ILC 1557 .M3 1899 , Handbook a Copy l I or British, Continental and Canadian Universities WITH SPECIAL MENTION OF THE Courses Open to Women THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ee FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 8EC0N -,op r, IbbJ. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. Copyright No. SheicLdj 55 7 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. M OF It'itiisb, ^fl«ti«ettt»l mi Canadian Wwxmxsiiits WITH SPECIAL MENTION OF THE ©amsjes ®pm to W&Lomm COMPILED FOR THE Graduate Club ok Bryn JVIawr College J ISABEL MADD1SON, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (BrynMawr). n SECOND EDITION NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1899 All rights reserved. 33199 Copyright 1899 BY The Macmillan Company TWO COPIES RECEIVED. The New Era Print, Lancaster, Pa. PREFACE. The many graduates of Bryn Mawr College who have continued their studies abroad, have strongly felt the need of a handbook defining the position of the different foreign universities in regard to the admission of women to their courses, and giving particulars of the lectures, degrees, entrance requirements, etc., of foreign universities and col- leges. Accordingly, in 1896, the Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College published a Handbook of Courses Open to Women in British, Continental and Canadian Universities containing all the information on the subject which it was possible, in a necessarily limited space of time, to collect. The funds necessary for the purpose were secured through the interest and assistance of the President of Bryn Mawr College. In 1899 it was decided to publish a new edition of the Handbook, and as it was found that practically all European universities and colleges were open to women and that the majority of the facts collected were as valuable to men stu- dents as to women students, the title was slightly modified. The information given in the Handbook has been obtained from the authorities of the different universities and collected from the calendars and other official publications. The facts gathered from these different sources have been put together in a condensed form, and it is hoped that the alphabetical arrangement adopted will be found convenient for reference. The attention of women students is called to the work of the Council to Accredit Women for Advanced Work in Foreign Universities, a committee of the Association of Col- legiate Alumnae. iv PREFACE. The Editor wishes to express her gratitude to all those whose kindness in supplying information made the compila- tion of the book possible, and to acknowledge her indebted- ness to the " Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt."* It is intended to issue a new edition of the Handbook yearly, and the Editor will be grateful for corrections of the errors almost unavoidable in a book of this kind and for suggestions which may tend to make the next issue more serviceable. The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College is glad to allow members of other colleges to make use of its collection of official programs and calendars ; particular books will be lent for a few days to applicants prepaying postage. All communications in regard to the Handbook, and all requests for programs and calendars, should be addressed to Miss Isabel Maddison, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. * Published by Karl J. Triibner, Strassburg. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. AUSTRIA. (See also Hungary.) The universities of Austria, like those of Germany, are state institutions. They are supported by the Government and are directly subject to the Austrian Minister of Education. With the exception of the university at Czernowitz, which has no Faculty of Medicine, the eight universities of Austria comprise the Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology. Courses of lectures, seminary and laboratory work in different subjects are provided by the several faculties, and the degree of Doctor is given to matricu- lated students who have fulfilled certain stated requirements. The entrance requirements for men are similar to those of German universities ; the candidate for admission must hold the Maturitatszeugniss of a gymnasium or a certificate that he has already attended a university. In 1878 the admission of women to the Austrian univer- sities was regulated by a decree of the Minister of Education ; while declaring that there could be no question of a general admission of women to academic courses, he yet made pro- vision for particular cases. Certain courses might, as an ex- ception and with the express sanction of the Minister, be given especially for women, and advanced women students might in addition be allowed to attend the courses held for men, provided that they could in every case obtain the con- sent of the faculty in question, in conjunction with that of the academic senate and the individual professors, with whom work was desired. In no case were women to be allowed to register as students in the universities, but were to be consid- ered as hearers. 2 AUSTRIA. In March, 1897, these regulations were revised, and the following new regulations are now in force : any woman who is a native of Austria and over eighteen years of age is admitted as a regular hearer to the philosophical faculty of an Austrian university, provided she has passed the Reife- ■prufung of an Austrian State gymnasium or of a foreign gymnasium considered equivalent to this by the Minister of Education. The Dean of the Philosophical Faculty decides on the admission of candidates, but in case of refusal further application may be made to the Minister. Women hearers are under the same regulations as men in regard to registration, matriculation, payment of fees, dis- cipline, attendance at lectures, the Abgangszeugnis and admittance to the philosophical Rigorosen (examinations). Women who have attended certain schools other than those mentioned above, approved by the Minister of Education, are admitted as ausserordentliche Horerinnen to the philosophical faculties but must, except in special cases, register for more than ten hours of lectures weekly. Permission to attend sepa- rate lectures is given to women in exceptional cases only, under the regulation of 1878. A noteworthy decree putting Austrian women who have studied medicine at any foreign university on the same foot- ing as men in regard to obtaining Austrian degrees in medi- cine was published on May 19th, 1896. Women who have passed the Reifejyr iifung of an Austrian gymnasium, are over 24 years of age and have studied for at least ten semesters at a foreign university considered suitable by the Minister of Education, may proceed to take all the final examinations in medicine, omitting those in Natural Science, and to obtain diplomas on exactly the same conditions as men. The university libraries are open to women. AUSTRIA. 3 The academic year is divided into two semesters, the first, or winter semester, which begins on October ist, and ends on the Thursday before Palm Sunday, and the second, or summer semester, which begins on the first Thursday after Easter and ends about July 30th. The system of university fees is in general the same in Austria as in Germany. (See under Germany.) CRACOW, Galicia, Austria. JAGELLONISCHE UNIVERSITAT. UNIWERSYTET JAGIELLONSKI W KRAKOWIE. This university, founded in 1364, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria ; see above. In the winter semes- ter of 1898-99, 107 women were attending courses in the university. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Leon Cyfrowicz. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages.— Indo-Iranian: Docents Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- v. Mankowski, Rozwadowski. fessors Kepinski, Karlinski, Rudzki, Classical: Professors Miodonski, Mo- Zorawski. rawski Sternbach. Physics : Professors Natanson, Witkow- English': Reader Dziewicki. ski ; Docent Birkenmajer. Germanic (Polish, Slavonic): Profes- Chemistry: Professors Bandrowski, sors Creizenach, Malinowski, Graf Godlewski, Olszewski, Schramm ; Do- Tarnowski, Tretiak; Docents Stud- cent jentys. zinski, Windakiewiez, v. Zdziechow- Mineralogy : Professor Kreutz. ski. ' Geology : Professor Szajnocha. Romance : Professor Kawczynski ; Biology : Professors Hoyer, Wierzejski; Reader Rongier. Docent Garbowski. Comparative Philology : Professor de Botany : Professors Janczewski, Rosta- Courtenay. finski. Philosophy : Professors Pawlicki, Stras- Geography : Professor Szwarcenberg- zewski ; Docent Ziembicki. Czerny. History : Professors Lewicki, Graf My- Agriculture : Professor v. Lubomeski ; cielski, Smolka, Zakrzewski ; Docents Docents Ajdukiewicz, Jentys, Klecki. Czermak, Krzyzanowski. Engineering : Docent Ajdukiewicz. Art and Archeology : Professors Bienkowski, Sokolowski ; Docent law and political science. Graf Mycielski. Professors Brzezinski, Cyfrowicz, Czer- Pedagogy : Professor Straszewski ; Do- kawski, Fierich, Gorski, Kasparek, cent Kulczynski. Kleczynski, Krzymuski v. Radwan, Leo, CZERNOWITZ, GRATZ. Madeyski, Milewski, Piekosinski, Rosen- blatt, Ulanowski, Zoll ; Docents Es- treicher, W. L. Jaworski, Makarewicz, Rostworowski, Wroblewski. MEDICINE. Professors Browicz, Bujwid, Cybulski, Domanski, Jakubowski, W Jaworski, Jordan, Klecki, Korczynski, v. Kocta- necki, Lazarski, Obalinski, Parenski, Pieniazek, Poniklo, Reiss, Stopczanski, Trzebicky, Wachholz, Wicherkiewicz, Zarewicz ; Docents Baurowicz, Bossow- ski, Braun, Leprowski, Korczynski, Krynski, Raczynski, Rosner, Sroczyn- ski, Zulawski. THEOLOGY. Professors Chotkowski, Gabryl, Grom- nicki, Knapinski, Morawski, Pelczar, Spis, Trznadel, Wadolny CZERNOWITZ, Buckowina, Austria. K. K. FRANZ-JOSEFS-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1S75, is under the same i-egulations as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. 1-3. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Dr. Anton Nuss- BAUM. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Hilberg, Wrobel. English ; Reader Romanovsky. Germanic (Slavonic, etc.) : Professors Kaluzniacki, Sbiera, Smalstocki, v. Summersberg ; Docent Wolkan. Romance : Professor Gartner. Philosophy: Professorate. History : Professors Herzberg-Frankel, Zieglauer v. Blumenthal ; Docents Kaindl, Milkowicz SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professor Puchta. Physics : Professors Handl, Tumlirz. Chemistry : Professor Pribram. Mineralogy : Professor Scharizer. Zoology : Professor Zelinka. Botany : Professor Tangl. Geography : Professor Lowl. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Ehrlich, v. Halban, Hauke, Hiller, Kleinwachter, v. Hormann zu Horbach, Ritter v. Roschmann-Horburg, Skedl ; Docents Kryspin, v. Wolan. THEOLOGY. Professors C. Popowicz, E. Popowicz, v. Repta, Tarnawski, Wojucki ; Docents Gaina, Stefanelli. GRATZ, Styria, Austria. K. K. KARL-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 15S6, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Josef Hotter. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Oriental : Professor Kirste Classical : Professors Goldbacher, Ritter v. Karajan, Meyer, Picher,. Schenkl. AUSTRIA. English : Professor Luick. Germanic : Professors Schonbach, Seuffert ; Docent Zwierzina. Slavonic: Professors Krek, Strekelj. Romance: Professors Ive, Schuchardt. Comparative Philology : Professor Meyer. Philosophy: Professors Ritter v. Mein- ong, Spitzer, Strzygowski ; Docent Martinak. History : Professors Bauer, Krones Ritter v. Marchland, Loserth, v. Zwie- dineck-Stidenhorst ; Docents Mayer, Mell. Art and Archeology : Professors Cuntz, Gurlitt, v. Meinong, Pichler, Strzygowski. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Dantscher Ritter v. Kolles- berg, Frischauf, v. Hepperger ; Do- cent Streissler. Physics : Professors Hann, Pfaundler, Streintz, Subic, Wassmuth ; Docent Henrich. Chemistry: Professors Schrotter,Skraup. Mineralogy : Professor Doelter. Geology : Professors Hilber, Hoernes ; Docent Penecke. Biology : Professors Bohmig, v. Graff; Docent Ritter v. Heider. Botany : Professor Haberlandt ; Do- cent Palla. Geography : Professor Richter. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Freiherr v. Anders, Freiherr v. Canstein, Gumplowicz, Hanausek, Hildebrand, Lubec, Luschin Ritter v. Ebengreutb, Mischler, Freiherr v. Schwind, Steinlechner, Tewes, Thaner, Vargha ; Docents v. Glanvell, Sperl. MEDICINE. Professors Anton, Birnbacher, Bleich- steiner, Borner, Borysiekiewicz, Drasch, Ebner, Eppinger, Escherich, Habermann, Hoffer Edler v. Sulmthal, Hofmann, Holl, Jarisch, Klemensiewicz, Kratter, Kraus, Moller, Miiller, Nicoladoni,Praus- nitz, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, Rollett, v. Rosthorn, Schindler ; Docents Emele, Hammerl, Kossler, Laker, Rossa, Sachs- salber, Steinbiichel v.Rheinwall, Tobeitz, Zoth. THEOLOGY. Professors Gutjahr, Klinger, Michel - itsch, Ritter v. Scherer, Schlager, Sta- nonik, A. Weiss, J. Weiss. Docent INNSBRUCK, Tyrol, Austria. K. K. LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1673-4, is under the same regula- tions as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. 1-3. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Willibald Stricker. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Oriental : Professor Flunk. INDO-IRANIAN: Professor v. Schroder; Docent Walde. Classical: Professors Miiller, Zin- gerle ; Docent Radinger. English : Professor Fisher. Germanic : Professors Seemuller, Wackernell ; Docent Schatz. Romance : Professor Demattio ; Do- cents Farinelli, W. v. Zingerle ; Reader Genelin. Comparative Philology : Professor F. Stolz. Philosophy : Professors Hillebrand, Ueberhorst. History : Professors Friedrich, Him, Kaltenbrunner, v. Ottenthal, Pastor, v. Scala ; Docent Mayr. LEMBERG. Art and Archaeology : Professors Reisch, Semper. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy ; Pro- fessors O. Stolz, Wirtinger ; Docent Schober. Physics : Professors Czermak, Exner, Klemencic ; Docents Hammerl, Rada- kovic, Tollinger. Chemistry : Professor Senhofer ; Do- cent Hopfgartner. Mineralogy : Professor Cathrein. Geology : Professor Blaas. Biology : Professors Heider, v. Dalla- Torre-Thurnberg-Sternhof. Botany : Professor Heinricher. Geography : Professor Ritter v. Wieser. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Carnevale, Dantscher Ritter v. Kollesberg, Demelius, Galante, Hruza, John, Lentner, Myrbach v. Rhein- feld, Pacchioni, Puntschart, Ritter v. Sartori-Montecroce, Schiffner, Vinzenz, Wahrmund, Waldner; Docents v. Eccher, Payr, Zanetti. MEDICINE. Professors Dimmer, Ehrendorfer, Hochstetter, Ipsen, Juffinger, Kerschner, Klotz, Lode, Loebisch, Loewit, Loos, Lukasiewicz, Mayer, Nevinny, Pommer, Rille, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, v. Tschurt- schenthaler Edler v. Helmheim, Victor Ritter v. Hacker, v. Vintschgau, Wild- ner; Docents Lantschner, Malfatti, Pos- selt. THEOLOGY. Professors Flunk, Gatterer, Hofmann, Hurter, Michael, Nisius, Noldin, Rinz, Straub ; Docents Lercher, Muller. LEMBERG, Galicia, Austria. K. K. FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. C. K. UNIWERSYTET IMIENIA CESARZA FRANCISZKA I. This university, founded in 17S4, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. 1-3. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Marceli Chlam- tacz. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Sar- nicki. Classical : Professors Cwiklinski, Kruczkiewicz ; Docent Jezieniecki. English : Itistructor Kropiwnicki. Germanic : Professors Colessa, Ka- lina, Pilat, Werner. Romance : Docent Porebowicz ; In- structor Amborski. Philosophy : Professors Graf Dziedus- zycki, Raciborski, Skorski. History : Professors Dembinski, Finkel, Gruszewski, Szaraniewicz, Wojcie- chowski ; Docent Hirschberg. Art and Archaeology: Professor Boloz- Antoniewicz. Pedagogy : Docent Danysz. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Laska, Puzyna. Physics : Professors Fabian, Zakrzewski. Chemistry : Professors Lachowicz, Rad- ziszewski. Mineralogy : Professor Dunikowski ; Docent Niedzwiedzki. Geology : Professors Niedzwiedzki, Sie- miradzki, Zuber ; Docent Teisseyre. Biology : Professor Dybowski ; Docents Nussbaum, Piotrowski, Wielowiejski. Botany : Professor Ciesielski ; Docents Szyszylowicz, Zalewski. Geography : Professor Rehmann. HYGIENE: Docent Szpilman. LAIV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Abraham, Balasits, Balzer, AUSTRIA. Bobrzynski, Glabinski, Gryziecki, Jano- wicz, v. Ochenkov/ski, Pietak, T. Pilat, Roszkowski, Starzynski, Stebelski, Szachowski, Till ; Docents Chlamtacz, Dobrzanski, Dolinski, L. Pilat, "Winiarz. MEDICINE. Professors Beck, Gluziuski, Kadyi, Lukasiewicz, Niemilowicz, Obrzut, Prus, Rydygier, v. Sobieranski, Szymonowicz ; Docents Baracz, Gatryszewski, Piotro- wski, Schramm, Wehr, Widmann, Ziem- bicki. THEOLOGY. Professors Bartoszewski, Bilczewski, Fijalek, Filarski, Jaszowski, Kloss, Ko- marnicki, Sarnicki ; Docent Narajewski ; Instructor Redkiewicz. PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. K. K. DEUTSCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1348, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1—3. Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Dr. Anton Kurz. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Grii- nert. Classical : Professors Holzinger Rit- ter v. Weidich, Keller, Rzach, Schu- bert. English : Professor Pogatscher ; Reader Just. Germanic: Professors Hauffen, Kelle, Lambel, Sauer. Romance : Professors Cornu, Rolin ; Reader Vielmetti. Comparative Philology : Professor Ludwig. Philosophy : Professors Freiherr v. Ehrenfels, Marty, Willmann ; Docent Arleth. History : Professors Bachmann, Four- nier, Jung, Swoboda, Weber, We- runsky. Art and Archaeology : Professors Klein, Neuwirth, Schultz. Pedagogy : Professor Willmann ; Do- cent Toischer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Bobek, Pick, Weinek. Physics : Professors Jaumann, Lecher, Lippich, Spitaler ; Docent v. Geitler Ritterv. Armingen. Chemistry : Professors Brunner, Garza- rolli Edler v. Thurnlackh, Gintl, Goldschmiedt ; Docent Mayer. Geology : Profssors Laube, Pelikan. Biology : Professors Hatschek, Lendl- mayr, Ritter v. Lendenfeld ; Docent Cork Botany : Professors Molisch, Schiffner ; Docent Nestler. Geography : Professor Lenz. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Finger, Frankl, Franz, Krasnopolski, Pfersche, Pfaff, Rauch- berg, Schreuer, Schuster, Singer, Ul- brich, Ullman, Freiherr v. Wieser, Zuckerkandl ; Docent Spiegel. MEDICINE. Professors Bayer, Chiari, Czermak, Dittrich, Epstein, Gad, Ganghofner, Hueppe, Huppert, Jaksch, Ritter v. Wartenhorst, Mayer, Petrina, A. Pick, P. J. Pick. Pohl, Pribram, Rabl, Rex, Schenkl, Singer, Steinach, Weil, Wolfler, Zaufal ; Docents Boennecken, v. Frey, A. Fischel, R. Fischel, W Fischel, Hering, Herrnheiser, Knapp, Munzer, G. Pick, Pietrzikowski, Ramnitz, Spietschka, Waelsch, Wiener, Winternitz. THEOLOGY. Professors Elbl, Hauer, Kurz, Rieber, Schindler, Schneedorfer, Zaus. MUSIC. Professor Adler ; Reader Schneider. PRAGUE, VIENNA. PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. K. K. BOHMISCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. C. K. CESKA UNIVERSITA KARLO-FERDINANDOVA. This university, founded in 1882-3, ^ s un der the same regula- tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Reinsberg. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Oriental Professor Languages. Dvorak. Classical : Professors Kvicala, Krai, Novak ; Docent Vysoky. English : Reader Sladek. Germanic: Professors Gebauer, Kraus, Mourek, Pastrnck, Polivka ; Docent Machal ; Readers Brabek, Kolar, J. Krejci. Romance : Pi ofessor Jarnik ; Readers Malecek, Mohl. Comparative Philology : Professor Zubaty ; Docent Kovar History of Literature : Professor Frida ; Docent Vlcek. Philosophy : Professor Durdik, Mas- aryk ; Docents Cada, Drtina, F. Krejci. Political Economy: Professor Braf; Hon- Docent Bloman. History : Professors Emler, Goll, Kal- ousek ; Docents Novotny, Pekar, Pic, Zibrt. ^Esthetics : Professor Hostinsky. ARCHAEOLOGY: Docents Chytil, Matejka. Pedagogy : Docent P. Durdik. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Gruss, Studnicka, Weyr ; Do- cent Sucharda. Physics : Professors Kolacek, Strouhal ; Docent Novak. Chemistry : Professors Belohoubek, Brauner, Rayman. Mineralogy : Professor Vrba. Geology : Professors Pocta, Velenovsky, Woldrich ; Docent Barvir. Geography : Professor Palacky. Meteorology : Professor Augustin. Biology : Professors Celakovsky, Fric, Hansgirg, Vejdovsky, Velenovsky ; Docent Mrazek. Anthropology: Professor Niederle ; Docent Matiegka. LAJV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Belohradsky, Braf, Celak- ovsky, Hanel, Henner, Herrmann, Hey- rovsky, Kaizl, Ott, Prazak, Randa, Rieger, Storch, Stupecky, Talir, Zucker ; Docents Bloman, Horacek, Tilsch, Tra- kal, Vancura. MEDICINE. Professors Chodounsky, Deyl, Eiselt, Hlava, Horbaczewski, Janosik, Janovsky, v. Jirus, Kabrhel, Kasparek, Kaufmann, Kuffner, Maixner, Maydl, Mares, Michl, Neureutter, Nessel, Pawlik, Reinsberg, Rohon, Rubeska, Schobl, Schwing, Spina, Thomayer ; Docents Formanek, Frankenberger, Haskovec, Hnatek, Honl, Kimla, Kukula, Mitvalsky, Pecirka, Pesina, Scherer, Schrutz, Slavik, Svehla, Velich, Vesely. THEOLOGY. Professors Kaderavek, Krystufek, Pachta, Pechacek, Sedlacek, Sykora, Tumpach, Vrestal ; Docent Tippmann. VIENNA, Austria. K. K. UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 1365, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. The Medical Fac- AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 9 ulty is large and important, and for this reason the subjects lectured on by the different professors are stated below. A Verein of women students has just been instituted, and a sum of money has been bequeathed for the purpose of founding scholar- ships for women students. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Chinese: Docent Kiih- nert. Semitic : Professors Bickell, Hein- rich, Miiller ; Docents Bittner, Hoff- ner, Wahrmund. Egyptian : Professor Reinisch. Classical : Professors Gitlbauer, Gomperz, Hauler, Marx, Schenkl, Bitter v. Schneider; Doc en ts Jurenka, Kalinka, Mekler. English : Professor Schipper ; Docent Kellner. Germanic ( Slavonic, etc. ) : Professors Heinzel, Jagic, Jirecek, Minor; Do- cents JeUinek, Kraus, Much, Murko, Resetar, Vondrak, v. Professors Meyer-Liibke, Docent} Alton, Fried- Nagl, Weilen. Romance : Mussafia wagner. Comparative Philology : Professor Meringer ; Docent Sklenar. Philosophy : Professors Jodl, Mach, Miillner ; Docents Hofler, Jerusalem, Kreibig, Reich, Stohr. History : Professors Bormann, Biidin- ger, Dopsch, Miihlbacher, Pribram, Redlich, Szanto ; Docents Fellner, Hartmann, Kretschmayr, Steinherz, Uhlirz, Wilhelm, Ritter v. Zitkovszky. Oriental History : Professors Kara- bacek, Krall. Art and /Esthetics : Professors Frei- herr v. Berger, Riegl, Wickhoff; Do- cents Dietz, Dollmayr, Ritter v. Schlosser, Wallaschek. Archeology : Professors Kubitschek, Reisch, v. Schneider ; Docents Heber- dey, Homes, Reichel. Pedagogy : Professor Vogt ; Docent Hofler. Music : Professor Adler ; Docent Rietsch. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Ritter v. Escherich, Gegenbauer, Kohn, Mer- tens ; Docents Blaschke, Daublebsky v. Sterneck, Sersawy, Tauber, Zindler, Zsigmondy. Astronomy : Professor Weiss ; Do- cents Hillebrand, Schram. Physics : Professors Boltzmann, Exner, Jager, v. Lang ; Docents Lampa, Moser, Smoluchowski, Tuma. Chemistry : Professors Herzig, Lieben, Lippmann, Weidel ; Docents Blau Fossek,Natterer, Pomeranz, Schacherl, Vortmann, Wegscheider, Zeisel. Mineralogy and Petrography : Pro- fessors Becke, Berwerth, Tschermak. Geology : Professors Diener, Fuchs, Pernter, Reyer, E. Suess, Waagen ; Docents Edler v. Arthaber, E. E. Suess, Wahner. Geography : Professors Penck, Tom- aschek ; Docents Paulitschke, Sieger. Biology : Professors Brauer, Grobben, Hatschek ; Docents Pintner, Schneider, Werner. Botany : Professors Beck Ritter v. Mannagetta, Fritsch, Wettstein, Wies- ner ; Docents Burgerstein, Krasser. Ethnography : Docent Haberlandt. Meteorology : Docent Trabert. LATV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Adler, v. Bawerk, Bernatzik, v. Czyhlarz, Friedmann, Gross, Griinhut, v. Heinlein, v. Inama-Sternegg, F. Klein, Lammasch, Lustkandl, A. Men- ger, K. Menger, Menzel, Mitteis, Pfaff, v. Phillipsberg, v. Rechtenstamm, v. Schey, v. Seidler, Stooss, Unger, v. Zal- VIENNA. linger ; Docents Brockhausen, Burckhard, Ehrenzweig, Feilbogen, Gross, Gruber, Griinberg, v. Herrnritt, v. Juraschek, Komorzynski, Landesberger, Lenz, Loff- ler, Meyer, Pineles, Pollak, Schmid, v. Schrattenhofen, Schwiedland, Singer, Strisower, Tezner, Walker, v. Wretschko. MEDICINE. Anatomy : Professors Dalla-Rosa, Pal- tauf, Schenk, Toldt, Weichselbaum, Zuckerkandl ; Docent Kretz. Physiology : Professors Exner, Fuchs ; Docents Beer, Kreidl, Latschenberger. Histology : Professors Ebner Ritter v. Rofenstein, Schaffer ; Docent Rabl. Chemistry : Professors Ludwig, Mauth- ner ; Docent S. Frankel. Medicine : Professors Chvostek, Oser, Winternitz ; Docents Biach, Drozda, Hammerschlag, Heitler, Herz, Klein, Kolisch, v. Limbeck, H. Lorenz, Man- naberg, Obermayer, Ortner, Pal, Pick, Schlesinger, Schwarz, Sternberg, Strauss, Weiss, Ritter v. Weismayr. Surgery : Professors Albert, Englisch, Ritter v. Frisch, Gussenbauer, Hoch- enegg, Hofmokl, A. Lorenz, Ritter v. Mosetig-Moorhof, Weinlechner ; Do- cents Biidinger, Ewald, Fieber, Frank, Frankel, Habart, Schnitzler, E. Ull- mann, Zuckerkandl. Obstetrics : Professors Braun, Breus, Chrobak, Lott, Schauta ; Docents Braun v. Fernwald, Felsenreich, Herz- feld, Jurie Edler v. Lavandal, Li- hotzky, Ludwig, Peters, Wertheim, v. Weiss. Pharmacy : Professor Vogl ; Docent Paschkis. Pathology : Professors Ritter v. Basch, Gaertner, Knoll, Neusser, Nothnagel, Schrotter Ritter v. Kristelli, Ritter v. Stoffella d'alta Rupe ; Docents Biedl, Kovacs, Schiitz. Diseases of the Ear: Professors Po- litzer, Urbantschitsch ; Docents Bing, Gomperz, Pollak. Diseases of the Eye : Professors Berg- meister, Fuchs, Ritter v. Reuss, Schna- bel ; Docents Bernheimer, Elschnig, R. Gruber, Klein, Konigstein, Miiller, Salzmann, Topolansky, Wintersteiner. Diseases of Children: Professors Friih- wald, Kassowitz, Monti, Freiherr v. Widerhofer ; Docents Eisenschitz, Fol- tanek, Fronz, Ritter v. Huttenbrenner. Skin Diseases : Professors Finger, Rit- ter v. Hebra, Kaposi, Lang, Mracek, Neumann, Edler v. Zeissl ; Docents Ehrmann, Griinfeld, Ritter v. Hebra, Kohn, Riehl, Schiff, Spiegler, K. Ull- mann, Vajda. Nervous Diseases : Professors Bene- dikt, Frankl Ritter v. Hochwart, Fritsch, Freiherr v. Krafft-Ebing,Ober- steiner, Wagner Ritter v. Jauregg ; Do- cents Freud, Hollander, Redlich, Frei herr Steiner v. Pfungen. Diseases of the Throat : Professors Chiari, Stoerk ; Docents Grossmann, Hajek, Koschier, Rethi, Roth. Balneology : Professor Clar. Hospital Practice : Professor Stern. Medical Jurisprudence : Professors Haberda, Kolisko. History of Medicine: Professor Pusch- mann ; Docents Neuburger, Ritter v. TQply. Hygiene : Professors M. Gruber, Kratschmer ; Docent Schattenfroh. THEOLOGY. Professors Bauer, Ehrhard, Grimmich, Laurin, Neumann, Polzl, Reinhold, Schafer, Schindler, Swoboda. BELGIUM. BELGIUM. There are in Belgium five universities, the state universi- ties of Ghent and Liege, the free universities of Brussels and Louvain, and the new university of Brussels. In 1883 women were admitted on the same conditions as men to the univer- sities of Brussels, Ghent and Liege and also allowed to take the state examinations. The new University of Brussels has been open to women since its foundation. The Catholic Uni- versity of Louvain, however, does not admit women. Each university comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and each of these Faculties provides in- struction and grants upon examination the degrees of Can- didate and Doctor to students who have fulfilled certain re- quirements. Examinations are also held and degrees conferred by state commissions, made up of examiners chosen in equal numbers from among the professors of the state universities and the free university. These commissions are of two kinds, the central commission and special commissions. The central commission is accessible to any student who desires to present himself for examination, the special commissions, instituted for certain separate " faculties " or colleges which do not con- stitute a university, are accessible only to students of the fac- ulties for which they were established. No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of Candidate, unless he present a certificate, stating that he has followed certain specified courses of study. Such certificates may be given by the directors of private schools or even by private teachers. They testify, however, to a prolonged preparation, and since this enactment was passed in 1890 the number of women students in the universities has greatly 12 BRUSSELS. ■diminished. Students who cannot produce the necessary cer- tificate must pass an entrance examination. No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of Doctor unless he has obtained the degree of Candidate or a degree considered equivalent to this. To obtain the degree of Candidate in Philosophy and Lit- erature, the student is required to study for four semesters and to pass two examinations. The course of study is defi- nitely prescribed but foreigners are allowed to substitute equivalent work. It is advisable for a foreigner to have his diplomas certified by some member of the Belgian embassy. For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy two additional years of study are required, and one or two more examinations must be passed. The year is divided into two semesters, beginning respec- tively on the first Thursday in October and on the last Mon- day in February. The fees charged by the state and the free universities are approximately the same. Upon registering at the university each student is required to pay 15 fr. ($3). In addition he must register for the courses that he desires to take ; for such registration a fee of 200 fr. ($40) or 250 fr. ($50) a year is charged for attending all the courses required for the differ- ent degrees. The fee for attending one particular course is 40 fr. ($8) to 80 fr. ($16) a year. BRUSSELS, Belgium. UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES. This university, founded in 1834, and independent of Church and State, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medi- cine and Pharmacy, and a Technical School. In 1897 the Special School of Social and Political Science was definitely organised. All the courses are open free to the public, BELGIUM. 13 but regular students must hold a Doctor's degree in one of the faculties of a Belgian University or a foreign degree equivalent to this, or must pass a preliminary examination. A two years' course is prescribed for the degree of Licentiate in any branch of Political Science, and an additional year's work is required before the degree of Doctor can be obtained. Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. The academic year begins in October, the second semester in March. For fees, etc., see above; the fee for tuition in the School of Social and Political Science is 50 fr. ($10). Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, M. Lavachery. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Boisacq, De Moor, Vollgraff, Wil- lems. Romance : Professors Monseur, Per- gameni. Germanic : Professors Monseur, Voll- graff. Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- ogy : Professor Monseur. Philosophy : Professors Denis, Leclere, Tiberghien ; MM. Berthelot, Dwels- hauvers. Political Science : Professors Denis, P. Errera, Giron, Goblet D'Alviella, Lameere, Nys, Vauthier ; MM. An- siaux, Cattier, Hymans, Waxweiler, Wodon. History : Professors Goblet d'Alviella, Leclere, Lonchay, Pergameni, Van- derkindere. Pedagogy : Professor Lonchay. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Anspach, Brand, Charbo, Mineur, Tassel ; M. Stroobant. Physics : Professors Reychler, Rousseau. Chemistry : Professors Daimeries, Joly, Reychler, de Wilde. Geology : Professor Prinz. Biology : Professors Bommer, Errera, Francotte, Lameere, Massart, Romme- laere, Yseux. Engineering : M. de Keyser. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Baudour, Behaeghel, Cor- nil, Dallemagne, Duvivier, Giron, Nys, Olin, Prins, Van der Rest, Thomas, M. Vautier, A. Vauthier; MM. Berthelot, Cattier, de Hoon, Hanssens. MEDICINE. Professors Carpentier, Coppez, Crocq, Desmeth, Destree, Hauben, Heger, Jacques, Kufferath, Laurent, Romme- laere, Sacre, de Smet, Spehl, Sti6non r 1 hiriar ; MM. Gallet, Wilmart. TECHNICAL SCHOOL. Professors Anspach, Berge, Van Dru- nen, Horta, Huberti ; M. Habets. UNIVERSITE NOUVELLE DE BRUXELLES. 21 and 28 rue des Minimes ; 28 rue de Ruysbroeck, Brussels, Belgium. This university, founded in 1894, consists of the four faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and has a technical school, a 14 BRUSSELS. school of brewing and an Institut des Hautes Etudes. It has the right to give diplomas to students whether foreign or native, but these diplomas do not yet confer the same privileges in the way of admission to learned professions in Belgium as those obtained from other Belgian universities. Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. The fee for registration (inscription) in the different faculties is 150 francs ($30) ; the fee for admission to a single course is 30 francs ($6). In the Institut a card costing 40 francs ($8) admits to all the courses for a year. There are three scholarships of 500 francs ($100) each, giving free admission to all the courses of the university and of the Institut des Hautes Etudes. There are also forty scholarships of 150 francs ($30) each. Candidates for these scholarships should apply, in writing, to M. le Secretaire General, before the first of October. For further information apply to the Secretary, M. Charles De- jongh, 21, rue des Minimes, a Bruxelles ; or in England to Mr. Cobden Sanderson, 49, Frognat, Hampstead, London, W. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Architecture : Professors Defontaine, Languages. — Classical : Professors Hankar, Vincent. Collette, Grossmann, Huysmans, Pedagogy : Professors Cocq, Robin. Zanardelli. science. Romance : Professors Demblon, Eek- , , D , t> j , , u J T -ci MATHEMATICS : Professors Bernard, houd, Huysmans, Lemonnier, Spaak, „. , T ,, ,/ . T ,, ' j a \{- Cxirard, Lebegue, Mongenast, L. Mo- ■r, „„„„,, ' r> r An c t\ i reau, Picard, Roorda ; M. Bertrand. Philosophy: Professors de Greef, Del- r> r „ r „' D \ „, k v\ x> , D , ' u , • ,v Physics : Professors Blancort, De Brou- vaux, de Koberty, Hennebicq, Meyer, , , ,, A a AT j t> . • c ii- ckere ; /)/. Conrardy. Nordau, Petrucci, holher. ^ ' , n r r t\ 1 Political Science : Professors Brouez, Chemistry: Professors Courtoy Del- , t, , , j ,-, J r t-v iu - bastee, Depaepe, Dungelhoen, (jille de Brouckere, de Ureei, Delbastee. c . , -it- \ nr -c a y P . ' . . ' . , • Schuyten, Vincent ; M. Bernard. eion, e 1, . , n &°'.. v ^,, eVb 7' Geology : Professors Malaise, Vincent. Lazare, Vandervelde, Van Llewyck, t, n -i ~, , ~ V lr • /I/" S Ik* Biology : Professors Chalon, Coremans, History'- Professors De Greef Furne Delbastee, Depaepe, De Rechter, HISTORY r, ofssouVe Ureet, r urne Noe] Nig p et rucci ; M. Cberbanoff. mont, Gedoelst, Gheude, Huysmans, ' ' Joseph, Meysmans, Reclus, Robert, law. Seeliger. Professors Adan, Bon, Carlier, De- Geography : Professor Reclus. jongh, Des Cressonnieres, Duchaine, Art and Archeology : Professors Dumont, D' Union, Franck, Frick, Bacha, Destree, Joseph, Petrucci, Gedoelst, Ghysbrecht, Hamande, Hege- Picard, Van de Velde, Verhaeren. ner, Hennebicq, Heupgen, Houyoux. P. Egyptology : Jlf. Galiment. Janson, P. E. Janson, LaFontaine, BELGIUM. 15 Moreau, Octors, Picard, Prayon van Zuy- len, Previnaire, Robert, Royer, Schoen- feld, Treille, Van der Cruyssen, Van Ister- beek, Van Meenen. Brasseur, Delbastee, Delcourt, De No- bele, De Reenter, Felix, Gillion, Hen- rotay, Jacobs, Lambotte, Lepine, Mare- chal, Martha, Michaud, Mineur, C. Moreau, Pirsch, Popelin, Riez, Troost, Van den Bergh, Wodon, MM. Bran- Professors Bonmariage, Boulengier, quart, Claessens. GHEVT, Belgium. UNIVERSITE DE L' ETAT DE GAND. This university, founded in 1816, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The degrees, lectures and ex- aminations are open to women. In 1898-99 two women were at- tending courses in the university and both were registered in the Medical Faculty. The first semester begins on the first Tuesday in October, the second semester on the last Monday in February. For fees, etc., see above. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors de la Vallee Poussin, Thomas ; MM. Bidez, Preud' Homme. Flemish : Professors Fredericq, Ver- coullie ; M. de Vreese. Germanic : Professor Bley. English : Professor Logeman. Romance : Professor Discailles. Chinese : M. Steenackers. Russian : M. Taitsch. Comparative Philology and Sans- krit : Professor de la Vallee Poussin. Philosophy : Professors Van Biervliet, Hoffmann, Hulin. History : Professors de Ceuleneer, Cu- mont, Motte, Pirenne ; MM. Van der Haeghen, Roersch. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Dusausoy, Foulon, Haerens, Mansion, Massau, Mister, Van Rys- selberghe, Servais ; MM. Demoulin, Fagnart, Wolters. Physics : Professors Van Aubel, Boul- vin, Van der Mensbrugge, Schoentjes. Chemistry : Professors Delacre, Gilson, Nelissen, de la Royere, Swarts. Geology and Mineralogy : Professor Renard. Physical Geography : Professors Mac- Leod, Van der Mensbrugge, Renard. Metallurgy : M. Breda. Biology : Professors Van Bambeke, Van Ermengem, MacLeod, Plateau. Engineering : Professors Boulvin, Van der Linden, G. Wolters ; MM. Colard, Flamache. Architecture : Professor Cloquet. Technology : Professor de Wilde ; M. Foulon. Commercial Geography : M. Merten. LAW. Professors De Brabandere, Dubois, Callier, D'Hondt, Montigny, Nossent, Obrie, Pyfferoen, de Ridder, Rolin, Seresia, Van Wetter; MM. Claeys, Dauge, Halleux, Nicolai. MEDICINE. Professors Van Bambeke, Boddaert, Bouque, Van Cauwenberghe, de Cock, Deneffe, Van Duyse, Eeman, Van Erm- engem, Gilson, Heymans, Van Imschoot, Lahousse, Leboucq, Verstraeten. 1 6 LIEGE. LIEGE, Belgium. UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE. This university, founded in 1817, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. There is also a Technical School. The degrees, lectures and examinations are open to women. In 1S98-99 nine women were attending courses in the university. The first semester begins on the third Thursday in October, the second in the beginning of March. For fees, etc., see above. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Profii MM. Bischoff, Orth. Professors Doutrepont, Languages. — Oriental Chauvin. Classical : Professors Demarteau, Michel, Parmentier, Waltzing. English : MM. Orth, Veerdeghem. Flemish : MM. de Block, Veerde- ghem. Germanic : Romance : Wilmotte. History of Literature : Professors Francotte, Kurth. Philosophy : Professors Grafe, Merten. Political Science : Professors Dejace, Francotte; MM. De Craene,Delescluse. History : Professors Hubert, Kurth, Le- quarre. Pai eography : Professor Bormans. Art and Archeology : Professor De- marteau ; M. Renard. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Lepaige, Neuberg, de Locht, J. de Ruyts ; MM. Hubert, F. de Ruyts. Physics : Professors de Heen, Ronkar. Chemistry : Professors Spring, de Kon- inck. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Cesaro, Dewalque, Lohest ; M. Firket. Biology : Professors Van Beneden, Fraipont, Gravis. Hygiene : M. Kuborn. Professors Dejace, Galopin, Lemaire, Mahaim, Orban, De Senarclens, Van der Smissen, Thiry ; MM. Bellefroid, Cra- hay, Prost, Schneider, Willems. MEDICINE. Professors P'irket, Francotte, Fraipont, Fredericq, Gilkinet, Jorrisen, Julin, Masius, Nuel, Putzeys, Scheffers, Swaen, v. Winiwarter; MM. Chandelon, Henri- jean, Jorissen, Malvoz, Troisfontaines. TECHNICAL SCHOOL. Professors Breda, Dechamps, Duguet, v. Dwelshauvers de Ry, Gerard, Gillon Habets, Holzer, Krutwig, Stevart. CANADA. 17 CANADA. There are in Canada the following universities : the Uni- versity of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick ; Dalhousie College and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; Queens College and University, Kingston, Ontario ; the Uni- versity of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, Quebec ; McGill University, Montreal ; the University of Toronto, University College, Victoria University and Trinity University, To- ronto ; the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. The courses and degrees of these universities are in gen- eral open to women. In some cases there are special Med- ical Schools for Women connected with the university and giving preparation for the university degrees. The colleges have as a rule no halls of residence ; the stu- dents reside in boarding houses, which must be approved by the college authorities. FREDERICTON, New Brunswick. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. The University of New Brunswick, founded in 1800, gives in- struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science and Law. Four classes of students are recognised : undergraduates, students in special undergraduate courses, partial students (those who attend two or more courses of lectures and are matriculated) , and oc- casional students (those admitted by the Faculty to a particular course of lectures.) Women are admitted to the university on the same terms as men, that is, unless they are merely occasional students, they have to pass the ordinary entrance examinations. The academic year consists of two terms, the Michaelmas term, beginning on September 28th and ending on December 20th, the Easter term, beginning on January 5th and ending on May 31st. 1 8 HALIFAX. The matriculation fee is $2 and the tuition fee $30 annually. In addition every student upon matriculating must give to the registrar a bond to the amount of $40 to pay all charges accruing under the regulations of the university. The average cost of board and lodging in Fredericton is $3 a week. Six scholarships are offered at the University of New Brunswick, but women are excluded from three of these. For further information address Prof. Stockley, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Classical : Professor Mathematics : Professor Harrison. Raymond. Physics : Professor Downing. English and French : Professor Chemistry and Natural Science : Stockley. Professor Bailey. Philosophy and Political Economy : Engineering : Professors Dixon, Down- Professor John Davidson. ing. History : Professor Raymond. HALIFAX, Nova Scotia. DALHOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. Dalhousie College was founded in 1S21, and by an act passed in 1S41 university powers were granted to the college. Courses are given and degrees conferred in Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. Persons of either sex may become students at the college by fur- nishing satisfactory references, entering their names in the register and paying the annual registration fee. Registered students may, after paying the proper fee, enter any of the ordinaiy classes of the college. The advanced classes are open to students who have suf- ficient knowledge of the subjects taught in them. The college has no hall of residence, but women undergraduates are admitted, under special conditions, as boarders at the Halifax Ladies' College. The academic year consists of one session. The session in Arts and Science begins about the middle of September, the School of CANADA. 19 Law begins about September 1st, and that of Medicine about Oc- tober 1st. All the sessions close at the end of April. The registration fee is $4 to be paid annually. $6 is paid for attendance in each class which is not practical ; for the practical classes the fees vary from $6 to $14 per class. The average amount of fees per session is $34. Seven scholarships are awarded at Dalhousie College. Five of these are of the value of $40 each, while the others entitle the holders to exemption from fees during the entire course. For further information apply to the secretary, Dalhousie Col- lege, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Chemistry and Mineralogy : Pro- Languages. — Classical : Professors fessor Mackay. Johnson (Emeritus), Murray; Mr. Biology : Mr. Halliday. J. W. Logan. Engineering : Drs. Gilpin, Murphy ; English : Professor MacMechan. Messrs. Archibald, Dick, Doane, Dod- Modern : Professor Liechti. well, Johnston, E. Gilpin, Jr., McColl. Philosophy : Professor W. C. Murray. law. Political Science and History: Pro- Professors Russell, Weldon; Messrs. fessor Forrest. Cahan, Harrington, Mclnnes, Ritchie. Pedagogy : Professor W. C. Murray ; Messrs. Kennedy, McKay, Miller. MEDICINE. Examiners Anderson, Black, Camp- science. bell, Cowie, Curry, Farrell, Goodwin, Mathematics : Professor Macdonald ; Henry, Lindsay, McLaren, Muir, Page, Mr. Morton. Parker, Reid, Silver, Sinclair, Stewart, Physics : Professor MacGregor. Tobin. KINGSTON, Ontario. QUEEN'S COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. This university, which has been open to women on the same conditions as to men since its foundation in 1830, and has had women students attending its courses since 1876, gives instruction and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. The classes and pass examinations are open to unmatriculated students, but candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation examination. Certain equivalent examinations are accepted. Students, when registering, must produce a certificate of char- acter and pay the required fees. 20 LENNOXVILLE. Classes in Arts, Applied Science and Medicine begin about Octo- ber ist and end about April ioth. Classes in Theology begin on November ist and end on April 14th. There is a short summer session in Medicine, beginning on April 27th and ending on June 24th, and a summer session in Science, beginning on July 5th and lasting four weeks. Class fees in the Faculty of Arts are $25 per session; in the Fac- ulty of Science about $40; in the Faculty of Medicine $75. Fees for single classes are $8 per session. Fees for registration, etc., are $10. There are numerous prizes and scholarships. For further information apply to the registrar, Mr. George Y. Chown. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Physics : Professor Marshall ; Mr. Languages. — Classical : Professors Baker. Glover, Macnaughton, Nicholson ; Chemistry : Professor Goodwin ; Mr. Messrs. Black, Misner, Wallace. Wood. English : Professor Cappon. Mineralogy : Professor Nicol. Germanic : Professor Macgillivray ; Geology : Mr. Miller. Mr. Day. Biology : Professors Fowler, Knight ; Romance : Professor Macgillivray ; Messrs. Watson, Williamson. Mr. Mcintosh. iaw. Comparative Philology: Professor Lecturers Britton, Macdonnell, Nicholson. Machar, Mclntyre, Rogers, Walkem. Philosophy : Professors Dyde, Wat- son ; Messrs. Burton, Hall. medicine. Political Science : Professor Shortt ; Professors Anglin, Campbell, Fowler, Mr. Cannon. Garrett, Herald, Mundell, Ryan, Sulli- HlSTORY : Professor Ferguson ; Mr. van > Wood ! Drs - Clarke, J. C. Connell, Carmichael. W - T - Connell. SCIENCE. THEOLOGY. Mathematics : Professor Dupuis ; Mr. Professors Grant, Mowat, Ross ; Dr. Metzler. Thompson. LENNOXVILLE, Quebec. UNIVERSITY OF BISHOP'S COLLEGE. Bishop's College, founded in 1S43, is a small college giving an academic course in Arts and Divinity, and conferring degrees in Arts, Medicine, Theology and Music, in connection with the Faculty of Medicine in Montreal and the Dominion College of Music. Almost all the students reside in the college buildings, and CANADA. 21 chiefly on this account the college is not open to women, though women have attended the courses in medicine. The fees for board, lodging and tuition tor the year are $190. Further information may be obtained from the registrar, Mr. F. W. Frith, Lennoxville, Quebec. MONTREAL, Canada. McGILL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. McGill College and University, founded in 1821, comprises the Faculties of Arts, Applied Science, Law, Medicine and Compara- tive Medicine and Veterinary Science ; it gives instruction and con- fers degrees in these subjects. The educational work of the University is carried on in McGill College and the Royal Victoria College for women, and in the following affiliated colleges : Mor- rin College, Quebec ; St. Francis College, Richmond, P. Q. ; Van- couver, College, Vancouver, B. C, and five Theological Colleges. Students in the Faculty of Arts are classified as undergraduates and partial students. Undergraduates alone can proceed to the degree of B.A., and must pass the required entrance examinations. Candidates for admission as partial students must satisfy the pro- fessors of the several subjects they select of their fitness to attend the lectures or be examined in these subjects. Students of other universities may be admitted to a like standing in this University on production of certificates and after examination by the Faculty. The classes in Arts and Science (except Engineering) are open to women on the same conditions as to men, and in these subjects women take the same examinations as men, under the same regula- tions, and may obtain the same degrees. Separate classes are held for women in McGill College and the Royal Victoria College, but women attend the honours classes, advanced sections, and the laboratories with the men students. The session begins on September 15th and ends on April 30th. Undergraduates pay $60 per session, including gymnasium, matriculation and graduation fees. Partial students pay $16 per session for one course of lectures in the first or second year, in- 22 MONTREAL. eluding the use of the library, and $12 for each additional course; in the third or fourth year, $25 for one course, and $20 for each additional course, including laboratories and laboratory materials. About thirty exhibitions and scholarships, tenable for one or two years, are offered annually. Women have the same privileges as men with reference to exhibitions, scholarships, honours, prizes and medals. The Royal Victoria College, which is situated within the precincts of McGill University, is open to women only. It consists of one large hall of residence, providing accommodation for the mistress, resident tutors, and about one hundred students, and comprises sev- eral lecture halls, theatre and gymnasium. The charge for board, lodging and tuition is from $300 to $450 per session, and this covers all university and college charges. Each student has a bed- room and sitting room or one large sitting room divided. For further information apply to Mr. W. Vaughan, Registrar, McGill University, Montreal. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Biology : Professors MacBride, Mills, Languages. — Oriental : Professor Penhallow ; Drs. J. D. Cameron, Coussirat. Elder, Henderson, McCarthy, Morrow, Classical : Professors Carter, Eaton, Robertson, Ross, Scane, Springle; Mr. Peterson ; Messrs. Sanders, Slack. Jackson ; Miss Derick. ENGLISH : Professor Moyse ; Messrs. ENGINEERING : Professors Bovey, Mc- Archibald, P. T. Lafleur ; Miss Leod, Nicolson, Owens, Porter; Mitchell. Messrs. Armstrong, Bell, Durley, Germanic: Messrs. Gregor, Lam- Herdt, Jaquays, Kerry, Lea. bert. Architecture : Professor Capper. Romance : Messrs. Ingres, Lambert, law. Morin. Professors Davidson, Doherty, Fortin, Philosophy : Professor Murray ; Mr. Geoffrion, E. Lafleur, Macmaster, Mar- Lafleur. l er> McGoun, Walton ; Messrs. Geoffrion, History : Professor Colby. Macdougall, Ryan. Elocution : Mr. Stephen. medicine. science. Professors Adami, Armstrong, Baker, Mathematics : Professors Chandler, Bell, Birkett, Blackader, Buller, J. C. Johnson ; Alessrs. Lea, Tory. Cameron, Craik, Finley, Gardner, John- Physics : Professors Cox, Rutherford ; ston, H. A. Lafleur, C. McEachran, Messrs. Barnes, King, Pitcher. D. McEachran, Roddick, Shepherd, CHEMISTRY : Professors Girdwood, Har- Stewart, Wilkins ; Drs. Anderson, Brad- rington, Ruttan, Walker ; Messrs. ley, Burgess, K. Cameron, G. G. Camp- Brodie, Evans, Saunders, Wolf. bell, Evans, Gardner, Garrow, Gunn, Mineralogy : Professor Harrington. Hamilton, Hutchison, Kerry, Lockhart, Geology : Professor Adams ; Mr. Le- Martin, McKenzie, McTaggart, Nicolls, roy. Orr, Semple, Shaw, Webster. CANADA. 23 TORONTO, Canada. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. The University of Toronto, founded in 1S27, has connected with it University College and Victoria University. Instruction is given in different subjects of the Arts course by the Arts Faculties of the University of Toronto, Victoria Univer- sity and University College; Latin, Greek, Ancient History, Eng- lish, French, German, Oriental Literature and Ethics are taught by the latter two Faculties and the remaining subjects by the Uni- versity of Toronto. Knox College, Wycliffe College and St. Michael's College give instruction in Theology and allied subjects. All courses, examinations and degrees are open to women on exactly the same conditions as to men. No conditions are imposed in regard to residence ; women stu- dents are under the supervision of a lady superintendent whose directions as to conduct are to be observed. Comfortable board and lodging may be had from $3 a week. There are two terms in the year : the Michaelmas term, begin- ning October 1st and ending December 22nd; the Easter term, beginning January 9th and ending April 21st. The annual fee for each course of not more than fifteen hours of lectures is $2. The fees for matriculation are $5 and $15. There are numerous scholarships and fellowships varying in value from $50 to $500, full particulars concerning which can be obtained from the calendar, or from the registrar. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. This university, founded in 1830, has the affiliated Colleges, Albert College, Belleville ; the Wesleyan Ladies' College, Hamil- ton ; the Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby ; Alma College, St. Thomas ; and Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, B. C. The Faculty of Arts in Victoria University provides instruction in all subjects assigned to it by the Federation Act of University College (see above). In other subjects the students of Victoria 24 TORONTO. University attend the lectures and use the laboratories of the Uni- versity of Toronto. The general fees are the same as for Toronto University, but there are additional college fees of from $25 to $30 a year. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Oriental : Professors McCurdy, McLaughlin ; Mr. Muri- son. Classical : Professors Bell, Fletcher, Hutton, Wallace ; Dr. Johnston ; Messrs. Carruthers, Langford, Mil- ner, J. C. Robertson. English : Professors Alexander, Horn- ing, Reynar ; Mr. Keys. German : Professors Horning, Van der Smissen ; Drs. Needier, Toews ; Mr. Lang. Romance : Professors W. H. Fraser, Petch, Squair ; Drs. Edgar, Toews ; Messrs. Cameron, de Champ, Mas- son, Sacco. Comparative Philology : Professor Hutton. Philosophy: Professors Badgley, Hume; Drs. Kirschmann, F. Tracy. Political Science : Professors Bur- wash, Mavor, Hon. David Mills, the Hon. Justice Proudfoot ; Mr Moore. History : Professors Bain, Wrong. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professor A. Baker ; Messrs. de Lury, Rusk. Physics : Professor James Loudon ; Messrs. Chant, W. J. Loudon, Mc- Lennan. Chemistry : Professor Pike ; Drs. Ellis, W. L. Miller, Smale ; Mr. F. B. Allan. Mineralogy and Geology : Professo; Coleman ; Mr. W. A. Parks. Biology : Professors A. B. Macallum R. Ramsay Wright ; Messrs. B. A. Bensley, R. R. Bensley, E. C. Jeffrey. Hygiene ; Professor Oldright. LAW. Professors the Hon. David Mills, Hon. Justice Proudfoot. MEDICINE. Professors H. W. Aikins, Bruce, Burn- ham, Cameron, J. Caven, W. P. Caven, Daniel Clark, Ellis, Graham, Heebner, A. B. MaCallum, J. M. MacCallum, Mc- Donagh, McPhedran, Ogden, Peters, Primrose, Reeve, Ross, Spencer, Sweet- nam, A. H. Wright; Drs. Kendrick, Machell, Spencer, Thistle, Winnett ; Messrs. Amyot, Bensley, Boyd, Dwyer, Goldie, Gordon, Hon. David Mills, Mc- Collum, Mcllwraith, MacKenzie, Rudolf, Small, Starr, Stenhouse. THEOLOGY. Professors Badgley, J. Burwash, N. Burwash, McLaughlin, Reynar, Wallace. TRINITY UNIVERSITY. This university, founded by a Royal Charter in 1S52, gives in- struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology (Church of England). All candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation examination. Women are admitted to the arts course on the same conditions as men ; women studying medicine attend the Woman's Medical College. The year is divided into three terms, the Michaelmas term be- ginning on October 3rd and ending on December 6th ; the Lent term CANADA. 25 beginning on January 12th and ending on March 26th; the Easter term beginning on April 18th and ending on June 25th. The tuition fee for each term is $21.66, and is paid to the Bursar. Residence in the college buildings is not compulsory, but is strongly recommended. The hall of residence for women is St. Hilda's College. The fees for board are $70 per term, with an entrance fee of $12. Occasional students are admitted at the dis- cretion of the Lady Principal to take partial courses in one or more subjects. For further information apply to Mrs. Rigby, 337 Shaw Street, Toronto. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Classical : Professor Mathematics : Professor M. A. Mac- Huntingford ; Mr. W. H. White. Kenzie. Modern : Mr. A. H. Young. Science : Messrs. Montgomery, Simp- Philology : Mr. A. H. Young. son - Philosophy : Professor W. Clark. theology. History : Professor Rigby. Professors Cayley, Welch ; Mr. Bed- Elocution : Mr. H. N. Shaw. ford- Jones. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. This college, founded in 1883, was affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1890. It gives instruction in all the subjects required by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for admission to a license to practice, and also in all the subjects required for examination by the faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto. The recently erected building is situated in Sumach Street, To- ronto. St. Hilda's College is a hall of residence for women students ; see above. For full particulars see the annual announcement of the college, to be obtained from the dean, Dr. R. B. Nevitt. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. hart ; Lecturers, Drs. Bryans, Creasor, Professors Susanna Boyle, Chambers, J. Gray, McKenzie, Parsons ; Misses Cleland, Duncan, Eadie, Gullen, J. Mac- Curzon, L. A. Davis, Lynd ; Messrs. Callum, Machell, McMahon, Nevitt, Cane, Cleland, Dwyer, C. B. Shuttle- Powell, Pyne, J. F. W. Ross, G. B. worth, E. B. Shuttleworth, Stenhouse. Smith, Sweetnam, Thistle, Tyrell, Wis- 26 WINNIPEG WINNIPEG, Manitoba. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. This university, founded in 1S77, is the only body having power to confer degrees in Arts, Law and Medicine in the Province of Manitoba. It is an examining body, the educational work being carried on in the affiliated colleges, St. Boniface College, St. John's College, Manitoba College, Wesley College and the Mani- toba Medical College. All the courses are open to women on the same conditions as to men. Further particulars may be obtained from the registrar, Mr. I. Pitblado, Winnipeg, Manitoba. FINLAND. 27 FINLAND. HELSINGFORS, Finland. KEJSERLIGA ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITETET I FINLAND. This university, founded in 1640, resembles the Swedish univer- sities in constitution and consists of the four faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) Law, Medicine and Theology. Men students, in order to be admitted, must have obtained the Abgangszeugniss of a gymnasium or a lyceum, but although the gymnasia are attended by both sexes, women who wish to enter the university in any faculty except that of medicine must obtain special permission from the Chancellor. At present, over 200 women are studying in the university. The recent action of Russia in regard to Finland may to some extent affect the position of women in the university. In the Philosophical Faculty the four degrees of Candidate, Master, Licentiate and Doctor are conferred ; in the other faculties only three, the Candidate, Licentiate and Doctor. Before entering for degrees in Law, Medicine or Theology the student must have passed the examination for the degree of Candidate in Philosophy. For the degree of Licentiate in Law, Medicine or Theology, two years' practice is required. The degree of M.A. was conferred on a woman for the first time in 1882. The academic year begins in the middle of September. Many of the lectures are free, for others a fee of 12 francs ($2.40) is charged. The fees for examinations vary from 12 francs ($2.40) to 200 francs ($40). For further information see the Programme, Kataloge, Fin- lands Statskalender, Handbuch des Finnldndischen Frauen- vereins ; also statistics concei'ning the higher education and public position of women in Finland published by Professor Dr. Seiling, of the Polytechnic Institute (Polylekniska Institute?), Helsingfors. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Classical : Professor Heikel. Languages. — Oriental : Professor English : Reader Florell. ; Docent Tallqvist. Finnish, Swedish : Professors Freu- 28 HELSINGFORS. denthal, Genetz, Setala ; Docents Krohn, Paasonen, Vendell, Wich- mann ; Readers Bergroth, Cajander. Russian, Slavonic : Professors Man- delstam; Docent Mikkola; Readers Almberg, Brotherus. Germanic : Docents Karsten, Lind- elof; Readers Godenhjelm, Ohqvist. Romance : Professors Gustafsson, So- derhjelm ; Docent Wallenskold ; Reader Kalm. Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- ogy : Professor Donner; Docent Reu- ter. Phonetics : Docent Pipping. Philosophy : Professors Rein, Tudeer ; Docent A. Grotenfelt. History : Professors Danielson, Pal- men, Schybergson ; Docents v. Bons- dorff, Crohns, K. Grotenfelt, Snell- man. Political Science : Docents Tallqvist, Westermarck. Modern Literature and ^Esthetics : Professors Aspelin, Estlander, Tik- kanen ; Docents Donner, Him. Archeology : Docent Nordstrom. Pedagogy : Professor Ruin ; Docent Johnsson. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Donner, Neovius ; Docents Le- v&nen, Lindelof, Stenberg, Tallqvist. Physics : Professors Lemstrom, Sundell; Docents Homen, Melander. Chemistry : Professors Aschan, Hjelt ; Docents Komppa, af Schulten. Mineralogy and Geology : Professoi ; Docent Ramsay. Zoology : Professors Palmen, Reuter, Sahlberg ; Docents Levander, E. F. Reuter. Botany : Professors Elfving, Kihlman, Norrlin ; Docent Wainio. Geography : Docent Hult. LAW. Professors Chydenius, Forsman, Her- manson, Lang, Stahlberg, Wrede ; Docent Charpentier ; Reader Fav6n. Professors Asp, Engstrom, Hallsten, Heinricius, Holsti, Homen, Pipping, Runeberg, v. Schulten, Sundvik, Wahl- fors ; Docents v. Bonsdorff, Clopatt, af Forselles, Growroos, Hagelstam, Houg- berg, Kolster, Krogius, Lundstrom, Moller, Nordman, Schauman, Sibellius, Sievers, Torngren. THEOLOGY. Professors Appelberg, Johansson, Ro- senqvist, Stenij, Totterman. DENMARK. 29 DENMARK. COPENHAGEN, Denmark. KJOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET. There is one university in Denmark, that of Copenhagen, Kjo- benhavns Universitet, founded in 1478. It comprises the five Facul- ties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology; the Faculty of Theology confers the degrees of Doctor and Licentiate, the other Faculties that of Doctor only. Women have been admitted on the same conditions as men since 1875, and may take examinations and degrees in all the Faculties except that of Theology, in which there is a special examination for women. The conditions for entrance are that the candidate must have passed the matriculation examination of a lyceum, or of a private school having the same privileges ; certain other examinations qual- ify for entrance provided that a supplementary examination be taken. Before taking the special examinations of any Faculty the student must have attended a preparatory course in philosophy for two semesters. There are two semesters, the first beginning February 1st and ending June 9th; the second beginning September 1st and ending December 22nd. There are no fees for lectures; the matriculation fee is 22 Kr. ($5.94) ; the fee for the Doctor's degree is 160 Kr. ($43.20). Schol- arships founded before 1875 are not open to women. Further information may be found in the Aftergu sur /' Organi- sation de l' Universite de Coftenkague, or obtained on applica- tion to the rector. Professors and Lecturers. arts. English : Professor Jespersen; Docent La ngu ages. —Semitic : Professor Buhl; Hansen. Docent Ostrup. Germanic (Norse, Slavonic): Profes- Indo-Iranian : Professor Fausboll. sors Gudmundsson, Johnsson, Mol- Classical : Professors Gertz, Heiberg; ler, Paludan, Verner, Wimmer ; Do- Docents Drachmann, Siesbye. cent Olrik. 3° COPENHAGEN. Romance : Professor Nyrop. Comparative Philology : Professor Thomsen. Philosophy and Psychology : Pro- fessors Hoffding, Kroman, Wilkens ; Doce?it Lehmann. History : Professors Erslev, Holm, Steenstrup ; Decent Gudmundsson. Art and Archeology : Professors Lange, Paludan, Schmidt, J. L. Us- sing. History of Literature : Dr. Vedl. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Petersen, Thiele, Zeuthen. Physics : Professor Christiansen. Chemistry: Professor Jorgensen, Thom- sen ; Docent E. Petersen. Mineralogy : Professor N. V. Ussing. Biology : Professor Liitken ; Docents Bergh, Jungersen, Levinson, Meinert. Botany : Professors Pedersen, Warming; Docent Rosenvinge. Geography : Professor Loffler. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Bentzon, Deuntzer, Han- sen, Lassen, Matzen, Scharling, Torp, Westergaard. MEDICINE. Professors Bjerrum, Bloch, Bohr, Chie- vitz, Faber, Gaedeken, Gram, Grut, Has- lund, Hirschsprung, Lange, Meyer, J. J. Petersen, Plum, Pontoppidan, Reisz, Sal- omonsen, Saxtorph, Sorensen, Stadfeldt, Studsgaard, With ; Docents Briinniche, Floystrup, Friedenreich, Holm, Mygge, Nielsen, Rosenthal, Tscherning, Wan- scher. THEOLOGY. Professors Jacobsen, Madsen, Nielsen, Petersen, Scharling ; Ifistructors Paulli, Schepelern. MUSIC. Instructors Bielefeldt, Hammerich. FRANCE. 31 FRANCE. Higher education in France is almost entirely under the control of the State. All that remained, up to 1896, of the old universities was certain distinct Faculties, Faculties of Arts (Lettres), Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant The- ology, both teaching and examining bodies ; these were united into the University of France. By a law passed in 1896 these corps de Facultes were re- constituted into smaller universities under the control of sepa- rate councils, the conseils de Puniversite, formed of professors chosen from each Faculty constituting the University, and in 1898 they were allowed to use for their own maintenance a portion of the fees paid them. There are Faculties of Arts and Science at Besancon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, Gren- oble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse ; a Faculty of Arts at Aix and a Faculty of Science at Marseilles; Faculties of Law at Aix, Bordeaux, Caen, Dijon, Gren- oble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse ; Faculties of Medi- cine at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris and Toulouse ; and Faculties of Theology (Protestant) at Montauban and Paris. In addition to these there are certain ecoles superieures , corresponding in some respects to American or English col- leges the most important of which are mentioned below (pp. 38-45). These are all controlled by the Ministre de V In- struction -publique. The facultes libres at Angers, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Paris, and Toulouse and the ecoles libres at Lille, Nantes and Paris are more independent institutions. All the courses in all these Faculties and schools, with the exception of the cours fermes, the conferences and the prac- tical work are public, and open free of charge to persons of either sex as hearers (auditeurs) . Permission to attend the cours fermes, the conferences and the practical work is now granted to matriculated students only, and in order to matriculate, candidates, whether men or 32 FRANCE. women, must present a diplome de V enseignement secondaire, or, if foreigners, an equivalent diploma, and must pay a ma- triculation fee of 20 frs. ($4) and a library fee of 10 frs. ($2). Women ma}^ become registered students (inscrites) , i. £., candidates for degrees, on the same conditions as men, that is, they must be bacheliers* de V enseignement secondaire, either classique or modcrne, depending on the Faculty in which they wish to graduate ; in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- ence (see p. 34), and Medicine the bachelor's degree of a foreign university in general qualifies for registration. The Faculty in which the student wishes to register enquires into the degree held by the student, and if the degree is accepted as equivalent, the student is allowed to register on payment of a sum equal to the amount that would have been paid in fees, if the student had obtained the degree from the French Faculty. The application for a dispensation from the French baccalaureat must be addressed to the Ministre de V Instruction flublique and must be accompanied by the original diplomas and certificate of birth of the applicant, together with their trans- lations into French made by an official translator. The dis- pensation, if obtained, costs 120 frs. ($24). All registered students must pay a fee of 30 frs. ($6) quarterly ; if at Paris, to the receveur des droits universitaires, quai des Grands- Augustins, 25 ; if in the provinces, to a receiver appointed by the Faculty. They must at the same time present to this official a bulletin de versement obtained from the secretary of the Faculty or School they attend. *The baccalaureat de V 'enseignement classique is a preliminary diploma given on the result of an examination, partly oral and partly written, in Latin, Greek, French, either English or German, history, physics, chemistry and biology, geography and elementary mathematics, and a further ex- amination in either philosophy or elementary mathematics. The baccalaureat de V 'enseignement moderne is given on a similar examination in which modern languages are substituted for Greek and Latin. The examinations are preliminary to the work in the Faculty and are held by the professors of the Faculties of Arts and Science for candidates leaving the secondary schools. These two diplo- mas have been recently established and take the place of the baccalaureat is lettres and the bacca- laureat is sciences. FRANCE. 33 Each state Faculty confers, in its own subject, the state degrees of licencie and docteur. These degrees give cer- tain privileges in the way of practising professions and are awarded to candidates who have studied for a pre- scribed time and passed a series of examinations. They are seldom obtained by foreigners who are usually unwilling to spend the time necessary to obtain them. The facultes libres and ecoles libres give instruction but have no power to confer degrees. The regulations for degrees differ greatly in the different Faculties. In Arts and Science the licence is given one year after the baccalaureal and the doctorat as soon after the licence as the candidate has written and is prepared to sustain two theses. Attestations a" etudes suferieures or certificats d 'etudes are given by certain of the Faculties of Arts and Science to hear- ers who have attended the courses regularly. In the pro- vinces no requirement is made as to age, sex, nationality f etc., but in Paris the hearer, in order to be eligible for this certificate, must hold the degree of bachelier es lettres or an equivalent degree. The difilome d' etudes superieures d'/iisloire et de geographic of the Faculty of Arts of the Normal School is open without any restrictions as to age, sex, degree, or nationality. The new law passed in 1897 gave the conseils de V'uni- versite power to grant litres di'ordre exclusivement scien- tifique. These are distinguished from degrees in being merely titles granting no rights or privileges to the holders. The first of these to be organised is the doctorat de V Univer- sity de Paris, instituted in 1897-98. In the Faculty of Letters candidates for this degree must hold, if French- men, the degree of licencie es lettres or, if foreigners, certi- ficates showing an equal amount of preparation ; they must study at least four semesters, either in a French or a for- 34 FRANCE. eign university, or in one of the scientific institutions in Paris ; they must pass an examination on subjects agreed upon by the Faculty and defend a thesis written in French or Latin. In the Faculty of Science applicants must pro- duce certificates of advanced work in two out of seventeen scientific subjects, must study for one year and must pass an examination and defend a thesis. In the Faculty of Medi- cine the degree is conferred on foreign students who have been allowed to study and to take the ordinary examinations without having first obtained the degree of bachelier. The degree is also given in Pharmacy. The examinations in the Faculty of Science have recently been reorganised in such a way as to give greater facilities to foreign students. In addition to being free to offer an equiv- alent for the French baccalaureat degree, the student is now allowed to select the subjects in which he desires to be ex- amined. He may take his examinations either simultane- ously or in succession, and obtain for each a certijicat d' etude. Three such certificates may be exchanged for the diplome de licencie. This gives the student liberty to travel from one university to another and present himself for exami- nation when he wishes. Though not quite all the medical courses are open to women it is not difficult for women doctors of medicine to obtain ad- mittance to the different hospitals, of which there are 24 in Paris alone with accommodation for upwards of 17,000 patients. University libraries are open to students on presentation of their student's card and to all persons authorised by the rec- tor. The reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, is open to all persons over 16 years of age. To obtain ad- mission to the salle de travail for the study of manuscripts, a special card of admittance from the administrator general is FRANCE. 35 required. Foreigners applying for this card should present a recommendation from their ambassador. All courses open in the beginning of November and con- tinue nominally for eight or nine months, in general actually for only six or seven. Hearers pay no fees, registered students pay 30 frs. ($6) quarterly. The library fee is 10 frs. ($2) yearly. Scholarships (bourses) are as a rule not open to foreigners. The Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers de Parts has, however, some scholarships of 200 frs. ($40), and 350 frs. ($70), to offer to specially recommended students, the whole sum to be devoted to the payment of fees. Note.— English-speaking women who wish to reduce their expenses while studying in France may apply to he admitted as assistant teachers of foreign languages in one of the numerous training colleges for primary teachers. These teachers are required to give to the students (girls of from fifteen to twenty years of age), and to any of the teachers who may desire it, practical instruction in English and practice in English conversation for an hour and a half or two hours daily. For the rest of the time they are free to study privately, to attend lectures or employ themselves as they think fit. They pay into |the college funds the sum of 400 francs, ($80) and for this have a room, light, firing and hoard in the College for the college year, October 1st to July 31st, holidays included. Candidates for these posts should fill out a form of application, to he obtained from M. le Ministre de V Instruction publique, Direction de V Enseignement primaire , 6e bureau, Paris, and return it to him filled up, together with copies of certificates, etc. It is advisable to have these testified to by one of the American members of the Comite Franco-Americain. President J B. Angell, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. President Timothy Dwight, Yale University, New Haven. President Charles W. Eliot, Harvard University, Cambridge. President D. C. Gilman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary U. S. National Museum, Washington (Secretary). Professor E. R. L. Gould, Secretary, International Statistical Institute, Chicago. President G. Stanley Hall, Clark University, Worcester. Mr. W, T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington. Mr. S. P. Langley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. President Seth Low, Columbia College, New York. Professor Simon Newcomb, U. S. N., Superintendent Nautical Almanac, Washington (Presi- dent). President J. C. Schurman, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Hon. Andrew D. White, former U. S. Minister to Germany, Ithaca, N. Y. President B. L. Whitman, Columbian University, Washington. Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Washington. Students from American universities or colleges going to study in France are allowed a reduction of 30 per cent, on the rates of the steamers of the Compagnie generale Transatlantique. This reduction is not allowed to first class passengers, and can be obtained only by application to M. Paul Melon Secretary of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at the Sorbonne. 36 PARIS. Further information is to be found in the Annuaire de la Jeunesse by H. Vuibert (Nony et Cie, rue des Ecoles, 17, Paris), price 4 frs. ($.80) ; in the Annuaire de P Instruction Publique (Delalain freres, rue des Ecoles, 56, Paris) price 5 frs. ($1), and in Le Livrct de V Etudiant de Paris (pub- lished by Delalain freres), price 11 frs. ($2.20). An amount of interesting and valuable information is given in IS Enseignement supcrieur et V Enseignement technique en France, by M. Paul Melon (Librairie Classique Armand Colin et Cie, Paris, 1893). Enquiries may be addressed to the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers, Bureaux a la Sorbonne, rue de la Sorbonne, 15, Paris. This association, which has branches at Aix, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse, in addition to giving advice and help to individual students, devotes itself to furthering the interests of foreign students as a body. In Paris, Aix and one or two other places it has been instrumental in establishing courses in the French lan- guage especially for foreigners. Some of these are summer courses. PARIS, France. UNIVERSITE DE PARIS. The old University of Paris, founded in the Middle Ages, sur- vived till 1S96, in the form of the separate Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant Theology, and these have now been reconstituted into the University of Paris. All particu- lars in regard to these have been given above (pp. 31-36). FACULTE DES LETTRES. The Sorbonne, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Classical : Professors MM. Em. Chatelain, Edet, Hau- Aug. Cartault, Chatelain, Croiset, vette, Lafaye, Puech. Decharme, Goelzer, J. Martha ; English : AIM. Baret, Al. Beljame. FRANCE. 37 Germanic : Professor Lichtenberger ; M. Lange. Romance: Professors Crousle,Gebhart, Lenient, Mezieres, Petit de Julle- ville ; MM. Dejob, Faguet, Gazier, Larroumet, Lichtenberger, Thomas. Comparative Philology : Professor Henry ; MM. Brunot, Havet. Philosophy : Professors Boutroux, Bro- chard, P. Janet ; MM. Egger, Seailles- Ransan. Sociology : Professors Espinas, Michel. History : Professors Aulard, Bouche- Leclercq, Lavisse, Luchaire, Ram- baud ; MM. Denis, Grebaut, Guiraud, Langlois, Seignobos, Zeller. Art and Archaeology : Professor Per- rot ; MM. Collignon, Lemonnier. Geography : Professors Dubois, Himly, Marcel ; M. Gallois. Pedagogy : Professor Buisson. FACULTE DES SCIENCES. The Sorbonne, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Darboux, Goursat, Hadamard, Hermite, Picard, H. Poincare, Wolf; MM. Andoyer, Blutel, Koenigs, Pui- seux, Raffy. Physics : Professors Appell, Behal, Boussinesq, Bouty ; MM. Alph. Combes, Paul Janet, Jannettaz, Joly, Krouchkoll, Leduc, Matignon, Pellat, L. Perrin, Poincare, Puiseux, Riban, Robin. Chemistry : Professors Auger, Ditte, Friedel, Troost : MM. Chabrie, Etaix, Freundler, Joannis, Pechard, Riban. Mineralogy : Professors Hautefeuille, Jannetaz. Geology and Geography : Professor Munier-Chalmas ; MM. Bertrand, Kaug, Velain. Biology : Professors Bonnier, Dastre, Delage, Duclaux, Giard, de Lacaze- Duthiers; MM. Chatin, Chauveaud, Daguillon, Fischer, Matruchot, Perrier, Velain. FACULTE DE DROIT. r Place du Pantheon, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. Professors Alglave, Beauregard, Ber- thelemy, Boistel, Cauwes, Chavegrin, Colmet de Santerre, Cuq, Deschamps, Ducrocq, Esmein, Estoublon, Faure, Garsonnet, Gerardin, Girard, Glasson, Jobbe-Duval, Laine, Larnaude, Lefebvre, Le Poittevin, Lyon-Caen, Massigli, Leon Michel, Planiol, Renault, Saleilles, Thal- ler, Weiss ; MM. Chenon, Jay, Leseur. FACULTE DE MEDECINE. Place de l'Ecole-de-Medecine, Pans. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors'?. Berger,Blanchard, Bouch- ard, Brouardel, Chantemesse, Cornil, Debove, Dieulafoy, Duplay, Mathias Duval, Farabeuf, Alf. Fournier, Gariel, Armand Gautier, Grancher, Guyon, Hayem, Hutinel, Jaccoud, Joffroy, La- boulbene, Landouzy, Lannelongue, Le Dentu, Pajot, Panas, Pinard, Potain, Pouchet, Proust, Raymond, Richet, Sap- pey, Terrier, Tillaux ; MM. Ach- ard, Albarran, Andre, Auvray, Bar, 3 8 PARIS. Baraduc, Bellan, Benoit, Bernard, Bon- Luys, Malbec, Marfan, Marie, Marion, naire, Bougie, Bourges, Bousquet, Brault, Martin Diirr, Mauclaire, Maugery, Mene- Brin, Broca, Camus, Castex, Charrin, trier, Mergier, Morau, Morin, Mulon, Chassevant, Chatellier, Courtillier, Critz- Nelaton, Netter, Ombredanne, Pasteau, man, Cuneo, Delahousse, Delbet, Paul Perret, Poirier, Potier, Proust, Rabaut, Delbet, Deschamps, Dujarier, Fredet, Remy, Retterer, Reynaud, Ricard, Riche, Gaucher, Gilbert, Gilles de la Tourette, Roger, Sandoz, Savariaud, Sebileau, Glantenay, Gley, Gosset, Guiart, Guibe, Therese, Thiery, Thoinot, Turner, Hanriot, Hartmann, Hebert, Herbet, Ju- Varnier, Veau, Vincent, Walther, Weber, nien-Lavillauroy, Laborde, Launois, Le- Weil, Weiss, Widal, Wurtz. clerc, LeFur, Legry, Leh, Lejars, Letulle, FACULTE DE THEOLOGIE PROTESTANTE. Boulevard Arago, 83, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. theology. Reville, Sabatier, Stapfer, Vaucher ; M. Professors Allier, Bonet-Maury, Ehr- Berger. hardt, Lods, Massebieau, Menegoz, J. FACULTES LIBRES DE PARIS. Rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. These are Catholic institutions giving instruction similar to that given by the state Faculties, but without the power to confer de- grees. Students who obtain their instruction from the Facultes librcs are examined by and obtain degrees from the state Faculties. The general regulations, fees, etc., are the same as for the state Faculties. (See pp. 31-36.) Women, however, are not admitted to the courses, but special courses for women have lately been ar- ranged in connection with the Facultes libres. The secretary is M.Joseph Chobert, rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. theology. gent, Pisani, Vigouroux. Semitic Languages : Professor Graffin. z.4/r and political science. Philosophy : Professors Bulliot Peil- Professors G. Alix, Bureau, Cauviere, laube. Ch. Chobert, Clotet, Corret, Guyot, Theology : Professors Auriault, de la J ame t, de Lamarzelle, Larcher, Laurent, Barre, Baudrillart, Boudinhon, Cler- Lescoeur, Merveilleux du Vignaux, Tau- val, Fillion, Gasparri, Gaudeau, Lar- diere Terrat. ECOLE LIBRE DE HAUTES ETUDES LITTERAIRES ET SCIENTIFIQUES. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Semitic : Professor le baron Carra de Languages. — Chinese : Professor Paul Vaux. Antonini. Classical : P rofessors Bertrin, Beur- FRANCE. 39 lier, Boxler, Bousquet, Le Chatel- fessors D'Esclaibes, Nau ; MM. Chai- lier, Lejay, Ragon. Ian, Fouet. Romance : Professors Bertrin, Le Bi- Physics : Professor Branly. dois, Jacquet, Klein, Rousselot. Chemistry : Professor Haroonet. Philosophy : Professor Piat. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor History: Professors Baudrillart,Digard. de Lapparent. science. Geography : Professors de Lapparent, Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- risani. ALLIANCE FRANCAISE. r Siege Social, rue de Grenelle, 45, Paris. The Alliance Francaise, a national association for the propagation of the French language in the colonies and abroad, decided in 1893 to organise summer courses to be held at Paris in the months of July and August for the purpose of assisting foreigners to obtain a knowl- edge of the French language. Diplomas are granted to the suc- cessful students ; the advanced diploma certifies that the student is able to teach French. The courses are open without any distinc- tion of age, sex or nationality. The lectures are divided into two series, one lasting from July 1st to August 1st, the second from August 1st to September 1st. Admission to the lectures is 1 franc (20 cents) each lecture; admission to the conferences, held in the evening, is 50 centimes (10 cents). A ticket admitting to the complete course of about 160 lectures and 24 conferences is 150 francs f$3o). The courses are held in the Ecole Coloniale, Avenue de l'Obser- vatoire, pres le Petit-Luxembourg, and at the College de France. Professors for 189S. French Language and Literature: Conferences: Professors Blin, Gobron, Professors Berr, Brunot, Carl, Cirot, Guy, Huguet, Martin, Minel, Peyraffite, Clement, Debidour, Doumic, Huguet, Tridon, Turman Vermeulen, Mile. Jacquinet, Raguet, Rousselot, Roy, Dequin and others. Texte, Thalamas, Zund-Burguet. COLLEGE DE FRANCE. Place du College de France, 1, Paris. This college, open to women since its foundation in 1518—45, gives instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, but confers no degrees. Students desiring certificates of attendance should register their courses. 4° FAR IS. The first semester begins on the first Monday in December; the second semester begins in the week after Easter and ends between the 20th and 30th of July. All the courses are free. The secretary is M. Abel Lefranc. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Chinese and Tartar : Professors Chavannes, Courant. Semitic : Professors Barbier de Mey- nard, Berger, Duval, Houdas, Mas- pero, Oppert. Indo-Iranian : Professors Foucher, Levi. Classical: Professors Boissier,Croiset, Havet. Germanic : Professor Chuquet. Slavonic : Professor Leger. Romance: Professors d'Arboisde Ju- bainville, Deschanel, Meyer, Gaston Paris ; M. Morel-Fatio. Comparative Philology : Professor Break Philosophy: Professors Leveque, Nou- risson, Ribot, Tannery, Thamin ; AI. Bergson. History of Religions : Professor Re- ville. Political Science : Professors Flach, Leroy-Beaulieu, Izoulet, Levasseur, Longnon. Art and Archeology : Professors Cagnat, Clermont-Ganneau, Foucart, Guillaume, Maspero, Oppert ; AI. La- fenestre. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Jordan, Levy; MAI. Hadamard, Koenigs. Physics : Professors Angot, Bertrand, Brillouin, Mascart ; M. Deprez. Chemistry : Professors Andre, Berthe- lot, Le Chatelier, Schiitzenberger. Geology and Geography : Professors Fouque, Longnon. Biology : Professors Balbiani, Henne- guy, Marey ; M. Franck. General History of the Sciences: Professor Lafitte. MEDICINE. Professors d'Arsonval, Ranvier ; AI. Charrin. COLLEGE LIBRE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES. Rue de Tournon, 8, Paris. The object of this college, founded in 1896, is to provide in- struction in Economic and Social Science. Anyone is admitted on paying the registration fee of 30 fr. ($6). The courses begin in November, and the lectures are held in the afternoon and -even- ing. A certificat d'et tides societies is given by the director to any student who writes a thesis and obtains certificates from three pro- fessors. The professors are well-known men and each is respon- sible frr his own subject. For further information apply to the Secretary, rue de Tournon, 8, Paris. FRANCE. 41 Professors and Lecturers. political science. Maroussem, du Mesnil, Metin, de Pascal, MM. Andler, Barrat, Bertillon, Brun- Paulalion, Revelin, Saleilles, Seignobos, lies, Dalle, Dauriac, Delaire, Delbet, Du- Strauss, Tarbouriech, Tarde, Turmann, fourmantelle, Fontaine, Kelles-Krauz, Wahl, Weber. Kovalevsky, Lichtenberger, Marin, du ECOLE DU LOUVRE. The Louvre, Cour Lefuel (ancienne Cour Coulaincourt), Paris. The object of this school is to give instruction in regard to the collections in the Louvre and to educate librarians and custodians in the history of art and archaeology. The instruction is given in the form of conferences. Regular students and hearers are admitted on application to the secretary of the school (pavilion de la Horloge an Louvre'), from whom cards of admission can be obtained. The full course lasts three years, the lectures in each year begin- ning in the first week of December and ending about the 15th of June. All the lectures are free. Professors and Lecturers. Archeology: Professors Bertrand, Heu- History of Art: Professors Lafen- zey, Pierret, Pottier, Reinach. estre, Michel, Molinier. Inscriptions : MM. Ledrain, Revillout. ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES. Rue Saint Guillaume, 27, Paris. This school is established for the training of diplomatists, con- suls, ambassadors, etc., in administration, finance and kindred sub- jects. Students and hearers are admitted without a degree and without undergoing any examination. The number of men students is so great that it has been found impossible to admit women to the lec- tures or even to the libraries and reading rooms of the school. The academic year begins in the second week of November and ends on June 8th. The general secretary is M. Ch. Dupuis, rue Saint Guillaume, 27, Paris 42 PARIS. Professors and Lecturers. Administration : Professors Alix, le International Law : Professors Du- Vavasseur de Precourt, Romieu. puis, Renault. Finance : Professors Arnaune, Bou- History of Diplomatics and of Pub- langer, de Colonjon, Courtin, Des Lie Opinion : Professors Bourgeois, Essarts, Levy, Plaffain, Rene Stourra. Funck-Brentano, Levy-Briihl, Koech- Commercial and Statistic Geogra- lin, Christian Schefer, Sorel, Vandal. phy : Professors de Foville, Levasseur, CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY : Professors Viallate, Zolla. Benoist, Dietz, Andre Lebon. Pi ilitical and Social Economy : Pro- Modern Europe : Professors Bourgeois, fessors Cheysson, Dunoyer. Halevy, Leroy-Beaulieu. Legislation : Professors Lyon-Caen, Colonial Questions : Professors Chail- Dietz, Flach, Paulet, Romieu. ley-Bert, Cordier, Houdas, Pelet, Geography and Ethnography : Pro- Schefer, Silvestre, Vandal, Wilhelm. fessors Gaidoz, Pelet. Modern Languages : Professors Cart, Geography and Military Organ- Houdas, Leger, Morel. isation : MM. le Commandant Leb- Hygiene : Professor Fleury. lond, Malleterre. Law : Professor Tarde. ECOLE NATIONALE DES CHARTES. Rue de la Sorbonne, 17, Paris. The object of this school is to prepare students for the position of public librarians and keepers of archives. French students are ad- mitted on the results of a competitive examination; foreigners are admitted on presenting a diploma equivalent to that of the bachelier es lettres. The number of French students is limited to 20. Students who have taken the three years' course and passed each of the two examinations in each year, and presented a satisfactory thesis, obtain a diploma (^diplome d' archiviste paleographe). Women are admitted to the school as hearers {atiditrices libres~) on registering their names at the secretary's office. The use of the library is a privilege reserved for regular students. The academic year begins in the first week of November and lasts till the first of July. All the courses are public and free. For information apply to the secretary, Ecole des Chartes, rue de la Sorbonne, 17, Paris. Professors and Lecturers. Romance Philology : Professor Paul History : Professors Molinier, Viollet. Meyer. Archeology : Professor de Lasteyrie ; Bibliography : M. Mortet. M. Enlart. Diplomatics : Professor Giry. Paleography : Professor Berger. Political Institutions : Professor Roy. Archives: M. Desjardins. FRANCE. 43 ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES. The object of this institution, which was founded in 1868, is to provide opportunities for practical work in connection with the lectures given at the College de France, the Sorbonne, the Museum d'histoire naturelle, the Faculty of Medicine, etc. The courses of the school are held at these various institutions, and the laboratories for the purposes of instruction and research are situated in various parts of Paris and at different places on the coast (Villefranche, Wimereux, Marseilles, Cette, Roscoff, Banyuls-sur-Mer). The courses are open free without any restrictions as to age, de- gree, or nationality ; but a year's probation is necessary before the title of eleve titulaire is conferred. Certain professors reserve the right of refusing to admit women to their classes, but with the ex- ception of a few hospital courses, practically all are open to women. There are five independently organised sections, the second and third of which (those of Physics, Chemistry and Natural Science), consist entirely of laboratory courses. It is intended that students should attend the courses for three years. The academic year begins on the 1st of November and ends on the 30th of June. Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretariat de la Faculte des Sciences, a la Sorbonne. Professors and Lecturers. first section: mathematical Mineralogical Laboratories :_ Direc- sciences t° rs MM. Hautefeuille, Lacroix, Per- Professors Hermite, Koenigs, Puiseux, rey. Raffy. 3 THIRD SECTION'. NATURAL SCIENCES. SECOND SECTION: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ■ sciences. Botanical Laboratories : Directors (The courses in this and the following section MM. Bonnier (Paris and Fountaine- are all laboratory courses.) bleau), Bureau, Chauveaud, Dufour, Physical Laboratories : Directors Van-Tieghem; Assistants MM. Fran- MM. Bouty, Brillouin, Lippmann, cet, Hua, Jolly, Poisson. Maneuvrier, Violle ; Assistants MM. Laboratory of Biological Physics : Abraham, Guillard, Guillet. Directors MM. d'Arsonval, Henocque; Chemical Laboratories : Directors Assistants MM. Guyon, Roussy. MM. Berthelot, Didier, Duclaux, Frie- Anatomical Laboratory : Directors del, Gernez, Moissan, Pechard, Troost; MM. Beauregard, Filhol ; Assistant Assistants MM. Brion, Burais, Cham- M. Saint-Loup. berland, Charon, Job, Martin, Mesnil, Physiological Laboratories : Direc- Mourlot, Pottevin, Roux, Valeur. tors MM. Dastre, Francois-Franck, 44 PARIS. Grehant, Marey ; Assistants MM. Arthaud, Hallion, Lamy. Zoological Laboratories : Directors MM. d'Arsonval (Concarneau), Bar- rois ( Villefranche ) , Delage, Girard (Wimereux), Lacaze-Duthiers (Paris, Roscoff and Banyuls-Sur-Mer), Mar- ion (Marseilles I, Milne-Edwards, Oustalet, Perrier, Sabatier (Cette); Assistants MM. Bernard, Bordas, Brumpt, Lepine, Roche. Medical Laboratories : Directors MM. Charrin, de la Chavanne, Javal, Laborde, Tscherning ; Assistants MM. Manouvrier, Papillant. Histological Laboratory : Directors MM. Malassez, Ranvier ; Assistant M. Jolly. Psychological Laboratory : Direc- tors MM. Binet, Henry ; Assistants MM. Courtier, Philippe. Geological Laboratories : Directors MM. Fouque, Gosselet (Lille), Mu- nier-Chalmas, Riviere ; Assistant M. Glangeaud. FOURTH SECTION: HISTORICAL AND PHIL- OLOGICAL SCIENCES. (Office and Lecture Room at the University Library, The Sorbonne. ) Languages. — Ethiopian and Himy- ARITE : M. Halevy. Arabic : M. Derenbourg. Semitic : M. Carriere. Sanskrit, Zend : MM. Blochet, Finot, S. Levi, Meillet, Specht. Modern Greek : M. Psichari. Romance : MM. Gardoz, Gillieron, Morel-Fatio, Thomas, Paris. Comparative Philology : MM. Du- vau, Meillet. Classical Philology and Arche- ology : MM. Chatelain, Desrous- seaux, Haussoulier, Jacob, Lebegue, de Nolhac, de Villefosse. Assyrian, Egyptian and Oriental Philology and Archeology : MM. Clermont-Ganneau, Guieysse, Mas- pero, Scheil. Philosophy : M. Soury. History : MM. Bemont, Giry, Monod, Reuss, Roy. FIFTH SECTION: RELIGIOUS SCIENCES. (Office and Lecture Room at the University Library, The Sorbonne.) Theology: MM. Amelineau, Berthe- lot, Deramey, Derenbourg, Esmein, de Faye, Foucher, I. Levi, Marillier, Pi- cavet, A. Quentin, G. Raynaud, Al- bert Reville, Jean Reville, de Rosny, Sabatier, Vernes. ECOLE SPECIALE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES VIVANTES. Rue de Lille, 2, Paris. The object of this school, founded in 1795, is to give instruction in modern oriental languages for political and commercial purposes. Regular students must be bacheliers es scie?ices or es lettres, be- tween 16 and 24 years of age, and of French nationality. Excep- tions are sometimes made in respect to age and nationality. The courses and diploma {diplome d' eleve brevete) are open to women. The lectures begin early in November and the course lasts three years. All the lectures are public; the fees are 50 fr. ($10) a semester. For further information apply to the secretary, rue de Lille, 2, Paris. FRANCE. 45 Professors and Lecturers. Oriental Languages : Professors Bo- nid, Kalpakdjian, Lorgeou, Marre net, Boyer, Carriere, Cordier, Deren- Mondon-Vidailhet, Aboul Nasr, Oda, bourg, Deveria, Houdas, Huart, Pernot, Ramisiray, Ravaisse, Lien Legrand, Barbier de Meynard, Picot, Young. Leon de Rosny, Vinson ; MM. Dur- MUSEUM D' HISTOIRE NATURELLE. Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. The Museum d' histoire naturelle was founded in 1626 for the purpose of making scientific collections and for research. Each department is in the charge of a professor, and each professor is obliged to give forty public lectures yearly on the subject with which his department deals. The courses are unconditionally open to the public. Regular hearers, by producing certificates of attendance from the professors, may obtain cards which give them access for a year to the galleries and collections. For the conferences and practical work, registra- tion is required, but diplomas are not necessary. Botanical and entomological excursions into the country are arranged weekly dur- ing the summer months. Lectures begin on April 27th. Secretary, M. H. Chatelain, Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. Professors and Assistants. Physics: Professor Becquerel ; M. Ber- Vaillant, Van-Tieghem; MM. Bernard, thelot. Beauregard, Brongniart, Gervais, Gley, Chemistry : Professor Amaud; M. Bour- Kunckel d'Herculais, Mocquard, Mo- geois. rot, Oustalet, Poisson, Renault, Roux, Mineralogy : Professor Lacroix ; M. Sauvinet, Tremeau de Rocbebrune, Jannettaz. Verneau. Geology and Geography : Professors Agriculture : Professor Cornu ; M. Gaudry, Meunier; MM. Boule, Ra- Bois. mond. Pathology : Professor Chauveau ; M. Biology : Professors Bouvier, Bureau, Pbisalix. Deherain, Filhol, Grebant, Hamy, Drawing : M. Fremiet, Mme. Lemaire. Maquenne, Milne-Edwards, Perrier, THE FRENCH PROVINCES. The following is a list of the professors in the different Facultes of the French provinces. The organisation of these Facultes is exactly the same as at Paris, and is described on pp. 31-36. 4 6 AIX. AIX, France. UNIVERSITE D'AIX-MARSEILLE. This university, dating from the 13th century, comprises the Fac- ulties of Arts and Law, situated at Aix, and the Faculties of Sci- ence, Law and Medicine at Marseilles. There is a branch of the Comtte de Patronage des Etudiants Strangers at Aix, and by its means courses in French language and literature especially for foreigners have been arranged. FACULTE DES LETTRES D'AIX. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Literature : Professor Joret. Languages. — Semitic : M. Duranti de Philosophy : Professor Blondel. La Calade. Political Economy : MM. Masson, C. Classical : Professor Constans ; MM. Perreau. Brenous, de Ridder. History : Professors Clerc, Guibal. Romance : Professors Constans, Du- Archaeology : M. de Ridder. cros ; M. Bonafous. Geography : M. Girbal. FACULTE DE DROIT D'AIX. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Jourdan ; Bry, Jourdan, Lacoste, Moreau, Pison, M. C. Perreau. Vermond ; MM. Cesar-Bra, C. Perreau, LAJI r m E. Perreau, de Pitti-Ferrandi, Thelohan. Professors Audinet, Bouvier-Bangillon, FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MARSEILLE. Connected with this Faculty is the Marine Zoological Laboratory at Endoume and a large astronomical observatory. Supplementary courses are given by the professors of the Faculte des Lett res d'Aix. Professors and Lecturers. science Mineralogy : Professor Vasseur. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Geology : Professor Vasseur. fessors Charve, Sauvage, Stephan ; M. Bl °££ Y > Pro fi sso T s Meckel, Marion; y T ' e> > f > MM. Gourret, Jourdan, Jumelle, Le- PHYSICS : Professors Mace de Lepinay, , § er ' Va Y ssi ere. Perot; MM. Fabry, Repelin, Vays- Agriculture: Professor Pauchon. siere. LAlv - Chemistry : Professors Duvillier, Re- Professors Bouvier-Bangillon, de Pitti- boul ; MM. Berg, Perdrix. Ferrandi. FRANCE. 47 ECOLE DE ME'DECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN EXERCICE DE MARSEILLE. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Arnaud,^Boinet, Bouisson, Queirel, Rietsch, Vigneron, Villard, Vil- Caillol de Poncy, Chapplain, Combalat, leneuve ; MM. Alezais, Berg, Carriere, Domergue, Fallot, Gourret, Heckel, Delanglade, Gerber, Laplane, Roux fils. Jourdan, Laget, Livon, Magon, Nepveu, FACULTE MARSEILLAISE LIBRE DE DROIT. This Faculty was founded in 1881. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Peyron ; enger, de Bevotte, Berlier de Vauplane, M. Henrion. David, Emile Fabre, Eugene Fabre, Martin, Peyron, P. Rolland, Rolland- LAlv - Chevillon, Tassy, Thumin, Vial; MM. Professors Aicard, Alphandery, Au- Charlois, Gravier. tran, Bally, Barreme, Bedarride, Ber- BESANCON, France. UNIVERSITE DE BESANCON. This is a small university, founded in 1422, comprising Faculties of Arts and Science and a Preparatory School of Medicine. Total number of students, 197. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BESANCON. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Literature : Professors Boucher, Nag- Languages : — Classical: Professor Na- eotte. geotte ; MM. Charrot, Vernier. Philosophy : Professor Colsenet. Germanic : M. Kontz. History and Geography : Professors Romance : Professor Droz. Guiraud, Pingaud. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BESANCON. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors Gruey, Saint- Loup, Stouff. Fournier. Physics : Professor Joubin. Biology : Professors Charbonnel- Salle, Chemistry : Professor Boutroux ; M. Magnin. Genvresse. 48 BORDEAUX. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE BESANCON. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. Prieur, Roland, Saillard, Thouvenin ; Professors Boisson, Bolot, Chapoy, MM. Bruchon, Colleatte, Morin. Gauderon, Heitz, Magnin, Mandereau, BORDEAUX, France. UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX. This university, founded in 1441, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. In addition to the usual laboratories and museums, there is a School of Chemistry Applied to Manufacturers and Agriculture, a School of Industrial Electricity, an Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory at Florae, and a Zoological Laboratory at Arcachon. There is a branch of the Comite dc Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers in Bordeaux, secretary, Professor Duguit. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Philosophy : Professor Espinas ; MM. Languages. — Classical : Professors Hamelin, Rodier. Ouvre, Waltz; MM. Cirot, de la Sociology: Professor Durkheim. Ville de Mirmont, Masqueray, Zy- History : Professors Denis, Imbart de romski. l a Tour, Jullian, Radet ; MM. Bouvy, English : M. Biard. Marion. Germanic : M. Rouge. Art and Archaeology : Professor Romance : Professors Bourcier, Stap- Paris ; M. Bouvy. fer • M. Le Breton. Geography : Professor Gebelin ; M. Literature : Professor de Treverret. Lorin. Comparative Philology : M. Mas- Pedagogy : M. Durkheim. queray. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. science. MM. Dubourg, Gravel, Vezes, Vig- Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- ouroux. fessors Brunei, Rayet ; MM. Brunei, Mineralogy: Professor Fallot; M. Giraud, Picart, de Tannenberg. Goguel. Physics : Professors Duhem, Morisot ; Geology : Professor Fallot. MM. Gossart, Marcbis. Biology : Professors Millardet, Perez ; Chemistry : Professors Gayon, Joannis ; MM. Devaux, Kunstler. FRANCE. 49 FACULTE DE DROIT DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : MM. Benzacar, Didier, Duguit, Le Coq, Levillain, de Sauvaire-Jourdan. Loynes, Marandout, Monnier, Saignat, Law : Professors Barckhausen, Baudry- Vigneaux. Lacantinerie, de Boeck, Despagnet, FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE BORDEAUX. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. Moussous pere, de Nabias, Picot, Pie- Professors Arnozan, Badal, Bergonie, chaud, Pitres, Vergely, Viault ; MM. Blarez, Boursier, Bouchard, Coyne, De- Leniges, Denuce, Dubreuilh, Moure, mons, Ferre, Figuier, Guillaud, Jolyet, Moussous fils, Pousson, Regis, Riviere. Lanelongue, Layet, Masse, Morache, CAEN, France. UNIVERSITE DE CAEN. This university, founded in 1437, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- macy. There is a Marine Laboratory at Luc-sur-Mer, open all the year. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Philosophy : Professor Mabilleau ; M. Languages. — Classical: Professors Le- Couturat. hanneur, Lemercier ; M. Renel. History : Professor Tessier ; M. Tou- English : M. Barbeau. tain. Romance : Professor Gaste ; M. Art : Professor Gaste. Souriau. Science and Geography : M. Camena Comparative Philology : M. Huguet. d'Almeida. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Chemistry: Professor 'Louise; M. Bes- fessors Riquier, de Saint-Germain ; M. son. Lelieuvre. Geology : Professor Bigot. Physics: Professor Neyreneuf; M. Biology: iVo/m07-j Joyeux-Laffuie, Lig- Guinchant. nier; MM. Huet, Leger. 50 CLERMONT-FERRAND. FACULTE DE DROIT DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Villey ; Carel, Colin, Danjon, Debray, Gauckler, M. Rene Worms. Guillouard, Laisne-Deshayes, Lebret, LAJV , Le P\ir, Marie, Toutain, Villey ; M. Professors Biville, Bouvier, Cabouat, Ambroise Colin. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE CAEN. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. rais, Gidon, Guillet, Louise, Moutier, Professors Auvray, Barette, Catois, Noury, Pihier ; MM. Besson, Chevrel, Charbonnier, Demerliac, Fayel-Deslong- Gosselin, Osmont, Vigot. CLBRMOXT-FERRAXD, France. UNIVERSITE DE CLERMONT. This is a small university, founded in 1S0S, comprising Faculties of Arts and Science, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. Total number of students, 179. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CLERMONT. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professor Philosophy : Professor Joyau. Baron ; M. Audollent. History : Professors Desdevises du De- English : M. Mahieu. zert, Hauser ; M. Rouchon. Romance: Professor des Essarts ; M. Paleography: M. Rouchon. Leclerc. Geography : Professor Desdevises du Literature : Professor Ehrhard. Dezert. Comparative Philology : M. Colar- deau. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CLERMONT. Professors and Lecturers. science. Chemistry : Professor Parmentier ; M. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Duboin. fessor Pellet ; M. Le Cordier. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Physics : Professors Guichard, Hurian ; Julien. M. Lugol. Biology : Professors Girod, Poirier. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE CLERMONT. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. petit, Planchard, Rocher, Tixier, Tru- Professors Bardier, Bousquet, Dourif, chot ; MM. Bide, Bruyant, Gros, La- Fouriaux, Gagnon, Girod, Huguet, Le- font, Maurin, Mosnier. FRANCE. 51 DIJON, France. UNIVERSITE DE DIJON. This university, founded in 1722, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- macy. Total number of students, 594. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Comparative Philology: M. Lambert. Languages. — Classical: Professors Do- Philosophy : Professor Boirac. rison, Royer. ___ ^ History : Professor Gaffarel ; MM. Romance : MM. Lame, Roy. Kleinclausz, Stouff. Literature : Professor Legras. Geography : Professor Gaffarel. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. science. Physics : MM. Bagard, Brunhes. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors Duport, Meray. Collot. Chemistry : Professor Recoura ; M. Biology : Professors Emery, Jobert ; M. Pigeon. Bataillon. FACULTE DE DROIT DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Mongin ; de-Suze, Gaudemet, Geny, Louis- M. Truchy. Lucas, Renardet, Roux, Tissier ; MM. Law : Professors Bailly, Bonneville, Mongin, Moulin, Stouff. Deslandres, Desserteaux, Duverdier- ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE DIJON. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. set, Parizot, Pauffard, Pigeon, Tarnier, Professors Broussolle, Brunhes, Col- Viallanes ; MM. Bellier, Bonnabeaud, lette, Deroye, Gautrelet, Laguesse, Mis- Cottin, Dubard, Lagoutte, Vincent. GRENOBLE, France. UNIVERSITE DE GRENOBLE. This university, founded in 1339, comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- macy. The number of students is 499. The Comite de Patronage des Etzidiants Strangers organised 52 LILLE. in 189S a holiday course in French language, literature and history, especially for foreigners. The course consists of daily lectures and conferences and lasts from July 1st to October 31st, but students may attend for one month only. The fees for lectures for four weeks are 20 fr. ($4), for the four months 50 fr. ($10). For further particulars apply to M. Marcel Reymond, place de la Constitu- tion, 4, Grenoble. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classics : Professors Ber- Literature : Professor Besson. trand, Dugit; MM. Bardot, Chabert. Philosophy: Professor Dumesnil. English : M. Mathias. History and Geography : Professor Romance : Professor Morillot ; M. de Crozals. Hauvette. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. science. Chemistry : Professor Raoult ; M. Cha- Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- vastelon. fessors Astor, Collet ; M. Cousin. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Physics : Professor Pionchon ; M. Beau- Kilian. lard. Biology : Professors Lachmann, Pruvot. FACULTE DE DROIT DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : M. Reboud. Gueymard, de Lapradelle, Michoud, Law : Professors Balleydier, Beaudouin, Pillet, Tartari, Testoud ; MM. Cuche, Beudant, Capitant, Fournier, Guetat, Hitier. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE GRENOBLE. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. batut, Nicolas, Pegoud, Pionchon, Porte, Professors Allard, Berlioz, Bordier, Turel, Verne ; MM. Baboin, Cibert, Des- Douillet, Flandrin, Gallois, Girard, La- champs, G. Dodero, D. Dodero, Salva. LILLE, France. UNIVERSITE DE LILLE. This is a large university, founded in 1808, and comprises Facul- ties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine ; there are also free or FRANCE. 53 Catholic Faculties in the same subjects, and a Faculty of Catholic Theology. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Dufour, Thomas ; MM. Chamard, Couvreur, Dautremer, Fougeres. English : Professor Angellier ; MM. Chevrillon, Derocquigny. Germanic : Professor Pinloche. Romance : Professors Dupont, Lang- lois, Moy. Slavonic : M. Haumant. Philosophy : Professor Penjon ; M. Lefevre. History : Professors Fabre, Flammer- mont; M. Petit-Dutaillis. Archeology : M. Fougeres. Geography : Professor Ardaillon. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Demartres, Petot, Souillart ; MM. Pade, Thybaut. Physics : Professor Damien ; MM. Ca- michel, Swyngedauw. Chemistry : Professors Buisine, Willm ; M. Pelabon. Mineralogy : Professor Gosselet. Geology : Professor Gosselet ; M. Bar- rois. Biology : Professors Betrand, Hallez ; MM. Prouho, Queva. Agriculture : Professor Buisine. FACULTE DE DROIT DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science: Professor Bomgmn. Law : Professors Bourguin, Collinet, Drumel, Feder, de Folleville, Garcon, Jacquey, Lacour, Mouchet, Vallas, Wahl ; MM. Jacquelin, Margat, Pel- tier. FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Barrois, Baudry, Calmette, Castiaux, Charmed, Combemale, Curtis, Debierre, Doumer, Dubar, Folet, Gaul- ard, Laguesse, Lambling, de Lapersonne, Lemoine, Leroy, Lescoeur, Lotar, Moniez, Morelle, Surmont, Wertheimer ; MAI. Ausset, Carlier, Qui, Phocas. FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Classical : Professors Herengt, Rambure. Romance : Professor Charaux. Literature: Professors Gahide, Looten. Rhetoric : Professor Baunard. Comparative Philology : Professor Cliquennois. Philosophy : Professor de Margerie. History and Geography : Professoi Canet. 54 L YONS. FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors de Salvert, Villie ; M. Stoffaes. Bourgeat. Physics : Professors Delenser, Witz. Biology : Professors Boulay, Maurice, Chemistry : Professor Schmitt. Van-Oye. FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Bechaux. Selosse, Trolley de Prevaux, Van- Law : Professors Arthaud, de Corbie, laer, de Vareilles-Sommieres ; MM. Delachenal, Duthoit, Gand, Groussau, Boissard, Cavrois, Duquesne, Maurice Lamache, Moureau, Ory, Pillet, Rothe, Vanlaer. FACULTE LIBRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. Faucon, Guermonprez, Lemiere, Le- Professors Augier, Baltus, Bernard, noble, Lienhart, Monnet, Rfcdier, Rogie, Bouchaud, Boulay, Carrez, Delassus, Schmitt, Thilliez, Toison, Voituriez, Desplats, Dujardin, Duret, Eustache, Witz. FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LILLE. Professors and Lecturers. Theology : Professors Baunard, Chollet, Didiot, Moureau, Pannier, Pillet, Quilliet, Rohart, Salembier. LYONS, France. UNIVERSITE DE LYON. This university, founded in 1S0S, is large and important, com- prising state faculties of Arts, Science, Law, and a Faculty of Medi- cine, founded in 1876, which, with its large hospitals and excellent laboratories, is second only to that of Paris. There are also Catho- lic Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Theology, situated at Lyons. A branch of the Comitc de Patronage des Etudiants Mtrangers has been formed at Lyons: secretary, Professor Thallers. FRANCE. 55 FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. Comparative Philology : Professor , T ' „ , Reenaud ; M. Durand. Languages.— Indo-Iranian: Professor p HIL ° SOPHY . Pro f essor Bertrand ; M. Regnaud. Hannequin. Classical : Professors Allegve, Fabia, HlST0RY H . MM Mariejol, Waddington. Jullien ; M Legrand. Art and Arch ^ ology . Professors English: M. Legouis. Bloch Coville ^^ ciedat, Hol- Germanic : ^. Gruber leaux, Legrand, Loret. Romance: Professors Ciedat, Fon- Egypto ' logy . ^. M oret. tame; M. lexte. Geography: ^Of. Deperet, Schirmer. Literature : ^/m.n Firmery, Texte; Ethnology . Mm chantre. iK Maigron. Pedagogy : M. Chabot. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. Chemistry: Professors Barbier, Vignon ; f „ 7J/.M Bouveault, Couturier. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- MlNERAL0GY . Frofessor Offret. fessors Andre, Flamme, Lafon, Ves- Geology . iv^wor Deperet; ilf. siot ; MM. Autonne, Cartan, Gonnes- -p. xam ; t, siat - „ , „ , ,, , -o Biology : Professors Dubois, Gerard, Physics: Professor Gouy; MM. Busquet, K oebler ; MM. Caullery, Sauvageau. Houllevigue, Lienard. Agriculture : Professor Vignon. FACULTE DE DROIT DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. Political Economy : Professors Rougier, bendy, Flurer, Garraud, Mabire, Pic; Soucbon. MM. Jean Appleton, Bonnecarrere, Law: Professors Cb. Appleton, Audibert, Bouvier, Galland, Lacassogne, Lam- Bartin, Bertbelemy, Caillemer, Co- bert, Lameire, Soucbon. FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Arloing, Augagneur, Bard, Testut, Tripier ; MM. Barral, Beauvi- Bondet, Cazeneuve, Crolas, Florence, sage, Bordier, Boyer, Causse, Cbandelux, Focbier, Gailleton, Gayet, Hugounenq, Collet, Condamin, Courmont, Devic, Lacassagne, Lepine, Lortet, Mayet, Doyon, Durand, Gangolphe, Laroyenne, Monoyer, Morat, Oilier, Pierret, M. Pol- Moreau, Aug. Pollosson, Rochet, Rollet, losson, Poncet, Renaut, Soulier, Teissier, Roque, Roux, Siraud, Vallas, Weill. FACULTE LIBRES DES LETTRES DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Philology : Professor Devaux, Forest, Gonnet-. Lepitre. Romance : Professoj's Condamin, Del- Philosophy : Professor Reure. mont. History and Archaeology : Professor Literature : Professor Frintz. Leotard. 56 MONTPELLIER. FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. science. Physics : Professor Chassy. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Chemistry : Professor Lepercq. fessors Berloty, Magnus de Sparre, Geology : Professor Morin. Onofrio, Valson. Biology : Professors Donnadieu, Morin. FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science: Professor Rarabaud. Mouterde, Perrin, Poidebard, Richard, Law : Professors Beaune, Boucaud, Gai- Roux, Wies ; MM. Brun, Rivet, Roux, ral, Hostache, jacquier, de Lajudie, Voron, Wies. FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LYON. Professors and Lecturers. theology. Chambost, Chevallier, Dumas, Jacquier, Professors Belon, Blanc, Bourchany, Lemann, Vernet. MONTPELLIER, France. UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER. This university, founded in the twelfth century, comprises Fac- ulties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and is large and im- portant. There are good laboratories and hospitals and some scientific institutes. The branch of the Comite de Patronage des JStudiants Etrangers has arranged free practical courses for the benefit of foreigners. The secretary of the Comite is Professor Flahaut. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Comparative Philology : M. Gram- mont. Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Milhaud ; M. Bonnet, Maury; M. Reynaud. Bougie. Germanic : M. Fecamp. History : Professor Gachon ; M. Pe- Romance : Professor Rigal ; MM. lissier. Chabaneau, Vianey. Archeology : MM. Berthele, Lechat. Literature : Professor Castets. Geography : M. Malavialle. FRANCE. 57 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Delage ; M. fessors Dautheville, Fabry ; M. Le Curie. Roux. Geology : Professor Delage. Physics: Professors Crova, Meslin. Biology: Professors Flahault, Sabatier ; Chemistry : Professors de Forcrand, MM. Pavillard, Soulier. Oechsner, de Coninck ; M. Giran. FACULTE DE DROIT DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Gide ; Chausse, Glaize, Laborde, Laurens, MM. Brouilhet,,Chauvin. Meynial, Valabregue, Vigie ; MM. LAW : Professors Bremond, Charmont, Barde, Declareuil, Valery. FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MONTPELLIER. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. nat> Truc.Vialleton, Ville; MM. Baumel, Professors Bertin-Sans, Bosc, Carrieu, Brousse, Delezenne, Espagne, Estor, Ducamp, Estor, Forgue, Gilis, Grand, Francois, Galavielle, Itie, Lapeyre, Le- Grasset, Grynfeltt, Hamelin, Hedon, Im- cercle, Moitessier, Mouret, Puech, de bert, Mairet, Rauzier, Rodet,Sarda,Tede- Rouville, Vallois. NANCY, France. UNIVERSITE DE NANCY. This university, founded in 1572? comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, a School of Pharmacy, and a Professional School. There is an influential branch of the Com lie de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at Nancy, which has done much for the benefit of foreign students. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE NANCY. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Literature : Professor Grucker. Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Phii ology : M. Cousin. Thiaucourt, Martin; MM. Collignon, Philosophy : M. Souriau. Couve History : Professors Diehl, Pfister ; M. Germanic : M. Lichtenberger. Pariset. Romance : Professor Krantz ; M. Archaeology : Professor Diehl. Etienne. Geography : Professor Auerbach. 58 POITIERS. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE NANCY. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Thoulet. fessors Floquet, Molk ; MM. Lacour, Geology and Geography : MM. Mil- Vogt. lot, Nickles. Physics: Professors Bichat, Blondlot ; Biology: Professors Friant, LeMonnier; M. Perreau. MM. Cuenot, Gain, Saint- Remy. Chemistry : Professors Arth, Haller, Agriculture : Professor Petit. Petit; MM. Guntz, Miiller. FACULTE DE DROIT DE NANCY. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Gamier ; del, Bourcart, Chretien, Gardeil, M. Liegeois. Gavet, Lombard, Lederlin, Liegeois, Law : Professors Beauchet, Binet, Blon- Carre de Malberg, May ; M. Melin. FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE NANCY. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Baraban, Bernheim, Char- Spillmann, Vuillemin, Weiss ; MM. pentier, Chretien, Demange, Gamier, Etienne, Fevrier, Froelich, Guerin, Guil- Gross, Herrgott, Heydenreich, Mace, loz, Haushalter, Jacques, Parisot, Rohm- Meyer, Nicolas, Prenant, Schmitt, Simon, er, Schuhl, Zilgien. POITIERS, France. UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS. This university, founded in 143 1, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE POITIERS. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Comparative Philology: M. Audouin. Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Luguet ; M. Ernault, Hild. Mauxion. English : M. Castelain. History : Professor Carre ; M. Boisson- Romance: MM. Arnould, Laumonier. ade. Literature : Professor Parmentier. Archaeology : M. Lievre. FRANCE. 59 FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE POITIERS. Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor fessors Durrande, Maillard. Welsch. Physics : Professor Garbe; M. Delvalez. Biology : Professors Dangeard, Schnei- Chemistry : Professor Roux ; M. Guit- der. teau. FACULTE DE DROIT DE POITIERS. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : MM. Cheneaux, Courtois, Normand, Parenteau-Du- Girault. beugnon. Petit, Prevot-Leygonie, Sur- Law : Professors Arthuys, Arnault de la ville, Thezard ; MM. Cheneaux, Menardiere, Barrilleau, Bonnet, Le Michon. ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE POITIERS. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. Delaunay, Guitteau, Jouteau, Poirault, Professors Alban de la Garde, Brossard, Poisson, Roland ; MM. Faivre, Garbe, Buffet-Delmas, Chedevergne, Chretien, Latrille, Leger, Llaguet, Malapert. RENNES, France. UNIVERSITE DE RENNES. This university, founded in 1808, comprises Faculties of Arts, Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. ■arts. Romance : Professor Allais; M. Loth. Languages. — Classical: Professors De- Comparative Philology: M. Dottin. launay, Loth ; M. Mace. Philosophy : M. Bourdon. English': M. Thomas. History : MM. Jordan, See. Germanic : M. Basch. Geography : MM. Rainaud, Seunes. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. science. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Seunes. fessors Morin, Pujet ; M. Andrade. Biology : Professors Crie, Joubin ; MM. Physics : MM. Moreau, Weiss. Guitel, Lesage. Chemistry : Professor Lechartier ; M. Cavalier. 6o TOULOUSE. FACULTE DE DROIT DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science: Professor Worms ; de Caqueray, Chatel, Chauveau, Fettu, M. Turgeon. Jarno, Turgeon, Vignerte ; MM. Bo- Law : Professors Artur, Aubry, Blondel, din, Grandmoulin, Piedelievre. ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN EXERCICE DE RENNES. Professors and Lecturers. MEDICINE. Professors Aubree, Bellamy, Bertheux, ret, Perrin de la Touche ; MM. Castex, Blin, Bodin, Brute, Dayot, Delacour, Crie, Dayot fils, Faint, Follet, Laurent, Fleury, Lefeuvre, Lhuissier, Mace, Per- Lautier, Le Moniet, Topsent. TOULOUSE, France. UNIVERSITE DE TOULOUSE. This university, founded in 1229, is large and important, and comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine ; there are also Catholic Faculties of Arts and Theology. There are good scientific laboratories and institutes and an astronomical observa- tory. Dr. Maurel is President of the Comite de Patronage des £t?idiants Etrangers, which has procured for foreign students re- duced rates at the hotels and all other pecuniary advantages enjoyed by French students. FACULTE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. Philosophy: Professor Rauh; M. Thou- Languages. — Classical : Professors verez. Antoine, Beaudouin ; M. Navarre. History : Professors Dumas, Lecrivain, English : M. Dumeril. Molinier ; M. Marion. Romance : Professors Benoist, Jean- Archeology : Professor Diirrbach. roy, Merimee ; M. Guy. Geography : M. Dognon. Literature : Professor Hallberg. Pedagogy : Professor Rauh. FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. science. Physics : Professors Bouasse, Mathias ; Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- M. Cotton. fessors Baillaud, Cosserat, Legoux ; Chemistry : Professors Destrem, Saba- MM. Delassus, Paraf. tier ; M. Fabre. FRANCE. 6 1 Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Moquin-Tandon, Roule ; MM. Jam- Lartet ; M. Caralp. mes, Prunet. Biology : Professors Leclerc du Sablon, Agriculture : M. Fabre. FACULTE DE DROIT DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Hoques- piau, Hauriou, Merignhac, Paget, Fourcade. Rouard de Card, Timbal, Vidal, \Val- Law : Professors Bonfils, Bressolles, Ion ; M. Fraissaingea. Brissaud, Campistron, Deloume, Des- FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. medicine. Tapie, Tourneux ; MM. Aldibert, Audry, Professors Abelous, Andre, Braemer, Bezy, Biarnes, Garrigou, Gerard, Guil- Caubet, Chalot, Charpy, Crouzat, Dupuy, hem, Guiraud, Lamic, Marie, Maurel, Frebault, Herrmann, Jeannel, Labeda, Morel, Rispal, Secheyron, Soulie, Suis, Mosse, Penieres, Remond, Saint-Ange, Vieusse. FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Philosophy : Professor Montagne. Languages. —Classical: Professors Archeology: Professor Saint-Ray- Gimazanes, Montaut, Morlais ; M. mond Valentin. Romance : Professor Arnaud. science. Modern : Professor de Suplicy. Mathematics : Professors Domec, Literature : Professor Couture. Thomas. Comparative Philology : Professors Physics and Chemistry : Professor Couture, Samouilhan. Senderens. 62 GERMANY. GERMANY. The universities of Germany are state institutions, sup- ported by the Government and subject to the Ministers of Education of the several States in which they are situated. They have, however, an independent legal personality, and are to a great extent self-governing. At most of the univer- sities the Minister of Education is represented by the Curator, Chancellor, or Vice-Chancellor, whose duty it is to look after the state interests and to manage the finances of the univer- sity. When this official is wanting the universities are directly under the Ministers. Each university comprises four Faculties, namely, the Fac- ulties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine, and Theology ; by each of these Faculties courses of lec- tures, seminary, and laboratory work are provided, and the degree of Doctor is given to matriculated students who have passed the final examination and fulfilled certain require- ments, which vary slightly with the different universities. It is the custom for students to go from one university to another, returning for their degrees to the university of their choice. There are in Germany twenty universities, the largest and most important being the universities of Berlin, Leipzig and Munich. A German student when applying for permission to matriculate at a university is expected to hold the Gymna- sialabiturienten Zeugniss, the certificate that he has attended the specified course in a Gymnasium and passed the final examination. Foreign students must give proof of an equal degree of preparation. Women are as a rule admitted only as hearers to courses in the Philosophical Faculty of the several universities, al- GERMANY. 63. though in some cases they have also attended lectures in the Faculties of Law and Medicine.* The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been granted to women by the Universities of Berlin, Freiburg, Gottingen, Heidelberg and Tubingen, and at these universities women have a certain recognised position as hearers, although they are not allowed to matriculate. At most of the universities in Prussia properly qualified women are permitted to attend courses in the Philosophical Faculty if they obtain the per- mission of the Rector of the university and of the indi- vidual professors whose courses they desire to hear. They have, however, no rights, and are not counted as students. Any particular application for admission may be refused. The other universities of Germany vary in regard to the admission of women. The reading-rooms of the university libraries are as a rule open to women as part of the general public on the same con- ditions as to men. Women who are studying at the various universities are in every case permitted to take books out of the libraries upon the same conditions as men. The academic year begins in October and is divided into two semesters, the winter semester which extends from the middle of October to the middle of March, and the summer semester which extends from the middle of April to the mid- dle of August. The lectures do not, however, generally begin until a week or ten days after the date officially announced as the beginning of the semester. The list of courses to be given in one semester is not pub- lished until the end of the preceding semester. Official lists of lectures ( Vorlesungsverzeichnisseii) of the universities are sold at the bookshops, they are are not distributed by the uni- * Wherever courses in Law and Medicine have been opened to women, special mention is made of the fact under the head of the separate universities. 64 GERMANY. versities themselves. The Deutscher Universitdts-Kalender , published each semester in Berlin, gives the courses offered during the semester at all the German universities. The fees paid at German universities are of two kinds, those paid to the universities themselves and those paid to the individual professors. Each university charges students a small fee on entering for matriculation; 18 M. ($4.50) for first matriculation, 9 M. ($2.25) for students coming from another university ; on leaving, for a certificate of work done 14 M. ($3.50), in addition to a fee each semester for the right to hear lectures (5 M., $1.25). For each course at- tended a fee is also paid to the professor giving the course, except in those cases where the course is expressly stated to be free (3-5 M., $. 75— $1. 25, for one hour a week during one semester). A much larger fee is paid to the university for a Doctor's degree (300-400 M., $75~$ioo).* The fees paid by women vary in the different universities. Where women are officially admitted they may pay the uni- versity fee for those privileges which they enjoy. Where they attend lectures by the permission of the individual pro- fessors without the sanction of the Ministry, they pay the fees to the professors. The whole question of the admission of women to the universities has given rise to much dis- cussion in Germany and is still far from being settled. Many Germans regard the higher education of women as undesirable and there is a strong objection manifested by a large number of the pro- fessors and students alike to the admission of women to the universities. In the last few years, how- ever, great advances have been made and the foundation of several gymnasia for girls on exactly the same plan as those for boys has made it possible for German women to obtain adequate preparation for the universities. The seriousness of purpose and the ability of individual women who have studied in Germany has, it is believed, done much towards destroying the prejudice against women students in the minds of the professors under whom they have worked. Each woman who applies for permission to attend lectures should bear in mind the great responsibility she incurs in thus becoming, as it were, a test case, by which other similar cases in the future will be judged. If she is insufficiently prepared or lacking in seriousness of purpose in her work she cannot fail to do harm to the cause of women's education in Germany. Women students should also bear in mind that the conditions of German * The above figures are approximate. GERMANY. 65 life are very different from the conditions of American life, and that any failure to observe the estab- lished customs of the people among whom they are living and whose hospitality they are enjoying, is likely to bring women students as a class into discredit. BERLIN, Prussia. KONIGL. FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. Until within the last few years the University of Berlin, which was founded in 1S09, was entirely closed to women, and no de- grees had ever been granted by it to women. At present individual women are in general permitted by the University to attend lec- tures as gastzuhorerinnen, provided that they can prove that they are properly prepared. The application to be allowed to attend lectures, accompanied by the passport and testimonials of the applicant, should be left at the Kuratorium. After the applicant receives notice from the authorities that she is admitted she should go to the Universitdts- Sekretariat for the Rektorats-Erlaubniss-Schein. After the in- dividual professors have given the applicant permission to attend their lectures the Quaestor of the University registers and regu- larly admits the student. Women students are sometimes admitted to lectures when, on account of lack of space, entrance to the seminaries and laboratories is refused them, but some professors have opened both their semi- naries and their laboratories to individual women. Practically all the courses offered by the Philosophical Faculty are now open to women, and courses in Law and Physiology have been attended by women, but in Anatomy and Medicine the classes are in general closed. In 1898-99 two hundred and forty-one women were studying at the University of Berlin ; a room in the University building has been set apart for their use. One woman has recently obtained the degree of Doctor in the Philosophical Faculty. For information as to dates of semesters, fees, etc., see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Indo-Iranian : Professors Geldner, Xanguages. — Semitic : Professors Weber ; Docents Oppert, Sieg. Barth, Dieterici, Sachau, Schrader ; Classical : Professors Diels, Hiibner, Docents Erman, Sethe, Winckler. Kirchhoff, Vahlen, v. Wilamo- 66 BERLIN. witz Mollendorff, Winter ; Docents Kiibler, Rothstein, Schone, Thomas. English : Professor Brandl ; Reader Harsley. Germanic : Professors Bruckner, Heusler, Hoffory, Roediger, E. Schmidt, Weinhold ; Docents Cor- nicelius, Herrmann, Meyer. Romance : Professors Geiger, Tob- ler ; Docent Schultz-Gora ; Readers Hecker, Pariselle. Chinese : Professor Grube. Mongolian and History of Bud- dhism : Docent Huth. Oriental Languages Seminar : Pro- fessors Arendt, Berneker, Hassan Djelaled-din Fischer, Foy, Giissfeldt, Hartmann, Lange, Amin Maarbes, Mitsotakis, de Mugica Neuhaus, Sen- ga. Sid Gilani Schirkawi, Hsueh Shen, Steinbach Vacha, Velten, Warburg, Abder-rahman Zaghlul. Comparative Philology : Professor John Schmidt. Philosophy: Professors Dilthey, Pau 1 - sen, Runze, Stumpf, Zeller ; Docents Dessoir, Doring, Hoppe, Lasson, Sim- mel, Schumann, Thiele. Political Science : Professors Boeckh, Lass, v. Martitz, Meitzen Reinhold, Schmoller, Sering, Wagner ; Docents v. Ha'le, Hoeniger, Jastrow, v. Kauf- mann, v. Wenckstern. Hist >RY : Professors Breysig, Delbriick, Hirschfeld, Kohler, Lenz, Mommsen, Scheffer-Boichorst, Schiemann ; Do- cents Dessau, Hintze, Honiger, Klebs, Koepp, Koser, Kiibler, Lehmann, Liesegang. Meinecke, Naude, Oncken, Roloff, Seler, Spahn, Sternfeld, Tangl. Art AND ArcH/EOLOGY : Professors Er- man, Frey, Grimm, Kekule, Winne- feld, Winter ; Docents Dessau, Gold- schmidt, Graef, Helmert, Kalkmann, Kern, Pernice, Schmid, Sethe. Pedagogy : Professor Munch. Geography : Professors v. Drygalski, v. Richthofen ; Docents Dove, Kretsch- Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Bauschinger. Foerster. Fro- benius, Fuchs, Hensel, Hettner, Knoblauch, Lehmann-Fi hes Planck, Scheiner, Schwarz ; Docents Batter- mann. Hoppe, Marcuse. Physics : Professors v. Bezold, Blasius, Neesen, P anck, Warburg ; Docents Arons, Assmann, du Bois, Krigar- Menzel, Pringsheim. Chemistry : Professors Biedermann, Fischer, Fock, Gabrie', Landolt, Liebermann, Pinner, Rammelsberg, Schneider, Sell, Tiemann, Vant'Hoft, Wichelhaus, Will ; Docents v. Buchka, Harries, Hayduck, Jacobson, Jahn, Marckwald, Meyerhoffer, Reissert, Rosenheim, Schopff, Schotten, Thorns, W. Traube, Windisch, Wohl. Mineralogy : Professor Klein ; Docents Fock, Tenne, H. Traube. Geology : Professors Berendt, Dames ; Docent Jaeke'. Biology : Professors Ascherson, Engler, Garcke, Kny, Magnus, v. Martens, Moebius, Schulze, Schwendener, Witt- mack ; Docents Gilg, Heymons, Hol- termann, Karsch, Ko'kwitz, Lindau, von Luschan, Plate, Reinhardt, Schau- dinn, Schumann, Volkens, Warburg, Zimmermann. Agriculture : Professor Orth. LAW. Professors Aegidi, Berner, Bornhak, Brunner, Dambach, Dernburg, Eck, Gierke, Hiibler, Kahl, Kohler, Oert- mann, Pernice, Rehme, Secke', Zeumer ; Docents Burchard, Heilborn, Jacobi, Kaufmann, Preuss, Schwartz, Stolzel. MEDICINE. Professors A. Baginsky, v. Bergmann, Bernhardt, Brieger, Busch, von Coler, Ehrhch, Engelmann, Eu'enburg, Ewa'd, Fasbender, B. Franke', Fritsch,Gerhardt, Go'dscheider, Gurlt, Gusserow, Henoch, Hertwig, Heubner, Hildebrand, Hirsch- berg, Horstmann, Israel, Jolly, Koch, Konig, Koppen, Lesser, Lewin, Leyden, Liebreich, Lucae, Mendel, Mi'er, Moeli, H. Munk I. Munk, Nagel, Olshausen, Rose, Rubner, Salkowski, Schoe'er, Schweigger, Schweninger, Senator, Silex, Skrzeczka, Sonnenburg, Strass- mann, Thierfelder, Trautmann, H. Vir- chow, R. Virchow, Wa'deyer, J. Wo ft", GERMANY. 67 M. Wolff; Docents B. Baginsky, Behr- end, Benda, Boedeker, C. du Bois-Rey- mond, R. du Bois-Reymond, Bonhoff, Casper, Diihrssen, A. Fraenkel, Geb- hard, Gluck, Grawitz, Greeff, Grunmach, Giinther, Guttstadt, Hansemann, Herter, Heymann, Hirschfe'd, Jacobson, Jansen, Joachimstahl, Katz, Klemperer, Ko- b anck, Konig, R. Krause, W. Krause, Kronig, Laehr, Landau, Langerhans, Langgaard, Lassar, Lewinski, Lexer, Litten, Loewy, Martin, Mendelsohn, Meyer, Michaelis, Mitscherlich, I. Munk, Nagel, Neumann, Nitze, Oestreich, Ohl- mti ler, Oppenheim, Pagel, Perl, Pfeiffer, Posner, Puppe, Rabl-Riickhard, Rawitz, Remak, Riess, Rosenheim, Rosin, Ruge, de Ruyter, Salomon, Schelske, Schiiller, Schultz, Stadelmann, Strassmann, Strauss, Tobold, Westphal, Wolpert, Zinn. THEOLOGY. Professors Benzinger, Deutsch,Gunkel, Harnack, Kaftan, Kleinert, Miiller, Pfleiderer, Seeberg, von Soden, Strack, Weiss, Wobbermin ; Docents Gennrich, Holl, Plath. MUSIC. Professors Bel'ermann, Fleischer ; Do- cent Friedlander. BONN, Prussia. RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. The university was founded in 1818 and is under the same general regulations as all the universities of Germany; see pp. 62-64. Twenty-six women were attending courses in the university as hearers in the winter semester of 189S-99. Holiday courses for women teachers are given in August by the university professors. The subjects are chiefly philosophical and philological. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor 'Prym; Docent Nix. Classical : Professors Buecheler, El- ter, Usener ; Docents Brinkmann, Radermacher, Solmsen. Indo-Iranian : Professor Jacobi ; Do- cent Solmsen. English : Professor Trautmann. Germanic : Professors Franck, Litz- mann, Wilmanns ; Docent Drescher. Romance : Professor Foerster; Reader Gaufinez. Comparative Philology : Professor Jacobi. Philosophy : Professors Bender, Elter, Meyer, Neuhaeuser ; Docents Erd- mann, Wentscher. Political Science : Professors Dietzel, Gothein. History : Professors v. Bezold, Meister, Nissen, Ritter, Schmitt, Wiedemann ; Docents Meister, Strack. Art and Archeology: Professors Justi, Kuppers, Loeschke ; Docents Clemen, Firmenich-Richartz. Geography : Professor Rein ; Docents Philippson, Reinhertz. Music : Professor L. Wolff. Mathematics : Professors Deichmiiller, Lipschitz, Kustner, Kortum, Study ; Docents Heffter, Monnichmeyer. Physics : Professors Kayser, Lorberg ; Docent Pfliiger. Chemistry : Professors Anschiitz, Partheil, Rimbach ; Docents Binz, Heusler, Lob, Schroeter. Mineralogy: Professor Laspeyres ; Do- cent Kaiser. 68 BRESLA U. Geology : Professors Pohlig, Schliiter ; Docent Rauff. Biology : Professors Borgert, Ludwig, Strasburger ; Docents Fischer, Konig, Noll, Strubell, Voigt. Agriculture: Docent von der Goltz. Professors Bergbohm, Cosack, Crome, Hiibner, Hiiffer, Kriiger, Landsberg, Loersch, Pfliiger, v. Schulte, Seuftert, Zitelmann. MEDICINE. Professors Binz, Doutrelepont, Finkeln- burg, Finkler, Fritsch, Fuchs, Geppert, la Valette St. George, Koester, Leo, v. Mosengeil, Nussbaum, Pelmann, Peters, Pfliiger, Saemisch, Schede, Schieffer- decker, Schultze, Ungar, Walb, Witzel ; Docents Bleibtreu, Boennecken, Bohland, Burger, Dreser, Eschweiler, Graff, Hum- melsheim, Jores, J. Kocks, W. Kocks, Krukenberg, Kruse, Petersen, Pletzer, Rieder, Schmidt, Schondorff, Schroder, Schultze, Thomsen,Wendelstadt,Wolters. THEOLOGY, PROTESTANT. Professors Bratke, Goebel, Grafe, Kamphausen, Meinhold,Ritschl, Sachsse,. Sell, Sieffert ; Docents Meyer, Simons. THEOLOGY, CATHOLIC. Professors Englert, Esser, Felten, Kellner, Kaulen, Kirschkamp, Langen, Schrors ; Docent Rauschen. BRESLAU, Prussia. KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. The University of Breslau, founded in 1506, admits women under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees have as yet been granted by women by this University. Women who hold the Gymnasialabiturientenzeugniss are allowed to at- tend all the medical courses, including those in anatomy, but no one is admitted who does not hold the certificate in question. Thirty-one women were attending courses in the University in the winter semester of 1898-99. The general regulations are same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors De- litzsch, Fraenkel. Indo-Iranian : Professors Hillebrandt, Hoffmann ; Docents Brockelmann, Liebich. Classical : Professors Forster, Miil- ler, Norden, Skutsch, Zacher ; Do- cents Cohn, Kroll, Wiinsch. English : Professor Kolbing ; Lec- turer Pughe. Germanic: Professors Nehring, Vogt; Docents Bobertag, Jiriczek, Koch. Romance : Professor Appel ; Lecturer Pillet. Russian : Lecturer Abicht. Comparative Philology : Professors Fick, Hillebrandt. History of Literature : Professor Koch. Philosophy : Professors Baeumker, Eb- binghaus, Freudenthal, Stern. Political Science : Professors Au- hagen, Sombart, Wolf. History : Professors Caro, Griinhagen,. Kaufmann, Schulte, Wilcken. Art and Archaeology : Professor Mu- ther ; Docent Semrau. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- GERMANS. Jessors Franz, Rosanes, Sturm ; Docent London. Physics : Professors Heydweiller, O. E. Meyer. Chemistry : Professors Ahrens, Laden- burg, Poleck, Weiske ; Docents Kiis- ter, Scholtz. Mineralogy : Professor Hintze ; Do- cent Milch. Geology : Professor Freeh ; Docents Giirich, Milch. Geography : Professor Partsch; Docent Leonhard. Biology : Professors Brefeld, Chun, Fer- dinand, Kiikenthal, Pax, Stutzer ; Do- cents Braem, Mez, Rohde, Rosen. Weberbauer. Engineering : Doceni Beyer. Agriculture : Professors Ahrens, Hol- defleiss, Luedecke, von Kiimker, Stut- zer ; Docents Beyer, von Nathusius, Strauch. Forestry : Docent Kayser. Veterinary Surgery : Professor Metz- dorf ; Docent Strauch. LAW. Professors Beling, Brie, Bruck, Dahn, Fischer, J6rs, Leonhard, Schott ; Docent Heymann. MEDICINE. Professors Born, Cohn, Czerny, Fil- ehne, Fliigge, Hasse, Hirt, Kast, Kolac- zek, Kiistner, Lesser, Magnus, Mikulicz, Neisser, Partsch, Ponfick, Richter, Roh- mann, Uhthoff, Wernicke ; Docents Alex- ander, Bonhoeffer, Bruck, Buchwald, Frankel, Groenouw, Henke, Henle, Hiller, Hiirthle, Jacobi, v. Kader, Kaiser, Keilmann, Kionka, Krienes, Kiihnau, Kummel, Mann, Peter, Pfann- ensteil, Reichel, Riegner, Sachs, Schafer, Stern, Tietze. THEOLOGY. Protestant : Professors Arnold, Cor- nill, Hahn, Kawerau, Lohr, Muller, Schmidt, Wrede ; Docents Juncker, Schulze. Catholic : Professors Commer, Konig, Krawutzcky, Lammer, Muller, Nikel, Niirnberger, Pohle, Probst, Schaefer, Scholz, Sdralek ; Docents von Tessen- Wesierski. ERLANGEN, Bavaria. KGL. FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITAT. This university was founded in 1743, and the general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. Women are in general allowed to attend lectures at the three Bavarian Universities and also to take degrees in their philological and scientific departments. Nevertheless, a woman, who, after passing the final examinations of a gymnasium, wished to study medicine at this university has been refused permission to attend lectures in anatomy. Five women were attending courses at the university during the winter semester of 1898-99. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Abel. Classical : Professors Heerdegen, Romer. Germanic : Professors Geiger, Stein- meyer. Romance : Professor Schneegans. Modern : Professor Varnhagen. 7o FREIBURG IM BRE1SGAU. Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- ogy : Professor Geiger. Philosophy : Professors Class, Falcken- berg. Political Science : Professors Ehe- berg, Neuburg. History : Professors Fester, von Hegel, Pohlmann. Geography: Professor Pechuel-Loesche; Docent Blanckenhorn. Art and Archaeology : Professor Flasch. Pedagogy : Professor Romer. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Gordan, Nother. Physics : Professor Wiedemann ; Docent Schmidt. Chemistry : Professors Busch, Fischer, Paal. Mineralogy : Professor Lenk ; Docents Blanckenhorn, v. Elterlein. Geology : Professor Lenk. Biology: Professors Fleischmann, Reess; Docent Schmidt. LAW. Professors Allfeld, Gengler, Hellwig, Jiiger, Kipp, Rehm, Sehling. MEDICINE. Professors Eversbush, Fleischer, From- mel, LeoGerlach, Graser,Hauser, Heim, von Heineke, Hermann, Kiesselbach, Penzoldt, Rosenthal, Specht, v. Strum- pell ; Docents Gessner, Heinz, v. Kryger, Miiller, Schneider, Spuler. THEOLOGY. Professors Caspari, Ewald, Ihmels, Kolde, Lotz, Miiller, Zahn ; Docent Wie- gand. FREIBURG IM BRE1SGAU, Baden. GROSHERZ. BAD. ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Freiburg, founded in 1457, is one of the three universities of Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to women. Women are admitted to university lectures under the same restrictions as at the University of Heidelberg. (See p. 75.) For the general regulations see pp. 62—64. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Reck- endorf. Indo-Iranian : Professors Holtz- mann, Thumb. Classical : Professors Hense, Kalb- fleisch, Schmidt, Steup, Thurney- sen. English : Professor Schroer. Germanic : Professors Kluge, Meyer, Panzer, Weissenfels. Romance : Professors Baist, Green, Levy, Paufler. Comparative Philology : Professors Thumb, Thurneysen. Philosophy : Professors Cohn, Grosse, Rickert, Riehl. Political Economy : Professors Fuchs, v. Schulze-Gaevernitz. History : Professors Bienemann, Dove, Fabricius, Finke, Michael, v. Simson. Art and Archeology : Professor Puchstein, Studniczka, Sutter ; Docent Cornelius. Geography : Professor Neumann. Pedagogy : Doce?it Ziirn. Music : Docent Hoppe. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Loewy, Liiroth, Rebman, Stick- elberger. Physics : Professors Himstedt, Meyer. GERMANY. 7i Chemistry : Professors Claus, Willger- odt; Docents Edinger, Fromm. Mineralogy : Professors Graeff, Stein- mann. Geology : Professor Boehm Biology : Professors Gruber, Hacker, Oltmanns, Weismann ; Docent Fritze. Agriculture: Professors. Schulze-Gae- vernitz. ler, Emminghaus, Goldmann, Hegar, Hildebrand, v. Kahlden, Keibel, Killian, Kiliani, Kirn, Knies, Korn, Kraske, von Kries, Jacobi, Manz, Miiller, Schinzinger, Schottelius, Sonntag, Wiedersheim, Wiedow, Ziegler; Docents Autenrieth, Bulius, Clemens, v. Dungern, Gaupp, Nagel, Reerink, Ritscbl, Roos, Schiile, Sellheim, Treupel. Professors Eisele, Merkel, von Roh- land, Rosin, Riimelin, Schmidt, Stutz ; Docents Schmezer, Sieveking. MEDICINE. Professors Bartels, Bass, Bloch, Baum- THEOLOGY. Professors Baumgartner, Braig, Heiner, Hoberg, Keppler, Kraus, Krieg, Kiins- tle, Riickert, Trenkle, Weber. GIESSEN, Hesse. GROSSHERZOGL. HESSISCHE LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. This University was founded in 1607, and the general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. It is the first university in Germany to take action in regard to admitting women on the same footing as men. In January, 1899, the Senate decided by a large majority to admit women who have obtained the Reifezeugniss of a gymnasium or of a Realschzde of the first order as matriculated students in the Faculties of Phil- osophy and Law. Up to the present no women have been ad- mitted to the university. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Indo-Iranian: Professor Bartholomae. Classical : Professors A. Dieterich, Gundermann. English : Professors Pichler, Wetz. Germanic: Professor Behagel; Docents Collin, Pichler, Strack. Romance: Professors Behrens, Pichler. Philosophy : Professor Siebeck ; Do- cent Kinkel. Political Science: Professor Laspeyres. History: Professors Hohlbaum, Oncken; Docents J. R. Dieterich, Kernemann. Art and Archeology: Professor Sauer. Geography : Professor Sievers. Pedagogy : Professor Schiller. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Fromme, Netto, Pasch ; Docent Haussner. Physics : Professors Fromme, Scholl, Wiener. Chemistry : Professors Elbs, Naumann; Docents Eidmann, Rhode, Schon, Schwarzmann. 72 GOTTINGEN. Mineralogy : Professor Brauns. medicine. Biology : Professors Hansen, Spengel, Professors Bose, Bostroem, Eckhard, v. Wagner. Fuh Gaehtgens, Gaffky, Geppert, Loh- Agriculture: Professors Hess, v. lei Po \ Riegel, Sommer, Stein- Minden, 1 haer, W immenauer. briigge; Stickerj Strahl) Vossius, Walther; Docents Baur, Henneberg, Koppe. ' LAW. ' & vv „ r „. t, t- i THEOLOGY. Professors Biermann, Jbraun, Frank, T> „ , _. , , Giinther, Heimburger, Jung, Leist, Protestant : Professors Baldensperger, c u~-j.. Holtzmann, Kattenbusch, Ivosthn, bcnmidt. it- .. ,. ' , ' ' Kruger, Stade. GOTTIXGEN, Prussia. GEORG-AUGUSTS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Gottingen, founded in 1737, is one of the four universities in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to women. In 1893 its doors were first opened to women students, and from the beginning a certain official position has been given to them, although they are not allowed to matriculate, and the appli- cation of any individual candidate for admission may be refused at the option of the university authorities. The university library, reading rooms and the special reading rooms for separate subjects are open to women students as freely as to men students and upon the same conditions. Four women have obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in this university within the last few years. Twenty-one women were attending courses in the University as hearers during the summer semester of 1S98. The mathematical seminary has issued a programme of study to aid students in choosing the most profitable arrangement of lectures, etc. Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general regulations are the same as for other German Universities ; see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Classical: Professors Dilthey, Kai- Languages. — Semitic: Professors bel, Leo, Meyer ; Docents Schulten, Pietschmann, Rahlfs, Smend, Well- Schulze, Wentzel. hausen ; Doeenfs 'Lilders, Schulthess. ENGLISH: Professor Morsbach ; Lectoi Indo-Iranian : Professor Kiel horn. Tamson. GERMANS. 73 Germanic: Professors Heyne, Roethe; Docent Meissner. Romance : Professor Stimming ; Lec- tor Sechehaye. Comparative Philology : Professor Schulze. Philosophy : Professors Baumann, Miiller, Peipers, Rehnisch. Political Science : Professors Cohn, Ehrenberg, Lexis. History : Professors Kehr, Krauske, Lehmann, Willrich ; Docent Busold. Art and Archaeology : Professor Vischer. Geography : Professor Wagner. MUSIC: Professor Freiberg. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Hilbert, Klein, Schur, Voigt ; Docents Ambronn, Bohlmann, Bren- del, Sommer. Physics: Professors Des Coudres, Nernst, Riecke, Voigt ; Docents Simon, Wiechert. Chemistry : Professors Fischer, Nernst, Polstorff, Wallach ; Docents Abegg, Coehn, Koetz, Lorenz. Mineralogy : Professor Liebisch. Geology : Professor von Koenen. Biology : Professors Berthold, Ehlers, Peter ; Docents Henking, Rhumbler. Agriculture : Professors Burger, Fleischmann, Griepenkerl, Lehmann, E. Meyer, v. Seelhorst, Tollens. Professors Andre, von Bar, Detmold, Dove, Ehrenberg, Frensdorff, v. Hippel, Merkel, Planck, Regelsberger, v. Sa- vigny. MEDICINE. Professors Aschoff, Beneke, Borattam, Braun, Biirkner, Cramer, Damsch, Droy- sen, Ebstein, Esmarch, Esser, Heitmiiller, Hildebrand, Husemann, Jacobi, Kallius, Konig, Lohmeyer, Marme, Meissner, Merkel, Meyer, Nicolaier, Orth, Rosen - bach, Runge, Schmidt- Rimpler, Sultan ; Docents v. Reichenbach, Schreiber. THEOLOGY. Professors Althaus, Bonwetsch, Knoke, Schader, Schultz, Schiirer, Smend, Tschackert, Wiesinger, Zorn ; Docents Achelis, Bousset, Hackmann, Otto, Rahlfs, Wellhausen. GKEIFSAVALD, Prussia. KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. The University of Greifswald, founded in 1456, admits women under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees have as yet been granted to women by this university. A summer course in literature, philosophy, etc., is held from July 10th to July 28th. It is open to foreigners, both men and women and is largely attended. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62—64. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Kess- ler. Oriental : Professors Ahlwardt, Zim- mer ; Docent Heller. Classical : Professors Gercke, Korte. English : Professor Quiggin. Germanic : Professors Brainier, Reif- ferscheid, Siebs ; Docent Stengel ; Reader Conlet. Romance : Professor Brandin. . Comparative Philology : Professor Zimmer. 74 HALLE. Philosophy : Professors Relimke, Biology : Professor Schiitt ; Docents Schmekel, Schuppe. Moeller, Miiller. Political Science : Professors Bier- mer, Stock, Struck, Waentig ; Docent „ , _. ,. ' „ , ,, Schmoele Professors Bierling, rrommhold, History : ' Professors Bernheim, Pyl, Kriickmann, Pescatore, Stampe Stoerk, Seeck, Ulmann ; Docents Altmann. Weismann ; Docents v. Marck, Medem. Art and Archeology: Professor Preu- medicine. ner - Professors Arndt, Ballowitz, Beumer, Geography : Professors Credner. B ier, Bonnet, Grawitz, Krabler, Landois, Loffler, Mosler, Peiper, Pernice, Rose- ,, . „ mann, O. Schirmer, Schulz, Solger. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Strlibing; Tilmann, Triepel ; Docents fessors Study, Thome B Gerulanos, Helferich, Hoffmann, Physics : Professors Holtz, Richarz ; Ldck St0 v . Preuschen . Docent Schreber. Chemistry : Professors Limpricht, theology. Schwanert ; Docents Posner, Semmler. Professors Bosse, Cremer, Haussleiter,. Mineralogy : Professor Cohen. Liitgert, v. Nathusius, Oettli, Schultze,. Geology : Professor Deecke. Zockler ; Docents Lezius, Volck. HALLE, Prussia. VEREINIGTE FRIEDRICHS-UNIVERSITAT HALLE-WITTEN- BERG. In order to attend lectures at the University of Halle women stu- dents must obtain permission from the Prussian Minister of Educa- tion and from the individual professors whose courses they desire to hear. In making application to the Minister the candidate must state the course of study to be pursued and, in so far as is possible, the names of the professors under whom she wishes to work. Fifteen women were attending courses as hearers during the winter semester" of 1898-99; six of these attended the courses in medicine and were admitted to the lectures on anatomy. The doctors and students attached to the hospitals in Halle have protested against the action of the medical faculty in admitting women to courses in medicine. The general regulations are the same as for other German uni- versities ; see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Pra- Indo-Iranian : Professors Pischel, torius ; Docents Fischer, Jacob. Zachariae ; Docent Schmidt. GERMANY. 75 Classical : Professors Bechtel, Blass, Dittenberger, Wissowa ; Docents Ihm, Maurenbrecher. English : Professor Wagner ; Reader Thistlethwaite. Germanic: Professors Burdach,Haym, Riehl, Strauch ; Docents Bremer, Collitz, Meier, Saran, Schultze. Romance : Professor Suchier ; Do- cents Heuckenkamp, Simon, Wechs- sler, Wiese. Comparative Philology : Professors Bechtel, Zachariae. Philosophy : Professors Erdmann, Haym, Uphues, Vaihinger; Docents Husserl, Schwarz. Political Science : Professors Conrad, Friedberg, Kahler. History : Professors Droysen, Ewald, Hertzberg, Lindner, Meyer, Rachfahl; Docents Brode, von Heinemann, von Ruville, Sommerlad. Geography : Professor Kirchhoff ; Do- cents Schenck, Ule. Art and Archaeology : Professor Robert ; Docents Kautzsch, Wernicke. Pedagogy : Docent Fries. Music : Professor Reubke. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Cantor, Eberhard, Gutzmer, Wangerin. Physics : Professor Schmidt ; Docent Roloff. Chemistry : Professors Doebner, Vol- hard ; Docents Baumert, Chess, Erd- mann, Vorlander. Mineralogy : Professor Luedecke; Do- cents v. Kraatz-Koschlau. Geology : Professor v. Fritsch. Biology : Professors Grenacher, Klebs, O. Taschenberg ; Docents Brandes, Schulz. Agriculture: Professors Albert, Kuehn, Maercker, Wust ; Docents Cluss, Disselhorst, Falke, Fischer, Freytag, Holdefleiss, Knoch, Lorenz, v. Men- del- Steinfels, Miiller. LAW. Professors Arndt, Boretius, v. Bruen- neck, van Calker, Endemann, Fitting, Heck, v. Hollander, Lastig, Liepmann, v. Liszt, Loening, Rietschel, Rosenfeld, Schulte, Stammler, Stein. MEDICINE. Professors Bernstein, v. Bramann, Bunge, Eberth, Fehling, Frankel, Genz- mer, Harnack, v. Hippel, Hitzig, Kohl- schutter, v. Mering, Oberst, Pott, Roux, Schwarz, Schwartze, Seeligmiiller, Weber ; Docents, Braunschweig, Eisler, Endres, Grunert, Haasler, Heilbronner, v. Herff, Hessen, Hessler, Jensen, Koer- ner, Kromayer, Leser, Mehnert, Reine- both, Sobernheim, Vahlen. THEOLOGY. Professors Beyschlag, Eichhorn, Haupt, Hering, Kaehler, Kautzsch, Koestlin, Loofs, Reischle, Rothstein, Warneck ; Docejtts Beer, Clemen, Ficker, Scheibe, Stange, Steuernagel. HEIDELBERG, Baden. GROSSHERZOGLICHE RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Heidelberg, founded in 1386, has granted the degree of Doctor to several women. Women who obtain the permission of the Dekan of the Faculty in question and of the indi- vidual professors may attend lectures at the university. The semi- naries and laboratories of certain professors have been opened to individual women. Twelve women were attending courses in the university as hearers during the winter semester of 1S98-99. 7 6 JENA. Permission to take the Doctor's examination is granted by the Philosophical Faculty, each case being considered separately by the Faculty. Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general regulations are the same as for other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- sors Bezold, Briinnow, Lefman, Osthoff, Siitterlin. Classical: Professors Crusius, Osthoff, Scholl ; Docenl Baumstark. English : Professors Hoops, Ihne. Germanic : Professors Braune, Kahle, Meyer, von Waldberg, Wunderlich ; Docents Ehrismann, Waag. Romance : Professor Neumann ; Do- cents Schneegans, Vossler. ■Comparative Philology : Professors Brandt, Lefman. Philosophy : Professors K. Fischer, Hensel ; Docent Arnsperger. Political Science : Professors Leser, Weber ; Docent Kindermann. Geography : Professors Hettner, Wolf. History : Professors v. Domaszewski, Erdmannsdorffer, Kleinschmidt, Koch, Neumann, Schlfer, Scherrer ; Docent Cartellieri. Art and Archaeology : von Duhn, Eisenlohr, Thode, Zangemeister. Pedagogy: Prof ssor Uhlig. Music: Professor Wolfrum. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Cantor, Eisenlohr, Koehler, Konigsberger, Landsberg, Valentiner, Wolf. Physics : Professor Quincke ; Docent Precht. Chemistry : Professors Auwers, Born- trager, Briihl, Bunsen, Curtius, Gatter- mann, H. Goldschmidt, Horstmann, Jannasch, Knovenagel, Krafft ; Docent Dittrich. Mineralogy: Professors v. Goldschmidt, Osann, Rosenbusch. Geology : Professors Rosenbusch, Salo- mon, Sauer, Schmidt. Biology : Professors Askenasy, Biitschli, Haller, Koch, Pfitzer, Schuberg ; Do- cent Lauterhorn. Agriculture : Professor Stengel. laii: Professors Bekker, Buhl, Jellinek, Karlowa, von Kirchenheim, v. Lilienthal, Meyer, Schroder, Seng, Strauch; Docents Affolter, Hatschek, His, Mittermaier, Schmidt. MEDICINE. Professors Arnold, v. Beck, Cramer, Czerny, Dinkier, Erb, Ernst, Ewald, Fleiner, Gegenbaur, Gottlieb, Bessel- Hagen, Hoffmann, Jordan, Jurasz, Kai- ser, Kehrer, Klaatsch, Knauff, Kraepelin, Kiihne, Leber, Lossen, Maurer, Oppen- heimer, Passow, Schottlander, Vierordt, Weiss; Docents Aschaffenberg, Bettmann, Brauer, Cohnheim, Fischer, Goppert, Hammer, v. Hippel, Marwedel, Nissl, Petersen, Schaeffer, Schmidt, Vulpius. THEOLOGY. Professors Bassermann, Deissmann, Griitzmacher, Hausrath, Kneucker, Lemme, Merx, Rohrhurst, Troeltsch ; Docent Schmitthenner. JENA, Saxe-Weimar. GROSSHERZOGL. UND HERZOGL. SACHSISCHE GESAMT-UNIVERSITAT. This university, founded in 155S, is under the same general regulations as other German universities; see pp. 62-64. GERMANY. IT Women are not allowed to attend lectures at the university, but are admitted as candidates for the Doctor's degree provided they have attended a university as matriculated students for at least six semesters and have had the required previous training. Holiday courses for women teachers and others are held by the university professors in August. The subjects are philosophy, philology, the natural sciences, pedagogy, history of religion, and there are courses in the German language and literature for for- ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Wil- helm ; Docent Hilgenfeld. Indo-Iranian : Professors Cappeller, Delbriick, Schrader, Vollers, Wil- helm. Classical : Professors Gelzer, Gotz, Hirzel ; Docent Schlosser. Germanic : Professors Leitzrnann, Michels. English : Reader Keller. Romance : Professer Cloetta. Comparative Philology Professors Delbriick, Schrader. Philosophy: Professors Eucken, Lieb- mann ; Docent Dinger. Political Science : Professor Pierstorff ; Docent Anton. History : Professors Gelzer, Liebenam, Lorenz ; Docents Keutgen, Mentz, S. Stoy. Geography : Professor Dove. Art and Archaeology : Professors Gaedechens, Noack ; Docent Weber. Pedagogy: Professor Rein; Docent Stoy. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro Professors and Lecturers. fessors Abbe, Frege, Schaffer, Thomae ; Docent Knopf. Physics : Professors Auerbach, Schaffer, Winkelmann; Docents Duden,Straubel. Chemistry : Professors Knorr, Wolff ; Docent Gaenge. Geology : Professors Linck, Walther ; Docent Steuer. Biology : Professors Detmer, Haeckel, Pick, Stahl, Ziegler. Agriculture: Professors Edler, Pfeiffer, Settegast. LAW. Professors Danz, Kniep, Langenbeck, Leist, Loning, Rosenthal, Schoen, Schultze, Thon. MEDICINE. Professors v. Bardeleben, Biedermann, Binswanger, Engelhardt, Fiirbringer, Gartner, Kessel, Krehl, Matthes, Miiller, Riedel, Schillbach, Schultze, Seidel, Skutsch, Stintzing, Verworn, Wagen- mann, Ziehen ; Docents Braus, Gum- precht, Hertel, Schulz, Witzel. THEOLOGY. Professors Drews, Hilgenfeld, Nip- pold, Seyerlen, Siegfried, Wendt ; Do- cents Baentsch, von Dobschiitz. KIEL, Prussia. KONIGLICHE CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS UNIVERSITAT. The University of Kiel was founded in 1665. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. Eleven women were attending courses in the university as hearers during the winter semester of 1898-99. 78 KONIGSBERG. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Hoff- mann ; Docent Lidzbarski. Indo-Iranian : Professor Oldenberg. Classical : Professors Bruns, Schone. English : Professor Sarrazin ; Reader Gough. Germanic : Professors Gering, Kaufif- mann ; Docents Groth, Stosch, Uhl, Wolff. Romance : Professor Korting ; Reader Schenk. Comparative Philology : Professor Oldenberg ; Docent Cauer. Philosophy: Professors Deussen, Mar- tius ; Docents Adickes. Political Science : Professors Has- bach, Seelig ; Docent TSnnies. Geography : Professor Kriimmel. History : Professors Rodenberg, Schir- ren, Volquardsen ; Docent Unzer. Art and Archaeology : Professors Milchhoefer, Matthaei ; Docents Ehr- enberg. Music : Docent Stange. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Harzer, Kreutz, Pochhammer, Stackel. Physics : Professors Ebert, Karsten, Lenard, Weber. Chemistry : Professors Claisen, Rug- heimer ; Docents Berend, Biltz, Em- merling, Stoehr. Mineralogy : Professor Lehmann. Geology : Professors Haas, Lehmann ; Docent Stolley. Biology : Professors Brandt, Reinke ; Docents Apstein, Karsten, Lohmann, Schneidemiihl, Vanhoffen. Agriculture : Profes or Rodewald. Professors Frantz, Hanel, Kleinfeller, Niemeyer, Pappenheim, Schlossmann, Weyl ; Docents Leidig, Thomsen. MEDICINE. Professors Bier, Bockendahl, Falck, Fischer, Flemming, Heller, Hensen, Hoppe-Seyler, Petersen, Quincke, v. Spee, v. Starck, Volckers, Werth ; Docents Doehle, Fricke, Glaevecke, Heermann, Hochhaus, Holscher, Jessen, Kirch- hoff, Klein, Meves, Nicolai, Paulsen, Seeger. THEOLOGY. Professors Baumgarten, Bosse, Klos- termann, Muhlau, v. Schubert, Titius ; Docent Riedel. KONIGSBERG, Prussia. KONIGLICHE ALBERTUS-UNIVERSITAT. The University of Konigsberg was founded in 1544- The gen- eral regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. Thirty-four women were attending courses in the university as hearers in the winter semester, 189S-99. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Jahn; Docents Peiser, Rost. INDO-IRANIAN : Professor Franke. Classical : Professors Brinkmann, Friedlander, Jeep, Ludwich, Ross- bach ; Docent Tolkiehn. English : Professors Kaluza, Kissner. Germanic : Professors Baumgart, Schade ; Docent Uhl. Romance : Professor Kissner ; Reader Scharff. Comparative Philology : Professor Bezzenberger. GERMANY. 79 Philosophy : Professors Busse, "Walter. Political Science : Professors Diehl, Gerlach, Umpfenbach. History : Professors Erler, Lohmeyer, Prutz, Rtihl, Schubert ; Docent Im- mich. Geography : Professor Hahn. Art and Archaeology : Professor Handcke ; Docent Ehrenberg. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Franz Meyer, Saalschiitz, Schoenflies, Struve, Volkmann ; Do- cents Cohn, Rahts, Vahlen. Physics : Professors Pape, Volkmann ; Docent Wiechert. Chemistry : Professors Blochmann, Klinger, Lossen ; Docents Gutzeit, Lowenberg, L5wenherz. Mineralogy: Professor Miigge; Docents Jentzsch, Schellwien. Geology: Docents Jentzsch, Schellwien. Biology : Professors Braun, Luerssen ; Docent Liihe. Agriculture : Professors Backhaus, Gisevius ; Docent Rorig. Professors Gareis, Gradenwitz, Giiter- bock, Salkowski, Schirmer, Zorn; Docent Hubrich. MEDICINE. Professors Berthold, Braun, Caspary, v. Eiselsberg, v. Esmarch, Falkenheim, Grunhagen, Hermann, Jaffe, Kuhnt, Lichtheim, Meschede, Minister, Nau- werck, Neumann, Samuel, Schneider, Schreiber, Seydel, Stieda, Winter, Zander ; Doceitts M. Askanazy, S. Ask- anazy, Braatz, Cohn, Dobbelin, Gerber, Hallervorden, Heisrath, Hilbert, Jager, Kafemann, Lange, Leutert, Miinster, Prutz, Rosinski, Stamer, Stetter, Valen- tini, Weiss. THEOLOGY. Professors Benrath, Dalmer, Dorner, Giesebrecht, Jacoby, Sommer, Voigt ; Readers Hoffmann, Lackner, Pelka. LEIPZIG, Saxony. UNIVERSITAT. The University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, is not officially -open to women, although women have for a number of years been permitted to attend certain courses at the university. They have no standing as students and are in no cases granted degrees. Permis- sion to attend lectures must be obtained from the Minister of Edu- cation in Saxony. In many cases the seminaries and laboratories have been opened to women students. In the Medical Faculty nearly all the courses except clinical courses and all laboratories except the anatomical laboratory have been attended by women. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Indo-Iranian: Professors Lindner, Socin, Windisch ; Docent Stumme. Oriental : Professors Conrady, Zim- mern; Docents Bloch, Schwarz. Classical : Professors Cichorius, Im- 8o MARBURG. misch, Lipsius, Marx, Schmitt, Wachsmuth, Zarncke. English : Professor Wiilker ; Reader Lake. Germanic and Slavonic : Professors v. Bahder, Elster, Hirt, Holz, Koster, Leskien, Mogk, Scholvin, Sievers, Witkowski, Wollner. Romance: Profesors Birch-Hirsch- feld, F. Settegast, Weigand ; Reader Duchesne. Comparative Philology : Professor Brugmann ; Docent Hirt. Philosophy : Professors Barth, Heinze, Striimpell, Wundt ; Docents Mentz, Richter, Storring, H. Wolff. Political Science : Professors Biicher, Fricker, Hasse, Stieda ; Docents Lam- bert, Pohle, Richter, Walcker. History : Professors Biedermann, Buch- holz, Cichorius, Gardthausen, Lam- precht, Marcks, Seeliger ; Docents Brandenburg, Daenell, Gotz, Kaerst, Salomon, Sorensen, Weissbach. Art and Archaeology : Professors Brockhaus, Schmarsow, Schneider, Schreiber, Steindorff, Studniczka; Do- cent Kautzsch. Geography : Professors Ratzel, Sieglin; Docents Fischer, Hassert. Pedagogy : Professors Barth, Richter, Volkelt. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Bruns, Engel, Holder, Karl Mayer, Neumann, von Oettingen, Scheibner ; Docents Hausdorff, Nieper. Physics : Professors Drude, Wiedeburg, Wiener ; Docents O. Fischer, Knob- lauch, Mentz. Chemistry : Professors Beckmann, Le Blanc, Ostwald, Weddige, Wisli- cenus; Docents Euler, Rassow, Stobbe, Wagner. Geology : Professors Credner, Felix. Biology : Professors Ambronn, Chun, A. Fischer, Fraisse, Looss, Marshall, Pfeffer, Schmidt, Simroth ; Docent zur Strassen. Mineralogy : Professor Zirkel. Agriculture: Professors Eber, Fischer, Howard, Kirchner, Strecker. LAIV. Professors Binding, Burchard, v. De- genkolb, Friedberg, Goetz, Haepe, Holder, Rieker, Schmidt, Sohm, Stein, Strohal, Voigt, Wach ; Docents Engel - mann, Kloeppel, Stintzing, Triepel. MEDICINE, Professors Altmann, Barth, Birch- Hirschfeld, Boehm, Carus, Curschmann, Eigenbrodt, Fick, Fischer, Flechsig, Friedrich, Hagen, Held, Hennig, Hering, Hesse, Wilhelm His, Fried- rich Albin Hoffmann, Franz Hofmann, Kockel, Kolliker, Romberg, Riehl, Sanger, Sattler, Schmidt, Schoen, Schroeter, Sckwarz, Siegfried, Solt- mann, Tillmanns, Trendelenburg, Win- ter, Zweifel ; Docents Dolega, Ficker, Friedheim, Friedlander, E. P. Friedrich, Garten, Haake, Heymann, Wilhelm His, Jr. , F. B. Hofmann, Kaestner, Koll- mann, Kroenig, Kriickmann, Kiister, Lange, von Lesser, Menge, Naumann, Passler, Perthes, Schiitz, Tschermak, Wagner, Wflms, Windscheid. THEOLOGY. Professors Brieger Dalman, Fricke, Gregory, Guthe, Hauck, Heinrici, Hof- mann, Kirn, Kittel, Luthardt, Rietschel, Schnedermann,Thieme; Docents Bohmer, Holscher, Kunze, Seesemann. MUSIC. Professor Kretzschmar; Docents Priifer, Riemann. MARBURG, Prussia. UNIVERSITAT. The University of Marburg, founded in 1527, is open to women under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin; see p. 65. GERMANY. 81 Twenty-three women were attending courses in the university as hearers during the summer semester, 1898, and ten during the winter semester, 1898-99. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62—64. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Jen- sen. Classical : Professors Birt, Maass ; Docent Thiele. English : Professor Vietor ; Reader Tilley. Germanic : Professor Schroeder ; Do- cent Wrede. Romance : Professor Koschwitz ; Reader Doutrepont. Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- ogy : Professors Justi, Kretschmer, Docent Finck. Philosophy : Professors Bergmann, Co- hen, Natorp ; Docent Kuhnemann. Political Science : Professors Olden- berg, Rathgen ; Docent Waentig. History : Professors v. Below, Brandi, Konnecke, Niese, von der Ropp ; Do- cents Diemar, Judeich, Wenck. Geography : Professor Fischer. Art and Archeology : Professors von Drach, von Sybel. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Feussner, Hess, Schottky ; Do- cent v. Dalwigk. Physics : Professors Feussner, Melde. Chemistry : Professors Fittica, Rathke, Schmidt, Zincke ; Docents Fritsch, Gadamer, Schaum, Schenck. Mineralogy : Professor Bauer. Geology : Professor Kayser. Biology : Professors Kohl, Korschelt, Meyer ; Docent Brauer. Professors Enneccerus, Lehmann, Leonhard, Sartorius, Trager, Wochen- feld, Westerkamp ; Docent Meyer. MEDICINE. Professors Ahlfeld, Behring, Disse, Enderlen, Gasser, Hess, v. Heusinger, Kossel, Kiister, Lahs, Mannkopff, Mar- chand, Meyer, Miiller, Nebelthau, Ost- mann, Tuczek, Wernicke; Docents Al- brecht, Buchholz, Heine, Kuhne, Saxer, Zumstein. THEOLOGY. Professors Achelis, von Baudissin, Cremer, Herrmann, Jiilicher, Mirbt, Weiss, Werner; Docents Bauer, Kraetzsch- MUNICH, Bavaria. KONIGL. LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAT. The university was founded in 1472, and is under the same gen- eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 62—64. Advanced women students are allowed to attend certain lectures at the university as hearers provided that they can prove that they are sufficiently prepared. Application for admission should be made to the Minister of Education in Munich. 82 MUNICH. Professors and. Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic: Professor Horn- mel ; Docent Dyroff. I ndo- Iranian : Professors Kuhn, von der Schulenberg ; Docents Scher- mann, Simon. Chinese: Docent 'von der Schulenberg. Classical : Professors v. Christ, v. Midler, v.Woelfflin; Docents Drerup, Oehmichen, von der Pfordten, Traube, Weyman. Byzantine and Modern Greek : Professor Krumbacher. English : Professor Schick ; Docent Sieper ; Reader Blinkhorn. Germanic: Professors Muncker, Paul; Docents Borinski, Woerner. ROMANCE : Professor Breymann ; Do- cent Hartmann ; Reader Pirson. History of Modern Literature : Professor Woerner. Comparative Philology : Professor Kuhn. Philosophy : Professors Guttler, von Hertling, Lipps ; Docent Cornelius. Political Science : Professors Bren- tano, Gayer, Lotz, v. Mayr ; Docent Wasserrab. History : Professors Friedrich, Grauert, v. Heigel, Oberhummer, Riezler, Si- monsfeld ; Docents Doeberl, Mayr, Traube. Geography : Professor Oberhummer. Art and Arch/eology : Professors Furtwangler, Riehl, Riggauer ; Do- cents Bulle, Weese. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Bauer, Ebermayer, Lindemann, Pringsheim, Seeliger; Docents Anding, Brunn, Doehlemann, Erk, Korn, v. Weber. Physics : Professors Graetz, von Lom- mel ; Docent Donle. Chemistry : Professors v. Baeyer, Hof- mann, Hilger, Koenigs, Muthmann, Thiele ; Docents Bergeat, Dieckmann, Rothmund, Willstatter. Mineralogy : Professor Groth. Geology : Professors Rothpletz, von Zittel ; Docents Pompeckj, Wein- schenk. Biology : Professors Goebel, Hartig, Hertwig, Radlkofer, Ranke, Selenka ; Docents Giesenhagen, Hefele, Hofer, Maas, Pauly, Solereder, v. Tubeuf. Agriculture : Professors Ebermayer, Endres, Mayer, Pauly, Weber Professors v. Amira, v. Bechmann, Birkmeyer, Grueber, Harburger, Hell- mann, Loewenfeld, v. Maurer, v. Planck, Seuffert, v. Seuffert, v. Seydel, v. Sich- erer, v. Stengel, Ullmann. Professors J. Amann, Angerer, Bauer, Bezold, Bollinger, Hans Buchner, L. A. Buchner, Bumm, Emmerich, Herzog, Klausner, v. Kupffer, Messerer, Moritz, Oeller, Oertel, v. Pettenkofer, Posselt, v. Ranke, Rieder, v. Rothmund, Ruckert, Schech, Seitz, v. Striimpell, Tappeiner, v. Voit, v. Winckel, v. Ziemssen ; Do- cents J. A. Amann, Barlow, Brandl, Cremer, Durck, Fessler, Frank, Gudden, Hahn, Haug, Hecker, Hofer, Klein, Kopp, Krummacher, Lange, v. Liebig, May, Mollier, Neumayer, Passet, Port, Salzer, Schloesser, Schmauss, Schmitt, Schonwerth, Seydel, v. Sicherer, Sitt- mann, v. Stubenrauch, Stumpf, Trumpp, Voit, Wolfsteiner, Ziegenspeck, Ziegler. THEOLOGY. Professors Atzberger, Bach, Barden- hewer, Knoepfler, Andreas Schmid, Alois Ritter v. Schmid, Schoenfelder, Silbernagl, Wirthmiiller; Docents Dausch, Holzhey. MUSIC. Docents Sandberger, v. d. Pfordten. GERMANY. 83 ROSTOCK, Mecklenberg. GROSSHERZOGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. The University of Rostock has in individual cases permitted women who make teaching a profession to attend certain lec- tures of the Philosophical Faculty. Permission must be obtained from the Rector, the Vice-Chancellor and the professor concerned. The Ministry has asked for information in regard to these women students, and for the present the question of the admission of women to the university remains in abeyance. The university was founded in 141 9 and is under the same gen- eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 62-64. Professors and Lecturers. ar ts. Mineralogy : Professor Geinitz. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Geology : Professor Geinitz. Philippi. Biology : Professors Falkenberg, See- Classical: Professors^. Arnim, Kern. liger, Will ; Docent Hegler Germanic : Professor Golther. Agriculture : Professor Heinrich. Romance : Professors Lindner, Zenker ; Docent Robert. ' Philosophy: Professor Ehrhardt. _ Professors Bernhoft, v. Blume, Political Science: Professor Waentig. GefFcken, Lehmann, Matthiass, Sachsse. History : Professor Schirrmacher ; Do- medicine Art and Archeology : Professor Professors Axenfeld, Barfurth, Garre, Korte. Gies, Kobert, Korner, Langendorff, Lu- science. barsch, Martius, Pfeiffer, Schatz, Schu- _ chardt, Albert Thierfelder, Theodor Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Thierfelder . Docents Reinke , Ri ck er. f ess or Staude. Physics : Professors Matthiessen,Wachs- theology. Cilemlstry : Professor Michaelis ; Do- s ^J B ^ B « en ' Koeni S' N5s § en ' cent Stoermer. ' STRASSBUKG, Alsace. KAISER-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. " The University of Strassburg, founded in 1567, is not officially open to women. By the special permission of certain professors and without the sanction of the Ministry one or two advanced women students have been admitted, as a great exception, to cer- tain of the university courses. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 8 4 TOBINGEN. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors Exit- ing, Keil, Landauer, Noldeke ; Do- cent Schwally. Indo-Iranian : Professor Leumann. Classical : Professors Friedlander, Keil, Michaelis, Reitzenstein, Schwartz, Thramer; Doeents Heinze, Miller. English: Professor Koeppel; Reader Robertson. Germanic : Professors Henning, Mar- tin ; Doeents Joseph, Rohrig. Romance : Professor Grober ; Reader Lopez. Comparative Philology : Professor Hubschmann. Philosophy : Professors Windelband, Ziegler. Political Science : See Law and Pol- itical Science. History: Professors Bresslau, Neumann, Varrentrapp, Wiegand; Doeents Bloch, Kromayer, Ludwig, Sackur. Geography : Professor Gerland ; Do- cent Hergesell. Art and Archeology : Professor Dehio, Michaelis ; Doeents Heinze, Leitschuh, Spiegelberg. Chemistry : Professors Erlenmeyer, Fit- tig, Rose, Schaer ; Docent Cantor. Mineralogy : Docent Bruhns. Geology : Professors Benecke, Bucking; Docent Tornquist. Biology : Professors Doderlein, Goette, Jost, Solms-Laubach. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Law : Professors van Calker, Heimber- ger, Laband, Lenel, Mayer, Merkel, Schultze, Sickel, v. Tuhr, Wlassak, Zimmermann. Political Science : Professors Knapp, von Mayr, von Waltershausen ; Docent Wittich. MEDICINE. Professors Bayer, Cahn, Ewald, F. E. Fischer, F. Fischer, Forster, W. A. Freund, Fiirstner, Goltz, Hofmeister, Kohts, Kuhn, Laqueur, Ledderhose, Levy, Madelung, Minkowski, Naunyn, Pfitzner, v. Recklinghausen, Schmiede- berg, Schwalbe, Stilling, Ulrich, Wolff; Doeents Dreyfuss, Ehret, H. Freund, Gerhardt, Hoche, Jacobj, Jessen, Klein, Manasse, Schmidt, Siegert. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Becker, Krazer, Reye, Roth, Timerding, Weber, Wellstein, Wisli- cenus ; Doeents Kobold. Physics : Professors Braun, Cohn ; Do- cent Cantor. Professors Budde, Ficker, Holtzmann, Lobstein, Lucius, Mayer, Nowack, Smend, Spitta ; Docent Anrich. MUSIC. Professor Jacobsthal. TUBINGEN, Wurttemberg. KONIGLICHE EBERHARD-KARLS UNIVERSITAT- The University of Tubingen was founded in 1477. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. Permission to attend lectures at the university is, in exceptional cases, granted to women by the Minister of Education in Stuttgart on application from the Academic Senate. As regards granting GERMANY. 85 the Doctor's degree to women, the faculty and Chancellor decide in special cases. One woman has obtained the degree of Doctor in the department of Natural Science. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Docent Seybold. Indo-Iranian : Professor Garbe. Classical : Professors von Herzog, Schmid. English : Professor Franz. Germanic : Professors Fischer, Lange; Docent Bohnenberger. Romance: Professors Pfau, Voretzsch. Comparative Philology : Professor Garbe. Philosophy : Professors v. Pfleiderer, v. Sigwart, Spitta ; Docent Maier. Political Science : Professors An- schiitz, von Jolly, Leemann, Lorey, v. Neumann, von SchSnberg, Speidel, Troltsch. History : Professors Buscb, v. Heine- mann ; Docents Ernst, Giinter, Mar- quart. Art and Archaeology : Professors Lange, von Schwabe. Pedagogy : Docent Treuber. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors v. Brill, Maurer, Stahl, Waitz. Physics : Professors Oberbeck, Waitz. Chemistry : Professors v. Hiifner, Paul, v. Pechmann; Docents Btilow, Kiister, Mayer. Mineralogy : Professor Koken ; Docent Wulfing. Geology : Professor Koken. Biology : Professors Blochmann, Hegel- maier, Vochting ; Docents Correns, Hesse, Mayer, Schmid. Agriculture : Professors Buhler, Lee- mann. Professors v. Franklin, Gaupp, Geib, v. Mandry, v. Meyer, Rumelin, v. Seeger, v. Thudichum, Wendt. MEDICINE. Professors v. Baumgarten, v. Bruns, Dennig, Doderlein, Froriep, Griitzner, von Jiirgensen, v. Liebermeister, v. Len- hossek, Oesterlen, Schleich, Siemerling, Vierordt, Winternitz, Wagenhaeuser ; Docents Burker, Dietrich, Griinert, Henke, Hofmeister, Kiittner, Qurin, Sarway, Walz, Wickel. THEOLOGY. Protestant: Professors von Buder,Gott- schick, Grill, Haring, Hegler, Schlat- ter, v. Weizsacker; Docent Metzger. Roman Catholic : Professors Belser, von Funk, Koch, Sagmuller, Schanz, Vetter ; Docent Mohler. WURZBURG, Bavaria. KONIGLICHE JULIUS-MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT. The University of Wtirzburg was founded in 1402. Women are not generally admitted to the university, but in special cases may attend lectures if they obtain the consent of the Minister of Educa- tion and of the professor whose courses they wish to hear. The general regulations are the same as those of other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 86 WURZBURG. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Jolly. Classical : Professors Grasberger, Schanz, Sittl. English : Professor Forster. Germanic: Professor Brenner; Docent Rotteken. Romance : Professor Stiirzinger ; Do- cent Hartmann ; Reader Soisky. Comparative Philology : Professor Jolly. Philosophy : Professors Kiilpe, Stolzle ; Docenls Marbe, Neudecker. Political Science: (See Law and Political Science). History: Professors Chroust, Henner, Unger. Geography : Professor Regel ; Docent Ehrenburg. Pedagogy : Professor Grasberger. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Prym, Selling, Voss ; Docent Haussner. Physics : Professors Medicus, Rontgen, Zehnder ; Docent Wien. Chemistry : Professors Hantzsch, Me- dicus, Tafel, Wislicenus ; Docent Reitzenstein. Geology : Professor Beckenkamp. Biology : Professors Boveri, Kraus ; Docents Hauptfleisch, Spemann. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Law : Professors v. Burckhard, Mayer, Meurer, Piloty, Oetker, Schollmeyer ; Docents Binder, Knapp. Political Science : Professor Schanz. Professors Fick, Geigel, Helfreich, Hoffa, Hofmeier, Kirchner, v. Kolliker, Lehmann, v. Leube, Matterstock, v. Michel, Riedinger, Rieger, v. Rind- fleisch, Rosenberger, Schonborn, Schultze, Seifert, Stohr ; Docents Arens, Bach, Borst, Dieudonne, v. Franque, Heiden- hain, Michel, Muller, Nieberding, Schenck, Sobotta, Stubenrath. THEOLOGY. Professors Abert, Braun, Gopfert, Kihn, Merkle, Schell, Scholz, Stahl, Weber. GREAT BRITAIN. 87 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ENGLAND AND WALES. There are six universities in England and Wales : Cam- bridge, Durham, London, Oxford, Victoria and the Univer- sity of Wales. These are in the main examining bodies and confer degrees on the results of examinations held by the ex- aminers on their staff. Candidates are prepared for these examinations by colleges affiliated with the different univer- sities. In British universities the candidate for the Bachelor's and Master's degrees may usually choose whether he will take the 'pass' or 'honours' examinations. The honours ex- aminations vary greatly from the pass examinations both in standard and in the amount of specialisation required. At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge the honours ex- aminations for the degree of B.A. are entirely special, the candidate being examined in mathematics, or in classics, or in natural science or in whatever branch he may select. There seems to be a tendency, at any rate at Cambridge, to reduce the amount of specialisation ; a few years ago the mathe- matical ' Tripos ' or honours examination was widened by the addition of some physical subjects. A proposal to require some knowledge of art and literature in the classical tripos has, however, just been defeated. At Oxford and Cambridge the universities appoint professors and lecturers who give lec- tures open to all students, but the greater part of the teaching is arranged for by the college authorities. London is at pres- ent merely an examining university, but after long discussion it has been decided to make it also a teaching university. 88 CAMBRIDGE. CAMBRIDGE, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. The University of Cambridge, founded in the 12th century, is a corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of knowledge and confers degrees in arts, science, law, medicine, theology and music on candidates who have fulfilled certain condi- tions in regard to residence at specified colleges and passed certain examinations. There are in Cambridge seventeen colleges and two public hostels for men students and there are a few non-collegiate students. Each college and hostel has its own staff of lecturers and tutors, and though university lectures given by university professors and lecturers are open to members of all the colleges, college lectures are in some cases open to students of specified col- leges only. Preparation for the degree of B.A. occupies, in gen- eral, three years, only half of each year being spent in residence. A student who has obtained the B.A. degree undergoes no further examination for the degree of M.A. Persons over twenty-one years of age who present a diploma or certificate of graduation at a university are admitted as "Advanced Students" and permitted to pursue courses of advanced study or research under the guidance of the Degree Committee. They are allowed to take Tripos examina- tions after a shorter period of residence than is required of ordinary undergraduate students and may proceed to obtain a degree or a " certificate of research." They must apply to the registrary before the first of October for permission to become advanced students, and must be members of a college or hostel or of the body of non- collegiate students. Women who desire to attend lectures in Cambridge must enter as students one of the two colleges for women in Cambridge, Girton College or Newnham College, residence at which confers certain privileges. Women students who reside at Girton College (see p. 91), Newnham College (see pp. 92-93), or in Cambridge, as "out- students " of one of these colleges, are admitted, with a few exceptions, to all the university lectures, to certain of the college GREAT BRITAIN. 89 lectures and to most of the laboratories and museums. Women are, by special permission, allowed to read in the university library. Women who have fulfilled, in connection with one of the above mentioned colleges, the conditions respecting length of residence and standing which men students are required to fulfil have been admitted, since 18S1, to the Previous and Tripos (J. Greenwood, Marshall, Saunders, Misses Alford, Jex-Blake, Taylor. Sedewick. Mediaeval and Modern : Drs. theology. Braunholtz, Breul, Boquel ; Misses _„ _ , Hensley, Kennedy, Steele Smith. Mlss Ta y lor > Mr - Graves - Philosophy and Political Science : music Mr. Johnson ; Miss Constance Jones. n w , History: Miss Mc Arthur; Messrs. " ° 0, Clapham, Dickinson, Green. NEWNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. This college, which took its origin in a home for women stu- dents opened by Miss Clough in 1871, is open to women only and provides instruction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of the University of Cambridge (see pp. S8-S9). It consists of three halls of residence, situated about five minutes' walk from the centre of Cambridge, and accommodating about 150 students in addition to the principal, vice-principals and resident lecturers. The principal is Mrs. Henry Sidgwick ; the vice-principals and heads of the different halls are Miss Katharine Stephen, Miss Mary E. Rickett and Miss B. A. Clough. Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, except in special cases ; they are required to give satisfactory references and to pass, before entering, the Newnham College entrance examina- tion or an equivalent examination. In exceptional cases women who do not reside in the college are admitted as out-students. Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, duly qualified American women are admitted, when space permits, without examination and without undertaking the whole three years' course. The year is divided into three terms, corresponding to the uni- versity terms (see p. 89). GREAT BRITAIN. 93 The fees for board, lodging and tuition vary from twenty-five guineas ($1.31.25) to thirty-two guineas ($168) a term. These do not include fees for laboratories or for university examinations. Students residing in the college, by the advice of the principal, during the long vacation, pay a guinea ($5.25) a week for board and lodging. This does not include tuition. Various scholarships of £35 ($175), £40 ($200) and £50 ($250) a year for one, two or three years are awarded under special condi- tions and in general on the results of examinations. There are two studentships of £75 ($375) and £80 ($400) a year awarded, one to a student who has passed the Natural Science Tripos with credit, the other to a student who has finished her college course and shows ability to carry on advanced independent work. There is also a research fellowship, the Geoffrey Fellowship, of £100 ($500) a year for three years, open to women who have obtained honours in a Cambridge Tripos examination or in the Oxford Final Schools. For further information apply to the hon. secretary, Miss M. G. Kennedy, Shenstone, Cambridge, from whom a pamphlet giving a detailed account of the Tripos examinations may be obtained. Lecturers. In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Newnham College in Cambridge (see p. go), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1897-98 at Newnham College by the following lecturers : Air. Johnson, Miss Jones ; Mrs. Mar- arts. shall, Mrs. Ward. Languages. — Classical : Mr. Archer- History : Miss Bateson ; Mr. Clapham, Hind, Mrs. Archer- Hind, Messrs. Miss Gardner ; Mr. Reddaway. A. B. Cook, Davies, Moulton, Rackham, Misses Sharpley, White, science. Mr. Willson, Mrs. Verrall, Mr. Mathematics : Mr. Carson, Misses Col- Wedd. lier, Fawcett, Messrs. Godfrey, Gun- Medi^eval and Modern : Mess?-s. Bo- ston, Misses Johnson, Rickett. quel, Braunholtz, Breul, Chadwick, Natural Sciences : Misses Alcock, Misses J. E. Kennedy, Macleod Durham, Freund, Gostling, Green- Smith, Mr. Magmisson ; Misses wood, Mr. Kerr, Misses Klaassen, Steele Smith, Tuke, Mr. Wyatt. Marshall, Philipps, Saunders, Sheldon, Philosophy and Political Science : Skeat, Mr. Wade. 94 CAMBRIDGE. WOMEN'S HALL OF RESIDENCE, CAMBRIDGE. [For Students Engaged in Post-Graduate Work.] The Women's Hall of Residence was opened in October, 1897, under the direction of Miss E. A. Mc Arthur, with a view to meet- ing the desire felt by an increasing number of students engaged in post-graduate work to secure the advantages of association with other students and of assistance, if required, in the pursuit of their studies. During the academic year, 1S96-7, a private experiment of this kind was undertaken by Miss E. A. McArthur with suffi- ciently satisfactory results to warrant a trial on a more formal basis. Students are, in general, required to have taken a degree of some university, or to have passed an examination qualifying for such a degree, and must present testimonials satisfactory to the Committee. They must also furnish a statement both of their previous course of study and of the line of work which they propose to pursue. The inclusive charge for board and residence during the aca- demic year (three terms of nine weeks each) is from JE50 ($250) to £60 ($300), according to the rooms chosen, and is payable in advance. This does not include fees for lectures or any other form of tuition. In exceptional cases students will be received for one or two terms upon payment at a slightly higher rate. Provision may also be made, when necessary, for residence during the vacations. A Studentship of the value of £50 ($250) to be held at the Hall will, it is hoped, be awarded by the Committee yearly, provided that, in the opinion of the Committee, a candidate of sufficient merit present herself. Any woman who has taken a university degree, or has passed an examination qualifying for such a degree, or who submits satisfac- tory testimonials of fitness to profit by the work is eligible for the Studentship. Each candidate is required to describe the course of study or research which she intends to pursue, and to give two ref- erences as to ability and character. The student will be elected in the first instance for one year, and will be required to report to the Committee upon the work in GREAT BRITAIN. 95 which she has been engaged It is understood that the student will not undertake paid work during the tenure of the Studentship without the special permission of the Committee. The tenure of the Studentship will be from October 1st, and it will be paid terminally in advance. Applications for the Studentship should be sent before July 10th to Miss Ellen A. McArthur, Girton College, Cambridge, from whom further particulars in regard to the Hall may be obtained. Committee. Rev. W. Cunningham, D. D., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity College ; Hon. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College ( Chairman) . Arthur Berry, M. A., Fellow and Assistant Tutor of King's College. Miss E. C. Jones, Vice-Mistress and Lecturer of Girton College. Miss M. G. Kennedy, Hon. Secretary of Newnham College. Miss Ellen A. McArthur, late Vice-Mistress of Girton College ; Head Lecturer in History, Girton College. R. D. Roberts, M. A., late Fellow of Clare College; Secretary for Lectures to the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate. DURHAM, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. This university, opened in 1833, is situated in Durham, and is an examining body, conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Theology and Music. In 1895 a supplementary charter was granted enabling the university to grant degrees to women in all the faculties except that of Theology. The colleges and halls in Durham are colleges for men to which women are not admitted. Men students are expected to reside in one of the halls or colleges or to reside in some house approved by the Warden and Proctors. Attendance at the classes of the Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle and at the classes of the Durham College of Science in Newcastle is allowed, with certain restrictions, to count as residence at Durham, and to qualify stu- dents to enter for the degrees of the university. The degree of 96 LONDON. B.Litt. was instituted recently and maybe obtained after two years' residence. The degree of B.A. is not generally taken in less than three years, though residence for more than six terms is not re- quired. Arrangements have now been made for admitting women to lec- tures at the University of Durham. A hostel was opened in Oc- tober, 1896, and women were enabled to go into residence at once. All students wishing to qualify for a degree must reside for at least two years in Durham or Newcastle and attend lectures either at the University of Durham, the Durham College of Science in New- castle or the Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle. Up to the present women are working in Durham for the degrees of B.A. and M.A. only. Women are admitted as students in music at the University of Durham. Those working for degrees in Science, Literature and Medicine (B.Sc, B.Litt., M.B., M.D., etc.) are studying at Newcastle. The Durham College of Science in New- castle (see under Local Colleges, pp. 105-106) is open to women. The year is divided into three terms of eight or nine weeks' dur- ation, beginning in October, January and the end of April. The fees are very low; entrance fee £2 ($10), tuition fees £7 ($35) per term, fees for examination from £1 ($5) to £10.10 ($52.50). A composition fee of £70 ($350) is charged for the complete five years' course in Medicine. The terms for board and residence at one of the women's hostels are from £1.1 ($5.25) to £1.5 ($6.25) a week. There is a hall of residence for women medical students, Eslington Tower, New- castle-on-Tyne ; Principal, Miss Perry. The charge for board and residence is from £42 ($210) for the session. Further information may be obtained from the Rev. J. R. Shortt, M.A., the University, Durham, or from the registrar. LONDON, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. Burlington House, Vigo Street, London, W. London University, founded in 1826, is an examining body, con- ferring degrees in Arts (B. A., M. A., D. Lit.) ; Science (B. Sc, GREAT BRITAIN. 97 D. Sc.) ; Law (LL. B., LL. D.) ; Medicine (M. B., B. S., M. S., M. D.) ; Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). The university also gives a certificate, called the " Teachex-'s Diploma," to each candidate who has passed the examination in teaching. A proposal to found a teaching university in connection with the University of London has been underconsideration for some years and a scheme has at last been adopted. In 1867 the university offered certain special certificates to women; in 1878 it opened all degrees, honours and prizes to students of both sexes on equal terms, and in 1882 it was resolved by the governing body, Convocation, "that female graduates be admitted to Convocation." The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order and, in general, an interval of at least one academic year must elapse between two consecutive examinations. For the Bachelors' degrees in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law two examinations of widely different standards, "pass" and "honours," are held in each subject, and candidates are at liberty to choose which they will take. Prizes, exhibitions and scholarships, varying in value from £5 ($25) to £50 ($250) a year for two years, ax - e awarded to the can- didates that most distinguish themselves in the different honours ex- aminations. The fees for the examinations are from £2 ($10) to £10 ($50). Candidates for degrees are free to reside and study where they please, but preparation for the examinations may be obtained at the numerous colleges affiliated with the University. See University College, London (pp. 98-99) ; King's College, London (p. 100) ; Bedford College for Women, London (pp. 103-104) ; Royal Hollo- way College, Egham (p. 104) and pp. 105-106. All particulars may be obtained from the " London University Calendar," which is published yearly and contains the examination papers for the preceding year. Communications should be addressed to the registrar of the Uni- versity of London, Burlington Gardens, London, W. 98 LONDON. DAVY-FARADAY RESEARCH LABORATORY OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 21 Albemarle Street, London, West. This laboratory was endowed and given to the Royal Institution in 1S97 by Dr. Ludwig Mond. It is open, at the discretion of the committee, to all persons, irrespective of sex or nationality, who have done scientific research work, or are judged capable of under- taking it. Any person who obtains permission to attend the laboratory for a certain term may do so free of charge and will, in general, be supplied with all materials, chemicals, gas, electricity, etc., neces- sary for his work, but these may in special cases be refused. The worker will be eligible for readmission after the expiration of the term for which he has been admitted. The year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas term from the first Monday in October to the Saturday nearest the 18th of De- cember; Lent term from the Monday nearest to the 15th of Janu- ary to the second Saturday in April ; Easter term from the first Monday in May to the fourth Saturday in July. For further information apply to the Secretary of the Royal In- stitution. Directors of the Laboratory : Lord Rayleigh, Professor Dewar. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Gower Street, London, W. C. University College, London, separated from the University of London in 1S36 and given a charter in 1869, prepares for the examinations of London University in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law. Students do not reside in the college (for hall of residence for women, see p. 99). All classes in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- ence and Law are open to women as to men, except classes in engi- neering, histology and physiology. (For courses for women in med- icine, see under the School of Medicine for Women, pp. 102-103.) Women wishing to enter as students must present satisfactory references and should call on the lady superintendent, Miss Mori- GREAT BRITAIN. 99 son, whose recommendation is required for admittance. Miss Morison may be seen at her office in the college during the first ■week of the term. The session is divided into three terms, dates for 1898-99 : October 4th till December 16th, January 10th till March 24th, April iSth till June 30th. The fees vary from £1.1 ($5.25) to £j.>j ($36.75) per class for the session. There are numerous prizes and scholarships open, with few ex- ceptions, to women as to men. They vary in value from £10 ($50) to £150 ($750) a year. For further information, see "University College, London, Cal- endar." Communications should be addressed to the secretary. Hall of Residence. — College Hall, Byng Place, Gordon Square, is a hall of residence for women students attending University Col- lege and the London School of Medicine for Women. No student is admitted under 1 7 years of age. The expenses for board and residence vary from £51 ($255) to £80 ($400) for the University College session of 33 weeks, and from £58 ($290) to £90 ($450) for the session of the London School of Medicine of 37 weeks. Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss Grove. Professors. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professors Architecture : Professor Roger Smith. Marks, Ross, Schechter, Strong. Indo-Iranian * : Professors Bendall, science. Blumhardt, Rhys Davids. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Classical: Professors Housman, Piatt. fessors M. J. M. Hill, Karl Pearson. English: Professor Ker. Physics: Professsor Callendar. Germanic: Professor Priebsch. Chemistry: Professor Vaughan Harley, Romance: Professors Butler, Lalle- Ramsay. m and. Geology : Professor Bonney. Comparative Philology: Professor Biology, Physiology, Etc.: Professors Postgate. Martin, Oliver, Schafer, Weldon. Philosophy : Professor Sully. Engineering : Professors Hudson Beare, Political Economy: Professor Fox- Chadwick, Fleming, Vernon-Harcourt. well. History : Professor Montague. law. Art and Archeology : Professors Professors Bate, Birrell, Carter, Muri- Brown, E. A. Gardner, Petrie. son, Neil, Raleigh. * There is a school of Modern Oriental studies established by the Imperial Institute in connection •with University College and King's College. For particulars see " University College Calendar." ioo • LONDON. KING'S COLLEGE. Strand, London, S. W. This college is for men only and prepares for the examinations of the University of London ; it is similar in its organisation to Uni- versity College and its medical school is important. There is a separate "Department for Ladies" at 13 Kensington Square, London, W., giving instruction in Arts, Science, Law, Theology and Music. The professors and lecturers are, with some exceptions, professors at King's College. The classes organised are of a very elementary nature, but more advanced classes can in some cases be arranged when desired. Students do not reside in the college ; a hall of residence for women, King's Hall, has recently been opened, fees for board and residence 2^ guineas ($13.12) and 2 guineas ($10.50) a week. For further information apply to Miss E. Faithfull, 28 Kensington Square. The academic year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas term, beginning Monday, October 14th, and ending Friday, Decem- ber 20th ; Lent term, beginning January 20th and ending March 27th; Easter term, beginning April 17th and ending July 3rd. The fees are one or two guineas ($5.25 to $10.50) per term for each class. Further information can be obtained from Miss Lilian M. Faithfull, vice-principal and secretary, 13 Kensington Square, London, W. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. SCIENCE. Languages. — Classics: Professor^axx; Mathematics: Mr. Dale ; Miss Bar- Miss Pater. well. English : Professors Heath, Knight, Chemistry : Professor J. M. Thomson ; Shuttleworth ; Miss Faithfull, Mr. Mr. Jackson ; Mrs. McKillop. de Selincourt. Geology : Professor Seeley. Germanic: Professor Buchheim ; Miss Biology: Professors Beale, Bottomley"; Buchheim, Mr. Menken. Miss Lulham. Romance : Professors Perini, Rami- rez, Spiers ; Mr. Esclangon. law. Philosophy : Professors Caldecott, Professor John Cutler. Mayor, Knight ; Miss Meyer. Political Economy : Professors Cun- theology. ningham, Hewins, Shuttleworth. Professors Knowling, Robertson. History : Professors Laughton, Shuttle- worth, Warr. MUSIC Art and Archaeology : Messrs. Vicat Professor Vernham ; Dr. Hamilton Cole, Holden, Pownall, Speight. Robinson. GREAT BRITAIN. ioi THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 10 Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. This school was founded in 1895, its object being to organise economic and political studies in England. During the first year 300 students, of whom 75 were women, joined the school. The students are chiefly graduates of British and foreign universities, government officials, railway officials, bank managers and clerks, and persons engaged in public work who require the guidance of experts on particular subjects. The school is also a centre of information for foreigners visiting England for purposes of investi- gation, and guidance and advice has been given to students from Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and other countries. Research studentships varying in value from £25 ($12^) to £100 ($500) for the encouragement of special investigations are given on the result of examinations. A Studentship of the value of £100 ($500) a year for two years was awarded in July, 1897, and others will be awarded in July, 1899. The selected candidate is expected to give a short course of lectures on the result of his in- vestigations. An excellent special library has been collected, and the publica- tion of a series of studies on Political Science commenced. The academic year, which begins at the end of October and ends about June 22nd, is divided into three terms. The fee for full mem- bership of the school, admitting to all lectures and classes is £3 ($15) a year or £1 ($5) a term. The fee for one course of 20 lectures is 15s. ($3-75)- Further information may be obtained from the Director, Mr. W. A. S. Hewins, 10 Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. Lecturers in 1898-99. Economics : Dr. Cunningham ; Messrs. Railways : Mr. Acworth. Cannan, von Halle, Hewins, Hobson, Banking : Messrs. Foxwell, Palgrave. Mackinder, Sargent, Sydney Webb. Commercial Law : Mr. Barlow. Statistics: Messrs. Bowley, Edgeworth, Constitutional Law : Professor Dicey; Hewins, Sanger. Br. Schuster ; Mr. Whittuck. Local Government : Messrs. Glen, Political Science : Messrs. Dickinson, Gomme, Hirst, Hobhouse, Kemp. Gomme ; Dr. von Halle, Sir Courtenay Paleography and Diplomatic : Mr. Ilbert ; Miss McArthur ; Mr. Graham Hubert Hall, Sir E. Maunde Thomp- Wallas. son. 102 LONDON. LONDON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 8 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, W. C. This school, opened about 1S75, provides, in association with the Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, instruction for women in all medical subjects. Students do not reside in the school ; for a hall of residence in connection with it see p. 99. The courses of the London School of Medicine for Women in- clude all the medical subjects required for the degrees and diplomas of the University of London, the Royal University of Ireland, the Irish and Scotch colleges, and the Society of Apothecaries, London. Before entering on medical studies students are required to have passed a qualifying examination in Arts. After passing this they should register as soon as possible at the office of the General Med- ical Council, which requires all medical practitioners to have taken a five years' course, dating from the time of registration. The course comprises five years of study at the school and attendance for four years on the courses of clinical instruction at the Royal Free Hospital. Women may however, by permission of the Ex- ecutive Council, attend certain of the classes without having passed the examination in Arts and without entering on the complete course of study. Graduates of foreign and colonial universities can occasionally be admitted to the hospital practice when the accommodation permits. Besides the Royal Free Hospital, the Brompton Consumption Hospital, the New Hospital for Women, the Clapham Maternity Hospital, the London Fever Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Chil- dren, Great Ormond Street, the National Dental Hospital, and sev- eral other hospitals, are open to students of the school. There are two sessions: winter session, October 1st to April 1st; summer session, May 1st to August 1st. The fees for the separate classes vary from one to eight guineas ($5.25 to $42) for the session. The cost of a medical education varies considerably according to the requirements of the different examining boards. The "compounder's fee" for the school and hospital courses for four years is, if paid in one sum, £125 ($625). GREAT BRITAIN. 103 There are several prizes and scholarships varying in value from £5 to £100 ($25 to $500) a year for three or four years. Further information and a prospectus can be obtained from the secretary, Miss Douie, 8 Hunter street, Brunswick Square, W. C. Lecturers and Demonstrators. Drs. [Mrs.) Garrett Anderson, F. W. Stanley Boyd; Mrs. Dowson,7l/r.r. Evans; Andrewes, {Miss) Cock, Dupre, {Miss) Misses Forrest, Hooper; Mrs. Keer, Evans, Manson, {Miss) McCall, Sains- Macdonald; Messrs. Mackinlay, Mercier ; bury, {Mrs. ) Scharlieb, Starling; Miss Misses Poole, Smith, Turner, Webb, Appel ; Messrs. Barrow, Berry, Bodmer, Welby. Medical Officers. Drs. {Miss) Aldrich- Blake, Carr, Battle, Berry, Dodd, Gant, Legg, Mack- Cockle, Crawfurd, Evans, Fawcett, inlay, Rose ; Miss Rowse ; Messrs. Todd, Hayes, Marsden, Roughton, Sainsbury, Wakley. West ; Miss Appel ; Messrs. Barrow, BEDFORD COLLEGE (for Women). 8 and 9 York Place, Baker Street, London, W. Bedford College, founded in 1849, is open to women only, and provides instruction in Arts and Science. Students are prepared for all the examinations of the University of London in these sub- jects ; there is also a training department and an art school in con- nection with the college. A course of scientific instruction in hygiene, bacteriology, etc., preparing women for posts as Sanitary Inspectors, is a special feature of the college. The session is divided into three terms, the first beginning on Oc- tober 6th and ending on December 20th ; the second beginning on January 19th and ending on March 28th; the third beginning on April 20th and ending on June 28th. The fees for the separate classes vary from one to three guineas ($5.25 to $15.75) a term. Students may reside in the college, the charge for board being from 5S to 68 guineas ($304.50 to $357.00) a year. The inclusive average fees for residence and tuition are $472.50 to $565.75. There are several scholarships varying in value from 30 guineas to £48 ($157.50 to $240.00). For further information apply to Miss Ethel Hurlbatt, prin- cipal of the college, Bedford College, 8 and 9 York Place, Baker street, London, W. 104 LONDON. Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical: Messrs. A. Bernard Cook, Piatt ; Misses Fitz- gerald, Weir. English : Dr. G. Foster ; Miss G. A. Howell. Germanic : Mr. W. P\ Bentinck Smith. Romance : Mr. Victor Oger. Philosophy : Miss Edgell. History : Messrs. Allen, Cook. Art: Mr. Thompson. Pedagogy : Miss H. Robertson. SCTENCE. Mathematics : Mr. Harding ; Miss A. E. Lee. Physics: Mr. Womack, Miss A. E. Lee. Chemistry : Mr. Crompton. Geology : Miss Raisin. Biology : Drs. Drysdale, Tims ; Mr. Edkins ; Miss Raisin. Hygiene : Mr. W. C. C. Pakes. ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE (for Women). Egham, Surrey (near London). Royal Holloway College, opened in 1886, has beautiful build- ings and grounds situated about twenty miles from London, is open to women only and provides the instruction necessary for London University degrees in Arts and Science, for the London preliminary M. B., and for pass and honours examination of the University of Oxford. Candidates for admission must be over 17 years of age and are required to pass an entrance examination or to have passed its equivalent. The college session extends from the beginning of October to the beginning of July, and is divided into three terms of about eleven weeks each. The fees for board, residence and instruction are £30 ($150) per term, or £90 ($450) a year. Numerous scholarships of £30 ($150) to £75 ($375) a year are awarded on the results of exami- nations. For information apply to the secretary, Miss Margaret Sim. Professors and Lecturers. History : Miss Penrose. ARTS. Languages. — Classics : Professor Don- kin ; Miss ; Mr. Allen. English : Misses Guinness, Kimpster, Bentinck Smith, Mr. Boas. Germanic: Misses Coxxy, Skeat, Bent- inck Smith. Romance : Misses Pechinet, Skeat, M. Berthon. Philology : Mis . Philosophy : Mr. Solomon. Art : Mr. Carey. SCIENCE. Mathematics: Professors Cassie, Loney; Miss C. Frost. Physics : Professor Cassie. Chemistry : Miss Field. Biology : Misses Benson, Durham. MUSIC. Miss Daymond, Mr. Burnett, Miss Glazebrook. GREAT BRITAIN. 105 LOCAL COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES. In addition to University College, King's College and Bedford College (see pp. 98-104) , there are numerous local colleges affiliated to the different universities in England and Wales. These colleges prepare principally for the degrees of B.A. and B.Sc. given by these universities ; the courses they offer are arranged to prepare students for the degree examinations, and are on the same general plan as those offered by University College, London ; many distinguished professors are on their faculties, but no lists are given here on account of lack of space. They offer few courses which may properly be called graduate. They admit women, as a rule, to the Arts and Science classes on the same terms as men. No students are admitted under 16 years of age. No requirements are made as to residence, but there are halls of residence for women in connec- tion with most of the colleges. The college session, beginning in October, is usually divided into three terms, each of about eleven weeks' duration. The fees for the different classes vary from 1 to 3 guineas ($5.25 to $15.75) per term, the cost of one of the ordinary degree courses for the year being about £20 ($100). The cost of board and resi- dence in the halls for women students is usually from £40 to £50 ($200 to $250) a session. Numerous prizes and scholarships of considerable value are open to students of the different colleges. For further information about any particular college application should be made to the registrar. The following is a list of the most important : *Aberystwyth, University College of Wales ; * Bangor, Univer- sity College of North Wales; Birmingham, The Mason College; Bristol, University College ; * Cardiff, University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire ; | Leeds, The Yorkshire College ; I Liverpool, University College; f Manchester, The Owens Col- * Affiliated to the University of Wales. \ Affiliated to Victoria University 106 OXFORD, lege ; \ Newcastle-on-Tyne, Durham College of Science ; Notting- ham, University College; Sheffield, Firth College. MANCHESTER, England. victoria; university. The Owens College, Manchester. This university, founded in 1880, and having its seat at the Owens College, Manchester, is an examining body with power to confer degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Music. The general scheme of the examinations is similar to that of London Univer- sity and they are open to women on the same conditions as to men. All candidates must have been regular students of one of the colleges of the university. These colleges are : The Owens Col- lege, Manchester ; University College, Liverpool ; The Yorkshire College, Leeds (see p. 105). Graduates of other colleges and uni- versities are also allowed to take the examinations under special con- ditions. Enquiries should be addressed to the registrar of the Victoria University, Manchester, and information may be obtained from the calendar of the university, price, is ($0.25). OXFORD, England. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. The University of Oxford, founded in the twelfth century, is a corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of knowledge and confers degrees in Arts, Law, Medicine, Theology and Music on men who have since matriculation fulfilled certain conditions as to residence and passed certain examinations. Re- search degrees are also granted under somewhat different arrange- ments. There are in Oxford twenty-one colleges, one public and three private halls. Members of the university must be members of one of these or of the body of non-collegiate students. Each college has its own staff of teachers and its affairs are administered by its Head and Body of Fellows. University lectures given by % Affiliated to the University of Durham. GREAl^ BRITAIN. 107 professors and readers are open to all members of the university ; college lectures, which supply a great part of the teaching, are, by arrangement, generally open to the members of colleges other than that in which they are given- Women are not admitted to matriculation or graduation, but are allowed to enter for all the public examinations for the degrees in Arts and Music without being required to fulfil precisely the same conditions as men. Names of candidates must be sent in through the Secretary to the Delegates of Local Examinations, H. T. Ger- kans, 8 Clarendon Building, Oxford, from whom the special regula- tions affecting women students can be obtained. The requirements of the university for the degree course can be ascertained from the Student's Hand-book (price 2s. 8d. ($0.66)), or from the Examina- tion Statutes (price is. 2d. ($0.29)), to be obtained at the Claren- don Press Depot, 1 16 High street, Oxford. The names of successful women candidates are officially published in supplementary lists and they receive a certificate signed by the examiners. No preliminary residence or study in Oxford is required, but an examination in two languages and elementary mathematics must be passed before admis- sion to any of the higher examinations. Graduates of colleges in- cluded in the Association of Collegiate Alumnae are excused from this examination. Certain examinations are arranged by the Dele- gates of Local Examinations for women only. The year is divided into three terms, each of eight weeks' dura- tion, beginning respectively about the middle of October, middle of January and middle of April. Women who desire to attend lectures in Oxford should put them- selves in communication with the " Association for Promoting the Education of Women in Oxford" (see pp. 109-111), and should apply for information to the hon. secretary, Miss Rogers, Claren- don Building, Oxford. Professors and Lecturers. The list of lecturers for each year is published in the " Oxford University Gazette." The follow- ing list is compiled from the Gazette for January, 1899; LANGUAGES.-SEMmc : Professors Dri- %*«*. Allen, Burney, G. A. Cooke, ver, Margoliouth, Nicholl, Sayce; Neubauer, Stenmng. io8 OXFORD. Indo-Iranian : Professors Legge, Macdonnell, Mills ; Messrs. Bellairs, Blumhardt, Platts, Pope, St. John, Wells. Classical : Professors Bywater, Ellis; Messrs. Abbott, Bailey, Baker, Bar- ton, Blakiston, Burge, Clark, Cook- son, Cooper, Ellis, Farnell, Ferard, Fox, Godley, Greene, Haigh, Hall, Inge, Jackson, Lindsay, Lys, Math- eson, Moore, Owen, de Paravicini, Phelps, Phillimore, Phillips, Pick- ard-Cambridge, Pope, Poynton, Prickard, Raper, Richards, Rush- forth, Scott, Sidgwick, Smith, Snow. English : Professors Napier, Earle ; Messrs. Firth, de Selincourt. Germanic : Professor Rhys ; Mr. Macdonell. Chinese : Professor Bullock. Russian : Mr. Morrill. Celtic : Professor Rhys. Romance : Messrs. de Arteaga, Ber- thon, Bue, Coscia, Moore. Comparative Philology : Professor Max Miiller, Deputy ProfessorWright. Philosophy: Professors Case, Stewart, Cook Wilson; Mesws. Ball, Bate, Benecke, Blunt, Caird, Fairbrother, Hadow, Wright Henderson, Hobhouse, Joachim, Joseph, Prichard, Rashdall, Richards, Schiller, Smith, Spooner, Storr, Underhill, Walker, Warner, Wood, Wylie. Political Science : Professor Edge- worth; Messrs. Carlyle, Hughes, Mar- riott, Phelps, Smith, Pogson Smith, Williams. Diplomatic : Mr. R. Lane Poole. History : Professors Montagu Burrows, Pelham, York Powell; Messrs. Abbott, Case, Strachan-Davidson, Davis, Ed- wards, Fisher, Fletcher, Fowler, Greenidge, Grundy, Hall, Hardy, Hassall, Haverfield, Henderson, How, Hutton, Johnson, Stuart Jones, Leigh, Macan, Marriott, Medley, Mee, Mon- tague, Myres, Munro, Oman, Owen, Poole, Robertson, Smith, Tracey, Un- derbill, Urquhart, Wakeling, Walker, Ward, Wells, Wood. Archaeology : Professors Gardner ; Messrs. Farnell, Myres. Poetry : Professor Courthope. Music : Professor Stainer ; Drs. Mee, Parry. SCIENCE. Mathematics: Professors Elliott, Esson, Love, Turner ; Messrs. Campbell, Dix- on, Gerrans, Haselfoot, Hayes, Leu- desdorf, Pedder, Russell, Sampson, Thompson. Physics : Professors Clifton ; Messrs. Alsop, Baynes, Craig, Hudson, Plum- mer, Smith, Walker. Chemistry : Professor Odling ; Messrs. Elford, Fisher, Vernon Harcourt, Marsh, Nagel, Veley, Watts, Wilder- man. Geology : Professor Sollas. Mineralogy : Professor Miers ; Mr. Bowman. Geography : Mr. Mackinder. Biology: Professors Gotch, Tylor, Vines; Afessrs. Bourne, Burch, Goodrich, Hal- dane, Jenkinson, Mann, Ramsden, Thompson. Agriculture -. Professor . Professors Dicey, Goudy, Holland, Sir F. Pollock, Sir W. R. Anson ; Messrs. Burnham, Carter, Davis, Hazel, Holds- worth, Jenks, Sir W. Markby, Montague, Moyle, Pottinger, Prankerd, Smith, Wakeling, Williams, Wilson. MEDICINE. Professors Burdon-Sanderson, Clifton, Gotch, Odling, Thomson, Vines ; Messrs. Brooks, Farmer, Haldane, Jerome, Mann, Ritchie, Winkfield. THEOLOGY. Professors Bright, Cheyne, Driver, Ince, Lock, Moberly, Sanday ; Messrs. Allen, Bate, Bebb, Bennett, Burney, Bussell, Carlyle, Clayton, Henderson, de la Hey, Kidd, Lake, Lovell, Maude, Moore, Pullan, Spooner, Stenning, Strong, Turner, White, Wild, Wilson, Wright. GREAT BRITAIN. 109 THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN OXFORD. The teaching of women is organised and directed by the Coun- cil of the Association for promoting the education of Women in Oxford, founded in 1879; President, the Master of Balliol Col- lege ; Secretaries, Mr. A. Sidgwick, Miss Rogers. Lectures are provided and arrangements made for the admission of women to lectures given in the University, names being sent in through the Secretary and the fees paid through the Treas- urer. About one hundred and fifty professors and lecturers admit women thus recommended to their lectures, and facilities are also granted to them for work in the University Laboratories. Students, whether men or women, find little difficulty in obtaining permission to read in the Bodleian and other University Libraries. Further information can be obtained from Miss Rogers, Clarendon Build- ing, Broad Street, Oxford. Women coming to Oxford for regular study are requested to put themselves in communication with her rather than to apply direct to the lecturers and will find it to their advantage to do so. As a rule they are expected to register as students of the Association the fee for which is for students of a Hall or College 5s. ($1.25), for Home Students 10s. ($2.50). Private tuition which forms an important part of the Oxford system of education is arranged through Miss Rogers. Professors' lectures are usually free, the fees for other lectures vary from 1 2s. ($3) to two guineas ($10.50), the course. Private teaching from is £2 ($10) to £4 ($20) for a course of eight lessons. The Association has a small library, kept in a room in one of the University Buildings which is used as an office. Students taking the full degree course with Honours receive a special diploma from the Council of the Association, other certificates are given for other courses of study. For all these residence is required. These may be looked upon as temporary substitutes for degrees. A movement for opening the B. A. degree to women made in 1896 was unsuccessful, but it is probable that a further attempt will be made, as there is a strong party in Oxford in favour of it. no OXFORD. The lists of lectures are not published till the beginning of the term in which they are given but earlier information can be ob- tained from the Secretary to the Association, or from one of the special tutors appointed in each subject. Residence. — There are three Halls and one College for women students each governed by its own Council and having its own staff represented on the Council of the Association by its Principal and one member of its Council. Details of the students' education are arranged by a Committee of the Association Council of which the Principals are members. Registered students not belonging to any of these Societies are called Home Students, are under the charge of a Committee and a Principal, and enjoy the same privileges of ad- mission to lectures, use of libraries, etc., as students of the Halls and College. Lady Margaret Hall. — Oxford, opened in 1879, has accom- modation at present for about fifty students. Students who desire to enter must have passed an examination in two languages and elementary mathematics, and must give satisfactory references to the principal. Students coming from another college or univer- sity must present a letter of recommendation from its authorities. Fees for board and residence are £75 ($375) a year. Fees for tuition are paid to the association; (see p. 109). Several scholarships, varying in value from £25 to £50 ($125 to $250) a year for three or four years, are given annually on the results of an examination held in June. Further information may be obtained from the lady principal, Miss Wordsworth, or from the secretary, Miss Lodge, Lady Mar- garet Hall, Oxford. Tutors : Miss Sellar, Miss Pearson. Somerville College. — Woodstock Road, Oxford, opened in 1879, provides accommodation for seventy-two students ; no student is admitted under the age of seventeen, and students are required to give satisfactory references to the principal and to satisfy her that they are qualified to profit by the course of study at Oxford. The inclusive charges for board, lodging and tuition are £30 15s. 4d. ($i53- 8 3)> £28 r 3s. 4 d - ($H3-33) or £z6 ($ I 3o) per term, to be paid in advance. GREA T BRITAIN. 1 1 1 A research studentship of £50 ($250) a year for two years has recently been founded. Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss Maitland, or the vice-principal, the Hon. Alice Bruce, Somer- ville College, Oxford. Resident tutors : Miss Lees, Miss Lorimer, Miss M. Pope, Miss Sheavyn. St. Hugh's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 18S6, is intended for members of the Church of England. It provides accommodation for only a few students. Charges for board and residence, £45 to £66 ($225 to $330) a year. Si. Hilda's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 1893, is conducted ac- cording to the principles of the Church of England, with liberty for members of other denominations. Further particulars may be obtained from the principal, Mrs. Burrows. Home Students. — Students who do not reside in a hall are called *' Home Students" and are under the care of a principal, Mrs. A. H. Johnson, 8 Merton street, Oxford, from whom particulars may be obtained. Students may be received as boarders in a private family at a charge of from £1 5s. to £2 12s. 6d. ($6.25 to $13.12) a week. The cost of lodging in Oxford is from 12s. ($3.00) a week upwards, and board may be reckoned at 12s. ($3.00) a week. The "Calendar" of the Association may be obtained from the office, Clarendon Building, Oxford; price, 6d. ($0.12). Lecturers and Tutors. arts. Modern History : Mr. Armstrong ; Languages.-Classical: Messrs. Haigh, MUses Burrows, Lees, Lodge ; Messrs. Lys; Misses Lorimer, Rogers, Sellar; Hutton Marriott , Mrs. Marriott, Mr. Sidgwick. Messrs. Smith, Wakeling. English : Messrs. Edwards, Firth, Law : Mr - Burnnam - de Selincourt; Misses Lee, Sheavyn, science. Wardale. Mathematics and Physics : Mr. Ger- Modern : Mr. Carlyle ; Misses Pope, rans ; Miss Pearson ; Mr. Russell. A. M. Todd, Wardale ; Mr. Wright. Natural Science : Miss Kirkaldy ; Mr. Philosophy: Mr. Hadow. Nagel. OXFORD UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. In recent years much attention has been paid to the develop- ment of the system of university extension lectures. A university 112 OXFORD. extension college has been founded in Reading, Berkshire, and will, when fully organised, be similar to one of the university colleges affiliated to London University (see pp. 105-106). The annual summer meeting will be held in Oxford from July 29th to August 23rd, 1899 ; it is divided into two parts, the first last- ing from July 29th to August 9th and the second from August 9th to August 23rd. The subject of this year's course is the history, literature, art, etc., of the period 1S37-1871. There are also classes in architecture, education, economics, languages and science. In the latter there are classes for practical work. The fee for a ticket admitting to all the courses, concerts, con- versaziones, etc., for the whole meeting is £1 10s. ($7-5o), a ticket for either part costs £1 ($5). There are extra fees of 10s. ($2.50) for some of the special classes. Full information maybe obtained from Mr. J. A. R. Marriott, M.A., University Extension Office, Oxford. Lecturers in 1899. Languages. — Classical : Mr. H. G. Hon. G. C. Brodrick, the Hon. W. P. Gibson. Reeves ; Professor Dicey ; Messrs. H. English : Dr. Henry Sweet. Belloc, Horsburgh, Jenks, Johnson, Literature: Professor York Powell; Marriott, Phillips, Russell, F. E. Smith, Messrs. Bailey, Bayne, Boas, Boding- Souttar, Stride. ton, de Burgh, Churton Collins, Cot- Hellenic Studies : Professors Jebb, terill, Ashe King, Lummis, Myers, Ernest Gardner, Percy Gardner; Messrs. Oldershaw, Paul, de Selincourt, Hud- Sayce, Wells. son Shaw, Shaw-Jeffrey, Arthur Sidg- Architecture : Messrs. Francis Bond, wick. Marshall. Political Science: Lord Farrer, Messrs. Pedagogy : Professor Barnes ; Messrs. Birchenough, Geoffrey Drage, Master- Hassall, Keatinge, Sadler. man, Owen, Sargent. Science : Professors Miers, Sollas ; Drs. History : Lords Farrer, Strathcona and Farrar, Ransome ; Messrs. Bourne, Mount Royal, Sir Alfred Lyall, the Brown, Burch, Dickson. WALES. 113, WALES. THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES. The University of Wales, constituted in 1894, is a Public Corpo- ration representing the Counties and County Boroughs of Wales, the three University Colleges and other educational authorities. It confers degrees upon students who have pursued an approved course of study in one or other of the associated colleges, and have passed the university examinations corresponding thereto. For de- grees in Theology a further course of study in a Theological Col- lege is necessary ; the degree of Doctor is given by the University on the result of examination or in recognition of work. The status of women in the university differs in no respect from that of men. They are admissible to every degree and eligible for every office in the university. The three colleges of the University are : — The University Col- lege of Wales, the University College of North Wales, and the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. (See pp. 105-106.) The university itself is situated at Newport, Monmouth- shire. H. R. H. The Prince of Wales is the Chancellor of the Univer- sity. ii 4 DLBLIN. IRELAND. There are two universities in Ireland, both situated in Dublin : the Royal University of Ireland, which is merely an examining body ; and the University of Dublin (Trinity College), which is a college for men, conferring its own degrees, to which women are not admitted. Affiliated to the University of Ireland are three small local colleges : Queen's College, Belfast ; Queen's College, Cork ; and Queen's College, Galway. These colleges are undenomina- tional ; the question of founding a Catholic university in Ire- land is being agitated. DUBLIN, Ireland. THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. The Royal University of Ireland, founded in 1850, is an examin- ing body conferring degrees in Arts (B.A., M.A., D. Lit.) ; Phil- osophy (D.Ph.); Science (B.Sc, D.Sc); Engineering (B.E., M.E.); Law (LL.B., LL.D.) ; Medicine (M.B., M.D., B.Ch., M.Ch., B.A.O., M.A.O.); Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). All degrees, honours, exhibitions, prizes, scholarships, student- ships and junior fellowships in the university are open to students of either sex. The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order, and in general an interval of at least one academic year must elapse between two consecutive examinations. The B.Sc. degree differs from that of the University of London in being conferred on the result of an examination taken after an interval of at least one academic year from the time of graduating in any faculty of the university. IRELAND. 115 Prizes, exhibitions, scholarships, and fellowships, varying in value from £12 ($60) to £200 ($1,000) a year, for four years are open to competition. No conditions as to residence are imposed, and candidates for de- grees may obtain their education where they please. Colleges affiliated with the Royal University are the Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway ; (see below) . Further information may be obtained from the Calendar of the Royal University of Ireland or from the registrar, The Royal University of Ireland, Dublin. COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. Belfast, Cork, Galway. The three colleges, Queen's College, Belfast; Queen's College, Cork ; and Queen's College, Galway, prepai-e for the examinations of the Royal University of Ireland ; they provide lectures, but do not provide for residence. Women are admitted on the same con- ditions as men to all the lectures, and by a recent decree all scholar- ships and prizes have been opened to them, so that women have now equal facilities with men. The college session, beginning in October, is divided into three terms, each of about ten weeks' duration. The fee for each course is £2 ($10) or £3 ($15) for the session. Further information may be obtained from the registrar of the par- ticular college. THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. Trinity College, Dublin. The University of Dublin consists of only one college, Trinity College, founded in 159 1. It confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Theology and Music. No degrees are granted to women, and women are admitted only to those lectures that are open to the public and free. Public lec- tures are given in German, Hebrew, Irish, Biblical Greek, Ancient n6 DUBLIN. History, Astronomy, Geology and Mineralogy, Law, Divinity and Oratory. In 1895, with a view to testing the probable numbers and the ability of the women students who wished to be admitted to the honour examinations, the university framed the following new regu- lations applying to the years 1S96, 1897 and 1898 only: 1. Women who have obtained at any of the Trinity College ex- aminations either a junior or a senior certificate* may be examined in the same honour courses as the senior freshmen. 2. Those who have obtained a senior certificate may, under the same conditions, if they prefer it, be examined in any of the courses for moderatorships. The university then decided that the rules were to remain in force for the years 1S99 and 1900. Women are permitted to use the university library for purposes of research on the same conditions as men. There are three terms in the year : Michaelmas term, beginning October 10th and ending December 20th ; Hilary term, beginning January 10th and ending March 25th ; Trinity term, beginning April 15th and ending June 30th. Full information is given in the Dublin University Calendar (Dublin), Hodges, Figgis & Co.; price, 4s. ($1.00). Enquiries may be addressed to the registrar, Trinity College, Dublin. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic: Profe sor Ab- Comparative Philology: Professor bott ; Mes rs. Beare, White, Wilkins. Atkinson. Indo-Iranian : Professor Lane Poole. Philosophy: Professors Beare, John- Classical : Professors Bury, Purser, ston. Tyrrell ; Mr. Smyly. Political Economy : Professor Bas- English : Profess or Edward Dowden. table. Germanic : Professor Selss. History : Professors Bury, Mahaffy. Romance: Professor Atkinson. Oratory (Rhetoric): Professor Dow- Irish : Professor Murphy. den. * The university arranges special "examinations for women" and successful candidates receive the junior certificate, the senior certificate, or a certificate of honour, according to the examination taken. These examinations cover the same range of subjects and are of about the same grade as ordinary English college entrance examinations. IRELAND. 117 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Burnside, Joly, Arthur Pan ton. Physics : Professors Fitzgerald, Tarle- ton ; Messrs. Joly, Thrift, Traill, Trouton. Chemistry: Professor Reynolds; Messrs. Bailey, E. A. Werner. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Joly- Biology: Professors Mackintosh, Wright; Mr. Dixon. Engineering : Professor Alexander ; Mr. Walter E. Lilly. LAW. Professors Hart, Leech, Thompson. MEDICINE. Profe sors Charles Bent Ball, Bennett, Cunningham, Little, O' Sullivan. THEOLOGY. Professors Bernard, Charles, Dickin- son, Gwynn, Lawlor ; Dr. Kennedy ; Messy s. Berry, Carleton, Graham, Rob- erts, Walsh, White, Wilkins. MUSIC. Professor Ebenezer Prout. nS ABERDEEN. SCOTLAND. There are four universities in Scotland — Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow. These are all teaching as well as examining bodies and confer degrees. Women are in every case admitted to the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine, and at Aberdeen to the degrees in Law. The university lectures are as a rule open to women, but in some cases separate instruction is provided for them, and separate lectures are given by the university professors and lecturers. University College, Dundee, affiliated to St. Andrews Uni- versity, admits women to all its classes and prepares for the examinations of Edinburgh, Glasgow and London Universi- ties. There are special medical schools for women at Edin- burgh and Glasgow. ABERDEEN, Scotland. UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. The University of Aberdeen gives instruction and confers de- grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Women are admitted to graduation in all these subjects with the exception of Theology, and all classes in Arts and Science are open to women, as are also, with some exceptions, the classes in Medicine. The academic year is divided, in the Faculties of Arts, Science and Medicine, into two sessions, the winter session beginning in the middle of October and ending in the middle of March, and the summer session beginning in the end of April and ending about the middle of July. The matriculation fee is one guinea ($5.25) and the class fees vary from one to three guineas ($5.25 to $15 .75). There are numerous prizes and bursaries, the majority of which are open to women. SCOTLAND. 119 Women are permitted to use the same libraries and reading rooms as the men students. A hall of residence for women students, Castleton House, Chan- onry, Old Aberdeen, was opened in October, 1898, under the charge of a lady warden. Terms for board and lodging are £1 is. ($5.25) a week. For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Donaldson Rose Thom. The Aberdeen University Calendar is published by A. King & Co., Aberdeen; price, 2s. 6d. ($0.62). Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Gil- Physics : Professor Niven roy. Chemistry : Professor Japp. Classical : Professors Harrower, Biology : Professors MacWilliam, Nich- Ramsay. olson ; Mr. Brown. Germanic : Mr. Hein. Botany : Professor Trail. English : Professor Grierson. Agriculture : Messrs. Hendrick, Wil- Romance : Dr. Scholle. son. Philosophy : Professors Davidson, LAlv Royce, Sorley ; Mr. Stout. Professor J. D. Wilson ?Mr. Duguid. History : Mr. Terry. J J '- b Elocution : Mr. Macleod. medicine. Pedagogy : Mr. Clarke. Professors Cash, Finlay, Hamilton, SCIENCE. Hay, Ogston, Reid, Stephenson. Mathematics : Professor Pirie ; Mr. theology. Clark. Professors Cowan, Johnston, Paterson. DUNDEE, Scotland. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. This college provides instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, and prepares students for graduation in these subjects at the Uni- versities of St. Andrews, London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. The classes are open to all persons without restrictions as to age or sex, but all candidates for graduation must take the preliminary examination or must have taken an equivalent examination. The entrance examinations of most American or European universities are considered equivalent. The academic year is divided into a winter session, beginning on 120 EDINBURGH. October 12th and ending on March 22nd, and a summer session, beginning on April 25th and ending on June 30th. The fees for each class are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($1 5 .75 ) . The matriculation fee is 10s. 6d. ($2.62). Students do not reside in the college. For further information see the college calendar, or apply to the secretary, Mr. R. N. Kerr. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Mr. Hannay. Biology : Professors Geddes, Mackay, English : Professor M'Cormick. Waymouth Reid, D'Arcy W. Thomp- German and French : Mr. Durlac. son ; Mr. Waite. science Engineering : Professor Claxton Fidler; Mathematics : Professor Steggall ; Dr. M' Cowan. . medicine. Physics: Professor Kuenen ; Dr. M'- Professors MacEwan, Stalker; Drs. Cowan. M'Gillivray, Rorie, Templeman, Whyte; Chemistry : Professor Walker ; Dr. Mr. Greig. Lumsden ; Mr. Wood. EDINBURGH, Scotland. UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. This university, founded in 15S2, is a teaching and examining body, giving instruction and conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Students desiring to attend the classes must obtain a matricula- tion card and pay the matriculation fee of one guinea ($5.25). The matriculation fees, class fees, etc., amount to about ten guineas ($52.50) yearly. Fees for the separate classes are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15.75) for the session. All the Arts classes and some of the Science classes have been open to women since 1892, but some of the instruction in Science is given for women at the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, and at the Medical College for Women, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. All the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine are open to women ; women are, moreover, allowed to graduate in subjects in which the university has not provided for their teaching if they obtain instruc- tion of a kind specified by the university. SCOTLAND. 121 A section of the university library is set apart for women and they have access to all the books. The university scholarships are not generally open to women, but there are several scholarships open to women only. The academic year is divided into two sessions — a winter session, beginning early in October and ending early in April ; a summer session, beginning early in May and ending early in July. There are no requirements as to residence, but there are three halls of residence for women students : Crudelius House, 6 Archibald Place, Edinburgh; terms for board and lodging from 18s. ($4.50) per week, including the use of a common sitting room, light, service, etc. ; for particulars apply to the hon. secretary, Miss H. McLean, 35 Howe Street, Edinburgh; — Masson Hall, 31 George Square, Edinburgh ; terms may be had on application to the warden, Miss F. H. Simpson; — Muir Hall, 12 George Square, Edinburgh, for students of medicine ; terms for board and lodging from 16s. 6d. ($4.12) per week; apply to the lady superinten- dent, Miss Robertson. Further information may be obtained from the Edinburgh Uni- versity Calendar, published by James Thin, 55 South Bridge, Edinburgh, price, 3s. ($0.75) ; or from Miss Louisa Stevenson, hon. secretary of the Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women, 13 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages.— Semitic : Professor Ken- P EDA GC> GY : Professor Laurie. ne( j y Art and Archaeology : Professor Classical : Professors Butcher, Har- Brown > Mr - Kern - die ; Messrs. Mill, Thomson. science. English : Professor Saintsbury ; Mr. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Smith, fe ssors Chrystal, Copeland; Dr. Knott; Germanic : Dr. Schlapp. Mr. Tweedie. Romance : Dr. Sarolea. Physics : Professor Tait ; Dr. Peddie. Celtic : Professor Mackinnon. Chemistry : Professor Crum Brown ; Comparative Philology : Professor Dr. Dobbin. Eggeling. Mineralogy : Dr. Marshall. Philosophy : Professors Pattison, Seth ; Geology : Professor Geikie ; Mr. Flett. Mr. Hardie. Biology : Projessors I. B. Balfour, Political Economy : Professor Nichol- Ewart ; Mr. Burrage. son. Engineering : Professor Armstrong. History: Prof ssors Kirkpatrick, Pro- Agriculture : Professor Wallace ; Drs. thero. Aitken, Fream ; Colonel Bailey. 122 EDINBURGH. LAW. Professors Sir Ludovic Grant, Kirk- Turner; Drs. Beard, Carlier, Carmichael, patrick, Sir H. D. Littlejohn, Mackin- Clouston, Dobbin, Hepburn, M' Bride, tosh, Nicholson, Rankine, Wood ; Muir, Playfair ; Messrs. Berry, Sillar. Messrs. Burnet, Cook. theology. medicine. Professors Flint, Kennedy, Taylor, Professors Annandale, Balfour, Brown, Thiele. Chiene, Ewart, Greenfield, Fraser, Ruth- music. erford, Simpson, Sir T. Stewart, Sir Wm. Professors Niecks, Kirkpatrick. EDINBURGH SUMMER SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES. The object of this school is to extend the knowledge and advance the teaching of Modern Languages. In 1S99 courses in French and English Language, Literature, History, Geography, etc., for both French and English students will be given in Edinburgh from August 1st to August 26th. The inclusive fee is £2 2s. ($10.50) and students can board in one of the houses of University Hall for £1 5s. ($6.25) weekly. For further particulars apply to the secretary, Outlook Tower, Castlehill, Edinburgh. Lecturers, English : Professors Geddes, Kirkpat- French : Professors Seignobos ; MM. rick ; Messrs. Cran, Eyre-Todd, Kel- Bazalgette, Delvolve, Guyou, Mansion, man, Jr., Marr, Wyld. Marillier. EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. Surgeon Square, Edinburgh. This school, in connection with the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, in which eighty beds are set apart for the clinical instruction of women, prepares for the medical examinations of the University of Edinburgh. The two years' residence required by the university can be kept at this school. The year is divided into the winter session, beginning about October 10th and ending about April 1st, and the summer session, beginning about May 1st and ending about August 1st. The full course of study is five years. The school and hospital fees vary from £20 ($100) to £30 ($150) a year; the total expense of the five years' course is estimated to be about £160 ($Soo). There are several scholarships and bursaries, varying in value from £25 ($125) to £50 ($250) a year. SCOTLAND. 123 There is as yet no hall of residence, but it is hoped that one will soon be founded. For further information apply to Miss La Cour, School of Medi- cine, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, who will send copies of the school prospectus and of the Syllabus of the Medical Faculty of the University of Edinburgh, post free, for 6d. ($0.12). Lecturers. medicine and surgery. Stockman ; Messrs. Berry, Cathcart, Cot- Drs. Aitken, Bramwell, Graham terill, Hardie, Leith ; Miss Jessie M. Brown, Bruce, Clouston, Croom, Hus- McGregor ; Mr. McLaren ; Miss Marion band, Jamieson, Sophia Jex-Blake, Lit- Newbigin ; Messrs. Thomson, Turnbull, tlejohn, McBride, Muir, Noel Paton, Wood. MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 20 Chambers Street, Edinburgh. The particulars given for the School of Medicine hold good for the Medical College. For further information apply to the secre- tary, Miss Mackay. Lecturers. Drs. Ballantyne, Cathcart, Craig, Cum- Berry, Brewis, Cadell, Littlejohn, Ma- ming, Gibson, Husband, Mackay, Mac- cadam, Murdoch, Miss Newbigin, Messrs. pherson, Noel Paton, Philip, Russell, Thomson, Turnbull, Whitaker. Thomson, Tuke, Turner, Walker ; Messrs. GLASGOW, Scotland. UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. This university, founded in 1451, is a teaching and examining body giving instruction and conferring degrees in the five Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. The requirements for admission to the university are the prelimi- nary examinations, which are different for Arts, Science and Medi- cine, and must be passed by all the students who wish to take the degrees. The classes are also open, without any preliminary ex- aminations, to students not desiring to take the degrees. In 1892 the University Commissioners empowered the Scotch University Courts to provide instruction for women, and accord- 124 GLASGOW. ingly Queen Margaret College, a college for women only, was taken over by the university and formed into a women's department. In Queen Margaret College lectures in Arts, Science, Mental Philosophy and Medicine are given for women only by the uni- versity professors, and these lectures qualify for the degrees of the university. All degrees of the university are open to women on the same conditions as to men. After graduation women become members of the University Council. In addition to the classes for women held in Queen Margaret College, women have been allowed to attend a few of the honours classes in the university in Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, History, Education, and Insanity. In Medicine a complete course of five years' instruction is arranged by Queen Margaret College, and in the Royal in- firmary 200 beds are appropriated to the exclusive instruction of women students. Women also study at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, the Glasgow Maternity Hospital, the Royal Lunatic Asylum, Gartnavel; the Eye Hospital, Charlotte Street ; and the City of Glasgow Fever Hospital. The number of women students in 1897-98 was 257, of whom 67 took the courses in Medicine. Permission to attend courses in Law and Divinity has not yet been applied for by women. Women students are allowed to borrow books from the university library, and there is a reading room in Queen Margaret College. Queen Margaret College has in connection with it a hall of resi- dence for women students, information in regard to which may be obtained from Mrs. Riddoch, honorary secretary, 34 Lawrence Place, Dowanhill, Glasgow. The terms for board and lodging are from £1 ($5) a week. The college year is divided into two sessions: the winter session, beginning October 20th and ending March 23rd ; the spring session, beginning, in Medicine and Science, on April 25th, and in Arts on May 2nd, lasting in each case ten weeks. The fees are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($1 5.75) SCOTLAND. 125. for each class for the session, and should be paid at the secretary's office, Queen Margaret College. The majority of scholarships and fellowships are not open to women, but the university has been empowered to open to women any scholarships or fellowships that have been founded not more than twenty-five years. Further information ma}' be obtained from the Glasgow Univer- sity Calendar, published hy James Maclehose & Sons, 61 St. Vin- cent Street, Glasgow; price, 3s. ($0.75). Professors and Lecturers arts. Chemistry: Professor Ferguson; Messrs- Languages.— Semitic : Professor Rob- Gray, Lang. ertson. Botany : Professor Bower. Classical : Professors Murray, Ram- Biology : Professor Young. say; Messsrs. Balgarnie, Brown, Engineering: Professors Barr, Biles;. Macdonald. ' Mr. Cormack. English : Professot Bradley ; Mr. Tack Mir. Germanic : Dr. Tille. T Professors Moh, Moody Stuart; Messrs. Romance : Mr. Mercier. Irvme > Mackenzie, M'Kechnie, Miller. Philosophy : Professors Adamson, medicine Jones; Messrs. Duff .Smith Professors Anderson, Buchanan, Cam- Political Science : Professor Smart. e t\e\w Mss Umpherston. Pedagogy : Professor Meiklejohn. theology. science. Professors Herkless, Menzies, Stewart. Mathematics : Professor Lang. GREECE. 127 GREECE. The only educational institutions of any importance in Greece are the National University in Athens, and the Amer- ican, English, French and German Schools of Archaeology, also situated in Athens. The University of Athens was opened to women in December, 1895. The other schools, which give no degrees, are founded principally for the pur- poses of research and exploration, and in general admit women. ATHENS, Greece. THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS. This university was founded in 1837 on the same general plan as that of the German universities. It was opened to women, in spite of great opposition, in December, 1895, and there have been a num- ber of women students at the university several of whom have ob- tained the Doctor's degree. All the libraries, reading rooms and laboratories are open to women students and a library and reading room have been established specially for women students. The university consists of the four Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) , Law, Medicine and Theology, and confers the degree of Doctor in each of these faculties. The academic year is divided into the winter semester, beginning on September 15th and ending on February 1st, and the summer semester, lasting from February 1st till June 15th. The tuition fees for the year are i6odr. ($19.20), and there is a fee of loodr. ($12) for the Diploma of Doctor. The number of professors is very large, and on this account the list is omitted. It may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Petros Bryzakis. 128 ATHENS. THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES. This school was founded by the Archaeological Institute of America in 1SS1 and is supported by the cooperation of leading American universities and colleges. Its object is to furnish an opportunity to study classical Literature, Art and Antiquities and to aid in conducting the exploration and excavation of classical sites. All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women as to men. Bachelors of Arts of cooperating colleges, and Bache- lors of Arts who have been graduate students at cooperating col- leges, are admitted to membership on presenting a certificate from the classical department of the college in which they last studied. American students, resident or travelling in Greece, may be enrolled as special students at the discretion of the director. The applicant for admission to the school should fill out a regis- tration blank (which may be obtained from the chairman of the managing committee or from the director), and send this with his credentials to the chairman, Prof. Thomas Day Seymour, Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Conn. Two fellowships, of the value of $600, are awarded yearly, mainly on the result of a written examination, held in March, but other evidences of ability and attainments will be considered. A third fellowship, the "Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship," of the value of $1,000, is available for the years 1899 and 1900, and will be awarded to a woman who, in the opinion of the committee, shall seem to be worthy of receiving it. Particulars may be obtained from the chairman of the committee on fellowships, Prof. Ben- jamin I. Wheeler, Ithaca, N. Y. The director and professors reside in Athens during the school year, from October 1st to June 1st. Members pay no fees ; other persons admitted to the school pay $25 a year for tuition. At large hotels in Athens board and lodg- ing can be obtained for $14 per week ; at small hotels and in pri- vate families for $5.50. Director, Rufus Byam Richardson ; Professor of the Greek Lan- guage and Literature for 1 899-1 900, Herbert Weir Smyth, Professor GREECE. 129 of Greek. Bryn Mawr College; for 1900-1901, Edward Delavan Perry, Professor of Greek, Columbia University. THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS. This school, founded in 1886 by the University of Oxford and the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, has for its ob- ject the study of Greek Art, Archseology, Language and Literature. Students holding fellowships or scholarships from any British university, or belonging to the Royal Academy of Art or the Royal Institute of British Architects, and other persons of British nation- ality who can give satisfactory proof of their ability to profit by the courses of the school, are admitted as students. Every student must stay at least three months. Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. The director resides in Athens from the beginning of November until the end of June. There are no fees for tuition or for the use of the library. Men students are expected to reside in the hostel, paying i5dr. ($1.80) a week for their rooms. Director, David George Hogarth, Esq., The British School at Athens. Hon. secretary, William Loring, Esq., 2 Hare Court, Temple, London, E. C. KAISERLICH DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. The German schools at Athens and Rome were founded in 1829 and are under the control of the Central- Direktion in Berlin. They have for their object the furthering of archaeological studies. Women are allowed on the same conditions as men to attend the lectures, libraries and reading-rooms, and to take part in the excur- sions. Secretaries in Athens : Professor Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld, Dr. Paul Wolters. 130 ATHENS. ECOLE FRANCHISE D'ATHENES. The school was founded in 1S47, and has for its object archaeo- logical research and exploration. Members must hold the degree of Docteur es Lettres or Agrege des Lettres, de Grammaire, de Philosophic, d' Histoire or des Sciences. The number of members of the school is fixed at six, and ad- mission depends on the results of a competitive examination, both oral and written. Women are allowed to attend the public lectures given in the school and to use the library on application to the Director. Director, M. Homolle ; honorary directors, MM. Burnouf and Foucart. HUNGARY, IRELAND. 131 HUNGARY. The universities of Hungary are similar to those of Ger- many and Austria in general plan; see pp. 1-3, 62-64. They are three in number, namely, the universities of Agram, Budapest and Klausenberg. Of these the University of Budapest is the oldest and the most important ; it comprises the four Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine and Philos- ophy (Arts and Science), while the University of Agram has no Faculty of Medicine and that of Klausenberg no Faculty of Theology. It has not been thought necessary to give the list of professors at these universities ; it may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. In December, 1895, the philosophical, medical and phar- maceutical departments in the universities of Hungary were formally opened to women by a decree of the Hungarian Minister of Education. In his decree to the universities the Minister gave in detail the reasons which induced him to take the step. Briefly summarised they are : that the conditions of society have so changed that women are now more often obliged to undertake remunerative labor ; that they are well- fitted for scientific and educational work, and that, therefore, facilities for study should be offered to them. In order to enter the universities women have, however, to fill the same requirements as men, that is, to pass the Maturi- tats-priifung, and the severity of the test shall, the decree states, be in no case relaxed. They are also obliged to take part in the dissecting, practical work, etc. The fee charged for admission to all lectures for one semes- ter is 30 florins ($15). For dates of semesters and general particulars, see under Germany and Austria. IRELAND. See pp. 114-117. 132 ITALY. ITALY. There are in Italy seventeen state universities, four free universities and two institutions similar to universities, the R. Istitiito Superiore di studi practici c di perfezionamento at Florence, and the R. Accademia Scientifico-litteraria at Milan, the first giving courses in Arts, Science and Medicine, and the latter courses in Philosophy and Philology. There are American, French and German schools of Archaeology in Rome similar to those in Athens, and there is a zoological station at Naples at which many Americans study. The universities as a rule provide instruction and confer degrees in Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The candi- date for the degree of Doctor {laured) must attend a definitely specified series of courses for a specified number of years (from three to six years, according to the faculty). The courses, degrees, laboratories and libraries at these universities are all open to women on the same conditions as to men. Two classes of students are admitted, regular stu- dents and hearers (uditori). Regular students must have obtained, before entering, the certificate of a secondary school {licenza liccale or tecnicd) or, if foreigners, must satisfy the Faculties of Arts and Science that the education they have received would have enabled them to obtain this licenza. In the case of students who have studied at a foreign university the faculty in which the student desires to attend courses decides on the admittance of the stu- dent. Such students should present certificates or diplomas from their former college or university, and also their certifi- cate of birth. Hearers have to fulfil no special requirements beyond pre- senting a certificate of birth. They are not admitted to de- ITALi. 133 grees, but if they take the examinations they may in some cases receive certificates to the effect that they have studied in the university. Students and hearers must matriculate and pay the matricu- lation fees for the ensuing year between August 1st and Oc- tober 30th. The academic year is not divided into semesters ; it begins on October 15th and ends on July 30th. Lectures begin in the first week of November and end on June 15th. Regular students pay their fees (tassa d' tmatricolaztone, tassa d? iscrizoni and tassa di diploma) to the state treasury through the ufficio demaniale. The matriculation fee varies from 20 lire ($3.90) to 40 lire ($7.80), according to the faculty ; the inscription fees cover all the courses which have to be taken for a degree and amount to from 50 lire ($9.75) to 165 lire ($32.18) yearly. Fees for examinations, from 10 lire ($1.95) to 25 lire ($4.88) yearly, and laboratory fees are paid to the economato of the university. Hearers pay a matricula- tion fee of 40 lire ($7.80) and a fee of 8 lire ($1.56) for each hour per week of lecture in the courses which they enter. They pay these fees to the same officials as the regular stu- dents. Scholarships are open to women as to men and take the form, in general, of an exemption from fees. There are also fellowships open for competition to students that have obtained the degree of Doctor. Information concerning the general university regulations is given in a pamphlet entitled Regolamento Universitario ; information concerning a particular university, in the Annu- ario Accademico of the university in question, which, with the Regolamento Universitario may be obtained from the sec- retary of the university. 134 CAGLIARI. BOLOGNA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI BOLOGNA. This university, founded in the 12th century, was renowned in the past for the number of celebrated women counted among its students and professors. The regulations are similar to those of all Italian universities ; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Signor Luigi Bona. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Albini, Gandino, Puntoni ; Signors Levi, Michelangeli, Olivieri. Romance : Professor Carducci ; Sig- nors Ferrari, Morpurgo, Restori, Solerti. Comparative Philology : Professor Turrini. Philosophy : Professors Acri, Bar- bera, Valdamini ; Signors Ambrosini, DeNardi, Pilo. Political Economy : Professor Mar- tello ; Signors Barbieri, D'Apel, Gemma, Rossi. History : Professors Bertolini, Fal- letti ; Signors Vittorio Fiorini, Rossi. Archeology : Professor Brizio ; Sig- nor Szedlo. Architecture : Professors Benetti, Canevazzi, Stabilini, Venturi, Zan- noni ; Signors Ballarini, Berti, Bom- bicci, Muggia. Engineering : Professors Cavani, Ca- vazzi, Donati, Masi ; Signors Gemelli, Gorrieri, Maganzini, Regnoli, Silvani. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Arzela, Donati, Enriquez, Mat- teo Fiorini, Pincberle, Saporetti ; Sig- nors Razzaboni, Vivanti. Physics : Professors Righi, Ruffini ; Signor Dessau. Chemistry: /Vofessors Bongiovanni, Cavazzani, Garelli, Ludovisi, Marfori, Massalongo, Morpurgo, Sala, Trambusti, Zuffi. FLORENCE, Italy. REGIA istituto di studi superiori practici e di PERFEZIONAMENTO. This school, founded in 1321, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. ITAL Y. 137 Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Tito Fiaschi. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors Cas- telli, Lasinio ; Signor Scerbo. Indo-Iranian : Professors Pavolini, Severini ; Signor Donati. Classical : Professors Festa, Paoli, Ramorino, Vitelli ; Signors Nencini, Rasi. Germanic : Professor Parodi; Signors Fasola, Weile. Romance: Professors Mazzoni, Rajna; Signors Bacci, Barbi, Parodi, Volpi. Philosophy : Professors Conti, Tocco. History : Professors Coen, Puini, Del Vecchio, Villari ; Signor Franchetti. Archeology : Professors Fesri, Milani, Paoli; Signors Bertolotto, Schiaparelli, Teloni. SCIENCE. Astronomy : Professor Abetti. Physics : Professor Roiti ; Signors Mar- angoni, Salvioni. Chemistry : Professor Schiff. Mineralogy: Professor Grattarola; Sig- no>- D'Achiardi. Geology and Geography : Professors De Stefani, Marinelli ; Signor Ristori. Biology : Professors Fano, Giglioli, Mantegazza, Mattirolo, Targioni-Toz- zetti; Signors Baroni, Batelli, Bottazzi. Danielli, Marcbi, Oddi, Regalia. MEDICINE. Professors Bajardi, Banti, Bufalini, Chiarugi, Colzi, Filippi, Grocco, Lustig, Mya, Paoli, Pellizzari, Pestalozza, Roster, Tanzi ; Signors Acconci, Agostini, Ba- quis, Barbacci, Bargellini, Bonardi, Borri, Celoni, Centanni, Coronedi, Ferruta, Flora, Gabbi, Galeotti, Giarre, Grazzi, Del Greco, Grilli, Lumbroso, Man- tegazza, Prof eta, Rossi, Silvestri, Silve- strini, Sirni, Staderini, Tedeschi, Toti, Trambusti. GENOA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA. This university, founded in 18 12, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Signor Giovanni Oxilia. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic: Signor DalF- Orto. Classical : Professors Cerrato, Euse- bio, Fumi ; Signor Pais. Germanic : Signor Dall' Orto. Romance : Professor's Barrili, De Lol- lis ; Signors Guarnerio, Mango, No- vara. Comparative Philology : Professor Bariola. Philosophy : Professors Asturaro, Ben- zoni, Ferrari ; Signors Cecchi, Chi- nazzi. Political Science: Professors Asturaro, Drago, Ponsiglioni. History : Professor Manfroni; Signors Cecchi, Oberziner, Rosi. Pedagogy : Professor Benzoni. Archeology : Signor Eusebio. Architecture : Professor Resasco. H8 MESSINA. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Garbieri, Loria, Monteverde, Piuma, Pizzetti ; Signors Giudice, Morera, Perroni. Physics : Professors Pietro Maria Gari- baldi, Morera. Chemistry : Professor Pellizzari. Mineralogy : Professor Negri. Geology and Geography : Profs sor Issel ; Signor Squinabol. Biology : Professors Cattaneo, Grossi, Parana, Penzig. Engineering : Professors Morera, Piz- zetti ; Signors Garbieri, Pellizzari, Rombo. LAW. Professors Paolo Emilio Bensa, Big- liati, Castellari, Cogliolo, Del Vecchio, De Murtas-Zichina, Drago, Grasso, Manara, Manenti, Mecacci, Roncali, Rossello, Ruffini, Severi, Traverso, Wautrain-Cavagnari ; Signors Enrico Bensa, Berlingieri, Antonio Castellari, Cereseto, Civoli, Flora, Grego, Martinelli, Pipia, Porrini, Restano. MEDICINE. Professors Acconci, Brigidi, Canalis, Caselli, Pietro Maria Garibaldi, Gio- vanni Garibaldi, Griffini, Lachi, Livi- erato, Maragliano, Giulio Masini, Mori- sani, Morselli, Mosso, Oddi, Parana, Pellizzari, Profeta, Secondi, Severi ; Sig- nors Basso, Bossi, Cantu, Capranica, Casini, Cioja, Devoto, Ferrari, Giuria, Jemma, Levi, Livierato, Lucatello, Ar- turo Masini, Andrea Mazza, Giuseppe Mazza, Motta, Perrando, Poli, Polimanti, Sacchi, Staderini, Verdese. MESSINA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MESSINA. This university, founded in 1838, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe Caracciolo. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Michelangeli, Pascoli ; Signors Con- soli, Crivellari. Romance : Professors Cian, Restori ; Signor Cesareo. Comparative Philology : Professor Michelangeli. Philosophy : Professors Cesca, Fisi- chella. Political Science : Professor Supino ; Signor Fleres. History : Professors Romano, Tropea ; Signor Porena. Archeology : Professor Tropea. Architecture : Signors Di Bella, Queriau. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors De Berardinis, Marcolongo> Martinetti, Vivanti ; Signors Caco - pardo, Visalli. Physics : Professor Salvioni. Chemistry : Professor Errera ; Signor Giannetto. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor La Valle. Geography : Professor Bertacchi. Biology : Professor Ficalbi ; Signor Lessona. LA IV. Professors Ascoli, Buscemi, Cesareo, De Cola-Proto, Faranda, Lilla, Macri, Manenti, Oliva, Sraffa, Ugo, Venezian ; Signors Carnazza, Fulci, Puglia, Sciacca, Segre. MEDICINE. Professors Colella, Crisafulli, Ferraro, Gabbi, Gaglio, Giuseppe, G. Pugliatti, R. Pugliatti, Rosario Salomoni, Scimemi, Trombetta, Weiss, Ziino, Zincone ; Sig- nors Cambria, Cammareri, Fusari, Melle, Terni, Testa, Tornatola. ITAL Y. 139 MILAN, Italy. REGIA ACADEMIA SCIENTIFICO-LITTERARIA DI MILANO. This school, founded in 1859, * s un der the same regulations as all the universities of Italy: see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Emilio De Mar cm. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professor de Philosophy : Professors Jandelli, Lu- Inama, Giussani. ciano, Zuccante ; Signor Vignoli. Germanic : Professor Friedmann ; History : Professor Rolando. Signor a Schiff. Pedagogy : Signor Martinazzoli. Romance : Professors Dupuy, Novati, Archeology : Signor s Ambrosoli, Ce- Scherillo ; Signors Emilio, De riani, Attilio De Marchi, Serafino. Marchi, Ferrieri. Geography : Professor Savio ; Signor Comparative Philology : Professor Ricchieri. Ascoli. MODENA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MODENA. This university, founded in 1683, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Achille Campiole. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. LAW. Political Science : Professor Valenti ; Professors Borri, Brandoli, Franchi, Signor Franchi. Melucci, Morelli, Olivi, Petrone, Sabba- Architecture : Signor Cavazzuti. tini, Serafini, Strani, Triani ; Signors science. Borciani, Conigliani, Ferrarini, Mar- Mathematics : Professor Nicoletti, Del chetti > Pacchioni. Re; Signors Nicoli, Valeri. medicine. Physics : Professor Chistoni. Professors Albertotti, Berti, Borri, Chemistry : Professor Magnanini ; Sig- Casarini, Cesari, Fabbri, Fusari, Gal- nor Maissen. vagni, Maggiora, Puglia, Tamburini, Geology and Mineralogy : Professor Ruggi, Vanni, Vassale ; Signors Belmon- Pantanelli. do, Bertacchini, Casciani, Govi, Guic- BiOLOGY : Professors Monticelli, Mori ; ciardi, Levi, Monari, Nasi, Petrazzani, Signors Macchiati, Roncaglia. Ravaglia, Riccardi, Roncaglia, Saltini. NAPLES, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI. This university, founded in 1224, is under the same regulations as all the tmiversities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 140 NAPLES. For the zoological station at Naples see p. 149. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Odoardo Santoro. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Buo- nazia. Indo-Iranian : Professor Kerbaker. Classical: Professors Cocchia, Flores, Kerbaker ; Signors De Gennaro, D'Ovidio, Pascal. Romance : Professors D'Ovidio, Zum- bini ; Signors Agresti, Percopo, Pru- denzano, Zingarelli. Philosophy : Professors Chiappelli, Masci ; Signors Bosurgi, Fimiani, Maturi, Memola, Tarantino. Political Science : Signors Betocchi, Colaianni, D'Ippolito, Lioy, Mazzola, Miraglia, Nitti, Tammeo. History: Professors De Blasiis, Holm, Mariano ; Signors Biamonte, Correra, Faraglia, Schipa. Archeology : Professors De Petra, Sogliano ; Signor Patroni. Architecture: Professor Czpoccv, Sig- nors Bellini, Curri, Fischetti, Folinea, Giuliani, Laneri, Tango. Pedagogy : Professor Fornelli ; Signor Vecchia. SdENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Capelli, Cesaro, Cua, Del Pezzo, Fergola, Montesano, Nobile, Pinto, Raucci. Salvatore-Dino, Siacci ; Sig- nors Amanzio, Amodeo, Angelitti, Avena, Bellini, Brambilla, Campanile, Ise, Masoni, Nicodemi, Rinonapoli. Physics: /"ro/^^r^Palmieri.Villari; Sig- nors Campanile, Ciccone, Del Gaizo, Guiliani, Mercalli, Palazzo, Semmola. Chemistry: Professor Oglialoro-Todaro; Signors Forte, Januario, Napolitano, Sardo, Zinno. Mineralogy: Professor Scacchi; Signor Franco. Geology : Professor Bassani ; Signors De Loreffzo, Johnston-Lavis, Matteuci. Geography : Professor Porena. Biology : Professor Costa, Delia Valle, Dclpino, Nicolucci, Paladino, Trin- chese ; Signors Balsamo, Berlese, Colosi, Comes, Geremicca, Lucarelli, Mazzarelli, Monticelli, Palma, Pas- quale, Raffaele. LAW. Professors Arcoleo, Bovio, Fadda, Fiore, Emmanuele Gianturco, Lomo- naco, Marghieri, Milone, Miraglia, Na- podano, Pepere, Persico, Pessina, Sca- duto, Viti ; Signors Abignente, Alimena, Amellino, Arangio Ruiz, Betocchi, Biondi, Campese, Cannada-Bartoli, Car- nevale, Ciccaglione, Ciccarelli, Contuzzi, Coviello, De Cillis, Di Maio, De Marinis, Di Martino, De Roberto, Gagliardi, Gargiulo, Girardi, Grippo, Guariglia, Guarracino, Lanza, Lombardi, F. Longo, M. Longo, Manenti, Marino, Masucci, Minutillo, Napodano, Perrone, Petroni, Pisapia, Rubino, Salvia, Scalamandre, Schiappoli, Semmola, Sorgente, Squitti, Summonte, Tuozzi, Varcasia, Vigliarolo. MEDICINE. Professors Albini, Antonelli, Armanni, Bianchi, Boccardi, Cardarelli, Chirone, Corrado, Cozzolino, D'Ambrosio, D'An- tona, De Amicis, De Giaxa, De Martini, De Renzi, De Vincentiis, Frusci, Gal- lozzi, Malerba, Massei.Morisani, Rummo, Schron, Semmola, Vizioli ; Signors Aiello, Ajevoli, Amoroso, Antonelli, Arena, Baculo, Bernabei, Biondi, Bran- caccio, Breglia, Buonomo, Cacciapuoti, Caccioppoli, Cagnetta, Calabrese, Cam- pione, Cantarano, Capozzi, Caruso, Ciar- amelli, Ciccone, Cirincione, Colella, Conca, Costabile, Cotronei, D'Amore, D'Evant, De Bisogno, De Bonis, De Dominicis, De Grazia, De Luca, De Michele, De Paolis, De Sanctis, De Simone, Del Gaizo, Del Vecchio, Di Giacomo, Di Lorenzo, Ducrey, Fal- cone, Fasano, Eugenio Fazio, Ferdi- nando Fazio, Fede, Ferrajolo, Ferran- nini, Ferrara, Folinea, Fornario, Franco, Gauthier, Gianturco, Gioffredi, Greco, ITAL Y. 141 Gregoraci, Guarino, Jacontini, Jappelli, Jennaco, Laccetti, Lauro, Leocata, Lo- bello, Lup6, Magnarapa, Manfredi, Mar- siglia, Masucci, Maturi, Mazziotti, Melle, Meola, Miranda, Moauro, Montefusco, Morano, Morelli, Morra, Ninni, Novi, Oro, Pane, Pianese, Pansini, Paolucci, Parascandolo, Alessandro Pascale, Gio- vanni Pasquale, Patroni, Pecoraro, Pedi- cini, Pellecchia, Penta, Petteruti, Pic- cinino, Piretti, Polignani, Radice, Raf- faele, Reale, Renzone, Ria, Romanelli, Romano, Rubino, Salvati, Salvi, Salvia, Scalese, Scervini, Scibelli, Scotti, Senise, Sgobbo, Sgrosso, Spatuzzi, Spinelli, Squillante, Stanziale, Tamburrini, Te- deschi, Tortora, Traversa, Tria, Vetere, Virgilio, Vitone, Vizioli, Volpe, Zagari, Zuccarelli. PADUA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PADUA. This university, founded in 1222, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- nor . Professors and Lecturers. Languages — Semitic : Signor Lolli. INDO-IRANIAN : Professor Teza. Classical Ferrai, Ercole. Germanic Professors Cortese, E. Gnesotto, Setti ; Signor Professor Baragiola ; Signor Weigelsperg. Romance : Professors Crescini, Flam- ini, Galanti, Medin. Philosophy : Professors Ardigo, Bona- telli, Ferrari, Ragnisco ; Signors Dan- dolo, Morando. History : Professors L. A. Ferrai, Gloria, De Leva, Pinton ; Signors Callegari, Musatti, Raulich. Geography : Professor Pennesi ; Sig- nor Biasiutti. Architecture : Professor Hesse. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors D'Arcais, Bordiga, Favaro, Gazzaniga, Legnazzi, Levi-Civita, Lorenzoni, Padova, Ricci, Salvotti, Veronese ; Signor Chiri. Physics : Professor Vicentini ; Signor Lussana. Chemistry : Professor Nasini ; Signors Anderlini, Carrara, Spica-Marcataio. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Omboni, Panebianco. Geodesy : Signor Miari-Fulcis. Biology : Professors Berlese, Canes- trini, Saccardo ; Signors Arrigoni, Crevatin, Fiori, Tedesch, de Toni. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Brugi, Cavagnari, Ferraris, Franceschini, Landucci, Levi-Catellani, Loria, Polacco, Sacerdoti, Giov. Tamas- sia, Tuozzi ; Signors Armanni, Besta, Castori, Conigliani, Contento, Fedozzi, Leoni, Luzzatti, Monte-Martini, Norsa, Sitta, Dalla Volta. MEDICINE. Professors Bassini, Belmondo, Bo- nome, Breda, Castellino, Cervesato, Chirone, De Giovanni, Gradenigo, In- verardi, Marfori, Salvioli, Schwarz, Sera- fini, Stefani, A. Tamassia, Tricomi, Vla- covich ; Signors Alessio, Bolzoni, Bonuzzi, Borgherini, Bosma, Catterina, Cavazzani, Ceconi, Cordaro, Dalle Ore, Ferrari, Lussana, Maggia, Manca, Mas- salongo, Ovio, Penzo, Querenghi, Righi, Stefani, Tedeschi, Zaniboni. 142 PARMA. PALERMO, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO. This university, founded in 1779, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- nor B. Bruno. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Signor Lagu- mina. Classical : Professor Giri ; Signor Cosentino. Romance : Signors Amico, Di Gre- gorio, Mango, Pipitone. Philosophy : Professors Di Giovanni, History : Professors Columba, Sira- gusa. Archeology : Professor Salinas. Architecture : Professors Almeyda, Basile, Salemi-Pace ; Signors Gem- mellaro, Romano. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Angelitti, Gerbaldi, Guccia, Maisano, Torelli, Venturi ; Signors Albeggiani, Paterno, Soler, Zona. Physics : Professors Caldarera, Maca- luso, Pagliani ; Signors Cantoni, Gebbia. Chemistry : Professot Peratoner ; Sig- nors Leone, Minunni, Oddo. Mineralogy and Geolocy : Professor Gemmellaro. Geography : Professor Richieri ; Sig- nors Battista, Siragusa, Zona. Biology : Professors Borzi, Kleinen- berg ; Signors Lo Jacono, Ross, Ter- racciano Agriculture : Signor Ziino. Hygiene : Signor Leone. Engineering : Professors Caldarera, Capito, Pagliani, Pintacuda, Venturi ; Signors Albeggiani, Cusumano, Geb- bia, Rotigliano. LA IV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Agnetta di Gentile, Cu- sumano, Guarneri, Gugino, Impallomeni, Orlando, Maggiore-Perni, Papa D'Ami- co, Paternostro, Ricca-Salerno, Ricco- bono, Salvioli, Sampolo, Schiattarella ; Signors G. D'Aguanno, De Cola Proto, Di Bernardo, Leto-Silvestri, Li Donni, Longo, Merenda, Pagano, Scherma, Si- ciliano, Alfonso Siragusa, Todaro. MEDICINE. Professors Angelucci, Argento, Cer- vello, Chiarleoni, Giuffre, Manfredi, Marcacci, Marchesano, Mondino, Mon- talti, Monti, Randacio, Rurarao, Sirena, Tansini, Tommasoli ; Signors Acquisto, Ajello, Alessi, Brancaleone, Carini, Caruso-Pecoraro, A. D'Aguanno, De Bono, DeGrazia, Di Blasi, Dotto, Faraci, Ferrannini, Ficano, Fodera, Giglio, Giliberti, Lazzaro, Lipari, Lo Jacono, Mannino, Mirto, Misuraca, Piazza-Mar- tini, Pernice, Bernardo Salemi-Pace, Salomone-Marino, Scardulla, Spallitta, Rosolino Tusa, Salvatore Tusa. PARMA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA. This university, founded in 1422, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- nor Antonio Pigorini. ITAL Y. 143 Professors and Lecturers. SCIENCE. Mathematics: Professors Lavaggi, Ras- chi, Vecchi. Physics : Professor Cardani. Chemistry : Professor Mazzara. Geology : Professor Uzielli. Mineralogy : Signor Simonelli. Biology : Professor Avetta ; Signors Binna, Coggi, Negrini. Architecture: Signors Bartoli, Marini. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Arduini, Bolaffio, Bonfante, Brandileone, Laghi, Laviosa, Malgarini, Perozzi, De Pirro, Redenti, Tommasini, Zanzucchi ; Signors Berenini, Costa, For- nasari, Riccobono, Tartufari. MEDICINE. Professors Ceccherelli, Corona, Cugini, Ferrari, Gallenga, Inzani, Mibelli, Mo- lina, Rattone, Riva, Tenchini, Truzzi, Ughi ; Signors Baistrocchi, Bocchi, Ca- prara, Colucci, Coulliaux, Crosti, Guiz- zetti, Monguidi, Pozzoli, Sacchi, Verdelli, Zoja. PA VIA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA. This university, founded in 1361, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- nor Carlo Felice Restagno. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Canna, Rasi. Germanic : Signor Schiff. Romance : Professors Gorra, Rossi ; Signor Restori. Comparative Philology : Professor Salvioni. Philosophy : Professors Cantoni, Cre- daro ; Signors De Domenicis, Iuvalta, Mantovani. Political Economy : Professor Benini ; Signor Gobbi. HiSTORY : Professors Lazzarini, Merkel ; Signor Romano. Pedagogy : Professor De Dominicis. Archaeology : Professor Mariani. Architecture : Professor Brusotti. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessor Aschieri, Belcredi, Pascal, Platner, Somigliana ; Signors Berzo- lari, Formenti, Pannelli, Vivanti. Physics : Professors Bartoli, Cantone, Formenti; Signors Gerosa, De Marchi. Chemistry : Professor Tullio Brugna- telli ; Signor Purgotti. Mineralogy : Signors Artini, Luigi Brugnatelli. Geology: Professor TaxameMi ; Signors Mariani, Salomon, Tommasi. Geography : Professor Bellio. Biology : Professors Briosi, Maggi, Pa- vesi. LAW. Professors Buzzatti, Cattaneo, Civoli, Del Giudice, Ferrini, Longo, Mariani, Mazzola, Minguzzi, Simoncelli, Vidari ; Signors Eliseo, Majno, Nulli, Vacchelli. MEDICINE. Professors Baldi, Bottini, Falchi, Filo- musi Guelfi, Golgi, Maggi, Mangiagalli, Mazzucchelli, Mouti, Oehl, Orsi, Pavesi, Raggi, Sangalli, Scarenzio, Silva, Sor- mani, Zoia ; Signors Cantu, Clivio, Ferrari, Gorini, Jemoli, Levi, Maggi, Mazza, Pestalozza, Platschik, Rampoldi, Resinelli, Staurenghi, Stefanini, Zam- bianchi. 144 PISA. PERUGIA, Italy. UNIVERSITA LIBERA DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA. This university, founded in 1266, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Vittorio Marini. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Benini. medicine. Professors Adriani, Axenfeld, Batelli, law. Bellucci, Coggi, De Paoli, Madruzza^ Professors Brunamonti, Carusi, Cuturi, Patella, Pisenti, Rossi, Ruata, Salvioni, Innamorati, Miceli, Puviani, Scalvanti, Va'enti ; Signers Agostini, Badaloni, Tarducci ; Signors Giannantoni, Tancetti. Cecchini, Kruch, Zanetti. PISA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PISA. This university, founded in 1343, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Signor Giacomo Enrico Rossetti. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Pacinotti ; Signors Fae, Lauricella, Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Stefanini. Pulle. Chemistry : Professor Tassinari ; Sig- CLASSICAL : Professor Tartara, Zam- nors Antony, Garbasso. baldi ; Signor Nencini. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Romance : Professors Biadene, D'An- D'Achiardi, Canavari, Zaccagna. cona, Flamini. Geography : Professor Sottini ; Signor Comparative Philology : Professor Zaccagna. Pulle. Biology : Professors Arcangeli, Richi- History OF Literature : Signor ardi ; Signors Bonardi, Bottini. Barbi. Philosophy : Professors Jaja, Paoli, law. Rossi, Professors E. Bianchi, Buonamici, History : Professors Crivellucci, Pais ; Calisse, Codacci-Pisanelli, Corsi, Gabba, Signor Lupi. Mortara, Napodano, Pampaloni, Sadun, Political Science : Professor Toniolo. Supino, Vacchelli ; Signors Anzilotti, Archaeology; Professor Ghirardini ; Baisini, Brunetti, Giannini, Lessona, Signor Lupi. Magri, Petrone, Sighele, Tiranti, Zer- Agriculture : Professor Calderini ; boglio. Signor Ristori. medicine. science. Professors Aducco, Ceci, Ducrey, Mathematics: Professors Bertini, L. Fedeli, Fubini, Grazzi, Guarnieri, Maf- Bianchi, Dini, Finzi, Nardi-Dei ; Sig- fucci, Manfredi, Pad, Pinzani, Queirolo, nors Bettazzi, Biagivi, Ciani, Enriquez, Romiti, Sadun, Di Vestea ; Signors Bat- Lazzeri. telli, Bertelli, Burci, D'Abundo, Fra- Physics : Professors Battelli, Maggi, scani, Marchionneschi, Minati, Sonsino. ITAL Y. 145 ROME, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA. This university, founded in 1303, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Teles- foro Daretti. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors Gui- di, Schiaparelli. Indo-Iranian : Professors De Guber- natis, Valenziani. Classical : Professors Cugnoni, Halb- herr, Monaci, Piccolomini, De Rug- giero ; Signors Albini, Levi, Vag- lieri. English : Signor Garlanda. Romance : Projessors Ceci, De Guber- natis, Monaci ; Signors Castagnola, Cesareo, Martini, Salvadori. Comparative Philology : Professor Ceci ; Signor Cima. History of Literature : Signor Zannoni. Philosophy : Professors Barzellotti, La- briola, Turbiglio ; Signors D' Alfonso, Gizzi, Tarozzi. History : Professors Beloch, Labanca, Monticolo, Pigorini ; Signors Can- tarelli, De Sanctis, Tomassetti, Zan- noni. Art and Archeology : Professors Lanciani, Loewy, Pigorini, de Rug- gero ; Signors Vaglieri, Venturi. Architecture : Professors Calderini, Gui, Rosso ; Signor Manfredi. SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Beltrami, Biolcbini, Castelnuovo, Ceradini, Cer- ruti, Cremona, Nagy, Pittarelli, Reina, Tonelli ; Signors Bortolotti, Fano, Di Legge, Sella. Physics : Professors Ascoli, Beltrami, Blaserna, Saviotti ; Signor Banti. Chemistry : Professors Cannizzaro, Giorgis, Paterno di Sessa ; Signors Miolati, Montemartini. Mineralogy: Pro r essor Striiver. Geology : Professors Meli, Portis ; Signors De Angelis, Viola. Geography : Professor Dalla Vedova. Biology : Professors Carruccio, Grassi, Magini, Marro, Pirotta, Sergi ; Sig- nors Brizi, Buscalioni, Carruccio, Colini, Grossi, Kruch, Lanzi, Magini, Marchesini, Mingazzini, Moschen, Te- deschi, Todaro, Vinciguerra. Engineering : Professors Ceradini, Fa- vero, Giorgis, Nazzani, Savrotti. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Galluppi, Galluzzi, Filomusi Guelfi, De Marco, Messedaglia, Meucci, Nocito, Pierantoni, Schupfer, Scialoja, Semeraro ; Signors Brunialti, Caporali, Carusi, Facelli, Ferri, Lessona, Lorini, Manna, Mari, Martini, Orano, Petrone, Racioppi, Salandra, Schanzer, Tangorra, Trincheri, Valenti. MEDICINE. Professors Baccelli, Businelli, Cam- pana, Celli, Colasanti, Durante, d'Urso, Luciani, Marchiafava, Mingazzini, Oc- chini, Pasquali, De Rossi, Rossoni, Sciamanna, Todaro, Toscani, Tommasi- Crudeli, Valenti, Versari ; Signors Alba- nese, Arcangeli, Ascoli, Bastianelli, Bignami, Concetti, Curatulo, D'Anna, De Sanctis, De Semo, Dutto, Faraci, Fermi, Ferraresi, Ferreri, Fortunati, La Torre, Leoni, Lomonaco, Manara, Ma- rocco, Mazzoni, Mingazzini, Padula, Parisotti, Pensuti, Postempski, Rbo, Rossi, Scalzi, Scellingo, Tarulli, Tassi, Versari. 146 ROME. AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME. This school, which was opened in 1S94, has the same general objects as the American School of Classical studies at Athens ; see p. 12S. All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women on the same conditions as to men. Bachelors of Arts of American colleges of good standing and persons who are able to submit satis- factory proof that their studies have been such as to enable them to pursue advanced courses of work at the school may become members. Americans residing or travelling in Italy who are not members of the school may, at the discretion of the directors, be admitted to its privileges. Application for admission should be addressed to Casino dell' Aurora, via Lombardia, Rome, or to Professor Minton War- ren, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. The academic year begins on October 15th and ends on June 1st. No charges are made for tuition. Two fellowships of the value of $600 and one of the value of $500, for the study of Christian Archaeology, are usually awarded in each year on the result of an examination held about the middle of March. They are open to all Bachelors of Arts of universities and colleges in the United States and to other American students of similar attainments. All particulars may be obtained from Professor Minton War- ren, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Director of the school in 1898-99, Professor Tracy Peck, Professor of Latin Language and Literature, Yale University ; Director of the School from 1899 to 1904, Mr. Richard Norton. KAISERLICHE DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. For particulars see p. 129. ECOLE FRANCAISE DE ROME. Similar in organisation to the Ecole Francaise d' Athenes ; see p. 130. Director, M. l'Abbe Duchesne; honorary director, M. Le Blant. ITAL Y. 147 SASSARI, Sardinia. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI. This university, founded in 15^6, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Michele Cossu. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Professor Pinna- medicine. Ferra. Professors Binna, Conti, Fiori, Maz- law. zotto, Nicotra, Patrizi, Pitzorno, Rava, Professors Besto, Bibbiana, Demurtas- Roth, Sclavo, Simula, Traversa, Valente, Zichina, Detlori, De Villa, Manunta- Vincenzi. Manca, Mariotti, Piras, Soro Delitala ; Signors Castiglia, Manca Leoni, Mossa, Pitzolo. SIENA, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SIENA. This university, founded in the 14th century, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Temistocle MOZZANI. Professors and Lecturers. law. bei, Bianchi, Bocci, Cantieri, Falaschi, Professors Ciacci, Civoli, Diena, Gra- Funaioli, Guaita, Gucci, Morisani, Mor- ziani, Leporini, Lessona, Moriani, Pa- purgo, Ottolenghi, Raimondi, Sanqumco, tetta, Rossi, Virgilii, Vitali, Zanichelli ; Spediacci, Tassi ; Signors Bianchi, Bor- Signors Castellari, Falaschi, Giannantoni, doni» Borgiotti, Cattaneo, Colombim, Ottolenghi, Ranelletti, Zdekauer. ^calbi, Gasparnni, Giacommi, Lussano, & Mibelh, Morpurgo, Nanotti, Remedi, medicine. Ruffini, Sanarelli, Scarlini, Tassi. Professors Barbacci, Barduzzi, Berna- TURIN, Italy. REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO. This university, founded in 141 2, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- nor Emilio Lucio. URBINO. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Iran- ian : Professor Pizzi ; Signor Na- zari. Classical : Professors Fraccaroli, Stampini ; Signors Garizio, Val- maggi, Zuretti. Romance: Professors Graf, Renier; Signors Camus, Cian, Gabotto, Gorra. Comparative Philology : Profes.or Pezzi. Philosophy: Professors Bobba, D'Er- cole ; Signors Billia, Zuccante. PoLiTiCALEcoNOMYjjPw^w^Cognetti, De Martiis ; Signors Einaudi, Iannac- cone, Mase-Dari. History : Professor Cipolla ; Signors Garizio, Manfroni, Merkel. Pedagogy : Professor Allievo. Archeology: Professors Ferrero, Rossi; Signor Schiaparelli. Architecture : Professor Ceppi. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Berzolari, D'Ovidio, Jadanza Peano, Segre ; Signors Bettazzi, Guar- ducci, Pieri, Porro, Zanotti-Bianco. Physics : Professors Naccari, Volterra ; Signors Campetti, Garbasso, Rizzo. Chemistry : Professor Fileti ; Signor Ponzio. Mineralogy : Professor Spezia. Geology : Professor Parona ; Signors Sacco, Piolti. Biology : Professors Camerano, Mosso ; Signors Belli, Buscalioni, Giglio-Tos, Rosa, Voglino. Professors Bertolini, Brondi, Brusa, Carle, Castellari, Chironi, Ferroglio, Fusinato, Germano, Mattirolo, Mosca, Nani, Ronga ; Signors Amar, Arno, Bal- lerini-Velio, Brezzo, Cattaneo, Dusi, Frassati, Garelli, Gariazzo, Lombroso, Pasquali, Righini, Tedesclii. MEDICINE. Professors Bizzozero, Bozzolo, Bruno, Carle, Foa, Fusari, Giacosa, Giovannini,. Gradenigo, Lombroso, Angelo Mosso, Pagliani, Perroncito, Reymond, Silva, Tibone ; Signors Bajardi, Belfanti, Bene- dicenti, Bergesio, Bono, Bordoni-Uffre- duzzi, Caponotto, Carbone, Carbonelli, Carrara, Cavallero, Cesaris-Demel, Ciar- toso, Cognetti De-Martiis, Corradi, Dionisio, Ferri, Ferria, Fileti, Gosio, Grandis, Martinotti, Marro, Mo, Motta, Muscatello, Monari, Musso, Naccari, Negro, Oliva, Ottolenghi, Patrizi, Pel- lizzi, Peroni, Pescarolo, Peschel, Rain- eri, Resegotti, Riva-Rocci, Roncoroni, Sacerdotti, Salvioli, Sansoni, Sclavo, Scofone, Secondi, Sperino, Varaglia, Vicarelli, Vinay. URBINO, Italy. LIBERA UNIVERSITA PROVINCIALE. This university, founded in 1671, is under the same regulations as all the universities of Italy, see pp. 132, 133. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Camillo Bardovagni. Professors and Lecturers. Political Science : Signor Vecchiotti- Vanni ; Signors Valenti, Vecchiotti- An- Antaldi. taldi. LAW. Professors Budassi, Dusi, Meriggioli, Mircoli, Fiocchi-Nicolai, Siotto-Pintor, Professor Bedeschi. ITAL Y. 149 NAPLES, Italy. STAZIONE ZO'OLOGICA. This morphological and physiological laboratory, founded in 1872 and arranged for independent research in zoology, botany and physiology, is open to women on the same conditions as to men. Permission to use a table in the laboratory may be obtained, accord- ing to the nationality of the applicant, from the Ministers of Edu- cation of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland; from the Universities of Oxford and Cam- bridge, England; or in the United States from the authorities of the Smithsonian Institute, from the Association for Maintaining an American Women's Table, or from Columbia University. For the student who thus obtains permission the laboratory is open for the whole year free of charge ; private persons who take a table for their own use pay 2,500 francs ($500) per year or fraction of a year. In 1898 an association was formed for maintaining an American Women's table at the station. Permission to use this table is granted by the executive board of the association and pi'eference is given to well qualified women applicants, but if no suitable women present themselves men are eligible in their stead. The appoint- ments are made for a longer or shorter period as may seem expe- dient, and the scholars may be given financial aid if necessary. As many as three scholars may be elected at one time. The applica- tion should be addressed to the Secretary of the Executive Board, Miss Ida H. Hyde, 1 Berkeley Street, Cambridge, Mass., from whom all particulars may be obtained. The remaining members of the Executive Board are : President M. Carey Thomas, chair- man, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. ; Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, treasurer, 1 1 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. ; Miss Florence Cushing, 8 Walnut Street, Boston, Mass. ; Miss Laura D. Gill, 26 Prospect Street, Northampton, Mass. ; Miss Agnes Irwin, Dean of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.; Mrs. John H. Westcott, Princeton, N. J. Director, Professor Anton Dohrn; Assistant Director, Pro- fessor Karl Schonlein. 150 THE NETHERLANDS. THE NETHERLANDS. There are in the Netherlands, in addition to the municipal university of the city of Amsterdam, three state universities — Leyden, Utrecht and Groningen. The state universities are under the supervision of the Minister of the Interior of the Netherlands and the affairs of each are regulated by a Curatorium of five members ; the University of Amsterdam is under the authority of the Common Council {Gemecnte- raad) of the city of Amsterdam. There is also a small free university in Amsterdam with only six professors. The universities provide instruction in Arts, Science, Law, Med- icine and Theology, and give in each of these departments the degree of Doctor. No distinction is made between women and men, women being allowed to matriculate and to take degrees on exactly the same conditions as men. The academic year usually begins in the middle of Sep- tember and extends to the first week of July though the lec- tures close about the middle of June; 200 fl. ($80) a year is charged by the universities for instruction, and whoever pays this sum may matriculate as a regular student. Stu- dents who do not desire to attend more than two courses are exempt from the regular fee, but must pay 30 fl. ($12) a year for each course they attend. In order to be admitted to a university examination the candidate is required to produce a certificate stating that he has passed either the final examination of a gymnasium or an equivalent examination held every year by the state.* Any * In the case of foreigners certain examinations of other countries are considered by law equiva lent to these examinations and are accepted as a sufficient substitute by the universities, as. for in- stance, the final examination of a German gymnasium. THE NETHERLANDS. 151 student who produces such a certificate has a right to take the university examinations whether he has attended the uni- versity or not. The fee to be paid upon taking any exami- nation, except the final one for the degree of doctor, which is free, is 50 fl. ($20). AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands. UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTERDAM. This university, founded in 1632, is under the same regulations as the other universities of the Netherlands; see pp. 150, 151. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor Hector Treub. Professors and Lecturers. 4rts. Biology : Professors Bos, De Vries, Languages.— Semitic : Professor Mat- Weber ; Reader Sluiter. t h es Geography : Professor Kan. Classical: Professors Karsten, Uhlen- Pharmacy : Professor Stoeder. beck ; Docent Beck. LAW AND POLITICAL scince. Germanic : Professors Uhlenbeck, te n , ~ ,. -ir u i t~> w i i n j -c Professors Conrat, Van Hamel, De Winkel ; Docent r'rantzen. „ . •' „ • T -l± m wt tt t> i. Malayan : Docent Forker. ^artog, T Houwl ?f : J ltta ' **• W. F J Tr f h > Philosophy: Professors S V rmtt; Docent Docents Ll0m > Mlser °y> Cohen Stuart - Jelgersma. medicine. History : Professors Rogge, Valeton. Professors Bolk, Da Costa, Guye, J. A. Art and Archeology: Professors Van Korteweg, Kuhn, Pel, Place, Rotgans, den Es, Six. Ruge, Saltet, Stokvis, Straub, H. Treub, science Van Rees, Winkler ; Docetits Bruin, Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Burger, De Leon, van Deventer Graan- jr ~r\ t -ir t \t t> i. boom, Grevers, van Doom, elgersma, fessors D. . Korteweg, Van rescn. A , .' ,-,.. , ', c , ' J & ' Physics : Professors Sissingh, van der Me ?J es ' Rl J nberk > Salomonson, Tilanus. Waals ; Reader Zeeman. theology. Chemistry : Profssors de Bruyn, Gun- Professors Brandt, de Bussy, Chante- ning, Roozeboom, van 't Hoff; Do- p i e de la Saussaye, Cramer, Volter ; cents Boldingh, Cohen, Reicher. Reader Westhoff. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Molengraaff. GRONINGEV, Holland. RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN. This university, founded in 161 4, is under the same regulations as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 150, 151. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor P. G. Wildeboer. 152 LE YDEN. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professors van den Ham, Wildeboer. CLASSICAL : Professors Polak, Speijer. English : Professor Btilbring Germanic : Professors Symons, van H el ten ; Docent Boer. Romance : Professor van Hamel. Comparative Philology : Professor Symons. Philosophy : Professor Heymans. History : Professors Boissevain, Busse- maker. Archaeology : Professors Boissevain, Polak. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors de Boer, Kapteijn, Schoute. Physics : Professor Haga ; Reader Wind. Chemistry : Professors Eijkman, Holle- man. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor van Calker. Biology : Professors Moll, van Ankum. LA IV. Professors Krabbe, Land, Nieuwen- huis, Pet, Reiger ; Docent van der Tuuk. MEDICINE. Professors Fokker, Huizinga, Koch, Kooyker, Middendorp, Mulder, Nijhoff, Reddingius, van Wijhe ; Docents Ran- neft, Schutter, Wiersma ; Reader Kooij. THEOLOGY. Professors van Dijk, Kruyf, Meyboom, Reitsma, van Rhijn, Valeton, Wildeboer, L.EYDEN, Holland. RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. This university, founded in 1575? is under the same regulations as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 150, 151. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor P. J. Costjn. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professors De Goeje, Oort, Tiele. Classical : Professors Bolland, Hart- man, van Leeuwen ; Docent Hesse- ling. Modern Greek : Docent Hesseling. Germanic : Professors ten Brink, Cosijn, Verdam. Romance : Docent de Grave. Japanese : Reader Serrurier. Malayan: Professor de Groot; Reader Klinkert. Javanese : Professor Vreede. Sudanese : Reader Grashuis. Turkish : Reader van Gelder. Chinese : Professor Schlegel. Comparative Philology : Professor Kern. Philosophy : Professor Bolland. History : Professors Blok, Muller. Archaeology : Professor Holwerda. Ethnography : Professor de Groot ; Reader Serrurier. History or Mohammedanism : Reader Van Gelder. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors H. G. van de S. Bakhuyzen, Kluyver, Van Geer ; Docent E. F. van de S. Bakhuyzen. Physics : Professors Lorentz, Onnes ; Docents Molenbroek, Siertsema Chemistry : Professors Franchimont, Van Bemmelen, Wijsman ; Reader Schreinemakers; Docent Stortenbecker. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Martin. THE NETHERLANDS. 15: Biology : Professors Hoffmann, Surin- gar. Pharmacy : Professor Wijsman. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Andreae, Asser, Drucker, Greven, Oppenheim, Tichelaar, Van der Hoeven, Van der Lith, Van der Vlugt. MEDICINE. Professors Einthoven, Koster, Mac- Gillavry, Nolen, Rosenstein, Treub, Van Heukelom, Van Iterson, Veit, Zaaijer ; Docents Dekhuyzen, Nijkamp. THEOLOGY. Professors Eerdmans, Gooszen, Gun- ning, van Manen, Offerhaus, Pijper, Tiele. UTRECHT, Holland. RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. This university, founded in 1636, is under the same regulations as the other Dutch universities ; see pp. 150, 151. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor H. W. Bettink. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic: ProfessorHouts- ma. Classical : Professors Van der Vliet, Van Herwerden. Germanic : Professors Gallee, Kalff ; Docents Hettema, Wirth. Comparative Philology : Professor Gallfie. Philosophy : Professor Freiherr Van der Wyck. History : Professor Kramer ; Do cent Van Gelder. Art and Archaeology : ProfessorYan Herwerden ; Docent Morell. Ethnology : Docent Steinmetz. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors V. A. Julius, Kapteijn, Nyland, de Vries ; Docents Mounier, Snellen. Physics : Professor W. H. Julius. Chemistry : Professors Bettink, Dibbits, Mulder ; Docent Couvee. Mineralogy : Professor Wichmann. Geology : Docent Lorie. Biology : Professors Hubrecht, Went ; Reader Vosmaer. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors De Bourouill, De Louter, Hamaker, Molengraaff, Naber, Pols Simons ; Docents Kooiman, Rijke. MEDICINE. Professors Narath, Pekelharing, Rosen- berg, Snellen, Spronck, Talma, Zraarde- maker ; Readers Brondgeest, Dentz, Van der Meulen ; Docents Boekelman, Gutte- ling, Huysman, Weltering. THEOLOGY. Professors Baljon, Cannegieter, Kleyn, Lamers, Valeton, Van Leeuwen, Van Veen. 154 NOR WA Y. NORWAY. CHRISTIANIA, Norway. KONGELIGE FREDERIKS UNIVERSITET. There is only one university in Norway, that of Christiania,. founded in 1811. Women have been admitted since 1884 to all the courses, degrees, and, where there is no special regulation to the contrary, to the scholarships and prizes- Instruction is given and degrees are conferred in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. The highest degree conferred is that of Doctor. Students that have matriculated at a foreign university are ad- mitted on presenting a certificate of having passed an examination equal in difficulty to that required from candidates from a Norwe- gian gymnasium. Women are admitted to the libraries and laboratories on the same conditions as men. The first semester begins in the middle of January, the second in the beginning of September. All lectures are free. Foreigners pay a matriculation fee of 20 kr. ($5.40) and there are laboratory fees of 12 to 32 kr. ($3.24 to $8.64). Professors and Lecturers. arts. History of Literature : Docent Col- Languages. — Semitic : Professors Blix, ^ n - Seippel Philosophy : Professor Hourly V old. Indo-Iranian : Professors Bugge, History : Professors Daae, J. E. Sars, T orp Gustav Storm. Classical : Professors Schiott, Stener- Geography : Professor Nielsen. sen Art and Archaeology : Professors English : Professor Joh. Storm. Dietrichson, Lieblein, Rygh. Slavonic : Docent Broch. science Germanic : Professors Falk, Friis, Moe. Mathematics : Professors Bjerknes, Romance : Professor Joh. Storm ; Guldberg, Sylow ; Docent Hoist. Docent Loseth. Astronomy and Meteorology : Pro- NOR WA Y. 155 fessors Geelmuyden, Mohn. Physics : Professors Birkeland, Schiotz. Chemistry : Professors Hiortdahl, Waage. Mineralogy and Geology : Professors Brogger, Helland, Vogt. Biology : Professors Collett, Nansen, G. 0. Sars, Wille. Professors Aschehoug, Hagerup, Ing- stad, Morgenstierne, Platou, Stang, Tar- anger ; Docent Gjelsvik. MEDICINE. Professors Boeck, Guldberg, Hjort, Hoist, Johannessen, Laache, Leegaard, Nicolaysen, Poulsson, Schonberg, Strom, Torup, Uchermann ; Docent Hoist. THEOLOGY. Professors Brandrud, Brun, Michelet, Odland, Petersen. 156 RUSSIA. RUSSIA. No account is given here of the numerous Russian univer- sities. Full particulars of the courses and professors may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. All the universities in Russia are now closed to women ; a few grant diplomas to women in Dentistry and Pharmacy. In St. Petersburg there are classes in History, Languages, Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics for the higher educa- tion of women, distinct from the university, but under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction. These are attended by large numbers of women. Foreign subjects who have attended certain courses at a gymnasium for women are admitted as special students with the permission of the Cu- rator. SCOTLAND. See pp. 118-126. SPAIN. 157 SPAIN. The universities in Spain have since 1857 been under the control of the General Director of Public Education. The country is divided, for the purpose of university in- struction, into ten departments : Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Saragossa. The universities consist as a rule of the five faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. They have always been open to women on the same condi- tions as to men, but women have availed themselves in very few cases of the opportunity of studying at the universities. The courses of lectures were arranged in 1857 and have not since been changed. Students have no liberty of choice as to the lectures they attend. The degrees of Bachelor, Li- centiate and Doctor are conferred by each of the faculties. The academic year begins in October. There are no fees for lectures. The matriculation fee is 16 milreis ($17.20). On account of the small number of foreigners attending the Spanish universities, the lists of professors are not given here. They may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 158 SWEDEN. SWEDEN. There are in Sweden two State universities, the universi- ties of Lund and Upsala, each comprising faculties of Philos- ophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology ; the high schools of Gothenburg and Stockholm, the first of which devotes itself to Arts only and the second to Science, and the Medical and Surgical Institute of Stockholm, which is a state institution. In 1870 a royal decree was issued giving to women the right to become regular students and to take degrees in the medical faculties of the State universities on the same condi- tions as men, and in 1873 this right was extended to the faculties of Law and Philosophy. The high schools of Gothenburg and Stockholm were not founded until after 1870, and have from the first been open to women. The faculty of Theology is not yet open to women. In order to be admitted as a student to one of the univer- sities or high schools the candidate must have passed the final examination or mogenhets examen of 'an elementary school. Candidates who have not passed this examination may in some cases become " hearers " in the university courses by special permission of the faculty and the individ- ual professor, but are not permitted to take degrees. The academic year is divided into the autumn semester, be- ginning on September 1st and ending on December 15th; and the spring semester, beginning on January 15th and end- ing on June 15th. The matriculation or registration fee varies from 10 to 12 crowns ($2.70 to $3.24) and a fee of 10 or 20 crowns ($2.70 or $5.40) is paid each semester. All public courses are open SWEDEN. 159 free of charge ; these are sometimes supplemented by private lectures costing from 20 to 40 crowns ($5.40 to $10.80) a semester. There are numerous scholarships and prizes, which, though no special statement is made to the effect, are not in general open to women. The Fredrika-Bremer-Forbundet at Stockholm is an asso- ciation whose object is to be a medium for collecting infor- mation of interest to educated women. The secretary, 54 Drottninggattan, Stockholm, has kindly offered to answer questions in regard to Swedish universities that may be ad- dressed to her by readers of the Handbook. GOTHENBURG, Sweden. GOTEBORGS HOGSKOLA. This school, founded in 1887, consists as yet of the faculty of Arts only, but has power to confer degrees. The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish universities; see pp. 158, 159. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr Eric Bokman. Professors and Lecturers. arts. ROMANCE : Professor Vising ; Docent Languages.— Semitic : Professor Vati.- Mortensen; Reader Avenard. berg. Philosophy : Professor Norstrom ; Do- Classical : Professor Paulson; Docents cent Liljeqvist. Tanzon Wah'in. Political Science: Professor Stavenow; English': Reader Westall. Docent Kjellen. Germanic : Professors Cederschiold, History : Docent Stavenow. Hothausen; Docent Bkkth. Art : Professor Warburg. LUND, Sweden. KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITETET. This university, founded in 1666, comprises faculties of Arts Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same gen- eral regulations as all Swedish universities; see pp. 158, 159. Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Quenner- stedt. i6o STOCKHOLM. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Classical : Professors Al- exanderson, Wide, Zander ; Docenis Linde, Lindskog. English : Docenis Kock, Rodhe ; Reader Harvey. Germanic : Professors Lidforss, So- derwall ; Docents Beckman, Hjelm- qvist,Kjederqvist, Soderberg; Reader Freund. Romance : Professor Wulff ; Reader Philipot. Oriental: Professors Flensburg, Teg- ner ; Docent Zettersteen. Philosophy : Professors Borelius, Le- ander ; Docents Bostrom, Herrlin, Larsson, Stromberg. Political Science: /V^/m^rFahlbeck ; Docent Andersson. History : Professors Fahlbeck, Freiherr v. Schwerin, Weibull ; Docents Stille, Wimarson. Art and Archaeology : Docent Soderberg. /Esthetics and History of Litera- ture : Docents Mortensen, Sylwan, Wrangel. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessojs Bjorling, Charlier, Engstrom ;, Docents Broden, Delin, Moller, Psi- lander, Stromgren, Wiman. Physics : Professor Backlund ; Docents Granqvist, Rydberg. Chemistry : Professor Loven ; Docents Londahl, Wallin. Gkology : Professor Torell ; Docents Hennig, Moberg, Tornqvist. Biology : Professors Bergendal, Berg- gren, Quennerstedt, Thomson, Torell ; Docents Jonsson, Lidforss, Ljungstr5m, Murbeck, Ohlin, Wallengren. Professors J. A. Ask, Bjorling, Graf Hamilton, Kallenberg, Thyren, Winroth; Docents Antell, Broome, Hellner, Li- vijn. MEDICINE. Professors Bendz, Blix, Fiirst, Hilde- brand, Lang, Lindgren, Lowegren, Od- man, Ribbing ; Docents Forssman, Gade- lius, Hedin, Petren, Wadstein. THEOLOGY. Professors Ahnfelt, Eklund, Holm- strom, Johansson, Rosenius ; Docents Hammar, Lundborg, Pfannenstill. STOCKHOLM, Sweden. STOCKHOLMS HOGSKOLA. This school, founded in 1878, consists as yet of a Mathematical and Scientific section only, but it is hoped that it will shortly be en- larged by the addition of a faculty of Law and Political Science. The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish universities; see pp. 159, 159. The matriculation fee is 25 crowns ($6.75) and the fee for lec- tures (which is remitted in the semester in which the matriculation fee is paid) is the same. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Swedish : Professor Ljungstedt. History of Literature : Professor Levertin. Political Science : Professor Leffler. SWEDEN. 161 Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Bendixson, Bohlin, Gylden, Mittag-Leffler, Phragmen ; Docents Kobb, v. Koch. Physics : Professors Arrhenius, Bjerk- nes. Chemistry : Professor Pettersson. Mineralogy and Geology : P, ofessor De Geer ; Docents Backstrom, Ham- berg. Biology: Professors Lagerheim, Leche ; Docents Anderson, Carlgren, af Klercker, Klinckowstr5m. TJPSALiAV, Sweden. KONGL. UNIVERSITETET I UPSALA. This university, founded in 1477, comprises faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same regu- lations as all the Swedish universities; see pp. 158, 159. Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr J. von Bahr. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Alm- kvist. Slavonic : Professor Lundell. Classical : Professors Danielsson, Persson ; Docents Knos, Lagercrantz, Lundstrom, Odelberg. English : Reader Harlock. Germanic : Professors Erdmann, Laf- fler, Noreen ; Docents v. Friesen, Lange, Tamm, Wadstein, Wiklund ; Reader Meyer. Romance: Professor P. A. Geijer ; Docents Linder, Rydberg, Staaft", Wahlund ; Reader Levy-Ullmann. Sanskrit and Comparative Phil- ology: Professor Johansson ; Docent Liden. Philosophy: Professor K. R. Geijer; Docents Bager-Sjogren, Burman, Ed- feldt, Hagerstrom, von Scheele. Political Science : Professor Alin ; Docents Nystrom, Varenius. History : Professor Boethius, Hjarne ; Docents Ahlenius, Clason, Hallendorff, Hildebrand. Art : Professor Schiick ; Docents Kjell- berg, Petrini. Egyptology: Professor Piehl. History of Literature : Docents Levertin, Meyer, Staffen. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Duner, Falk, Hildebrandsson ; Docents Berger, Ericsson, Holmgren Malmborg, Soderberg, Westman. Physics : Professors Angstrom, Lund- quist ; Demonstrator Granqvist ; Do- cents Josephson, Petrini. Chemistry : Professors Cleve, Widman ; Docents Bladin, Langlet, Palmaer. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Hogbom; Docents Holmquist, Munthe, Nordenskjold, Wiman. Biology : Professors Fries, Kjellman, Lundstrom, Tullberg, When ; Docents Aurivillius, Hedlund, Jagerskiold, Johansson, Juel, Lonnberg, Sernander. Geography : Docent Lonborg. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Blomberg, Dahlberg, David- son, Hagstromer, Sjogren, Trygger ; Docents Almen, Eschelsson, Reuter- skiold. MEDICINE. Professors Clason, Elfstrand, Gull- strand, Hammar, Hammarsten, Hen- schen, Lennander, Lindfors, Morner, Nerander, Nordlund,__Petersson, Sund- berg ; Demonstrators Ohrwall, Vestberg ; Docents Bolin, Dahlgren, Floderus, Schuldheis. THEOLOGY. Professors Berggren, Danell, Ekman, Lundstrom, Martin, Quensel, Rudin, Tottie ; Docents Eklund, Kolmodni, Stave. 162 BASLE. SWITZERLAND. There are in Switzerland seven universities — Basle, Berne, Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchatel and Zurich. These are all open to women. At Basle, Berne and Zurich the lan- guage used is German, and the only degree given is that of Doctor, as in German universities. In Geneva, Lausanne and Neuchatel, on the other hand, the language used is French and the degrees are similar to those of French universities, the baccalaureate licence and doctorat. In Fribourg both languages are used, but the university organisation is German. BASLE, Switzerland. UNIVERSITAT BASEL. The university of Basle, consisting of the four faculties of Phil- osophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology, was founded in 1460. Every one wishing to become a regular student must present a certificate of good character and satisfactory testimonials in regard to his previous education and must register (matriculate) both with the rector of the university and with the dean of the faculty in which he is to study. This must be done before the end of the first fort- night of the semester. The fees for matriculation amount to 14 francs ($2. So) and are paid to the pedell. Before the end of the first three weeks of the semester the student must present himself to the quaestor and pay the fees for lectures, and finally must obtain the signatures of the different lecturers in his course book. When leaving the university the student must again present himself to the rector and obtain the Abga?igszeug7iiss. Hearers must be over seventeen years of age and are permitted to attend lectures on paying the fees. The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties except that of Theology, which grants the degree of Licentiate only. SWITZERLAND. 163 Women have been allowed to study in the university since 1890, under certain conditions. In order to be admitted as a regular stu- dent a woman must be of Swiss nationality, or, if a foreigner, must have received her education in the canton of Basle. To be ad- mitted as a hearer to the lectures of the Philosophical faculty she must hold a certificate entitling her to teach in the primary or secondary schools of the canton. Women who satisfy the above requirements have all the privileges of men students as regards the holding of scholarships and the use of libraries, laboratories, museums, etc. The winter semester extends from October 15th to the end of March; the summer semester from April 15th to the end of July. The lecture fees for all lectures which are not free are, in the Theological Faculty, 3 francs ($0.60) a semester for each hour weekly, and in the other faculties 5 francs ($1.00). Laboratory fees are in general 5 francs ($1.00) per hour weekly for the semester. Further information and the VerzeicJiniss der Vorlesungen can be obtained from the pedell, Herr Viktor Hofer. Professors and Lecturers. arts. Art and Archeology : Professors J. Languages.— Semitic : Professor Mez. J- Bernoulli, D. Burckhardt, Dragen- Indo-Iranian : Professor Misteli. £ orff ' Meyer, Wolfflm ; Docent Daniel Classical: Professors Bethe, Groos, Burckhardt. Hagenbach, Misteli, Wackernagel ; science. Docent MUnzer. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- English : Professor Soldan ; Docent fessors Kinkelin, Riggenbach, Von der Binz - Miihll ; Docents Flatt, Hurwitz. Germanic : Professors Koegel, Meyer; Physics . Professors Hagenbach-Bischoff, Docent Trog. Kahlbaum ; Docent Veillon. Romance : Professor Soldan. Chemistry : Professors Kahlbaum, Comparative Philology: Professor Niezki) Piccard . y Docents Fichter) Socin. Kreis, Nienhaus, Osann. Philosophy : Professors Heman, Heuss- MlNERALOGY . Professor Car l Schmidt ; ler, Joel. Docent Kraatz Political Science : Professor Kozak ; Geology . Pr J essor Car i Schmidt ; Do- Docent Geermg. «»* Tobler. History: ^/m^Baumgartner Boos, Bl0L0GY . Frofessors R udo lph Burck- Albert Burckhardt Thommen; Docents hardt Zschokke Docmt Gr i e sbach. Haller, Lugmbuhl, Mez, Schneider. Hygiene : Professors Albrecht Eduard Pedagogy : Professor Heman ; Docent Burckhardt Largiader. 1 64 BERNE. law. Massini, Mellinger, Metzner, Schiess, Professors Karl Chr. Burckhardt, Siebenmanr. >, August Socin, Wille ; Do- Fleiner, Heusler, Speiser, Teichmann, «?* Bun > ^gger, Feer Hosch, Leopold Wieland ; Docents Peter, Stehlin. Rutimeyer, Schwendt, Streckeisen, Wolff. MEDICINE. THEOLOGY. Professors Bumm, Bunge, A. Burck- Professors Bohringer, Bolliger, Borne- hardt, E. Burckhardt, Corning, Cour- mann, Duhm, von Orelli, Overbeck, W. voisier, Dubler, Gonner, Hagenbach- Schmidt, Stahelin ; Docents Bertholet, Burckhardt, Hagler, Hosch, Immer- Bruckner, Goetz, Handmann, Megger, mann, Jaquet, Kauffman, Kollmann, Riggenbach, Vischer, Wernle. BERNE, Switzerland. UNIVERSITAT BERN. The University {Hochschule) of Berne, consisting of the facul- ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and The- ology (Catholic and Protestant), was founded in 1834 anc ^ opened to women in 1874. In 1898-99 the number of women matricu- lated students was 117 and the number of hearers 55. A women docent lectures on Drama in the 19th Century. Every one wishing to enter as a student must be over eighteen years of age, must present a certificate of good character to the rector, and must pay the matriculation fee of 15 francs ($3.00). A woman, in addition, is required to prove that she is independent, or to present a certificate signed by her guardian giving her per- mission to attend the university. A fee of 5 francs ($1.00) paid to the rector at the time of matriculation gives the student permis- sion to use the library. Any one is permitted to attend the lectures as a hearer on buying from the pedell an Auskultanten Karte, costing 20 cents. Regular students and hearers must register with the professors and lecturers whose course they wish to attend, and show their matriculation or auskultanten cards. They are also obliged, under penalty of a fine, to register their addresses with the pedell within the first fortnight of the semester, and to inform him of any subsequent change of address. The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties under slightly varying conditions. The candidate for the degree of Doctor SWITZERLAND. 165 of Philosophy must, as in the German universities, present a satis- factory dissertation and pass an oral examination in three subjects. The winter semester begins on October 15th and the summer semester on April 15th, lasting till August 15th. Lists of lecturers and other official pamphlets may be procured at any bookshop and enquiries may be addressed to the pedell. Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Kurz. Indo-Iranian : Professor Miiller- Hess. Classical : Professors Haag, Praech- ter ; Docent Jahn. English : Professor Miiller-Hess ; Docent Kiinzler. ■ Germanic: Professors Hirzel, Singer, Sutermeister, Vetter, Walzel. Romance : Professors Freymond, Michaud ; Docents Bessire, Gau- chat, Niggli, Thormann. Philosophy : Professor Stein ; Docent Tumarkin. Political Economy : Professor Oncken. History : Professors von Miilinen, Tob- ler, Woker ; Docent Geiser. Art : Professors Auer, Volmar. Architecture : Professor Auer. Pedagogy : Professor Haag. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- fessors Graf, Huber, Ott ; Docents Benteli, Moser. Physics : Professor Forster ; Docents Gruner, Moser. Chemistry : Professors Friedheim, Kos- tanecki, Rossel; Docents Mai, Schaffer, Schmidt, Tambor. Mineralogy : Professor Balzer ; Docent Kissling. Geology and Geography : Professors Baltzer, Bruckner ; Docent Kissling. Biology : Professors Eduard Fischer, Ludwig Fischer, Studer. Hygiene : Professor Girard. LAW Professors Gretener, Hilty, Huber, Lauterburg, Lotmar, Marcusen, Oncken, Reichel, Reichesberg, Rossel, v. Salis, Stooss, Zeerleder ; Docents Kebedgy, Opet, Schmidt, Sieber. MEDICINE. Professors C. Emmert, Girard, Heffter, Jadassohn, Kocher, Kronecker, Lang- hans, Miiller, Pfliiger, Sahli, Stooss, Strasser, Tavel, Tschirch, Valentin, Zim- mermann; Docents Asher, Bueler, Collon, Conrad, Deucher, Dubois, Dumont, Du- toit, Emmert, Howald, Lindt, Liischer, Niehans, Walthard. THEOLOGY. Professors Barth, Blosch, Herzog, Lauterburg, Liidemann, Marti, Michaud, Miiller, Steck, Thurlings, Woker. MUSIC. Docent Hess-Ruetschi. FRIBOURG, Switzerland. UNIVERSITE DE FRIBOURG. The University of Fribourg, founded in 1889, consists of the three faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) , Law and Theol- ogy. Women are not admitted as regular students, but they are 1 66 FRIBOURG. allowed to attend the courses as hearers, and in the faculty of Phil- osophy they may take the same examinations and obtain the same diplomas as men students on the same conditions. The French and German languages are both used, but the uni- versity organisation resembles that of German universities in all essential points. Foreigners are as a general rule admitted, pro- vided they possess the qualifications which would admit them to universities in their own countries. The rector decides all doubtful and exceptional cases. The degree of Doctor is conferred by the Philosophical faculty on candidates who, having studied for three years at a university and having satisfactory testimonials as to character and education, present a dissertation that is approved by the faculty and pass an oral examination in three subjects. The winter semester begins in the middle of October and the summer semester in the middle of April. The fee for the first matriculation is 30 francs ($6.00) and for the second 20 francs ($4.00). Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Physics : Professor von Kowalski. t . .„., . ,-,„,. c^.,^^ r> . n f„..„,. r^\™ Chemistry: Professors Baumhauer, Languages. — Semitic: Professor unm- . -/ J Bistrzycki, Ihomas-Mamert. Classical: Professors Jiithner, Mi- GEOLOGY: Professor de Girard. , J J Geography : Professor Brunhes. Ge'rmanic : Professor Detter. Bi °^y : Professors Arthus, Kathariner, Slavonic : Professor Kallenbach. Westermaier. Romance : Professors Giraud, Mar- law. chot. Professors Bise, Biichel, Clerc, Favre, Philosophy: Professors Baxtijn, Michel. Fietta, Gottofrey, Hauptmann, Jaccoud, Political Science : Professors Biichel, Koschembahr-Lyskowski,Lampert,Lenz, Jaccoud, Ruhland. Oser, Pedrazzini, Perrier, Zycha. History : Professors Biichi, Schniirer, Reinhardt, Steffens ; Docent Holder. theology. Art and Archeology : Professors p ro f essors Beck, Berthier, Coconnier, Hess, Steffens, Zemp. F • Frankenstein, Kirsch, Mandonnet, Pedagogy : Professor Horner. dd Prado Rose> Speiser.Weiss, ZapletaL SCIENCE. Mathematics : Professors Daniels, Lerch. Professor Wagner. SWITZERLAND. 167 GENEVA, Switzerland. UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE. The University of Geneva, founded in 1559, consists of the five faculties of Arts (Lettres), Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. There are now about 170 women students, the majority attending courses in sociology, medicine and natural science. The French language is used and the organisation of the university is similar to that of French universities. Any person over eighteen years of age is admitted as a hearer to all lectures, but not to the hospitals or the practical courses of the Medical faculty. Persons who have obtained the certificat de maturite in one of the sections of the gymnasium of Geneva or who can pi'ove by certificates or diplomas that they have received an education equal in standard to that implied by the certificat de maturite are al- lowed to matriculate as regular students. The faculty in which the student desires to study decides upon the equivalence of the certifi- cates, and the entrance requirements vary considerably in the differ- ent faculties. In some (the department of Social Science, for instance), a knowledge of Greek and Latin is not considered neces- sary ; in others it is essential. The university confers the following degrees : Bachelier es let- tres, es sciences, es sciences medicates, en theologie ; Licencie es lettres, es sciences sociales, en droit, en theologie, Docteur es let- tres, en sociologie, en fihilosofihie, es sciences, en droit, en mede- cine, en theologie ; Diplome de chimiste, Diplome de pharmacien. For the degrees of Bachelier and Licencie the candidate must pass an oral and a written examination, for the degree of Docteur, he must in general pass an oral examination and sustain a thesis. The requirements as to time, etc., vary in the different faculties. In Arts the candidate can enter for the degree of Bachelier on be- ginning his work in the university. To enter for the degree of Licencie he must already hold the baccalaureat and have studied in a university for four semesters after obtaining it. Equivalent 1 68 GENEVA. degrees are in general accepted in place of the baccalanreat or Licence of Geneva. Persons desiring to matriculate as students should apply to M. le secretaire-caissier de V Uttiversite and present their certificates and testimonials to him for the consideration of the faculty. Students and hearers must register during the first fortnight of the semester for each course they desire to attend, and must procure a course book and present it for signature each semester to the rector, the dean of the faculty and the professors whose courses they attend. Women are admitted to all the libraries, reading-rooms and lab- oratories. The laboratories are of two kinds, those in which the students work every day more # or less independently, and those known as rcpetitoires, in which the work is merely complementary to the courses, and which are attended only once weekly for about three hours. The first semester begins on October 15th. The lectures begin on October 22nd and end on March 22nd ; the second semester begins on April 8th and ends on July 15th. A summer course in French language and literature, consisting of about eleven lectures a week, is given from the middle of July to the end of August and a shorter course is given in the first three weeks of October. The fees are : for matriculation, 20 francs ($4.00) ; for course book, 1 franc ($0.20) ; for each hour per week of lecture for the semester, 5 francs ($1.00) ; for exmatriculation, 10 francs ($2.00). There are fees of from 50 francs to 200 francs ($10 to $40) for the different diplomas. Further information may be found in the Reglement de l'Uni- versite de Geneve, and in the Programme des Cours de l'Universite de Geneve, which may be obtained from the secretaire-caissier . Enquiries may be addressed to J\l. le Secretaire-caissier del' Uni- versite. There is an association of women students — the Societe Inter- nationale des Etudiantes de V (Jniversite de Geneve. SWITZERLAND. 169 Professors and Lecturers. Languages. — Semitic : Professor Mon- tet. Indo-Iranian: Professor de Saussure. Classical : Professors Paul Oltra- mare, Nicole, de Saussure ; Docents Courvoisier, Vulliety. English : Docent Roget. Germanic : Professor Emile Redard ; Docent Vogel. Romance : Professors Bouvier, Du- proix, Muret, Ritter ; Docents Bally, Mercier, Paris, Schneegans, Thudi- chum, Vulliety, Zbinden. Comparative Philology : Professors Muret, Wertheimer. Philosophy : Professors Flournoy, Gourd, Adrien Naville ; Docent Bri- quet. Political Science : Professors Favon, Pantaleoni, Wuarin ; Docents de Gi- rard, Wiede,Winiarski. History : Professors Borgeaud, Fazy, Edouard Naville ; Docent Dunant. Pedagogy : Professor Duproix. Art and Archeology : Professors de Crue, Montet, Nicole ; Docent Vul- liety. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Caillier, Galopin, R. Gautier, G. Oltramare ; Docents Fehr, Lyon. Physics : Professors Rilliet, Soret ; Do- cent Dutoit. Chemistry : Professors Graebe, Guye, Monnier, Pictet ; Docents Bonna, Cre- pieux, Kehrmann, Lauch, Riist, Ull- mann, Welt. Mineralogy : Professor Duparc. Geology and Geography : Professors Duparc, Sarasin ; Docent Ritter. Biology : Professors Bedot, Chodat, Laskowski, Monnier, Thuiy, Yung ; Docents Briquet, Fuhrmann, Hoch- reutiner, Rodrigue. Hygiene : Professor Vincent. LAW. Professors Bridel, Brocher, Alfred Gau- tier, Gentet, Gosse, Martin, Moriaud, Rehfous, Roguin ; Docents Combothecra, Dunant, Odier, Sacopoulo. MEDICINE. Professors Brun, Chodat, d'Espine, Eternod, Haltenhoff, Julliard, Martin, Mayor, H. Oltramare, Prevost, Auguste Reverdin, J. Reverdin, Revilliod, Vau- cher, Vincent, Zahn ; Docents Audeoud, Betrix, Beuttner, Bourcart, Braun, Bus- carlet, Cordes, Christiani, Dupraz, Froe- lich, Keser, Kummer, Ladame, Ed. Martin, Megevand, Patru, Ruel, Seig- neux, Thomas, Wyss. THEOLOGY. Professors Balavoine, Chantre, Doret, Frommel, Martin, Montet, Nicole. MUSIC. Docent Roehrich. LAUSANNE, Switzerland. UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE. In 1890 the Academy of Lausanne, founded in 1537, was formed into a university. Women are admitted to this university on exactly the same con- ditions as men. All students who have been matriculated students of any other university and have not been expelled from it are eligible for admission. The degrees given in the different faculties are the licence and doctorat and only matriculated students may obtain degrees. In 170 LA USANNE. the engineering school the dipldme d'ingenieur is given. The time required to obtain the licence is, in general, four years in theology, three in law and two in science or arts. The student is free to arrange his courses as he chooses and is not obliged to complete his work in a specified time. Three kinds of lectures are given : — the cours publics which are free of charge ; the cours universitaires for which the fee is five francs ($1.00) a semester for each hour weekly; and the cours particuliers which are specially arranged for. There is a special fee for laboratory courses. The matriculation fee is 20 francs ($4.00). The winter semester lasts from October 15th to March 25th, the summer semester from April 8th to July 25th. Holiday courses in French and German language and literature are held from July 17th to August 26th. Further information may be obtained from the secretary, M. J.. BONZEN. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Language s — Oriental : Professors Goergens, Spiro. Classical : Professors Baudat, Besan- con, Vallette ; Docents Chatelanat, Delhurbe. English : Professor Maurer ; Reader Neilson. Germanic : Professor Maurer ; Do- cents Stilgebauer, Taverney. Romance : Professors Bonnard, Muret, Renard ; Readers Andr6, Parander. Philosophy : Professor Millioud. History : Professors Maillefer, Renard, Rossier. Art and Archaeology : Docentde Mo- lin. Pedagogy : Professor Guex. Hygiene : Professor Galli-Valerio. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Amstein, Charles Dufour, Joly. Physics : Professors Dapples, Henri Du- four, Mayor, Palaz ; Docents Aniann, Gross. Chemistry : Professors Brelaz, Brunner, Chuard; Docents Dutoit, Kunz-Krause, Pelet, Seiler. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Golliez, Lugeon, Renevier. Biology : Professors Blanc, Jean Du- four, Wilczek; Docents Bieler, Jaccard. Engineering : Professors Chenaud, Gaudard, Grenier, Mayor, Melley. Agriculture : Professor Chuard ; Do- cent Martinet. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Burckhardt, Ennan, Favey, de Felice, Brocher de la Flechere, Gre- nier, Larguier, Pareto, Roguin, Spiro ; Docents Herzen, Jaquemot, Soldan. MEDICINE. Professors Bourget, Bugnion, de Ceren- ville, Combe, Demieville, Dind, Dufour, Herzen, Larguier, Lovventhal, Mahaim, Nicolas, Rabow, Rapin, Roux, Secretan, Stilling, Valerio ; Docents Berdez, Du- four, Eperon, de la Harpe, Muret, Perret, Rossier, Verrey, Vulliet. THEOLOGY. Professors Chapuis, Combe, Dandiran, Emery, Fornerod, Paschoud, Vuilleu- mier ; Doccnt Rapin. SWITZERLAND. 171 NEUCHATEL, Switzerland. ACADEMIE DE NEUCHATEL. This university, founded in 1866, consists of the four faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Theology. Women are admitted as students and hearers on the same conditions as men, and at present about twenty are attending the university courses. The constitu- tion of the university is similar to that of the University of Geneva, and all the details given above (pp. 167, 168) apply, with a few ex- ceptions, to Neuchatel. Students and hearers must be over eighteen years of age. Hearers are not allowed to attend more than ten hours of lectures weekly, and they are not granted any certificate. Entrance examinations are held by all the faculties, but any student holding a certificate equivalent to the certificate of a Swiss or German gymnasium is admitted as a regular student without examination. The first semester begins on October 14th and ends in the middle of March. The second semester begins on April 4th and ends in the middle of July. Students must register on the first day of the semester. From July 10th to September 2nd a holiday course in modern French is. held for foreigners. The fees are: for matriculation, 10 francs ($2.00); for each hour per week of lectures for the winter semester 2.50 francs ($0.50), and for the summer semester 2 francs ($0.40) ; (hearers pay double this sum) ; for the different laboratories, 5 francs to 30 francs ($1.00 to $6.00) for the semester. Prizes of 100 francs ($20) are open for competition to registered students. Further information may be found in the Programme des Cours which can be obtained from the Recteur de V Academie de Neu- chatel. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Germanic : Professor Domeier. Dessoulavy, Le Coultre. Romance : Professors Amici, Dessou- ENGLISH : Professor Nippel ; M. l av y» Le Coultre, Piaget, Warnery ; Swallow. MM. Dubied, Piaget, Ragonod. 172 ZURICH. Comparative Philology : Professor Mineralogy : Professor de Tribolet. Perrochet. Geology and Geography: Professor Philosophy : Professor Murisier. Du Pasquier, Knapp, Schardt. Political Science : Professor Junod. Biology : Professors Beraneck, Chate- HlSTORY: Professor de Chambrier ; MM. lain, Tripet. Diacon, Farny. Hygiene : Professor Chatelain. Art and Archaeology : Professor Wavre ; M. Dessoulavy. _ , _,, ,. * . . x Professors Beguehn, Courvoisier, Jean- science. henry, Meckenstock, Mentha. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Arndt, Hirsch, Isely, Weber. theology. Physics : Professor Weber. Professors DuBois, Dumont, Ladame, Chemistry : Professor Billeter ; MM. Morel, Perrochet, Quartier-la-Tente. Berthoud, Rivier. ZURICH, Switzerland. UNIVERSITAT. The University (Hochschule) of Zurich, founded in 1832, was formally opened to women in 1872 on precisely the same conditions as to men, and women are even permitted to hold professorial chairs. In 189S-99 there were 169 women students, 126 of whom were studying medicine. The university consists of the four facul- ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law and Political Science, Medicine and Theology ; the language used is German and the gen- eral organisation is similar to that of a German university. Inhabitants of Zurich desiring to enter the university must hold the Maturitatszeugniss of a school in the canton ; foreigners must hold certificates equivalent to this, or pass an entrance examination, and must prove that they possess an adequate knowledge of the German language. Students must register in the week before the beginning of the semester, and no student is admitted under eighteen years of age. These regulations apply to hearers as well as to regu- lar students. The degree of Doctor is conferred by each of the faculties under slightly different conditions ; in general the candidate must pass an oral examination and present a satisfactory thesis. There are six libraries open to regular students ; hearers are allowed to use these libraries when introduced by a professor. The semesters begin in the middle of October and the middle of April, and end in March and August respectively. SWITZERLAND. 173 The fees are: for matriculation 12 francs ($2.40), with other fees amounting to 7 francs ($1.40) ; for lectures, 5 francs ($1.00) a semester for each hour weekly; for the Doctor's degree, 310 to 420 francs ($62 to $84). For further information see the Verzeichniss der Vorlesungen and the different Promotions- Ordnungen. Enquiries maybe ad- dressed to the pedell of the university, Herr Ruegger. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — Classical : Professors Bliimner, Hitzig, Kasgi ; Docents Bloch, Schulthess. Indo-Iranian : Professor Ryssel. English : Professor Vetter ; Docent Schirmer. Germanic : Professors Bachmann, Frey, Stiefel ; Docents Betz, Hoff- mann. Romance : Professors Morf, Ulrich ; Docents Gauchat, Morel. Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- ogy : Professor Ksegi. Philosophy : Professors Kym, Meu- mann ; Docents Eleutheropulos, Krey- enbiihl, Willy. History : Professors Dandliker, v. Kno- nau, Oechsli, Schweizer ; Docents Caro, Hane, Heierli. Art and Archeology : Professors Bliimner, Rahn ; Docents Bloch, Brun, Stiickelberg. Pedagogy : Professor Hunziker. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Burkhardt, Meyer, Wolfer ; Docents Gubler, Kraft, Weiler. Physics : Professor Kleiner ; Docent von Wyss. Chemistry : Professor Abeljanz, Wer- ner ; Docents Bischler, Feist, Schall. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors Mayer-Eymar, Grubenmann, Heim. Geography : Pi ofessors Stoll ; Docent Friih. Biology: Professors Dodel, Lang, Schinz ; Docents Hescheler, Heuscher, Kiindig, Martin, Overton, Standfuss. LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Professors Cohn, Herkner, Hitzig, F. Meili, Schneider, Schollenberger, Treich- ler, Vogt, Ziircher ; Docents Goldstein, Wachter. MEDICINE. Professors Billeter, Bleuler, Eich- horst, Felix, v. Frey, Gairie, Goll, Haab, Huguenin, Kronlein, von Mon- akow, Miiller, Ribbert, Ruge, Wyder, Oskar Wyss, Hans von Wyss ; Docents Bernheim, Gustav Brunner, Biihler, Cloetta, Fick, Hitzig, Hober, Huber, Kaufmann, Kreis, Liining, Hans Meyer, Rohrer, Schlatter, Schulthess, Seitz, Sil- berschmidt, Suchannek. THEOLOGY. Professors Christ, Egli, Furrer, Kessel- ring, Ryssel, Schmiedel, von Schulthess- Rechberg ; Docents Kappeler, E. Meili, Riiegg. EIDGENOSSISCHE POLYTECHNISCHE SCHULE. This school, founded in 1855, though under different adminis- tration from the Hochschtrte, has its classes in the same building, and students of one school are at liberty to attend the lectures of 174 ZURICH. the other. The polytechnic school gives instruction in technical work and the applied sciences, engineering, pharmacy, etc. The requirements for entrance, fees, etc., are similar to those of the Hochschule, and women are admitted on the same conditions as men. Application for admission to the courses should be sent in about three weeks before the beginning of the semester. Candi- dates for admission either as regular students or hearers must satisfy the authorities that they have had the necessary preparation, or must pass a preliminary examination in the subjects they desire to study. Enquiries should be addressed to the Direktion des Eidgenos- sischen Polytechnikums in Zurich and should be written in German, French or Italian. There is an association of women students, the Studentinne?i Verein. Professors and Lecturers. ARTS. Languages. — English : Professor Vet- ter. Germanic : Professors Baumgartner, Stiefel ; Docent Saitschick. Romance : Professors Pizzo, Seippel. Philosophy : Professor Stadler. Political Science : Professors Charton, Platter, Roelli ; Docent History : Professors Guilland, Oechsli, Stern. History of War and Tactics : Pro- fessors Affolter, Becker, Rothpletz, Schweizer ; Docent E. Fiedler. Art : Professors Bluntschli, Graf, Rahn. Literature : Docent Saitschik. Pedagogy : Professors Stadler, Zurcki ; Docent Hunziker. SCIENCE. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- fessors Decher, W. Fiedler, Franel, Geiser, Hirsch, Hurwitz, Lacombe, Minkowski, Rudio, Wolfer ; Docents Beyel, E. Fiedler, J. Keller, Kraft, Rebstein, Weilenmann, Weiler. Physics : Professors Pernet, H. F. Weber ; Docents Guye, Kawalki, Kopp, v. Wyss. Chemistry: Professors Bamberger, Bar- bieri, Gnehm, Hartwich, Lorenz, Lunge, Schulze, Treadwell ; Docents Bosshard, Constam, Feist, Grete, Winterstein. Mineralogy : Professor Grubenmann. Geology : Professor Heim. Biology : Professors C. Keller, Lang, Rotb ; Docents Heuscher , Martin, Stand- fuss. Botany : Professors Cramer, Schroter. Geography : Professor Guilland ; Do- cent Friih. Hygiene : Professor Roth. Engineering and Architecture : Pro- fessors Becker, Decher, Escher, Flieg- ner, Gerlich, Herzog, Lasius, L5hle, E. Meyer, Prasil, Recordon, Ritter, Stodola, Tetmajer, Tobler, A Weber, Wyssling, K. Zschokke, Zwicky ; Do- cents Denzler, Gentilli, Kraft, Messer- schnitt, Nachtweh. Agriculture : Professors Bourgeois, Biihler, Engler, Felber, Kramer, Nowacki ; Docents Baechler, Bosshard, Burri, Grete, Krauer, Mertens, Stebler. THE MEANING OF EDUCATION WITH OTHER ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES BY NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER Columbia University Cloth. 12mo. SI.OO HAMILTON W. MABIE "I do not recall any recent discussion of educational questions which has seemed to me so adequate in knowledge and so full of genuine insight." REVIEW OF REVIEWS ' ' We are sure that the teachers of the country will be glad to have these articles and addresses brought together in a single volume. On all that pertains to the science of education no writer more readily commands assent than Dr. Butler. ' ' HARTFORD POST "The book is an extremely sensible and practical contribution to its subject, and should be well received both for its merits and timeliness of topic." Vol. I. Vol. II. Vol. III. Vol. IV. Vol. V. Vol. VI. PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE TRANSLATED WITH A COMMENTARY BY J. G. FRAZER, M.A., LL.D. (Glasgow) Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge Price, in set only, S30.00 net Introduction. Translation. Critical Notes on the Greek Text. Commentary on Book 1. (Attica.) Commentary on Books II. -V. (Argolis, Laconia, Messenia, Elis I.) Commentary on Books VI. -VIII. (Elis II., Achaia, Arcadia.) Commentary on Books IX., X. (Bceotia, Phocis.) Addenda. Indices. Maps. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue New York City The Development of English Thought A STUDY IN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY By SIMON N. PATTEN Professor of Political Economy, University of Pennsylvania Cloth Extra, Crown 8vo. S3.00 THE CHURCHMAN " Full of interest and suggestion, usually clearly and often cleverly written, at once an evidence of and an incitement to thought." CHICAGO TRIBUNE "What is, perhaps, most remarkable about the general treatment of the subject is the breadth of view kept in mind, the writer having constant regard to the higher moral, religious, and intellectual aspects of English life quite as much as its more material characteristics." The German Universities THEIR CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT By FRIEDRICH PAULSEN Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogy in the University of Berlin Translated with the sanction of the Author by Edward Delavan Perry, Professor in Columbia College, New York, with an Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00 " A book which will be found extremely useful by all Americans who are inter- ested in the higher education." — The Sun, New York. " An instructive and entertaining review of the character and development of the German universities written by a professor of the University of Berlin. It will be found of great value to educators and all those interested in educational matters." — Troy Times. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue New York City M % 1899 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 654 111 1