now possible to give a tabular comparison of the beets which were stored in the earth on October 15 and the beets placed in cold storage, for it must be under- istood that the temperature of the soil on October 27 was about the same as the tem- perature of the refrigerator. Also, ice water was added to the soil before it was laid over the beets in the ground, thus securing a still lower temperature, and a proper degree of moisture, which was not possible in the refrigerator. Further, the tem- perature of the soil after October 27 went gradually down to 35°, thus securing the eume temperature as prevailed in the refrigerator with the favorable soil humidity. 67 It was shown that the earth-stored beets lost no weight, whilst the refrigerator beets lost 6 per cent. Year. Beets. Tem- perature of the soil. Date. Sucrose in juice. Date. Sucrose in juice. Loss of sugar. 1891 1892 Mean of all varieties do o 51.5 63.0 35.0 Oct. 15 Oct. 15 Oct. 27 Per cent. 14.6 15.1 15.9 Nov. 6 Nov. 4 Nov. 18 Per cent. 12.6 12.1 15.9 Per cent. 13.7 19.9 1892 The experiments that have been recorded indicate that the primary canse of the decomposition and loss of sugar in the beet after its removal from the natural con- nection with the soil is heat. The depreciation in sugar has been shown to be in proportion to the degree of temperature. High temperature causes a rapid and great loss of sugar, Avhilst at a low and constant temperature the beet can be pre- served without any loss in the sugar content. Cold-storage silos for the preservation of beets for propagation uses are thus to be adviseil, and jiarticularly as we have no data to refute the reasonable supposition that beets whose organism has undergone the change which is implied by the loss of 20 per cent of sugar — i. e., of one of the constituents — are not in as good a condi- tion to produce seed as though the normal state of the organism had been main- tained. Cold storage is equally to be advised in connection with factories as a principle, but the large scale of the operations may prevent its application. COST OF PRODUCTION. The cost of production of an acre of beets upon the station field is shown in the following statement: 1891. Oct. 1802. Apr. June July Oct. Oct. Oct. Cost of prodddioii of 1 acre of hcets. 1. Liglit plowing $1.68 25. Deep plo w ing 2. 00 25. Subsoil plowing 2. 00 28. Disk harrowing 0. 38 29. Harrowing (twice, at 17 cents) 0.34 30. Rolling 0.17 30. Cost of seed (17 pound.s, at 15 cents) 2. 55 30. Drilling seed 0. 52 30. Rolling 0. 17 2. Hor.se hoeing 0. 62 -10. Thinning out (sixty-live houi's, at 12A cents) 8. 12 17. Hand hoeing ainnngst itlants (fifty hours, at 12^ cents) 6. 25 21. Horse hoeing 0. 62 27. Horse hoeing 0. 62. 30. Horse hoeing 0. 63 7. Soiling up (twenty-nine hours, at ll'lcciits) 3.62 30.28 15. Getting up beets (by hand) $13. .50 15. Transport (at .50 cents per ton) 6. 00 15. Rent of land ^ 2. 50 22.00 52. 28 68 The items of the above table express the actual cost of production of a given acre of beets, each detail being strictly recorded. The acre plat selected for the expense control was the particular one most rav- aged by the insects, and the yield was the lowest of all the plats. The weight of beets grown upon the said acre was 12.5 tons. The price per ton obtained for the beets was $4. Therefore, 12.5 tons, at $4, equals $50; cost of pro- duction, $52.28; loss, $2.28. The yield per acre of all the plats grown was 15.8 tons; 15.8 tons, at $4 per ton, equals $63.20; cost of production, $52.28; profit per acre, $10.92. In considering the cost of production, as shown by the station records, it must be understood that each act of labor was purchased at market prices. Teams were hired at day prices, as were also the men. But accepting $52.28 as the total cost of producing an acre of beets by the best methods of culture, and with the ])urchase of all labor, that sum can be taken as a basis of calculation by the larmer. SUMMARY. In reviewing the records of the work in the season of 1892, we have to observe the following: The first attempts miide for the production of home-grown seed were successful. The yield and quality of the seed were satisfactory; and jet the indications were that, in a season of normal climatic conditions, the results of production would be notably greater. The cultural season was marked by extreme departures from the normal in re- spect of climatic conditions. Great drought and high temperature prevailed during the period of maximum growth, which caused a smaller weight of beets per acre than would generally be produced. The dry period and high temperature, however, caused a great richness of sugar in the beet, and a satisfactoi'y yield of sugar to the acre. An insect attack wrought great ravage in the crop, which reduced very notably the results of production per acre. The experiments conducted in order to determine the cause of decomposition and loss of sugar in the beets in storage indicated that the i)rimary cause of loss is high temperature, and that a system of cold storage siloing would prevent the loss. The cost of production per acre of beets was $52.28, and the mean value per acre of all the varieties $63.20, giving a profit of $10.92 per acre. THE SUGAR-BEET WEB WORM.* {Loxostege Kticticalis Linn.) Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family Botid^. The present season has been marked by the appearance in very injurious numbers in parts of Nebraska of a comparatively new enemy to the sugar beet. Our first intimation of its appearance was through the Division of Chemistry of the Depart- ment. In connection with its work upon beet sugar this division has established a station at Schuyler, Colfax County, Nebr., and in the middle of July one of the ex- perimental plats at the station was suddenly attacked by a multitude of small cat- erpillars, which riddled the leaves and occasioned considerable alarm. The fact was at once reported to the Department, and the advice sent, to sjiray with Paris green * Advance sheets from report of Entomologist in Annual Eeport of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1892. 6d or London pnri>le, was auticipated by an assistant, Mr. C. B. Edson, who was tem- porarily in cliarge during tlie absence of Mr. Walter Maxwell. Later communica- tions from Mr. Maxwell gave ns the history of the outbreak and its treatment. It seems that tlie caterpillars were first noticed on July 22, and when Mr. Maxwell re- turned on July 25 he found that the visitation was jiractically over, very few worms being found. The suddenness of the attack is well indicated by a report which Mr. Edson pre- pared for Mr. Maxwell. On the morning of July 21 a few holes were observed ou the leaves. These were attributed to one of the little leaf beetles. The next morn- ing the farm foreman reported worms on the beets, and examination showed that four plats were more or less infested. In the afternoon one plat was seriously dam- aged and by night half of its foliage was destroyed, the remaining three plats be- ing also quite seriously damaged. Paris green, Persian insect powder, and white hellebore were applied to a limited number of plants late in the evening. The Paris green was applied in the proportion of one teaspoonful to a gallon of water, and the insect powder and white hellebore were sprinkled as powders by hand over the beet tops. The next morning it was estimated that the Paris green had killed 10 per cent of the worms on the plants to which it had been applied, the Persian in- sect powder 50 per cent, and the white hellebore none. On account of lack of facil- ities for distributing the powder on a large scale, the Paris green solution was then sprinkled over ])lat A in the morning and plat B in the afternoon, 6 pounds of the green being used on 2 .acres in the same proportion as in the preliminary experiment of the night before. In the evening the number of worms had ajiparently increased at least 20 per cent, according to Mr. Edson's statement, except upon plat A, where the Paris green was beginning to operate. On the morning of the 24th the work of tbe caterpillars on plats A and B was checked, but not stopped. Fifty per cent of the insects were dead upon plat A and less upon plat B. Check plats were still be- ing injured. In the evening a comparatively small number of healthy caterpillars could be found upon the plats treated with Paris green. The next morning on no plant could more than one or two worms be found and many were entirely free. The xiutreated plats, however, were in much worse condition than the evening before. At noon more Paris green was secured, and one of the untreated plats was sijriukled. July 27 the damage was over. Mr. Edson in his report calls attention to the extreme activity of the caterpillars and their seemingly incessant work. They chose the top leaves first, but when these were exhausted they worked toward the bottom and eventually ate the stem and foot-stalk of the leaf. When two caterpillars met they would strike viciously at each other with their heads a number of times, and frequently the caterpillar struck the leaf in the same way when unmolested. The efficacy of the Paris green treat- ment was abundantly proved, but the caterpillars were nearly full grown at the time of the first application and disappeared within a very few days even ujion the un- treated plants. Mr. Lawrence Bruner, who has paid particular attention. to the insects injurious to the sugar beet, gave some study to this sjjecies. From his report it appears that a few of the caterpillars were noticed during the summer of 1891 upon beets growing in the vicinity of Grand Island, Norfolk, and some of the adjoining towns which supply beets for the two factories in Nebraska. The present summer they again made their appearance in these same localities as well as at the Government station at Schuyler. More damage was done at the latter point than at any of the others. After the disappearance of the destructive brood a special inspection of the beet plats at the State Experiment Station at Lincoln resulted in the finding of a num- ber of specimens of the caterpillar, and a little later it was found that at Norfolk,. Pipe Center, and Genoa a number of fields had been stripped of their leaves. Other localities where beets were planted for the first season were visited, and while the worms were found they were in much smaller numbers than where befits had been 70 grown last seaaon. The following facts were gathered by Mr. Brnner from conver- sation with various persons interested in the cultivation of the beets : The web worms were most abundant at a distauce from sheltered localities border- ing groves, and were most numerous upon high ground, hilltops, and slopes ratlier than upon the flat ground. They were never plentiful on a piece of ground planted to beets for the first time, unless it adjoined one that was cultivated in beets the year before. They were more abundant in the middle of large fields than in small ones, and also in fields that were allowed to run to pigweed {Amaranius sp.) the pro- ceding year than in fields where these weeds were kept down. Sandy soil was appar- ently more favorable to their increase than heavier soil. LIFE HISTORY. The life history of the insect has been followed through only a part of the season, but there are certainly two annual generations, and probably three if not four. The July brood is a short-lived one, and but two weeks are required between tlie maturity oi' the caterpillars transforming the latter part of July and the appearance of the iiKilhs. wliich couple and soon lay eggs for another generation. The cater- pillars of the Julj^ brood transform to chrysalids almost immediately after entering the ground. Sucli, however, was not the case with tlie caterpillars of the last brood. With this the chrysalis state is normally not assumed for some time, and probal>ly not until the ensuing spring. Cocoons received September 19 from Mr. Edsoii, at Schuyler, Nebr., contained larvae which were full grown but somewhat shrunken, and these at the date of writing (December 5) are still in the larval condition. Mr. Bruner, however, in breeding-cage experiments, finds that some of the August brood issue as moths during September aud October, and he suggests that it is barely possible that there is another set of caterpillars produced by these stragglers during the fall if the weather permits, but, as already shown, the majority of the August brood remained unchanged until the following spring. From the larvje of the injurious brood received July 28 aud August 2 the moths issued August 6, 8, and 12, while August 15 moths were received from Schuyler together with beet leaves bearing eggs. The eggs are pale yellow, faintly rugose or indistinctly facetted, slightly polished, somewhat iridescent, almost circular and very flatly convex, and are deposited either singly or in a row of from two to five or more, in the latter case overlapi)ing each other like scales. The young larv;« are whitish in color with polished black head and piliferous spots. The full-grown larvt© are yellowish white with a broad black mediodorsal stripe, and a still broader subdorsal stripe, the two fine lateral lines beiug also black. The piliferous warts are pale with a black ring, and the head is yellowisli or marbled with black. The hibernating caterpillars make a burrow beneath the surface of the ground, but line it with silk, constructing an inner cocoon which is long, slender, slightly curved, and about three times as long as the larva itself. A somewhat similar cocoon, but a little over half the length, is constructed by the midsummer brood. This insect is a close ally of the so-called garden web worm, which was treated in the report of the Entomologist in the Annual Report of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 188.5 on pages 265-270. The moth is somewhat darker in general effect; the cater})illar is also darker, and the preponderance in the longitudinal markings shows a decided difference from the normal form of the ordinary gaiden web worm. It also difters in the apparent absence of the spinning habit in the im- mature larviE. It is one of the insects whieli, dnriug my early visits to Kansas, and particnlarly in 1873, was not uncommonly fonud on Amaranius blilum, and was reared to the imago I'mm larva- u|)on tliis plant. INDEX. A. Analytical data at the Schuyler Station 57, 59 from the various States, comparison 28 methods 39, 54 Arkansas, analyses of beets from 8 remarks on beets from 29 B. Beet-mothers, selection 35, 43, 44 setting out 46 sugar contents 45, 46 Beets, cost of production 67 cultural season 48 preservation 65 variability of water contents 58 varieties grown at the Schuyler Station 3S, 49 yield per acre 55. 60 Beet seed, amount ren beers from 31 Missouri, analyses of beets from 17 remarks on beets from 31 Montana, analyses of beets frcmi 18 remarks oti beets from 31 INDEX. 73 N. Page Nebraska, analyses of beets from 18 beet-sngar factories iu 31 remarks on beets from 31 Nevada, analyses of beets from 19 remarks on beets from 32 New Mexico, analyses of beets from 19 remarks on beets from 32 New York, analyses of beets from 20 remarks on beets from 32 North Carolina, analyses of beets irom 20 remarks on beets from 32 North Dakota, analyses of beets from 20 remarks on beets from 32 Number of plants per acre, importance of 61 O. Ohio, analyses of beets from 21 remarks on beets from 32 Oregon, analyses of beets from 22 remarks on beets i'voui 33 Original Kleinwauzlebeuer beets, analytical ilata 60 yield of sugar per acre 41, 60 P. Pennsylvania, analyses of beets from 23 remarks on beets from 33 Preservation of beets by cold storage 65 S. Schuyler Experiment Station, analytical data obtained at o9 results, comparison with .similar data irom Chapelle, France 60 work done at 34 Silos, construction '. 43 Soil, preparation for reception of beet seed 48 South Dakota, analyses of beets from 23 remarks on beets from 33. Sugar-beet web worm, ravages 51-53 report of Entomologist 68 Sugar, production per acre 40 60 Summary of work at the Schuyler Station 42 68 T. Taproot, results of inj ury 5O Tennessee, analyses of l)eets from 25 remarks on beets from 33 Thinn ing out of beets •. 50 Trescott, T. C, analytical work 35 54 U. Utah, beet-sugar factory in ^ 33 74 INDEX. V. Page. Vilmorin'8 improved beets, analytical data 57 yield of sugar per acre 40, 60 Virginia, analyses of beets from 25 remarks on beets from 35 Vitality of beet seed 49 W. Washington, analyses of beets from 25 remarks on beets from 33 Web worm of the sugar beet, ravages 51-53 report of Entomologist 68 West Virginia, analyses of beets from • 26 remarks on beets from 33 Wisconsin, analyses of beets from 26 remarks on beets from 33 Wyoming, analyses of beets from 27 remarks on beets from 33 Y. Yield of beets per acre at Schuyler 55, 60 sugar per acre at Schuyler 40, 60 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE divisio:n^ of chemistry BULLETIN No. 39 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 18 9 3 BY HARVEY W. ^VILEY Chemint of the U. S. Dipartment of Af/riciiUure and Director of the Department Sugar Ex})erimeut Stations at ScJinyler, Nebraska; Rnnnymede (Nareoonisee P. O.), Florida, and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas WITH THE COLLABORATION OF DR. WALTER MAXWELL Assistant in Charge of the Schuyler Station PUBLISHED Br AUTUOIIITV OF XaE SECRETARY OP AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1894 BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 1, An Tnreatigation of the Composition of American Wlieat and Corn. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1883. Pp.69. (Out of print.) No. 2. Diffusion: Its Application to Sugar Cane, and Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1883. iSdited by H. W. Wiley. 1884. Pp.36. (Out of print.) No. 3. The Northern Sugar Industry : A record of its progress during the season of 1883. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1884. Pp.120. (Out of print.) No. 4. An Investigation of the Compo.sition of American Wheat and Corn. (Second report.) Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1884. Pp.98. (Out of print.) No. 5. The Sugar Industry of the United States. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1885. Pp. 224. (Out of print.) No. 6. Experiments with Diffusion and Carbonatation at Ottawa, Kans. Campaign of 1885. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1885. Pp. 20. (Out of print.) No. T. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, September 1 and 2, 1885.) Edited by Charles W. Dabuey. 1885. Pp. 49. (Out of print.) No. 8. Methods and Machinery for the Application of Diffusion to the Extraction of Sugar from Sugar Cane and Sorghum, and for the use of Lime and Carbonic and Sulphurous Acids in Purifying the Diffu.sion Juices. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1886. Pp.85. (Out of print.) No. 9. Third Report on the Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of American Cereals, Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1886. Pp. 82. (Out of print.) ■ No. 10. Principles and Methods of Soil Analysis. Edited by Edgar Kichards. 1886. Pp.66. (Out of print.) No. 11. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., Season of 1885-'86. (Second report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1886. Pp.26. (Out of print.) No. 12. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Third Annual Con- vention of the Association of Official Agricultm-al Chemists, August 26 and 27, 1886, Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1886. Pp.59. (Out of print.) No. 13. Food Adulterants. Part First. Dairy Products. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp. 132. Part Second. Spices and Condiments. Edited by Clifford Bichard.son. 1887. Pp.130. (Out of print.) Part Third. Fermented Alchoholic Beverages — Malt Liquors, Wine, and Cider. Edited by 0. A. Crampton. 1887. Pp.140. (Out of print.) Part Fourth. Lard and Lard Adulterations. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1889. Pp. 154. Part Fifth. Baking Powders. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp. 63. Part Sixth. Sugar, Molasses and Sirup.'Confections, Honoy, and Beeswax. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 255. Part Seventh. Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa Preparations. Editedby Guilford L. Spencer. 1892. Pp.155. Part Eighth. Canned Vegetables. Edited by K.P. McElroy. 1893. Pp.165. Part Ninth. Bread, Flour, and Meal. (In preparation.) No. 14. Record of Experiments at Fort Scott, Kans., in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum and Sugar Canes in 1886. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp. 64. No. 15. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., Season of 1886-'87. (Third report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1887. Pp. 35. No. 16. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Feeding Stuffs, andDairy Products. Adopted at the Fourth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, August 16, 17, and 18, 1887. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1887. Pp. 80. (Out of print.) No. 17. Record of Experiments Conducted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum and Sugar Canes at Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N. J., and Lawrence, La., 1887-'88. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1888. Pp. 118. No. 18. Sugar-producing Plants: Reeoi'd of Analy.ses made by Autliority of the Commissioner of Agi-iculture under direction of the Chemist, 1887-'88 (Sorghum— Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N.tT. ; Sugar Cane — Lawrence, La.)_, together with astudy of the data collected on Sorghum and Sugar Cane. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1888. Pp. 132. No. 19. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Cattle Foods, Dairy Products, Sugar, and Fermented Liquors. (Adopted at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists, held at the LI. S. Dejiartment of Agriculture, August 9 and 10, 1888.) Edited by CUfford Richardson. 1888. Pp.96. (Out of print.) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE h DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY BULLETIN No. 39 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 18 9 3 HARVEY W. \VILEY ChemiH of the U. S. Department of Agricidiure and Director of the Department Sugar Experiment Stations at Schiii/Ier, Nebraska; Bannymede (Narcoossee P. 0.), Florida, and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas WITH THE COLLABORATION OF DR. WALTER MAXWELL Assistant in Charge of the Schuyler Station PUBLISHED BS" AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1894 e^ a^\ k3 r "\:> LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. J TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, Washington, D. C, Jamiary 13, 1894, Sir: I transmit herewitli, for your inspection and approval, the manu- script of Bulletin 39 of the Division of Chemistry. This bulletin con- tains the results of the miscellaneous experiments in the culture of sugar beets in various parts of the United States, and of the experiments h. the same line of work conducted by the Department at Schuyler, Nebr., during the season of 1893. Eespectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Division of Chemistry and Director of the Experiment Station at Schuyler Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture. COJ^ TENTS. PAGE. Work of tlie year , 7 Sugar-beet seed distributed 7 Sugar-beet analyses at World's Fair 8 ITusatisfactorj^ results of experiments 8 Results of analyses of beets received 9 Alabama 10 Colorado 10 Idaho 10 Indiana 10 Iowa 10 Kansas 10 Louisiana 10 Michigan 10 Minnesota 12 Montana 12 Nebraska 14 North Carolina 14 North Dakota : 14 Pennsylvania 14 Virginia 14 Washington 14 Wyoming 20 A limited distribution of high-grade seeds 22 Relation of irrigation to sugar-beet culture 22 Experiments at Grand Junction, Colo 22 Meteorological statistics 23 Analyses of beets grown on different soils 24 Need of experiments in irrigated regions , 25 Beet-sugar statistics 25 Exjerimeuts at Schuyler, Nebr 26 The selection of " mother beets " 26 Siloing sugar beets — results 27 Arrangement of the silo 27 Increased weight of beets 27 Analyses for determining sugar content 28 The production of seed 29 Yield and quality of seed 30 Cost of producing beet seed 30 Experiments in beet culture 30 Analytical data 32 The growth of beets at different altitudes 34 Unfavorable climatic conditions of Nebraska 35 Special experiments in sugar elaboration 35 5 Experiments at Schuyler, Nebr. — Continued. page. General considerations 36 Report of assistant in charge 37 Method of storing beets 38 Effect of storage on weight of beets 38 Chemical analyses 39 Eifect of storage on sugar content 39 Planting mother beets 40 Yield of seed — value 40 Cultural season of the beet crop 41 Damage by dust storms 42 Native and imported plants compared 42 Influence of climatic conditions 43 Analytical work of the season 43 Beet production on the bottom lands 48 Comparative productions of home-grown and imported beet seed 49 Special experiments 51 Conclusions 56 EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1893. WORK OF THE YEAR. In harmony with tlie provisions of the act of Congress for experi- ments in the improvement of sngar-produciug plants and the manu- facture of sugar therefrom, and by direction of the Secretary of Agri- culture, the work of the Department in this direction was continued in two distinct lines. The first of these consisted in the distribution of beet seed to those interested in the culture of the beet, as indicated in the report of last year. The Department having made no purchase of beet seed for dis- tribution, Mr. H. T. Oxnard kindly donated for its use a sufQcient amount of the best imported seed. SUGAR-BEET SEED DISTRIBUTED. The number of packages of seed sent out was 2,428, and the number of persons to whom sent, 348. The number of packages sent to each of the different States and Territories receiving seed was as follows : Packa^^es. Alabama 12 Arizona 1 Arkansas 32 California 347 Colorado 202 Connecticut 1 Delaware 10 Florida 3 Georgia 200 Idaho 4 Illinois 17 Indiana 83 Iowa 62 Kansas 12 KeutiTcky 3 Louisianu Ill Maine 1 Maryland 13 Michigan 43 Minnesota 69 Mississippi 14 Missouri 27 Montana 2 Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania .. Rhode Island . . . South Dakota . . Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wyoming Pack ages. 120 50 10 52 90 5 34 6 3 3 176 15 4 33 250 1 219 12 Total 2.428 8 Tlie number of packages of seed distributed was far lebs than in pre- vious years, and the number of samples received for analysis was correspondingly diminished. The total number of samples received at the Chicago laboratory was 199, and the total number of samples received at the Washington laboratory was 84. Accompanying each package of seed there was sent a copy of Farm- ers' Bulletin No. 3, which contains detailed instructions for preparing the land, planting the seed, and cultivating the beet. SUGAK-BEET ANALYSES AT WORLD'S FAIR. Arrangements were also made for taking samples for analysis, and these samples were sent chiefly to the chemical laboratory of the Department at the World's Columbian Exposition. As has already been indicated, one of the chief features of the chemical laboratory at the Exposition was the arrangement for the analysis of beets. In addition to this the Chicago laboratory was nearer to the localities in which the beets were chiefly grown, so that they could be sent for analysis in a shorter time than if forwarded to Washington. It was thought, also, that it would be an excellent illustration of the practical work of the laboratory to have the analyses made where they could be viewed by those interested. The wisdom of this course was apparent from the fact that at all times when analyses of beets were in progress large numbers of intelligent observers were watching the work. The questions which they asked showed that they were interested in the process and were receiving valuable instruction from observing it. Some of the samples of beets, however, were sent to the laboratory at Washington for examination. UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS. The general results of the work this year were somewhat discourag- ing as compared with previous years. Throughout a great part of the beet-growing region the summer was excessively dry, and large num- bers of total failures were reported. In former reports attention has been called to the fact that the present method of experiment is unsatisfactory, and the reasons there- for have been fully set forth. The farmers are so busy with other work that, as a rule, they are not able to give the proper attention to the exiierimental details. They do not have the time to properly prepare the soil for beet culture nor do they give the growing beet proper atten- tion. When the time for harvesting comes they are usually engaged in other farm work, so that the beets are not harvested at the proper time nor are proper data obtained by means of which any accurate esti- mate of the yield per acre can be determined. The analytical data, therefore, of such work are usually fragmentary and far from teaching any valuable lesson in regard to the industry itself. In general, how- ever, tlie data bear out those of previous years in showing the areas in this country where the best beets can be grown. It is in these regions that the develoi)nient of the industry must be expected. There is probably not a State or Territory in the Union which is not capable of growing a fair article of sugar beets. Even in the far south beets of fair sugar content have been produced and with good tonnage ; but when the competition of the world is to be met, with the price of sugar as low as it is now, only those i)arts of the country where the soil and climate are especially favorable can be expected to compete suc- cessfully with the beet-sugar industry already firmly established in older countries. The sole valuable lesson, therefore, of the promiscu- ous distribution of beet seed is in the fact that as a rule those regions best suited to the growth of the sugar beet will gradually be outlined, and intending investors led to the proper localities for the establish- ment of factories. The great success of the beet-sugar industry on the Pacific coast leads to the conclusion that if the northern part of the eastern and central portions of our country is to become the seat of a great sugar industry, every possible advantage must be taken of soil and location in order to compete successfully with the beet fields of California, Washington, and Oregon. RESULTS OF ANALYSES OE BEETS RECEIVED. In the following table are given (by counties and States) the results of the analyses of the samples received from each State: 10 Table of analyses of- heets grown in different parts of the ALABAMA. Serial No. Name of grower. Post-office. County. Variety. Time of planting. 1 H. L. Oliver Shelby COLORADO. 17252 F. W. Ki-iieger Cortez Montrose Eocky Ford Montezuma Montrose Otero May • 5 Apr. 25 May 16 May 17 ...do 22 Kleinwanzlebcner Vilmorin's Improved. Dippe's Klein wanz- lebeuer. 87 J)\ A. Huntley do 88 do 89 do ....do ....do 90 do ....do do Vilmorin's Improved. Knauers Imperial May 16 May 17 ..do 91 do ....do do 92 do do do 93 do do ....do do June 7 June 5 94 do do ....do Vilmorin's Improved. 17323 do do 17324 do do do IDAHO. 161 162 J oseph L. Hagemann Edward Kempf Genesee , ...do .... Latab. ...do . May 15 May 9 INDIANA. 172-50 99 17328 Snead Thomas John Haiiis.. . Cbas. F. Muth Marion Pendleton . Morristown Grant... TSIadisou Shelby... Kleinwanzlcbener Knauer's Imperial Mar 10 May 20 IOWA. 17257 17258 17262 17313 61 17314 "W. J. Grunewald do do Henry Bash G. A. Ivins A. A. Berry Blairstown . . . ....do ...do Conrad Grove Iowa Falls Clarinda Benton . ...do ... ...do ... Grundy. Hardin . Page Vibnorin's Richest. . . Kleinwanzlebener . .. Knauer's Imperial. . . May 20 ...do.... ...do.... May 1 May 30 KANSAS. 69 H. G. Lamson. Girard Crawford Knauer Apr. 15 LOUISIANA. 46 John J. Bailey do Shreveport ....do Caddo May 17 ...do.... 175 ....do Vilmorin's Richest . . . MICHIGAN. 17253 17254 Sanford Rogers. . Christian Voss . . . William Renther Hastings Frankenlust.. Salzburg Barry . Bay.. . . . .do Kleinwan zlebener EUte No. 1. May 2 11 United States from need distributed lyij the Department. ALABAMA. Time of harvest- ing. Character of soil. Remarks by growers. m 6 Average ■weight. Total solids. Sucrose in — Pu- rity. Juice. Beets. Grams. Oz. 9-31 Per ct. 6-2 Per ct. 5-9 66-7 COLORADO. Oct. Sept. Oct. ...do, ...do ...do ...do. ...do. Oct. ...do. 25 535 Reddish coarse sand Sandy clay loam — do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Irrigated land Hail' destroyed tops July 8. do .do -do .do, .do .do. .360 825 467 226 354 339 474 1,160 395 262 12-5 11-5 16-5 8 12-5 12 17 41 18-7 17 14-9 17-4 15-9 14-6 16-8 11-4 8-7 7-5 17-8 16-2 14-2 16-5 15-1 13-9 16 10-8 8 '3 7-1 'Samples too small for analysis. IDAHO. Oct. 10 Oct. 6 Black loam . . . . do Beets frozen once. 1 1 1, 797 2, 589 • 63-5 91-5 .14-70 13-50 11-4 10-1 10-8 9-6 77-5 74-8 INDIANA. Oct. 19 Oct. 8 Gravelly clay. 242 8-5 283 10 293 10-5 'ic'eo' 33 1 12 8 1 12-4 11-4 7-7 81-5 71-9 67-1 IOWA. Oct. 30 ...do .... ...do.... Oct. 24 JSov. 6 Sandy loam . ...do ...do Sandy Black prairie loam.. Used for truckfarm'g l^sed for truck I'arm'g Season dry Season dry 165 220 285 535 587 915 5-5 7-5 10 18-9 21 32-3 14-8 14-4 12-6 14-1 11-5 10-5 72-9 81-3 74 81-3 75-1 71 KANSAS. Sept. 20 Black limestone 20 -56 15 14 -3 72 -8 LOUISIANA. Oct. 2 Oct. 18 Red sandy loam ...do Fertilized withstablc manure. ...do 333 11-5 11-57 14-68 7-8 10-2 7-4 9-7 67-2 69-4 MICHIGAN. Sept. 22 Black swamp muck. Tile drainage; no fertilizer. 83") 29 1,565 55 15-36 16-1 7-8 15-2 7-4 64-3 82-2 61-9 12 Tahle of analyses of beets grown in different parts of the United M rCHlG AN— Contin ued . Serial No. Name of grower. Post-office. County. Variety. Time of planting. 17263 17264 17265 17266 17267 17268 17269 17270 17271 17272 17273 17274 17275 17276 17277 17278 17279 17280 17281 17282 17283 17284 17285 17286 17287 17288 17289 17290 17291 17292 17293 17294 17295 17296 17297 17298 17299 17300 17301 17302 17303 17304 17305 17306 17307 17308 17309 17310 17311 J. H. Coon, care of McGraw & Co. do do do do do Owen Hawkins - do do do G. W. G reen do do do do do do Berth Bros Robert Ni vens Lobdeu Jolin H.Potter Hopkins &, Bartlett. .. H. Lanibrecht John Currion C. B. Chatterfleld farm Jolin Lnnden H.P.Miitts F. Fisclior Joseph H. Potter William Merritt J. Currion J. Luiiden A. B.Henrv Wm. Merritt H. Lanibrecht H.P.Matts Ed. Lanibrecht Bird Shuler C. B. Chatterfleld farm Hopkins & Bartlett. . . Berth Bros J. Currion McGraw's farm H.P.Matts Bird Shiiler Kobert Nivens C. B. Chatterfleld farm J . Currion Lewis Knight Portsmouth. .do .do -do .do .do -do .do .do -do .do .do -do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do , .do .do .do , .do , .do . .do , .do , .do . .do. .do , .do. .do . .do . -do . -do . .do .do .do -do , .do , .do . .do. -do , .do . -do . .do . Bay. .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do , .do, .do , .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . -do . .do . .do . .do . -do . .do . .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . Vilmorin's Imperial . Kleinwanzlebener French sugar red top. Florimond Desprez... Knauer's Imperial do Frencli sugar red top Florimond Desprez.., Kleinwanzlebener Vilmorin's Imperial .. Fri-nch sugar red top . Knauer's imperial Kleinwanzlebener Florimond Desprez . . . Vilmorin's Imperial .. Vilmorin's Richest . . . Dippe's Ircperial Kleinwanzlebener do do do do do Vilmorin's Richest ... Kleinwanzlebener do Vilmorin's Imperial .. Kleinwanzlebener Vilmorin's Imperial ,. do Kleinwanzlebener Vilmorin's Imperial .. Kleinwanzlebener do Vilmorin's Imperial.. Florimond Desprez . .. Kleinwanzlebener Dippe's Kleinwanzleb- ener. Florimond Desprez . . . French sugar red top. Vilmorin's Imperial .. Dippe's Kleinwanzleb- ener. Kleinwanzlebener do do Florimond Desinez . . . Vilmorin's Imperial .. do Kleinwanzlebener May 20 ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... May .25 ...do... ...do... ...do.. June 4 ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... May 29 Juno May 26 May 29 May 21 June 3 May 10 May 21 May 20 May 19 May 18 May 29 June 2 May 18 May 20 June 3 June 2 June 3 May 19 May 26 June 18 May 21 .-do ..., May 29 May 10 June 10 May 19 Julie 18 June 6 ..do.... May 10 May 29 MINNESOTA. 8 Perry E. Reynolds West Concord . . Mantorville ....do Knauer No. 1 May 27 LemaireNo. 2 May 16 128 171 :do ....do 74 John Buckley Minneota Iiyon Knauer May 17 MONTANA. 185 .Julius C. Martin Evans Cascade Lemaire May 12 i 13 States from seed distributed by the Department — Continued. MICHIGAiT— Continued. Time of harvest- Cliaracter of soil. Remarks by growers. Average weight. Total solids. Sucrose in — Juice. Beets, Pu. rity. Nov. 2 ...do ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. . . .do . Nov. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. ...do. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 1 ...do.... ...do..., Nov. 4 ..do.... ...do .... Nov. 8 Oct. 25 ...do.... Nov. 7 Oct. 29 Sandy loam . .do .do .do .do .do -do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do Clay loam . . Sandy loam . ....do" Clay loam... ....do ....do Sandy loam. do Loamy clay. Sandy loam. ....do Loamy clay. Sandy loam. ....do ....do Loamy clay. Sandv loam. ....do ....do Loamy clay. Sandy loam ,...do Loamy clay. ...do Sandy loam. ...do ...do ...do ..:do ...do At Collins' farm. Oxnard's seed Grains. 475 490 345 450 400 405 450 480 520 435 400 355 510 515 435 425 410 464 374 425 485 420 430 310 403 416 406 404 442 444 429 367 408 529 394 428 356 449 449 358 330 313 375 370 360 283 460 455 431 Oz. 16-5 17-3 10-5 10 14 14-5 16 16-9 18-5 15-2 14 12-5 18 17-8 15 15 14 15-8 12-6 11-6 11 13-2 13 12-7 10 16-2 16-1 15-2 Per ct. 13-1 10 13-8 16 15 14 13 13 15 14 14 17 14 16 16 17 14 15 14 13 14 13 13 17 16 13 15 15 13 15 12 13 11 12 14-2 16 15-8 15-4 Per ct. 12-4 9- 13- 15- 15 14- 12- 12- 14- 14- 13- 16- 13- 15- 15- 16- 14- 14- 13- 13 14- 12- 12- 16- 15- 12- 14- IS- IS 14- 12- 12- 11- 12- Los 13- 15- 15 Lost. 14-6 Lost. Lost. •5 69 -1 79- •2 83- 85- -1 80 -8 82- -8 84- -3 86- -2 89- -9 85- -4 87-' -7 84- •2 81- -5 85- •3 86- -2 83' -3 83- •9 81- 88- -1 91-^ -3 79-. ■8 82- -3 88- ■2 87 ■8 83- ■8 84- -8 85- 83- -3 83- •1 85- -3 86- -1 80- •1 81-! -5 87. •2 86-' 8fi-S 12 -9 I 12-9 I Lo.'it. 12-3 Lost. 12-3 85-1 16-2 15-4 15-3 14-5 15-7 14-9 87-6 85 85-8 I 79-7 MLNNESOTA. Sept. 12 Oct. 9 ...do.... Black yellow subsoil Black prairie loam . . do 16-93 1 13-2 ' 12-5 10-86 ! 6-8 6-5 14-28 n-3 i 8-8 21-30 17-3 : 16-4 78 ....do do 2 2 2 2,702 2,045 375 95-5 70-5 13 62-6 65 Sept. 25 do 81-1 MONTANA. Oct. Black loam 2 20-04 14 Table of analyses of heeis grown in different parts of the United NEBRASKA. Serial No. Name of growor. Post-office. County. Variety. Time of planting. 10* 105 106 163 17329 17330 17331 17332 17333 17334 17335 TJ. S. Experiment Sta- tion. do do Fred Maseberg Schuyler. Colfax . Desprez No. 2 ....do ....do .... T bed ford . . do . . . ...do ... Thomas. -do -do Vilmorin's Improved Imperial. May 5 NORTH CAROr,INA. 3 E S Shiver . . Rocky Point NORTH DAKOTA. 167 May 19 PENNSYLVANIA. 45 J. A. McGranahan Kennard Kleinwanzlebener May 30 VIRGINIA. O. K. Lapham & Co. , do .do -do .do .do .do Staunton ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... , . . .do . . . . ...do .... ...do .... Aucusta. ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... WASHINGTON. 31 32 156 157 129 165 166 17318 17319 34 36 37 38 164 41 42 43 44 183 .184 190 191 J. O'Keefe . do.... Asotin . ....do.. ..do .do. do M. Pictoziclvi . n. T. Hudson- .do Geo. W.Elliott.... Harrv Waldon David T. Hain B. P. Copier Roncisco J. Davis. Geo. W. Copelan... Che.st. Gittord E. H. Morrison do do do do do do do.. ...do Dayton AVaterville .do. Ellensburg . ...do Latah ...do ...do ...do ...do Fairfield... ...do .(10 .do .do .do .do .do Asotin. ...do.. .do ...do Columbia . Douglas . . -do Kittitas . ....do.... Spokane . do ....do .... ....do .... ....do .... ....do .... ....do .... ....do .... ...do .... ....do .... ....do .... ...do-... ....do.... Kleinwanzlebener .do Kleinwanzlebener Dii)pc"s Kleinwanzleb- ener. Vilmorin's Richest . Florimond Desprez. Knauer's Imperial. . Kleinwanzlebener . . Knauer's Imperial.. Vilmorin's Richest . Florimond Desprez . May 10 May 15 May 12 ...do.... May 11 Apr. 4 Apr. 16 June b May 26 May 25 May 18 June 1 May 20 ...do.... June 4 ...do.... June 3 June 4 15 Slates from seed distributed by the Bepartment — Coutinuecl. NEBRASKA. Time of harvest- ing. Character of soil. Remarks by growers. o 6 'A Average weight. Total solids. Sucrose in— Pu- rity. Juice. Beets. 2 2 2 2 Qrams. 552 312 418 665 Oz. 19 -5 11 15 23-5 14-09 13-69 15-19 17-40 Perct. 9-3 8-5 10-7 14 Per ct. 8-8 8-1 10-2 13-3 65-9 62-1 70-4 Oct. 6 80-5 NORTH CAROLINA. 8-35 4-4 4-1 5^-1 NORTH DAKOTA. Oct. 19 Black sandy loam Last crop Mangel- wurzel. 615 27 18 19 14-7 80-7 PENNSYLVANIA. Oct. Black, sandy rroviou.sly used bone fertilizer. 14-67 11 -6 11 78 -9 VIRGINIA. Smart's field Folly mills Lagrange farm Folly mills O. K. Lapliam farm Smart farm Harrison farm 480 470 286 17 17-3 14-4 13-8 15-2 11-9 14-5 15-5 15-2 17-1 13] 80- 14-4 87- 11-3 82- 13-7 82- 14-7 81- 14-3 HI- 16-3 SS WASHINGTON. Sept. 15 Sept 5 Oct. 6 ...do..., Oct. 2 Oct. 10 ...do. Oct. Nov. Sept. Sei>t. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. ...do. ...do. ...do. Oct. ...do. ...do. I... do. Gray loam .. Sandy loam. Gray loam, some al- kali. ...do Sandy bottom land. Decomposed vol- canic rock. ...do Irrigated Raised on farm of L. M. Troyer. Irrigated every two weeks. ....do , Cultivated twice Black sandy loam . Black loam do do Loam Prairie loam Black prairie loam . do ....do ....do No cultivation . Natural drainage . do ...do 1, 274 906 396 613 345 1.967 1,076 942 573 672 21-5 12 15-46 19-86 15-67 12-46 16-41 15.-81 17-91 18-11 16-50 18-00 17-11 19-60 19-10 17-05 17-94 18-15 13-96 11-8 10-4 11-2 8-3 14-8 15-7 17-4 16-5 13-6 12 14-6 14-8 11-8 15 12-4 15-3 14-9 11-9 13-7 14 9-6 14-9 16-5 15-7 12-9 11-4 13-8 13-9 11-2 14-3 11-8 14-5 14-2 11-3 13 13-3 78-1 82-4 74-8 71-3 66-4 86-6 75-8 83 76 82-1 81-7 71-5 80-7 72-5 78-1 77-9 70 76 76-9 68-5 16 Tahle of analyses of beets grown in different parts of the United WASHINGTON— Continued. Serial No. 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 62 178 182 55 181 6 7 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 51 52 53 54 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Name of grower. E.H.Morrison. do do do do do do do C. R. Burns.... A. Lefevre Henry Hashagen . D. F. Lucas Dr. N. G. Blalock. F.A.Craig William Button. O.N. Sparks .... Thomas Hill D. C. Sparks William Hoar... Aiden Page D.A.Hoffmann. C. R. Sparks Henry Mustoe.. B.E. Wilson.... J. A. Sanders... K.T. Sparks.... George Erwin . . J. Spjirks John Erwin, sr. William Erwin. John Erwin John McDonald J.Ritzloff A. B. Luper James Lindsay. Daniel Johnson Henry Westermann . G.T.Smith Wm.Hart S. G. Jamison Thomas Warwick . Dan Calland , E:. Tylor William Warwick . A. J. Sharrod E. J.Moak DaA'id Jones H. H.Noble Joseph Bertholff. . Wm.McBride .... Giis. AVilloughby . Wm. Franklin 82 John Westermann. 97 David Bertholf . . William Sennott. James Carbery . . James Bertholf . . Peter Campbell do Post-oflBce. Fairfield ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Spokane Medical Lake. ...do Chewelah . Walla Walla. . Tekoa ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do. .do. .do . .do . .do , .do .do .do .do. .do .do , .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do -do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do County. Spokane . ...do . ... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do... Stevens. Walla Walla. Whitman. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do --do ...do ...do ...do .do . .do. do- .do- .do. .do. -do. do. .do. .do. .do. .do . .do. .do. .do. -do . .do. .do. -do. .do. .do . .do. .do. .do . .do. -do. .do. .do. .do .do .do .do .do .do Variety. Kleinwanzlebener .. Floriraond Desprez . Kleinwanzlebener .. do Vilmoni Amelioree. . Kleinwanzlebener . . Vilmoni Amelioree Floriniond Desprez. , Kleinwanzlebener . Knauer's Imperial . .do. Kleinwanzlebener .do. .do. -do. -do. -do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. • do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. -do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do- .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. -do. .do. .do. .do .do -do .do -do .do 17 States from seed distributed iy the Department — Coutiuned. WASHINGTON— Coutinued. Time of harvest- ing. Oct. 15 ..do.... ..do.... -flO.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... Oct. 4 Oct. 16 Oct. 17 Sept. 25 Oct. 14 Sept. 7 Sept. 12 Se].t. 18 ...do.... ...do.... Sept. 21 ...do...- ,..do.... ...do .... Sept. 22 Sept. 21 Sept. 24 Sept. 23 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Oct. 1 ...do.... Oct. 2 Oct. 1 Oct. 5 ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... .-do... .-do... .-do... ..do... Oct. 6 ...do..., Oct. 5 Oct. 6 ...do.... Oct. 6 Oct. 5 Oct. 6 ...do..., Oct. 5 Oct. 6 Character of soil. Blaclf prairie loam . Black loam ...do ....do Black sandy soil. . . Black prairie loam. Gray loam, clay sub- soil. Light volcanic Volcanic blnck loam Black prairie loam.. Deep black loam Volcanic black loam. Deep black loam Sandy and dry Volcanic black loam. Black loose loam Volcanic loam Black loam Black loam, vol- canic. ...do Gravelly loam Black sandy loam .. do Deep black clay Black sandy loam . . . Black loam, vol- canic. Black volcanic loam . ....do ...do Deep black loam Deep black pine land. Deep black loam Heavy loam Deepblack loam Black volcanic loam. Black loam table- land. Black clay loam Black loam, north slope. ...do Volcanic loam Black prairie land.. Eemarks by growers. Not drained ; hill laud Yellow subsoil No fertilizer in culti- vation IC years. Irrigated occasio ally. No rain nor irrigation No fertilizer Cultivated once. No fertilizer On north hillside No fertilizer Bottom land ...do , No fertilizer . ...do Subsoil clay . No fertilizer. Sandy Pine land No fertilizer. Black volcanic loam. ...do Light pine land Black prairie loam . Light sandy loam .. Sandy loam, pine land. Black volcanic loam. Light sandy soil. . . Black prairie land . Black loose loam Light pine table- land. Deep black loam . . . Oct. 5 Deen black loam No fertiliz/ r nor irri- gation. X5096— No. 39 2 No fertilizer. . ...do South hillside South hillside,no fer- tilizer. No fertilizer Bottom land No fertilizer Volcanic formation . No fertilizer ....do No fertilizer, vol- canic. High table-land High, dry pine land No fertilizer Volcanic formation . No fertilizer nor irri- gation. No fertilizer . No fertilizer . Average weight. Grams 1.0.H 290 630 .125 191 226 177 488 665 566 1,245 1,860 1,104 665 1,457 1,373 976 1,373 2,321 877 1,358 863 368 382 730 523 1,259 495 906 792 509 1,641 1, 203 1,019 Oz. 37 10 22 9-5 7 8 6 17 23-5 20 44 65-5 47. 23-5 51-5 48-5 34-5 48-5 82 31 48 30-5 13 13-5 26 18-5 44-5 17-5 32 28 18 58 42-5 36 Total solids Sucrose in — 15 16 19 54 17-85 19-54 21-14 22 -03 19 -->4 17 -45 17 67 19-88 19-24 16-80 14-31 15 17 14-63 20-43 17 -53 18-13 18-63 16-43 10 -.53 17-83 16-63 16-73 16-66 14-36 14-50 16-96 18-16 17-56 18-36 19 06 17-76 18-76 10-10 19-06 19-68 16-58 18-88 15 -38 19-19 15-28 13-77 16-39 16-59 17-84 18-91 17 -54 17-74 17-54 10-04 10-47 14-37 15-97 14-53 14-77 14 -97 16-96 Juice. Beets, Per ct. 10 16 13 15 17 18 16 13 13 16 14-8 13 11 9 10 8 9 14 11 11 13 11 12 11 9 9 12 12 11 13 15 13 14 11 15 15 11-5 13-6 10-7 16 10-6 8-9 12 12-5 12-3 13-3 11-7 12-3 13-2 11-4 11 9 10 9-1 9-8 10 11-9 Per ct. 10-3 16 13 14 16 17 15 13 13 15 14-7 12-6 13-8 10-9 14-3 14-3 10-9 12-9 10-2 15-2 10-1 8-5 11-4 11-9 11-7 12-6 11-1 11-7 12-5 10-8 10-5 8-6 9-5 8-6 9-3 9-5 Pu. rity. 71-1 86-2 77-7 79-5 85 84-9 85 4 78-8 77-4 83-3 77-1 77 76-2 18 Table of analyses of heels grown in different parts of the United WASHINGTON-Continucd. Serial No. 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 113 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 13 168 169 170 172 173 174 176 177 179 103 95 96 i:<8 173:i2i 17322. 17325 17259 17260 17261 17320 Name of grower. Post-office. James Campbell. John Scbon John Fenn Ben Carl N. B. Welton Joab Robertson . . . George Prettimau J. Romine Grant Palmer F.S.Cornell D. W. Bridgeman . KnuteErieson A.B.Walker... A. B. "Willard . . . R.T. Smiley .... J. A. Gunn William Breen.. W. B. Smith.... John Conger Jolm England .. A. N. Hotlnian . . G. R. Winslow.. G. T. Huflinan . . Cornelius Kole . O.R. McDonald. William Click J. B. Sampler John Stevens A. Goddard A. J. Bancroft H.D.Kay Austin Footer Ed. Trammill George Steen AlexanderTomblin.sou J. S. Young Matt Fountain J.T. Wbaley O.C.Daley J ames Storey Thos. BalkoV J . Bayles H. Goddard Henry Howard Chas. H. Strojie C. Strope James Tyson F. E. Detiringhoff do Tekoa ...do . -do -do .do -do .do .do .do -do Sardis I. Brookway . . Geo. P. Tolton do Evan Pfddicord F. M. Jeffries . do do C. J. Rumens . Geo. Ruedy .. do do J. T. Edge .do .do -do .do .do .do .do. .do .do -do .do -do -do -do -do .do .do -do .do .do -do .do ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do . . .do ...do ...do ...do : ....do Uniontown ....do ....do , ....do , . . . .do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Rosalia ....do ..-.do Palouse ...do... ....do... ....do... ....do... Col fax . . ...do... ...do... Palouse. County. Whitman . ...do .do . .do . do. .do . .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do. .do . .do. .do . .do . .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do . .do. Variety. Kleinwanzlebener . do -do . -do -do , -do .do .do. .do -do -do .do .do , .do -do .do .do .do .do -do .do .do -do .do .do. -do , .do .do , .do -do .do .do .do .do -do. .do . .do . -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do , do Elite No.2 Desprez Elite Xo.2 Di])pe Kuauer Lemaire Desprez No. 2 Kleinwanzlebener .. Lemaire Elite No.2 Elite German sugar beet . do Kleinwanzlebener . Vilmorin's Riclie.st. Kuauer's Imperial. 19 states from seed distriiiifed hy llic Department — Continued. WASHINGTON— Continued. Time of harvest- Oct. 5 Oct. 9 Oct. Oct. ,..(lo . .do , ..do ..do.... ..do.... ..do... ..do ... ..do... ..do... ..do ... ..do... ..do ... ..do... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do-... ...do .... ..do.... Oct. 10 ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ..do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Sept. 18 Oct. 15 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ..do.... Oct. 6 Oct. 1 ...do.... Oct. 6 Nov. 5 Character of soil. Blacli Tolcanicloam Grass lands Black loose loam Black prairie land., Prairie land Prairie land, moist.. Black loam Black fertile loam . . Prairie land Black prairie loam. . Deep black prairie soil. Cultivated prairie .. Black prairie loam.. do Prairie land Black volcanic soil. . Prairie land Rolling prairie land. Bunch grass land. . . Prairie land Loose prairie land.. Prairie land Deep black loam ....do Bunch grass land . . Black volcanic loam . Rolling prairie laud . Black loam, volcanic. Prairie laud Black volcanic soil. . Black prairie loam. . Loose prairie laud .. Black prairie loam. . ...do Prairie land Black clay loam Prairie land ...do Black volcanic loam . Mellow prairie soil. . Prairie loam Fine prairie land Volcanic loam Blackloam, clay sub- soil. Black loam ...do Black prairie soil . . . ...do Yellow prairie loam. Black prairie soil . . . ...do Black bottom land.. Yellow prairie loam. Black prairie soil . . . Yellow prairie loam. Black prairie soil... Black prairie loam. . Black soil Black loam Black mould, yellow clay subsoil. Side hill Nov. 16 Black soil. Nov. 8 Sod turned in April Remarks by growers. No fertilzer nor irri- gation. Land cultivated 9 years. No cultivation In wheat years No cultivation Land cultivated 13 years. In wheat 3 years Ground very hard . . . Beets not cultivated. No cultivation. Ground very hard . . . Wheat 8 years Beets cultivated once No cultivation . Cultivated once In wheat 6 years No cultivation In wheat 12 years . . Beets grew slowly.. Cultivated once; ground hard. No cultivation ...do ...do No fertilizer Wheat for 5 years. . . Cultivated twice. Not subsoiled. No fertilizer.. Cultivated 3 times. ., In wheat 5 years No fertilizer No fertilizer . ...do ...do ...do ...do No fertilizer. ...do ...do Average weight. Grains. 877 976 877 283 608 495 481 325 538 651 325 382 906 509 849 722 156 396 184 255 396 1, 571 6.^1 170 198 310 449 310 1,259 1,090 863 1,401 538 736 835 920 736 552 821 1,090 538 722 651 467 368 495 580 764 538 708 807 884 779 729 820 580 2, 0:!0 778 1,100 1,479 1,010 1,122 1,180 827 785 630 8.".0 990 Oz. 31 34-5 31 10 21-5 17-5 17 11-5 19 23 11-5 13-5 32 18 30 25-5 5-5 14 6-5 9 14 55-5 23 27 19 25 28 '5 31 27-5 25-5 29 20-5 72 27-5 41 52 35 G 46-5 41-5 29 27-5 22 30 35 Total solids. 16 '76 17-92 17 -13 15 -93 15-23 16 96 17-86 17-66 18-53 16-94 17-70 16-51 16-16 17-48 16-46 15-17 13-57 13-97 13-67 14-07 15-07 14-97 16-47 16-27 13-47 15-17 15-47 16-67 16-37 15-77 16-97 19-27 18-77 15 14-27 10 20-58 13 17-49 13 18-29 14 18-59 14 17-87 13 16-98 13 17-87 14 18-08 14 16-79 13 18-98 15 14-86 9 20 -56 ]5 14-56 8 14-87 10 Sucrose in- Juice. Beets, Per ct. 11 12 13-7 12-2 14 6 14-7 13-7 12-9 14-5 Pu- rity. Per ct. 11 -2 70 -2 13 -6 79 -9 10 9 10-8 11 10-6 9-2 11-4 13 11-6 13-9 14 13 12-3 13-8 76-8 81-2 75-3- 79 78-4 20 Table of analyses of beets grown in different parts of the United WASHINGTON- Continued. Serial No. Name of grower. Post-oiEce. County. Variety. Time of planting. 17321 17326 60 D. W. Tweitraeyer H. M. Haskel, by H. W. Liclny & Co. J M Stout May 20 1st week in June. Apr. 26 ...do.... do do Yakima do Yakima . ..do Kleinwanzlebener do 160 do WYOMING. 56 57 58 17251 33 35 63 64 17255 17256 47 48 49 50 186 187 188 189 100 101 102 159 17249 39 40 17312 17;i]5 17316 2 4 5 9 10 127 16750 F. J. Niswander. -do .do. Alfred Bridger J. D. Parker.... .do . .do .do .do -do Sundance Expt. Farm -do .do .do .do -do -do -do J. S. Meyer (Lander Experinien t Station) do do do , do M. R. Jolmson do do do do John F. Lewis . do do do do John Astle ... Mark Mauley. Laramie . .do .do Si by lee . . Saratoga. .do .do .do ...do ...do Sundance. do .do .do .do .do ...do ... ...do... Lander .do .do ...do ...do Whiteland- ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... Sheridan . ....do ....do ....do ....do Afton Mountain View. Albany . .do .do ...do .. Carbon .do .do .do ...do . ...do . Crook. .do -do .do Vilmorin's La plus Riche. Knauer Dippe's Kleinwanzle- bener. Vilmorin's Richest Kleinwanzlebener Im- perial. Improved Bulteau Vilmorin's Richest Improve dKleinwanz- lebener. Vilmorin's Richest .do .do ...do .... ...do .... Fremont . .do .do ...do ... ...do ... Laramie ....do .... ....do .... ....do .... ....do .... Sheridan. ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . Uinta. ...do . Improved Bulteau- Desprez. Dippe's Kleinwanzle- bener. Vilmorin's Richest. . . Kleinwanzlebener . . . Improved Biijteau- Dosprez.' Vilmorin's Riidiest Improved Bulteau- Desprez. Improved Kleinwan- zlebener. Dippe's Kleinwanzle- bener. Vilmorin's Richest . . Knauer's Imperial. .. Dippe's Kleinwanzle- bener. Improved Bulteau... do Vilmorin'.s Richest .. May 13 ...do.... ...do.... June 2 May 10 ...do.... June 3 May 9 Knauer's Imperial Kleinwanzlebener Bulteau Vilmorin's Richest ... Improved Bulteau Dcsprez Kleinwanzlebener .. Deaprez Bulteau Kleinwanzlebener.. Desprez No. 2 Kleinwanzlebener . . May 18 ...do... ...do... ...do... May 17 ...do ... May 18 May 17 May 5 ...do ... ...do ... May 10 ...do... May 8 ...do.... Apr. 24 Aiir. 25 ...do .... May 8 ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... May 20 May 10 21 states from seed distributed ty the Department — Continued. "WASHINGTON-Continued. Time of harvest- ing. Character of soil. Remarks by growei's. » .a o 6 Average weight. Total solids. Sucrose in— Pu. rity. Juice. Beets. Nov. 7 1st week in Nov. Oct. 2 Oct. 13' Grams. 1.254 1.126 877 524 Oz. 44 39-5 31 18-5 20-08 17 '50 Per ct. 13-4 14 1 17-8 15-8 >Perct. 12-7 13-4 16-9 15 77-5 73-8 Gray sandy loam, some alkali. Gray sandy loam, considerable alkali. No fertilizer 1 2 88-5 90-2 WYOMING. Oct. ...do, ,,.do Oct. Sept. ...do Oct. ...do Oct. ...do Sept. 25 ..do ..do ..do Oct. ...do. ...do. ...do. Oct. ..do. ...do. Oct. ..do. Sept. ...do . Oct. Oct. ...do. Aug. Sept. ...do. ...do. ...do . Oct. Oct Gravel loam . ...do Light sandy clay . . -do ...do ...do Sandy loam . ...do Decomposed reddish gvpsnm. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do -do Ked sandy loam -do -do. Black sandy loam Sandy loam. ...do Eed clay loam do ....do Black loam, with clay. ...do ...do ....do ....do Brown gravel loam Sandy loam Irrigiited by furrow irrigation. ...do" ...do Irrigated 3 times Flooded 3 times.. Irrigated 3 times. ...do In culture 3 years ; ir- rigated. ....do Irrigated 3 times. .do .do Irrigated twice . Irrigated 7 times; no fertilizer. ...do Season rather dry Irrigated 3 times . Irrigated 4 times . do ...do ...do ...do ...do 530 19 1. :^44 1,330 310 347 297 226 382 377 481 406 810 057 293 203 239 594 575 47-5 47 17-52 16-96 17-36 20-60 21-10 18-64 19-68 19-50 13-8 12-9 13-2 16-6 16-8 17-7 15 -8 16-7 22-5 21 14-1 13-1 21 -77 15 -7 14 23 -66 I 18 17 Too .small for analysis. 10-5 8 13-5 13-5 13 17 14 38-5 23-5 10 9 8-5 22 92 24-21 21-33 19-74 20-86 20-26 20-16 19 21 '-46 20-90 17-70 20-74 19-08 21-94 22-44 16-69 17-8 17-5 16-2 14-5 16-2 16-4 15-9 15-8 15-7 18-6 17-8 22-3 22-9 22-7 13-8 17 -9 17 17-2 18 17-7 13-6 13-9 78-8 75 ' 87-8 72-3 76 78 22 A LIMITED DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH-GRADE SEEDS. It is uot believed that further experiment with the proDiiscuous dis- tribution of seed will be of any practical benefit. Nevertheless, there is a large number of farmers applying each year for samples of seed, and incidentally some good can be done by supplying them with wliat they need. It is not necessary to enter into an argument here that the iarmer will not be able on his own motion to secure beet seed of high grade. He can not be sure that the sugar-beet seed offered by dealers is anything more than the seed of the common beet; he does not know the address of the growers of beet seed of established reputation ; even if he did, the cost and trouble of securing 2 or 3 pounds from abroad would be so great as to deter him from making the attempt. It seems, therefore, proper that as long as the Department is engaged in the distribution of seeds, it should send to those who inquire for them small samples of the highest grade beet seed which can be produced. While most of the samples will be productive of no great good, yet now and then one may reach a locality where it will excite interest, and possibly do much toward the future development of the industry. In addition to this it must not be forgotten that the cost of sending out a few thousand packages of beet seed is very small, and the chemical analyses are secured without expending a single dollar over the usual cost of conducting the laboratory. If the farmers receiving these gifts of the Department would learn the single lesson of appreciating the scientific agriculture which has made the sugar beet possible, it would be au ample repayment of the whole cost of distribution. RELATION OF IRRIGATION TO SUGAR-BEET CULTURE. In former reports attention has been called to the probable practical value of irrigated lands for the production of sugar beets. Tlie high fixed charges which must necessarily attach to all irrigated lands render it imperative tliat some crop should be grown cai)able of inten- sive culture aud of yielding large financial returns. There is no crop which offers so many advantages of this kind as the sugar beet. The growth of potatoes or vegetables for home market, or of any crop of this kind usually j)roduced by intensive culture, must necessarily be restricted to a limited area, but the comparatively unlimited expansive- ness of the market for sugar renders it x>ossible to devote practically all of the irrigated lands which are likely to be recovered in many years to the production of the sugar beet. EXPERIMENTS AT GRAND JUNCTION, COLO. An interesting report of the growth of the sugar beet on irrigated land has been received from the Mitchell Drug Company, of Grand Junction, Colo. The report is accomx)anied by the following letter from Mr. C. E. Mitchell : I take the liberty to forward you the tabulated results of my experiments with HUgar beets iu this valley duriug the past season. The analyses were all made by the 23 Lehi-Utali Beet Sngar Factory and tlie three carloads sold were bouglit by tbera. The yield where any sort of care had been taken of the crop has averaged 15 tons ; beets were planted in rows 24 inches apart; cost of crop loaded on car abont $45 per acre. There seems to be no difference in resnlts when crop is rightly handled, from seed sown on heavy adobe soil or in the best sandy loam. All our crops, as the weather report shows, are dejiendent entirely on irrigation, and absolutely under the farmer's control in this respect. I am laboring with a view to getting capital to establish a plant here. I think I have all necessary points as regards cheap fuel, lime rock, etc., fully covered, andean show conclusively how money in a plant here can be made to pay good interest on capital invested. I have a theory that having the growth of the plant under our control and the large number of clear days and even temperature we have from August 10 to November 15, we have an exceptional climate for producing a beet I'ich in sugar and high in purity. Shall be glad to furnish you with any information as to my work that I can, and to receive suggestions from you. The seed used was the white variety and obtained from the Lehi factory. METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS. Following is a summary of the weather data in Grand Junction, Colo., during the year: December, 1S92. Inches. Total precipitation, snow fall 1^ Mean temperature 29 Clear days 8 Fair days 15 Cloudy days 8 Jannarij, IS 03. Total precipitation, snow fall 2i Mean temperature 28 'TG Clear days 22 Cloudy days 7 Fair days 2 Fehruarji, ISO J. Total precipitation, snow fall 18| Mean temperature 32-8 Clear days 11 Fair days 7 Cloudy days 10 March, 1S03. Total precipitation, snow fall 3i Total precipitation, rainfall 0-58 Mean temperature 41 -2 Clear days 15 Cloudy days 12 Fair days 4 AprU, IS 93. Total precipitation 0-3 Mean temperature 51-05 Clear days 8 Cloudy days 11 Fair days 11 May, 1S93. Inches. Total precipitation 0-79 Mean temperature 60-8 Clear days 22 Cloudy days 2 Fair days 7 June, 1SD3. Total precipitation -09 Mean temperature 72-3 Cloudy days 5 Clear days 24 Fair days 1 Julij, 1SD3. Total precipitation 0-11 Mean temperature 78-3 Cloudy days 4 Clear days 22 Fair days 5 August, 1S93. Total precipitation 0-89 Mean temperature 74 •$ Cloudy days 4 Fair days 8 Clear days 19 Scplcmher, 1SD3. Total precipitation Mean temperature Q)Qt Cloudy days 1 Clear days 29 24 October, 1SD3. Indies. Total precipitation '8 Mean temperature 52-8 Cloudy daya 2 Clear days 22 Fair days 7 2^vemler, 1S05. Total precipitation : Inches. Snowfall 5J- Eainfall 0-25 Clear d ays 23 Fair days 4 Cloudy days 3 Mean temperature 37 "2 ANALYSES OF BEETS GROWN ON DIFFERENT SOILS. Sugar Leets vrere grown by the various farmers in the neighborhood of Grand Valley, and the report of the analyses of samples from each of these is given in the following table : Results of experiments in the groivih of sugar heels in Grand Valley, Colorado. [About 50 acres were under cultivation, embracing >, and 41 read degrees F in>Di 1892. In that year the area planted to mother beets was 98.3 square rods, and the weight of seed obtained 595 pounds, giving a yield per acreof 9G8 pounds. In 1893 the area planted to mother beets was 113 square rods, and the weight of seed obtained 610 pounds, giving a yield per acre of 863 pounds. On account of the high quality of the seed it was sold to the Oxnard Beet Sugar Company at a price far in excess of that paid for the best imported seed. The sum received for the seed was at the rate of $172.60 per acre. In regard to the sale of the seed, reference is made exclusively to the seed of the lowest grade. The high-bred seeds of grades No. 1 and No. 2 were reserved for use in experimental work. COST OF PRODUCING BEET SEED. The general result of the two seasons' work in the production of seed is of the most satisfactory character. It has been shown that seed of the finest quality can be produced, and the germination of the home-grown seed has showed its high vitality. The fact that a practical beet-sugar manufacturer was willing to pay from 5 to 7 cents more for the lowest or third grade of seed than he would for the best imported seed shows in what esteem this seed was held for practical purposes. It is demonstrated that by proper care beet seed can be pro- duced in this country on one acre of ground planted thereto of a value of at least $150. The actual cost of the production of this seed can not be inferred from the cost of its production in the small way in which it was grown. The extreme care exercised in preventing the varieties from mixing, making it necessary to plant in small plats at great dis- tances, and the extra care and labor which such supervision required, would of course increase the cost greatly beyond that which would be incurred in the production of seed in a purely commercial way. The great point which has been demonstrated by these experiments is the fact that seed can be produced of the value of at least $150 per acre, that this seed is bright and clean and of high germinating power, and, as will be seen further on, will produce a better crop of beets for sugar- making purposes than the best imported varieties. It remains for future experimental work to develop to the fullest extent the soil, and the climatic and cidtural conditions affecting the acclimatization of the high-bred sugar beet of Europe to the conditions obtaining in this country. EXPERIMENTS IN BEET CULTURE. The preparation of the plats for planting was commenced in the autumn of 1892. Each plat was thoroughly plowed and subsoiled to the depth of 18 inches in October, and the surface of each plat placed 31 in proper tilth. The sprinj;: of 1893 found the ground in excellent con- dition, the surface having been thoroughly pulverized by the frost. The soil, however, in the spring was not thoroughly saturated with water, on account of the extremely dry autumn and the failure of the winter's snows to furnish sufficient moisture on melting to thoroughly saturate the undersoil. This did not apply particularly to the suface of the soil, which was moist enough, but to the water reserve below the subsoil and upon which the subsoil and the soil would be compelled to draw in case of another dry season. The preparation of the plats for planting was finished in April and the seed, both of foreigu and domestic production, thoroughly tested in regard to its vitality. The planting commenced on the 10th of April and continued at intervals for six weeks. Careful observations in regard to the germination of the seed showed that as a rule the home grown seed appeared above ground from one to two days in advance of the corresponding im^jorted varieties. In all cases, in order to secure proper tests, the home-grown and imported seeds were planted side by side, not only at the first but at all subse- quent plantings. On April 22 the temperature fell to 13^ C, and this winter tempera- ture put a decided check to the operations of the station and of neces- sity injured greatly the plantings which Lad been made previous thereto. By reason of this abnormally cold weather the close of April found vegetation in rather a discouraging condition. For the sake of economy only 5 acres were plantediubeetsin the spring of 1893, instead of 8 acres, which was the originally intended area for the proper rota- tion of the station crops. In spite of these discouraging circumstances however, all the plats presented an even appearance by tlie beginnino- of June. On the 7th of June a great dust storm swept over the dis- trict. The wind came up from the southwest at 4:30 p. m., and at 5 o'clock nearly every young beet plant had been cut off" close to the ground. Only one acre of the total area planted escaped total destruc- tion, and this was so badly damaged in places that the aftergrowth was very slow, and the final crop the poorest on the station. The most serious result of this storm, together with another one which came on the 9th of June, was the total destruction of the plants which had been started from the first or highest grade of home-grown seed. The comparative tests were therefore made with the second grade of seed instead of the highest. All the plats injured were replanted by the 15th of June. The rate of germination of the seed planted at this period was quite in contrast with that of the earlier plantings. The plants from the home-grown seed were visible above ground in seventy-two hours, wliile those of the imported seed were first visible after one hundred and twenty-four hours, being a conclusive proof of the superior vitality of the home- grown seed. 32 The cultivation of the plats was more satisfactory than that of any previous years, because the laborers employed were the same who had been employed in former seasons and their acquaintance with the methods of beet culture was, therefore, more thorough. The meteorological conditions for the growing season are summarized in the following table: Observations. Temperature ^reans for 1803 Means for 1S9l' Means for 1891 PainfalllSnS Eainfall 1892 Kainfalll891 :May. June. July. August. o o o 58-4 72-2 75 70-7 55-3 66-6 75 72-8 59-0 68-4 G9-9 70-2 Incheg. Jho. es. Inches. Incheg. 4-27 1-64 4-69 2-61 6-tj2 ■50 2 -50 S-36 1-38 11 59 6-71 2-22 September. 65 1 66-5 65 1 Incheg. 2 03 0-28 0-84 Fortunately the insect ravages which produced such disastrous elfects on the crop of 1892 were entirely absent during the season of 1893, The cultivation of the crop and its laying-by followed in due order, and on the Itli of September the first of the analytical work in the examination of the new crop was commenced. ANALYTICAL DATA. As a result of the first series of examinations in the beginning of September it was found that the home-grown seed had produced a greater weight of beets per acre while they had the full equivalent of sugar content. Compared with the crop of 1892 the data are as follows: The mean weight of all varieties of beets in 1892, in the beginning of September, was 279 grams, and the sugar content 10*0 per cent. At the same season in 1893 the mean weight of the beets was 389 grams and the meau sugar content 11-G per cent. It is thus seen that in both the weight of the beet and the content of sugar the crop of 1893 at this season was superior to that of 1892. On September 28, as determined by experiment, the mean weight of all home-grown varieties per acre was 13-5 tons, containing 15*8 per cent of sugar, or -4,206 pounds per acre. The mean weight of the imported varieties per acre was 13-3 tons, containing 15 per cent of sugar, or 3,990 pounds x)er acre. The data given above were obtained upon beets planted during April and May. It may be of interest to compare these data with tliose obtained from beets planted later. The beets on which the following observations were made were planted on the 12th of June, and on the ground where the previous early planting had been destroyed by the windstorms. This planting, as has already been mentioned, germi- nated in an unusually short time, and the subsequent growth was rapid and uninterrupted. As perfect cultivation as possible was given to 33 tlie crop, and the surface of the soil was kept in good tilth during the eutire growing season. On the first of September the jjlats presented a splendid appearance, although the beets were far from mature. After the first of September the extremely hot and dry weather began to affect the late-planted beets, and it was observed that they were ceasing to increase in weight. Small plats were subjected to irrigation in order to determine whether any difference would be observed between the irrigated and non-irrigated beets. At the time of the harvest of the beets, a month later, it was observed that the surface irrigation had not penetrated to a depth of more than G inches, and below that depth the soil was dry and hard. The late-planted plats were examined analytically only once, and as each variety did not contain more than a few hundred beets, most of which it was desirable to keep for seed, it was not thought wise to take a large number for examination, nor to repeat the analytical work. A time for analysis was therefore selected when it was supposed the beets had approximately reached their maximum of value in weight and sugar content. The results obtained for the different varieties were extremely flattering. The highest sugar content was found with the Elite Kleinwanzlebener, namely, 16-4: per cent, with a purity of 81-5, and all the other varieties approximated closely these figures, excei)t in one instance. The varieties were all grown from domestic seed pro- duced ni)on the station. The weight of the beets, however, was rather low, being only about two-thirds of the normal weight of a perfect sugar beet, slu^wing that the excessively dry weather of September had i)re- vented them from attaining full growth. The weight ]ier acre and the sugar per acre of each of the late-planted plats are given in the following table : Table showing yield per acre of sugar derived from different varieties of beets. Varieties. Elite Kleinwanzlebener Vilmorin's Improved Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener Lemaire Knaner , Desprez , Original Kleinwanzlebener Tr 1?93 Moans for 1892 Means lor 1891 Eainfan,]893 Rainfall, 1892 Kainfall, 1891 May. June. July. o o 58-4 72-2 75-0 55-3 66-6 75-0 59-0 68-4 69-9 Inches. Inches. Inches. 4-27 1-64 4-69 6-62 0-50 2-50 1-38 11-59 6 '71 August. 70-7 72-8 70-2 Inches. 2-61 3-36 2-22 September. 65-1 C6-5 65-1 Inches. 2 03 0-28 0-84 From these data it is seen that the temperature of this season, during the most vital period, was much above the temperatures recorded in the two previous years. And the rainfall for the five mouths tabulated was wholly inadequate as a supple- ment to the low-water reserve of the ground existing at the beginning of the year. The rainfall of 1891, badly distributed though it was, was the amount of precipitation most favorable to the beet crop in Nebraska. Hapj)ily, I have no statement to make concerning insect ravages during the clos- ing season. A few individuals of the worm which wrought the great damage reported last year were observed in the middle of July, but the number was quite insignificant; and no second generation was observed to appear. ANALYTICAL WORK OF THE SEASON. On September 4 the first samples of beets were analyzed. Excepting the late- planted jjlats, the crop was sampled and tested, and the weight and sugar content ascertained in correspondence with the mode of control practiced in 1892. Before giving a table of the results observed at the opening of the analytical season it must bo remarked that certain early plantings of home-grown varieties of seed were wholly destroyed by the dust storm of June 8, and a comparison with the product of the imported seed of those varieties can not be made. In the later plant- ing the comparison will be possible. 44 The following table represents the coTulitiou of the crop from the given varieties of home-grown ami imported seed in the first week of September: Varieties. Original Klein wan zlebener . Vilmorin Improved Elite Kleiuwauzlebener Seed. Knauer . Leraaire . Desprez Mette's Specialitat Vilmorin Improved (second jdant- ing). Mette's Eosa Elite . Mean of imported seed Mean of home-grown seed. I* I Ht I H I H I H I I I Date. Sept. ...do.. Sept. ...do .. ...do .. . . .do . . Sept. ...do .. ...do .. Sept. ...do .. ...do .. Num- Mean ber of weight beets, of beets. 50 1 50 I 50 50 50 I 50 I 50 50 50 50 50 50 Grams. 300 275 396 387 521 443 358 341 420 335 359 391 Brix. Per cent. 354 424 Sucrose. Per cent. 11 -0 12-5 12.0 10-9 10-6 10-9 11-9 10-8 11-8 12-4 13-8 10-2 Purity. Per cent. 73.3 77-6 77-9 72-6 71-6 71-2 71-5 08-3 73-3 73-0 75-0 09 -0 11-5 11-6 ''Imported. t Home-grown . The above table shows the condition of the crop at the beginning of September. It is seen that the home-grown seed represents a greater weight of beets per acre and a full eciuivalent in the sugar content. It will be of interest to compare the given condition of the crop of this year with that of 1892 at the same date : Weight of beets. Sucrose. Mean of all varieties, 1893. Mean of all varieties, 1892. Grams. 389 279 Per cent. 11.6 10.6 It is thus shown that the crop of this season was in a highly satisfactory condition, in comparison with the crop of 1892, in the first week of September. As has already been stated, extreme drought prevailed during the greater part of August and through the month of September, the efl'ects of the absence of rain being intensified by the high temperatures. It was most apparent that the beets had not only ceased to increase in weight, but that they had less weight than two weeks previously. Also, the behavior of certain of the varieties, with respect to their sugar content, was perplexing, and the indications for the results of the season far from promising. These peculiarities will be better seen from the table which represents the second analytical review of the condition of the crop : Varieties. Seed. Num- Date. ber of beets. Sept. 11 ...do 50 50 Sept. 12 50 ...do .... 50 Sept. 13 50 ...do.... 50 Sept. 14 50 ...do .... 50 ...do ... 50 Sept. 15 50 ...do.... 50 ...do.... 50 Mean weight of beets. Brix. Sucrose. Per cent. Per cent. 16-3 12-3 17-0 13-2 16-2 12 -C 15-7 11-2 15-2 11 1 16-5 12-2 17 11-8 17-5 11-9 17-4 12-6 17-0 12-1 18 '8 14-0 15-6 10 3 Purity. Original Klein wan zlebener Vilmorin Improved Elite Klein wanzlebeuer Knauer Lemaire Desprez Mette's Specialitat Vilmorin Improved (second plant- ing) Mette's Rosa Elite Grams. 280 299 505 393 506 446 372 395 391 335 362 350 Per cent. 75-4 77-6 77-7 71-4 72-5 73-8 69 68-0 72 71-2 74-4 66 45 From this table it is seeu that certain of the varieties gave a higher polariscope reading than in tlie previous week. Tlie gain, however, was not wholly actual. A decrease in weight had occurred, caused by evaporation, under the action of the hot dry weather, and the ratio of solids in the beet had risen in proportion to the with- drawal of water. It is observed, moreover, that, notwithstanding the decrease of weight of certain of the varieties, the per cent of sugar found in the juice was less than in the previous week. This is a phenomenon which had not been encountered in previous experi- mentation. Its discussion will be deferred to a later stage of the report, and in con- nection with specific experiments treating of the matter. The following table records the data obtained in the third iusi)ectiou of the varie- ties: Varieties. Original Klein wan 7,leboner Vilniorin Improved Elite KleiuwauzlebencT Knauer Lemaire Desprez . . Mette's Specialitat Vilmorin Improved (second plant ing Mette's Eoaa Elite Seed. Date. Sept. 21 ..do.... Sept. 22 ..do.... ...do.... ..do... Sept. 25 ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Num- 1 Mean ber of iwoightof I beets, i beets, j Brix. I Sucrose. ! Parity. 50 . 50 ' 50 i 50 i 50 I 50 ; 50 I 50 i 50 j 50 ' 50! 50 Gramg. i Per cent. ' Per cent. 299 ' 18-1 : 13-6 ;!17 ; 17-9 I 13-7 522 i lfi-4 1 12-9 407 I 15-7 1 11-1 517 ! 15-5 ^ 11-6 459 ' 16-6 • 12-6 3«2 i 17-6 11-6 333 i 18 1 ' 12 -6 397 ; 17-8 i 12-8 311 i 17-9 ! 12-5 Pen 353 329 18-5 16-5 13-2 10-2 i:ent. 75-2 76-0 78-6 71-2 74-8 75-8 65-8 69-6 71-9 69-8 71-3 61-8 This table shows that, comparatively, no increase in the sugar content of the beets had taken place during the interval of the week. A specific loss of sucrose is recorded in certain of the varieties and with a falling oft' in the bulk of the beets. The fourth weekly chemical analysis of most of the varieties will be given, which brings the report forward to the culminating period of those inimical conditions. Variety. Date. Num- ber ot beets. Mean weight of beets. Brix. Sucrose. Purity. Original Kleinwanzlebencr Vilniorin Improved Lemaire Do Desprez Mette's Specialitat Vilniorin Improved (second plant- , ing) Mette's Eosa Elite Oct. ...do .. Oct. ...do .. ...do .. ...do .. ...do.. ...do .. Gram. 302 300 387 372 397 333 352 369 Per cent. 15-7 16-3 16-2 16-7 16-7 17-2 16-9 15-1 Per cent. 11-6 12-7 11-6 12-2 12-5 12-2 12-1 9-8 Per cent. '74-0 77-9 71-6 73 74-8 70-9 71-6 65-0 Certain of the varieties were not examined in the fourth Aveek, owing to the small number of beets remaining, many having been destroyed in Juue by the dust storm, and the remaining few were held back for the final i-eview in the following week. The loss of sugar, indicated by the table and which had occurred during one week, is appalling. Neither is there any increase in the weight of the beet which in any way can account for the loss. There is a direct disappearance of a large bulk of sugar per acre, and the cause is found in the continuance of high temperature and absence of rain. Rain fell on September 29, but that was too late; the damage was already done. The same cause a^ted upon the beets, although in the ground, and the same 46 results followed as arc set forth in ray experiments of last year, treating of erapora- tion and loss of sugar under the action of high temperature after the beets were removed from the ground. In the example under discussion, however, the beets were still iu the ground, and not fully exposed to the greatest heat of the sun, and it was not to be expected that the sun's action would do more than merely dry out the beets to some degree. The drought had been of long duration, and the water reserve of the ground was extremely low to begin with; by September 15, the beets had shrunk in size to snch extent that the linger could be thrust down between the beet and the soil around it, whereas two weeks earlier the soil was adhering close to the sides of the beet and firmly pressing around it. Moreover the foliage had dried up so that nothing but a tuft of young leaves on the head of the beet was remaining, and thus the sun struck with an unbroken force upon the organism. Until the rain of September 29 fell the prosjiect was quite alarming. Instead of approaching the normal sugar content and purity of juice indicative of maturing, those characteristics were diminishing, and it actually appeared as though the organism of the beet was falling in pieces. The climatic conditions, of which I have spoken, and their action upon the beet appear to have occurred in Europe this year. Robert Hennig, in his weekly letter from Berlin to the Louisiana Planter, remarks, " A most extraordi- nary circumstance is observed during this hot weather, viz, that the sugar in the ji.iice does not increase." If the sucrose in the juice did not iucrease,the total sugar in the beets was falling away, because the weight of the beets was shrinking which should have made the sucrose in the juice rise. Mr. Hennig does not note this. So far the tables given and the observations made upon them have related to the plats which were planted in April and May. At this juncture it will be well to pro- duce data setting forth the behavior of the plats planted a month later and note the comparative action of the climatic conditions upon those beets. The late beets were planted June 12, and upon the ground where two previous plantings had been destroyed by the wind storms. The plat was planted with six varieties of No. 1 grade home-grown seed and three grades of imported seed, all the conditions being equal. It has already been remarked that this ]danting germinated in an unusually short time, and the aftergrowth was uninterrupted and rapid. The best cultivation was given to the plats, the ground being absolutely without a weed, and it was being constantly moved by hoeing and cultivating. On September 1 it was estimated that the plats would weigh 14 tons to the acre, and having been so extremely late planted they had yet almost two months for further growth. Up to the date spoken of, September 1, their growth was not abated, and the appearance of the foliage was vigorous and of a deep green color. After the date noted the progress stopped, and it was apparent that even those late-planted plats could not endure any more of the drought. Wlien it was observed that the heat and continued drought were beginning to affect the late-planted plats and that they were at least ceasing to make weight, an experi- ment, on a small scale, was made iu order to see what actual aid could be given by surface- watering, and wliat the difference would be between the watered and unwat- ered at the end of four or six weeks if the natural drought continued. To this pur- pose a breadth was selected across the whole plats and including all the varieties. From September 1 forward, each day, a little before sunset, all the beets upon the selected breadth were watered by means of sprinkling cans, about 60 buckets of water being supplied daily. When, a month later, the beets were dug up it was found that the water supplied had never gone into the ground deeper than 6 inches, and below that depth the soil was dry and hard. The action of the watering had been much less effectual than good seasonable rains would have been. These late-planted plats were only analyzed once, because each variety did not contain more than a few hundred beets, most of which it was desirable to keep for seed producticm in the following year. Consequently the time of analyzing was 47 when it was supposed the beets had ai)proxiniately reached their maximum of value in weiftht and sufjrai' content. The following table gives the results : Variety. i Seed. I Elite Klein wan zlel)enor j H Vilmorin Improved H Diljpe Kleiuwanzloboner ! H Leniaire... j H Knauer ! H Desprez i H Original Kleinwanzlebeuer I Lemaire I Date. Sept. 28 ...do... ...do . ...do . . ...do . . ...do . ...do . ...do . Num- ber of beets. Mean weight of beets. Grains. 317 297 294 290 old 298 265 300 Brix. Per cent. 20-1 20-5 20-7 20-2 20.0 20 22-0 19-3 Sucrose in juice. Per cent. 16-4 16-3 15-4 15-3 16-3 15-2 16 14 Purity. Per cent. 81-5 80-0 74-4 75-7 81-5 76-0 72-7 72-5 It is seen that the beets had not attained to more than two parts in three of a nor- mal size. The sugar content of every variety, however, was excellent, and the purity of the juices of several was fairly satisfactory. Although the drouglit had stopped the growth, the heat had not begun to exhibit its action in the depreciation of the sugar content. It will be of interest at tliis place to give the weights per acre of each of tlie late planted jjlats, which, with the sugar content, will furnish the actual weight of the sugar per acre : Variety. Elite Kleinwanzlebener , Vilmorin Improved Dippe Kleinwanzlebener Lemaire Knauer - Desprc* Original Kleinwanzlebener Lemaire Moans of varii'ties from home-grown seed. Means varieties from imported seed Seed. Date. Sept. 28 . . .do ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do .... Weight per square rod. Pounds. 172 150 161 178 190 178 143 190 "Weight per Sucrose, acre. Tons. 13-7 12-0 12-8 14-2 15-2 14-2 11-4 15-2 13-5 13-3 Per cent. 16-4 16-3 15-4 15-3 16-3 15-2 16-0 14-0 15-8 15-0 Sugar per acre. Pounds. 4,513 3,912 3,907 4, 348 4, 955 4,310 3,661 4. 620 4,266 3,990 The weight per acre of all the varieties was low. In the month of August and even to Sej)tember 1, it was estimated that the plats would attain a yield of approximately 18 tons. The result is almost 5 tons short of that estimate. That the estimate was not immoderate, and that it would have been realized with normal conditions of weather, is indicated by the results obtained where the watering was conducted. The following table gives the Aveight per acre of the watered beets, the sucrose in the juice, and the sugar per acre, in comparison with the weiglit of beets and sugar per acre of the unwatered plats : Comparison of beets grotvn on watered and unwatered plats. Variety. Elite Kleinwanzlebener. . . Vilmorin Improved Dippe Kleinwanzlebener. . Lemaire Knauer Desprez Original KJeiuwanzlebeiiei Means "Watered beets. Unwatered beets. Weight Sugar Weight Sugar per acre. per acre. per acre. per acre. Tons. Per cent. Pounds. Tons. Pounds. 16-3 15-6 5,241 13-7 4,513 14-0 15-6 4,284 12-0 3,912 15 -1 14-4 4,348 12-8 3,967 17-0 15 5,100 14-2 4,348 16-6 • 16-2 5,376 15-2 4,955 18 -.T 14-6 5,643 14-2 4,316 10-2 15-4 4, 989 11-4 3,661 16-2 15-3 4,954 13-4 4,238 48 The comparative colnmns of this table set forth very clearly the action of the dry weather iqion the yiehl of beets and sugar. The watered beets have produced at the rate of over 700 pounds of sugar per acre in excess of the mean production of the un watered plats. Consequently, it is quite reasonable to calculate that had rain fallen in moderate proportion during August and early September, the weight of beets would have been increased some 5 tons, and the sugar 1,000 pounds per acre. The same results of the drought were observed in a field of 50 acres grown by the Oxnard Beet Sugar Company in the immediate vicinity of the experiment station. The effects of the great heat and drought lead me to consider at this place a ques- tion of great significance to beet culture in Nebraska. Hitherto the planting of beets on the bottom lands of the Platte Valley has been considered impracticable. Those lauds lie very little above the normal flow of the river, the water level in places not exceeding 2 to 3 feet from the ground surface. In the spring, and particularly during the season when the work of early cultivation should be in progress, parts of tho.se lands are frequently under water, and any acts of cultivation are impossible. In very dry seasons, however, all cultural work can be accomplished upon the lowlands as effectually as on the upper lands. This year has furnished an example, which was conducted under the direction of the station. Gottfried Hugo, one of the labor- ers upon the station during certain parts of the year, received seed from me and planted several rows of beets upon a low-lying patch of ground within the precincts of the town of Schuyler. The spring was moderately dry, which allowed the ground to be worked, and the beets to be planted early in May. The germination was rapid and the beets grew without hindrance or setback up to the time of maturity. On September 23, those beets were analyzed, and at the same time a similar number of beets grown by the same man, and from the same seed, but upon dry, light soil, was analyzed. The following are the results : Moist ground. Pry ground . . Weight of beets. Orams. 523 381 Brix. Per cent. 16-3 16-1 Sucrose. I Purity. Per cent. i;i-5 11 Per cent. 82-8 68-3 The results are worthy of much consideration. The beets on the dry-sand soil were dried out, the leaves had parched and withered. The moist-land beets had still, at the time of analysis, a full foliage, and were not even yet mature. The latter undoubtedly constituted a yield of 24 tons and with not less than 6,400 pounds of sixgar per acre; while the production of the sand ground did not exceed 2,500 pounds of sugar to the acre. The results of the moist ground were obtained upon land which in the year 1891 was under water during the whole months of June and July. Good surface drainage and thorough cultivation, with a favorable season for the first crop, enabled a practical man to reach the results of which I have spoken. BEET PRODUCTION ON THE BOTTOM LANDS. The importance of the matter in consideration causes me to go outside the work directed by the station in order to consider an experiment upon a large scale of beet production on the bottom lands. The Standard Cattle Company, whose large euter- prise is located at Ames, Nebr., in the current season planted 500 acres of beets on certain parts of their ranch, comprising some 6,000 acres. The elevation above the river of difierent parts of the tract may slightly vary, but the whole is com- prised of so called bottom lauds. The resident director of the company, R. M. Allen, has carried out an extensive and excellent system of surface drainage by means of open dit jhes, the smaller cross ditches emptying into the larger ones, which carry the water off to the river. As a result of the drainage, aided by a favorable spring 49 time, 500 acres of land were gotten into a condition for planting. The plants grew well from the beginning, and when the drj^, hot season set in they still maintained the fresh appearance and growth. A satisfactory yield was obtained and the beets were delivered in good condition to the factory. In view of the success that has been cited the question of beet culture upon the bottom lands should be reconsidered. The normal rainfall of the region, in com- bination with the high temperatures and drying winds, makes it very desirable that the ground should possess one factor which may act as a gauge when those climatic conditions are specially adverse. The normal season in Nebraska is somewhat defi- cient in moisture for beet culture, and wet years, such as 1891, are rare. It is tlius probable that upon well selected, well drained, and properly cultivated ground, taking the seasons in the mean, the bottom lands may be uniformly the most reliable for beet production in that State. The indispensable condition is, however, that a system of removing readily the surface water, such as has been carried out by Mr. Allen, must be adopted. Without such drainage beet culture on those lands remains impracticable. I would suggest that an experiment also be made next season in growing seed upon the bottom lands. The unfavorable factor in seed production upon the upper bottoms and uplands has been the dryness of the soil at the time of maturing the seed. The moisture of the bottom lands will probably control that disadvantage, whilst the Nebraska sun will secure excellent maturity on any land. COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIONS OF HOME-GROWN AND IMPORTED VARIETIES OF BEET SEED. The taking of the weights per acre of all the varieties was conducted October 6, and by the method described in my previous reports. The final chemical examina- tion of the beets was made October 12, after an interval of some ten days from the previous analytical review. In the following table the last sugar reading of the crop is given, after which the weights ot the varieties will be compared, and the yield of beets per acre, with the sugar content, will make it possible to state the results of each variety, and the comparative productions of the home-grown and imported varieties of seed. Variety. Original Kleimvanzleliener Viliuorin Improved Elite Klein wanzlebener Enauer Lemaire Desprez Metto's Specialitat Tiliiuirin Improved (second idnnt in;;) Mettcs Rosa Elite Seed. Date. Oct. U ...do... ...do... ...do... Oct. 12 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Number ofbeets. "Weight of beets. Ch'ams. 300 312 467 391 489 452 387 382 391 321 355 306 Brix. Sucrose. Per cent. 16-6 17-4 17-8 17-5 17-1 17-9 17-0 17-0 17-9 17-7 17 '7 15-7 Per cent. 12-9 14-1 14-1 13-3 13-6 14-0 13-2 13 1 14-2 14 13-9 11-7 Purity. Per cent. 77 7 81-0 79-1 75-0 79-5 78-2 77-6 77-0 79-3 79 78-5 74-5 These maximum su 2,ar readings of the early planted plats are very low. ' The beets never recovered from the action of the drought and heat which has been already duly discussed. 15096— i^o. 39 i 50 The following table gives the weight per acre of the given varieties grown from home-grown and imiiorted seed: Variety. Seed. Date. Pounds per square rod. Yield per acre. Original Klein wan zlebener Yilniorin Im]iiovc(l Elite Kleinwanzlebener Do Knauer Do Lemaire Do Desprez Slette's Specialitat Vilmorin Improved (second planting) Matte's Kosa Elite Oct. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do-. ..do., 143 190 286-0 253-0 287-0 265-0 235 -0 201-0 247-0 184-0 207-0 230-0 Tons. 11-4 15-2 22-9 20-4 23-0 21-2 18-8 16-0 19-7 14-7 16-5 18-4 Tons. Mean of varieties from home-grown seed 21-1 Mean of varieties from imported seed 17-9 A further table, embracing the weight per acre and the sucrose in the juice, will furnish the yield of sugar per acre of each variety : Variety. Seed. "Weight per acre. Sucrose in juice. Sugar per acre. Original Kleinwanzlehener Vilmorin Improved Elite Kleinwanzlebener Do Knauer Do Lemai re Do Desprez Mette's Specialitat Vilmorin Improved (second planting) Mette's Rosa Elite Tons. 11-4 15-2 22-9 20-4 23-0 21-2 18-8 16-0 19-7 14-7 16-5 18-4 Per cent. 12-9 14-1 14-1 13-3 13-6 14-0 13-2 13-2 14-2 14-0 13-9 11.7 Pounds. 2,941 4.286 6,453 5,426 6,256 5,936 4,963 4,192 5,594 4,116 4,587 4,305 Mean yield of sugar per acre from home-grown seed, 5,814 pounds. Mean yield of sugar per acre from imported seed, 4,472 pounds. The mean of production of the imported seed is specially lowered by the results of the Original variety, which were reduced by the action of the dust storm in June. The mean results of the Elite, Knauer, and Lemaire varieties are the most strictly comparative and conclusive, and are as follows : Pounds per acre. From home-grown seed of those varieties 5, 891 From imported seed of those varieties 5,185 The production of sugar per acre from the home-grown seed on the early -planted plats was 706 pounds, or 12 per cent greater than that of the imported seed of the same varieties, under corresponding conditions of soil, climate, and culture. The mean of the results of the early and late planted plats is shown by the fol- lowing table : Time of planting. Weight Sucrose per acre, in juice. Purity of juice. Sugar per acre. May planting. June planting Means.. Tons. 19-5 13-4 Per cent. 13-7 15-4 78-0 76-8 Powids. 5,538 4,128 4,833 61 A further table gives the comparative results of the three seasons during which the station has existed : Season. "Weight per acre. Sucrose in juice. Purity of juice. Sugar per acre. 1891 T071S. 21-7 If) -8 16-4 Per cent. 14-6 15-1 14-5 85-2 79-6 77-4 Pounds. 6 236 1892 4 800 1893 4 833 18-0 14.7 80-7 5 290 If the results of the Schuyler Station for the three seasons be compared with the mean results of the sugar-beet station of the French Government at Cappelle, France, for 1891 and 1892, they appear as follows : Station. Weight of beets per acre. Sugar per acre. Cappelle (France) — Schuyler (Nebraska) Tons. 17-5 18 Pounds. 5,366 5,290 The table giving the results of the station during the three seasons shows that the mean results of this season are almost identical with those of 1892. Both seasons, however, are far behind the very excellent crop of 1891, when the tonnage, sugar per acre, and the purity of the juices were most satisfactory. The conditions which conduced to the very superior results of the crop of 1891 have been fully discussed under the heading of Special Experiments. SPECIAL EXPEKIMENTS. During the analytical seasons of 1891 and 1892 certain special experiments were conducted with the purpose of determining the loss of weight of the beet by evap- oration, and the cause of the loss of sugar which talces place in the organism, par- ticularly during that interval of time between the removal of the beets from the soil and the period of storage in the silos. By means of those experiments it was shown conclusively that high temperature, and particularly the action of strong sunlight, are the primary causes of the decomposition of the sucrose, and that a system of cold storage would effectually protect the organism against such a change in its constituents and the resulting loss of sugar. Those experiments afforded such conclusive data that it has not been considered necessary to continue the experi- mentation along that particular line this season. I, however, conducted a series of experiments in order to obtain light upon one other highly important question. It has been, and is still, maintained, and by very noteworthy authorities, that excessive moisture falling upon the beets, either before or after their removal from the soil, causes a decrease or loss in the content of sugar and a signal depreciation in the quality of the beet. The observations made in the exi)eriments of last year and which are found in the report showed conclu- sively that the fall in the sucrose content of the juice after rains was invariably accompanied by a corresponding, or even greater, increase in the weight of the beet. These observations caused me to doubt wholly the accepted conclusions concerning the action of moisture upon the sugar content. Moreover, there does not appear, physiologically, a probable expectation that such action would transpire. There is, on the other hand, reasou for supposing that a deficiency of moisture would retard the formation of sucrose; first, because a normal water content is essential to the elaboration and transport of the constituents in the organism; and further, an 52 excess of water is indispensable to the formation of tlie carbohydrates. Scientific- ally speaking, we have in these considerations the explanation of the decrease of sugar which took place this year in September, of which I have already exhaustively spoken. This year the specific object was to observe the action of water upon the organism of the beet. The season was peculiarly favorable to the purpose. The experiments were commenced at the period when, as jireviously related, the beets were depre- ciating under the influence of drought and beat. The experiments were conducted by taking up a given number of beets, dividing the number into two or more iden- tical parts, and analyzing one part immediately and placing the other part under tlie action of excessive moisture until analyzed after a definite lapse of time.. The work of dividing the original number of beets into identical halves was conducted according to the method used last year, and which was based upon the physiologi- cal constant that I had observed,viz : Any two or more lots of beets taken from the same plat and containing the same number of individuals and having the same w^eight will contain the same total solids and sucrose. Without some such con- stant, comparative tests would be strictly impracticable, as there would not be a standard of comjiarison. The constant, whose princiijle I have expressed, afforded the standard required. In the examples to be given the beets were taken fresh from the soil, washed and dried and divided into two parts, and each part w^eighed. One part was analyzed at once and the other part treated as will be explained. Experiment I. One hundred and fifty beets were dug up and, after washing, were divided into three "fifties." No. 1 ''fifty" were weighed and analyzed directly. No. 2 were weighed and afterwards laid out in the field under normal exposure. No. 3 were packed in a tub with sand and soaked with water, also a large block of ice being laid upon the packed beets, which kept down the temperature, the water overflow- ing as the ice melted. The weights of the respective parts were identical, each "fifty" weighing exactly 41 '5 pounds. No. 1. — Analysis of fresh, leets. Number of beets. Sucrose. Mean of— 10 beets. 10 beets. 10 beets. 10 beets. 10 beets. Means Per cent. 15-0 14-6 15-8 14 14-8 The mean purity was 74'2. No. 2. — Analysis of exposed leets. Mean of— 10 beets. 10 beets. 10 beets. 10 beets. 10 beets. Means 22-9 Per cent. Per cent. 23-4 18-9 23-6 17-9 22-5 16-9 22-6 16-7 22-5 16-0 17 l The mean purity was 73-7. 53 No. 3. — Analysis of noalced beets. Number of beets. Brix. Sucrose. Mean of— 10 beets Per cent. 18-4 18-6 18-3 18-1 18-5 Per cent. 14 -4 10 beets 14 1 beets 13 fi 10 beets 14-3 18-3 14-1 The mean purity was 77. The following table presents an analysis of the results of the three separate analy- ses: Eeeta. 1. "Weight. 2. Weight. Variation of weight. Brix. Sucrose. Content of sugar. Fresh beets... Exposed beets Soakeil beets . Pounds. 41-5 41-5 41-5 Pounds. Per cent. 34 '0 44 "0 Loss, 19 -05 Gain, 6-02 Pr.ct. 19-8 22-9 18-3 Per cent. 14-8 17-1 14-1 Pounds. 6-14 5-08 6-20 These data not only indicate the actual results, but also the ease with which the indication.s could be misunderstood. Although the exposed beets give a much higher polariscope reading, an actual loss of 6 per cent of the total sugar had occurred. On the other hand the polariscope readiug of the juices from the soaked beets was notably lower, yet those beets had more than maintained their sugar con- tent. It may also be remarked that the moistened beets which had taken up 6*2 per cent of their own weight of water gave a juice of much higher purity, being 3 per cent higher than the fresh beets. In the polariscope tube the juices of the moistened beets read with great ease, whilst the others were difficult to read. The results of the given experiments were not only satisfactory, but they were strik- ing, from the circumstance that a slight appreciation was observed in the sucrose content and a notable one in the purity. With such a result from placing the beets for seventy-two hours in soaked sand it was determined to experiment with a further number actually submerged in water. Experiment II. One hundred beets were dug up, washed, and divided into two identical parts. The first fifty were weighed and analyzed directly. The second fifty were weighed and placed in a tub of water whose temperature was kept at 40°-42° by addition of ice, the tub being placed in one of the silos. The submerged beets remained in the water for precisely seven days. When taken out they were dried and reweighed and immediately analyzed. The following are the results : No. 1. — Analysis of fresh heets. Number of beets. Brix. Sucrose. Mean of— 10 beets Per cent. 17-4 18-4 18-6 19 19-2 Per cent. 12 '0 10 beets .. . 12 -6 10 beets 13 "4 10 beets 13-4 10 beets 14-3 Means 18-5 13 '1 The mean purity equals 70-8. 54 No. 2. — Analysis of submerged teets. Number of beets. Brix. Sucrose. Mean of— Per cent. 16-4 16-7 16-4 16-6 16-5 Per cent. 12-7 13 1 12-8 13 1 13 16-5 12-9 The mean purity equals 78-2. Analytical comparison of the results. Beets. Fresh beets Submersfed beets 1. Weight. 2. weight. ^^^2?;^ Poxmds. 34-5 34-5 Pounds. 40 Gain, 15 -9 Brix. Pr. ct. 18-5 16-5 Sucrose. Per cent. 13-1 12-9 Content of sugar. Pounds. 4-51 5-16 This table states tliat tlie submerged beets took up water during seven days' submersion to the extent of 1.5*9 per cent of their weight, and that the actual sugar content was increased 14-2 per cent. In the first place, in consequence of the results obtained, I am obliged to recon- sider an observation stated in my report of 1891, in which it is doubted that the beet can increase its sugar content after removal from the soil. These experiments indicate that such an increase has certainly occurred in beets under the conditions in which those examples under consideration were placed. The appreciation in the purity of the juices is also not less notable than the increase in the sucrose. The increment of weight was expected, and particularly considering the wilted condi- tion in which the fx'esh beets were found. The results are extraordinary. They were, however, conducted with the most extreme care, every act of manipulation in the analysis being performed by me personally, whicli enables me to vouch for the greatest attainable accuracy. At the time that the above experiment was completed the beets were suffering to a final degree from the influence of the dry soil and hot sun. A third experiment was made of the same nature as the two already tabulated, but the latter was car- ried out in the field. In a given plat of beets a certain row was selected and a length of the row including exactly 100 beets was marked off. To those 100 beets 250 gallons of water were given, the loose soil raked up close to the beets to pre- vent the sun baking the moist surface, and the beets were left for 7 days. At the end of that time those beets were dug up, washed, weighed, and analyzed. At the same time 100 beets comprised within the same length of a paraDed row, this row teing separated from the watered row by five intervening rows, were taken up, washed, weighed, and analyzed, and the following are the results : Experiment III. TJnwatered beets. Brix. Sucrose. Mean of— 10 beets Per cent. 18.4 18-4 18 3 18-3 19-3 19-3 18-9 19-2 19-0 19 1 Per cent. 14 1 13-3 10 beets ; 13-3 10 beets 13-7 10 beet 8 14-0 10 beets 13-8 13-0 13-7 10 beets 13-3 12-8 Ma^tib 18-8 13-5 The mean purity was 71 "8. 55 Experiment III — Continued. "Watered beets. Brix. Sacrose. Mean of — 10 beets Per cent. 16-7 16 8 16-8 17-3 16-0 16 4 15-8 16-3 17-4 16-8 Per cent 12 6 10 beets 12 13 13 12 12 12 12 13 12 8 10 beets 1 10 beets 4 10 beets ^ 10 beets 8 10 beets ?, 10 beets 7 10 beets fi 10 beets 8 16-6 12-8 The mean purity was 77 "2. Comparison of the results. Beets. Weight. Variation of weight. Brix. Sucrose. Content of sugar. TJn watered beets Pounds. 78-5 88-5 Per cent. Per cent. 18-8 16-6 Per cent. 13-5 12-8 Pounds. 10-59 Gain 12 7 11-32 Tlie experiment furnishes results identical with those obtained in the two preced- ing experiments. It must be observed, however, that in the last experiment the data are not as strictly comparative. The parallel rows from which each 100 beets were taken were apparently similar, but there may have been a small dift'erence in the weight and sucrose content at the time that the beets were watered. No differ- ence, however, could have existed which would have amounted to even 10 per cent of the difference found at the time of analysis. It is most evident that the excessive quantity of water added to the 100 beets (250 gallons, which was 2| gallons to each beet) not only caused a great increment of weight, but also an immediate formation of sugar, and the appreciation in the purity of the juices is very striking. In each of the experiments it is shown that the presence of excessive moisture raised the purity coefficient most notably, and in the last two experiments 7 and 8 points, respect- ively. This observation is strictly in accord with the general observations relating to the crops of each season since the station has been in operation. In 1891 the whole cultural season was very wet (see table of the climatics for the three seasons), and at the time that the beets were harvested the ground was saturated with moisture, the rainfall for October of that year being four times greater than the normal. The crop of that season averaged 21-7 tons per acre; the average sucrose in the juice was 14-6 per cent, and the mean purity of all varieties was over 85. In 1892 the crop was notably lighter and the sucrose in the juice higher, owing to the dry season, but the mean purity was less than 80, the soil, mode of culture, and the seed being the same. In the series of special experiments conducted at the station results have been obtained which are more or less in direct opposition to certain accepted beliefs. Last year the experiments showed that not only no gain but an actual loss, and a very notable loss, of sugar occurs when beets are exposed to atmospheric influences after their removal from the soil; the special causes of that loss being strong sun- light and high temperature. Again, the results of experimentation during this year have indicated quite conclusively that, in an abnormal season, when the beets are depreciating in sugar content and quality, under the influence of high temperature and a dried-out soil, the depreciation can be checked and the conditions reversed by a timely application of water. Further, the observations of this year have shown 56 that beets can be placed in soaked sand or even submerged in water at a given tem- perature for a term of seven days, and not only is there no depreciation found, but, with the increment of weight, an increase in the sugar content of the beet and avery notable appreciation in the purity of the juices are observed. In placing the resialts of these experiments on record it is desirable and very appropriate that the views which stand in opposition to these results and the note- worthy authorities by whom those views have been held be kejit in recollection. A revision of the theories which have been held in relation to the questions under dis- cussion should only be considered when the data siipiiorting some other view are suf- ficiently conclusive and important to make such a revision imperative. before leaving this part of the report the importauce of 8hipi)ing the beets directly to the factory as soon as they are dug up should again be urged upon the beet- growers; I submit also, for the consideration of the factory owners, the results which have been obtained bearing upon the action of excessive moisture in relation to .the preservation of the beets. The practice of dumping hundreds and, at times, thousands of tons of beets in dry sheds, where they may lie from a week to ten days before being worked up by the factory, is known to cause fermentation, loss of sugar, and difiS- culties in manufacture which it is desirable to avoid. I am impressed with the belief that those large masses of beets would be, at any temperature, better preserved by submersion, and would also be in a better condition to be handled in the factory. And in the event of a freeze, which in November may be very severe but of short duration, submersion would be the most perfect n\ode of preservation. CONCLUSIONS. A review of the work of this season and of the results of the seasons of 1891 and 1892 indicates the following conclusions: Native seed has been produced of excellent quality and high germinating power. The yield per acre, owing to the extreme drouth which prevailed during the matur- ing season of this year, as likewise in 1892, was lower than would be obtained with an increased rainfall. An experiment in growing seed upon well-selected tracts on the bottom lands of the Platte Valley is recommended. The comparative experiments in which home-grown seed was i>lanted by the side of imported seed of the same varieties, and under the same conditions of soil and cultivation, have shown the greater vitality and productiveness of the native seed, the latter yielding 706 pounds, or 12 per cent, of sugar more to the acre than the seed imported from France and Germany. Attention has been directed to the highly satisfactory results which have been obtained in growing beets upon certain tracts of bottom land in the Platte Valley, where an excellent system of surface drainage has been adopted in preparing the land for beet ctilture. Special experiments conducted during the seasons of 1891, 1892, and 1893, were devoted to the study of influences causing loss of weight and sugar in the beet and to modes of preventing such loss. It has been found that high temperature and direct sunlight are the main causes of the decomposition of sugar in the organism, and that storing at low temj)erature prevents such decomposition. Moreover, the experiments of this season have indicated that excess of moisture is not an immediate cause of depreciation of quality in the beet, and that, under given conditions, sub- mersion of the beets in water for a limited length of time may be found an excellent mode of preservation. INDEX. A. Page. Alabama, analyses of sugar beets 10,11 Analyses of sugar beets 39 Analytical tlata 32, 33 work 43-45 B. Beet mothers, selection 26 sugar statistics 25, 26 Beets. {See Sugar beets.) Bottom lands, beet production on 48 C. California lands, comparison with Nebraska table-lands 34 Classification of beets 39 Climatic conditions, influence 43 of Nebraska 35 Colorado, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 results of experiments in Grand Valley 24 Conclusions resulting from experimental work 56 Cultural season of beet crop : 41 D. Dust storms, damage 42 E. Experiments at Schuyler, Nebr 26 in the loss of weight of beets by evaporation 51-54 H. Home-grown and imported varieties of beet seed, comparative production... 49-51 seeds, compared with foreign 44 I. Idaho, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 Imported and home-grown varieties of beet seed, comparative production . . . 49-51 seed compared with native 42 Indiana, analyses of sugar beets 10, 1 1 Iowa, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 Irrigated and non-irrigated plats, comparison of beets grown 47 regions, need of experiments 25 Irrigation experiments, Grand Junction, Colo ". 22 iu sugar-beet culture 22 57 58 K. Page. Kansas, analyses of sugar beets •. ,... 10, 11 L. Loss of weight in beets by evaporation 51-54 Louisiana, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 M. Maxwell, Dr. Walter, report 37 Meteorological conditions "43 summary 32 Michigan, analyses of sugar beets 10-13 Minnesota, analyses of sugar beets 12? 13 Mitchell Drug Company, experiments 22-24 Montana, analyses of sugar beets 12, 13 Mother beets, methods of analysis 28 planting 40 selection 26 N. Native seed, comparison with imported 42 Nebxaska, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 table-lands, comparison with California lands 34 unfavorable climatic conditions 35 North Carolina, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 North Dakota, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 P. Pennsylvania, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 S. Schuyler, Nebr. , experiments 26 station, report 37 Seed production 29 yield and quality 30 value 40 Siloing sugar beets, results 27 Silos, arrangement 27 Storage, effect on sugar content 39 Sugar-beet crop, cultural season 41 culture exi)eriments 30-32 relation of irrigation to 22 experiments, unsatisfactory results 8 industr^^, general considerations regarding 36, 37 mothers, methods of analysis 28 planting 40 production on bottom lands 48 seed, comparative production of home-grown and imported varie- ties 49, 51 cost of producing 30 distribution 7 high-grade, distribution 22 home-grown compared with foreign 44 production 29 yield and quality 30 value 40 59 Pase. Sugar beets, analyses 9-21, 39 at World's Fair 8 effects of storage on weight 38 experiments in loss of weight by evaporation 51-54 from Alabama, analyses 10, 1 1 Colorado, analyses 10, 11 Idaho, analyses 10, 11 Indiana, analyses 10, 11 Iowa, analyses , 10, 11 Kansas, analyses 10, 11 Louisiana, analyses 10, 11 Michigan, analyses 10-13 Minnesota, analyses - - 12, 13 Montana, analyses 12, 13 Nebraska, analyses 14, 15 North Carolina, analyses 14, 15 North Dakota, analyses 14, 15 Pennsylvania, analyses 14, 15 Virginia, analyses 14, 15 Washington, analyses ._ 14-21 Wyoming 20,21 grown from native and imported seed, comparison 42 on bottom lands 34 watered and unwatered plats, comparison 47 growth at different altitudes 34 increase in weight in silos 27 method of storing 38 siloing, results 27 yield of sugar in different varieties 33 elaboration, special experiments 35 statistics 25, 26 V. Virginia, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 W. Washington, analyses of sugar beets 14-21 Wyoming, analyses of sugar beets 20, 21 o PUBLICATION SUSPT]1TDED PROM 1894-1896 IITCLUSIVE, /A 3 Bulletin No. 52. U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 18D7. BY Chcmi.it of the United Staten Department of Jf/ricnllure. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT I'RINTING OFFICE. 18«)8. Bulletin No. 52. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRVT. WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1897. BY HAT?.VEY \Vf\VILEY, Chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. eri- meuts in each State under the direct auspices of the State authorities. It was only when such cooperation could not be secured or where preference was shown for direct communication with the Department of Agriculture, and in miscellaneous cases, that the experiments were conducted directly under the ansi)ices of the Department. Copies of Farmers' Bulletin No. 52, containing directions for planting- and culti- vating' the crop, were sent to every i)erson directly interested in the experiments, as well as to many others. The promiscuous method of investigation which has been practiced dnring this and preceding years is faulty and unsatisfactory. In former reports the objections to such investigations have been outlined. In Bnlletiu No. 27 of this division (on pages G, 7, and S) is found a number of statements relating to the general conduct of ex})erimental work, which are still pertinent. Inasmuch as this bulletin is out of print, it will be fonnd of interest to repeat these statements here: It mast be mulerstood that the object of this bulletin is not to give a complete treatise upon tlie culture of the sugar beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom, but eimplj^ to indicate, for the information of those interested, the general principles of this industry. One especial object which will be kept in view is to prevent those intending to eugag(? in this industry from going wrong in the beginning and scjuan- dering tlieir money and time in battling with problems which science has already met and overcome. It is further hop<'d that the careful study of the data presented will prevent any mistakes from being made which would end in financial disaster and which are so apt to attend the early history of every industry. There will probably be found for many years to come in the United States moi'e enthusiasm than knowledge connected with the sugar beet, and the result of this will be, unless great care is taken, that many ventures will be made which may result in linaueial disaster, disaster which could have been avoided by a thorough comprehension of the fundamental principles of the industry. In so far as the manufacture of sugar from the matured beet is coueerneil, we are able to start at the present time with the accumulated knowledge and experience of three-quarters of a century of investigation. So perfect have the processes of manu- facture become that nearly all of the sugar which is stored in the beet can be secured in merchantable form and by comparatively inexpensive methods. By the tei m inexpensive, however, it must be understood th it the actual processes of manu- facture are denoted and not the cost of the machinery. The various processes for the extraction of the sugar from the beet, the best methods of clarifying the juice and of evaporating it and for separating the sugar from the molasses, are thoroughly H. Doc. 396 2 18 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. well understood and are no longer legitimate subjects for public experiment. The great problem in this country is the agricultural oue. The selection of suitable soil, the finding of the proper climatic conditions, and instruction in the method of plant- ing, cultivating, and harvesting the beets, are all matters of vital importance. With- out a careful study of these subjects, and without the proper knowledges thereof, it is a hoi)elcss task to attempt to introduce successfully the beet-sugar industry into this country. One of the great dangers to be avoided is the formation of hasty conclusions in regard to the proper localities for the production of the sugar beet. Often without any study whatever of the clinuitic conditions or of the character of the soil, cHbrts are made to build large and expensive factories, which as often have to be abandoned on account of having been wrongly located. The studies which have been nuule heretofore in regard to climatic conditions have been of such a nature as to locate, in a general way, the areas in the United States suitaltle for the culture of the sugar beet. It has been found in general that the coast valleys of California, and prob^ibly large areas in Oregon and Washington, certain parts of the Dakotas and Nebraska, localities in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, jiarts of northern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and New" York present favorable conditions for sugar-beet culture; but in the regions thus broadly intimated there are certain restricted areas most suitable to the sugar beet, and it is only these restricted areas to which we must look for success. The fact that in one locality, for instance in Nebraska, good sugar beets can be produced would be no warrant whatever for assuming that all 2>arts of that State were equally suitable for this i)nrpose, and this remark may be applied to every one of the States mentioned above. Sugar beets haA'o also been raised in other sections in tlie United States, notably in New England, New Jersey, Delaware, and Kansas, and while there may be areas in the New England States where beets can be successfully grown, it must be admitted that the States last named stand in the second rank of beet-sugar produc- ing localities. In Kansas, during the last year, as will be shown in the body of this report, sugar beets were grown and a considerable quantity of sugar manufactured therefrom. This, however, does not show that Kansas will be able to comjiete with more favorable States in the production of l»eet sugar. In general, it may bo said that the summers in Kansas are too hot to expect the production of a siagarbeet uniform in its nature and containing a high percentage of sugar. If the sugar-beet industry is to succeed in this country, the success must come from shari> competition with the same industry in older countries, where its condi- tions are better understood and where the localities suited to it have been selected by long and often costly experience. It must also compete with the sugar-cane industry, both of this country and of tropical countries, and for this leasou we can only expect it to survive in those regions where soil and climatic conditions, prox- imity to fuel, cheapness of labor, and other favorable environments are found. It is to be hoped that the mistakes which have so long threatened the sorghum- sugar industry with destruction may be avoided with the sugar beet. Calm judg- ment and sober reason nmst not give way to enthusiasm and extravagant expecta- tions. All conditions of success must be carefully studied, all the difficulties in the way of success must be intimately investigated and surmounted, and ample capital, coui)led with Judicious perseverance, must be enlisted in its behalf. .- ###»** For the proper erection and completion of a beet-sugar factory not less than twelve months should be allowed, and even in this time it can only be i)ro2)erly accomplished under experienced technical control. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 19 In Bulletin N"o. oO (ou page 7) the following" observations are found: ( )u]y iu a lew instauces were the diiectious of the DejiartLuent Ibllowed out to the letter. In most cas^s the plautiug and cultivation of the beet seed were conducted according to such methods as the agriculturist might hit upon at the time. From the information gathered it was found tliat the chief variation from the instructions was in the preparation of the soil. In very few cases was a subsoil plow used and most of the beets which were sent to the Department were evidently grown in soil of insufficient depth. In some cases, where the exact directions for cultivation were carried out, the character of the beets received showed by contrast with the others the absolute necessity of cmjjloying the best methods of agriculture for their pro- duction. In Bulletin l^o. 3.'> (on page 0) the following statement is made: One of the most striking features in regard to this nuthod (tf conducting experi- mental work is found in the fact that it is almost impossible to secure compliance with directions. It is evident, at once, that the value of experimental work depends upon the care with which it is done and the accuracy with which the directions prescribed are followed. It is nijt to be wondered at that farmers, busy with their other occu- pations, failed to comply with the minute directions necessary to secure the greatest advantage in experimental work. Very few of the blanks were returned properly tilled out. In many cases the data which were returned were palpably erroneous. In one instance a yield of 99 tons per acre was reported, and in a great nutny cases the reported yield per acre was so great as to show inaccuracy on the part of the measurement of the land or the weighing of the l»eets. In making out returns for such reported phenomenal yiekls the theoretical <)uantity of sugar per acre given was always questioned. We are accustomed to look with suspicion upon any yield of sugar beets wliich exceeds 25 tons per acre. While it is not impossible to secure a higher yield than this, and of beets of good saccharine quality, yet it is so rare as to throw doubt upon miscellaneous data showing an excess of that yield. Another point, wliich makes the returns obtained less valuable, is fouiul in the fact of the length of time which necessarily elapsed between the harvesting of the beets and their reception at the laboratory. Nearly all tlio samples received were I'roni distant States, requiring for packages of this kind from three to eight days in the mails. Although the beets were in most cases well wrapped, ac( onliug to directions, our experiments have shown that they must have lost a considerable quantity of mois- ture by evaporation during their long transit. The data, therefore, showing the con- tent of sugar in the juice would be uniformly too high for normal beets. It is estimated that not less than 10 per cent should be subtracted from the number for sugar to express the uornuil i)ercentage of sugar in the beets as originally harvested. In Bidletiu No. 33 (on i)age 28) the ideas oittlined above are some- what expanded in the following words: Before proceeding to discuss thedata in the jireceding tables, attention should bo called to the fact that in previous reports of this kind some dissatisfaction has been expressed in somi; States ou account of the poor showing of the samples therefrom. In former rejjorts attention has been particularly called to thfe probability that the data obtained by this method of experimentation are not wholly reliable and in all cases do not truly represent the capabilities of any locality for beet-sugar i^roduction. It is true that a large number of data received from a given State will indicate, iu a general way, whether or not that State is capable of jjroducing a good sugar ))eet, but where the number of data is limited, it may be that the agricultural conditions under which the samples were produced were so poor, or the season so exce])tional, as to prevent a fair judgment of the capabilities of the soil and climate. Ou the 20 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. other hand, the culture whicli the samples received may have been so careful and the seasonal conditions so favorable as to produce a beet far above the average which could be produced in the whole State. Again, the loss of moisture during transportation, or the failure of the farmers to send their beets in as soon as harvested, may tend to reduce the amount of water present in the beet and to raise correspondingly the (juantity of sugar therein. Inas- much as the analyses are made on the expressed juice, this would tend to show always an increased amount of sugar over that present naturally in the beets. All these disturbing influences must be taken into consideration in judging the data which have been recorded. This has been said in general explanation so as to forestall any criticisms which may Ije made of the value of the data obtained. To illustrate more particularly what is meant, attention is called to the instance, say, of Colorado and Montana. From the State of Colorado one hundred and twenty- three samples were received for analysis, and from the State of Montana oulj^ one sample. Any comparison, therefore, between the average results of the two States would be simply absurd. While one hundred and twenty-three samples from Colo- rado, showing, as they do, fine possibilities of sugar-beet culture, indicate that the State of Colorado is capable of producing beets of high ([uality, the single sample from Montana, whether it proved exceptionally poor or exceptionally fine, could have been no criterion by which the capabilities of the State for beet sugar could be judged. In connection with the tentative results which have been obtained by this kind of work should be considered the characteristics of the soil and climate of each locality, and by putting the two together a fairly good idea can be formed of the possibilities of beet-sugar production. The reader should carefully bear the above explanation in minlanting and harvesting of the beet, so that the conditions of this area .are as favorable to tlie production of beets of the proper grade as those areas lying immediately contiguous to the mean isotherm of 70°. TRIPLE ISOTHERMAL LINES. Asa single isothermal line passing across tlie country affords a very narrow basis for study, it has been deemed advisable in the map hei^e- with presented to take as the nucleus of the isothermic sugar zone not merely the isotherm of 70°, but that belt of territory, varying in width, which is bounded by the isotherms of G9° upon the north and 71° upon the south. The isotherm of 70° is found between these two, usually occupying the center of the belt, or nearly so, but sometimes approach- ing more nearly the one or the other. If, now, we add to the outside of the belt of irregular width, thus outlined by the two isotherms men- tioned, on the south a strip of country of varying width and on the north an area bounded by the limit of dangerous frosts, this area will Map showing the probable Areas suited to Beet Culture. ..■■■%^ ^'"^-M , / n. fUEPARtD BV KR H W WILEV tl is A tl C( w w tl CJ is 01 h. L 01 SI n is t( 7< n tl r< b b tl P s] s< b t( n w n w tl ii o ti n BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 25 practically include the whole of the United States which, from theo- retical conditions of temperature, is best suited to the growth of sugar beets of a high saccharine content. BEET ZONE. The shaded portions of the map herewith presented indicate in a general way this area. No attempt has been made to extend this lat- eral shading west of the Missouri River. Tlie paucity of data for the western part of the country, in connection with the extreme vicissitudes of climate, renders of little value any extension of the thermal belt. ANNUAL RAINFALL. Connected with this study, the annual precipitation is of the utmost importance. There has therefore been marked upon the map, in the area covered by this belt, the mean i)recipitation, in inches, from 50 to 40, from 40 to 30, and so on down to the least recorded quantities of rainfall in the far western arid regions. The mean annual precipitation is, of course, of importance in deter- mining the relations of the different regions to the water supply and the need of irrigation. It is also important to know the mean precipi- tation for the months during which the chief growth of the crop and the harvest take place, namely, for April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. The mean pret-ipitation for each of these three months, as furnished by the Weather Bureau for the localities mentioned, is indicated in the following tables: Monthly averages of rainfall, Jpril-Octoter. stations. MASSACHUSETTS. Amherst Boston FallKivor Fitchburg Lowell New Bedford Springfield Taunton Worcester CONNECTICUT. Hartford New Haven New London Middletown Soutliington Wallingford NEW YORK. Albany Buttalo Cooperstown Gouverneur Ithaca New York City Nor tU Salem Lati- tude. 42 22 42 21 41 42 42 36 42 39 41 39 42 05 41 54 42 16 41 45 41 18 41 21 41 33 41 H5 41 27 42 40 42 53 42 42 44 25 42 27 40 43 41 20 Longi- Eleva- lude. tion. 72 32 71 04 71 09 71 50 71 17 70 56 72 35 71 05 71 49 72 40 72 56 72 05 72 39 72 51 72 49 73 45 78 53 74 57 75 35 76 30 73 58 73 34 Num- ber of years. 235 12 259 433 104 100 70 30 473 38 10 8 37 152 73 32 587 1,300 423 375 52 361 Apr. 3.1 3.8 3.9 2.9 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.1 2.2 3.4 3.4 May. 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.2 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.2 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.6 2.7 3.4 4.0 4.4 June. 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0 8.8 2.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.6 4.1 3.5 4.1 2.7 3.7 3.8 3.5 July. 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.1 4.5 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.5 4.0 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.2 3.2 4.3 2.8 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.0 3.2 4. 1 2.3 3.0 4.7 4.1 Sept. 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 2.8 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.4 3.6 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.1 3.9 3.8 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.6 4.1 Total. 26.9 25.8 26.7 25.3 25.9 24.4 27.8 23.7 27.1 25.4 27.0 27.0 27.5 24.1 28.4 25.7 22.7 25.4 19.1 21.7 26.9 26.6 26 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Monthlij avcrar/es of rainfall, April-Ociohcr — Contiuiu'd. Section.s. Lati- tude. Longi- tude. Eleva- tion. Kuni- jerof years. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Total. NEW YORK— cont'd. o / 43 29 43 20 43 08 43 OG 39 22 40 23 40 45 40 30 40 45 40 14 39 29 41 23 41 38 42 07 39 49 40 10 40 22 39 53 39 17 39 39 39 Ai 39 24 41 30 39 58 39 30 40 11 40 25 41 40 41 30 40 04 41 3G 41 09 39 40 40 11 41 05 39 40 40 28 40 45 39 37 39 51 39 48 40 48 39 ,57 40 12 41 47 41 52 41 10 40 50 41 27 40 18 41 16 42 15 39 29 41 40 41 22 40 42 39 59 40 54 42 15 41 32 41 31 ' 76 35 76 22 77 42 75 13 74 25 74 57 74 10 74 27 74 15 74 45 75 01 75 09 75 18 80 05 77 15 76 .53 79 59 75 10 76 37 78 45 77 20 77 24 81 42 83 00 81 26 83 35 80 41 83 34 84 07 82 46 85 00 85 30 85 03 85 10 85 07 80 10 80 54 80 22 85 23 84 53 85 18 85 49 89 45 90 57 88 08 87 38 89 49 90 22 9d 06 90 05 89 21 88 37 88 24 88 22 88 48 89 36 88 OS 88 40 89 05 90 38 88 32 335 '"'494' 473 13 ■ 75 13 48 141 33 97 i'ioo 686 624 320 745 32 68 639 498 415 582 812 611 1,030 663 579 767 850 1,052 863 844 1, 040 815 753 607 586 850 1, 063 698 800 674 648 589 505 786 845 475 "'sio' 737 670 688 452 77! 600 730 528 656 26 42 27 41 23 25 52 43 26 24 25 25 25 2.3 24 25 54 72 26 24 12 15 41 17 69 25 39 26 23 35 11 16 14 14 13 27 16 19 13 26 28 10 16 19 22 30 17 12 11 U 13 45 15 16 25 41 11 6 22 14 17 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.5 3.5 3.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.4 2.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.4 3.7 3..4 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.6 2.9 2.9 4.1 4.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 3.5 3.0 2.8 4.2 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.8 2.2 3.3 2.7 3.7 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.5 3.1 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.2 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.4 4.0 4.4 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.4 4.2 3.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.8 5.0 4.2 4.3 3.8 4.2 4.8 4.1 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.9 5.0 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.2 4.0 3.9 4.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 4.3 3.0 3.8 3.5 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.3 4.1 3.1 3.9 3.5 4.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.6 3.9 3.5 4.1- 4.0 4.0 3.4 4.1 3.8 3.7 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.5 3.9 4.4 4.6 5.7 4.1 3.8 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.8 4.0 3.6 3,7 4.2 3.2 4.8 3.9 4.3 3.1 3.3 3.0 4.7 3.5 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.5 4.3 5.0 4.6 2.8 3.4 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.2 ' -4.4 4.4 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.9 •2.7 3.2 2.4 2.8 4.9 4.2 3.7 2.9 2.2 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.4 4.8 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.7 2.9 4.0 3.0 3.7 3.9 3.1 3.0 4.0 2.7 2.2 3.6 3.7 4.5 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.9 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.4 4.3 4.0 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.9 3.3 3.9 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.5 2.9 2.7 3.9 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 2.9 3.0 4.2 3.0 2.5 2.8 3.7 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.1 1.5 3.2 3.3 4.5 2.8 3.2 2.4 3.5 3.2 4.3 .3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.1 2.8 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.5 3,9 2.8 3.8 17 3.6 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.5 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.8 3.9 2.6 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 2.5 3.3 4.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.8 2.C 3.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.3 1.7 2.4 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.5 .3.2 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.7 4.0 3.4 3.6 3.3 4.1 3.1 3.3 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.3 3.8 2.5 2.8 2.6 3.1 2.2 3.1 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.8 2 2 sio 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.5 1.7 1.5 3.2 l.C 2.5 20.1 Palermo [ Rochester Utica NEW JERSEY. Atlnntie City 21.0 20.4 25.7 23.6 28.7 Newarlv New Biunswick 27.8 28.3 27.9 Trenton 30.5 27.1 PENNSYLVANIA. Blooming Grove Dyberry 27.9 23.5 24.4 24.1 27.0 23.2 Pbiladelpbia 26.0 MARYLAND. 26.7 21.4 26.3 2.5.1 OHIO. Cleveland ('olumbus 2.3.0 22.5 25.8 Nortl) Lewisbiirg Steubenvillo 24.1 25. 8 19.6 22.0 Wester ville 22.6 INDIANA. 22.0 Columbia City Conners ville Farmland Flirt Wayne Iiidianapolis Lal'ayette LoKan.sport Mauzy Itic.bniond 23.7 22. 3 24.0 25.4 25. 5 24.8 24.1 22.7 26.1 23.8 Waba.sb ILLINOIS. 24. 2 26.8 Augu.sta 27.6 23.8 (Jbicago IClmira (lalesburg (Jcnesco Havana H'^niiepin 22.4 23.6 25.0 21.8 24.4 21.9 24.6 27.0 Oswego Ottawa I'eoria Fbilo 22.6 22.2 23.7 22.0 I'imtiar 15. 5 24.5 Kock Island Arsenal . Sandwich 22 3 27^6 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 27 Monihhj arcraf/cs of ralnfuU, Jpril-Ocloher — Coiitiuucd. Sections. ILLINOIS — rontitiried Springtielil Svfnmore Wiitscka M'iiuiebago , AVyanct WISCONSIN. Beloit L:i Oos.se M:uli.soii Miiiiitowoc Milwaukee , MICHIGAN. Detroit Grand Haven Gr.Tiid Kajiid.s Kalamazoo , Laii.sing Port H urou Lati- tude. 39 48 42 00 40 48 42 17 41 30 42 30 43 49 43 05 44 07 43 02 42 20 43 05 42 57 42 20 42 44 43 00 Longi- tude. 89 89 88 42 87 45 89 12 89 45 80 11 91 15 89 24 87 46 87 54 83 03 86 18 85 40 85 38 84 32 82 26 Eleva- tion. Num- ber of years. 614 800 640 861 750 741 057 857 593 591 580 593 604 770 836 584 Apr. 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.8 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.1 May. June. 5.0 4.4 4.3 5.0 5.6 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.6 4.5 July. 3.2 3.3 3.5 2.6 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.6 4.4 3.4 3.4 4.0 4.5 4.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.0 3.5 2.8 3.6 3.0 3.5 4.2 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.6 2.8 2.4 3.2 3.1 2.4 Aug. Sept. Oct. 2.4 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.4 2.9 2.6 3.2 3.0 2.3 4.7 4.8 2.4 3.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 4.2 2.3 3.1 P 9 3 1 5 n 2.6 •> R 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.2 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 Total. 24.2 25. 5 23. 9 2i. 9 29.0 23.1 , 2:i.9 23.4 20.9 21.1 21.3 22.1 21.3 23.3 21.0 19.4 STUDY OF PARTICULAR LOCALITIES. North Carolina and West Virginia. The elevated areas of tlie mountain regions of North Carolina and West Virginia afford conditions of temperature and precipitation which are favorable to the growth of sugar beets. The rough and moun- tainous character of this portion of the country, however, presents mechanical difficulties in cultivation of sufficient magnitude to warrant the statement that the beet industry on a large scale is not likely to be established within it. A portion of the region specified has a mean annual rainfall of more than 50 inches, while the most of it is supplied with a rainfall of 40 inches. It is not probable, on account of the con- sideration mentioned above, that the beet-sugar indnstiy, on a scale of any magnitude, will ever be established in the regions specified. Eastern Shore of Maryland. The isotherm of 71° enters Maryland at a point about the center of the Atlantic coast of the eastern shore, and runs north by nortli- cast almost to Ponghkeepsie, iST. Y. It is evident, therefore, that the temperature conditions of this region are similar to those on or south of the isotherm of 71"^ in other parts of the country, although here in this area the region lies to the west of this isotherm. Judged l)y this factor, and also by the mean annual rainfall, which is 40 inches for this locality, the cultivation of the sugar beet might be success- fully inaugurated along the Atlantic const of the eastern shore; in fact, practically over the whole of the southern portion of the eastern shore of Maryland. The character of the soil in this locality is mostly sandy, and its natural fertility has been considerably diminished by long years 28 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. of cultivation. There is no reason to doubt, however, the fact that with proper fertilization and cultivation the requisite degree of fertility for the production of sugar beets could be secured. The general tend- ency in this region is in the direction of a too high temperature and too few hours of sunshine. The above observations ajiply also to Accoiuac County, Va. Delaware. The observations which have been made in regard to the eastern shore of Maryland also apply to the eastern region of Delaware. On account of the ravages of the "yellows" among the peach orchards of southern Delaware, it might be worth while for the agricultural experi- ment station to make a careful survey of the southeastern portion of the State with reference to the possibility of producing sugar beets of the rerpiisite degree of saccharine strength. The surface of the soil is generally level; a good deal of it is of a sandy nature, and so far as its physical properties are concerned, it may be regarded as favorable to beet growth. New Jersey. The mean isotherm of 71° degrees passes northward almost parallel to the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, and at varying distances there- from. The part of New Jersey lying between this isotherm and the seacoast is mostly com])osed of sandy soils, reasonably level. There are no mechanical difticulties of any magnitude connected with the culture of the beet, and the problem of fertilization of the soil is one which is easily solved. The same observations in regard to possibilities of beet culture may be made of this region of New Jersey as have been made in respect of Maryland and Delaware. This general obser- vation relating to the whole may be added : We have in this area a mean summer temperature of 71°. In no jilace does it reach the isotherm of 70°. The whole region may there- fore be regarded as representing that of a maximum temperature com- patible with beet culture. It may be further said that the culture of the beet should only be i)ushed south and beyond the isotherm of 71°, where peculiar natural advantages, independent of thermal fjictors, are aflbrded. These natural advantages consist of exceptionally fertile soil, favorable contour of the surface, cheapness of fuel, facilities for transportation, etc. A large portion of the region which has been mentioned is devoted to truck fanning for the markets of large cities, and it is doubtful if this remunerative form of agric^ulture could be replaced successfully with sugar-beet culture in competition with more northern localities, where richer beets can be produced. Nevertheless, the possible production of fairly good beets in tlie region indicated must be admitted from the point of view of temperature and precipi- tation alone. BEET-SUGAE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 29 Connecticut. It will be observed that, both in respect of precipitation and tem- I)eratnre, the whole of Conue(;ticut may be regarded as lying in the beet belt. From theoretical considerations, therefore, it could be pre- dicted that beets grown in Connecticut would show a satisfactory content of sugar and possess a high iiurit3\ So favorable are the theo- retical conditions in that locality that it would be advisable for the agricultural experiment stations of the State to make a systematic agricultural survey of the ])ossibilities of growing beets. The valley of the Connecticut Kiver aflbrds a fertile field of exi)eriment where the mechanical conditions of culture and the natural conditions of the soil are factors which favor success. There are large areas of the State, however, so broken in contour as to render the possibilities of beet cul ture unpromising, but wherever large bodies of fairly level land with good fertility can be found it is fair to presume that the culture of the sugar beet would be attended with success. Conditions which obtain in Connecticut are also found in the State of Khode Island, althongh a portion of that State lies north of the isotherm of 05)°. As will be seen farther along, however, in discussing the conditions of growth in New York, there are many localities in the United States north of the isotherm of 09'^ where beets flourish; in fact, it may be said that the possibilities of growing beets north of the isotherm of 00°, where rea- sonably mild autumns can be expected, are much better than south of the isotherm of 71°. Massachusetts. The valley of the Connecticut, in the State of Massachusetts, 1oubt- less attbrds as tine facilities for beet culture as in the State of Con- necticut. The greater part of the State lies north of the isotherm of 69°. As in the case of Connecticut, there are doubtless many regions in this State north of the isotherm of 09° where, owing to the mild autumns, the sugar beet may be expected to grow satisfactorily for sugar-making purposes. A large part of the State is unfitted, by rea- son of its contour and the nature of the soil, for the culture of beets, but at least the Connecticut Valley and similar stretches of soil might be used to good advantage for this purpose. New Hampshire and Vekmont. These States, lying north of the isotherm of 09°, will have to contend in the growth of beets with the shorter growing season and less heac for the three months of Juue, July, and August for forcing the beets to maturity. Nevertheless, it is doubtless true that for a distance of 100 miles, or even more, north of the isotherm of 09° beet culture could be practiced with success on account of the longer summer days. Samples of beets received from Vermont and analyzed in this laboratory show 30 BEET-SUGAU INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. fiivorable contents of sugar, and high purities. Those grown also at tlie ex[)eriinent station of Vermont, as will be seen farther on, aflord encouraging data. The thing to be feared in these localities is not inability to grow a beet rich in sugar, but the ])ossibility of being able to liarvest and secure it pro]>erly before the advent of winter. These areas do not enjoy the iuiniunity frosu sudden changes of temperature, due to the lake breezes, which is characteristic of the great plain of the State of New York between Albany and Buffalo. Nkw Vokk. In this State we have a reuiarkable variety of thei- lal conditions. The mean isotherms of (id' and TO"^ i^ass in a southwesterly direction from Albany into the State of Pennsylvania, following, in general, the trend of the ranges of the Allegheny Mountains. The influence of these high altitudes is seen in forcing these isotherms to the south. The southeastern i^ortion of the State of New York lies, therefore, withiu the belt of isotherms peculiarly favorable to beet culture, with the exception of the valley of the Hudson from a point a few miles above Poughkeepsie to the mouth of the river. This valley, including the city of New York, has a higher temperature than that deemed most suitable to beet culture. As this valley is, however, uuhtted by reason of its contour to the culture of beets, the above fact is of little importance. Passing to the west of Albany, the mean summer temperatures for the three months of June, July, and August are con- siderably below the standards which have been mentioned until the region immediately east of Kochester is reached, where again we find a mean isotherm of 70°, and about Palmyra of almost 71°. South- west of this the mean temi)eratures of the summer are again below 09°. Nevertheless, a fairly satisfactory agricultural survey of this region has shown that it is capable of i^roduciug beets of high quality; and the effects of the lake breezes upon the climate have doubtless much to do with this condition. For instance, in regions in this area where the mean summer temperature is below 69° the autumns are far more mild than in the similar regions in Minnesota, so that the months of October and November can both be relied upon with great certainty for securing the harvest of the beets. As has been before mentioned, we have in this region a nearer approach to the conditions of beet growing in northern Europe than in any other place in the United States. This whole region, therelbre, must be considered and included in the area of our country where the theoretical conditions, and where the actual conditions, of temperature and precipitation favor the pro- duction of a beet of high saccharine content. If we should leave out of the calculation the southern deflection of the isotherms of 09° and 70°, due to the Appalachian system, and connect directly the area, in the neighborhood of Rochester, where these temperatures obtain, with Albany, neglecting the intermediate temperatures, we should have the isotherms occupying practically the same position in this new map that BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 31 they were made to occui^y iu the former iiuips furnished by the Signal Oflice for this Dei)artmeut. In the absence of definite information on the subject, it is fair to presume that the former maps wore made in this way, and this accounts for the discrepancy in the position of the isotherm of TC^ found in these maps and in the one now presented. Abundant experimental data go to show that the total area of the State of ISTew York south of Saratoga is well suited to the growth of beets, wherever the physical conditions of contour are favorable and the soil suitable. The map of the beet area has therefore been extended so as to include this region in the beet belt. Pennsylvania. A large portion of the State of Pennsylvania, from the thermal point of view aloue, is well suited to the growth of beets. The position occu- pied by the belt of territory included between the isotherms of 69° and 71°, however, iu the State of Pennsylvania indicates an area which, for physical reasons, is mostly unsuited to beet culture, as it covers prin- cipally the mountainous region of that State. The northwestern part of the State, especially the i)ortion bordering on Lake Erie, has the same favorable conditions for beet culture as are found in the great valley of the State of New York ; and the principal development of the industiy iu that State, for the physical reasons mentioned above, must be looked for in that section. South of the isotherm of 71° there may be favorable regions in the southern and eastern portions of the State, but the altitude has pushed the isotherms too far south to look for the best results in the southwestern part of the State, on account of the shorter days due to the more southern latitude. Where conditions of contour and fertility of soil are fav^orable, the whole i)ortiou of Pennsylvania north and west of the isotherm of 71° may be regarded as favorable to beet culture. The precipitation immediately west of the Allegheny Mountains is not so great as on the east, but there is an area in the extreme northwestern part of the State where the mean average pre- cipitation is nearly the same as that east of the mountains, uamelj', between 40 and 50 inches. Ohio. The northeastern and northern parts of Ohio are well situated for beet culture. In general, the contour of the land is iavorable, being reasonably level, and the soil is fairly fertile. The conditions in these localities are fairly comi)arable with those in the State of Kew York, except that the mean temperature is higher, the mean isotherm of 70° running in a northwesterly direction across the northern part of Ohio and entering the lake near Sandusky. It is probable also that to a considerable distance south of the isotherm of 71°, good beets can be grown, but where so large an area is found with more favoring climatic conditions, it is not well to push the industry too far south until more favorable localities are fully exploited. 32 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Michigan. A large part of the southern peniusiila of Michigan is directly iii the heart of the beet belt. The contour of the soil is also favorable, being reasonably level, with an average fertility, and tlie data which have been secured in actual experiments in those regions are of the most encouraging kind. There seems to be no doubt of the fact that this locality is among the best in the United Slates ibr beet culture, and the modifying influence of the lake on the autumnal climate must not be lost sight of. Indiana. The northern counties of Indiana, especially the northwestern, are situated in the beet area, and it is probable that tbe culture of the beet may be extended southward, as in the case of Ohio, as far as Fort Wayne and Lafayette, although it is not advisable for intending investors to locate in the more southern areas until the more north- ern have been fully exploited. The agricultural survey of the northern part of the State, undertaken by the experiment station at Lafayette, in conjunction with the work of this Department, will indicate liually with more accuracy than a mere theoretical map the most favorable conditions of culture. Great interest has been manifested in Indiana in the extreme southwestern portion, near Evansville, in the culture of the beet, and, as will be seen in tlie following data, many samples have been secured from that portion of the State. In many respects this region is most favorable to beet culture, particularly on account of the facilities for transportation, cheapness of fuel, and the fertility of the soil. The mean summer temperature, however, is so high as to cause grave doubts concerning the future success of beet growth in that locality. The soil in northern Indiana is much like that of Michigan — sandy, reasonably level, and fairly fertile — and there is reason to believe that an industry profitable both to the farmer and manufacturer may grow u]) in that part of the country. Ij.linoi.s. The northern part of Illinois is in the beet-sugar belt, and the con- ditions in respect of contour of the surface and fertility of the soil, facilities and cheapness of transportation, etc., are excellent for the sugar-beet industry. The character of the soil in northern IlUnois, however, is quite different from that of northern Indiana and the southern peninsula of Michigan. It is mostly a. prairie soil, dark and underlaid with clay, so that the physical conditions of culture are probably not so favorable as in the other sections just named. Wisconsin. Southern Wisconsin occupies a most favorable position for beet culture, and the data which have been obtained from that State by the agricultural exi^eriment station at Madison, in conjunction with the BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IIN THE UNITED STATES. 33 woi'lc of this Departmeut, are favorable, aud show great possibilities of success for the iudiistry in that regiou. We begiu to notice here the efl'ects of the southwestern breezes in forcing northward the isotherms of 70^ and OO*^, aud these hot breezes cut otf from the culture of the beet large areas whei^e soil and other conditions are extremely favor- able. The same remark should be applied to the belt of country imme- diately south of the isotherm of 71° that has heretofore been made, namely, that there are doubtless numy sections where the successful culture of the beet nuiy be secured. This is dependent upon local conditions which must be determined by careful agricultural surveys in the future. Minnesota. The deflection in a northwesterly dire. C, Au{/iist 15, 1897. DiEErTIONS FOR TAKING SAMPLES OF SUGAR BEETS FOR ANALYSIS. Prepared by H. W. Wiley, Cliief of Division of Chemistry. When the beets appear to bo mature (September 15 to November 15, according to latitude and time of planting) and before any second growth can take place, select an average row or rows, and gather every plant along a distance which should vary as lollows, according to the width between rows : From rows 16 inches apart, length 75 [ From rows 22 inches apart, length .54i feet. j feet. From rows 13 inches apart, length 66 i From rows 24 inches npart, length 50 feet. From rows 20 inches apart, length 59 feet. feet. From rows 28 inches apart, length 42-i^o" feet. The beets growing in the row, of the length above mentioned, are counted. The tops are removed, leaving about an inch of the stems, the l)eets carefully washed fre(> of all dirt and wiped with a towel. Where the row is not long enough to meet the conditions, take enough from the adjacent row or rows to make up the required leugth. Rows of average excellence miist be selected; avoid the best or poorest. Throw the beets promiscuously in a pile and divide tbe pile into two jiarts. This subdivision, of one-half each time, is continued until there are about ten beets in a pile. From these ten select two of medium size. Be careful not to select the largest or smallest. 38 BEET-STTGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Fn.nwall of the rest of tho iK-ots, save those two, the neol.s are rem^^^^^^ Jifeat the point inclicat..d by the, .lotted line m the hguve (hg. 1). Ihe hctts. including the two saved as a san^ple, are then weighed. ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ harvested multiplied hy 435.1) will give the total number per acre. The total wciglit of beets harvested nuilti- plied by 435.6 will give the yield per acre. ^^'rap the two sam- pl.' lieets carefully in soft paper, and write yoiir uanie legibly thereon. The beets must be perfectly dry. Fill out the blank de- scribing the beets, in- close it in the envelope, and sew it up in the bag with the beets. Attach the inclo.sed shipping tag to the bag and send the pack- age by mail. No beets will be ana- lyzed which are not saniplefl as described above and iiroperly identilied. Miscellaneous anal- yses of sanqdes with- out accurate descrip- tion are of no value. Blanks are sent to each one for two sets of samples. From two to four weeks should elapse between the times of sending the two sets of samples. y^n 1 —Illustration for removal of top of l.e.ct. ^f ..additional analy- .es be desired, other blanks will be sent on applicath>n l>nt uot more than t.ur •nvUvses can be made for any one person, excep in special cases. A model, showing how blanks should be filled out, is inclosed. [Model B.] IT. S. DEPARTMENT OV AGRICULTTITIE. MODK.. FOR DKSCRiniNG SAMPLK OF SUOAR BEETS. rropared by H. AT. W.lkv, Clnof of Division of C^bemi.stry. Variety : Kleinwanx.leltener. Date planted : May 3, 1897. Date thinned: .Tunc 3, 1897.^ Date liarvested : November 5, 1807 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 39 Character of soil : Black pi'airie loam; iu cultivation for 20 years, cliiefly in corn; level, tile-drained ; last crop, oats ; no fertilizer was used ; bai'uyard manure applied in 1895. Character of cultivation (dates, implements, etc.): Plowed November, 1896, 8 inches deej), snbsoiled (5 inches; harrowed with disk harrow May 1, 1897; rolled; seed planted with hand drill one-half inch deep ; plants up May l(i ; stand excellent ; hoed hy hand May 22; jilowed with horse hoe May 28 and June 8, 16, 21, July 3, 10, and 17. Length of row harvested (feet) : 66. Width between rows (inches) : 18. Number of beets harvested : 88. Total weight of beets, less necks and tojis (pounds) : 88. AVeathcr for each month: May, dry; .Tune, copious rains; .July, line growing weather; August, hot and dry; September, dry until tlie 21th, when a heavy rain fell. State: Iowa. Post-office : Hanover, Buena Vista County. Date : November 17, 1897. Name: Robert Simpson. Note. — lieets will not he analyzed unless accompanied -with description as above. It is evident tliat in promiscuons exi>eriuientation of this kind, even when directions are closely followed, and when all the operations are conducted in accordance with the directions in Farmers' Bulletin No. ol2, and the procedure described in the blanks for taking samples faith- fully followed, the data are still of an unsatisfactory nature. For instance, wben a plot of beets has been harvested and quartered until the two beets reipiired for a sample have been selected in accordance with directions, we still have an uncertainty prevailing as to whether the two beets correctly represent the whole lot. In fact, it is well known that the variations in the character of beets grown side by side are very great, far more so than is the ca'se with sugar canes. As an illustration of this, the following analyses, giving the weight and sugar content of every beet grown in a row at the experiment station of Kentucky, is sufficient evidence: Analyses of all the beets in a roir, Ken tnelci/ statiou. Serial No. Weight alter topping. Sucrose in beets. Serial No. Weight after topping. Sucrose in beets. Serial No. Weight after topping. Sucrose in beets. Owicc.i. J'er cent. Ounces. Per cent. Ounce's. Per cent. 1985 27 7.7 2009 8 8.2 2033 10 8.1 1980 25 9.9 2010 4 9.3 2034 10 7.2 1987 24 10.4 2011 1 9.9 2035 12J 9.1 1988 24 10.0 2012 1 10.5 2036 11 9.0 1989 20 8.6 2013 2 9.6 2037 11 9.8 1990 20 7.9 2014 U 10.9 2038 9 8.8 1991 28 6.7 2015 3i 9.9 2039 9 7.4 1992 31 9.0 2010 34" 8.2 2040 8 9.7 1993 18 10.4 2017 27 7.0 - 2041 11 8.9 1994 24 9.0 2018 20 9.3 2042 8 9.3 1995 53 4.8 2019 S 11.9 2043 9 0.9 1996 19 8.2 2020 16 6.2 2044 8 10.4 1997 33 2.0 2021 22 8.0 2045 7 9.4 1098 16 9.9 2022 15 6.8 2046 5 8.2 1999 2 10.7 2023 20 9.8 2047 4 8.4 2000 2 8.8 2024 20 9.0 2048 5 8.6 2001 2 9.0 2025 10 9.4 2049 4 8.7 2002 13 8.9 2026 18 9.7 20.50 4 10.5 2003 8 9.6 2027 18 6 2051 4 9.3 2004 12 11.0 2028 15 8.0 2052 3 10.7 2005 6 10.5 2029 11 9.3 2053 2 12.2 2006 3 11.1 2030 17 4.9 2054 n 10.0 2007 5 10.6 2031 12 6.8 2055 1 9.9 2008 It 10.2 2032 12 6.9 2056 n 11.2 40 REET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Tlie great variations wbicli exist, both in size and quality of beets, are most strikingly sliown by the above figures. The variation in size extends from 1 to 53 ounces, and in sugar content from 2.G to 12.2 per cent. When, however, it is considered that all overgrown and under- grown beets are rejected in talcing the samples, and only those of medium size and i)erfect form selected, it is evident that the chances of the sample representing fairly tlie average of the whole lot are very nuich improved. Even granting this, however, it is unsatisfactory to depend ui)on the analysis of two or three sami^les alone for determin- ing the character of the whole plot. It is evident, however, that on account of the nature of the method of investigation and the undesira- bility of burdening the mails with too many samples, it is impracticable to do better than has been done in this matter. The analyses of all of the samples which were sent to the Department of Agriculture from each of the States and Territories are given in the tables which are found farther along. For convenience of reference, the analyses are tabulated by counties in each case. The second method of collecting data was through the cooperation of the agricultural experiment stations. To facilitate this, the Secre- tary of Agriculture appointed the directors of these stations special correspondents of the Department for distributing the seed and collect- ing the beets for analysis. The analyses were made by the chemists of the several stations, and they are given below, grouped under the various States. Where the cooperation of the agricultural exi^eriment stations was secured, the reports are giv^en by the director or officer in charge. Inasmuch as the details of these analyses are published by the various stations, including the names and residences of the persons who grew tlie beets, in the present report only the averages of the analyses l)y counties or sections, together with such observations as have seemed desirable, are given. The reports of the directors and other officers in charge contain much interesting material, and in some cases are given without abbreviation. DATA OBTAINED IN THE LAEORATORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUI/IURE. Tlie analytical data obtained during tlie season of 1S07 in the Depart- ment of Agriculture have been classified as follows: The data obtained from each State or Territory collected by counties or sections and the general average for each county are as follows: The analytical tables showing the data of the Department samples contain the names of the States and counties arranged alphabetically. The name of each county is followed by. a symbol in the shape of a S(juare ti) designate the position of the county in the State. The plain square shows that the county is situated in the central ])ortion, while a straight line attached to the center of the top of the square shows the county is in the northern part of the State; attached in a diagonal BEET-SUGAE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES 41 direction to tlie upper rig'lit-liaiid corner, that it is in tlie northeastern portion of the State; attached to the center of the right side, shows it is in the eastern portion of the State; attached to the lower right-liand corner, that it is in the sontheastern portion; attached to the center of the lower side of the square, that it is in the southern part; to the lower left-liand corner, in the southwestern; to the center of the left- liand side of the square, in the western part, and to the uj^per left-hand corner, in the northwestern. The tables also state the number of samples received from each county, the average weiglit of the samples in ounces, the average per cent of sugar in the beet, the average purity coefiQcient of the juice, and the maxima and minima i)ercentag'es of sugar in the juice and the coefticients of purity. In many cases the quantity of juice was too small to compute the purity in the usual way, and in others the low percentage of sugar rendered the ascertainment of the purity unnecessary. These two rea- sons account for the omission in many instances of the number exju-ess- ing the purity of tlie juice. CAUTIONS REGARDING THE VALUE OF THE DATA, It is highly important that the persons using the analytical data contained in the following tables be cautioned in regard to the value which should be attached thereto. It is evident, in the first idace, that samples which have been grown in such a promiscuous way as those received by the ])e])artment, in so many different characters of soil, under so many different climatic conditions, and with such variable culture, water supply, and fertilizing materials, must lack that uni- formiry of value which should characterize scientilic data in general. Attention has already been called, moreover, to the fact that the few samples of beets which have been sent can not be regarded as exactly representing the whole inass of which they originally formed a part. The variations in individuals are so great under practically identical conditions as to render somewh.at doubtful data which are based ui)on a few samjdes alone. For instance, in the comparison of different States in respect of sugar-producing qualities, it may be that one State is represented by perhaps less than 50 samples, while others may have 500 or 1,000. In such cases the average of the 50 samples does not in any way present such convincing data as the average of 1,000. The greater the number of samples examined, the more nearly will the disturbing influences of individuals be eliminated. When it comes to a comparison of the counties in the several States, the same remarks are true. In many instances a county may be represented by a single sample. It may be that the sample is extremely good or extremely poor. In neither case is it representative. It would be unjust, therefore, to compare a county with one sample with another from which 50, 100, or 200 samples have been received. Even in the averages representing 42 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. tlie samples from a single county or locality care must be taken not to l)e misled. The samples may include, tbi' instance, a very small beet with au excessive sugar content, or a very large one with a deficient sugar content. In case only two or three samples constitute the whole number, the influence of these abnormal samples is raised to a maximum. As an illusti-ation of this, the analysis of samples from Clinton County, 111., may be cited as a type of many others. Three samples were received from this county, the average weight of which was 13 ounces, and the average sugar content 15.7 ])er cent. One of these samples, however, weighed only 4 ounces, and had the abnormal sugar content of 21.2 ])er cent. It is evident, therefore, that the average percentage of sugar in the three samples is very nmch higher than it would have been had they all been normal in size. Another point must not be forgotten, and that is, granting that the samples of any locality are representative, they represent only one season. That season may have been peculiarly favorable or unfavorable, and hence no section should be judged by the results of a single year's experiment. The reader who wishes to study critically the data which follow must take all these facts into consideration, and tlie judgment which he may form in regard to any particular section must be sub- ject to the rectifications indicated by the variable factors mentioned above. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES 43 OiJ2 fi O E ^ »M r- coi>c.3 t* lo «D lo CO in o -p ri cc o ci ir: c: CO in O n I *to ■ ifi «D -^ in 00 • COOO CO 00 ■<^ O -^ O CO CO h- ci o t^ t>^ :d CO CO O IM 00 O CO CC ' W O CI ■* (M CI i Ci rH <© -* ai CO m' cj t- t* '^^ -* oj ri ci '-i^ ■coco wo t^t-H OO CI i> o hI in t- t^ O C5 00 -^ I> O r-l «-«.-■ C* I cscoinoot-'JWixM r-^ ci o CO* .-^ t-^ CO o «i i^ X X t^ X r- i> a; CO OS -f ^ O CI Ol 00 cc ro lo x ic x ci o :s L- :o t> 'o t^ 00 rH CJ r-1 I> I> O 00 "^ rH GO O OS ci '^ '«* CO CO O 00 O »n CO r-( oo CO -^< o ■^ c^ oc oi -+" .n CO X X X X CO t- oo t- m to ^ L^:! 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Ph 2 CS ifj ^ CO OOOlt^COiO'^CsO r-3 O M CO t> CC 00 CO OOOOt^l-t-t^t^t* ■^■«*i-lt*rHt^'^COCDlA»riOSC t* 00 l> t> t cjiocoocDO'^tr-coo t^ CO i-^ 1-H -^ CO -^ C^l ^ c-^ iTiCSCD CO Co' w CO -^ CJ ;»oos-«*co-^-^coi>coOi-iC3i»-i(M r-. 00CO»O00Q0CO00i:OC^--t< t^ ■M -^ iM iM lO i-H CO .— I C-1 M C^ C t» t- ■ ■ l> I- I (NOCO 6s '^ c^« lO [ ro i-^ CO oi I c^i C'i -^ ro r-^ OS ci 00 r- '^ (35 CO CD '^ 00 1-5 o C'i CO 00 h* t^ 00 00 t^ •^ l> irt C^) '^ (M CD ci w t> lO CO CD (ri M t-^h-OOi-iirtCOOirtOS 00 00 t-^ t-^ f?i r-^ CO* 00 h-* —I -^ (M 00 -«# O —I CO CC Ct Tu^/nt.TM 82.17 *\ ^mnll 82.07 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 67 ANALYSES OF BEETS GEOWN IN 1896. The work of the year was confined very largely to the station, and consisted of a special effort in the way of growing typic.il sugar beets. The effect of deep and shallow plowing, regular cultivation, fertilization, and irrigation, as compared with the average treatment given the root under natural couditions as to soil, moisture, aiul cultivation, was noted. The seed bed was prepared and the seed sown from the 21st to the ;iOth of May. Very heavy rains prevailed on June 5 and again on June 9. All of the seed had germinated by .Tune 11. The average per cent of stand June .3 was 10.7; June 24 it was 29; one month later it had reached 61.8 per cent. The crop was harvested and analyzed during October. The number of analyses made was 60; the per cent of sucrose in juice was 14.18; coefficient of purity, 77.30; yield per acre, 48,510 pounds. The sugar-beet experiments connected with this station during 1894, 1895, 1896, and the inauguration of the work of 1897 were under the direction and control of the Agricultural Department, the chemist being responsible only for the analytical data. In .July, 1897, under the redistribution of the powers of the station staff, the rather unsatisfactory data thus collected were assigned to the chemical dejiartment for compilation and publication, together with the power of supervision of such experi- ments in the future. METEOROLOGICAL RECORD. The better to understand the possibilities of the sugar-beet industry in the Palouse country of Idaho, as well as other experiments that may hereafter be undertaken by the station upon the "university farm, "the following meteorological data are included in this report. We are under obligations to Prof. J. E. Bonebright, meteorologist of the station, for the results tabulated : Tahle 11.— Meteorological record for Moscow. Maxi- Mini- Average mum tern- iiuim tem tempera- p»irature. perature. tare. 1894. April May June July August September October 1895. April May June July August September October 1896. April May June July August September October 1897. April ]VIay June July August September October 76.0 86.0 84.0 93.0 96.0 85.0 74.0 76.0 81.0 96.0 92.0 94.0 84.0 74.0 68.0 84.0 92.0 97.0 93.0 85.0 76.0 63.1 78.8 65.6 82.0 81.6 69.9 66.4 25.0 30.0 32.0 40.0 34.0 32.0 28.0 26.0 30.0 33.0 41.0 33.0 'J8. 21.0 26.0 31.0 34.0 14.0 38.0 30.0 28.0 36.5 38.8 46.0 48.5 46.4 38.4 36.4 47.40 57.40 62.00 78.00 70. 50 58.80 40.40 48.10 51.90 59. 40 72.70 74.50 49.80 46.10 42.53 46.50 61.10 70.41 67.17 54.65 46.33 Humid- itv. Per cent. 76.0 63.0 74.0 65.0 46.0 72.0 85.0 70. 68.0 52.0 38.0 47.0 70.0 72.0 Rainfall . 85.5 61.7 55.6 55.4 72.2 72.2 53.80 77.4 70.00 45.4 71.50 40.3 59.20 77.6 Inches. 1.38 1.53 L23 .12 .25 .89 3.70 1.30 2.17 .41 .90 .32 3.33 Trace. .57 3.60 2.21 .17 1.38 .81 L07 .40 1.20 2.72 .85 .35 1.07 1.10 Days fair. clear. Days cloudy. 68 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES, Illinois. The samples received from the State of Illiuois by the Department of Agriculture were 32 in number. The average weight of the samples was 17 ounces, percentage of sugar 13.1, and the ])arity 75.5. Twelve of these samples were from the uorthern, 8 from the central, and IL* from the southern belt. When judged by the few samples analyzed by the Department of Agriculture, it is seen that Illinois presents an exception to the estab- lished rule, inasmuch as the beets grown in the northern belt are infe- rior to those grown in the central belt. The data, however, are not numerous enough to base any certain conclusions upon them, and. the usual rule is established from the more numerous analyses conducted by the agricultural experiment station, as will be seen farther along. Summarized, the results obtained at the Department of Agriculture from the northern, central, and southern belts in Illinois are as follows: Sinnmari/ of luialyms of ungar ierts from IlUttois. fCompileil from analyses ol' the United States Deiiartment of Agriculture.] Northern belt Central belt.. Southern belt. Number of sam- ples. Average ■weight. Ounces. 19 20 13 Sugar in Turity co- beets. ! efficient. Per cent. \ 12.6 I 13.8 i 13.2 1 76.2 76.5 73.3 At the agricultural experiment station of Illinois, at Urbana, 312 samples of beets were received and analyzed. The following summary shows the analytical data and the distribution of the samples by counties : Summary of analyses of sugar beets from Illinois, iy coimlies. Count V. ^ bi:^ fe^ ceS E = O'S 3 « '- ^ ^" -< Ounces. 1 20 2 ]' NORTHERN BELT Stephensou Winnebago McHeury Carroll I 4 I 20 Whiteside U . 22 Ogle 3 23 Lee 8 10 Dekalb 7 20 Dupage I 1 ! 21 Codk 3 24 Ko.k Island 1 16 Homy 6 I 18 I'uiTaii 3 33 Lasalle ' 31 22 KeiKhdl 2 14 Gvundv I 1 18 AVill..: 23 28 Mercer I 1 17 (=1 " ^ a: urity Bfficiei Per ci. P-i 1 10.7 70.0 13.4 75.8 15.1 84.3 13.8 81.4 13.9 79.2 12.6 74.6 13.8 80.6 13.4 78.3 15. U 82.2 14.3 82.7 14.9 82.5 12.7 78.3 10.5 76.5 13.1 76.4 13.8 82.8 i 13.9 80.2 1 12.9 74.6 12.6 79.7 County. CENTRAL BELT Kankakee Henderson Knox Stark Peoria Marshall Woodford Livingston Iroquois , Hancock Fulton Tazewell McLean Pord Adams Mason Logan Dewitt t-i tc Or-; Per ct. 12.9 9.2 11.0 14.4 13.0 14.3 13.3 14.0 11.3 10.0 11.2 12.3 12.0 10.8 12.4 ILl 9.8 13.8 79.3 70.8 75. 1 7.S. :; 8,1. I 8 !. ■.! 8J 1 HI. '.I 7.'), :i 64.0 77.1 78.8 77.6 77.0 75.5 73.7 69.6 81.7 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 69 Siivimarij of analyses of smjar beets from Illinois, by counties — Continued. County. CENTRAL BELT- continued. Miiron Piatt Champaign \'erniilion ., Pike Scott , Morgan Sangamon Christian Shelby Douglas Edgar Caflioun Greene Macoupin Montgomery ... a 6^ aa 3 s U fc£l 3"^ ^'" -A m Ph Oiinces. Per ct. 1 18 8.0 64.9 2 20 12.7 81.0 10 21 11.7 79.6 1 2 19 11.3 75.2 1 1 10 9.6 69.4 1 10 9.7 64.3 i 4 22 10.3 74.3 2 17 11.2 76.8 1 2 19 11.8 76.5 3 21 10.9 71.9 3 24 11.2 77.5 2 16 12.1 74.9 2 14 9.4 72.1 3 14 8.5 68.3 6 17 11.6 72.2 5 11 13.0 76.9 County. CENTRAL BELT- continued. Clark SOUTHERN BELT Etlingham Madison " Bond St. Clair Washington Jetlerson Wavne Clay Edwards Jackson Saline -1 Ounces. 11 Per ct. 13.6 12.6 10.3 10.3 12, 3 11.9 12.1 14.3 11.8 8.7 10.8 9.3 P-I 74.6 74.0 80.8 77.7 75.2 85.0 77.0 68.3 58.7 73.8 ■ The average weight of the beets received was 20 ounces, tlie mean percentage of sugar therein 11,0, and the mean purity 76.4. Distrib- uted geographically into northern, central, and southern sections, we lind each of the sections represented by the number of samples of the mean average composition indicated in the following summary: Summary of analyses of sugar beef s from Illinois. [Compiled from the experiment station report.] Number i of samples. Average weight. Sugar in beets. Purity co- etlicient. 104 Ounces. 22 20 19 Per cent. 13.2 11.5 11.1 79.3 75,4 74.7 Central belt 165 Soutliern belt 43 Average, etc 1 312 20 11.9 76.4 Here we see the regular rule illustrated, and the beets derived from the northern are superior in every respect to those from the central and southern belts. It is evident, however, judged by the data obtained during the present year, that Illinois is not so well adapted to the growing of high-grade beets as some of the States to the east of it. Nevertheless, it is quite certain that, with proi)er drainage, scientific cultivation and fertilization, and good culture, high-grade beets can be grown in many of the northern counties of Illinois, and it would prob-- ably be safe to say that for a distance of 100 miles from the boundary between Wisconsin and Illinois the sugar-beet industry could be suc- cessfully established where the conditions of soil and factors favorable to manufacture are suitable. Indiana. One hundred and three samples were received at the Department of Agriculture from the State of Indiana, representing several different 70 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. parts of the State, but mostly from the northern portions. The largest number of samples, however, from any one county was from Vander- burg, in the extreme southwestern part of the State. The average size of the beets from Indiana was small, the percentage of sugar in the beet fair, and the purity a little below the minimum for good beets. In general, the best beets were grown in the northern portion of the State, near or in the thermal beet belt, although a few samples received from the central ami eastern parts of the State were very satisfactory. Among the counties furnishing the largest number of samples may be mentioned Henry, in the central eastern part of the State, from which 8 samples were received, having an average weight of 17 ounces, contain- ing 13.1 per cent of su-uar, with a purity of 78.5. The averages for Henry County in sugar and purity were almost exactly those for the whole State. Three samples from Marion County, in the central por- tion of the State, show excellent results, both in percentage of sugar and in purity, and having an average size of a pound. The best results are reported from Stark County, in the northwestern portion of the State, where the percentage of sugar was 15.7 and purity 81,8. The beets, however, from this region were small, the average size being only 12.8 ounces. The beets received from the agricultural experiment sta- tion were very much undergrown, the average weight being less than 7 ounces. The percentage of sugar in the beets was good — 15.1 — and the purity also above the minimum. The causes of the poor yield of beets are discussed farther on in the report of the chemist of the station. The largest number of beets from any one county was received from Vanderburg, namely, 40 samples. The people of this county have been particularly interested in the industry, and especially to Mr. H. Cordes are we indebted for the large number of samples received. In spite of the very fertile soil and other favorable conditions of culture, the beets had an average size of only 14 ounces, and both the percentage of sugar in the beet and the i)urity were below the minima. In general, it may be said of Indiana that the northern i)ortions of the State, where the character of the soil is favorable, are best suited to the culture of the sugar beet, namely, those portions either lying in the area of favor- able thermal conditions, or extending to a varying distance to the south thereof and covering the greater portion of the northern part of the State. The central counties of the State, judged by the few sam- ples received, may also be expected to grow beets of fair quality. A more careful agricultural survey of the State is needed, and the data above are supplemented by the more valuable data collected by the agricultural experiment station under the supervision of the chemist, Mr. H. A. Huston. NOTES ON SUGAR BEETS KAISED IN INDIANA IN 1897. (From Report of H. A. Huston.) The early part of the season was fairly lavorable to the growth of the crop. In many cases, however, the beets were planted quite late and were much below normal size when the drought came on in August. From the middle of August until the BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 71 end of the usual growing season very little rain fell. This tended to produce heets of high sugar content and small size. The popular interest in the subject has been much greater than in previous years and a much better return than usual was secured from tlie seed sent out. At three points in the State parties are now engaged in iilacing contracts for sufficient acreage to insure a three years' supply of beets for a 300-ton factory. Reports from these localities indicate that the required acreage will be secured. Nearly all farmers who have raised experimental crops of beets for the past few years report that they believe the crop would be a profitable one at $4 per ton. This estimate is based solely on their own experience with the crop. The total number of samples analyzed at tlie agricultural experiment station of Indiana was 205. Arranged by counties, tlie following table gives the most important data connected with the analyses : Tests of sugar beets grown in Indiana in 1897 under the direction of the Indiana agricul- tural experiment station. U. A. Huston and J. M, Barrett. County. g.2 p<.9 2 '^ Ozs. L.ake "a 51 Porter "d 12 Laportetl 22 St. Joseph 6 24 Elkhart 6 12 Lagrange cf 12 Starke b 14 Newton "D 11 Jasper "Q 2 Allen 0" 23 Benton -a 31 Whitetl 20 Cass i 17 Wabash 6 14 Huntington cf 25 Warren -d ; 18 Tippecanoe -a i 15 Carroll n I 11 8.3 13.7 9.0 13.0 14.8 16.6 14.1 13.7 17.9 13.5 11.2 10.3 12.1 13.0 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.4 3 a bjD cS 68.0 84.0 64.3 85.0 83.6 87.4 85.0 96.4 84.4 82.4 79.6 66.0 77.2 77.8 78.0 83.0 84.6 82.0 County. Ozs. Grant n i 12 Jay D- i 26 Fountain -d 31 Clinton n 18 Boone n 13 Tipton a 20 Madison n 33 Randolph n- 24 Parke -n 8 Marion n 17 Hancock n 23 Henry □- 19 Morgan a 14 Greene p 12 Jackson p 8 Vanderburg p 15 P..9 4) t-i 13.6 13.3 10.1 13.2 13.6 <1 70.1 79.5 68.6 83.2 82.0 13.5 [ 82.3 9.2 i 70.2 12.9 10.2 12.7 14.0 12.9 13.9 12.8 10.0 10.6 79.0 56.7 83.5 87.4 78.0 82.8 84.4 72.8 77.7 0) m Averages, etc . . . 17. 8 I 12. 6 I 80. 7 As will be seen above, nearly all the counties represented are in the northern part of the State. Only a few counties are represented in the central and southern portions of the State. Making an average of the results from the different counties by sections of the State, it is seen that they vary considerably, as is shown in the following summary: Summary of results. Average ■weight. Average per cent of sugar in juice. Average purity coefficient. Number beets. Ounces. 18.9 18.5 14.2 13.3 12.9 10.7 81.9 80.7 78.0 97 Central belt Southern belt 41 72 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. It is seen that there are considerable areas in the northern part of the State wliere both soil and climatic conditions are extremely favorable to the culture of the sugar beet. The proximity of these counties to Chicago insures a market for all the products of the fac- tory. In many cases these counties are situated in or near the gas area of the State, so that fuel is comparatively cheap. All of them are within easy distance of the great coal fields of Indiana, and the supply of water and limestone is abundant. It is evident, therefore, that all the conditions favorable to the growth and manufacture of the beets exist in the northern part of the State of Indiana, and there is no rea- son to doubt the speedy foundation and healthy growth of the industry in that locality. Iowa. The thermal conditions for the growth of beets in Iowa are favorable over almost the whole of the State from north to south. The southern counties are probably a little too warm for the best results, and the northern counties too much exposed to severe cold weather during harvest time. One hundred and thirty samples of beets were sent directly from Iowa to the Department of Agriculture for analysis. In the results as tabulated by counties it will be observed that a great many of the counties are represented by a single sample, and therefore it is not possible to base any conclusions on the work done in respect of the possibilities of growth of beets in such counties. Benton County sent 6 samples, with an average weight of 16 ounces ; 13.8 per cent of sugar in the beet, with a i»urity of 76.9. Clinton County furnished 5 samples. The beets were very small, averaging only 11 ounces. The content of sugar was high, namely, 16.8 j^er cent, and the purity low, 75.8. Greene County sent 39 sami)les of good size, namely, 21 ounces; rather low content of sugar, namely, 12.7 per cent, and a low purity, namely, 76.3. Guthrie County sent 6 samples of good size, namely, 23 ounces; rather low content of sugar, 12.5 per cent, with a purity of 78.8. The averages for the 130 samples from the State are as follows: Weight, 18 ounces; sugar in beets, 13.3 per cent; purity, 73.7. Under the direction of the agricultural experiment station of the State, in cooperation with this Department, a large number of samples of seed was distributed, and 642 samples of beets sent to the station for analysis. Following is an abstract of the report of Prof. C. F. Curtiss, director of the Iowa station : Total number of samples analyzed, (142. One and seven-tenths per cent of the samples contained 17 per cent or more of sugar; 73 per cent of these had a purity coeiBcient of 80 or above, and 50 per cent of these samples weighed 14 ounces or above. Four and three-tenths per cent of the samples contained 16 per cent and over of sugar and less than 17 per cent; of these samples 86 per BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 73 cent had a purity coefficient of 80 degrees or above, and 2,0 per cent weighed 14 ounces or above. Twenty-two and three-tenths per cent of the samples contained 14 per cent or over of sugar and less than 10 i)or cent; ot these samples 50 per cent had a purity coefficient of SO or abo\'e, and 02 per cent weighed 10 ounces or above. Forty-one and four-tenths per cent of tlie samples contained 12 per cent and over of sugar and less than 14 per cent; of these samples 14.7 per cent had a purity coefficient of 80 or above, and 69 per cent weighed 10 ounces or above. Sixty-nine and three tenths per cent of the total number of samples contained 12 per cent or more of sugar. The above percentages are based on the weight of the juice. The mean weight of the samples received at tlie Iowa station was 19 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 12.4, and the mean purity 70.0. The results by counties are given in the following table: Analyses of sw/ar heels grown in Iowa and anah/zed hi/ Ihc Iow-i 79.5 71.8 79.4 76.0 74.6 74.5 74.2 77.2 70.0 78.2 70.0 79.5 83.6 75.0 73.0 79.5 74.5 74.5 70. 3 80.5 77.0 71.0 84.0 74.0 77.3 78.5 78.0 76.0 77.5 76 75.2 79.0 81.0 73.0 75.0 The data obtained at the Kansas station corroborate in every respect those secured at the Department of Agriculture. It is evident that 76 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. fairly good beets can be grown in Kansas, and there are donbtless seasons when exceptionally rich beets might be secured, lii general, however, it maybe said tiiat there is no immediate prospect of the suc- cessful establishment of the sugar-beet industry in that Stiite, unless it might be in some of the extreme western or northwestern counties, where irrigation might be practiced, and where the altitude is sufficiently high to secure a lowering of the temperature. One of the great causes of danger, however, is found in the hot southwest winds, which frequently blow over the State with disastrous couseijuences at the period when the crops are growing most rapidly. It will be seen that in many instances individual analyses obtained in Kansas are extremely satisfactory, as for instance, in Elk County, where two samples, including 14 different beets, showed an average weight of 21 ounces, an average content of sugar in the juice of 14 per cent, and an average purity of 83. Another sample is found in Saline County, where 16 beets, forming two samples, showed a sugar content of 15.8 per cent in the juice, with an average purity of 84. In this case, however, the beets were very much under size, the average weight being only 9 ounces. When, however, the data received from the counties are compared with similar data from the State of New York, the discrepancy observed is so great as to indicate, without further elucidation, the proper locality where the first development of the sugar-beet industry should be looked for. In the light of our previous experiments, it must be evident that high-grade sorghum, developed from carefully selected seeds, has a better prospect in Kansas of being a profitable sugar-producing plant than the sugar beet. Kentucky, Only a few samples, with the exception of those sent by the experi- ment station, have been received from Kentucky. This State being- situated far south of the theoretical sugar-beet belt, it is not to be exjiected that the results of the analyses would be particularly encour- aging. The mean weight of the six samples received was 16 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar 11.9, and the puritj^ 71.5. The six sam- ples included four from the experiment station. The beets received were small, and tlie percentage of sugar only a trifle under the mini- mum which is advisable for profitable sugar making. The i^urity, however, is excessively low, and this seems to be characteristic of beets grown too far south, the ])urity coefficient usually falling in a more rapid proportion than the content of sugar. Large numbers of samples were received from the experiment sta- tion in addition to those analyzed above, which were grown upon the special plot, which will be mentioned later on, and under the most favorable conditions of culture. The beets which were sent to the De])artment were of good size and mostly of a favorable shape, but the analytical data were very disappointing, falling a great deal lower than BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 77 wasexpected. Nine samples of White Imi)roved I mperial Elite, planted May 8 and harvested December 9, had an average weight of 33 onnces, with 4.9 per cent of sugar. Three samples of original Kleinwanzlebener had an average weight of 23 onnces, with 10.8 per cent of sugar. Six- teen samples of Yihnorin's Iniproved had an average weight of L*5 ounces, with 0.4 per cent of sugar. Thirty-nine samples of the Demes- may variety had an average weight of 29 ounces, with 5.3 per cent of sugar. All of these beets were somewhat overgrown, but not suflti- ciently so to account for the extremely low percentage of sugar. A large additional number of samples had been selected for analysis, but the results of the preceding analyses were so discouraging as to render the further prosecution of the analytical work unnecessary. This sub- ject will be mentioned again when the experiments in the specially cultivated plots with high grade seeds are discussed. MaRYLANJ). All the analyses of the samples of beets grown in Maryland were made in the laboratory of this division, the agricultural station at College Park not having undertaken any work of this kind. The whole num- ber of samples received from the State was 29. The mean size of the beets was 19 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beets 11.1, and the mean purity of the juices 79.1. In respect of size, the samples from Maryland are about the mean. The pui-ity of the juice is almost up to the minimum standard, but the percentage of sugar in the beet is about 0.() less than is advisable for manufacture. In regard to climatic conditions, as has been before intimated, the State of Maryland occupies a somewhat peculiar position. There is a considerable area along the eastern shore, next to the ocean, where the average summer temperature is 71°. In the western i)art of the State, after a long deflection to the north, the isotherm of 70'^ may again be found. Lying immediately south of the isotherm of 71°, in the north- ern portion of Maryland, are found some very fine valley lands where the conditions of culture may be considered favorable. These lands are underlaid by limestone, which in many cases comes to the surface. Theoretically they are a little too warm for the most successful culture, but lying so near the favorable thermal belt there may be reasonable hopes of successful culture in many localities. In the western portion of the State, where the thermal conditions are favorable, we find the mountain ranges, and the low temperature of the summer is due to the high elevation. The quantity of table lands upon the tops of the moun- tains, however, is not sufficiently great to warrant the expectation of the founding of a great industry. There is no doubt, however, of the possibility of growing very rich beets on these table lands. In general it may be said that the State of Maryland is not very favorably situated for the culture of sugar beets, but there are circumscribed localities 78 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Tvitbiu the State where it is desirable to conduct further experiments. It is therefore earnestly hoped that the agricultural experiment station of tlie State will make a more careful agricultural survey of the possi- bilities of the culture of sugar beets therein. Michigan. The southern peninsula of Michigan is favorably situated for the culture of sugar beets, both in respect of thermal conditions and rain- fall. The soil is also for the most part well suited to sugar-beet culture. In going northward, however, it becomes more sandy until finally the pine regions are reached, where a soil without fertilization would not be sufficiently rich to produce large crops. The well-known tendency of a sandy soil, with proper meteorological conditions, to produce beets of a high purity is well illustrated in the samples wliich have been received from Michigan. In all, 450 samples from the State were sent to this laboratory for analysis, 400 of them being from Saginaw County and grown under the supervision of Messrs. Higgins & Lenders. In regard to the results from particular counties, attention should be called to the fact that the samples from Allegan were all enormously overgrown, the average weight of the beets being 02 ounces and the corresponding content of sugar and the coefficient of purity low. The results from Calhoun County, in the southern part of the State, are par- ticularly favorable, the average weight of the samples being 17 ounces, average content of sugar in the beet 15.8, and the average purity 83.2. The greater part of the samples having come from Saginaw County, the average data for this county are almost the same as those of the State, with the exception that the purity is considerably higher. The average composition of the 400 samples from Saginaw County was as follows: Average weight, 22 ounces ; sugar content in the beet, 14.8 per cent, and purity, 83.o. For the whole State — 450 samples — the average weight was 22 ounces, average sugar content 14.7 per cent, and average purity 81.1. The agricultural experiment station of Michigan, in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, also made an extensive series of inves- tigations, a resume of which is given below : RESULTS BY COUNTIES OV THE CULTIVATION OF SUGAR BEETS IN MICHIGAN IN 1897. The followiug table is given containing the number of samples sent to the station from each county, the average per cent of sugar in the juice, and coefiScient of purity of all samples sent. Seed was distributed in sixty-eight counties, and from the table belovr it will be seen that samples have been received from sixty-four of them. The average per cent of sugar in the juice of beets of the whole State, when gi'own on the proper kind of soil and from the right kind of seed, is 16.40, and the coefficient of X)virity is 84. An average of 16.40 per cent of sugar for the whole State, far exceeding the best districts in France and Germany, is both surprising and gratiiyiug.' 'These data are obtained by omitting from the table the analyses of samples which were known to have Ijeeu grown under unfavorable conditions. — H. W, W. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 79 Analyses of siKjar beets f/roivn in Michigan and analyzed by the Mh-hiyan ayricitlliiral experiment station . County. Total number of samples. Sugar iu juice. Coeffi- cient of purity. Samples rejected for bad soil or seed. Number of sam- I Sugar iu pies on : .juice in right soil! such and prop-i samples, er seed. Coeffi- cient of purity. Alger Allegan Alpena Antrim Arenac Baraga Barry Bay Berrien Branch Calhouu Cass Charlevoix Clare Clinton Crawford Eaton Emmet Genesee Grand Traverse . Gratiot Hillsdale Huron Ingliam louia Iosco Iron Isabella Jackson Kalamazoo Kalkaska Kent Lapeer Leelanaw Lenawee Livingston Mackinac Macomb Manistee Mason Mecosta Menominee Midland Missaukee Monroe ilontcalm Muskegon Newaygo Oakland Oceana Ontonagon Osceola Otsego Ottawa Saginaw St. Clair St. Joseph Sanilac Sliiawassee Tuscola Van Buren Washtenaw "Wayne Wexford 36 4 6 1 4 7 17 I 2 I 16 2 1 3 ! 5 I 2 I 1 11 1 6 5 4 6 2 1 2 2 9 13 7 11 4 2 1 14 127 31 1 11 4 1 4 4 Per cent. 14.22 15.67 15.01 15.97 16.77 14.10 14. 90 15.53 17. 83 16.62 15.82 15.44 17.58 16.80 15.89 15.25 17.50 15.02 14.75 15.75 16.09 16.71 17.47 16.43 16.36 13.18 18.18 14.09 19.74 15.45 16.91 15.55 17.71 18.77 15.90 14.34 10. 22 16.11 17.09 16.54 16.67 16.58 17.62 15.79 16.41 17.64 16.03 16.11 15.29 16.54 15.15 16.55 18.00 16.47 15.99 17.53 12.16 18.15 16.89 18.94 13.82 16.10 16.12 14.59 82 3 1 5 1 5 5 2 6 35 4 5 1 3 2 14 2 14 2 3 5 2 1 9 6 5 4 6 2 1 2 2 9 12 6 11 4 2 1 14 123 30 1 11 4 1 4 44 Per cent. 14.22 15.67 15.01 15. 97 16.77 14.10 14.90 16.00 17.83 16.62 15.82 15.44 17.58 16.80 16.05 15.25 17.50 15.02 16.14 15.91 16.09 16.71 17.47 16.53 16.36 14.22 18.18 16.41 18.16 15.87 16.91 15.85 17.71 18.77 15.96 14.34 16.22 16.91 17.09 16.54 16.67 16.58 17.62 15.79 16.41 . 17. 64 16.03 16.54 16. 20 16.54 15.15 16. 55 18.00 16.47 16.13 17.64 12.16 18.15 16.89 18.94 13.82 16.10 17.08 15.25 Total. 16.08 Five samples from Oceana County are not included in results of analyses, because they were dried and damaged by keeping. 80 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Interesting" data in regard to cost of culture were obtained at the Micliigau .station. The ])hits were phiuted on the 8th of May, and harvested on the Gth of October. After throwing the dirt away from the beets by a plow they were i^ulled by hand and the leaves and stems removed. Owing to the deep subsoiling and thorough x>reparation of the ground, the beets were found wliolly embedded in the soil, none of them having been pushed above the surface. The average weight of the beets bcfoie the removal of the necks was about 2h pounds. The following table gives the total labor, calculated to 1 acre, required for growing and liarvestina' the beets: Man and I team. Plowing and siibsoilinf Harrowing Marking Planting Hours. 12.00 3.75 .80 Man. Hours. 3.25 Cultivating ' 15. 00 I Thinning and hoeing ; 75. 90 Harvesting ~ 4.60 ; 130.75 Total . 36. 15 I 209. 90 The hand labor in harvesting was performed by boys at 8 cents an hour. The work of hoeing and thinning was performed by men at 12i cents an hour. The cost of team work is computed at 2.") cents an hour for man and team. On the above basis, the total cost of planting, culti- vating, and harvesting an acre of beets at the Michigan Experiment {Station was $29.40. The yield per acre, the percentage of sugar in the juice, and the purity for each variety grown are shown in the following table : Variety. Wohanka Inijjroved Kleiuwanzlebeiier Original Kleiuwanzlebeuer Goveruineiit Kleiuwanziebener Lal'hisliicho Government Kh^inwanzlebener . Hoernliig's Improved Floto'.s Improved Klein wanzlebeiior on muck Yield per acre. Pounds. 23, 615 25, 678 27, 368 25, 6.18 29, 205 32, 327 24, 500 20, 2(10 Sugar. Per cent. 15.22 16.40 18.27 17.78 18.78 17.78 15.20 13. 21 12.96 Purity. 75 Full details of all the experiments conducted in Michigan by the agricultural experiment station are found in Bulletin JS'o. 150 of that station, issued in December, 1897, by Director C. D. Smith and Chemist E. C. Kedzie. The study of the two sets of data secured at the Department of Agri- culture and by the agricultural experiment station of Michigan is suf- ficient to demonstrate the fact that the southern peninsula of Michigan has great possibilities for the development of the sugar-beet industry. AVhen it is remembered that the most of those who grew the samples had had no i)revious experience in the matter, that no systematic fertilization was attempted, and that in many instances the soil was BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 81 improperly prepared, the remarkably favorable results obtained are the more conviucing. It is evident that all the southern jiortion of the Southern Michigan Peninsula, in conjunction with the northern part of Indiana, forms an area in which the future will see a remarkable development of the sugar-beet industry. Minnesota. Forty-nine samples from the State of Minnesota were received for analysis at the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. The mean weight of the samples received was 24 ounces, the mean percent- age of sugar in the beet 11, and the mean purity coefficient 79.2. Great variations are shown in the samples received from different j)arts of the State. One of the best series of results was obtained from Freeborn County, in the southern part of the State, from which twelve samples were received, having an average weight of 20 ounces, an average content of sugar in the beet of 11.1 per cent, and an average coefficient of purity of 82.3. Another good series of samples, though less in number, was from Ottertail County, in the M^esteru part of the State, from which four samples were received, having an average weight of 23 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beets of 14.9 per cent, and a mean coefficient of purity of 82.1. The general average from the State was lowered by a large number of very poor samj^les, which evidently had been grown under extremely unfavorable conditions. The period of growth in Minnesota, while a little short, is neverthe- less favorable from other considerations, especially in the southern and eastern portions of the State. Toward the northwestern portion of the State the rainfall is somewhat uncertain, and the autumn is perhaps a little too cold. As has been intimated before, the chief difficulty in Minnesota in the establishment of the beet-sugar industry is not in securing a proper growing season, but in having a sufficient time to properly harvest and protect the beets. The sudden, and often early, advent of winter in the northern and western portions of the State will be the cause of difficulties of a serious nature in the harvesting and siloing of the beets. These are factors which intending investors will do well to carefully consider. In general, the conditions of growth are so favorable as to warrant the careful study of the soils of the State by the agricultural experiment station with a view to selecting those locali- ties where the conditions of culture are most favorable. In a State of such vast area it is far better to determine those restricted sections where the conditions are most favorable rather than try to establish the industry indiscriminately in every portion of the State. In cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, the agricultural experiment station of Minnesota conducted an extensive series of cul- ture experiments in various parts of the State. The general results of the experiments are indicated in the report of the chemist of the station, which follows. H. Doc. 396 6 82 BEET-SUGAli INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE AiiRICULTURAL EXJ'ERIMENT STATION OF MINNESOTA. The seed from wliicli the beets were grown was obtained from a variety of sonrces. Some procured seed from the stock which the legislature directed the State treas- urer to purchase. About 100 pounds of seed were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture and distributed by the experiment station. Some seed was obtained direct from Germany, while a few obtained seed from seed dealers and other sources. As a rule, the seed was of good quality. Only a few instances of poor seed were reported. There was but little difference as to the quality of the beets produced by the seed furnished by the State and by the Department of Agriculture. At the experiment station the average of four plots of Kleinwanzlebener beets grown from State seed showed 17.5 per cent sugar, with a purity coefficient of Sti.T, while the average of four plots of Kleinwanzlebener beets grown from United States Depart- ment of Agriculture seed gave 17.4 per cent sugar and a purity coefficient of 87.8. • Tlie past season has not been one particularly favorable to the production of the highest quality of beets. It has been the most unfavorable season in nine years. As a whole, however, the results have been satisfactory, and I consider them of unusual value, because they indicate the quality of the beets which are produced in an unfavorable rather than a favorable season. At the experiment station the average of those plots which were grown under normal conditions gave a sugar content of 17.4 per cent and a purity coefficient of 87.3. There is one factor in our favor which I think has been overlooked in considering desirable locations for sugar-beet factories, and that is, we have never lost a sugar- beet crop from hot, dry winds, which occasionally occur in some of the prairie States. About three hun()0 or 2,000 feet above the ocean, and may be ronsidcrod the iioitheasteru extremity of the plateau which, in this latitude, forms the western lialf of the Appalachian system. The natural limit of this belt toward the west and north is the large depression of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and which continues do>vu the course of the St. Lawreuce River to the ocean. lu the east the table-land is terminated Ity the deep valley occupied by Lake Champlaiu and the Hudson River, while southward the highlauds extend without interrujjtiou into Pennsylvania. The eastern edge along the Hudson and Champlaiu valleys is formed by a series of monutain chains more or less isolated from each other, and bearing the highest summits in the State. They are: The Highlands, which cross tlie Hudson at the limit of the coast region; the Shawan- giink and Catskill mountains, on the western bank of the river, and the system of the Adirondacks, covering the territory between the St. Lawrence and Champlaiu valleys. Within this eastern wall the true mountain chains cease, but the remain- der of the plateau is indented by nunu^rous valleys, the bottoms of which are generally several hundred feet l)ciow the common level, and which are separated by high ridges. A remarkable feature is the deep transversal cut which forms the valley of the Mohawk and Lake Oneida, opening a channel from tlio low country of the Lake region to the Hudson valley, and thus dividing the main plateau into the distinct masses of the Appalachian and Adirondack systems. A subdivision of the central or Appalachian highlands is due to the deep channel of Seneca Lake, extending from the plains bordering Lake Ontario southward to the valley of the Susquehanna. The two sections of the highlands thus separated are here designated as the eastern and western plateaus, the former extending from the central lakes to the Hudson Valley, and the latter westward from the central lakes to the depression of Lake Erie. North Dakota. Only four samples were received from North Dakota, the average weight of which was 28 ounces, and the mean i)ercentage of sugar in the beet lO.o. On account of the low content of sugar, purity coefifl- cients were not computed. No report has been received from the director of the North Dakota station in regard to any work which has been carried on by that station. The data of the four samples received are likely to be misleading, as it is evident that North Dakota is capable of producing very much better beets than are indicated by the data in the analytical tables. North Carolina. By consulting the map it may be seen that there are many localities in North Carolina wliere the thermal c 'uditions are favorable for tlie growtli of high grade beets. It is doubtful, however, whether upon the summits of the Allegheny Mountains, where these conditions exist, a sufficient area of suitable soil could be secured to warrant the expecta- tion of establishing successfully a beet-sugar industry in that State. Only seven samples were received from North Carolina by the Depart- ment of Agriculture. The mean weight of these samples was 23 ounces, and the mean i)ercentage of sugar in the beet 9.1. On account of the 100 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. low polarization of the samples, it was not deemed necessary to make a computation of the coefficient of purity. No analyses were made at the laboratory of the experiment station of Korth Carolina during the year, although the director of the station has been much interested in the work, and proposes to continue it another season. Ohio. Sixty-eight samples of beets grown in Ohio were received at the Dei>artment laboratory for analysis. The mean weight of these beets was 22 ounces, the mean content of sugar 13.8 per cent, aud the mean coefficient of i^urity, 79.1. Grouped by belts into northern, central, and southern, the character of the beets grown in Ohio and analyzed at the Department of Agriculture is shown in the following table: Summary of analyses of beets from Ohio, by belts. Belts. Northern belt Central belt. . Southern belt Number of samples. Average weisfht. Ounces. 21 23 26 Sugar in beets. Per cent. 14.1 13.6 12.7 Purity coeffi- cient. 79.9 78.5 75.7 It will be seen from the above that the northern belt of the State produced the best beets, both in content of sugar and purity, and in this respect the data obtained by the Department corroborate in every particular those secured by the Ohio Experiment Station mentioned below. It is evident, from a consideration of the two sets of data, that the northern portion of Ohio offers favorable inducements, both for the culture of the beet from an agricultural i)oint of view and by reason of cheapness of fuel and the facilities of transportation from the manu- facturing point of view. It is evident, however, that the central and soutUern parts of the State, as is the case with Indiana and Illinois, should not be exploited with the purpose of investing money in the beet-sugar industry until the available localities in the northern regions are entirely occupied. * With the cooperation of the Department of Agriculture, the agri- cultural experiment station of Ohio distributed a large quantity of seed to farmers in that State, and from the seed so distributed GOT samples of beets were forwarded to the station and analyzed. The results of the analyses by counties are given in the following table: BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 101 EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Summary of results of sugar-beet investigation for Ohio, 1897. County. Ashland ... Ashtabula . Auglaizt" . . . Belmont Champaign. Clark Columbiana Coshocton .. Crawford . . . Cuyahoga . . Darke Detianco ... Delaware . . Erie Fairtield . . . Fayette Franklin ... Fulton Geauga Greene Bardiu Henry Highland .. Hocking ... Holmes Huron Knox Lake Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison u s (rramt. 8;n 679 1,128 660 825 610 610 860 1,095 894 864 851 559 1,406 599 620 524 1,065 694 1,285 796 810 840 1, 521 680 303 642 789 562 779 520 889 711 Per ct. 12.7 14.9 14.4 10.6 13.2 14.1 18.4 12.9 13.8 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.9 15.0 12.8 14.6 15.3 14.1 16.3 9.9 12. 1 15.3 13.2 7.2 13.6 16.0 15.9 14.9 11.9 12.8 16.0 14.3 14.3 76.0 82.8 77.0 86.9 77.6 78.7 83.6 72. 9 77.1 75.5 76.9 77.9 79.3 80.6 74.9 78.9 80.0 Countj'. 79 o 84 8 i 66 H 74 2 80 9 08 4 a 59 '' 81 1 76 1 I 81. •^ 1 82 7 74 9 ! 80 j 81 2 78. 5 76.8 1 Marion Medina Mercer Miami Montgomery Muskingum Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike ....' Portage Putnam Richland Ross Sandnsky Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Southern section . Middle section . . . Northern .section Entire State 69 146 392 ^^ Grains. 555 947 1,119 773 755 566 094 802 127 710 595 1,554 958 496 697 812 762 607 712 684 865 1,077 1,064 787 979 777 605 892 924 834 Per ct. 12.4 13.9 13.2 12.6 11.8 14.4 15.7 15.0 19.1 16.5 14.0 9.3 13.1 16.6 13.5 14.8 14.8 14.0 15.3 14.7 14.8 15.9 12.5 13.9 16.2 14.4 15.1 12.8 13.9 14.3 77.5 76.2 77.2 75.9 73.5 78.2 78.8 80.0 80.9 81.6 77.8 a69. 7 76.5 83.4 76.6 79.6 77.5 80.0 80.8 80.2 79.1 80.6 73.1 80.7 80.2 78.3 79.8 75.3 78.0 79.4 aNot included in average of State. b Some samjdes were received without name and address of grower. It will be observed from the above table that tbe number of samples analyzed was 607. Only 554, however, of these samples figure in the averages for the State, the others having been rejected for computing purposes by reason of certain abnormalties which they presented. The Ohio results are exceedingly encouraging from every point of view, with the exception of purity alone. The average weight of the beets was 867 grams, equivalent to 30.6 ounces. The average per cent of sugar in the expressed juices was 14 per cent, equivalent to 13.3 per cent in the beet, and the average coefficient of purity of the juices was 78,7. The most interesting grouping of the samples is shown at the end of the table, particularly so because in the State of Ohio the most favor- able theoretical thermal conditions prevail only in the northern counties. The giou[)ing of the total number of samples into three portions, repre- senting the northern, central, and southern sections of the State, shows in a convincing manner the effect of thermal conditions on the sugar content of the beet. 'The northern counties furnished 302 samples, with an average weight of 834 grams, equivalent to 20,4 ounces, with 102 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. an average percentage of 14.3 per cent of sugar in the juice, equivalent to 13.6 per cent in the beet, with an average coefficient of purity of 79.4. The middle section furnished 146 samples, with an average weight of 924 grams, equivalent to 32.6 ounces, with a mean content of sugar of 13.9 per cent in the juice, or 13.2 per cent in the beet, and a mean coefficient of purity of 78. The southern section furnished 69 samples, with an average weight of 892 grams, equivalent to 35 ounces, a mean percentage of 12.8 per cent of sugar in the juice, or 12.2 per cent in the beet, and a mean coefficient of purity of 75.3. It is seen by the above that there is marked improvement, both in the percentage of sugar and the purity of the juice, in the beets in Ohio as we advance from its southern to its northern border. The results of the work of tlie experiment station of Ohio have already been published as Bulletin No. 90 of that station, and interest- ing details connected with the above data can be found therein. The bulletin also contains interesting maT)S, showing isothermal lines and conditions of ])recipitation in the State. The remarks of the authors of the bulletin, namely, Mr. A. 1). Selby and Mr. L. M. Bloomfield, on the general character of the results are interesting and are found below: Taken as a wliole, these analyses seem to indicate that beets of good quality may be grown in most conuties of the middle and northern sections of < )hio, and, further, that many portions of the southern section may be adapted to sugar-beet growing, although on the whole less promising than more northerly districts. The analyses from Fayette, I'ickaway, Ross, Pike, and Perry counties appear encouraging. The sugar content in Ross County is decidedly reassuring, though the purity is slightly below the standard. Judging by the samples, this might have been greatly improved by more careful culture and better selection of typical specimens. The unfavorable results in Greene and Montgomery counties are not taken to indicate wliat may really be done in these counties. For the southern section, and particularly the val- ley districts, further trials should be made. Close planting should be practiced on rich lands. For the middle section, as a wliole, good sugar beets may apparently be grown when growers have learned what to avoid in planting and culture. The low aver- ages in samples from Mercer, Hardin, and Coshocton counties may not certainly be taken as conclusive evidence of conditions unfavorable to sugar-beet culture. Those reported from sandy soils in Mercer County show a fair purity. The results from Belmont, Muskingum, and Tuscarawas counties point to better things in the eastern counties than previously anticipated. More trials in this region another year are certainly warranted by these analyses. As anticipated from previous trials, it is the nortbern section which makes the most fiivorable showing as a whole. Samples were received from every county of the northern section except Trumbull, Mahoning, Hancock, and Allen. A sample was received from Columbiana County after the tables had been completed. While the lake siiore district shows to good advantage here, the counties situated along the summer isothermal of 70° F. are but slightly, if at all, inferior, though repre- sented by a much larger number of samples. Ottawa County gives a low iturity with a high sugar content, 15.7 per cent. It will bo noted that a large number of samples is not conducive to extremely high averages in the tables. In fact, practically all the counties of tlie State show a rather high sugar content, 14 i)er cent in juice when all are averaged, a,nd it is to the coefficient of apparent purity that we must direct our attention to discover difil'erences. Under all the cir- cumstances an average purity of 78 and above may be taken as tairly satisfactory for the present year's analyses. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 103 It is to be borne iu miud, when these results are considered, that the percentages were obtained for the most part in comparatively fresh samples, from which only the leaves had been removed. Topping the beets, as for factory use, was not encour- aged, owing to the risk of water loss by evaporation. This has led, possibly, to lower percentages than where beets were topped and sent considerable distances by mail. While the actual sugar content would be but slightly, if at all, reduced by loss of water, the apparent sucrose per cent would be changed. Oklahoma. Only one sample of beets was received at the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture from Oklahoma. The average weight of the beets composing the sample was 10 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beets 11.8, and the coetficient of purity, 72.5. The director of the agricultural experiment station has submitted the fol- lowing- report of the analyses of 21 samples, showing a mean percent- age of sugar in the juice of 12, and in the beet of 11.4, and a mean coefficient of purity of 05.3. The mean coefficient of purity as obtained at the experiment station of Oklahoma is phenomenally low. These data, taken in connection with the climatic conditions which prevail in that Territory, are sufficient to indicate that there is no prospect of establishing a beet-sngar industry in Oklahoma. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN OKLAHOMA. Seed and eiilture directions were sent to farmers in each county, and the number of requests for seed quickly exhausted the available supply. But twenty-four reports were received and twenty-one authentic samples examined. Of the three total failures reported, one is stated as due to flood, another to drought, and the third to hail. The yield, judgiug from the vague and indefinite reports which I have been able to secure, varied greatly. It seems that in many cases the seed was sown too far apart lu the drills and that but little legard was paid the culture- directions sent out. In general, a poor stand was secured, and the majority of those reporting are not enthusiastic as to the prospects of the sugar-beet industry in Oklahoma. I inclose a tabular statement of the results of analyses of beets. The low coeffi- cient of jiurity of the juice is especially noticeable. Analyses of sugar beets grown in Oklahoma Territory, 1897. Coeffi- County. ;^-',^,v«"' cientof County. ^",?,>«'° cient of purity. Canadian . Do ... . Do ... . Cleveland . Custer Garfield . . . Kingfisher Lincoln ... Do.... Do ... . Do .... Lojran Sugar in juice. Coeffi- cient of purity. Per cent. 9.3 53.1 13.0 60.3 10.1 62. 7 13.0 74.3 13.9 68.1 12.6 07.3 14.9 06.2 10.8 73.0 10.8 57.7 13.9 81.8 10.1 60.1 9.6 68.6 Lo^an Oklahoma Pawnee Payne Do Do Do Do Pottawatomie Oregon. No samples of beets were received at the Department from the State of Oregon during the season. Previous analyses of beets received from that State have shown uniformly a high content of sugar and a 104 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. high coefficient of purity. The agricultural experiment station of Ore- gon for several years has devoted a great deal of time and attention to the study of the sugar-beet industry in that State and published valu- able reports on the subject. Mr. G. W. Shaw has prepared a resume of the worlc of the station and of the Department, wliich contains the summaries of the work done, with various comments on the data obtained. This report is given below. HESUI.TS OF EXPERIMENTS IN OREGON. In liis notes on tbc analyses of l)eets for the season of 1X91, Dr. H. W. Wiley, cbeni- ist of the United states Department of Agricnlture, said : " The samples from Oregon are uniformly rich in quality, and if they truly represent the capabilities of the State there is certainly a bright future for the sugar-beet industry on that portion of the Pacific coast." This was said relative to a series of 33 analyses made at the United States Department of Agricnlture, which gave the following average results: weight, 644 grams; sugar in the juice, 14.5 per cent; purity, 82.2. It was to obtain :i decided answer to the question, "Does Oregon possess the requi- site conditions lor the manufacture of sugar from beets? " that the writer, as chemist of the Oregon Experiment Station, began a series of experiments with beets in 1891, which were continued in 1892 and again in 1897. The results of these investigations are here briefly set forth, more detailed account of which may be had by applying to the station for Bulletin No. 44. The sugar beet does not differ from other plants in requiring certain conditions of climate and soil to give favorable results. In foreign countries both of these ques- tions have been jiretty satisfactorily settled, but in some i>arts of the United States the plant seems to thrive under very different conditions than obtain in foreign countries. Notably is this true concerning the rainfall, as is illustrated in the case of California and Utah, as well as in the exjierimental cnltnre in Oregon, as will appear later; heuce foreign countries can not be taken as representing the only conditions under which the root will thrive. However, it does there thrive and these conditions can by no means be ignored. It also thrives, and that splendidly, in our own California, hence her conditions can not be disregarded in a consideration of this question. Let us examine Oregon's condition of climate and soil that, if pos- sible, we may olAain some a jiriori ideas on these lines. The season for the growth of beets may be divided into three periods — that of germinating, that of plant ibrmation, and that of sugar storing. The following is a comparative table showing the temperature averages for Germany and certain parts of Oregon during these periods: Averaf/e temperature for iieriods of growth. Average temperature. Period of growth. Foreign. Eastern Oregon. Willam- ette valley. Southern Oregon. First 49.1 63.3 56.3 56.0 65.0 64.5 52.5 64.4 63.3 53.3 64.5 Third 54.8 Taking as a basis Dr. McMurtrie's mean isotherm for sugar-beet culture at 70° for June, July, and August, Dr. Wiley, in his report upon beet culture, gives a map of the United States, showing 100 miles on each side of this isotherm, within which area favorable results may be looked for. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES, 105 It is in the rainfall of the State that we find the greatest seeming deviation from those portions of the world which .are taken as typical beet-producing regions. This seeming difference should not be considered as a too serious drawback, nor would it appear so to those acquainted with all the conditions. The average amount of rain- fall does not differ much from that of the beet-growing regions of other countries, yet it is not so evenly distributed. It must be borne in mind, however, that the soils of Oregon are much difterent with respect to their retentiveness of moisture, and that for all our crops the necessary moisture nearly all falls during the "wet season," and for this reason we do not usually consider the monthly rainfall as Itear- ing so close relation to the crops as it does in most other States, but rather are wont to consider the seasonal i>reciiiitation as the more important factor. In this respect ours is similar to the condition which obtains in our sister State, California, in which the beet industry has reached a high state of development. Champion and Pellet consider phosphoric acid as an indis])ensalde base for the formation of sugar in the beet. They classify the order in which the jjlant food is indispensable as follows: (1) Phosphoric acid, (2) lime, (3) nitrogen, (4) potash. It is foreign to our purpose to discuss, at this time, the soils of Oregon to any length, but in connection with the last statement I desire to direct attention to the fact that the soils of Oregon are well — yes, abundantly — supplied with phos- phoric acid; that they surpass those of France in lime and equal them in potash. Below are contrasted analyses of some of the French sugar-beet soils with those of the natural divisions of this Sta.te and those of California. These results, I think, speak for themselves, and need no further comment. Arerafje comparatire composition of soils. Analysis of line earth. Insoluble matter Solul)le silica rotash (K^O) Soda (NajO) Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) Manganese (MnjC^) Iron (Fe./)3) Alnmina ( AI2O3) Siilphnric acid (SO:;) Phosi)horic acid (P^Os) Carbonic acid (COj) Water and organic matter . Otlier matter Humus France. Somme. .06 .09 .51 Nord. 2.88 7.24 .09 .40 5.60 1.85 .14 .42 2.18 8.62 .08 .70 4.84 1.52 Oregon. Eastern. 66.59 13.12 .43 .22 1.22 .75 .10 10.69 .04 .14 6.21 l.li Willamette Valley. 65. 18 5.02 .23 .18 .83 .79 .08 16.45 .03 .21 Southern 62.45 8.74 .34 .21 2.22 .80 .25 15.35 .01 .13 Califor- nia. 67.88 8.96 .64 .28 1.08 1.49 .06 15.02 .05 .08 Measured, then, by the foreign conditions as to temperature and the California conditions as to rainfall, and with a soil amply supplied with all the elements necessary to produce abundant crops, Oregon would certainly seem favored with all the requisites for success in beet culture. The analyses made at the station during the season of 1891-92 may be summarized as follows : County averages for 1891. County. Ko. Sugar. Purity co- efficient. County. No. Sugar. Purity co- efficient. 39 7 1 9 3 16 5 12.30 14.55 13.74 12.99 18. 93 14.32 13.54 74.12 77. 30 79. 42 73.45 80.99 79. 95 79.91 1 1 3 11 1 15.99 14.72 15.84 13.96 10.73 78 38 Polk 78 08 79 89 Yamhill 76 64 14.13 78 08 106 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. An examination of the results reveals that the analyses had a wide range, viz: From 6.77 per cent to 22.44 per cent sngar in the jnice. Of the 95 analyses made, 8 fell below 10 per cent; 76 showed over 12 per cent, and 37 over 14 per cent sugar. An average of 81 analyses for the Willamette Valley shows 13.76 per cent sugar and a purity coefiflcieut of 77.89; the average l)ept weighing a little over IJ pounds, while an average of 10 analyses of beets from southern Oregon showed 13.38 per cent sugar with a little larger beet. But this does not really sliow the capabilities of this sec- tion of the State, as will appear later, for there were quite a number of immature beets included in this average. Experimenia of 1893. — For the investigations of 1892 the following varieties were used, Desprez's Early Rose, Vilmoriii's Improved, Kleinwanzlcbenor, and White Imperial, all of which arc favorite kinds, the first being much used in California. Unfortunately the seed Avas delayed in leaching us, so it could not be distributed to the farmers as early as it should have been to secure the best results. Had the seed reached us in due time, it could have been put into the ground in April, for at that time there was favorable weather for seeding, but by the time the seed had been dis- tributed cold weatlier set in and continued till May, after which the weather became very dry, rendering the conditions for a fair trial very unfavorable. The rainfall for the season was below the normal and reports all read "very dry," "extraordinarily dry," " weather very unfavorable." In fact, nearly all the beets in the eastern portion of the State failed to mature, and in many instances the seed failed to germinate. So far as the season's climate is concc^rned, then, the experi- ments were greatly handicapped and we were "in pursuit of knowledge under difiSculties." The cultivation for this season was the same as for the previous year, except tliat the rows were placed 20 inches apart. Owing to the disturbed condition of the experiment, the results are doubtless poorer than would have been the case had tlie season been oiie of more nearly normal conditions. Still, the results confirm the conclusions of the pnn'ious year, that Oregon X)0ssesses the conditions necessary for the production of excellent beets for the pur- pose of beet-sugar manufacture. Expressed by counties the averages are as follows: Av&'ages for 1S92 by counties. County. Benton Cliickiiniiis. . Douglas Jackson Lane Lincoln Liun Marion — . Number of analyses. Average for 1892. 12.80 15.10 15. 20 15.00 15.20 16.20 17.10 13.80 Purity co- efficient. 86.50 87.83 81.15 84.74 84. 05 83.00 73.74 74.60 County. Polk Union Washington Yamhill .... Josephine... Wasco — . . Malheur Number of Average Purity co- for 1892. efficient. 14.50 73. 30 19.80 87.33 15.50 78.79 13.70 82. 83 15. 70 88.00 21.10 90.50 20.20 84.90 The average of all analyses for the State was 15.7 per cent sugar in the juice, with a jjurity coefficient of 78.08, against 13.75 per cent and a purity of 77.57 for the previous season. Out of the 65 analyses made, only 11 indicated less than 12 percent sugar in tbe Juice, and 41 samples iudicJited over 14 per cent, the extremes being 9.4 per cent and 23.8 per cent. The average for the different natural divisions of the State were as follows: Per cent. Willamette Valley, 44 samples 14.7 Eastern Oregon, 11 .samples 19.2 Southern Oregon, 10 samples 15.1 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 107 While from 1893 to 1897 no definitely outlined experiments have been conducted, yet the station has furnished more or less seed to various parties who have sent the beets to be analyzed. In other cases beet seed has been furnished by other parties, and analyses have been made in all cases when beets were forwarded to the station. The average of the results of 23 analyses made since 1892 shows 15.05 per cent sugar in the juice and a purity coefficient of 89.8. Averafje of all 7-esiilts. — Let lis now collect the results to 1897 which have been thus separately set forth. In the same table I beg to include the averages from analyses made at Washington, D. C, by the United States Department of Agriculture. These last-mentioned results really indicate a litih* too high, probably about 10 ])er cent, on account of the time that necessarily elapsed between harvesting and analyzing, which would result in a loss of water. Expressed by counties the averages are as follows: Average of all analyses foi- each county. County. Uenton Clackamas . . . Columbia Coos Douglas Jackson Lane Lincoln ' Linn Marion Polk Union Washington , Yaniliill .Tnsepliine ... "W asco Malheur Sherman Umatilla Multnomah . . Number of anal- yses. Average of analyses made at station. 12.57 15. 62 13.74 14.10 17.93 14.42 14.13 15.17 14.54 18.61 15. 29 12.87 15.70 21.10 20.20 Purity coefficient. 79.63 78.76 79.42 77.98 81.00 80.19 73.43 74. 60 74.10 85.10 80. 98 82.76 81.21 90.50 83.44 76.80 Number of anal- yses. Average for United States De- partment of Agricul- ture. 14.34 15.30 15.30 14.56 17.74 18.94 14.24 14.15 14.15 12.10 14. 35 12.49 13.55 15.12 Purity co- efficient. 82.8 84.2 81.7 82.6 84.3 83.9 85.4 79.4 81.1 70.8 81.8 80.7 72.2 80.9 ■ Averaged with Benton County. If we omit from the average those beets which were immature or overgrown, the averages for the State will be: Sugar. Purity co- efficient. Season of 1891 14.3 15.9 15.0 78.2 Season of 1892 81.4 Since 1892 84.8 Mean 15.0 81.5 During the season just ended, 1897-98, the experiments were continued, but were limited for the most part to those portions of the State which seemed to offer not only the best conditions for growing beets, but also presented other favorable economic conditions, for unless the requisites for the manufacture of sugar can be had as well as the beets, it is useless to expend labor in an attempt to shoAV that we can grow good beets. In these experimeuts the conditions were not particularly favorable — indeed, were adverse, inasmuch as the ground was entirely prepared in 108 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. the spriiiij auil tlie seed was late. The results obtained in tlie localities selected are given below : County. Weight. «-g-- ^eSnf Grams. 395 508 477 437 512 Per cent. 15.2 13.8 17.5 15.6 14.1 Per cent. 85 9 8"? 4 LTuion 88 4 81.0 85 8 Pennsylvania. Fifty-nine samples of beets grown in Pennsylvania were received at the r)ei>artment of Agriculture laboratory for analysis. The mean weight of the beets in the samples was 18 ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beet 13.8 per cent, and the mean coefficient of purity, 79.5. The size and sugar content of the samples received from the whole State were satisfactory, but the coefficient of purity falls a little below the minimum standard. The samples received may be divided, for the purposes of study, into two sets, namely, those from counties lying in and north and west of the favorable thermal belt, and second, the counties lying south and east of that belt. Collected by counties, the samples divided accord- ing to the above classification show tiie following data: Counties of I'eunsijlrania above and helow isothermal line 7(P. County. Above 70° Allegheny Crawford Elk Erie Mercer Potter Union Lawrence Avenige.?, etc Beloiv 70° Cumberland Lebanon Perry York Averages, etc Number of samples. Average weight. Ounces. 18 25 16 28 34 18 10 16 Sugar in Coeffi- the cient of beets. purity. Per cent. 13.8 77.0 13.9 75.3 13.'0 77.4 15.8 82.5 15.4 83.7 18.0 81.1 19.6 16.8 79.9 21 14.8 12.2 14.4 15.7 13.9 12.7 78.9 79.6 79. 82.2 80.2 79.8 It will be seen that the 'U samples coming from the counties lying in and to the north and west of the favorable thermal belt have an aver- age weight of 21 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beet of 14.8 per cent, and a mean coefficient of purity of 78.9. The 28 samples com- ing from counties lying south and east of the favorable thermal belt have a mean weight of 15 ounces, a sugar content in the beet of 12.7 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 109 per cent, and a mean i^urity of 70.8. With the exception of tlie coefti- cieiit of i)urity, the intiiieuce of the more favorable thermal conditions is easily distinguished. Of the counties in Pennsylvania furnishing the most data may be mentioned Allegheny, with 13 samples, having an average weight of 18 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beet of 13.8 per cent, and a mean purity of 77. Cumberland County, in the southern part of the (State, sent 22 samples, having a mean weight of 12 ounces, a mean content of sugar in tlie beet of 12 per cent, and a mean purity of 79.6. Erie County sent 7 samples, having a mean weight of 28 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beet of 15.8 per cent, and a mean i^urity of 82.5. The samples from Erie County are decidedly the most favorable, and this is to be exi^ected, since Erie County has conditions of soil and climate which are entirely analogous to those pervading the New York area from Albany to Buffalo. Attention has been called before to the mountainous character of a large part of the State of Pennsylvania, even where favorable thermal conditions prevail. It is evident, however, that in the northern and western portions of the State, where suitable soil can be found, the culture of the sugar beet may be introduced under the most favorable conditions, and with every prospect of success. EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXI'EHIMENT STATION. The agricultural experime;:t station of Pennsylvania cooperated with the Department of Agriculture in the investigation of the beet-sugar work, and has published the results of its work in Bulletin No. 40 of that station. For details of the analytical work and of the observa- tions made by the director of the station the reader is referred to the bulletin mentioned. In discussing the analyses Director Arm sby says: Of the 69 samples reported upon iatbe above table, 55 (or 80 per cent) showed over 12 per ceut of sugar in the beet. Thirty-lbnr samples (or 49 per cent) showed a coefficient of pvu'ity of over 80. Thirty-two out of the total number (or 46 percent) showed over 12 per cent of sugar and also a purity coefficient of over 80. lu view of the fact that practically all of the beets were raised by farmers who had had no experience in the culture of this plant for sugar, the results must be regarded as decidedly favorable so far as the (luality of the beets is concerned. In 40 cases out of the whole number we have data regarding the average weight of the beets. Of these 40 samples, 14 (or 35 per cent) weighed between 0.80 and 1.35 pounds, 18 (or 45 per cent) were below 0.80 pound in weight, and 8 (or 20 per cent) were above 1.35 pounds. It thus appears that, as a rule, the size of the beets was rather small. Thirty-four of the experimenters reported the yield of beets. In most cases the yield was calculated from that of a comparatively small area, and in many cases there is evidence that the results may be considerably in error. Taking them as they stand, however, 10 (or 29 per cent) reported a yield of over 15 tons per acre, 2 (or 6 per cent) a yield of between 10 and 12 tons per acre, and 17 (or 50 per cent) a yield below 10 tons per acre. It thus appears that while, as stated above, the general quality of the beets was good, the yield was rather small. 110 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. As stated abovt^, 32 of the samples showed iiiorc than 12 per cent of sugar with a. purity coefficient of more than 80. Of these 32 experiments, 7 (or 22 per cent) rejtorted a yiekl of over 10 tons per acre, 4 (or 13 per cent) a yield of between 8 and 10 tons per acre, 7 (or 22 per cent) a yield of less than 8 tons per acre, while 14 (or 44 per cent) did not report the yield. These figures confirm those given above in showing that the yield was, as a whole, rather small. Rhodk Island. Only 2 sample.s were received from Rhode Islaud, and no deductions of any value can be made from sucli limited data. The average weight of the beets composing the samples was 21 ounces, the mean percent- age of sugar therein 11.9, and the mean purity 74 2. These data of course are far from encouraging, but there are reasons for supposing that the climate of Khode Island is favorable to the production of a much richer beet. The available area for cultivation in beets in Rhode Island is small, and it may not be worth while to prosecute the experi- mental work. Nevertheless, it is suggested that it might be profitable for the agricultural experiment station of Rhode Island to study the subject to a greater extent. South Carolina. Thirteen samples were received at the Department of Agriculture from South Carolina. The mean weight of the samples was 17 ounces, the percentage of sugar in the beet 9.9, and the mean purity 79.9. These data, taken into consideration with the latitude and thermal con- ditions, indicate that there is no prospect of South Carolina becoming a sugar-producing State. South Dakota. Only 5 samples of beets grown in South Dakota were receive. The data for yield per acre are probably unreliable, as many reports of tonnage are given which are evidently erroneous, as, for instance, in Presho County, where a yield of 45 tons jier a(;re is reported, and in Pratt County, 33 tons per acre, a quantity of beets which is not to be expected under the most favorable circumstances of growth. In so far as producing a crop of beets rich in sugar is concerned, the conditions in South Dakota seem to be extremely favorable. Attention, however, should be cfilled to former statements that the farmers of this State will have to contend with the great difficulty of an early and sudden coming of winter. If, therefore, the industry should secure a hold, this will be the most imj)or- tant point in the agricultural part of the work to be considered, namely, the harvesting and preserving of the crop for manufacturing purposes. The high purity coefficients which obtain in South Dakota are especially encouraging. There is no other State which-has equaled South Dakota in the purity of the juices of the beets. There is abundant reason found in the data published above to encourage the agricultural exper- iment station of the State to continue its work of investigation, and to attract the favorable attention of intending investors. Texas. The northwestern portion of Texas reaches an altitude where the thermal conditions become more favorable to beet production. It is not to be expected that the southern and western portions of the State will ever be seriously considered for this purpose. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 113 Eleven samples were received from Texas at the Department of Agriculture laboratory, having an average weight of 22 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beets of 12.G per cent, and a mean purity of 76.5. All the counties represented were in the northern and western portions of the State except McLennan, which is in the center. There is reason to believe that on the high plateaus in the northwestern portion of the State, where irrigation is possible, the culture of the sugar beet might be introduced with considerable prospects of success. A few analyses were made by the agricultural experiment station of Texas, and these are given below : REVIEW OF THE WORK DONE BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF TEXAS. All of the sei-ds that we received for distribution in this State during the past season came to hand too late for proper planting in a, State so far south as Texas. For this reason the dry season prevented a fair growth of the beets at an important period in their development, and the crops waited for the fall rains to develop size. These ftill rains were accompanied by a small per cent of sunshine, resulting in a low sugar content. These conclusions are based upon the fact that where beets were planted late and irrigated, the sugar content was higher than when samples were grown by late fall rains and then sent us for analysis. Of course the extreme west- ern jjortion of the State produced beets of high sugar content. Results of experivients in Texas. Name and address of persons from whom beets were re- ceived. R. B. Edgell, Clarendon, Don- ley County, Tex. D. W. Rnckston, Silverton, Briscoe County, Tex. Do Do Do R. L. Goble, Garrett, Ellis County, Tex. L. H. Carjjenter, Silverton, Briscoe County, Tex. Do Do Do F. E. Davis, Dublin, Erath County, Tex. C. W. Griffin, Toyahvale, Reeves County. Tex. Do Section of State. Panhandle "D do -do -do -do Black Land Belt D" Panhandle "D do do do Central North i Pecos Region n . . . do Labora- tory number. (*) 15.5 17.0 14.0 13.2 13.5 15.2 13.5 11.0 11.3 12.55 16.5 15.0 Sucrose. Purity co- efficient. 11.88 70.68 9.69 02.5 11.02 6.89 7.98 7.79 64. 82 49.19 60.91 57.7 6.27 4L8 4.89 5.04 5.46 7.07 36.9 45.7 48.34 56. 04 9.69 9.5 58.7 63.3 15.08 71.5 Weight. Lbi. ozs. 4 beets, 1 sample. Tennessee. tRed. Seventeen samples of beets were received at the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture from Tennessee, of which eight were from the agricultural experiment station at Kuoxville. The mean weight of the beets received was 11 ounces, the mean i^ercentage of sugar 10.8, and the mean purity 71.9. The mountainous regions of Tennessee are probably favorably situated in regard to thermal conditions for the H. Doc. 396 8 114 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. growing of beets, but the contour of the country will prevent any exten- sive planting of this crop. Middle and western Tennessee are evi dently too warm for successful beet culture. Virginia. Thirty-four samples grown in the State of Virginia were received at the Department of Agriculture for examination. The mean Aveight of the beets composing these samples was 21 ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beets 11.0 i)er cent, and the mean purity 76.2. Virginia lies almost entirely south of the region where thermal con- ditions are most favorable to beet culture. It is only in the seacoast counties, where the temperature is moderated by the sea breezes, and in the mountainous counties, where the altitude is great enough to lower the temperature, that good results can be expected. A great deal of interest has been manifested in the State in regard to the build- ing of factories, but it is evident that intending investors as well as farmers should stop to consider the matter very seriously before Investing their money and their labor in this enterprise. A few analyses received from Virginia show favorable results, as for instance, the samjile from Carroll County, weighing 15 ounces, and containing IS.l per cent of sugar in the beet. There is little in the data, however, to encourage the belief that Virginia is a favorable region for beet growing. Investigations were also made by the agricultural experiment sta- tion of Virginia, but only to a very limited extent. The data obtained on analysis, together with the observations of the ofiticial in charge of the investigations, are found in the following report: INVESTIGATIONS BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF VIRGINIA. Before stating the results of the analyses made at this station I think it best to make some comments upon the work attempted this season. In the first place, it was quite late ))eforc we concluded to undertake the distribution of seeds and then by the time they reached us from the Department of Agriculture the season was so far advanced that a considerable number of persons to whom the seeds were distributed failed to plant them. This, of course, disturbed the experiment to a considerable extent. Another disturl)ing factor was the extreme drought which prevailed during the latter part of the season over this State in general, which resulted in many cases in practically destroying the crop. As a consequence, our results are not what we could wish. After much corresiiondence with those to whom seed was distributed, we concluded to analyze only samples representing fairly well the tide- water and limestone sections of the State. The results of these analyses follow: Sample No. 1. From W. J. Phillips, Accomac County, Va. Weight of whole beet, 372 grams. Per cent of sugar, 16.11. Sample No. 2. From Henry Jones, Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. Weight of whole beet, 1,325 grams. Per cent of sugar, 4.17. Sample No. 3. From L. T. Barnes, Boulevard, New Kent County, Va. Weight of whole beet, 581 grams. Per cent of sugar, 14.64. Sample No. 4. From T. A. Eller, Atkins, Smyth County, Va. Weight of whole beet, 760 grams. Per cent of sugar, 9.61. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 115 Sample No. 5. From cxpiiimeut station. Weight of whole beot, 584 gniins. Per cent of sugar, 13.63. The first three samples represent the eastern section of the State and the last two the limestone section. Wo endeavored to secure sixteen samjjles covering more perfectly the geologic areas of the State, but from the causes above mentioned we failed to procure proper samples. Dr. McBryde desires me to say that if the Department wishes us to aid in the con- duct of this work the coming year we will be pleased to do so, and that the work will be taken in hand in proi»er season and the growing experiments arranged on a much better plan, so as to secui"e reliable samples from the different sections of the State. Experiments in the growth of beets in Virginia during 1897 were also made by the State board of agriculture, and are described on page -500 of the annual report of the board for the year 1897. One hundred and eight samples were analyzed during September and October. It is stated in this report that these samples varied in saccharine strength from 8.5 to 17.1 per cent; thirty-five of them were below 12 per cent, and seventy-three showed a saccharine value of from 12 to 17.1 per cent, with a coefiicieiit of jnirity of from 79 to 88.5, or a saccharine average of 11.7 per cent, and an average purity coefficient of 85, which is equivalent to 250 jiounds of raw sugar per ton of beets. The data obtained by the State board of agriculture are more favor- able than those secured by the Department of Agriculture or by the experiment station at IJlacksburg, It is hardly probable, however, that the map which accompanies the report of the State board of agri- culture will be regarded as a final judgment in regard to the localities in Virginia suitable to the growth of beets of the different qualities noted. A much larger series of experiments, extending over a greater number of years, will be necessary to definitely determine that iioint. Washington. Thirty- four samples of beets grown in the State of Washington were received at the Department of Agriculture for analysis. The mean weight of the beets received was 27 ounces, the mean ])ercentage of sugar 13.7, and the mean i)urity coefficient 80.7. The agricultural experiment station of the State of Washington for many years has conducted careful studies in regard to the possibilities of producing sugar in that State. During the past year GO samples of beets grown in Washington were analyzed at the laboratory of the agricultural experiment station. The mean weight of the beets analyzed was 23 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beets 13.G, and the mean coefficient of purity 75.7. Of the whole number G8 i)er cent contained over 12 per cent of sugar, and 78 per cent weighed more than 16 ounces. The reports of the director and chemist of the station are given below. 116 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Summary of analyses of heels from Washington. [Compiled from report of exi>«riment station.] County. Num- ber of sam- ples. Net weight beets. Sugar in beets. Coeffi- cient of purity. County. Num- ber of sam- ples. Net weight beets. Sugar in beets. Coeffi- cient of purity. 1 7 20 2 8 4 3 Ounces. 29 25 17 22 33 27 25 Per ct. 14.3 12.0 15.8 12.3 12.5 13.5 11.8 77.7 73.7 79.2 70.9 72.9 75.6 80.4 10 1 2 2 Ounces. 15 54 46 26 Per ct. 12.1 14.3 14.2 12.4 71.4 Clallam Whitman Klickitat Averages, otc. 77 4 76. 3 7i S Sail Juan Whatcom 60 23 13. 6 75. 7 RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN WASHINGTON. I have the honor to report as follows : The appointment was made so late in the summer that it served only the purpose of providing for the free transportation of heets to this point for analysis, conse- quently the rein)rt must necessarily deal with facts of an earlier date chiefly, if it is to be of any value as an indication of the adaptability of the soil and climate of the State of Washington to the culture of sugar beets. Permit me to say that we regarded our experimentation as practically complete before the beginning of this year. In consequence of this fact it had been announced early in the season that no distribution of seed would be made. At a later period some seed was obtained from the Department of Agriculture. The planting season in Washington begins very early considering the httitude, and the seed was received too late for general use. Seed was, however, supplied to those requesting it, and in the main these requests were from localities not so well adapted to the culture of sugar beets, so that the results of this year's planting can in no way be taken as representative. The Washington State Experiment Station began the investigation of this proli- lem through its chemical department in the spring of 1891, and conducted it with the greatest thoroughness through that and the two succeeding seasons, making more than 3,000 analyses. Beets were raised in both small and large plats. The results were so uniform as to demonstrate the peculiar adaptal)ility of this region to the culture of sugar beets. These results are given in Bulletins 15 and 26 of the State exi^eriment station. I submit herewith the report of Professor Fulmer, of the department of chemistry, relative to the results of this year. I might mention the fact that Professor Fulmer was for some time chemist of a beet-sugai' factorj^ in Nebraska, and is particularly well fitted for dealing with this subject. The results thus far obtained in the State show a percentage of sugar of about 15, aud a purity of nearly 81. Pullman, Wash., January 6, 1S9S. Dear Sir: In compliance with your request I hand you herewith a tabulated statement of the analyses made in tln^ station laboratory of beets grown from seed furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture. The data presented are far from being complete. The very important item of "variety of seed " is entirely omitted, because in almost all cases the variety indicated by the grower of the beets was not at all in harmony with the characteristics exhibited by the samples. For example, beets with pink skins were often marked '• Kleinwanzlebener," which is a pure white variety. It is quite clear to my mind that the lack of harmony between the character of the beets and the names they bore was due to the seed sent out by the Government being a mixed seed. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 117 Parties sending in beets foranalysis failed in most cast's to send any data concern- ing the time of planting, thinning, and harvesting; character of soil; amount of cultivation, etc. On account of this great lack of reliable data, the meager results obtained are of little value. I wish to direct your attention to the fact that this kind of experimental work with sugar beets in our State is at this time a useless expenditure of time and energy. During the past four years this station has made over 3,000 analyses of sugar ]>eet8 grown in all ])arts of the State, and under all conditions of tempi^rature and rainfall. The details of these analyses, and of the field experiments, have been pul)li8hed in full in Hullctins 15 and 26. The raising of high-grade beets in this State has been fully demonstrated to be a practical success, and we believe any further experimen- tation with small plats is wholly unnecessary. The uniformly excellent results that we have obtained in the past are in striking contrast to the very poor outcome of t^jiis year's test. We believe the low sugar content and purity exhibited by the beets this year is due to several causes: (1) The seed from Washington was received altogether too late in the spring for distribution in time for early planting. In most sections of the State the seed should be jilanted not later than the middle of April. (2) Nearly all of the samples were grown in sections of the State that have not heretofore shown any special adaptability to sugar-beet culture. (3) W^e believe the seed was of poor quality. In support of this assertion I wish to call your attention to the samples that were raised at Crescent, in Lincoln County. Heretofore this section has always produced high-grade beets. The samples sent in by William Adam, P. Carsteus, and the first two of W. B. Warren were grown from Government seed, and gave a very low sugar content and purity. The samples of Wollweber, and the last three of Warren, were grown from seed raised at Crescent last year, and gave most excellent I'esults. These facts and the very general poor quality of samples leads me to regard the seed furnished as an inferior quality. The inclosed lesults do not do justice to our State, and I wish to protest against their publication as an index of the character of beets that can be raised here. Yours, very respectfully, Elton Fulmer, Chemist Experiment Station, Director E. A. Bryan, rullman, Wash. In regard to the report of the chemist, attention should be called to the fact that he is evidently mistaken in regard to the quality of the seed sent by the Department of Agriculture. This seed was, of course, not of the direct production from liigh-grade mother beets, bat was the ordinary commercial seed which was imported by the Oxnard Com- pany for distribution among their beet growers. It was the same seed which was sent to Michigan and to New York, which produced in those States the excellent results which have been recorded in previous portions of this report. In over 2,200 analyses of beets which were made in this laboratory during the past reason, only about 25 samples were received which had a pink skin, and in most cases these were marked with different names. It is possible, however, that a few seeds of this kind may have been mixed in with the large lot of commercial seeds which were imported into this country. The Department of Agriculture neither purchased nor packed the seeds which were dis- 118 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. tributed, so that the possible admixture of other varieties can not be l)ositively denied. With the exception of tlic excessive rainfall on some of the coast areas, it has been demonstrated that the State of Washington is well suited to tlie growth of beets of a higli grade. An extended report on the possibilities of Oregon and Washington for beet production was made in Bulletin No. 5 of this Di\dsion, the investigations, which were published in 188."), having beeTi made in the autumn of 1884. A descrip- tion of the topographical features and climate of western Washington is given on i)ages 103-104 of that bulletin. The conclusions which I derived from a study of the conditions at the time are given on page 105 in the following words: " lu view of the preceding descriptif)!! I iiiu inclined to lielieve that iu Washington Territory and Oregon, soil and climate are very favorable to the growth of a sugar beet of higli saccharine strength. " The mildness of the winter is, though to a less degree than in California, favorable to the season of manufacture. With a wise and careful cucouragenient of the industry I have no hesitation in saying that the prosjiects for the development of an indigenous sugar industry in the extreme northwestern part of our country are decidedly bright. It is a field worthy the attention both of experimenters and capitalists." Investigations which have been made subsequent to this period have abundantly verified the predictions given above. The chemist of the station, in the results of his work for 1897, says that the data are not so favorable as were obtained in preceding investigations, but, as he says, the beets analyzed came from parts of the State less favorable to beet culture than did those samples which had previously been examined. The data obtained by analyses of beets received at the Department from Oregon are decidedly favorable. The average size of the beets, 27 ounces, shows the possibilities of a large yield, while both the con- tent of sugar and the purity coefficient are favorable to the production of large quantities of sugar from the beets produced. The thermal conditions which prevail in Washington are noticed iu another place. The coast region is cooler than the mean temperature of 69° for the summer months, but, as has been remarked before in more than one place, this is not unfavorable to the production of high-grade beets; on the contrary, rather promotive of it. The mild autumns, especially in the western part of the State, afford ample opportunity for the complete harvest and care of the beets. In considering the data which have been obtained through a long series of years, therefore, it is safe to say that there are extensive areas in the State of Washington which invite the careful consideration of intending investors in the beet- sugar industry. BEET-SUOJAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 119 Wisconsin. Forty-two samples of beets were received at the laboratory of the Department from Wisconsin, of which number 31 Avere grown in Dane County, representing the beets grown by the agricultural experiment station. It is evident, that the mean results of the samples from Wis- consin are influenced in a marked degree by those obtained from the agricultural experiment station. These mean results therefore repre- sent a higher quality of beets than would have been grown in the promiscuous manner already referred to. The mean weight of the beets grown in Wisconsin was 15 ounces, the mean content of sugar therein was 15.8 per cent, and the mean purity 83.3. The small mean size of the beets is due chiefly to the 31 samples received from the agricultural experiment station, of which the average weight was only 11 ounces. With the exception of 1 sample from Outagamie County, which weighed only 8 ounces, the other samples were of good size. Especially is this true of the 3 samples received from Racine County, the mean weight of which was 34 ounces, the mean content of sugar 15.4 per cent, and the mean purity 82.6. The data obtained by our analyses are encouraging, but, on account of the small number of samples, not conviucing. Therefore the fol- lowing report of the results of the analyses made at the agricultural experiment station will show more conclusively the influence of the character of the soil and climate of Wisconsin on the quality of sugar beets. KXPERIMKNTS CONDUCTED BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OP WISCONSIN. Three classes of experiments were conducted by the agricultural experiment station of Wisconsin during the year 1897. An elaborate report of these exjieiiments has already been printed as Bulletin Ii^o. G4 of that station. The following interesting summaries represent the principal data obtained: The three methods were the following: First method. — A general distribution of seed was made promiscu- ously to farmers in the State who desired to experiment. In all, 13,766 packages were distributed. Each package contained directions for planting and cultivating the beet. One thousand six hundred and sixty-three samples of beets grown under these auspices were received at the station for analysis. The quality of the beets, together with the analyses of beets grown in 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1897, with a summary for the four years, is shown in the table on page 120. 120 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Jtesults of analyses of sugar heets grown on Wisconsin farms daring 1890-1892 and 1897. — Avei'ages by counties. County. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa . . - Clark Columbia Cra^vford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire. .. Fond du Lac. Forest Grant Green Green Lake. . Iowa Iron Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee . . . La Crosse Lafayette Langlade Lincoln Manitowoc . . Marathon Marinette . . . Marquette . . . Milwaukee . . Monroe Oconto Oneida Outagamie . . . Ozaukee Pepin Pierce I'olk Portage Price Racine Kichland Rock St. Croix Sank Sawyer Shawano Sheboygan . . Taylor 1890-1892. 3 ^ P.ct. 11.99 12.74 10.75 13.48 16.67 12.72 14.15 12.28 10.09 12. 98 11.77 14.59 12.49 11.70 12.13 9.64 10.24 12.84 n.3i 11.32 7.79 13.96 13.04 12.71 13.58 12.58 12.27 12. 91 17.43 12.61 12.67 8.77 ■y P. P.ct. 76.1 74.9 77.4 82.6 77.5 81.4 74.7 72.0 76.7 76.2 80.0 79.8 76.0 74.1 72.5 69.3 77.5 78.1 74.9 65.6 79.0 76.0 78.1 77.1 76.1 77.0 81.4 85.9 80.4 76.5 64.5 15.51 12.32 13.76 11.48 13.14 14.71 11.09 12.02 14.27 11.34 12.96 12.55 9.67 10.69 12.53 11.71 13.61 83.4 76.2 80.7 75.2 79.0 79.1 75.4 75.1 80.6 79.6 76.7 74.7 71.5 Tons 9.3 77. 17. 7 17.9 15.9 14.7 23.6 10.9 15.5 15.3 14.4 20.7 21.4 1897. 11.5 14.0 11.0 6.0 13.2 15.2 27.8 17.5 25. 3 21.8 35.1 15.2 26.4 24.1 13.1 16.4 16.1 28.5 12.3 13.5 23.6 20.7 11.9 12.5 10.5 12.9 11.4 19.9 23.8 73. 8 I 26. 1 76.3 16.9 74.3 16.8 78.9 8.8 S! ft ai 6 5 15 1 101 8 2 48 34 61 30 2 44 47 15 8 26 63 38 1 26 4 13 1 1 64 13 9 13 74 60 6 15 7 49 44 27 15 14 24 11 4 63 17 4 12 5 33 7 17 15 36 18 23 12.61 12.18 11.97 12.68 12.09 13.51 12.86 15.11 13.92 12.97 10.70 12.04 11.31 12.21 10.16 12.06 10.40 9.96 11.57 13.55 12.34 14. 31 13.38 12.75 10.47 11.51 13.09 13.42 11. 99 13.23 13.19 14.17 12.36 15.48 13.78 13.06 14.00 11.82 12.58 11.90 13.12 10.43 13.75 10.61 13.97 12.11 12.78 a 6 . ^8 s cc h r.ct. P.ct. 13.67 75.5 11.42 74.2 12.94 74.3 10.96 73.5 13.12 75.5 12.96 75.3 12.92 75.0 13.35 12.96 10.87 72.4 74.2 74.9 71.8 72.3 71.3 71.9 77.4 78.8 73.7 73.8 71.2 70.2 7L2 65.5 72.9 70.2 64.7 77.4 72.8 72.9 74.2 75.4 80.6 66.3 70.8 75.9 74.9 72.3 76.6 77.7 77.7 73.1 79.6 75.5 75.4 75.7 73.7 73.2 72.6 73.2 67.2 75.3 68.7 73.5 72. 2 72^4 75.0 78.0 70.6 2'ons. 10.2 3.0 12.0 16.5 14.0 11.2 18.0 11.8 11.7 11.7 13.4 9.7 12.7 12.5 10.0 16.7 12.6 11.0 16.6 15.0 13.0 14.0 11.5 12.0 15.5 10.6 15.0 6.2 15.0 14.2 12.5 9.4 11.0 4.5 14.4 12.4 9.5 8.0 15.2 11.4 17.4 15.0 11.1 23.5 15.0 17.3 8.3 11.0 14.3 15.3 15.1 13.3 13.0 8.2 15.1 13.6 Summary lor four years. 18 1 105 17 2 56 47 68 49 6 58 60 18 8 39 73 48 2 35 10 14 8 1 65 36 15 14 104 70 10 16 10 65 53 29 15 20 40 23 4 77 22 9 12 6 41 7 21 24 53 26 31 1 35 82 25 P.ct. 13.11 11.42 12.90 10.96 13.03 13.24 12.92 13.19 12.25 12.19 12.53 10.76 13.37 12.62 15.02 13.92 12. 86 10.84 12.07 10.47 11.74 11.77 12.01 11.20 9.96 11.51 13.81 12.63 14.19 13.44 12.72 11.19 11.59 14.39 13.22 12.10 12.92 13.19 14.57 12.34 14.56 13.78 12.77 13.81 13.43 12.56 11.76 12.91 10.43 13.85 10.88 13.64 12.24 11.98 10.69 13.19 12.55 12.52 75.9 74.2 74.7 73.5 75.5 76.4 75.0 73.8 75.2 75.6 72.9 72.1 72.6 73.0 77.7 78.8 75.6 74.1 71.7 71.3 70.5 72.7 73.2 74.3 64.7 77.2 76.8 74.1 74.5 75.8 79.9 70.6 72.1 78.9 76.3 73.0 75.7 77.7 79.4 74.3 80.2 75.5 75.3 76.5 76.6 73.2 73. 73.6 67.2 76.3 72.8 74.5 73.0 72.2 73^8 75.3 76.8 75.5 It will be noticed that the table includes the analyses of 527 samples collected during the years 1890-91-92, together with the 1,063 collected in 1897, or a total of 2,190 saiuj)les. In the discussion of the analytical data Mr. F. W. Woll, who has compiled the report, makes the follow- ing interesting observations: Sixty-eight of the counties of the State are represented in the sugar-beet analyses made during the past season. Brown county leads with 101 samples of beets, BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 121 Kewaunee being second with 74 samples. Ten counties fuvnisliefl 50 or more sam- ples each. The highest average for the sugar in the juice, 11 samples analyzed, was obtained for Oconto County, namely, 15.48 per cent Avith a purity coefficient of 79.6, followed l>y Door County, which gave 15.11 per cent sugar in the juice, purity 77.4, as the average of 15 samples. The average sugar content of the juice of the beets was above 12 per cent in case of 49 counties, above 13 per cent in case of 26 counties, and abo\'e 14 per cent in case of 8 counties. AdaptdhUity of dijfercnt parts of ilie State to mifiar-heet culture. — A close study of the results given in the preceding tables will be of interest, .and is necessary in order to properly understand the situation of the question of sugar-beet culture in our State. The table indicates what an investigation continued through four growing seasons has revealed as to the ad.aptability of the soil in different parts of the State to the culture of this crop. In case of a few" counties, especially the extreme northern ones, the number of analyses made is not sufficiently large to warrant our drawing definite conclusions as to the quality of beets there grown, but in the large majority of counties the number of analyses is ample to be considered a true representation of what beets grown in the respective counties will show when raised by farmers who have no special knowledge of the requirements of the sugar beet as to culture, soil, etc. If the averages of the sugar contents for the various counties, as given in the last table, be marked on a Wisconsin map, and the counties whose averages come, say, above 13 and .above 14 per cent of sugar in the juice be shaded, it will at once be noticed that the counties producing the richest beets are those lying east and south- east of the Wisconsin River, and those in the northwestern corner of the State along the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers, from Buftalo County and north. The Lake Shore region is shown to be peculiarly well adapted to the culture of sugar beets; all counties producing beets with an average content of sugar in the juice above 14 per cent in the past season's analyses border on Lake Michigan or are adjacent to counties bordering on this lake. Mr. Woll is also of the opinion that those soils of the State which have been derived from limestone are best suited to tlie growth of sugar beets. He makes the following comment in regard to the sugar content of the beets : Sugar content of heets. — The table shows that the average i)er cents of sugar in the juice for the years given were as follows: 1890-1892, 12.76 per cent; 1897, 12.67 per cent, or an aver.age of 12.70 per cent for the years 1890-1897, the last figure being the mean of nearly 2,200 analyses. The usual minimum standard for beets adapted to factory purposes is 12 per cent sugar in the beet. Since beets contain about 95 per cent of juice, this will correspond to ^| = 12.63 per cent of sugar in the juice. Our average therefore exceeds this minimum figure by a small fraction of 1 per cent. The influence of the character of the soil upon the weight, sugar con- tent, and purity of the beets is summarized by Mr. Woll in the following statements : In the sections of our State where exclusive grain raising has given way to diver- sified farming, d.airyiug, stock raising, or market gardening, the land is usually in a good state of fertility^ and a sufficient amount of barnyard m.anure is produced every year so that no artificial fertilizers need be purchased. But where grain rais- ing is still continued as the sole reliance of the farmers, there is no hope for sugar- beet culture until the system of farming is changed, and the manure produced by the stock kept is carefully saved and applied, or commercial fertilizers are purchased for the beet fields. 122 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Second method. — The secoud line of iuvestigatious conducted by the experiment station consisted in the establishment of substations in dif- ferent parts of the Htate. As was mentioned in a previous jiart of this report, this is by far the most hopeful manner of conducting an agri- cultural survey of the State for the purpose of determining its suita- bility for the growth of sugar beets. In all, 3.'> farmers who took charge of this substation work made complete reports to the central station. The average expense per acre reported by IV2 of these was '"128.7.). One report, showing an expense of $04.34 per acre, was excluded from the average. The average yield per acre, as reported from the 3.'> stations, was 29,850 jwunds, or 14.9 tons of 2.000 jjounds each per acre. This yield includes only 27 returns, since C of the substations failed to return the yield per acre. The lowest yield per acre reported was G tons, and the Tiighest 24.8 tons. The average result of the analyses of the sam- ples fi-om the different substations is shown in the following table: Average for 23 snlistations in aonthcrn lialf of State (30 and 31 samples, re- spectively) Average for 13 substations in northern half of State (17 and 15 samples, re- spectively) Average for 36 substations (47 and 46 samples, respectively) Weight of beets. Sugar in juice. Purity co- efficient. Weight of beets. Sugar in juice. Pounds. Per cent. Per cent. Pounds. Per cent. 1.17 13.58 80.0 1.79 15.35 1.42 13.35 81.7 1.59 14.97 1.2C 13.49 80.6 1.72 15.22 Purity co- efficient. I'cr cent. 79.0 82.5 80.2 For the first attempt at collecting data by a complete agricultural survey, the above results may be regarded as exceedingly encouraging. With larger exi)erience on the part of the farmers in charge of the experiments, however, much more valuable and convincing data might be obtained. Third method. — The third class of experiments conducted by the Wisconsin station consisted in investigations at the station farm itself. For the details of these experiments Bulletin 04 may be consulted. The following is a summary : The field selected for the experiments was divided into two portions. The eastern half had been a meadow continuously since it came into cultivation up to 1895, when rape was grown thereon, followed by a crop of peas in 1890. The western half of the field had been jdowed only once during the i)ast twenty years, when it was cultivated in Indian corn. It had been iiastured during the past ten years until 1890, when it was planted to rape and the rape eaten off by sheep. The beet crop did not do well on this field, the whole northwestern portion of it, after the 1st of August, showing no increase in the growth of the beets, the foliage turning yellow and the plants dying away to a large extent. The field was plowed inches deep on May 7, and plowed again 12 inches deep on May 20. About four-fifths of it BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 123 was snbsoiled to a depth of 6 inches. The agricultural analytical data obtained from this field are given in the following table: Yield of beets and of sugar per acre, main field. Name of seed. Kleinwanzlebener, Nob .... Despres!, Men Kleinwanzlebener, A^new . Kleinwanzlebener, Hoerninj Vilmoriu Improveil Yiluioriii Kleinwanzlebener Vilniorin French Kleinwanzlebener, Ploto* . Desprez White, No. 2 * , Desprez White, No. 2 V, * .. AVernicb's Kleiuw., Floto*. Deniesmay " Kleinwanzlebener, Neb. (2) * Average.s, etc , Eastern half. Yield of beets from plat, Pounds. 3, 422 2,826 3, 053 2, 875 2,221 2,473 2,485 2, 258 2,081 2,108 2,111 1,321 30, 121 Yield of beets per aero. Pounds. 24, 010 22, OtiU 21, 4.50 20, KiO 15,610 17, 380 17, 400 15, 860 14, 620 14,810 14, 840 15, 510 20, 760 18, 043 Sugar in the beet. Per cl. 12.72 11.71 10. !)6 15.04 14.68 10.65 11.26 14.24 10.95 15.05 15.65 14.23 15.83 13.22 Sugar per acre. Pounds. 3,059 2,543 2,352 3,038 2,291 1,850 1,966 2,259 1,602 2,228 2,320 2,207 3,287 2,385 Western half. Yield of beets from plat. Pounds. 2,874 3,122 2,301 1, 299 1,308 2,728 2, 701 1,472 1,429 1,408 1,2.36 799 355 Yield of beets per acre Pounds. 25, 030 30, 230 32, 120 20, 210 15,030 23, 770 23. 540 12. 820 12, 460 12, 270 10, 760 11, 600 10, 300 23,032 18,472 Sugar in the beet. Per ct. 15.80 13.71 15.17 17.06 14.28 14.98 13.58 14.05 14.38 11.71 13. 62 10.28 10.75 Sugar per Pounds. 3.959 4,144 4,873 3,448 2, 141 3, .561 3,1116 1,801 1, 790 1,436 1,467 1,192 1,058 14.18 2,620 * Not included in average for western half. The cost of cultivating this field is given as follows: Cost of gr Giving an acre of sugar beets. — A careful .icconnt was kept tlirongliont tlie season of the labor done on the 3-acre beet field; valuing labor ais previously given, we have the following summary : Plowing and preparing the laud $12. 42 Planting 1.70 Cultivating, hoeing, thinning and transplanting 51. 63 Harvesting and placiug in cellar 31. 60 Total.,.. , 97.35 This sum, $97.35, or $32.45 per acre, does not include the co,st of seed or rent of land. It is nearly .$4 higher than the corresponding figure obtained as the average for 28 substations; the greater cost with us is easily accounted for by the weedy condition of the western half of the field, as well as by the fact that the liarvestiug of our beets was a comparatively slow and difficult job, since the different lots and varieties had to be harvested and kept separately. In addition to the work summarized above the station took part in the growth of high-grade beets on special plats under the supervision of the Department. The results of these exj)eriments are given in another place, Wyojiing. Thirty-four samples of beets grown in Wyoming were received at the Department of Agriculture for analysis. The mean weight of the beets received was ID ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beet 17.2 per cent, and the mean iiurity 82.3. These data are exceptionally fine, and show that, in so far as the production of a crop is concerned, Wyoming will be able to compete with any State in the Union. The thermal conditions which prevail in the State are extremely irregular, the low valleys having warm and the high i)lateaus cool summers. It 124 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. is evident that only on the plateaus, where the land is reasonably level, and where irrigation can be practiced, will it bo possible to grow, with absolute certainty, a crop of beets of high saccharine strength. Among the counties of Wyoming the two which furnish the most data are Converse and Big Horn. Converse County lies in the southeastern part of the State and Big Horn in the northwestern. In the beets from Converse County the average weight was 26 ounces, the mean content of sugar 17.8 per cent, and the mean coefficient of purity, 82.2. Big Horn County furnished six samples, of which the average weight was 20 ounces, the mean content of sugar 18.7 per cent, and the mean coefficient of purity 82.2. When these analyses were made, showing such fine results, we wrote at once to the parties to see if we could not get a quantity of the beets for mothers in producing beet seed. The reply was made that they had all been frozen, and therefore no samples could be furnished. Tliis reply to our inquiry indicates the chief difficulty to be encountered in Wyoming in introducing the beet industry, namely, the sudden advent of cold weather and the severity of the early winters in that locality. In Big Horn County some of the altitudes are 10,000 feet, and the whole county has a very great elevation. In the southeastern portion of the State the altitude generally reaches 7,000 feet. It is evident, therefore, that, these high elevations give cool summers and favor the early advent of winter. Another point to be considered is the mountainous character of the State, which, of course, precludes the possibility of culture over exten- sive areas. In low valleys protected by mountain ranges, if from 15,000 to 25,000 acres of land in a body could be secured, it seems proba- ble that the industry of beet growing might be introduced with every probability of success. The temperature conditions, however, of Octo ber and November should be most carefully considered, as it would doubtless be necessary, even in the most favored valleys of Wyoming, to have the beets securely protected by the middle or end of ISTovember. This short harvesting season can not help but add a great deal to the cost of production, and hence must be taken into consideration. In that part of the country also the question of the supply of water is a very important factor, and must not be lost sight of, as not only will water be required for the growing of crops, but also in immense quantities for manufacture. The data at hand only permit us to study the composition of the beet itself, and surely Wyoming is to be congratulated on having produced, judged from the limited number of samples supplied, an excellent quality of beets. Vermont. Only 8 samples of beets from Vermont were received at the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and these were of very high quality. The mean weight of the samples received was 22 ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beet 14.2 per cent, and the mean coefficient of i^urity, 84.1. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 125 At the agricultural experiment station of Vermont 32 samples were received. The average weight of the beets received at the exi)eriment station was 17 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 16.3, and the mean purity 81.2. In reporting the results of the experiments the director of the station makes the following observations : '' RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN VERMONT. One huuilred persons guaranteed at the outset of the season to grow the crop and ship us samples. We had returns from twenty-seven. The remaining seventy-three, however, were not so much at fault as was the Weather Bureau. The weatlier throughout the State during the months of May, June, and .July and the first part of August was execrable, there being several times the normal rainfall. In almost every case of not sending samples the report was that the crop was drowned out. It strikes me as somewhat doubtful whether the results obtained in the twenty- seven cases reported are truly representative of what might be expected under normal conditions of weather. The percentages of sugar certainly run (^uite high. I find that several of the growers sent their samples to Washington. I should be gratified, if it were possible, to receive the statement of the analyses, as we may wish to make some use of the sugar-beet data, ourselves, which, as I under- stand, we are at liberty to do. The majority of those who made a failure of the work this year expressed their desire to try again next year. Of 32 bei4s analyzed at the agricultural experiment station of Ver- mont the number containing from 12 to 11 per cent of sugar was 2; the number containing from 12 to 14 per cent of sugar and weighing 16 ounces or over was 1; the number containing more than 11 per cent of sugar was 28; the number containing more than 14 per cent of sugar and weighing 16 ounces or more was 12. It is seen from the above data that the only limitations upon the growing of beets in Vermont are the extent of the area suitable to the culture of the beets and the length of the growing season. It is evi- dent, in so far as growth is concerned, that such a season as that of 1897 is capable of producing beets of the highest grade, but the growing- season includes properly the season of harvest and preservation of the beets. The high northern latitude of Vermont and the early and severe winters must be taken into consideration in this particular. Vermont is also a mountainous country, and the areas of level land are not proportionately so great as in most of the States which have been considered for beet growing. Where bodies of from 15,000 to 25,000 acres of level and fertile land can be found witli the autumnal condi- tions favorable for the harvest and preservation of the beets, there is no reason to doubt the j)ossibility of successfully establishing the beet-- sugar industry. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS. The influence of temperature and other climatic conditions upon the growth of beets is discussed under the head of special experiments in growing beets from high-grade seeds. It will be interesting, however, to compare the deductions from that discussion with those from data 12G BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. obtained from certaiu parts of the country where favorable conditions exist for making this comparison. The States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois are sitnated in a peculiarly favorable manner for a study of this kind. Each of these States has a ]>ortiou of its area in the tlieoretical thermal belt and a large portion of its area outside of that belt. In each of these States, therefore, the data received from the various connties were classitied into three i)ortions, namely, the northern, the central, and the southern belts. The following is a tabulation of the data from each one of these sections in the three States : Helation of latitude to development of siujar content. '- Northern belt. Central belt. Southern belt. Average weight of beets. Sugar iu beets. Purity coetH- cient. Average weight of beets. Sugar in beets. Purity coeffi- cient. Average weight of beets. Sugar ill beels. Purity coeffi- cient. Ohio Ounces. 29.4 18.0 22.0 Per ct. 13.6 13.3 13.2 79.4 81.9 79.3 Ounces. 32.6 18.5 20.0 Per ct. 13.2 12.9 11.5 78.0 80.7 75.4 Ounces. 35.0 14.2 19.0 Per ct. 12.2 10.7 11.1 75.3 78. 74.7 The data in the above table have a peculiar value in establishing, by experimental results, the validity of tlie scheme employed in the construction of the theoretical thermal belt suitable to the growing ot beets. In every one of the States mentioned there is a gradual deteri- oration in the quality of the beet, both as respects its sugar content and its purity, iu ])assing from the northern to the southern belt of the State. It may be said that the difference between the two extreme areas is not very great, and that for this reason it would be advis- able to establish factories indiscriminately in one or the other of the belts, according to more or less favorable local conditions, aside from the sngar content of the beet. The fallacy of this statement, however, will be evident to anyone who studies carefully the conditions of manu- facture. An increase of 1 per cent in the sugar content of the beet means an increase of 20 pounds per ton in the amount of sugar manu- factured, without any corresponding increase in the expense of manufac- ture. In other words, the cost of extracting the sugar from a ton of beets which would yield 180 pounds would be just as great as that attending a ton of beets which would yield 200 pounds of sugar. But the additional value of the 20 pounds of sugar manufactured might in many instances determine whether the business would be con- ducted at a profit or a loss. The above assumption is true on the supposition that the coefficient of purity remains the same in each case. When we consider in addition to the loss of the sugar, the deprecia- tion in the purity of the juice, the discrepancy between the sections becomes all the greater. Not only is the loss attending the lower sngar cctiitent of the beet to be considered, but also the additional loss BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 127 which is coupled with the lower purity. In other words, a ton of beets with a coefficient of purity of 80, which would yield 200 pounds of sugar by the ordinary processes of manufacture, would yield very much less than this if the purity coefficient should fall to 7G, and would yield very much more if it should rise to 85. The data obtained in the above table aftbrd convincing proof of the fact that it is not safe to push the manufacture of beet sugar too far south of the theoretical thermal belt, unless the depreciation in the sugar content and ])urity of the beet is compensated for by some remarkable local factors, in the way of cheapness of manufacture, which will make good the loss due to the low content of sugar and the low purity of the juice. These figures, obtained in this miscellaneous way, are fully corroborated by the care- ful exj^erimental data obtained in the culture of high-grade beets at the six stations which are mentioned in another place. From exactly the same seeds, planted in exactly the same way and cultivated in the same manner, exceptionally high-grade beets of fine sugar content and high purity were obtained from the l^ew York station, good beets were grown at the Wisconsin station, fairly good beets at the Iowa station, beets with a fairly good content of sugar but diminutive in size on account of the drought at the Indiana station, beets of good size and very low content of sugar at the Kentucky station, beets of only mini- mum content of sugar and very small size at the Tennessee station. These results are such as should be studied carefully by intending investors who desire to place their money where the certainty of return is the greatest. With such magnificent areas open to cultivation as are found in the States of Xew York, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, northern Indiana, and southern Michigan, it would not be wise for men of capital to select localities which the figures at hand indicate are less favorable to the production of high-grade beets. The data which have been obtained from New York and from Michigan indicate that with the best principles of culture, with good fertilization and skilled oversight, beets can be grown over wide areas fully equal in sugar-pro- ducing power to those which are grown by the skilled farmers of Ger- many. On the other hand, it is quite certain that if the area of culture be pushed to the south, so as to fall entirely without the limits of the thermal belt, the same fertility of soil, the same fertilization, and the same care in culture will produce beets less rich in sugar, with a lower purity, and yielding less sugar per ton than those grown in tlie locali- ties first mentioned. As to how far the successful growth of the sugar-beet industry can be pushed north of the limit of (i9o, it may be said that the only con- dition to be considered in this matter is the possibility of j)roducing and ripening a crop and harvesting it before the rigors of winter set in. The culture of the sugar beet may be very successfully practiced in localities where the mean summer temi)erature falls even as low as 04^, 128 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. provided the latitude is far enough north to get sufficient sunshine to mature the beets before the frosts of autumn. If the autumn be mild and merge gradually into winter, the limit of successful culture will be found where the freezing weather of winter cuts short the time re([uired for the harvesting and siloing of the crop of beets. In the light of the data at present available, therefore, the southern limit of the sugar-beet belt may be regarded as the isotherm of 71° for the three summer mouths, occasionally pushing 50, 75, or even more miles south of this line, where exceptional conditions of soil and manufacturing facilities are presented. The facts of the case, however, warrant the statement that the safer plan will be not to push south of the isotherm of 71'° so long as equally favorable conditions of soil and manufacture are obtainable north of this line of demarcation. It is deemed wise to dwell particularly upon this subject, because of the fact that so many peoi^le living south of the isotherm of 71° are vitally interested in this matter and so eager to have the industry established in the neighbor- hoods in Avhicli they live. The conclusions which have been drawn are not meant to discourage experimental work in areas widely remote from those mentioned. It is only just, however, to call attention to the fact that investments of large amounts of capital which result disastrously do more to deter the successful establishment of an industry than a much larger number of successful investments favor it. For instance, in the State of Wisconsin we have an illustration of the tinancial failure of an attempt to manufacture beet sugar, and as a result of this fail- ure it will be difficult to induce capital to look for investment in Wisconsin in the sugar-beet industry, although the conditions in that State are exceedingly favorable to success. Had it not been for the failure of the factory projected at Menominee Falls, it is quite certain that other capital would be invested in the State at the present time, and instead of the industry being in a stagnant condition it would be advancing on the road toward success. It is extremely important that no mistakes be made from a financial i)oint of view, and that every I)recaution to avoid these mistakes be observed. When subsequent experimentation shall have demonstrated that there are areas outside, and especially south of the theoretical belt, equally as well suited to the growth of beets sufficiently rich in sugar as those which have been mentioned, it will be time enough to ask capital to seek investment in those localities. SUGAR BEETS AS CATTLE FOOD. Thousands of farmers in various parts of the country are growing beets in an experimental way and have no opportunity to dispose of their product to sugar factories. These farmers may, nevertheless, find the growing of small quantities of sugar beets profitable by using the product for cattle food, Following is an anr.lysis lately made iil BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 129 this laboratory of a sample of sugar beets received from a locality such as is mentioned above: Composition of fresh ieetpulp. Moisture Fiber (crude) Ash Etlier extract (fat) Proteids . : Sugar and other carbohydrates Fresh Dry pulp. matter. Per cent. Per cent. 73.87 1.53 5.89 1.35 5.18 .11 .42 2.21 8.47 20.93 80.04 100. 00 100. 00 The sample in question contained 73.87 i^er cent of water and 26.13 per cent of dry matter. The analyses of hundreds of samples of beets in this laboratorj^ show that the average content of fiber, usually called "marc," is about 5 per cent. In the process of analysis all this marc is dissolved excejit that which is entered above as crude fiber, namely, 1.53 per cent. The difference between this and the 5 per cent average content of marc, namely, 3.47 per cent, shows the quantity of carbohy- drate matter not sugar contained in the 20.93 per cent of total sugars and carbohydrates. The quantity of sugar in the sample analyzed was, therefore, 17.46 per cent. Practically all, however, of the carbo- hydrates, except those represented by the crude fiber, are digestible, so that the soluble marc has practically the same food value as the sugar itself. The ratio of the proteid matter to the digestible carbohydrates plus fat multiplied by 2^, is 9.59. This ratio shows that the food Is particularly a fattening one, and could be used to great advantage in preparing fat stock for market. The analysis also indicates that the food, to secure the best results for all round sustenance, should be fed with some highly nitrogenous ration in order to secure a smaller ratio between the two groups of nutrients. It may be said with perfect con- fidence that it will be far more i:)rofitable for the farmer to grow sugar beets at 12 tons per acre for cattle food than other root crops, such as turnips and rutabagas, which will yield double that quantity per acre. The food value of these crops does not depend upon the gross tonnage, but upon the actual nutrients which they contain. Sugar beets contain, as is seen, over 20 per cent of their weight of actual nutrients, while turnips and radishes may contain only from 6 to 12 per cent. USE OF BEET PULPS FOR CATTLE FOOD, The residue from beet factories, in the form of the beet pulp, is also a valuable cattle food. In this country no carefully controlled feed- ing experiments have been conducted with this material, but the question has been studied most thoroughly in Europe, and the data obtained can be used for our guidance. There is practically no dif- ference in chemical composition between the beet pulps obtained iu H. Doc. 396 9 130 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Europe and in this country, so that the deductions to be drawn from the feeding experiments in that country can be applied with perfect safety to similar work here. At many of the factories in this ccmutry practi- cal feeding tests have been made, and with favorable results. Having heard that successful experiments in feeding cattle and sheep had been conducted at the factory of the Pecos Yalley Beet Sugar Com- pany, I addressed a letter to the manager of that factory, and received the following reply: Eddy, N. Mex., Fehruary SI, 1898. Dear Sir: I have your letter of the 14th. Shortly before the close of our cam- paign, Mr. A. J. Crawford, a large sheep owner of this section, looked into the question of feeding beet pulp to sheep, and finally decided to try a bunch of 500 lambs as an experiment. These lambs were the culls of his dock, and when brought to the feeding pens at the factory were in very poor condition. In a few days they took to the pulp very readily, and are now eating 7 to 10 pounds of pulp per day each, with sufdcient hay (alfalfa) as roughening. They have picked up wonder- fully during the time they have been here, and Mr. Crawford tells me that they are now the best looking of any he has. He is so well satisfied with the result of his experiment that about a week ago he brought in 2,000 ewes with the intention of feeding them on the pulp during the lambing season. Yon, of course, are aware that the pulp is a great milk producer, and hy feeding it Mr. Crawford will be able to carry both ewes and lambs through in good shape until the grass conies, and, of course, thereby prevent the loss which he would otherwise have to stand of the many ewes and lambs which would die on the range. When the lambing season is over and we see how the sheep come through I shall be glad to write yon fully. Mr. Crawford is anxious to make a contract for all our next year's pulp, and I have no doubt that the feeding of sheep on pulp in this valley will become quite an industry. Yours, truly, A. S. Goetz, General Manager. Mr. H. W. Wiley, Division of Chemistry, Washington, D. C. It is evident from the above that these practical experiments in feed- ing, although not controlled by actual chemical analyses, have been eminently successful, and it is not at all unlikely tliat within a few years our beet factories will be able to contract in advance for all the pulp which they can possibly produce. To illustrate more clearly the value of the pulp and its value for feeding purposes, the following extracts, taken from standard European authorities, are published: DIFFUSION PULPS OR EXHAUSTED COSSETTES. The following table contains an average of analyses made by Messrs. Vivien, Lucas, Duvin, Durot, and Dupont as a commission of experts in France: J Moisture Nitrojrenous matter Digestible carbohydrates . . Indigestible carbohydrates Fat Mineral matter Solid matter Fresh pulp. Dry material. Per cent. Per cent. 89.00 .92 8.43 6.52 59.76 1.98 18.15 .09 .83 1.40 12.83 100. 00 100. 00 10.91 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 131 FEEDING EXl'EKIMENTS WITH BEET PULP. Exteusive tests in feeding- j)iilps liave been made at the Fraucieres sugar lioiiso of M. Gallois. The following animals were used: (1) Beef cattle, (13) oxen, (3) milch cows, (4) sheep, (5) ewes. Before beginning the tests, these animals were all gradually accustomed to the change from their customary ration to that of diffusion pulp. {(1) Beef catth'. — Twelve beeves each received every day, in three meals, 52.26 kilograms (115 lbs.) of diffusion pulps, mixed with 3 kilo- grams of linseed oil cake and 3 kilograms {Q.6 lbs.) of chopped alfalfa. Their weight increased an average of 1.004 kilos (2.214 lbs.) i)er day. If we consider the value of the meat as 0.95 franc ($0.19), that of the oil cake 0.25 franc ($0.05), and that of the alfalfa O.OS franc ($0,010) per kilogram (2.2 lbs.), we find that the feeding value of the diffusion pulp was 0.58 francs ($1,310) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.). {b) Oxen. — Four oxen each received the following ration per day: 57.5 kilograms (12G.8 lbs.) of diffusion pulp mixed with 5 kilograms (12 lbs.) of alfalfa and 1 kilogram (2.2 lbs.) of linseed-oil cake. These cat- tle decreased somewhat in weight in the first fifteen days, and did less than the usual amount of work, but in the second fifteen days they had entirely recovered. The trial continued two and a half months. In making a calculation analagous to that above, the value of the diffu- sion pulp w^as 4.78 francs ($0,956) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.). (f) Milch cows. — The test with milch cows lasted thirty days. Two cows were employed — one Flemish and the other Dutch. Before the tests the cattle were fed on dry alfalfa with a small quantity of beet pulps produced by the hydraulic press method. The cows were each given, per day, 45 kilograms (99.2 lbs.) of diffusion pulp with 2 kilo- grams (4.4 lbs.) of alfalfa. The tests demonstrated that the diffusion pulp is more advantageous as regards lactation than in the x)roductiou of flesh. Cows fed on diffusion pulps. Date. Cream ]>er 100 cc. of milk. April 27 May 1 . . . May 12.. May 19.. From these tests it was shown that the milk of the cows fed from diffusion pulp contained an average of 7.68 per cent of cream. The butter prodiiced from this milk did not have the peculinr disagreeable odor which is present in that from cows fed on press pulps. 132 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. {(l) Sheep. — III tliis test twenty merino >sheep were fed on ditiiision pulp. The following' table shows the result of this test and the rations fed per aulmal: Weight: Kilos. April4 948 =2,085.6 pounds. April26 1,008 =2,217.6 pounds. Total increase 60 = 132.0 i)ounds. Increase per sheep per day 0.137=; .3 pounds. Average rations per head : Pulp 5. 4 = 11. 88 pounds. Linseed-oil cake .2 = .41 pounds. Chopped alfalfa .5 = 1. 10 pounds. It was not necessary to make other additions to the diffusion pnlp, since the sheep ate it with avidity. With the aid of these figures we may calculate the value of the pulp as follows: The sheep gained per day 0.137 kilogram (.3 lb.) in meat, which at 1 franc ($0.20) per kilo (2.2 lbs.) equals 0.137 franc ($0,027). They con- sumed a ration, exclusive of the pulp, costing 0.09 franc, therefore the value of the 5.4 kilos (11.9 lbs.) of diffusion pulp was 0.047 ($0.01), or iUh % '''i'»e«.* Constituents. Digestible protelils (nitrogen X 6.25) Indigestible profeids (amid nitrogen X 9) Nitrate of potassium Digestible carbohydrates Cellulose and indigestible carbohydrates . I'at Sugar Assimilable mineral matter Indigestible mineral matter Water Pressed Dry ma- pulp. terial Per cent. Pel cent 0.64 7.73 .04 .48 .05 .60 4.07 49.15 1.92 23.19 .05 .60 .54 C.52 .35 4.23 .61 7.37 91.72 Analyses of diffusion pulp, hy Pellet. Constituents. Pressed pulp. Dry ma- terial. Water Organic matter Soluble inorganic matter Insoluble inorganic matter Acidity (expressed as acetic acid) Total nitrogen Insoluble nitrogen (at the boiling point of water) Per cent. 88.88 9.95 .57 .60 Per cent. 89.56 5.13 5.40 100. 00 1.01 .147 .111 100. 00 9.08 1.32 * Sachs' Revue TTniverselle des Progrcs de la Fabrication du sucre, 1, 429. The pulps diminished in weight in the silos, the diffusion i^ulps losing 6 per cent per month. At the same time there was a diminution in thie weight of the dry matter, approximately 1 per cent of the diffusion pulp. It is evident from the above data that the value of the pulp from beet- sugar factories, especially in thickly settled countries and in those regions where the dairy interests are prominent, will prove of no incon- siderable advantage in the successful introduction of the beet sugar industry and its rapid advancement. Beet pulps form a wholesome and nutritious, though a somewhat poorly balanced ration. Their chief nutriment is found in the carbohydrates, comjiosing the marc of the beet and including the unextracted sugar, and in the proteid nitrog- enous matters, and a large percentage of these is easily digested. While beet pulp is not suitable for the entire food of the animal, it can be made a principal part thereof, varying its iiroportions with the nature of the effect desired to be produced. Experience has shown that it is especially relished by dairy cattle, produces an abundant supply of milk, and where properly preserved and fed, it can be used in great abundance without iiiij)arting to the milk, butter, or cheese any unpleasant flavor. SUMMARY OF DATA COLLEOTED IN PREVIOUS YEARS. In order to present data covering as wide a field as possible, and including the experiments of several seasons, the following table has BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 135 been compiled from the reports of the Division of Chemistry and from the bulletins of the various State experiment stations : Analyses of sugar beets grown in various States. [A compilation of the .lualytical data obtained at the various State experiment stations for the years 1888 to 1897, inclusive, and at the United States Department of Agriculture for the years 1884 to 18SI7, inclusive.] Analyses by the United States De- partment of Agriculture. Analyses by the State ment stations. experi- State. Year. Num- ber of sam- ples. Avei'- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. 1893 1891 1897 Ounces. Per ct. 5.9 7.7 9.3 66.7 56.9 70.4 Ounces. Per ct. 2 7 51 23 ^=^- .-=r^;^ 157 a8.1 61.8 9 2 3 2 29 40 12 18 9.0 6.4 9.4 11.3 67.4 58.8 64.7 71.5 157 = = 8.1 61 8 1891 1892 1897 Average 7 22 9.1 13.7 65.0 1884 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 J 897 California 71 19 85.3 5 14 18 19' 17 10.7 12.1 10.7 613.0 614.0 614.0 615.0 615.0 614.0 77.7 73.0 4 8 4 13 48 14 14.7 11.1 14.7 84.6 75.8 77.6 1 26 16.8 88 21 13.6 85.3 37 18 11.2 75 1 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 Colorado 9.9 10.2 11.0 *13.5 *13.8 37 73 4 16 25' 29 51 170 18 174 20 26 18 17 20 12.5 13.1 14.8 13.2 13.6 76.1 76.1 81.7 74.9 76.7 83.0 79.3 80.6 12 14.3 79.7 442 2 5 20 13.9 78.4 142 25 11.5 82 1 1890 1891 Connecticut 14 27 9.7 10.8 76.1 77.3 Average 7 2 1 1 2 2 23 12 4 15 34 78 10.5 11.1 77.0 64.9 Georgia 1891 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 = Idaho 8.0 12.7 14.7 10.2 68.3 74.9 79.1 76.2 192 342 60 41 13.7 15.2 14.2 15.2 76 1 79 9 77 3 7 21 15.5 79.4 87.6 13 30 13.8 77.6 635 14.6 80.2 * The .sign * indicates that the number given is 0.95 X per cent of sugar reported since it was doubt- ful whether the per cent of sugar was expressed in terms of the weight of the juice or that of the beet, though ])robably the former. a Analyses of Klein wan zlebener only show: 32 samples, sugar 11.8, purity 73.6. 6 From report made on the total crop by the Chino \'alley Beet Sugar Company. 136 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Analyses of sugar heeis (jrown in various States — Continued. Analyses by the United States De- partment of Agriculture. Analy ses by the State experi- ment stations. State. Year. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coefli- cieut. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. 1890 1891 1892 1897 8 36 59 32 Ounces. 31 32 15 17 Perct 10.3 11.7 10.9 13.1 72.1 76.4 75.2 75.5 Otmces. Per ct. 312 20 11.9 76.4 135 21 11.6 75.4 312 20 11.9 76.4 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1897 5 10 26 131 95 49 84 205 a 20 12 12 25 18 12.2 11.9 9.1 12.0 11.1 11.8 11.8 12.0 56 77 57 4 23 27 14 10 10.7 11.6 11.2 10.7 72.7 76.9 72.5 73.1 ""78.'8 76.8 79.3 78.8 103 14 13.1 78.9 80.7 297 1 19 27 11.9 11.6 75.9 76.9 605 17 11.7 79.2 1891 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1897 4 12 34 503 404 563 150 642 17 34 33 16 21 19 19 19 11.9 9.9 10.7 12.1 11.6 11.9 11.5 12.4 76.5 64.9 30 321 30 7 22 30 24 17 11.8 11.8 10.9 12.8 74.5 75.7 76.2 75.8 71.4 74.0 72.9 76.1 74.9 130 18 13.3 73.7 76.6 518 26 12.1 75.2 2,312 19 12.0 75.0 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 7 16 183 115 22 158 31' 19 21 21 17 8.9 7.9 9.6 10.2 10.1 11.9 69.7 22 36 22 1 41 32 33 25 27' 8.3 10.7 11.1 14.3 11.4 69.3 68.2 74.2 72.8 73.8 ""io.b 73.4 71.8 77.0 122 29 34 13 16 10.6 9.1 8.9 11.9 71.4 63.7 77.2 71.5 501 19 10.4 73.4 1891 1892 1897 Kentucky 3 4 6 13 19 10.3 72.2 1893 1890 1891 1897 3 12 8.9 68.3 83 2 29 15 16 19 12.2 7.4 11.4 79.3 68.5 79.1 5 10 12.2 79.7 114 16 11.9 79.1 5 10 6 6 10 12.2 79.7 1889 1890 1891 n" 17 12.2 13.4 13.4 6 16 12.0 82.8 677.1 78.1 6 16 12.0 82.8 22 6 17 cl9 12.8 12.6 77.6 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 30 50 71 88 450 31 32 19 15 22 12.0 12.6 14.1 13.3 14.7 78.4 78.0 83.4 82.1 81.1 229 13.3 86.2 465 27 16 4 84.0 689 22 14.2 81.1 700 27 15.5 84.7 a Average M'eigbt of 71 samples e Average weight of 2 samples. h Purity of but 1 sample. BEET-SimAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 137 Jvali/ses of siujar heets grown iit various States — CoutinnecT. Analyses by the United States De- partment of Agriculture. Analyse.s by the State ment stations. experi- State. Tear. Nuin- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coelB- clent. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 107 41 22 7 49 Ounces. 30 29 29 60 24 Per ct. 11.8 12.4 12.2 10.8 11.0 75.2 75.7 78.1 70.8 79.2 55 467 180 Ounces. ""a23" 17 Per ct. *12. 3 na.o 14.3 76 5 79.7 85.5 143 17 13.1 81.8 226 2 67 13 324 29 21 20 33 20 11.7 8.4 10.4 8.1 11.7 76.3 66.7 62.4 63.4 73.5 845 5 59 19 17 28 13.2 13.4 9.3 81 1 1890 1891 1892 1897 67.3 304 26 10.6 71.0 400 20 11.4 71.6 368 26 10.4 70.4 1891 1892 1893 1897 Montana 35 6 2 4 25 22 15 20 13.2 10.9 14.3 14.4 76.8 72.8 75.0 77.8 70 23 14.7 77.0 47 24 13.1 76.3 70 23 14.7 77.0 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1895 1897 Nebraska 9 159 462 218 98 (c) 637 106 46' 17 6 23 17 12.7 10.3 *12.3 12.8 9.8 11.3 12.1 11.7 54 5 269 62 27 8 20 35 21 17 11.8 11.7 14.2 10.1 71.9 75.3 79.3 69.7 73.9 77.9 72.4 77.0 76.9 13 29 12.9 76.9 75.0 379 18 81 23 11 13 12.0 73.1 1,689 22 25 18 20 11.9 12.5 14.8 13.6 73.7 1891 1892 1893 1894 1'895 1896 1897 Nevada 17.2 15.9 88.0 83.4 222 221 51 76 9 80.8 80 8 176 13.1 d77. 8 21 18 18.3 81.4 10 19 18.9 Average 120 1 14 19 16.5 83.7 80.0 680 21 13.6 78.7 1891 1891 1893 1897 New Ilampsliire 11.6 New Jersey 1 17 7.3 70.8 8 11.7 76 2 31 16 14.2 81.4 32 16 14.0 81.1 8 11.7 76.2 1891 1892 1897 New Mexico 17 29 3 28 19 13 13.8 15.3 17.2 74.8 83.2 82.0 j 3 219 26' *i7.6 1 13.2 Average 49 ! 22 14 9 80.2 222 26 13.3 * The sign * indicates that 1 he number given is 0.95 X per cent of sugar reported since it was doubt- ful whether the p^r cent of sugar was expressed in terms of the weight of the juice or that of the beet, though probably the former. a Average weight of 2'J9 samples. b Average weight of 88 sanijiles. c Analyses reported by the Stand.ard Cattle Company. d Averages for 1893 to 1890, inclusive. 138 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Analgses of sugar hcets grown in various States — Continued. Analyses by the United States De- partment of Agriculture. Analy ies by the State experi- ment stations. State. Tear. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- ago weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coefli- cieut. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coetti'- cient. 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 Ounces. Per ct. 6 Ounces. Per ct. 9.9 10 4 8 15 32 22 12.1 11.6 15.4 78.0 76.8 85.9 29 562 38 a 16 12.9 15.9 225 21 15.0 82.4 83.2 247 21 14.8 82.2 591 20 15.7 83.2 1892 1893 1897 4 4 9.0 4.1 9.1 73.4 52.1 75.3 7 23 11 16 9.1 74.6 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 24 n u 2 4 25 23 24 27 28 13.4 11.8 12.9 14.0 10.5 71.2 73.2 76.5 80.7 81.2 9 129 29" 13.8 10.9 73.9 52 25 12.8 73.9 138 29 11.1 73.9 1890 1891 1892 1897 Ohio 15 66 102 68 26 31 17 22 9.8 11.3 14.2 13.8 76.0 73.5 80.2 79.1 24 9.8 ,554 31 13.3 78.7 251 1 1 23 48 10 13.1 6.4 11.8 77.9 53.3 72.5 ■ 578 31 13.2 78.7 1891 1897 21 11. 4 65. 3 2 2 35 12 29 20~ 34 19 9.1 15.1 12.7 14.2 62.9 73.4 81.1 80.2 21 11. 4 65. 3 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 37 98 65 126 22 27 11.2 1 12.6 14.4 78.4 82.7 23 14.3 C89.8 49 10 7 8 1 59 30 27 22 13 is' 13.2 8.0 13.3 10.8 11.0 13.8 80.6 223 24 1.3.1 81.3 1890 1891 1892 1893 1897 73.8 78.7 75.8 78.9 79.5 85 2 19 21 12.8 11.9 78.4 74.2 1 1897 1892 1893 = 3 15 71 19 15 23 5.8 4.9 5.9 .54.7 1894 1897 13 17 9.9 79.9 13 17 9.9 79.9 89 22 5.7 54.7 a Average weight of 137 samples. h Average weight of 2 samples. e Averages for 1893 to 1890, inclusive. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Analyses of sugar heets grown in various States — Continued. 139 Analyses by the United States De- partment of Agriculture. Analy ses by the State ment stations. experi- state. Tear. Kum- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. 1889 1890 1891 1892 1897 Ounces, Per ct. 17 58 1,264 680 337 Ounces. 25' 19 14 Per ct. 9.1 14.2 11.9 14.2 15.5 21 202 67 5 20 22 20 17 13.1 12.5 13.1 15.1 78.6 75.3 75.5 83.2 74.7 73.3 80.7 85.6 295 5 1 21 20 10 12.7 75.7 2,356 22 13.1 77 3 1891 1892 1894 1897 8.8 9.4 65.8 72.4 22 8 22 4 9.5 12.0 75 1 17 11 10.8 71.9 23 2 10 11 13 38 23 22 10.3 10.0 10.3 12.6 70.6 69.3 69.1 76.5 30 17 10.2 75 1 Texas 1890 1891 1897 1 14 34 8.0 56.3 23 24 11.4 72.7 14 34 8.0 56 3 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 Utali 21 43 27' 15.3 all.O ='12.5 all. 6 al2.7 al3.5 al3. 9 86 1 80 82 2 79 5 80.2 81 5 81 8 35 20 14.3 si.i 35 8 20 14.3 81.1 64 27 13.4 83 5 1897 1890 1891 18?2 1893 1897 22 14.2 84.1 32 17 16.3 84 2 20 . 14 34 153 1 11 31 183 15 21 12 16 21 19 16 18 18 28 10.8 11.1 12.0 13.3 11.6 74.0 76.0 79.6 83.9 76.2 5 621 11.6 11.4 15.2 14.5 14.5 12.8 76.8 5 21 11.6 1890 1891 1892 1803 1894 1895 1896 1897 84.2 83.9 76.8 74.0 1,666 521 211 60 25 17 6 23 *13.5 16.2 13.4 13.6 82.6 87.9 80.9 34 27 ■ 13.7 80.7 75.7 260 12 14 26 14 19 12.8 75.7 2,458 22 14.1 83.4 1892 1897 11.3 15.4 68.5 80.4 26 17 13.5 74.9 ■ * Tho sign * indicates that the number given is 0.95 X per cent of sugar reported since it was doubt- ful whether the per cent of sugar was expressed in terms of the weight of the juice or that of the beet, though probably the former. a Report made on total crop by Utah Sugar Company, 1891-1896. 6 Average weight (net) estim.ited from average gross weight. 140 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Analyses of sit/zac beets grown in rarioas States — Coutiuued. Analyses by the United States De- i Analyses by the State experi- partment of Agriculture. i ' ment stations. State. Tear Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. Num- ber of sam- ples. Aver- age weight. Sugar in beet. Purity coeffi- cient. 1890 1891 1892 1897 10 432 21 42 Otmces. 21 26 22 15 Per ct. 12.8 11.1 12.7 15.8 81.3 75.8 77.8 83.3 94 373 61 1,663 Ounces. 35 32 26 Per ct. 11.7 11.9 15.2 • 12.1 76.3 76.2 81.6 74.1 505 5 18 6 48 34 25 2G 12 8 19 19 11.4 76.6 78.8 78.1 85.2 80. 5 82.3 2,191 32 12.1 74.7 1890 ]891 1892 1893 1897 15.1 13.5 15.2 15.9 17.2 55 71 33 U 15.4 15.9 16.2 77.8 78.7 80.9 111 18 15.8 80.8 159 13 15.8 78.8 NOTES ON PRECEDING TABLE. In a few instances analyses reported to the stations by sugar compa- nies or organizations designed for the promotion of tlie sugar industry Lave been included. It is noticeable tliat in many States but few analyses have been made. In view of this fact, it is well to be cautious in accepting the results of these few analyses as being representative of the beets grown in the State. The reports from the State of California are especially incomplete. Most of the analyses reported are from data obtained in the laboratory of the Chino Valley Beet Sugar Company. In view of the fact that Cali- fornia has several very large and very successful factories, we do not regard the data included here of great value in judging of the State as a producer of high-grade sugar beets. We have data of factory averages obtained in California representing in some cases more than 100,000 tons of beets, showing that the State produces beets of very high sugar content. Factory averages have been reported this year higher than 15 per cent of sugar in the beets. It will be noticed that in most instances the results obtained by the Department of Agri- culture corroborate those obtained in the stations. A notable exception to this is in the tabulation of the results obtained with beets grown in the State of Washington. The Department of Agriculture, however, has only made about one tenth as many analyses of Washington beets as the station. The average of the results of the large number of Washington beets analyzed shows that this State is destined to be a large producer of sugar. In many cases the averages are based on very incomplete data, and therefore must not be considered strictly representative of all the results included. In liguring the general averages each annual aveiage is weighted in x)roportiou to the number of samples it represents. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 141 INVESTIGATIONS IN SEED PRODUCTION. The second line of experimeuts carried on by the Department of Agriculture during- the season of 1897 was devoted especially to the culture of high-grade beets in cooperation with a few of the agricul- tural experiment stations. The localities selected for the experiments were such as would represent as wide a range as possible of climatic conditions, and be compatible with the time at the disposal of the Chemist of the Department for doing the work, and with the quantity of high-grade seeds on hand. It was not deemed advisable to go into the arid regions with these experiments, because it was not possible, in the short time at our disposal, to make proper preparations for the conduct of our work. Under authority of the Secretary of Agriculture the Chemist of the Department made arrangements with the following experiment stations to conduct the work under as nearly as possible identical conditions, except those pertaining to climate: The agricultural experiment station of New York, at Geneva. The agricultural experiment stiition of Indiana, at Lafayette. The agricultural experiment station of ^Viseonsin, at Madison. The agricultural experiment station of Iowa, at Ames. The agricultural experiment station of Kentucky, at Lexington. The agricultural experiment station of Tennessee, at Knoxville. In order that the experiments might be conducted on plots of equal area, each director of the stations mentioned above was furnished with __ 1 Fio. 2— Plot for guidanco in planting sugar beets. a diagram showing the manner in which it was thought most advisable to plant th€ different varieties of seeds. The diagram shown in ligure 2 was accompanied by the following descriptive letter: United States Depaktment of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, WashiiKjion, D, C, Ai)ril 23, 1897. Dear Sir: For the sake of having complete uniformity in the comparative tests of high-grade beet seeds, I send herewith a diagram for the purpose of guiding you in the preparation of the plots and in the planting of the seed. The object of this dia- gram is to secure the planting of the high-grade seed in the interior smaller plots AB, each one of which has almost exactly the area of 500 stiuare feet. If preferred the 142 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THK UNITED STATES. size of tbe interior plots may be varied so as to make each ol" them exactly one one- hundredth of an acre, namely, 435.G siiuare feet. I think it would be better, however, to keep the interior plots A15 each 500 square feet, as they fit the rows as indicated by the horizontal line, allowing exactly 14 rows in the plots, of a total length, including both interior plots, of about 47.0 feet. The interior plots AB are surrounded by a border CCCC, which is to be planted with the high-grade commercial seeds which 1 shall send you. The end plots DD are to be planted with the same kind of high-grade commercial seeds as CCCC, but these end plots are not necessary to the success of the experiments. The object of the border CCCC is to surround the high-grade seeds AA with beets grown under the same conditions, so that the exterior rows of the plots AA may be subjected to the normal conditions of beet growth, which would not be the case if such small plots were left unprotected. The scale of these plots is 1 inch = 12 feet. I think it is important that the soil of the plots be prepared in accordance with the directions contained in Bulletin No. 52, a copy of which I transmit herewith. The plowing and subsoiling should loosen the ground to a depth of not less than 16, and, better, to a depth of 18 inches, and the surface of the soil, after plowing and subsoiling, should be reduced to perfect tilth. I am now awaiting the renuiinder of the high-grade seeds, which I expect in a few days. There will be two varieties of the high-grade seeds, one to be i)lanted in I'lot A and the other in Plot B, All the seeds sent you will be plainly marked, so that no mistake can be made. The quantity of seed required for plots A and B will be about 5 ounces. I think it best that the interior plots A and B at least should be planted by hand. The number of seeds in the 5 ounces being known, they should be planted in groups at intervals of 9 inches; that is, in such a way as to secure one good, vig- orous plant at about every 9 inches in the row after iliinning. Five ounces of seed will contain approximately 5,000 seeds, and in the two plots A and B there will be 888 hills, which gives aj)proximately nearly 6 seeds to a hill. In this case the planting- would be accomplished as follows : Six seeds placed in the row at distances of 1 inch apart followed by an interval of 3 inches, then again 6 seeds at intervals of 1 inch, and so on. This grouping is shown in the following line : 9 in. 9 in. Of course the spacing will vary according to the number of seeds to be planted. If there be anything in connection with the diagram that you do not understand please let me know. Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chief of Du-ision. Tlie high-grade seeds furnished for plantiug the above plots were as follows : (1) The Yilmorin Improved, grown at the experiment station of the United States Department of Agriculture at Schuyler, Nebr., in 1893, This station was abolished in the autumn of that year by Secretary Morton, and the principal part of all the high-grade seeds on hand was sold to the Oxnard Beet Sugar Company, of Grand Island, Nebr. A small portion of each variety was retained, however, in the hope that at some day the experiments might be reestablished. When sub- jected to a germination test, however, of all the varieties which had been preserved, only theVilmorin Improved showed unimpaired vitality. All the other varieties grown at Schuyler showed a vitality too low to warrant planting. (2) Original Klein wanzlebener, grown by Kiihn «& Co., Kaarden, near Amsterdam, Holland. These seeds were from specially analyzed mothers, showing the very highest qualities for seed production. BEET-SU(4AR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 143 (3) High-grade commercial seed, grown by F. Demesmay, Cysoing, France. These seeds were not grown from specially analyzed mothers, but represented the high-grade commercial seeds produced at that place. These three varieties were furnished for planting in Section B. There were also sent at the same time some of the high-grade commer- cial Kleinwanzlebener and Vilmorin's La Plus Riche for planting sec- tions CCCC and DD, as indicated in the diagram. These seeds were sent to the various stations specified above on the 24th of April, 1897. The high-grade seeds which were to be used in planting Section A had not yet been received, and were not forwarded at that time. The seeds ordered from Europe did not arrive until May 15, and were sent at once to the several stations on that day. In addition, seeds were received from August Iliilker & Sons, representing Dippe Brothers, at New York, and from Martin Grashoff", of Quedlinburg. These seeds were also sent for planting the margins of the plot indicated above. In the general instructions given to the directors of the stations it will be noticed that all the details of the work were left to be decided by them at the proper time, as any directions for time of planting, etc., would be but futile. Each one of the directors undertook to do the work strictly in accordance, with the instructions provided in so far as the preparation of the land, planting, cultivation, and harvesting of the samples were concerned. The Chemist of the Department visited three of tlie stations during the season and conferred personally with the directors in regard to the progress of their work. The other direc- tors were communicated with only by letter. In the analytical work samples were selected according to instruc- tions and sent to the Department of Agriculture, and others were ana- lyzed in the laboratories of the collaborating experiment stations. On May 6, the high-grade seeds not yet having arrived from Europe, I sent to each of the stations for planting Section A some high-grade seeds grown by Martin Grashoff, of Quedlinburg, obtained from Mr. Jellinek, an agent of the grower in this country. I suggested that Section A be planted with this seed, and then if the other seed expected from Germany came in time the plants could be dug out and the section rej)lanted. The name of the seeds sent for planting Section A was White Improved Imperial Elite, which were produced by a cross of another variety with the Kleinwanzlebener. Directions for planting the seeds according to the plot were furnished each director. The additional quantity of high-grade sugar-beet seed ordered from Dippe Brothers, Quedlinburg, Germany, was received and distributed to the stations on the 17th of May. In most cases the beets in Section A which were previously planted were not dug out, but the new seeds were planted in other localities. The conditions of growth varied greatly in the different localities during the season. At the 'New York station the spring was backward and cokl, and the planting and first develoiJment of the beets were 144 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. delayed. The subsequent conditions were favorable to good growth. The beets received no backset, and reached a fair maturity by the 1st of October. The autumn was mild and cool, and dry enough to pre- vent second growth, so that the beets could be left iu the ground with perfect security until late in November. At the Indiana station less favorable conditions obtained. A poor stand of the beets was secured in niaiiy instances where a perfect stand was secured at the New York station. The early leaves were badly eaten by an insect, and this prevented the early rapid develop- ment of the plant. Subsequently a period of extreme drought set in, lasting for nearly two months — during July and August. The result of all these unfavorable conditions was i)ractically a complete failure of the crop, so that even in the case of the beets which were secured there were evidences of arrested development. The general result of the experiment was exceedingly discouraging. At the Wisconsin station the field which was selected for the growth of the beets was not particularly well suited to the purpose. It had not been under previous cultivation for many years, and a i)ortion of it, as is seen in the report of the director, suffered severely from various causes. The special plots which were cultivated in the high-grade seeds gave lairly good results, as will be seen farther on, and the beets produced were of good size, fair shape, and fine quality. At the Iowa station fairly good seasonal conditions prevailed, and the character of the beets produced on the specially prepared plots was satisfactory. At the Kentucky station the beets obtained a good start, and grew well for the greater part of the season. They were slightly retarded by dry weather at one period of their growth, but on the whole reached a fair stage of maturity without untoward accidents. The beets which were harvested in September and October showed a higher content of sugar than those that were left later in the ground, and this is probably due to the second growth, which was })roduced by the warm climate of that locality. The sugar content was exceedingly low, and the data secured from the station show conclusively that Kentucky is not in the list of possibilities as a sugar-producing State in so far as beets are concerned. The data from Tennessee are extremely meager, and no definite con- clusions can be drawn from those at hand. In the study of the data received, it will be convenient to begin with the most southern station, namely, Tennessee, and then continue with the Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, and New York stations iu the order named. Tennessee. The results obtained at the Tennessee station were extremely unsatis- factory. On account of the poor quality of the beets, only one sample was sent for analysis, which was harvested on the 2r)th of September. These beets were so small as to hardly deserve the name, and no attempt BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IX THE UNITED STATES. 145 was made to determine the purity of the juice. It is evident, from au iuspection of the tiible which follows, that there was nothing in the result of the experiment to justify a further examination of the beets produced. The cause of failure in Tennessee has been reported by the secretary of the station in the letter given below, and therefore no further expla- nation need be made here of the failure to attain even fairly satisfactory results. The AliRlCL'LTURAL EXPEIUMENT STATION OF THE University of Tennessee, Enoxville, February 15, 1897. Dear Sir: A refereuco to plat sent you May 26, 1897, will explaiii the following: Sugar beets grown from seed sown :May 19, 20, 1897, were lifted when properly ripe, tops removed and put into separate piles on the gronud close by, and covered with earth. In this condition the various lots remained iintil taken up to be weighed on 13th of this mouth. Roots found in good order, and are now being fed to our cows. The weights of the several lots were as follows: PL-It. Variety and from whence received. Area. Weight. Vilmorin's Improved White, from P. Henderson & Co., New York. Kleinwanzlebeucr Elite, Dippe Brothers, from Depart- ment. Sq.ft. 880 589 1,568 1,642 448 64 96 288 224 Pounds. 175 54 280 369 64.5 16.5 12 56 Subdivision D High grade Kleinwanzlebener, from Department Memte Ober Wurst, Quedlinburg, Dippe Brothers, from Department. Original Kleinwauzelebener (Holland), from Department. Vilmorin's Improved (ScIuiyler.Xebr.), from Department. Subdivision A Subdivision B (2 rows). Subdivision B (3 rows). Subdivisiim B (9 rows). Subdivision E (trian- gle). White Iiiiproved Imperial Elite (GrashoU'), from De- partment. 124.5 5,796 1,115.5 8,715 pounds ijer acre. A miserably poor yield. — Soil prepared in best manner; germination good; when first leaves were formed an t-xcelleut stand, A few days after an incursion of flea beetles destroyed almost every plant in au irregular strip across the whole plat; this Avas done between the hours of 11 a. m. and 3 p. m., in one day. Cultivation was well and thoroughly done, but the planting was much too late. A plat of Vilmorin's Iiuproved AVhite grown near the farm building, the seed for which was planted April 1, gave us a very heavy yield. These were planted for table use and for stock feed- ing, and were purposely grown to make feed stuff, not for sugar. Very respectfully, yours, Chas. F. Vanderford, Secretarii. Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief Division of CItemistry, U. S. Departmentof Agriculture, Washiiiijton, D. C. The details of the analytical data are found in the accompanying table of data. Kentucky. Special care was taken by the director of the station at Lexington to secure satisfactory results. During the early part of the season the beets grew exceptionally well and presented a fine appearance. The H. Doc. 396 10 146 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. quautity produced was lairly good, although the beets were some- what irregular in size, some of them being quite large and others quite small. The sugar content of the beets and the purity of the juice were both extremely low. The first series of samples was analyzed on the 28*:h of September, and a second set of samples from two of the varieties was analyzed at a later date. The original Kleinwanzlebener (Holland) seed was represented by thirty-seven beets in this sei-ond sample, the average size of which was small and the sugar content medium. The White Improved Imperial Elite was represented in the second sample by forty-eight beets, also extremely small, and with a low content of sngar. Tlie final harvest of the beets resulted in securing three barrels of beets of fine sixe and shape, but when these beets were perforated for analysis it was found that the content of sugar was low, falling, in some eases, as low as 2 jier cent. The sugar content in general was so small that it was not deemed worth while to report it, as tlie beets were utterly worthless for seed jjro- duction. The depressing infiuenee of climate on the character" of the beets is illustrated in a most striking manner by a comparison of the results obtained from beets grown in Kentucky and in Geneva, N. Y., from the same seeds, and under as nearly as possible identical conditions of culture. IXDIAXA. The unfortunate seasonal conditions which obtained at the experi- ment station at Lafayette have already been mentioned. The result of the prolonged drought during the growing season was a diminution of the weight of the beets to such an extent that for practical purposes they were useless. For this reason the data obtained are of little value. On account of the inferior character of the beets, no attempt was made to select any of them for mothers for the subsequent produc- tion of seed. The analytical data connected with the special plot work in Indiana are found in the tables following. Iowa. Only one set of samples was received from the plots grown in Iowa, the sam])le of the Demesmay having been harvested on the 25th of September and all the other samples on the 13th of November. The average size of the beets received was small, the percentage of sugar only fair, and the purity not up to the minimum standard. The seasonal influences at Ames were therefore evidently inferior in sugar- ]>roduciug qualities to those which obtained in New York. The final harvest of beets was not forwarded to the Department for the purpose of selecting mothers bj^ reason of a misunderstanding whereby the different varieties were mixed in such a way that the separation of them was impracticable. A general statement in regard to the special BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IX THE UNITED STATES. 147 plot work done at Ames is coiitaiued in tbe following letter from Director Curtiss: Ames, Iowa, J.rM »«>•»/ 25, 189S. Dear Sin: Replying- to yoni- inquiry concerning tbe test of liigli-grade sugar-beet seed I'nrnisbed by your Department, will say that we have forwarded you two sam- ples of the Vihuorin's Elite from the plats grown aecording to your instructions, and have lately had your report of the last sample. The beets from these plats were analyzed by Dr. Weems. of our chemistry section, with the following results : Variety. Sugar. Pmity ooerticient Per cent. 16.07 14.30 13.31 16.91 84 30 78 38 Iniin-oveiflniiierial filite 76. 14 Kleiuwauzlelieiier 90 76 These samples and the one forwarded to you gave substantially the same results and were harvested November 11. The first sample sent you was taken earlier and was probably immature. The past season was quite backward here, and the beet crop correspondingly late in maturing. Owing to a change in our tield-experimeut department during the past year, the beets from tliese plats were, through a misun- derstanding, thrown together instead of being kept separate after the analyses "were made, aud we will not be able to distinguish between varieties in testing these beets and carrying on future work along this line. We very much regret that this mistake has occurred, as we would like to continue the work of developing high-grade beets for seed production. We will be glad to cooperate with you again during the coming season if you can furnish us more seed. Very truly, yours, C. F. Curtiss. Dr. H. W, Wiley/ JTashiinitov, T>. C. The analytical data derived from tbe analyses of beets sent from the Iowa station to this laboratory are of little value. Only one set of sam- ples was received, namely, of the Deraesmay variety, harvested ou the 25th of September, aud of the three varieties harvested on the 13th of November. With the exception of the Yilmorin f^lite, which was received ou the 22d of November, the analytical data are not satisfac- tory, lu the case of the variety just mentioned the sugar content and the purity were satisfactory, but the beets were very much under size. It is evident that the data obtained in the past season do not fairly represent the capabilities of Iowa, either for the production of good commercial beets or for the growth of beets for seed-producing pur- poses. The analytical data obtained on analysis of the samples received at the Department are found in the table given farther on. Wisconsin. Complete details of experiments with high-grade beet seeds, grown under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, are found in the 148 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Wisconsin report, contained in Bulletin Xo. 64 of that station. These details are so valuable as to warrant their reproduction in full: KXPEUIMENTS WITH HIGH-GKAUE SUGAli-BEET SEED. These exiieriments were, as already stated, conducted under the auspices of the United States Departuieut of Agriculture. In a letter received in the early part of April last, the chief chemist of the Department, Dr. H. W. Wiley, requested this station to cooperate with the Department in growing a number of varieties of beets from high-grade seed furnished by them, giving the beets the best of conditions in respect to subsoiling, preparation of the seed bed, and cultivation. Some of the kinds of seed sent were produced by the highest possible scientitic culture from specially analyzed beets, which Avere stated to average 19 per cent of sugar. Accord- ing to the directions received, the Government plat was surrounded on all sides. by our regular beet field and was located in the southeastern quarter of our main field. The difl'ereut kinds of seed received and planted by hand on ^May 22 were as follows : Plut J.— Dippe brothers, Vilraorin Polite R I, from Dippe Brothers, Quedlinburg, Germany. Plat B.—l. Original Kleinwanzlebeuer, grown by Kiihu, Naarden, Holland. 2. Vilmoriu Improved, grown at United States Sugar Beet Station at Schuyler, Xebr. 3. Demesmay sugar-beet seed, grown by F. Demesmay, Cysoing (Nord), France. Plat C. — High-grade Commercial Kleinwanzlebener. Plat I). — High-grade Commercial Vilmorin's Improved " La I'lus Riche." White Improved Imperial filite, grown by Martin Grashoff, Quedlinburg, Germany. Dippe Brothers, Kleinwanzlebener Elite W I, from Dippe Bros., Quedlinburg, Germany. The plats were arranged, as suggested by Dr. Wiley, in the following manner: Plats A and B, each 21 by 24 feet, were placed in the middle and were surrounded by a border, CC, 67 feet long and 9^ feet wide; the plats D' and D^ were placed at the east and west ends of the C plat, being 21 by 40 feet. South and north of the ■whole plat three rows were run 110 feet long, in which were planted the varieties given in the preceding statement. White Imperial being planted in the south three rows, and Kleinwanzlebener Elite in the north three rows. The rows were 18 inches apart. The effort was to have one good vigorous beet plant at about every 9 inches in the row after thinning. The germinations of the seed planted in this experiment, as well as of that planted in our other trials, were determined by Professor Goff", and are given on pages 300- 301 of our Fourteenth Annual Report. It will ])e seen that the geruiiuative power of the different kinds of seed was very good, with the possible exception of the Schnyler, Nebr., seed, which was old, and the Dippe Brothers' Vilmoriu l5lite seed. The average germinatiou of the seed was 167 per cent, ranging from 115 to 231 per cent, the latter result being obtained with the White Improved Imperial filite. The first samples of the beets raised on the Government plat were taken Septem- ber 20; another sample w.is taken September 27, and after that time every fourteen days until the beets were harvested, on November o. In sampling the beets four beets were dug of each kind. Two of these were forwarded to Washington, D. C, to the Department of Agriculture, and the other two retained for analysis in our own laboratory. The results of th(^ analyses made by the writer are given in the following table. The C samples were taken south of the A and B plats and the C- samples north of these plats. In the same manner the D' and D- samples were taken from the plats east and west, respectively, of the central plats. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 149 Main field, Gorernment plat. Date of sam- pling. Per cent root of ■whole plant. ^^'eight of beets. Analy.sis of j lice. Variety . Specific gravity. Sugar. Purity coetlicient Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. n Oct. 25 Nov. 5 70 70 78 80 Pounds. 0.21 .40 .40 .58 .83 1.0755 1. 0!)34 1.0834 1.0858 1. 0740 Per cent. 14.44 17.92 17.04 i6. 35 14.35 79 1 80.5 85.0 79.4 80 1 .48 16.02 80.8 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Kov. 5 Vilaioriii La Pln.s Richc, Di 73 73 72 82 .34 .80 .98 .95 1.20 1.0882 1. 0923 1. 0895 1. 0860 1.0882 16.96 17.58 17.93 16.40 16.53 80.4 79.9 83 8 79.5 78 3 .85 17.08 80.4 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 73 70 59 78 1.0825 1. 0898 1.0870 1.0810 1.0845 High-grade Kleinwanzlebener, C, .37 .55 .50 .50 1.13 16.45 17.21 16.15 14.35 16.90 83.0 80.0 77.5 73.6 83.5 .01 16.21 79 5 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 70 76 80 91 Vilmorin Improved. Nebr., B .75 .45 1.13 .75 .71 1. 0725 1. 0810 1. 0848 1. 0857 1.0800 15.06 16.70 17.01 15.86 15.71 85.7 85.7 83.6 77.2 81 5 .76 16.07 82 7 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 Original -Kleinwauzlebener, Holland. B . 68 67 73- 73 .45 .20 .40 .30 .35 1. 0860 1. 0946 1. 093.'> 1.0980 1. 0920 16.63 18.57 17.95 17.34 18.65 80.7 82.4 80.6 74.5 81 8 .37 17.83 80 Sept. 20 Sept 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 64 68 71 71 .70 .90 .93 .50 .95 1.0695 1. 0836 1.0917 1. 1070 1.0812 14.57 17.11 18.17 21.45 16.42 86 3 85. 2 83.0 85,2 84 .80 17.54 84 7 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 67 72 73 78 1.03 1.15 1.23 1.35 1.0735 1. 0800 1. 0868 1.0917 16.13 16.90 17.56 18.88 90 6 83.0 84.4 86.3 1.19 17.37 86 1 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 72 65 75 82 High-grade Kleinwanzlebener, Ca 1.05 .70 .70 1.30 1. 0850 1. 0842 1. 0885 1.0940 17.94 16.70 17.57 19.18 87.9 82.6 83.0 85.7 .94 17.85 84 8 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 Demesniav Improved, B 76 81 78 89 .80 .93 1.10 .85 .93 1. 0655 1.0695 1.0678 1.0798 1. 0690 13.23 13.49 12.85 15. 95 13.06 82 8 79.8 77.9 83.0 81 4 .92 13.84 81 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 Oct. 11 Oct. 25 Nov. 5 63 73 73 82 Dipiie Tilraorin, A .62 1.00 1.10 1.03 . 75 1. 0790 1.0852 1. 0895 1.0920 1.0827 16.05 16.86 17.49 18.34 16.91 84 3 82.5 81.7 83.6 85.1 .90 17.13 150 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. AVe uotice that the per cent of sujjar iu the juice but rarely rame over 18 iu case of the ditlerent varieties, the average figures raugiug from 13.84 per ceut (Demesniay) to 17.85 per cent (High-grade Commercial Kleiuwanzlebencr, C^); the purity of the beet juice was good, viz, lowest 79.5 (High-grade Commercial Kleinwauzlebener, Ci), highest 86.1 (Vilmorin La Plus Riche, D,). The average results of the analyses of these beets obtained bj' the Department of Agriculture and in this laboratory are given below : Determinations made by — United States Deiiartmeut of Agriculture. "Wisconsin Experiment Station Number of Polari scope analyses. 1 method. 38 (31'^^) 38 (31*) 16.27 16.09 Ale. ex- tractiou method. Purity co- efficient. 84.7 82.0 * Number of determinations of purity of juice. While the agreement is as good as could be expected between the results obtained by the polariscope method, the purity coefficient difler.-* rather more than allowable iu duplicate samples. The two .sets of analyses differ iu this way, that the Department of Agriculture samples were always analyzed at least several days after our analyses ■were made, since the latter were always finished within twenty-four hours from the time of sampling. In single instances, variations occurred between the Department of Agriculture and our analyses of 3 per cent of sugar in the juice and of over 7 per cent purity, owing to difl'erences in the stage of maturity of the beets analyzed; it is evident that no absolutely correct idea of the sugar content of the beets in a cer- tain plat or field can be obtained by pulling and analyzing two single beet roots, even if these do appear to be at about average stage of maturity. The yield of beets from the plat, obtained at harvesting, November 5, and the calculated yield of beets and of sugar per acre, are shown iu the following table: Yield of beets and of suyar, (iorentmenf plat. Name of variety- Yield of beets. From plat. Per acre. Average weiglft of beets. Sugar in the beet, i Sugar per acre. Ini])erial Elite Vilmorin La Plus Riche High-giade Commercial Kleinwauzlebener Dippe Brothers Kleiuwauzlebeiier Elite ... Dip])e Brothers Mlmoriu Elite Deniesmay Vilmorin, Schuyler, Nebr Original Kleinwauzlebener, Holland Pounds. 272. 3 1,167.3 1, 170. 311.7 336.6 234. 4 76.7 26.0 Pounds. 24, 210 28, 290 30, 660 34, 380 20, 090 31, 520 30, 940 15, 730 Pounds. 0.45 .64 .56 .66 .58 .61 .59 .27 Per cent. 13.63 15.70 16.05 15. 00 16.06 12.98 14. 92 17.72 Pounds. 3, 300 4,441 4, 921) 4, 905 4,672 4,092 4,616 Averages, etc 3, 59.'). I 28,103 15.04 4,228 The average yield of beets per acre obtained was over 14 tons, or about 5 tons more than the yield obtained from either half of the main field. The average calculated yield of sugar per acre was 4,228 pounds, the lowest yield being obtained in case of Original Kleiuwanzlebcuer, Hollaud (2,788 pounds), which variety plainly sutfered most from the drought, and the highest in case of Dippc's KleiuAvanzlebencr Elite (4,995 pounds). ANALYSES MADE AT THE LABORATORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Saraplos of beets from the high-grade plots were sent from time to time to the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture for analysis, and tiually all the remaining beets of proper size were forwarded for BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 151 examinatiou. The folio wiug table coutaius the aualyses of the samples received from the various stations of the three separate harvests of beets, rangiug from the last of September to the last of October, together with the aualyses of all the samj)ies of the high-grade beets harvested iu the middle of ^STovember : Tahle gliowiiKj anah/ses of beets of hiijh (jrade from experiment stations of Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, lowu, Wisconsin, and New York, KNOX COUNTY, TENX. [Experiment Station, Knoxville.] Variety. Wlilte Improved Imperial Elite Kleiuwaiizlebeuer Elite .. Original Kleinwanzleben- ei (Dippe Brothers) Original Kleinwanzleben- er (Holland) High grade Kleinwanz- lebenev — Vilmorin's "La Plus Riche'' Vilmorin's Improved Demesmay Time of planting. May 24 ....ao... May 18 ...do ... ...do ... .do .do .do Tim"! of harvest- Date received. 1897. Sept. 25 Sept. 27 do do ... .do , .do .do .do .do .do -do.. .do.. .do .. .do . . .do., .do.. Num- ber of beets. Average weight. Ounces. 4 7 3 1 6 Sugar in the beets. 11.5 10.7 12.5 12.5 12.0 10.6 13.2 13.5 Purity coefli- eieut. FAYETTE COUNTY, KY. [Experiment Station, Lexington.] 285 1897. Original Klcinwanzlebeu- 1897. Sept. 27 Oct. 14 Sept. 27 do .. 1897. Sept. 29 Oct. 18 Sept. 29 do . .. 37' 21 7 19 18 17 7 13.3 15.8 10.9 9.5 10.9 11.1 72.5 834 870 do 286 Vilmoriu'.s I m p rove d | 68.5 287 65.0 293 White Improved Inipe- do .. ..-.do ... 68.1 785 832 (lo ' Oct. 14 48 TIPPECANOE COUNTY, IND. [Experiment Station, Lafayette.] Original Kleinwanzleben- er (Holland) ....do ...do Klein wauzlcbeuer Elite (Dippo Brothers) do do Demesmay ...do.... do Vilmorin's Improved Elite (Dippe Brothers).. do do Vilmorin's I in p rove d (Schuyler, Nebr.) do Vilmorin's Improved 1897 Ma lo:: do .. May 19 ...do ... ...do... May 5 ....do ... ....do ... May 19 (lo ... ...do ... May 5 ...do ... ....do ... 1897. Sept. 24 Oct. 8 Nov. 22 Sept. 24 Oct. 8 Nov. 22 Sept. 24 Oct. 8 Nov. 22 Sept. 24 Oct. 8 Nov. 22 Sept. 24 Nov. 22 Oct. 8 1897. Sept. 27 Oct. 10 Nov. 24 Sept. 26 Oct. 10 Nov. 24 Sept. 26 Oct. 10 Nov. 24 Sept. 26 Oct. 10 Nov. 24 Sept. 26 Nov. 24 Oct. 10 2 4 16.5 2 5 14.3 5 6 19.1 2 3 14.4 2 4 14.7 6 9 18.5 2 5 12.6 8 12.5 14 9 14.3 2 4 13.9 2 4 14.0 5 7 16.5 2 6 14.5 10 7 15.4 2 6 16.1 80.6 81.3 152 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Table showing analyses of beets of lt\(jh i/rade from erperimeni stations of Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, and New York — Continued. STORY COUNTY, lO'^A. [Experiment Station, Ame.s.] Serial No. Variety. Time of planting. Time of harvest- ing Date received. Num- ber of beet.s. Average weight. Sugar in the beets. Parity coetti- cient. 249 2078 Deniesniay White Improved Imperial Elite 1897. May 29 ....do ... 1897. Sept. 2.'> Nov. 13 do 1897. Sept. 28 Nov. 22 do 3 2 2 Ounces. 11 13 19 12 20 Per ct. 13.9 16.7 13.0 17.3 12.8 79.1 2088 do . 72.5 2099 do . do do 82 6 2100 Original Kleiuwanzlebe- do ... do ... do ... 72.4 DANE COUNTY, WIS. [Experiment Station, Madison.] 217 882 Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener 1897. May 22 do .. . 1897. 1897. Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. 27 Nov. 17 2 2 2 12 10 11 9 10 15.0 18.5 19.5 1.5.3 80.5 87.3 146.T do ....do ... 1912 ... do ....do... Nov. 3 83.1 14 15.9 83 3 Original Klein^auzleben- er ( Holland) May 22 do ... Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. 27 Nov. 17 222 2 2 2 11 5 8 . 7 6 15.4 18.9 18.9 18.7 881 . do 87.2 1469 .. do ....do ... is^ov. 2 1913 ..do ....do ... 80.7 e 13 9 13 9 6 6 15 18.4 14.6 16.3 17.3 1:1 8 15.5 18. 5 17.3 82 225 Kleinwanzlebener ... do Mav 22 (lo Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. 27 Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. '27 Nov. 17 2 2 2 2 2 2 188 85.0 877 82 2 1468 do do ... 84.1 226 do do 86.3 878 .do do . 86.2 1464 do do . 1918 do do . . Nov. 3 85.1 14.7 17.2 85.1 AVhite Improved Imperial Elite May 22 Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. 27 Nov. 17 2 2 2 12 218 9 8 5 15 14.0 17.1 18.3 15.4 86.0 876 do 1463 do do .. 1911 do do ... Nov. 3 83.2 12.4 15.5 83.5 Dippe's Vilmorin Elite May 22 Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. 27 Nov. 17 219 2 2 2 115 14 10 16 14 14.3 18.3 18.5 17.7 84.3 880 87.2 1466 do ....do --- 86.9 1917 ....do ... Nov. 2 86.7 14.0 16 15 17.7 13.6 16.8 16.2 15.6 86.7 221 Tilmorin's Improved May 22 do .. . Sept. 29 Oct. 12 Oct. 27 Nov. 17 2 2 2 24 82.6 879 do *. 85.0 1461 do . . . .do . . . 'Nov. "2' 82.1 1916 do do . 82.5 12.4 15.6 82.7 * In iigariug the averages, each analysis is v.ilned in proportion to the weight of the sample. BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 153 Tahle showhif) onali/ses of heefs of high od results were obtained in. these experiments. The Original Kleiuwanzlebener (Holland) seed produced beets, however, too small for all practical purposes, although the sugar content and purity were high. The largest beets and thosi' of the highest purity were produced by the Vilmorin La Plus Eiche seed. The Demesmay seed which were used were only the commercial article, and were not grown from specially analyzed mothers. It is not surprising, therefore, to see that they produced a crop which was the poorest of all in sngar content. The particular analyses of the most importance are those which were made on the beets received November 17, and harvested on the 3d of November. These practically represent the beets at their full maturity, as it is not probable that they would improve in quality in the climate of Madison after the 1st of November. The analyses also represent the greatest number of beets, and therefore are the most reliable. The largest number of beets of proper size and shape were produced by the Vilmorin La Plus Riche seed, and the BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 155 smallest by the Orij^iual Kleiiiwauzlebeiier. The beets growu from the Schuyler seed are of particular interest because they represent the link of union between the experiments which were discontinued by the Department in 1893 and reinaugurated in 1897. The average size of the beets produced by the Schuyler seed is somewhat small, but the content of sugar and the purity are satisfactory. Upon the whole, the etfect of high-grade seed and high culture are most distinctly marked. It is only necessary to compare the results obtained in the experiments with these high-grade seeds with those secured in the State at large to show the possibilities of beet production in Wisconsin. With such data before the investigator, it is evident that he must be convinced of the fact that it is possible, with proper conditions of seed and culture, to produce a grade of beets of the highest quality in Wisconsin. Nkav York. Most satisfactory results were obtained from the experimental work in the State of iiew York at Geneva. Two sets of samples were received from the station, representing intervals of about two weeks in harvesting, the first set of samples having been harvested on the 27th of September and the second on the 11th of October. It will be noticed that a marked improvement was secured by postponing the harvest for two weeks, showing that as a rule it is not to be expected that the season for maunfiicturing in iTew York should begin before the middle of October. The above table includes also the final har- vest, which was made much later in the season, viz, October '29-30, and shows even a greater improvement. The beets from the final har- vest were all sent to Washington, and were carefully selected for seed production. The data obtained in this selection ai-e given as the third in the series of analyses. The sam[)les which were growu at the Xew York station were from seeds of two different qualities: First, commer- cial seeds, as represented by the Demesmay White Imperial and high- grade commercial Kleinwanzlebener; and, second, seeds grown directly from high-grade mothers, represented by the Yilmorin La Plus Iiiche, theYilmorin Improved (Schuyler), and the Original Kleinwanzlebener. The average size of the beets selected for analysis was not quite 20 ounces; the sugar content in most cases was high, and the purity extremely satisfactory. After leaving the beets uuharvested until the end of October they were found to have increased their content of sugar very markedly, as will be shown in the table of analyses for the selection of mothers. The encouraging data obtained at the ISTew York station suggests that if the Department should reestablish its experi- ment stations for the production of high-grade seeds one of them should be jdaced in this locality. In the analysis of the beets to be selected as mothers for producing seeds no attempt was made to determine the coefficient of purity, as the amount of pulp removed was only sufficient to determine the 150 BEET-!^UGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. percentage of sugar directly therein. It is evident, however, that the purity coefficients of all the different varieties would not have been diminished by perfect maturity, so that they may be regarded as fully equal to the average in each case. In fact, it would be fair to assume that the averages of the final harvest of the most mature beets were slightly above those taken for the average of the three analytical periods of the season. In the discussion of the data obtained by the analysis it must be remembered that the averages in all cases are made upon the total weight of the material entering into the analysis. Not only is this true of each individual sample, but also of the average analyses of the samples. It is evident that this is the one exact method of obtaining average results, and it is only the averages obtained by such a method that have a convincing value. DATA OF EACH VARIETY. The White Improved Imperial Elite, grown from commercial seeds gave beets of fair commercial quality. An average weight of 18 ounces, with a content of 15.2 per cent of sugar in the beets and a coefficient of purity of 81..'), would insure a large yield in a well-built and avcU- operated factory. From the complete harvest, 171 beets were found of the required size, shape, and sugar content to warrant saving for the production of seed. It is evident, however, that this seed would be only of a medium grade commercial quality, and not suited to the improvement of the beet. Vihnorin La Plus Blclie. — This plot gave excellent results throughout. The average size of the beets was the largest of any of the i)lots grown. The purity coefficients were exceptionally high, and the sugar contents most satisfactory. Two hundred and seven beets grown on this plot, having an average weight of 20 ounces and a mean content of sugar of 18.3 per cent, were selected for seed production. It is evident that the coefficient of jiurity of this selection must have been at least 80. These mothers will therefore produce seeds of the highest quality, which can subseipiently be planted, growing beets for the production of seeds of exceptional properties. Mlmorin Improved, Schuyler Seed. — This variet^^ is chiefly of Interest now because it represents the continuation of the work in seed produc- tion which was discontinued four years ago. The seeds evidently have lost in vitality by their long keeping, and the product, therefore, is not as satisfactory as could have been desired. The average sugar content is not exceptionally high, but the purity is excellent. The beets pro- duced from these seeds in another year will doubtless develop some exceptionally high-grade mothers, and thus the strain will be continued. This plot reiiresents the sole surviving result of the three years' experi- ments at Scliuyler, commenced in 1890. Thirtj'-two beets, with an average weight of 18 ounces and an average content of sugar of 15.7 per cent were put aside for seed production. It is seen, from an BEET-SUUAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 157 iuspectioii of the table, that the coefficieut of i^arity of this lot Mas 87 or more. It therefore rejireseiits the highest grade of purity of auy of the lots. Vilmorin Improved. — This is a commercial seed, used for plantiug around the central plots, and has produced a crop of only fair commer- cial value. Demesmay. — This is also a commercial seed, obtained directly from the growers in the north of France, and, as will be seen from an inspec- tion of the table, produced a crop of excellent commercial value. VUiiiori)i Improved Elite, (jroivii by Dippe Brothers. — This seediepre- sents the improvement in the strain of the Vilmorin beet when cultivated according to the highest scientific principles in Germany. Sixty four beets grown on this plot, having an average weight of 19 ounces, were selected for mothers. The mean content of sugar in these beets was 18.1. It is evident, also, that the purity was at least 86 per cent. This harvest, therefore, represents a very high grade quality of mothers for continuing the imj)rovement. High-grade Commercial Kleinicanzlehener. — This variety of seed rep- resents the highest grade of commercial seeds ofi'eied to the market. The lesults of culture show that the tendency of this seed to produce rich beets is extremely well marked. Two hundred and twenty-four beets grown on this plot, with an average weight of 18 ounces, were selected as mothers. The mean content of sagar in these beets was 17.8 per cent, and the purity, as seen by the table, is evidently high. These high-grade commercial seeds, therefore, ijroduce a strain of beets almost as valuable for sugar production as the specially high grade seeds from analyzed mothers. Original Kleinwan.zlebentr {Holland.) — This variety of seed represents the Kleinwanzlebener type as cultivated to the highest degree in Hol- land. The tendency in that country seems to be to the production of a beet of small size and excei^tioiially high sugar content. Only a few of these high-grade seeds were planted, and this, together with their small size, accounts for the fact that only seven were selected. The mean weight of the seven was 18 ounces, the mean content of sugar therein 19.2, and the coefficient of purity evidently 80 or over. This variety produced the highest content of sugar of any cultivated, but on account of the small size is less to be recommended for general culti- vation in this country than some of the other varieties. Klein wanzlehener Elite. — This variety represents the specially-selected seeds grown by Dip[)e Brothers, at (Juedliuburg. The beets grow to a line size, are of good shape, and have excellent qualities to recommend them to the manufacturer. Two hundred and eleven of these beets, having an average weight of 20 ounces, were selected as mothers. The mean content of sugar in these beets was 18.7 i)er cent, and the coeffi- cient of purity, as will be seen by the table, good. 158 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. CLASSIFICATION OF THE BKETS OF EACH VARIETY. It will be interesting' to study the distribution of the beets of each variety according- to sugar content. This can be done by means of the following table: Varietv. Kumber of heets having contents of siiitar from — Maximum I jjolariza- I i IHiiPr ' tionsof 15 to 16 16 to 17 17 to 18 „„nVa„,i I individual per cent, per cent, i per cent. „i,o\.jv 1 beets. White Improved Imperial filite . . . Vilmorin La Plus Kiche A'ilinoiin Improved, Schuyler Seed. Denicsiiiaj' - Yilinorin Improved Elite (Dippe Brothers) High Grade Commercial Klein- wanzlcbener Kleinwanzlebener ( Holland) Kleinwanzlebcner Elite 65 20 7 16 t 4 8 1 11 14 1 * 19 30 ^ ] 6 15 Minimum polariza- tions of individual beets. Per cent. 11.6 13.4 12.4 9.6 10.6 13.6 18.4 14.6 PKESERVATIOX OF THE MOTHER BEKTS. The spaces in the beets caused by the removal of the diagonal core for analysis were iillcd with cotton saturated with forinaldehyd. The beets thus prepared were placed in silos, where they will remain until March. GROWTH OF SEED FRO.M THE .•MOTHERS ABOVE DESCRIBED. Since the pollen of the beet is easily transported, it is necessary that each variety of seed be grown in plots entirely removed from any danger of fertilization from other localities. In order to secure this, one of the varieties preserved will be planted, through the courtesy of Mr. William Saunders, superintendent of the garden and grounds, in the Department garden at Washington and arrangeuients have been made with the following experiment stations to grow one variety each of the remaining beets, viz: Maryland; Ithaca and Geneva, N. Y. ; Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa. As soon as practicable in the spring the silos will be opened and the beets forwarded to the stations above named for transplanting. The beets of each variety of different degrees of strength should be planted as far removed as possible from the other classes. For instance, the beets in the grade of 20 per cent of sugar should be planted far enough from other grades of the same variety to prevent intermixing of the pollen. In this way the strain of excellence can be best preserved. The beets which have been saved for mothers are to be divided into classes representing different degrees of saccharine strength, and each of these classes planted separately to i)roduce high grade seed for future use. NECESSITY OF SEED DEVELOPMENT. It is highly important for the rapid and safe progress of the beet- sugar industry in this country that attention should be i)aid to the pro- duction of high-grade seeds. We have in the United States such great differences in soils and climatic conditions as to render it evident that BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IX THE UNITED STATES. 159 a siugle station for the production of seeds Avonld not be suftieieut. Beets of different qualities should be developed in different localities. Tbe character of beets best suited to the fields of New York and Wis- consin, for instance, would not be the ideal plant for the semiarid regions of Nebraska. On the other hand, it is evident that beets grown in an arid region, as, for instance, Chino and other valleys of California, without irrigation and with scarcely any rainfall, should have a longer tap root than those grown in localities where rainfall is abundant or irrigation is practiced. It seems plain, therefore, that three, if not four, stations should be established, and in order that this work may be conducted under uniform methods these stations should be established and maintained by the Department of Agriculture. One of these stations should be located in an area of average rain- fall and ordinary' meteorological conditions as presented, for instance, by the States of New York and Michigan. The second station should be established in a locality where a defi- cient rainfall is to be expected, and where the vicissitudes attending meteorological changes ai'e the greatest, as, for instance, in South Dakota or Nebraska. The third station should be established in a region where irrigation is practiced, as, for instance, in Colorado, New Mexico, or Utah. A fourth station should be devoted to the development of a beet best suited to arid regions where irrigation is not practiced, as, for instance, in the coast valleys of California. It is only by a careful, systematic, and scientific development of beets suited to these different localities that we can expect to promote in the most favorable manner the development of the beet sugar industry in the United States. It is evident that the continuation of the experi- ments which have been conducted by the Department of Agriculture for so many years in the analysis of beets and in the delimitation of areas suited to beet culture should now be supplemented by a more rigid scientific attempt to develop beets of characteristics best suited to the four typical localities which have been specified above. The maintenance of a small experiment station entirely competent to accom- l>lish this work in each of the localities mentioned would not require a very great outlay of money and would result in the greatest possible good to the industry. STATISTICS OF AMERICAN BEET-SUGAR PRODUCTION. The infornaatiou contained in the following table has been obtained through the courtesy of the beet-sugar factories: statistics of the production of beet sur/ar in the United Slates for the year 1S97. Nuiulier of factories in operation 9 Number of acres of beets harvested 41, 272 Approximate average price paid for beets $4. 10 Approximate average per cent of sugar in the beets 14. 49 Total pounds of granulated sugar made 90, 060, 470 Total pounds of raw sugar made 431, 200 Granulated sugar obtained per cent beets 11. 56 I>aw sugar obtained per cent beets 06 Total sugar obtained per ton (2.000 pounds) of beets pounds.. 2.32. 4 160 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. Statistics of iniUridnal factories for the year ISO? Name of factory aud location. Alameda Sugar Co., Alvarado, (,'al Chiuo Valley Beet Sugar Co., Chiiio. Cal First Kew Vork Beet Sugar Co.. Rome, N. Y. Oxuard Beet Sugar Co., Grand Island, Nebr . Los Alaaiitos Sugar Co., Los Alamito.s, Cal . Norfolk lieet Sng^ar Co., Korfolk, Nebr Pecos Valley Beet Sugar Co., Eddv,N. Mex . rtab Bed Sugar Co., Lehi, Utah . .^ Western Beet Sugar Co., Watsouville, CaL.. S 3 .5 3 ? 7) E^" i x.= 9 X > t- ■•< "« s a A ^ s as o t^So S^ 3 e u ct"^ _3 Acre*. 9 g H Tons. Days. Per ct. 4,808 48, 773 .$4. 00 90 14. 20 9,678 97, 197 (rt) 151 15.10 700 4,325 5.00 45 (b) 4,282 38, 607 (rf) Ui) 12.90 2, 800 29, 542 4.16 105 15.73 4, 029 36, 113 (d) Id) 13.60 1,600 5,7U0 4.00 38 14.00 3,000 18, .500 4.25 56 13.20 10, 375 110,878 4.00 104 15.00 3 a Povtuh. 10, 198, 648 24, 303, 122 c 765, 700 6, 798, ;;oo 6, 017, '..00 7,941,400 1,020,000 3, 670, 601) 20, 776, 000 Total ! 41,272 ,389,635 9J, 491, 670 a$3.50 per ton for 12 per cent beets, and 25 cents per ton for each per cent above 12. The Chiuo fac- toi\v employed a saccharate process. 6' Red beets, 5i to 12 per cent sugar; white beets, 13 to 17 per cent sugar. Average analysis not reported. C431.200 pounds raw sugar are included. d Not reported . REMARKS ON THE BEET-SUGAR STATISTICS FOR 1897. The past season was not very favorable to the protUiction of beets in several localities iu California and iu Xew Mexico and Utah. Insuffi- cient rain in California at the time of planting resulted iu a smaller acreage being planted to beets and in a small yield of roots per acre. The great shortage in the crop reduced the quantity of sugar produced in California below that of the previous year, notwithstanding the fact that the new factory nt Los Alamitos was operated and that at Chiuo increased its output. The tirst oS^ew York beet-sugar factory was somewhat unfortunate in the varieties of beets selected. The red beets contained very little sugar, and undoubtedly decreased the output below what it sbould have been under favorable conditions. The white beets were of satisfactory sugar content. As may be noted by an examination of this rei)ort of the e:speriments made in the State of Xew York during the past sea- son, that State is capable of producing beets of very great richness. The shortage iu the output of sugar is to some extent due to a decreased acreage at Lehi, Utah, and at Watsouville, Cal., these two factories having a larger crop in 189G than they CQukl work to advan- tage. In 189G the foctory at Watsouville produced nearly 20,000 short tons of sugar from approximately 150,000 tons of beets, and the past year 14,888 short tons from 110,878 tons of beets. The total produc- tion for the country shows an increase of approximately 5,000 tons in 1897 over that of 1896. The increase in the output of sugar next sea- son, should more favorable conditions prevail in California, will be very large, since eight new factories, having a daily capacity of approxi- mately G,700 tons of beets, will be in operation. The output is reported in the tables in pounds of granulated sugar, since but one factory marketed raw sugar. The quantity of raw sugar Ijroduced does not materially modify the statistics of the production. i:n'dex. A. Agricultural surveys, importance 21 plans proposed 21 Analyses of sugar beets, cautions regarding study 41 Arid regions, meteorological conditions 35 Arizona, analyses of beets 43 discussion of data 56 experiment station report 56 Arkansas, analyses of beets 43 discussion of data 60 B. Beet pulps. (uSee Sugar-beet pulps.) seed, source and quality 117 sugar industry, conditions to be considered 23 statistics 160 zone 25 Beets. (A^fe Sugar beets.) Bibliography of Department publications relative to beet sugar 12 Bloomfield, L. M., report 102 C. California, analyses of beets 45 discussion of data 60 Cattle food, use of sugar beets 128 Climatology 21 Colorado, analyses of beets 43 discussion of data 61 experiment station report 63 Connecticut, meteorological conditions 29 Cossettes, exhausted. (See Sugar-beet pulps.) Curtiss, C. F., report 72 D. Data obtained in the Department of Agriculture 40 Delaware, meteorological conditions 28 E. Experimental work, comments, in early bulletins of Division of Chemistry 17 Experiments in 1897, correspondence 16 plan 17 feeding beet pulps 131 161 162 INDEX. F. Page. Forbes, R. H. , report 56 Fulmer. Elton , report 116 G. Goetz, A. S., letter relative to beet pulps 130 H. Headden, W. P., report , 63 Huston, H. A., report 70 I. Idaho, analyses of beets 44 discussion of data 64 experiment station report 65 Illinois, analyses of beets 44 data from the experiment station 68 discussion of data 68 meteorological conditions 32 ; summary of analyses 68 Indiana, analyses of beets , 44 beets for seed production 146 discussion of data 69 experiment station report 70 meteorological conditions 32 Iowa, analyses of beets 45 beets for seed production 146 discussion of data 72 meteorological conditions 33 Isothermal lines 24 J. Jordan, W. H., re^iort 94 K. Kansas, analyses of beets 45 discussion of data 74 summary of analyses by the experiment station 75 Kentucky, analyses of beets 46 beets for seed production 145 discussion of data 76 M. Map of the thermal belt, discussion 23, 24 Maryland, analyses of beets 46 discussion of data 77 eastern shore, meteorological conditions 27 Massachusetts, meteorological conditions 29 Meteorological conditions 27 Michigan, analyses of beets 46 discussion of data 78 meteorological conditions 32 rc8um6 of the experiment station report 78 INDEX. 163 Page. Minnesota, analyses of beets 47 disiiisaion of data 81 ineteoiological conditions 33 report of the experiment station 82 summary of data from the experiment station 82 Missouri, analyses of beets 47 discussion of data 83 summary of data from the experiment station 84 Model for describing sugar beets 38 Montana, analyses of beets 49 discussion of data 85 summary of data from the experiment station 85 N. Nebraska, analyses of beets .' 49 discussion of data 86 meteorological conditions 35 report of the experiment station 86 Nevada, analyses of l>eets .50 discussion of data 87 report of the experiment station 88 New Hampshire, meteorological conditions 29 New Jersey, analyses of beets. 50 discussion of data 88 experiments in Monmouth County 89 meteorological conditions 28 New Mexico, discussion of data 90 report of the experiment station 90 New York, analyses of beets 50 discussion of data 93 meteorological conditions 30 orograpliy 98 regions suited to beet culture 98 report of the Cornell University experiment station 96 report of the State experiment station 94 resume of analytical data 94 North Carolina, analyses of beets 51 discussion of data 99 meteorological conditions 27 North Dakota, analyses of beets 51 discussion of data 99 meteorological conditions 34 O. Ohio, analyses of beets 51 discussion of data 100 meteorological conditions 31 report of the experiment station 102 suuunary of analyses 100 by the experiment station 101 Oklahoma, analyses of beets 52 discussion of data - 103 report of the experiment station 103 Oregon, report of the experiment station 104 164 INDEX. P. Page. Pennsylvania, analyses of beets 52 discussion of data 108 meteorological conditions 31 summary of analyses 108 Pulps. (5ee Sugar-beet pulps.) R. Rainfall, annual 25 table of averages 25 Rhode Island, analyses of beets 52 discussion of data . 110 Roberts, I. P., report 96 S. Seed development 158 growth from selected seed 158 production, investigations 141 plan of experiments 141 stations, location 159 Selby, A. D., report 102 Shaw, G. W., report 104 Shepard, J. H., abstracts from report Ill South Carolina, analyses of beets 52 discussion of data 110 South Dakota, analyses of beets 53 discussion of data 110 meteorological conditions 34 summary of analyses Ill Statistics of beet-sugar production 160 Sugar-beet belt, as mapped by Dr. Antisell 12 pulps, analyses 134 before and after siloing 133 composition 129 and feeding tests 130 feeding experiments in New Mexico 130 use for cattle food 129 beets as cattle food 128 compared with other root crops 129 cautions in using the analytical data 41 cost of cultivation in Wisconsin 123 directions for taking samples 37 topping 38 from high-grade seed, analyses by the Department 150 discussion of data 154, 156 influence of temperature on the quality 125 summary of analyses 135 susceptibility to climatic conditions 21 table of analyses by the Department 43 yield in Wisconsin 123 T. Tennessee, analyses of beets 53 beets for seed production 144 Texas, analysis of beets 53 INDEX. 165 Page. Texas, discussion of data 112 report of the experiment station 113 Thermal belt 23 U. Utah, analyses of beets 53 V. Vermont, analyses of beets 53 discussion of data 124 meteorological conditions 29 report of the experiment station 125 Virginia, analyses of beets 53 discussion of data 114 report of the experiment station 114 Vredenburgh, James B., experiments 89 W. Washington, analyses of beets 54 discussion of data 115 report of the experiment station 116 West Virginia, analyses of beets 54 meteorological conditions 27 Wisconsin, analyses of beets 54 beets for seed production 146 cost of cultivation 123 discussion of data 119 experiments at substations 122 with high-grade seed 148 influence of the Menominee P"'all8 failure 128 investigations by the experiment station 119 meteorological conditions 32 table of analytical data 120 yield of beets 123 Woll, F. W., report 120 Wyoming, analyses of beets 55 discussion of data 123 o BULLETINS OF THE DIVLSIOX OF CHEMISTRY— Coutinue No. 20. Eecord of Experiment conducted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum at Rio Grande, K J.; Kenner, La.; Con-svay Springs, Douglass, and Sterlino- Kans., 1888. Edited by H. W. Wiley. J889. Pp. 162. "' No. 21. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar by Diffusion at Magnolia Station, Law- rence, La., season of 1888-'89. Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1889. Pp. 67. No. 22. Record of Experiments at Des Lignes Sugar Experiment Station, Baldwin, La., during the season of 1888. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp.36. (Out of print.) No. 23. Record of Experiments at the Sugar Experiment Station on Calumet Plantation, Patterson- ville, La. Edited by Hubert Edson. 1889. Pp.42. (Out of print.) No. 24. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the U. S. Department of Agriculture September 10, 11, and 12, 1889. Edited by H W Wiley 1890. Pp. 235. (Out of print.) ' ' No. 25. Special Report on the Extent and Character of Food Adulterations. Edited by A. J Wed- derburn. 189U. Pp. 61. No. 26. Record of Experiments in the Production of Sugar from Sorghum in 1889, at Cedar Fall." Iowa; Rio Grande, N. J. ; Morrisville, Va. : E:enner, La.; CoUege Station, Md.; and Conway Spriu<>-s' Attica, Medicine Lodge, Nes.s City, Liberal, Arkalon, Meade, Minneola, and Sterling, Kans Edired by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp. 112. No. 27. The Sugar-beet Industry: Cultureof the Sugar Beet and Manufacture of Beet Suo-ar. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp. 2C2. No. 28. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the U. S. National Museum August 28, 29, and 30, 1890. (Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Foods, and Feeding Stuffs, Dairy Products, Fermented Liquors, and Sugars ) Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.238. (Out of print.) No. 29. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 125. No. 30. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 93. (Oat of print.) No. 31, Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at theU. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26, and 27 1891 Edited byH. W.Wiley. 1891. Pp. 253. (Out of print.) No. 32. Special Report on the Extent and Character of Food Adulterations, including State and other laws relating to Foods and Beverages. Edited by A. J. Wedderburn. 1892. Pp. 174. No. 33. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 158. No. 34. Experiments with Sorghum in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 132. No. 35. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the U. S. Naiional Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26 and 27 1892 Edited by H. W. Wiley. 18JB. Pp. 266. TT '^ BITLLETIN.S OF THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY— Contiuued. No. 20. Record of experiments condueted by the Comnii.saioner of AffricTilture in the Mamifactnre of Sugar from Sorghum at Rio Grande, N. J.; Kenner, La.; Conway Springs, Doiiglasfi, and Sterling Kaus., 1888. Edited by H. W. Wiloy. 1889. Pp. 162. No. 21. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar by DifTu-sion at Magnolia Station, Law- rence, La., season of 1888-'89. Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1889. Pp. 67. Xo. 22. Record of Experiments at Des Ligues Sugar Experiment Station, Baldwin, La., during the s. a son of 1888. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp.36. (Out of print.) No. 23. Record of Exi)erimeut8 at the Sugar Experiment Station on Calumet Plantation, Patterson- ville, La. Edited by Hubert Edson. 1889. Pp.42. (Out of print.) No. 24. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of Association ot Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the U. S. Department of Agriculture September 10, 11, and 12, 1889. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.235. (Out of print.) ■' No. 25. Special Rejjort on tlie Extent and Character of Food Adulterations. Edited by A. J. Wed- , derburn. 1890. Pp.61. : No. 26. Record of Experiments in the Production of Sugar from Sorghum in 1889, at Cedar Falls, 1 Iowa; Rio Grande, N. J. ; Moriisville, Va. ; Kenuer, La. ; C^oUege Station, Md., and Conway Springs, f Attica, Medicine Lodge, Ness City, Liberal, Arkalon, Meade, Minneola, and Sterling, Kaus. Edited f by n. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.112. No. 27. The Sugar-beet Indu.stry : Culture of the Sugar Beetand Manufacture of Beet Sugar. Edited b.v H.W.Wiley. 1890. Pp.202. No. 28. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Clumists, held at the U. S. National Museum August 28, 29, and 30, 1890. (Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. Foods, aud Feeding Stuffs, Dairy Products, Fermented Liquors, and Sugars.) Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.238. (Out of print.) No. 29. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp.125. No. 30. Bxperiments with Sugar Beets in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp.93. (Out of priut.) No. 31. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conve;jtion of the Association of Official Agricultural f? Cliemists, held at the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., August 25, 26, and 27, 1891. Edited byH. W.Wiley. 1891. Pp.253. (Out of print.) No. 32, Special report on the Extent and Character of Food Adulterations, including State and other laws relating to Foods aud Beverages. Edited by A. J. Wedderburn. 1892. Pp. 174. No. 33. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 158. No. 34. Experiments with Sorghum in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 132. No. 35. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26, and 27, 1892. Edited by H.W.Wiley. 1892. Pp.266, (Out of print.) . No. 36. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1892. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1893. Pp. 74. (Oat of > print.) No. 37. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1892. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 100. : (Out of print.) No. 38. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the Association of OfficiftI Agricultural [ Cliemists, held at the Art Institute, Chicago, 111., August 24, 25, aud 26, 1893, Edited by fl. W. Wiley, iisys. Pp. 232. k 09 F