/ii? r^^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ^l 027 584 431 7 Hollinger Corp. pH8.5 i^- DF 216 .W25 Copy 1 Notes in History. THE EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS AND' GREE By GEORGE W. WARD, Ph.D.^ PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND POLITICS, WESTERN MARYLAND COLLEGE. Author of ''DATES BY NAME." 13 xBaltimore, Md.: The \Vm. J. C. Dui the East, before political ruin overtook the land, whence, preserved by the Arabs, it might be returned in life-giving streams upon the barren wastes of the Middle Ages in Europe. Syracuse [Lecture xxi., sec. 3] had decided that the world's future politics should bear the impress of Rome instead of Athens, but it was Gaugamela that saved Greek learning for the redemption of a Roman world. Alexander's remarkable strategy defeated the unwieldy though brave Persian army, and Darius was assassinated during his iiight. Alexander overran Central Asia as far as the Indus, married an Eastern princess, adopted Eastern dress and luxury, and died of a fever induced by excesses, P. C. 323, at Babylon. 5 RESULTS OF ALEXANDER S ACHIEVEMENTS (1) Ended (temporarily) tlie two centuries of conflict between Greece and Persia. (2) Gave the world a common [Hellenic] civilization. (3) Prepared the world as to language and political unity for Christianity. (4) Reopened the maritime trade route between Europe and India. (5) Furnished the means of preserving and transmitting Greek learning to future ages. (6) Sudden wealth with its accompanying luxury and vice demoralized the Greeks. (7) Indirectly the decay of the Roman Republic, because Greek vice and indolence was surely passed on to Rome. 1. Aibela, by whose name thu battle was originally called, lies about twenty miles faitbei- south. 74 FROM THE PELOPONNESIAN WAK TO THE FALL OF CORIKTH. (8) Remotely introduced the evils as well as the advantages of ancient Greek life into the life of the Middle Ages. Study and report: Philip of Macedon, the Phalanx, Alexander, the Battle of Arbela, Clitus, Darius Codonianus, Tyre, Alexandria. Read: Plutarch's Alexander; Myers's Greece, ch. xxvi.; Art. "Alexander," " Gra- nicus," " Issus," "Arbela," "Tyre," in Ericyc. Brit.; Creasy's Decisive Battle of the World, ch. in.; Dodge's Great Captains, Lecture i.; Mahaflfy's Story of Alexander's Empire^ LECTURE XXV— ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE AND THE LATER GREEK LEAGUES.' Upon the death of Alexander there followed a generation of wars, intrigues, and murders for which it would be difficult to find a parallel in history. Alexander's chief officer, Perdiccas, married his master's sister in the hope of thus succeeding to his power, but his own troops murdered him. Each of Alexander's eight most powerful generals now seized a part of the Empire for himself. These warred and intrigued among themselves till at last, about B. C. 300, five main divisions had become more or less permanent. 2. THE WOULD COMPREHENDED IN FIVE HELLENISTIC MONARCHIES. (1) Syria under the three Seleucidte and the three Antiochse. Capital at Seleucia> on the Tigris, about thirty miles from Babylon; later at Antioch, on the Mediterranean. Antiochus 111. tlie Great (B. C. 224-187), was defeated at Magnesia (190) by the Romans, and his kingdom fell to pieces. (2) Egypt under the five Ptolemies (B. C. 323-181) till it became dependent upon Rome (181). Capital at Alexandria. The Alexandrine Library founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, B. C. 285-247. (3) Macedonia under tlie descendents of Poliorcetes, B. C. 278-168. Capital, Pella. It was overthrown in the battle of Pydna, and became dependent upon Rome. [Sec. 5.] (Pergamon), the kingdom of Lysimaclms, included Asia Minor and Thrace. Capi- tal, Pergamon in Asia Minor. Founded B. C. 283 by a governor whom Lysimachus had appointed. Bequeathed to the Romans by Attains III., B. C. 133. (5) Bythinia. Capital, Nicomedia. Founded by iS^icomedes I. Bequeathed by Nicomedes III. to the Romans, B. C. 75. Besides these Rhodes remained independent, and the Greek cantons tried in vain to throw off the Macedonian yoke. 3. AETOLIAN LEAGUE, B. C. 280. The Lamian War, which began immediately after the death of Alexander and lasted only a year, was a brave attempt of the Greek States, led by Athens, to regain their liberty. "Athens passed out of politics here.'' Later, Poliorcetes of Macedonia, was several times in possession of Athens, and the utter subjugation of the country was averted only by the ^Etolian League. This was a loose confederation of cantons, at whose head stood JLtolia. Before the time of Alexander they had been mere loosely confederated robber cantons. It was reorganized B. C. 280 for political purposes. G0n>TSTITTJTI03Sr : (1) Popular Assembly. Every free man had a vote. (2) Senate of at least thirty members — sort of Executive Committee. (3) Council {Sunedroi) or Cabinet of the General-in-Chief. (4) "Writers of the law" — the judiciary. (5) General-in-Chief, leader in foreign affairs and war. Presided over Popular Assembly. The League was dissolved at the fall of Corinth. 76 FBOM THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR TO THE FALL OF CORINTH. 4. THE ACHAEN LEAGUE. Contemporaneously with the ^Etolian League there sprang into importance another league, the Achaean; this had originally twelve cities for members. This league fur- nishes the nearest approach of ancient times to the representative principle in govern- ment. Closer association than the ^Etolian League. Votes taken by cities and cast by those representatives wlio might be present. Constitution much like that of the iEtolian League, except that the Senate numbered 120 members, ten from each city. The Achaean League also dissolved at the fall of Corinth. 5 FALL or CORINTH, B. C 146. The Romans gained their first foothold in Greece through the suppression of the Illyrian pirates, B. C. 229, acquired supremacy over a few Greek cities and were admit- ted to the Isthmian Games and the Eleusiiiian Mysteries. [Lect. vn., sees. 4, 5.] In 219 part of Illyria was subjugated. Immediately after the battle of Cannse (216), Philip of Macedonia foolishly allied himself with Carthage against Rome, and his troops aided Hannibal at Zama, B. C. 202. As soon as peace was concluded with Carthage, therefore, the Romans invaded Macedonia. The victory of Cynoscephalse (197) gave them control in Greek affairs. By the overthrow of Perseus at Pydna (168), Macedonia became entirely dependent upon Rome. A thousand Achseans — the historian, Polybius, among them — were carried off to Rome. B. C. 146 Macedonia, in punishment for revolt, was made a Roman province. At the same time a rising of the Achaean League, incited by a returned band of the prisoners of Pydna, caused Rome to attack Corinth, the head city of the League. The Greeks were defeated in the battle of Leucopetra, Corinth was plundered and her art treasures taken to Rome. Greece did not come to an end ; it became a province of Rome. Read: ?\\ii-A.vch.''s Aratus &n^ PMloiycevien; Yveema.n's History of Federal Gov- ernment, &c., chs. V. and vi. — for fuller account read also chs. vii.-ix. Davidson's Education of the Greek People; Gardner's New Chapters in Greek History. Myers's Greece, ch. xxvii. — also the whole of Pnrt Sixth. Authorities as before cited. Note: Make a brief outline of Greek History without consulting any books. HoUinger Corp pH8.5 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ^ 027 584 431 7 T I !!• _ /^_