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Chicago, Illinois, January, 1905. 
 To the Governor of Illinois: 
 
 Sir: — The undersigned members of 
 the Illinois Battlefield Commission, appointed by 
 Governor John R. Tanner, under an act passed by 
 the General Assembly of Illinois, approved by the 
 Governor June 9, 1897, and followed by supple- 
 mentary acts, to locate positions and erect monu- 
 ments on the battlefield of Shiloh in honor of the 
 Illinois Troops engaged in the battle, have the honor 
 of submitting a report of what has been accomplished 
 in pursuance of their duties under said acts. 
 
 Respectfully submitted; 
 
 Gustav A. Bussey, 
 Israel P. Rumsey, 
 Thomas A. Weisner, 
 Isaac Yantis, 
 Benson Wood, 
 
 George Mason, 
 Timothy Slattery, 
 J. B. Nulton, 
 A. F. McEwen, 
 Sheldon C. Ay res. 
 
 Commissioners . 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 AT 
 
 S H I LO H 
 
 REPORT OF THE 
 
 X U \ n 'i ■ 
 
 Shiloh Battlefield Commission 
 
 AND 
 
 CEREMONIES AT THE DEDICATION OF THE 
 MONUMENTS ERECTED TO MARK THE 
 POSITIONS OF THE ILLINOIS 
 COMMANDS ENGAGED IN 
 THE BATTLE 
 
 The Story of the Battle, by Stanley Waterloo 
 
 t 
 
 Compiled by Major George Mason, 
 Secretary of the Commission 
 
Illinois at Shiloh 
 
 THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 
 
 The Battle of Shiloh, fought April 6 and 7, 1862, was 
 one of the great battles of history, one the importance and 
 quality of which will be more and more recognized as 
 time passes. It was a battle in which were included half 
 a dozen bloody smaller battles, it was a battle where con- 
 ditions were such that there was almost the closeness of 
 conflicts in medieval times, and where regiments and 
 brigades of raw recruits showed in desperate struggle 
 with each other what American courage is. It was a bat- 
 tle fought on a rough wooded plateau, down and up deep 
 gullies and amid thick underbrush and heavy timber, 
 where artillery duels were fought at simple musket range. 
 It was a battle saved only at the eleventh hour and, finally, 
 one so potent in its results that it may possibly have 
 changed entirely the issue of a mighty war. Such was 
 the Battle of Shiloh. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1862 the Confederacy was 
 practically in command of all territory south of the Ohio 
 River. Its line of defense extended east and west across 
 the state of Kentucky, from Columbus on the Mississippi 
 River to Bowling Green on the east, and the army thus 
 stretched across the state was under the direction of one 
 of the ablest commanders the War of the Rebellion pro- 
 duced, General Albert Sidney Johnston. Under him were 
 capable subordinate commanders, and strategic points 
 were well fortified and garrisoned with heavy forces. 
 There seemed open but one possible available route for 
 
 s 
 
6 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 invasion of the region thus occupied, and provision had 
 been made for closing this to the Northern army. 
 
 The Tennessee and Cumberland rivers running north 
 and parallel, in a general way, empty into the Ohio River, 
 and fear of their ascent by war vessels with an accompany- 
 ing land force had led the Confederates to the erection 
 of two forts, one on each river, at a point where the 
 streams were but twelve miles apart and where a force 
 from one could at any time readily reinforce the other. 
 These defenses were Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and 
 Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. Such was the situa- 
 tion in the eastern part of the Mississippi Valley at the 
 beginning of the year 1862. In February of the same year 
 the situation changed vastly, to the Confederate disad- 
 vantage, because of the daring and generalship of one 
 man — General U. S. Grant. 
 
 The man who later became the central figure upon the 
 stage of war had at that time obtained only moderate 
 recognition, but he asked and received permission to at- 
 tempt breaking the Confederate line at Fort Henry, as- 
 sisted by Commodore Foote with a fleet of gunboats. The 
 story of the taking of Fort Henry and the subsequent 
 reduction of Fort Donelson is part of the history of the 
 Civil War familiar to all Americans. Grant, the wisely 
 daring, had attained the end he had in sight. The practi- 
 cal center of this line of the Confederacy was broken. 
 It was inevitable that Johnston should retreat and re- 
 establish the line of defense farther south, and he recog- 
 nized the fact. There was a retirement of his force and a 
 new front was established along the line of railroad ex- 
 tending right across the Confederate states from the Mis- 
 sissippi river to the Atlantic Ocean and crossed by another 
 railroad, even more important, extending north and south. 
 No better base of operations could have been selected. 
 Troops, munitions and supplies could be transported all 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 
 
 along the two lines and there were many points where 
 Nature had so adjusted the land surface that a few well 
 directed regiments could defend a passage against an 
 army. 
 
 In a queer old sleepy town named Corinth, situated in 
 the northern part of the state of Mississippi, not far from 
 the Tennessee line and twenty-two miles from the Ten- 
 nesse river, was a little plot of ground. It did not differ 
 in appearance from any other plot of ground in the vicin- 
 ity and was not over five feet square, yet it was for the 
 possession of this little piece of soil that twenty thousand 
 men were killed and wounded in one of the most desper- 
 ate battles in all history. 
 
 The reason that these few feet of ground was sought 
 for at such awful cost was that it was enclosed like this 
 by iron rails. > ^^1 
 
 Me 
 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 Me 
 
 MPHis & Charleston JR. 
 
 What was 
 
 Fought for — 
 
 Plot of Ground 
 
 4 Feet 8^ Inches 
 
 Square. 
 
 MPHis & Charleston R 
 
 R. 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 M 
 
 ?? 
 O 
 
 5 
 o 
 
 ?^ 
 
 R. 
 
 The Two Railroads' Intersection, Giving Control of Transportation. 
 
8 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 The less than five feet square was merely the land in- 
 cluded within the crossing of two railroads. The entire 
 South lay practically between the Mississippi and the At- 
 lantic ocean and between the Ohio river and the Gulf of 
 Mexico. As already mentioned, from the Mississippi river 
 to the Atlantic coast, ran a railroad — the Memphis & 
 Charleston line. From the Ohio river to the Gulf of Mexico 
 ran another railroad — the Mobile & Ohio. It can be seen 
 that east and west and north and south these two railroads 
 were the means for transportation, in times of peace, of 
 all things in connection with great commerce, and, in 
 times of war, for the hurrying forward from any point, 
 north, south, east or west, of all that pertained to 
 war, men and provisions and munitions of every sort. 
 Hence, the general who absolutely controlled the few feet 
 square, where these two railroads crossed, owned all 
 means of swift transportation, while his opponent had no 
 such vast advantage. Well was this understood by Al- 
 bert Sydney Johnston, the Confederate leader, and by 
 Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Army of the Tennes- 
 see. Grant was to the north. He saw his way up the 
 Tennessee and used it, utilizing all means of transporta- 
 tion to "land an army within not many miles of that little 
 piece of ground, and part of that army had reached Pitts- 
 burg Landing — where there wasn't any landing, save on 
 the soil, and where there were only three houses then. 
 
 So the sleepy town of Corinth thus became the object 
 in the great scheme of military operations taking place 
 in Western Tennessee. To it there came Johnston, with 
 Beauregard as his chief lieutenant, and by the end of 
 March there was assembled at and near Corinth some 
 50,000 men. Gen. Leonidas Polk, "the fighting bishop," 
 and Braxton Bragg, with their commands, joined the Con- 
 federate chieftain, and there it was generally thought, 
 North and South, that the Southern forces were to await 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 9 
 
 attack from the advancing Northern hosts. In their ren- 
 dezvous at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee river, 
 the Northerners were gathering under the immediate com- 
 mand of General Charles F. Smith, whose fatal illness was 
 destined to place in supreme authority over that field, Gen- 
 eral U. S. Grant, the newly crowned and promptly perse- 
 cuted victor of Fort Donelson. 
 
 In that army, encamped upon the plain which came to 
 be called Shiloh, from a rude log church which stood two 
 and one-half miles back from the Tennessee river, were 
 many men of either side whose names afterward shone 
 in the pages of American history. General William T. 
 Sherman, General Albert Sydney Johnston, General Lew 
 Wallace, General B. M. Prentiss, Colonel Robert Inger- 
 soll, General Braxton Bragg, Generals Hurlbut, McCler- 
 nand, McArthur and William H. L. Wallace, these are 
 some of the names which uprear themselves like living 
 forms, from the maze of blood and battle, as one reads this 
 tale of how men fought upon this field on the 6th and 7th 
 of April, 1862. 
 
 General Halleck, at St. Louis, had designated Savannah, 
 on the eastern bank of the Tennessee, nine miles below 
 Pittsburg Landing, as the rendezvous of the armies of 
 the Tennessee and of the Ohio, but General C. F. Smith, 
 who was upon the ground himself, and to whom discre- 
 tionary power had been given, had selected Pittsburg 
 Landing as the place for the great camp, and General 
 Grant, when he arrived, recognized the strength of the 
 position and adopted it. Official headquarters remained, 
 however, at Savannah. 
 
 In the later days of March Pittsburg Landing was a 
 busy place. Regiments and brigades were daily arriving. 
 Many of the troops were newly enlisted, undrilled, in some 
 cases un-uniformed and unarmed and in others with old 
 muskets of the pattern of by-gone days. But the victors of 
 
lo ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Fort Donelson were there, McClernand's Division and C. 
 F. Smith's Division, while Lew Wallace's Division was 
 at Crump's Landing, five miles down the river. 
 
 The Union position at Pittsburg Landing was natur- 
 ally defended on all sides but the southwest, the side fac- 
 ing toward Corinth. On the east flowed the Tennessee 
 river, its bank at this time at the Landing being a steep 
 decline of more than eighty feet. The north side of the 
 camp was covered by Snake creek, which empties into 
 the river a little below the Landing. Owl creek, a 
 tributary of Snake creek, enclosed the northwest side. 
 To the southeast side Lick creek flov^s into the river 
 above the Landing, and at the time of the battle in April, 
 the volume of water in all these streams was greatly 
 swelled by backwater, the river being swollen by the 
 spring floods. 
 
 The space included between these boundaries measures 
 something over three miles in either direction. The 
 ground is uneven, crossed and gashed by deep ravines 
 and gullies, and in 1862 it was thickly wooded. Small 
 roads, shown and named in the accompanying maps, in- 
 tersected the plateau, and an occasional half-cleared field, 
 or open place with a log house, let in daylight through the 
 general tangle of forest and underbrush. On the road run- 
 ning out toward Corinth, near the right of the position, 
 was the rude log meeting-house known as Shiloh Church, 
 from which the battlefield took its name. Here, and 
 along the right to the crossing of Owl creek by the road 
 leading from Pittsburg Landing to Purdy, a village some 
 miles to the northwest, was the fifth division of the Army 
 of the Tennessee, commanded by General William Te- 
 cumseh Sherman, The division was made up of raw re- 
 cruits, many of whom had never been under fire. Their 
 leader was as yet undistinguished from the other promi- 
 nent generals of the Union Army. On this field he was to 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH ii 
 
 become a figure to compel the respect and admiration of 
 the entire country. Sherman's first brigade was command- 
 ed by Colonel J. A. McDowell, the 2nd by Colonel David 
 Stuart, the 3rd by Col. J. Hildebrand, the 4th by Colonel 
 R. P. Buckland. The ist and 2d battalions of the 4th 
 Illinois cavalry, and Battery "B" and Battery "E" of the 
 1st Illinois Light Artillery were attached to this division. 
 
 On Sherman's left, and somewhat overlapping his rear, 
 was McClernand's division, the ist. next to him Prentiss', 
 the 6th, while Stuart's brigade, of Sherman's command, 
 held the extreme left, on Lick creek. 
 
 Prentiss' division was made up of unassigned troops 
 arriving at Pittsburg Landing on and after the 26th day 
 of March, 1862. The ist brigade was of four regiments 
 commanded by Col. Everett Peabody, and had been thor- 
 oughly organized. The 2d brigade, only partially organ- 
 ized, was commanded by Colonel Madison Miller. Three 
 regiments had reported and were in camp. Other regi- 
 ments were on their way up the river. The i6th Iowa 
 infantry reported for duty on the 5th, but did not disem- 
 bark until the morning of the 6th. The 15th Iowa and 
 23rd Missouri arrived at the Landing Sunday morning, 
 and the 23rd reported to General Prentiss at the "Hor- 
 net's Nest" about 9:30 a. m. (The 15th and i6th Iowa 
 were, by General Grant's order, sent to McCler- 
 nand early in the day.) The nth Illinois cavalry, the 
 5th Ohio battery, Hickenlooper's ; the ist Minnesota and 
 Munch's batteries and the i8th Wisconsin infantry, not 
 brigaded, were attached to Prentiss' division. 
 
 McClernand's division was composed of three infantry 
 brigades and Stewart's and Carmichael's Illinois cavalry, 
 Battery "D" ist Illinois light artillery, and Battery "E" 
 2nd Illinois light artillery, and the 14th Ohio battery. 
 
 Perhaps a mile and a half to the rear, stretching from 
 Pittsburg Landing across to Snake creek, the divisions 
 
12 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 of Hurlbut and C. F. Smith were stationed. General 
 Smith was lying ill at Savannah, and was soon to die. 
 His division was commanded by General William H. L. 
 Wallace. Movements of the enemy were possible by the 
 road which runs westward from Crump's Landing to the 
 little town of Purdy. Lew Wallace remained at Crump's 
 and along the Purdy road to watch that point of danger. 
 By a road parallel with the Tennessee river he was con- 
 nected with the Union reserve by a bridge over Snake 
 creek. 
 
 Hurlbut's three brigades were commanded, the ist by 
 Colonel N. G. Williams, the 2nd by Colonel James C. 
 Veatch, the 3rd by Brigadier General J. G. Lauman, and 
 attached to it were the ist and 2nd battalions of the 5th 
 Ohio cavalry, the 13th Ohio battery, Mann's battery, 
 Missouri light artillery, and the 2nd Michigan battery. 
 
 General Smith's old division, the 2nd, under command 
 of Brigadier General- W. H. L. Wallace, comprised three 
 brigades of infantry, and Company "C" of the 2nd U. 
 S. cavalry, Company "I" 4th U. S. cavalry, and Com- 
 panies "A" and "B" 2nd Illinois cavalry, with Battery 
 "A" 1st Illinois light artillery (Willard's), and Batteries 
 "D," "H" and "K," ist Missouri light artillery. 
 
 Colonel James M, Tuttle commanded the ist brigade, 
 Brigadier General John McArthur the 2nd, and Colonel 
 T. W. Sweeney the 3rd. 
 
 Colonel Morgan L. Smith, Colonel John M. Thayer and 
 Colonel Charles Whittlesey were the brigade command- 
 ers of General Lew Wallace's division, and attached to 
 it, were Battery "I" ist Missouri light artillery, the 9th 
 Indiana battery, the 3rd battalion, 5th Ohio cavalry, and 
 the 3rd battalion, nth Illinois cavalry. 
 
 There were present an aggregate of 39,830 Union sol- 
 diers, officers and men at Pittsburg Landing, and in the 
 3rd division at Crump's, 7,564. 
 

 
 GENHRAL B. M. PREXTISS, AS HE APPEARED IX LATER LIFE. 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 13 
 
 As has been indicated, the only quarter in which the 
 Union Army was open to the enemy's assaults was its 
 front, between Owl and Lick creeks, where the road from 
 Corinth to Pittsburg Landing comes in. Later on in the 
 war this line would have been well defended by entrench- 
 ments of earth, and batteries of artillery. Now there was 
 no attempt at anything of the kind. The Union Army, 
 and the Confederate Army as well, were yet to learn the 
 art of building defenses. Shiloh taught more than one of 
 the terrible lessons that had to be. learned before the con- 
 flict between the states had run its course of devasta- 
 tion. 
 
 This was the situation in the early April days of 1862. 
 The two armies lay little more than twenty miles apart, 
 and, North and South, the people awaited events. 
 
 The Army of the Tennessee, soon to be joined by the 
 Army of the Ohio, with General Buell in command, drilled 
 and received arms and uniforms while it waited. The 
 united forces were expected to move upon Corinth upon 
 the order of the head of the army. General Halleck, when 
 all should be ready. 
 
 THE "ARM OF THE SOUTH." 
 
 Albert Sydney Johnston, perhaps at this time the very 
 "arm of the South" with instant recognition of the situa- 
 tion, took into his hands the reins of power, carrying all 
 before him by his forcible reasoning, and planned an im- 
 mediate attack upon the camp at Pittsburg Landing. 
 
 This was what the great Confederate leader saw: if he 
 could wipe out the Northern forces already landed, and 
 about equal to his own, before Buell, nearing Grant at 
 Savannah, came up with his reserves, he could smash the 
 Northern advance into the South and change, perhaps, the 
 face of history. He seized the opportunity and moved 
 his army from Corinth upon Pittsburg Landitig. 
 
14 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 On the 3rd day of April, 1862, Johnston issued orders 
 for the forward movement. Northeast the army marched, 
 straight northeast from Corinth, the Army of the Mis- 
 sissippi. Steadily tramped the infantry, steadily tramped, 
 or floundered, or crept over muddy roads, and heavily 
 clanged along the artillery; on the flanks and fronts sped 
 the cavalry. Onward, under their intrepid leader, the 
 whole army, horse, foot and guns, moved forward, the 
 heads of columns touching Mickey's on the Corinth road, 
 eight miles from Pittsburg Landing. 
 
 Johnston had planned the attack on the Landing at 
 sunrise, April 5th, but sunrise of that day did not see his 
 army within striking distance. It was nearly nightfall 
 of the 5th when the weary soldiers arrived and began 
 forming in line of battle where they bivouacked to await 
 the morning. Sunday dawned, bright and glorious, and 
 the movement was resumed. On they came, Hardee's 
 corps first, spread far out beyond the line of the road, 
 Clerburne's brigade on the left, its flank at Widow How- 
 ell's near Winningham creek, Wood's brigade next, 
 extending across the road, Shaver's brigade on the right, 
 with Gladden's brigade from Wither's division reaching 
 and crossing the Bark road. 
 
 On they marched, and eight hundred feet to the rear of 
 Hardee's line came Bragg, with Chalmers, Jackson, Gib- 
 son, Anderson and Pond, their lines overlapping and out- 
 standing beyond Gladden on the right and Clerburne on 
 the left. And then came Polk's corps, and Breckinridge's 
 in columns by brigades following the road, and Steward, 
 Russell, Johnson and Stephen, with their brigades, under 
 Polk, and Trabue, Bowen and Stratham, under Breck- 
 inridge. 
 
 Away down in McCullar's field on Lick creek, on the 
 extreme right of the advance, was Clanton's cavalry, with 
 Avery's, Forest's and Adam's cavalry guarding Greer's 
 
£KlO OSNJL 
 
 
i6 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 inanity's sake — to surrender with the remnant of his force. 
 
 On Saturday afternoon, April 5th, General Prentiss, 
 whose division occupied the advance position of the left 
 center of the camp, sent out, in addition to his usual ad- 
 vance guard, a small force of infantry under Colonel Da- 
 vid Moore. Late in the evening this force returned, after 
 an extended reconnoissance, and Colonel Moore reported 
 "some activity in front." 
 
 Prentiss was impressed. He showed soldierly percep- 
 tion then, as later he showed sacrificing wisdom and stub- 
 born courage in the fight. At 3 o'clock Sunday morning 
 he again sent out three companies to reconnoiter, this 
 time from the 25th Missouri infantry and under command 
 of Major Powell. Out on the Corinth road the detach- 
 ment went in the darkness and, at 4:55 o'clock that morn- 
 ing, the fringes of the forces touched and the fighting of 
 the fearful day began. The force under Powell encoun- 
 tered the Confederate pickets under Major Hardcastle, 
 of Hardee's corps, in the woods near what was known as 
 Fraley field, and a brisk engagement, lasting an hour and 
 a half, ensued between these outposts. Here began the 
 bloodshed of the day, to be augmented thousands of times 
 before the sun set. 
 
 At half past six o'clock in the morning the Confeder- 
 ates of General Wood's brigade came sweeping in force 
 upon the scene. Hardcastle and his pickets fell back to 
 their places in the line. The grand general advance of 
 the Confederate army had begun and Powell's little force 
 was driven back to what was known as Seay field. Here 
 came up reinforcements for Powell, though, of course, al- 
 together insufficient. There were four companies of the 
 i6th Wisconsin infantry which had been on picket duty 
 near by, and five companies of the 21st Missouri infantry 
 under Colonel Moore. They joined Powell, Moore took 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 17 
 
 command and sent back to Prentiss for the remainder of 
 his regiment. 
 
 Prentiss at once sent Peabody's brigade, which joined 
 Powell's detachment at the southeast corner of Rhea field, 
 the field to which point Powell had slowly withdrawn, 
 fighting. With the arrival of reinforcements the strug- 
 gle became more fierce. Meanwhile the casualties were 
 becoming serious. Americans were killing each other 
 swiftly. 
 
 Fighting stubbornly, Peabody, now in command of the 
 advanced portion of the Union forces, was driven back be- 
 fore the advancing host. He did well against over- 
 whelming odds, but was compelled to fall farther and 
 farther with each fresh rush of the enemy. 
 
 By this struggle the Confederate advance on the left 
 had been delayed until nearly 8 o'clock, and information 
 of what was going on in the front had reached the natural 
 soldier, Prentiss. His division was at once formed for 
 battle and awaited the coming onset. Peabody fell back 
 to the line with Prentiss and the onset came at once. It 
 was a furious one. 
 
 Then began the first bloody fighting of the day on an 
 extensive scale. To a clearing known as Spain field, 
 Prentiss sent forward Miller's brigade of his division, 
 some three hundred yards in advance of his main force, 
 the advance being supported by two batteries, Hicken- 
 looper's on the left and Munch's battery to the right of 
 what was known as the Eastern Corinth road. The clash 
 came without delay. 
 
 The Confederates attacking were composed of Glad- 
 den's brigade and the left of Chalmer's brigade. They 
 came furiously, in superior force, and Miller and the 
 batteries were forced back to join the main line, where 
 Prentiss, fearing to be outflanked, had arrayed the regi- 
 
1 8 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 ments of his division in their camps. The second attack 
 soon came, made now by the brigades of Gladden and 
 Shaver, assisted by a part of Wood's brigade and Chal- 
 mer's right. 
 
 Here ensued slaughter among both officers and men. 
 Colonel Peabody, of the Union forces, who had accom- 
 plished such gallant work in the morning, was killed, and 
 General Gladden, of the charging Confederate forces, was 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 Charge after charge was made by the Confederates, 
 who were repulsed viciously more than once, but they 
 came in thousands, and though they, at the last, were 
 compelled to charge over their own dead and wounded, 
 the force of Prentiss could no longer, in the position it 
 occupied, withstand the deadly battering of overwhelming 
 numbers. At 9 o'clock Prentiss withdrew his force to the 
 Union reserve line in the rear, taking a position at the 
 left of General W. H. L. Wallace. He thus now occupied 
 an advanced position in the left center of the Union 
 force. Here was a wooded area with thick undergrowth 
 and a sunken road next to a ridge which made a natural 
 intrenchment ; here was a location so admirably adapted 
 for defense that Prentiss never left it to go farther to the 
 rear. The place received the name of "The Hornet's 
 Nest" from the Confederates. It was now between 9 and 
 10 o'clock. Meanwhile there were furious happenings on 
 the right flank of the Union army, where General W. T, 
 Sherman was in command. 
 
 SHERMAN AND McCLERNAND. 
 
 While the pickets and advance guard of Sherman, like 
 those of Prentiss, were engaged with the enemy's out- 
 posts in distant fields and in the thick woods, where the 
 strength of the attack could not be observed, the main 
 body of troops in camp were at breakfast, or mustered 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 19 
 
 for Sunday morning inspection. Some regiments were 
 just disembarking from the river boats, and from the 
 Landing more than one regiment was, a few hours later, 
 marched directly into action. 
 
 General Sherman's division, being stationed in the ad- 
 vance on the main road leading to Corinth, at Shiloh 
 Church, felt the onset of the Confederates in force early 
 Sunday morning. The advance guard was driven in be- 
 tween 6 and 7 o'clock, and before that hour the whole di- 
 vision was up in arms and forming in line of battle. 
 
 On the Friday before, Sherman's pickets, posted a mile 
 and a half out on the Corinth road, had been driven in 
 by Confederate cavalry, and one lieutenant with seven 
 of his men had been captured by the enemy. A detach- 
 ment of Sherman's cavalry drove the Confederates back 
 five miles, killing several of them. Had the little battalion 
 of Union cavalry started out on such an errand on Satur- 
 day, and pursued their way as far, they would have seen 
 something to make them gallop back and report to head- 
 quarters with a rush. 
 
 On Saturday the Confederate cavalry had been "again 
 very bold — coming well down to our front," says Gen- 
 eral Sherman, in one of his reports; yet Sherman did not 
 believe the enemy contemplated anything beyond "a 
 strong demonstration." The pickets had heard men talk- 
 ing in the woods, and the men of McDowell's brigade on 
 the right could, Sunday morning at sunrise, plainly see 
 the enemy swarming in the woods across Shiloh branch. 
 The new recruits, of whom much of Sherman's division 
 was made up, had begun to feel that now, indeed, they 
 were "in the enemy's country." 
 
 Sherman's line of battle had for its left center Shiloh 
 Church. Here he posted Taylor's battery, with its cap- 
 tain, S. E. Barrett in command. Waterhouse's battery 
 he planted on a ridge to the left and front with a clear 
 
20 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 range toward the enemy over open ground. Two guns 
 of this battery were in the advance at Rhea field. Sher- 
 man's 3rd brigade, under Colonel Hildebrand, and his 2nd 
 brigade, Colonel Buckland commanding, were formed 
 across the road, Hildebrand on the left, Buckland on the 
 right. McDowell's brigade constituted his right wing. 
 At the bridge across Owl creek, one gun of Behr's bat- 
 tery was posted, and McDowell's line of infantry extended 
 to the left behind Shiloh branch and the gullies leading 
 into the stream. Eight companies of the 4th Illinois cav- 
 alry were posted in an open field to the left and rear of 
 Shiloh Church. 
 
 When giving orders for his own division to form, Sher- 
 man had sent word to General McClernand to support 
 him, and to General Hurlbut to go to the support of 
 Prentiss. Colonel Stuart, commanding Sherman's second 
 brigade, was guarding the ford over Lick creek, away to 
 the left, separated from his division by the breadth of 
 the whole field. He was to fight a battle of his own that 
 day. 
 
 General Sherman, with his staff, rode along the left of 
 his line a few minutes after 7 o'clock. As he passed the 
 53rd Ohio infantry, in Rhea field, he was fired upon by 
 the enemy's pickets, who were concealed in the bushes 
 which lined Shiloh branch, a stream which flowed 
 along Sherman's entire front. Thomas D. HolHday, of 
 Company "H," 2nd Illinois cavalry, Sherman's orderly, 
 was killed by this fusilade from the thickets already held 
 by the enemy. The gulley of the stream gave the ad- 
 vancing Confederates cover, but as they crossed the Union 
 men were so posted as to get a telling fire at them as 
 they ascended the rising ground on the Union side. A 
 Confederate battery opened upon the Union line and the 
 53rd, after firing two rounds, fell back into the woods, and 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 21 
 
 the two guns of Waterhouse's were recalled to the main 
 battery. 
 
 General Sherman now saw the glistening bayonets of 
 heavy masses of infantry to his left front in the woods 
 beyond Shiloh branch and became convinced, for the first 
 time, that the enemy designed to make a determined at- 
 tack upon the whole Union camp. All along the line of 
 Sherman's division, even on the extreme right, the Con- 
 federates were advancing. Every man of the attacking 
 force was headed straight for the Landing. A large 
 body of Confederates crossed the open field in front of 
 Waterhouse's battery unmolested, as they displayed what 
 was taken for the American flag, and wore uniforms simi- 
 lar to those of the Union forces. 
 
 All doubt was dispelled, as Sherman watched the heavy 
 masses of men marching obliquely to the left, and noted 
 other battalions pressing directly upon him. He saw that 
 the enemy intended passing his left flank to fall upon 
 McClernand and Prentiss, and he heard the sound of 
 musketry and artillery announcing that Prentiss was en- 
 gaged. General McClernand's 3rd brigade had reached 
 the field, and it was posted to protect Waterhouse's bat- 
 tery and the left of the line. The Confederates pressed 
 forward impetuously, giving the "Rebel yell," something 
 as yet unknown to Sherman's raw recruits, but after- 
 ward to be recognized on many a bloody field. 
 
 Raith's brigade held its ground in support of the bat- 
 tery, and this command soon had to hold the left alone, 
 for Hildebrand's command practically disappeared, 
 though Colonel Hildebrand, himself, remained with a por- 
 tion of his regiment, the 77th Ohio infantry. The vigor- 
 ous advance of the Confederates from the left and front 
 in overwhelming numbers with a severe fire, told upon 
 the command and, with a stubborn resistance, it finally 
 
2 2 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 gave way and fell back, followed closely by the enemy, 
 who captured three of Waterhouse's guns. Sherman's 
 left thus turned, and with the enemy pressing heavily 
 upon his whole line, the general still held Shiloh Church 
 and sent urgent orders to Buckland and McDowell to 
 hold their ground. These brigades were already engaged 
 with the enemy all along Shiloh branch. 
 
 Sherman held fast, inflicting heavy punishment upon 
 the Confederate forces, which attacked him with tremen- 
 dous vim and force. Clerburne's Confederate brigade, 
 in attempting to cross the marshy ground of Shiloh 
 branch, received the concentrated fire of Raith's and 
 Buckland's brigades and was repulsed with heavy losses, 
 the 6th Mississippi losing over 70 per cent, in killed and 
 wounded. Anderson's brigade of Bragg's corps, now 
 came to the attack, but this command, too, was hurled 
 back with severe losses. The enemy then advanced in 
 overwhelming numbers, Clerburne, Anderson, Johnson, 
 Russell and Wood and, at 10 o'clock drove Sherman's 
 remaining two brigades and Raith's, across the Purdy 
 road. The camps of Sherman's three brigades and three 
 guns were lost. 
 
 In this fight at Rhea field and around Shiloh Church, 
 the Confederate General Clark, who commanded a divis- 
 ion, and General Johnson, who commanded a brigade, 
 were severely wounded. The stubborn resistance of 
 Sherman was of untold value to the Union army, as he 
 disputed the direct road to the Landing, and in holding 
 back the enemy for two hours gave the forces posted 
 near the Landing time to get on the field and ready for 
 action. 
 
 The capture of the three guns of Waterhouse's bat- 
 tery elated the spirits of the Confederates. They began 
 to note the thousand incidents of battle, stirring, grim or 
 pathetic. General Vaughn, who came up to the aban- 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 23 
 
 doned Union guns with the 13th Tennessee infantry, the 
 regiment which claimed their capture, saw an affecting 
 scene upon that field of carnage. A dead Union ofificer 
 lay upon the ground near the guns, and, keeping guard 
 over the dead body, was a pointer dog that refused to al- 
 low any one to approach the mortal remains of its mas- 
 ter. The majority of Union soldiers were not, at this hour 
 of the day, closely observant of the small events of bat- 
 tle, tragic or comic. They had no time for contempla- 
 tion. A fighter on that day. Lieutenant Lemmon, of the 
 49th Illinois, asked in later years, as to certain details of 
 the battle, could but respond: "Well, I don't know just 
 how it was, only the Rebs wouldn't let us stay anywhere, 
 Sunday, and we did the same thing to them next day." 
 
 Behr's battery, of McDowell's brigade, was lost as it 
 came with McDowell's troops on Sherman's order to 
 McDowell and Buckland to fall back to the Purdy road. 
 Sherman met the battery at the cross roads, and ordered 
 it to immediately unlimber and come into battery action 
 to cover the withdrawal of Sherman's forces. Captain 
 Behr gave the order, but immediately after doing so, he 
 was shot, and fell dead from his horse. The men aban- 
 doned five out of the six guns, and fled in disorder. 
 
 The Confederates had gained the bridge across Owl 
 creek, but McDowell had not become seriously engaged 
 with them when he received the order to retire and form 
 wnth the division on its new line. Thus McDowell's camp 
 fell into the hands of the enemy. 
 
 Raith's brigade, which was made up of four Illinois 
 regiments, the 17th, 29th, 43rd and 49th, lost heavily dur- 
 ing the first sharp encounter at and around Shiloh Church. 
 
 General Sherman, in his official report, declares that 
 his division "was made up of regiments perfectly new, 
 nearly all of them having only recently received their 
 o-uns at Paducah. None of them had ever been under fire, 
 
24 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 nor had they ever seen heavy masses of the enemy, bear- 
 ing down upon them as they did on that morning," at 
 Shiloh. His 3rd brigade, he admits, "did break much 
 too soon," but he insists that from them could not be ex- 
 pected the coolness and steadiness of older troops. Of 
 Colonel Hildebrand, the brigade commander, Sherman 
 says : "He was as cool as any man I ever saw, and no one 
 could have made stronger efforts to hold men to their 
 places than he did." After the disorganization of his 
 command he acted as aide for General McClernand until 
 night fell upon that Sunday of struggle and threatened 
 disaster. 
 
 REVIEW FIELD AND CORINTH ROAD. 
 
 The sound of heavy firing was heard in McClernand's 
 camps, that is, on the right wing, before there was any 
 call to arms. The division was placed along the Corinth 
 road, stretching from within a half mile of Shiloh Church 
 to Jones' field. In the camp of the i8th Illinois regiment 
 in Jones' field the men were in line for Sunday morning 
 inspection, awaiting the reviewing officer, when numbers 
 of men, mostly without arms, were seen hurrying across 
 the northern part of the field toward the Tennessee river. 
 
 The confused appearance of these stragglers aroused 
 officers and men, and a messenger was despatched to ask 
 explanation for this flight of strangers across the camp. 
 
 The messenger quickly returned and reported that the 
 fleeing men were from Sherman's command at the front. 
 They said that Sherman's division was "all cut to pieces," 
 that the "woods were full of Rebels," and urged the mes- 
 senger himself to run for his life. 
 
 Scarcely had the appearance of clouds of stragglers 
 running through the lines been explained to McClernand's 
 excited men, when the order came for the division to 
 move to the front. 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 25 
 
 Nearer the engagement, in the camp of Marsh's bri- 
 gade, the first news of a serious attack on the camp came 
 in the form of a shell from one of the enemy's batteries 
 as it passed directly over the camp of the 20th Illinois 
 infantry, whose camp was on the left of the road. The 
 long roll beat, and the brigade formed and moved into 
 place, its left touching Review field, and extending to the 
 right toward Sherman's left. Hare's brigade was formed 
 in the edge of the woods skirting the open field on the left 
 of Marsh, Hare's right touching the northwest corner of 
 Review field, where McAllister's battery was planted. 
 Burrows' battery was at the center of Marsh's command, 
 and Dresser's battery was stationed at its right, near 
 Water Oaks pond. 
 
 Veatch's brigade, of Hurlbut's division, was sent to 
 reinforce McClernand, and it formed behind Marsh's 
 brigade. 
 
 The Confederates attacked McClernand's position with 
 great vigor, and in tremendous force. Polk led a com- 
 bined force of seven brigades against Sherman and Mc- 
 Clernand. The right of this attacking line of Confeder- 
 ates extended across the farther edge of Review field and 
 became engaged with W. H. L. Wallace's troops at Dun- 
 can House, and at the same time Stephen's brigade en- 
 gaged Tuttle and Prentiss at the "Hornet's Nest." 
 
 As Hare's brigade was moving into line with large 
 masses of the enemy in plain view across the field, the left 
 companies of the 13th Iowa infantry overlapped the right 
 companies of the i8th Illinois infantry to the rear, and 
 fired through the i8th. Colonel Crocker ordered the for- 
 mation rectified, remarking that there appeared to be 
 "plenty of rebels there to be shot at, without our pepper- 
 ing one another!" 
 
 With the first volley from the enemy serious work be- 
 gan. Raith's brigade, falling back with Sherman, joined 
 
26 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Marsh on the right, and all along the line from left to 
 right, away out beyond the cross-roads, where Sherman 
 was stubbornly fighting, a fierce contest raged. At ii 
 o'clock Hare, Marsh and Veatch were forced back, losing 
 Burrow's battery, one gun from McAllister's battery and 
 one from Schwartz's battery, which had joined McCler- 
 nand's right. 
 
 Sherman still held the right, tenaciously, and McCler- 
 nand, rallying his forces, made a new stand, but again he 
 was pressed back, losing four guns from Dresser's battery. 
 He had been driven through his own headquarters and 
 his losses were great, but again he rallied and drove the 
 Confederates back, recoving his headquarters, and captur- 
 ing Cobb's Kentucky battery at noon. 
 
 It is impossible to give an account of the swaying tides 
 of battle as they swept, back and forth, in Shiloh's field. 
 One surviving officer of the 20th Illinois infantry declares 
 that his regiment passed backward and forward over its 
 own regimental camp ground seven times. It was as if 
 two huge Titans were gripped in a wrestler's embrace, 
 now staggering onward, now reeling back, now swaying 
 blindly from right to left. The charges were swift rushes, 
 ending in fights at close quarters, and then came charges 
 of the same character from the opposing side. 
 
 Meantime Sherman was grimly holding the right, but 
 at 10 o'clock his whole line, hard pressed in front and 
 flanked on the left, had fallen back, some parts of it in 
 great disorder. McDowell's brigade retained its organi- 
 zation, and rallied at McClernand's right, at the new 
 line beyond the crossing of the Purdy and Hamburg road 
 with the Corinth road. Buckland's brigade, in falling 
 back, had become disorganized and scattered. A frag- 
 ment of the 70th Ohio infantry, with its colonel, rallied 
 and joined Raith's brigade. Now raged a terrific con- 
 flict for "four long hours," reported General Sherman, 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 27 
 
 and here General Grant came at 3 p. m. to look over the 
 ground personally. The brave Raith had fallen mortally 
 wounded, the 43rd Illinois infantry, surrounded, had cut 
 its way out with great losses. The whole command had 
 suffered severely. By 4 o'clock the situation had become 
 untenable, and Sherman and McClernand determined to 
 fall back to the north and rear, selecting a new line along 
 the Savannah road, with a view to guarding the bridge 
 by which General Lew Wallace was still anxiously ex- 
 pected. This movement was not executed without diffi- 
 culty, the enemy's cavalry threatening the retreating col- 
 umns and following them closely. 
 
 Sherman and McClernand repulsed the cavalry, but the 
 Confederate infantry came on, pressing hotly, yet was 
 held in check at Jones' field for a time by the Union 
 infantry and artillery. 
 
 At 4:30 p. m. Colonel Hare was wounded, and Colonel 
 M. H. Crocker, of the 13th Iowa, took command of Mc- 
 Clernand's ist brigade. The fighting continued and the 
 withdrawal of the Union troops was forced, until, at last, 
 they faced about, with Perry field in front of them, and 
 the Savannah road in their rear, and then the men in blue 
 kept the Confederates at a respectful distance during the 
 closing hour of the day. Raith's and Veatch's brigades 
 shared the fortunes of the right wing all day, and 
 bivouacked with it Sunday night. 
 
 One of the officers of the 20th Illinois infantry, who 
 fought all day in Marsh's ranks, gives a reminiscence of 
 the last engagement in his vicinity: 
 
 "We made the final stand just at dusk, when it com- 
 menced to rain. We were expecting an attack from the 
 enemy, who were maneuvering in our front, but who in- 
 stead charged a battery to our left, and were repulsed. 
 General Sherman, with a handkerchief tied i^round his 
 hand, was with General McClernand. ****** 
 
28 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 They both witnessed the charge from the left of our regi- 
 ment, General McCIernand standing, and General Sher- 
 man sitting on a stump." 
 
 General Sherman received a painful wound in the hand 
 during Sunday's battle, but he was able to ignore his 
 suffering and kept his post. He was again wounded, dur- 
 ing the battle, according to General Grant's official re- 
 port, but Sherman himself is silent as to his own personal 
 sufferings and services, while he carefully reports what 
 befell to and what was accomplished by and endured by 
 his command, singling out officers and organizations for 
 warm and generous praise. 
 
 By tracing Sherman's retreat around by the right, and 
 north of the center of the map of the field and noting the 
 sharp pursuit by Trabue, Wharton and other Confeder- 
 ates, it can be seen how, while Prentiss, W. H. L. Wallace 
 and Hurlbut were holding the center at tremendous cost 
 of life, the Confederates had completely flanked them by 
 the right, and were now directly in the rear of the line 
 of defense which was curving back on each side from the 
 "Hornet's Nest." 
 
 The wide wheel by the right to the rear, Sherman on 
 the outer rim of the Union forces, McCIernand on his 
 left, both fighting one engagement after the other with 
 pursuing Confederates, was made by the two divisions 
 in almost total ignorance of what was going on at the 
 center. It was known to Sherman and McCIernand that 
 the left had been driven in, but as late as April 24th, when 
 McCIernand made his extended official report, to the com- 
 manding general, he does not seem to have found out 
 that Prentiss was not driven out of the "Hornet's Nest" 
 and taken prisoner until 5 o'clock Sunday afternoon. 
 
 On the other hand, regiments and detachments from 
 the left and center were surprised, when marching to the 
 rear on Sunday afternoon, to encounter Confederate 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 29 
 
 troops who were on their way to attack the rear of the 
 Union center. Soon after 3 o'clock Wharton's cavalry, 
 coming up Tighlman's creek, came upon and exchanged 
 shots with the 52nd Illinois infantry which had been 
 ordered to the right to reinforce McClernand. At the 
 camp of the 15th Illinois infantry this regiment was en- 
 gaged, as was Veatch's brigade, in the repulse of Pond's 
 Confederate cavalry at 4:50 p. ra. The whole right and 
 rear west of the Savannah road at this time swarmed 
 with Confederates — cavalry and infantry. Along that 
 road, kept open for General Lew Wallace, no reinforce- 
 ments came during all the long day of hard fighting, re- 
 sistance and disaster. After dark Lew Wallace and his 
 division arrived. 
 
 Night closed in. The rain fell in torrents. The ex- 
 hausted men of the ist and 5th divisions stood, or sat 
 with their backs to trees, all night. Only those tired to 
 almost the point of exhaustion, lay down upon the soak- 
 ing ground in merciful oblivion of all that was passing in 
 the fields and woods over which they had been driven 
 during the long day of battle. 
 
 PRENTISS AND WALLACE HOLD THE CENTER. 
 
 General W. H. L. Wallace had scarcely formed his line 
 that Sunday morning, when it was attacked by the left of 
 Shaver's brigade. Tuttle, riding at the head of his brigade 
 along the eastern Corinth road, had discovered the Con- 
 federates in the woods beyond Duncan field. He had 
 at once turned the head of his command to the right and 
 formed it in line in the old road behind Duncan field, just 
 to the right of the place which the Confederate soldiers 
 that day named "The Hornet's Nest." Of Sweeney's 
 brigade, the 7th Illinois infantry and the 58th Illinois in- 
 fantry, were on Tuttle's right, and the 8th Iowa infantry 
 was some distance to his left. 
 
30 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 About 9:30 a, m. Confederate artillery stationed in Re- 
 view field opened fire upon Wallace. Almost simultane- 
 ously the enemy's infantry attacked Tuttle's left, the 12th 
 and 14th Iowa regiments. These commands, partially 
 protected by timber, made a gallant stand, driving the 
 enemy back with severe losses. Re-forming, and under 
 cover of artillery fire, the Confederates renewed their 
 attack. Stephen's brigade, a little later charged through 
 the field. Wallace opened upon the enemy's line with 
 artillery and musketry, repulsing him before he had 
 passed the middle of the open space. Thus began the 
 long struggle to hold the center of Shiloh plain. The 
 position was, happily, a strong one. Better could not 
 have been chosen, though, as a matter of fact it was not 
 chosen, but resorted to by Wallace, and then by Prentiss, 
 through the stress of an immediate necessity. 
 
 For hours the Confederates dashed against this line, 
 Prentiss at the center, Wallace on the right, and Hurlbut 
 and McArthur holding them off in advance cf the left, 
 until the left was finally driven back to Prentiss' line. 
 Again and again the Confederates charged upon the 
 Union line. Stephens, Stewart and Gibson, with infantry 
 and artillery, and their frenzied bravery made little im- 
 pression, so far as they could see. Only as the day wore 
 on the Union ranks, from continuous hammering on both 
 flanks, curved around, making a bend at its southern point 
 and stretching back north. Wallace kept his line and 
 held the road to the landing in his unyielding grip. 
 
 One of the memorable incidents of the day was the 
 strong defense made by the 9th Illinois infantr}--, one of 
 the most perfectly drilled regiments then in the field, and 
 well-disciplined in addition, just as was the 7th, which 
 only lost less because accidentally protected by the ground 
 it held. The regiment was on the left of Hurlbut's line 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 31 
 
 with Willard's battery between, and McArthur's command 
 on its left. When Hurlbut's troops gave way the Con- 
 federates fell furiously upon this regiment, but the 9th 
 unflinchingly met its foe and, though cut of¥ from the 
 Union line on either side, it succeeded in holding back 
 the assaulting column of the Confederates, assisting in 
 the holding of the line of retreat. Under the force of 
 overwhelming numbers the regiment retired slowly and 
 in good order, fighting every step. 
 
 "We sidled away," writes the survivor of another brave 
 Shiloh regiment. "I remember distinctly thinking we 
 wouldn't be shot in the back," 
 
 From the southwest had come the Army of the Con- 
 federates, straight across the broken ground, and through 
 woods and over ravines and gullies, every man of them 
 accurately aimed for the Landing. Every southern sol- 
 dier knew where he wanted to be, and every northern 
 soldier knew that his business was to keep the southerner 
 from reaching the goal of his desires. The situation of 
 Prentiss and Wallace was now one of the first importance. 
 General Grant ordered them to hold the center at all haz- 
 ards, and it was their intention to obey the order. 
 
 Sherman and McClernand on the right had disappeared, 
 Stuart and McArthur held the left, and Hurlbut kept up 
 the struggle at the Peach Orchard, soon to be referred 
 to. At the old sunken road, "The Hornet's Nest," and 
 at Duncan field, the on-coming Confederates still met 
 Wallace and Prentiss. Nothing could break their line, 
 when once its swaying, charging regiments got into the 
 spirit of the engagement. Bending back at both ends, 
 but solid at the center, the Union line made its defense, 
 holding back the attacking forces for five hours, and more. 
 Four times the enemy charged upon the Union position, 
 with a pounding accompaniment of artillery, and each 
 
32 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 time the attack was repelled with infinite spirit. The 
 losses of the Confederates were great, and it became dif- 
 ficult for their officers to rally them and lead them to re- 
 newed attack. 
 
 THE PEACH ORCHARD. 
 
 The battle in the so-called Peach Orchard, was the most 
 deadly of the battles within a battle on the wood-clad and 
 irregular field of Shiloh. It was the first of the gigantic 
 deadly grapples of the day at close quarters. Here came 
 the first crucial test of the struggle between nearly ninety 
 thousand Americans. Here was intelligent blood shed. 
 
 The first crisis of the gory day had come and was 
 recognized in all its importance by the brilliant Southern 
 general in command. He had his plan — and it was excel- 
 lent — he must turn the Union left by the fiercest of all 
 fighting and seize the Landing. Then he would have at 
 his mercy the disheveled Union forces, driven into the 
 marshes to the north, and would have crumpled into 
 fragments the army of invasion. Grant, with the remnant 
 of his force under Buell and Nelson on the other side of 
 the Tennessee river, would be an entity not to be feared 
 but to be pressed. The war would continue, not in Ken- 
 tucky or Tennessee, but in Ohio. The thing to do was to 
 crush the army encamped at Pittsburg Landing. The rest 
 must follow inevitably. 
 
 One feels almost sorry that the light of a military 
 genius so great should have been snuffed out on the fatal 
 day of Shiloh. He w^as right in his conception of an op- 
 portunity, but there were other Americans existent, with 
 military gifts as great as that of Johnston, and there were 
 rugged, plain fighters from the farms and workshops as 
 ready to do or die as the splendid Southerners whom 
 Johnston led. 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 33 
 
 The chivalry of the South was to be met by the sturdy 
 manhood of the North. There was bloody work at hand. 
 Perhaps neither Gettysburg nor any other battlefield of 
 the war furnished a greater scene of courage and carnage 
 than that afforded in and about that "Peach Orchard" — a 
 field with a few peach trees at one side. It was an exhibi- 
 tion of American valor not yet tempered by discretion or 
 anything of knowledge of the art of fighting. It was 
 simply an exhibition of valor, and it was splendid! 
 
 Perhaps a mile and a quarter from the Landing was an 
 open field through which ran the road from Pittsburg 
 Landing to Corinth. At 8 o'clock General W. H. L. Wal- 
 lace encamped near the Landing, but hurrying to the 
 front at the first alarm, had taken his ist and 3rd brigades 
 and three batteries of artillery and placed them in posi- 
 tion just east of this open space, which is named Duncan 
 field. Sweeney's brigade was posted north of the road. 
 Tuttle's brigade was formed in the wood and brush fring- 
 ing the field, its left in an old road which wound its way 
 curvingly from the Corinth road southward, and then 
 bent eastward to reach the Hamburg and Savannah road. 
 Three batteries were placed on a ridge back of Tuttle's 
 command. 
 
 Here at the left of Wallace, Prentiss took his third po- 
 sition a few minutes after 9 o'clock, and here he was 
 joined by the 23rd Missouri infantry, which added about 
 600 men to his fragment of a division. In Prentiss' morn- 
 ing fights and retreat his command had dwindled to less 
 than a thousand men, but those men gave a good account 
 of themselves before the night fell. 
 
 General Hurlbut hurried out to the support of Prentiss, 
 taking his ist and 3rd brigades and his artillery along the 
 Hamburg road. Hurlbut commanded in person, and as 
 he drew near the rear and left of Prentiss' second line 
 
34 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 the regiments of Prentiss' division drifted by, and through 
 Hurlbut's command, in broken masses, the enemy follow- 
 ing close upon the flying troops. 
 
 Hurlbut put his troops in line of battle at Peach Or- 
 chard field, Williams' brigade along the south side, and 
 Lauman's brigade along the west side of the field, with 
 its right in the woods near the sunken road. The artillery 
 was planted in the field. 
 
 General McArthur, commanding the 2nd brigade of W. 
 H. L. Wallace's division, had been called upon for three 
 of his regiments to serve in different parts of the field 
 and had been ordered to the support of Stuart and he 
 moved, with the 9th and 12th Illinois infantry and Wil- 
 lard's battery, along the same road taken by Hurlbut. 
 Stuart was stationed some distance to the left and front, 
 McArthur formed his line just east of the Peach Orchard, 
 and some distance from Stuart's right, with Willard's 
 battery just off the road to the left, then the 9th and 12th 
 Illinois infantry. Thus the Union troops were formed 
 on the left for the protection of the center. Along this 
 line and at Peach Orchard raged a fierce battle for many 
 hours. 
 
 Prentiss was in slow retreat, passing Hurlbut's right, 
 and the Confederates were following him closely to his 
 last stand — the sunken road at the right of the Ham- 
 burg and Savannah road, where he continued his defense 
 of the center. In the Peach Orchard, as already ex- 
 plained, Hurlbut formed the first brigade along the south- 
 ern side of the open ground, the 3rd brigade continuing 
 the line with an obtuse angle around the western side of 
 the field, and extending some distance into the brush and 
 timber. Three batteries were so placed as to command 
 the approaching enemy. In this position the right of 
 Chalmer's and Gladden's Confederate brigades in hot pur- 
 suit of Prentiss, attacked Hurlbut's waiting lines. 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH '^ v 35 
 
 The fight opened with fire from three Confederate bat- 
 teries which were now occupying Prentiss' abandoned 
 camps. A shell from one of these batteries blew up a 
 caisson belonging to Myer's 13th Ohio battery, and the 
 men stampeded, abandoning their guns, but volunteers 
 from Mann's battery, Missouri light artillery, rescued the 
 frightened horses and spiked the pieces, so that the lost 
 battery should not be of use to the enemy, if captured. 
 Colonel Williams, commander of the ist brigade, was dis- 
 abled by a cannon shot which killed his horse and ren- 
 dered him helpless for the remainder of the battle. 
 
 Lauman's brigade was now engaged, and it held its 
 ground by a steady and continuous fire, driving back the 
 enemy in confusion after a half hour's fight. Meanwhile 
 Hurlbut saw the glimmer of bayonets at the left and front 
 of the 1st brigade, and prepared for the onset of a superior 
 force. The left of the line, held by the 9th and 12th Illi- 
 nois and Willard's battery, was sharply attacked, and at 
 the same time a strong force of steady, well-drilled troops 
 formed in columns, doubled on the center and came over 
 the open ground in front. They advanced to within four 
 hundred yards of Williams' brigade, now commanded by 
 Colonel Pugh, and then Mann's and Ross' batteries 
 opened upon them, while four regiments of infantry, 
 thrown forward slightly to flank them, gave them a sharp 
 fire of musketry. The alert, brisk defense soon drove the 
 Confederates back to cover, and upon the field they left 
 many dead and wounded. 
 
 Some of the rear of Prentiss' retreating forces now 
 joined Hurlbut's line, and held it while ammunition was 
 supplied to Williams' and Lauman's brigades, Ross' and 
 Mann's batteries keeping up a steady and effective fire. 
 With renewed energy Hurlbut's men resumed the battle, 
 and until half past one they held their position on two 
 sides of the Peach Orchard. To the left, across the road. 
 
36 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 McArthur's two regiments were fighting their own bat- 
 tle. Hurrying to Stuart's support Sunday morning, Mc- 
 Arthur at lo o'clock ran into Jackson's Confederate 
 brigade, which was headed for the Landing. 
 
 The opposing forces became hotly engaged; there was 
 a stubborn contest until about 2 o'clock, with unyielding 
 vigor on each side. General Johnston, having assumed 
 personal command of the right of his army, determined 
 to break the stubborn resistance of McArthur, and of Stu- 
 art, who held the extreme left with a sturdy grip. Bow- 
 en's brigade was sent to support Jackson, and was closely 
 followed by Stratham's, Stephen's and Gladden's brigades, 
 in an attack upon Hurlbut in the Peach Orchard. Stuart 
 was forced back, McArthur's left was exposed and he was 
 driven over to Hurlbut. A new line was formed at the 
 north side of the Peach Orchard, Lauman's brigade being 
 transferred to Hurlbut's left in support of McArthur. 
 Here McArthur was severely wounded and taken from 
 the field. At half past two o'clock p. m., General Johnston 
 — the Confederate leader — while in front of McArthur's 
 lines, was struck by a minie ball and killed. After his 
 death the command of the Confederate advance on the 
 Union center was turned over to General Ruggles. 
 
 Hurlbut, after a gallant stand at his second position, 
 w^as compelled by the forces of Clanton, Chalmers, Jack- 
 son and Bowen, who steadily pressed upon the left, to 
 draw back to the left of Prentiss' line. At 4 o'clock p. m. 
 Hurlbut's line was extended from the broken ground at 
 his left across the Hamburg and Savannah road, joining 
 Prentiss on his right. 
 
 Meanwhile Stuart, at the extreme left of the Union line, 
 was bitterly engaged and overmatched by the Confederate 
 forces of Generals Chalmers and Jackson. To crush Stu- 
 art meant the turning of the Union flank and the opening 
 of a path to Pittsburg Landing. But Stuart made a stub- 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 37 
 
 born resistance while to his right the Peach Orchard's 
 deadly struggle was in progress and Prentiss was holding 
 the sunken road, the "Hornet's Nest," and so the force 
 attacking Stuart was not as overwhelming as it might 
 have been. There was good fighting where he was, though 
 not of such magnitude as in and about the Peach Orchard 
 and in front of the "Hornet's Nest." 
 
 But the ghastly struggle was at the Peach Orchard. 
 The Union center must be broken to make effective the 
 flanking movement around the Union left which Johnston 
 had in mind as the way of seizing the Landing. He came 
 in person to direct the fight in and about that open field 
 destined that day to become famous as one of the greatest 
 of stages of slaughter in the history of warfare. It was 
 here the great general who had conceived the grand attack 
 was killed, shot in the leg and bleeding to death from a 
 severed artery. 
 
 Seven times were charges made by the Confederates 
 across the field and seven times were they repulsed, but 
 at last force in numbers prevailed, and Hurlbut and Mc- 
 Arthur were compelled to retire, falling back toward the 
 Landing, toward which Stuart at the extreme left re- 
 treated almost simultaneously. There was fighting at the 
 Peach Orchard! As a result of the desperate advances 
 and retreat, the green field was literally carpeted with the 
 slain. No wonder that Grant, in his memoirs, said of the 
 scene upon that field : 
 
 *T saw an open field in our possession the second day, 
 over which the Confederates had made repeated charges 
 the day before, so covered with dead that it would have 
 been possible to walk across the clearing, in any direction, 
 stepping on dead bodies without a foot touching the 
 ground. On one part bushes had grown up to a height 
 of eight or ten feet, there was not one of these left un- 
 pierced by bullets. The smaller ones were all cut down." 
 
38 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 It was somewhat to the left of the Union center that 
 there was what has become known in American history as 
 the "Bloody Pond." It was a sheet of water about a city's 
 block in extent and exists in the forest of Shiloh battle- 
 field today, shallow and sluggish but still water, possibly 
 water from some of the springs so abundant in the coun- 
 try where the great struggle took place. Here, to as- 
 suage their thirst and lave themselves, limped or crawled 
 the desperately wounded, of both forces, as the tide of 
 battle shifted. The water became red, and hence the 
 name of "Bloody Pond." But though the "Bloody Pond" 
 was encircled by the dead at nightfall, its cool waters un- 
 doubtedly aided in the saving of many lives. 
 
 And so between 2 and 4 o'clock Hurlbut, McArthur's 
 two regiments and Stuart fell back to near the Landing, 
 the stubborn Prentiss remaining in his "Hornet's Nest" 
 to be captured in the end after having saved the center 
 all the day. 
 
 THE "HORNET'S NEST." 
 
 The Confederate General Ruggles, who had taken the 
 place of General Johnston, determined to concentrate his 
 artillery upon the hitherto impregnable center. At half 
 past three o'clock p. m., he placed ten batteries between 
 Duncan field and Review field, and facing due east. To 
 support these batteries he brought up the brigades of 
 Gibson, Shaver, Wood, Anderson and Stewart, with the 
 38th Tennessee and Crescent regiment of Pond's brigade, 
 and with these forces once more attacked the Union line. 
 The concentrated fire of sixty-two guns drove away the 
 Union batteries, but could not dislodge the infantry from 
 its sheltered position in the old road. Of the batteries it 
 may be remarked here that, where all did well, Willard's 
 battery, commanded by Lieutenant P. P. Wood, particu- 
 larly distinguishing itself in the battle of Shiloh. It was 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 39 
 
 engaged continuously during the engagements of both 
 days. Its loss was thirty men killed and wounded, and 
 the fact that it went into the second day's battle with but 
 three pieces, was only because of lack of men and horses. 
 There was a remarkable incident connected with the re- 
 tirement of this battery from the Peach Orchard. A gun 
 on which were two wounded artillerymen was being 
 hauled away by a single horse, when it became "stalled" 
 in the mud. Eager to save their comrades and the gun, 
 members of the battery seized the spokes of the wheels 
 but could not move the piece. In the midst of their heav- 
 ing a minie ball struck the horse at the junction of the tail 
 and body, and its tremendous leap took the gun out of the 
 mire. Both of the wounded men and the gun were saved. 
 
 A terrific onslaught upon the left cut off Hurlbut and 
 McArthur, driving them back, first to the left of Pren- 
 tiss, then to the rear, leaving Prentiss' remnant and Wal- 
 lace's depleted ranks to deal with the whole of Bragg's 
 forces on the left, while their right was assailed by Polk 
 and Hardee who had chased McClernand and Veatch 
 to the Hamburg road and then turned upon Wallace, 
 who was hammering them from the front. Flanked, 
 and about to be surrounded, Wallace attempted to with- 
 draw by the left flank, and succeeded in getting Tuttle and 
 two of his regiments to the rear. Wallace, himself, in 
 passing the lines closing behind him, was mortally wound- 
 ed, and Prentiss, and what remained of his division, and 
 four of Wallace's regiments — which were trying to force 
 their way to the Landing — were captured. There were 
 not left many of the heroic band of fighters to be carried 
 away as prisoners of war. 
 
 The remnants of regiments which had begun the morn- 
 ing repelling the early attacks of the enemy, had lost 
 heavily in the first engagements, on their retreat, and af- 
 ter they were entrenched in the old road. Falling back 
 
40 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 with Prentiss, to his third line, were about two hundred of 
 the 21 St Missouri infantry and about one hundred of the 
 I2th Michigan infantry, these being remnants of Pea- 
 body's shattered brigade. Fragments of the i8th Wiscon- 
 sin infantry — about three hundred men in all — with a few 
 handfuls of men whose organizations had been completely 
 broken up. These, with the 23rd Missouri infantry, 
 formed the material of which Prentiss made his last line 
 at the Hornet's Nest. 
 
 These regiments reported nine hundred and four offi- 
 cers and men captured or missing. Wallace's four cap- 
 tured regiments reported twelve hundred and sixty-seven 
 officers and men captured or missing. A total of two 
 thousand one hundred and seventy-one made prisoners 
 of war by the surrender of Prentiss, General Prentiss 
 himself being one of the captured officers. 
 
 THE DEFENSE OF THE LANDING. 
 
 The heroic stand of Prentiss and Wallace in the old 
 road near Duncan field had served the Union cause well. 
 Prentiss was a prisoner in the hands of the enemy, and 
 W. H. L. Wallace lay mortally wounded upon the field 
 held by the Confederates, but the stubborn fight, waged 
 from half past nine in the morning until half past five in 
 the afternoon, taking the whole strength of the Confeder- 
 ates to subdue the spirited resistance, had saved the day 
 to the Federal Army. 
 
 General Grant showed his wonderful generalship on 
 the day at Shiloh. With headquarters at the Landing, he 
 kept ammunition moving toward the front all day, and 
 had visited in person every part of the Union Army in its 
 various battles. He was with Sherman and McClernand 
 in their stubborn fight at the cross-roads, he visited Pren- 
 tiss and W. H. L. Wallace in the "Hornet's Nest," and 
 talked with McArthur, on the left of the Peach Orchard, 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 41 
 
 encouraging them to hold the left center at all hazards. 
 He sent messengers to Lew Wallace, who, with his com- 
 mand was wandering in the mazes of the swamps and 
 winding roads north of Snake creek, and he collected and 
 arranged, with careful precision, the boats for transport- 
 ing Buell's army across the river when its detachments 
 should arrive. 
 
 At 2 o'clock p. m., when a desperate and apparently 
 losing fight was raging all along the lines, with the right 
 of the army not whipped, but disorganized, the left being 
 slowly driven in, and the center severely pressed by over- 
 whelming forces. General Buell arrived by boat from 
 Savannah, in advance of his army. His first inquiry, 
 wrote John A. Rawlins, then Grant's Assistant Adjutant 
 General, was: "What preparations have you made for 
 retreating?" To which Grant replied: "I have not yet 
 despaired of whipping them, General." 
 
 General Lew Wallace's division from Crump's Landing 
 was still anxiously looked for, and General Nelson's divi- 
 sion of Buell's army might also arrive at any moment by 
 the wagon road from Savannah. So, from Commander- 
 in-Chief down to every private in the ranks, every heart 
 was buoyed up by the hope of reinforcements by fresh, 
 well-drilled and disciplined troops. 
 
 It is now known that through misunderstandings as 
 to the road to be taken, and also by reason of the condi- 
 tion of the roads themselves, Wallace's division was de- 
 layed while making the most strenuous exertions to get 
 upon the field of battle. General Wallace marched with 
 his columns, at noon, from Crump's Landing, not quite 
 six miles from Pittsburg Landing, by the river road, but 
 after going some distance along the road which comes 
 in two miles or more from the river, Wallace learned 
 from General Grant's officers sent to hurry him, he 
 must take the river road. He turned back, thus delaying 
 
42 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 his arrival, as he had to march fifteen miles altogether, 
 over bad roads. He came over Snake creek on the Savan- 
 nah road, arriving a little after dark, when the fighting 
 and carnage of Sunday were over. 
 
 General William Nelson, commanding the 4th division 
 of the Army of the Ohio, left Savannah at i 130 p. m., 
 Sunday, April 6th, and marched by land to the point op- 
 posite Pittsburg Landing. "The anxiety of the soldiers 
 to take part in the battle which was going on, on the left 
 bank of the river enabled me to achieve the distance" 
 (nine miles) "notwithstanding the dreadful state of the 
 road over a lately overflowed bottom, in four hours," re- 
 ported General Nelson. At 5 o'clock p. m. tlie head of 
 his column, Amnion's brigade, landed and marched up 
 the bank at Pittsburg Landing, and took up its position in 
 the road, says Nelson, "under fire of the Confederate ar- 
 tillery, so close had the enemy approached the Landing." 
 General Nelson and Colonel Ammon, commanding the 
 loth brigade of Nelson's division, described the situation 
 at the Landing in their official reports as desperate. The 
 fire of a semicircle of artillery, totally unsupported by in- 
 fantry, was the only check to the audacious approach of 
 the enemy, whose advance had crossed Dill branch pro- 
 tected by the fire of Gage's Confederate battery upon the 
 heights on the farther shore. 
 
 At this critical hour Prentiss and Wallace were mak- 
 ing their last fight, assisted by Hurlbut, and every avail- 
 able fragment of the commands which had been driven 
 in from the front. General Grant and his aides had met 
 the flying Union soldiers, and, whenever there was any 
 semblance of order or organization, had gathered the 
 bands of fugitives together under an officer, and sent them 
 back along the road toward the "Hornet's Nest." But 
 Hurlbut could no longer hold his line, and was already 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 43 
 
 heading toward the Landing to prevent being cut off from 
 the river by the troops of the enemy which he saw forming 
 on his left. 
 
 Down upon the river bank a crowd of panic-stricken 
 soldiers clamored to Nelson's arriving troops, crying out 
 that the day was lost, and the Union army whipped. 
 There were ten thousand or more of these runaways, 
 Nelson and Ammon reported. 
 
 For the moment the Landing was defended by the 
 batteries alone, Chief of .\rtillery Webster having formed 
 them as they came in from the field. Generals Grant, 
 Buell and Nelson were on the ground, each cool, alert and 
 unshaken in determination to hold the lines which were 
 forming out of the chaos of defeat, by the soldiers who 
 remained in organizations under cool, watchful officers. 
 
 At the Landing General Grant sent the 36th Indiana 
 infantr>' and part of the 6th Ohio infantry, Ammon's ar- 
 riving brigade, to support the left of the artillery, Stone's 
 battery, about one hundred yards to the left of the road. 
 The line was formed quickly, Generals Buell and Nelson 
 assisting. Two regiments were placed in position behind 
 the crest of the hill, their left protected by a deep ravine 
 with water in it, the right about three hundred yards from 
 the Landing. One man of the 36th Indiana infantry was 
 killed while the regiment was forming. The Confederates 
 came up the hill out of the Dill branch ravine, and received, 
 as they advanced, the fire of the Indiana regiment. The 
 artillery and the guns of the boats on the river now 
 opened upon the Confederates. They fell back, rallied, 
 advanced again and were once more driven down hill, and 
 as dusk came on, they crossed the ravine to their own 
 lines. 
 
 Meanwhile the Hornet's Nest had fallen into the 
 enemy's hands and the Confederate army, weary with a 
 
44 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 long day's fighting, were being urged forward by confi- 
 dent and persistent officers, who saw victory within their 
 grasp. 
 
 Small detachments of Gladden's and Anderson's ad- 
 vance formed at the head of the ravine, and Colonel Lind- 
 say, of the 1st Mississippi cavalry, charged upon and cap- 
 tured Ross' battery as it was withdrawing from position 
 near Hurlbut's headquarters. These gathering clans 
 were dispersed by the infantry fire of the Union forces 
 which were now centering about the batteries planted 
 along the main road leading from the Landing. 
 
 The gunboats on the river opened fire, throwing their 
 great shells far back over the enemy's forces, doing little 
 physical damage, but their work told in its demoralizing ef- 
 fect upon the exhausted officers and soldiers of the Confed- 
 eracy. The impression that a mighty artillery defense 
 would be made at the Landing, assisted by the destroying 
 guns on the river boats, seized upon the minds of the 
 Southerners. General Braxton Bragg, who was on the 
 field near the Landing, strained every nerve to form his 
 columns and continue the fight. Filled with enthusiastic 
 ardor after the triumphs of the day, Bragg saw no remote 
 prospect of defeat. As soon as the scattered Confederate 
 troops had been gathered and formed, after the series 
 of terrible and finally successful assaults upon the posi- 
 tion of Prentiss and W. H. L. Wallace, the order was 
 given to "Move forward at all points and sweep the enemy 
 from the field." 
 
 Bragg's Confederates, he says in his report, although 
 greatly exhausted by twelve hours of incessant fighting, 
 without food, responded with alacrity. Over upon the 
 plateau at the Landing hurried preparations were under 
 way for a stubborn defense. The available Union forces 
 were massed behind the batteries, and for the first time 
 that day the Federal troops were in a continuous line of 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 45 
 
 battle. The line reached from the Landing out to the 
 Hamburg and Savannah road, and stretched north along 
 the Hamburg and Savannah road to Snake creek and 
 south nearly to the Corinth road. 
 
 With calm determination Grant, Buell and Nelson 
 awaited attack, w^hile the boom of the gunboats' fire shook 
 the air, and an occasional volley of musketry marked the 
 movement of the Confederates on the left in the skir- 
 mishes along Dill branch. 
 
 The expected conflict did not come. At dusk General 
 Beauregard, the Confederate commanding general, now 
 occupying the Union camps at Shiloh Church, sent or- 
 ders to General Bragg and his brigade commanders, with- 
 drawing all the Confederate forces out of reach of the 
 Union fire. 
 
 Night fell upon the field covered with dead and wound- 
 ed, foes lying side by side. The Confederates, such as 
 were unharmed, revelled in the rich spoils of the cap- 
 tured camps, the loot of which contributed in no small 
 degree to the demoralization of the victors, nothing break- 
 ing up discipline and organization more surely than the 
 division of the spoils of war among any band of victorious 
 soldiery. 
 
 The Confederates and the Federals alike counted their 
 heavy losses, and in some cases succored their wounded, 
 and prepared for the morrow. All night the great guns 
 of the boats on the river threw their missiles far into the 
 field, compelling the withdrawal out of range of Beaure- 
 gard's army. Lew Wallace's division and Nelson's and 
 Crittendon's were within the Union lines. All the even- 
 ing the transports on the river had made their rounds 
 from shore to shore with Buell's army marching onto 
 the vessels and standing ready to march ofif without break- 
 ing rank. During the night Buell's artillery and Mc- 
 Cook's division arrived, and Rousseau's brigade followed, 
 
46 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 early Monday morning. A drenching rain fell and South- 
 ern and Northern soldiers — wearied and worn — lay out on 
 the ground, oblivious or wakeful, making ready for the 
 morrow. 
 
 General Grant passed the night under a tree, his head 
 upon a saddle. He had given orders for a general advance 
 upon the enemy at daybreak. 
 
 General Bragg, in the captured camps, brooded oVer 
 the ruin of all his hopes of ultimate victory. "The battle 
 is lost," he had exclaimed, when a staff officer brought 
 Beauregard's order for his withdrawal at dark. 
 
 MONDAY'S BATTLE. 
 
 At dawn Monday morning there was a general move- 
 ment of the whole Federal army forward. The Union 
 forces had made their line during the night from the 
 Landing out to and extending to the right along the Ham- 
 burg and Savannah road to Snake creek. Lew Wallace 
 was at the extreme right, and at his left were Sherman's,. 
 McClernand's and Hurlbut's broken brigades. 
 
 During the night the remainder of General Nelson's 
 and General Crittendon's divisions of the Army of the 
 Ohio had arrived upon the field. General Crittenden 
 formed his line with his right resting upon the Corinth 
 road. General Nelson, to his left, formed his men across 
 the Hamburg road; the 2nd Iowa infantry and the 15th 
 Illinois infantry extended the line to the overflowed lands 
 along the river. Two brigades of General McCook's di- 
 vision arrived at 8 a. m. and formed on Crittendon's right. 
 Boyle's brigade of Crittendon's division was held in re- 
 serve. 
 
 The reinforcing troops were fresh, as compared with 
 those who had been fighting all day Sunday, but the hur- 
 ried march to the fields over muddy roads had been ex- 
 tremely fatiguing, and the Army of the Ohio had by no 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 47 
 
 means fared easily by the way. McCook's men had 
 marched twenty-two miles Sunday, and a portion of them 
 had stood all night in the streets of Savannah, in a driving 
 storm. The troops of both Grant's and Buell's armies 
 were soaked with rain, having been without shelter dur- 
 ing Sunday night, but no word of complaint was heard 
 from the grim fighters who stood ready at daylight Mon- 
 day, to redeem the fortunes of yesterday. 
 
 Down on the banks of the Tennessee at the Landing 
 and all along the river, were stragglers and refugees 
 whose shameful cowardice embarrassed the brave rein- 
 forcing troops who had almost to fight their way up the 
 road to the field of battle. These runaways filled the air 
 with their complaints and cries, calling out to the coming 
 soldiers that the Union army was whipped. In con- 
 temptuous silence the fighters of Buell passed them by 
 on their way to join the fighters of Grant on the plateau 
 above, where was to come, to the Union cause, before the 
 sun should set, victory as overwhelming as that which 
 had been inflicted upon the Federal army during Sunday 
 up to the repelling of the enemy at the Landing at night. 
 
 Besides Buell's 20,000 men and Wallace's 7,000, it has 
 been estimated that there were some ten thousand of 
 Grant's troops who had fought the previous day, and who 
 were now again in line of battle. To meet this force 
 Beauregard had perhaps 20,000 or 25,000 men, for the 
 Confederate losses had been heavy, and their forces had 
 been much demoralized and scattered by the looting of 
 the Federal camps captured the day before. And the 
 Confederates in line were wearied by the terriffic strain of 
 Sunday's battle. 
 
 The battle opened soon after daybreak. Nelson ad- 
 vanced along the Hamburg road to attack Hardee, in 
 Stuart's camp, out beyond the Peach Orchard. Next on 
 the left of Chalmers, of Hardee's corps, was Jackson's 
 
48 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 brigade. Then came Stewart, Clerburne, Stratham, Mar- 
 tin and Trabue, the last two along the southwest side of 
 Duncan field, Trabue extending across the main Corinth 
 road. Anderson's, Gibson's, Wood's and Purcell's bri- 
 gades, under Ruggles and Cheatham, extended the Con- 
 federate line in a northwesterly direction to Jones' field. 
 Breckinridge commanded the center, and Bragg the ex- 
 treme left. 
 
 Lew Wallace's division was early in the fray and by 
 7 o'clock had forced its way across Tighlman creek and 
 had taken the heights to the south of it, driving Pond's 
 forces back. Wallace now extended his right until he 
 reached the Confederate left fiank. Hazen, Crittendon 
 and McCook advanced upon Polk and Breckinridge, and 
 a stubborn fight took place upon the field occupied by W. 
 H. L. Wallace and Prentiss on Sunday. Again the "Hor- 
 net's Nest" became a scene of devastation. General W. 
 H. L. Wallace was found, still alive, lying upon the ground 
 where he had fallen the day before. He was taken to 
 Savannah, Tennessee, where he died four days later. 
 
 Another fierce battle raged on the Corinth road south- 
 west of Shiloh Church. Bragg was on the defensive here 
 for the Union forces sought to get a firm hold upon the 
 road and so cut off the Confederate connections with Cor- 
 inth. For six hours a fight as severe as any that had raged 
 on Sunday, was fought here. McCook's division carried 
 off the honors of this part of the field. The stubborn 
 fight of Nelson and Crittendon embarrassed the Confed- 
 erates opposed to McCook, as reinforcements had to be 
 sent to the center, thus weakening their left. 
 
 The Union line pushed steadily, and it pushed hard. 
 Along the whole Corinth road from the "Hornet's Nest" 
 region to Shiloh Church the fighting was continuous and 
 severe, and it was borne in upon the Confederate leader, 
 Beauregard, that his only course was to retreat. He be- 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 49 
 
 gan his retrograde movement with great skill, keeping up 
 a stiff fight to cover his withdrawal, and by 4 o'clock he 
 and his army were in full retreat toward Corinth. 
 
 The losses of the Army of the Ohio show what a hard 
 fought battle was that of Monday. There were killed, 
 241; wounded, 1,807; missing, 55; making a total of 2,103 
 casualties. 
 
 The total casualties of the two days' battle in the 
 Union army were 13,047. 
 
 The total casualties in the Confederate army in the two 
 days' battle were 10,699. 
 
 The total loss at Shiloh in both armies, 23,746. 
 
 FINALE. 
 
 Thus the battle was fought. North and South had met 
 in deadly conflict, and in both North and South, Rachel 
 mourned her children, and would not be comforted. 
 
 The American people were appalled at this first great 
 clash of great armies, this battle in which ninety thousand 
 Americans warred with each other two long days. 
 
 The determined fighting on both sides had been a reve- 
 lation. Men now clearly saw the war as it really was to 
 develop, a long, a bitter struggle, with stubborn bravery 
 and valor to spare on each side. 
 
 If raw troops could fight as they had fought at Shiloh 
 what would come when the fresh volunteers should be 
 seasoned veterans? It is true, there was deep mortifica- 
 tion in the North over the early and complete demoraliza- 
 tion of many of these new and untrained soldiers, but 
 the shame was tempered by pride in those other troops 
 who had fought bravely all day, never flinching, even in 
 the face of the most terrible fire of musketry and artillery. 
 
 In the South, too, there was murmuring over the Con- 
 federates who, unable to resist the temptation offered 
 them by the camps they had captured, stayed behind their 
 commands, and made off with such spoils as they could 
 
50 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 carry. And there was, too, in the South bitter comment 
 upon the conduct of the battle by the Confederate com- 
 manders, Bragg charging Beauregard with having sac- 
 rificed the Confederates by his order to desist from a 
 renewed attack on the Union position at the Landing 
 Sunday night. 
 
 In the Northern press there were fierce attacks upon 
 General Grant. The "Surprise at Shiloh" was a stock 
 theme for editorials and leading articles, and there is no 
 end, yet, to the printed fighting over the Battle of Shiloh. 
 
 But the truth remained. There on the rolling, wooded, 
 deep-ravined field of Shiloh a great battle had been fought 
 and won for the Union cause. On each side great men 
 had led armies of youthful volunteers against each other, 
 and after two days of struggle one brave army had been 
 sent whirling back along the road toward its stronghold 
 at Corinth. The Confederacy was jammed back. The 
 Union army was on its advance into Mississippi. 
 
 North and South alike felt that the death of General 
 Albert Sidney Johnston was a severe and irreparable blow 
 to the cause of the Confederacy. He fell at a crucial mo- 
 ment, as he was about to lead a grand charge against the 
 Union center, the "Hornet's Nest." McArthur had fallen 
 back, all but two companies of the 9th Illinois Infantry. 
 These two companies, stationed in the ravine where they 
 had fought for many hours, did not receive orders to fall 
 back; they continued firing upon the enemy who could be 
 plainly seen from their vantage ground, and it is sup- 
 posed that a ball from this last of McArthur's line struck 
 General Johnston. 
 
 "Men," General Johnston is reported to have said, a few 
 minutes before his death, "Men, they are stubborn," al- 
 luding to the Union defenders. "We must use the 
 bayonet !" He spurred for the center of the Confederate 
 line and cried, "I will lead you!" 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 51 
 
 Under a large oak tree in front of the ravine held by 
 the 9th Illinois detachment, as he sat upon his horse, 
 ready to lead the charge, Johnston was struck by a minie 
 ball. Governor Harris of Tennessee noticed the pallor of 
 the stricken chieftain and asked if he were wounded, 
 
 "Yes," answered Johnston, deliberately, "and I fear 
 seriously." These were his last words. Harris, assisted 
 by others, led his horse back to the shelter of a small 
 ravine, and lifted him from his saddle. Here he died. 
 The most simple care, a tourinquet, would have saved his 
 life. The ball had severed an artery in the leg, and he 
 bled to death. 
 
 What might have happened, had the fiery, impetuous 
 and magnetic leader lived to throw himself and his com- 
 bined brigades against the Union left at three o'clock that 
 Sunday afternoon, no one can say. Hurlbut was defend- 
 ing the Hamburg and Savannah road where it runs along 
 east of the center of the "Hornet's Nest." The infantry 
 and field artillery were all engaged in different parts of the 
 field. At the Landing there were the siege guns, but little 
 force to defend them. Had the Confederate right suc- 
 ceeded in making a break through the Union left and 
 gaining the direct road to the Landing the tide of victory 
 would have carried them far. It was ruled otherwise. 
 The more one studies the history of Shiloh's field, the 
 more strong grows the conviction that every Union sol- 
 dier who stood in his place and fought that day con- 
 tributed to the success of the cause dear to him in no 
 faint degree. Everywhere and always the one and only 
 thing to do was to stand and deliver the fire of the regi- 
 ment, company, battalion or even the determined group 
 of five, ten or twenty men formed out of fragments of 
 commands, and lighting under some brave officer. To 
 stand and fire, fall back, rally and fall back again, fire — 
 with dropping comrades, the ranks closing, the few re- 
 
52 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 maining touching elbow and shoulder, this was the 
 method, these were the tactics, which won Shiloh. They 
 served at the "Hornet's Nest," and all around that center, 
 to hold off the Confederate onset, in all its frenzied 
 strength, until five o'clock. Had the Union center given 
 out earlier, who can tell what disaster might have re- 
 sulted? Jefferson Davis afterward declared that "the 
 fortunes of a country hung by a single thread of the life 
 that was yielded at Shiloh." Such was the passionate 
 belief of many of the Southern people, but no one in the 
 North ever harbored such an idea, although the victory 
 of Shiloh was there appreciated at its full value. 
 
 Among the many men who laid down their lives for 
 their country at Shiloh, General William H. L. Wallace 
 will always be remembered, with poignant regard. His 
 well fought battle on the right of the "Hornet's Nest" was 
 one of the spectacular contests of the day. He fell, mor- 
 tally wounded, shot through the head and apparently 
 dead, near the road to the Landing, as he withdrew with 
 his troops at half past five Sunday afternoon. He was 
 left on the field, and the enemy failed to recognize him 
 or to see that he was still living, though it is reported 
 that during the night a Confederate soldier gave the dying 
 Union general a drink of water. 
 
 There was one witness to the terrors of Shiloh, a 
 woman, and none other than the wife of this hero who 
 was left for dead upon the field Sunday night. 
 
 April 29th, 1862, the stricken widow of General Wallace 
 wrote to a relative an account of her experiences on a 
 boat at Pittsburg Landing, where she had arrived Sunday 
 morning, April 6th, on a visit to her husband. She de- 
 scribed the incidents that came under her own eyes during 
 the battle, and the last days and death of her heroic hus- 
 band. This letter has been preserved, and from its pages 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 53 
 
 the Shiloh Military Park Commission has been allowed to 
 take such notes as may interest the public. 
 
 "Something prompted" her, so the wife wrote, to go to 
 her husband, and without notifying him she left her home 
 in Illinois on the night of the first of April. Meeting some 
 friends on the journey, went up the Tennessee river on 
 the Steamer "Minnehaha" under the protection of the 
 Chaplain of the 20th Illinois Infantry, arriving at Pitts- 
 burg Landing before daylight, Sunday morning, April 
 6th. 
 
 Sending word to General Wallace of her arrival, Mrs. 
 Wallace remained on board of her steamer, awaiting him. 
 She heard firing on shore as the morning sun shone over 
 the Spring landscape, but thought nothing of it. The 
 first intimation she had that there was a battle on shore 
 was when she saw wounded soldiers brought on board of 
 her steamer. They were carried, she says, by twos and 
 threes and fours until they were too many to be counted. 
 Many of those who were brought in, pale and bleeding, 
 were known to Mrs. Wallace. They all "told the same 
 story of the irresistible strength of the enemy, and the 
 awful slaughter of our men." The wife was told that her 
 husband was upon the field in the midst of the raging 
 battle. She tried to send a message to him by a captain 
 who was going ashore and into action, but he had been 
 gone less than an hour when he was brought back suf- 
 fering from two painful wounds. All day the devoted wife 
 remained on board of "The Minnehaha," and before noon 
 the boat was crowded with the wounded, whose sufferings 
 Mrs. Wallace tried to assuage as best she could, by assist- 
 ing the nurses, and the less helpless wounded, who cared 
 for those beyond self-help. 
 
 She heard that her husband was in command of General 
 Smith's old division. She kept up good courage, hoping 
 
54 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 and praying for his safety. At one time, about four p. m., 
 "The Minnehaha" and all the other boats which had been 
 sent to take the wounded, had to cut their ropes, and 
 swing out into the stream to save themselves from being 
 swamped by the rush of panic-stricken men who, if 
 allowed way, would have instantly swamped every 
 steamer. 
 
 Mrs. Wallace was sitting on the upper deck. Every 
 place on the boat was taken by the wounded. The roar 
 of cannon and musketry was almost deafening. She had 
 not heard, for hours, from her husband. She saw on the 
 opposite shore the advance of Buell's army. Her steamer 
 was used to ferry the fresh soldiers across the river, and 
 with the new-comers new hope entered every breast 
 among the despairing wounded soldiers on the boat, as 
 well as the stubborn fighters on shore. 
 
 "Over and back, over and back," went the boat, fer- 
 rying across Buell's advance. As Mrs. Wallace, hopeful 
 and brave, was greeted, as the boat touched the Landing, 
 by the chaplain who had accompanied her on her way 
 South. He brought news to her too terrible for him to 
 tell, and she read his message in the faces of those around 
 her. The blow stunned her. She heard the story with 
 stony calm; her suffering, she says, came afterward. 
 
 "Wallace's division," they told her, "was falling back 
 under orders, Wallace leading them, having just been 
 flanked by the enemy. The command was still under a 
 cross fire of rebel musketry. Wallace's attention had just 
 been called to some move of the enemy, and he rose in 
 his stirrups to see more clearly, and then, taking his foot 
 from out one stirrup, prepared to dismount. He had been 
 shot without the knowledge of any one around him. He 
 fell, with his face to the ground in full view of his whole 
 division." His friends — among them an orderly, "one 
 who loved him," carried the body about a quarter of a 
 
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 55 
 
 mile forward, and then to avoid death or capture they 
 laid him down out of the reach of tramping feet, and left 
 him. The enemy held the ground where he lay. 
 
 All night Mrs. Wallace nursed the wounded on board 
 "The Minnehaha," it was a relief to her to be active and 
 helpful to the sufferers around her. On Monday morn- 
 ing about ten o'clock word came to her that General 
 Wallace had been recovered and brought to the river, and 
 that he was still breathing. "He who was dead was alive 
 again." Though mortally wounded, General Wallace had 
 been taken to a boat near his wife. She went to him and, 
 although he seemed unconscious to all around him, he 
 knew her. She nursed him, and during his last days he 
 remained conscious of her presence — until his death in 
 Savannah, four days after the battle. 
 
 Such was the experience of one woman in the midst of 
 the horrors of Civil War. 
 
 The wounded were taken on boats to Savannah, and 
 as soon as possible the worst cases were sent on to hos- 
 pitals on the Ohio river at Evansville, New Albany, Louis- 
 ville and Cincinnati. The Sanitary Commission and Sol- 
 diers' Relief Societies sent boats fitted up for hospital 
 uses, and were of great service in other ways in caring for 
 the army of wounded men which came from Shiloh. 
 
 The dead were buried on the field, Union and Confed- 
 erate, by General Grant's orders. 
 
 General Sherman, twice wounded, had three horses shot 
 under him during the two days' battle. It is notable, the 
 manner in which Sherman pronounces upon the men who 
 flinched and ran away from him early Sunday morning. 
 He does not rave about "Cowards," but reports the facts, 
 and makes excuses for the runaways, telling how new and 
 green they were, not drilled at all, some of them not 
 acquainted with the use of arms. Sherman showed his 
 grand qualities of mind and heart in the most trying situa- 
 
56 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 tion a commanding officer can face, not only in his hand- 
 ling of the situation, but in his account of it afterward. 
 
 Some of the volunteer officers commanding divisions 
 and brigades exhausted the language of vituperation in 
 describing the demoralization and rout of portions of 
 their commands. General Nelson also commented, with 
 great heat, upon the crowds of scared runaways on the 
 river bank, as he landed Sunday afternoon. Grant, like 
 Sherman, took the disasters of retreat and defeat the first 
 day stoically. War is a grim trade. Men are sifted and 
 tried in it as nowhere else. The veteran knows that some 
 hearts will fail when the fiery test of battle comes. Mag- 
 nanimity is a mark of greatness. 
 
 Referring to Sherman, a veteran wrote, long after the 
 war ended: "I first saw him at Shiloh. He seemed dis- 
 gusted and mad, at the way the rebels came pouring out 
 of the woods, world without end, and driving us back, in 
 spite of all we could do. Though he was wounded he kept 
 riding around as if he despised the bullets and shells." 
 
 Halleck, at St. Louis, complained of Grant because the 
 full reports he desired did not come promptly to his hand. 
 But the people of the North and President Lincoln in 
 Washington knew that they had a man at the head of the 
 Army of the Tennessee, and never, from the day when 
 the Confederate Army was sent back over the road to 
 Corinth, to the last day of the War of the Rebellion, did 
 Grant lose the confidence he had earned in the first cam- 
 paign in Tennessee. 
 
 Shiloh set the teeth and clenched the fist of the defend- 
 ers of the Union. The enemy was driven into Mississippi, 
 and the great fight for the control of the Father of Waters 
 was pushed farther south. From its shores the great 
 sweep of the Union armies around by the left was to be 
 made. 
 
 Stanley Waterloo. 
 
Report of the Commission 
 
 DETAILS OF LEGISLATION, EXPENSE AND 
 WORK ACCOMPLISHED. 
 
 By Major George Mason, Secretary. 
 
 The Act of Congress entitled "An Act to establish a 
 national military park at the battlefield of Shiloh" was 
 approved December 27, 1894, and is as follows: 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States of America in Congress 
 assembled, That in order that the armies of the Southwest 
 which served in the Civil War, like their comrades of the 
 Eastern armies at Gettysburg and those of the Central 
 West at Chickamauga, may have the history of one of 
 their memorable battles preserved on the ground where 
 they fought, the battlefield of Shiloh, in the State of Ten- 
 nessee, is hereby declared to be a national military park, 
 whenever title to the same shall have been acquired by 
 the United States and the usual jurisdiction over the lands 
 and roads of the same shall have been granted to the 
 United States by the State of Tennessee; that is to say, 
 the area inclosed by the following lines, or so much there- 
 of as the commissioners of the park may deem necessary, 
 to wit: Beginning at low-water mark on the north bank 
 of Snake creek where it empties into the Tennessee river; 
 thence westwardly in a straight line to the point where 
 the river road to Crumps Landing, Tennessee, crosses 
 Snake creek ; thence along the channel of Snake creek 
 
 57 
 
58 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 to Owl creek; thence along the channel of Owl creek to 
 the crossing of the road to Purdy, Tennessee; thence 
 southwardly in a straight line to the intersection of an 
 east and west line drawn from the point where the road 
 to Hamburg, Tennessee, crosses Lick creek, near the 
 mouth of the latter; thence eastward along the said east 
 and west line to the point where the Hamburg road 
 crosses Lick creek; thence along the channel of Lick creek 
 to the Tennessee river; thence along low-water mark of 
 the Tennessee river to the point of beginning, containing 
 three thousand acres, more or less, and the area thus 
 inclosed shall be known as the Shiloh National Military 
 Park : Provided, That the boundaries of the land author- 
 ized to be acquired may be changed by the said commis- 
 sioners. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the establishment of the Shiloh National 
 Military Park shall be carried forward under the control 
 and direction of the Secretary of War, who, upon the pas- 
 sage of this Act, shall proceed to acquire title to the same 
 either under the Act approved August first, eighteen hun- 
 dred and eighty-eight, entitled "An Act to authorize the 
 condemnation of land for sites of public buildings, and 
 for other purposes," or under the Act approved February 
 twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, en- 
 titled "An Act to establish and protect national ceme- 
 teries," as he may select, and as title is procured to any 
 portion of the lands and roads within the legal bounda- 
 ries of the park he may proceed with the establishment of 
 the park upon such portions as may thus be acquired. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized 
 to enter into agreements whereby he may lease, upon 
 such terms as he may prescribe, with such present owners 
 or tenants of the lands as may desire to remain upon it, 
 to occupy and cultivate their present holdings upon con- 
 dition that they will preserve the present buildings and 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 59 
 
 roads and the present outlines of field and forest, and that 
 they only will cut trees or underbrush under such regu- 
 lations as the Secretary may prescribe, and that they will 
 assist in caring for and protecting all tablets, monuments, 
 or such other artificial works as may from time to time 
 be erected by proper authority. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the affairs of the Shiloh National Military 
 Park shall, subject to the supervision and direction of the 
 Secretary of War, be in charge of three commissioners, 
 to be appointed by the Secretary of War, each of whom 
 shall have served at the time of the battle in one of the 
 armies engaged therein, one of whom shall have served 
 in the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by General 
 U. S. Grant, who shall be chairman of the commission; 
 one in the Army of the Ohio, commanded by General D. 
 C. Buell; and one in the Army of the Mississippi, com- 
 manded by General A. S. Johnston. The said commis- 
 sioners shall have an office in the War Department 
 building, and while on actual duty shall be paid such 
 compensation out of the appropriations provided by this 
 Act as the Secretary of War shall deem reasonable and 
 just; and for the purpose of assisting them in their duties 
 and in ascertaining the lines of battle of all troops engaged 
 and the history of their movements in the battle, the Sec- 
 retary of War shall have authority to employ, at such 
 compensation as he may deem reasonable, to be paid out 
 of the appropriations made by this Act, some person 
 recognized as well informed concerning the history of the 
 several armies engaged at Shiloh, and who shall also act 
 as secretary of the commission. 
 
 Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of the commission 
 named in the preceding section, under the direction of the 
 Secretary of War, to open or repair such roads as may 
 be necessary to the purposes of the park, and to ascertain 
 and mark with historical tablets or otherwise, as the Sec- 
 
6o ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 retary of War may determine, all lines of battle of the 
 troops engaged in the battle of Shiloh and other historical 
 points of interest pertaining to the battle within the park 
 or its vicinity, and the said commission in establishing 
 this military park shall also have authority, under the 
 direction of the Secretary of War, to employ such labor 
 and services and to obtain such supplies and material as 
 may be necessary to the establishment of the said park 
 under such regulations as he may consider best for the 
 interest of the government, and the Secretary of War 
 shall make and enforce all needed regulations for the care 
 of the park. 
 
 Sec. 6. That it shall be lawful for any State that had 
 troops engaged in the battle of Shiloh to enter upon the 
 lands of the Shiloh National Military Park for the pur- 
 pose of ascertaining and marking the lines of battle of its 
 troops engaged therein : Provided, That before any such 
 lines are permanently designated the position of the lines 
 and the proposed methods of marking them by monu- 
 ments, tablets, or otherwise shall be submitted to and 
 approved by the Secretary of War, and all such lines, 
 designs and inscriptions for the same shall first receive 
 the written approval of the Secretary, which approval 
 shall be based upon formal written reports, which must 
 be made to him in each case by the commissioners of the 
 park: Provided, That no discrimination shall be made 
 against any State as to the manner of designating lines, 
 but any grant made to any State by the Secretary of War 
 may be used by any other State. 
 
 Sec. 7. That if any person shall, except by permission 
 of the Secretary of War, destroy, mutilate, deface, injure, 
 or remove any monument, column, statues, memorial 
 structures or work of art that shall be erected or placed 
 upon the grounds of the park by lawful authority, or shall 
 destroy or remove any fence, railing, inclosure, or other 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 6i 
 
 work for the protection or ornament of said park, or any 
 portion thereof, or shall destroy, cut, hack, bark, break 
 down, or otherwise injure any tree, bush, or shrubbery 
 that may be growing upon said park, or shall cut down 
 or fell or remove any timber, battle relic, tree or trees 
 growing or being upon said park, or hunt within the lim- 
 its of the park, or shall remove or destroy any breast- 
 works, earthworks, walls, or other defenses or shelter on 
 any part thereof constructed by the armies formerly en- 
 gaged in the battles on the lands or approaches to the 
 park, any person so offending and found guilty thereof, 
 before any justice of the peace of the county in which the 
 offense may be committed or any court of competent 
 jurisdiction shall for each and every such offense forfeit 
 and pay a fine, in the discretion of the justice, according 
 to the aggravation of the offense, of not less than five 
 nor more than fifty dollars, one-half for the use of the 
 park and the other half to the informer, to be enforced 
 and recovered before such justice in like manner as debts 
 of like nature are now by law recoverable in the several 
 counties where the offense may be committed. 
 
 Sec. 8. That to enable the Secretary of War to begin 
 to carry out the purpose of this Act, including the con- 
 demnation or purchase of the necessary land, marking 
 the boundaries of the park, opening or repairing neces- 
 sary roads, restoring the field to its condition at the time 
 of the battle, maps and surveys, and the pay and expenses 
 of the commissioners and their assistant, the sum of 
 seventy-five thousand dollars, or such portion thereof as 
 may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any 
 moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 Disbursements under this Act shall require the approval 
 of the Secretary of War, and he shall make annual report 
 of the same to Congress. 
 
 Approved, December 27, 1894. 
 
62 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Following the Act of Congress, different states having 
 troops engaged in the great battle took steps for per- 
 petuating the memory of their heroes who took part in 
 the contest on that field. Illinois, as the State by far the 
 most heavily represented on the Northern side, acted 
 generously through her legislature in making the neces- 
 sary appropriations, as evidenced by the following acts, 
 and what was eventually accomplished under their direc- 
 tion. The heroes of Shiloh are sleeping well. Appended 
 are the acts: 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE ILLINOIS LEGISLATURE UNDER WHICH 
 THE COMMISSION WAS FORMED. 
 
 40th Assembly, Senate No. 222, March, 1897. 
 A BILL 
 
 For an Act authorizing the appointment of a commission 
 to ascertain and mark the positions occupied by Illinois 
 troops at the battle of Shiloh and to make an appro- 
 priation to pay the personal expenses of the commis- 
 sion. 
 
 Section i. Be it enacted by the people of the State of 
 Illinois represented in the General Assembly, That the 
 Governor of this State be and he is hereby authorized to 
 appoint a commission of ten persons, not more than five 
 of whom shall be selected from the same political party, 
 each of whom participated in the battle of Shiloh, who 
 shall serve without pay and whose duty it shall be to 
 co-operate with the national commission in ascertaining 
 and marking the position occupied in said battle by each 
 regiment, battery, and independent organization from 
 this State which were engaged there, and for this pur- 
 pose they shall avail themselves of the knowledge and 
 assistance of representatives of such regiments, batteries 
 and other organizations. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 63 
 
 Sec. 2. The sum of one thousand dollars is hereby 
 appropriated to pay the personal expenses of the members 
 of said commission in the discharge of their duties as 
 aforesaid, and the Auditor of Public Accounts is hereby 
 authorized to draw his warrant upon the state treasury 
 for so much of the sum herein appropriated as may be 
 necessary for the use aforesaid, on bills of particulars 
 certified by said commission and approved by the gov- 
 ernor, and the state treasurer shall pay the same out of 
 any funds in the state treasury not otherwise appropri- 
 ated. 
 
 Approved, June 7, 1897. i 
 
 41st Assembly, Senate No. 381, March, 1899. 
 
 A BILL 
 
 For an Act to provide for the erection of monuments to 
 mark the positions occupied by Illinois volunteers in 
 the battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, and to make an ap- 
 propriation to pay for the same and to pay the expenses 
 of the commissioners. 
 
 Section i. Be it enacted by the people of the State 
 of Illinois represented in the General Assembly: That 
 for the purpose of perpetuating the memory of those who 
 participated in, and designating by proper monuments 
 and markers of granite the positions of the several com- 
 mands of Illinois volunteers engaged in the battle of 
 Shiloh, Tennessee, and to cover the actual expenses of the 
 commissioners appointed by virtue of an Act of the 
 Fortieth General Assembly, for the purpose of locating 
 positions occupied by the volunteers from this State on 
 the battlefield of Shiloh, the sum of sixty-five thousand 
 dollars ($65,000.00) or so much thereof as may be neces- 
 sary, be and the same is hereby appropriated out of any 
 money in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
64 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Sec. 2. That the commissioners heretofore appointed 
 to mark the position occupied by the IlHnois troops in 
 the battle of Shiloh or those who may hereafter be ap- 
 pointed are hereby authorized and empowered to make 
 contracts for the construction, delivery and erection upon 
 said battlefield of one monument for each regiment and 
 detached organization and one monument for each bat- 
 tery of Illinois volunteers who participated in said battle, 
 such monuments to be made entirely of granite and ap- 
 propriately inscribed, at a cost of not exceeding seven 
 hundred and fifty dollars for each of said monuments 
 complete and placed in its final position, and one monu- 
 ment that shall appropriately represent the State of Illi- 
 nois. The site of such monument and cost thereof shall 
 be left to the discretion of the commissioners: Provided 
 such cost shall not exceed the sum of ten thousand dol- 
 lars ($10,000.00). There may also be erected, marking 
 the spot where Major General W. H. L. Wallace fell, a 
 suitable memorial or monument, the cost not to exceed 
 one thousand ($1,000.00) dollars, and said commissioners 
 are hereby further authorized and empowered to contract 
 for the construction, delivery and erection on said battle- 
 field of not more than one hundred and twenty -five (125) 
 granite markers, such markers not to exceed in cost the 
 sum of seventy-five (75) dollars each. 
 
 Sec. 3. That for the services of said commissioners 
 required to be performed under Section 2 of this Act there 
 shall be no compensation, but said commissioners shall 
 receive the actual expenses incurred by them in the prem- 
 ises to an amount not exceeding in the aggregate the sum 
 of three thousand (3,000) dollars, to be paid out of the 
 appropriation hereby made. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Auditor of Public Accounts is hereby 
 authorized and directed to draw his warrants on the 
 treasury upon the presentation to him of proper vouchers 
 
A-. GENERAL ALBERT SIDNEY lOHNSTON FELL. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 65 
 
 certified by the said commissioners and approved by the 
 Governor and Adjutant General in payment for said monu- 
 ments and markers, when contracted, delivered and 
 erected in the places designated by said commissioners, 
 and that one-half of the sum hereby appropriated shall 
 be paid out of the taxes levied for the year 1899 and the 
 other half out of the sum so appropriated shall be paid out 
 of the taxes levied for the year 1900. 
 Approved, April 24, 1899. 
 
 42d Assembly, Senate No. 159, February, 1901. 
 A BILL 
 
 For an Act to amend Sections One, Two and Four of an 
 Act entitled "An Act to provide for the erection of 
 monuments to mark the positions occupied by Illinois 
 volunteers in the battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, and to 
 make an appropriation to pay for the same, and to pay 
 the expenses of the commissioners," approved April 24, 
 1899, in force July i, 1899, be amended so as to read as 
 follows, to wit : 
 
 Section i. That for the purpose of perpetuating the 
 memory of those who participated in, and designating by 
 proper monuments of granite the positions of the several 
 commands of Illinois volunteers engaged in the battle of 
 Shiloh, Tennessee, and to cover the actual expenses of the 
 commissioners appointed by virtue of an act of the 
 Fortieth General Assembly, for the purpose of locating 
 the positions occupied by the volunteers from this state, 
 on the battlefield of Shiloh, the sum of sixty-five thousand 
 dollars ($65,000.00), or so much thereof as may be neces- 
 sary, be, and the same is hereby, appropriated out of any 
 money in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the commissioners heretofore appointed 
 to mark the position occupied by the Illinois troops in the 
 
66 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 battle of Shiloh, or those who may hereafter be appointed, 
 are hereby authorized and empowered to make contracts 
 for the construction, delivery and erection upon said bat- 
 tlefield, of one monument for each regiment of infantry, 
 and one monument for each battery of Illinois volunteers 
 who participated in said battle; such monuments to be 
 made entirely of granite and appropriately inscribed, at 
 a cost of not exceeding seven hundred and fifty dollars 
 for each of said monuments complete and placed in its 
 final position, and one monument that shall appropriately 
 represent all the detachments of Illinois cavalry who par- 
 ticipated in the battle. The cost of such monument not 
 to exceed the sum of three thousand dollars ($3,000.00). 
 One monument shall be erected that shall appropriately 
 represent the State of Illinois. The site of such monu- 
 ment and the cost thereof shall be left to the discretion 
 of the commissioners: Provided, Such cost shall not 
 exceed the sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00). 
 There may also be erected, marking th'e spot where Major- 
 General W. L. Wallace fell, a suitable memorial or monu- 
 ment, the cost not to exceed one thousand (1,000) dol- 
 lars. 
 
 Sec. 4. The auditor of public accounts is hereby author- 
 ized and directed to draw his warrants on the treasury 
 upon the presentation to him of proper vouchers signed 
 by the president and secretary of the Shiloh Battle Field 
 Commission, and approved by the governor and adjutant- 
 general in payment for said monument and expenses. 
 
 Approved, April 8, 1901. 
 
 43d Assembly, Senate No. 400, March, 1903. 
 A BILL 
 For an Act to provide for the dedication of the monu- 
 ments erected by the State of Illinois on the battlefield 
 of Shiloh. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 67 
 
 Whereas, the State of Illinois has heretofore appro- 
 priated the sum of sixty-five thousand dollars to be ex- 
 pended in the erection of suitable monuments on the 
 battlefield of Shiloh, and, 
 
 Whereas, these monuments and the work connected 
 therewith is nearing completion, and. 
 
 Whereas, no provision has been made in the acts here- 
 tofore passed for the dedication of said monument, there- 
 fore. 
 
 Section i. Be it enacted by the people of the State of 
 Illinois represented in the General Assembly: That the 
 Illinois Shiloh Battlefield Commission is hereby author- 
 ized to expend from the unexpended balance of the sixty- 
 five thousand dollars heretofore appropriated, such sum 
 or sums as may be necessary for the purpose of dedicating 
 the said monument provided, such sum or sums shall not 
 exceed five thousand dollars of said unexpended balance. 
 
 Sec. 2. For the purpose of compiling and publishing 
 a report of the commission the sum of one thousand dol- 
 lars or so much as may be necessary, is hereby authorized 
 to be expended out of such unexpended balance hereto- 
 fore appropriated. 
 
 Sec. 3. Whereas, said commission will be ready to 
 dedicate said monuments prior to July i, 1903, therefore 
 an emergency exists and this act shall be in force and 
 take effect from and after its passage. 
 
 Approved, May 4, 1903. 
 
 THE COMMISSION. 
 
 The Illinois Shiloh Battlefield Commission as appointed 
 in conformity with the foregoing Act: 
 
 John A. McClernand, Springfield, 111. 
 
 Major General U. S. Vols. 
 
 George Mason, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Adjutant 12th 111. Infty. Vols, and Bvt. Major. 
 
68 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Gustav A. Busse, Chicago, III. 
 
 Captain Co. G, 57th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 Israel P. Rumsey, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Captain Battery B, ist 111. Lt. Artillery. 
 Timothy Slattery, Onarga, III. 
 
 Captain Co. I, 55th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 Thomas A. Weisner, Rockbridge, 111. 
 
 Captain Co. F, 14th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 J. B. Nulton, CarroUton, III. 
 
 Col. 6ist 111. Infty. Vols. 
 A. T. Galbraith, Flora, 111. 
 
 Col. 48th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 A. F. McEwen, Litchfield, 111. 
 
 Sergt. Co. H, 9th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 Isaac Yantis, Dalton City, 111. 
 
 Co. H, 41st 111. Infty. Vols. 
 Sheldon C. Ayres, Galesburg, III. 
 
 Co. D, 17th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 (Appointed to succeed Col. A. T. Galbraith, deceased.) 
 Benson Wood, Efftngham, III. 
 
 Capt. Co. C, 34th 111. Infty. Vols. 
 (Appointed to succeed Gen. Jno. A. McClernand, de- 
 ceased.) 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMISSION. 
 
 The commission appointed by the Governor held its 
 first meeting at Springfield, 111., September 15, 1897, and 
 organized by electing Major General John A. McClernand 
 president and Major George Mason of Chicago secretary 
 and treasurer. At this meeting it was deemed advisable 
 to visit the battlefield at an early day and by personal 
 inspection and research determine so far as we were able 
 the camp sites and battle lines occupied by Illinois troops, 
 on the days of the battle, October 6-7, 1862, and that we 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 69 
 
 might be assisted in these efforts the following circular 
 letter inviting the co-operation of old soldiers was freely 
 distributed through the mails: 
 
 Chicago, Oct. 25, 1897. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The Shiloh Battlefield Commission appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Tanner, Sept. 14, 1897, for the purpose of marking 
 the positions of Illinois organizations on the battlefield 
 invite members of those organizations who participated 
 in the battle to communicate to the secretary such knowl- 
 edge as they may possess that would be of service. The 
 commission will leave Paducah, Ky., Saturday evening, 
 Nov. 13, at 5 p. m., going and returning by steamer to 
 Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. 
 
 Any member of an Illinois organization who may feel 
 disposed to meet the commission at that time will be wel- 
 come. The members of the national commission will be 
 with us at that time and it is expected that Governor 
 Tanner and other distinguished gentlemen will accom- 
 pany the commission. Communications to the secretary 
 should be addressed to Major George Mason, 100 N. 
 Clinton St., Chicago. 
 
 (Signed) John A. McClernand, 
 
 Pres. 111. Commission. 
 
 The entire commission visited the field on this occasion, 
 and accompanying them on the invitation extended in 
 the above circular were the following gentlemen, all of 
 whom were deeply interested in the matter and most of 
 them participated in the battle: 
 
 Col. and ex-Congressman Isaac Clements of Carbon- 
 dale, 111. 
 
 Hon. David Revell, member of the state legislature. 
 
70 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Judge Benson Wood, Effingham, 111. 
 
 Capt. E. McAllister, Plainfield, 111. 
 
 Wm. Cluett, Esq., representing the 57th 111. Vol. Infty. 
 
 Mr. E. M. Williams, Springfield, 111. 
 
 Capt. Eben Swift, 5th U. S. Cavalry, a member of Gov- 
 ernor Tanner's staff and representing him on this occa- 
 sion. 
 
 Including the members of the commission, the following 
 organizations were represented on this visit: 
 
 9th, I2th, 14th, 34th, 41st, 48th, 55th, 57th and 6ist 
 regiments of Infantry and Batteries B and D, ist 111. Light 
 Artillery. 
 
 The camps and lines of battle of these several com- 
 mands were definitely located, subject to such modifica- 
 tion and changes by the national commission as would 
 seem warranted by further evidence. The camps and 
 lines of battle of the following organizations were also 
 satisfactorily located: 15th, 46th, 28th, 32d, i8th, 20th 
 and 45th infantry. 
 
 There were still a considerable number of organizations 
 with whose movements and camps we were not familiar 
 and it was deemed advisable to send out another circular. 
 Accordingly the secretary prepared and mailed to a large 
 number of old soldiers the following: 
 
 Chicago, Dec. 6, 1897. 
 Dear Sir: ■ 
 
 The Shiloh Battlefield Commission asks your assistance 
 in locating the command to which you belonged in the 
 various positions occupied during Sunday and Monday, 
 April 6 and 7, 1862. This end, we think, may be accom- 
 plished by a statement from you or some member of your 
 organization giving the brigade and division to which you 
 belonged, and if you were at any time detached or sent 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 71 
 
 away from the brigade for service elsewhere, were you to 
 the right or left of the main Corinth road, and about how 
 far from the landing or from brigade or division head- 
 quarters? What regiment or command was immediately 
 on your right and left? Will you in this manner try to 
 locate each position in which you engaged the enemy that 
 day? What was your position about 4:30 p. m. Sunday, 
 and about how many men of your command were in line 
 at this time? Did you occupy this position all night? 
 ******** 
 
 The secretary will be obliged to you if you will send 
 him the names of surviving officers and men of your com- 
 mand and their post office address whom you think will 
 be interested in this matter. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 George Mason, Secretary. 
 
 To this circular many replies were received which were 
 of great assistance in determining and locating on the map 
 prepared by the national commission all the organiza- 
 tions credited to the State of Illinois and who were in 
 any way identified with the battle. During the winter 
 of 1898 and 1899 these locations received the approval of 
 the national commission and the commission felt justified 
 in making its report to the Governor. Accordingly, in 
 January, 1899, a copy of the map, together with the fol- 
 lowing report and recommendation, was presented to the 
 Governor : 
 
 His Excellency John R. Tanner, 
 
 Governor of the State of Illinois. 
 
 Dear Sir: The commission appointed by you under the 
 authority of the legislature to mark the positions of Illi- 
 nois troops in the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, 
 
72 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 have completed the work assigned to them and have the 
 honor to submit their report. 
 
 Your commission, consisting of Major General John A. 
 McCIernand, Colonels J. B. Nulton and A. T. Gal- 
 braith, Major George Mason, Captains Timothy Slattery, 
 Thos. A. Weisner, Gustav A. Busse, Israel P. Rumsey 
 and Messrs. Isaac Yantis and A. F. McEwen, met at 
 Springfield, 111., Sept. 15, 1897, and organized by elect- 
 ing Major General John A. McCIernand president and 
 Major George Mason secretary and treasurer. At this 
 meeting it was determined that we should visit the battle- 
 field at as early a day as practicable, inviting members of 
 all the Illinois organizations who participated in the battle 
 to meet us there and assist in locating camps and lines of 
 battle. Accordingly your commission, on the i6th day 
 of November, 1897, visited the battlefield and were joined 
 by representatives of several Illinois organizations, the 
 national commission and others interested. 
 
 Three days were spent upon the field, every portion of 
 which was visited. One by one the old camps were picked 
 out, and starting from thence we followed the route taken 
 on Sunday, April 6, 1862, to the position each occupied 
 in the first line of battle. 
 
 Thirty-five years had made many changes in roads and 
 scenery, but as the changes were noted and the old roads 
 and localities were patiently pointed out, the original 
 appearance gradually unfolded and we were able to recog- 
 nize scenes and localities that had left their impress on our 
 memory. 
 
 The round rings where Sibley tents had been pitched 
 were still plainly visible in places. 
 
 Graves where the dead had been buried with a scarce 
 legible head board, the peculiar formation of the ground, 
 were all studied earnestly and carefully and the patient 
 explanation of the evidences found by the national com- 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 73 
 
 mission brought the picture back to us of that April 
 morning, not clearly, however, and doubtful points were 
 discussed by each group at our respective quarters. Many 
 places were visited a second and third time, until doubts 
 were cleared away and we felt that we could justly and 
 conclusively determine the location of those organiza- 
 tions with whose movements we were identified. Since 
 the return of the commission, by correspondence and 
 reference to the reports published in Vol. 10, Official 
 Record, War of the Rebellion, every organization has been 
 assigned a position, both for camp and line of battle, near- 
 ly the entire number with great accuracy and unanimous 
 concurrence. 
 
 In the battle Illinois had 28 regiments of infantry, 10 
 batteries of artillery and 6 detachments of cavalry. One 
 of these regiments of infantry was at this time known as 
 the 14th Mo. or Birge's Sharpshooters (armed with deer 
 rifles), but was afterwards credited to the State of Illi- 
 nois and designated 66th Illinois. 
 
 Shiloh was pre-eminently an Illinois battle. Her loss 
 in killed and wounded numbered 3,957, while the total 
 loss in killed and wounded of the entire Union forces on 
 this field was 10,162. Of this total number upwards of 
 7,800 were killed or wounded on the first day. 
 
 But five divisions participated in this first day's battle, 
 and all belonged to the Army of the Tennessee. Of these 
 five divisions four were commanded by Illinois generals. 
 The 1st by Major General McClernand, the 2d by Major 
 General W. H. L. Wallace, the 4th by Major General S. A. 
 Hurlbut and the 6th by Major General Benj. M. Prentiss. 
 It was in this first day's battle that General W. H. L. 
 Wallace was killed. 
 
 The great importance of this battle is a matter of his- 
 tory. It made permanent our advance line through 
 northern Mississippi and western Tennessee, strengthen- 
 
74 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 ing our hold upon Kentucky, hitherto a border state. The 
 action of the national government in acquiring- possession 
 of this battlefield, approximately 3,700 acres, converting 
 this ground into a national park and inviting the co-opera- 
 tion of the states whose sons made it sacred by their 
 heroism and lives gives Illinois an opportunity to be fitly 
 represented by suitable monuments to her soldiers and 
 by historic tablets and permanent markers define the 
 lines of battle she occupied on those eventful days. Some 
 of our sister states have made suitable appropriations to 
 commemorate the achievements of their troops. 
 
 We respectfully recommend, therefore, to your excel- 
 lency the entire appropriateness of the General Assembly 
 of the State of Illinois making an appropriation that will 
 be creditable to her dignity and patriotism, and beg to 
 submit our estimate of amount necessary to carry out this 
 object, amounts which in our judgment are conservative 
 and necessary to accomplish the desired result: 
 
 28 regiments of infantry, 10 batteries of artil- 
 lery, 6 detachments of cavalry, at $750.00. . $33,000.00 
 
 125 tablets and markers, at $75.00 9.375-00 
 
 State monument 10,000.00 
 
 Personal expenses of commission 3,000.00 
 
 Office expenses, including advertising and pre- 
 miums for design 3,000.00 
 
 Monument for Gen. W. H. L. Wallace 1,000.00 
 
 To which should be added for embelishing the 
 
 ground and unforeseen expenses 15,000.00 
 
 Total $74,375-00 
 
 In discharge of their duty your commission has ex- 
 pended the following sums, as shown by vouchers in the 
 hands of the state auditor: 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 75 
 
 Sept. 15, 1897, traveling expenses of ten com- 
 missioners to Springfield, 111., first meeting. . .$ 96.61 
 
 Nov. 12 to 18, 1897, traveling expenses of com- 
 mission to Shiloh battlefield 538.57 
 
 Total $ 635.18 
 
 Returning to the treasury an unexpended balance 
 of 364.82 
 
 Amount appropriated $1,000.00 
 
 Trusting that this report and our labors in the discharge 
 of our duty may meet your approval, we have the honor 
 to be, Very respectfully, 
 
 John A. McClernand, President. 
 George Mason, Secretary. 
 February, 1899. 
 
 Immediately following this report a bill was prepared 
 and introduced in the Senate by Senator Milchrist. This 
 bill. No. 381, 41st Assembly, passed both houses and 
 received the Governor's approval, April 24, 1899. Early 
 in June the Governor expressed to our former president. 
 General McClernand, his wish that the commission as 
 first constituted should take up the work of erecting suit- 
 able monuments as contemplated by the recent act of the 
 legislature. Accordingly, on the i6th of June, 1899, the 
 commission again met in Springfield and by resolution the 
 organization as originally effected was continued. The 
 commission at this meeting adopted for the regimental 
 and battery monuments the design for Illinois monuments 
 already erected at Chickamauga and a committee was ap- 
 pointed to draft specifications and make plans for the 
 approval of the national commission and the War De- 
 partment to have them printed and bids asked for the 
 work erected on the field. 
 
76 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 The following circular and specifications were printed 
 and mailed to contractors and granite men: 
 
 REGIMENTAL AND BATTLE MONUMENTS. 
 
 The Shiloh Battlefield Commission will entertain pro- 
 posals for the erection of regimental monuments on the 
 battlefield of Shiloh, located near Pittsburg Landing, 
 Tennessee, on the Tennessee river. Proposals must in- 
 clude delivery and erection complete on foundations fur- 
 nished by others, and at points on the field to be desig- 
 nated by the commission. Details of construction must 
 conform with the design and specification accompanying 
 this. 
 
 The commission reserves the right to reject any or all 
 proposals. 
 
 Time of delivery to be named in proposal. 
 
 Proposals will be sealed and received by Major George 
 Mason, secretary, loo N. Clinton street, Chicago, on or 
 before September 13, 1899, <^^ t)y the commission, at 
 Springfield, 111., up to 10 a. m., September 15, 1899. 
 
 A. F. McEwen, 
 George Mason, 
 G. A. Busse, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 Material. — First-class dark Ouincy or dark Barre 
 granite, free from checks, spots, discolorations or imper- 
 fections of any kind, each monument to consist of two 
 pieces, base and die. 
 
 Base. — To be 7 feet 4 inches long, 4 feet 2 inches wide, 
 I foot 6 inches high, 8 cut face, 10 cut bevel or wash 
 around top, extending 7 inches back and about 23^ inches 
 drop. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 
 
 77 
 
 0^^^i 
 
 "^-^■«^.i5aa.«*""« '^'V 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 Die. — To be 6 feet 2 inches long, 3 feet wide, 4 feet high. 
 The ends quarry face and margined, back and top quarry- 
 face, the back paneled to receive a bronze tablet about 
 22x36 inches, the other side to be highly polished and 
 bearing four lines of 3-inch sunk letters (about 60), being 
 appropriate inscription to be furnished by the Illinois 
 commission for each monument. Bevel around top of die 
 to go 4 inches back from front and 9 inches down from 
 top, and on the bevel and on the face of each die the word 
 Illinois to be cut in raised polished letters 5 inches high 
 and y% inch raise. 
 
 The bevel around the die to be 12 cut work and the 
 wash around the base to be 10 cut work. 
 
 A margin of 10 cut work i^ inches wide to run around 
 face and ends of die and a margin of i^ around the top. 
 
 Die to be firmly set on face with wedged lead joint. 
 
 Bronze panel to be furnished by the commission and 
 set by the contractor. 
 
78 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Thirteen bids were received and considered at a meet- 
 ing held in the Sherman House, Chicago, Oct. i8, 1899, 
 and the contract awarded to the Culver Construction Co., 
 at $470.00 for each monument, the commission consider- 
 ing them the lowest responsible bidders. 
 
 THE STATE MONUMENT. 
 
 The following circular letter was prepared and sent to 
 artists and monument builders generally: 
 
 BATTLE MONUMENT. 
 
 To be Erected in the National Military Park at Shiloh, 
 Tennessee, for the State of Illinois. 
 
 Competitive designs are solicited by the Illinois Battle- 
 field Commission for which will be paid to the person or 
 firm submitting the design that shall be accepted the sum 
 of two hundred and fifty dollars. All unsuccessful designs 
 will be returned to the artist presenting them. 
 
 The conditions governing this competition are : 
 
 1st. Cost. The design submitted shall be for a monu- 
 ment having an approximate cost of ten thousand dollars. 
 
 2d. Materials to be granite and standard bronze. 
 
 3d. Drawings. Each drawing shall consist of a plan 
 and elevation drawn to a scale oi i}^ inches to the foot 
 and may be accompanied by a perspective in colors or not, 
 at the option of the artist. 
 
 4th. Estimates. Detailed estimate shall accompany 
 each drawing, showing the exact size of each piece and 
 cubic contents, with approximate weights of each and esti- 
 mate of the total cost of the granite parts. 
 
 5th. A separate schedule giving dimensions and 
 weights of the standard bronze parts and estimated cost. 
 The commission reserves the right to reject any or all 
 designs submitted. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 79 
 
 The commission will meet for the consideration of de- 
 signs submitted at the Leiand Hotel, Springfield, 111., at 
 10 a. m., September 15, 1899. 
 
 Designs and accompanying communications may be 
 presented at this meeting or sent to Major George Mason, 
 100 North Clinton street, Chicago, on or before September 
 13, 1899. 
 
 A. F. McEwen, 
 George Mason, 
 G. A. Busse, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Replying to this circular, designs were submitted by 
 Messrs. Sherman & Flavin, Henry C. Sierks, Grant 
 Marble Co., Geo. Craig, Jas. McConnell, D. G. Mozely & 
 Co., R. W. Bock, Julia M. Bracken, Chas. G. Blake & Co., 
 Hill & Woltersdorf, Paul Cornell, Jr., and J. Upton Grib- 
 ben. Several meetings of the commission were held and all 
 the designs submitted received the consideration of each 
 member. Finally, at a meeting held at Springfield, 111., 
 January 3, 1900, the design submitted by R. W. Bock of 
 Chicago was adopted, subject, however, to some modifica- 
 tions and enlargement, provided the commission would be 
 allowed to expend a larger sum than the legislature had 
 appropriated for that purpose, which seemed quite prob- 
 able in view of the fact that the national commission had 
 volunteered to erect all markers other than that of the 
 first line of battle, thus relieving us of a very considerable 
 expense. To bring this about the legislature was asked to 
 amend the bill passed by its predecessor and allow an 
 expenditure on the state monument of a sum not exceed- 
 ing $20,000.00. This bill, Senate Bill No. 159, 426. 
 Assembly, was approved April 8, 1901. 
 
 Drawings and specifications were then prepared and 
 proposals invited for: 
 
8o ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 First : The granite pedestal. 
 Second: The bronze work. 
 
 The following specification for the granite work was 
 adopted : 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MONUMENT ERECTED BY THE STATE 
 
 OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 One quality of best Barre, Vermont, granite to be used 
 for the entire granite work. It must be uniform in color 
 and texture and even-grained and all the best lO steel cut 
 fine, hammered work. It must be free from sap, knots, 
 streaks, rust or any defects whatever. 
 
 Point the bottom of pieces comprising the base course 
 to a level and set in a full bed of Dykerhoff or Puzzalon 
 cement, or other cement of equal quality. 
 
 Each course must be leveled as set and not propped 
 from beneath to make it horizontally level, and both upper 
 and lower side of course must be level and parallel with 
 each other; all interstices must be flushed with liquid 
 cement so as to make one compact mass of the whole. 
 
 All courses above the bottom course to be set on lead 
 bearings, and well bedded in cement mortar. 
 
 Mouldings, members, arrises, as well as all vertical and 
 horizontal joints are to be cut clean, sharp and true ; every 
 detail to be absolutely first-class in execution, and all sur- 
 faces to be absolutely true and level. 
 
 After all the granite is set, caulk all joints with wedged 
 lead. Lead must be well driven and then cut smoothly 
 to the granite, making even and uniform joints. 
 
 Countersink for bronze panels where shown on the 
 plans, the correct sizes of which will be furnished espe- 
 cially, otherwise adhere strictly to the figures on the plans 
 throughout. 
 
 Box each piece of granite securely before loading on 
 the cars at Barre. 
 
 The bid must include freight, hauling and setting and, 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 8i 
 
 in fact, everything except the foundation, bronze work 
 and the letters. 
 
 All sunk letters to be charged for extra, at the following 
 rates : 
 
 For letters up to i^ inches in length, 15c each. 
 
 For letters 2 inches to 2^ inches in length, 25c each. 
 
 For letters 2^ inches to 3 inches in length, 30c each. 
 
 After all the granite work is set and properly caulked, 
 clean thoroughly until every spot of dirt is removed ; then 
 clear the lot of all the debris which has accumulated dur- 
 ing the erection of the work. 
 
 All the granite work must conform to the plans and 
 cover the full dimensions as given in the figures. 
 
 The setting of the bronze work as shown in the accom- 
 panying drawings should also be included with the granite 
 work, and the method of fastening the same shall be de- 
 termined by the principals of the monument. 
 
 The person or firm to whom contract for this granite 
 work is awarded must furnish a bond covering the full 
 amount of the bid. 
 
 Course. Items. Contents, Cu. Ft. Weight. 
 
 Each. Total. Each. Total. 
 
 A 4 pes, each stone 11 1 444 18,537 74,148 
 
 B I pc. each stone 135 135 11,272 22,545 
 
 B 2 pes. each stone 88 176 14,696 29,392 
 
 C 2 pes. each stone 126 252 21,042 42,084 
 
 D 2 pes. each stone 113 226 18,871 37,742 
 
 E 2 pes. each stone 106 212 17,702 35,404 
 
 F 2 pes. each stone 104 208 17,378 34.736 
 
 G 2 pes. each stone 116 232 19,372 38,744 
 
 H 2 pes. each stone 81 162 13,527 27,054 
 
 I 2 pes. each stone 73 146 12,191 24,382 
 
 J I pc. each stone 65 65 10,855 10,855 
 
 2,438 377>o86 
 
82 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Crushing test of Barre granite official here in Chicago, 
 17,360 pounds to the cubic inch, generally counted 18,000 
 pounds at Barre. 
 
 Note. — These contents and weights of the monument 
 are based on 167 pounds being used as a cubic foot, Barre 
 granite. No allowance made for sinking of bas relief. 
 
 Bids on these specifications and accompanying draw- 
 ings were asked for and resulted in opening bids at Pitts- 
 burg Landing, Tenn., on the 15th day of October, 1901, 
 from the following individuals and firms: 
 
 George Craig, Galesburg, 111. 
 
 Joseph Pajean & Son, Chicago. 
 
 Sherman & Flavin, Chicago. 
 
 Chas. F. Blake & Co., Chicago. 
 
 Culver Construction Co., Springfield, 111. 
 
 One of the foregoing bids was rejected because it failed 
 to comply with the requirements of our advertisement in 
 the following particulars: 
 
 No price made on this monument, but the cavalry 
 monument included with it. 
 
 No time set for its completion. 
 
 Plans and specification not returned or made a part of 
 the proposal. 
 
 By a unanimous vote the contract was awarded to the 
 Culver Construction Co., they being the lowest responsible 
 bidder for the work. 
 
 The following specifications for the bronze work was 
 adopted : 
 
 The bronze work shall consist of accurate reproductions 
 in United States standard bronze of all full size plaster 
 models made by the sculptor for this monument, as shown 
 and described in the accompanying blue print. The re- 
 productions shall be made in as few pieces as possible, 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 83 
 
 according to approved methods for securing high-grade 
 art bronze castings and as accompHshed in art bronze 
 foundries. 
 
 The bronze castings shall be free from holes, spongy 
 spots or other imperfections. All sand, core irons and 
 other foreign substances shall be removed from the inte- 
 rior of the castings, which shall be thoroughly cleansed. 
 The bronze castings shall be carefully hand finished by 
 competent chasers who shall follow the directions of the 
 sculptor. 
 
 All bronze work shall be given an artistic patina by 
 proper chemicals and not colored with lacquers or paints. 
 The crowning figure shall be anchored in position on 
 pedestal by i^-inch bronze rods, or such other method 
 as may be determined by the commission. The inside 
 casting of figure and plinth shall have the necessary braces 
 to make it perfectly strong and secure when placed in 
 position. The bas relief, seal and torches shall be fas- 
 tened to the granite in their proper positions by bronze 
 dowels. The plaster models shall be taken from the 
 studio of the sculptor by the bronze foundry, who shall be 
 responsible for their safe keeping and return to the 
 sculptor. 
 
 The sculptor,. Richard W. Bock, will have personal 
 supervision of the work, and all the details of construction 
 will be subject to his approval. The work shall be open to 
 inspection by the commission or sculptor at any time dur- 
 ing its manufacture. The founder shall give bond in the 
 full amount of the contract for the faithful performance 
 and completion of the work. 
 
 Bids on these specifications and accompanying draw- 
 ings were opened at Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., October 
 15, 1901. The American Bronze Foundry Co. of Chicago 
 were the lowest bidders for the work and were awarded 
 the contract. 
 
84 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 At the same time and place bids were received and 
 action taken on the cavalry monument designed in ac- 
 cordance v^^ith the Act of the 42d Assembly, Senate No. 
 159. The following specifications for both granite and 
 bronze having been submitted. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR STONE WORK. 
 
 Use one color of best Barre granite, sound, even- 
 grained, of uniform color, free from sap, knots, streaks, 
 rust or any defects whatever. It must be uniform in color 
 and texture and all the best 10 steel cut fine hammered 
 work. 
 
 Point bottom of base course to a level and set in full 
 bed of Dykerhoff or Puzzalon cement. 
 
 All courses above the base course to be set on lead 
 bearings and each course leveled as set, not propping to 
 level after granite is set ; caulk all joints with wedged lead. 
 Lead must be well driven and then cut smoothly to the 
 granite, making even and uniform joints. Countersink to 
 receive the bronze panels where called for on the plans 
 and adhere strictly to the sizes given. Box securely be- 
 fore loading on cars at Barre. 
 
 The bid must include all the granite work, the sunk 
 letters, freight, hauling and setting, and, in fact, every- 
 thing except foundation and the bronze work, but it shall 
 belong to the granite work to fasten or set the bronze 
 work. After all the granite work is set and properly 
 caulked, clean thoroughly until every spot of dirt is re- 
 moved; then clear the lot of all debris which has accumu- 
 lated during the erection of the work. 
 
 All granite work must be strictly in accordance with 
 the plans, and the execution in every detail must be first- 
 class. All mouldings, members, arrises, as well as all 
 vertical and horizontal joints, are to be cut clean, sharp 
 and true. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 85 
 
 The person or firm to whom contract for this granite 
 work is awarded must furnish a bond covering the full 
 amount of the bid. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BRONZE WORK. 
 
 The bronze work shall consist of six inscription tablets, 
 each having the same border and other decorative fea- 
 tures, but a different inscription. The bronze used in 
 making these tablets shall be United States standard 
 bronze, the bronze castings shall be free from holes, 
 spongy places or any imperfections that will mar the 
 appearance of the work. 
 
 The letters of the inscription shall be perfect copies of 
 the design of letters furnished by the sculptor, and they 
 shall be arranged on the tablets in a neat and true man- 
 ner. 
 
 The bronze tablets shall be carefully hand finished and 
 shall be given an artistic patina by proper chemicals and 
 not colored with lacquers or paints. 
 
 The tablets shall be fastened to the granite by 3^-inch 
 bronze dowels, one at each corner. 
 
 The work shall be open to inspection by the commis- 
 sion or sculptor at any time during the manufacture. 
 
 The foundry shall give bond in the full amount of the 
 contract for the faithful performance and completion of 
 the work. 
 
 The specifications for the bronze tablets that were in- 
 serted in the back of the regimental monument, although 
 of a different design, was in all particulars like the one 
 for the cavalry monument. A cut showing the design of 
 the regimental and battery tablets is shown on the oppo- 
 site page. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 
 
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io6 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 The American Bronze Foundry Co. of Chicago was 
 the lowest bidder on all this work and was awarded the 
 contract. 
 
 The contract for the granite work was given to the Cul- 
 ver Construction Co. of Springfield, 111., they being the 
 lowest bidder. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE MONUMENT. 
 
 The pedestal is of best Barre granite, built solid with 
 stones of large size, as will be seen by reference to the 
 specifications. 
 
 It is twelve feet square at the base, with a graceful curv- 
 ing taper to about ten feet square at the top. It is twenty- 
 three feet high, built up in ten courses. The lines are sim- 
 ple, but its massive construction impresses you with a 
 sense of dignity and stability. 
 
 The crowning figure, of standard bronze and weighing 
 nearly 7,000 pounds, is twelve feet high and is designed to 
 represent Illinois, whose record of her son's achievements 
 on this field can be found on the pages of the book where 
 her finger parts the leaves. The sword is sheathed, but 
 the scabbard is held with firm grasp, as if in readiness for 
 release of the blade again and renewal of the battle should 
 occasion at any time require. Watchfully, guardingly, her 
 gaze is bent toward the south, from whence her enemies 
 came, and the look upon her face is one of admonition. 
 The splendid countenance has a definite expression to its 
 dignity. Over her shoulders is thrown a military cape, 
 cast back to leave the arms free. 
 
 In the south front has been sunk a bronze relief, bold in 
 its conception and execution, and suggests a battle scene 
 in the thick timber of the Shiloh field. Under this relief 
 is cut in the granite the following legend: 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 107 
 
 "ILLINOIS 
 
 ERECTS THIS MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE HER SONS 
 
 WHO GAVE THEIR SERVICES TO PERPETUATE THE 
 
 HONOR AND GLORY OF THE UNITED STATES." 
 
 On the North Front — The great seal of the State of 
 Illinois, seven feet in diameter, in standard bronze, and on 
 either side a blazing torch. 
 
 On the West Front — The quotation from Lincoln's 
 speech at Gettysburg: 
 
 "The world will little note, nor long remember what we 
 say here, but it can never forget what they did here/* 
 
 On the East Front — "Illinois had in this battle 2y regi- 
 ments of infantry, 10 batteries of artillery and 6 detach- 
 ments of cavalry. Her loss in killed and wounded was 
 3,957, in missing 410." 
 
 THE CAVALRY MONUMENT. 
 
 The cavalry monument is hexagonal. Its largest diam- 
 eter at the base is ten feet, its smallest diameter three feet, 
 its height ten feet. On each of the six sides is inserted a 
 bronze panel having inscriptions. 
 
 Just above the bronze tablets and cut in the stone one 
 word on each hexagonal side is the following: 
 
 "ILLINOIS TO HER CAVALRY AT SHILOH." 
 Upon the panels appear the following inscriptions : 
 
 FIRST PANEL. 
 
 "The nature of this battle was such that cavalry could 
 not be used in front. I therefore formed ours into line in 
 rear. — Grant." 
 
 Immediately below this quotation appear the words cut 
 in the stone : 
 
 ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 
 
 The panels continue as follows : 
 
io8 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 SECOND PANEL. 
 
 1ST Battalion, 4Th Cavalry. 
 Lt.-Col. W. McCullough. 
 
 Stewart's and Carmichaels' 
 
 Independent Companies, 
 Afterwards 15TH Illinois. 
 
 These Commands Were Held 
 in Reserve April 6th-7th, 1862. 
 One Officer and Two Men Were Wounded. 
 
 McClernand's 1ST Division. 
 
 third panel. 
 
 Companies A and B, 2ND Cavalry, 
 Capt. Thos. J. Larrison. 
 
 These companies were acting as division headquarters 
 guard and escort, and were not actively engaged in the 
 battle of April 6th and 7th, 1862. 
 
 W. H. L. Wallace's 2Nd Division. 
 
 FOURTH panel. 
 
 3RD Battalion, iith Cavalry, 
 Maj. Jas. F. Johnson. 
 
 This battalion was in reserve on north side of Snake 
 creek during the battle of April 6th and 7th, 1862. 
 
 Lew Wallace's 30 Division. 
 
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION 109 
 
 FIFTH PANEL. 
 
 2D AND 3D Battalions, 4Th Cavalry, 
 Col, T. Lyle Dickey. 
 
 Two Companies Thielemann's Cavalry, 
 Afterwards i6th Illinois. 
 
 These troops were in reserve and not actively engaged 
 in the battle of April 6th and 7th, 1862. 
 
 Sherman's 5th Division. 
 
 SIXTH panel. 
 
 1ST. AND 2D Battalions, iith Cavalry, 
 Col. R. G. Ingersoll. 
 
 These battalions formed in open field near their camp, 
 where about 9 a. m., April 6th, 1862, they received the 
 fire of a battery, by which 3 men were killed and 3 wounded. 
 
 Prentiss' 6th Division. 
 
 TABLE OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Regiment and Battery Monuments. 
 
 To Culver Construction Co $18,200.00 
 
 To American Bronze Foundry Co.. 2,418.79 — $20,618.79 
 
 State Monument. 
 
 To Culver Construction Co 11,005.26 
 
 To American Bronze Foundry Co.. 5,750.00 
 
 To R. W. Bock, sculptor and supt. . 2,000.00 
 
 To River freight on bronze 5S-00 — 18.810.26 
 
no ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Cavalry Monument. 
 
 To Culver Construction Co 1,837.00 
 
 To American Bronze Foundry Co.. 259.04 
 
 To R. W. Bock, sculptor 500.00 — 2,596.04 
 
 Personal Expense of Commission. 
 
 To visits to the battlefield and 
 meetings of the board at Spring- 
 field and Chicago 2,113.71 
 
 Office Expense Account. 
 
 To premium for design, advertising, 
 stationery and printing, stamps 
 and draughting 982.39 
 
 Dedication Expense. 
 
 To charter of boats from St. Louis. 3,000.00 
 
 To teams at Shiloh and Corinth. . . 431.00 
 
 To railway transportation of guests 276.10 
 
 To printing, stationery, stamps, etc. ii9-73 
 To subsistence and entertainment 
 
 at Shiloh 388.70 
 
 To personal expense of commis- 
 sioners 695.97 — 4,91 1.50 
 
 Publication of Report. 
 
 For the publication of 750 copies, 
 
 appropriation 1,000.00 
 
 Total expenditure $51,032.69 
 
 Recapitulation. 
 
 Total receipts from state $51,776.19 
 
 Total expenditures $51,032.69 
 
 Unexpended balance 743-50 — 51,776.19 
 
Illinois in the Battle. 
 
 RECORD OF THE DIFFERENT ORGANIZA- 
 TIONS AT SHILOH. 
 
 The state of Illinois was well represented on the field 
 of Shiloh. Major General U. S. Grant, of the Army of the 
 Tennessee, was chief in command during the two days' 
 struggle with a daring and determined foe. Three division 
 commanders. General John A. McClernand. General 
 Stephen A. Hurlburt and General W. H. L. Wallace, were 
 from the Prairie State, while Colonel C. C. Marsh, Colonel 
 Julius Raith, General John McArthur and Colonel David 
 Stuart were brigade commanders. 
 
 In the list of officers who fought to defend the Union 
 on that spring day in 1862, upon the Tennessee river shore, 
 appear the names of Ingersoll, Webster and Raum, names 
 honored in Illinois, and well known throughout the nation 
 in the years following the War of the Rebellion. And, 
 while Illinois cannot claim as coming from her borders 
 into the war, the heroic Prentiss, that tough kernel of the 
 grim nut, it is true that he made his home in the state after 
 his soldiering days were over, living at Quincy, where for 
 some years he held the position of United States Pension 
 Agent, under the appointment of his old commander, then 
 President, Grant. 
 
 In every one of the five divisions of the army, engaged 
 at Shiloh on Sunday, and in every part of the field, the 
 men of Illinois were present. In Sherman's command at 
 the right, struggling to keep back the tide of war which 
 
112 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 rushed past Shiloh church along the Corinth road, and 
 at the extreme left, where Stuart, with his three isolated 
 regiments, strove to protect the approach along the river 
 to the Landing, Illinois was at the fore. With McCler- 
 nand, hurrying to the support of Sherman, standing in the 
 stern fight at Review field, pressed, harried and hunted, 
 but fighting in retreat as they withdrew around by the 
 right flank to the Landing, were the sons of Illinois. With 
 Prentiss in his early morning stand in his camps, and in 
 his magnificent defense at the Hornet's Nest, were the 
 sturdy Illinois volunteers. With W. H. L. Wallace in 
 the carnage of Duncan field and his last stand adjoining 
 Prentiss, with Hurlburt at Peach Orchard field, and Mc- 
 Arthur in his defense of the left, fought the men of Illinois. 
 And when, at five o'clock Sunday afternoon, came the 
 stress and struggle of the driven army in its last stand at 
 the Landing, Illinois, with its infantry and artillery, held 
 up the cause of the Union with steady hands and undimin- 
 ished courage. 
 
 On Monday, when joined by Lew W^allace's division, so 
 sorely missed the day before, the Army of the Tennessee, 
 with the fresh troops of the Army of the Ohio, took the 
 field again, the Illinois troops — broken in ranks, weary 
 with fighting all day, lying all night in the mud and rain, 
 and mourning the loss of brave comrades — were still such 
 soldiers as any state or nation might be proud to own. In 
 victory Monday they bore themselves as well as they had 
 borne relative defeat a few hours before. It was a stern 
 test of manly endurance and self-effacement, and there 
 were enough who stood the trial bravely to make a 
 record which is a credit to humanity. 
 
 Upon the field where conflict raged during two days, 
 where seven hundred and forty-one of the sons of Illinois 
 were killed outright, and many others, mortally wounded, 
 soon afterwards died gloriously for their country, were 
 
THE CAVALRY MONUMENT. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 113 
 
 made the graves of these heroes. And here rests the dust 
 of valorous men, in quiet and peace profound, disturbed by 
 no sound more warlike than the rustle of the trees in 
 wind, the song of wild birds, or the pensive talk of men 
 and women who reverently visit the spot where heroes 
 fought and died that their country might live. 
 
 Illinois had twenty-eight regiments of infantry at 
 Shiloh, besides ten batteries and six detachments of cav- 
 alry, making altogether, forty-four organizations. 
 
 These organizations were of varying strength in num- 
 bers, a regiment sometimes counting 250 men, sometimes 
 600 or more, but never, in any case, an effective force of 
 1,000 — the number usually thought of as making a regi- 
 ment. Many of these regiments, batteries and independ- 
 ent companies and battalions were under fire for the first 
 time at Shiloh. Some of them were undrilled, and some 
 were very indifferently armed. The sudden onslaught of 
 the enemy, driving in the pickets, overpowering the out- 
 lying forces and carrying their camps, coming on toward 
 the Landing with seemingly irresistible power, sweeping 
 all before him, was an exhibition of the terror of war 
 which was sufficient to try the nerves of a veteran. It is 
 not surprising that under the severe trial some of the raw 
 recruits became terrorized and unmanageable; the real 
 matter for wonder is that the green and untried regiments 
 stood so well the most terrible test of war — a sudden, well- 
 planned attack in force by an able enemy. 
 
 In detailing the movements of the Illinois regiments 
 and other organizations at Shiloh, accuracy has been 
 striven for, but it must be confessed in some instances, 
 with perhaps indifferent success. Some of the conflicting 
 reports of officers engaged in the battle cannot be recon- 
 ciled. The only course has been to follow the lines indi- 
 
114 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 cated by a number of witnesses upon the same subject, 
 and then, gathering the clearest meaning of them all, ta 
 write what seems to be the most reasonable account ac- 
 cording to all authorities recognized by the United States 
 Government and quoted in its records of the War of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 An instance of the difficulties in the path of the writer 
 will illustrate the limitations under which this work has 
 been done. 
 
 General McClernand, in his official report of the first 
 day's battle, says that General B. M. Prentiss surrendered 
 about nine o'clock Sunday morning. General Grant, in 
 transmitting the report, called attention to this error. In 
 fact, Prentiss conducted his heroic defense of the center 
 with tremendous energy from morning until about 4 130 in 
 the afternoon, when the capture of the "Hornet's Nest" 
 took place. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 
 
 115 
 
 Abstract of Field Returns — "Present' 
 "Casualties," April 6-7, 1882. 
 
 AND 
 
 Regiments and Batteries 
 
 Illinois Troops 
 
 For Dutv 
 
 OfFic'rs Men 
 
 7th Infantry 
 
 8th Infantry 
 
 9th Infantry 
 
 nth Infantry 
 
 1 2th Infantry 
 
 14th Infantry 
 
 15th Infantry 
 
 1 7th Infantry 
 
 1 8th Infantry 
 
 20th Infantry 
 
 28th Infantry 
 
 29th Infantry 
 
 32nd Infantry 
 
 34th Infantry 
 
 40th Infantry 
 
 41st Infantry - 
 
 43rd Infantry 
 
 4Sth Infantry 
 
 46th Infantry 
 
 48th Infantry 
 
 49th Infantry 
 
 50th Infantry 
 
 5 2nd Infantry 
 
 5Sth Infantry 
 
 S7th Infantry 
 
 S8th Infantry 
 
 6ist Infantry 
 
 66th Infantry 
 
 Willard's Battery "A." jst Ills 
 
 Taylor's Battery "B," ist Ills 
 
 McAllister's Battery "D," ist Ills. . 
 Waterhouse's Battery "E," ist Ills. 
 Sifversparre's Battery "H," ist Ills. 
 
 Bouton's Battery "I," ist Ills 
 
 Siege Guns, Battery "B," 2nd Ills. . 
 
 Dresser's Battery "D," 2nd Ills 
 
 Schwartz' Battery "E," 2nd Ills . . . 
 
 Powell's Battery "F." 2nd Ills 
 
 Carmichael's Company Calvary . . . . 
 
 Stewart's Company Cavalry 
 
 'Thielemann's 2 Companies Cavalry . 
 
 3 Battalion's 4th Ills. Cavalry 
 
 Companies "A" and "B", 2nd Ills... 
 3 Battalions nth Ills. Cavalry 
 
 29 
 28 
 24 
 14 
 23 
 30 
 22 
 19 
 23 
 20 
 27 
 28 
 25 
 29 
 20 
 23 
 36 
 27 
 29 
 23 
 26 
 29 
 
 2i 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 7 
 
 32 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 S17 
 465 
 593 
 318 
 444 
 692 
 617 
 577 
 367 
 506 
 615 
 359 
 627 
 697 
 577 
 530 
 586 
 535 
 681 
 404 
 522 
 SOI 
 618 
 628 
 578 
 523 
 416 
 436 
 106 
 108 
 
 60 
 100 
 
 80 
 108 
 108 
 103 
 
 75 
 108 
 
 64 
 
 54 
 143 
 506 
 122 
 856 
 
 Total 
 
 546 
 
 493 
 617 
 332 
 467 
 
 722 
 
 639 
 596 
 390 
 
 526 
 
 642 
 
 3S7 
 
 052 
 
 726 
 597 
 553 
 622 
 562 
 710 
 427 
 548 
 530 
 641 
 657 
 613 
 552 
 437 
 458 
 no 
 112 
 
 62 
 103 
 
 83 
 
 112 
 112 
 108 
 
 78 
 112 
 
 67 
 
 57 
 ISO 
 538 
 I 26 
 902 
 
 Casualties 
 
 Killed Wou'd Miss 
 
 17 
 30 
 61 
 17 
 22 
 
 3S 
 49 
 IS 
 17 
 
 SO 
 23 
 25 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 81 
 91 
 
 300 
 
 69 
 76 
 
 126 
 
 117 
 118 
 
 68 
 107 
 211 
 
 79 
 114 
 112 
 160 
 
 79 
 118 
 187 
 134 
 1 12 
 
 83 
 
 68 
 123 
 197 
 1 10 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 6 
 
 26 
 5 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 5 
 17 
 4 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 223 
 
 l8 
 
 Total 
 
 99 
 124 
 366 
 103 
 102 
 165 
 166 
 138 
 
 87 
 136 
 245 
 
 89 
 IS8 
 127 
 216 
 
 97 
 197 
 213 
 160 
 133 
 110 
 
 84 
 155 
 275 
 140 
 290 
 
 75 
 8 
 
 30 
 6 
 
 13 
 5 
 9 
 
ii6 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 SEVENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (W. H. L. Wallace's). Third Brigade, 
 Coloned T. W. Sweeny, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 7th Illinois infantry was encamped with the 3rd 
 brigade, W. H. L. Wallace's division, near the river be- 
 tween the Corinth road and Snake creek. The colonel of 
 the regiment, A. J. Babcock, being absent sick, the 7th 
 infantry formed iinder Major R. Rowett, at eight o'clock 
 on Sunday morning, April 6th, and marched with the 
 brigade on the Corinth road to a position on the Eastern 
 Corinth road. The 7tli and the 58th Illinois regiments 
 were immediately moved forward to Duncan field, form- 
 ing on the north side of the road at 9:30 a. m., the 7th 
 being between the 58th on its left and the 8th Illinois 
 infantry, of McClernand's division, on its right. 
 
 The regiment was at once in the thick of a fight which 
 raged with hardly a pause until between four and five in 
 the afternoon. The Confederate batteries opened fire 
 upon the line about 9:30 and the attack of the infantry 
 followed. A reconnaissance in regimental force was made 
 along the enemy's lines toward his right, with sharp skir- 
 mishing, and it was soon discovered that the enemy, in 
 very large force, was advancing with lines extending far 
 beyond the flanks of the reconnoitering force. It was 
 necessary to fall back at once to avoid being surrounded 
 by the advancing enemy. The Confederates followed 
 closely; a severe engagement ensued between their ad- 
 vance lines and the Union forces, and in spite of the deadly 
 fire poured into them they succeeded in turning the right 
 flank of the 7th and succeeded in cutting ofif the command 
 from its brigade, but the regiment extricated itself from its 
 perilous position. The Confederates pressed upon the 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 117 
 
 Union forces, throwing out line upon line, and the 7th, 
 now in McClernand's command, having lost brigade and 
 division commanders, retired slowly, fighting every inch 
 of the way. At night the men lay on their arms, or stood 
 on picket or guard duty, all in the drenching rain. 
 
 Colonel Sweeny, of the 52d Illinois infantry, having 
 been seriously wounded on Sunday, Colonel S. D. Bald- 
 win, of the 57th Illinois infantry, took command of the 
 brigade on Monday morning. The regiment was engaged 
 during the day, with severe losses, its commanding officer. 
 Major Rowett, being among the wounded. 
 
 EIGHTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General John A. McClernand's), First 
 Brigade, Colonel A. M. Hare, Brigade Commander. 
 
 On Sunday morning. April 6th, 1862, 23 officers and 
 453 enlisted men of the 8th Illinois infantry reported for 
 duty. Captain James M. Ashmore of "C" company, the 
 senior captain of the regiment, was in command. About 
 8 o'clock in the morning the regiment moved by the left 
 flank from its camp in Jones' field, and formed in the ist 
 brigade's line of battle. The left of the brigade touched 
 the edge of Duncan field, having for its neighbor on that 
 side the 7th Illinois infantry of the 3rd brigade, 2nd divi- 
 sion; its right extended to Review field. 
 
 The 8th Illinois infantry, the i8th Illinois infantry and 
 the 13th Iowa stood together in a line on a ridge between 
 the Review field and the Corinth road, the 8th Illinois 
 infantry being on the extreme left. In this position they 
 were sharply attacked by Shaver's brigade of Hardee's 
 corps. Captain Ashmore was wounded ; Captain William 
 H. Harvey of company "K" took command, but was al- 
 
ii8 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 most immediately killed by a shot through the body. 
 The regiment wavered, but Captain Robert H. Sturgess, 
 the next officer in rank, rallied the men in the face of a 
 sharp fire. A new line was formed to receive the enemy, 
 who now advanced through the open field from the left, 
 but he was driven back by the 8th, aided by the 7th Illinois 
 infantry. 
 
 Falling back, still in position on the left of the division, 
 the regiment continued severe fighting with serious losses. 
 While going to the support of a battery which was planted 
 in the open woods, the enemy made a desperate charge. 
 The regiment rushed to the rescue of the battery and 
 drove the Confederates back, but the Confederates rallied 
 and came on in force, and the 8th, not closely supported 
 by the other Union forces, was driven back and scattered. 
 Captain Sturgess succeeded in rallying a portion of his 
 command on the retreat, and took up a position with the 
 40th Illinois, remaining with it on the field during the 
 night. 
 
 On Monday the ist brigade was attached to Tuttle's 
 command, which served as reserve to General Critten- 
 don's Division, Army of the Ohio, At three o'clock in 
 the afternoon the brigade was ordered to the front and 
 charged the enemy southwest of Review field, where he 
 had made a stand during his veiled retreat. The 8th and 
 the i8th Illinois infantry regiments were ordered to take 
 a Confederate battery and charged upon it on a double- 
 quick. The enemy, after firing a few shots, abandoned his 
 guns, and the 8th took one of the guns, the i8th the other. 
 The captured guns were turned upon the enemy with de- 
 structive effect. At night the regiment returned to its 
 camp with its own brigade under the command of Colonel 
 M. M. Crocker, of the 13th Iowa infantry, Colonel A. M. 
 Hare having been wounded. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 119 
 
 NINTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (W. H. L. Wallace's), Second Brigade, 
 General John McArthur, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 9th regiment of Illinois infantry was encamped 
 with its brigade on the Hamburg and Savannah road, at 
 the junction of Pittsburg and Savannah road, and on 
 Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, 600 men, including offi- 
 cers, reported for duty. 
 
 The first order of the eventful day disunited the brigade, 
 sending its regiments to widely scattered points in the 
 field, nor were the commands to be reunited until after 
 the battle was over. General McArthur, with the 9th 
 and I2th Illinois infantry regiments and battery A, ist 
 Illinois Lt. Art., hurried south along the Hamburg road 
 to the support of Stuart, who was facing the enemy in 
 force on the left of the center. 
 
 The 9th was posted next to the Hamburg road, where 
 it runs just east of the Peach Orchard, and the regiment 
 had the 12th Illinois infantry on its left, battery A, ist 
 Illinois, was to the right and rear of the 9th. 
 
 While taking its position in a ravine, the regiment re- 
 ceived a severe fire of musketry and shell, a number of 
 men being killed and wounded. Returning the fire with 
 effect enough to keep back the enemy, the command kept 
 up, though with severe loss, until 2 p. m., when, under 
 the combined attack of the Confederates under Jackson 
 and Bowen's reserve, McArthur was forced to fall back. 
 
 The 9th had lost more than fifty per cent of its men, 
 was short of ammunition and greatly exhausted. It was 
 sent to the rear for ammunition and general repairs. At 
 three o'clock the regiment was again ordered forward to 
 support the right wing of Sherman's division. For an 
 
I20 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 hour it assisted in the stubborn fight to hold the enemy 
 back, but by overwhelming force, the Confederates ad- 
 vanced and the w^eary soldiers took up quarters for the 
 night in line of battle near the camp of the 14th Iowa in- 
 fantry on the main road leading to Pittsburg Landing. 
 
 On Monday the regiment was held in reserve under 
 General Tuttle's command (ist brigade). 
 
 ELEVENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), Second Brigade, 
 Colonel C. C. Marsh, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The nth regiment Illinois infantry formed in camp on 
 the right of the 2nd brigade at seven o'clock Sunday morn- 
 ing, April 6th, 1862. Lieutenant Colonel T. E. G. 
 Ransom was in command, fourteen officers and two hun- 
 dred and twenty-five enlisted men were present, one com- 
 pany being absent on picket duty. 
 
 Taking its place in line of battle on the brigade parade 
 ground at eight o'clock, the regiment moved with the 
 brigade to the front and then to the left, forming along 
 the Corinth road with Burrow's battery on its right, and 
 at the center of the brigade, whose left touched the north- 
 west corner of Review field. 
 
 In this position the line was fiercely attacked by Wood's 
 brigade of Hardee's corps, and Stewart's brigade of Polk's 
 corps. The nth suffered severely in the first fifteen min- 
 utes of the fight here, having six officers and many enlisted 
 men killed or wounded. Returning the enemy's fire, the 
 command stood until the brigade fell back to Jones' field, 
 where, rallying, the brigade recaptured its camp about 
 noon. In this engagement the nth, assisted by the 20th 
 Illinois infantry and the nth Iowa infantry, captured 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 121 
 
 Cobb's Confederate battery. The nth at this time was 
 joined by Adjutant PhiUips with 40 men from the 70th 
 Ohio infantry, who took the left of the regiment and 
 fought gallantly with it during the remainder of the day. 
 The enemy made a new assault on the camp, and the 
 regiment was slowly forced back, with the line of the 
 brigade. In this stubbornly contested retreat the nth 
 was separated from its brigade, and lost heavily. Colonel 
 Ransom, though wounded early in the day, kept the field 
 until his horse was killed, when, unable to walk, he was 
 forced to retire. Major Garrett Nevins, also suffering 
 from a wound, took command of the remnant of the regi- 
 ment, which he formed on the extreme left, where the 
 fighting was very sharp. Major Nevins, unable to sustain 
 the suffering from his wound, under the circumstances, 
 gave the command to Captain L. D. Waddell, who, with 
 the little force now reduced to 80 fighting men, went into 
 the thickest of the closing engagement on the left on that 
 day of hard fighting. 
 
 On Monday, Major Nevins, somewhat restored, re- 
 sumed command of the fragment of the regiment, but by 
 order of General Grant, the command was held in reserve 
 and had no part in the victory of the second day's battle, 
 a victory made possible by the endurance and pluck 
 shown, and by the terrible sacrifices made, on the first day. 
 
 TWELFTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (Major General W. H. L. Wallace, Com- 
 manding), Second Brigade, Brigadier General John 
 McArthur, Commanding. 
 
 The Second brigade consisted of five regiments of in- 
 fantry, three of which were detached and sent to different 
 and distant parts of the field, leaving only the 9th and 
 
122 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 I2th Illinois to go into battle with its brigade commander. 
 The I2th Illinois was camped about six hundred yards 
 north and east of the junction of the Hamburg and Savan- 
 nah with the Pittsburg and Savannah road. 
 
 About eight o'clock Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, 
 this regiment, in command of Lieutenant Colonel A. L. 
 Chetlain, was ordered with the 9th Illinois and Willard's 
 battery, south on the Hamburg and Savannah road, the 
 intention being to get in touch with Stuart's brigade, 
 which was holding the extreme left of the field. 
 
 At this time the uniform of the regiment consisted of a 
 grey jacket and trousers. Before reaching the crossing 
 of the main Corinth road, the regiment was halted and the 
 new blue uniform taken from wagons in waiting and 
 donned by the regiment, the boys shedding their suits of 
 grey and piling them in a long row beside the road. 
 
 The regiment then resumed the march, but was stopped 
 near the south end of the Peach Orchard, where, turning 
 to the left in the direction of the river, they deployed into 
 line of battle about 600 yards east of the Hamburg road, 
 and on the south slope of a hill that terminated in a ravine 
 running nearly east and west. The 9th Illinois on the 
 same ravine joined the 12th on the right and extended the 
 line nearly to the Hamburg road. 
 
 Soon after the enemy opened fire with a battery posted 
 nearly in front of the regiment, and from the hill in front 
 came almost immediately a sharp musketry fire that soon 
 became a severe punishment. The ground occupied was 
 too low for an effective return of the enemy's fire, and the 
 regiment fell back to a position on the crest of the ridge, 
 doing so in perfect order. Here the regiment, in its better 
 position, did good execution and held its ground during a 
 sharp fight of more than forty minutes, losing heavily, 
 however; Colonel Chetlain here lost his horse Tvnd, unable 
 to get another, now commanded on foot. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 123 
 
 The regiment again fell back and formed a part of Hurl- 
 but's line, that extended about east from the bloody pond; 
 here stubborn resistance was offered for some time, but 
 gradually, as the left of the line was pushed back, the 
 ground became untenable and the regiment again in per- 
 fect order retired along the Hamburg road to its camp, 
 where guns were cleaned, cartridge boxes refilled, and the 
 boys made coffee and got a bite to eat; it was at this time, 
 about five o'clock p. m., that a shell from one of the 
 enemy's batteries exploded in one of the company streets, 
 killing two and wounding three men. The regiment re- 
 n^ained in camp Sunday night. On the morning of Mon- 
 day, Lieutenant Colonel Chetlain, sick and disabled, was 
 unable to take command, and the command fell to Captain 
 James R. Hugunin of Company K. One hundred men 
 had fallen killed or wounded and missing. The brigade 
 commander. General John McArthur, who had just been 
 promoted from the colonelcy of the 12th, wounded, the 
 lieutenant colonel disabled by the fall of his horse, two 
 captains killed, five lieutenants wounded and one lieuten- 
 ant missing (captured). Nevertheless, the regiment re- 
 tained its organization and formed on its color line, and 
 under Captain Hugunin, waited orders to go to the front. 
 At last, weary of waiting. Captain Hugunin ordered the 
 command forward, and filing through the woods in the 
 direction where heavy firing was heard, the little com- 
 mand, at nine o'clock, joined General McClernand's divi- 
 sion. The opposing lines soon came to close quarters 
 and after a short, stubborn contest, the enemy gave way. 
 Then the regiment moved with the division to the support 
 of General Buell's army, which was immediately on the 
 front, and the 12th was held in reserve, supporting the 
 front line as it pushed the enemy back from place to place, 
 ready at all times when support vvas needed. 
 
 At no time during the two days' battle did this regi- 
 
124 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 ment suffer disintegration, nor did any part of its organi- 
 zation separate or become scattered; all of its movements 
 were as a whole and under the command of its officers. 
 
 FOURTEENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fourth Division (General S. A. Hurlbut's), Second Bri- 
 gade, Colonel James C. Veatch, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 14th Illinois infantry moved out from its camp near 
 the Hamburg and Savannah road along the Corinth road, 
 Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862. It was, with its brigade, 
 sent to reinforce General McClernand. Colonel Cyrus 
 Hall was in command of the regiment. He formed his 
 line on the right of Burrow's battery, his regiment being 
 flanked by the 25th Indiana infantry on the left, and the 
 46th Illinois infantry on the right. 
 
 The regiment met the enemy in a hot fight at about 
 half past ten. It held its ground for thirty minutes, when 
 the whole brigade line gave way, and it became apparent 
 that the enemy was coming in overwhelming force. The 
 regiment fell back, forming in a new line of battle when it 
 met the shock of artillery and infantry with firmness, and 
 the enemy seemed to be retreating. The command, be- 
 ginning to advance after the enemy, was assailed upon 
 its left flank by heavy forces. A murderous fire was 
 poured from a cover of heavy underbrush, killing and 
 wounding a large number of men and officers. Seeing that 
 the exposed left was to be inevitably outflanked. Colonel 
 Hall order the regiment to fall back. It fell into consid- 
 erable confusion, but rallied in part in a ravine at the rear, 
 where, with the 25th Indiana of its brigade, it regained 
 order, and moved into position awaiting new orders. They 
 fought during the rest of the day with Hare's brigade, 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 125 
 
 under General McClernand, and spent the night in arms 
 in Hurlbut's last position on Sunday. 
 
 On Monday morning the regiment was held in reserve, 
 forming the left of the Army of the Tennessee, until eleven 
 o'clock a. m., when it was ordered to the front with its 
 brigade to relieve a hard-pressed point in General D. C. 
 Buell's line. Again the 14th was in the heat of battle, and 
 it held its own until the victorious end. Colonel Veatch, 
 commanding the brigade, said in his official report, "Colo- 
 nel Hall, of the 14th Illinois, led his regiment in that gal- 
 lant charge on Monday evening which drove the enemy 
 beyond our lines and closed the struggle of that memor- 
 able day." 
 
 FIFTEENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fourth Division (General S. A. Hurlbut's), Second Bri- 
 gade, Colonel J. C. Veatch, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 15th Illinois infantry numbered about 500 men, but 
 a heavy detail had been made for fatigue duty early Sun- 
 day morning, and so, when the battle opened xA.pril 6th, 
 the regiment was considerably reduced. Lieutenant Colo- 
 nel E. F. W. Ellis was in command, and the regiment 
 marched along the Corinth road, from its encampment 
 near the Hamburg and Savannah road, and formed in line 
 behind Marsh's brigade on General McClernand's division, 
 and in the rear of a battery. 
 
 At half past ten a. m., the enemy descended upon the 
 line in force; the battery and a regiment in front gave 
 way, and although the line was broken several times by 
 horses and mules running away, the regiment closed up 
 and offered a sharp fight in which both Colonel Ellis and 
 Major William R. Goddard were killed, and every captain, 
 but two, was shot. The regiment, now without field offi- 
 
126 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 cers, stood well, but was forced to retire, leaving many 
 killed and wounded on the field. Unable to join its bri- 
 gade in the general confusion, the regiment rallied, under 
 Captain L. D. Kelley, and fell in with the broken frag- 
 ments of other regiments in an attempt to stem the ad- 
 vancing tide of Confederates. During the rest of the 
 day the regiment fought, practically independently, spend- 
 ing the night near the Landing in the rear of the siege 
 guns. 
 
 On Monday morning, its scattered members having 
 come in, the regiment reported to Colonel Veatch, its 
 brigade commander, the command then numbering two 
 hundred and twelve. 
 
 Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William 
 Cam, of the 14th Illinois infantry, the 15th went out on 
 the main Corinth road, halting near Review field; about 
 two o'clock crossed the Review field at double quick and 
 had a sharp skirmish with the enemy's rear, and later, at 
 other points in the front. They saw the enemy in full re- 
 treat at four p. m. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Third Brigade (Col. Julius Raith, 43rd 111., Commanding), 
 First Division, General John A. McClernand, 
 
 Commanding. 
 
 The brigade was composed entirely of Illinois troops, 
 as follows: the 17th, 29th, 43rd and 49th. 
 
 The 17th, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Enos P. Wood, formed on the color line about 7:30 and 
 awaited orders. Before eight it was ordered to support 
 General Sherman near Shiloh church, and moved imme- 
 diately, taking position to the left, with two of Taylor's 
 gnins between it and the church. The regiment remained 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 127 
 
 there until the enemy had driven the Union troops back 
 on the left, when at the suggestion of General Sherman, it 
 fell back to, and reformed near the small grove of water 
 oaks northwest of Sherman's headquarters tents, remain- 
 ing but a short time, as the left flank was entirely unsup- 
 ported. It then returned to what is now known as "Mc- 
 Clernand's Third Line," and north and west of the present 
 Illinois Monument on Shiloh field. The fighting had been 
 quite severe, and the regiment had lost a number of men. 
 
 The regiment remained in this position until the left 
 was again driven back, when it retired by the way of, and 
 to the north of the camp of the 2nd brigade, where it 
 joined the 2nd brigade under Colonel C. C. Marsh. 
 
 At this time Colonel Raith having been mortally 
 wounded, the command of the 3rd brigade devolved on 
 Lieutenant Colonel Enos P. Wood, leaving Major Francis 
 M. Smith in command of the 17th. About four o'clock the 
 command arrived near General McArthur's headquarters 
 on the Hamburg and Savannah road, and soon assisted in 
 repulsing a heavy and vigorous charge of the enemy. 
 
 This was the nearest approach to the Landing that the 
 regiment reached (just a mile). The command here re- 
 mained all night in a drenching rain. 
 
 On the 7th the command moved forward to, and across 
 the open field in front of General R. J. Oglesby's camp, 
 where it, with the assistance of some new troops, at- 
 tempted to capture a rebel battery near the camp of the 
 2nd brigade, but owing to the early falling back of these 
 new men, the attempt was a failure. 
 
 Returning to the east side of the camp of the ist bri- 
 gade, the regiment remained until about 11:30; the com- 
 mand of "Change front, forward on, loth company," was 
 given, and the regiment immediately moved forward, 
 meeting the enemy and driving him from his last position 
 in this part of the field. The fighting was very severe. 
 
128 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 After advancing near half a mile, the command was re- 
 lieved by General D. C. Buell's troops, and the regiment 
 returned to camp, which was reached about 4:30 o'clock. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General John A. McClernand's), First Bri- 
 gade, Colonel A. M. Hare, Brigade Commander. 
 
 On Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, the i8th Illinois 
 infantry was early aroused in its camp in Jones' field. 
 About nine o'clock it moved by the left flank, commanded 
 by Major Samuel Eaton. It formed in line of battle with 
 its brigade on the ridge between Review field and the 
 Corinth road, with the 8th Illinois infantry on its left, and 
 the 13th Iowa infantry on its right, the i8th being on the 
 left of the center of the brigade. 
 
 While on the march to this position, the regiment was 
 fired upon by the enemy, and several men were wounded 
 before the line of battle was formed. A volley fired from 
 the left flank scattered the Confederate advance, but as 
 soon as the line was formed, it was attacked by the enemy 
 in force, when Shaver's brigade of Hardee's corps came 
 down upon it. The i8th held its position firmly, under a 
 galling fire, losing its commander, Major Eaton, who was 
 seriously wounded. Captain Daniel H. Brush took com- 
 mand, and he was soon after severely wounded. Captain 
 Jabez A. Anderson, next in seniority, then became the 
 regimental commander. The brigade then slowly retired, 
 as it was exposed to a heavy fire from a Confederate bat- 
 tery planted near General McClernand's headquarters. 
 The regiment, driven across the Corinth road, made a new 
 stand northwest of Duncan's field, with Battery A, ist 
 Illinois light artillery. The Confederates advanced in 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 129 
 
 large force. They were gallantly charged by the remnants 
 of the brigade, the i8th participating in the movement, 
 and there was a sharp fight, but overpowering numbers 
 compelled retreat. Falling back under the siege batteries 
 near the landing, what held together of the regiment, offi- 
 cers and men, spent the night. 
 
 On Monday the regiment served in General Tuttle's 
 command, as a reserve to General Crittenden's division. 
 In the afternoon, about three o'clock, it was ordered to the 
 front, and, with the 8th Illinois infantry, charged the 
 enemy southwest of Review field, capturing one gun, 
 while the 8th captured another. Captain Reed loaded and 
 brought the captured 6-pounder field piece to bear upon 
 the retreating cavalry. 
 
 TWENTIETH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General John A. McClernand's), Second 
 Brigade, Colonel C. Carroll Marsh, Bri- 
 gade Commander. 
 
 The 20th Illinois infantry was encamped, with its bri- 
 gade, between Jones and Wolf fields. It formed in line 
 of battle on its parade ground Sunday morning, April 6th, 
 1862, Colonel Marsh being in command of the brigade. 
 Lieutenant Colonel Richards was at the head of the regi- 
 ment. 
 
 At eight o'clock, ordered to the support of General 
 Sherman's left, the regiment moved out with the brigade, 
 and formed along the Corinth road northwest of Review 
 field. No sooner had the line been formed than the enemy 
 appeared in great force. Wood's brigade of Hardee's 
 corps and Stewart's brigade of Polk's corps threw them- 
 selves upon the Union line, and before the supporting bat- 
 
I30 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 tery (Burrows) had fairly taken up its position in the 
 center, the enemy opened upon the Union forces a most 
 deadly fire, "unequaled," said Colonel Marsh, in his re- 
 port, "by any we were under during the subsequent en- 
 gagements of that day or Monday." Major Bartleson was 
 wounded, and many others fell, killed or wounded. The 
 line wavered and fell back. Colonel Marsh rallied a rem- 
 nant of the regiment, and formed a command made up of 
 what was left of the 17th, together with the other frag- 
 ments of regiments of his brigade. At this time portions 
 of the 17th Illinois infantry and of the 49th Illinois in- 
 fantry united with Colonel Marsh's command. The next 
 advance was made in support of Taylor's battery, which 
 was in front of the line of the ist brigade camp. In the 
 face of a severe fire the enemy was slowly driven back, 
 and Cobb's Confederate battery was captured, but in turn 
 the Union line was again forced into a stubbornly con- 
 tested retreat. Lieutenant Colonel Richards was severely 
 wounded, and as Major F. A. Bartleson was already dis- 
 abled, Captain Frisbie, the senior captain, took command 
 of the regiment. 
 
 At this time the command was greatly reduced, the bri- 
 gade itself looking like a handful of men. Forming in line 
 with the 1st and 3rd brigades of the division, another at- 
 tack was received from the enemy. Adjutant J. E. Thomp- 
 son, who was acting as aide to the brigade commander, 
 was killed during this fight, which became very severe 
 with heavy cannonading. Night fell, and the weary men 
 rested where they were, in the pouring rain. 
 
 Monday morning the regiment took part in the general 
 advance upon the enemy, with occasional severe fighting 
 as the baffled foe entered upon his retreat. At four o'clock 
 p. m. the regiment received orders to occupy its camp. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 131 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fourth Division (General S. A. Hurlbut's), First Brigade, 
 Colonel N. G. Williams, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 28th regiment Illinois infantry was encamped, April 
 6th, with its brigade one mile and a quarter from the Ten- 
 nessee river, on the Corinth road. Early on Sunday morn- 
 ing, with an effective force of 558, rank and file, the regi- 
 ment was ordered to form the left center of the brigade. 
 The brigade marched to that center of hot fighting, the 
 Peach Orchard, and formed its line of battle along the 
 south side of that closely contested field. Here the skir- 
 mishers from Chalmers' brigade, seconded by artillery 
 fire, attacked the line. Colonel Williams, brigade com- 
 mander, being wounded and disabled by almost the first 
 cannon shot. 
 
 A change of position to the center of the field, with bat- 
 teries on the right and left, was followed by an attack by 
 Stratham's and Steven's brigades, and the fighting was 
 severe, though the regiment held its ground for several 
 hours. Major Gillam and Adjutant Mead were here 
 wounded, and the loss among the line officers and enlisted 
 men was heavy. 
 
 Slowly the Union line was forced back, the 28th retiring 
 in good order, and again and again, under a murderous 
 fire, the regiment made its stand, fired and fell back, and 
 night found the command near the siege guns by the 
 Landing, where it passed the night. 
 
 On Monday morning the 28th formed the left of Gen- 
 eral McClernand's advance column. Here the regiment 
 charged the enemy, driving him back to his advancing re- 
 inforcements. In this charge the regiment lost 32 killed 
 and wounded. 
 
132 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 The part of the regiment not engaged in caring for the 
 wounded followed the victorious columns of McClernand 
 during the day. 
 
 TWENTY-NINTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General John A. McClernand), Third Bri- 
 gade, Colonel Julius Raith, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 29th Illinois regiment of infantry encamped on the 
 Hamburg and Purdy road with its brigade. It fell into 
 line for action at about 6:15 Sunday morning, April 6th, 
 1862, and upon receiving orders marched with the 3rd bri- 
 gade to the support of Sherman, who was holding back 
 the enemy near Shiloh church. 
 
 Heavy fighting soon began, Wood, Stewart, Russell 
 and Johnson, of the enemy's forces, attacking the line with 
 effect; their fire was returned, but after the exchange of 
 several rounds the command was driven slowly back to 
 the crossroads, w^here the brigade joined Marsh's brigade. 
 The regiment, badly cut up, held its own in the general 
 retreat of its division toward the Landing, having a sharp 
 engagement resisting Pond's troops in Cavalry field be- 
 tween four and five in the afternoon. It rested near the 
 siege guns Sunday night, and was held in reserve on Mon- 
 day. 
 
 THIRTY-SECOND ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fourth Division (General A. S. Hurlbut's), First Brigade, 
 Colonel N. G. Williams, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 32nd Illinois regiment of infantry, from its camp 
 on the Corinth road, moved out with its brigade Sunday 
 morning, April 6th, 1862, to the support of Prentiss. Find- 
 
ILLINOIS IX THE BATTLE 133 
 
 ing that Prentiss was being pressed back by overwhelming 
 force, Division Commander Hurlbut put his division in 
 line of battle on the south side of Peach Orchard field, the 
 ist brigade on the south side, the 3rd on the west, and the 
 batteries in the field. The 32nd regiment was flanked on 
 the left by the 28th Illinois regiment, and on the right by 
 the 3rd low^a. One half the command was in the field 
 and the other half in the woods skirting the Peach 
 Orchard. Marching forward the line was attacked by 
 Chalmers' brigade, and by artillery; the enemy's fire was 
 returned, but the regiment fell back with the brigade to 
 the center of the field, and, later, it was driven to the north 
 side of the field. Here the regiment was transferred to 
 the left of the brigade, east of the Hamburg road, and here 
 Lieutenant Colonel Ross was killed. With heavy losses 
 the regiment was forced back and at night it rested near 
 the siege guns. On Monday the regiment served with its 
 brigade under McClernand, being engaged until noon. 
 
 THIRTY-FOURTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Army of the Ohio, Major General D. C. Buell, Second 
 
 Division, Brig. General A. D. McCook, Fifth 
 
 Brigade, Colonel Edward N. Kirk. 
 
 The 34th Illinois regiment on the morning of April 6th, 
 1862, was on the march between Waynesboro and Savan- 
 nah, and 23 miles east of the latter place. It reached 
 Savannah, by forced march, at 10:30 p. m., and lay in the 
 street, under a heavy rain, until after midnight. A boat 
 having been obtained, it embarked, accompanied by the 
 division and brigade commanders, and reached Pittsburg 
 Landing at five o'clock on the morning of the second day 
 of the battle. 
 
134 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 The regiment moved immediately to the front, halting 
 near the junction of the Corinth and Hamburg (or river) 
 roads to aw^ait the arrival of the remaining regiments of 
 its brigade, which embarked on later boats. 
 
 Soon after 7 a. m. the brigade formed line of battle on 
 the right of the Corinth road, near Hurlbut's headquar- 
 ters, the 34th being on the left of the 29th and 30th In- 
 diana regiments, the 77th Pennsylvania in reserve. Dur- 
 ing the forenoon the brigade supported General Rousseau, 
 and by twelve o'clock had reached Woolf field. It here 
 relieved Rousseau's brigade, whose ammunition had been 
 expended in heavy fighting between Tilghman creek and 
 McClernand's headquarters. 
 
 Kirk's brigade then charged across the Woolf field and 
 into the thicket on its west side, the 34th passing directly 
 through the Water Oaks pond. Its sharpest engagement 
 and heaviest loss was immediately after it passed the 
 pond. Major Chas. N. Levanway, its commander, was 
 here killed, and the regiment for a moment wavered, but 
 was steadied by Colonel Kirk, in command of the brigade. 
 It immediately resumed the advance, and had steady fight- 
 ing until the enemy had been driven through Sherman's 
 headquarters, and had retreated from the field. Colonel 
 Kirk was severely wounded near the close of the battle. 
 Captain Hiram W. Bristol assumed command after the 
 death of Major Levanway. 
 
 A very considerable detail was left with the train on 
 the morning of the 6th. A force of 508, officers and men, 
 of the regiment participated in the battle. 
 
 FORTIETH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fifth Division (General W. T. Sherman), First Brigade, 
 General J. A. McDowell, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 40th Illinois infantry was encamped with its bri- 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 135 
 
 gade on the high ground near Owl creek, south of the 
 Hamburg and Purdy road. At the first alarm early Sun- 
 day morning, April 6th, 1862, the regiment formed on its 
 color line, and at eight o'clock the advance was made to 
 the hill overlooking Shiloh branch, the 40th, which formed 
 McDowell's left, joining the right of Buckland's brigade. 
 
 There was a brush with Pond's advancing troops, and 
 General Sherman, anxious to hold Shiloh church, renewed 
 orders to Buckland and McDowell to hold their ground, 
 although the left had been turned by the enemy, the 
 ground was held until ten o'clock, when the whole left had 
 fallen back, and the artillery of the enemy began to play 
 upon the two brigades from their left. They were ordered 
 back to the Hamburg and Purdy road. Passing through 
 and abandoning its camp, the regiment found the Confed- 
 erates occupying the road between McDowell's and Buck- 
 land's brigades. 
 
 McDowell moved his brigade directly north, forming 
 in line on the west side of Crescent field, facing east, and 
 here he engaged the enemy and drove him back. A furious 
 fight was raging all along the line to the left, and the effort 
 was to hold this part of the field, but slowly the line was 
 forced back into Sowell's field. From here an advance 
 was made as far as Marsh's brigade camp. At noon 
 Trabue made his attack, and a fierce contest followed. 
 The engagement lasted until 1 130 p. m., the brigade com- 
 mander was disabled, and the 40th lost heavily. At 2:30 
 the regiment retired to the guns near the Landing, and 
 later formed behind Hurlbut's line. On Monday the regi- 
 ment was attached to Garfield's brigade of the army of the 
 Ohio, but was not engaged. General Sherman, in his offi- 
 cial report, commended the 40th Illinois for "holding its 
 ground under a heavy fire, although its cartridge boxes 
 were empty" at the time. "When I appealed to the regi- 
 ment to stand fast, although out of cartridges," he adds, 
 
136 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 *'l did so because to retire a regiment for any cause has a 
 bad effect on others." 
 
 FORTY-FIRST ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fourth Division (General S. A. Hurlbut's), First Brigade, 
 Colonel N. G. Williams, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 41st Illinois infantry regiment encamped on the 
 Corinth road and formed at half past seven o'clock Sunday 
 morning, April 6th, 1862, under its colonel, Isaac C. Pugh. 
 About eight o'clock the regiment moved out with the 
 brigade on the Hamburg road to the Peach Orchard, 
 where a line of battle was formed along the south side of 
 the field, the 41st on the left of the line. 
 
 About nine o'clock the first fire of the enemy was re- 
 ceived and returned by the regiment in a splendid manner. 
 The attack was made by Chalmers' skirmishers and artil- 
 lery fire. Colonel Williams, brigade commander, was dis- 
 abled, and Colonel Isaac Pugh took his place at the head 
 of the brigade, the regiment being put under command of 
 Lieutenant Colonel A. Tupper. Having fallen back, the 
 regiment formed almost at right angles with its former 
 line, and stood, for almost two hours, with a most de- 
 structive fire from the enemy in force, while the attack 
 was repulsed with the steadiness and coolness of veterans. 
 At about half past eleven o'clock, when the fight had raged 
 without ceasing for an hour and a half, the enemy showed 
 himself on the left flank, and poured deadly volleys along 
 the line. The regiment did not flinch, but, standing its 
 ground, continued firing at the enemy until the last car- 
 tridge was exhausted. Lieutenant Colonel Tupper fell, 
 shot through the temples, and the command devolved 
 upon Major John Warner. General Hurlbut, unable to 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 137 
 
 supply ammunition, ordered the withdrawal of the regi- 
 ment to the siege guns, and it passed from the field in 
 showers of musketry, shot and shell, in good order and 
 carrying its wounded. 
 
 Later in the day, after repairing guns and filling cart- 
 ridge boxes, the regiment was ordered to the right to sup- 
 port Taylor's battery, continuing in line, and under fire 
 until after dark. Major Warner, being now exhausted, 
 retired, leaving Captain Nale, the ranking captain, in 
 command. He spent the night in bivouac with the regi- 
 ment. 
 
 On Monday morning, again under command of Major 
 Warner, the regiment was in action until four o'clock 
 p. m., when the enemy was disappearing from the field. 
 
 FORTY-THIRD ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General John A. McClernand's), Third 
 Brigade, Colonel Julius Raith, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 43d Illinois infantry, one of the five Illinois or- 
 ganizations of which the 3d brigade of the ist division 
 of the Army of the Tennessee was made up. was in its 
 camp at Pittsburg Landing. The 43d was stationed on the 
 Hamburg and Purdy road, its camp being between the 
 49th and 29th Illinois infantry regiments. 
 
 Early Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, Colonel Raith, 
 hearing the distant report of fire-arms in the direction 
 of the Corinth road, ordered his command to get ready 
 for action and sent a report of the facts to General Mc- 
 Clernand. Colonel Reardon, the senior colonel of the 3d 
 brigade, being ill. Colonel Raith was appointed brigade 
 commander, while Lieutenant Colonel A. Englemann as- 
 sumed command of the regiment. Colonel Raith thus 
 found himself, without any aides, or even any mounted 
 orderlies to assist him, in command of a brigade of which 
 
138 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 one regiment (his own) had been prepared for an engage- 
 ment, and with the enemy already within a few hundred 
 yards of the Union lines, but still concealed by the forest. 
 Our own troops were being steadily driven toward our 
 lines. 
 
 The neighboring regiment on the left, the 49th Illinois 
 infantry, was notified of the situation, and the 43d was 
 ordered forward about one hundred yards to a position on 
 the left of Waterhouse's battery. Here large numbers of 
 our own troops from the front retired through the regi- 
 mental lines; the enemy appeared in force, passing by the 
 right and left flanks of the regiment and crowding upon it 
 in front. 
 
 The brigade having now formed, and having been 
 united, met a heavy fire and was forced back. Colonel 
 Raith was mortally wounded. 
 
 The 43d regiment was surrounded when the line fell 
 back and had to hew its way out with great loss. The 
 regiment, fearfully broken, and then almost out of am- 
 munition, rallied in McClernand's third line and again 
 advanced upon the enemy, engaging in a fierce fight, and 
 so advancing and retreating until night, the men fell to 
 the ground and slept where they lay in the rain and mud, 
 along the Hamburg and Savannah road. 
 
 On Monday morning the regiment was ordered forward, 
 and during the day it engaged in the fight, driving back 
 the enemy, and in the afternoon returned exhausted to its 
 old camp. 
 
 FORTY-FIFTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General John A. McClernand's), Second 
 Brigade, Colonel C. C. Marsh, Brigade Commander. 
 
 Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, the 45th Illinois in- 
 fantry regiment formed, with its brigade, in line of battle 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 139 
 
 in its camp, the 45th holding the left, resting on Woolf 
 field. Colonel J. E. Smith was in command. The brigade 
 moved out along the Corinth road at eight a. m. and 
 formed with its left at the northwest corner of Review 
 field, its right near the crossroads, with Burrows' battery 
 at the center. 
 
 The enemy soon attacked the line in force, column after 
 column moving forward with great steadiness in support 
 of the attacking party. The fire grew terrific, and the 
 regiment lost many men within the first five minutes of the 
 engagement. The line fell back in confusion, but rallied 
 later, and the regiment shared in the fortunes of the day, 
 being driven back slowly, and then advancing, recaptur- 
 ing its camp about noon. Attacked here, the command 
 again fell back, retiring to Jones' field, where it was en- 
 gaged in a hot fight at 2 130 in the afternoon, when it fell 
 back to the Savannah and Hamburg road, where it 
 bivouacked during the night. On Monday the regiment 
 participated in the battle, recapturing its camp at about 
 three o'clock p. m. 
 
 FORTY-SIXTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fourth Division (General S. A. Hurlbut's), Second Bri- 
 gade, Colonel James C. Veatch, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 46th Illinois infantry regiment was encamped with 
 its brigade on the Hamburg and Savannah road, north of 
 the Corinth road. At half past seven o'clock Sunday morn- 
 ing, April 6th, 1862, firing was first heard by Colonel John 
 A. Davis, who was in command of his regiment. He or- 
 dered his men into line, and at once received orders to 
 advance along the Corinth road toward the field of action. 
 
 The command formed in line of battle behind Marsh's 
 
I40 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 brigade, which was already engaged with the enemy. 
 Lying down, by orders, the regiment saw the line in front 
 of it give way, fall back, and then pass through it to the 
 rear. As soon as the retreating men had passed, Colonel 
 Veatch's men rose, dressed their line, and poured their fire 
 in the advancing enemy. A sharp engagement ensued, 
 the enemy firing from the right flank as well as along the 
 whole front, and supported by oncoming columns. At 
 eleven a. m. the regiment with the whole brigade was com- 
 pelled to fall back. 
 
 Rallying, and forming with the 49th Illinois, the regi- 
 ment took a position at the right of Taylor's battery, 
 where it had been planted by General McClernand. A 
 brigade of General Sherman's division now appeared upon 
 the ground, following up the enemy upon his retreat, and 
 the 46th took the left of his command, and moved up to 
 the enemy. A brisk fire was opened upon the whole line, 
 and after a hard fight, the regiment was again obliged to 
 fall back and with the rest of the Union troops, engaged 
 at this point of the field. 
 
 Fresh re-inforcements were now arriving, the tired and 
 exhausted regiment, out of ammunition and in need of 
 rest, finding itself near its camp, was marched to that 
 place for dinner. Immediately after dinner the regiment 
 went to the support of Marsh's brigade, on the right, 
 where again they had a sharp brush with the enemy Sun- 
 day evening. The regiment lay on its arms on the field 
 all night and remained with Marsh's command on Mon- 
 day. It was engaged in a furious fight on that day, dur- 
 ing which Colonel Davis was wounded, and carried from 
 the field, his regiment fighting on like veterans, notwith- 
 standing the loss of their commanding officer. 
 
 Not until the enemy had made its last stand, and been 
 driven back, was the regiment ordered to its camp. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 141 
 
 FORTY-EIGHTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), Second Brigade, 
 Colonel C. C. Marsh, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 48th regiment of Illinois infantry was aroused early- 
 Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, and formed line of battle 
 with its brigade in its parade ground, in its camp near 
 Woolf field. At eight o'clock a. m. the regiment moved 
 out to the front in command of its colonel, Isham N. 
 Hayne. Turning toward the left, the brigade formed 
 along the Corinth road, with Burrows' battery in the cen- 
 ter; here, with its left at the northeast corner of Review 
 field, the brigade was fiercely attacked by Wood's brigade 
 of Hardee's corps and Stewart's brigade of Polk's corps. 
 Under the deadly fire of the enemy, Colonel Hayne and 
 Lieutenant Colonel W. W. Sanford, of the 48th, fell, 
 wounded, and many officers of the line and enlisted men 
 also went down under the storm of bullets sent by the ad- 
 vancing columns of the superior force which had made 
 the attack. Stunned by the onset and further confused 
 by the loss of its officers, the 48th fell back and was soon 
 joined in its retreat by the other regiments of the brigade; 
 but it was only to make a new stand that the regiment 
 had fallen back. Rallying under Colonel Marsh, the 48th, 
 with the nth and 20th Illinois regiments, reinforced by 
 fragments of other commands, moved to the support of 
 Taylor's battery, which was planted in front of the first 
 brigade camp in Jones* field. Recovering its camp for a 
 time, the regiment held its ground until afternoon, when 
 it was again driven back to the Hamburg and Savannah 
 road, where it bivouacked Sunday night. On Monday the 
 regiment, under Colonel Marsh, advanced and again re- 
 captured its camp at three o'clock p. m. 
 
 BOBBiaeii^K 
 
142 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 FORTY-NINTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), Third Brigade, 
 Colonel Julius Raith, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 49th Illinois infantry encamped upon the left of its 
 brigade on the Hamburg and Purdy road, was aroused 
 Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, by the attack at its front 
 and left flank by a strong force of Confederates. Hurry- 
 ing into line, the regiment, under command of Lieutenant 
 Colonel Phineas Pease, found itself confronted by superior 
 number. Wood's and Stewart's brigade advancing with 
 sharp firing, and driving back the Union lines. 
 
 Falling back, firing, the regiment held its own as best 
 it could, and formed at the crossroads with the nth Illi- 
 nois infantry in support of Schwartz's battery. Here, un- 
 der cross-fire of artillery, the command lost heavily, and 
 retired to Jones' field. About 2 o'clock p. m. the regiment 
 rallied with fragments of the 17th Illinois infantry and the 
 43rd Illinois infantry under Lieutenant Colonel Wood of 
 the 17th, and formed on the extreme left of General Sher- 
 man's division. Here, supporting a battery, the command 
 remained until, unsupported on its left, it was obliged to 
 retire to the Hamburg and Savannah road. Lieutenant 
 Colonel Pease, the commanding oiiftcer, was wounded dur- 
 ing the day. 
 
 On Monday the regiment was under Marsh's command. 
 
 FIFTIETH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (General W. H. L. Wallace's), Third Bri- 
 gade, Colonel T. W. Sweeney, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 50th Illinois infantry regiment was encamped at the 
 extreme north end of the field and east of the Hamburg 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 143 
 
 and Purdy road, on April 6th, 1862. The 3rd brigade en- 
 campment was between those of the first and second bri- 
 gades of General W. H. L. Wallace's division, and when 
 heavy firing was heard Sunday morning the 50th regiment 
 marched out with its brigate and took a position on the 
 main road leading from the Landing. -The regiment was 
 ordered detached from its brigade, and to the left in sup- 
 port of General McArthur of the 2nd brigade, in his des- 
 perate defense against Jackson's Confederate brigade. 
 Falling back with the 12th Illinois regiment, the 50th took 
 a position east of Bloody Pond, where, joined by the 57th 
 Illinois regiment, the command held its ground on the 
 left of the army until four o'clock p. m. Then, falling back, 
 the three regiments supported Stone's battery near the 
 landing in the last action of the day. Division Command- 
 er General W. H. L. Wallace was mortally wounded, and 
 Brigade Commander Sweeney was wounded, command 
 devolving upon Colonel S. D. Baldwin, of the 57th Illinois 
 infantry. 
 
 FIFTY-SECOND ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (W. H. L. Wallace's), Third Brigade, 
 Colonel T. W. Sweeney, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 52nd Illinois infantry regiment was encamped at 
 the right of the 3rd brigade at the northern part of the 
 field. Colonel Sweeney being brigade commander, the 
 regiment marched under command of Major H. Stark, 
 Sunday morning, toward the front, to the main road lead- 
 ing from the Landing, where it halted in reserve. Here, 
 near what became the center of the field, the regiment was 
 engaged until about 3 p. m., when it was sent to the right, 
 and as it was moving down Tilghman creek, it encoun- 
 tered Wharton's cavalry, which was coming up the creek. 
 
144 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 A sharp skirmish ensued between the heads of the oppos- 
 ing columns. The 52nd moved on as far as the camp of 
 the 15th Illinois infantry, where it assisted in repelling 
 Pond's attack at 4:30 p. m. The regiment then retired to 
 the siege guns, where it spent the night. On Monday 
 Captain E. A. Bowen commanded the regiment. 
 
 FIFTY-FIFTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Fifth Division (General W. T. Sherman's), Second Bri- 
 gade, Colonel David Stuart, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 55th regiment of Illinois infantry was, with its bri- 
 gade, encamped at the extreme left of the advance, at the 
 juncture of the Hamburg and Purdy road with the Ham- 
 burg and Savannah road. 
 
 The camp of the 55th was on the left of the brigade 
 camp. General Prentiss' division was on the right and 
 front of this brigade encampment. 
 
 Colonel Stuart, by order of General Sherman, kept a 
 company on picket duty at, and in the vicinity of, the ford 
 of Lick creek on the Hamburg road, and another on the 
 Bark road which came in on the hills opposite and south- 
 east of the encampment. On Saturday Colonel Stuart had 
 sent out six companies on the Hamburg road with a 
 squadron of cavalry sent forward by General McClernand 
 to reconnoiter beyond Hamburg. At 7 130 o'clock Sunday 
 morning, April 6th, 1862, Colonel Stuart received a mes- 
 sage from General Prentiss that the enemy was in his front 
 in force. Soon afterward Stuart's pickets sent him word 
 that a force, with artillery, was advancing on the Bark 
 road. 
 
 Not many minutes afterward the brigade commander 
 saw the Pelican flag of the enemy advancing in the rear 
 of General Prentiss' headquarters. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 145 
 
 The three regiments of the brigade had been formed for 
 battle at the first alarm. The little command consisted of 
 the 55th Illinois infantry, the 54th Ohio infantry and the 
 71st Ohio infantry. Colonel Stuart of the 55th IlHnois 
 regiment being in command of the brigade, Colonel O. 
 Malmburg took command of the regiment. 
 
 Already cut off from Prentiss, but obeying orders to 
 guard Lick creek ford, Colonel Stuart, expecting rein- 
 forcements from General Hurlbut, established his line still 
 further to the left of his camp, with the 55th in his center. 
 Chalmers began his attack with a fire of shells from his 
 artillery, under cover of which his infantry came forward 
 and advanced from the left of Prentiss' recent position. 
 Another force of the enemy came in from the front. 
 
 The 55th Illinois and the 54th Ohio regiments were left 
 alone at this time, cut off from the Union lines on their 
 right by the enemy. They were without reinforcements 
 from the rear; they had no artillery and beheld an over- 
 whelming force of Confederates rapidly advancing on 
 their front. The 55th had 512 men in line, and the Ohio 
 regiment had from 350 to 400. 
 
 Taking every advantage of position, determined to hold 
 the left as long as possible, Colonel Stuart prepared his 
 little band of less than a thousand men for a determined 
 stand. After some fighting and changes of position, the 
 main attack by Chalmers' and Jackson's brigades of Gen- 
 eral Braxton Bragg's corps was sustained, beginning 
 about noon. For two hours the position of the regiment, 
 not far back of its first stand, was held by desperate fight- 
 ing, with the object of keeping the enemy from advancing 
 forward toward the river, and so defending the landing 
 from the flank movement of the enemy. 
 
 At last, with ammunition exhausted, suffering terribly 
 and almost surrounded, the regiment retreated from point 
 to point, and at evening took its position with its organi- 
 
146 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 zation still intact, in the last line of defense forined on the 
 Corinth road about 400 yards west of the old log cabin 
 that stood near the Landing. 
 
 On Monday the regiment joined Sherman's command 
 and fought on his right. General Lew Wallace's com- 
 mand was on the Union right. 
 
 FIFTY-SEVENTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (General W. H. L. Wallace's), Third Bri- 
 gade, Colonel T. W. Sweeney. 
 
 The 57th regiment of Illinois infantry was encamped 
 with its brigade a short distance out from the river and to 
 the right or north of the road. On the morning of the 
 6th of April, 1862, the regiment marched out on the Cor- 
 inth road toward General Prentiss' right and took up a 
 position on the left of the road supporting a battery of 
 light artillery. For a time the command stood awaiting 
 orders. When the battery changed position, the regiment 
 moved to the left until along in the afternoon, it crossed 
 the Hamburg and Savannah road and on the crest of a 
 hill formed a part of Hurlbut's left. It was here that the 
 regiment made its hardest fight, their first severe engage- 
 ment. It was here their casualties were greatest. Their 
 arms were the old Harper's Ferry muskets, altered from 
 flint locks, and became foul after a few rounds. Some of 
 the men threw down their disabled muskets, picked up the 
 muskets of their killed or wounded comrades, and renewed 
 the fight. When this line was broken the regiment retired 
 in the direction of General Hurlbut's headquarters. The 
 regiment near here, facing by the rear rank, delivered a 
 volley, and, assisted by a piece of artillery, checked the 
 enemy's advance. It was here that Colonel S. D. Baldwin, 
 commanding the regiment, lost his horse; from here the 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 147 
 
 regiment continued its retreat to the line being formed 
 near the Landing. Here it found a place behind the guns 
 that lined the road as far west as the Hamburg road, and 
 lay all night in the drizzling rain. The next morning, 
 Monday, April 7th, found a new order of things. Colonel 
 Sweeney, brigade commander, had been wounded, and 
 Colonel Baldwin assumed command of the brigade. The 
 scattered remnants of the regiment were gathered to- 
 gether and, under Captain Gustav A. Busse, reported for 
 duty. They were soon ordered out and through the 
 greater portion of the day supported the Union advance, 
 and participated in the events of the day, returning at 
 night to its old camp. 
 
 FIFTY-EIGHTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Second Division (General W. H. L. Wallace's), Third 
 
 Brigade, Colonel T. W. Sweeney, Brigade 
 
 Commander. 
 
 On Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, the 58th Illinois 
 regiment of infantry marched from its camping ground on 
 the Corinth road to the main road leading from the Land- 
 ing. Colonel William F. Lynch was in command, and 
 there were present for duty 613 men, rank and file. 
 
 The 58th regiment and the 7th Illinois infantry were at 
 once moved forward to Duncan's field, where they formed 
 on the north side of the Corinth road on Tuttle's right, 
 and with McClernand on their left. The first duty of the 
 regiment was, joining with the 7th Illinois, to rescue an 
 abandoned gun left in the field by one of the Union bat- 
 teries which had retreated under a terrific fire. Portions 
 of the two regiments were ordered to recover the gun. 
 
148 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 and they accomplished the rescue, under a heavy fire, in 
 fine style. 
 
 Later in the day the regiment formed in line of battle 
 with the 7th, with Tuttle's brigade, which was closely en- 
 gaged in Duncan's field. Facing the left, from which the 
 enemy could be seen advancing in great numbers, in hot 
 engagement with the Union Troops, the regiment pre- 
 pared for immediate battle, and at this time the enemy 
 again appeared in force in the wood across the open field 
 to the right, and also in the rear. Changing direction to 
 meet the nearest foe, the regiment took possession of a log 
 cabin and some bales of cotton in the left center of the 
 field. This was done under a galling cross-fire of two 
 field-batteries and the infantry fire of several regiments of 
 the enemy advancing at the front toward the log cabin. 
 The regiment held this position but a short time, some ten 
 or fifteen minutes, when it could be plainly seen that it 
 was surrounded by the enemy. Tuttle's command had 
 been ordered to retire, and had done so, slowly, fighting as 
 it withdrew, and with the others, the 7th Illinois had made 
 its escape. In the last grand attack of the combined Con- 
 federate batteries and infantry, cut off from the Union 
 lines, the regiment surrendered at the time when General 
 Prentiss fell back before his capture at about five in the 
 afternoon, after his heroic defense of the center. Many 
 officers and men made their escape before the regiment 
 surrendered. 
 
 SIXTY-FIRST ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 Sixth Division (General B. M. Prentiss'), Second Brigade, 
 Colonel Madison Miller, Brigade Commander. 
 
 The 6ist Illinois Infantry, a new and undrilled regi- 
 ment, was encamped with its brigade between the Eastern 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 149 
 
 Corinth road and Locust grove. The regiment formed 
 for battle under Colonel Jacob Fry, at 6 o'clock a. m. on 
 Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, the brigade line being 
 established at the south side of the Spain field, some two 
 hundred yards in front of regimental camp. The first as- 
 sault of the enemy was met with firmness, but the regi- 
 ment soon fell back to the timber line on north side of 
 Spain field, where fierce assaults were made and stubborn 
 resistance maintained for an hour and a quarter, at which 
 time the whole brigade again fell back. The regiment was 
 then ordered to support a battery of the first Missouri 
 artillery at or near the intersection of the eastern branch 
 of the Corinth road with the main Corinth road leading to 
 Pittsburg Landing, where it remained until one o'clock 
 p. m. 
 
 The regiment was then ordered and conducted to Gen- 
 eral Hurlbut's line of battle, at or near the Peach Orchard, 
 arriving at a very critical moment, and maintained the line 
 until relieved by a fresh regiment, when its ammunition 
 was entirely exhausted. 
 
 Upon receiving a fresh supply of ammunition the regi- 
 ment was reconducted to a battery of the ist Missouri 
 artillery, which still maintained its position, and supported 
 it until about four-thirty o'clock p. m., when the battery 
 and regiment both fell back, to avoid capture, following 
 the main Corinth road to the last line of defense at or near 
 the siege guns. Monday, April 7th, the regiment was held 
 in reserve. 
 
 General Prentiss, in his official report, says: "Colonel 
 Jacob Fry, of the 61 st Illinois, with an undrilled regiment, 
 fresh in the service, kept his men well forward under every 
 assault until the third line was formed, when he became 
 detached, and fought under General Hurlbut." 
 
ISO ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 SIXTY-SIXTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY. 
 
 (At this time known as the 14th Missouri Infantry) Se- 
 cond Division (General W. H. L. Wallace), Second 
 Brigade, General John McArthur. 
 
 This regiment, commanded by Col. B. S. Compton, was 
 largely recruited in Illinois, and armed with deer rifles. 
 It was originally known as Birge's Sharp Shooters. The 
 men were equipped with the old fashioned powder horn, a 
 pouch for bullets (which they moulded themselves), in 
 which they carried cloth patches for wads. Illinois' quota 
 of troops having been filled, the services of this regiment 
 were tendered the state of Missouri and accepted, their 
 designation being the 14th Missouri infantry. On the 20th 
 of November, 1862, by order of the secretary of war, their 
 designation was changed to the Sixty-sixth Illinois in- 
 fantry. 
 
 Early Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, this regiment 
 was posted west of the Hamburg road and south of Snake 
 creek, with orders to protect the bridge over v/hich Gen- 
 eral Lew Wallace was expected to arrive from Crump's 
 Landing. Here the regiment engaged Brewer's cavalry, 
 who were making a demonstration at Tighlman's creek. 
 On Monday, April 7th, the regiment reported to General 
 Lew Wallace and supported Thompson's battery. 
 
 ILLINOIS CAVALRY AT SHILOH. 
 
 SECOND ILLINOIS CAVALRY. 
 
 Second Division (W. H. L. Wallace's), Not Brigaded, Co. 
 
 A and Co. B. 
 
 Two companies of the 2nd Illinois cavalry, Co. A and 
 Co. B, were on the field of Shiloh. They were attached to 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 151 
 
 General W. H. L. Wallace's Division. General Sherman 
 reports the killing of his orderly, Thomas D. Holliday, of 
 Co. H, 2nd Illinois cavalry, by a shot from the advancing 
 Confederate pickets, in the first engagement early Sunday 
 morning. 
 
 FOURTH ILLINOIS CAVALRY. 
 
 Fifth Division (General Sherman's), Not Brigaded. 
 
 The first battalion of this regiment, commanded by 
 Lieut. Colonel McCullough, was assigned to duty with 
 General McClernand, commanding ist division. While 
 ready for service at all times during the battle, no oppor- 
 tunity offered. 
 
 The second and third battalions, under Colonel T. Lyle 
 Dickey, were with Sherman's division, and were first post- 
 ed in a large open field, to the left and rear of Shiloh 
 church. The command shared in the disastrous fortunes 
 of Sunday and in its victorious return to its camps on 
 Monday, but the two days' battle was no place for cavalry. 
 General Sherman says in his report: 
 
 "The cavalry of my command kept to the rear and took 
 little part in the action, but it would have been madness to 
 have exposed horses to the musketry fire under which we 
 were compelled to remain from Sunday at 8 a. m. to Mon- 
 day at 4 p. m." 
 
 ELEVENTH ILLINOIS CAVALRY. 
 
 Robert G. Ingersoll, Colonel, Third Division (General 
 
 Lew Wallace's), Not Brigaded, and Sixth Division 
 
 (General Prentiss'), Not Brigaded Also. 
 
 The third battalion of the nth Illinois cavalry joined 
 General Lew Wallace at Crump's Landing, April ist. 
 
152 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 These troops arrived upon the field with Wallace's divi- 
 sion on Sunday evening after the battle of the day was 
 over. 
 
 Eight companies of the nth Illinois cavalry were as- 
 signed to General Prentiss' division, and were in their 
 camp, two miles from the river, Sunday morning, April 
 6th, 1862, or on picket duty. These troops shared the for- 
 tunes of the day with the other forces of Prentiss' advance, 
 though none were made prisoners of war when the divi- 
 sion commander was forced to surrender. 
 
 CARMICHAEL'S ILLINOIS CAVALRY. 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), Not Brigaded. 
 
 Carmichael's Illinois cavalry (afterward consolidated 
 with the 15th Illinois cavalry) took part in the early morn- 
 ing advance to the support of General Sherman, and fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of the cavalry during Sunday, being 
 ordered back from the front to near the Landing. 
 
 STEWART'S ILLINOIS CAVALRY. 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), Not Brigaded. 
 
 Stewart's Illinois cavalry (afterward consolidated with 
 the 15th Illinois cavalry) was sent by General McClernand 
 Sunday morning to the support of General Sherman's 
 division near Shiloh church, and was driven back with 
 Sherman's forces to the Hamburg and Savannah road 
 north of the Landing. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 153 
 
 ILLINOIS ARTILLERY AT SHILOH. 
 
 Colonel J. D. Webster, colonel of the ist regiment Illi- 
 nois light artillery, staff of Major General U. S. Grant, 
 was appointed by General Grant chief of artillery, to have 
 special charge of all the artillery in the field. 
 
 Six batteries of the ist Illinois light artillery and four 
 batteries of the 2nd Illinois light artillery were engaged in 
 the battle. 
 
 FIRST REGIMENT ILLINOIS LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 
 BATTERY A (WILLARD'S). 
 
 Second Division (General W. H. L. Wallace's) Not Bri- 
 gaded, Lieutenant P. P. Wood Commanding Battery. 
 
 Battery A, in camp near McArthur's brigade on the 
 Hamburg and Savannah road, moved Sunday morning,- 
 April 6th, 1862, with General McArthur and the 9th and 
 I2th Illinois infantry regiments, directly south along the 
 Hamburg road to the support of Colonel Stuart. Mc- 
 Arthur formed his command just east of the Peach Or- 
 chard, planting Battery A, Willard's, to the left of the 
 road where it runs to the left of the Peach Orchard. Here 
 the battery was ef^cient in helping withstand the heavy at- 
 tack made by Jackson's Confederate brigade until two 
 o'clock p. m., when Bowen reinforced Jackson, and, under 
 their combined attack, McArthur was compelled to fall 
 back. Again the battery was planted in the road in front 
 of Hurlbut's line, where it rendered good service until 
 four o'clock, when the Union lines, pressed back by over- 
 whelming numbers, broke. At five o'clock p. m. the bat- 
 tery participated in the defense of the Landing. On Mon- 
 day, Battery A was at the front with General W. T. Sher- 
 man at eight o'clock in the morning, and it continued in 
 
154 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 action with three guns during the day, doing excellent 
 service until the enemy had disappeared from Shiloh's 
 field. 
 
 Lieut. Wood in his official report says : "I have the 
 honor of reporting to you the part taken in the actions of 
 the 6th and 7th inst. by Company 'A,' Chicago Light Ar- 
 tillery. After the commencement of the firing on the 6th, 
 as ordered, I reported with command to Maj. Cavender, 
 and was shortly afterwards ordered into a position to sup- 
 port the division of General Hurlbut on the left. We 
 opened fire about 9 a. m., and were successful in silencing 
 the enemy's batteries twice, with two changes cf position, 
 when we immediately moved, taking position on a ridge 
 near the extreme left, and opened on the enemy's infantry, 
 posted on a ridge opposite, about 500 yards distant. This 
 position we held for over an hour, fighting both infantry 
 and artillery, when our support was retired, and we were 
 forced to follow to avoid being flanked and cut off. Tak- 
 ing position again 300 yards in the rear, we were again 
 after a short fight forced back, our support this time leav- 
 ing in disorder. A new line being formed, we went into 
 battery, opened, were entirely abandoned by our new sup- 
 port, and were obliged, reluctantly, to fall back on the re- 
 serve, taking one of our guns off with but one horse and 
 the cannoniers. An empty caisson was left for want of 
 horses to draw it off, and afterwards recovered. 
 
 "We were engaged during the day seven successive 
 hours, firing 338 rounds of ammunition, with a loss of four 
 men killed and twenty-six wounded, and a loss of killed 
 and disabled horses of forty-eight. 
 
 "On the morning of the 7th, as ordered, I reported to 
 Gen. Sherman, with three pieces, all I had men to serve; 
 was given a position on his left; engaged a battery, 
 silenced it; shelled the enemy's line of battle until they 
 gave way; advanced with our troops, opened during the 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 155 
 
 advance four times and remained in the engagement until 
 the enemy broke and fled; fired during the day 334 rounds 
 of ammunition. On this day we met with no loss." 
 
 BATTERY B (TAYLOR'S). 
 
 Fifth Division (General W. T. Sherman's), Not Brigaded, 
 
 Major Ezra Taylor, Chief of Artillery, 5th Division, 
 
 Captain S. E. Barrett, Commanding Battery. 
 
 Battery B (Taylor's battery) was stationed near Gen- 
 eral Sherman's headquarters, and at 7 130 Sunday morn- 
 ing, April 6th, it took its position at Shiloh church, and 
 within ten minutes began firing at the enemy, who came 
 upon Sherman's camp in great force. Until ten o'clock 
 a. m., though repeatedly charged by reinforced columns of 
 the enemy, when flanked on the left, it retired by order 
 of Major Taylor to the left of Hare's brigade camp. The 
 withdrawal was made in good order, but as a number of 
 the horses had been shot. Captain Barrett was compelled 
 to leave two of his caissons on the field, one of which he 
 afterwards recovered. Here in McClernand's ist brigade 
 camp (known as Jones field) for some time the battery 
 was in sharp action, doing good service. When his am- 
 munition was exhausted Captain Barrett retired with his 
 battery to the field near McArthur's headquarters, where 
 he refilled his cassions and made ready for further action. 
 The battery remained at this point all day Monday, until 
 four o'clock p. m., when it went forward under orders to 
 go into battery near the point occupied when the attack 
 of Sunday morning was made. The confederates were in 
 full retreat, however, and the battery did not go into 
 action. 
 
156 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 BATTERY D (McALLISTER'S). 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), 1st Regt. Ill„ 
 
 Light Artillery, Not Brigaded, Captain Edward 
 
 McAllister, Commanding Battery. 
 
 On Sunday morning, April 6th, 1862, when General Mc- 
 Clernand formed his ist and 2nd brigades along the Cor- 
 inth road, he placed McAllister's battery at the northwest 
 corner of Review field at the center of the line. Here, 
 after a hot fight, in which the battery took a leading part, 
 McClernand's line was driven back. Battery D withdrew 
 down the Corinth road toward the Landing, leaving one 
 gun for want of horses to draw it. It was engaged with 
 McClernand's in Jones field at 2 p. m., and formed part of 
 the line of massed batteries at the Landing, where the 
 battery spent Sunday night. Monday morning it advanced 
 with McClernand and was in action during the day driv- 
 ing the enemy back over the ground lost the day before. 
 At four o'clock p. m. the battery was relieved of service, 
 the battle being at an end. General Sherman especially 
 commends the work of this battery in the struggle east of 
 Shiloh church on Monday afternoon. "The guns," he 
 says, "were served as well as guns ever could be." 
 
 BATTERY E (WATERHOUSE'S). 
 
 Fifth Division (General Sherman's), Not Brigaded, Major 
 Ezra Taylor, Chief of Artillery, 5th Division, Cap- 
 tain Allen C. Waterhouse, Commanding Battery. 
 
 Battery E, ist Illinois light artillery, went into action 
 at 7:30 a. m. Sunday, April 6th, 1862, with horses received 
 only ten days before the battle, with two guns at Rhea 
 House. These advance guns were soon recalled and the 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 157 
 
 main battery took up a position to the left, and about 300 
 yards to the rear. Here the battery stood, fighting for 
 almost two hours, when with Captain Waterhouse wound- 
 ed, and hotly pressed by the enemy, it began its retreat. 
 Stopped by Major Taylor, who ordered it to contest every 
 foot of ground, the battery was put into action again under 
 Lieutenant Abbott, but soon, overwhelmed by superior 
 forces, crippled in its machinery and hampered by new, 
 untrained men, and horses, with Lieutenant Abbott 
 wounded, retreat was ordered, Lieutenant J. A. Fitch in 
 command, three guns and all the camp equipage being 
 abandoned. Another disabled gun was left on the way to 
 the rear. The battery was completely disabled for action. 
 Major Taylor in his report says : "I take great pleasure 
 in stating that the conduct of this battery (Watcrhouse's) 
 was such as to entitle them to my entire approbation, and 
 I consider too much praise cannot be bestowed upon them 
 for their gallant conduct on their first battlefield." 
 
 BATTERY H (UNASSIGNED). 
 
 Captain Axel Silversparre, Commanding Battery. 
 
 Battery H, ist Illinois artillery, arrived at Pittsburg 
 Landing April 5th, 1862, its guns were 24-pounder Par- 
 rotts. Horses had not been supplied, but the men hauled 
 the guns up the bank of the river and placed them in bat- 
 tery in front of the log house, where they were engaged 
 Sunday evening. 
 
 BATTERY I (BOUTON'S), UNASSIGNED. 
 
 Captain Edward Bouton, Commanding Battery. 
 
 Battery I, ist Illinois artillery, arrived at Pittsburg 
 Landing April 6th, 1862. It was fully equipped, but un- 
 
158 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 drilled, and with horses that had never been harnessed to 
 a gun. It was taken ashore and reported to General Sher- 
 man. It participated in the last defense of the Landing, 
 Sunday evening, and remained with Sherman all day Mon- 
 day, receiving special mention by Colonel Gibson of the 
 Army of the Ohio, for its services on the second day of the 
 battle. 
 
 Colonel Taylor's report was as follows: "I have also to 
 mention Captain Bouton's battery of six guns, which I 
 found on Sunday, the 6th, anxious to distinguish them- 
 selves ; and as good fortune would have it I got them a 
 good position near Colonel McArthur's headquarters, 
 where they did most excellent service, driving the enemy 
 from a very commanding position, both officers and men 
 behaving themselves like veterans." 
 
 SECOND ILLINOIS LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 
 Major Adolph Schwartz, Commanding Officer, Chief of 
 Artillery, ist Division. 
 
 BATTERY B (MADISON'S), UNASSIGNED. 
 
 Captain Relly Madison, Commanding Battery. 
 
 The siege guns belonging to battery B, 2nd Illinois light 
 artillery, were brought ashore under Colonel Webster's 
 orders, Sunday, April 6th, 1862, and placed in position 
 about a quarter of a mile out from the Landing, where 
 they formed a rallying point for troops coming from the 
 front. Later they were the center of the artillery line of 
 defense Sunday evening. 
 
ILLINOIS IN THE BATTLE 159 
 
 BATTERY D (DRESSER'S). 
 
 First Division (McClernand's), Colonel A. M. Hare, Bri- 
 gade Commander. 
 
 Being well to the front, Battery D, 2nd regiment Illinois 
 light artillery, was ready for action early Sunday 
 morning, April 6th, 1862. It was stationed in front of the 
 nth Iowa infantry, near Water Oaks pond, where the 
 enemy made a fierce attack, driving the battery back. 
 
 The battery made a new stand at McClernand's third 
 line, but was driven from this position with the loss of 
 four guns. Falling back, the nth Iowa infantry still sup- 
 porting it, the two remaining guns of the battery were in 
 action in Jones' field, and Sunday evening took position at 
 the left of the siege guns near the Landing. 
 
 Major Taylor reports as follows: "Dresser's battery, 
 commanded by Captain Timony, was put in battery under 
 my direction on Sunday, the 6th, under the most terrific 
 fire, perhaps, that occurred at any point on or at any time 
 during the fight. This occurred at the same point on the 
 field, in front of General McClernand's headquarters, 
 where the enemy had a full sweep of the field in front with 
 his batteries and a galling fire of musketry on our left. 
 To say that they fought bravely till their horses were 
 literally piled up, is a simple statement of facts. Such 
 bravery cannot but obtain its reward." 
 
 BATTERY E (SCHWARTZ'S). 
 
 Four Guns. 
 
 First Division (General McClernand's), Not Brigaded, 
 Lieutenant G. L. Nispel, Commanding Battery. 
 
 On the morning of April 6th, 1862, Battery E, 2nd Illi- 
 
i6o ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 nois light artillery, while on the drill-ground with 4 guns, 
 received orders from Major Schwartz to prepare for 
 immediate action. Lieutenant Nispel arose from his sick 
 bed and took command. At 9 a. m. the battery took its 
 position in rear of Buckland's brigade. The enemy opened 
 fire with artillery from a hill opposite, but was silenced 
 by this battery's guns. The enemy came on, however, in 
 heavy masses of infantry, and with another battery to 
 cover his advance. Perceiving the danger of being flanked, 
 the battery was forced to retreat, leaving one piece dis- 
 abled. 
 
 Taking a position, as ordered by Major Schwartz, to 
 the left with his three remaining pieces. Lieutenant G. L. 
 Nispel opened upon the enemy with cannister, doing good 
 execution. But with fresh artillery and new troops crowd- 
 ing into action, the Confederates punished the Union lines 
 severely. The battery horses were being shot down, and 
 while Major Schwartz was leading an infantry charge he 
 was severely wounded. The supporting line fell back, and 
 the battery withdrew, leaving two guns, spiked, on the 
 field. 
 
 The battery halted in Jones' field, near General 
 Oglesby's headquarters. Major Taylor having assumed 
 command of the artillery. Lieutenant Nispel with his two 
 howitzers and six of Major Taylor's battery, defended the 
 field for some time, but his ammunition becoming ex- 
 hausted he was forced to cease these efforts. The enemy 
 advancing in force, the battery was ordered to the Land- 
 ing. Here the battery took part in the artillery defense 
 of the Landing at the close of Sunday's fighting. Here, 
 during the night, Lieutenant Nispel threw up a little 
 breast-work, the only defense of its kind, it is said, that 
 was made upon the field. 
 
ILLINOIS IX THE BATTLE i6i 
 
 BATTERY F (POWELL'S) UNASSIGNED. 
 
 Six Guns. 
 
 Captain John \V. Powell, Commanding Battery. 
 
 Battery F, Second Illinois Light Artillery, was en- 
 camped near the Landing, Sunday morning, April 6, 1862. 
 After waiting some time for orders, unable to endure the 
 strain of the sound of battle while standing idle. Captain 
 Powell attempted to take his battery to McClernand. He 
 moved out along the Corinth road to Duncan field, arriv- 
 ing there after Hare's line had fallen back. The Con- 
 federates were upon him in force, and he wheeled and 
 retired, upsetting and leaving one gun. 
 
 With his remaining five guns Captain Powell reported 
 to General W. H. L. Wallace near the left of his line, 
 where the battery was engaged until five o'clock, when 
 Captain Powell was wounded, losing his right arm. The 
 battery retired to its camp, where it was engaged in the 
 last general defense until 6 o'clock p. m., Sunday. 
 
The Dedication, 
 
 INTERESTING CEREMONIES ON THE 
 BATTLEFIELD OF SHILOH. 
 
 The dedication. May 17, 1904, of the Illinois monu- 
 ments on the battlefield of Shiloh was an event of greatest 
 interest. Old veterans and their friends from all over the 
 country wished to attend the dedication ceremonies, and 
 to accommodate them it was decided by the commission 
 to charter two river boats from the St. Louis and Ten- 
 nessee River Packet Co. This was an exceedingly happy 
 idea, as it enabled the old soldiers to reach in a comfort- 
 able manner the battlefield, revisiting scenes familiar to 
 them forty-two years before. 
 
 The boats secured were the City of Savannah and the 
 City of Memphis. The boats were about two hundred 
 feet long and of a tonnage of about 450 tons. They left 
 St. Louis about 4:00 p. m., May 14th, Saturday. The 
 Greenfield band, which had been secured, was divided 
 and good music was furnished at frequent intervals on 
 both boats, each boat having one-half of the band. The 
 Savannah arrived at Cairo about 10:30 a. m., Sunday, and 
 the Memphis about an hour later. 
 
 About 12:00 m. Sunday the boats left Cairo, steaming 
 up the Ohio. Paducah. Kentucky, was reached about 
 4:00 p. m. Sunday. After half an hour at Paducah, used 
 by the party in seeing the city of Paducah a little, the 
 boats left the levee, going up the Tennessee. 
 
 Sunday night, on board the Memphis. Rev. W. H. Poole 
 
 163 
 
1 64 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 of the Centenary Methodist Church at Effingham, 111., 
 preached a sermon to the party on that boat, taking for 
 his text verse 14 of the 4th chapter of James: "What is 
 your life?" 
 
 After breakfast, at 7:00 a. m., the band played many 
 selections. We were now in Tennessee, having crossed 
 the Kentucky line at eleven Sunday night. This is the 
 peanut country. Railroad ties seem to be a large com- 
 mercial item. Several landings were made. 
 
 At several of the points where landings were made the 
 passengers went on shore and came back with various 
 curiosities. The party was much amused by watching the 
 work of the colored hands in their landing of the mer- 
 chandise. One member of the party was tipped off of the 
 gang plank upon a lot of goods on shore, to the great 
 amusement of the passengers. The passengers also 
 amused themselves by dropping nickels among the col- 
 ored men to see them scramble. 
 
 The country along shore was deeply wooded, the trees 
 being bright and green with their new foliage. Many 
 stops were made Monday afternoon, among them being 
 Perryville, Blount's, Patriot, Bob's and Clifton. At Clifton 
 most of the party went ashore. A stock of peanuts was 
 laid in at this point. They were roasted on board. After 
 supper several stops were made, among them being Mc- 
 Corkle's, Swallow Bluff, Point Pleasant, Saltillo and Cerro 
 Gordo. The band again enlivened the occasion. 
 
 At eight o'clock a camp fire was the order. The band 
 played and the crowd sang "Auld Lang Syne." Mr. Rum- 
 sey, Jr., acted as toastmaster. Mr. Dudley was called upon 
 to read of the main incidents of the battle of Shiloh from 
 the report of the national commission on that subject. 
 Major Rexford entertained an appreciative audience with 
 the military bugle calls, reveille, roll call, stable call, drill 
 call, boots and saddles, forward, trot, gallop, etc., etc. 
 
THE DEDICATION 165 
 
 General Duke of the national commission responded 
 handsomely to a call for a speech and furnished much 
 amusement with a story of his proposed charge of a bat- 
 tery on the day of the battle of Bull Run. The audience 
 sang "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground." 
 
 A stop was made at Savannah, Tennessee. Most of 
 the passengers went ashore. This is a historical town, it 
 having been General Grant's headquarters previous to the 
 battle of Shiloh. 
 
 The boats made a landing and tied up for the night at 
 Crump's Landing Monday night. 
 
 Pittsburg Landing was reached at 7:35 a. m. Tuesday. 
 
 Most of the party immediately went ashore. The man- 
 agement had very thoughtfully provided carriages with 
 which the old veterans might go over the battlefield. 
 There was great interest shown in the monuments which 
 were the incentive for the trip. 
 
 Great attention was shown in the various places of 
 especial interest on the battlefield, Shiloh Church, Bloody 
 Pond, the Hornet's Nest, the Peach Orchard and many 
 other interesting places. The places where the great 
 generals fell were also sought out. General Wallace's 
 monument, General Johnston's and others. The descrip- 
 tive signs were read carefully to refresh their memories 
 by the host of old soldiers. 
 
 After dinner, at 12:00, every one prepared to go to the 
 dedication exercises. By one o'clock most of the party 
 were on the way. 
 
 Order of Exercises. 
 
 Capt. Benson Wood, 34th 111. Vol.. presiding. 
 
 Prayer Rev. D. C. Milner 
 
 Secretary's Report. 
 Maj. Geo. Mason. 
 
i66 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 Presentation of the Monuments to the Governor. 
 
 Capt. Gustav A. Busse, 
 
 President of the State Commission. 
 
 Acceptance on Behalf of the State and Transfer to the 
 
 National Government. 
 
 Capt. Benson Wood. 
 
 Acceptance on Behalf of the National Government. 
 
 Col. Cornelius Cadle, 
 
 Chairman of the National Commission. 
 
 Music Greenfield Band 
 
 Address Gen. B. W. Duke 
 
 Song- — Illinois. 
 
 Address Hon. Thomas Henshaw 
 
 Music Greenfield Band 
 
 Benediction Rev. D. C. Milner 
 
 Illinois Commissioners Present. 
 
 Capt. G. A. Busse, President, Chicago. 
 Major George Mason, Secretary, Chicag-Q. 
 
 Col. J. B. Nulton, Carrollton. 
 
 Capt. Benson Wood, Effingham. 
 
 Capt. Thos. A. Weisner, Rockbridge. 
 
 Capt. I. P. Rumsey, Chicago. 
 
 Capt. Timothy Slattery, Chicago. 
 
 Hon. Sheldon C. Ayres, Galesburg. 
 
 Hon, Isaac Yantis, Fenton, La. 
 
 The stand for the dedicatory exercises was about one 
 hundred yards from the monument. The stand was sur- 
 rounded by benches for the audience. Hundreds of peo- 
 ple from the neighborhood were present, having come in 
 
THE DEDICATION 167 
 
 carriages of all kinds and on horseback, on bicycles and 
 afoot. 
 
 The visiting old veterans and the ladies went to the 
 place of dedication in carriages provided by the manage- 
 ment for the occasion. 
 
 As the crowd was gathering the band played several 
 patriotic selections, including: 
 
 "The Red, White and Blue," 
 
 "Dixie," 
 
 "Yankee Doodle," and 
 
 "Marching through Georgia." 
 
 The audience was called to order at about 2:30 p. m. 
 
 Captain G. A. Busse introduced Rev. D. C. Milner, 
 formerly of the 98th Ohio regiment, in the following 
 words : 
 
 "We have met here to-day for the purpose of dedicating 
 the monument erected by the great State of Illinois, that 
 the memory of our great soldiers of our great nation 
 might live. We will therefore proceed with the regular 
 exercises. The first order of business is the prayer of the 
 Rev. D. C. Milner, Adjutant 98th Ohio." 
 
 The Invocation. 
 
 Prayer of Rev. D. C. Milner: — "Our God, our Heavenly 
 Father, Thou art the King, the Ruler of all; thou art the 
 Creator and the Preserver of Men; thou art the Ruler of 
 Nations ; thou art the Giver of Life ; we give Thee the 
 worship. We thank Thee for Thy mercy to us. We are 
 glad to recognize Thy hand in the human events in which 
 we are associated. We gather here to-day to seek Thy 
 blessing. 
 
 "Our Father,, we give Thee thanks for all that Thou 
 hast done for the land in which we live. We bless Thee 
 
i68 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 for our free institutions. We thank Thee that thou hast 
 given us this free land in which we Hve. We thank Thee 
 that as Thou hast been the God of our fathers, Thou hast 
 been the God of our children. When our country was 
 threatened with disunion and destruction, we thank Thee 
 that the Union was preserved, 
 
 "We thank Thee for this nation. We thank Thee for the 
 courage of men, both of the North and of the South, men 
 who gave their lives for the principles for which they 
 fought. We remember them to-day for what they did. 
 While we cherish the memory of those men and cherish 
 their devotion and courage, may something of that cour- 
 age take possession of us to-day and be handed on to gen- 
 erations to come. 
 
 "We thank Thee that as men have differed, we welcome 
 the time of reconciliation and reunion. We pray for Thy 
 blessing upon the work of to-day. We thank Thee for 
 the great State represented here to-day. We thank Thee 
 for its gift of Lincoln, Grant and Logan, and other great 
 men of the war of this land. So we pray that to-day as 
 this monument is dedicated to the soldiers of Illinois, that 
 the blessing of God may be upon that State and with the 
 people of that commonwealth. Give that State good men 
 as rulers and directors in its affairs and so may blessings 
 come to all associated with it. We pray not only for the 
 State, but for all the States represented in the great battle 
 that was carried on here. We pray Thee that this ground 
 that was sacred to those who gave themselves may be 
 sacred to us who are assembled here. 
 
 "Our Father, remember the veteran soldiers who are 
 here to-day. Remember the survivors and keep them with 
 Thy care. May these men who were soldiers be also sol- 
 diers for truth and right to-day. May they, as their lives 
 go out, leave behind Thy truth and righteousness and 
 purity, and may the old soldiers live in behalf of all that 
 
THE DEDICATION 169 
 
 is good and true. We remember the widows of soldiers 
 who are gone. Give comfort to the widow and the father- 
 less. Remember the boys of the soldiers, the young men 
 and the young women growing up in all States of the 
 Union. May they care for and cherish her institutions. 
 
 "We thank Thee for these United States of America. 
 We thank Thee for all that it represents to the world. We 
 pray for Thy blessing upon Thy servant, the President of 
 the United States. Give him wisdom that he may direct 
 the affairs of this nation. 
 
 "W^e come for Thy blessing now in the exercises of this 
 hour. Grant us that blessing then to-day and accept us 
 in the name and for the sake of Jesus Christ, our Lord. 
 Amen." 
 
 The secretary. Major George Mason, then read his re- 
 port, which he has in his records. 
 
 Captain G. A. Busse, president of the state commission, 
 made the presentation speech, on behalf of the commis- 
 sion, turning the monument over to Hon. Benson Wood, 
 representing the Governor of Illinois. Hon. Benson Wood 
 responded on behalf of the Governor, accepting the monu- 
 ment : 
 
 Address of Captain Benson W^ood, representing the Gov- 
 ernor of Illinois. 
 
 Long years ago it was my privilege to be on this field, 
 and not far from this spot. I then bore a commission 
 from the executive of my State. Among other things it 
 imposed upon me obedience to the commands of superior 
 ofBcers. It was signed by Richard Yates, the War Gov- 
 ernor of Illinois. That distinguished man has long since 
 passed away. He sleeps in the State which honored him, 
 and which was highly honored by his long, efficient and 
 patriotic public service. 
 
I70 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 More than forty years have rolled by since that time. 
 Some of my former associates, with myself, are here again. 
 It is my unexpected honor to hold again a commission 
 bearing the signature of Governor Richard Yates — the 
 distinguished son, and one of the successors in office of 
 the great war executive of the olden time. It directs me 
 to act, on this occasion, as his "representative on behalf 
 of Illinois." 
 
 This honor I accept, making in this presence an appre- 
 ciative acknowledgment. But the unexpected and un- 
 avoidable absence of him who was to address you is as 
 great a disappointment to myself as it can possibly be to 
 this audience. 
 
 On April 6th and 7th, 1862, on this historic field, where 
 all now is so peaceful and quiet, ninety thousand men 
 engaged in deadly struggle. At the battle's close the 
 ground was covered with thirty-five hundred dead — the 
 result of two days' fearful conflict. In field hospital, on 
 river transport, and in the nearby village of Savannah lay 
 nearly four times that many of the more seriously 
 wounded. In every company, in every camp, in every 
 bivouac of the recently contending armies were brave, 
 ambitious and determined soldiers, whose less serious or 
 slight wounds were insufficient to keep them from the 
 colors which they had so honorably borne. The battle 
 ended in the retreat of one army, over narrow and dif- 
 ficult roads, throughout a dark, rainy and cheerless night, 
 the other occupied as hotly a contested battlefield as any 
 of which the history of the great war can speak. If there 
 was victory to either army, on either day, it was one dearly 
 bought. Any portion of the field wrested by the com- 
 batants on either side from the other was fairly won. 
 
 It was no child's play at Shiloh forty-two years ago. 
 "Foeman met foeman worthy of his steel." American 
 courage was pitted here against American courage, in 
 
THE DEDICATION 171 
 
 strong-, determined battle. The contestants were inhab- 
 itants of one country. They spoke the same language. 
 They worshipped the same God. They had but recently 
 acknowledged one allegiance. They were resourceful, 
 brave and intelligent citizens. Unfortunately, there were 
 unreconcilable differences between them, upon important 
 and fundamental ideas of government. They were not 
 agreed upon questions of policy. These conditions re- 
 sulted in a war which brought the necessary consequences 
 of hardship, suffering and death. But it developed lead- 
 ers, of whose greatness and skill the civilized world is 
 proud ; it caused exhibitions of heroism, fortitude and 
 patriotism which will never be lost to this country. And 
 so, it is safe to say, that the great war and its results 
 were not without a measure of blessing. 
 
 One of the participants in the conflict waged here once 
 said to me that one thought came to him, more than once, 
 in the lull of battle: If those two armies could have been 
 united, under the magnificent leadership of both and with 
 a common cause, no army of any nation of the civilized 
 world could have successfully stood against it. We who 
 survive have lived to see that conception a verity. The 
 Blue and the Gray — the sons of those who supported the 
 Stars and Stripes, and of those who bore the Stars and 
 Bars, have fought in the same way and under the old flag 
 that waved at Yorktown, New Orleans and Buena Vista. 
 A Union brigadier and a Confederate colonel, who fought 
 each other at Shiloh, are to-day retired and honored gen- 
 erals in the army of the United States. The country is 
 re-united. Beyond the anticipation of the easy-going 
 times of a half a century ago, it has grown magnificent, 
 rich and powerful. The population of thirty millions then 
 is eighty millions now. The number of States has in- 
 creased from thirty-two to forty-five. The territories of 
 the early sixties have become great States. Better than 
 
172 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 all, North and South are alike devoted to the federal gov- 
 ernment and alike interested in the prosperity of the whole 
 country. 
 
 The men who fought here, on either side, were believers 
 in government. They did not all recognize the same gov- 
 ernment. Some perished in the battle that their govern- 
 ment "might not perish from the earth." Some died in 
 the hope that a new government might be established 
 over a portion of what had been a common country. 
 Those who did their part here, and upon other fields of 
 conflict, were neither socialists, communists nor anar- 
 chists. Each bore true faith and allegiance to a govern- 
 ment for which he risked his life. Each was committed 
 to the idea of a government of law. 
 
 With these facts before us, may I not properly and 
 confidently appeal to the survivors of that battle — so much 
 in our minds to-day; to the sons and daughters of men 
 who once looked into each other's guns on this never to 
 be forgotten field, for an influence that shall stand for law 
 and order? For a brief time I represent a State whose 
 sons so largely contributed to the history here made. In 
 behalf of that State, I bespeak the united effort of all 
 citizens to uphold the supremacy of law and the conscien- 
 tious obedience, by all, to constituted authority. The 
 end of all labors in this direction will not only be the 
 securing of lasting peace, but also the maintenance of 
 liberty, which must be secured under law and upheld and 
 regulated by law. All else, no matter by what name 
 called, is not liberty — it is but license. I invoke the indi- 
 vidual effort, also, of each in this audience to the attain- 
 ment of the highest, best and most intelligent citizenship. 
 That is the highest evidence of loyalty to government. 
 
 Illinois will ever have a great interest in this battlefield. 
 Her dead heroes lie buried here. A part of her brilliant 
 history was here written. Here fought twenty-seven of 
 
THE DEDICATION 173 
 
 her infantry regiments and ten batteries of her artillery. 
 Three battalions and two companies of her cavalry 
 guarded the flanks and rear of the Union army during a 
 great battle. The monuments that shall preserve the 
 memories of these magnificent organizations stand every- 
 where around us. Three thousand nine hundred and 
 forty-eight Illinois soldiers fell dead and w^ounded during 
 those two days of carnage. Many distinguished sons of 
 the State shed their blood on this field. The colonels of 
 four of her regiments, Raith, Stuart, Sweeny and Kirk, 
 commanding brigades, were wounded, one mortally. 
 Wallace and McArthur, who had been promoted to gen- 
 erals from two of her regiments, went down in the crash 
 of battle — one mortally, the other severely wounded. Five 
 oflficers in command of her regiments fell dead, and six- 
 teen in command of regiments and batteries were wound- 
 ed. After that battle there were wives, mothers, sisters, 
 fathers and brothers in nearly all localities of our State 
 "weeping over the unreturning brave"; there were ten- 
 der hands ministering to loved ones, maimed by the 
 casualties of war. Illinois can never forget Shiloh. 
 
 The work of the Illinois commission here is now com- 
 pleted. With sincerity of purpose, and with the means at 
 its disposal, it has performed the duty assigned to it by 
 the State. Each member has rendered his best service 
 and used his best endeavors to cause the erection of fitting 
 and enduring monuments to organizations that long since 
 ceased to live, except in the immortal history of the past. 
 It is our hope that they shall be the admiration of very 
 many generations that are to come, and an inspiration to 
 patriotism to all lovers of the reunited Union. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Federal Commission, the State of 
 Illinois commits these monuments to your custody. It is 
 a great satisfaction to know that they will be in so safe, 
 so honorable hands. You each belonged to an army that 
 
174 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 participated in the battle here fought. Illinois was repre- 
 sented in the two Union armies, the Tennessee and the 
 Ohio, that contended with the Confederate army of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 In conclusion permit me to say that the most gratifying 
 thought of this occasion is that while you gentlemen are 
 representatives of those once hostile armies, you are also 
 the representatives of the great government of the United 
 States, which now owns the allegiance of the people of 
 our whole country, and which keeps in its protection our 
 rights and our liberties, as it does the honor of our sol- 
 diers and the field whereon they battled. 
 
 Colonel Cornelius Cadle of the national commission 
 next spoke, accepting the monuments in behalf of the gen- 
 eral government: 
 
 Address of Colonel Cornelius Cadle, Chairman Shiloh 
 National Military Park Commission. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Illinois Shiloh Commis- 
 sion, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 It is a duty assigned me by the Secretary of War, a 
 duty and honor that I appreciate, to receive the Illinois 
 monuments from you. Captain Wood, representing as you 
 do the Governor of Illinois — the son of her famous war 
 Governor who sent to the front the men who fought here, 
 and upon many other battlefields, for the preservation of 
 the Union. 
 
 Illinois sent into the field during the War of the Re- 
 bellion 17 regiments and 3 companies of cavalry, 2 regi- 
 ments and 8 independent batteries of light artillery, and 
 156 regiments, 3 battalions and 4 companies of infantry. 
 The aggregate number of men sent by your State to the 
 Union army was 259,147. If this aggregate is reduced to 
 
THE DEDICATION 175 
 
 a three years' standard it makes 214,133 men, about ten 
 per centum of all the Union forces. According to the latest 
 official tabulation, made in 1885, the number of deaths 
 among the Illinois troops in service during the War of the 
 Rebellion was 34,834, of which number 5,874 were killed 
 in action, 4,020 died of wounds received in action and 
 24,940 died of disease and other causes. No compilation 
 of the number of Illinois troops wounded or missing dur- 
 ing the war has ever been made by the War Department. 
 
 In the battle of Shiloh Illinois had 2y regiments of in- 
 fantry, 10 batteries, and 2 regiments and 6 companies of 
 cavalry. 
 
 She had present for duty 16,414. 
 
 Her casualties were, killed 724, wounded 3,044, missing 
 383, total loss 4,151. 
 
 Illinois did her duty here as upon every other battle- 
 field, not distinguished in heroism more than other States 
 whether from the North or South, but heroic always as 
 the others were. 
 
 This park is one of four national military parks created 
 by the government to place in evidence for all time the 
 gallant service of American soldiers. Gettysburg in the 
 east, Chickamauga in the center, Shiloh and Vicksburg in 
 the west, mark decisive struggles, fortunately resulting 
 in making us one nation, and a nation of the world. 
 
 This park contains 3,600 acres, all the fighting ground of 
 April 6 and 7, 1862. 
 
 We have built 24 miles of graveled roads — the public 
 and camp roads existing at the time of the battle. We 
 have placed an iron tablet at the location of each of the 
 84 Union organizations in camp at the time of the battle. 
 We have marked with 600 iron tablets the lines of fight- 
 ing of the Union and Confederate armies. We have 
 mounted on cast iron gun carriages (facsimiles of the old 
 wooden carriages) 200 of the old bronze guns, dividing 
 
176 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 them equally between the Union and Confederate bat- 
 teries. 
 
 We have erected "mortuary" monuments to the five 
 generals killed at Shiloh, W. H. L. Wallace, Everett Pea- 
 body, Julius Raith, of the Union army; Albert Sidney 
 Johnston and Adley H. Gladden, of the Confederate army. 
 
 The tablets for the first day are square, for the second 
 day oval. The color scheme is blue for the Army of the 
 Tennessee (Grant), yellow for the Army of the Ohio 
 (Buell), and red for the Army of the Mississippi (John- 
 ston). This description will enable you, as you go over 
 the field, to easily distinguish the salient points. 
 
 The government has expended upon the field $487,000, 
 with the results that you see. 
 
 The Northern States have placed upon the field one 
 hundred and eight (108) monuments at a cost of about 
 $200,000. The Southern States are considering the mat- 
 ter of monuments to their brave soldiers, but as yet have 
 done nothing. 
 
 I want to state with emphasis, Mr. Chairman, that our 
 national commission has worked with the Illinois com- 
 mission always in the utmost harmony. The president of 
 your commission, Captain Busse, who commanded his 
 regiment here at Shiloh, and your secretary, Major 
 Mason, an adjutant in the battle, as I was, have been 
 unwearied in their earnest work. 
 
 I greatly regret that among the number who so gal- 
 lantly fought here upon this field forty-two years ago my 
 friend. General John McArthur, is not present. His head- 
 quarters and fighting lines are marked. I wish that he 
 could have seen the work. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, the splendid monuments erected by your 
 State to commemorate the heroism of her soldiers are now 
 in the care of the government of the United States and 
 will be preserved for all time. 
 
THE DEDICATION 177 
 
 After music by the attendant band General B. W. Duke 
 was introduced, who spoke as follows : 
 
 Address of General Basil W. Duke. 
 
 When we, who once confronted each other on this field 
 in "stubborn opposition," now meet in friendly intercourse 
 — meet with no thought of the past conflict, save the wish 
 to honor its heroes on both sides — how vividly does the 
 strange contrast impress upon our minds the wonders 
 which time has wrought. Forty-two years have passed 
 away since a great battle — one of the bloodiest of the 
 Civil War — was fought on the ground where we now 
 stand; and in those years a work has been done which 
 some of us then thought many generations only could 
 accomplish, if it were ever done at all. The questions 
 which had perplexed the fathers of our American Com- 
 monwealth and which the framers of the constitution left 
 unsettled, have been removed from the region of con- 
 troversy; the issues which constantly induced sectional 
 irritation and threatened sectional strife have been buried 
 with the dead; the storm which was so long brooding 
 has burst and passed, and out of the contest has emerged 
 a stronger Union and a better country. 
 
 How well those of us who witnessed it can remember 
 that tremendous day; eighty thousand combatants, speak- 
 ing the same tongue, feeling in their veins the same 
 blood, believing in their hearts the same governmental 
 creed, cherishing the same traditions and devoted to 
 institutions derived from a common ancestry, were urged 
 to deadly conflict by the angry influences of sectional 
 dispute. Then this fair landscape, now so peaceful, was 
 alight with the fires of war, and nature seemed to shud- 
 der at the fury of man. Through these green woods, 
 whose beauty so delights us, the fierce hosts rushed to 
 
178 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 mutual slaughter, "the long lines came gleaming on," the 
 voice of the battle resounded far and wide, and the earth 
 trembled at its roar. 
 
 Where now are the combatants? The Confederate sol- 
 diers who fell here lie in dreamless slumber with their 
 great chieftain, Albert Sidney Johnston. The heroic Wal- 
 lace sleeps peacefully, surrounded by the gallant com- 
 rades whose spirits passed with his in the tumult of the 
 battle. Side by side these former foes rest together in 
 the silence and fraternity of death. And we who have 
 survived them, all enmity forgotten, all resentment gone, 
 assemble to do them honor and reverently acknowledge 
 that better than any discussion of the motives which in- 
 duced the strife, better than any recollection even of the 
 valor of those who strove or boast of the deeds which 
 won them fame, is the tribute due the martyrs of each 
 cause: "It is sweet and glorious to die for country." 
 
 To Shiloh and to Gettysburg, more perhaps than to 
 any other battles of the war, a peculiar interest attaches. 
 It is given to Gettysburg as the greatest and bloodiest of 
 all our stricken fields, and the one which may most justly 
 be termed decisive. Shiloh claims it as the first encounter 
 in which any considerable number of troops met in com- 
 bat, and because the men who fought there, in both 
 armies, were new to war and unaccustomed to the shock 
 of battle. Shiloh furnishes the first conspicuous example 
 of how gallantly and stubbornly the untried American 
 volunteer will fight. In the course of this battle occurred 
 almost every vicissitude by which the temper and con- 
 stancy of troops are tested, and on both sides was given 
 a marvelous exhibition of native courage and untaught 
 soldiership. At Shiloh was first displayed the aptitude of 
 the American youth for arms and how instinctively he 
 becomes the soldier. There we first learned his natural 
 appreciation of the requirements of warfare, which, im- 
 
THE DEDICATION 179 
 
 proved by four years of service and discipline, made him 
 finally as formidable a veteran as the world ever saw. 
 But while this reflection strongly appeals to us, and is in 
 every respect worthy of historic commemoration; while 
 it arouses our pride and is no more than a just laudation 
 of our fallen comrades, it is not for this alone — it is not 
 so much because of this that we pay these honors to our 
 dead. More admirable than their valor, than their in- 
 tuitive understanding of a soldier's work and their cheer- 
 ful endurance of every hardship of a soldier's life, was the 
 patriotic devotion which impelled them to the field. 
 Whether they came from the North or the South, in this 
 virtue they were akin ; whether they gave their breasts to 
 the battle under the gray jacket or the blue, in this senti- 
 ment they were all agreed. As the gentleman who pre- 
 ceded me eloquently and truthfully said, these boys 
 "fought for government" ; that is to say, on both sides 
 they obeyed the command of duty as they saw it, and 
 rendered the allegiance they could understand. Older 
 and wiser men might consider and determine the differ- 
 ences which induced the strife; might discuss historical 
 analogies, might insist on variant constitutional construc- 
 tions, and frame arguments in support of their respective 
 contentions. These boys knew naught of such distinc- 
 tions ; they were influenced not by logic, but by loyal love 
 of that which they held dearest. The youth of both sec- 
 tions offered their lives in behalf of real and tangible 
 things which they could feel and understand, not for some 
 academic formula in which the truth or error of a political 
 creed or contention was sought to be defined. They 
 fought for home and kindred — the soil on which they were 
 born, the farm where they had been reared, the house 
 which had sheltered them, the people among whom they 
 had lived from infancy. These things, these ideas repre- 
 sented to them their country; and when the supreme 
 
i8o ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 moment came they did not hesitate. They wasted no time 
 on theories, they took no part in discussion. "Young, 
 fire-eyed disputants, who deemed their swords on points 
 of faith more eloquent than words," they rushed at once 
 to arms. 
 
 It is easy and it is natural to feel and declare that cen- 
 sure, sharp and unqualified, must be visited somewhere 
 and on some one for the terrible calamities of the great 
 struggle. When we remember its disasters and its sor- 
 rows; a country distracted and well nigh permanently 
 divided, torn with dissension and bathed in blood; thou- 
 sands of noble lives lost in fratricidal strife ; wrath and 
 devastation descending on one section, grave apprehen- 
 sion of national destruction assailing the other, and be- 
 reavement and grief settling like a pall upon both — when 
 we recall this appalling picture we are tempted to believe 
 that some one must have been criminally in fault; yet he 
 will be a bold critic who, after surveying the entire his- 
 toric field and regarding, so far as human effort can col- 
 lect and compare them, all the facts, shall pronounce 
 absolute and exclusive condemnation on any one, or either 
 side. 
 
 The generation which fought the Civil War was almost 
 of necessity forced into the conflict by the full develop- 
 ment of certain causes of controversy, the germs of which 
 had existed from the beginning of our national govern- 
 ment, and even before its establishment. 
 
 Our statesmen found that questions which could be 
 pretermitted in 1787 demanded complete settlement in 
 1861. Issues of which all consideration could be avoided 
 at the date of the adoption of the constitution pressed 
 urgently and fiercely for solution as territory expanded 
 and population increased, until discussion was inevitably 
 succeeded by strife. It is not just to attribute, as a wrong 
 or a crime, to one generation, something which it has 
 
THE DEDICATION i8i 
 
 inherited from another; and when we reflect how fre- 
 quently such controversies have culminated in civil war 
 — especially with our dominant and stubborn Saxon race 
 — we must recognize the injustice of unqualified censure 
 of the public men — on either side — who have been accused 
 of precipitating the conflict. These passionate and tre- 
 mendous outbreaks occur without special or perceptible 
 agency. They come as the tempest and the earthquake 
 come; and I am almost tempted to say that to ascribe to 
 any man or set of men blame for their occurrence is to 
 ignore the teachings of history, if not to question the 
 providence of God. 
 
 But wherever and on whomsoever blame may rest, 
 surely none can be laid on the men who fought the bat- 
 tles. They did not seek the quarrel, nor induce the con- 
 flict, although with unflinching courage they accepted its 
 responsibilities and dared its dangers. 
 
 Nor have the men who gave their breasts to the battle 
 cherished angry recollections of the past. Even in the 
 direst moments of the strife the actual combatants re- 
 spected their opponents and felt little bitterness. The 
 heart of the brave man and true soldier is not the soil 
 in which malignant and vindictive feelings find congenial 
 home. The men who faced each other in that contest 
 were meant by God and nature to be friends and brothers. 
 An evil fortune made them enemies for a time, but it was 
 not written in the pages of destiny that such estrangement 
 should endure. The benign influences of peace have 
 hushed the passions awakened by the mandates of war, 
 and the flag floats over a land which we trust will never 
 more be cursed with fraternal strife. 
 
 And we come now, citizens of a united country; proud 
 of a common heritage and a common glory; grateful to 
 the Power which, amid the clash of arms, preserved the 
 liberties we prize and has restored the good feeling with- 
 
1 82 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 out which those liberties might little avail us — we come to 
 testify to the patriotic sacrifices of these men who did not 
 live to participate in the reconciliation at which we re- 
 joice. 
 
 When a people renders such honors to the heroic dead 
 it honors itself. The national care bestowed on this his- 
 toric spot is as much a potent lesson to the future as a 
 sacred duty to the past, for it commemorates the virtues 
 without which nations can not survive. May those who 
 fell here never be forgotten, and may these monuments 
 erected to their memory remain as enduring admonitions 
 to the youth of succeeding generations, to love and serve 
 their country equally as well. 
 
 Following the address by General Duke, Hon. Thomas 
 Henshaw, of Carrollton, Illinois, was presented to the 
 audience. 
 
 Address of Hon. Thomas Henshaw. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 We are here to dedicate the Illinois monuments on the 
 battlefield of Shiloh. What glowing history is recalled 
 by the duties of this hour. Upon this historic field was 
 fought one of the great battles of the Civil War. We are 
 fortunate in having with us some of the brave men of 
 both armies who here over forty-two years ago received 
 their first baptism of fire. But the great majority of those 
 gallant men who on this field of duty's call with fearless 
 tread marched into the valley of the shadow of death 
 have crossed that river whose other side laves the shore 
 of eternity. To the living we ofifer our homage; to the 
 dead we tender the tribute of our respect to their mem- 
 ory. 
 
 It is characteristic of the American citizen that he is 
 ever ready to respond with his life to the call of his coun- 
 
THE DEDICATION 183 
 
 try. No foe has ever menaced, or danger threatened this 
 country, but that they have been met on the very 
 threshold by American valor. 
 
 This country had demonstrated to one of the greatest 
 powers on earth in two bloody wars that American arms 
 are invincible, and had forced the haughty Britons to sue 
 for peace on terms dictated by our armies on the tented 
 field. We had proven to the Bashaw of Tripoli, at the 
 cannon's mouth upon the billowy waves of old ocean, that 
 the Stars and Stripes must be respected and that piracy 
 upon the high seas would not be tolerated. We had sub- 
 dued and conquered the wily Indian, and taught him that 
 the tide of our civilization could not be checked by his 
 inhuman methods. We had convinced the Mexican by 
 the arts of war that the rights of American citizens are 
 sacred. 
 
 We were at peace with the world. Plenty was the 
 result of labor, and prosperity was the sequel of industry. 
 We had become a great nation, our rights were undis- 
 puted, our citizens respected and our flag was honored. 
 But in our onward career of greatness there arose an 
 "irrepressible conflict" among our own people. A grave 
 controversy upon which had been exhausted all attempts 
 at settlement and all efforts of compromise. A question 
 that had to be settled by the arbitrament of the sword. 
 It would not here be appropriate, nor is it my purpose, to 
 discuss the causes which led to our great Civil War. They 
 are familiar to you all. Too well we remember the gloomy 
 days of 1861. The glad spring time of that year came as 
 of yore, but its sunshine and its sweetness were lost amid 
 the fearful forebodings of our people. How we hoped and 
 trusted that the storm might pass by and leave us un- 
 scathed. Vain hope. Idle trust. The tornado of civil 
 strife fell with its blighting blast upon our fair land and 
 left its lightning scar upon the hearts of our people. 
 
1 84 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 In the North and in the South party strife and per- 
 sonal bickerings were hushed and stilled in the presence 
 of the great calamity. Those in the North, as well as 
 those in the South, who had all their lives been politically 
 opposed to each other, now in their respective localities 
 stood shoulder to shoulder and side by side to answer the 
 call to arms. War, with its bloody train and skeleton 
 hands, beckoned them on to the banquet of death. 
 
 The North and the South both hurried their troops to 
 the front. There had been skirmishes and undecisive 
 affairs which gave no indications of the fighting capacity 
 of their respective armies. The country waited with 
 bated breath for a decisive battle between the contending 
 hosts. The occasion came upon a beautiful Sabbath 
 morning on the 21st day of July, 1861. The Union army 
 was defeated. Rout, ruin, death and disaster followed in 
 its retreating wake. It was driven back upon the Capital 
 of the nation. The North stood appalled at her misfor- 
 tune. Could it be true that the dash and courage of the 
 South would overcome the steadier and cooler bravery of 
 the North? Could it be true that the red, white and blue 
 must go down before the red, white and red ; that the 
 Star Spangled Banner must yield to the bonny blue flag? 
 Ah, my friends, it might have been true had not the com- 
 mon people of the Middle West taken up the gauge of 
 battle in behalf of the Union. It would have been true 
 had not the officers and soldiers of the great Middle West 
 marched upon this field and other fields of the South and 
 organized victory from defeat. The victories of the 
 Southern armies in the State of Virginia aroused the 
 patriotism and awakened the people of the West to the 
 impending danger of the Union ; and 
 
 "They came as come the waves when navies are stranded; 
 They came as come the winds when forests are rended." 
 
 To the citizen soldiers of the Union army, whose self- 
 
THE DEDICATION 185 
 
 reliance had been developed and whose manhood had been 
 perfected in the offices, stores, workshops and on the 
 farms of the Mississippi valley, belong the glory and honor 
 of first holding in check and rolling back the tide of 
 Southern success in that great conflict between the States. 
 The question asked at Bull Run was answered at Shiloh. 
 The dash and courage of the South would not and could 
 not overcome the steadier and cooler bravery of the 
 North. Upon this field both sides displayed the prowess 
 and bravery of the American citizen. The Union army 
 was forced to yield again and again, but it rallied again 
 and again, and upon that first dark day of danger, and in 
 the leaden hour of defeat, it did not lose faith in its cause 
 or hope in its success, but fought on until darkness and 
 night brought Wallace and Euell. Upon the next day it 
 drove the Confederate army from the field and remained 
 master of the situation. 
 
 Illinois contributed her full share of the soldiers and 
 bore her part of the heat and burden of that great battle, 
 and is entitled to her share of the honor and glory in the 
 victory over as gallant a foe as ever fought in behalf of a 
 cause it believed to be right. 
 
 Illinois has erected upon this field monuments to com- 
 memorate the patriotism, the sacrifices, the sufferings and 
 the heroism of her soldiers at this place on the 6th and 
 7th days of April in the year of 1862. She appreciates 
 what they did here, and by these monuments will not let 
 the world forget those brave men she proudly calls her 
 sons who voluntarily left their loved ones and the peaceful 
 and profitable avocations of life within her borders to 
 engage in deadly and mortal combat in behalf of prin- 
 ciples they conceived to be right. May these monuments 
 prove an inspiration of patriotism to future generations 
 and stand as lasting proof of the fact that while the State 
 of Illinois gave to the cause of the Union in the hour of 
 
i86 ILLINOIS AT SHILOH 
 
 its peril a Lincoln, a Grant, a Logan, a Palmer, an Ogles- 
 by, a McClernand and others, whose names the world will 
 not let die, yet her greatest gift to this cause was her 
 citizen soldiers, numbers of whom now sleep in unknown 
 graves in the silent city of the dead at the entrance of 
 this renowned field, whose valor and whose courage made 
 the perpetuation of the Union of States possible. 
 
 Captain Wood and General Duke said, and said truly, 
 that both sides in this great battle fought for law, order 
 and government. While the American citizen ever stands 
 ready to defend with his life the laws of his country which 
 he approves and the form of government he believes to 
 be right, yet he should be sure that his law and his govern- 
 ment are founded upon right and justice. The universe 
 is governed by scientific laws. Society is governed by 
 moral laws. A law not based upon a moral principle is a 
 fraud. Any law that is not founded upon justice and right 
 is a failure. A law that is not just and fair to all classes 
 of people alike will not and ought not to stand. Laws in 
 behalf of classes and against the masses are without foun- 
 dation and will crumble with the touch of time. The 
 founders of this government placed upon their statute 
 book a law which held in bondage a portion of the human 
 race. Back of that law they placed their army and their 
 navy. Back of it were the pulpit, the press and the 
 courts, yet it could not stand the test when measured by 
 the standard of right and justice, and it went down, as all 
 such laws ought to and will go down when the American 
 conscience is aroused and called upon to determine the 
 question of right and wrong. 
 
 May the wisdom and the conscience of the American 
 people so shape the legislation and policy of our govern- 
 ment so that we may never again be called upon to under- 
 go such great sacrifices in the enforcement or the abroga- 
 tion of our laws or the maintenance of our government. 
 
THE DEDICATION 187 
 
 In the future may the contentions between the prosperous 
 and powerful North and the sunny South, "that fair land 
 of flowers and flowery land of the fair," be along peace- 
 ful lines; may the battles in the future between the great 
 State of Illinois and the proud State of Tennessee be 
 fought upon industrial plains and the victories gained be 
 upon intellectual heights so as to redound to the benefit 
 of all sections and to the prosperity and glory of our 
 whole country." 
 
 The exercises closed at 4:00 p. m. 
 
 After the exercises the old veterans again strolled over 
 the battlefield and later returned to the boats. 
 
 The boats remained at the Landing until the evening of 
 the second day. Some of the company remained to go 
 over the battlefield again and some left for the North, driv- 
 ing to Corinth, Miss., and taking the train for Memphis. 
 
 Thus, with the dedication of the monuments, termi- 
 nated, as pleasantly as strikingly, the work under the 
 generous appropriations induced by State patriotism of 
 the Illinois Shiloh Battlefield Commission, 
 
 Major George Mason, 
 Secretary Illinois Shiloh Battlefield Commission. 
 
H 91 8 
 

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