Class, 
 
 Book tl 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 
WEBSTER'S 
 
 NEW STANDARD 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
PLATE III. 
 
LAIRD & LEE'S 
 
 WEBSTER'S NEW STANDARD 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 ^OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
 Adapted for High School, Academic and Collegiate Grades. 
 
 COMPRISING HUNDREDS OF NEW WORDS, DEFINITIONS, 
 PRONUNCIATION, SYNONYMS, ETYMOLOGY 
 
 WITH SPECIAL ADDENDA 
 
 (Technical and scientific terms, many appearing the first time in a School Dictionary .) 
 
 English Word-building, Rules in Orthography, Abbreviations, Special Encyclopedic 
 
 Departments : Dictionary of Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Hebrew, Hindu, Persian, 
 
 Teutonic and Norse Mythology, Classical, Biblical and Historical 
 
 Names, with Pronunciation, Foreign Phrases, Biographical, 
 
 Geographical, Musical, Legal, Medical and Botanical 
 
 Terms, Dictionary of English Rhymes, Metric 
 
 System with Conversion Tables and 
 
 Proofreading 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 E. T. ROE, LL. B. 
 
 WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF PROMINENT SPECIALISTS 
 
 Over 900 Dlustrations — 24 Full-page Plates, 6 Colored — 840 Pages 
 
 Awarded Gold Medals at leading World's Expositions. 
 
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 CLASS Ok~ XXc No. 
 _ COPY A. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1903, 
 
 By William H. Lee, 
 
 in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Copyright, 1904, by William H. Lee 
 Copyright, 1905, by William H. Lee 
 Copyright, 1907, by William H. Lee 
 Copyright, 1908, by William H. Leb 
 
 Entered at Stationers's Hall 
 London, England 
 
 Depose au Ministere de PInterieur et a. la 
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 [all rights reserved] 
 
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 of the text matter, and also each of the full- 
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 Any infringement of our rights will be vig- 
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INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Webster's New Standard Dictionary has been prepared with 
 a view of producing in a compact form a lexicon that will meet every 
 modern requirement. 
 
 The wonderful development of this country, the acquisition of 
 foreign territory, and the marvelous discoveries in science and in the 
 arts, have greatly enlarged the vocabulary of the English language, 
 almost rendering obsolete many of the dictionaries now in use. 
 Webster's New Standard Dictionary contains hundreds of these 
 new words now appearing for the first time in a lexicon. 
 
 The diacritical markings in this work will be found simple and 
 practical, the key to the pronunciation being given at the foot of each 
 page. These markings are based upon Webster's original system, now 
 invariably recognized as the standard in all schools and colleges, but 
 modified to meet the requirements of modern lexicography. For a more 
 extended explanation, see "The Evolutions of Diacritical Markings" 
 Page VII. A list of the principal different spellings represented by 
 each' diacritical mark is given on Page X. 
 
 The etymologies are comprehensive and accurate, conforming 
 to the latest discoveries in philological research. An elective method 
 has been adopted in the definitions, a synonym being used in certain 
 cases (as short for brief), while in other instances a concise but 
 complete definition is used. Synonyms have been added wherever it 
 has been possible to introduce them. 
 
 iii 
 
The present participle, past participle and imperfect tense of 
 verbs, the plural of nouns and comparative and superlative degrees 
 of adjectives are given, except where formed regularly according to the 
 simple and well known rules of grammar. Words which invariably 
 commence with a capital, appear with capital initials wherever found 
 in the book. 
 
 When a word represents several parts of speech, Roman figures 
 are used for separating them; Arabic figures precede the several 
 meanings. 
 
 The Encyclopedic Features will prove especially valuable to all 
 students and educators. No similar work published in this country 
 contains so many special features, including Musical, Geographi- 
 cal, Historical, Biblical, Classical, Biographical, Legal, Medical and 
 Mythological Dictionaries, giving not only the classical Greek and 
 Roman Divinities but also Hebrew, Egyptian, Persian, Hindu, Teu- 
 tonic Heroes, Deities and other Legendary Characters. Also de- 
 partments of Foreign Phrases, English Word Building and Scientific 
 Etymology, Prefixes, Suffixes and Stems, Rules in Orthography, 
 Metric System and Proofreading. 
 
 The illustrations are encyclopedic in character and appear in di- 
 rect connection with the words and their correct definitions. The 
 many full-page colored plates constitute a feature not even found in 
 the large cumbersome lexicons. 
 
 Webster's New Standard Dictionary will meet all the needs of 
 High Schools, Colleges and Universities, supplying also the demand* 
 of the Library, Home and Office. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introductory, -ill 
 
 List of full-page plates, - - - - - - - vi 
 
 The Evolution of Diacritical Markings, - - vii 
 
 Key to Pronunciation, ------- x 
 
 Principal Signs Used in Writing and Typography, xi 
 
 Abbreviations used in this volume, _ - - - - xii 
 
 Dictionary of the English Language, 9 
 
 Addenda, 695 
 
 Dictionary of Biography, - - # - - - 705 
 Dictionary of Geography, - - - - - -725 
 
 Dictionary of Botany, - - - - - - - 741 
 
 Dictionary of Musical Terms, ------ 757 
 
 Dictionary of Legal Terms, - - - - " - - 763 
 
 Dictionary of Medical Words and Symbols, - - - 771 
 
 Dictionary of Mythology, ------ 779 
 
 Biblical, Classical, Historical, and Mythological Names, - 791 
 
 Dictionary of Rhymes, - - - - - - 798 
 
 Foreign Phrases, -- 808 
 
 English Word- Building (Scientific Etymology), - - - 815 
 
 Rules in Orthography, - 822 
 
 Current Abbreviations, ------- 823 
 
 Metric System, with Conversion Tables, - 828 
 
 Proof-reading, - ' - - 830 
 
 Many special words not found in body 
 of dictionary are given in the vocabularies 
 commencing with page 695. 
 
Index to Full Page Plates 
 
 State Seals, „ inside front covefr 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 Architecture, ....•••. opp. page 34 
 35 
 
 Polychromatic Scale, ,».... " " 101 
 
 Columns, ........ " " 104 
 
 " .''",.- \ " " 107 
 
 Constellations of Northern and Southern Hemispheres, . ** " 142 
 
 Mathematical and Geometrical Planes and Angles, . " " 145 
 
 Laces, ". " 300 
 
 '' .... o ... . " " 30I 
 
 Organs and Parts of the Human Body, . it ' it ^2 
 
 Bones of the Human Body and Muscles of the Head, . " " 535 
 
 Characters and Symbols used in the Arts and Sciences, . " " 702 
 
 Draftsmen's Electrical Symbols, . . „ . . " " 705 
 
 State Seals, . . , . # . . opp. inside back cover 
 
 ' - . inside back cover 
 
 (COLORED) 
 
 Colors, primary, complementary, etc. ) 
 
 c f . . . opp. page 100 
 
 Sun spectrum, etc. ... J . 
 
 F1 ags, " «« 198 
 
 " " 199 
 
 Map, U. S., territorial growth, ..... '« 4< 328 
 
 NOTE — The Library Edition contains five colored plates in addition 
 to the above, 
 
 vi 
 
The Evolution of Diacritical Markings, 
 
 A leading feature of Webster's New Standard Dictionary 
 is its simple and accurate method of indicating the pronunciation. 
 
 The confusing array of diacritical marks employed by other lexi- 
 cons does not permit of a clear comprehension of the sound of a 
 letter indicated by a particular marking. For instance, the mark 
 (*), known as the broad, or circumflex, is used to indicate both the 
 sound of medial a, or long a modified byr, as heard in fare, bear, their, 
 heir, and that of broad a heard in storm. But the confusion does not 
 end here. Not only are these two different sounds of the letter a in- 
 dicated by this one mark, but another mark (. .) is also used to indicate 
 one of these sounds — that of broad a, as in warm, the result being that 
 the mind becomes confused by this indiscriminate use of the same dia- 
 critical mark to indicate different sounds of the same letter and the use 
 of different marks to indicate the same sound. Besides this compli- 
 cated method of marking there is an entire lack of system in the list of 
 marks used. For example, the mark (~) , called tilde, is placed over the 
 letter e to indicate the sound of that letter heard in fern, while an en- 
 tirely different mark (a.) is placed over u to indicate the similar sound 
 heard in burn. And this confusing lack of uniformity and consist- 
 ency is found throughout the entire set of markings. It is the expe- 
 rience of teachers generally, that this faulty system in the markings 
 makes it almost impossible to fix in the minds of pupils the correct 
 pronunciation of words and syllables. 
 
 Webster's New Standard Dictionary avoids this confusion 
 and uncertainty by the use of a simple, uniform system of marking/ 
 
 vii 
 
The ones selected are for the most part those adopted by Web- 
 ster, which have long been used in thic country and become familiar 
 to students in the public schools and to the American people generally. 
 The exceptions are only those considered necessary to conform to 
 the modern standard of philology. In this lexicon the same sounds are 
 always represented by the same marks and letters, no matter how varied 
 their actual spelling in the language, or whether the sound is prolonged 
 by accentuation or not. Thus the sound of broad a, heard in fall, is 
 always represented by (. .), as in warm (warm), storm (starm), and 
 long a as in able and preface is marked (a) long, /in ice and idea 
 marked (I) long, etc. The precise sound of every syllable, whethei 
 accented or unaccented, is always clearly and exactly indicated. 
 
 The sound of a in ask is distinguished from the sound of the 
 same letter in soda, the former being represented by a, and the latter 
 by a. The omission of these nice distinctions of the vowel sounds 
 by other lexicographers, the lack of systematized diacritical markings, 
 and the use of different symbols to indicate the same sounds, have 
 added to the difficulty of conveying a correct idea of the pronunciation 
 of words. 
 
 In Webster's New Standard Dictionary, every vowel sound 
 but the short one has a distinctive diacritical mark to represent it. 
 The fact that a vowel is unmarked indicates that its sound is short 
 All other vowel sounds being marked it is entirely unnecessary to in- 
 dicate the short sound. Every consonant used in the respelling foi 
 pronunciation always has its own peculiar unvarying sound, none be- 
 ing employed that has more than one sound, with the exception of g, 
 which always indicates its hard sound, heard in go. The sound of 
 th as in thick is represented by common Roman letters, while italics 
 indicate the sound as in the. 
 
 The superabundant diacritical marks appearing in most modern 
 dictionaries, making their pronunciation schemes practically unin- 
 telligibie, are the result of the neglect on the part of the editors of 
 these dictionaries to discontinue the use of certain marks when the 
 
reason for their employment no longer existed. When Webster'* 
 first dictionary was published, the plan of indicating the pronu^ Nation 
 of words by respelling them phonetically was not adopted by him. 
 Hence every sound of a letter had to be indicated by a particular 
 mark placed over or under the letter or letters that represented it in 
 the words of the vocabulary. Thus it was that as many as three 
 distinct signs had to be used in his dictionary to indicate the vowel 
 sound heard in wolf; a dot ( . ) was placed under the o ; to indicate 
 the same sound in the word wood, a breve (— ) was placed over the 
 two o's ; and to indicate the same sound in the word pull, a dot ( . ) 
 was placed under the u. When the modern system of indicating the 
 pronunciation by phonetic respelling was introduced, the necessity for 
 using more than one mark to indicate one sound was obviated. The 
 same mark could now be used in each of the three cases. But in- 
 stead of availing themselves of this fact, the editors of many of the 
 modern dictionaries have gone right along perpetuating this old 
 confusing multiplicity of marks for the same sounds. 
 
 Thus in respelling for pronunciation the word wolf they print it 
 wulf; in respelling the word wood, they print it wood; and in respell- 
 ing the word pull, they print it pul. Thus they unnecessarily use two 
 characters to indicate one sound. Webster's New Standard Dic- 
 tionary indicates these pronunciations as follows: wolf — wod — poL 
 
 The same system is followed in the sound of o as in move. The 
 sound of this vowel in move is the same as the sound of u in rude, 
 but in the dictionaries referred to it is indicated as follows: moov and 
 rud. In Webster's New Standard Dictionary the one marking 
 indicates the one so^rd in both words as follows: mov and rod. 
 
 The vowel sound in the penults of believe, adequate, aggregate, 
 etc., has been marked (e or e) long since the introduction of diacritical 
 markings. Webster's New Standard Dictionary is the first to 
 indicate it as short, conforming to the actual pronunciation. 
 
 This lexicon employs only such marks as are necessary to repie- 
 sent the correct pronunciation of all the words in the English language 
 
 iz 
 
Key to the Pronunciation 
 
 a Indicates the sound heard In pale, paid, freight, prey, great. 
 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 
 ft 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 e 
 e 
 e 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 6 
 o 
 6 
 9 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 ol 
 
 ow 
 
 hat, pad, fan, shall, 
 task, trance, clasp, shaft, glass. 
 far, alms, father, half, laugh, ah. 
 fall, talk, author, awe, fought, form, 
 fare, hair, hear, their, where, 
 above, diamond, sofa, templar. 
 
 me, machine, meat, sweet, bier. 
 met, equiy, bury, terrible, 
 her, earn, bird, firm. 
 
 mite, mine, my, might, height, 
 mit, abyss, division, enmity. 
 
 go, hold, coal, snow, tableau. 
 hot, comma, folly, was, what, 
 move, too, food, rule, rude, 
 wolf, woman, book, would, pull. 
 
 mute, stew, your, union, mature, 
 hut, sun, hurry, rustic, onion, 
 burn, furl, cur, world. 
 
 oil, voice, boy, oyster, 
 how, town, thou, found. 
 
 th " 
 
 th 
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 8 " 
 
 Z « 
 
 eh " 
 
 of th " thin, through, wealth, breath. 
 
 of th " then, thou, breathe, soothe. 
 
 of g " go, dog-, longer, bigger, 
 
 of g " ginger, longitude, hedge, 
 
 heard " sense, loose, stay, force, acid. 
 
 •« «' zeal, lazy, easy, clothes, suffice. 
 
 " " closure, cohesion, grazier, mirage. 
 
 " " loch, Bach. 
 
Principal Signs used in Writing and 
 Typography 
 
 LIST OF DIACRITICAL MARKS 
 
 Macron ( — ) as in ate. 
 
 Two dots (commonly called Dieresis) (..) as in/ah 
 
 Single dot ( . ) as in ask, or as in above. 
 
 Tilde or wave ( ~ ) as in burn. 
 
 Broad or Circumflex (commonly called caret) (a.) as in fare* 
 
 f Comma. 
 
 : Colon. 
 
 ; Semicolon. 
 
 . Period. 
 
 ? Interrogation. 
 
 ! Exclamation. 
 
 Apostrophe. 
 - Hyphen. 
 
 Accent. 
 * Section. 
 | Parallels. 
 I Paragraph. 
 
 PUNCTUATION 
 
 u " Quotation Marks. 
 ( ) Parenthesis. 
 [ ] 1 Brackets or Crotchets, 
 i Brace. 
 
 * Caret. 
 _ Dash. 
 *** Ellipsis. 
 * Asterisk, 
 t Dagger or Obelisk. 
 I Double Dagger. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY 
 
 a , adjective 
 
 dbbr. , abbrev abbreviated 
 
 aclv adverb 
 
 alg algebra 
 
 Am American 
 
 Ar Arabic 
 
 arch architecture 
 
 art article 
 
 A.S Anglo-Saxon 
 
 astr , astron astronomy 
 
 Beng Bengalese 
 
 Bohem -.. Bohemian 
 
 bot botany 
 
 Braz Brazilian 
 
 Bret Breton 
 
 Canad Canadian 
 
 cap capital initial 
 
 Celt Celtic 
 
 cf compare 
 
 Chat Chaldean 
 
 chem chemistry 
 
 Chin Chinese 
 
 cog cognate 
 
 colloq colloquial 
 
 comp comparative 
 
 conj conjunction 
 
 contr contraction 
 
 corrup corruption 
 
 Dan Danish 
 
 dim diminutive 
 
 But, D Dutch 
 
 E. , Eng., Engl English 
 
 esp especially 
 
 ety., etym., etymol etymology 
 
 fern feminine 
 
 Flem Flemish 
 
 fort fortification 
 
 Fr .French 
 
 freq frequentative. 
 
 fut future 
 
 Gael..' ,.. Gaelic 
 
 gen genitive 
 
 geol geology 
 
 geom geometry 
 
 Ger ." German 
 
 Goth Gothic 
 
 Gr Greek 
 
 gram grammar 
 
 H high 
 
 Heb Hebrew 
 
 her heraldry 
 
 Hind Hindoostau 
 
 /., It., Ital Italian 
 
 Ice., Icel Icelandish 
 
 imp imperfect 
 
 ind indicative 
 
 indef indefinite 
 
 int.,interj interjection 
 
 Ir Irish 
 
 irreg. irregular 
 
 Jap Japanese 
 
 L Latin 
 
 L.Q Low German 
 
 lit ^., ,,,,,,.» literally 
 
 L.L Late Latin 
 
 math mathematics 
 
 M middle 
 
 mech mechanics 
 
 med medicine 
 
 Mex Mexican 
 
 mil military 
 
 mus music 
 
 myth mythology 
 
 n noun 
 
 naut nautical 
 
 neut neuter 
 
 iV. L. New Latin (indicating a modern 
 scientic term) 
 
 Norm . Norman 
 
 Norw Norwegian 
 
 O old 
 
 obs obsolete 
 
 opp opposed 
 
 p , past 
 
 p. a., p. adj participle adjective 
 
 pa. t past tense 
 
 perh perhaps 
 
 pers .- person 
 
 Pers Persian 
 
 Peruv Peruvian 
 
 Pg., Port Portuguese 
 
 phil philosophy 
 
 phot photography 
 
 phys physiology 
 
 pi plural 
 
 Pol o Polish 
 
 pre/ prefix 
 
 prep preposition 
 
 pres present 
 
 prob probably 
 
 pron , pronoun 
 
 prov .• provincial 
 
 pr.p present particle 
 
 rhet rhetoric 
 
 Bom Roman 
 
 Buss *: Russian 
 
 S. A South American 
 
 Sans., Skt Sanskrit 
 
 Scand Scandinavian 
 
 Sc.,Scot Scotch 
 
 sing singular 
 
 Sp Spanish 
 
 superl , superlative 
 
 Sw ..Swedish 
 
 Syn synonyms 
 
 Syr Syrian 
 
 Teut Teutonic 
 
 theol theology 
 
 Tib Tibe tian 
 
 Turk Turkish 
 
 v verb 
 
 vi verb intransitive 
 
 vt verb transitive 
 
 W., Wei Welsh 
 
 zool zoology 
 
 .signifies "derived from.' 
 
 xil 
 
m 
 
 DICTIONAHY 
 
 — — -- OFThiE — 
 
 ENGM^ H tAN GC,AGE 
 
 I 
 
 abet 
 
 out, to. 
 
 a (a), n. First letter in the Eng- 
 lish and many other alphabets. 
 a (a), indef. art. One, any, every 
 Used for an before words begin- 
 ning with a consonant or h 
 sound. [A. S. ane, one.] 
 
 &- prefix. I. As an Anglo-Saxon prefix, a 
 signifies: at from, in, of % 
 II. As a prefix to Latin 
 and Greek words, a repre- 
 sents: 1. L. ab-. 2. L. 
 ad-. 3. L. ex-, as in abash, 
 amend. 4. Gr. a- (before 
 a vowel an-), a negative, 
 known as alpha privative.. 
 
 ab- prefix. Away, off, from, 
 as absolve, a&dicate, ab- 
 rade. [L. a, ab, abs.] 
 
 abaca (ab-a'ka), n. Native 
 name for the Manila 
 hemp plant and Its fiber. 
 
 abacb(a-bak'),a^. Pressed 
 backward against the mast by 
 wind.— Taken aback, surprised. 
 
 abacas (ab'a-kus), n. 1. Level tablet 
 crowning the capi- 
 tal of a column. 2. 
 Device for counting. 
 The cut shows the 
 sum 560,349. [L.— 
 Gr. abax.) 
 
 abaft (abaft'), adv. 
 and prep. On hind 
 part of ship; befeind. 
 [A. S.-a, by, aft.] 
 
 abandon f a-ban'dun), vt. Give up ; 
 forsake. — \ibaiidoiied, a. 1. De- 
 serted; given up. 2. Wholly given 
 up to vice; hopelessly depraved.— 
 aban'donedly, adv. — abandon- 
 ment, n. [Fr.— a bandon,&t liberty.] 
 Syn. Desert; relinquish; renounce; 
 forsake; forego; surrender; leave. 
 
 abase (a-bas'), vt. Humble; degrade; 
 debase.— abase'ment, n. 
 
 Syn. Disgrace j reduce; humiliate; 
 dishonor; lower; depress j demean. 
 
 f II 
 
 t 
 
 
 # i i 
 
 
 Chinese Abacus. 
 
 abash (a bash'), vt. Confuse with the 
 feeling of inferiority or guilt. [O. Fr. 
 esoahir. Fr. ebahir, astonish.] 
 Syn. Shame; disconcert; confuse. 
 
 abate (a-baf), vt. and vi. Lessen; end. — 
 abate'ment, n. [O. Fr. abatre, cut.] 
 Syn. Deduct; remit; subside* 
 
 abatis, abattis (ab'a-tis),w. Rampart 
 of tives felled and laid side by side. 
 See fortification. [Fr.] [house. [Fr.] 
 
 abbatoia* (a-ba-twar'), n. Slaughter- 
 abba (ab'a), n. Father. [Chal. and Syr.] 
 
 abbacy (ab'a-si), n. Office of an abbot. 
 
 abbe(a-ba'), h. Fr term for abbot, of ten 
 used as a mere honorary title for an 
 ecclesiastic devoted to literature. 
 
 abbess (ab'es), n. Lady superior of a 
 nunnery. [O. Fv.fem. of abbas, abbot.] 
 
 abbey (ab'e), n. 1. 
 Monastery or nun- 
 nery under an ab- 
 bot or abbess. 2.' 
 Church attached to it. m 
 
 abbot (ab'ut), n. Su- 
 perior of an abbey. 
 [L. abbas— Syr. abba, 
 father.] 
 
 abbreviate (ab-brg'vi-at), vt. Abridge; 
 shorten.— abbre via' tion, n. Short- 
 ening ; part of a word for the whole. 
 
 abdicate(ab'di-kat), vt. andvi. Give up 
 (a high office or right); renounce.— 
 abdication, n. IL.—dico, proclaim.] 
 Syn. Relinquish ; vacate ; resign. 
 
 abdomen (ab-do'men) , n. Part of body 
 between thorax and pelvis. [L.] 
 
 abduct (ab-dukf), vt. Carry away, 
 esp. furtively or by force; kidnap.— 
 abduction, n.-abduct'or, n. 1. 
 One guilty of abduction. 2. A muscle 
 that draws away. [L.— duco, lead.] 
 
 abed (a-bed'), adv. In bed; on the bed. 
 
 aberration (ab-er-ra'shun), n. l. Wan- 
 dering from the right path. 2. Men- 
 tal derangement. [L.—erro, wander.] 
 
 abet (a-bef), vt. [abet'ting; abet'ted] 
 Incite by encouragement or aid 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woifj 
 • mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 For words not found in the body of the book see special departments. 
 
abeyance 
 
 io 
 
 abscond 
 
 (used chiefly in a bad sense). — abet'- 
 ment. n. — abetter, abettor (a- 
 
 bet'ur), n. [O. Fr. abeter—a, to, and 
 beter, bait.] 
 abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. State of sus- 
 
 Jension; dormancy; expectation. [Fr. 
 ■ to, and bayer, gape in expectation.] 
 
 abhor (ab har'), v t. [abhor'ring ; abhor- 
 red'.] Regard with extreme repug- 
 nance; loathe; abominate. — abhor '- 
 rence, n. — abhor'rent, a. [L. ab, 
 from, and horreo, shrink.] 
 
 abide (a-bid'), v. [abiding; abode'] I. 
 vt. 1. Bide or wait for. 2. Endure; 
 tolerate. II. vi. Continue; dwell, 
 stay.— abiding, a. continuing ; per- 
 manent ; durable. [A. S. abidan — a, 
 to, and bidan, wait.] 
 
 ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. abilities.] 
 1. Power.' 2. Faculty. [See able.] 
 Syn. Skill; talent; capacity. 
 
 abject (ab'jekt), a. Mean; base; des- 
 picable ; contemptible. — abjection 
 (ab-jek'shun), ab'jeetness, n. Mean 
 or low state; baseness.— abjectly, 
 adv. [L. abjectus, cast away— ab, away, 
 and jacio, throw.] 
 
 abjure (ab-jor'), vt. Renounce so- 
 lemnly or on oath. — abjuration 
 (ab-jbr-a'shun), n. [L. ab, off, and 
 juro, swear.] [on fire. 
 
 ablaze (a-blaz'), a. & adv. In a blaze; 
 
 able (a'bl), a. Having sufficient power, 
 
 skill or means to do a thing.— ably, 
 
 adv.[Lt.habilis, apt,— habeo, have, hold.] 
 
 Syn. Capable; competent; skillful; 
 
 fluted; qualified; effective; efficient. 
 
 -able (a-bl), suffix. Fit for; subject to; 
 worthy of; full of; etc. 
 
 ablution (ab-16'shun) , n. Act of wash- 
 ing. [L. ab, off, and luo, wash.] 
 
 abnegation (ab-ne-ga'shun), n. De- 
 nial; renunciation. [L. ab, away, and 
 nego, deny. See negation.] 
 
 abnormal (ab-narm'al), a. Not nor- 
 mal or according to "rule; irregular; 
 unnatural. [L. ab. away from, and 
 norma, a rule.] 
 
 aboard (a-bord). I. adv. Onboard; in 
 a ship; ' on a train. II. prep. On 
 board of. 
 
 abode (a-bod'), n. Dwelling place; 
 home; stay. [See abide ] 
 
 abolish (a-bol'ish). vt. Putanendto; 
 annul.— abol'ishable, a — abol'ish- 
 er, n— [L. ab, from, and oleo, grow.] 
 
 abolition (ab-o-lish'un), n. Act of 
 abolishing; state of being abolished. 
 — abolitionist (ab-o-lish'un-ist), n. 
 One who favors the abolition of any- 
 thing, especially slavery. 
 
 abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl), a. Hate- 
 ful; detestable'.— abom'inably, adv. 
 
 abominate (a-bom'i-nat) , vt. Abhor; 
 detest extremely. — abomination 
 
 (a-bom-i-na'shun), n. Extreme aver- 
 sion; anything abominable. [L. abo- 
 minor,— atus; abhor, as of bad omen. 
 See omen.] 
 
 aboriginal (ab-o-rij'i-nal), I. a. Primi- 
 tive; first. II. n. A first or original 
 inhabitant,] L. ab. from, and origo, 
 beginning.] 
 
 aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. of the 
 rare sing, aborigine. People living in a 
 country when first known. 
 
 abortion (a-bar'shun), n. Premature 
 birth ; anything which fails of reach- 
 ing maturity.— abor'tive, a. Prema- 
 ture; unsuccessful. [L. ab, away, and 
 orior, begin.] 
 
 abound (a-bownd'), vi. Be or have in 
 great plenty. [L. abundo, to overflow, 
 from unda, a wave.] 
 
 about (a-bowf). I. prep. Round on the 
 outside; around; here and there in; 
 near to; concerning; engaged in. II. 
 adv. Around; nearly; here and there. 
 — Phrases: bring about, cause to take 
 place. — come about, take place.— go 
 about, prepare to do. [A. S. abutan- 
 a, on, be, by, utan, outside.] 
 
 above (a-buv'). I. prep. On the up 
 side; higher than; more than; beyond; 
 superior to. II. adv. Overhead; in a 
 higher position, order, or power; in 
 heaven. [A.S. abu/an— a, on, be, by, and 
 ufan, high.] 
 
 aboveboard (a-buv'bord),a. and adv. 
 Open; fairlyj without trickery. 
 
 abrade (ab-rad'), vt. Scrape or rub off. 
 [L. ab, off, andrado, scrape.] 
 
 abrasion (ab-ra'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
 scraping or rubbing off. 2. Matter 
 scraped or rubbed off. 
 
 abreast (a-brest'), adv. Side by side. 
 
 abridge ('a-brij'), vt. Shorten. [Fr. 
 abrSger — L. ab, and brevis, short.] 
 
 abridgment (a-brij'ment), w. 1. Short- 
 ening. 2. Shortened form. [um, 
 Syn. Abstract; synopsis; compendi- 
 
 abroad (a-brad'), adv. 1. Out of doors; 
 at large." 2." In foreign lands. 3. In 
 circulation. 
 
 abrogate(ab'ro-gat),t'£. Repeal, annul. 
 • -abroga'tion, n. [L. ab, from, and 
 rogo, ask.] 
 
 abrupt (ab-rupf), a. Sudden; unex- 
 pected; steep. — abrupt'ly, adv.^ 
 abruptness, n. [L. ab, off, and 
 rumpo, break.] [abstain. [Li.] 
 
 abs- prefix. Away, from, as fl&stract, 
 
 abscess (ab'ses), n. Collection of pus 
 within some tissue of the body; 
 tumor. [L. abs. away, and cedo, go.] 
 
 abscond (ab-skond'), vi. Hide one's 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mdte, hut, burn; oil, owl. then. 
 
absence 
 
 11 
 
 academician 
 
 self; go away suddenly and secretly. 
 [L. abs. from or away, and condo, hide.] 
 
 absence (ab'sens), n. Being away or 
 not present; inattention; want. 
 
 absent (ab-sent') : vt. Keep one"s self 
 away. [Inattentive. [L.] 
 
 absent (ab'sent), a. 1. Not present. 2. 
 
 absentee (ab-sen-te'). n. One wbo is 
 absent from his employment, station, 
 or country. 
 
 absinth (ab'-sinth). n. Liquor flavored 
 with wormwood. [Of Persian origin.] 
 
 absolute (ab'so-lot). a. 1. Complete; 
 Derfect. 2. Unlimited; free from con- 
 ditions; arbitrary. 3. Free from mix- 
 ture; unadulterated. 4. Positive; un- 
 questionable. — absolutely, adv.— 
 absoluteness, n. [L. absolutus, pa. 
 p. of absolvo. See absolve.] 
 
 absolution (ab-so-16'shun), n. 1. Re- 
 lease from punishment. 2. Remission 
 of sins bv a priest. 
 
 absolutism (ab'so-lo-tizm), n. Prin- 
 ciple of government without restric- 
 tion. 
 
 absolve (ab-solv'). vt. Set free; acquit; 
 pardon. [L. ab, from, and solvo, loose.] 
 
 absorb (ab-sarb')>«£. 1. Suck in; swal- 
 low up. 2. Engage wholly.— absorb'- 
 ent. I. a. Absorbing. II. n. Anything 
 which absorbs. [L. — sorbeo, suck in.] 
 Syn. Imbibe; engulf; engross. 
 
 absorption (ab-saip ohun), n. 1. Act 
 Of aosorbmg. 2. State of being 
 absorbed. [power to absorb. 
 
 absorptive (ab-sarp'tiv), a. Having 
 
 abstain (ab-scau'), vi. Refrain (from). 
 —abstainer, n. [Fr. abstenir — L. 
 (lbs, from, and teneo, hold.] 
 
 abstemious (a b-s te' mi-us), adj. 
 Sparing in food, drink, or enjoyment; 
 temperate.— abste'miously, adv.— 
 abstemiousness, n. [L.] 
 
 abstention (ab-sten'shun), n. Act of 
 abstaining. [See abstain.] 
 
 absterge (ab-sterj'), vt. Cleanse; wipe 
 away.— abster'g-ent. I. a. Serving 
 to cleanse. II. n. Tbat which cleanses. 
 [L. abs. away, and tergeo, wipe.] 
 
 abstersion (ab-ster'-sbun), n. Act of 
 cleansing by lotions. [L. abstersio.] 
 
 abstinence (ab'-sti-nens), n. Abstain- 
 ing or refraining, especially from 
 some indulgen ce.-ab'stinent,a. 
 Abstaining from; temperate. [See 
 
 ABSTAIN..] 
 
 abstract (ab-strakt'),^. l.Take away; 
 separate; purloin. 2. Epitomize. 3. 
 Consider apart. 
 
 abstract (ab'-strakt). I. a. Conceived 
 apart from matter or particular case, 
 as an abstract number, (the opposite 
 of concrete). II. n. 1. Summary; 
 
 abridgment. 2. That which is with- 
 drawn or separated: essence. — ab- 
 stracted, a. 1. Separated. 'Z. Absent- 
 minded. — abstraction (ab-strak '- 
 shun), n. 1. Act of abstracting. 2. 
 State of being abstracted. 3. Absence 
 of mind. [L. abs. away, and traho. 
 tractum, draw.] 
 
 abstruse (ab-stros'), a. Difficult to 
 understand— abstruso'ly,fi'ii\— ab- 
 struse'ness, n. [L. abs. away, and 
 trudo. trusum. thrust.] 
 
 absurd (ab-siird'), a. Obviously un- 
 reasonable or false.— absurdly , ad o. 
 — absurdity, ft. [pi. absurdities.! 
 [L. ab, very, and surdus, indistinct. 
 
 abundance (a-bun'dans), a. Overflow 
 ing plenty. [See abound.] 
 
 Syn. Profusion; repletion; wealth; 
 amplitude; affluence; plenteousnesso 
 
 abundant (a-bun'dant), a. Plentiful. 
 — abnn'dantly, adv. 
 
 abuse (a-buz'),^. Use wrongly; per- 
 vert; revile; violate- [L.. ab, from, 
 aud utor, usus, use.] 
 
 abuse (a-bus') s n. Ill us*: 1 : missappli- 
 cation;' contumely .— abu'sive, a 
 Containin g or practicing abuse.— 
 abusively, adv.— abu'si veness, n. 
 
 abut (a-buf), vi. [abut'ting, abut'teu. j 
 Border upon. — aout'ment, n. In 
 architecture, what a limb of an arch 
 ends or rests on. [Fr. aboutir, from 
 bout, tbe end. See butt.] 
 
 abysmal (a-biz'-mal), a. Bottomless; 
 unendiug. [O.F. abisme.—M.. L,.abyssi- 
 mus. See abyss.] 
 
 abyss (a-bis') n. Bottomless gulf; vast 
 depth or cavern. [Gr. a. priv. (without), 
 and byssos, bottom.] 
 
 ac-, prefix. Assimilated form of ad- 
 before c and q. 
 
 -ac, suffix. Pertaining to ; having the 
 quality of, as maniac, one who has 
 mania. [L._-acus. Gr. -akos.] 
 
 acacia (a-ka'-shi-a). 
 1. Genus of thorny 
 flowery plants with 
 pinnate leaves. 2. 
 Plant of this genus. 
 [Gr. akakia — ake, a 
 sharp point.] 
 
 academic (ak-a- 
 dem'ik). n. Platonic 
 philosopher ; mem- 
 ber of an academy. 
 academ'ics,ft.The 
 Platonic philoso- 
 phy. [See ACADEMY.] Acacia. 
 
 academic, -al (ak-a-dem'-ik-al), a 
 
 Of an academy. 
 academician (ak-ad-e-mish'-an), n. 
 
 Member of an academy. 
 
 fftt, task, for, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
academy 
 
 12 
 
 accord 
 
 academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. 1. Originally, 
 the school of Plato. 2. Society of 
 artists, or men of letters. 3. Interme- 
 diate school. [Gr. akademia, the gar- 
 den where Plato taught.] 
 
 acanthus (a-kan'thus), n. 1. Prickly 
 plant, bear's breach. 2. In architecture, 
 an ornament resembling its leaf. 
 [Gr. ake, a point, and anthos, a flower.] 
 
 accede (ak-sed'), vi. Agree or assent. 
 [L. ad, to, and cedo, go.] 
 
 accelerate (ak-sel'-er-at). I. vt. In- 
 crease the speed of; hasten the pro- 
 gress of. II. vi. Move more rapidly. — 
 acceleration (ak-sel-er-a'^shun). n. 
 — accelerative (ak-sel'er-a-tiv), a. 
 [L. ad, to, and celer, swift.] 
 
 accent (ak'-sent), n. Modulation of 
 the voice; stress on a syllable or word ; 
 roark used to indicate this stress. [L. 
 accentus, note,— ad, and cano, sing.] 
 
 accent (ak-sent'), vt. Express or note 
 the accent. [ing to accent. 
 
 accentual ( ak-sent'u-al ), a. Pertain- 
 
 accentuate (ak-sent'u-'at),fl£. 1. Mark 
 or pronounce with accent. 2. Give 
 prominence to.— accentuation, n. 
 
 accept (ak-sepf), vt. 1. Receive when 
 offered. 2. Agree to. 3. Promise to 
 pay. [L. ad, to, and capio, take.] 
 
 Syn. Take; admit; accede to; assent 
 to; accommodate one's self to; listen 
 to; grant; approve. 
 
 acceptable (ak-sep't-a-bl), a. Such as 
 to be accepted; pleasing*, agreeable. — 
 accept'ably, adv. — aceept'able- 
 ness, acceptability, n. 
 
 acceptance (ak-sep'tans), n. 1. Favor- 
 able reception. 2. Agreeing to terms. 
 3. Accepted bill. 
 
 acceptation (ak-sep-ta'shun), n. 1. 
 Received meaning of a word. 2. Re- 
 ception, coupled with approbation. 
 
 accepter (ak-sep'ter;, acceptor (ak- 
 sep'tur), n. One who accepts. 
 
 access (ak'ses or ak-ses') , n. 1. Admis- 
 sion to a place or person; approach; 
 passage. 2. Addition; increase. [See 
 
 ACCEDE.] [CESSORY. 
 
 accessary (ak-ses'a-ri). Same as ac- 
 accessible (ak-ses'i-bl), a. That may 
 
 be approached. — access'ibly, adv.— 
 
 accessibility, n. 
 
 accession (ak-sesh'un), n. 1. Addi- 
 tion. 2. That which is added. 3. 
 Attainment. 4. Assent. 
 
 accessory (ak-ses' o-ri). I. n. [pi. ac- 
 cessaries.] Abetter; accomplice; sub- 
 ordinate part. II. a. Contributing; 
 aiding; abetting. [See accede.] 
 
 accidence (ak'si-dens), n. The part 
 of grammar treating of the inflections 
 of words (because these changei are 
 
 "accidentals" of words and not "es- 
 sentials"). [See ACCIDENT.] 
 
 accident(ak'si-dent), n. 1. Undesigned, 
 unforeseen, or unexpected occurrence, 
 especially if it be calamitous ; chance 
 happening; casualty. 2. Unessential 
 quality or property. [L. ad, to, and 
 cado, fall.] 
 
 accidental (ak-si-den'tal). I. a. 1. 
 Happening by chance. "2. Not essen- 
 tial. II. n. Anon-essential feature or 
 property.— accidentally, adv. 
 
 acclaim (ak-klam/). I. vt. Applaud. II. 
 vi. Shout applause. [L. ad, to, and 
 clamo, shout.] 
 
 acclamation (ak-kla-ma'shun), n. 1. 
 Shout of applause. 2. F o r m a 1, viva 
 voce vote of approval. 
 
 acclimate (ak-kli'mat), acclimatize 
 (ak-kli'ma-tiz), vt. Inure to a new cli- 
 mate.— acclimatization (ak-kli-ma- 
 ti-za'shun),w. [L. ad, to, andEng. cli- 
 mate.] 
 
 acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. acclivi- 
 ties.] Upward slope. [L. ad, to, and 
 clivus, a slope.]. 
 
 accommodate (ak-kom'-o-dat) , vt. 1. 
 Comply with the wishes of; oblige. 2. 
 Adapt; adjust; make suitable. 3. 
 Supply; make provision for. [L. ad, 
 to, and commodo, adapt.] 
 
 accommodating (ak-kom'o-da-ting), 
 a. Affording accommodation ; obli- 
 ging. 
 
 accommodation (ak-kom-o-da'shun), 
 n. 1. Fitness; adjustment. 2. Provi- 
 sion of convenience. 3. Loan of money. 
 
 accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni), vt. [Ac- 
 com'panying, accom'panied.J Go 
 with; attend; play or sing an accom- 
 paniment.— accompaniment (ak- 
 kum'pa-ni-ment), n. 1. That which 
 accompanies. 2. Subordinate part in 
 music— accompanist, n. One who 
 plays the accompaniment in a piece of 
 music. [Fr. accompagner. See com- 
 pany.] 
 
 accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. Asso- 
 ciate in crime. [L. ad, to, and complex, 
 -ids, joined.] 
 
 accomplish (ak-kom'plish), vt. Per* 
 form, or effect; fulfill. [L. ad, to, ana 
 compleo-plere, to fill up.]— accom- 
 plished (ak-kom'plisht), a. Complete 
 in acquirements ; polished.— accom- 
 plishment (ak-kom'plish-meut), n. 
 1. Full performance of an undertak- 
 ing; completion. 2. Ornamental 
 acquirement. 
 
 accord (ak-kard'). I. vt. Grant. II. vi. 
 Agree; be in correspondence ; harmo- 
 nize. [L.—ad, and cor, cordis, heart.] 
 Syn. Concede; give; reconcile. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, *«ill, fare, above; me, m t. berj mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn u owl, then. 
 
accord 
 
 13 
 
 acknowledge 
 
 accord (ak-kard'), n. 1. Agreement; 
 harmony. 2. Spontaneous action, as 
 in the phrase own accord.— accord' - 
 ance, n. Agreement ; conformity ; 
 harmony.— accordant, a Agreeing; 
 corresponding ; in harmony. 
 
 according (ak-kard'ing), a. In accord- 
 ance; agreeing.— According as, in pro- 
 portion as. — According to, in accord- 
 ance with, or agreeably to.— aceord'- 
 ingly, adv. 1. Suitably; in a con- 
 formable manner. 2. In assent. 
 Syn. Therefore; wherefore. 
 
 accordion (ak-kar'di-un), n. Portable 
 musical instrument, played with bel- 
 lows and keys. [From accord.] 
 
 accost (ak-kosf), vt. 1. Speak to first; 
 address. 2. Approach; come face to 
 face with; make up to. [L. ad, to, 
 and costa, side.] 
 
 accouchement (ak-koch'ment. Fr. 
 pron. ak-kosh-mong), n. Delivery in 
 child-bed. 
 
 account (ak-kownf). I. vt. Reckon as; 
 assign for; compute; explain. II. vi. 
 Assign a reason (for). [Fr. accompte 
 —Li. ad, to, com, together, and uto, 
 reckon.] 
 
 account (ak-kownf), n. 1. Computa- 
 tion ; reckoning. 2. Statement ; re- 
 cord ; narrative. 3. Value ; conside- 
 ration. 4. Sake; behalf.— accounta- 
 ble (ak-kown'ta-bl), a. —accounta- 
 bility, n. — accountably, adv. — 
 accountant (ak-kown'tant), n. One 
 who keeps or is skilled in accounts. 
 
 accouter, accoutre (ak-ko' ter), vt. 
 Furnish military dress and trappings ; 
 equip.— accou'terments, accou- 
 trements, n. pi. [Fr. accoutrer—oi 
 doubtful origin.] 
 
 accredit (ak-kred'it), vt. Give credit, 
 trust, honor or authority to. [L. ad, 
 to, and credo, trust. See credit.] 
 
 accretion (ak-kre'shun), n. Act of 
 growing; increase. [L. ad, to and 
 cresco, grow.] 
 
 accrue (ak-kro'), vi. Come to; be ad- 
 ded to. [Li. ad, to, and cresco, grow.] 
 
 accumbent (ak-kum'bent), a. Lying 
 down or reclining on a couch. [L. ad, 
 to, and cumbo, lie.] 
 
 accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat). I. vt. Heap 
 or pile up; amass. II. vi. Increase 
 greatly, as of profits, wealth, etc.— 
 accumulation, n. Heaping up.— 
 accu'mulative,a— accumulator, 
 n. 1. One who or that which accumu- 
 lates. 2. An electric storage battery. 
 [L. ad, to, and cumulus, a heap.] 
 
 accuracy (ak'u-ra-si), n. Correctness ; 
 exactness; accurateness. 
 
 accurate (ak'u-rat), a. Very exact ; 
 
 done with care.— ac'curately, adv.— 
 accurateness, n. [L. ad, to, and 
 cura, care.] 
 
 accursed (ak-kurst'or ak-kur'sed), a. 
 Subjected to a curse ; doomed ; ex- 
 tremely wicked; execrable. [L. ad, at, 
 and curse.] 
 
 accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv). I. a. Accu- 
 sing. II. n. Gram. The case of a noun 
 on which the action of a verb falls 
 (in English, the objective.) 
 
 accuse (ak-kuz'), vt. Bring a charge 
 against ; charge with crime.— accu- 
 sation, n.— accusatory, a. [L.— 
 causa, cause.] 
 
 Syn. Indict; criminate; impeach; 
 arraign; reproach; censure. 
 
 accustom ( ak-kus'tum ), vt. Make 
 familiar by custom. [See custom.] 
 
 ace (as), n. One-spot of cards and dice"; 
 unit. [L. as, unit -as, Tarentine Doric 
 form of Or. heis, one.] 
 
 -aceous (a-shus), suffix. Having the 
 quality of. as herbaceous. [L. -aceus.] 
 
 acerbity (a-ser'bi-ti"), n. {pi. acerbi- 
 ties (a-ser'bi-tiz.)] Sourness; harsh- 
 ness ; bitterness ; severity. [L. acer- 
 bus, harsh to the taste.] [acid. 
 
 acetate (as'e-tat), n. Salt of acetic 
 
 acetic (a-set'ik), a. Of or like vinegar; 
 sour. [L. acetum, vinegar.] 
 
 acetify (a-set'i-fi), vt. andtfi. [acetify- 
 ing, acetified.] Turn into vinegar. 
 
 acetylene (a-set'i-len), n. Illuminating 
 gas obtained by the action of water ou 
 calcium-carbide. 
 
 ache (ak), I. vi. Suffer pain of the body 
 or mind. II. n. Pain of the body or 
 mind. [A. S. ece, eche.] 
 
 achieve (a-chev') , vt. P e r f o r m ; ac- 
 complish ; gain ; win. — achieve'- 
 ment, n. 1. Successful performance; 
 exploit. 2. Escutcheon. 
 
 achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik), a. Trans- 
 mitting colorless light, as a lens. [Gr. 
 a, priv. and chroma, color.] 
 
 acid (as'id), I. a. Sharp to the taste ; 
 sour. II. n. 1. Sour substance. 2. 
 Substance that will unite with a base 
 to form a salt. [L. aceo, to be sour.] 
 
 acidify (a-sid'i-fi), vt. [acidifying, aci- 
 dified.] Convert into acid. 
 
 acidity (a-sid'i-ti) , n. Quality of being 
 acid or sour. 
 
 acidulate (a -s i d ' - u - 1 a t ), vi. Make 
 slighty acid.— acid'ulous, a. Slightly 
 sour ; containing carbonic acid, as 
 mineral waters. 
 
 -acious sujfix. Full of; characterized 
 by, as pertinadows. [L. -ax, -acis.] 
 
 acknowledge (ak-nol'ej), vt. Admit, 
 own, confess ; certify.— acknowl- 
 edgment, n. Recognition ; admis- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
acme 
 
 14 
 
 a«upunctnre 
 
 sion: confession; thanks-, receipt. 
 [A. S. a-, on, and knowledge.] 
 acme (ak'-me), n. Top or highest point; 
 crisis, as of a disease; per f e c tion ; 
 climax. [Gr. -ake, a point.] 
 aconite (ak'o-nit), n. 
 Poisonous plant, wolf's- 
 bane or monk's hood ; 
 poison from it. > [L. aco- 
 nitum.—Gv. akoniton.] 
 acorn(a'karn),n. Seed or 
 fruit of the oak. [A. S. 
 azcer. a field. See acre.] 
 acoustic (a-ko' stik or a- 
 kow'stik), a. Pertaining 
 to the sense of hearing 
 or to the theory of 
 sounds; pertaining to 
 sound ; d e si g n e d to f a- A comte. 
 cilitate hearing. — acou'stics, n. 
 Science of sound_. [Gr. akouo, hear.] 
 acquaint (ak-kwant% vt. Cause one 
 to know; inform.— acquainted, p. 
 adj. Familial' with ; known to one 
 another. — acquaintance (ak- 
 kwan'tans), n. 1. Familiar know- 
 ledge. 2. Known person. — ac- 
 quaintanceship, n. Familiar 
 Knowledge; state of having acquain- 
 tance. [L. ad, to, and cognitus, known] 
 acquiesce (ak-kwi-es'), vt. Assent to ; 
 accept tacitly or formally.— acqui- 
 escence, n. Quiet assent or submis- 
 sion. — acquies'cent, a. Resting 
 satisfied : easy ; submissive. [Li. ad, 
 to, and quits, rest.] 
 acquire (ak-kwlr'), vt. Get or gain 
 something material or intellectual. — 
 acquire' men t, acquisition (ak- 
 kwi-zish'un), n. 1. Act of acquiring. 
 2.That which is acquired; attainment. 
 acquisitive (ak-kwiz'it-iv)r a. Desir- 
 ous of acquiring. — acquis'itive- 
 ness, n — acquisitively, adv. [L. 
 ad, to, and quoero, seek]. 
 acquit (ak-kwif), vt. [acquitting; ac- 
 quitted or acquit.] 1. Pronounce one 
 innocent of a crime, sin, or fault. 2. 
 Set free from obligation. 3. Discharge 
 the trust imposed in one.— acquit'- 
 tal, n. The act of acquitting, or the 
 atate of being acquitted. — acquit- 
 tance ( ak-kwit'ans), n. Discharge; 
 receipt. [L. ad, to, and quieto, settle.] 
 Syn. Absolve; exonerate; exculpate. 
 acre (a'ker), n. Tract of land contain- 
 ing 160 square rods or perches, or 
 4,840 square yards. It formerly si- 
 gnified any field, whatever its super- 
 ficial area. [A. S. oncer, field.] 
 acrid (ak'rid), a. Biting to the taste ; 
 pungent; bitter.— acridity (ak-rid'i- 
 ti), n. [Li. acer, acris, sharp.] 
 
 acrimonious (a k - r i - m 6 ' n i » u s), a 
 
 Sharp; bitter; sarcastic. 
 acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni), n. Bitterness 
 
 of feeling or language. [L. acrimonia 
 
 -acer, sharp.] 
 
 acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. Rope dancer; 
 trapeze-performer; tumbler; vauiter. 
 — acrobatic, a. [Gr. akrobatos, 
 walking on tiptoe.] 
 
 acropolis (i.-krop'o-lis), n Citadel, 
 especially of' Athens. [Gr. akropolis 
 -akros, the highest, and polis, city.] 
 
 across (a-kras'). I. prep. Crosswise of; 
 from side to side of. II. adv. Cross- 
 wise ; from one side to the Other. 
 [Prefix a, and cross.] 
 
 aerostic(a-kros'tik),n,. Composition in 
 verse in which the first or last or cer- 
 tain other letters of the lines, taken 
 in order, form a name or sentence. 
 [Gr. akros, -extreme, and stichos, line], 
 
 act (akt). i. vt. Do; perform ; feign; 
 imitate or play the part of. II. vi. I. 
 Exert force or influence; produce an 
 effect ; behave ; do; perform on the 
 stage. 2. Serve in the place of an- 
 other. III. n. Something doing or 
 done ; exploit. 2. Law or decree 3. 
 Section of a play. [L. ago, actum, put 
 in motion. Sans, aj, drive.] 
 
 acting* (ak'ting), n. Act of performing 
 a part, assumed or dramatic; action. 
 
 actinism ( ak'tin-ism ), n. Chemical 
 force of the sun's rays, as distinct 
 from light and heat. [Gr. aktis, ray.] 
 
 action (ak'shun), n. 1. State or pro- 
 cess of acting. 2. Thing done; deed. 
 3. Battle. 4. Lawsuit.— actionable 
 (ak'shun-a-bl), a. Liable to a law suit 
 
 active (ak'tiv), a. 1. That acts; ener- 
 getic; busy; operative. 2. In gram. 
 a. Transitive, b. Denoting the sub- 
 ject as acting.— aet'ively, n. — act'« 
 iveness, n. [See act.] 
 Syn. Lively; prompt; agile; quick. 
 
 actor (ak'tur), n. One who acts; a 
 stage-player.— act'ress, n. fern. 
 
 actual (ak'-tu-al). I. a. Real ; exist- 
 ing in fact and how, as opposed to an 
 imaginary or past state of things. 12. 
 n. Something actual or real.— actu- 
 ally, adv.— actuality, n. 
 
 actuary (ak'tu-ar-i) n. 1. Registrar 
 or clerk. 2. Statistician of an insur- 
 ance company. [L actuarius, a clerk.] 
 
 actuate (ak'tu-at). I. vt. Put into or 
 incite to action ; influence. II. vt 
 Act. [See act.] 
 
 acumen (a-ku'men), n. Acuteness of 
 of mind ; 'quickness of perception ; 
 penetration. [L. acuo. sharpen.] 
 
 acupuncture(ak-u-pungk'tur), n. Op- 
 eration for relieving pain by punctur- 
 
 fate, fat, task, f&r, Jail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
acute 
 
 adjudicate 
 
 ing the flesh with needles. [L. acus, 
 a needle, and puncture.] 
 
 acute (a-kuf), a. 1. Sharp-pointed. 2. 
 Sharp'; keen : shrill ; penetrating. — 
 acute'ly, adv. — aeute'ness, n. — 
 Acute angle, less than a right angle.— 
 Acute disease, violent and rapid 
 disease, as opposed to chronic. [L. 
 acutus, pa. par. of acuo. sharpen.] 
 
 -acy, suffix. State or quality of, as 
 fallacy, advocacy. [L. -acia, -atio.] 
 
 ad-, prefix. To, as adhere, adapt. The 
 d hecomes assimilated to the conso- 
 nant following, as in accede, a/fix, ag- 
 gregate, allot, amiex, approve, arrive, 
 assign, attract. [L, ad, to.] 
 
 adage (ad'aj), n. Old saying; proverb, 
 [L. adagiu'm—ad, and aio, say.] 
 Syn. Axiom;saw;aphorism; maxijja. 
 
 adamant (ad'a-mant), n. Supposed 
 impenetrable or unbreakable mineral 
 or metal. — adamantine (ad -a-man'- 
 tin), a. Made of or like adamant. 
 [Gr. apriv. and damao, break.] 
 
 adapt (a-dapf), vt Make apt or fit; 
 ad j ust;' accommodate.— adapt'able, 
 a. — adaptability, n. — adapta- 
 tion, n. [L. ad, to, and apto, fit.] 
 
 add (ad). I. vt. Put one thing to an- 
 other; sum up. II. vi. Augment; 
 unite two or more numbers in one 
 sum. [L. addo —ad, to, and do, give.] 
 
 addendum (ad-den'dum), n. [pi. ad- 
 denda.] Something added; appendix. 
 [L. See add.] 
 
 adder (ad'-er), n. 1. Viper. 2. Spotted 
 serpent. [A. S. ncedre, an adder.] 
 
 addiet (ad-dikf), vt. Give up to; de- 
 vote; practice habitually.— addic'- 
 tion« n. [L. ad, to, and dico, declare.] 
 
 addition (ad-dish'un), n. Act of add- 
 ing ; thing added ; branch of arith- 
 metic that treats of adding numbers 
 together.— additional, a. That is 
 added. 
 
 addle (ad'l). I. vt. and vi. Spoil or 
 become putrid. II. a. Spoiled; putrid; 
 rotten. [A. S. adl, disease.] 
 
 address (ad-dres')- I. vt 1. Direct, 
 as a letter. 2. Speak or write to. 3. 
 Discourse. 4. Apply (one's self). 5. 
 Court. II. n. 1. Formal communica- 
 tion in writing. 2. Speech. 3. Dex- 
 terity; tact. 4. One's name and place 
 of residence, etc. 5. Bearing ; man- 
 ners.— address'es, n pi. Attentions of 
 a lover. [Fr. adresser. See dress, 
 direct.] 
 
 adduce (ad-dus'), vt Bring forward 
 by way of proof; cite. [L. ad, to, and 
 duco, lead or bring.] [adduced. 
 
 adducible(ad-du'si-bl), a. That may be 
 
 -ade, suffix Pertaining to. Usually 
 
 implies continued action, as cannon- 
 ade. [Fr. -ade— L. pa. par. -atus.] 
 
 adept (a-depf). I. a. Well skilled; 
 proficient. II. n. One fully skilled ; 
 expert [L. adeptus,_ having attained.] 
 
 adequate (ad'e-kwat). a. Equal to the 
 requirement : fully sufficient.— ade- 
 quately, adv.— ad'equatencss, n. 
 
 atfhere (ad-hei"), vi. Stick to; remain 
 fixed or attached; cling.— adher- 
 ence,»- adherent. I. a. Sticking 
 to. II. n. One who adheres; follower: 
 partisan. [L.ad, to, and hccreo, stick.] 
 
 adhesion (ad-he' zhun), n. Act of 
 adhering; tendency to remain at- 
 tached.— adhesive (ad-he'siv), a. 
 Sticky ; apt to adhere.— adhe'sively, 
 adv. — adhesiveness, n. [See 
 adhere.1_ 
 
 adieu (a-du'). I. inter j. Farewell; good 
 bye. II. n. Farewell, [pi. Adieus 
 or adieux,] [Fr. a, to, and dieu, God.] 
 
 adipocere (ad-i-po-ser'), n. Soft, wax- 
 like substance, into which animal- 
 matter, under peculiar circum- 
 stances, is converted. [L. adeps, fat, 
 and cera, wax.] 
 
 adipose (ad'i-poz). '[. a. Fatty. II. n. 
 Fat. [L. adeps, _f at. j 
 
 adjacemcy (ad-ja'-sen-si), n. 1. State 
 of lying near to. 2. Something lying 
 near. [pi. adjacencies. ] 
 
 adjacent (ad-ja'-sent), a. Lying near 
 to ; contiguous ; adjoining. — adja'- 
 cently, adv. [L. ad, near, and jaceo. 
 lie.] 
 
 adjective (ad'jek-tiv). I. n. In Gram- 
 mar, a word used to limit, qualify 
 or define a noun. II. a. Adjunctive to 
 a noun. — ad'jectively, adv. — ad'» 
 jectival, a. [L. ad, to, and jacio, 
 throw.] 
 
 adjoin (ad-join'). I. vt. Lie next to; 
 join. II. vi. B e contiguous.— adjoin'- 
 ing, a. Joining to; near, adj'acent. 
 [L. ad, to, and jungo, join.] 
 
 adjourn (ad-jurn'). I. vt. Put off. II. 
 vi. Close a meeting, session, business, 
 etc.— adjourned (ad-jurnd'), a. Ex- 
 isting by adjournment.— adjourn'-; 
 ment, n. Act of adjourning; inter- 
 val between two sessions. [L. ad, to, 
 and diumus, daily. See journal] 
 
 adjudge (ad-juj'). I. vt. Determine or 
 award; arrive at or announce a judi- 
 cial decision. II. vi. Decide ; settle. 
 [L. ad, to, and judico, judge.] 
 
 adjudicate (ad- jo'di-kat). I. vt. Judge, 
 award. II. vi. Sit in judgment.— ad- 
 judication (ad-jo-di-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of judging. 2. Judgment or deci- 
 sionof a court.— adjudicator (ad-jo'- 
 di-ka-tur), n. [See adjudge.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, abose; me, met, her; ailte, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, bum; oh, owl, then 
 
aclj unct 
 
 16 
 
 adroit 
 
 adjunct (ad-jungkt'). I. a. Joined or 
 added to subordinately. II. n. Some- 
 thing united to another, but not essen- 
 tially a part of it; assistant.— ad- 
 junc'tion, n.— adjunct'ive, a. and 
 w.—adjuncfively, adv. [L. ad, and 
 jungo, join.] 
 
 adjuration (ad-jo-ra'shun), n. Act of 
 adjuring ; charge or oath used in 
 adjuring. 
 
 adjure (ad-jor'), vt. Charge on oath, 
 solemnly. [L. ad, to, and juro, swear.] 
 
 adjust (ad-jusf). vt. Arrange properly ; 
 regulate; settle. — adjust'able, a.— 
 adjust'er, n.— adjustment, n. [L. 
 ad, to, and jus, right.] 
 Syn. Rectify; adapt; suit; fit. 
 
 adjutancy (ad'jo-tan-si), n. Office or 
 rank of an adjutant. 
 
 ad I u tan t (ad'jo-tant), 
 ri. 1. Military officer 
 whose duty it is to as- 
 sist the commanding 
 officer, 2. East-Indian 
 stork or crane, 5 to 6 
 feet high. [L. adjuto 
 — adjuvo — ad, to, and 
 juvo, assist.] 
 
 ad«ieasure(ad-mezh'- 
 br), vt. Apportion. — 
 admeas'uremeii t , 
 71. Measurement; 
 amount; fixation. Adjutant. 
 
 administer (ad-min'is-ter) . I. vt. 1. 
 Manage, conduct. 2. Dispense, as 
 justice, the sacraments, etc. 3. Ten- 
 der (an oath). 4. Give, as medi- 
 cine; supply; inflict. 5. Grant; be- 
 stow; afford. II. vi. 1. Contribute; 
 bring aid. 2. Act as administrator. 
 [L. ad, to, and minister.] 
 
 administration (a d - m i n - i s - 1 r a '- 
 shun). Act of administering; power 
 or party that administers. — ad- 
 ministrative, a. — administra'- 
 
 • tor, 11.— administratrix, n. fern. 
 — administra'torship, n. 
 
 admirable (ad'-mi-ra-bl), a. Worthy 
 of being admired.— ad'mirably, adv. 
 [See ADMIRE.] 
 
 admiral (ad'mi-ral). n. Naval officer 
 of the highest rank.— admiralty, n. 
 Body of officers having charge of 
 naval affairs. [Fr. amiral, from Ar. 
 amir (ameer), a chief. ]_ 
 
 admiration (ad-mi-ra'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of admiring. 2. Wonder coupled 
 with approbation. 
 
 admire (ad-mir'). I. vt. Regard with 
 esteem and approval. II. vi. Wonder. 
 — admi'rer, n. One who admires ; 
 lover.— admi'ringly, adv. [L. ad, at, 
 and miror, wonder.] 
 
 admissible (ad-mis'i-bl), a. That may 
 be admitted or allowed. — admissi- 
 bly, adv.— admissibility, n. 
 
 admission (ad-mish'un), n. Act of 
 admitting; state of being admitted; 
 price paid for entrance ; leave to en- 
 ter ; concession in an argument ; ac- 
 knowledgment. [See admit.] 
 
 admit (ad-mif), v. [admit' ting; ad- 
 mitted.] I. vt. Permit to enter. 2. 
 Accept as valid ; concede. II. vi. Be 
 susceptible (of); permit (of);— ad- 
 mit'tansce, n. Leave to enter, ad- 
 mission. [L. ad, to, and mitto, send.] 
 
 admixture (ad-miks'tur), n. 1. Act 
 of mixing. 2. State of being mixed. 
 3. That which is mixed. 4. Some- 
 thing added to the chief ingredient. 
 [L. ad, to, and misceo, mix.] 
 
 admonish (ad-mon'ish), vt. Warn ; 
 reprove mildly; exhort. [L. ad, to, 
 and moneo, remind.] ' 
 
 admonition (ad-rao-nish'un), n. Kind 
 reproof; counsel; advice. — admon'- 
 itory,a. Containing admonition. 
 
 ado (a-d6'), n. Fuss ; bustle. [Mid. 
 Eng. at, and do.] [Sp. Am.] 
 
 adobe (a-do'ba), n. Sun-dried brick. 
 
 adolescence (ad-6-les'ens), n. Period 
 of youth. 
 
 adolescent (ad-o-les'ent). I. a. Grow- 
 ing to manhood or womanhood. II. 
 n. One growing to manhood or woman- 
 hood. [Li. ad, to, and olesco, grow.] 
 
 adopt (a-dopf), vt. Receive or assume 
 as one's own what is another's, as a 
 child, an opinion, etc.— adop'tion, n. 
 — adoptive, a. That adopts or is 
 adopted. [L. ad, to, and opto, choose.] 
 
 adorable (a-dor'a-bl^ a. Worthy of 
 divine honors. ' 2. Worthy of the 
 utmost love and respect.— ador'a- 
 bly, adv. 
 
 adoration (ad-o-ra'shun), n. Act of 
 adoring; worship; homage. 
 
 adore (a-dor'). I. vt. 1. Worship with 
 profound reverence. 2. Love or regard 
 in the highest degree. II. vi. Offer 
 adorat io n.— ador'er, n. One who 
 adores ; lover . — adoringly, adv. 
 [L. ad, to, and oi'O, speak, pray.] 
 
 adorn (a-darn'), vt. Decorate; embel- 
 lish; beautify; set off.— adorning, 
 71. — adorn'ingly, adv. — adorn- 
 ment,ra. [L.acf,to, and orno, decorate.] 
 
 adown (a-down'i, prep, and adv. To- 
 wards the grounp; down; downward, 
 in space or time. 
 
 adrift (a-driff), adv. Floating at ran- 
 dom ; moving as if driven by the wind. 
 [A. S. pref. a, on, and drift.] 
 
 adroit (a-droif), a. Expert with the 
 hands; dexterous; skillful.— adroit - 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
adulation 
 
 17 
 
 advise 
 
 ly, adv.— adroitness, n. [Fr. a, to, 
 and droit, right.] _ 
 
 adulation (ad-B-la'shun), n. Flattery; 
 fawning.— adulatory, a. Flatter- 
 ing ; servilely praising. [L. adulor, 
 fawn upon.] 
 
 adult (a-dulf). I. a. Grown up ; ma- 
 ture, il. n. Grown up person. [L. 
 adultus, full grown.] 
 
 adulterate (a dul'ter-at). l.vt. Make 
 impure by aainixture; lower in qua- 
 lity by intermixing. II. a. Corrupted 
 or debased by the admixture of a less 
 valuable substance. — adult'era- 
 tely, adv.— adulteration (a-dul-ter- 
 a'shun), re.— adulterer (a-dul'ter-er), 
 n. Man guilty of adultery.— adul- 
 teress (a-dul'ter-es), n. fern.— adul- 
 terous (a-dul'ter-us), a. Guilty of 
 adultery; illicit.— adulterously 
 (a-dul'ter-us-li), adv. — adultery 
 (a-dul'ter-i), n. Violation of the mar- 
 riage-bed. |_L. ad, to, and alter, other.] 
 
 adumbrant (ad-um' brant), a. Giving 
 a faint shadow or resemblance of. 
 
 adumbrate (ad-um'-brat), vt. Give a 
 faint shadow of; exhibit imperfectly; 
 foreshadow. — adumbration (ad- 
 u m - b r a ' s h u n ), n. — adumbra- 
 tive (ad-um'bra-tiv), a. Faintly re- 
 presenting. [L. ad, near, and umbra, 
 shadow.] 
 
 advance (ad- vans'). L vt. 1. Put or 
 move forward. 2. Promote to a higher 
 position. 3. Promote the progress of. 
 4. Propose. 5. Supply beforehand; 
 loan. II. vi.. 1. Make progress ; move 
 forward. 2. Rise in rank or value, etc. 
 Syn. Bring forward; further; raise; 
 improve; furnish; allege; progress. 
 
 advance (ad-vans'), n. 1. Progress; 
 improvement. 2. Promotion. 3. Rise 
 in price. 4. Supplying of money or 
 goods beforehand ; money or goods so 
 supplied.— In advance, In front; be- 
 forehand.— advanced', a. 1 Moved 
 forward. 2. In the front rank as re- 
 gards progress. 3. Well up in years. 
 -advancement, n. Preferment ; 
 improvement; rise in value; prepay- 
 ment; money advanced. [Fr. avancer 
 — L. ab, from, and ante, before.] 
 
 advantage (ad-van'-taj) I. vt. Pro- 
 mote the interest of ;' benefit. II. vi. 
 Be advantageous. [Fr. avant, before.] 
 
 advantage (ad-van'-taj), n. Any fa- 
 vorable state, condition or circum- 
 stance ; superiority; gain ; benefit.— 
 —Take advantage of, outwit; over- 
 reach; profit by. 
 
 advantageous (ad-van-ta'jus), a. Of 
 advantage.— advanta'geously, adv. 
 — advanta geousness, n. 
 
 advent (ad'vent), n. 1. Arrival, com- 
 ing. 2. (A) Coming of Christ. 3. Four 
 weeks before Christmas. [L. ad, to, 
 and venio, come.] 
 
 adventitious (ad-ven-tish'us), a. Ac- 
 cidental ; not essential; out of the 
 ordinary.— adventitiously, adv. 
 
 adventure (ad-ven' tur). I. vt. Risk, 
 hazard. II. vi. Attempt, dare. III. n. 
 Enterprise of hazard or risk; remark- 
 able occurrence. — adven'turer, n. 
 One who adventures. — adven'tur- 
 ess, n. fern.— adventurous, ad- 
 ven'turesome, a Inclined to ad ven- 
 ture ; enterprising.— adven'turous- 
 ly, a^.-adven'tnroiisness, n. [L. 
 advent urus, about to come or happen. 
 
 See ADVENT.] 
 
 adverb (ad'verb), n. In G r a m m a r , 
 any word qualifying a verb, adject- 
 ive or other adverb.— adverbial, a. 
 — adverbially, adv. [L. ad, to, and 
 verbwn, word.] 
 
 adversary (ad'ver-sar-i), n. Op- 
 ponent, an t agonist, enemy. [See 
 
 ADVERSE.] 
 
 adverse (ad' vers), a. Acting in a con- 
 trary direction; opposing; thwart- 
 ing; unprosperous. ad'versely, adv. 
 — ad'verseness, n. [L. adversus—ad, 
 against, and verto, versum, turn.] 
 adversity (ad-ver'-si-ti) , n. Adverse 
 fate or condition; affliction; hardship. 
 advert (ad-vert'), I. vi. Turn the mind 
 (to); refer(to). 11.^. Notice.— advert'- 
 enee, ». Attention; needfulness; re- 
 gard.— advert'ency, n. Act of turn- 
 ing the m in d.— advertent, a. At- 
 tentive ; heedful. -ad vert'ently, adv. 
 advertise (ad'ver-tiz or ad-ver-tiz'). I. 
 vt. Give public notice of ; inform the 
 public by means of newspapers, post- 
 ers, circulars, etc. II. vi. Publish, 
 post or circulate an advertisement. — 
 ad'vertiser, n. One who advertises. 
 [Fr., from L. See advert.] 
 advertisement ( ad-ver'tiz-ment or 
 ad-ver-tiz'-ment), n. 1. Public notice. 
 2. Legal notification; notice. 
 advice (ad-vis'), n. 1. Counsel ; opi- 
 nion as to conduct. 2. Information; 
 intelligence.— advi'ces, n. pi. Com- 
 munication, information. [See 
 advise. ] [visableness. 
 
 advisability (ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti), n. Ad- 
 advisable (ad- vi'za-bl), a. Proper to be 
 advised ; expedient. — advi'sable- 
 ness, n. Quality of being advisable. 
 — advi'sably, adv. 
 advise (ad- viz'). I. vt. Counsel; give 
 advice to. 2. Communicate notice to. 
 II. vi. Consult (with).— advised (ad- 
 vizd'), a. Done with advice or deli- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buni, cJ» owl, fTien. 
 
advocacy 
 
 18 
 
 affioity 
 
 beration; well considered, deliberate. 
 — advisedly (ad-vi'zed-li), adv. Deli- 
 berately.— a d vi ser (ad-vx'zer), n. 
 One who advises.— advisory (ad-vi'- 
 zur-i), a. 1. Having power to advise. 
 2. Containing advice. [O. Fr. adviser. J 
 
 advocacy (ad'vo-ka-si), n. Act of 
 pleading for; defence. 
 
 advocate (ad'vo-kat). I. vt. Plead in 
 favor of; defend. II. n. One who 
 pleads the cause of another in court; 
 one who defends or promotes a cause. 
 [L. ad, to, and voco, call.] 
 
 advowson (ad-vow'sun)^ n. The right 
 of presentation to a vacant benefice. 
 [L. advocatio.] 
 
 a*iz, adze (adz), n. Carpenter's tool 
 having a thin arched blade with us 
 edge at right angles to the handle. 
 [A. S. adesa.] 
 
 se (e or e). Latin diphthong correspond- 
 ing to the Greek ai, and used chiefly 
 in words derived from the Greek lan- 
 guage. When fully naturalized in 
 English the Greek ai, and Latin ai 
 have now become e, as cegis, egis; cson, 
 eon; ceoljan,, eolian;etc. 
 
 aerate (a' er -at), vt. Put air or gas 
 into; charge with carbonic acid ; sub- 
 ject to the action of air. [L. aer, air.] 
 
 aeration (a-er-a'shun) , n. Exposure 
 to the action of air. — aerator (a'er- 
 a-tur), n. Apparatus for aerating. 
 
 aerial (a-e'ri-al), a. Belonging to the 
 air; consisting of air; produced by 
 air; high in the air. [L aer, air.] 
 
 aerie (a'er-i), n. Nest of a bird of prey, 
 on a lofty crag. [L. aer, air.] 
 
 aeriform (a'er-i farm), a. Having the 
 form of gas. [_L. aer, air.] L macnine < 
 
 aerodrome ja'er-o-droin), n. Flying 
 
 aerogram (a'er-o-gram), n: Message 
 sent by wireless telegraphy. 
 
 aerolite (a'er-o-lit), n. Meteoric stone; 
 meteorite. [Gr. aer, and lithos, stone.] 
 
 aeronaut (a'er-o-nat), n. One who sails 
 or floats in the air, as in a balloon or 
 by means of an aeroplane.— aero- 
 nautic, a. Pertaining to air-navi- 
 gation. — aeronautics, n. Science or 
 art of sailing or floating in the air. 
 
 aeroplane (a'er-o-plan), n. Machine 
 having power to rise or float in air 
 without the aid of gas or rarefied air. 
 
 aerostatic (a-er-o-stat'ik), a. Per- 
 taining to aerostation. — aerostatic 
 railroad, n. Inclined railroad operat- 
 ed by balloons. — aerostat'ics, n. 
 Science of the equilibrium of air or of 
 elastic fluids; science of raising and 
 guiding balloons. [Gr. aer, air, and 
 statikos, relating to equilibrium.] 
 
 aerostation (a-er-o-sta'shun), n. Art 
 of raising and^ managing balloons. 
 
 aesthetic (es-thef'fk), a. 1. Having » 
 sense of the beautiful. 2. Pertaining- 
 to the fine arts. — aesthetics, n 
 Science of the beautiful. [Gr.— aisthea 
 thai, perceive by the senses.] 
 
 afar (a-far'), adv. Far away. 
 
 affable (af'a-bl).. a. Condescending; of 
 easy access and manners; courteous; 
 complaisant. — affaoili'ty, n. lL. 
 ad, to, and fabilis — fari, speak.] 
 
 affair (af-far'), n. That which is to be 
 done ; business of any kind ; dispute 
 of a serious kind. — affairs , pi. 
 Concerns ; circumstances ; business, 
 [Fr. a, to, and faire, do.] 
 
 aifect(af-fekt'), vt. 1. Act upon; change. 
 2. Touch the feelings of. 3. Make a 
 show or pretence of. 4. Be partial to; 
 frequent. [L. ad, and facio, do.] 
 
 Syn. Influence; concern; move; pre- 
 tend; put on; assume; overcome. 
 
 affectation (af-fek-ta'shun), n. Striv- 
 ing after; attempt to assume what is 
 not natural; pretence. 
 
 affected (af-fek'ted), a. 1. Full of af- 
 fectation. 2. Touched with emotion. — 
 affec'tedly ^adv .— affect'edness,^. 
 
 affecting (at'-fekt'ing), a. Having pow- 
 er to move the affections; pathetic. 
 
 affection (af-fek'shun), n. 1. State of 
 being affected. 2. Feeling ; disposi- 
 tion; attachment; fondness; love. 3. 
 Attribute, q u a li t y , or property. 4. 
 Disease, morbid state. [L. See affect.] 
 
 affectionate (a-fek'-shun-at) , a. Full 
 of affection; lond; loving. — affee » 
 tionately, adv. [Disposed. 
 
 affectioned Caf -f ek'shund), a, 
 
 afferent (af'er-ent), a. Phys. • Conduct- 
 ing to, as the nerves that ci nv< y 
 sensations to the nerve centers. |u 
 ad, to, and fero, carry.] 
 
 affiance (af ,-f i'ans). I. n. Faith 
 pledged (to);trust; marriage contract. 
 II. vt. Pledge faith; betroth. 
 
 affiant (af-fi'ant) n. One who makes 
 an affidavit. (L.ad, to, and fides, faith.] 
 
 affidavit (af-fi-da'vit), n. Declaration 
 in writing, sworn to before a magis- 
 trate. [L. affidOj pledge one's faith J 
 
 affiliate (af fH'i-at), vt. JReceive into a 
 family as a son, into a society as & 
 member, or into intimate relation 
 ally ; c onsort; associate. — affilii*-, 
 tion, (af-fil-i-a'shun), n. 
 
 affinity (af-fin'i-ti), n. Nearness of kin 
 agreement, or resemblance ; chero 
 ical attraction; tendency to com* 
 together. — pi. affin'ities, relation 
 ship, kinship. [L. ad, at, and tim,t> 
 boundary.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitt note, not, move,, wott; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
affirm 
 
 19 
 
 age 
 
 affirm (af-ferm'). I. vt. Assert posi- 
 tively. II. vi. Soiemnly declare (iu- 
 steadof making oath.)— affirma'- 
 tion, affirmance, ns. [See firm.] 
 Syn. Aver; avouch; vow; protest. 
 
 affirmative (af-fer'-ma-tiv). I. a. That 
 affirms or consents ; positive (as op- 
 posed to negative, which opposes or 
 denies.) II. n. Positive proposition. 
 
 — In the affirmative, assenting. — 
 affirmatively, adv. 
 
 affix (af-fiks'), vt. Fix to; attach; 
 append. [L.. ad, to, and^go, fix.] 
 
 affix (afiks), n. Syllable or letter 
 added to the end of a word; suffix. 
 
 afflict (af-flikt'), vt. Oppress with 
 bodily suffering or mental distress.— 
 afflie tion, n. Mental or bodily dis- 
 tress, or that which causes it.— af- 
 flict ive, a. Causing affliction.— 
 afllict'ively, adv. [L. ad, at, and 
 fligo, strike.] 
 
 affluence (af'16-ens), n. Abundance 
 of possessions, especially of money. 
 
 affluent (af'16-ent). I. a. 1. Abound- 
 ing in wealth. 2. Flowing to. H. n. 
 Stream flowing into a river or lake. 
 [See aitlux.] 
 
 afflux (af'lnks), n. Flowing to; that 
 which flows to. [L. ad, and^uo, flow.] 
 
 afford v af-ford'), vt. 1. Yield or produce. 
 2. Be able to give or spend. [Mid. 
 Eng. aforthen — A. S. gef orthian , fur- 
 ther, accomplish.] 
 
 affray (af-fra'), n. Fright; disturb- 
 ance; brawl. [O.Fr. affrayer, frighten.] 
 
 affright (af-fnf). I. vt. Impress with 
 sudden fear. II. n. Sudden or great 
 fear; that which inspires fear; object 
 of dread. [See fright.] 
 
 affront (af-frunf). I. vt. Insult openly; 
 give offence" to. II. n. Insult; con- 
 temptuous treatment. [L. ad, to, and 
 frons, front.] 
 
 Afghan (af'gan). I. a. Belonging to 
 the country Afghanistan. II. n. Na- 
 tive of Afghanistan. 
 
 afg-han (af'gan), n. Sleeping robe or 
 cover of knitted wool. ■ [field. 
 
 afield (a-feld'), adv. In, to, or on the 
 
 afire (a-'fit'), adv. and a. On fire; burn- 
 ing; inflamed, [pre/, a, on, and Jjre.] 
 
 aflame (a-fiam'), adv. and a. Flaming; 
 in flames. _ 
 
 afloat (a-fiof). adv. and a. Floating; 
 at sea: unfixed- 
 
 aflow (a-flo'), adv, and a. Flowing. 
 "With gray hair afiow, "— Whittier, 
 (Rare.) [move; going on. 
 
 afoot (a- for), adv. On foot; on the 
 
 afore (a-for'). prep, and adv. Before. 
 
 — afore 'hand. adv. Il advance. — 
 aforesaid, a. Said or named before. 
 
 — afore'time, adv. Formerly.- 
 afore'thought, a. Premeditated. 
 
 afoul (a-fowl), adv. and a. Foul; ivj 
 collision. _ [daunted. [See affray. ^ 
 
 afraid (a-frad),a. Struck with fear; 
 
 afresh ('a-fresh'), adv. Anew; again. 
 
 aft (aft), haul. a. and adv. Near or to- 
 wards the stern.— Fore and aft, the 
 whole length of a ship.— Eight aft, in 
 a direct line with the stern. [A. S. 
 aft, short for after, behind.] 
 
 after (aft'er). I. a. Behind in place; 
 later in time; more toward the stern 
 of a vessel. II. prep. Behind; later 
 than; following; in search of; in imi- 
 tation of; in honor of; for the sake 
 of; in proportion to; concerning. III. 
 adv. Subsequently; afterward. 
 
 afterclap (aft'er-klap), n. Unexpected 
 subsequent event. 
 
 aftercrop (aft'er-krop), a. Second 
 crop in the same year. 
 
 after-dinner (aft-er-din'er), a. Hap- 
 pening or done after dinner, as, an 
 after-dinner speech. 
 
 aftermath (aft'er-math), n. Second 
 crop of grass in a season. [See mow.] 
 
 aftermost (aft'er-most),a. Hindmost; 
 nearest the stern of a ship. 
 
 afternoon (aft-er-non'), n. Time be- 
 tween noon and evening. 
 
 afterpiece (aft'er-pes),^. Farce or 
 other minor piece performed after a 
 play. f tion after the act. 
 
 afterthought (aft'er-that), n. Reflec- 
 
 afterward (aft'er -ward), aft'er- 
 wards, adv. Subsequently; later. [A. 
 S. after, behind, and weard, towards.] 
 
 again (a-gen'), adv. Once more; back; 
 moreover; on the other hand. [A. S. 
 ongegn, against.] 
 
 against (a-gensf), prep. 1. Opposite 
 to; in opposition to; in collision with. 
 2. In provision for. [See again.] 
 
 agape (a-gap'). adv. and a. With wide- 
 open mouth. 
 
 agate (ag'at), n. 1. Semi-Dellucid pre- 
 cious stone, variety of quartz. 2. 
 Small size of type, 14 lines to an inch. 
 G^The size in which this line is printed. 
 
 agave (a-ga've), n. Genus of plants, 
 of which the American aloe is a spe- 
 cies. [Gr. agauos, noble.] 
 
 -age (aj). adjectival suffix. Forms col- 
 lective nouns, as foliage, baggage ,' 
 and nouns of condition or relation, 
 as bondage, -peerage, breakage, postage. 
 [Fr. -age; — L. -aticum.] 
 
 age (aj)< I. vt. and vi. Grow old; cause 
 to grow old, or give the appearance 
 of age. II. -/I. 1. Time during which 
 a person or thing has lived or existed. 
 2. Ordinary term of life. 3. Majority, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
a^ed 
 
 20 
 
 agreement 
 
 or legal majority (as at 21 years). 4. 
 Oldness; the declining years of life. 
 5. One of the stages of human life, 
 as the stages of infancy, of youth, of 
 manhood, etc. 6. Period of time; 
 epoch; era; century; generation, etc. 
 [Fr.— L. (Etas, age.] 
 
 aged (a'jed). I. a. Advanced in years ; 
 of a certain age. II. n. pi. Old people. 
 
 agency (a'jen-si), n. 1. Operation. 2. 
 Means of producing effects. 3. Office 
 or business of an agent. 
 Syn. Action; instrumentality. 
 
 ag-ent (a'jent). I. a. Acting, as op- 
 posed to being acted upon or passive. 
 II. n. 1. Person or thing that acts or 
 produces an effect. 2. Means where- 
 by anything is effected; factor. 3. 
 One who acts for another. [L. agens, 
 doing.] 
 
 agglomerate (ag-glom'er at). I. vt. 
 and vi. Make into a ball, into a mass; 
 grow into a baU or mass. II. a. Gath- 
 ered into a bah or mass. III. n. Mass 
 growing or heaped together.— agglo- 
 meration, n. Confused mass. [L. 
 ad, to, glomus, ball, globe.] 
 
 agglutinate (ag-gJ6'ti-nat), vt. Cause 
 to adhere, as by glue, agglutina- 
 tion, n .— agglutinative, a. 
 
 aggrandize (ag'rau-diz). I. vt. Make 
 great or greater in rank, honor or 
 power. II. vi. Become greater. — ag- 
 grandizement (ag-gran'diz-ment), 
 n. [Lt. ad, to, and qrandis, great.] 
 
 aggravate (ag'ra-vat), vt. Provoke; 
 make worse. — aggravation, n. 
 vexation ; addition to bad qualities. 
 
 Syn. Exasperate; irritate; increase; 
 heighten; exaggerate; intensify. 
 
 aggregate (ag' re-gat). I. vt. Collect 
 into a sum or mass; accumulate. II. 
 vi. Unite. [L. ad, to, and grex, gregis, 
 flock.] 
 
 aggregate (ag're- 
 g a t). I. a. Formed 
 of parts taken to- 
 gether. II. n. Sum 
 total. — aggrega- 
 tion (ag-re-ga'- 
 shun),n. Act of ag- 
 gregating; state of 
 being collected to- 
 gether; combined 
 whole. 
 
 aggression (ag- Agg^gate flower, 
 gresh'un), n. First act of hostility or 
 injury. [L. aggredior, aggressus—ad, at, 
 and gradior, step.] 
 
 aggressive (ag-gres'iv), a. Making: 
 the first attack; prone to make an 
 attack. — aggressively, adv. — ag- 
 gressiveness, n. 
 
 aggressor(ag-gres'ur), n. One who first 
 commences nostility or gives offence^ 
 
 aggrieve (ag-greV), vt. Give pain or 
 sorrow; oppress; injure. [L. ad, to, 
 and gravis, heavy, grave.] 
 
 aghast (a-gasf), a. Stupefied with 
 norror. [A. S. intens. pref. a, and 
 gcesten, terrify.] [aguis —ago, do.] 
 
 agile (aj'il), a. Active, nimble. [L. 
 
 agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. Quickness of mo- 
 tion; nimbleness; activity. 
 
 agitate (aj'i-tat). I. vt. 1. Move or 
 shake briskly. 2. Disturb or excite 
 the feelings. 3. Discuss. II. vi. 'Arouse 
 public attention or interest. — agita° 
 tion (aj-i-ta'shun), n. Commotion; 
 perturbation of_mind; discussion^ — 
 agitator (aj'i-ta-tur), n. One who or 
 that which agitates. [I , agito, freq. 
 of ago, putin motion.] 
 
 aglee (a-gle^), adv. Wrong. [Scotch.] 
 
 aglow (a-gl p '>, «• glowing. 
 
 agnail (ag'nal), n. Corn; whitlow; 
 hangnail (loose skin at root of nail). 
 
 agnostic (ag-nos'tik). I. n. One who 
 holds that we know or can know 
 nothing of God and the infinite, as 
 we are limited to experience. II. a. 
 Pertaining to agnosticism. — agnos« 
 ticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm), n. Doctrine 
 of the agnostics. [Gr. a priv. and 
 gnoslikos, able to know.] 
 
 ago (a-go'), adv. and a. Gone, past; as. 
 a year ago. [M. E. agon.] 
 
 agog (a-gog'), adv. and a. Eager; in a 
 state of excited desire. [rent, 
 
 agoing (.«, ^olng), a. In motion ; cur- 
 
 agouize (ag'-o-niz). I. vt. Distress 
 with extreme pain; torture. II. vi. 
 Be in extreme pain; suffer anguiyh. 
 
 agony (ag'-o-ni), n. Extreme pain of 
 
 ' body or mind. 2. Violent struggle, as 
 
 lor life. [Gr. agon, arduous struggle.] 
 
 Syn. Anguish] pang; throe; torment. 
 
 agrarian (a-gra'ri-an). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to land, or to the equal distribu- 
 tion of the land. II. n. One wbo favors 
 agrarianism. — agra'rianisna, n. 
 Principle of a juster distribution of 
 the land. [L. agrarius — ager,& field.] 
 
 agree (a-gre'), vi. 1. Be of one mind ; 
 concur 2. Assent to. 3. Harmonize; 
 resemble ; match ; suit ; correspond. 
 4. Promise or undertake. 5. Be nu- 
 tritious, or good for one's health. [L. 
 ad, to, and gratus, pleasing.] 
 
 agreeable (a-gre'a-bl), a. Suitable; 
 pleasant; conformable to; willing to 
 agree . — agree'ably, adv.— agree- 
 abil'ity, agree'ableness, n. 
 
 agreement) (a-gre'ment), n. 1. Con- 
 cord; conformity. 2. Bargain or 
 contract; mutual assent. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fa]], fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
agricultural 
 
 •21 
 
 alchemy 
 
 agricultural ( ag-ri-kul'tiir-al ) , a. 
 Relating to agriculture. 
 
 agriculture (ag'-ri-kul-tur), n. Art, 
 science or practice of cultivating the 
 land. [Li. ager, a field , and cultura, 
 cultivation.] 
 
 agriculturist (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist), n. 
 One skilled in agriculture. 
 
 aground _(a-grownd'), adv. Stranded. 
 
 ague (a'gu), n. Fever coming in peri- 
 odical fits, accompanied with shiver- 
 ing ; chills and fever.— aguish (a'- 
 gu-ish), a. Like an ague; en illy; 
 shivering. [Fr. aigu, sharp — L. acutus. 
 See acute.] 
 
 an (a), interj. Expression of surprise, 
 joy, pity, inquiry, complaint, compas- 
 sion, etc., according to the manner of 
 utterance. 
 
 aha (a-ha'), interj. Exclamation of 
 pleasure, surprise, contempt, etc. 
 
 ahead (a-hed'), adv. Further on; in 
 advance; headlong; forward. 
 
 ahoy (a-hoi'), interj. Naut. Used in hail- 
 ing vessels, as " ship ahoy ! " 
 
 aid (ad). I. vt. and vi. Help; succor. 
 II. n. Assistance ; person or thing that 
 helps; aide-de-camp. [Fr aider, help.] 
 Syn. Assist; sustain; support; be- 
 friend; relieve; co-operate with. 
 
 aide-de-caiup (ad'de-kong), n. \ pi. 
 aides-de-camp.] Officer assisting the 
 general; aid. [Fr.] 
 
 ail (al). I. vt. Affect with pain, or un- 
 easiness of the body or mind. II. vi.Be 
 in pain, sick, or in trouble.— air- 
 men!, n. [A. S. egle, painful.] 
 
 aim (am). I. vt. Point, as a weapon or 
 firearm. II. vi. Guess; strive (at); en- 
 deavor (to). III. n. Act of aiming; ob- 
 ject aimed at; purpose; endeavor.— 
 aim'less, a. Without aim. — aim'- 
 lessly, adv.— aim'lessness, n. [O.Fr. 
 aemer—Lt. ad, to, and aestimo, reckon.] 
 
 air (ar). I. n. 1. Fluid we breathe; at- 
 mosphere. 2. Light breeze. 3. Tune 
 or melody. 4. Appearance or mien; 
 affected manner; show of pride; 
 haughtiness. 5. Vent; publicity II. 
 vt. i. Expose to the air ; ventilate; 
 dry. 2. Make public ; parade ; display. 
 [Gr. aer, air.] 
 
 airing (ar'ing), n. 1. Exposure to the 
 free action of the air. 2. Walk or ride 
 in the open air for health's sake. 
 
 airy (ar'i), a. 1. Consisting of air; be- 
 longing to the air ; in air ; unsub- 
 stantial; unreal; buoyant; ethereal. 
 4. Vain ; light of heart ; vivacious ; 
 gay. 5 Affected.— airily (ar'i-li), adv. 
 
 aisle ( il ), n. 1. Passageway between 
 seats in a church or hall, or counters 
 in a store, etc. 2. Wing of a church. 
 
 ajar (a-jar'), adv. Partly open. [Mia. 
 Eng. 'on char.] 
 
 akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv. With hand 
 on hip, and elbow bent outward 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 akin (a-kin'), a. Of kin; related by 
 blood or by nature; having the same 
 properties or nature. 
 
 al-, prefix, as in aZkali. [Ar. the.] 
 
 alabaster (al'a-bas-ter). 1. n. Semi- 
 transparent kind of gypsum or sul- 
 phate of lime. II. a. Made of ala- 
 baster. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 a la carte (a-la-carf), adv. Ordering 
 each dish separately. The opposite is 
 table d'hdte, when the meal is ordered 
 and paid for as a whole. [Fr.] 
 
 alack (a-lak'), interj. Exclamation ex- 
 pressing sorrow. Alas! — alack-a- 
 day, inteij. Alas the day 1 
 
 alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti), n. Briskness, 
 cheerful readiness; promptitude. [L. 
 alacer, brisk.] 
 
 a la mode (a-la mod'), adv. According 
 to the mode or fashion. [Fr. a la mode.] 
 
 alarm (alarm'). I. vt. Give notice of 
 danger ; fill with dread; excite fear ; 
 call to arms. II. n. 1. Notice of danger. 
 2. Surprise and fear. 3. Contrivance 
 to arouse from sleep, or give notice 
 of danger. [L. ad, to, and arma, arms.] 
 
 alarmist (a-lai'mist), n. One who ex- 
 cites alarm; one given to prophesy- 
 ing danger or disaster. 
 
 alas (a-las'), interj. Exclamation ex- 
 pressive of sorrow, grief or pity. [Fr. 
 helas—Li. lassus, wearied.] 
 
 albatross (al'ba- 
 tros), n. Large, 
 long -winged sea- 
 bird, of the petrel 
 family. [Sp. alba- 
 troste.~\ 
 
 albino ( al-bi'no ) , 
 n. Person or ani- 
 mal whose skin 
 and hair are un- Albatross, 
 
 naturally white, and pupil of the eye 
 red or pink.— pi. albi'nos. [It. albino, 
 whitish— L. atbus, white.] 
 
 album (al'bum), n. Book for the col- 
 lection of portraits, autographs or 
 the like. [L. albus, white.] 
 
 albumen (al-bu'men), n. White of 
 eggs; substance like white of egg, in 
 animal and vegetable matter. — albu'- 
 minous. a. Like or containing al- 
 bumen. [L. albus, white.} 
 
 alcalde (al-kal'da), n. A judge or ma- 
 gistrate. [Sp.— Ar. al, the, and kadi, 
 judge.] [in alchemy. 
 
 alchemist (al'kem-ist), n. One skilled 
 
 alchemy (al'ke-mi), n. Early name of 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute. hut. burn: oil, owl, then. 
 
alcohol 
 
 22 
 
 alleviate 
 
 chemistry. [Ar. al t the, and Mmia, 
 secret, hidden.] 
 
 alcohol (al'ko-hol), n. Pure or highly 
 rectified spirit, a liquid obtained from 
 fermented saccharine solutions by dis- 
 tillation. (The intoxicating principle 
 of all vinous and spirituous liquors.) 
 — alcoholic (al-ko-hol'ik), a. [Ar. al, 
 the.and koh'l,G.ne powder of antimony, 
 used for painting the eyebrows.] 
 
 alcove (al'kov), n. Recess in a room ; 
 shady retreat. [Ar. al, the, and quob- 
 bah, chamber.] 
 
 aides* (al'der), n. Small tree usually 
 growing in moist ground. [A.S. aler.] 
 
 aider man (a,rder-man),w. Municipal 
 legislator; member of a city council, 
 representing a waid.— pi. aldermen. 
 TA. S. mlder, older, and man, man.] 
 
 ale (ai), n. Liquor made from malt, 
 dried at low heat. [A. S. ealu, beer. ) 
 
 alert (a-lerf), a. Watchful.— alert' - 
 
 ssess, n. [Fr. alerte, on the watch.] 
 
 Syn. Vigilant; lively ; nimble ; quick. 
 
 alga (al'ga], ».[^.al'gae] Sea-weed. [L] 
 
 algebra (ai'je-bra), n. Science and art 
 of calculating by means of a highly 
 systematized notation.— algebra' , 
 a. [Ar L al, the, and jabr, combination.] 
 
 alius (a'li-as), adv. Otherwise. II. n» 
 Assumed name.— pi. aliases. [L.] 
 
 alibi (ai'i-bi), n. Plea that the accused 
 was elsewhere when the crime was 
 committed. [L. = elsewhere.] 
 
 alidade (al'i-dad), n. Arm movable 
 over a graduated circle, carrying an 
 index or a vernier. [Ar. al, the, and 
 adud- arm.l 
 
 alien (a'li-en). I. a. Foreign; of an- 
 other country; II. n. Foreigner.— 
 alienism (a'li-en^ism), n. 1. State oJ 
 being an alien. 2 Studyof mental dis- 
 eases— alienist (a'li-en-ist), n. One 
 skilled in the treatment of mental dis- 
 eases. [L. alius, other.] 
 
 alienate (a'li-en-at), vt. 1. Estrange 
 2. Transfer a right or title to another. 
 —alienable (ali-en-a-bl), a. — alien* 
 ation (a'li-en-a'shun)', n. 
 
 alight (a-lif). I. vi. 1. Settle upon. 2. 
 Dismount; descend. 3. Happen on; 
 meet with. II. a. Lighted; on fire. 
 
 align (a-lm'). Same as aline. 
 
 alike (a-lik'). I. a. On the same model. 
 II. adv. In like manner; equally. 
 
 aliment (al'i-ment), n. Food, nourish- 
 ment.— alimental (al-i-men'tal), a. 
 1. Nutritious. 2. Pertaining to ali- 
 ment. — alimentary (al-i-men 'ta-ri), 
 a. alimentation (al-i-men-ta'shun),7&. 
 
 alimony (al'i-mo-ni), n. Portion of 
 husband's estate or income allowed 
 to wife on legal separation. 
 
 aline (a-lin'). I. vt. Adjust by a line; 
 arrange in a line. II. vi. Fall in line; 
 line up. 
 
 aliquant (al'i-kwant), a. That does 
 not divide without a remainder (5 is 
 an aliquant of 16). [L. ali t any, and 
 quantus, how great.] 
 
 aliquot (al'i-kwot), a. That divides 
 another quantity without a remain- 
 der (5 is an aliquot of 15). [L. ali, 
 any, and quot, how many.] 
 
 alive (a-liv'), a. 1. Living; not dead; 
 existing. 2. Responsive. 3. Keenly 
 attentive; active; lively. 
 
 alkahest (al'ka-hest), n. Supposed 
 universal solvent of the alchemists. 
 [A word made up, probably, by Para- 
 celsus.] 
 
 alkali (al'ka-li or al'ka-li), n. Sub- 
 stance which neutralizes acids, com- 
 bines with tats to make soap, etc., 
 like potash, soda, ammonia, etc.— ^ 
 alkaline (al'ka-lin or al'ka-lln), a. , 
 Having the properties- cf alkali. [Ar. 
 al, the, and kali, glasswort.'j 
 
 alkaloid (al'ka-ioid), I. ft. Resembling 
 an alkali in properties. XL n. Alka- 
 line principle of a plant, as morphine, 
 quinine, etc. 
 
 all (al). I. a. Whole of; every particle 
 of; whole extent; entire duration of. 
 
 II. adv. Wholly; completely; entirely, 
 
 III. n. Whole; entire number; total 
 [A. S. eah all.] 
 
 Allah (al'a), n. Name of God amongst 
 the Mohammedans. [Ar. al, the, and 
 ilah, God.] 
 
 allay (al-la'), vt. Calm; sooth; allevi- 
 ate; appease; soften; mitigate. [A.S. 
 alecgan,_ lessen.] 
 
 allegation (al-le-ga'shun) , n. Affirma- 
 tion; plea; assertion. [See allege.} 
 
 allege (al-lej'), vt. Affirm; aver. [Fr. 
 alleguer — L. lego, send with a charge.] 
 Syn. Assert; urge; declare; adduce; 
 plead; maintain; advance; assign. 
 
 allegiance (al le'jans), n. Tie or obli- 
 gation of a subject to his sovereign 
 or of a citizen to his government. 
 [L. ad, to, and ligo, bind.] 
 
 allegory (al'e-go-ri), n. Figurative 
 speech or story; symbolic represen- 
 tation, whether by speech or other- 
 wise.— allegoric (al-e-gor'ik), a. In 
 the form of allegory ; figurative. [Gr. 
 alios, other, and agoreuo, speak.] 
 
 allegretto (al-le-gret'o), a. In music, 
 less quick than allegro. [ItaL] 
 
 allegro (al-le'gro), adv. In music, 
 sprightly; quick. _ [Ital.] 
 
 alleviate (al-le'vi-at), vt. Ease; lessen; 
 make light; mitigate.— alleviation 
 (al-le-vi-a'shun), n. Act of relieving 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
ft&e? 23 
 
 RSpa<*a 
 
 or making light; state of being re- 
 lieved, —alleviative (ai-ie'vi-a-tiv). 
 L a. Relieving. II. n. Means of re- 
 lieving, [allee, a passage.] 
 
 alley (all), n. Narrow passage. LFr. 
 
 All Fools' Day, n. First day of April. 
 
 all-fours (al-forz'}, n. Game of cards. 
 On all fours, on hands and feet. 
 
 alliance ( al-li'ans ), n. 1. Union by 
 treaty, or marriage, etc. 2. Persons 
 or states so united. [Fr. See ally.] 
 Syn. League; federation; brother- 
 hood: bond; confederacy; affinity. 
 
 allied (al-lid'), a. 1. Bound together 
 in a league, or united in marriage. 2. 
 Related to by affinity; akin cc 
 
 alligat«i\al'i-ga-turj, 
 n. America,n croco- 
 dile. fSp. el, the, and 
 lagan o, lizard.] 
 
 alliteration (al-lit- 
 er-a'shun), n. Begin- 
 ning of several words 
 with the same letter. 
 
 *Ck#- 
 
 [L. ad,\.o, and litter a, 
 fetter.] 
 
 Alligator 
 
 allocate (al'6-kar), vt. Set apart; 
 place to,— allocation (al-6-ka'shun), 
 n. Allotment; allowance made upon an 
 account. [L. ad, to, and locus, place.] 
 
 allocution (al-lo-ku'shun), n. Formal 
 address. [L. ad, to, arid loquor, speak.] 
 
 allopathy (al-lop'a-thi), n. System of 
 medicine opposed' to homoeopathy. — 
 allopathic (al-lo-path'ik), a. Per- 
 taining to allopathy. — allopathist 
 (al-lop'a-thist), n. One who practices 
 or believes in allopathy. [Gr. alios, 
 another, and pathos, disease.] 
 
 allot (al-lof), ft. Parcel out; bestow 
 by lot; apportion. — allot' in ent, n. 
 1. Share allotted. 2. Act of allotting. 
 [Fr. alloter.] 
 
 allow (al-low'). I. vt. 1. Permit; sanc- 
 tion; tolerate. 2. Grant; give. 3. 
 Admit; acknowledge. 4. Deduct. II. 
 V vi. Make allowance ; abate in selling. 
 [Fr. allouer, — L. ad, to, and laudo, 
 praise.] 
 
 allowable (al-low'a-bl), a. That may 
 be allowed; permissible. — allow- 
 ably, adv. — allow'ableness, n. 
 
 allowance (al-low'ans). I. n. 1. Grant; 
 acceptance. 2. Sanction, tolerance. 
 3. Deduction; abatement. 4. Allot- 
 ment. II. vt. Limit to a certain 
 amount, of money, food or the like. 
 
 alloy (al-loi'). I. vt. 1. Mix metals. 2. 
 Debase by mixing. II. n. I. Mixture 
 of metals. 2. Baser metal mixed with 
 a finer. 3. Good mixed with evil. [Fr. 
 allayer, aloyer — L. ad, to, and ligo, 
 bind.] 
 
 All Saints' Day, n. First day of 
 
 November. [November. 
 
 All Souls' Day, n. Second day of 
 
 allspice (al'spis), n. Jamaica pepper, 
 
 the berry of the pimento. 
 allude (al-lod'j, vt. Refer to indirectly. 
 
 [L. ad, to, and ludo, play.] 
 allnre (al-16r'), vt. Entice; tempt.— 
 allurement, n. [See lure.] 
 Syn. Attract; decoy; seduce; lure. 
 allnsion (al-16'zhun), n. Indirect re- 
 ference; hint; suggestion.— allusive 
 (al-lo'siv), a. Hinting at; referring to 
 indirectly. [See allude.] 
 alluvial (al-16'vi-al), a. Deposited by 
 
 water; pertaining to alluvium. 
 alluvium (a 1 - 1 6' v i - u m ) , n. Earth 
 washed down and deposited by water. 
 — pi. alluvia (al-16'vi-a). [L. ad, to, 
 and luo, wash.] 
 ally (al-lT). I. vt. Unite by marriage, 
 or treaty. II. n, 1. Person bound to 
 another by kinship or marriage. 2. 
 State bound to another by league or 
 treaty. [L. ad, to, aud ligo, bind ] 
 almanac (al'ma-nak), n. Book with a 
 calendar of months, weeks, days, eic. 
 [Ar. al, the, and manakh, calendar.] 
 almighty Jal-mi'ti), a. and n. All 
 powerful.— The Almighty- tie omni« 
 potent God. 
 almond (a'mund), n. 1. Fruit of the 
 
 almond tree. 2. Tonsil. 
 almoner (al'mun-er), n. Distributer 
 of alms. — almonry (al'mun-ri), n 
 Place where alms are distributed. 
 almost ( al'most), adv. Nearly ; well 
 nigh; for the greatest, part. [Eng. 
 all and most.] 
 alms (amz), n. Gratuitous gift to the 
 poor. [M. L. elimosina, A. S, aelmysse, 
 from the Greek eleos, pity.] 
 aloe (al'o), n. Tree of several species 
 belonging to the order of lily-worts 
 [Gr. aloe,_ aloe.] [aloe. 
 
 aloes (al'oz), n. Medicinal gum of the 
 aloft (a-loft'% adv. 1. On high; above. 
 
 2. At the mast-head. 
 alone (a-lon'),a. 1. By one's self ; un- 
 accompanied. 2. Peerless ; unequal- 
 ed. [Eng. all and one.] 
 along- (a-lang'). I. adv. Lengthwise ; 
 onward in time or space. II. prep. The 
 length of .— alongside (a-lang'-sid) ; 
 adv. By the side of. [A. S. dndlang.] 
 aloof (a-16f), adv. At a safe distance; 
 
 apart. 
 alopecia (al-o-pe'si-a), n. Loss of hair 
 in spots; baldness.' [Gr.] [voice, 
 
 aloud (a-lowd'). a. Loudly; with a loud 
 alp (alp), a. High mountain. 
 alpaca (al-pak'a), n. 1. Species or 
 
 fate, fat, tasfc, far, falL fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wotf j 
 mtite, hut 3 burn; oU, owl, then. 
 
alpha 
 
 24 
 
 Greek Altar. 
 a. Having the 
 
 llama found in Peru. 2. Kind of thin 
 cloth made from its wool. 
 
 alpba (al'fa), n. 1. First letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. 2. First or begin- 
 ning. 3. The brightest star in a con- 
 stellation. 
 
 alphabet (al'fa-bet). I. ft. Letters of 
 a language. II. vt. Arrange in alpha- 
 betical order; indicate by means of 
 the alphabet. [Gr. alpha, a, and beta, b.] 
 
 alpine (al'pin), a. 1. Pertaining or 
 similar to the Alps. 2. Lofty. 
 
 already (al-red'i), adv. Now; up to 
 this timefsosoon. [Eng. all beady.] 
 
 also (al'so), adv. Likewise; in addi- 
 tion. "[Eng, all and so.] 
 
 altar (al'ter), n. 
 Place for sacred of- 
 ferings ; commun- 
 ion table. [L. altus, 
 high.] 
 
 alter (al'ter). I. vt. 
 Make a change in; 
 modify ; vary. II. 
 vi. Become changed 
 or modified. — al- 
 teration (al-ter- 
 a'shun),ft. Act of al- 
 tering; the cbange 
 made.- altera- 
 tive ( al'ter-a-tiv ) 
 power to alter, n. Medicine that 
 restores the healthy functions of the 
 body. [L. alter, another.] 
 
 altercate (al'ter-kat), vi. Contend in 
 words.— altercation(al-ter-ka'shun), 
 n. Controversy; wrangle. [L. alter cor, 
 wrangle.] 
 
 alternate (al-tgr'nat), I. a. By turns ; 
 reciprocal; one after another in re- 
 gular order. II. ft.l. That which occurs 
 by turns. 2. One designed to take the 
 piace of another in case of failure to 
 act. — alternately (al-ter'nat-li), 
 adv. By turns; "turn about." — al- 
 ternation (al-ter-na'shun), v. Re- 
 ciprocal succession. [L. ahernus, 
 every other.] 
 
 alternate (al'ter-nat). I.vt. Perform 
 by turns; cause to succeed by turns. 
 II. vi. Follow reciprocally; happen by 
 turns. 
 
 alternative (al-ter'na-tiv), I. a. Per- 
 taining to either one of two things, 
 excluding the other. II. n. Choice be- 
 tween two things; one of two things. 
 
 alternator (al'te'r-na-tur), ft. Alterna- 
 ting current dynamo. 
 
 although (al-^Ao'), conj. Admitting; 
 notwithstanding ; even if. [See 
 though.] [altus, high.] 
 
 altitude (al'ti-tud), ft. Height. [L. 
 
 alto (al'to), n. Originally, the highest 
 
 part sung by males; now, the part 
 sung by the lowest female voices, [It. 
 — L. altus, high.] 
 
 altogether (al-to-gei!A'er), adv. All 
 together; wholly; completely; with- 
 out exception. 
 
 alto-relievo (ai-t5-re-le'v5), n. High 
 relief; figures that project half or 
 more from the surface on which they 
 are sculptured. [It. alto, high. See 
 
 RELIEF.] 
 
 altruism (al'tro-izm), ft. Principle of 
 living and acting for the interest of 
 others.— al'truist, ft. Believer in al 
 truism. — aifcruis'tic, a. According 
 to altruism 
 
 alum (al'um), ft. Common alum is a 
 mineral salt, the double sulphate of 
 alumiuium and potash. It crystal- 
 lizes easily in octahedrons, is soluble 
 in water, has a sweetish-sour taste 
 and is a powerful astringent. [L. 
 alumen.] 
 
 alumina (a-lo'mi-na), ft. The oxide 
 of aluminum.— alu'ininous, n. Con- 
 taining alumina. 
 
 aluminum (a-lo'mi-num), alumini- 
 um (a-lo-uiih'i-um), n. Metal resem- 
 bling silver, and remarkable for its 
 lightness and resistance to oxidation. 
 
 alumnus (a-lum'nus), ft. Graduate 
 of a college.— pi. alumni (a-lum'ni)^ 
 
 always, (al'waz ), alway (al'wa), 
 adv. Continually; forever; regularly; > 
 invariably. [Eng. all and way. { 
 
 ain (am). First pers. sing. pres. indi- 
 cative of the verb to be. [See be.] 
 
 amain (a-man'), adv. With si*4den 
 force; at full speed; at once. 
 
 amalgam (a-mal'gam), n. Comp >und 
 of mercury 'with ahotber metal; any 
 compound or mixture. [Gr. malalcos, 
 soft.] 
 
 amalgamate ( a-mal'ga-mat). I. vt. 
 Mix mercury with another metal; 
 compound, combine ; unite.. II. vi. 
 Combine in an amalgam ; blend.— 
 amalgamation, ft. 
 
 amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis), ft. One 
 who writes to dictation; copyist; sec- 
 retary. [L. ab, from, and manus, hand.l 
 
 amaranth (am'a-ranth), n. Plant of 
 the genus Amaranthus, with flowers 
 that last long without withering, 2. 
 Imaginary flower that never fades. 3. 
 Color bordering on purple. — ama- 
 ranthine (am-a-ran'thm), a. Per- 
 taining to or like amaranth ; unfading ; 
 immortal; of a purplish color. [Gr. 
 a, priv. and root mar, wither.] 
 
 amass (a-mas'), vt. Collect in large 
 quantity or amount ; accumulate. 
 [L. ad, to, and massa, a mass.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6ve e wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
amateur 
 
 26 
 
 amethyst 
 
 amateur (am-a-tur'), n. One whocul- 
 tivates,practises any art, study, sport, 
 etc., for the mere love of it, and not 
 professionally. The term is some- 
 times used adjectively. [Fr.— L. ama- 
 tor, lover.] 
 
 amative (am'a-tiv), a. Relating to 
 love; amorous! — am'ativeness, n. 
 Propensity to love. [From L. amo, 
 -utum, love.] 
 
 amatory (am'a-to ri), n. Relating to, 
 or causing love; expressive of love. 
 
 amaurosis (a-ma-ro'sis), n. Partial 
 or total loss of sight, without any per- 
 ceptible external change in the eye. 
 [Gr. a priv. and mauros, dark.] 
 
 amaze (a-maz'), vt. Confound with 
 surprise ' or wonder; bewilder; as- 
 tonish.— amazement, n. Feeling of 
 surprise mixed with wonder; confu- 
 sion.— amazing, par, a. Causing 
 amazement ; astonishin g.-ama- 
 zingly, adv. (Prefix a and maze.] 
 
 amazon (am'a-zon), n. One of a fa- 
 bled nation of female warriors; any 
 female warrior; a mannish woman.— 
 amazonian (am-a-zo'ni-an), a. Of 
 or like an amazon; of masculine man- 
 ners; warlike. 
 
 ambassador (am-bas'a-duv), n. Diplo- 
 matic minister of the highest rank. — 
 ambassadress, n. fern. [L. ambac- 
 tus, servant.] 
 
 amber (am'ber). I. n. Yellowish fossil 
 resin. II. a. Consisting of or resem- 
 bling amber. [Ar. aribar.~\ 
 
 ambergris (am'ber-gris), n. Fragrant 
 waxlike substance, of a gray color, 
 found on the sea coast of warm coun- 
 tries, and in the intestines of the sper- 
 maceti whale, [amber, and Fr. gris, 
 gray.] 
 
 ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter), n.l. One 
 who uses both hands with equal faci- 
 lity. 2. Double dealer. — ambidex- 
 trous, a. [L. ambo, both, and dexter, 
 right hand.] 
 
 ambient (am'bi-ent), a. Surrounding: 
 circling about. [L. ambi, about, and 
 eo, go.] 
 
 ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. Uncer- 
 tainty or doublenessof meaning. 
 
 ambiguous (am-big'u-us), a. Of doubt- 
 ful signification. — ambiguously, 
 adv. [L,.—ambigo, drive about.] 
 Syn. Dubious; equivocal; uncertain. 
 
 ambition (am-bish'un), n. 1. Desire 
 for honor and power. 2. Desire for 
 superiority or excellence. 3. Ruling 
 passion or chief aim of one's life. [L. 
 ambi, about, and eo, itum, go.] 
 
 ambitious (am-bish'us), a. 1. Full of 
 ambition; desirous of power; aspir- 
 
 ing. 2. Desirous of appearing supe- 
 rior; pretentious. — ambitiously. 
 adv.— ambi'tiousness, n. 
 
 amble(am'bl). I. vi. 1. Move easily and 
 without jolts. 2. vt. Pace. II. n. Easy 
 gait of pacer. [L.ambulo, walk.] 
 
 ambrosia (am-bro'zhi-a), n. Fabled 
 food of the gods; delicious food. — 
 ambrosial (am-bro'zhi-al), a. Fra- 
 grant; delicious. [Gr. a priv. and 
 brotos, mortal.] 
 
 ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. Vehicle 
 for conveying the sick and wounded 
 to hospitals. [L- ambulo, walk.] 
 
 ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri). I. a. 
 That has the power of walking; mov- 
 ing from place to place; formed for 
 walking. II. n. Space in a building 
 for walking. [ambush. 
 
 ambuscade (am-bus-kad'). Sanv as 
 
 ambush (am'bosb). I. vt. 1. Lie in 
 wait for. 2. Attack suddenly from a 
 concealed position. II. n. Lying in 
 wait to attack an enemy by surprise. 
 2. Place of hiding. 3. Attack. 4. 
 Troops in ambush, [It. in, in, and 
 bosco, wood.] [Ar. amir.} 
 
 ameer (a-mer'), w. Prince; ruler; emir. 
 
 ameliorate (a-me'li-o-rat). I. vt. Make 
 better; improve. II. vi. Grow better. 
 — ameliorative, a. — ameliora'- 
 tion, n. [L. ad, to, and melior, better.] 
 
 amen (amen' or (in music) a-men'), 
 interj. So let itbe; verily so. [Heb.] 
 
 amenable (a-me'na-bl), a. 1. Liable 
 or subject to. 2.' Easy to govern; 
 obedient, amenability, n.— aine- 
 nableness, n — amenably, adv. 
 
 amend (a-mend'), vt. and vi. Make or 
 
 become better. — amendable, a. — 
 
 amendment, n. [L. e, out of, and 
 
 menda, fault. [tify. 
 
 Syn. Correct; emend; righten; re'c- 
 
 amends (a-mendz'), n. pi. Supply of 
 a loss; compensation. 
 
 amenity (a-men'i-ti), n. Pleasantness 
 as regards situation, climate, man- 
 ners, or disposition.— pi. amenities. 
 [L. amoenus, pleasant.] 
 
 amerce (a-mers'), vt. Punish by a fine. 
 amercement, n. Penalty inflicted. 
 [L. merces, fine.] 
 
 American (a-mer'i-kan). I. a. Per- 
 taining to America, especially to the 
 United States. II. n. 1. Native of 
 America. 2. Citizen of the United 
 States.— Amer'icanism, n. Word, 
 phrase, or idiom peculiar to Ameri- 
 cans. — Amer'icanize, vt. and vi. 
 Make or become like Americans, in 
 customs, etc. 
 
 amethyst (am'e-thist), n. 1. A bluish- 
 violet variety of quartz. 2. Bluish- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
amiability 
 
 26 
 
 anaesthetic 
 
 violet color. [Gr. a priv. and methyo, 
 to be drunk; the stone was supposed 
 to prevent drunkenness.] 
 
 amiability (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti), n. Quality 
 of being amiable or of exciting love. 
 
 amiable ( a'mi-a-bl), a. Possessed of 
 pleasing qualities; worthy of love.— 
 a'uiiably,aa^. [L. amabilis, lovable. 
 
 amicable (am'i-ka-bl), a. Friendly; 
 peaceable.— amieahleness (am'i-ka- 
 bl-nes), n.— amicably, adv. 
 
 amice (am'is), n. Oblong piece of linen 
 covering shoulders, worn by priests. 
 
 amid (a-mid'), prep. In the midst 01 
 middle; among.— amidships, adv. 
 Half way between the stem and stern. 
 
 amidst (a midst'). Same as amid. 
 
 amiss (a-inis'). I. a. Wrong; iu error. 
 II. adv. In a faulty manner. [See 
 miss.] [will. [L. amicus, friend.] 
 
 amity (am'i-ti), n. _ Friendship; good 
 
 ammonia (ammo'ni-a), n. 1. Pun- 
 gent volatile alkali in hartshorn. 2. 
 Spiritsof hartshorn.— ammoniaial 
 (am-mo-ni'a-kal), a. Pertaining to 
 ammonia. [From sal-ammoniac, a salt 
 first obtained near the temple of Ju 
 piter Ammon, in EgyptJ 
 
 ammunition (am-mu-nish'un), n 
 Anything used for munition or de- 
 fense; military stores; powder, balls, 
 etc., used for fire-arms. [Fr. — L. 
 munitio, defense.] 
 
 amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. General par- 
 don for political offenders. [Gr. a 
 priv. and mnestos, remembered.] 
 
 amoeba (a-me'ba), n. Common micro- 
 scopic organism of the simplest 
 structure and constantly changing 
 its shape.— pi. amoebus or amcebse. 
 [Gr. ameibo, change.] 
 
 among (a-mung'), — amongst (a- 
 mungst'), prep. Mingled with ; in 
 the midst or of the number of. [A. S. 
 onmang, gemang, between.] 
 
 amorous (am'o-rus), a. Inclined to 
 love ; fondly in love ; enamored. — 
 amorously, adv. — am'orous- 
 ness, n. [L. amor, love.] 
 
 amorphous (a-mar'fus), a. Having 
 no determinate form; uncrystallized. 
 [Gr. a priv. and morphe, form. 
 
 amount (a-mounf). I. vi. Rise by ac- 
 cumulation; come to; result in; be 
 equivalent to. II. n. Whole sum; 
 effect or result; sum total. [O. Fr. 
 amonter — L. ad, to, and mons, moun- 
 tain.] 
 
 ampere (am-par'), n. Unit of meas- 
 urement of electric current strength. 
 (The current produced by an electro- 
 motive force of one volt and flowing 
 through a circuit of one ohm resist- 
 
 ance.) [Named after the French elec- 
 trician, Ampere, who died 1836.] 
 
 amphibious (am-fib'i-us), a. Living 
 both under water and on land. [Gr. 
 amphi, both, and bios, life.] 
 
 amphitheater, amphitheatre 
 ' (am-fi-the'a-ter), n. Theater with seats 
 all aroundthe arena. [Gr.] 
 
 ample (am'pl), a. Large; abundant.— 
 am'ply, adv.— am'pleness, n. 
 
 Syn. Wide; extensive; abundant; 
 s-nacious; copious; plenteous. 
 
 amplification (am-pli-fi-ka'shun), n, 
 1. Enlargement; the act of amplify- 
 ing. 2. Diffusiveness of description 
 or argument. 
 
 amplify (am'pli-fi). 1. vt. Make more 
 copious in expression; add to. II. vi. 
 Be diffuse in argument or descrip- 
 tion; dilate.- [L. amplus, large, and 
 facio, make.] [or extent. 
 
 amplitude (am'pli-tud), n. Largeness 
 
 amputate (am'pu-tat), vt. Cut off; 
 amputa'tion, n. [L. amb, round, 
 and putare, prune.] 
 
 amulet (arn'u-let), n. Gem or other 
 object carried about the person, as a 
 charm against evil. [Etymology 
 doubtful.] _ 
 
 amuse (a-niuz'), vt. Entertain, divert; 
 beguile ' wit h expectation.— amuse- 
 ment, ».-amu'siijg, a. 
 Syn. Recreate; please; gratify. 
 
 an (an). Form of the indefinite article, 
 used before words beginning with the 
 sound of a vowel. [A. S. ane.] 
 
 an-, 1. Form of the Greek prefix a-. 2. 
 
 Form of the Greek prefix ana- 
 ana—, prefix. Up; back; as, analyze, 
 anatomy. [Gr.] 
 
 —ana, suffix. Belonging to; denoting 
 a collection of: such as sayings, anec- 
 dotes, etc., as Johnsonuma. [L.] 
 
 anachronism (an-ak'ro-nizm), n. 
 Misplacing events, persons or condi- 
 tions in time, as introducing cannon 
 in speaking of the siege of Troy. [Gr. 
 area, back, against, and chronos, time.] 
 
 anaconda (an-a-kon'da), n. 1. Large 
 snake of Ceylon. 2. Species of boa of 
 South America. 
 
 anaemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. Morbid want 
 of blood; condition of the body after 
 great loss of blood. [Gr. a priv. and 
 haima, blood.] 
 
 anaesthesia (an-es-the'si-a), n. Loss 
 of the sense of touch ; incapacity of 
 feeling. [Gr. a priv. and cesthesis, 
 sensation.] 
 
 anaesthetic (an-es-thet'ik). I. a. Pro- 
 ducing insensibility. II. n. Drug that 
 produces insensibilityo 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
anagram 
 
 27 
 
 aneroid 
 
 anagram (an'a-gram), n. Word or 
 phrase formed by transposing the 
 letters of another. [Gr. ana. again, 
 and grapho, write.] 
 
 analgesia (an-al-je'si-a), n. In pathol. 
 Absence of pain, whether in health or 
 disease. [Gr. a priv. and algos, pain.] 
 
 analogical (an-a-loj'i-kal), a. Imply- 
 ing analogy.— analogically, adv.— 
 analog'icalness, n. 
 
 analogous ( an-al'o-gus), a. Having 
 analogy; similar. 
 
 analogue (an'a-log), n. That which 
 bears an analogy to something else. 
 
 analogy (an-al'o-ji), n. 1. Likeness 
 of relations of things otherwise dif- 
 ferent. 2. Likeness. (Figures of speech 
 are based on analogy, as in calling 
 learning a light*. )—pC. analogies. 
 [Gr. ana, according to, and logos, 
 ratio.] 
 
 analysis (an-al'i-sis), n. Resolving or 
 separating a thing into its elements 
 or component parts. [See analyze.] 
 
 analyst (an'al-ist), n. One skilled in 
 analysis. 
 
 analytic (an-al-it'-ik). — analytical 
 (an-al-it'ik-al)'. a. Pertaining to anal- 
 ysis; resolving into first principles. — 
 analytically, adv. 
 
 analyze (an'al-iz) , vt. Resolve a 
 thing into- its' constituent elements; 
 make a critical examination of. [Gr. 
 ana, back again, and lyo, loosen, solve.] 
 
 anapest (an'a-pest), n. Metrical foot 
 consisting of three syllables, two 
 short and the third long, or (in Eng.) 
 v two unaccented and the third accent- 
 ed. [Gr. ana, back, and paio, strike.] 
 
 anarchism (an'ar-kizm), n. Doctrine 
 of anarchy.— anarchist (an'ark-ist), 
 n. One who advocates, excites or 
 promotes anarchy; one who favors 
 the assassination of rulers as a means 
 of abolishing government. 
 
 anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. 1. Theory of 
 abolition o£ the government of man 
 toyman. 2. Society without govern- 
 ment. 3. Want of social order. [Gr. 
 an priv. and arche, government.] 
 
 anathema (a-nath'e-ma), n. Ecclesi- 
 astical curse; curse; person cursed. 
 [Gr.] 
 
 anatomic (an-a-tom'ik) , anatomic- 
 al, a. Relating* to anatomy.— anato- 
 mist, n. One skilled in anatomy.— 
 anat'omize, vt. Dissect; lay open 
 minutely- 
 anatomy (an-at'o-mi), n. 1. Art of 
 dissecting. 2. Science of the struct- 
 ure of the body.learned by dissection. 
 3. Bodily frame; skeleton. [Gr. ana, 
 to, and temno, cut.] 
 
 — ance, suffix. Forming nouns from ad- 
 jectives in -ant, or from verbs, as sig- 
 nificance, forbearance. [L. -antia.] 
 
 ancestor (an'ses-tur), n. Progenitor; 
 forefather.— ancestral (an-ses'tral), 
 a.— ancestress (an'ses-tres), n. fern. 
 [L. ante, before, and cedo, go.] 
 
 ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. Line of ances- 
 tors; lineage.— pi. an'cestries. 
 
 anchor (ang'kur) I. n. 1. Hooked iron 
 instrument that holds a ship, being 
 dropped by chain or cable to bottom 
 of water. 2. Anything that gives sta- 
 bility or security. II. vt. 1. Fasten or 
 secure by an anchor 2. Fasten firmly; 
 fix abidingly. III. vi. 1. Cast anchor; 
 stop; rest. 2. Become fixed. [Gr. 
 agkos, bend, hook ] 
 
 anchorage (ang'kur-aj), n. 1. Ground 
 for anchoring. 2. Support that holds 
 on like an anchor. 3. Duty imposed 
 on ships for anchoring. 
 
 anchoret ( ang'kur-et ), anchorite 
 (ang'kur-it), ns. One who has with- 
 drawn from the world; a hermit. 
 [Gr. ana, back, and choreo, go.] 
 
 anchovy ( an-cho'vi ), n. [pi. ancbo'- 
 vies.] Small fish of the herring kind, 
 about three inches long. [Sp. anchova.] 
 
 ancient ( an'shent ), a. Belonging to 
 former times; very old.— ancient- 
 ly, adv. — an'cientness, n. [M. L. 
 anteanus, former.] 
 
 Syn. Antique; antiquated; obsolete; 
 primitive; old-fashioned. 
 
 and (and), conj. Signifies addition, and 
 is used as a connective. [A. S.] 
 
 andante (an-dan'te), a. In music, 
 moderately slow; expressive. [It.] 
 
 andiron (and'i-urn), n. Iron support 
 for wood in open fireplace; movable 
 fire-iron; fire-dog. [A. S. brandisen.) 
 
 anecdote ( an'ek-dot ), n. Isolated 
 incident of life; short story. — anec- 
 dotical (an-ek-dot'ik-al), a. Consist- 
 ing of or like anecdotes'. [Gr. an priv. 
 and ekdotos, published— ek, out, and 
 didomi, give.] 
 
 anemometer (an-e-mom'e-ter), n. In- 
 strument for measuring the force 
 of the wind. [Gr. anemos wind, and 
 
 METER.] 
 
 anemone ( a-nem'o-ne), n. Plant ol the 
 
 crowfoot family; wind-flower. [Gr. 
 
 anemos, wind.] 
 anent (a-rxent'), prep. 1. Opposite. 2. 
 
 About;' concerning. [A. S. an e fen, 
 
 even with.] 
 aneroid (an'e-roid), a. Containing no 
 
 liquid, n. Barometer without liquid 
 
 or quick-silver. [Gr. a priv. and neros, 
 
 wet.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
aneurism 
 
 28 
 
 aneurism (an'u-rizm) n. Soft tumor 
 arising from the dilatation of an arte- 
 ry. [Gr. ana, up, and eurys, wide.J 
 
 anew (a-nu'), adv. Newly; again. 
 
 angel (an'jel), n. 1. Divine messenger; 
 ministering spirit. 2. Old English 
 coin of the value of 10s., bearing the 
 figure of an angel.— angelic (an-jel'- 
 ik).— angelical (an-jel'ik-al). a. Re- 
 sembling or of the nature of an 
 angel.— angelically, adv. [Gr. ag- 
 getos, messenger.] 
 
 angelns (an'jel-us), n. 1. Prayer to 
 Virgin Mary. 2. Bell tolled at 6 a.m., 
 noon and 6 p.m., when the prayer is 
 to be recited. 3. Name of famous 
 painting by_ Millet. 
 
 auger (ang'er). I. vt. Make angry. II. 
 n. Strong passion of the mind excited 
 by injury. [L. ango, strangle.] 
 
 Syn. Ire; wrath; rage; vexation; 
 resentment; indignation; fury. 
 
 angina (an-ji'na or an'ji-na), n. Any 
 Inflammatory disease of the throat. 
 — Angina pectoris, spasms of tha 
 chest. [Hi. ango, strangle.] 
 
 angle (ang'l), n. Corner; inclination 
 to each other of two intersecting 
 straight lines. [L. angulus, corner.] 
 
 angle (ang'l), vi. Pish with a rod, line 
 and hook; entice; try to gain by some 
 artifice. [A. S. angel, hook.] 
 
 Anglican (ang'li-kan), a. English.— 
 Anglicanism, n. 1. Attachment 
 to English institutions, esp. the 
 Church of England. 2. Principles of 
 the English (Episcopal) Church. [See 
 
 BNGLJSH.] 
 
 Anglice (ang'li-se), adv. In English.— 
 Anglicism (ang'li-eizm), n. English 
 idiom or peculiarity of language. — 
 Anglicize (ang'li-siz), vt. Give an 
 English form to ; express in English 
 idiom. [Latinized forms.] 
 
 Anglo- (ang'16), prefix. Used in com- 
 pound wards; as Anglo-Saxon, etc. 
 
 Angle-Saxon (ang'lo-saks'un), n. and 
 a. Refers to the Angles and Saxons, 
 Teutonic tribes, who settled in Eng- 
 land about A. D. 449, and their in- 
 fluence upon the development of the 
 English people. 
 
 angry (amg'ri), a. 1. Inflamed ; painful. 
 2. Excited with anger; aggravated. 
 —angrily (ang'ri-li), adv. 
 
 anguish (ang'wish), n. Excessive pain 
 of body or mind; agony. [Li. ango, 
 strangle.] 
 
 angular (ang'u-lar), a. 1. Having 
 angles or corners. 2. Constrained in 
 manner ; awkward.— angularity, n. 
 -^angularly, adv. [See anoLb.] 
 
 anil (an'il), n. West Indian species of 
 indigo plant. [Ar. al, the, and nil % 
 indigd.] 
 
 anile (an'il or an'il). Old-womanish; 
 imbecile.— anility, n. State of be- 
 ing anile. [L. anus, old woman.] 
 
 aniline (au'i-lin), n. Product of coal 
 tar or benzol, extensively used in 
 dyeing. [See anil.] 
 
 animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun) e 
 n. Criticism, censure, reproof. 
 
 animadvert (an-i-mad-vert'), vi. Cri- 
 ticise or censure; remark upon. [L. 
 animus, ad, to, and verto, turn.] 
 
 animal (an'i-mal). I. n. 1. Organized 
 being, having " life, sensation, and 
 voluntary motion. 2. Human being 
 in whom the animal propensities 
 predominate. II. a. Like an animal; 
 sensual. [L. ] 
 
 animalcule (an-i-mal'kul), n. Mi- 
 croscopic animal. — animalculum 
 (an-i-mal'ku-lum), n: Animalcule. — 
 pi. animalcula. [N. L. ] 
 
 animalism (an'i-mal-izm), n. State or 
 quality of being actuated by animal 
 appetites only; sensuality. 
 
 animate (an'i-raat). I. vt. Give life to; 
 wnspirit. II. a. Possessing animal life; 
 vigorous.— animated, a. 1. Pull of 
 spirit. 2. As if endowed with life.— 
 animation, n. 1. Act of animating. 
 %. State of being animated. 3. Appear- 
 ance of life. [thuse ; cheer ; gladden. 
 Syn. Inspire; enliven; quicken; en- 
 animism (an'i-mizm), n. Doetrine 
 that animal life and bodily develop- 
 ment are caused by a soul. [Prom 
 L. anima, soul.] 
 
 animosity ( an-i-mos'i-ti). n. Bitter 
 hatred ; active enmity. TProm L. 
 animositas.] " r 
 
 animus (an'i-mus), n. Spirit; motive; 
 enmity. [L. animus, spirit.] 
 
 anise (an'is), n. Plant bearing aro- 
 matic, carminative seeds.— aniseed, 
 n. Seed of the anise plant. 
 
 ankle (ang'kl), n. Joint connecting 
 the foot and the leg. [A. S. ancleoiv.\ 
 
 anklet (angk'let), n. Ornament worn 
 on the ankle, as a bi*acelet is on the 
 wrist. [annals. 
 
 annalist (an'al-ist). n. Writer of 
 
 annals (an'alz), n. pi. Relation of 
 events in order of time ; record, chroni- 
 cles. [L. annates— annus, year.] 
 
 anneal (an-nel'), vt. 1. Temper by 
 heating and then slowly cooling. 2. 
 Fix colors on glass, etc., by heating. 
 [A. S. an, on,and celon, burn.] 
 
 annex (an-neks'). l.vt. Add at the end; 
 join ; connect. — annex ( an-neks' or 
 an'eks). H. n. Something added, as an 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
annihilate 
 
 29 
 
 antecedent 
 
 extension of a_ building.— annexa- 
 tion ) an-neks-a'shun), n. Act of an- 
 nexing the thing annexed. [L. ad, 
 to, ana necto, tie.] 
 
 annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat), vt. Reduce 
 to nothing ; destroy. — annihila- 
 tion,?^. [From L. ad, to, and nihil, 
 nothing.] 
 
 anniversary ( an-i-ver'sa-ri ). I. a. 
 Recurring yearly. II. n. "Day of the 
 year on which an event happened ; 
 annual celebration of sucb a day. [L. 
 annus, year, audverto, turn.] 
 
 annotate ( ano-tat ). I. vt. Make 
 notes upon. II. vi. Make notes or 
 comments. — annotation (an-no-ta'- 
 shun), n. Act of annotating ; note. — 
 annotator ( an'o-ta-tur),». Writer 
 of annotations; commentator. 
 
 announce (an-nowns'), vt. State the 
 approach or presence of; give notice 
 of.— announce'inent. n Act of an- 
 nouncing: matter announced. [L.— 
 nuncio, deliver news.] [tell: herald. 
 Syn. Proclaim; declare; advertize; 
 
 annoy (an-noi'), vt. Trouble ; vex ; 
 bother ; worry ; irritate. — annoy- 
 ance. Act of annoying; state of being 
 annoyed; that which annoys. [Norm. 
 annoy er, hurt— L. noce"o, injure.] 
 
 annual ( an'u-al), I. a. 1. Yearly; 
 occurring every year. 2. Lasting only 
 one year. 3. Reckoned by the year. 
 4. Performed in a year. II. n. 1. Plant 
 that lives but one year- 2. Book pu- 
 blished yearly. — annually, adv. 
 Yearly ; every year. [L. annualis — 
 annus, year.] _ [payable yearly. 
 
 annuity (an-nu'i-ti), n. Sum of money 
 
 annul (an-uuD, vt. [annulling ; an- 
 nulled ( an-nuld' ).] Abolish; make 
 null. [L. ad, to, and nullum, nothing.] 
 Syn. Repeal; nullify; abrogate. 
 
 annular (au'u-lar), a. In the form of 
 a ring. [L. annulus, ring.] 
 
 annulated (an'u-la-ted), a. Formed 
 or divided into rings. 
 
 annunciate ( an-nun'shi-at), vt. An- 
 nounce. — annunciation ( an-nun'- 
 shi-a'shun), n. 1. Act of announcing. 
 2. That which is announced.— Annun- 
 ciation Day. n. Anniversary of the 
 angel's salutation to the Virgin Mary; 
 tne 25th dav of March. 
 
 annunciator (an-nun'shi-a-tur), n. 
 One who or that which announces; 
 device for announcing a call 
 
 anode (an'od), n. Pole at which cur- 
 rent enters electrolytic cell; positive 
 pole of voltaic current. 
 
 anodyne (an'o-dm), n. Medicine that 
 allavs pain. [Gr.j 
 
 anoint (a-noinf), vt. Spread oint- 
 
 ment or oil on ; consecrate (with oil), 
 [O. Fr. enoindre^-Li. in, on, and ungty 
 smear.] 
 
 anomaly (a-nom'a-li), n. Irregulari- 
 ty; deviation from rule. — anoui- 
 alous, a. Irregular; deviating from 
 rule. [Gr. an priv. and homalos, even.] 
 
 anon (a-non') adv. Immediately there- 
 upon; again; soon. [A. S. on ane, at 
 once.] [mous. 
 
 anon (a-non') a. Abbreviation of anony- 
 
 anonymous (a-non'i-mus), a. Having 
 no name ; without the name of the 
 author.— anonymously, adv. [Gr. 
 an priv. and onyma, name.] 
 
 another (an-u^'er), a. Not the same; 
 one more; any other. 
 
 anserine (an'se-rin), a. Referring to, 
 or resembling a goose. [L. anser, a 
 goose.] 
 
 answer (an'ser). I. vt. 1. Reply to ; 
 respond to. 2. Satisfy or solve. 3. 
 Suit; meet the requirement of. 4. Re- 
 fute. 5. Stand (for). II. vi. 1. Reply, 
 2. Act in response. 3. Correspond (to). 
 4. Be responsible. 5. Be suitable. III. 
 n. 1. Reply. 2. Response. 3. Solu- 
 lution.— an swerable ( an'ser-a-bl), 
 a. 1. Capable of being answered. 2., 
 Accountable. 3. Suitable.— an'swer- 
 abl.y, adv. 
 Syn. Rejoinder; response; reply. 
 
 ant (ant), n. Small insect; emmet. [A 
 contraction of emmet— A. S. aemete.] 
 
 ant-, prefix. Against, etc. [See Anti-] 
 
 -ant, suffix. Used to form adjectives, 
 as repented. [L.pr.par. ending.] 
 
 antacid ( ant-as'id ), n. Medicine 
 which counteracts acidity. [Gr. anti, 
 against, and acid.] 
 
 antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm), n. Op- 
 position in a struggle or strife.— an* 
 t agonist (an-tag'b-nist), n. One who 
 contends or struggles with another; 
 opponent. — antagonistic (an-tag-o- 
 nis'tik), a. Contending against; op- 
 posed to. — antagonize (an-tag'o- 
 niz), vt. Contend against or oppose. 
 [Gr. anti, against, and agon, contest.] 
 
 antarctic (ant-ark'tik), a. Relating to 
 the south polar reerions. [Gr. anti, 
 opposite, and arctic] 
 
 ante- (-Artie), prefix. Before, as in an- 
 ^cedent. [L. ante, before.] 
 
 ant-eater ( ant'et-er ), n. Quadruped 
 that feeds on ants. [the war. 
 
 ante-bellum [an'te-bel'um), a. Before 
 
 antecedent ( an-te-se'dent ). I. a. 
 Going before in time; prior. II. n. 1. 
 That which goes before in time or 
 place. 2. Noun or pronoun to which 
 a relative pronoun refers.— antece> 
 dents, n. pi. History; previous con- 
 
 £ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
antechamber 
 
 Antelope. 
 
 duct.— antece'dently, adv.— ante- 
 
 ce'dence, n. Precedence. 
 
 antechamber (an'te-cham-ber ), n. 
 Chamber leading to a principal apart- 
 ment; anteroom. 
 
 antedate (an'te-dat), vt. 1. Inscribe 
 with an earlier date than the true one. 
 2. Be of older date than. 3. Antici- 
 pate. [L. ante, before, and date.] 
 
 antediluvian (an-te-di-lo'vi-an). I. a. 
 1. Existing or happening before the 
 deluge. 2. Antiquated. II. n. One 
 who lived before the flood. [L. ante, 
 before, and diluvium, flood.] 
 
 antelope ( an'te-lop ), 
 n. Quadruped inter- 
 mediate between the 
 deer and goat. 
 
 antemeridian (an-te- 
 me-rid'i-an ), a. Be- 
 fore midday or noon. 
 
 antemundane (an-te- 
 mun'dan), a. Of the 
 time before the world was made. 
 
 antenna fan-ten'a), n. Feeler on the 
 head of an insect.— pi. antenna; (an- 
 ten'e). [L.] [fore marriage. 
 
 antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), a. Be- 
 
 anterior ( an-te'ri-ur ), a. Before, in 
 time or place; in front. [L. compar. 
 degree of anterus — ante, before.] 
 
 anteroom (an'te-rom), n. Room lead- 
 ing into a chief apartment. [L. ante, ' 
 before, and room.] 
 
 anthem (an'them), n. 1. Piece of sacred 
 music sung in alternate parts. 2. 
 Piece of sacred music set to a pas- 
 sage from Scripture. [A. S. ante/en— 
 Gr. antiphone — anti, in return, and 
 phone, voice.],/ 
 
 anther (an'ther), n. Top of stamen in a 
 flower, containing the pollen. [Gr.] 
 
 anthology (an-thol'o-ji), n. Collect- 
 ion of poems or choice literary ex- 
 tracts. — antholog'ical, a. [Gr. an- 
 thos, flower, and lego, gather.] 
 
 anthracite (an'thra-sit), n. Kind of 
 hard coal that burns almost without 
 flame. [See anthrax.] 
 
 anthrax (an'thraks), n. 1. Carbun- 
 cle. 2. Splenic fever of sheep and 
 cattle. [Gr. anthrax, burning coal.] 
 
 anthropoid (an'thro-poid). I. a. Re- 
 sembling man. II. n. Ape. SGr. an- 
 thropos, man, and eidos, form.] 
 
 anthropology ( am-thro-pol'o-ji ), n. 
 Science of man and mankind.— an - 
 thropological(an-thro-po-lo;j'i-kal), 
 a. Pertaining to anthropology.— an- 
 thropol ogist, n. One versed in 
 anthropology. [Gr. anthropos, man, 
 and logos, doctrine.] 
 
 30 antiquarian 
 
 anti-, prefix. Signifies against, oppo- 
 site, or in place of. [Gr.] 
 
 antic (an'tik). I. a. 1. Ancient. 2. Gn> 
 tesque. 3. Odd. II. n. 1. Caper; trick. 
 2. Fantastic figure. 3. Buffoon. [L.. 
 antiquus, ancient.] [nist of Christ. 
 
 Antichrist ( an'ti-krlst ), n. Antago- 
 
 antichristian ( an-ti-kris'ti-an ), a. \ 
 Relating to Antichrist ; opposed to 
 Christianity. 
 
 anticipate (an-tis'i-nat) . I. vt. 1. Be 
 beforehand.in acting, in seeing, or in 
 realizing; forestall. 2. Foresee, fore- 
 taste; be prepared for; expect. II. vi. 
 Take up or consider something 
 beforehand. [L. ante, and capio, take.] 
 
 anticipation(an-tis-i-pa'shun), ?i.Act 
 of anticipating; foretaste. 
 Syn. Expectation; previous notion. 
 
 anticlimax (an-ti-kli'maks),^. Oppo- 
 site of climax; a fault of style, con- 
 sisting in a descent from stronger 
 to weaker terms, or from more im- 
 portant to less important items. [Gr. 
 anti, against, and climax.] 
 
 antidote ( an'ti-dot)., n. Medicine 
 that counteracts the effects of poison; 
 counteractive against any evil. —an- 
 tidotal (an'ti-do-tal), a. [Gr. anti, 
 against, and dotos, given.] 
 
 antilope. See antelope. 
 
 antimony ( an'ti-mo-ni), n. Silvery- 
 white metal, very brittle, much used 
 in the alloys (pewter, etc.) and in 
 medicine. 
 
 antinomian(an-ti-no'mi-an).j.. a. Per- 
 taining to the antinomians. II. n. 
 One of a sect which holds that the 
 moral law is superseded bytheGospel. 
 [Gr. anti, against, and nomos, law.] 
 
 antinomy ( an'ti-no-mi), n. 1. Con- 
 tradiction between two laws or prin- ' 
 ciples. 2. A law contradicting an- 
 other. 3. Contradiction of reason 
 and absolute conception. (Instance: 
 Infinite space or time, although ne- 
 cessary absolute conceptions, are in- 
 comprehensible.) 
 
 antipathy (an-tip'a-thi). n. Natural 
 opposition; aversion; repugnance. 
 [Gr. anti, against, and pathos, feeling.] 
 
 antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n. pi. Those 
 on the other side of the globe, whose 
 feet are opposite to ours. [Gr. anti, 
 opposite to, and podes, feet.] 
 
 antipyretic ( an-ti-pi-ret'ik ). I. a. 
 Effective against fever. II. n. Remedy 
 for fever. [Gr. anti, against, and 
 pyretos, fever.] 
 
 antiquarian ( an-ti-kwa'ri-an). I. a. 
 Pertaining to antiquaries, or to anti- 
 quity. II. n. Antiquary.— antiqua'- 
 rianism,«.Fondness for antiquities. 
 
 C§t* ffrt, task, Vto, ffpl, f&rej $bove j m6, met, hSr; mite, mitj note, not, m5ve, wo!& 
 mate, hut, bQrut oil, owl, then. 
 
antiquary 
 
 31 
 
 apophthegm 
 
 antiquary (an'ti-kwa-ri ), n. I. One 
 devoted to tbe study of antiquities. 3. 
 Dealer in old books, etc. 3. Custodian 
 of a museum of antiquities. 
 
 antiquated (an'ti-kwa-ted), a. Grown 
 old ; out of fashion ; obsolete. 
 
 antique (an-tek'). I. a. Ancient; old- 
 fashioned. II. n. 1. The style of Rome 
 and Greece. 2. Any thing very old; 
 relic of antiquity.— antiquely, adv. 
 In an antique manner. — antique'- 
 ness, n. [L. antiquus, ancient.] 
 
 antiquity ( an-tik'wi-ti ), n. 1. An- 
 cient time. 2. Great age. 3. Relic of 
 the past; anything belonging to an- 
 cient times. 
 
 antiseptic ( an-ti-sep'tik ). La. De- 
 stroying the germs of putrefaction, 
 fermentation or disease. II. n. Any- 
 thing used to destroy disease-germs. 
 
 antispasmodic ( an-ti-spaz-mod'ik ), 
 a. Counteracting spasms. 
 
 antithesis (an-tith'e-sis), n. Figure 
 
 > in which thoughts or words are set in 
 contrast.— pi. antitheses. [Gr ] 
 
 antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), autithet'- 
 ical, a. Pertaining to, abounding in, 
 or prone to, antithesis. [Gr ] 
 
 anti-toxin (an-ti-toks'in), n. Diphthe- 
 ritic inoculation with horse serum. 
 
 antler (ant'ler), n. Stag's hoim. 
 
 antonym (an'to-nim), n. Word of an 
 opposite meaning; opp. to synonym 
 
 anvil (an'vil), n. Iron block on wbich 
 metal is hammered. [A.S. an, on, and 
 flit, fold.] 
 
 anxious (angk'shus), a. In suspense; 
 very desirous. — an'xiously, adv. — 
 an'xiousness, n. — anxiety (ang- 
 zi'e-ti),w. [L. anxius—ango, strangle.] 
 Syn. Solicitous; concerned; trou- 
 bled; disturbed; watchful; eager. 
 
 any (enl), a. and pron. One indefi- 
 nitely; some or any number indefi- 
 nitely. [A. S. cenig, one, only.] 
 
 anything- (en'i-thing). I. a. and pron. 
 A thing indefinitely. II. adv. At all. 
 
 aorta (a-ar'ta), n. Great artery that 
 rises from the left ventricle of the 
 heart. [Gr. aorte—aeiro, raise.] 
 
 apace (a-pas') adv. 1. At a quick pace. 
 2. Leisurely. 
 
 apart (a-parf), adv. Separately; 
 aside; asunder. [See part.] 
 
 apartment ( a-parfe'ment ), n— Room 
 in a house; suite of rooms. — apart- 
 ■meat house , n. House with several 
 distinct apartments for family u=>e. 
 
 apathy (ap'a-thi), n. Want of feeling; 
 want of passion; indifference. — apa- 
 thetic (ap-a-thet'ik), a. In a state of 
 apathy; indifferent. [Gr. a priv. and 
 pathos, feeling.] 
 
 Ape. 
 
 ape ( ap v I. n. 1. 
 
 Quadrumanous ani- 
 mal with human 
 teeth and without a 
 tail. 2. Monkey. 3. 
 Silly imitator. II. 
 vt. Imitate servile- 
 ly ; m i m i c. [A. S. ^ 
 apa, ape.] m 
 
 aperient (a-pe'ri- 
 ent). I. a. Opening; 
 mildly purgative. 
 II. n. Any laxative 
 medicine. [L. aperio, open.] 
 
 aperture ( a p ' e r - 1 u r), n. Opening ; 
 hole; gap or passage. [L. apertura.] 
 
 apex (a'peks), n. Highest point.— pi. 
 a'pexes or apices (ap'i-sez). [L.] 
 
 aphasia (a-fa'zi-a), n. Loss of the 
 power of speech, "without injury to 
 the vocal organs. [Gr.] 
 
 aphelion (af-e'lMm or a-fel'yun), n. 
 Point of a planet's orbit farthest away 
 from the sun. [Gr. apo, from, and 
 helios, sun.] 
 
 aphis (a'fis), n. Plant louse, —pi. 
 aphides (af'i-dez). [Gr.] 
 
 aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. Brief pithy 
 saying ; adage. [Gr. apo, off, and 
 horizo, bound, divide.] 
 
 apiary (a'pi-ar-i), n. Place where bees 
 are kept. [L. apis, bee.] 
 
 apiece (a-pes'), adv. Each; for each 
 one: each by itself. 
 
 apish (a'pish), a. Apelike; imitative. 
 — a'pishly, adv.— a'pish ness, n. 
 
 aplomb ( a-plang' ) , n. Self-posses- 
 sion; assurance. [Fr.] 
 
 apocalypse (a-pok'a-lips), n. Revela- 
 tion; (A) revelation, of St. John. [Gr. 
 apo, off, and kalypto, cover.] 
 
 Apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), n. Certain 
 books appended to the Old Testament, 
 regarded as uncanonical by tbe Greek 
 and the Protestant Churches. {G. 
 apo, away, and krypto, hide.] 
 
 apogee (ap'o-je). n. Point of a heavenly 
 Dody's orbit farthest away from the 
 earth. [Gr. apo, from, and ge, earth.] 
 
 apologetic ( a-pol-o-jet'ik ), apolo- 
 getical (a-po'l-o-jet'ik-al). I. a. Ex- 
 cusing; said or written in defense. Ii. 
 n. Apology.— apologet' ically, adv. 
 
 apologue ( ap'o-log ), n. Moral tale> 
 fable. [Gr. apologos, fable.] 
 
 apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. Something 
 spoken to ward off an attack; defense 
 or justification.— apol'ogist, n. De- 
 fender.— apol'ogize, vi. Make an ap- 
 ology, excuse oneself. [Gr.— apo, from, 
 and logos, speech.] [apothegm. 
 
 apophthegm (ap'o-them). See 
 
 fate, fit, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf-j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, the** 
 
apoplectic 
 
 32 
 
 applause 
 
 apoplectic ( ap-o-plek'tik), a. Of, or 
 predisposed to, apoplexy. 
 
 apoplexy (ap'o-pleks-i),n.. Loss of sen- 
 sation and motion by a cerebral 
 shock; stroke of paralysis. [From 
 Gr. apo, from, and plesso, strike.] 
 
 aport'(a-port'), adv. On or toward the 
 left side of a ship. 
 
 apostasy ( a-pos'ta-si ), n. Abandon- 
 ment of one's religion, principles or 
 party. [Gr.— apo, off ,and stasis, stand.] 
 
 apostate (a-pos' tat). I. a. False; trai- 
 torous; fallen. II. n. One guilty of 
 apostasy ; renegade. — apostatize 
 (a-pos'ta-tlz), vi. Commit apostasy. 
 
 apbstle(a-pos'l),/i. 1. One of the twelve 
 commissioned by Christ to preach the 
 Gospel. 2. One sent on or dedicated 
 to some high mission. 3. Devoted 
 follower and advocate. — apostle- 
 ship (a-pos'1-ship), n. Office or dig- 
 nity of ah apostle. [Gr. apo, away, and 
 stello, send.] 
 
 apostolic (ap-os-tollk), apostolical 
 (ap os-tollk-al), a. Pertaining or ac- 
 cording to the apostles.— apostol'ic- 
 ally, adv. 
 
 apostrophe (a-pos'tro-fe), n. 1. Oram. 
 Mark ( ' ), used to show the omission 
 of a letter, or to indicate the posses- 
 sive case. 2. Bhet. A sudden turning 
 away from the subject to address some 
 person or object present or absent. 
 [Gr. apo Jvom, and strophe, turning.] 
 
 apostrophize ( a-pos'tro-fiz ), vt. 1. 
 Address by apostrophe. 2. Omit a 
 letter; make the sign ( ' ). 
 
 apothecary (a-poth'e-kar-i), n. Dis- 
 penser of medicines; druggist, phar- 
 macist. [Gr. apotheke, storehouse — 
 apo, away, and theke, ches<;.] 
 
 apothegm (ap'o-them), n. Short pithy 
 sentence, as a proverb. [Gv.apo, out, 
 and phthengomai, speak plainly.] 
 
 apotheosis (ap-o-the'6-sis), n. Enroll- 
 ment among the gods; deification; 
 excessive exaltation. [Gr. apo, from, 
 and theos, god.] 
 
 appall, appal (ap-pal'), vt. [appall'- 
 mg; appalled ( ap-pald' ). } Depress 
 with fear or horror ; terrify ; dismay. 
 [Li. ad, to, &tl& pallidas, pale.] 
 
 apparatus (ap-a-ra'tus ), n. Instru- 
 ment or equipment for performing an 
 operation. [L. ad, and paro, prepare.] 
 
 apparel (ap-par'el). I. vt. [appar'eling 
 or appar'elling ; appareled or apparel- 
 led (ap-par'eld).] Clothe; dress. II. n. 
 Covering for the body; raiment. [L. 
 ad, to, and paro, prepare.] 
 
 Syn. Attire; habiliments; costume; 
 vesture; garments. 
 
 apparent (ap-par'ent), a- 1. That may 
 
 be seen; evident; visible; obvious. 2. 
 Seeming ; not real. — apparently, 
 adv. [L. apparens.] [See appear.^ 
 apparition (ap-a-rish'un), n. Specter. 
 appeal (ap-pel'). i. vt. Remove a cause 
 to a higher court. II. vi. Refer to a 
 superior court ; re-fer to another as 
 witness. 2. Invoke aid, pity or mercy. 
 3. Have recourse to. III. n. 1. Act of 
 appealing. 2. Reference to another; 
 recourse. 3. Earnest entreaty. [L. 
 appello, address.] 
 appear (ap-per'), fvi. 1. Become visi- 
 ble; come into view; come before. 2. 
 , Be evident; seem probable ; seem, 
 though not real. — appear'ance, n. 
 1. Act of appearing. 2. Thing seen. 
 3. Apparent likeness. 4. Show; look 
 and bearing. 5. Coming into court. 
 7. Assumption of a character in a 
 play etc. [L.. ad, to, and pareo, come 
 forth.] [of being appeased. 
 
 appeasable (ap-pe'za-bl), a. Capable 
 appease (ap-pez'), vt. Pacify; quiet; 
 allay. [From ~L.ad, to, and pax, peace.] 
 appellant ( ap-pel'ant ), n. One who 
 appeals. [nizance of appeals. 
 
 appellate (ap-pel'at), a. Having cog- 
 appellation (ap-pel-a'shun), n. That 
 by which a thing is called ; name. [See 
 
 APPEAL.] 
 
 appellative ( ap-pel'a-tiv ). I. a. 1. 
 Serving to name. 2. Common; gene- 
 ral. II. n. 1. Specific designation. 2. 
 Common name (as man, fish) as dis- 
 tinct from a proper name. 
 
 append (ap-pend'), vt. Attach; suts 
 join. — appeiad'ag-e, appendix, 
 [pi. appendixes or appendices.] ns. 
 Thing appended [L.— pen do, hang.] 
 
 appendicitis (ap-pen-di-si'tjs),7i. In- 
 flammation of the vermiform appen- 
 dix. See cut Xtjtfstxne, p. 285. 
 
 appertain(ap-er-tan'), vi. Belong to; 
 relate to. [Fr. from L. ad, to, and 
 pertineo, belong-.] 
 
 appetence ( ap'e-tens ), appetency 
 (ap'e-ten-si), n. Natural craving; pro- 
 pensity. [Li. ad, to, and peto, seek.] 
 
 appetite (ap'e-tit). n. Natural desire; 
 hunger; desire for food; physical or 
 mental craving. [See appetence.] 
 
 appetizer (ap'e-ti-zer),«,. Something 
 which excites appetite. 
 
 appetizing- (ap'e-tl-zing), a. That ex- 
 cites appetite. 
 
 applaud (ap-plad'), vt. and «i. Praise; 
 express approval by clapping the 
 hands. [L. ad, to, and plaudo, clap.] 
 
 applause (ap-plaz'), n. Act of ap- 
 plauding; praise by acclamation.— 
 applausive (ap-pla'siv), a. Expres* 
 sing applause. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, absvej me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
apple 
 
 33 
 
 apricot 
 
 apple (ap'l),w. 1. Well-known fruit. 
 2. Tree on which it grows. 3. Name 
 given to various fruits. [A. S. cepl.] 
 
 appliance (ap-pli'ans), n. 1. Act of ap- 
 nlying. 2. Thing applied; means used. 
 
 applicable (ap'lik-a-bl) , a. That may 
 be applied; suitable; relevant. — ap- 
 plicability, n. Quality of being 
 applicable. — ap'plicably, adv. 
 
 applicant (apli-kant), n.— One who 
 applies; candidate. 
 
 application (ap-li-ka'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of applying. 2. Thing applied. 3. Solic- 
 itation. 4. Close attention, 
 
 applique (ap-le-ka'), a. Put on some- 
 thing else, as lace or embroidery on a 
 silk fabric. „ 
 
 apply ( ap-pll' ). I. vt. [apply'ing; ap- 
 plied'.] l.Lay on. 2. Employ. 3. Devote. 
 II. vi. 1. Solicit. 2. Have reference. 
 [From L. ad, to, and plico, fold.] 
 
 appoint (ap-poinf). I. vt. Fix; assign; 
 ordain; nameforofflce; commission; 
 set apart. 2. Equip; furnish. II. vi. 
 Determine or decree.— a p p o i n t '- 
 men t, ft. 1. Act of appointing. 2. 
 Situation or office assigned. 3. Agree- 
 ment. 4. What is decreed or ap- 
 pointed. — pi. appointments. Equip- 
 ments; accouterments. [Fr. — L. ad, 
 to, and punctum, point.] 
 
 apportion (ap-por'shun), vt. Portion 
 out; divide in shares.— apportion- 
 ment, n. [ L. ad, to, and portio, 
 portion.] 
 
 apposite (ap'o-zit), a. Adapted; suit- 
 able; very applicable.— ap'positely, 
 adv.— ap'positeness, n. [L. ad, to, 
 and pono, positum, place.] 
 
 apposition (ap-6-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
 of adding. 2. State of being placed 
 together or against. 3. Gram. Annex- 
 ing of one noun to another, (or of a 
 noun to a pronoun, etc.) in the same 
 case or relation. [See apposite.] 
 
 appraise (ap-praz'), vt. Seta price on; 
 value. — appraisal (ap-pra'zal) , 
 appraise' ment, n. Valuation." — 
 apprai'ser, n. One who appraises. 
 [L. ad. to, and pretium, price.] 
 
 appreciable (ap-pre'shi-a-bl), a. That 
 may be estimated or determined. — 
 appreciably, adv. 
 
 appreciate (ap-pre'shi-at ). I. vt. 1. 
 Value. 2. Estimate duly. 3. Be aware 
 of, detect. II. vi. Rise in value.— ap- 
 preciation ( ap-pre-shi-a'shun), n. 
 1. Act of setting a value on. 2. Just 
 estimation. 3. Rise in _ value, ap- 
 preciative (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv), a. Ca- 
 pable of appreciation. [L, ad, to, and 
 pretium, price.] 
 
 apprehend(ap-pre-hend'), I. -wM.Take 
 hold of. 2. Seize with the mind: recog- 
 nize. 3. Expect with fear. II. vi. Imag- 
 ine. [L. ad, to, and prehendo, seize.] 
 Syn. Catch; seize; arrest; compre- 
 hend; conceive; believe; fear; dread. 
 
 apprehensible (ap-pre-hen'si-bl), a. 
 That may be apprehended. 
 
 apprehension(ap-pre-hen'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of apprehending or seizing. 2. 
 Laying hold of with the mind. 3. 
 Fear of future evil. 
 
 apprehensive ( ap-pre-hen'siv ), a. 1. 
 Fearful; suspicious. 2. Quick of per- 
 ception.— apprehensively, adv. — 
 apprehen'siveness, n. 
 
 apprentice (ap-pren'tis). I. vt. Bind 
 to a craft or trade. II. n. 1. Learner, be- 
 ginner. 2. One bound to another to 
 learn a trade, art, or business. [O. Fr. 
 — L. apprehendere, learn.] 
 
 apprise, apprize (ap-priz'), vt. Give 
 notice; inform. [From root of ap- 
 prehend.] 
 
 approach (ap-proch'). I. vt. Come near 
 w>; make advances to. II. vi. Draw 
 near. III. n. 1. Act of drawing nea»r 
 2. Access ; avenue. 3. Approxima- 
 tion; nearness.— approaches, n. pi. 
 Works thrown up t»y besiegers, to 
 protect them in their advances.— ap- 
 proach/able, a. [Fr. approcher — 
 L. ad, to, and prope, near.] 
 
 approbation (ap-pr6-ba'shun),7i. Act 
 oi approving; commendation. [See 
 
 APPP^OVE.] 
 
 Set apart for a purpose. II. a. Suita- 
 ble; adapted. — appropriately, adv. 
 — appropriateness, n. — appro- 
 priation, n. [L. ad, to, and proprius, 
 own.] [proving; approbation. 
 
 approval (ap-pro'val), n. Act of ap- 
 
 approve (ap-pr ov'). I. vi. Esteem 
 good; commend; sanction. II. vi. Ex- 
 press or feel approbation.— appro'- 
 ving-ly, adv. \L, ad, to, probo, test.] 
 
 approximate (ap-proks'i : mat). I. vt. 
 Come near ; approach. II. a. Ap- 
 proaching,near.— approximately, 
 adv. — approximation, n. Act or 
 process of approximating; result ap- 
 proaching correctness. [L. ad, to, and 
 proximus, nearest,}. 
 
 appurtenance (ap-pur'te-nans), n. 
 Tnat which appertains to; appendage. 
 -appurtenant, a. Appertaining 
 to. [See APPERTAIN.] 
 
 apricot (ap'ri-kot),?i. 1. Well-known 
 fruit. 2. Tree that yields it. [Of un- 
 certain etymology.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften. 
 
April 
 
 34 
 
 archbishop 
 
 April (a'pril), n. Fourth month of the 
 year. [L. AprilisJ 
 
 apron (a'prun or a-purn), n. Covering 
 worn in front. \0._ Fr. naperon, cloth.] 
 
 apropos a-pro-po'). I. adv. 1. To the 
 purpose; appropriately. 2. By the 
 way. II. a. Opportune, fitting. [Fr.] 
 
 apse (aps), n. Recess-like part of a 
 building. [L. apsis.] 
 
 apt (apt), a. 1. Fit; pertinent. 2. Lia- 
 ble; inclined. 3. Able.— apt'ly, adv. 
 — aptness, n. [L. aptus, fit.] 
 
 apteryx (ap'ter-iks), n. Bird of New 
 Zealand, with rudiments of wings 
 and no tail. [Gr. = wingless.] 
 
 aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. 1. Fitness. 2. 
 Tendency. 3. JReadiness. [See apt.] 
 
 aqua fortis (a'kwa far'tis), n. Weak 
 nitric acid. [L. = strong water.] 
 
 aquarium (a-kwa'- 
 ri-um), n. Vessel or 
 building for water 
 plants or animals. 
 — pi. aqua'riums or 
 aqua'ria. 
 
 Aquarius ( a-kwa- 
 ri-us), n. Constella- 
 tion of the zodiac. 
 [L. = waterman.] 
 
 aquatic (a-kwat'ik). 
 I. a. Pertaining to 
 water. II. n. Water 
 plant or animal.— 
 aquatics, n. pi. 
 Water sport. 
 
 aqueduct (ak'we- 
 dukt),w. Artificial channel for con- 
 veying wa_ter. [posited by water. 
 
 aqueous (a'kwe-us), a. Watery; de- 
 
 aquiline(ak'wi-lin), a. Hooked; of or 
 like an eagle. [L. aquila, eagle.] 
 
 Arab (ar'ab), n. Native of Arabia. — 
 ar'ab, n. Street boy or girl. 
 
 arabesque (ar-a-besk'). I. a. After 
 the manner of Arabian designs. II. n. 
 Fantastic painted or sculptured orna- 
 ment consisting of geometrical lines, 
 foliage, vines and fruits, but no ani- 
 mal forms. 
 
 Arabian (a-ra'bi-an). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to A rabia. II. h. Native of Arabia. 
 
 Arabic (ar'a-bik). 1. a. Relating to Ara- 
 bia, or' to its language. II. n. Lan- 
 guage of the Arabians. 
 
 arable (ar'abl), a. Fit for plowing or 
 tillag-e. [L. arabilis.] 
 
 arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. Umpire; judge. 
 [L. ai, to, and bito, go or come.] 
 
 arbitrament (ar-bit'ra-ment), n. De- 
 cision of an arbiter. 
 
 arbitrary ( ar'bi-tra-ri ), a. Depend- 
 ing on the will; not' bound by rules; 
 
 Aquarius. ( 
 
 abusing power; despotic— arbitra- 
 rily, adv.— arbitrariness, n. 
 
 arbitrate (ar'bi-trat), vt. and vi. 1. 
 Decide as arbitrator. 2. Settle by 
 arbitration. [judge. 
 
 arbitrator (ar'bi-tra-tur) , n. Arbiter ; 
 
 arbor (ar'bur), n. 1. Inclosed space 
 covered with vines; bower. 2. Tree, 
 as distinguished from a shrub. 3. 
 Principal axis of a machine.— arbo- 
 reous (ar-bo're-us). a. Of or pertain- 
 ing to trees.— arborescent (ar-bo- 
 res'ent), a. Growing or formed like 
 a tree. — arboriculture ( ar'bur-i- 
 kul-tur), n. Culture of trees. [L. 
 arbor, tree.] 
 
 arbutus (ar-bu'tus), n. 1. Evergreen 
 shrub called "strawberry tree." 2. 
 »' Trailing arbutus " or " mayflower." 
 
 arc (ark), n. Segment of a circle — 
 arc-light, n. Electric light formed by 
 passage of voltaic current between 
 two carbon points. 
 
 arcade (ar-kad'), n. 
 1. Walk arched 
 over. 2. Long 
 arched gallery 
 with shops on 
 both sides. 3. Row 
 of pillared arches. 
 
 Arcadian (ar-ka'- 
 di-an),a. Pertain- 
 ing to Arcadia, a 
 district in Greece; 
 
 arcane (ar'kan). I. 
 
 Arcade. 
 
 pastoral; rural. 
 a. Hidden, secret. 
 II. n. Secret remedy; powerful charm. 
 [L.] [pi. arcana. JL.] 
 
 arcanum (ar-ka'num), n. Secret. — 
 
 arch (arch). I. vt. Cover with an arch. 
 2. Form into a curve. II. vi. Be 
 shaped like a curve. III. n. 1. Curved 
 structure, the two ends of which rest 
 on supports. 2. Anything of similar 
 form; the sky, etc. [L. arms, bow.] 
 
 arch (arch), a. Playfully cunning; 
 roguish; sly.— arch'ly, adv.— arch- 
 ness, n. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 arch- (arch; before a vowel ark), prefix. 
 Signifies principal, chief. [Gr. arckos, 
 chief.] 
 
 archaeology (ar-k-e-ol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of antiquities, ancient art, custom, 
 etc.— archa3©log , 'ical,a.— archa30- 
 logically, adv.— archaeologist, n. 
 [Gr. archaios, ancient, and logos, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 archaic (ar-ka'ik), a. Ancient; anti- 
 quated. —archaism (ar'k'a-ism), n. 
 Obsolete expression. 
 
 archangel (ark-an'jel), n. Angel of 
 the highest order. 
 
 archbishop (arch-bish'up), n. Chief 
 bishop; the bishop of a province as 
 
 fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mfite, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
#»pyright, 1903, by Wm. H. tee. 
 
 STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE 
 
 *• Egyptian — Temple on the island of Elephantine. 2. Greek— The Parthenon at Athens. 
 
 3. Roman — The Pantheon at Rome. 
 
 4. Chinese — Entrance to Temple of Confucius, 
 
 £. Saracenic — Mosque of Cairo, Egypt. 6. Russian — Cathedral at Moscow. 
 
 (See Columns — Plates IX, X) 
 
£LATE V. 
 
 Hunt 
 
 Copyright, 1903, \>j Wm. H. L«. 
 
 STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE 
 
 Continued from Plate IV. 
 
 5f. Romanesque — Cathedral at Zara r Dalmatia. 8. Gothic — Cathedral of York, England. 
 
 9. Renaissance — St. Peter's, Rome, Italy, East elevation. 
 
 ao. Modern Renaissance — Arc de Triornphe, Paris, France. 
 
archdeacon 
 
 35 
 
 ark 
 
 well as his own diocese. — archbish- 
 opric ( arch-bish'up-rik ), ?i. Office 
 and jurisdiction of an archbishop. 
 
 archdeacon (arch de'kun),n. Officer 
 next under a bishop. 
 
 archdiocese (arch-di'o-sez), n. Dio- 
 cese of an archbishop. 
 
 archduke (arch-duk'), n. (now) Son 
 of the emperor of Austria.— arch- 
 duchess, n.fem.— archdu'cal, a.— 
 archduchy, n. (formerly) Territory 
 of an archduke. 
 
 archer (ar'cher), n. One who shoots 
 with a bow and arrow.— archery 
 (ar'cher-i), n. Art of shooting with a 
 bow. [Li. areas, bow.] 
 
 archetype (ar'ke-tip), n. Original 
 pattern. -archetypal (ar'ke-ti'pal), a. 
 
 archiepiscopal ( ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pal), 
 a. Belonging to an archbishop.— ar- 
 chiepiscopacy ( ar-ki-e-pis'ko-pa- 
 si),rt. Archbiskepric. [See episcopal.] 
 
 archipelago (ark-i-pel'a-go), n. Sea 
 abounding in small islands; group of 
 islands. [Gr. arehi, chief, dmdpelagos, 
 sea.] 
 
 architect (ark'i-tekt), n. One who de- 
 signs buildings and superintends 
 their erection.— architecture (ar'ki- 
 tek-tur), n. 1. Art or science of buMd- 
 ing. 2. Style of structure.— archi- 
 tectural, a. [Qr.archi, chief, and 
 tekton, builder.] 
 
 architrave (ar'ki-trav), n. Part of 
 a structure that rests directly on the 
 column. [Gr. archi, chief, and L.. trabs, 
 beam.] 
 
 archive (ar'kiv or ar'kiv), n. Public 
 record or paper.— archives (ar'kivz), 
 n. pi. 1. Place where public papers 
 and records are kept. 2. The papers 
 and records so kept. [Gr. archeion, a 
 government officej [der an arch. 
 
 archway (arch'wa), n. Passage un- 
 
 arctic(aik'tik), a. Northern, pertaining 
 to tne region round the north pole; 
 extremely cold. [Gr. arktos, bear.] 
 
 -ard, suffix. Intensive, as drunkard, 
 coward. [Pr. — Ger. hart, hard.] 
 
 ardency (ar'den-si), n. Quality of 
 being ardent. 
 
 ardent (ar'dent), a. Intense; eager; 
 zealous; hot; burning.— ardently, 
 adv. — ar'dentness, n. [L. ardens — 
 ardeo, burn.] 
 
 ardor (ar'dur), n. Warmth of passion 
 or feeling. [D.— ardeo, burn.] 
 
 Syn. Eagerness; fervor; intensity; 
 warmth; heat; zeal. 
 
 arduous (ar'du-us), a. Difficult to ac- 
 complish.— ar'duously, adv. — ar'- 
 duousness, n. [L. arduue, steep.] 
 
 are (ar), v. PI. pres. ind. of bb. 
 
 are (ar), n. Superficial measure, con* 
 taining 100 square meters, or 119.6 
 square yards. [L. area.] 
 
 area (a're-a), n. 1. Plain surface in- 
 cluded within limits. 2. Vacant space 
 about a building. 3. Superficial con- 
 tents of any figure. 4. Region. [L.] 
 
 arena (a-re'na), n. 1. Open space 
 strewn with sand, in aiRoman amphi- 
 theater, for contests. 2. Anyplace of 
 public action. [L. arena, sand.] 
 
 argent (argent), a. Made of or like 
 silver. [Fr.— L. argentum, silver.] 
 
 argillaceous (av-jil-la'shus),a. Of the 
 nature of clay. 
 
 argon (ar'gon), n. Original chemical 
 element, constituting about one per 
 cent of the atmosphere. [vessel. 
 
 argosy (ar'g5-si), n. Large merchant 
 
 argue (ar'gu). I. vt. Prove by argu- 
 ment. II. vi. Dispute. [D. arguo, prove, 
 Syn. Debate; discuss; reason. 
 
 argument (ar'gu-ment), n. Reason 
 
 .offered as proof; discussion.— argu- 
 ment a'ti on , n.— argumentative, 
 a. — argument'ati vely, adv. — ar- 
 gument'ativeness, n. 
 with a hundred eyes>. 
 
 arid (ar'id),' a. Dry; 
 parched. — aridi- 
 ty, n.— ar'idness, 
 n. [L. aridus, dry.] 
 
 Aries (a'ri-ez), n. 
 Constellation of the 
 zodiac. [L. = ram.] 
 
 aright (a-rif), adv. 
 In a right way;correctly. 
 
 arise (a-riz'), vi. [arising" 
 arisen" (a-rizn').] Rise; spring forth : 
 appear. jA.S. a, out from, and rise.] 
 
 arista (a-ns'ta), n. An awn. 
 
 aristocracy ( ar-is-tok'ra-si ), n. 1. 
 Government by the nobles. 2. Nobi- 
 lity of a state. [Gr. aristos, best, and 
 kratos, sway.] 
 
 aristocrat (ar-is't5-krat), n. One who 
 belongs to aristocracy; haughty per- 
 son. — aristocrat ie, aristocrat- 
 ioal, a. — aristocrat'ically, adv. 
 
 arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. Science 
 of numbers; 'art of reckoning by fig- 
 ures. — arithmetical, a. — arith- 
 metically, adv. — arithmetician 
 (a-rith-me-tish'un), n. One skilled in 
 arithmetic. [Gr. arithrnos, number.] 
 
 -ariuni, suffix. Forming nouns mark- 
 ing place for, as sa?ii£ariwm=place for 
 health. 
 
 ark (ark), n. 1. Vessel in which Noah 
 and bis family were preserved during 
 the flood. 2. Sacred repository of 
 the tables of the Mosaic law, etc., 
 3. The vessel which concealed the 
 
 Aries. (CY 5 ) 
 
 fate, fat, task, f&r, fftll, fare, above ; raS, met, hSr ; mite, mit; note, not, move, w«'f; 
 route, hut, burn; oil, owl, Wen. 
 
ye 
 
 arson 
 
 infant) Moses. 4. Large flat boat. [L. 
 area, chest.) 
 
 arm (arm). I. n. 1. "Weapon. 2. Branch 
 of military service. II. vt. Furnish 
 with weapons ; fortify. III. vi. Take 
 arms. — arm'ament, n. Guns, etc., of 
 a ship or fort. [L. arma, weapons.] 
 
 arm (arm), n. 1. Limb extending from 
 the shoulder to the hand. 2. Anything 
 resembling the humanarm.3.^gwra- 
 tively, power or might. [A. S.] 
 
 armada (ar-ma'da or ar-ma'da), n. 
 Fleet of warships.' [Sp.] 
 
 armadillo ( ar'ma-dil'6), n. Small 
 quadruped of South America, with a 
 bony shell. [Sp.] 
 
 Armature coil. 
 
 armature (ar'ma-tur), n. 1. Armor; 
 means of defense. 2. Piece of soft iron 
 applied to a magnet to keep the mag- 
 netic power undiminished. 3. In a dyn- 
 amo the iron wound with insulated 
 wire, the movement of which induces 
 currents of electricity in its coils. 
 
 armistice (ar'mls-tis), n. Short sus- 
 pension of hostilities; truce. [Fr. — 
 L. arma, arms, and sisto, stop.] 
 
 armor (ar'mur). I. n. Defensive arms 
 or dress; plating of ships of war, etc. 
 II. v. Supply with or put on armor. 
 
 armorer (ar'mur-er), n. Maker or re- 
 pairer or keeper of armor. 
 
 armorial (ar-mo'ri-al), a. Pertaining 
 to armor, or to the arms or escutch- 
 eon of a f amily.-armory (ar'mur-i),ra. 
 
 army (ar'mi), n. 1. Large organized 
 body of armed men trained for war. 
 2. Great number. [Fr. armSe.] 
 
 arnica (ar'ni-ka). n. 1. A plant. 2. A 
 medicine made from it. 
 
 aroma (a-ro'ma), n. Fragrance in 
 plants and other substances. [Gr.] 
 
 aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik). I. a. Fra- 
 grant; spicy. II. n. Plant or drug 
 with a fragrant odor, and usually a 
 warm, pungent taste. 
 
 around (a-rownd'). I. prep. 1. About. 
 2. On all sides of ; encircling. II. adv. 
 On every side; in a circle; from 
 place to place. [A, on, and round.] 
 
 arouse (a-rowz'), vt. Wake up; stir up. 
 
 arraign (ar-ran*), vt. 1. Accuse. 2. in 
 law. Call upon one to answer an in- 
 dictment in court.— arraign'ment, 
 
 n. [L. ad, to, and ratio, account.] 
 Syn. Call to account. See accuse. 
 
 arrange ( ar-ranj' ), vt. Put in or- 
 der, dispose, prepare, -arrange- 
 ment, n. [See range.] 
 
 arrant (ar'ant), a. Notorious, down- 
 right. [Fr. errant, vagabond.] 
 
 arras (ar'as) n. Tapestry. [From 
 Arras, in France, where first made.] 
 
 array (ar-ra'). I. vt. Arrange ; dispose. 
 
 2. Deck; dress. II. n. 1. Order, espe- 
 cially of battle. 2. Impaneled jury. 
 
 3. Showy arrangement. 4. Dress; 
 equipage. [See ready.] 
 
 arrear(ar-rer'), n. That which remains 
 unpaid and overdue; mostly used in 
 the plural. [Fr. arrilre, behind.] 
 
 arrest (ar-resf). I. vt. 1. Stop; check; 
 detain. 2. Seize or apprehend by legal 
 warrant, 3. Engage; occupy. II. n. 
 Seizure. [L. ad. to, and resto, remain.] 
 
 arrival(ar-ri'val),rc. 1. Act of arriving. 
 2. One who or that which arrives. 
 
 arrive (ar-riv'),w. 1. Come to or reach 
 a place. 2. Attain to any object. [Fr. 
 arriver—L,. ad, to, and ripa, bank.] 
 
 arrogance (ar'o-gans ), n. Undue as- 
 sumption of importance; conceit. 
 Syn. Insolence; presumption. 
 
 arrogant (ar'o-gant), a. Overbear- 
 ing; full of assumption ; haughty.— 
 arrogantly, adv. 
 
 arrogate (ar'o-gat), vt. Make undue 
 claims to, from vanity or false pre- 
 tensions.— arroga'tion, n. 
 
 arrow (ar'6), n. Straight, slender, 
 pointed weapon, made to be shot from 
 a how.— arrow-headed, a. Shaped like 
 the head of an arrow.— arrowy (ar'- 
 ro-i), a. Formed or moving like an 
 arrow. [A. S. arewe.J 
 
 arrowroot ( ar'o-rQt) , 
 n. Nutritive farina- 
 ceous substance, made 
 from the roots of cer- 
 tain West Indian 
 plants. 
 
 arsenal ( ar'se-nal ), n. 
 1 or 
 
 Arrowroot. 
 
 Place where naval or 
 military arms and mu- 
 nitions are manufac- 
 tured or stored. [Ar. ddr, a house 
 and cina'ah, art.] 
 
 arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. 1. Soft gray- 
 colored metal. 2. White oxide of the 
 metal, which is a virulent poison, 
 [Gr. arren, male, on account of its 
 great strength.] 
 
 arson (ar'sun), n. Crime of wilfully 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, than. 
 
art 
 
 37 
 
 aseptic 
 
 Arteries 
 in human head. 
 
 burning a building. [Fr. — L. ardeo, 
 arsum, burn.] 
 
 jxt (art), v. Second person sing, pres- 
 ent indicative of be. [A. S. eart.] 
 
 art ( art ), n. 1. 
 Skill; occupa- 
 tion requiring 
 skill. 2. Rules 
 and methods. 3. 
 Production o f 
 the beautiful. 4. 
 Productions of 
 man 5. Con- 
 trivance ; cun- 
 ning. [L.. ars, 
 — root ar-, fit.] 
 
 artery (ar'ter-i), 
 n. Vessel which 
 conveys blood 
 from the heart; 
 channel.— ^arte- 
 rial (ar-te'ri-a_l),a. [Gr. arteria, pipe.] 
 
 Artesian (ar-te'zhan) well, n. Deep, 
 narrow boring for water, first made 
 at Artois, France. 
 
 artful (art'fol), a. 1. Done with skill. 
 2. Cunning.' 3. Skillful. 4. Artificial. 
 
 artichoke ( ar'ti-chok ) , n. Edible 
 plant with large scaly heads like the 
 cone of a pine.— Jerusalem a., species 
 of sunflower with tuberous roots. 
 
 article (ar'ti-kl). I. vt. Draw up or 
 bind by articles. II. n. 1. Separate 
 element or part. 2. One of the parti- 
 cles an or a and the. [I^-l 
 
 articulate (ar-tlk'u-lat). I. vt. 1. Joint. 
 2. Form into distinct sounds, sylla- 
 bles, or words. II. vi. Pronounce dis- 
 tinctly. III. a 1. Formed with joints. 
 2. Distinctly syllabled. 3. Expressed 
 in articles. — artic'olately. adv. — 
 artic'ulateness, n. — articula- 
 tion, n. 1. Joining, as of bones. 2. 
 Articulate sound. 3. Distinct utter- 
 ance. [L. articulo, furnish with joints.] 
 
 artifice (ar-'ti-fis), n. Crafty device; 
 trick; fraud.— artificer (ar-tif'i-ser), 
 n. Skilled workman; artistic worker; 
 inventor or contriver. — artificial 
 (ar-ti-fish'al), a. 1. Made by art. 2. 
 Not natural; fictitious; feigned. [L. 
 ars, artis, art, and /aao, make.] 
 
 ar tiller i st (ar-til'er-ist),«,. One skilled 
 in artillery. 
 
 artillery ( ar-til'er-i ), n. Ordnance, 
 such as cannon, mortars, etc. 2. 
 Branch of military service which uses 
 ordnance. [Fr. artiUerie.] 
 
 artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. One skilled in 
 a mechanic art. 
 
 artist (art'ist), n. One who practices 
 an art, especially one of the fine arts, 
 as painting, sculpture, architecture. 
 
 artiste (ar-test'),rc. Expert in any 
 work requiring skill and dexterity, as 
 a hair dresser, cook, etc. [Fr.] 
 
 artistic (ar-tis'tik), artist ical, a. 
 Pertaining to an art; conforming to 
 art.— artistically, adv. 
 
 artless (art'les), a. Without guile, 
 craft, or stratagem; sincere; ingenu- 
 ous; unaffected.— artlessly, adv. — 
 art'lessness, n. 
 
 -ary, suffix. Denoting: 1. Agent in per- 
 forming any act or doing any work; 
 as notary; 2. Place for, as library. 
 [From L. -arius, -arium.] 
 
 Aryan (ar'i-an). I. a. Belonging to the 
 Indo-European family or language. 
 II. n. 1 . Indo-European. 2. Original 
 language of the Aryans. 
 
 as (az), adv. and conj. Similarly; for 
 example ; while ; in like manner ; 
 when; for instance; thus. [A. S. eat 
 swa, just so.] 
 
 asafetida, asafoetida (as-a-fet'i-da), 
 n. Medicinal gum, having an offensive 
 smell, made from a Persian plant 
 called aza. 
 
 asbestos (as-bes'tus), n. Fibrous, non- 
 combustible mineral resembling flax 
 in appearance. [Gr. a priv. and sbestos. 
 extinguished.] 
 
 ascend (as-send'). I. vt. Climb or go 
 up on. II. vi. Climb, rise. [L. ad, up. 
 and scando. climb.] 
 
 ascendant (as-send'ant). I. a. Superi- 
 or; predominant; above the horizon 
 II. n. Superiority; domination. 
 
 ascendency ( as-send'en-si ), n. Con 
 trolling influence. 
 
 ascension (as-sen'shun), n. Rising at 
 going up.— Ascension I>ay,*i. Fas 
 tival held to commemorate Christ's 
 ascension to heaven. (Second Thurs- 
 day before Whitsuntide). [Li. ascen- 
 sio,—ascendo, ascend.] 
 
 ascent (as-senf), n. 1. Act or way of 
 ascending. 2. Elevation. 
 
 ascertain (as-ser-tan'), vt. Obtain 
 certain knowledge of; determine.— 
 ascertainable, or. [L. ad, to, and 
 certus, sure.] 
 
 ascetic (as-set'ik). I. a. Excessively 
 rigid; austere, recluse. II. n. One 
 rigidly self-denying in religious ob- 
 servances; recluse.— asceticism (as- 
 set'i-sizm), n. [Gr. askeo, exercise.] 
 
 ascribe (as-krib'), vt. Attribute; im- 
 pute. [L. ad, to, and scribo, write.] 
 Syn. Assign; attribute; refer. 
 
 aseptic (a-sep'tik). I. a. Free from 
 septic matter or disease-germs; not 
 liable to putrefaction. U. n. Aseptic 
 substance. [Gr. a priv. and 
 putrid.] 
 
 B, tat, task, Car, igU, tare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf- 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, tton, 
 
ash 
 
 38 
 
 assert 
 
 ash (ash), n. Well-known timber tree 
 or its wood. [A. S. aesc] 
 
 ash (ash), n. Singular of ashes, much 
 used in chemistry. " [shame. 
 
 ashamed (a-shamd'), a. Affected with 
 
 ashen (ash'en), a. Pertaining to, or 
 made of ashes, or the ash tree; ash- 
 colored. 
 
 asues (ash'es), n. pi. 1. Dust or remains 
 of anything burnt. 2. Remains of the 
 dead ; dead body; perished hopes; 
 humiliation. [A. S. asce.] 
 
 ashore (a-skor'), adv. On shore, to the 
 shore. [Lent. 
 
 Ash Wednesday, n. First day of 
 
 ashy (ash'i), a. Pertaining to, com- 
 posed of, or like ashes; ash-colored; 
 pale. 
 
 aside (a-sid). I. adv. 1. On or to one 
 side; apart; away; off. 2. Privately. 
 II. n. Something said or done aside 
 or privately. [or like an ass. 
 
 asinine ( as'i-nin or as'i-nin ), a ~»f 
 
 ash. (ask). I. vt. 1. Request; solicit; 
 beg. 2. Inquire; interrogate. 3. Re- 
 quh-e; demand. II. vi. 1. Make 
 inquiry. 2. Make request. [A. S. 
 ascban, ask.] 
 
 askance(a-skans'), askant (a-skanf), 
 adv. Sideways; with disdain or sus- 
 picion, [awry; asquint. 
 
 askew (a-sku'), adv. On the skew ; 
 
 aslant (a-slanf), a. and adv. On the 
 slant; obliquely. 
 
 asleep (a-slep'), a. and adv. I. In sleep; 
 sleeping. 2. Having a peculiar numb 
 or prickly feeling. 
 
 aslope (a-slop'), a. and adv. On the 
 slope ; in a sloping or leaning attitude. 
 
 asp (asp'), f.. Venomous 
 serpent of Egypt. [Gr. 
 aspis.] 
 
 asparagus (as-par'a-gus), 
 #. Plant whose tender, 
 shqpts are edible. [Gr.] 
 
 aspect (as'pekt), *. l. 
 Appearance; look; mien. 
 2. View; phase. 8. Position of one 
 planet as regards another. [L. ad, to, 
 and specio, look.] 
 
 aspen (as'pen). I. a. Pertaining to or 
 like the aspen; shaking; tremulous. 
 II. n. Species of poplar, remarkable 
 for its trembling leaves. [A, S. mp.\ 
 
 asperity (as-per'i-ti), n. Roughness; 
 acrimony. [L. asper, rough.] 
 
 asperse (as-pers'), vt. Bespatter with 
 
 e^Jl reports; calumniate. — asper*- 
 
 sion, n. [L. ad, to, and spargo, scatter.] 
 
 Syn. Abuse; vilify. See slander. 
 
 asphalt(as'f alt), asphalt um (as-fal- 
 tum.) I. n. A native bitumen or com- 
 position used for paving, roofing, 
 
 Sacred Asp. 
 
 flooring. II. vt. Cover or pave with 
 asphalt. [Gr. asphaltos.] 
 asphyxia (as-fiks'i-a), n. Suspended 
 respiration ; as in drowning or from 
 gases. — asphyxiated, a. — as- 
 phyxia'tion, n. Suffocation. [Gr.— 
 a priv. and sphyzo, throb.] 
 aspic (as'pik), n. Meat jelly. [P.] 
 aspirant (as-pi'rant). I. a. Aspiring. 
 
 II. n. Candidate._ 
 
 aspirate (as'pi-rat). I. vt. Pronounce 
 with a full breathing (represented by 
 h, as in house.) II. n. Aspirated letter. 
 
 III. a. Pronounced with full breath- 
 ing. [See aspire.] 
 
 aspiration (as-pi-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of aspiring ; high desire. 2. Inhala- 
 tion of air. 
 
 aspire 'as-pir'). I. vt. Aim at. II. vi. 
 1. Aim high. 2. Rise; soar. — aspi- 
 ring, a. Ambitious — aspi'ringly, 
 adv. [L. ad, to, and spiro, breathe. J 
 
 ass (as),». 1. Quadruped of the horse 
 family. 2._Dull, stupid fellow. [A. S.] 
 
 assail (as-sal'), vt. Attack; assault.— 
 assailable, a. — assailant (as-sa'- 
 lant). I. a. Attacking; assaulting. II. 
 n. One who assails. [L. ad, at, and 
 salio, leap.] 
 
 assassin (as-sas'in), n. One who kills 
 by surprise or secret assault.-— assas- 
 sinate (as-sas'i-nat), vt. Murder sud- 
 denly, violently. — assassination 
 (as-sas-i-na'shun), n. [Fr. — Ar. Ha- 
 shaahin, a sect of fanatics who forti- 
 fied themselves to deeds of murder 
 with hashish.] 
 
 assault (as-salt'). I. vt. Make an attack 
 upon. II. n" Attack, verbal or physi- 
 cal; storming, as of a fort. [L. ad, 
 at, and saltus, a leap.] 
 
 assay (as-sa'). I. vt. Test accurately; 
 determine the amount of a metal in 
 an ore or alloy. II. n. 1. Act ot assay- 
 ing. 2. Substance to be assayed. — 
 assay'er, n. One who assays. [See 
 
 ESSAY.] 
 
 assemblage (as-sem'blaj), n. 1. Act 
 of assembling- or fitting. 2. Collec- 
 tion of persons or things. 
 
 assemble (as-sem'bl). I. vt. 1. Call or 
 bring together; collect; convene. 2. 
 Fit together. II. vi. Meet; congre- 
 gate. [Fr. assembler — L. ad, to, and 
 similiz, similar, like.] 
 
 assembly (as-sem'bli), %. Collection 
 of individuals in the same place for a 
 purpose. 
 
 assent (as-sjenf). I. vi. Concur. Il.-n. 
 Consent. [L. ad, to, and sentio, think.] 
 Syn. Agree; acquiesce; yield. 
 
 assert (as-serf), vt. 1. Declare strong- 
 lyt affirm; aver. 2. Maintain or de- 
 
 tew, fftt, task* fftfjiall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mtite, hut, bunt; oil, owl, then. 
 
39 
 
 astound 
 
 .tend; vindicate a title to.— assertion 
 
 fas-ser'shun), n. [L. adsero, join.] 
 
 Syn. Affirm; aver; asseverate; pro- 
 test; maintain; pronounce. 
 assess ( as-'ses'), vt. 1. Tax. 2. Value 
 property for the purpose of taxation. 
 
 3. Fix— assessment, n.— assess - 
 able, a. That may be assessed ; liable 
 to assessment. [L. ad, and sedeo, sit.] 
 
 assessor (as-ses'ur). n. 1. One ap- 
 pointed to assess. 2. Associate or 
 assistant. 
 
 assets (as'ets), n. pi. Available prop- 
 erty, as for the payment of debts, etc. 
 [Fr. assez. enough.] 
 
 asseverate (as-sev'er-at), vt. Declare 
 seriously or solemnly. — assevera- 
 tion, n. 
 
 assiduity (as-si-du'i-ti), n. Constant 
 or close application: persistency. 
 
 assiduous (as-sid'u-us), a. Const-ant in 
 application; diligent. — assiduous- 
 ly, adv.— assiduousness, n. [Frsin 
 Lr-. ad, to. and sedeo, sit.] 
 
 assign (as-sin'). I. vt. 1. Allot; appor- 
 tion. 2. Fix; specify; designate; 
 appoint. 3. Allege; point out. 4. 
 Transfer, n. vi. Make an assignment. 
 III. n. Assignee. — assign'able, a. 
 That may be assigned; transferable 
 bv writing. — assignation (as-sig- 
 na*shun), n. 1. Act of assigning. 2. 
 Appointment to meet. 3. Assignment. 
 
 4. Assignat; paper money, —ass ig» 
 nee(as-si-ne'), n. One to whom aright j 
 or property is transferred.— assign'- , 
 ntent, n. 1. Act of assigning. 2. 
 Thing assigned. 3. "Writing by which 
 soraething is assigned, [h. ad, to, and 
 8i<?mem, sign.] 
 
 assimilate (as-sim'i-1 at). I. vt. 1. 
 Bring to a likeness. 2. Convert into 
 a like organic substance. II. vi. 1. 
 Become similar. 2. Be converted into 
 the substance of the body.— assimi- 
 lation, n.— assim'ilatave, a. [L. 
 ad, to, and similis, like.] 
 
 assist (as-sisV). I. vt. Attend; help; 
 sustain. II. vi. Render assistance. — 
 assistance, n.— assistant, n. and 
 a. [L. ad, to, and sisto, stand.] 
 Syn. Second; back. See aid. 
 
 assize (as-siz'), n. Court of justice.— 
 assi'zes, n.pl. Sessions of a court of 
 justice. [O. Fr. assise^, session.] 
 
 associate ( as-s6'shi-at ). I. vt. Join; 
 unite; combine; connect. II. vi. Keep 
 companv (with); act harmoniously. 
 III. a. Joined or connected with. IV. 
 n. One who or that which associates 
 or is associated; companion, partner. 
 [L. ad, to, and socius, companion.] 
 Syn. Ally; accomplice: mate; fellow. 
 
 association (as-?o-shi-a'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of associating. 2. Connection, as 
 of ideas. 3. Society formed for pro- 
 moting some object; corporation; 
 partnership. 
 
 assort (as-sarf). I. vt. Arrange in sorts 
 or lots; classify. II. vi. Agree; match; 
 harmonize.— assortment, n. Act of 
 assorting. 2. Quantity of things as- 
 sorted. 3. Class in which something 
 is assorted. [L.ad, to, and sors, a lot.] 
 
 assuage (as-swaj'), vt. 1. Mitigate; 
 allay. 2. Appease. — assuagement, 
 n.— assuasive (as-swa'siv), a. Sooth- 
 ing; mitigating. 
 
 assume (as-sum'). I. vt. Take upon 
 one's self. 2. Take for granted. 3. 
 Arrogate. 4. Pretend to possess. II. 
 vi. Be arrogant,— assu'ming, a. Ar- 
 rogant ; haughty. [L. ad, to, anfi 
 sumo, take.] 
 
 assumption (a s - s u m' s hun ) . n. 1 . 
 Act of assuming. 2. Supposition. 3. 
 Feast of Aug. 15, celebrating the 
 Virgin's resurrection. 
 
 assurance (a-shor'ans), n. 1. Positive 
 promise or declaration. 2. Confidence. 
 3. Impudence. 4. Insurance. 
 
 assure (a-shor'), vt. 1. Make sure or 
 secure. 2. Give confidence. 3. Tell 
 positively. 4. Insure. — assuredly 
 (a-shor'ed-li), adv. — assuredness 
 (a-shor'ed-nesh n. [Fr. assurer — L. 
 ad, to and securus, safe.] 
 
 Aster (as'ter), n. Genus of plants with 
 compound flowers, resembling stars. 
 [Gr. aster, star.] 
 
 asterisk, (as'ter-isk), n. Star (*) used 
 in printing to refer to a note, or 
 denote omission. [Gr. asteriskos, dim. 
 of aster, star.] 
 
 astern (a-stern'), adv. Toward or at 
 the hinder part of a ship. 
 
 asteroid (as'ter-oid). n. One of the 
 minor planets (over 465) between the 
 orbits of Mars ana Jupiter. [Gr. 
 aster, star, and eidos, form.l 
 
 asthma (as'ma or ast'ma), n. Chronic 
 intermittent disease anecting the res- 
 piration. — asthmatic ( as-mat'ik ), 
 astnmat ical, n. [Gr.l 
 
 astigmatism (as-tig'ma-iizm), n. De- 
 fect in the focus of the eye. [Gr. <3 
 priv. and stigma, point.] 
 
 astir (a-ster'), adv. In motion ; stirring. 
 
 astonish (as-ton'ish), vt. Stun with 
 surprise or wonder.— aston'ishing, 
 a.Wonderful.-aston'ishingly, adv. 
 —astonishment, n. [See astound.] 
 Syn. Amaze; bewilder; confound; 
 astound; stun; surprise; dumbfound. 
 
 astound ( as-townd' ), vt. Overwhelm 
 with wonder. [A. S. astunian, stun,] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; n6t«, not, move, wolf; 
 mut«. hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
astral 
 
 astral (as'tral), a. 1. Pertaining or 
 similar to the stars. 2. In theosophy. 
 Of a supersensible substance, [way. 
 
 astray (a-stra') adv. Out of the right 
 
 astride "(a-strid'), adv. and prep. With 
 the legs wide apart; with one leg on 
 
 ' each side of. 
 
 astringent (as-trin'jent). I. a. Bind- 
 ing; contracting; opposed to laxa- 
 tive. II. n. Medicine that contracts 
 the tissues and checks discharge, f L. 
 ad, to, and stringo, draw tight.T 
 
 astrology (as-trol'o-jl), n. 1. Science 
 of the stars. 2. Art of determining 
 the influence of the heavenly bodies 
 over human destiny. [Gr. aster, star, 
 and logos, knowledge.] 
 
 astronomer (as-tron'o-mer), n. One 
 versed in astronomy. 
 
 astronomy (as-tron'o-mi), n. Science 
 of the heavenly bodies. — astron'om* 
 ie, astronom'ical, a. — astronom- 
 ically, adv. [Gr. aster, star, and 
 nomos, law.] 
 
 astute (as- tut'), a. Of keen discern- 
 ment; shrewd. — astutely, adv. — 
 astuteness, n. [L. astutus.] 
 
 Syn. Crafty; cunning; penetrating; 
 subtle; wily; sagacious. 
 
 asunder (a-sun'der), adv. Into parts; 
 separately. [Pre/, a, on, and sunder.J 
 
 asylum (a-si'lum), n. Place of retreat 
 and security; institution for the care 
 and relief of the sick or unfortunate. 
 [Gr. a priv. and syle, right of seizure.] 
 
 at (at), prep. Denotes presence, near- 
 ness, or relation. [A. S. ozt.] 
 
 atavism (at'a-vizm), n. Recurrence of 
 a peculiarity of an ancestor. [L. 
 atavus.—avus, grandfather.] 
 
 ataxia, locomotor (a-taks'i-a lo-ko- 
 mo'tur), n. Disease of' spinal cord. 
 
 ate (at), v. Past tense of bat. 
 
 -ate, suffix. 1. Verbal, as navigarte. 2. 
 Adjectival, as desolate. 3. Nounal, as 
 legate. [Norm. Fr. -at— L. -atus, suffix 
 otpa.par. 
 
 atheism (a'the-izm), n. Disbelief in 
 the existence of God. [Gr. a priv. and 
 theos, God.] 
 
 atheist (a'the-ist), n. One who adheres 
 to atheism.— atheistic (a-the-is'tik), 
 atheistical (a-the-is'tik-al), a.— 
 atheist'ically, adv. 
 
 atheneum, athenaeum (ath-e-ne'- 
 um), n. Public institution for lec- 
 tures, reading, etc. [Gr. Athenaion, 
 temple of Athene.] [for. 
 
 athirst (a-therst'), a. Thirsty; eager 
 
 athlete (ath'let), n. 1. One skilled in 
 physical exercises. 2. One vigorous 
 and active.— athlet'ic, a. — athlet- 
 ics, n. pi. Athletic exercises. 
 
 40 attain 
 
 athwart (a-thwarf). I. prep. Across. 
 II. adv. Sidewise; in a manner to 
 cross and perplex. [See thwart.] 
 
 -ation, suffix. Signifies: 1. The act of. 
 2. The state of being. 3. That which. 
 
 atlas (at'las), n. Volume of maps. [Gr. 
 Atlas, a Titan fabled to bear the world 
 on his shoulders.] 
 
 atmosphere (at'mos-f er), n. Air that 
 surrounds the earth; any surround- 
 ing influence. — atmospheric, at- 
 mospherical (at-mos-fer'ik-al), a 
 [Gr. atmos, air, and sphaira, a sphere.] 
 
 atoll (a- tol' or at'oi), n. Coral island, 
 consisting of a ring of coral sur- 
 rounding a central lagoon. [Malayan.) 
 
 atom (at'um), n. 1. Particle of matter 
 so small as to admit of no division. 
 2. Any thing extremely small, -atom- 
 ic, atom'ical, a. [Gr. atomos, — a 
 priv. and temno, cut.] 
 
 atomize ( at'um-iz ), vt. Reduce to 
 atoms.— atomiza'tion, n — atom- 
 izer (at'um-I-zer), n. Instrument for 
 spraying a liquid. 
 
 atone (a-ton'). I. vt. 1. Reconcile, 
 , unite. 2. Expiate, make reparation 
 for. II. vi. Agree; make reparation. 
 — atone'ment, n. [at and one.] 
 
 atrium (a'tri-um), n. [pi. a'tria.] En- 
 trance hall. [L.J 
 
 atrocious (a-tro'shus), a. Extremely 
 cruel or wicked; horrible; outrageous. 
 [D. atrox, cruel.] [ty or wickedness. 
 
 atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), n. Horrible cruel- 
 atrophy (at'ro-fi). I. vi. Waste away; 
 wither. II. n. Wasting away of the 
 body, due to defective nutrition. [Gr. 
 a priv. and trepho, nourish.] 
 
 attach (at-tach'). I. vt. 1. Fasten on; 
 connect with; lay hold on. 2. Win or 
 gain over. 3. Take by legal process. 
 II. vi. Adhere; belong; take effect.— 
 attach'ment, n. 1 Act of attach- 
 ing. 2. Adherence; affection. 3. Seiz- 
 ure by legal process. 4. Writ by virtue 
 of which seizure is made. [See tack.] 
 Syn. Affix; connect; join; append. 
 
 attache (at-t&-sha'), n. One of the suite 
 of an ambassador. [Fr.] 
 
 attack (at-tak'). I. vt. Fall upon with 
 violence; assault; assail. II. vi. Make 
 an assault. III. n. Assault; onset; 
 severe criticism or abuse. [Fr. atta- 
 quer.] 
 
 attain (at-tan'). I. vt. Reach, gain, 
 achieve by effort. II. vi. Come; arrive. 
 — attain'able, a.— attainability, 
 n. — attain'ableness, n. — attain'* 
 men t, 7i. [L. ad,_to, and tango, touch]. 
 
 attainder (at-tan'der), n. Depriva- 
 tion of all civil rights and of the 
 power to submit or transmit property. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fa.ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
attaint 
 
 41 
 
 audit 
 
 attaint (at-tanf), vt. Taint; stain; 
 disgrace; corrupt; deprive of all in- 
 heritance and civil rights. [See taint.] 
 
 attar (afar), n. (also ottar, otto). Per- 
 fume extracted from flowers. [Ar. 
 itr. fragrance.] 
 
 attempt ( at-temt' ). I. vt. 1. Try; 
 endeavor. 2. Attack. H. n. Effort; 
 attack. [L. ad. to, and tento, try.] 
 Syn. Trial; exertion; essay; assault. 
 
 attend (at-tend'). I. vt. Accompany; 
 wait on; minister to. 2. Be present at. 
 3. Accompany as a consequence. II. 
 vi. 1. Listen; regard with attention. 
 
 2. Be in attendance.— attend'ance, 
 n. 1. Act of attending; presence. 2. 
 The persons attending.— attendant, 
 I. n. 1. One who or that which attends 
 or accompanies. 2. One present. II. 
 a. Giving attendance; accompanying. 
 [L. attendo—ad, to, and Undo, stretch.] 
 
 attention (at-ten'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 attending; heeding; regarding atten- 
 tively. 2. Act of civility or courtesy. 
 
 3. Care. 4. Military command requir- 
 ing a pose of readiness. — atten- 
 tions, n. pi. Acts of special regard. 
 
 attentive (at-ten'tiv), a. Heedful; in- 
 tent; regardful.— attentively, adv. 
 — atten'tiveness, n. 
 
 Syn. Observant; mindful; watch- 
 ful; circumspect; courteous. 
 
 attennate(at-ten'u-at), vt. and vi. Make 
 or become thin or slender. — atten- 
 ua'tion, n. [L. ad, a.nd.tenuis, thin.] 
 
 attest (at-tesf), vt. Bear witness to; 
 certify officially; affirm; give proof 
 of; manifest. — attestation (at-tes- 
 ta'shun), n. [L. ad, to, and testis, 
 witness.] 
 
 Attic (at'ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining to 
 Attica or Athens. 2. Classical. 3. Pure ; 
 elegant. — Attic salt : Poignant, deli- 
 cate wit. — atticism (at'i-sizm), n. 
 1. Peculiarity of Attic style or 
 idiom. 2. Elegant expression. 
 
 attic ( at'ik ), n. Uppermost room in 
 a house; garret. 
 
 attire (at-tir'). I. vt. Dress; array. II. 
 n. Dress; clothes; apparel. [A. S. 
 tir, adornment.]_ 
 
 attitude ( at'i-tud ), n. Posture or 
 position; gesture; bearing: disposi- 
 tion of mind or feeling.— attitu'di- 
 nal, a. — attitudinize ( at-ti-tu'di 
 niz), vi. Assume affected attitudes 
 or airs. [L. aptitudo — aptus, fit.] 
 
 attorney (at-tur'ni), n. One who is 
 legally qualified to manage matters in 
 law for others, to prosecute and de- 
 fend actions, etc.; lawyer. [L. ad, to, 
 and torno, turn.] 
 
 attract (at-trakf). I. vt. 1. Draw or 
 
 cause to approach by gravitation, 
 magnetism, or affinity. 2. Draw by 
 moral influence ; allure ; entice. II. 
 vi. Possess or exert attractive power. 
 — attraction (at-trak'shun), n. 
 Power or act of attracting.— attract' - 
 ive, a. Having the quality or power 
 of attracting; alluring; enticing. — 
 attractively, adv. — attractive- 
 ness, n. [L. ad, to, and traho, trac- 
 turn, draw.] 
 
 attribute (at-trib'ut), vt. Ascribe, im- 
 pute, assign, as belonging, caused by, 
 or owing to. — attrib'u table, a. 
 [L. ad, to, and trihuo, give.] 
 
 attribute ( at'ri-but),w. 1. That which 
 is attributed. 2. That which is inher- 
 ent in. 3. That which can be predi- 
 cated of anything. 4. Quality or 
 property. — attribution (at-tri-bu'- 
 shun), n. Act of attributing; that 
 which is attributed. — attributive 
 (at-trib'u-tiv). I. a. Expressing an 
 attribute. II. n. Word denoting an 
 attribute, as anadjective.— attribu- 
 tively (at-trib'u-tiv-li), adv. As a mo- 
 difier, but not as the predicate. 
 
 attrition (at-trish'un), n. Rubbing of 
 one thing against another; wearing 
 down by friction. [L. ad, to, and tero, 
 rub.] [monize; adjust 
 
 attune (at-tun'), vt. Put in tune; har* 
 
 auburn (a'burn). I. a. Reddish brown. 
 II. n. Reddish brown color. [L. albur* 
 nus, whitish.] 
 
 auction (ak'shun). I. vt. Sell or dis- 
 pose of at auction. II. n. Public sale 
 to the highest bidders. [L. augeo, 
 auctum, increase.] 
 
 auctioneer (ak-shun-er']. I. vt. Auc- 
 tion. II. n. One who sells at auction. 
 
 audacious (a-da'shus), a. Daring; im- 
 pudent; bold.— auda'ciously, adv.— 
 audaciousness, n. [L. audeo, dare.] 
 
 audacity (adas'i-ti), n. Boldness; im- 
 pudence; effrontery. 
 
 audible (a'di-bl), a. Loud enough to 
 be heard. — au'dibly, adv. [L. audio, 
 hear.] 
 
 audience (a'di-ens), n. 1. Act of hear- 
 ing. 2. Admittance to a hearing; 
 formal interview. 3. Auditory; as- 
 sembly of hearers. 
 
 audiphone (a'di-fon), n. Instrument 
 for enabling" deaf persons to hear. 
 [From L. audio, hear, and Gr. phone, 
 sound.] 
 
 audit (a'dit). I. vt. Examine and ad- 
 just. IT. n. Examination and verifi- 
 cation of accounts by a person or 
 persons duly authorized.— auditor 
 (a'di-tur), n. 1. One who audits ac 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl tften. 
 
auditorium 
 
 42 
 
 authorize 
 
 counts. 2. Hearer. [L. auditus, a 
 hearing.] 
 
 auditorium (a-di-to'ri-um), n. 1. 
 Room or space intended for an audi- 
 ence. 2. Building designed for the 
 accommodation of a large audience. 
 
 auditory (a'di-to-ri). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the sense of hearing or to an audi- 
 ence room. II. n. 1. Audience room. 
 2. Audience. 
 
 auger (a'-ger), n. Carpenter's tool used 
 for boring holes in wood. [Prom A. 
 S. nafu, nave, and gar, borer.] 
 
 aught (at). I. n. and pron. Ought; 
 any thimg. II. adv. In any way ; at all. 
 [A. S. a, ever, and whit, thing.] 
 
 augment (ag-menf), vt. and vi. Make 
 larger; increase; intensify. — aug- 
 mentation (ag-men-ta'shun), 71. Act 
 of augmenting; state of being aug- 
 mented ; increase ; addition. — aug- 
 mentative (ag-men'ta-tiv), a. 
 Having the quality or power of aug- 
 menting. [ L. augmentum — augeo, 
 increase.] 
 
 augment (ag'ment),n. 1. Increase; in- 
 tensification. 2. In Gram. Prefixed 
 inflectional element. 
 
 augur (a'gur). I. n. Diviner; sooth- 
 sayer. II. vt. Foretell by signs; fore- 
 bode. HI. vi. Conjecture from signs 
 or omens; be a sign.— augury, n. 1. 
 Art or practice of auguring. 2. Omen. 
 — augural, a. Pertaining to augury. 
 [Prom L. avis, bird, and garrio, talk.] 
 
 august ( a-gust'), a. Inspiring rever- 
 ence or admiration.— august'ly ,acfo. 
 [L. augustus— augeo, increase, honor.] 
 Syn. Majestic; magnificent; impos- 
 ing; stately; grand; dignified; awful. 
 
 August (a'gust), n. Eighth month of 
 the year,' so called by Co&sar Augustus, 
 tfhe first Roman emperor. 
 
 auk (ak) , n. Web-footed 
 sea-bird, found in 
 northern seas. [Icel. j 
 alka.] 
 
 aunt (ant), n. 1. Sister 
 of one's father or mo- 
 ther. 2. Wife of one's 
 uncle. [L. amita, fa- 
 ther's sister.] 
 
 aural (a'ral), a. Pertaining to the ear 
 or to the sense of hearing. 
 
 aureole (a're-ol).w. Luminous emana- 
 tion surrounding an object; glory; 
 halo. [From L. aurum, gold.] 
 
 auriele (a'ri-kl), n. External ear. — 
 auricles (a'ri-klz), n. pi. Two ear- 
 like cavities of the heart. [L. auricula, 
 dim. of auris, earj 
 
 auricular (a-rik'u-lar), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the ear, or to the sense of hear- 
 
 Auk. 
 
 ing; confided to the ear; known by 
 hearsay. 2. Pertaining to the auricles 
 of the heart. 
 
 auriferous (a-rif'er-us), a. Contain* 
 ing or yielding gold. [L. aurum, gold, 
 and/«?ro, bear.] 
 
 aurora (a-r5'ra) , n. Dawn ; goddess of 
 dawn, —aurora horealis (bo-re-a'- 
 lis), n. Northern lights, a luminous, 
 probably electric phenomenon seen 
 in northern latitudes. —auroral 
 (a-ro'ral), a. Pertaining to or like the 
 aurora or dawn. [L.] 
 
 auspice (as'pis), n. Omen; auguryr 
 patronage; influence. Generally in 
 the pi., auspices (as'pis-ez). —auspi- 
 cious (as-pish'us), a. Having good 
 auspices' or omens of success; favor- 
 able; fortunate. — auspiciously, 
 adv.— auspi'ciousness, n. [L. aus- 
 pex, —avis, bird, and specio, observe.] 
 
 austere (as-ter'),a. Harsh; unadorned. 
 —austerely, adv.— austere'ness, 
 austerity (as-Cer'i-ty), ns. [Gr. aus- 
 teros—auos, sour, dry.] 
 
 Syn. Severe; severely simple ; rigor- 
 ous; stern; inclement. 
 
 austral (as-tral), a. Southern. [L aus* 
 tralis, — ouster, south wind] 
 
 authentic (a-then'tik),authen'tical, 
 a. Original; authorized; genuine. 
 — authentically, adv. [Gr. authen- 
 tes, —autos, self, and entes, being.] 
 
 authenticate (a-then'ti-kat), vt. 
 Make authentic;" prove genuine. — 
 authentication (a- then-ti-ka'shun), 
 n. Act of authenticating; confirma- 
 tion.— authenticity (a-then-tis'i-ti); 
 n. Quality of being authentic; gen- 
 uineness. 
 
 author (a'thur), n. 1. One who pro- 
 duces or creates. 2. Beginner or first 
 mover; cause. 3. One who composes 
 or writes a book, poem, etc.— author- 
 ess (a'th-ur-es), n. fern. 
 
 authoritative (a-toor'i-ta-ttv), a. 1. 
 Having authority. 2. Dictatorial. — 
 authoritatively, adv. 
 
 authority (a-thor'i-ti), n. 1. Legal 
 power or right to command or to act, 
 2. Person or persons invested with 
 legal power or right. 3. Authorita- 
 tive power, weight or influence de- 
 rived from rank, office, character, 
 age, experience, etc. 4. Authorita- 
 tive precedent, official declaration, or 
 legal decision.— authorities, n. pi. 
 1. Precedents, opinions, or sayings 
 carrying weight. 2. Persons in 
 power. 
 
 authorize (a'thur iz), vt. 2. Give au- 
 thority to; 'empower. 2. Sanction; 
 permit ; j us tify.— authorization,^ 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; nQte, not; mere, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 
 
authorship 
 
 43 
 
 await 
 
 authorship (a'thur-shlp), n. 1. Being I Syn. Miserly; niggardly ; penurious; 
 
 An author. 2. Source; origin. stingy; greedy; close; parsimonious. 
 
 autobiographer (a'to-bi-og'ra-fer), n. avast (a- vast'), inter j. Naut. Cease; 
 
 One who writes his own life. — auto 
 biographical, a.— autobiog- 
 raphy, n. Description of one's own 
 life. [Gr.— autos, self, bios, life, and 
 gravho, write.! 
 
 auto-boat ( a'to-bot ), n. Boat pro- 
 pelled by its own motor. 
 
 autocrat (a'to-krat), n. Absolute sov- 
 ereign.— autocracy (a-tok'ra-si), n. 
 Absolute government by one man. 
 
 au tocy cle 
 ( a-to-si'kl ), n. 
 Bicycle pro- 
 pelled by its 
 own motor. 
 
 au tog rap h 
 (a'to-graf), n. 
 
 One's own Autocycle 
 
 handwriting. 
 
 autoist(a'to-ist), n. Chauffeur. 
 
 automaton (a-toma-ton), n. Machine 
 moved by concealed machinery 
 automatic, 
 automat ic- 
 al , a. [Gr. 
 auto s, and 
 stem, mat-, 
 strive, move.] 
 
 automobile 
 $ a-to-mo'bil ), 
 ». Vehicle 
 propelled b y 
 own motor. automobile. 
 
 autonomy (a-ton'o-mi), n. Self-gov- 
 ernment. [Gr. autos and nomos, law.] 
 
 autopsy (a' top-si), n. Examination of 
 a corpse. *'[Gr. autos and opsis, sight.] 
 
 autumn (a' turn), n. Fall. —autum- 
 nal (a-tum'nal), a. [L. autumnus.] 
 
 auxiliary (agz-il'i-a-ri). I. a. Help- 
 ing; subsidiary. II". n. 1. Assistant. 
 2. verb that helps to form moods and 
 tenses of other verbs.— auxiliaries, 
 n. pi. Foreign allied troops. [L. auxi- 
 Hum, help — augeo, increase.] 
 
 avail (aval'). I. vi. Be of use; an- 
 swer the purpose. II. vt. (one's self) 
 Benefit. III. n. Service; advantage. 
 —available, a. Suitable; usable.— 
 availability, avail'ableness, n. 
 £Fr.— £* ad, to, and valeo, be of value.l 
 
 avalanche (av'a-lansh), n^ Mass of 
 snow sliding down from a mountain. 
 [Fr.— L. ad, to, and vallis, valley.] 
 
 avarice (av'a-ris), n. Eager desire for 
 wealth; cupidity; covetousn ess. 
 
 avaricious (a v-a-r ish'us) , a. Extreme- 
 ly covetous; greedy of gain.— avari- 
 ciously, adv. — avari'ciousness, 
 n. [L. avarus, greedy.] 
 
 stay; hold fast. [Dut. houd vast, 
 
 avasi 
 
 stop; stay; 
 hold fast.] 
 
 avaunt (a-vanf), inter j. Begone! de- 
 part! [Fr. avant, forward.] 
 
 Ave (a'va), inter j. and n. Be well or 
 happy; hail. — Ave Maria (a'va 
 ma-re'a), prayer to the Virgin Mary. 
 
 avenge (a- venj'). I. vt. Take satisfac- 
 tion or ' inflict punishment for an 
 in' jury. II. vi. Execute vengeance. 
 [Fr. venger — li.yindico, avenge.] 
 
 avenue (av'e-nu), n. Passageway; 
 broad street. [Fr. — L. ad, to, and 
 venio, come.] 
 
 aver (a-ver'), vt. [aver'ring; averred 
 (a-verd').] Declare to be true; affirm 
 or declare positively. — aver'ment, 
 n. Positive assertion. [L. ad, to, and 
 verus, true.] mmt 
 
 average (av'er-aj). I. n. Mean value 
 or quantity of a number of values or 
 quantities. II. a. Containing a mean 
 value or proportion ; ordinary. 
 
 average (av'er-aj). I. vt. Fix an aver- 
 age. II. vi. Exist in, or form a mean 
 sum or quantity. [Fr. avarie, damage.] 
 
 averse (a- vers'), a. Feeling a repug- 
 nance or dislike; unwilling ; disin- 
 clined. — aversely, adv. — averse^ 
 ness, n. [D. aversus, turned away."] 
 
 aversion (a-ver'shun), n. 1. Dislike; 
 hatred. 2. Object of dislike. 
 
 avert (a-verf), vt. 1. Turn from or 
 aside. 2. Prevent, or ward off. [L. 
 averto —ab, from, and verto, turn.] 
 
 aviary (a'vi-ar-i), n. Place for keeping 
 birds. [From L7. avis, bird.] 
 
 avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. Eagerness; 
 greediness. [L. —avidus, greedy.] 
 
 avocation (av-o-ka'shun), n. 1. Di- 
 version, calling away. 2. Vocation, 
 business. [L — ab, from, and voco , call.] 
 
 avoid (a-void'), vt. Keep away from.-— 
 avoid able, a.— avoidance, n. Act 
 of avoiding. [See void.] 
 Syn. Elude; evade; shun. 
 
 avoirdupois (av-er-do-poiz'), n. and 
 a. System of weights in which tha 
 pound equals 16 ounces. [From O. 
 Fr. aver de pes, goods of weight.] 
 
 avouch (a-vowch'), vt. Avow; assert; 
 declare positively. [O. Fr. vocher — 
 Li. voco, call.] 
 
 avow (a-vow'), vt. Declare openly ; own, 
 confess.— avowal (a-vow 7 al), n. Po- 
 sitive declaration; frank confession. 
 — avow'edly, adv. [Fr. avouer — L. 
 ad, to, and voveo, vow.] 
 
 await (a-waf), vt. 1. Wait or look for. 
 2. Be in store for. [See wait.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
awake 
 
 44 
 
 azyme 
 
 awake (a-wak'), v. [awa'king; awoke 
 
 . (a-wok'), or awaked (a-wakf). ] I. vt. 
 ELouse from sleep; put into action or 
 new life; arouse; wake up. II. vi. 
 Bestir oneself ; rise ; waken out of 
 sleep or a state resembling it. 
 
 awake (a-wak'), a. Not sleeping; in a 
 state of Vigilance or action. 
 
 awaken(a-wa'ken). vt. and vi. Awake. 
 — awakening-, n. 1. Act of awak- 
 ing. 2. Revival, as of religion. 
 
 award (a- ward'). I. vt. Adjudge; as- 
 sign ; decree ; apportion. II. n. 1. 
 Judgment; decision of an arbitrator, 
 or of a committee on premiums or 
 prizes. 2. Document containing such 
 a decision. 3. Matter, prize, or pre- 
 mium awarded. [See ward.] 
 
 aware ( a-war' ), 8. Apprised; con- 
 scious; vigilant. [See wary.] 
 
 away (a-wa'), adv. Absent; at or to a 
 distance; aside; off. 
 
 awe (a). I. vt. Strike with reverential 
 fear;' influence by fear, terror, or res- 
 pect. II. n. Reverential fear; dread 
 inspired by something sublime. [A. S. 
 ege, fear.] 
 
 awestruck (a'struk), a. Impressed 
 with reverential fear or terror. 
 
 awful (a'fol), a. Inspiring or express- 
 ing awe; fearful.— aw'fully, adv.— 
 aw'fulness, n. [for a short time. 
 
 awhile (a-whiT), adv. For some time; 
 
 awin^(a-wiDg'), a*). On tbe wing. 
 
 awkward (ak'ward), a. 1. Wanting 
 dexterity; bungling; ungraceful; in- 
 elegant. 2. Embarrassing ; perplex- 
 ing ;hard to manage.— awkwardly, 
 a^-awk'wardness, n. \_A. S. awk, 
 wrong, left, and ward.] 
 
 awl (al), n. Pointed instrument for 
 punching small holes. [A. S. eel.'] 
 
 awn (an), n. Bristle, such as the beard 
 of barley, wheat, etc.— awned (and), 
 a. Bearded; having awns.— awn less 
 (an'les), a. Without awns ; beardless, 
 [i'cel. ogn.] 
 
 awning (an'ing), n. Shelter from the 
 sun's ray's. [From Fr. auvent.] 
 
 awoke (a-wok'). Past tense of awake. 
 
 awry (a-ri'). a. and adv. Twisted to- 
 ward one side or position; crooked; 
 perverse. [See wry.] 
 
 ax, axe (aks), n. Edged tool for chop- 
 pingwood orhewingtimber.[A.S. mx.] 
 
 axial (aks'i-al), a. 1. Pertainig to an 
 axis. 2. Belonging to the trunk of 
 the body. 3. Central, esp. used of the 
 formation or mass forming the crest 
 of a mountain-range. 
 
 axil (aks'il), n. Angle between the 
 stem or branch and tbe upper side of 
 a leaf growing on it [L. axilla, little 
 armpit.] 
 
 axile (aks'il), a. Pertaining to, or 
 situated in, the axis, [lary, o. [L, ] 
 
 axilla ( aks-il'a) , n. Armpit.— axil- 
 axiom ( aks'i-iim ), n. 1. Self-evident 
 truth, taken as a basis for a logical 
 deduction,— as the twelve "common 
 notions" of Euclid. 2. Empirical law; 
 generalization from the observation 
 of individual instances.— axiomat'- 
 ic, axiomatical, as.— axioinal ,'- 
 ically, adv. [Gr. axioma — axios, 
 worthy.] 
 
 Syn. Aphorism; apothegm; adage; 
 byword; dictum; truism; precept. 
 
 axis ( aks'is ), n. [pi. axes (aks'ez).] 
 Axle, or line, real or imaginary, on 
 which a body revolves. [L.] 
 
 axle ( aks'l ), n. Shaft or spindle on 
 which a wheel revolves. (A- S. eaxl.] 
 
 axle-arm (aks'1-arm), w. 1. Part of 
 the axle contained in the box of the 
 wheel. 2. One of the two pivots on 
 which an axle revolves. 
 
 ay, aye (a), adv. Ever; always. 
 
 aye (i). I. adv. Yea; yes; indeed. II. 
 n. Affirmative vote. [Form of vba.] 
 
 aye-aye (l'i), n. Peculiar quadruped 
 of Madagascar, living on trees. 
 
 ayrie, ayry, 
 (a'i-ri), n. See 
 
 AERIE. 
 
 Azalea (az-a'le- 
 
 a), n. Genus of 
 flowering 
 plants allied to 
 the rhododen- 
 dron. [Gr. azal- 
 eos, dry.] 
 
 azimuth ( az'l- 
 muth ), n. Arc 
 of the horizon, 
 intercepted be- 
 tween the m e- 
 ridian of any 
 
 place and the vertical circle passing 
 through the center of a heavenly 
 body. [Ar. al, the, and sumut, paths.] 
 
 azoic (a-zo'ik), a. Destitute of organic 
 life, of of fossil remains of organic 
 life. 
 
 azote ( az'ot ), n. Nitrogen, so called 
 because it does not sustain animal 
 life. [Gr. a _priv. and 200, live.] 
 
 Azrael (az'ra-el), n. In Mohammedan 
 religion, the angel of death, who sep- 
 araies man's soul fr.om tbe body, and 
 is himself the last to die on the day of 
 judgment. 
 
 azure ( a'zhor ). I. a. Of a deep blue; 
 sky-colored. II. n. Sky color; sky. [L.] 
 
 azyme (az'im), n. Unleavened bread. 
 [Gr.— a privative and zyme, yeast.] 
 
 Azalea. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mifc; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
45 
 
 bagpipe 
 
 |-j=SS] b (be), n. Second letter of the 
 I PJ English alphabet. 
 Wf\ baa (ba). I. n. Cry of a sheep. 
 
 I A\ II. vi. Cry or bleat like a sheep. 
 babble (bab'l). I. vt. Utter like 
 a baby; prate. II. vi. Utter inarticu- 
 late sounds incessantly, as a brook. 
 2. Talk idly. 3. Gossip. III. n. Idle 
 talk; ceaseless prattle.— babbler, n. 
 One who babbles. 
 
 babe (bab), n. Infant; baby. 
 
 babel (ba'bel), n. Confused combina- 
 tion of sounds. 
 
 baboon (bab-6n'), n. Species of large 
 monkey, having a long face, dog-like 
 tusks, large lips, and a short tail. 
 [Fr. babouin.] 
 
 baby (ba'bi). I.n. Little child; infant. 
 
 II. a. 1. Pertaining to an infant or in- 
 fants. 2. Newly born or formed. — 
 ba'byish, a. Like a baby. — ba'by- 
 hood, n. State of infancy.— ba'by- 
 isin, n. 1. Babyhood. 2. Childish 
 speech. [Dim. of babe.] 
 
 baccalaureate ( bak-a-la're-at ), n. 
 Farewell sermon to graduating class. 
 
 bacchanal (bak'a-nal), bacchana- 
 lian (bak-a-na'li-an j. I. n. Devotee of 
 Bacchus; one who indulges in drunk- 
 en revels. II. a. Riotous; noisy.— 
 bacchana'lia, bacchanals, n. pi: 
 Drunken revels. 
 
 bachelor (bach'e-lur) , n. 1. Unmarried 
 man. 2. One who has taken the lowest 
 university degree. [Fr. bachelier.] 
 
 bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. Species of rod- 
 shaped microscopic organisms be- 
 longing to the genus Bacterium.— pi. 
 bacilli (ba-sil'i). [L.=little staff.] 
 
 back (baK.). I. n. 1. Hinder part of 
 body in man, and upper part in qua- 
 drupeds. 2. Part opposed to front. II. 
 a. 1. Pertaining to or supporting the 
 back. 2. Behind; remote; in arrears. 
 
 III. adv. 1. To a former place, state 
 or condition. 2. Behind; totbe rear. 
 8. In return; again. [A. S. bcec] 
 
 back(bak). I. vt. 1. Force or put back- 
 ward; cause to recede. 2. Second or 
 support; bet in favor of . 3. Mount or 
 get upon the back. 4. Furnish with 
 a back. 5. Superscribe. II. vi. Move, 
 drive, or go backward. 
 
 backbite (bak'bit), vt. Speak evil of 
 one behind his back or in his absence. 
 — backbiter, n._ —backbiting-, n. 
 
 backbone (bak'bon), n. 1. Vertebral 
 column. 2. Firmness; resolution. 
 
 backgammon (bak-gam'un), n. Game 
 played by two on a special board, the 
 moves being determined by throwing 
 dice, [back and game.] 
 
 background (baK'grownd), n. Space 
 behind the principal figures. 
 
 backhand (bak'hand), n. Writing 
 leaning to the left.— backhanded, 
 a. Wiih the hand turned backward; 
 iudirect; unfair. 
 
 backsheesh, backshish (bak'shesh) 
 n. Gift; tip. [Pers.] 
 
 backslide (bak'slid'), vi. [-sliding; 
 -slid or -slidden]. Fall or slide back 
 in faith or morals ;apostatize.-back'« 
 slider, n. One who backslides. 
 
 backward (bak'ward), backwards 
 (bak'wardz). I. adv. 1. Towards the 
 back; with the back foremost; on the 
 back. 2. Towards past times; oyway 
 of reflection. 3. Reversely; fom the 
 end to the beginning. 4. In a contrary 
 manner. 5. From a better to a worse 
 state. II. a. 1. Behind in progress or 
 time. 2. Dilatory; unwilling. 3. Di- 
 rected to tbe back. — back'wardly, 
 adv. —backwardness, n. 
 
 backwoods (bak'wodz), n. Unculti- 
 vated part of a country. 
 
 bacon (ba'kun), ra.Back or side of a hog, 
 cured. [O. Fr.— O. H. Ger. bacho, side.] 
 
 bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), n. [pi. bac- 
 te'ria.] n. Microbe. [ Gr. balcterion— 
 baktron, rod.] 
 
 bacteriology ( bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji ), n. 
 Science that treats of bacteria. 
 
 bad (bad). I. a. [worse ; worst.] Not 
 good; wicked ; hurtful. II. n. 1. State 
 of being bad. 2. One who or that which 
 is evil.— bad'ly, adv. — bad'ness, n. 
 [Celt, baodh, wicked.] 
 
 bade (bad), v. Past tense of bid. 
 
 badge (baj), n. Distinctive decoration. 
 
 badger (baj'er), n. Quadruped with a 
 thick body and short legs. 
 
 badinage (bad'i-naj; Fr. ba-di-nazh'), 
 n. Light playful raillery; banter. [Fr.] 
 
 baffle (baf'j), vt. Elude, defeat or check 
 by artifice. [O. Fr. bejler, mock.] 
 
 bag (bag). I.n. Sack; pouch. II. vt. 
 [bag'ging; bagged]. Put into a bag: 
 capture. III. vi. 1. Bulge like a full 
 bag. 2. Appear bag-like; sag; bulge 
 —baggy (bag'i), a. [A. S. baelg, bag.j 
 
 bagatelle (bag-a-tel'), n. 1. Trifle. 2. 
 Game played oh a nine-holed board 
 with nine balls and a cue. [Fr.] 
 
 baggage (bag'aj), 
 n. 1. Trunks, Va- 
 lises and other 
 necessaries of 
 a traveler. 2. 
 Tents , provi- 
 sions, etc., of 
 an army. [Fr.] 
 
 bagging (bag'- 
 ing), n. Mate- 
 rial for bags. 
 
 bagpipe (bag'-pip), 
 n. Primitive musical instrument. 
 
 Bag-pipe. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mlt; note, Dot, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
bail 
 
 46 
 
 bail (bal). I. vt. 1. Set a person free by 
 giving security for him. 2. Release 
 ®n the security of another. II. n. 1. 
 One who procures the release of an- 
 other by becoming security for his 
 appearance. 2. The security given. 
 [O. Fr L baU, guardian.] 
 
 bail (bal), vt. Deliver goods in trust 
 upon a contract. [by dipping it out. 
 
 bail (bal), vt. Free a boat from water 
 
 bail (bal), n. Handle of a p?:I, bucket, 
 or kettle. [L. bajulus, a carrier.] 
 
 bail (bal), n. One of the cross pieces 
 on the top of the wicket in cricket. 
 [O. Fr. battles, sticks, palisade.] 
 
 bailable(bal'a-bl),a. Admitting of bail. 
 
 bailee (bal-e'J, n. One to whom goods 
 are committed in trust. 
 
 bailiff (bal'if), n. Court officer whose 
 duty it is to take charge of juries, 
 wait upon the court, etc. [O. Fr. 
 baillif; from root of bail.] 
 
 bailor (bal'tir), n. One who delivers 
 goods to another in trust. 
 
 bait (bat), vt. 1. Provoke and harass 
 by dogs, or in any way. 2. Put food 
 on a hook or among snares, to attract 
 fish, birds, or other animals. 3. Give 
 refreshment on a journey. 
 
 baize (baz), n. Coarse woolen cloth. 
 [Fr. bat, chestnut colored.] 
 
 bake (bak). I. vt. 1. Dry, harden, or 
 cook by the heat of the sun or of fire. 
 
 2. Prepare food in an oven. II. vi. 1. 
 Do the work of baking. 2. Undergo 
 the process of baking. [A. S. bacan, 
 bake.] 
 
 baker (ba'ker),_w. One who bakes.— 
 — bakery (ba'ker-i), n. Place for 
 baking bread, cake, etc. 
 
 baking- (ba'king), n. 1. Process by 
 which bread is baked. 2. Quantity 
 baked at a time.— baking-powder, 
 n. Powder used in baking as a substi- 
 tute for yeast. 
 
 balance (bal'ans). I. vt. Weigh in a 
 balance; compare by estimating, as if 
 in a balance. 2. Equal; make equal. 
 
 3. Poise. II. vi. 1. Have equal weight 
 or power; be in equipoise. 2. Hesitate. 
 
 Syn. Equalize; counterpoise ; coun- 
 teract; neutralize; adjust; waver. 
 
 balance (bal'ans), n. 1. Pair of scales. 
 2. Act of weighing. 3. That which 
 renders weight or authority equal. 4. 
 Sum required to make the two sides 
 of an account equal, hence the sur- 
 plus, or the sum due on an account. 
 [L. bis, double, and lanx, dish.] 
 
 balance sheet (bal'ans shet), n. Sheet 
 of paper showing a summary and bal- 
 ance of accounts. 
 
 Balcony. 
 bald'ness, 
 
 balloon 
 
 balcony- (bal'ko-ni), 
 n. 1. Platform or 
 gallery outside the 
 window of a room. 
 2. Elevated floor 
 along the walls of 
 a theater, etc., usu-_ 
 ally between gal-' 
 lerv and parquet. 
 
 bald (bald), a. With- 
 out hair on the 
 head; bare; una- 
 dorned.— baldly, t 
 n. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 balderdash (bal'der-dash), n. Idle, 
 senseless talk. [Welch baldardd, 
 prate.]_ 
 
 bale (bal). I. n. Bundle of goods. II. 
 vt Make ud into a bale. [O. Fr. bale 
 — L. Li.balla, ball, bale.] 
 
 bale (bal), n. Calamity; sorrow; mis- 
 ery. — baleful (bal'fol), a. Bringing 
 bale and woe. — bale'fully, adv. [Obs. 
 Eng. bale, A. S. bealn, evil.] 
 
 balk (bak). I. vt. Disappoint; elude; 
 check. " II. vi. Stop abruptly. III. n. 
 Hindrance or disappointment.— 
 balky (bak'i), a. Inclined to balk. [A. 
 S. balca, heap.] 
 
 ball (bal). I. n. 1. Anything spherical, 
 as a bullet, globe, etc. 2. Game played 
 with a ball. 3. Entertainment of 
 dancing. II. vt. Make into a ball. III. 
 vi. Form a ball. [Fr. balle, ball.] 
 
 ball-bearing, n. Bearing that turns 
 on small steel balls. 
 
 ballad (bal'ad), n. 1. Short simple 
 air. 2. Popular song. 3. Short nar- 
 rative poem. [Fr. ballade, song sung 
 in dancing.] 
 
 ballast (bal'ast). I. n. 1. Heavy matter 
 used to make anything steady. 2. 
 Earth or gravel used to fill the space 
 between the rails on a railway. II. 
 vt. Supply with ballast ; make or keep 
 steady. [Dan. bar, bare, mere, and 
 last, load.] 
 
 ballet (bal-la' or bal'et), n. Thea- 
 trical exhibition acted chiefly in dan- 
 cing. 2. The dancers of such an ex- 
 hibition collectively. [F. diaa. of bal, 
 dance.] 
 
 tW«Vi,r ikit mm^M 
 
 Dirigible Balloon, or Airship. 
 
 balloon (bal-16n'),». Bag or hollow 
 
 sphere or cylinder of light material, 
 
 which, being inflated with a gaa 
 
 £&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; »ote, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
ballot 
 
 47 
 
 bankrupt 
 
 Balustrade. 
 
 lighter than air or with heated air, 
 ascends and floats in the atmosphere. 
 [Fr. ballon.} 
 
 ballot (bal'ut). I. n. 1. Little ball used 
 in voting. 2. Written or printed vote ; 
 voting ticket. 3. Secret voting by put- 
 ting a ball or ticket into a box. II. vt. 
 andt'i. Vote by ballot. [Fr. ballotte, 
 dim. of balle, ball.] 
 
 balm (bam), n. 1. Aromatic plant. 2. 
 Fragrant and healing ointment ob- 
 tained from such a plant. 3. Anything 
 that heals or soothes. [L.. balsdmumT] 
 
 balmy(bam'i), a. Bearing balm; sooth- 
 ing; healing; fragrant. 
 
 balsam (bal'sam), n. 1. Name of certain 
 plants. 2. Resinous oily substance 
 flowing from them. [Gr. balsamon, 
 gum of the balsam tree.] 
 
 baluster (bal'us-ter), n. Small column 
 or pilaster used as a support to the 
 rail of a stair-case, etc. [Fr. balustre— 
 Gr. balaustion, flower of the pomegra- 
 nate; from the similarity of form.] 
 
 balustrade (bal'us- 
 trad), n. Row of 
 balusters joined by 
 a rail. 
 
 bamboo (bam-b6') 
 n. Gigantic reed, 
 with hoi low- 
 pointed stem, grow- 
 ing in tropical countries. [Malay.] 
 
 ban (ban),ra. 1. Proclamation. 2. Body 
 of men summoned to arms. 3. Denun- 
 ciation; eurse; authoritative prohibi- 
 tion. [A. S. ] 
 
 banana (ba-na'na), n. Gigantic trop- 
 ical herbaceous plant,elosely allied to 
 the plantain. 2. Clustering nutritious 
 fruit of this plant. 
 
 band (band). I. vt. and vi. Bind, unite. 
 II. n. 1. Anything which binds togeth- 
 er; fillet; tie; belt. 2. Body of armed 
 men; company of musical perform- 
 ers; company of persons united in 
 some common design. [A. S. banda.] 
 
 bandage (band'aj). I. n. Strip of cloth 
 used to bind up a wound or fracture. 
 II. vt. Bind with a bandage. [Fr.— 
 bander, band, tie , etc.] 
 
 bandanna, bandana (ban-dan'a), n. 
 Colored silk or cotton handkerchief; 
 originally one from India. 
 
 bandbox (band'boks), n. Thin box for 
 holding ruffs, bonnets, hats, etc.; 
 ussally cylindrical. 
 
 bandit (ban'dit), n. Outlaw ; robber ; 
 highwayman ; b r i g a n d — banditti 
 (ban-dit'ti), n. pi. Bandits. [It, bandito 
 — ftandire, banish.] 
 
 bandy (ban'di).n. 1. A club bent at the 
 end for striking a bail. 2. Game of 
 
 ball with such a club. II. vt. [ban'dy- 
 ing; ban'died.] Beat to and fro as 
 with a bandy; toss to and fro; eive 
 and take. III. a. Crooked.— ban'dy. 
 legged, a. Having crooked legs, 
 [Fr. bander, bend.] 
 
 bane (ban), n. Cause of ruin.— bane- 
 ful, a. Destructive ; deadly.— bane - 
 fnlly, adv. [A. S. bana, slayer.] 
 Syn. Injury; pest; poison. 
 
 bang (bang). I. vt. 1. Beat or thump. 
 2. Fire a gun or anything that makes 
 a sudden noise. 3. Slam. 4. Cut tbe 
 hair across the forehead. II. vi. Re- 
 sound with a loud noise. [Imitation 
 of sound.] 
 
 bang (bang), n. 1. Sadden noise; ex- 
 plosion; thump; concussion. 2. Front 
 hair cut straight across the forehead; 
 commonly in the plural. 
 
 banian (ban'yan).re. SameasBANVAN. 
 
 banish (ban'ish), vt. Condemn to exile. 
 — banishment, n. [See ban.] 
 
 Syn. Expel; dispel; ostracize; expa- 
 triate; proscribe; outlaw. 
 
 bannister (ban'is-ter), n. Corruption 
 
 Of BALUSTER. 
 
 banjo (ban'jo), n. Musical instrument 
 with five strings, having a head and 
 neck like a guitar and a body like a 
 tambourine. [Negro corruption of Fr. 
 bandore — mandoline.] 
 
 bank (bangk). I. n. 1. Mound or ridge 
 of earth, or snow, etc. 2. Earthy mar- 
 gin of a river, lake, etc. 3. Rising 
 ground in the sea. I. vt. Inclose with 
 a bank; raise a mound or bank about; 
 defend or fortify with a bank.— Bank 
 a fire : Cover with fine coal or s nut in 
 a fire so it will keep or burn slowly. 
 
 [A. S. BANC] 
 
 bank (bangk). I. n. 1. Place where 
 money is deposited, loaned, exchang- 
 ed, etc. 2. Company associated in 
 banking business. II. vt. Deposit in a 
 bank. III. vi. 1. Do banking. 2. Trust. 
 [A. S. banc, bench.] 
 
 bankable (bangk'a-bl), a. Receivable 
 at a bank; discountable, as notes. 
 
 banker (bangk'er), n. One engaged in 
 the banking business. 
 
 banking (bangk'ing). I. n. Business of 
 a banker. II. a. Pertaining to a bank. 
 
 bank-note(bangk'not),ra. Note issued 
 by a bank, which passes as money. 
 
 bankrnpt (bangk'rupt). I. n. One 
 who breaks or fails in business; in- 
 solvent person. II. a. Insolvent; un- 
 able to meet one's liabilities. III. vt. 
 Cause to become bankrupt.— bank « 
 ruptcy, n. State of being or act of 
 becoming bankrupt, [bank and L. 
 ruptus, broken.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn} oil, owl, then. 
 
banner 48 
 
 banner (ban'er), n. Military stand- 
 ard; flag or ensign. [Fr. bannihre, 
 banner.] 
 
 banns, bans (banz), n. pi. Notice of 
 an intention of marriage. [A. S. ge- 
 bann, proclamation.] 
 
 banquet (bang'kwet). I. n. Feast; any 
 rich treat or entertainment. II. vt. 
 Give a feast to. III. vi. Fare sump- 
 tuously. [Fr.] 
 
 bantam (ban'tam), n. Small fowl with 
 feathered shanks, probably brought 
 from Bantam, in Java. 
 
 banter (ban'ter). I. n. Humorous rail- 
 lery; joking or jesting; challenge. 
 II. vt. 1. Rail at humorously. 2. 
 Challenge or provoke to something 
 daring. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 bantling 1 (bant'liug), n. Young child. 
 [So called frojm the bands in which it 
 is wrapped.] 
 
 banyan (ban'yan), n. East-Indian fig- 
 tree, whose branches take root and 
 spread over a large area. 
 
 baptism (bap'tizm), n. Act of baptiz- 
 ing; initiatory rite of the Christian 
 Church, by solemn immersion in, 
 sprinkling with, or pouring on of 
 water. — baptismal, a. 
 
 Baptist(bap'tist), n. One who approves 
 only of adult baptism by immersion; 
 originally, one who administers the 
 rite of baptism. —baptistery (bap'- 
 tis-ter-i), baptistry (bap'tis-tri), n. 
 Place where baptism is administered. 
 
 baptize (bap-tiz'), v. Administer bap- 
 tism; christen. [Gr. baptizo —bapto, 
 dip in water.] 
 
 bar (bar). I. vt. [bar'ring; barred 
 (bard)]. 1. Fasten or secure, as with 
 a bar. 2. Hinder or exclude. 3. Ex- 
 cept; omit as an exception. II. n. 1. 
 Oblong piece of iron or other solid 
 substance; bolt; hindrance or ob- 
 struction; bank, as of sand, at the 
 mouth of a river. 2. Inclosed space 
 in a tavern or saloon where liquors 
 are served out. 3. Place in a court 
 where criminals stand when ar- 
 raigned; any tribunal, as the bar of 
 }mblic opinion. 4. The lawyers col- 
 ectively who practice at a court; the 
 legal profession. 5. Stripe. 6. Divi- 
 sion in music. [Fr. barre.] 
 
 barb (barb). I. n. Beard-like jag near 
 the point of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. 
 II. vt. Arm with barbs. — barbed 
 (frarbd), a. Furnished with barbs or 
 barb-like points, as barbed wire. [Fr. 
 — L. barba, beardj 
 
 barbarian (bar-bari-an;. I. a. Unciv- 
 ilized; savage; without taste or 
 refinement. II. n. Uncivilized man; 
 
 bark 
 
 savage; cruel, brutal man. [See bar- 
 barous.] 
 
 barbaric (bar-bar'ik), a. Foreign; 
 uncivilized ; rudely grand and im- 
 pressive. 
 
 barbarism (bar'bar-izm), n. 1. Form 
 of speech contrary to the spirit of a 
 language. 2. Rude, ignorant, unciv- 
 ilized state; brutality; cruelty. 
 
 barbarity (bar-bar'i-ti) , n. Savage- 
 ness; cruelty. [barous. 
 
 barbarize (bar'bar-iz), vt. Make bar- 
 barbarous (bar'bar-us), a. Uncivil- 
 ized; rude; savage; brutal. — bar* 
 barously ,adv. [Gr. barbaros, foreign.] 
 
 barbecue (bar'be-ku). I. n. Hog, ox, 
 or other large animal roasted whole. 
 2. Entertainment in the open air 
 where an animal is roasted whole, 
 II. vt. Roast a hog or other large ani- 
 mal whole. [Fr. barbe-a-queue, (from) 
 snout to tail.] 
 
 barber (bar'ber). I. n. One who shaves 
 beards, cuts and dresses hair. II. vt. 
 Do the work of a barber. [L. barba 
 beard.] 
 
 bard (bard), n. 1. Poet and singer 
 among the ancient Celts. 2. Poet. 
 
 bare (bar). I. a. 1. Uncovered; naked. 
 2. Scanty ; meager ; empty ; unfur- 
 nished. 3 Mere; simple. II. vt. Strip; 
 uncover ; make bare.— barely , adv. 
 — bare'ness, n._ [A. S. bazr.\ 
 
 barefaced (bar'fast), a. 1. Without a 
 mask. 2. Impudent. 
 
 barg-ain (bar'gen). I. n. 1. Agreement, 
 2. Purchase. 3. Advantageous offer 
 or purchase. II. vt. Barter; sell. III. 
 vi. Make a contract. [M. L. barcania, 
 traffic] 
 Syn. Mutual pledge; stipulation. 
 
 barg-e ( barj ), n. 1. Flat-bottomed 
 boat used in unloading large vessels* 
 2. Pleasure or state boat. [L. L. 
 barca, boat.] [barytone, 
 
 baritone ( bar'i-ton ), n. Same as 
 
 bark (bark). I. vi. Make the peculiar 
 short abrupt noise common to do^s. 
 wolves, etc. II. n. Peculiar noise made 
 by dogs, etc. [A. S. beorcan.] 
 
 bark (bark). I. n. Outer rind or cover 
 ing of a tree. II. vt. Strip or peel the 
 bark from. III. vi. 
 Shed bark ; come 
 off, as the bark of 
 the shellbark hick- 
 ory tree. [A. S.] 
 
 bark, barque 
 (bark), n. 1. Three- 
 masted vessel with^ 
 no square sails on R . 
 
 her mizzen mast. Baric. 
 
 2. Any small ship; barge. [Fr. barque* 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
barley 
 
 barley (bar'li), n. Grain used for food, 
 
 but chiefly for making malt. 
 barm (barm), n. Froth 
 of fermenting beer or 
 other liquor used as leav- 
 en; yeast. [A. S.] 
 
 barn (barn) , n. Storehouse 
 for grain, hay, etc.; stable. 
 [A. S. berth — ber, barley.] 
 
 baritacle ( bar'na-kl ), n. 
 1. Shell-fish, which adhere 
 to the bottoms of ships, 
 etc. 2. Persistent, office- 
 holder. 3. Kind of wild 
 goose. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 barometer (ba-rom'e-ter), 
 ». Instrument for measur- 
 ing the pressure of the 
 atmosphere. [Gr. baros, 
 weight, and metron, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 One form consists of a glass Barometer, 
 tube over 30 ins. long closed 
 at one end, filled with mercury, 
 and inverted in a cup of mercury. The 
 vacuum formed at top of mercary column 
 indicates the pressure. 
 
 baromet'ric, barometrical (bar-o- 
 met'rik-al), a. Pertaining to the 
 barometer.— barometrically, adv. 
 By means of a barometer. 
 
 baron (bar'un), n. Rank of nobility 
 next above a baronet and below a vis- 
 count.— baronage (bar'un-aj), n. 1. 
 Whole body of barons. 2. Dignity or 
 land of a baron.— baroness (bar'un- 
 es), n. fern.— baronial (bar-o'ni-al). 
 a. —barony (bar'un-i), n. Territory 
 of a baron. [Fr.] 
 
 baronet (bar'un-et), n. Rank next 
 above a knight and below a baron 
 (lowest hereditary title in England). 
 — baron et'cy, n. [Dim. of baron,] 
 
 baroncbe (ba-rosh') , n. Double-seated 
 four-wheeled carriage with a falling 
 top. [Li.birotus, two- wheeled.] 
 
 barrack (bar'ak),n. [Generally in pi.] 
 Large building for soldiers ; collection 
 of huts or cabins. [Fr. baraque.] 
 
 barrel (bar'el). I. n. 1. Round oblong 
 vessel, bulging in the middle, built of 
 staves, girt with hoops and closed at 
 both ends. 2. Quantity such a vessel 
 will contain. 3. Any similar thing, 
 round, hollow and long, as the barrel 
 of a gun. II. vt. [barrelling; barrel- 
 led.] Put in a barrel. [M. L. barile, 
 barrel.] 
 
 barren (bar'en),a. Unfruitful; stupid. 
 
 — bar'renness,n — barrens, n. pi. 
 
 Elevated lands with stunted trees. 
 
 [O. Fr. baraigne.] [dull. 
 
 Syn. Sterile; unproductive; devoid; 
 
 49 
 
 basic 
 
 barricade ( bar-i-kad'), I. n. Hastily 
 
 formed rude fortification.il. ^.Block ; 
 
 obstruct; fortify. [Fr. — barre, bar.] 
 barrier (bar'i-er), n. Defense; limit; 
 
 obstruction. [Fr. barridre.] 
 barrister (bar'is-ter),/i. One qualified 
 
 to plead at the bar in an English law- 
 court. 
 barroom (bar'rom), n. Saloon. 
 barrow(bar'o), n. Small hand carriage. 
 
 [A. S. berewe—beran, bear.] 
 barrow (bar'o), n. 1. Hill. 2. Mound 
 
 over graves. lA.S. beorgan, hide.] 
 barter (bar'ter). I. vt. and vi. Traffic 
 
 by exchange of commodities. II. n. 
 
 Exchange of commodities; article 
 
 given in exchange. [O. Fr. bareter.] 
 barytone (bar'i-ton ), n. Male voice 
 
 between bass and tenor. [Gr. barys, 
 
 heavy, and tonos, tone.] 
 basal (ba'sal), a. Fundamental. 
 basalt (ba-salf), a. Hard, dark-colored 
 
 rock of igneous origin.— basaltic, a. 
 
 [L. basaltes, Ethiopian marble.] 
 
 Basalt formation, Fingal's cave, Scotland- 
 base (bas). I. a. 1. Low in place, value, 
 estimation, or principle. 2. Humble. 
 II. n. 1. That on which a thing rests; 
 bottom; foundation; support. 2. For- 
 tified line from which an army oper- 
 ates, and is supplied. 3. Place of start- 
 ing, as in baseball, etc. 4. That with 
 which an acid unites to form salts. III. 
 vt. Place on a foundation.— base'ly, 
 a^.-base'ness, n. [Gr. basis, step, 
 pedestal,— baino, step, walk.] 
 
 Syn. Mean; vile; sordid; degraded; 
 
 ignoble; abject; infamous; debased. 
 
 baseball (bas'bal ), n. Game of ball 
 
 played on a diamond-shaped field 
 
 having four bases. [the main floor. 
 
 basement (bas'ment), n. Floor below 
 
 basbful (bash'fol), a. Easily abashed 
 
 or confused; diffident.— bash'fnlly, 
 
 adv.— basb'fnlness, n. [From root 
 
 of abash.] [coy; sheepish. 
 
 Syn. Shy; over-modest; shrinking; 
 
 basic (ba'sik ), a. Pertaining to or 
 
 constituting a base. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
basilisk 
 
 60 
 
 bauble 
 
 basilisk (baz'i-lisk), n. 1. Fabulous 
 serpent having a crest like a crown. 
 2. Kind of crested lizard. [Gr. basilis- 
 kos, dim.of basileus, king.] 
 
 basin (ba'sin), n. 1. Open vessel in 
 which to wash the face, hands, etc. 2. 
 Anything of similar form. 3. Area 
 drained by a river and its tributaries. 
 [Fr. bassin.] 
 
 basis (ba'sis), n. 1. Foundation on 
 which a thing rests. 2. Ground work 
 or first principle. 3. Chief ingredient. 
 — vt. bases (ba'sez). [Gr. basis, step, 
 foot, foundation.] 
 
 bask (bask), vi. Lie in genial warmth 
 or under fostering influence. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 basket (bas'ket), n. Vessel made of 
 plaited twigs, rushes, or other flexible 
 materials. [Wei. basged.] 
 
 bas-relief ( ha-re-lef), bass-relief 
 (bas-re-lef), n. Sculpture in which the 
 figures do not stand far out from the 
 ground on whicn they are formed. 
 [It. basso rilievo. See bask, low, and 
 
 BELIEF.] 
 
 bass (bas), I. n. Low or grave part in 
 music. II. a. Low; deep; grave. [See 
 base, low.] [species. [A. S. beers.] 
 
 bass (bas), n. Food fish of several 
 
 bass (bas), n. American linden-tree. 
 [A. S. bcest, linden-tree.] 
 
 bassoon (bas-son'), n. Reed wind in- 
 strument of base note. [It. bassone, 
 augmentative of basso, low.] 
 
 bass viol (bas' vi-ul), n. Violin for 
 playing bass; violoncello. [See bass, 
 low and viol.] 
 
 bastard (bas'tard). I. n. One born out 
 of wedlock. II. a. Illegitimate ; spuri- 
 ous.— bas'tardy, n. State of being a 
 bastardy [Fr. bdtard.] 
 
 baste (bast), vt. Sew lightly or with 
 long stitches. [O. Fr. bastir.] 
 
 baste (bast), vt. Drip fat or anything 
 similar over meat while roasting. 
 
 bastinade (bas-ti-nad'), bastinado 
 (bas-ti-na'do). I. n. Beating with a 
 stick; mode of punishment in the 
 East by beating an offender on the 
 soles of the feet. II. vt. Inflict basti- 
 nado on; beat with a stick or cudgel. 
 [Fr. bastonnade — baston, bdton.] 
 
 bat (bat). I. vt. and vi. Strike at with a 
 olub or bat, as in baseball or cricket; 
 use the bat in playing any game ; beat 
 with a club. II. n. Club, or anything 
 similar used to strike the ball in base- 
 ball or cricket. 2. One who handles the 
 bat in a game of ball or cricket; bats- 
 man. 3. Batting. 4. Piece of brick 
 used as a weapon; brickbat. [Celt. 
 bat, from the root of beat.] 
 
 bat (bat), n. Flying 
 mammal which 
 feeds on insects, etc. 
 
 batcb (bac h), n. 
 Quantity of bread 
 baked or anything 
 made at one time. 
 [From bake.] 
 
 bate (bat), vt. and vi. Bat - 
 
 Beat down or lower ; diminish ; abate. 
 
 bateau (ba-to'),?i. Long_ narrow light 
 boat.— pi. bateaux (ba-toz'). [Fr.] 
 
 batb (bath), n. 1. Bathing. 2. Water 
 or other liquid for bathing in. 3. 
 House or other place for bathing. 
 [A. S. bath.} 
 
 bathe (Joath). I. vt. Wash or immerse 
 as in a bath. II. vi. Enter or lie in the 
 bath.— bather (ba'^Aer), n. One who 
 bathes. 
 
 bathos (ba'thos), n. Ludicrous descent 
 from the elevated to the mean in 
 writing or speech. [Gr.— bathys, deep.] 
 
 baton (bat'un), n. Staff or rod. [Fr. 
 bdton.] [wields the bat. 
 
 batsman (bats'man), n. One who 
 
 battalion (bat-tal'yun), n. Body of 
 soldiers, including two or more com- 
 panies. [Fr. from root of battle.] 
 
 batten (bat'n). I. vt. 1. Fatten. 2. 
 Fertilize or enrich. II. vi. 1. Grow 
 fat. 2. Live in luxury. [Icel. batna, 
 grow better.] 
 
 batten (bat'n). I. n. Strip or slat of 
 wood. II. vt. Fasten with battens. 
 [From Fr. bdton.] 
 
 batter (bat'er). I. vt. 1. Beat with suc- 
 cessive blows. 2. Wear with beating 
 or use. 3. Mar; bruise; dent. II. n. 
 Thin mixture of several ingredients, 
 as flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten to- 
 gether. [Fr. battre, beat.] 
 
 batter (bat'er), n. Batsman. [See bat.] 
 
 battery (bat'er-i), n. Number of can- 
 nons with their equipment. 2. Place 
 on which cannon are mounted. 3. 
 Mew and horses attending a battery. 
 4. Apparatus for generating or stor- 
 ing electricity. 5. Unlawful beating 
 or even touching of a person. [Fr. 
 batterie.] 
 
 batting (bat'ing), n. 1. Cotton or wool 
 in sheets, prepared for quilts, etc. 2. 
 Wielding of a bat at play. 
 
 battle (bat'l). I.n. 1. Contest between 
 opposing military or naval forces. 2. 
 Any contest. II. vi. Fight,.[Fr.bataiUe.] 
 — bat'tlement,7i. Indented parapetof 
 a wall. Syn. Fight; encounter; combat. 
 
 bauble (ba'bl), n. Piece of tinsel; gew- 
 gaw ; child's plaything; something 
 showy but of trifling value. [Fr, 
 \abiole, toy.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare,'above; mS, met, fagr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
bawl 
 
 bawl(bal).I.i>i. Cry loudly; shout. II. n. 
 Loud cry or wail. [Icel. baula, bellow.] 
 
 bay (ba). I. n. Bark of a dog, as when 
 following game. II. vt. Bark at, fol- 
 low with barking. III. vi. Bark, as a 
 dog. [O. Fr. abbayer, bark.] 
 
 bay (ba). I. n. Standstill. II vt. Drive 
 to bay; bring to the condition of 
 at bay, (turning upon pursuers from 
 an inability to escape.) 
 
 bay (ba), n. 1. Recess of the shore. 2. 
 Recess or opening in walls.— bay 
 window, n. Window projecting out- 
 ward so as to form a bay or recess 
 within. [Fr. bale— L. baia, harbor.] 
 
 bay (ba). La. Rediish-brown, in- 
 clining to chestnut. II. n. Bay horse. 
 [Fr. bai— ~L.ba~ius, chestnut-colored.] 
 
 bay (ba),7i. 1. Laurel- tree. 2. Honor- 
 ary crown or garlan l of victory, orig- 
 inally of laurel. 3. Literary renown. 
 [Fr. bale, berry.] 
 
 bayonet (ba'o-net). I. n. Dagger- 
 like weapon attached to the muzzle of 
 a rifle or other similar firearm. II. vt. 
 Stab with the bayonet. [Fr. baio- 
 nette; fromBayonne, in France, where 
 first made.] 
 
 bay on (bi'o), n. Inlet or outlet of a 
 lake, bay, river, etc. [Fr. boyau, 
 channel.] 
 
 bazar, bazaar (ba-zar'), n. 1. Eastern 
 market-place or exchange. 2. Estab- 
 lishment for selling various kinds of 
 fancy goods; fair for the sale of such 
 goods for a benevolent object. [Pers. 
 bazar, market. 
 
 be (be), vi. [being, been (bin).] 1. Exist. 
 2. Take place. 3. In most cases the 
 verb be serves merely as copula be- 
 tween subject and predicate. [A. S. 
 bean, be.] 
 
 be-, prefix. 1 . Signifies by, about, as in 
 Seside, Gefog. 2. In &egin, beho\A, etc., it 
 has lost its meaning. [ A. S. bi=BY.] 
 
 beacb (bech). I. n. Sandy sloping shore 
 of sea or lake. II. vt. Run or drag upon 
 a beach. — beacbed (becht), a. 1. 
 Having a beach. 2. Driven or dragged 
 on a beach. [Etymology unknown.] 
 
 beacon (be'kn). I. n. 1. Fire on an 
 eminence used as a sign of danger. 2. 
 Warning or guiding signal of any 
 nature. II. vt. Act as a beacon to; 
 light up. [A. S. been, sign.] 
 
 bead ( bed), n. 1. Small globe pierced 
 for stringing and forming into neck- 
 laces, rosaries, etc. 2. Anything resem- 
 bling a bead, front sight on a gun; 
 bubbles floating on the surface of 
 liquors or appearing at the sides of 
 the glass containing them. [A.S, bed, 
 gebed, prayerj 
 
 51 beard 
 
 •- — « 
 
 beadle ( b e ' d 1 ) , n. 1. Messenger or 
 crier of a court. 2. Petty officer of a 
 church, parish, college, etc. [A. S 
 bydel — beodan, proclaim, bid.] 
 
 beagle (be'gl), n. Small hound. 
 
 beak (bek), n. Bill of a bird; anything 
 pointed or projecting. [Fr. bee, beak.] 
 
 beaker ( be'ker ) n. Large drinking- 
 bowl orgoblet. [Gr. bikos, wine-vessel.] 
 
 beam(bem), n. 1. Large and straight 
 piece of timber or iron forming one 
 of the main supports of a building, 
 ship, etc. 2. Part of a balance from 
 which the scales hang. 3. Ray of 
 light. [A. S. beam, tree.] 
 
 beam (bem). I. vt. Send forth, emit, 
 as light. II. vi. Shine.— beamy (be'mi). 
 a. Emitting rays of light; radiant. 
 
 bean (ben), n. Well-known cultivated 
 plant and its edible seed. [A. S.] 
 
 bear (bar), v. [bear'ing; bore (bor); 
 borne (born) — but the pa. p. when 
 used to mean 'brought forth' is 'born* 
 (barn).] I. vt. 1. Carry. 2. Endure. 3. 
 Bebave. 4. Admit of. 5. Possess and 
 use. 6. Bring forth. II. vi. 1. Suffer 
 with patience. 2. (upon) Press; relate; 
 act. 3. Take a certain direction. 4. Be 
 fruitful. [A. S. beran, bear.] 
 
 Syn. Support; sustain; maintain; 
 uphold; convey; waft; bring; yield; 
 produce; tolerate; under'go; suffer 
 for; show; render; cherish. 
 
 bear (bar), n. 1. Wild quadruped, with 
 long shaggy hair and hooked claws. 
 2. Coarse or ill-behaved person. 3. 
 Name of two constellations, the Great 
 and the Little Bear. 4. One who spe- 
 culates upon a depression of prices. 
 
 bear (bar), vt. Depress the price of, 
 as stocks, grain, etc. 
 
 beard (berd). I. n. 1. Hair that grows 
 on a man's chin and adjacent parts of 
 face. 2. Awn of grass, wheat, etc.; 
 barb of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. ; gills 
 of an oyster, clam, etc.; tail of a 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
bearer 
 
 52 
 
 bedim 
 
 comet. II.^.Take or pull by the beard ; 
 
 oppose face to face; defy. [A. S,] 
 bearer (bar'er), n. One who or that 
 
 which bears, carries, or produces. 
 bearing- ( bar'ing ), n. 1. Behavior; 
 
 deportment. 2. Relation; connection. 
 
 3. Carrying, supporting, producing, 
 etc. 4. Part of an axle, shaft, etc., in 
 contact with the collar or boxing. 
 
 [See BAJL.L- BEARING.] 
 
 bearish (bar'ish), a. 1. Like a bear; 
 rough ; surly. 2. Favorable to the 
 bears; with prices tending downwards. 
 
 boast (best), n. 1. Any animal, ex- 
 cepting man. 2. Vertebrate animal, 
 excepting birds and fishes. 3. Beastly 
 person.— beastly, a. and adv. Like a 
 beast in form, nature, or behavior; 
 coarse; filthy; brutal. [L. bestia, beast.] 
 
 beat (bet), v. Tbeat'ing; beat; beat'en.J 
 I. vt. 1. Strike or dash repeatedly 
 against. 2. Strike, as bushes, to rouse 
 game. 3. Mix or agitate by beating. 
 
 4. Vanquish; outdo; baffle; get the' 
 advantage of. II. vi. 1. Give strokes 
 repeatedly. 2. Dash with force, 3. 
 Pulsate. [A.S. beatan. See bat.] 
 
 Syn. Thump; pound; knock; bela- 
 bor; thrash; cudgel; conquer; over- 
 reach; surpass; overcome; throb.. 
 
 beat (bet), n. 1. Stroke or blow. 2. 
 
 k Recurring stroke, or its sound, as of 
 a watch or pulse. 3. Round or course, 
 as a policeman's beat. 
 
 beatific (be-a-tif'ik ), beatifical, a. 
 Making supremely happy. — beatific 
 cation (b§-at-i-fi-ka'shuu), n. 1. Act of 
 beatifying. 2. Declaration by the pope 
 that a person is blessed inJieaven. 
 
 beatify ( be-at'i-fi), vt. [Deatifying; 
 beatified.] I. Make blessed or happy. 
 
 f 2. Bless with eternal happiness in 
 heaven. [L. beatus, blessed, and facio, 
 make.] 
 
 beatitude ( be-at'i-tud ), n. Heavenly 
 happiness, or happiness of the highest 
 kind. — beatitudes, n. pi. The say- 
 ings of Christ in Matt, v., declaring 
 the possessors of certain virtues to be 
 blessed. 
 
 beau (bo), n. 1, Man studious of fash- 
 ion and fond of dress. 2. Suitor or 
 escort to a lady ; a lover. — pi. beaus 
 or beaux (boz). [Fr. beau, fine.] 
 
 beau-ideal (bo-i-de'al),». Ideal stand- 
 ard of perfection. [F.j 
 
 beauteous(bu'te-us), a. Full of beauty. 
 Syn. Beautiful; fine; lovely; charm- 
 ing; fair; graceful; elegant; comely; 
 delightful l showy ; perfect. 
 
 beautify (ou'ti-ii),vt. and vi. [beau'ti- 
 fying; beau'tified.] Embellish; make 
 or grow more beautiful. 
 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 beauty (bu'ti), n. 1. Pleasing assem- 
 blage of qualities. 2. Beautiful object. 
 — beautiful, a. Having beauty; 
 delighting the senses. [Fr. beauU.\ 
 
 beaver (be'ver), n. Part of a helmet 
 which covers the face. [O. Fr. baviere, 
 a child's bib.] 
 
 beaver ( be'ver ), n. 
 1. Amphibious 
 quadruped valu- 
 able for its fur. 2. 
 Fur of the beaver. 
 3. Hat made of the 
 beaver's fur. [A.S. 
 befer.] 
 
 becalm (be-kam'), vt 1. Make calm 
 still or quiet._ 2. Deprive of wind. 
 
 became (be-kam'), v. Past of become. 
 
 because (be-kaz'). I. adv. By reason 
 (of). II. conj "For the reason that. 
 [by and cause.] 
 
 beck (bek),/&. Sign with the head or 
 hand; nod. [See beckon.] 
 
 beckon (bek'un), vt. and vi. Make a 
 sign or signal by a nod, a motion of 
 the hand, or other gesture. [A. S. 
 been, sign.] [obscure. 
 
 becloud ( be-klowd' ), vt. Overcloud; 
 
 become (be-kum'), v. [becoming; be- 
 came' jbeoome'.] I. fltf.SuitTbefit; accord 
 with. II. vi. 1. Pass from one state to 
 another; come to be. 2. Be the fate 
 oreud (of). [A. S. beeuman, bajpjpen.l 
 
 becoming ( be-kumlng ), a. ^gfa^e 
 (to); in keeping (with). — beeom'- 
 ingly, adv. — beconi'ingness, n. 
 Syn. Proper; befitting; appropriate; 
 graceful; decorous; seemly; decent. 
 • Becquerel rays (bek'rel raz), n. pi. 
 Peculiar luminous rays emitted by 
 the compounds of uranium, having 
 properties similar to those of cathodic 
 and also of Roentgen rays. [Named 
 from their discoverer, Henri Becque- 
 rel, Fr. physicist.] 
 
 bed (bed), n. 1. Anything designed for 
 sleeping on or in. 2. That in which 
 anything lies or is imbedded; channel 
 of a river; garden plot. 3. Anything 
 likened to a bed; layer or stratum; 
 level mass, as a bed of molten lava.— 
 bed 'ding, ra. Materials of a bed. [A. S.l 
 
 I. vt. 
 
 bed (bed), v. [bed'ding; bed'ded.] 
 1. Place in bed. 2. Sow or plant. 3. 
 Lay in layers. II. vi. Cohabit. 
 
 bedaub (be-dab'), vt. Daub over; be- 
 smear, [ment. 
 
 bedeck (be-dek')> vt. Deck or orna- 
 
 bedew (be-du'), vt. Moisten gently, as 
 with dew. 
 
 bedim (be-dim'), vt. [bedim'ming; be- 
 dimmed (-dimd').] Make dim or 
 obscure. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, faU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; nSte, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
bedizen 
 
 63 
 
 begrime 
 
 Bedouin. 
 
 bedizen (be-diz'n), vt. Dress gaudily 
 
 bedlam(bedlam), n. 1. Mad- 
 house. 2. Place of uproar ; 
 scene of wild tumult. [Cor- 
 ruption of Bethlehem a 
 madhouse in London.] 
 
 Bedonin (bed'6-in), n. Arab 
 of the nomad type. [Pr. 
 — Ar. badawin. dwellers in 
 the desert.] 
 
 bedridden (bed'rid-n), a. 
 Confined to bed by age, in- 
 firmity or illness. 
 
 bedstead (bed'sted), 
 n. Frame for supporting 
 a bed. [A, S. bed, bed, 
 and stede, place.] 
 
 bee (be), n. 1. 
 Pour - winged 
 insect that 
 gathers honey. 
 2. Gathering of 
 neighbors to 
 help along 
 some work or 
 engage in some 
 
 pleasurable Working Bee. 
 
 contest, as a 
 
 husking bee, or a spelling bee.— bee- 
 hive (be'hiv), n. Hive or home for 
 bees.— bee-line, n. Straight course, 
 as that of a bee making for its hive. 
 [A. S. 6*.] 
 
 beecb (bech), n. Well-known forest 
 tree, with a smooth bark, and pro- 
 ducing triangular edible nuts. — 
 beecn'en, a. [A. S. bece.] 
 
 beef (bef). n. 1. Flesh of an ox or a 
 cow. 2. Ox or cow.— beeves (bevz), 
 n. pi. Oxen or cows, regarded as fit 
 for fooc^JFr. boeuf, It. bove—Lt. bos, 
 bovis, oxTp 
 
 beefsteak (bef'stak), n. Slice of beef 
 for broiling, frying, etc. 
 
 been ( bin), v. Past participle of BE. 
 
 beer (ber), n. Liquor made by fermen- 
 tation from malted barley and hops ; 
 the name is also given to other bever- 
 ages, not fermented, as spruce beer, 
 root beer, etc. 
 
 beeswax (bes'waks), n. 
 Substance used by bees 
 in constructing their 
 combs. 
 
 beet (bet), n. 1. Well- 
 known plant, the differ- 
 ent species of which fur- 
 nish food for man, or 
 for cattle, or furnish 
 sugar. 2. Root of the 
 plant. _[A. S. bete.] 
 
 beetle(be'tl), w.|Insect with hard, shelly 
 wmg-cases. [A. S. bitel — biten, bite.] 
 
 Sugar beet. 
 
 beetle (be'tl). I. n. Heavy wooden mal- 
 let. Il.vt. Beat with a beetle. III. vi. Jut 
 out. — bee'tle-browed, a. With over- 
 hanging or prominent brow.— beet'- 
 line', a. Jutting; prominent. [A. S. 
 bitl,oytel, a mallet— beatan, beat.] 
 
 beeves (bevz), n. pi. See beef. 
 
 befall (be-fal'), v. [befalling; befell'; 
 befallen.] "I. vt. Happen to ; betide. 
 II. vi. Happen; come to pass. [A. S. 
 befeallan. See fall,.] 
 
 befit (be-fif), vt. Be fit or suitable for; 
 be becoming to. 
 
 befog (be-fog'), vt. [befog'glng ; befog- 
 ged (be-fogd').] Involve in a fog; 
 confuse. [fatuate. 
 
 befool (be-foT), vt. Fool; delude; in- 
 
 before (be-for'). I. prep. 1. In front of, 
 2. In presence or sight of. 3 Previous 
 to. 4. In preference to. 5. Superior 
 to. II. adv. 1. In front. 2. Sooner 
 than. 3. Hitherto. 4. Already ; pre- 
 viously. III. con,). 1. Earlier than. 2. 
 Rather than. [A.S. beforan.] 
 
 beforehand (be-for'hand). I. a. Well 
 prepared. II. adv. 1. Before the time; 
 in advance. 2. By way of preparation. 
 
 befoul (be-fowl'), vt. Soil; nollute; 
 tarnish. [friend to; favor, aid. 
 
 befriend (be-frend'), vt. Act as a 
 
 beg (beg), v. [beg'ging; begged (begd).] 
 I. vt. 1. Ask earnestly. 2. Ask in char- 
 ity. 3. Take for granted; assume 
 without proof. II. vi. Practice beg- 
 ging. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 Syn. Supplicate; request; beseech. 
 
 beget (be-get'\ vt. [beget' ting, be#of; 
 begot' ten or begot'.] Procreate,* cause 
 to come into existence; generate; pro- 
 duce. [A.S. begitan, acquire. See get.] 
 
 beggar (beg'ar). I. n. One who begs; 
 one who lives by begging. II. vt. 1. 
 Reduce to beggary. 2. Exhaust. -. 
 beg'garly, a. Poor; mean; sordj£l. 
 — beg'garly, adv. Meanly; sordidly. 
 —beggary (beg'ar-i), n. Extreme 
 poverty. 
 
 begin (be-gin'), v. [begin'ning; began'; 
 begun'.] I. vt. Commence; enter up- 
 on; start. II. vi. Take rise; commence. 
 — begin'ner, n. 1. Originator ; au- 
 thor; first mover. 2. ! Inexperienced 
 learner. — begin'ning, n. 1. First 
 cause or origin. 2. First state or com- 
 mencement. 3. First part or stage. 
 [A. S. beginnan — probably from be, 
 and ginian, yawn, open.] 
 
 begone (be-gan') , inter j. Go away ! 
 
 begot (be-gof), v. Past tense of beget. 
 
 begotten (be-got'n), v. Past partici- 
 ple of BEGET. 
 
 begrime (be-grlm') . vt. Soil with dirt 
 
 ' or soot. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, hSr ; mite, mit; note, npt, move, wolf ; 
 mite, hut. burn; oil, pwl, Men. 
 
begrudge 
 
 54 
 
 below 
 
 begrudge (be-gru j') , vt. Envy the pos- 
 session or enjoyment of. 
 
 beguile (be-gll'),^. 1. Cheat. 2. Cause 
 to pass pleasingly [See guile.] 
 Syn. Deceive; delude ;divert; amuse. 
 
 begun ( be-gun' ), v. Pa. p. of begin. 
 
 behalf (be-haf ), n. 1. Favor, interest, 
 as, in your behalf. 2. Affair, as, m 
 this behalf. [From A.S. be, by, and 
 healfhalf, part.] * 
 
 behave (be-hav'). I. vt. Conduct, de- 
 part, demean (oneself). II. vi. Act; 
 conduct oneself; conduct oneself well. 
 [A. S. behabban, hold, restraint.] 
 
 behavior ( be-ha'vi-ur), n. Conduct; 
 manners, deportment. [decapitate. 
 
 behead (be-hed'), vt. Cut off the head ; 
 
 beheld (be-held'), v. Past tense and 
 past participle of behold. 
 
 behest (be-hesf), n. Command; 
 chai-ge. [A.S. behces, promise.] 
 
 behind ( be-hind' ). I. prep. 1. At the 
 back of; after or coming after. 2. In- 
 ferior to. II. adv. At the back; in the 
 rear; backward; past. [A.S. behindan.] 
 
 behindhand (be-hind'hand), atfy. and 
 a. Tardy; in arrears. 
 
 behold (be-hold'), v. [behold'ing; be- 
 held'.] I. vt. 1. Hold, keep. 2. Keep 
 in view, look upon. II. vi. .Look; fix 
 the attention. III. inter j. See I lo ! 
 observe I [A. S. be-, and healdan, hold.] 
 
 beholden (be-hol'dn), a. Obliged; in- 
 debted . [Old pa. p. of behold. ] 
 
 beholder (be-hol'der), n. One who be- 
 holds; looker on. 
 
 behoof (be-hof), n. Benefit; conven- 
 ience. [See behoove.] 
 
 behoove (be-hov'),^. Become neces- 
 sary or proper for (now only used im- 
 personally with it.) [A. S. behofian, 
 need, be necessary] 
 
 being- (being). I. pr. p. of be. II. n. 
 Existence; person or thing existing. 
 
 belabor (be-la'bur), vt. Beat soundly. 
 
 belate (be-lat), vt. Cause to be late; 
 delay. — bela'ted, a. Detained till 
 late; overtaken by night. 
 
 belch (belch). I. vt. Eject with force 
 or violence. II. vi. 1. Eject wind from 
 the stomach. 2. Issue forcibly, as a 
 flame from a furnace. [A.S.bealcan.] 
 
 beldam ( bel'dam ), beldame ( bel'- 
 dam), n. 1. 'Grandmother. .2. Ill- 
 natured old woman; hag. [Fr. belle, 
 fair, and dame, lady.] 
 
 beleaguer (be-le'ger), vt. Lay siege 
 to. [Dut. belegeren, besiege.] 
 
 belemnite (be-lem'nit), n. Cigar- 
 shaped fossil, called thunderbolt. 
 [From Gr. belemnon, dart.] 
 
 belfry (bel'fri), n. 1. Movable tower. 
 2. Bell-tower; place for a bell or bells. 
 
 r, n. [A. S. gelyfan, believe.] 
 (be-llk'). adv. Probably; per- 
 
 [From A. S. beorgan, protect and 
 frith, shelter.) 
 
 belie (be-li'), vt. 1. Give the lie to? 
 prove to be false. 2. Fail to meet ex- 
 pectation. [A. S. be-, and leogan, lie.] 
 
 belief (be-lef), n. 1. Confidence; faith. 
 2. Thing believed; creed. 
 Syn. Assurance; credence; opinion. 
 
 believe ( be-lev' ). I. vt. 1. Accent as 
 true. 2. Trust in the veracity of. II. 
 vi. 1. Accept a proposition as true. 2. 
 Have faith. 3. Think, suppose.— be- 
 lie'ver, n. " 
 
 belike 
 haps. [A. S. be- and like.] 
 
 belittle (be-lit'l), vt. Cause to appear 
 little; disparage. 
 
 bell ( bel ). I. n. 1. Hollow metallic 
 instrument for producing sound when 
 struck. 2. Anything shaped like a 
 bell. II. vt. Put, a bell or bells on. III. 
 vi. Grow in the form of > bells, as buds 
 or flowers. [A. S. belle, bell.] 
 
 belladonna (bel-a-don'a), n. Deadly 
 nightshade, poisonous plant, used in 
 medicine. [It. bella-donna, fair lady.] 
 
 belle (bel), n. Reigning beauty. [Fr. 
 fern, of beau.] 
 
 belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n. Polite, 
 elegant literature. [Fr. belles, fine 
 and lettres, learning.] 
 
 bellicose (bel'i-k5s), a. Warlike; con* 
 tentious. [L. bellicosus—beclum, wac] 
 
 belligerent ( bel-lij'er-ent ). I. a. 
 Waging war. II. n. Nation, party or 
 person engaged in war or contest. 
 [D. bellum, war, and gero, carry on.] 
 
 bellow (bel'6). I. vt. Utter with a 
 loud voice. II. vi. Utter a hollow loud 
 sound, as a bull; vociferate ; clamor; 
 roar. in. n. Loud hollow sound or 
 roar, as of a bull; loud outcry. [A.S. 
 bellan, bellow.] 
 
 bellows (bel'oz), n.(sing. andpl.). Con- 
 trivance for blowing a fire, supplying 
 wind to an organ, etc. [A. S. belg, bag.] 
 
 belly (bel'i). I. n. 1. Part of the body 
 from the chest to the thighs ; abdo- 
 men. 2. Part of anything that swells 
 or bulges out. II. vt. Swell out; fill. 
 III. vi. Swell. [A. S. belg, bag.] 
 
 belong* (be-lang*), vi. Pertain; Depart 
 of, property of; have residence; be 
 appropriate. [A. S. gelangan.] 
 
 belonging- (be-lang'ing), n. That 
 which belongs to a person or thing, 
 (generally in the plural). 
 
 beloved (be-luvd'). I. «. Loved; dear. 
 II. n. One loved. 
 
 below (be-lo'). I. prep. 1. Beneath, in 
 place or rank. 2. Not worthy of. II. 
 adv. 1. In a lower place. 2. On earth 
 or in hades, as opposed to heaven. 
 
 tote, fat, task, far, tail, fare, above ; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfs 
 mite, hut, burn; oil, owi, tftea, 
 
belt 55 
 
 belt (belt). I. n. 1. Girdle or band. 2. 
 Anything resembling a band; strait; 
 Zone; ring. II. vt. Encompass as with 
 a belt; encircle.— belt' ed, a. Wear- 
 ing a belt.— belt'ing, n. 1. Belts col- 
 lectively, especially as connected with 
 machinery. 2. Material of which belts 
 are made. [A. S.] {wail. 
 
 bemoan (be-m5n'), vt. Lament; be- 
 
 bench (bench), n. 1. Long seat. 2. Me- 
 chanic's work table. 3. Judge' s seat. 
 4. Body of judges. — bench-war'- 
 rant, n. Warrant of arrest by a court. 
 [A. S. bene] 
 
 bend (bend),«. [bend'ing ; bent or 
 bend'ed.] I.vt. 1. Curve, make crooked, 
 turn, incline. 2. Subdue. 3. Apply 
 closely. II. vi. 1. Be curved or crook- 
 ed. 2. Lean, jut over. 3. Bow in 
 submission. IILn. Curve, crook, turn. 
 [A. S. bendan, bend.] 
 
 beneath (be-neth'). 1. prep. 1. Un- 
 der, or lower in place, rank, or condi- 
 tion. 2. Under the pressure or weight 
 of. 3. Unworthy. II. adv. In a lower 
 place; below; underneath. [A. S. 
 binithan. See nether.] 
 
 benedict (ben-'e-dikt). I. a. Blessed ; 
 salutary. II. n. Newly married man. 
 
 benediction ( ben-e-dik'shun ), n. 1. 
 Blessing. 2. Invocation of divine bles- 
 sing. [L — bene, well, and dico, say.] 
 
 benefaction ( ben-e-fak'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of conferring a benefit. 2. Benefit 
 conf erred. [L.— &m€,well,and/aao,do.j 
 Syn. Gratuity; boon; alms; gift. 
 
 benefactor (ben-e-fak'tur), n. One 
 who confers a benefit.— ben effac'- 
 tress, n. fern. 
 
 benefice (ben'e-fis), n. Ecclesiastical 
 living, —beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), 
 n. Active goodness^ kindness; ehar- 
 rity. — beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), a. 
 Doing good; kind; generous; chari- 
 table. — beneficently, adv. -bene- 
 ficial (ben-e-fish'al), a. Doing good; 
 useful; advantageous. — benefi'ci- 
 ally, adv.— beneficiary (ben-e-fish'- 
 i-ar-i), n. 1. One who holds or receives 
 a benefit or profit. 2. One for whose 
 benefit a trust is established. [Fr .— 
 L. beneficium, favor.] 
 
 benefit(ben'e-flt). I. n. 1. Profit; advan- 
 tage; favor. 2. Public performance, 
 or the proceeds arising therefrom, 
 
 ?;iven in behalf of a person or cause. 
 I. vt. and vi. [benefiting; ben'efited.] 
 Do good to, serve ; gain advantage. 
 [Pr. bienfait — L. bene/actum — bene, 
 well, and facio, do.] 
 benevolence (be-nev'o-lens), n. Dis- 
 position to do good ; kindness; chari- 
 
 berth 
 
 ty ; good will ; generosity. [L. bene 
 volentia—bene, well, and volo, wish.] 
 
 benevolent (be-nev'o-lent), a. Dis* 
 posed to do good ; generous; chari- 
 table.— benevolently, adv. 
 
 benighted (be-ni'ted), a. Overtaken 
 by night; involved in darkness; igno- 
 rant. [A.S. prefix be, by, and night.] 
 
 benign (be-nm'), a. Favorable; gra- 
 cious ; kindly ; niild.— benignly , adv. 
 —benignant (be-nig'nant), a. Kind; 
 gracious. — benignant ly , adv.-^- 
 benignity, n. [Li.oenignus, kind.] 
 
 benison (ben'i-sun), n. Benediction. 
 
 bent (bent), v. Pa. t. and pa. p. of bend, 
 
 bent (bent), n. 1. Leaning or bias of 
 mind ; fixed tendency ; particular 
 direction. 2. Full stretch; utmost 
 exertion. [From bend.] 
 
 Syn. Inclination; purpose; predilec- 
 tion; prepossession; flexion; course. 
 
 bent (bent), n. Wiry grass. [A.S. beonet.] 
 
 benumb (be-num'), vt. Make numb or 
 torpid. [A.S. benumen, deprived.] 
 
 benzene (ben'zen), n. Volatile inflam- 
 mable liquid hydrocarbon ( C 6 H 8 ) 
 obtained from coal-tar. Also called 
 benzol, benzolin. 
 
 benzin, benzine (ben'zin, ben-zen') 
 n. Colorless liquid mixture of hydro- 
 carbons, obtained from kerosene. 
 
 benzoin (ben-zoin'), 
 n. Fragrant, medi- 
 cinal resin, obtain- 
 ed from the Sty rax ' 
 Benzoin, a tree of 
 Sumatra. [Of Ar. 
 origin.] 
 
 bequeath (be- 
 kwe^A), vt. 1. Give ] 
 or leave by will. 2. 
 Transmit, hand Styrax Benzoin, 
 down to posterity. 
 [A.S. be- and cwethan, say. See quoth.] 
 
 bequest ( be-kwest'), n. Something 
 bequeathed or left by will; legacy. 
 
 bereave (be-rev'), vt. [berea'ving; be- 
 reaved' or bereft'.] Deprive, rob, des' 
 poil; make destitute. — bereave- 
 ment, n. Grievous loss, especially 
 of loved ones by death. [A. S. be- 
 reafian, rob.] 
 
 berry (ber'i), n. Small pulpy fruit as 
 the grape, currant, blackberry, etc., 
 also the coffee-bean. — berrying-, n. 
 Gathering berries, especially wild 
 berries. [A. S. berie.] 
 
 berth (berth). I. n. 1. Sea-room, as in 
 give a wide berth. 2. Small sleeping 
 place in a ship, sleeping-car, etc. 3. 
 Ship's station at anchor. 4. Situa- 
 tion, place of employment. II. vt, 
 Allot a berth to.— berthage (berth'- 
 
 fete* Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; 00 te, not, move, wolf; 
 tsAte, hut, burnt oil, owl, tften. 
 
beryl 
 
 aj), n. Charge made on vessels occupy- 
 ing a berth in a dock or harbor. [A. 
 S. beorth.] 
 
 beryl (ber'il), n. Crystal of a greenish 
 color. [Gr. beryllos.] 
 
 beseech (be-seeh'), vt. [beseech'ing: 
 
 besought ( be-sat' ).] Ask urgently. — 
 
 beseechingly, ad^. [A.S. See seek.] 
 
 Syn. Entreat; beg; implore; crave; 
 
 solicit; supplicate. 
 
 beseem (be-sem'), vt. Be seemly or fit 
 for.— beseein'ing, a. Becoming; fit; 
 naeet.— beseem'ingly, adv. 
 
 beset (be-sef), vt. [beset'ting ; beset'.] 
 
 1. Set upon; surround; waylay; har- 
 ass. 2. Set around, as jewels around 
 a crown.— beset'ting, a. Habitually 
 waylaying. [A.S. bisettan, surround.] 
 
 besbrew ( be-shro' ). I. vt. Execrate. 
 
 II. interj. Mild form of cursing. 
 beside (be-sid'),;pr<?p. 1. By the side of. 
 
 2. Over and above. 3. Distinct from ; 
 aside from. 4. Out of. [A. S.&e.by, 
 and side.] 
 
 besides (be-sidz'). I. prep. 1. Over and 
 above. 2. Distinct from. II. adv. 
 Moreover; in addition; also. 
 
 besiege (be-sej'), vt. Lay siege to; be- 
 set with armed forces; beset. — be- 
 sieger (be- se'jer), n. One wbo 
 besieges. [daub. 
 
 besmear (be-smer'), vt. Smear over or 
 
 besmirch (be-smerch' ), vt. Soil; de- 
 file; blot^ stain. 
 
 besom (be'zum), n. Broom made of 
 twigs. [A. S. besema.] 
 
 besot (be-sot')» vt. [be-sot'ting; besot'- 
 ted.] Make sottish, dull, or stupid by 
 drink, or other vice. 
 
 besought (be-sat'), v. Past tense and 
 pa. p. of BESEECH. 
 
 bespeak (be-spek'). vt. [bespeaking; 
 bespoke (b e - s p 6 k ' ) ; bespoke or be- 
 spoken (be-spo'kn).j 1. Speak for or 
 engage beforehand. 2. Betoken; show. 
 
 3. Speak to. 
 Bessemer (bes'e-mer), n. Steel pre- 
 pared by a process invented by Henry 
 Bessemer, of England. 
 
 best (best). I. a. [Superl. of good.] 
 Most excellent. II. n. Highest degree 
 of excellence; utmost endeavor. III. 
 adv. [Superl. of well.]. 1. In the 
 highest degree; beyond all others. 2. 
 Most easily, most successfully, etc. 
 
 bestead(be-sted'), p. a. Circumstanced, 
 as in ill bectead. [AS. be-, and stead.] 
 
 bestial (bes'ti-al), a. Like a beast.— 
 
 , bestiality, n. Beastliness.— bes'- 
 
 tialize, vt. Make bestial.— bes'tial- 
 
 ly, adv. [L. bestialis —fiesta, beast.] 
 
 Syn. Beastly ; brutish ; vile; sensual. 
 
 56 better 
 
 bestiariaii (bes-ti-a r ri-an), n. One 
 who takes an interest in the land 
 treatment of beasts. [L. bestia, beast, j 
 
 bestir ( be-ster' ), vt. [bestir'ring; be 
 stirred (be-sterd') .] Put into liveh 
 act*on. 
 
 bestow ( be-sto' ), vt. 1. Store up. 2 
 Apply; use. 3. Give.— bestowal, n, 
 [See stow.] 
 Syn. Grant; give; spend; impart. 
 
 bestrew (be-stro'),fl£. [bestrewing; be 
 strewed (be-strbd'); bestrown (be- 
 stron').] Scatter over ; besprinkle. 
 
 bestride ( be-strld' ), vt. [bestri'ding; 
 bestrode (be-strod'), or bestrid'; be- 
 strid'den or bestrid' .] Stride over; 
 stand or sit astride of. [See stride.] 
 
 bet (bet), v. [bet'ting; bet'ted or bet.] 
 
 I. vt. Mutually pledge a forfeit on a 
 future contingency ; wager, stake. 
 
 II. vi. Lay a wager. III. n. 1. Mutual 
 pledge of a forfeit on a future contin- 
 gency. 2. Relation arising from such 
 a pledging. 3. Thing so pledged. 4. 
 Contingency in question. [Probably 
 from abet, back.] 
 
 betake (be-tak'), vt. [betak'ing; betook 
 (be-tok'); beta'ken.T 1. Take (oneself) 
 or repair (to). 2. Apply (oneself^ or 
 have recourse (to). JPr-] 
 
 bete noire (bat-no-ar'), n. Bugbear. 
 
 bethink (be-thingk'). I. vt. and vi. [be- 
 think'ing; bethought (be-that').] Con- 
 sider. II. v. reJl.(oi) Recall" to mind. 
 
 betide (be-tld'). I.vt. Befall or happen 
 to. II. vi. Happen or come to pass, 
 [A.S. be- and tidan, happen. See tide.] 
 
 betimes (be-tMnz') , adv. In good time ; 
 seasonably. [sign; foreshow. 
 
 betoken (be-to'kn), vt. Show by a 
 
 betook (be-tok'), v. Past tense of 
 
 BETAKE. 
 
 betray (be-tra'), vt. 1. Deliver up to 
 an enemy by treachery; prove traitor 
 to. 2. Disclose treacherously what 
 has been intrusted for secrecy. 3. 
 Prove unfaithful to, as a trust or a 
 friend. 4. Lead astray; expose to in- 
 jury by violation of confidence; mis- 
 lead; deceive. 5. Discover or show 
 what was intended to be concealed. — 
 betray 'al, n. Act of betraying.— be- 
 tray'er, n. Seducer. [A. S. be and 
 
 0. Eng. traien—Li. trado, deliver up.] 
 betroth (be-trath'), vt. Promise to give 
 
 in marriage; engage to marry.— be* 
 
 troth'al, betroth'ment, n. Agree 
 
 ment to marry. [A. S. be, and tboth.1 
 
 better (bet'er). I. a. [Oomp. of good.1 
 
 1. More excellent or desirable; ot 
 greater worth, virtue, etc. ; more suit- 
 able. 2. Improved, as in health, con 
 dition, etc. II. adv. [Comp. of well.^ 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, t &11, fare, abore ; m6, met, hSr ; mite, mit; nOte, not, mSve, wolf j 
 tpQte, hut, burn} oil, owl, then. 
 
better 
 
 57 
 
 biceps 
 
 In a more excellent manner, more 
 fully or complete; more advantage- 
 ously. III. n. 1. That which is supe- 
 rior. 2. Person of superior qualities 
 or rank (usually in the plural, with a 
 possessive pronoun, as in your betters). 
 IV. vt and vi. Make or grow better; 
 improve; benefit; surpass. [A. S. 
 betera, better.] [bet.] 
 
 better (bet'er), n. One who bets. [See 
 
 betterment (bet'er-ment), n. Im- 
 provement. 
 
 between (be-twen'). I. prep. 1. In the 
 space or time which separates. 2. In 
 the mutual relations of. 3. In joint 
 possession or interest of. 4. By the 
 action or situation of both of. 5. In 
 regard to the qualities of. 6. Con- 
 cerning one or the other of. 7. From 
 one to another. II. adv. In the inter- 
 vening space or time, etc. (The object 
 is always easily supplied.) [ A. S. — 
 be, by, and twene, two.] 
 
 betwixt (be-twiksf), prep. Between. 
 
 beTel (bev'el). I. n. 1. Slant or inclin- 
 ation of one surface of a body from 
 another. 2. Instrument for drawing 
 and adjustingangles. II. a. Slanting; 
 oblique. [O. Fr. bevel.] 
 
 bevel (bev'el). I. vt. Give a bevel or 
 slanting edge to. II. vi. Slant from a 
 straight line. 
 
 beverage (bev'Sr-aj), n. Liquid used 
 for drinking; drink. [O. Fr. beuvrage 
 -J)evre—\j. bibere, drink.] 
 
 bevy(bev'i), n. 1. Flock of birds; troop 
 of deer. 2. Small company, specially 
 of girls or women. [O. Fr. buvee, troop 
 of watering animals.] 
 
 bewail ( be-wal' ). I. vt. Lament for; 
 bemoan; wail. II. vi. Express grief . 
 [See WAiii.J 
 
 beware (be-war'). I. vt. Be wary of; 
 be on one' s guard against. II. vi. 
 Take care; be wary. [From BE ware I 
 = be wary!] 
 
 bewilder ( be-wil'der ), vt. Confuse; 
 perplex; confound.— bewilder- 
 ment, n. 
 
 bewitch(be-wich'),^.l. Affect by witch- 
 craft. 2. Charm.— bewitching-, a. 
 Fascinating.— bewiteh'infrly, adv. 
 — bewitch'ment, n. [See witch.] 
 £y7i._Capt,ivate; enchant; entrance. 
 
 bey (ba), n. Turkish governor of a 
 town or province. [Turk.] 
 
 beyond, (be-yond'). I. prep. 1. On the 
 farther side of. 2. Farther onward 
 than. 3. In a degree exceeding or sur- 
 passing; past, or out of reach of. II. 
 adv. Further ; at a greater distance 
 than; far away; yonder. III. n. That 
 which is beyond or on the other side, 
 
 especially that which is outside of 
 our earthly life. [A. S. be-, and geond^ 
 over, beyond.] 
 
 bezel(bez'el), n. 1. Oblique side or face 
 2. G-roove in which a crystal is set. 
 
 bi- (bi), bis- (bis), prefix. Twice; two: 
 doubly; in two ways; as Wennial, bis 
 cuit, etc. [L. —an original duis, twice.) 
 
 bias (bi'as). I. n. 1. Slant or leaning 
 to one side. 2. Inclination of the 
 mind; prejudice. II. a. Slanting; with 
 a slant. III. vt. Cause to incline to 
 one side; prejudice. [Fr. biais, slant.] 
 
 bib (bib), n. Cloth put under an in 
 fant's chin to keep the dress clean 
 [Mid. Eng. bibben, imbibe, becau.se 
 tbe cloth absorbs the moisture. [— L 
 bibo, drink.] 
 
 bibber (bib'er),». Tippler, drinker. 
 [L. bibo, drink.] 
 
 Bible(bi'bl), n. 1. Book acceptad by 
 the Christian Church as containing 
 divine revelation. 2. Book regarded 
 by others than Christians as con- 
 taining divine revelation. [Gr. biblia, 
 books.T 
 
 biblical ( bib'li-kal ), a. Pertaining to 
 the Bible.— biblically, adv. Ac 
 cording to the Bible. — biblicist, n 
 One versed in biblical learning. 
 
 bibliographer ( bib-li-og'ra-fer). n 
 One versed in bibliography.— biblio* 
 graphic, bibliographical, a 
 Relating to bibliography. 
 
 bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fl), n. Bes 
 cription of books as to authorship, 
 subject, date, edition, etc. [Gr. biblion, 
 book, and grapho, write.] 
 
 bibliolater (bib'li-ol'a-ter), n. 1. Book- 
 worshipper. 2. Bible-worshipper. — 
 bibliol'atry, n. Exaggerated re- 
 verence for books; for the letter o: 
 the Bible. [Gr. biblion, book, ana 
 latreia, worship.] 
 
 bibliomania (bib-H-o-ma'ni-a), n,. 
 Mania for possessing books, espe< 
 ciallyrare and curious ones. — biblio* 
 ma'niac. n. One who has biblioma- 
 nia. — biblioma'niacal, a. Pos- 
 sessed by a passion for books. 
 
 bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil), n. Lover oi 
 books. [Gr. biblion, book, and phUoc, 
 loving.] 
 
 bibliopole(bib'li-o-pol), n. Bookseller. 
 [Gr. biblion, bock, and poleo, sell.] 
 
 bibliotheca (bib-li-o-the'ka), n. Ll« 
 brary. [Gr. biblion, book, and theke, 
 case.] 
 
 bibulous (bib'u-lus), a. I. Inclined to 
 tippling. 2. Absorbent. [L. bibo, drink.] 
 
 biceps (bi'seps), n. Front muscle ol 
 the upper arm. [L. bi, two, and caput, 
 head.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, Car, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, uxit; note, not, inbve, wolf ; 
 I&Gte, but, burn; oil, owl, then* 
 
bicker 
 
 58 
 
 billiards 
 
 Bicycle. 
 
 bicfaer (bik'er), vi. Wrangle; clatter. 
 
 bicycle (bi'sikl), n. Two-wheeled ve- 
 il f c 1 e pro- 
 pelled by the 
 rider.— b'i'cy- 
 eling,rc. Rid- 
 ing a bicycle. 
 bi'eyclist,ra. 
 [ L. b i, t w o, 
 andGr. kyklos, 
 cycle, wheel.] 
 
 bid (bid), v. [bidding; bade (bad) or 
 bid; bid'den or bid.] I. vt. 1. Com- 
 mand. 2. Invite. 3. Offer. 4. Wish. 
 II. vi. Offer to do something at a par- 
 ticular price, ill. n. Offer to do or 
 accept something at a price named.— 
 bidder, n. One" who bids. — bid'- 
 ding-, n. 1. Offer. 2. Invitation. 3. 
 Command. [A. S. beodan, bid.] 
 
 Slide (bid), v. Ibi'cnng; oi'ded or bode 
 (bod).] I. vt.l. Wait for. 2. Endure; 
 suffer. II. vi. Dwell; remain; abide. 
 [See abide.] 
 
 biennial (bi-en*i-al). I. a. 1. Lasting 
 two years. 2. Occurring once in two 
 years. II. n. Plant that lives two 
 years. [L. bi, two, and annus, year.] 
 
 bier (ber), n. Frame of wood for car- 
 rying the dead. [A.S. beer,— 6mm. bear.] 
 
 bifoliate (bi-fo'li-at), a. Having two 
 leaves. [L. bi, two,_and/<?Ziwm, leaf.] 
 
 bifurcate (bi'fur-kat), vi. Divide into 
 two branches. — bi'furcatcd, a. Hav- 
 ing two branches or forks. — bifur- 
 cation, n. Forking into two 
 branches. [L. bi, two, and furca, fork.] 
 
 big- (big), a. [big'ger; big'gest.] 1. 
 Large or great in bulk, amount, num- 
 ber, or intensity. 2. Full to overflow- 
 ing. 3. Haughty; self-important. 4. 
 Pregnant. [Etymology unknown.] 
 8yn. Large; great; gross; massive. 
 
 bigamy (big'a-mi), n. State of having 
 two wives or two husbands at the 
 same time. — big'amous, a. 1. Per- 
 taining to bigamy. 2. Guilty of the 
 crime of bigamy. [L. bi, two, and Gr. 
 gamos, marriage.] 
 
 bight (bit), n. Bend of the shore; bay. 
 Loop or coil in a rope. [A.. S- frigan, 
 bend.] 
 
 bigot (big'ut), n. Intolerant adherent 
 of a particular creed, system, or 
 party. — bigoted, a. Affected with 
 bigotry; narrow-minded. 
 
 bigotry (big'ut-ri), n. Blind and obsti- 
 nate attachment to a creed, system 
 or party, with offensive intolerance 
 toward those who hold other views. 
 [Fr. bigoterie.] 
 
 bijou(be-zh6'),rc. [pi. bijoux (be-zho').] 
 Trinket, jewel. [Fr.] 
 
 bilateral (bHat'Sr-al), a . Having two 
 sides. [L. bi, two, and latus, side.] 
 
 bile fbll), n. 1. Thick, yellow, bitter 
 liquid, secreted by the liver. 2. HI 
 humor. [L. biiis, bile.] 
 
 bilge (bilj). I. n. 1. Bulging part of a 
 cask. 2. Broadest part of a ship's 
 bottom. II. vi. Spring a leak by a 
 fracture in the bilge, as a ship. — 
 bilge-water, n. Foul water which 
 gathers in the bilge of a ship. [Sea 
 bulge.] [conveying bile. 
 
 biliary (bil'i-a-ri), a. Belonging to or 
 
 bilious (bil'yus), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 bile. 2. Affected by bile; having a 
 a disordered liver; choleric in temper. 
 biliousness, n. State of being 
 bilious. 
 
 biliteral(bi-lit'er-al), a. Formed of two 
 letters. [L. bi, two, and litera, letter.] 
 
 bilk (bilk), I. vt. To defraud or dis- 
 appoint. II. ra. A trick: a trickster., 
 
 bill (bil). I. n. 1. Beak of a bird, 
 or anything similar in ap- 
 pearance. II. vi. To join bills, 
 as doves do. [A. S. bile.] «>_ „ 
 
 bill (bil), n. 1. Cutting instru- \V 
 ment hook-shaped towards 
 the point, or concave edge. 2. 
 Ancient military weapon 
 having a hook-shaped blade. 
 [A. S.f 
 
 bill (bil). I. n. Written or 
 printed statement of particu- 
 lars; itemized list. 2. Account 
 of money due. 3. Document 
 for the transfer of money or 
 the delivery of goods. 4. Any paper 
 that circulates as money. 5. Adver- 
 tising poster or circular. 6. Draft of 
 proposed law. 7. Complaint, charge, 
 petition, or statement of particulars 
 filed in court. II. vt. 1. Enter in a 
 bill; make a bill of; charge. 2. Post 
 or circulate bills ; announce by means 
 of bills. 3. Put on a programme or 
 announce the appearance of in a par- 
 ticular performance, or at a specified 
 time and place . [Lit. Sealed paper.] 
 
 billet (bil'et). I. n. 1. Little note. 2. 
 Ticket directing soldiers at what 
 house to lodge. 3. Lodging thus ob- 
 tained. YL. vt. To quarter or lodge, 
 as soldiers. HI. vi. To be thus quar- 
 tered; to lodge as a soldier thus 
 quartered. [FrTj [wood. [Fr. billot.} 
 
 billet (bil'et), n. Short thick stick of 
 
 billet-doux (bil-e-do'), n. Short love 
 letter. — pi. billets-doux. 
 
 billiards (bil'yardz), n. Game played 
 on a table by means of cues and ivory 
 balls. [Fr. bittard — btfle, ball.] 
 
 Bill. 
 
 lite, fat, t&sk, f&r, fall) f|re, qhave; m5, met, her? mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
billingsgate 
 
 69 
 
 bison 
 
 jiilingsgiite (bil'ingz-gat), n. Vulgar 
 and abusive language like tbat spoken 
 at Billingsgate (the great fish-market 
 of London.) 
 
 billion (bil'yun), h. In the U. S. one 
 thousand millions (1,000,000,000); in 
 England one million millions (1,000,- 
 000,000,000). [Fr.] 
 
 billow (bil'5). I. n. 1. Great wave of 
 the sea. II. vi. Surge; roll in billows. 
 —billowy ( bil'o-i ), a. [A.S. belgan. 
 swell. See bulge.] 
 
 billy (bil'i), n. Short thick bludgeon; 
 policeman's club. [Fr. Mile, stick.] 
 
 bimetallism(bi-met'al-izm), n. Sys- 
 tem of two metals in circulation as 
 money at a fixed ratio.-bimet'allist, 
 n. Oae who favors bimetallism. [Fr.] 
 
 bin (bin), n. Box or inclosed place, for 
 holding coal, corn, bottles, etc. [A.S.] 
 
 binary (bi'na-ri), a. Composed of two; 
 twofold. [Li.'binarius —bitii, two each.] 
 
 bind (bind), v. [bind'itig; bound, 
 bound (bownd).] I. vi. 1. Tie, fasten 
 together with a band. 2. Sew a bind- 
 ing on. 3. Fasten together and place 
 protecting covers on (the leaves of 
 a book). 4. Constrain or oblige by 
 oath, agreement, or duty. II. vi. 1. 
 Grow contracted; become hard or 
 stiff. 3. Be obligatory. 4. Stick. 5. 
 Become constraining. — binder, n. 
 One who or that which binds. 
 
 binding- (binding). I. n. 1. Act of one 
 who binds. 2. That which binds, as 
 the cover of a book, strip sewed on the 
 edge of cloth, etc. II. a. That binds 
 or obliges. 
 
 Syn. Stringent; astringent; costive; 
 obligatory ; restrictive; restraining.- 
 
 binnacle (bin'a-kl), n. Case for a com- 
 pass on shipboard. 
 
 binocular ( bin-ok'u-lar ), L a. 1. 
 Having two eyes, 2. Pertaining to, or 
 suitable for, both eyes. II. n. Teles- 
 cope, field-glass, or microscope fitted 
 for the simultaneous use of both eyes. 
 [L. bird, two each, and oculus, eye.] 
 
 bioblast (bi'o-blast), n. A formative 
 granule of amorphous protoplasm. 
 JGr. bios, life, and blastos, germ-] 
 
 biogenesis (bl-o-jen'e-sis), n. Science 
 of the origin of life in its specific 
 forms. [Gr. bios, life, and genesis, 
 generation.] 
 
 biograph (bl'5-graf), n. Apparatus for 
 projecting life-like moving pictures 
 onto a screen. [Gr. bios, life, and 
 grapho, write.] 
 
 biographer(bi-og'ra-fer), n. One who 
 writes an account of a person's life.— 
 biographic, biographical, a. 
 Pertaining to or consisting Of biogra- 
 
 phy. --biograph'ically,ad?;.~biog-'» 
 raphy, n. History of a person's life. 
 
 biological (bl-o-loj'ik-al), a. Relating 
 to biology. — biol'ogisi, n. One skilled 
 in biology. — biology (bi-ol'o-ji), n,. 
 Science of llfe_. [Gr. bios and logos.} 
 
 bioplasm ( bi'o-plazm ), n. Living, 
 formative part of protoplasm. [Gr. 
 bios, life, and plasso, form.] 
 
 biped (bi'ped).I. n. Animal having 
 but two feet._ II. a. Having two feet. 
 — bipedal(bi'pe-dal), a. Of the nature 
 of or pertaining to a biped. [L. bi, 
 two, andjxzs, pedis, foot.] . 
 
 birch (berch). I. n. 1. Hardy forest 
 tree, with smooth, white bark, and 
 very durable wood. 2. Rod for punish- 
 ment, consisting of a birch twig- II- a. 
 Made of birch.— birchen (berch'en), 
 a. Pertaining to or consisting of birch. 
 [A. S. birce.] [brid, brood.] 
 
 bird (berd), n. Feathered biped. [From 
 
 birdlime (berd'lim), n. Viscous sub- 
 stance used to catch birds. 
 
 biretia(bi-ret'a), n. Ecclesiastical cap; 
 black for priests, generally violet for 
 bishops u red for cardinals. 
 
 birth (berth), n. 1. Act of bringing 
 forth. 2. Act of being born; nativity; 
 coming into existence. 3. That which 
 is born. 4. Rank; lineage. [A. 6: 
 beorth — beran, bea_r.] 
 
 birthday (berth'da), n. Day of one's 
 birth, or its annual recurrence. 
 
 birthright (berth'rit ), n. Right or 
 privilege acquired by birth. 
 
 bis (bis), adv. 1. Twice. 2. As prefix 
 (bis-, or bi-), twofold, double, etc. [L.j 
 
 biscuit ( bis'kit ), n. I. Small bread 
 cake. 2. Cracker. 3. Bisque, pottery 
 after the first baking. [Fr. biscuit, 
 twice cooked.] 
 
 bisect (bi-sekf), vt. Cut or divide into 
 two equal parts.— bisection (bl-sek'- 
 shun), n. [L. bi, two, seco, sectum, cut.] 
 
 bishop ( bish'up ), n. 1. One of the 
 higher clergy who has charge of a 
 diocese. 2. Piece in the game of chess. 
 —bishopric ( bish'up-rik ), n. Office 
 and jurisdiction of a bishop; diocese. 
 [A. S. biscop—Gv. episkopos, overseer— 
 epi, upon, and skopeo, look.] 
 
 bismuth (biz'muth), a. Brittle red- 
 dish-white metal used in the arts and 
 medicine. [Ger.j 
 
 bison (bi'sun), tu 
 Wild animal 
 like the ox, with 
 shaggy hair and 
 a fatty hump on 
 its shoulders; the 
 American buf- 
 falo. [A.S .wisenQ . 
 
 American Bison. 
 
 W$, %h%» t&sk, far, f$li, fare, above ; me, met, her j mite, mit; note* not, &oV$, wojti 
 mnt/0, hut, bftrnj oil, owl, then* 
 
bisque 60 
 
 blade 
 
 bisque (bisk), n. 1. Unglazed wbite 
 porcelain. 2. Thick white soup, espe- 
 cially of shellfish. [See biscuit.] 
 
 bissextile ( bis-seks v til ) . I. n. Leap- 
 year. II. a. Pertaining to leap-year. 
 [L. bis, twice, and sextus, sixth; from 
 counting twice Feb. 24, the sixth day 
 before the calends of March, Mar. 1.] 
 
 bit (bit), v. Past and pa. p. of bite. 
 
 bit (bit). I. n. 1. Bite; morsel; small 
 piece. 2. Tool for boring. 3. Metal 
 part of a bridle which is placed in a 
 horse's mouth. 4. Curb or restraint 
 of any kind. II. vt. Put the bit in the 
 mouth; rein in; curb. [From bite.] 
 
 bite (bit), v. [bi'ting; bit; bit'ten or 
 bit.] I. vt. 1. Seize or tear with the 
 teeth. 2. Sting; inflict sharp or smart- 
 ing pain. 3. Take firm hold of; grip. 
 4. Eat into, as an acid. 5. Trick. II. vi. 
 
 I. Use the teeth in seizing or crush- 
 ing. 2. Be pungent; sting. 3. Take 
 bait, as fish. 4. Take firm hold. III. 
 ». 1. Grasp by the teeth. 2. Some- 
 thing bitten off. 3. Mouthful. 4. 
 Wound made by the teeth. 5. Hold 
 or grip taken by a tool, — biter 
 (bi'ter), n. JA. S. bitan, bite.] 
 
 bitten (bit'en), v. Pa. p. of bite. 
 bitter (bit'er). I. a. 1. Biting or acrid 
 to the taste. 2. Bodily or mentally 
 
 gainful; stinging; severe. 3. Keenly 
 ostile in feeling or words; acrimo- 
 nious. 4. Mournful; sad; miserable. 
 
 II. n. That which is bitter; bitter- 
 ness. — bit'terly, 
 adv.— bit'terness, 
 n. [A. S. biter — 
 bitan, bite.] 
 
 bittern (bit'ern), n. 
 
 Bird of the heron 
 
 family. 
 bitters (biferz), n 
 
 pi. 1. Bitter medi- 
 cine. 2. Liquor in 
 
 which bitter herbs, 
 
 roots, etc., have Bittern. 
 
 been steeped. 
 bitumen (bi-tu'men). n. Mineralpitch ; 
 
 asphalt. —bituminous (bi-tu'min- 
 
 us), a. [L.] 
 b i'v a 1 v e (bV- 
 
 valv). I. n. Mol- 
 
 lusk having a 
 
 shell of two 
 
 valves or parts, 
 
 like the oyster. 
 
 pi. bivalves, 
 
 folding doors. Bivalve. 
 
 II. a. Having 
 
 two valves. — bivalvular (bl-val'vu- 
 \ lar), a. Having two valves. [L. bi, two, 
 
 and valva, valve.] 
 
 bivouac (biv'o-ak). I. vi. [biv'ouack- 
 ing; bivouacked (biv'o-akt).] To camp 
 for the night in readiness for action. 
 II. n. An encampment of soldiers at 
 night without tents, ready for sudden 
 attack. [Ger. bei,by, and wacht, watch.] 
 
 bizarre (bi-zar'), a. Odd; fantastic; 
 grotesque. [Fr.j 
 
 blab (blab), v. [blab'bing ; blabbed 
 (blabd).] I. vt. Tell or repeat impru- 
 dently, or in disregard of friendly con- 
 fidence. II. vi. Tattle; tell tales. TM. 
 E. blabbe.] L 
 
 black (blak). I. a. 1. Destitute of light; 
 dark. 'Z. Gloomy. 3. Evil; fatal. II. n. 
 1. Absence of light or color. 2. Dark- 
 est of colors. 3. Black dress; mourn- 
 ing. 4. Negro. III. vt. Make black. IV. 
 vi. Assume a black color. [A. S. blac, 
 lampblack.] 
 
 Syn. Inky; pitchy; murky; ebon; 
 swarthy; sombre; dismal; horrible; 
 calamitous; atrocious; threatening. 
 
 blackamoor (blak'a-mor), n. Negro. 
 
 blackball (blak'bal). I. n. Black ball 
 used as a negative in balloting. II v&. 
 Reject by placing a black ball into a 
 ballot box. [the bramble. 
 
 blackberry (blak'ber-i), n. Berry o/ 
 
 blackbird (blak'berd), n. 1. Ousel or 
 black thrush. 2. Other birds of like 
 character. 
 
 blackboard (blak'bord), n. Board 
 or other surfaces painted black, fojf 
 marking on with chalk. 
 
 blacflten (blak'en). I. vt. 1. Mak* 
 black; darken. 2. Make infamous, 
 sully. II. vi. Grow black or dark. 
 
 blackguard (blag'ard). I. n. Low f 
 scurrilous fellow. II. vt. Revile in. 
 scurrilous language. III. a. Vile; low; 
 scurrilous.— blackguardism (blag' ; 
 ard-izm), n. Conduct or language oi 
 a blackguard. 
 
 blacking (blak'ing), n. Preparation 
 used for blacking, as shoe-blacMng, 
 stove-blacking, etc. [swindler. 
 
 blackleg (blak'leg),_ n. Low gambler; 
 
 blackmail (blak'mal). I. n. 1. Extor- 
 tion by threat of exposure. 2. Money 
 so extorted. II. vt. Extort money by 
 threats of exposure or accusation. 
 
 blacksmith (blak'srnith), n. Smith 
 who works in iron. 
 
 blackthorn (blak'tharn), n. 1. Sloe- 
 tree. 2. Cane made of the sloe-tree. 
 
 bladder (blad'er), n. 1. Thin mem' 
 branous sac in animals, serving as a 
 receptacle for a fluid. 2. Any similar 
 sac. [A.S. blcedre.} 
 
 blade (blad), n. 1. Spire of grass; leaf 
 or flat part of a cereal or other similar 
 plant. 2. Cutting part of a knife, 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn> oil, owl, then.. 
 
blamable 
 
 61 
 
 blessed 
 
 sword, etc. 3. Flat part of an oar. 
 4. Dashing young fellow. [A. S. bleed, 
 leaf. [Diame.— bla'mably, adv. 
 
 blamable <bla'ma-bl), a. Deserving of 
 
 blame (blam). I. vt. Find fault with; 
 censure. II. n. 1. Imputation of a 
 fault; censure. 2. Fault; culpability. 
 [Fr. bldmer—Gr. blasphemeo. speak ill.] 
 
 blameful (blam'fol), a. Meriting 
 blame.— blame'fully,acfr>.— blame- 
 less, a. Without blame; innocent.— 
 blamelessly, adv. — blame'less- 
 ness, n. — blameworthy (blarn'- 
 \vur-thi), a. Worthy of. blame; cul- 
 pable. 
 
 blanch (blanch). I. vt. Whiten; par- 
 boil; parboil and skin, as almonds. 
 II. vi. Grow white. [Fr. blanchir — 
 blanc, white. J 
 
 blanc-mange (bla-mangzh' ), n. 
 Jelly-like preparation of sea-moss, 
 arrowroot, corn-starch or the like. 
 [Fr. blanc, white, and manger, eat.] 
 
 bland (bland), a. Mild; balmy; suave. 
 [Li. blandus, smooth.] 
 
 blandishment (bland'ish-ment), n. 1. 
 Act of expressing fondness; artful 
 caress. ■ 2. Amenity, pleasure [O. Fr. 
 blandir, flatter.] 
 
 blank (blangk). I. a. 1. White or pale. 
 
 2. Not written or printed upon, or 
 marked. 3. Void; empty; vacant. 4. 
 Confused. 5. Unqualified; complete. 
 6. Unrhymed. II. n. 1. Paper un- 
 written upon; form not filled in. 2. 
 Lottery ticket which draws no prize. 
 8. Empty space; mental vacancy. 
 [Fr. bfano, white.] 
 
 blanket (blang'ket), n. 1. Woolen cov- 
 ering for beds. 2. Covering for horses. 
 
 3. Broad wrapping or covering of 
 any kind. [Fr. blanket, dim. of blanc] 
 
 blare (blar). I. vi. Sound loudly, as a 
 trumpet. II. n. Blast. TM. Eng. blaren.] 
 
 blarney (blar'ni). I. n. Smooth, wheed- 
 ling speecn. n. vt. Cajoie; wheedle. 
 [From Castle Blarney, in Ireland.] 
 
 blase (bla-za'), a. Exhausted by sen- 
 suous pleasures. [Fr.] 
 
 blaspheme ( blas-fem' ), vt. and vi. 
 1. Speak impiously of, as of God. 2. 
 Curse and swear. — blasphemer 
 (blas-fe'mer), n.—hl asphemous 
 (blas'fe-mus), a. Uttering or contain- 
 ing blasphemy.— blasphemy (blas'- 
 fe-mi). n. Impious con temp tuo us 
 speech or behavior in reference to 
 God and things sacred. [Gr. blasphe- 
 meo, — blapto, hurt and phemi, speak.] 
 
 blast (blast). I. vt. and vi. 1. Rend 
 asunder by an explosion. 2. Strike 
 with some pernicious influence; 
 blight. 3. Affect with sudden violence 
 
 or calamity. II. n. 1. Sudden vio- 
 lent gust of wind; forcible stream of 
 air. 2. Blare of a trumpet or horn. 
 3. Explosion, as of gunpowder. 4, 
 Blight. [A. S. blast, — blcesan, blow.] 
 
 blatant (bla'tant). a. Brawling; noisy; 
 blustering. [A. S. blxten, bleet.] 
 
 blaze (blaz). I. vi. 1. Burn with a 
 flame. 2. Send forth a flaming light. 
 II. vt. Publish abroad; proclaim. III. 
 n. 1. Torch, firebrand. 2. Stream of 
 flame or of light. 3. Bursting out, act- 
 ive display. [A. S. blase.] 
 
 blaze (blaz). I. vt. 1. Mark trees by 
 paring off part of the bark. 2. Mark 
 out a way or path in this manner. II. 
 n. 1. Mark made by paring bark from 
 a tree. 2. White spot on the face of 
 a horse or cow. [Dut. bles, pale.] 
 
 blazon (bla'zn). I. vt. 1. Publish or 
 proclaim extensively; herald. 2. Em- 
 blazon. 3. Embellish ; adorn. II . n. 
 Art of accurately describing coats of 
 arms. — blazonry (bla'zn-ri), n. Art 
 of delineating or of explaining coats 
 of arms. _ [Fr. blason, coat of arms.] 
 
 bleach ( bl ech) . I. vt. Make pale or white. 
 II. vi. Grow pale. [A. S bloecan.] 
 
 bleak (blek), a. 1. Unsheltered; deso- 
 late ; cheerless. 2. Cold ; cutting ; 
 keen.— bleakly, adv.— bleakness, 
 n. [A. S 1 blcec, bide, pale.] 
 
 blear (b!er). I. vt. 1. Make the eyes 
 sore and watery. 2. Becloud; bedim; 
 obscure. II. a. Inflamed and watery; 
 dim or blurred with inflammation. 
 [Modification of blur.] 
 
 bleat (blet). I. vi. Cry as a sheep. II. 
 n. Cry ofa sheep. [A. S. blcetan, bleat. 1 
 
 bleed (bled), v. [bleed'ing; bled; bled.1 
 
 1. vt. Draw blood from. II. vi. Shea 
 blood. [A. S. bledan.] 
 
 blemish (blem'ish). I. vt. Impair; tar- 
 nish. II. n. 1. That which tarnishes. 
 
 2. Flaw; defect. [O. Fr. blemir, soil.] 
 Syn. Stain; fault; spot; speck; de- 
 formity; taint; disgrace; imputation. 
 
 blench (blench), vi. Shrink; quail; 
 shun. [A. S. blenkan, wink, deceive.] 
 
 blend (blend), v. [blending; blend'ea. 
 blend'ed or blent. J I. vt. Mix or min 
 gle intimately; confound in a mass. 
 II. vi. Become so mixed. III. n. Mix- 
 ture of different kinds, as of teas, 
 liquors, etc. [A. S. blandan, mix.] 
 
 bless (bles), vt. [blessing; blessed 
 (blest) or blest.] 1. Invoke divine 
 favor upon. 2. Make happy, or pros- 
 pei*ous. 3. Wish happiness to. 4 
 Praise or glorify. [A. S. blessian.] 
 
 blessed (bles'ed), a. 1. Happy. 2. 
 Worthy of veneration. 3. Beatified. -■> 
 bless'edly, adv. — bless'edness, u. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, -wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl- then. 
 
blessing 1 
 
 62 
 
 blossom 
 
 blessing (bles'ing), n. 1. Invocation of 
 happiness. 2. Means or cause of hap- 
 piness, 3. Divine favor. 
 
 blest (blest), a. Same as blessed. 
 
 blew (bio), v. Past tense of blow. 
 
 blight (blit). I. n. 1. Disease in plants, 
 wnich blasts or withers them. 2. 
 Anything that injures or destroys. 
 
 II. vt. Affect with blight; blast; de- 
 troy. [A. S. blcec, pale.] 
 
 blind (blind). I. n. 1. Something to 
 mislead. 2. Shade; shutter; screen; 
 blinker. II. vt. 1. Deprive of sight. 
 2. Hinder perception. 3. Darken the 
 understanding. III. a. 1. Destitute of 
 the sense of sight. 2. Destitute of 
 understanding or judgment. 3. Heed- 
 less; inconsiderate. 4. Admitting no 
 light, ft. Having no outlet. — blind'- 
 ly, adv.— blind'ness, n — blinder, 
 n. Blinker. [A. S.] 
 
 blindfold (blind'fold). I. vt. 1. Cover 
 the eyes. 2. Mislead; hoodwink. II. 
 a, 1. Having the eyes covered. 2. 
 Reckless; thoughtless. 
 
 blink (blingk). I. vt. Shut out of 
 sight; purposely avoid seeing. II. vi. 
 Peer with the eyes half shut; glance; 
 twinkle; wink. III. n. Glimpse; wink; 
 glance. — bEink'ard, n. One who 
 blinks. [A. S. blincan, twinkle.] 
 
 blinker(blingk'er), n. Piece of leather 
 on a horse's bridle which prevents 
 him from seeing on the side. 
 
 bliss (blis), n. Highest happiness. — 
 bliss'ful, a. — bliss'fnlly, adv. — 
 [A. S. blis— blithe, joyful.] 
 Syn. Ecstasy; beatitude; delight. 
 
 blister (blis'ter). I. n. 1. Thin vesicle 
 on the skin, containing watery mat- 
 ter; pustule. 2. Plaster to raise a 
 blister. 3. Anything resembling a 
 vesicle on the skin. II. vt. Raise a 
 blister; apply a blistering plaster. 
 
 III. vi. Rise in a blister or blisters.— 
 blis'tery, a. Full of blisters. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 blithe Qfixth or blnh), a. Joyous; gay; 
 happy. — blithe'ly, adv. — blithe - 
 some, a. [A. S.] 
 
 blizzard (bliz'ard), n. Violent snow- 
 storm. Word formed in the U. S. 
 about 1880. 
 
 bloat (blot), vt. and vi. Swell; puff 
 out; dilate; grow turgid. [Etymol- 
 ogy uncertain.] 
 
 bloater (blo'ter), n. Smoked herring. 
 
 block, (blok). I. vt. 1. Obstruct; im- 
 pede; stop; close up. 2. Shape into 
 blocks. 3. Roughly mark out a plan. 
 II. n. 1. Solid mass of a substance. 
 2. Short thick piece of wood or other 
 materiaL 3. Section or divisional 
 
 part of anything, as a row of houses 
 between two streets. 4. Pulley to- 
 gether with its frame work. 5. Ob- 
 struction. [Gael, ploc, lump.] 
 
 blockade (blok-ad'). I. vt. Block up 
 or close to traffic. II. n. I. Shutting 
 up of a place by surrounding it with 
 troops or ships. 2. Obstruction to 
 traffic pr action. [son; dolt. 
 
 blockhead (blok'hed), n. Stupid per- 
 
 blockhonse (blok'bows), n. Small 
 temporary fort, generally made of 
 logs- [dull; doltish. 
 
 blockish (blok'ish), a. Like a block; 
 
 blond, blonde (blond). I. a. Qf fair 
 complexion; fair. II. n. Person of 
 fair complexion, with light hair and 
 eyes. [Fr.l 
 
 blood (blud), n. 1. Vital fluid which 
 circulates through the arteries and 
 veins of animals. 2. Connexion by 
 descent; lineage; progeny. 3. 
 Slaugbtex*. 4. Tenrper ; mopd ; pas- 
 sion. 5. Man of ardent temperament. 
 [A.$.blod.] 
 
 blooded (blud'ed),a. 1. Of pure blood 
 or breed. 2. Having blood of the kind 
 specified, as in warm-blooded.. 
 
 blood-heat (blud'het), n. Heat of 
 same degree as blood in man, about 
 &8%° P.— blood-horse, n. 1. Horse 
 of Arabian stock. 2. Horse of good 
 stock. — blood'- 
 hound, n. Hound 
 remarkable for its 
 acuteness of scent.— 
 bloodily, adv. In 
 a bloody manner.--- 
 blood'ine ss, n. 
 The state of being 
 bloody.— blood'less, a. 1. Without 
 blood. 2. Without bloodshed. 3. 
 Without spirit or vigor. — blood'- 
 lessly, adv.— bloodshed, n. Shed- 
 ding of blood-— blood'shot, a. Red 
 or inflamed with, blood; said of the 
 eyes. — blood'y, a. 1. Stained with 
 blood. 2. Cruel; murderous. 
 
 bloom (blom). I. vi. 1. Come into bios' 
 som ; flower. 2. Be in a state of vigor or 
 beauty; flourish. II. n. 1. Blossom 
 or flower. 2. Glow of health or fresh- 
 ness. 3. Downy, delicate coating on 
 plums, grapes, etc. 4. Prime, highest 
 perfection. [A. S. blowan, bloom.] 
 
 bloom (blom), n. Mass of puddled 
 iron freed of dross or slag. [A. S. 
 bloma, mass.] 
 
 bloomers (blo'merz), n. Trousers for 
 women. [Named after Mrs. Bloomer.] 
 
 blossom (blos'um). I. n. Plower.II. vt. 
 1. Bear flowers; come into bloom. %. 
 Flourish. [A. S. blostma, blossom.] 
 
 Bloodhound. 
 
 Uk%e, fat, task, far, fall, fEre, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9W; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
blot 
 
 63 
 
 blush 
 
 blot (blot). I. n. 1. Spot; stain. 2. Oblit- 
 eration, erasure, II. vt. and vi. [blof- 
 tlng; blot'ted.] 1. Stain. 2. Obliterate; 
 efface. 3. Dry with blotting paper. 
 Syn. Blur ; smutch ; expunge ; cancel. 
 
 blotch (bloch). I. n. 1. Spot or blot. 
 2. Discoloration or eruption on the 
 skin. II. vt. Mark or disfigure with 
 blotches. [From blot.] 
 
 blotter (blot'er), n. 1. One who or 
 that which blots. 2. Sheet, pad, or 
 book of blotting-paper. 3. Waste- 
 book; book of first entry. 
 
 blotting-paper (blot'ing-pa'per), n. 
 Unsized paper, used for absorbing ink, 
 preventing blots. 
 
 blouse (blowz), n. 1. Light, loose 
 outer garment. 2. Loose-fitting waist 
 or jacket. [Fr.] 
 
 blow (bio), v. [blow'ing, blew (bio); 
 blown (blon).] I. vt. 1. Drive a cur- 
 rent of air. 2. Drive by a current of 
 air. 3. Inflate with air, or shape 
 or form by such inflation. 4. Sound 
 a wind instrument. 5. Spread by 
 report. 6. Taint by depositing eggs 
 upon, as flies do. 7. Shatter by explo- 
 sion. II. vi. 1. Produce a current of 
 air. 2. Move, as wind in a strong or 
 
 fentle breeze. 3. Sound, as a horn. 
 . Pant; puff; be out of breath, in. 
 
 H. 1. Act of blowing. 2. Breeze. 3. 
 
 Eggs deposited by a fly. 4. Sound of 
 
 a wind instrument.— blow-out (blo'- 
 
 owt), n. Grand feast. [A. S. blawan.] 
 blow (bio). I. vi. Bloom. II. n. State 
 
 of blossoming. [A. S. blowan] 
 blow (bio), n, 1. Severe stroke or 
 
 knock. 2. Sudden calamity. [From 
 
 A. S. bleowan, beat blue.] 
 
 Syn. Thump; thwack; shock; mis- 
 fortune; assault. 
 blowpipe (bl5- 
 
 pip), n . Pipe 
 
 through which a 
 
 current of air is 
 
 blown on a flame 
 
 to intensify its 
 
 heat, 
 blowzy (blow'zi), 
 
 a. 1. Tanned and 
 
 ruddy-faced. 2. 
 
 Disheveled. 
 blubber (blub'er). I. n. Fat of whales 
 
 and other large sea animals. II. vi. 
 
 Sob noisily, so as to puff the cheeks. 
 
 [M. E. blubren. Related to bubble.] 
 bludgeon (bluj'un), n. Short heavy 
 
 stick. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 blue (bio). I. n. 1. Sky-colOr; azure; 
 
 one of the seven primary colors. 2. 
 
 Pigment or dye of this color. II. a. 
 
 1. Sky-colored. 2. Cast down or de- 
 
 Blowpipe. 
 
 pressed in spirits. 3. Dismal; dreary; 
 dispiriting. 4. Strict in religious or 
 moral requirements. 5. Livid, as in 
 "black and blue." III. vt. 1. Make blue 
 2. Treat with bluing. [A. S. blaw.) 
 
 bluebell (blo'bel), n. Plant that bears 
 blue bell-shaped flowers; its flower. 
 
 blueberry (blo'ber-i), n. Species ol 
 whortleberry, with small-seeded dark 
 blue berries. 
 
 bluebird (blo'berd), n. Small Ameri 
 can singing bird, with sky-blue back 
 and dull reddish breast. 
 
 bluebook (blo'bok), n. Printed report 
 (by the government or other author- 
 ity), usually in a blue cover. 
 
 bluebottle (blo'botl), n. 1. Plant 
 with blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. 
 Large fly with blue body. [choly 
 
 blues (bloz), n. Low spirits; melan- 
 
 bluestocking (blo'stok-ing), n. Lit' 
 erary woman. 
 
 bluff (bluf). I. n. 1. High steep bank; 
 bold headland. 2. Game at cards, 
 poker. 3. Assumed confidence of 
 speech or manner with a purpose to 
 mislead or overawe. II. vt. Overawe 
 or mislead by a bold confidence of 
 manner or speech. III. a. 1. Bold; 
 steep. 2. Abrupt in speech or manner; 
 blunt ; frank ; outspoken. — bluff '- 
 ness, n. [L. G. verblueffen, confuse.] 
 
 bluing (blo'ing), n. 1. Material used 
 for giving a bluish tint. 2. Act of 
 giving a bluish tint. 
 
 bluish (blo'ish), a. Tinged with blue. 
 
 blunder (blun'der). I. n. Gross mis- 
 take. II. vt. andfli. Act blindly; err; 
 stumble; confuse. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 blunderbuss (blun'der-bus), n. Short 
 gun with a large bore and funnel- 
 shaped muzzlec [Dut. donder, thunder, 
 and bus, box, barrel of a gun.] 
 
 blunt (blunt). I. a. 1. Having a dull 
 edge or point. 2. Abrupt; Outspoken; 
 brusk. II. vt. Dull the edge or point 
 of. III. vi. Become dull.— bluntly , 
 adv.— blunt'ness, n. [A. S.] 
 
 blur ( blur ). I. vt. and vi. [blur'ring ; 
 blurred (blurd) ; blurred.] Make or be- 
 come blotted, dim or indistinct. II. n. 
 1. Mark made indistinct by smearing 
 or blotting. 2. Blot, stain. 3. Indis- 
 tinctness. [From root of blear.] 
 
 blurt (blurt), vt. Utter suddenly and 
 indiscreetly, or inadvertently. 
 
 blush (blush), I. n. 1. Redness in the 
 cheek, forehead, etc., from shame, con« 
 fusion, etc. 2. Crimson or roseate hue, 
 as of a rose, the morning sky, etc. 3. 
 Glance. II. vi. 1. Grow red from 
 shame, confusion, etc. 2. Grow or be 
 of a roseate hue. [A. S. Uysian, blush.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wgH ; 
 mQte, hut, bQrii; oil, owl, then. 
 
bluster 
 
 64 
 
 boisterous 
 
 bluster(blus'ter).I. n. Confused noise, 
 as of a storm; boisterous speech or 
 conduct. II. vi. Make a roaring noise. 
 — blns'terer, n.— blustering, a.— 
 blustery, a. [From root of blow.] 
 Syn. Boasting; bullying; swagger- 
 ing; turbulence; boisterousness. 
 
 bo (bo>, interj. Exclamation used to 
 inspire fright. 
 
 boa (bo' a), n. 1. Ge- 
 nus of large non- 
 venomous ser- 
 pents. 2. Long fur 
 wrap, worn round 
 the neck. [L.] 
 
 boar (bdr), n. Male Boa constrictor, 
 of swine. [A.S. bar.] 
 
 board (bord), n. 1. Long, broad, thin 
 piece of timber. 2. Table for food; 
 food served at table. 3. Meals served 
 for pay; price paid for meals. 4. 
 Council or authorized body of per- 
 sons. 5. Deck or interior of a ship, 
 boat, etc. 6. Table or frame for a 
 game. 7. Pasteboard ; cover of a book. 
 [A. S. bord, board.] 
 
 board (bord). I. vt. 1. Cover with 
 boards. 2. Supply with meals at fixed 
 terms. 3. Place as a boarder. 4. Enter 
 a vessel, railway car, etc. II. #£. Take 
 meals regularly for a stipulated price. 
 — board' er, n. One who boards. 
 
 boast (bost). I. vi. 1. Brag. 2. Glory. 
 II. vt. 1. Glory in possessing. 2. Brag 
 of; vaunt. III. n. 1. Brag; expression 
 of pride. 2. Cause of boasting; source 
 of pride. — boastful, a. Given to 
 brag. — boast fully , adv. — boast- 
 fulness, n. [Etymology unknown.] 
 Syn. Crow; talk big; vapor; exult; 
 bluster; swagger., 
 
 boat (bot), n. 1. Small vessel propel- 
 led by oars or sails. 2. Any water 
 craft. 3. Open dish resembling a boat, 
 as sauceboat. [A. S. bat.] 
 
 boatswain (bot'swan, bo'sn), n. Sub- 
 ordinate officer on board of a ship, 
 who has charge of the boats, rigging, 
 etc. [ boat and swain.] 
 
 bob(bob),#. [bob'bing; bobbed (bobd).] 
 I. vt. and vi. Move in a short jerking 
 manner; move to and fro, or up and 
 down. II. n. 1. Short jerking mo- 
 tion. Anything which bobs, as a fish- 
 ing-cork, the weight on a pendulum, 
 etc. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 bobbin (bob'in), n. Spool or reel on 
 which thread Is wound. [Pr. bobine.] 
 
 bobolink ( bob'o-lingk'), n. Popular 
 name of the rice-bird or reed-bird. 
 [From its cry.] 
 
 bob-sled (bob'sled), n. Two short sleds 
 in tandem, united by a long board. 
 
 bobtail (bob'tal), n. 1. Short taiL 
 2. Contemptible fellow. 3. Rabble. 
 
 bob whs te ( bob'hwit ), n. American 
 quail. [From its cry.] 
 
 bode (bod). I. vt. Portend or predict, 
 II. vi. Be an omen (ill or well). [A. S, 
 bodian, announce.] 
 
 bodice (bod'is), n. Close-fitting waist, 
 [From PAIR OF BODIES.] 
 
 bodied (bod'id), a. Having a body.— 
 bodiless (bod'i-less), a. Having no 
 body. — bod'ily, I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the body; corporeal. 2. Entire. 
 II. adv. 1. Corporeally; in the person. 
 2. Completely. [See body.] 
 
 bodkin (bod'kin), n. Small instru- 
 ment for piercing holes ; as a dagger, 
 needle, etc. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 body (bod'i), n. 1. Physical structure 
 and form of an animal or thing. 2. 
 Trunk or main part of an animal; 
 main part of anything. 3. Person. 4. 
 Number of persons united for a pur- 
 pose. 5. Number of things; mass; 
 system. 6. Strength or substance. 
 [A. S. bodig.] 
 
 body (bod'i), vt. [bod'ying; bod'ied.J 
 1. Provide with a body. 2. Form into 
 a body. 3. (With forth), exhibit in 
 bodily form. 
 
 Boer (bov), n. Descendant of the Dutch 
 who colonized South Africa. [Dut. 
 boer, farmer.] 
 
 bog (bog), n. Marsh, quagmire; soft 
 ground.— b © g ' g y , a. Marehys 
 swampy. [Gael, bog.] 
 
 bogey, bogie, bogy (bo'gi), n. 1. 
 Bugbear. 2. Golf record score. 
 
 boggle ( bog'l ), vi. Hesitate; waver * 
 bungle; equivocate .[Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 bogus (bo'gus), a. Spurious; sham. 
 [Of doubtful origin.] 
 
 Bohemian (bo-he'mi-an), n. Person 
 of irregular habits and who disre- 
 gards conventionality. [Fr.boMmien, 
 gipsy.] 
 
 boil (boil), I. vt. 1. Cause to bubble 
 up from the action of heat; heat to 
 the point of ebullition. 2. Cook in a 
 seething liquid. II. vi. 1. Bubble up 
 from the action of heat. 2. Be cooked 
 or prepared in a seething liquid. 3. Be 
 agitated, as waves by the wind. III. n. 
 State of ebullition. [Fr. bouiltir.] 
 
 boil (boil), n. Inflamed tumor, furun- 
 cle. [A. S. byl.] 
 
 boiler (boil'er), n. Vessel in which any- 
 thing is boiled or in which steam is 
 generated. 
 
 boisterous ( bois'ter-us ), a. Noisy; 
 turbulent ; violent.— bois'terously . 
 adv. — bois'terousness, n. [Wel» 
 bwyst, wildness.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fa.li, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wottj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
bolas 
 
 65 
 
 boom 
 
 bolas (bo'las), n. Primitive weapons of 
 Australian and So. Amer. tribes, con- 
 sisting of stones tied to separate cords 
 and united. See bolo. 
 
 bold (bold), a. 1. Daring. 2. Striking; 
 steep. 3. Impudent.— boldly, adv.— 
 boldness, n. [A. S. beald, quick.] 
 Syn. Audacious; brave; courageous. 
 
 bole (bol), n. Trunk of a tree 
 
 bole (bol), n. Soft clay used as pig- 
 ment. [Gr. bolos, clod.] [pod. 
 boll (bol), n. 1. Bowl. 2. Round seed 
 
 bolo ( bo'lo ), n. Primitive scythe-like 
 weapon of the Ieorotte tribe. 
 
 bolster ( bol'ster ), I. n. Long cylin- 
 drical pillow. II. vt. 1. Support with a 
 bolster. 2. Support or prop up. [A.S.] 
 
 bolt (bolt), n. 1 Stout pin of iron or 
 other metal. 2. Bar of iron or other 
 material for fastening a door, etc. 3. 
 Elongated shot. 4. Arrow. 5. Thun- 
 derbolt. 6. Roll of cloth, paper, etc. 
 7. Act of swallowing food hastily. 8. 
 Sudden start. 9. Refusal to abide by 
 the action of a party or body of which 
 one is a member. [A. S.] 
 
 bolt (bolt), vt. 1. Fasten with a bar or 
 pin. 2. Blurt out. 3. Swallow hastily. 
 II. vi. 1. Dart forth or off; runaway. 
 2. Refuse to be bound by the action 
 of one's party or by that of a body of 
 which one has been a member. 
 
 bolt (bolt), adv. Like a bolt, straight. 
 
 bolt (bolt). I. n. Sieve. II. vt. Sift. 
 
 bomb (bom), n. Metal shell contain- 
 ing an explosive to be fired by impact 
 or by a fuse. [Fr. bombe.] 
 
 bombard (bom-bard'), rt. Attack with 
 bombs or cannon.- bombardment, 
 n. [Fr. bombarder.\ 
 
 bombast ( bom'bast ), n. Inflated or 
 high-sounding language ; fustian. — 
 bombast'ic, a. [O. Fr. bombace, 
 padding— L. bombax, cotton.] [faith. 
 
 bona fide (bo'na fi'de), adv. In good 
 
 bonanza (bo-nan'za), n. Productive 
 mine; profitable investment. [Sp. 
 =prosperity.] [candy. [Fr.] 
 
 bonbon (bang'bang), n. Sweetmeat, 
 
 bond (bond)'. I. n.' 1. That which binds; 
 band; link of connection; obligation; 
 restraint. 2. Formally contracted 
 obligation, or its record in writing. 3. 
 Certificate of indebtedness, bearing 
 interest. II. vt. 1. Put under bond; 
 mortgage. 2. Place in a bonded ware- 
 house under requirement of revenue 
 laws. IILa.In a state of slavish depen- 
 dence. — bondage ( bond'aj), n. 
 Captivity; slavery, -bondman, n. 
 Man-slave.- bond'maid, bond'- 
 ffoman,ft./m. [A. S. See band.] 
 Syn. Ligament; captivity; fetters. 
 
 bonded (bond'ed), a. Under a bond ; 
 secured by bond. [on a bond. 
 
 bondsman ( bondz'man ), n. Surety 
 
 bone (bon). I. n. 1. Hard substance 
 composing the skeleton of man and 
 other animals. 2. Piece of the skele- 
 ton. II. vt. 1. Take out the bones. 2. 
 Stiffen with bones. 3. Fertilize with 
 pulverized bone. III. a. Of or pertain- 
 ing to bone. — boned (bond), a. Pos- 
 sessed of bones of a particular cha- 
 racter, as big-boned. — bone'less, a. 
 Without bones. [A. S. bane.] 
 
 bonfire (bon'fir), n. Large fire made 
 in the open air on festive occasions. 
 [Orig. boneflre, burning of bones.] 
 
 bon-mot (bang'mo), n. Good saying; 
 witty repartee. [Fr.] 
 
 bonnet (bon'et), n. 1. Covering for 
 the head, worn by women. 2. Kind of 
 cap worn by boys and men in Scot- 
 land. [Fr.] 
 
 bonny (bon'i), a. Handsome; win- 
 some; gay. [Fr. bon, bonne, good.] 
 
 bo n - 1 o n (bang-tang') , n. Height of 
 fashion. [Fr.] 
 
 bonus (bS'nus), n. Extra compensa- 
 tion or allowance. [L.=good.] 
 
 bony (bo'ni), a. Of, like, pertaining to, 
 containing, or consisting of, bone or 
 bones. 
 
 booby (bo'bi), n. 1. 
 Species of gannet, 
 remarkable for its 
 apparent stupidity. 
 2. Dull or stupid 
 person. [Sp. bobo, 
 stupid.] 
 
 boodle (bo'dl). I. n./f 
 Money used to influ- •; 
 ence the action of a Booby, 
 
 public official ; bribe 
 money. II. vi. Give or receive boodle 
 or bribe money.— bood'ler, n. 
 
 book (bok). I. n. Collection of sheets 
 of paper, whether written or printed 
 on, or blank, bound together. 2. Lit- 
 erary composition. 3. Division of a 
 volume II. vt. and vi. 1. Enter or 
 register in a book. 2. Arrange or 
 provide for in advance. [A. S. b6k, 
 book — buc, beech.] 
 
 bookkeeping (bok'ke-ping), n. Art 
 of keeping accounts. 
 
 bookplate(bok'plat), n. Label usually 
 pasted inside the cover of a book, 
 bearing the owner's name, etc. 
 
 bookworm (bok'wurm), n. 1. Mite 
 that eats holes in books. 2. Devoted 
 reader of books. 
 
 boom (bom). I. n. Hollow sound, as 
 of the sea, a cannon, drum; or the 
 noise made by the bittern, prairie* 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit} note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
boom 
 
 66 
 
 botch 
 
 ehicken, etc. II. vi. Make a hollow 
 sound. [Imitation of sound.] 
 
 boom (bom). I. n. Sudden active 
 movement in favor of any cause, per- 
 son or thing; sudden apparent pros- 
 perity. II. vt. and vi. Actively and 
 enthusiastically advance, promote or 
 prosper. [U. S. since 1878.] 
 
 boom (bom), n. 1. Pole by which a sail 
 is stretched. 2. Chain or bar stretched 
 across a harbor. [Low Ger. boom, 
 tree.] 
 
 boomerang- (bo'me-rang), n. 1. 
 Weapon used by native Australians: 
 a stick of hard wood so curved that 
 when thrown forward, it takes a 
 whirling course upwards till it stops, 
 when it returns with a swoop and 
 falls in the rear of the thrower. 2. 
 Any scheme or plan which recoils 
 upon the originator. 
 
 boon (bon), n. Gift; favor; privilege; 
 blessing. [Icel. bon.] 
 
 boon (bon), a. Genial; jovial; inti- 
 mate. [Fr. bon, good.] 
 
 boor (bor), n. Coarse or awkward per- 
 son.— boor'isb, a. — boor'ishhess, 
 n. [Ger. bauer, farmer] 
 
 boost (bost). I. vt. 1. Lift or push up- 
 ward. 2. Promote or forward. II. n. 
 Push upward ; lift ; helping hand. 
 [U. S. colloq.] 
 
 boot (bot). I. n. 1. Covering for the 
 foot and lower part of the leg. 2. 
 High shoe. 3. Old instrument of tor- 
 ture for the legs. 4. Receptacle in a 
 carriage, for parcels, etc. II. vt. and 
 vi. Put boots on. [Fr. botte.] 
 
 boot (bot). I. n. Profit; relief. II. vt. 
 avail.— bootless, a. Without profit; 
 useless. — boot'lessly, adv. [A. S. 
 bot, compensation.] 
 
 bootblack, (bot'blak), n. One who 
 blacks and polishes boots. 
 
 booth (both), n. 1. Stall at a fair. 2. 
 Temporary light structure for mer- 
 cantile or other purposes. [From 
 root of ABODE.] 
 
 bootjack (bot'jak), n. Instrument for 
 taking off boots. 
 
 boots (bots), n. Bootblack at a hotel. 
 
 booty (bo'ti), n. Spoil taken in war, 
 or by force; plunder. [From Ger. 
 beute, plunder.] 
 
 booze (boz). I. n. Liquor; drink. It. 
 vi. Tipple, drink deeply.— boo'zy, a. 
 Foolish with liquor, lightly intoxi- 
 eated. [From Boucy, name of French 
 town, producing a sparkling wine.] 
 
 boracic (bo-ras'ik), a. Pertaining to, 
 or produced from borax. 
 
 borax (bS'raks), n. Salt made of bor- 
 acic acid and soda, used for antiseptic 
 
 and sedative purposes, and as a flus 
 in soldering. [From Pers. burak.] 
 
 border (bar'der). I. n. Edge; outer 
 part. II. vt'. 1. Make or adorn with a 
 border. 2. Adjoin. III. vi.(On or upon) 
 Verge; be adjacent (to). [A. S. bora.] 
 Syn. Margin; brim; verge; confine; 
 boundary; frontier; rim; limits. 
 
 bore (bor), vt. 1. Pierce so as to form 
 a hole, esp. with or as with an auger. 
 
 2. Weary or annoy. [A. S. borian.] 
 bore (bor), n. 1. Hole made by an au- 
 ger or like instrument; any similar 
 hole, as in a gun. 2. Person or thing 
 that wearies or annoys. [A. S. bor, 
 gimlet.] 
 
 bore ( bor ), v. Past tense of bear. 
 
 boreal (bo're-al), a. Pertaining to the 
 NOrth or the north Wind; northern. 
 
 Boreas (b5're-as), n. North wind. [Gr.] 
 
 borer (bor'er), n. I. Boring instru- 
 ment. 2. Insect or worm that bores 
 into wood. 
 
 boric (bor'ik), a. Same as boracic. 
 
 born (barn). I. Pa. p. of bear. Brought 
 into being; brought forth; produced. 
 II. a. Natural; innate. 
 
 borne (b5rn), v. Pa. p. of BEAR. 
 
 borough (bur'o), n. 1. Incorporated 
 town or village. 2. In England, a 
 town that sends a representative to 
 parliament. J A. Ss.burg, town, fort.] 
 
 foorrotv (bor'o), vt. and vi. 1. Obtain 
 a loan. 2. Appropriate and use; adopt; 
 copy. — bor'rowcr,n. [A.S. borgian.] 
 
 bosh (bosh), n. and interj. Nonsense; 
 foolish talk. [Turk. =empty.] 
 
 bosom (boz'umj. I. n. 1. Breast 2. 
 Part of the dress covering the breast. 
 
 3. Embrace. 4. Desire. 5. Anything 
 likened to the bosom. II. a. (Attri- 
 butively), intimate, confidential, as 
 in bosom friend. [A. S. bosm.] 
 
 boss (bas or bos). I. n. Master; 
 employer of labor; overseer. II. a. 
 Chief ; best of the kind. III. W. and vi. 
 Superintend; dictate; order. — Boss it, 
 act the master. [Dut. baas, master.] 
 
 boss (bas or bos), n. Knob or stud; 
 raised ornament; thick or protuber- 
 ant part. [Fr. bosse, swelling.] 
 
 botanic ( bo-tan'ik ), botanical, a. 
 Pertaining to botany; containing 
 plants.— botan'ically, tim.— bot- 
 anists. One skilled in botany.— bot- 
 anize, vi. Collect plants for study. 
 
 botany (bot'a-ni), n. Science of plants. 
 [Gr. botane, plant— bosko, feed. J 
 
 botch (boch). I. n. 1. Clumsy patch; 
 ill-finished work. 2. Bungling work* 
 man. II. vt. Mend or patch clumsily; 
 make a poor job of. [O. H. Ger. botzen, 
 strike, repair.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, /all, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n6te, not, move, WolHj 
 mate, hut^ bSnii oil, owl, then. 
 
both 
 
 67 
 
 bowie-knife 
 
 both (b5th). I a. and pron- The two; 
 tae one and the other. II. conj (with 
 and), as well as. [AS, ba the, both the.] 
 
 bother ( both'ev ). I. vt. Tease; per- 
 
 filex; annoy. II. vi. Trouble oneself. 
 II. n. Trouble ; annoyance.— bother- 
 a'tion, n. [Etymology doubtful,] 
 
 bottle (bot'l). I. n. 1. Vessel with a 
 narrow neck and mouth, for holding 
 liquids. 2. Quantity of liquid a bottle 
 holds. II. vt. Put into a bottle or 
 bottles. — bottled (bot'ld), a. In- 
 closed in bottles.— bottler, n. One 
 who bottles.— bottling:, n. Act or 
 business of putting into bottles. [Fr. 
 bouteille.] 
 
 bottom (bot/um). I.'n. 1. Lowest part; 
 that on which anything rests or is 
 founded. 2. Low land, as in a valley. 
 
 3. The keel of a ship, hence the vessel 
 itself. 4. Stamina; strength. 5. Lees. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Furnish vvith a foundation. 
 
 2. Found or build upon. 3. Fathom. 
 
 III. vi. Rest (upon) ; strike a gainst the 
 bottom.— bottomless, a. [A.S. botm.] 
 
 bottomry (bot'um-ri), n. Borrowing 
 money on the security of a ship. 
 [From BOTTOM.] 
 
 boudoir (bo-dwar'), n. Lady's private 
 apartment. [Fr. — bonder, sulk.] 
 
 bough (bow), re. -Branch of a tree. 
 [A. S. bog, boh, aj>»v] [of buy. 
 
 bought (bat), v. Past tense and pa. p. 
 
 bouillon (bo'yang or bol'yang), n. 
 Clear beef-broth. [Fr.] [stone. 
 
 boulder (border), n. Large rounded 
 
 boulevard (bole-vard),7i. Broad ave- 
 nue in a city, usually smooth-paved, 
 lined with grass plats, trees or shrub- 
 bery, and used by ligh t vehicles only. 
 [Fr.— Ger. bollwerk, bulwark.] 
 
 bounce (bowns). I. vt. Drive, beat or 
 
 gush against anything suddenly. 2. 
 ause to bound. 3. Suddenly eject or 
 throw out. 4. Peremptorily dismiss. 
 II. vi. 1. Leap or spring suddenly. 2. 
 Rebound. III. n. 1. Sudden leap or 
 spring. 2. Rebound. 3. Sudden blow. 
 
 4. Lie.— b o u n 'c e r, n. 1. Anything 
 large and bouncing. 2. One who or 
 that which bounces.— bouncing, a. 
 Healthy, strong, robust.- bouncing. 
 ly, adv. [Dut. bonzen, bounce, dismiss.] 
 
 bound (bownd). I. n. Limit or bound- 
 ary. II. vt. 1. Set bounds to; restrain; 
 surround. 2. State the boundaries of. 
 
 3. Form the boundary of.— bound- 
 less, a. Without boundary or limit.— 
 boundl' essly, adv. — boundless- 
 ness, n. [M. L. bodina, limit.] 
 
 bound (bownd). I. n. Spring or leap; 
 rebound. II. vi. Spring, leap, rebound. 
 {Fr. bondir, spring.] 
 
 bound (bownd), a. 1 Obliged. 2. Des- 
 tined; going. 3. Determined. [See 
 
 BIND.] [p. Of BIND. 
 
 bound (bownd), v. Past tense and pa. 
 
 boundary ( bown'da-ri), n. Border 
 line. rgatory. 
 
 bounden (bownd'en), a. Obliged; obli- 
 
 bounteous ( bown'te-us), a. Bounti- 
 ful; abundant.— bonn'teously. adv. 
 — boun'teousness, n.~ bountiful, 
 a. Liberal .— bountifully, adv.— 
 boun'tifulness, ». [From bounty.] 
 
 bounty ( bown'ti ), n. 1. Liberality 
 in bestowing gifts. 2. Gift. 3. Pre- 
 mium given as an inducement to 
 some service or to encourage some 
 branch of industry. [F. bonte, good- 
 
 bouqu et (bo-ka' ), n. 1. Bunch of 
 flowers; nosegay. 2. Fragrance, spe- 
 cially of wine. [Fr.] 
 
 bourgeois (bor-zhwa'), n. Middle- 
 class citizen. — bourgeoisie (bor- 
 zhwa-ze'). n. Middle class of citizens, 
 esp. traders. [Fr. — bourg, town.] 
 
 bourgeois (bur-jois'). n. Size of type 
 between brevier and long primer. 
 Eight lines to the inch. 
 
 $W This line is in Bourgeois typo 
 
 bourn, bourne (born or born), n, 
 Boundary. [Fr. borne, limit.] 
 
 bourse (bors),ra. Stock exchange. [Fr.] 
 
 bout (bowt), n. Turn; loop; round; 
 contest; set-to. [A. S. byht, bend.] 
 
 bovine (bo'vin), a. Pertaining to cows; 
 cow-like. [L. bovinus, — bos, bovis, ox.] 
 
 bow (bow). I. vt. 1. Depress or bend 
 down. 2. Subdue; crush; oppress. 
 II. vi. 1. Bend the body in saluting. 
 2. Yield; obey. III. n. Inclination of 
 the bead or body, in respect, recogni- 
 tion, reverence, etc. 2. The curving 
 forepart of a ship. [A. S. bugan bend.] 
 
 bow (bo), n. 1. Bent piece of wood, with 
 the ends connected by a string, used 
 for shooting arrows. 2. Anything of a 
 bent or curved shape, as a rainbow, 
 violin bow. 3. Looped knot of rib- 
 bon, etc. [A. S. boga, bow]. 
 
 bowels (bow'elz), n. pi. 1. Intestines. 
 2. Interior parts. 3. Seat of pity or 
 tenderness; compassion; pity. '[O. Fr. 
 boel, intestine, sausage.] 
 
 bower (bow'er). I. n. I. Rustic abode. 
 2. Arbor. II. vt. Inclose. III. vi. DwelL 
 [A. S. bur, dwelling.] 
 
 bower fbow'er), n. Jack or knave. 
 [Ger. bauer, farmer.] _ 
 
 bowie-knife (bo'e-nif), n. Heavy 
 sheath knife, with long blade. [Named 
 after the inventor, Colonel Bowie, 
 who died in 1836.] 
 
 (ate, tat, task, far. lajl, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wglf} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
bowl 
 
 68 
 
 brand 
 
 bowl (bol), n. 1 Large cup or cup-like 
 vessel for holding liquids. 2 The 
 hollow part of anything. [A. S. :bolla.] 
 
 bowl (bol). I. n. Large ball used in the 
 game of ten-pins. II. vt. 1. Roll as a 
 bowl or ball. 2. Strike with anything 
 rolled. III. vi. 1. Play at ten-pins; roll 
 a bowl. 2. Move smoothly and rap- 
 idly, like a ball rolling. 3. Aim or 
 deliver a ball as in cricket. [Fr. boule.] 
 
 bowsprit (bo'sprit), n. Large boom or 
 spar, which projects forward from the 
 stem of a ship to carry sail. 
 
 box (boks). I. n. 1. Case, receptacle. 
 2. Contents of toe case. 3. Space shut 
 off for private use, as in a theatre. II. 
 vt. 1. Inclose in a box. 2. Furnish 
 with a box. [A. S. box.] 
 
 box (boks). I. n. Blow on the head or 
 ear with the hand. IL vt. Strike 
 with the hand or fist. III. vi. Spar 
 with the fists; engage in a pugilistic 
 encounter.— boxer (boks'er), n. 1. Pu- 
 gilist. 2. Member of a fanatic society 
 in China opposed to foreigners. 
 [From H. G. backe, cheek.] 
 
 box (boks), n. Tree or shrub of the ge- 
 nus Buxus.— boxwood, n. Wood of 
 the box-tree. 
 
 boy (boi), n. Male child ; 1 a d .— boy'- 
 bood, n. The state of being a boy — 
 boyish, a.— boyishly, adv.— boy- 
 ishness, n. 
 
 boycott (boi'kot). I. vt. Combine in 
 refusing to work for, sell to, buy from, 
 or have any commercial dealings with. 
 II. n. Combining of persons to have no 
 commercial dealings with a person, 
 firm or corporation. [From Captain 
 Boycott, the first victim of it in Ire- 
 land, in 1880.] 
 
 brace (bras). I. vt. Tighten; strength- 
 en; furnish with braces. II. n. 1. Sup- 
 port; prop; suspender. 2. That which 
 holds together; clasp. 3. In printing, 
 a mark (—*— ) connecting two or more 
 lines. 4. Pair,couple . [O.Fr. bras, arm.] 
 
 bracelet (bras f- 
 let), n. Orna- 
 ment clasping 
 the wrist. [Fr.] 
 
 bracing (bra'- 
 sing), a. Giv- 
 ing strength. 
 From brace. 
 
 bracket (brak'- 
 et). I. n. 1. Sup- 
 port fastened 
 to a wall. 2. 
 
 5? or S Ta m p'" old Ass * rian BraceIets ' 
 holder.— pi. brackets. In printing, the 
 marks [ ] used to inclose one or more 
 
 words. II. vt. 1. Support by brack- 
 ets. 2. Inclose by brackets; couple as 
 with brackets [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 brackish (brak'ish), a. Slightly salt. 
 — brack'ishness, n. [Dut. brak. 
 brackish.] 
 
 bract (brakt), n. Small leaf on a flow- 
 er-stem. [L. bractea, thin leaf of met- 
 al.] [head. [A. S. brord, point.] 
 
 brad (brad) n. Thin nail with a small 
 
 brag: (brag), v. [brag'ging; bragged 
 (bragd).] I. vi. Boast; speak vain- 
 gloriously. II. vt. Boast of. III. n. 
 1. Boast. 2. Source of pride. 3. One 
 who boasts. [O. F. braguer, flaunt.] 
 
 braggadocio (brag-a-do'shi-6), n. 1. 
 Boaster. 2. Empty boasting. 
 
 braggart (brag'art). I. n. Vain boast- 
 er. II. a. Boastful. [O. Fr. bragard.] 
 
 Brahman (bra/man), Brahmin, n. 
 Member of the priest caste among the 
 Hindus. — Brah'inanism, n. Religi- 
 ous and social system of the Brah- 
 mans. [Hind, brahm, worship.] 
 
 braid (brad). I. vt. 1. Plait. 2. Sew 
 on braid. II. n. Plaited hair or band. 
 [A. S. bredan, weave.] 
 
 brain (bran). I. n. (Often in the mural), 
 
 1. Mass of grayish-white matter con- 
 tained in the head. 2. Intellect; mind. 
 II. vi. Crush the skull of. — brain'- 
 less, a. Without brains; senseless; 
 inane.— brain'y, a. Having a good 
 brain; intelligent. [A. S. braegen.} 
 
 braise (braz). I. vt. Cook meat by 
 stewing in a closed pan with vegeta- 
 bles and rich gravy, and slow baking 
 afterward. II. n. Meat so cooked* 
 [Fr. braiser. See brazier.] 
 
 brake (brak), n. 1. Variety of fern. 2. 
 Thicket of ferns or other plants. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 brake (brak). I. n. 1. Contrivance for 
 retarding or stopping the motion of 
 wheels, etc. 2. Instrument for break- 
 ing flax. 3. Wagon used in breaking 
 in horses. 4. Forepart of carriage, 
 by which it turns. II. vi. Operate a 
 brake or brakes. — brake'man, n. 
 One who tends brakes. [From break.] 
 
 bramble (bram'bl), n. 1. Blackberry 
 bush. 2. Any rough, prickly vine. 
 [A. S. bremel, thorn.], 
 
 bran (bran), n. Husks of wheat, rye, 
 etc. [Celt, bran, husk.] 
 
 branch(branch). I. n. 1. Limb of a tree. 
 
 2. Anything like a limb. II. vt. and vi. 
 Divide; ramify. [Fr. branche.] 
 
 Syn. Bough; twig; sprig; offshoot; 
 
 section; subdivision.' tributary. 
 
 brand (brand). I. n. 1. Piece of wood 
 
 burning or partly burned. 2. Mark 
 
 made by burning. 3. Trade-mark; 
 
 , fat ; task, tar, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, *olf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
brandish 
 
 69 
 
 breathe 
 
 quality; mark of infamy. II. vt. Mark 
 with or as with a branding iron; stig- 
 matize. [A. S.] 
 
 brandish (bran'dish). I. vt. Wave, 
 flourish. II. n. Flourish. [Fr. brandir, 
 brandiss — .] 
 
 brandy (bran'di), n. Spirit distilled 
 from wine or other fruit. [Formerly 
 brandywine — Dut. brandewijn — bran- 
 den, burn, distil, and wijn, wine.] 
 
 brasier (bra-zher), n. Worker in 
 brass. [From brass.] 
 
 brass (bras), n. 1. Alloy of copper and 
 zinc. 2. Effrontery ; impudence. — 
 brassy (bras'i), a. [A. S. brces.] 
 
 brat (brat), n. 1 Child's bib. 2. Child. 
 [Gael, brat, apron.rag.] 
 
 bravado (bra-va'do), n. 1. Arrogant 
 menace: swagger. 2. Swaggerer. [Sp.] 
 
 brave (brav). I. a. Courageous; in- 
 trepid; daring. II. vt. Meet boldly; 
 defy; dare. III. n. North American 
 Indian warrior. •— bravely, adv. — 
 bravery (bra'ver-i), n. [Fr.] 
 
 bravo (bra'vo ), n. Daring villain; 
 hired assassin; brigand.—^, bravoes 
 (bra'voz). [Ital.] 
 
 bravo(bra'vo), interj.Well done! [Ital.] 
 
 brawl (bral). I. n. Noisy quarrel. II. 
 
 vi. Quarrel noisily. [row. 
 
 Syn. Wrangle; squabble; uproar; 
 
 brawn ( bran ), n. 1. Muscle; thick 
 flesh, esp. boar's flesh. 2. Muscular 
 strength.— brawny, a. Muscular. 
 [From root of Ger. braten, roast.] 
 
 bray (bra), vt. Pound or grind small ; 
 pulverize by pounding or rubbing. 
 [From root of break.] 
 
 bray (bra). I. n. Cry of an ass, or any 
 harsh, grating sound. II. vi. Cry like 
 an ass. [O. Fr. braire, bray.] 
 
 braze (braz), vt. 1. Cover or orna- 
 ment with brass. 2. Solder with an 
 alloy of brass and zinc 
 
 brazen (bra'zn). I. a. 1. Made of or 
 like brass. 2. Impudent. II. vt. and 
 vi. Confront with impudence ; behave 
 brazenly.— bra'zenly, adv. In a bra- 
 zen manner— bra'zenness, n. 
 
 brazier (bra'zher), n. Open pan for 
 burning charcoal. [From Fr. braise, 
 live coal.] 
 
 breach (brech). I. n. 1. 
 Break or opeming. 2. 
 Breaking, as of a law, 
 contract, etc. 3. Quarrel. 
 II. vt. Make an opening 
 in. [Brom break.] 
 
 bread (bred), n. 1. Food 
 made of flour or meal 
 baked. 2. Food in gen- 
 eral. 3. Livelihood.— 
 bread fruit, n. Fruit of a tree of 
 
 Breadfruit. 
 
 the South Sea Islands, which when 
 roasted is used as food. — bread- 
 stuff, n. Cereals or flour that can be 
 converted into bread. [A. S.] 
 
 breadth (bredth), n. 1. Extent from 
 side to side; width. 2. Piece of fabric 
 of its regular width. 3. Liberality, in 
 views and opinions. [From A. S. root 
 of broad.] 
 
 break(brak), v. [broke (brok) ; broken 
 (bro'kn).] I. vt. 1. Part by force; rup- 
 ture. 2. Tame; subdue. 3. Weaken; 
 impair. 4. Make bankrupt. 5. Act con- 
 trary to; violate. 6. Interrupt. 7. 
 Make a first disclosure of. II. vi. 1. 
 Go to pieces; burst. 2.Start suddenly; 
 burst forth; appear. 3.Change sudden- 
 ly. 4. Decline. 5. Discontinue friendly 
 relations. III. n. 1. Act of breaking. 
 2. Opening; breach. 3. Start; change. 
 4. Interruption. 5. Kind of heavy car- 
 riage. — break'age, n. 1. Breaking. 
 2. Things broken.— breakdown, n. 
 1. Collapse. 2. Noisy dance.— break'- 
 er, n. Wave broken on rocks or the 
 shore. — break'neck, a. Likely to 
 cause a broken neck ; reckless. — 
 break'np, n. Termination; disper- 
 sion. — break'water, n. Barrier at 
 the entrance of a harbor to break the 
 force of the waves. [A. S. brecan.] 
 
 Syn. Rend; batter; shatter; destroy; 
 ruin; disorder; broach; discipline; 
 terminate; dissolve; demolish. 
 
 breakfast (brek'fast). I. n. First meal 
 of the day. II. vt. Furnish with break- 
 fast. III. vi._ Take breakfast. 
 
 bream (brem), n. European fresh- 
 water fish of the carp family. [Fr. 
 br$me.] 
 
 breast (brest). I. n. 1. Front of the 
 body between the neck and the abdo- 
 men. 2. Bosom. 3. Seat of the emo- 
 tions. II. vt. Bear the breast against; 
 oppose manfully.— breastplate, n. 
 Plate or piece of armor for the breast. 
 — breast'work,w. Defensive work of 
 earth or other materials breast-high. 
 [A. S. breost..] 
 
 breath (breth). n. 1. Air drawn into, 
 and then expelled from, the lungs. 2. 
 Power of breathing, life. 3. Time oc- 
 cupied by once breathing. 4. Very 
 slight breeze.— breathless, a. Out 
 of breath; dead.— breath'lessness, 
 n. [A. S. braetk.] 
 
 breathe (bre^). I. vi. 1. Draw in and 
 expel breath or air from the lungs. 2. 
 Take breath, rest, pause. 3. Live. II. 
 vt. 1. Draw in and expel from the 
 lungs, as air. 2. Infuse. 3. Give out 
 as breath. 4. Utter softly. 5. Keep in 
 breath: exercise. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above-, me, met, her ; mite, rait; note, not, more, wolf j 
 m^te, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
breathing 
 
 70 
 
 brighten 
 
 breathing: (brewing), n. 1. Act of 
 
 respiration. 2. Aspiration. 3. Respite. 
 
 breech (brech). I. n. .Lower part of the 
 body behind; hinder part of any thing, 
 as of a gun. II. vt. Put into breeches. 
 — breech-loader (brech'lo-der), n. 
 Fire-arm ioaded by introducing the 
 charge at the rear, f A. S. brecj] 
 
 breeches (brich'ez ), n. pi. Garment 
 worn by men on the lower part of tbe 
 body ; trousers. [See breech.] 
 
 breed (bred), v. [breeding; bred,] I. 
 vt. 1. Bring forth; cause. 2. Bring up. 
 II. vi. 1, Be with youhg. 2. Be pro- 
 duced. III. n. 1. That which is bred; 
 offspring. 2. Kind; race.— breed'er, 
 n— breeding-, h.l. Act of producing. 
 2. Education; manners. [A. S. bredan, 
 nourish. Akin to bread.] 
 
 Syn. Generate ; produce ; hatch; 
 engender ;_beget; foster; train; raise. 
 
 breeze (brez),^. Gentle gale; wind.— 
 bree'zy,a. 1. Windy; airy. 2. Lively. 
 [Fr. brise, cool wind.] 
 
 brethren (bre^'ren), pi. of brother. 
 
 breve (brev), n. Longest note used in 
 music, ( o ). [It.— L. brevis, short.] 
 
 brevet (bre-vef), n. Military commis- 
 sion giving an officer higher rank than 
 that for which he receives pay. [Fr.] 
 
 breviary ( bre'vi-ar-i ), n. Book con- 
 taining the daily service of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. [Fr. brSviaire.] 
 
 brevier ( bre-ver' ) , n. Type between 
 bourgeois and minion: 9 lines to inch. 
 H^fThis line is in Brevier type. 
 
 brevity (brev'i-ti), n. 1. Shortness. 2. 
 Conciseness; succinctness. 
 
 brew (bro). I. vt. 1. Prepare a liquor, 
 as from malt and other materials. 2. 
 ©ontrive. II. vi. 1. Perform the oper- 
 ation of brewing. 2. Be gathering or 
 forming. — brew'er* n. One who 
 brews.— brew ery (bro'er-i), n. Place 
 lor brewing.— brew'ing, n. 1. Act of 
 making liquor from malt. 2. Quan- 
 tity brewed at once. [A. S- breowan.] 
 
 bribe (brib). I. n. Something given 
 to influence unduly the judgment or 
 conduct. II. vt. Influence by a bribe.— 
 bri'ber, v>. — bri'bery, w« [Fr.] 
 
 bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak), n. Arti- 
 cles of virtu; curious ornamental 
 objects. [FrJ 
 
 brick (brik), I. n. 1. Oblong or square 
 piece of burped clay. 2. Anything in 
 the shape of a brick II. vt.. Lay or 
 pave with brick.— b rick'bat, n, 
 Piece of brick.— brick-kiln, n. Kiln 
 fta which bricks are burned.— brick- 
 layer, n. One who lays or builds with 
 lwicks. [Fr. brique.] 
 
 bridal (bri'dal). I. n. Marriage feast; 
 wedding. II. a. Belonging to a bride 
 or a wedding; nuptial. 
 
 bride (brid), n. 1. Woman about to 
 be married. 2. Woman newly mar- 
 ried. [A. S. bryd.] 
 
 bridegroom (brid'grom), n. 1. Man 
 about to be married. 2. Man newly 
 married. — bride'maid, bride's'- 
 maid, bride'ihan, bride's'man, 
 attendants at a wedding. [A. S. bryd, 
 bride, and guma, man.] 
 
 bridge (brij) I. n. 1. Structure raised 
 across a river, etc. 2, Any similar 
 structure. II. vt. Build or form a 
 bridge over. [A. S. bricg.) 
 
 bridle (bri'di). I. n. 1. Instrument on a 
 horse's head, by which it is con- 
 trolled. 2. Any curb or restraint. IL 
 vt. PUt on or manage by a bridle; 
 check; restrain. III. vi. Hold up the 
 head proudly or affectedly.— bridle- 
 path (bri'di-path), n. Way for horse- 
 men. [A. S. bridel.] 
 
 brief (bref). I. a. Short. II. n. 1. Short 
 account of a client's case for the 
 instruction of counsel. 2. Short state- 
 ment of any kind. III. vt. Epitomize. 
 —briefly, adv.— brief hess, n. [Fr. 
 bref — L. brevis, short.] 
 
 brier (bri'er), n. 1. Prickly shrub. 2. 
 Wild rose. — bri'er-root, n. Root 
 of the white heath, Used for making 
 pipe bowls. [A., S. brer, thorn.] 
 
 brig (brig), n. Two- 
 masted, square- 
 rigged vessel. 
 [Shortened from 
 
 BRIGANTINE.] 
 
 brigade (brig-ad'), 
 
 I. n. Body of troops 
 consisting of two 
 or more regiments. 
 
 II. vt. Form into 
 brigades. [Fr.] 
 
 brigadier ( brig-a- 
 der'), brigadier-general, n. Gen* 
 eral in command of a brigade. 
 
 brigand (brig'and), n, Robber, free- 
 booter. — brigandage, n. Plunder* 
 ing; svstematic robbery. [Fr. — It. 
 brigante — briga, strife. ] 
 
 brigahtine ( brig'an-tin ), n. Small, 
 light vessel or brig. [From brigand, 
 because such a vessel was used by 
 pirates.] 
 
 bright (brit), a. Shining; full of light; 
 clear; clever. — brightly, adv. — 
 brightness, n. [A. S. beort, briht, 
 bright.] 
 
 brighten (bri'tn ). I. vt. Make bright 
 or brighter; make cheerful. II. vi. 
 Grow bright or brighter; clear up. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 tftte, fat, task, far, f$ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 Hiiite, but, huruj oil, owl, then. 
 
brilliant 
 
 71 
 
 brooch 
 
 brilliant (bril'yant). La. Sparkling; 
 splendid. II. n. Diamond of the finest 
 cut.— brilliantly, adv.— brillian- 
 cy, n. [Fr. driller, shine.] 
 
 6yn. Radiant; glittering; effulgent. 
 
 Top View. 
 
 Side View. 
 
 Back View. 
 
 Brilliant with 58 facets. 
 
 brim (brim). I. n. 1. Brink of a river 
 or lake. 2. Upper edge of a vessel. 3. 
 Projecting rim around a hollow, as in 
 a hat. 11. vt. [brim'ming; brimmed 
 (brimd).] Fill to the brim. III. vi. Be 
 full to the brim. [A. S. brim, border, 
 shore.] 
 
 brimful (brim'fpl), a. Full to the brim. 
 
 brimstone (brim'stou), n. Sulphur. 
 [From A. S.byrnan, burn, and stone.] 
 
 b rinded (brin'ded), brindled, a. 
 Marked with spots or streaks. [From 
 
 BRANDED.] 
 
 brine (brin), n. Salt-water; sea. 
 [From A, S. byrnan, burn.] 
 
 bring: (bring), vt. [bringing; brought 
 (brat).] Fetch; carry; procure ; draw, 
 lead. — Bring about, bring to pass, 
 effect.— Bring down, humble. — Bring 
 forth, give birth to, produce.— Bring 
 to, check the course of. [A. S. 
 bringan.] 
 
 brink (bringk), n. Edge or border of 
 a steep place or of a river. 
 
 briny fbri'ni), a. Pertaining to brine 
 or the sea; salt. 
 
 brisk (brisk), a. Lively; rapid; effer- 
 vescing. [From root of Fr. brusque.] 
 
 brisket (bris'ket), n. 1. Breast of an 
 animal. 2. Part of breast next to ribs. 
 [O. E. brusket.] 
 
 bristle (bris'l). I. n. Short, stiff hair, 
 as of swine. II. vi. Stand erect, as 
 bristlers. [A. S. byrst.] 
 
 bristly- (bris'li), a. l. Set with bris- 
 tles. 2. Rough.— bristliness, n. 
 
 Britannic (bri-tan'ik), a. Pertaining 
 to Great Britain. 
 
 British (brit'ish), a. Pertaining to 
 Great Britain or its people. 
 
 Briton (brit'un), n. Native of Britain. 
 
 brittle (brit'l), a. Easily broken. — 
 brit'tleness, n. [From A. S. breotan, 
 
 broach (br5ch), vt. 1. Pierce. 2. Tap; 
 open up, begin. 3. Utter. £Fr. brocher, 
 pierce.] 
 
 broad (brad), a. 1. Wide; large; fre6« 
 open. 2. Comprehensive; liberal. 3. 
 Coarse, indelicate.— broadly, adv.— 
 broadness, n.— broaden (brad'n) 
 vt. and vi. Make or grow broad or 
 broader. [A. S. brad.'} [widely. 
 
 broadcast ( brad'kast ). a. Scattered 
 
 broadcloth (brad'klatk), n. Fioe, 
 smooth woolen cloth, made double 
 width, a yard and a half. 
 
 broadside (brad'sid), n. 1. Side of a 
 ship. 2. All the guns on one side of 
 a ship of war, or their simultaneous 
 discharge. 3. Sheet of paper printed 
 on one side. [with a broad blade. 
 
 broadsword (brad'sord), n. Sword 
 
 brocade (bro-kad v ), n- Silk stuff in 
 which figures _are wrought. — bro- 
 caded ( bro-ka'ded ), a. 1. Worked 
 brocade-like. 2. Dressed in brocade. 
 [From root of broach.] 
 
 brochure (bro-snor'). n. Pamphlet. 
 [Fr.] [Gael, brog, shoe.J 
 
 brog- an (br5'gan), a. Coarse shoe. 
 
 brogue (brog), n. 1. Coarse shoe. 2. 
 Dialectic pronunciation of English, 
 esp. that of the Irish. [Gael. brog ] 
 
 broil (broil), n. Noisy quarrel. [Fr. 
 brouiuer, confuse.] 
 
 broil (broil). I. vi. and vi. Cook over 
 hot coal. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 broke (brok). v. Past tense of break. 
 
 broken (bro'kn), a. Rent asunder, in 
 pieces; infirm; humbled. [From 
 
 BREAK.] 
 
 broker (bro'ker), n. One who buys and 
 sells for others, esp. stocks and secur- 
 ities. — brokerage, n. 1. Business 
 of a broker. 2. Commission charged 
 by a broken [From A. S. brucan, use.] 
 
 broma (bro'ma), n. Preparation of 
 cacao. [Gr._= food.] 
 
 bromide (bro 'mid), n. Combination of 
 bromine with a base. 
 
 bromine (bro'min), n. Element close- 
 ly allied to iodine, so called from its 
 smell. [Gr. bromos. bad odor.] 
 
 bronchia (brong'kia), n. pi. Rami- 
 fications of the windpipe which carry 
 air into the lungs.— bronchial, a. 
 [Gr. bronchos, windpipe.] 
 
 bronchitis (brong-ki'tis), n. Inflam- 
 mation of the bronchia. 
 
 broncho, bronco (brong'ko), n. 
 Small Mexican horse: mustang. 
 
 bronze (bronz). I. n. 1. Mixture of 
 copper and tin. 2. Anything cast in 
 bronze. 3. Color of bronze. 4. Impu- 
 dence. II. vt. Give the aopearance ot 
 bronze to; harden. [Fr.] 
 
 brooch ( broch or brocb), n. Orna* 
 mental pin for fastening an article of 
 dress. [Fr. broche, spit.] 
 
 tikte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mate, hat, bum; oil, owl, th en, 
 
brood 
 
 72 
 
 buckshot 
 
 brood(brod). I. vt. and vi. 1. Sit on eggs 
 in order to breed or hatch. 2. Think 
 anxiously for a long time. II. n. Off- 
 spring; number hatched at once. [A. 
 S. brod.] 
 
 brook (brok),w. Small stream.— 
 brooklet, h. Little brook. [A.S.broc] 
 
 brook (brok),fl£. Bear, endure, f A. S. 
 brucan, use, enjoy.] 
 
 broom (broni). I. n. 1. Wild evergreen 
 shrub. 2. Brush with a long handle 
 for sweeping floors, etc. II. vi. Sweep. 
 — broom'corn, n. "Variety of maize 
 from the tufts of which brooms are 
 made.— broomstick, n. Handle of a 
 broom. [A. S. brom.] 
 
 broth (broth), n. Water in which meat 
 was boiled. LA. S. Related to Ger. 
 bruehe.] 
 
 brotbcr (bruta'er), n. 1. Male born of 
 the same parents. 2. One closely 
 united with or resembling another. 
 3. Fellow-creature; fellow member.— 
 brotherhood, n. 1. State of being a 
 brother. 2. Association of men for 
 any purpose.— broth'er-in -law, n. 
 Brother of a husband or wife ; a sis- 
 ter's husband.— broth'erly, a. Like 
 a brother, kind, affectionate. [A. S. 
 brodhor.] 
 
 brougham (bro'am), n. One-horse 
 close carriage, two or four wheeled, 
 named after Lord Brougham. 
 
 brought (brat), v. Past tense and pa. 
 
 p. Of BRING." 
 
 brow (brow), n. 1. Ridge over the 
 eyes; forehead. 2. Edge of a hill. 
 [A. S. bru, slope.] 
 
 browbeat (brow'bet), vt. Bear down 
 with stern looks or speech; bully. 
 
 brown (brown). I. a. Of a dark or 
 dusky color inclining to red or yellow. 
 II. n. Dark reddish color. III. vt. Make 
 brown; give a brown color to. — 
 brownish, a. Inclining to brown.— 
 brown'ness, n. — brown study, 
 gloomv reverie, absent-mindedness. 
 [A. S. bruin, — byrnan, burn.] 
 
 brownie (brow'ni), n. Kind of good- 
 natured domestic spirit. rj3cot.] 
 
 browse (browz), vt. and vi. Feed on 
 the shoots or leaves of plants. [O. Fr. 
 broust, sprout.] 
 
 bruin (bro'in), n. Bear, so called from 
 its brown color. [A. S. brun, brown.] 
 
 bruise (broz). I. vt. 1. Injure without 
 laceration. 2. Crush, pound. II. n. 
 Contusion. [O. Fr. bruiser, break.] 
 
 bruit (brot). I. n. Something noised 
 abroad; rumor; report. II. vt. Noise 
 abroad; report. [Fr. = noise.] 
 
 brunette (bro-net'),^. Girl or woman of 
 dark complexion, eyes and hair. [Fr.] 
 
 brunt (brunt), n. Main heat or shock 
 of an onset or contest; the force of a 
 blow. [Related to burn.] 
 
 brush (brush). I. n. 1. Instrument for 
 removing dust or dirt, made of bris- 
 tles, twigs, or feathers. 2. Kind of 
 hair-pencil used by painters. 3. 
 Brushwood. 4. Skirmish or encount- 
 er. 5. Tail of a fox. II. vt. Remove 
 dust; clean; touch lightly in passing. 
 III. yi.Move lightly. [Fr. brosse.] 
 
 brushwood ( brush'wod ), n. Rough, 
 close bushes ; thicket. 
 
 brusque (brosk), a. Blunt, abrupt in 
 manner. — brusque'ness, n. [Fr.] 
 
 brutal (bro'tal), a. Like a brute; un- 
 feeling.— brutally, adv.— brutal'- 
 ity, n.— brutalize, vt. Make brutal. 
 
 brute(brot). La. Belonging to the lower 
 animals. II. n. Beast.— bru'ti&h, a. 
 Bestial. — bru'tlshly, adv. — brn- 
 tishness, n. [Fr.— L. brutus, dull.] 
 
 bubble (bub'l). I. n. 1. Bladder of 
 water filled with air. 2. Delusion. IL 
 vi. Rise in bubbles. [Dut. bobbel] 
 
 bubo (bu'bo), n. Contagious inflamma- 
 tion of a lymphatic gland.— Bubonic 
 plague, deathly disease of Asiatic 
 origin. [Gr. boubon.] 
 
 buck (buk), n. 1. 
 Male of the deer, 
 goat, hare, and 
 rabbit. 2. Dash- 
 ing young fellow. 
 [A. S.bucca.] 
 
 buck (buk). vt. 1. 
 
 1. Throw (a rider) 
 by bucking. II. vi. 
 Spring from the 
 ground suddenly, as a broncho. 
 
 b uck board (buk'bord), n. Four- 
 wheeled vehicle having a long elastic 
 board in place of body and springs. 
 
 bucket (buk'et), n. Vessel for draw- 
 ing or holding water. [A.S. buc, jug.] 
 
 buckeye ( buk'i) , n. Horse-chestnut. 
 
 buckle (buk'l). I. n. Instrument for 
 fastening shoes and other articles of 
 dress. II. vt. 1. Fasten with a buckle. 
 
 2. Yield. 3. Struggle. III. vi. 1. Bend, 
 bulge out. 2. Engage with zea 1 . 
 [Fr. boucle.] 
 
 buckler (buk'ler), n. Shield with a 
 central boss. [Fr. bouclier.] 
 
 buckram (buk'ram). I. n. Coarse linen 
 cloth stiffened. II. a. 1. Made of buck- 
 ram. 2. Stiff; precise. [Etymology 
 doubtful.] 
 
 buckshot (buk'shot), n. Large lead 
 shot used for hunting deer and other 
 large game. 
 
 buckskin (buk'skin), n. 1. Skin of a 
 buck. 2. Soft leather made of it. 
 
 Fallow Deer Buck. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mutfc, hut, burnt oil, owl, then. 
 
buckwheat 73 
 
 bnekwheat (buk'hwet), n. Kind of 
 grain having three-cornered seeds. 
 FA. S. boc, beech, and wheat.] 
 
 bucolic (bu-kol'ik) I. a. Agricultural; 
 pastoral. II. n. Pastoral poem. [Gr. 
 boukolikos,, a herdsman.] 
 
 bud (bud). I. n. First shoot of a tree 
 or plant. II. vi. Put forth buds ; begin 
 to grow. III. vt. Graft by inserting 
 a bud under the bark of another tree. 
 [Dut. bot, bud.] 
 
 Buddhism (bod'izm), n. Religious 
 system founded* by Buddha. 
 
 Buddhist (bod'ist), n. Believer in 
 Buddhism. 
 
 budge(buj), vi. Move; stir. [Pr. bouger.] 
 
 budget (buj'et). n. 1. Little sack with 
 its contents. 2. Annual statement of 
 the finances of a government. [Pr.] 
 
 bulf fbuf), n. 1. Leather made from 
 the skin of the buffalo. 2. Light yel- 
 low color. [Pr. buffle, buffalo.] 
 
 buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. 1. Large kind of 
 ox, generally wild. 2. American bison. 
 — buffalo robe, the skin of the 
 buffalo dressed for use. [Sp. — Gr. 
 boubalos, wild ox — bous, ox.] 
 
 buffer (buf'er), n. Device to break the 
 force of a concussion. 
 
 buffet (buf'et or bo-fa'), n. 1. Side- 
 board. 2. Public room for refresh- 
 ments. [Pr.] 
 
 buffoon (buf-fon'), n. Clown. — buf- 
 foon'ery, n. Ludicrous or vulgar 
 jesting. [Pr. bouffon—It. buffare, jest.] 
 
 bug <bug), n. Term applied to various 
 insects, esp. those infesting houses 
 aadbeds; beetle. [W.bwg, hobgoblin.] 
 
 bugbear (bug'bar), n. 1. Hobgoblin in 
 the shape of a bear. 2. Object of terror. 
 Syn. Goblin; specter; ogre. 
 
 buggy (bug'i), n. Single-seated, four- 
 wheeled vehicle, with or without a 
 top, drawn by one or two horses. 
 
 bugle (bu'gl), n. 1. Hunting-horn. 2. 
 Horn for military signals. [O. Pr. — 
 L. buculus, — bos, ox.] 
 
 buhl (bul), n. Unburnished gold, brass 
 or mother-of-pearl inlaid; furniture 
 ornamented with such. [Prom Boule, 
 the name of an Italian wood-carver 
 who introduced it into Prance in the 
 time of Louis XIV.l 
 
 build (bild), v. [build'ing; built (bilt) 
 or build'ed.] I. vt. Preet; form; con- 
 struct. II. vi. Depend (on). III. n. 
 Construction; make. — build'er, n. 
 One who builds.— build'ing, n. Art 
 of erecting houses; anything built. 
 
 bulb (bulb), n. 1. Onion-like root. 2. 
 Anything of similar form.— hulb'ed, 
 bulb ©us, a. [gale. 
 
 bulbul (bol'bol), n. Persian nightin- 
 
 bump 
 
 Bule (bu'la), n. National legislature 
 of Greece, consisting of one house. 
 
 bulge (bulj). I n. 1. Bilge or widest 
 part of a cask. 2. Swelling. II. vi. 
 Swell out. [A. S. belgan.] 
 
 bulk (bulk), n. 1. Magnitude. 2.Greater 
 part. 3. Whole cargo. [Prom bulge.] 
 Syn. Mass; size; majority. 
 
 bulkhead (bulk'hed), n. Partition 
 separating one part of a ship between 
 decks from another. 
 
 bulky (bulk'i), a. Having bulk; of 
 great size.— bulk'iness, n. 
 
 bull (bol). I. n. 1. Male of the ox kind; 
 sign of the zodiac. 2. Speculator who 
 favors higher prices. II. vt. Work for 
 an advance of prices in stocks, etc. 
 
 bull (bol), n. Edict of the Pope which 
 has his seal affixed. [L. bulla, seal.l 
 
 bull (bol), n. Ludicrous blunder; gross 
 inconsistency in speech. 
 
 bull-baiting (bol'-ba'ting) , n. Sport oi 
 exciting bulls with dogs. [See bait.] 
 
 bulldog (bol'dog), n. 1. Kind of dog of 
 great courage, formerly used for bait- 
 ing bulls. 2. Short-barreled pistol. 
 
 bulldoze (bol'dSz), vt. Intimidate; 
 bully. [Slang.] [Pr. bouleU] 
 
 bullet (bol'et), n. Ball of lead. [Prom 
 
 bulletin ' (bol'e-tin), n. Brief and offi- 
 cial report of public news. [Pr.] 
 
 bullfinch (bol'- 
 finch), n. Species 
 of finch. 
 
 bullfrog (bol'frog), 
 n. Species of large 
 frog. 
 
 bullion (bol'yun), 
 n. Gold and silver Bullfinch. 
 
 in the mass. 
 [ Prom O. Pr. billon, bar. ] 
 
 bullock (bol'ok), n. Young bull or 
 steer. [A.*S.] 
 
 bull's-eye (bolzl), n. 1. Center of a 
 target. 2. Small lantern. 
 
 bully ( bol'i ). l.n. Blustering fellow. 
 II. a. Splendid. III. vi. rbul'lvintr; 
 bul'lied.j Bluster. IV. vt. Intimidate 
 by bluster. [Low Ger. bullem, roar.) 
 
 bulrush ( bol' rush ), n. Large strong 
 rush, which grows on wet ground. 
 
 bulwark (bol'wark), n. Fortifica- 
 tion ; rampart. [Prom roots of bole 
 and work.] 
 
 bumble-bee (bum'bl -be), n. Large 
 kind of bee that makes a buzzing 
 noise. [O. Dut. bommelen, buzz.] 
 
 bum boat (bum'bot), n. Boat for car- 
 rying provisions to a ship. [Dut.] 
 
 bummer (bum'er), n. Plundering 
 camp-follower; loafer. [Ger. bummler.] 
 
 bump (bump). I. vi. Make a heavy or 
 loud noise. II. vt. Strike with a dull 
 
 fate, (at, Uask. far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf-, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, (hen. 
 
bumper 
 
 74 
 
 burst 
 
 sound. HI. n. 1. Dull, heavy blow. 2, 
 Swelling. [Imitation of sound.] 
 
 bnmper (bum'per), n. Cup or glass 
 filled to the brim. [Fr. bombard.] 
 
 bumpkin ( bum'kin ), n. Awkward 
 rustic. [Dut. boom, log,anddim. ken.] 
 
 bun (bun), n. Kind of small sweet cake. 
 
 bunch (bunch). I. n. Number of things 
 tied together. II. vt. Put together.— 
 bunchy, a. Like a bunch. [Icel. bunki.] 
 
 bunco(bung'ko). I. n. Swindling game. 
 II. vt. Swindle, rob. 
 
 buncoinbe(bung'kum),?i. Empty talk. 
 [?From Buncombe Co. N. C] 
 
 Bundesrat (bon'des-rat), n. Federal 
 council, esp. of" the German Empire. 
 
 bundle (bun r dl), n. Number of things 
 bound together. II. vt. and vi. 1. Tie 
 into bundles. 2. Go, or remove, un- 
 ceremoniously. [A. S. byndel.] 
 
 bung- (bung), n. 1. Stopper of the hole 
 in a barrel or cask. 2. The hole itself. 
 
 bun galo w 
 ( bung'a - lo ),> n. 
 Tentlike, single- 
 storied cottage 
 with veran- 
 dahs, origina- 
 ted in Bengal, 
 India. 
 
 bungle (bung'l). 
 L n. Botch, 
 blunder. II. vi. 
 and vt. Act or make clumsily.— bung'- 
 ler, n. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 bunion (bun'yun), n. Inflamed swel- 
 ling on the ball of tbe great toe. [O. 
 Fr. bugne, swelling.] 
 
 bunk (bungk). I. n. Wooden case used 
 for a seat during the day, and for a bed 
 at night. II. vi. Sleep in a bunk. [Sw. 
 bunke, coop.] 
 
 bunker (bungk'er), n. Large coal bin. 
 
 bunting (bunt'ing), n. 1. Thin stuff for 
 flags. 2. Kind of bird. [Ger. bunt, gay.] 
 
 buntline (bunt'lin), n. One of the 
 ropes used in taking in a sail. 
 
 buoy ( boi ). I. n. Float to indicate 
 shoals, etc. II. vt. Fix buoys; keep 
 afloat; bear up.— buoy'ancy, n. I. 
 Capacity for floating. 2. Lightness of 
 spirit. — buoy'ant, a. [Dut. boei, 
 buoy, fetter.] 
 
 bur, burr (bur), n. 1. Prickly seed- 
 case. 2. Rough sound of r. 3. Rough 
 edge. 4. Tool for producing a rough 
 edge. 5. Screw nut. 
 
 burbot (bur'bot), n. Fresh-water fish 
 like the eel, with a beard on its low- 
 er jaw. [Fr. barbote—Li. barba, beard.] 
 
 burden (bur'dn). I. n. Load. II. vt. 
 Load; oppress. — bur'denous, a.— 
 burdensome, a. Heavy; oppress- 
 ive. [A. S. byrthen — beran, bear.] 
 
 Bungalow. 
 
 burden (bur'dn), n. Part of a song 
 repeated at the end of every stanza; 
 refrain, [L. L. burdo, drone.] [burs. 
 
 burdock (bur'dok), n. Plant with 
 
 bureau (bu'ro), n. 1. Chest of draw- 
 ers. 2. Department for the transact- 
 ing of public business. — pi. bureau^ 
 ( bur'o ), bureaus (bur'oz). [Fr.J 
 
 bureaucracy (bu-ro'kra-si), n. Gov- 
 ernment by administrative bureaus. 
 bureaucratic ( bu-ro-krat'ik ), a. 
 Pertaining to bureaucracy. 
 
 burgess (bur'jes), burgher (burg'er), 
 n. 1. Inhabitant of a borough. 2. 
 Citizen or freeman. 3. Magistrate of 
 certain towns. 
 
 burglar (bur'glar), n. One who breaks 
 into a house by night to steal. — 
 burglary, n. Breaking into a house 
 by night to rob. [Ger. burg, town, and 
 L. latro, robber.] 
 
 burgomaster (bur'go-mas-ter), n. 
 Chief magistrate of a German or a 
 Dutch town or city; mayor. 
 
 burgoo (bur'gb), n. I. Soup of meat 
 and vegetables highly seasoned, pop- 
 ular in Kentucky, served at barbe- 
 cues. 2. Barbecue; out-door feast. 
 
 Burgundy ( biir'gun-di ), n. French 
 Wine, so called from Btirgundy. 
 
 burial (ber'i-al), n. Act of placing a 
 dead body in a grave. [See bury.] 
 
 burlap (bur'lap), n. Coarse fabric of 
 jute, flax, manila, or hemp, used foi 
 bags, wall coverings, etc. 
 
 burlesque (bur-lesk'). L n. Ludi- 
 crous representation. II. a. Jocular. 
 III. vt. Turn into ridicule. [Fr.] 
 Syn. Parody; travesty; caricature. 
 
 burly (bur'li), a. 1. Bulky and vigor- 
 ous. 2. Boisterous. — burliness, n. 
 
 burn (burn), v. [burning; burned or 
 burnt.] I. vt. Consume or injure by fire. 
 
 II. vi. 1. Be on fire. 2. Feel excess of 
 heat. 3. Be inflamed with passion. 
 
 III. n. Hurt or mark caused by fire. 
 burner (burn'er), n. Part of a lamp 
 
 or gas-jet from which the flame arises, 
 burnish (burn'ish). I. vt. Polish; 
 make bright by rubbing. II. n. Pol- 
 ish; luster. [Fr. brunir, make brown.] 
 burr (bur), n. Same as bur. [key. [Sp.^ 
 burro (bur'o), n. Small Mexican don- 
 burrow (bur'o). I. n. Hole in the 
 ground dug by certain animals for 
 shelter or defense. II.vi.1. Make holes 
 underground. 2. Dwell in a concealed 
 place. [A. S. beorgan, protect.] 
 burse (burs), n. (R. C.) Receptacle for 
 
 the corporal ; an exchange. 
 burst (burst). I. vt. and vi. [bursting; 
 burst.] Break into pieces; break of 
 fly open suddenly or by violence. II. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tftll, fare, aboye; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, woltg 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, thou. 
 
burthen 
 
 75 bypath 
 
 n. Sudden outbreak. [A. S. berstan, 
 break.] (den.] 
 
 burthen (bur'thn), n. Same as bur- 
 
 bury ( ber'i ), vt. [bur'ying ; bur'ied.] 
 Hide in the ground; place in the 
 grave; hide or blot out of remem- 
 brance. [A. S. byrgan.] 
 
 bush (bosh), n. 1. Shrub thick with 
 branches. 2. Wild uncultivated coun- 
 try. [Ger. busch.] 
 
 bushel ( bosh'el ). I. n. Dry measure 
 containing 32 dry quarts or 2150.4 cu. 
 in. II. vt. Mend; alter. 
 
 bushing(bosh'ing), n. Lining of metal, 
 let into an orifice. 
 
 bushy (bosh'i), a. Full of bushes; 
 thick and spreading. — bnsh iness, h. 
 
 busily (biz'i-li), adv. In a busy manner. 
 
 bnsiness(biz'nes),/i. 1. Em- 
 ployment; trade, occupa- 
 tion. 2. Affairs; affair. 
 
 buskin (bus'kin), n. Boot 
 worn in ancient time by 
 actors of tragedy, hence 
 the tragic drama. 
 
 buss (bus). I. n. Kiss. II. 
 vt. Kiss, esp. in a rude or 
 playful manner. [O. Ger. 
 bussen, kiss.] 
 
 bust (bust), n. 1. Human Buskin. 
 l»ody from the head to the 
 waist 2. Sculpture representing the 
 upper part of the body. [Fr. buste.] 
 
 bustard (bus'tard), n. Genus of large 
 heavy birds, akin to the ostrich 
 family. [Fr. bistard — li. avis tarda, 
 slow bird.] 
 
 bustle (bus'l). I. vi. Busy one's self; 
 hustle; be active. II. n. 1. Hurried ac- 
 tivity; stir. 2. Pad worn by women. 
 
 busy (biz'i). I. a. 1. Fully employed ; 
 
 active. 2. Meddling. II. vt. Make busy ; 
 
 occupy.— bus'ily, adv. [A. S. bysig.] 
 
 Syn. Diligent ; industrious ; occupied . 
 
 busybody (biz'i-bod-i), n. One busy 
 about other affairs; meddling person. 
 
 but ( but ). I. prep. Except; barring. 
 II. conj. 1. Except; except that. 2. 
 Yet. 3. On the other hand. 4. More- 
 over; besides. III. adv. Only; sim- 
 ply. [A. S. butan, without.] 
 
 butcher (boch'er). I. n. 1. One whose 
 business it"is to slaughter animals for 
 food, or who sells meat. 2. One who 
 delights in bloody deeds. II. vt. 1. 
 Slaughter animals for food. 2. Put 
 to a bloody death; kill cruelly. — 
 butch'ery, n. Great or cruel slaugh- 
 ter. [Fr. boucher — bouc, buck.] 
 
 butler (but'ler), n. Servant who has 
 charge of liquors, plate. etc. —butler- 
 ship, n. [Fr. bouteillier— bouteille, 
 bottle.] 
 
 butt (but). I. vi. and vt. Strike 
 with the head, as a goat. II. n. 1„ 
 Thick and heavy end. 2. Thrust of 
 the head of an animal. 3. Mark to 
 be shot at; on© who is made the object 
 of ridicule. [Ger. bozenJ] 
 
 butt (but), n. Large cask; wine-butt= 
 126 gallons; beer and sherry butt= 
 108 gals. [Fr. botte, a vessel of leather.] 
 
 butte (bot or bujt), n. Detached hill 
 or ridge. [Fr.] 
 
 butter (but'er). I. n. Substance ob- 
 tained from cream by churning. II. 
 vt. Spread over with butter. [A. S. 
 buter — Gr. boutyron — bous, ox, and 
 tyros, cheese.] 
 
 buttercup (but'er-kut>),n. 1. Plant of 
 the ci'ow-foot genus, with a cup-like 
 flower of a golden ye*llow 5 like butter. 
 2. Flower of the plant. 
 
 butterfly (but'er-fil), n. Insect with 
 large showy wings. ■ [butter. 
 
 butterine ( but'er-en ), n. Artificial 
 
 buttermilk ( but'er-milk ), n. Milk 
 that remains after churning. 
 
 butternut (but'er-nut) , n. Edible nut 
 of an American tree of the walnut 
 family. [of taffy. 
 
 butterscotch (but'er-skoch), n. Kind 
 
 buttock (but'ok), n. 1. Rump; seat. 
 2. Upper rear outline of ship's hull. 
 [From butt, end.] 
 
 button (but'n). I. n. 1. Kno"b of me- 
 tal, bone, etc., used to fasten the dress. 
 2. Knob at the end of a foil. 3. Any 
 small knob or protuberance. ll.vt. Fast- 
 en by means of buttons. [Fr. bouton.] 
 
 buttress ( but'res ). I. n. Projecting 
 support of a wall,builton the outside. 
 II. vt. Prop, support. [O. F.] 
 
 buxom (buks'um), a. 1. Yielding, sub- 
 missive. 2. Healthy; cheerful. 3. 
 Plump. [A. S. buhsum, flexible.] 
 
 buy (bi) vt. [buying; bought (bat).] 1. 
 Purchase. 2. Bribe. 3. Procure. — 
 buyer (brer), n. [A. S. bycgan.] 
 
 buzz (buz). I. vi. Make a humming 
 noise like bees. II. n. 1. Noise of or 
 as of bees and flies. 2. Whispered re- 
 port. [From the sound.] ( 
 I ^buzzard (buz'ard)j n. Bird of prey or 
 the falcon family. [Fr. busard.] 
 
 by (bi). I. prep. 1. At the side of; near 
 to. 2. Through. II. adv. 1. Near; pas- 
 sing near; in presence. 2. Aside; 
 away. — By and by, soon; presently. 
 — By the by, by the way; in passing. 
 [A. S. bi.] [event. 
 
 bygone (bi'gan). I. a. Past. II. n. Past 
 
 bylaw (bi'la), n. Supplementary law. 
 
 byname (bi'nam), n. Nickname; name 
 of reproach. 
 
 bypath (bi'path), n. Side path. 
 
 fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, h5r; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolft 
 mat*, hut, burn; oil, owl, tt«a. 
 
byplay 
 
 76 
 
 cake 
 
 byplay (bi'pla), n. Scene carried on 
 apart from the main part of the 
 play. 
 
 byproduct (bi'prod-ukt), n. Second- 
 ary, additional product. 
 
 bystander (bl'stan-der), n. One who 
 stands by or near; looker-on. [way. 
 byway (bi'wa), n. Private or obscure 
 byword (bi'wurd), n. 1. Common say- 
 ing; proverb. 2. Word of reproach. 
 
 He (se). Third letter of the En- 
 glish alphabet. 
 cab (kab), n. 1. One-horse hack- 
 ney; cabriolet. 2. Part of 
 engine occupied by engineer 
 and fireman. [Abbr. of cabriolet.] 
 
 cabal (ka-bal'), n. Small party united 
 for some intrigue. 2. Intrigue. [Fr. 
 cabale— Heb. qabbalah, tradition.] 
 Syn. Plot; conspiracy; junto. 
 
 cabbage (kab'aj), n. Well-kno\m 
 kitchen vegetable. [From O. Fr. cabus 
 — L. caput, head.] 
 
 cabin (kab'in). I. n. 1. Hut or cottage. 
 2. Small room. 3. Compartment in 
 a ship or other vessel for officers or 
 passengers. II. vt. Shut up in a cabin. 
 [W. caban, hut.] 
 
 cabinet (kab'in-et), n. 1. Small room 
 or closet. 2. Case of drawers for 
 articles of value. 3. Private room 
 for consultation. 4. The advisers of a 
 monarch or president. [Fr.] 
 
 cabinet-maker < kab'in-et-ma'ker), 
 n. Maker of cabinets and other fine 
 furniture. 
 
 cable ( ka'bl ). I.n. 1. Strong rope or 
 cbain which ties anything, especially 
 a ship to her anchor. 2. Nautical mea- 
 sure of 100' fathoms. 3. Wire rope in- 
 closing telegraph-wire for submarine 
 telegraphy. II. vt. Fasten with a ca- 
 ble or as with a cable. 2. Send a mes- 
 
 sage by submarine telegraphy. [Fr. 
 caboose (ka-b5s') ( n. 1. Kitchen of 
 ship. 2. Car for the use of the crew of 
 
 a freight train. [Dut., cook's room.] 
 cabriolet ( kab-ri-o-la'), n. Covered 
 
 carriage with two or four wheels 
 
 drawn by one horse. [Fr.] 
 cacao (ka-ka'o), n. Tree, from the 
 
 seeds of which chocolate is made. 
 cache (kash). I. n. 1. Things concealed. 
 
 2. A place to conceal things. II. vt. 
 
 To conceal, especially by burying. 
 cachinnation ( kak-in-na'shun ), /*. 
 
 Loud laughter. [L.] 
 cackle (kak'l). I.n. 1. Sound made by 
 
 a hen after laying an egg. 2. Gabble 
 
 of a goose; gabble; silly talk. II. vi. 1. 
 
 Make such a sound . 2. Giggle. 3. 
 
 Prattle. [From the sound.] 
 cacology ( ka-kol'-o-ji ) , n. 1. Evil- 
 speaking . 2. Bad choice of words. 
 
 fGr. — Tcakos, bad, and legein, speak.] 
 
 cacophony (ka-kof'o-ni), n. Discord 
 of sounds. (Opposite of euphony.) 
 
 cactus (kak'tus) , n. American plant 
 with prickles instead of leaves. — pi. 
 Cacti (kak'tl), or cac'tuses. [ L. — Gr. 
 kaJctos.) [cadet.] 
 
 cad (kad), n. Low fellow. [Short for 
 
 cadaver (ka-da'ver). I. n. Corpse. — 
 cadaverous, a. Like a dead body; 
 looking ghastly. [L.] 
 
 caddie (kad'-i), n. 1. Cadet. 2. Small 
 boy to run errands, or carry things. 
 
 caddy (kad'i), n. Small box for hold- 
 ing tea. [Malay]. 
 
 cadence (ka'dens), n. 1. Fall. 2. Fall 
 of the voice; modulation. [ Fr.— L. 
 cado, fall. ] 
 
 cadet (ka-def), n. Student in a mill 
 tary or' naval school. [Fr. cadet , 
 younger son. ] 
 
 Csesar (se'zar),7i. 1. Roman Emperor. 
 2. Conqueror, absolute monarch. 
 
 ca?sarism (se'zar-izm), n. System of 
 government resembling that of a 
 Cassar; despotism. 
 
 csesura, cesura (se-zho'ra), n. In pro- 
 sody, 1. Termination of a word within 
 a foot. 2. Any pause within a line. 
 [L.—ccedo, ccesum, cut off.] 
 
 cafe (ka-fa'), n. Coffee-house; restau- 
 rant. [Fr.] 
 
 cafetera (ka-fe-ter'a), n. Restaurant 
 or lunch room where patrons wait on 
 themselves. [Sp. = coffee-service.] 
 
 caffeine (kaf'e-in or kaf-fe'in), n. Alka- 
 loid principle of coffee and tea. 
 
 case (kaj). I. n. Place of confinement; 
 box for holding birds or wild animals. 
 II. vt. Confine in a cage. [From root 
 of CAVE.] 
 
 cairn (karn), n. Heap of stones, esp. 
 one raised over a grave. [Celt, karn.] 
 
 Caisson (ka'sun), n. 1 . Ammunition- 
 chest or wagon. 2. Wooden water- 
 tight casing, esp. one in which work 
 is done under water. [Fr.] 
 
 caitiff (ka'tif). I. n. Despicable fellow. 
 II. a. Mean; cowardly. [O. Fr. caitif 
 (Fr. chetif)—Lt. caplivus, captive.] 
 
 cajole (ka-jol'), vt. 1. Coax. 2. Cheat 
 by flattery; wheedle.— cajo'ler, n.— 
 cajolery, n. [Fr. cajoler.] 
 Syn. Deludes entrap; beguile. 
 
 cake (kak). I. n. 1. Sweetened dough 
 that is baked, or cooked. 2. Any- 
 
 fftte, fftt, task, far, fall, fare, above; m6, met, her; mite, mit; note, not.- nuke, WQlfi 
 mute, hut, burn; oil. owL then. 
 
calabash 
 
 77 
 
 calumet 
 
 thing of the same shape as a cake . II. 
 vt. and vi. Form into a cake or hard 
 mass. [Icel. kaka.] 
 
 calabash (kal'a-bash), re. 1. Gourd, a 
 tropical tree and its fruit. 2. Vessel 
 made of a dried gourd. [Sp. calabaza.] 
 
 calamity (ka-lam'i-ti), re. Disaster. — 
 calamitous, a. [L. calamitas.] 
 Syn. Distress ; affliction ; misfortune. 
 
 calamus (kal'a-mus), re. 1. Sweet flag. 
 2. Transparent part of stem of a 
 feather. 
 
 calash (ka-lash'), re. Light low- wheeled 
 carriage ' with a folding top. [Ger. 
 kalesche— Pol. kolaska.] 
 
 calcareous (kal-ka're-us), a. Like or 
 containing chalk or lime.— calca're- 
 ousness, re. [L. calcarius — calx.] 
 
 calcimine (kal'si-mm). I. re. Coating 
 for walls, etc. II. vt. Coat with cal- 
 cimine. [From L. calx, lime.] 
 
 calcine (kal'sin). vt. and vi. Reduce 
 to or become a chalky powder by the 
 action of heat.— calcina'tion, re. 
 
 calcium (kal'si-um), re. Elementary 
 substance present in limestone and 
 chalk.— Calcium light, lime light. [L. 
 calx, chalk.) 
 
 calculate (kal'kii-lat), vt. and vi. 
 Count; adjust; estimate.— calcula- 
 ble, a.— calculation, re. — cal'cu- 
 lative, a. — calculator, re. Calcu- 
 lating machine. [L. calculo, reckon by 
 help of pebbles— calculus.] 
 Syn. Compute! reckon; think. 
 
 calculus (kal'ku-lus),re. 1. One of the 
 higher branches of mathematics. 2. 
 Stone-like concretion which forms in 
 certain parts of the body.—; pi. calculi, 
 (kal'ku-li). 
 
 caldron (kal'drun), re. Large kettle. 
 [L. caldariiim — calidus, hot.] 
 
 calendar (kal'en-dar), re. Register of 
 the months; almanac. 2. List of 
 cases for trial. [L.] 
 
 calender (kal'en-der). I. re. Press con- 
 sisting of two rollers for smoothing 
 cloth or paper. II. vt. Press in a 
 calender. [From cylinder.] 
 
 calends (kal'endz), re. 1. (Among the 
 Romans), the first day of eachmonth. 
 
 calf (kaf), re. 1. Young of the cow and 
 of some other animals. 2. Calf-skin 
 leather.— pi. calves (kavz). [A.S.cealf.] 
 
 calf (kaf), re. Fleshy part of the leg 
 below the knee. [Icel. Jcalfi, fat.] 
 
 caliber, calibre (kal'i-ber), re. 1. Size 
 of the bore of a gun. 2. Intellectual 
 capacity. [Fr. calibre.] 
 
 calico (kal'i-ko), re. Cotton cloth. 
 [From Calicut, East Indies, where 
 first made.] 
 
 Calipers. 
 
 calif, caliph (ka-lif), re. Title as- 
 sumed by the successors of Moham- 
 med. [Ar. khalifah, successor. 1 
 
 calipers (kal'i-pers), 
 caliper compasses, 
 re. Compasses with bent 
 legs for measuring the 
 diameter of bodies. 
 [From CALIBER.] 
 
 calisthenics (kal-is- 
 then'iks), re. Exercises 
 for promoting graceful- 
 ness and strength.— cal- 
 isthen'ic, a. [Gr. kalos 
 and slhenos, strength.] 
 
 calix. See calyx. 
 
 calk (kak)), vt. Stuff oakum into the 
 seams "of a ship to make it water 
 tight.— calk'er, re. [O. Fr. cauquer — 
 Li.calcare, tread under foot — calx,hee\.] 
 
 calk (kak). I. re. Spur or point on the 
 foot or" shoe to prevent slipping on 
 the ice. II. vt. Fit with such spui's or 
 points. [L. calcar, spur.] 
 
 call (kal). I. vi. 1. Cry aloud. 2. Make 
 a short visit. II. vt. 1. Name. 2. Sum- 
 mon. 3. Proclaim. III. re. 1. Summons, 
 invitation. 2. Vocation. 3. Demand. 4. 
 Short visit. 5. Shrill cry.— caller, re. 
 [A. S. ceallian.] 
 
 Syn. Bid; invite; appeal to; assem- 
 ble; convoke; warn; appoint. 
 
 calligraphy (kal-lig'ra-fi), re. Beauti- 
 ful hand-writing. [Gr.] 
 
 calliope ( kal-li'O-pi J, re. Series of 
 tuned steam whistles. [From Kalli- 
 ope, the Muse of oratory, etc.] 
 
 calling - (ka/ling), re. Trade; profession. 
 
 callosity (kal-los'i-ti),re. Hard swell- 
 ing on the skin. [L. callositas] . 
 
 callous (kal'us), a. Hardened; unfeel- 
 ing, insensible. — callously, adv. 
 — cal'lousness, re. 
 
 callow (kal'o), a. 1. Not covered with 
 feathers; unfledged. 2. Inexperienced. 
 [A. S. calu, bald]. 
 
 calm (kam). I. a. Still; serene, tran- 
 quil. II. re. Absence of wind ; serenity. 
 III. vt. quiet.— calm'ly,acfa.— calm'- 
 ness, re. [Gr. kauma, noonday heat— 
 kaio, burn. J 
 
 calomel (kal'o-mel) , re. Poisonous 
 preparation of mercury much used as 
 a medicine. [Gr. kalos, fair, and L. 
 mel, honey.] 
 
 caloric (ka-lor'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 heat. [L. color, heat.] 
 
 calorific ( kal-o-rif'ik ), a. Causing 
 heat.— calorification, re. [L. color, 
 heat, and/aczo, make.] 
 
 calumet (kal'u-met), re. Peace-pipe, 
 among American Indians. [Fr. — L. 
 calamus, reed]. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn k oil, owl, then. 
 
calumniate 
 
 78 
 
 eank«r 
 
 calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at). I. vt. Ac- 
 cuse falsely; slander. II. vi. Spread 
 evil reports. — calumniation, n. — 
 calumniator, n. 
 
 calumny (kal'um-ni), n. False accu- 
 sation; slander. — calumnious, a. 
 
 Abusive. [L. calumnia—calvi, deceive.] 
 
 calve (kav), vi. Bring forth a calf. 
 
 calx (kalks), n. 1. Chalk, lime. 
 2. Ashy substance of a metal or mi- 
 neral which remains after being cal- 
 cined. — pi. calxes (kalk'sez), or 
 calces (kal'sez.) [L.] 
 
 calyx, calix (kal'iks or ka'liks), n. 
 Outer covering, cup of a flower. — pi. 
 cal'yxes, cal'yces, or cal'ices. [Gr. 
 kalyx.~\ 
 
 cambric (kam'brik), n. Fine white 
 linen. [ From Cambray in Flanders, 
 where first made.] 
 
 came (kam), v. Past tense of come. 
 
 camel (kam'el ), n. Animal of Asia and 
 Africa with one or two humps on its 
 back, used as a beast of burden and 
 for riding. [Gr. kamelos.] 
 
 camellia (ka- 
 mel'ya), n. Spe- 
 cies of evergreen 
 shrub, native of 
 Japan. 
 
 Camel op ard 
 (kam-el'o-pard), 
 n. Giraffe. [Gr. 
 kamelos, camel, 
 and par delis, 
 panther,] 
 
 Cameo (kam'e-6), 
 n. Precious 
 stone, carved in 
 reliof ; gem. [It.] 
 
 camera (kam'er-a), n. Instrument for 
 taking pictures by photography. [L. 
 = chamber.] 
 
 camomile (kam'o-mil), n. 1. Plant. 
 2. Its dried flowers, used in medicine. 
 
 camp (kamp). I. n. Ground on which 
 soldiers pitch their tents; tents of an 
 army. II. vi. 1. Encamp. 2. Live in 
 tents. [L. campus, field.] 
 
 campaign (kam-pan'). I. n. 1. Large 
 open field or plain. 2. Time during 
 which an army keeps the field. 3. 
 Political contest. — II. vi. Serve in 
 a campaign. [Fr. campagne.] 
 
 Camphor (kam'fur), n. Dried white 
 juiceof the laurel-tree of India, China, 
 and Japan. — cam'phorated, a. Im- 
 pregnated with camphor. — cam- 
 phoric, a. [Malay kapur.] [green. 
 
 campus (kam'pus), n. College yard or 
 
 can (kan), v. [could (kod) . ] Be able. 
 [A. S. cunnan, know.] 
 
 Camel. 
 
 can (kan), I. n. Vessel for holding li- 
 quids. II. vt. [can'ning; canned 
 (kand'.XL Put up in a can. \A.S>. caenna.l 
 
 canal (ka-nal'), n. 1. Artificial water 
 course. 2. Duct, channel. [L. canalis.] 
 
 canard (ka-nard'), n. Extravagant 
 or fabricatedstory. [Fr.] 
 
 canary (ka-na'ri), n. 1. Wine from the 
 Canary Islands._ 2. Bird orig. from 
 
 Light yellow color. 
 4 
 
 Cancer. (CT^O 
 
 the Canary Is. 3. 
 cancel (kan'sel), 
 
 vt. 1. Erase or 
 
 blot. 2. Annul, 
 cancer (kan'ser), 
 
 n. 1. Spreading 
 
 tumor. 2. (C) 
 
 A sign of the 
 
 zodiac. — can'- 
 
 cerous,a. Like 
 
 a cancer. [L. = 
 
 candelabrum (kan-de-la'brum), ». 
 [pi. candela'bra.] Branched candle- 
 stick. [L.] 
 
 candid (kan'did), a. Frank; unbiased. 
 
 — can'didly, adv.— can didness, n. 
 
 [L. candidus, white.] [equitable. 
 
 Syn. Ingenuous; artless; impartial; 
 
 candidate ( kan'di-dat ), n. One who 
 offers himself for any office or honor.— 
 can'didacy, n. [L. candidatus % 
 dressed in white.] 
 
 candle (kan'dl), n. Wax, tallow, or 
 other like substance surrounding a 
 wick; a light.— candlestick, n. 
 Instrument for holding a candle. 
 [A. S. candel.] 
 
 Candlemas (kan'dl-mas) , n. Festival 
 in honor of the purification of the 
 Virgin Mary, on the 2d of February. 
 [candle and MASS.] 
 
 candor (kan'dur), n. Sincerity; open- 
 ness. [L. candor, whiteness.] 
 
 candy (kan'di). I. n. Sweetmeat made 
 of sugar or molasses. II. vt. [can'dy- 
 ing; can'died.] Preserve with sugar; 
 crystallize, as sugar. III. vi. Becom« 
 congealed, [Fr. candi — Skt. khand, 
 piece.]_ 
 
 cane (kan). I. n. 1. Reed, as the sugar- 
 cane, bamboo, etc., 2. Walking-stick. 
 II. vt. Beat with a cane. [Fr. carme, 
 reed.] 
 
 canine (ka-nln'), a. Like or pertain- 
 ing to the dog. [L. caninus — canis, dog.] 
 
 canister (kan'is-ter), n. 1. Case usu- 
 ally of tin. 2. Case containing shot, 
 which bursts on being discharged. [L. 
 canistrum, wicker-basket.] 
 
 canker (kang'ker). I. n. 1. Small ulcer 
 in the mouth. 2. Disease in trees or 
 in horses' feet. 3. Anything that cor* 
 rupts or consumes. II. vt. Eat into, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, bum; •*!, owl, them. 
 
eank.er-wonn 
 
 79 
 
 cape 
 
 Canoe. 
 
 corrupt or destroy; infect or pollute. 
 IH. vi. Decay. [L. cancer.] 
 
 canker-worm ( kang'ker-warm ), n. 
 Worm that cankers of eatsjnto plants. 
 
 can n el -coal (kan'el-kol), n. Very 
 hard, black coal that burns without 
 smoke, like a candle. [Prov. cannel, 
 candle.] 
 
 cannibal (kan'i-bal), n. One who eats 
 human flesh. — cannibalism, n. 
 [Prom caribal, carib (West Indian).] 
 
 cannon (kan'un), n. Large gun used 
 in war. — cannonade', I. n. Attack 
 with cannon. II. vt. Attack or batter 
 with cannon. — cannoneer', n. One 
 who manages cannon. [Pr. canon — 
 carina, reed.] 
 
 cannot (kan'ot), vi. Can not. 
 
 canny (kan'i), a. Knowing, crafty. 
 [Scot.] 
 
 canoe (ka-no'), 
 n. Boat made 
 of the hollow- 
 ed trunk of a 
 tree, or of 
 bark or skins. 
 [Sp, canoa.] 
 
 canon (kan'- 
 y u n o r k a n- 
 
 yon'), n. Deep gorge between high, 
 steep banks, worn by water. [Sp.l 
 
 canon (kan'un), n. 1. Law or rule, 
 esp. in ecclesiastical matters. 2. Body 
 of accepted books of Scripture. 3. 
 Dignitary of the Church of England. 
 4. List of saints canonized. — canon- 
 ic (tea-non'ik) canon'ical, a. Accord- 
 ing to or included in the canon; regu- 
 lar ; ecclesiastical. — canon'ically, 
 adv. — canon'icals, n. Official dress 
 of the clergy, regulated by the church 
 canons.— canonic'ity, n. Quality of 
 being canonical. — can'onist, n. One 
 skilled in canonic law.— canonis'tic, 
 a.— canonize, vt. Enroll among the 
 saints. [Gr. kanon, straight rod.] 
 
 canopy (kan'o-pi). I. n. Covering 
 suspended over head. II. v. Cover with 
 a canopy. [Pr. canape.] 
 
 can't (kant) = can and not. 
 
 cant (kant). I. vi. Talk in an affectedly 
 solemn way. II. n. 1. Hypocritical or 
 affected style of speech. 2. Language 
 peculiar to a sect; peculiar talk. [L. 
 canto, freq. of cano, to sing.] 
 
 cant (kant). I. n. Inclination from a 
 horizontal line; tipping. II. ■y^.Tilt 
 over; incline. [Dut, kant, edge.] 
 
 cantaloupe (kan'ta-lop), n. Variety of 
 small musk-melon. [Prom Cantalupo, 
 town in Italy, where first raised.] 
 
 cantata(kan-ta'ta),w. Poem set to mu- 
 sic, interspersed with recitative. [It.l 
 
 cantatrice (kan'ta-tres or kan-ta-tre'- 
 cha), n. A professional woman singer. 
 
 canteen (kan-ten'), n. Tin vessel used 
 by soldiers for holding liquors. 2, 
 Barrack liquor saloon. [Pr. cantine.] 
 
 canter (kan'ter). I. n. Easy gallop. 
 II. vi. Move at an easy gallop. [Orig. 
 Canterbury gallop.'] 
 
 canticle (kan'ti-kl), n. Song; chant.— 
 In pi. the Song of Solomon. [L. can- 
 ticulum.] 
 
 cantilever ( kan'ti-lev-er ), n. Large 
 bracket, used in supporting project- 
 ing roofs, bridge girders, etc. [Etymo- 
 logy doubtful.] 
 
 canto ( kan'to ), n. 1. Division of a 
 song or poem. 2. Treble or leading 
 melody. 
 
 canton (kan'tun). I. n. Small division 
 of territory. II. vt. 1. Divide into 
 cantons. 2. Allot quarters to troops.— 
 cantonal (kan'tun-al), a. Pertaining 
 to or divided into cantons. — canton- 
 ment, n. The quarters of troops in a 
 town. [Pr.] 
 
 canvas (kan'vas). n. 1. Coarse cloth 
 made of hemp, used for sails, tents, 
 etc., and for painting on. 2. Sails of 
 a ship. [Fr. canevasA 
 
 canvass (kan'vas). I. vt. andvi. Sift 
 (through canvas), examine; discuss. 
 2. Solicit votes. II. n. 1. Close exa- 
 mination. 2. Seeking, solicitation.-. 
 can'vasser, n. 
 
 canyon. Same as canon. 
 
 caoutchouc (ko'chok), n. India- 
 rubber. [Prom S. A. Indian, cahuchu.] 
 
 cap(kap). I n. 1. Cover for the head. 2. 
 Cover; top. II. vt. [cap'ping; capped.] 
 Put on a cap or top. [A. S. caeppe.] 
 
 capable (ka'pa-bl), a. Having ability, 
 power, skill; qualified for. — capa- 
 bility, n. [Pr.— L. capabilis.] 
 Syn. Able; efficient; competent. 
 
 capacious ( ka-pa'shus ), n. Roomy; 
 wide; extensive. — capa'ciously, 
 adv. — capa'ciousness, n. [L. capax.] 
 
 capacitate ( ka-pas'i-tat ), vt. Make 
 capable; qualify. 
 
 capacity (ka-pas'i-ti), n. 1. Power of 
 holding; room. 2. Power of grasping; 
 mind. 3. Character. [to foot. [Pr.J 
 
 cap-a-pie (kap-a-pe'), adv. Prom head 
 
 caparison (ka-par'is-un). I. n. Cover- 
 ing of a horse. II. vt. 1. Cover with a 
 cloth. 2. Dress very richly. [Sp. capo- 
 razon — capa, cover.] 
 
 cape ( kap), n. 1. Covering for the 
 shoulders attached to a coat or cloak. 
 2. Cloak, [p. Fr. cape.] 
 
 cape (kap), n. Point of land running 
 into the sea; head-land. [Fr. cap — 
 Li. caput, head.] 
 
 f&te, fat, task, far, f&ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, th%n. 
 
caper 
 
 80 
 
 carboy 
 
 caper (ka'pSr), n. Flower-bud of the 
 caper-bush, used for piokling. [Ar. 
 kabbar.] _ 
 
 caper (ka'per). I. vi. Leap or skip like 
 a goat; dance. II. n. Leap. [L. caper, 
 goat.] 
 
 capillary (kap'i-lar-i). I. a. As fine 
 as a hair. II. n. 1. Tube with a bore 
 as fine as a hair. 2. One of the minute 
 vessels that connect the veins and the 
 arteries. [L. capillus, hair.] 
 
 capital (kap'it-al), a. Relating to the 
 head; chief ; excellent.— cap'i tally, 
 adv. [L. capitalis — caput, head.] 
 
 capital (kap'i-tal), n. 1. Top part of a 
 column or pillar. 2. Chief city of a 
 country. 3. Large letter. 4. Stock 
 or money for carrying on business. — 
 cap'i talis t, w.One who has capital or 
 money.— capitalize, vt. 1. Convert 
 into capital or money. 2. Begin with 
 a capital letter 
 
 capitation (kap-i-ta'Shun), n. 1. Num- 
 bering of every head or individual. 2. 
 Tax on every head. 
 
 capitol (kap'it-ul), n. (In the U. S.), 
 house where Congress or a State leg- 
 islature meets. 
 
 capitulate(ka-pit'ul-at), vi. Surrender 
 on conditions. — capitulation, n. 
 
 capon (ka'pun), n. Young chicken 
 cock gelded. [A. S. 
 capun.] 
 
 caprice(ka- ores'), n. 
 Change of humor; 
 freak. — capri'ci- 
 ous, a. 
 
 Capricorn (kap'ri- 
 karn), n. One of the 
 signs of the zodiac. 
 [L. caper, goat, and 
 comu, horn.] 
 
 capsicum (kap'si-kum), n. Tropical 
 plant, from whose seed-pods cayenne 
 pepper is made. [L. capsa, pod. J 
 
 capsize (kap-siz'), vt. Upset. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 capstan (kap'stan), n. Upright wind- 
 lass for hoisting the anchor, on board 
 ship. [Fr. cabestan.} 
 
 capsular ( kap'su-lar), capsnlary 
 (kap'su-lar-i), <z. Hollow like a cap- 
 sule; pertaining to a capsule. 
 
 capsule (kap'sul) , n. 1. Seed-vessel of 
 a plant. 2. Small shell or case. [Fr.] 
 
 captain (kap' tin), n. Chief officer. 
 — cap'taincy, n. Rank or commis- 
 sion of a captain. [ Fr. capitain — L. 
 caput, head. J 
 
 caption (kap'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 taking; arres^. 2. Chapter or page 
 heading. [L. captio — capio, take.] 
 
 Capricorn 
 
 captious (kap'shus), «• Ready to find 
 fault. — cap'tiously, adv. — eap'- 
 
 tiousness, n. [L.—copto, snatch at.] 
 
 Syn. Carping; caviling; perverse; 
 
 censorious; peevish. [tive; charm. 
 
 captivate (kap'tiv-at), vt. Make cap- 
 captive (kap'tiv). I. n. Prisoner. II. 
 a. 1. Taken or kept a prisoner. 2. 
 Charmed ; subdued. — captiv'ity, n. 
 [L. captivus.] ^ 
 
 captor (kap'ttir), n. One who takes a 
 prisoner or a prize. 
 
 capture (kap'tur). I. n. 1. Act of 
 taking. 2. Thing taken.— II. vt. Take 
 as a prize; take by force. [L. captura.] 
 
 car (kar), n. 1. Light vehicle moved on 
 wheels. 2. Railway coach. 3 Chariot. 
 4. Basket of a balloon. [Fr. char. \ 
 
 carabine, n. Same as carbine. 
 
 caramel (kar'a-mel), n. Kind of con- 
 fection. 
 
 carat (kar'at), n. 1. "Weight of 4 dia- 
 mond grains, = 3 1-6 troyerains. 2. 
 l-24th part of pure gold. [Ar.] 
 
 caravan (kar'a-van), n. 1. Company of 
 travelers in a' desert. 2. Large close 
 wagon ; van.— caravan 'sary, n. Inn 
 where caravans stop. [Pers. karwan.] 
 
 caravel (kar'a-vel), n. Light sailing 
 vessel of 15th century. [Gr. karabos.] 
 
 caraway (kar'a-wa), n. Plant with 
 aromatic seeds, used as a tonic and 
 condiment. [Ar. karviya.] 
 
 carbide (kar'bld), n. Compound of 
 carbon with any metal.— calcium* 
 carbide, n. Compound of carbon 
 and calcium, which when acted on by 
 water generates acetylene gas. 
 
 carbine (kar'bin), n. Short rifle [Fr. 
 carabine.] [armed with a carbine. 
 
 carbineer (kar-bin-er'), n. Soldier 
 
 carbolic acid ( kar-bol'ik as'id ), n. 
 Acid produced from coal-tar, used as 
 a disinfectant. [L. carbo, coal, and 
 oleum, oil.] 
 
 carbon (kar'bun), n. 1. Elementary sub- 
 stance, of which the diamond and 
 graphite are forms. 2. Carbon point 
 in electric lamp. — carbonaceous 
 (kar-bun-a'she-us), a. Pertaining toor 
 composed of carbon.— car'bonate, n. 
 Salt formed by the union of carbonic 
 acid with a base.-carbon'ic, a. Relat- 
 ing to carbon.— Carbonic acid, gaseous 
 acid formed of carbon and oxygen, 
 by respiration or combustion. — car- 
 boniferous, a. Producing carbon 
 or coal.— ear'bonize, vt. Make into 
 carbon. — carbonization, n. [L. 
 carbo, coal.] 
 
 carboy (kar'boi), n. Large globular 
 bottle protected by basket work or a 
 case. [Pers. fcaraba.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, i^er; mite, mit} note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn* oil, owl, then. 
 
carbuncle 
 
 81 
 
 carrion 
 
 carbuncle (kar'bung-kl), n. 1. Fiery- 
 red precious stone. 2. Inflamed ulcer. 
 £L. carbunculus—carbo, coal.] 
 
 carcass, carcase (kar'kas), n. 1. Dead 
 body, corpse. 2. Framework. 3. Kind 
 of bombshell. [Pers. tarkash, quiver.] 
 
 card (kard), n. 1. Piece of pasteboard 
 marked, as with figures or a name or 
 address. 2. Cardboard. [ Fr. carte — 
 Li. chai'ta.] 
 
 card (kard). I. n. Instrument for 
 combing flax, etc. II. vt. Comb wool 
 etc. [Fr. carde— L. carduus, thistle.] ' 
 
 cardamom ( kar'da-mum ) , n. East 
 Indian spicy seed. 
 
 cardiac (kar'di-ak), cardiacal (kar- 
 di'ak-al ), a. Relating to the heart; 
 stimulating. [Gr. kardia, heart.] 
 
 cardinal (kar'din-al).I. a. 1. Principal. 
 
 2. Vermilion.— II'. n. 1. Dignitary in 
 the R. C. Church next to the pope. 2. 
 Vermilion color. [L. — cardo, hinge.] 
 
 care (kar). I. n. 1. Anxiety. 2. Charge- 
 
 3. Object of anxiety. II. vi. 1. Be 
 anxious; have regard. [A. S. earn.] 
 
 Syn. Concern; solicitude; caution; 
 heed; regard; direction; oversight. 
 
 careen (ka-ren'), vt. andm. Lay, or lie, 
 on one side; tip. [Fr. carene, keel.] 
 
 career (ka-rer') . I. n. 1. Racecourse ; 
 race. 2. Course of action or life. II. vi. 
 Move rapidly. [Fr. carrifre.] 
 
 carefnl (kar'fol), a. Full 'of care; 
 heedful.— care'fnlly, adv. — care'- 
 fulness, n , 
 
 careless (kar'les), a. "Without care; 
 heedless ; unconcerned. —care'lessly, 
 adv. — care'lessness, n. 
 
 caress (ka-res'). I. vt. Fondle; embrace. 
 II. n. Act or expression of affection. 
 [Fr. caresser.'\ 
 
 caret ( ka'ret or 
 kar'et), n. Mark, 
 (a) used in writ- 
 ing when some- 
 thing is left out. 
 [L. caret, is want- 
 ing.] 
 
 cargo (kar'go), n. 
 What a ship car- 
 ries; load. [Sp.] 
 
 car ibon (kar'i-bo) , 
 n. North-Ameri- 
 can reindeer. [Canad.Fr.] 
 
 Caricature (kar'i-ka-tur) . I. n. 1. 
 Exaggerated or distorted likeness. 2. 
 Art of caricaturing. II. vt. Turn into 
 ridicule by overdoing a likeness. — 
 caricaturist (kar'i-ka-tur-ist), n. 
 One whocaricatures. [Fr.] 
 
 caries (ka'ri-ez), n. Decay of a bone.— 
 carious (ka'ri-us), a. Affected with 
 caries. [L.] 
 
 Caribou. 
 
 cariole (kar'i-ol), n. Light one-horse 
 carriage. rFr. carrioCe.[ 
 
 Carmelite (kar'mel-it ), n. Friar of 
 order of Our Lady of Mount Carmei. 
 
 carmine(kar'min) , n. Crimson color or 
 pigment, made from cochineal. [Fr.] 
 
 carnage ( kar'naj ) , n. Slaughter; 
 massacre. [Fr. — L. caro, flesh.] 
 
 carnal (kar'nal), a. Sensual; relating 
 to the flesh. — carnally, adv. -car- 
 nality, n. [L. caro, flesh.] 
 
 carnation (kar-na'shun), n. 1. Flesh - 
 color. 2. Flesh-colored flower; pink. 
 
 carnelian(kar-ne'le-an), n. Cornelian. 
 
 carnival (kar'ni-val), n. 1. Time be- 
 fore Lent. 2. Festival of merriment. 
 [M. L. carnelevale, solace for the flesh. 
 
 carnivora (kar-niv'5-ra), n. pi. Order 
 of flesh-eating animals. — carniv'- 
 orous, a. Flesh-eating. [ L. caro, 
 flesh, and voro, eat.] 
 
 carol (kar'ul) . I. n. Song of joy or 
 praise. II. vi. Sing . [ O. Fr. carole.] 
 
 carom (kar'um). I. n. 1. Stroke in 
 billiards by which the cue ball is driv- 
 en against two other balls in succes- 
 sion. 2. The successive impact. II. 
 vi. Make such a stroke or shot. [ Fr. 
 carambole.] 
 
 carotid (ka-rot'id), a. Relating to the 
 two great arteries of the neek. [Gr.] 
 
 carousal (kar-ow'zal), n. Feast; reveL 
 
 carouse ( ka-rowz'). I. n. Drinking- 
 bout ; noisy revel. II. vi. Drink freely 
 and noisily . [ From Ger . garaus ! 
 empty!] 
 
 carp (karp), vi. Catch at small faults 
 or errors.— carp'er, w.One who carps 
 or cavils. — carp'ingly, adv. \ I* 
 carper e, pluek, pick.] 
 
 carp (karp), n. Fresh water fish of 
 the goldfish family. 
 
 carpenter (kar'pen-ter). I. n. Worker 
 in timber. II. vi. Do carpenter's 
 work. — carpentry (kar'pent-ri), n. 
 Trade or work of a carpenter. 
 
 Carpet ( kar'pet ). I. n. "Woven cover- 
 ing of floors, stairs, etc. II. vt. Cover 
 with a carpet.— car 'peting, n. Ma- 
 terial for carpets. [Fr. carpette.] 
 
 carriage (kar'rj), n. 1. Act or cost of 
 carrying. 2. Vehicle for carrying. 3. 
 Manner of carrying one's person; be- 
 havior. 4. Transportation. 
 
 carrier (kar'i-er), n. One who or that 
 which carries.— carrier-pigeon, n. 
 Pigeon trained to cany messages tied 
 to its leg or wing.— Common carrier, n. 
 One who holds himself out as a car- 
 rier, inviting employment by the pub- 
 lic, as railroads, expressmen, steam- 
 boat lines, etc. [flesh. [L. caro, flesh.] 
 
 carrion (kar'i-un), n. Dead and putrid 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
carrot 
 
 82 
 
 castle 
 
 ear rot (kar'ut), n. Edible root.— car'- 
 
 roty, a. Carrot-colored. [Pr. carotte.] 
 
 carry (kar'i), v. [car'rying; car'ried.] 
 
 I. vt. 1. Convey, bear. 2. Lead. 3. Ef- 
 fect. 4. Behave. 5. Deal in, have for 
 sale. [0. Pr. carter — car, car.] 
 
 €» r t ( k a r t) . I. n. Vehicle with two 
 wheels. II. vt. Convey in a cart. — 
 cartage, n. Act or cost of carting. 
 [Celt.] 
 
 carte (kart),w. 1. Card; paper. 2. Bill of 
 fare.— carte-blanche (blangsh), n. Blank 
 with a signature to be filled in at the 
 pleasure of the holder; unrestricted 
 power to act. — carte-de-visite (-de- 
 viz-et'), n. Photographic portrait on 
 a small card. [Pr.] 
 
 cartel (kar'tel), n. Agreement between 
 fighting parties. [Fr.] 
 
 cartilage ( kar'ti-laj ), n. Tough, 
 elastic substance, softer than bone; 
 gristle.— cartilaginous, a. \Fr.] 
 
 cartoon (kar-ton'), n. 1. Drawing on 
 strong paper, to be transferred to 
 frescoes, tapestry, etc.; large sketch 
 or design on paper. 2. Caricature. 
 [Pr. carton.] 
 
 cartridge (kar'trij), a. Shell or case 
 containing the charge for agun. [Cor- 
 ruption of Pr. cartouche.] 
 
 earve(karv). I. vt. 1. Cut into forms, 
 devices, etc. 2. Cut up (meat) into 
 slices or pieces. 3. Apportion or dis- 
 tribute. II. vi. Exercise the trade of 
 a sculptor. — carver, n. One who 
 carves; sculptor. [A. S. ceorfan, cut.] 
 
 cascade (kas-kad'), n. Small waterfall. 
 [Fr.— It. cascata—Lt. cado, cas-, fall.] 
 
 case (kas). I. n. Covering; sheath; box. 
 
 II. vt. Put in a case or box. [Pr. caisse.] 
 case (kSs), n. 1. Event. 2. Condition. 3. 
 
 Instance. 4. Subject of inquiry. 5. Suit 
 at law; sufficient ground for action. 
 6. In gram. Inflection of nouns, etc. 
 [L. casus, fall, event ] 
 
 Syn. Circumstances; example; con- 
 tingency; state; occurrence. 
 
 casein, caseine (ka'se-in), n. Organic 
 substance, contained in milk and 
 daeese. [L. caseus, cheese.] 
 
 «aseharden (kas'har-dn), vt. 1. Hard- 
 en a surface, as of iron, by carboniz- 
 ing. 2. Make callous or indifferent. 
 
 casemate (kas'mat), n. Bomb-proof 
 chamber. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 casement(kas'ment), n. 1. Frame of a 
 window. 2. Window that opens on 
 hinges. 3._ Hollow molding. 
 
 caseons (ka'se-us), a. Pertaining to 
 ©heese; cheesy. 
 
 eash(kash).I.w. Ready money. II. vt. Ex- 
 change for money. [O. Fr. caisse, till.] 
 Syn. Coin; currency; specie. 
 
 cashier (kash-er'), n. One who has 
 
 charge of money. [Pr. cassier.] 
 cashier (kash-er') vt. Dismiss from a 
 
 post in disgrace. [Dut. casseren.] 
 cashmere (kash'mer), n. Fine woolen 
 
 fabric, first made at Cashmere, India. 
 casino (ka-se'no), n. 1. Club-house. 
 
 2, Card-game. [It.] [helmet.] 
 
 cask ( kask ), n. Barrel. [Sp. casco, 
 casket (kas'ket), n. 1. Small case for 
 
 holding jewels, etc. 2. Coffin. 
 casqne, cask (kask), n. Helmet. [Fr.] 
 cassation (kas-sa'shun),ft. Annulling; 
 
 reversing. [tapioca; manioc. 
 
 cassava (kas-sa'va), n. Plant yielding 
 cassia (kash'ya), n. Species of laurel 
 
 tree yielding senna and oassia-bark. 
 cassimere (kas'i-mer), n. Twilled 
 
 cloth of the finest wool. [Corr. of 
 
 CASHMERE.] 
 
 cassock (kas'ok), n. Vestment worn 
 by clergymen under the gown or sur- 
 plice. [Fr. casaque, covering.] 
 
 cassowary (kas'o-war-i), n. Ostrich- 
 like bird of Australia. [Malay.] 
 
 cast (kast), vt. and vi. 1. Throw; pu*. 
 2. Throw down. 3. Throw together or 
 reckon. 4. Mold. II. n. l.Act of cast- 
 ing ; throw. 2. Thing thrown. 3. 
 Distance thrown. 4. Motion, turn, 
 or squint, as of the eye. 5. Mold. 6. 
 Form received from a m o 1 d. 7. 
 Manner. 8. Assignment of the parts 
 of a play. 9. Company of actors. 
 [Ice. kasta, throw.] 
 
 Castanet (kas'ta-net), n. Small spoon- 
 shaped clapper, fastened to the fin- 
 gers in pairs and rattled to a dance 
 or tune. [Sp.] 
 
 castaway ( kast'a-wa ). I. a. Ship- 
 wrecked; ruined." II. n. Outcast. 
 
 caste (kast), n. One of the classes into 
 which society in India is divided; any 
 class of society which keeps itself 
 apart from the rest. [Port. casta t 
 race— L. castm, pure.] 
 
 castellated (kas'tel-a-ted), a. Having 
 turrets and battlements like a castle. 
 
 caster, castor (kast'er), n. 1. Small 
 wheel or roller on the legs of furni- 
 ture. 2. Small cruet. 
 
 castigate ( kas'ti -gat ), vt. Chastise; 
 correct.— castiga'tion, n. [L. castigo, 
 chasten.] 
 
 casting (kast'ing), n. 1. Act of cast- 
 ing or molding. 2. That which is 
 cast. 3. A mold. 
 
 castle (kas'l). I. n. 1. Fortified house 
 or fortress. 2. Residence of a prince 
 or nobleman. 3. In chess, a rook. II. 
 vi. In chess, make a certain move with 
 king and castle. [A. S. castle— L. cas- 
 ,, dim. of castrum, fort.] 
 
 f6te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
castor-oil 
 
 83 
 
 catgut 
 
 Angora cat. 
 
 castor-oil (kas'tur-oil), n. Purgative 
 derived from seeds of Ricinus plant. 
 
 castrate (kas'trat), vt. Deprive of 
 the power of generation; geld.— cas- 
 tration, «*. [L. castrare.] 
 
 casual (kazh'o-aD, a. Accidental; oc- 
 casional. — cas'ualty, n. Accident; 
 wound; death. [L. casus, chance.] 
 
 casuist (kazh'o-ist), n. One versed in 
 casuistry. — casnist'ic, casuist- 
 ical (kazh-6-is't'ik-al), a. Relating to 
 casuistry; dishonest. — cas'uistry, 
 n. Study of ethi- 
 cal problems. 
 2. Dishonest 
 reasoning. 
 
 cat (kat) n. Com- 
 m o n domestic 
 animal. 
 
 cataclysm (kaf- 
 a-klism), n. Del- 
 uge. [Gr. kata, 
 down, and k kly- 
 zein, wash.] 
 
 catacomb (kaf- 
 a-kom), n. Cave 
 used as a burial 
 place. [Gr. kata, 
 down, and kymbe, 
 hollow.] 
 
 catafalque (kat'a-falk), n. Scaffold- 
 ing to support a' coffin. [From root 
 
 Of SCAFFOLD.] 
 
 catalectic (kat-a-lek'tik), a. In pro- 
 sody, wanting part of the last foot. 
 
 catalepsy (kat'a-lep-si), n. Hysteric 
 affection, "with muscular rigidity. — 
 cataleptic, a. [Gr. kata, down, and 
 lepis, seizure.] 
 
 catalogue, catalog: fkat'a-log). I. n. 
 List of names. II. vi. Put in a cata- 
 logue. 
 
 catalpa (ka-tal'pa), n. North Ameri- 
 can trae with large leaves. [Am. Ind.] 
 
 catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran'), n. 1. Raft. 
 2. Craft with.two hulls. 3. Quarrel- 
 some woman. [Malay, = tied logs.] 
 
 catamount (kat'a-mownt), n. Puma; 
 mountain cat; wildcat. 
 
 cataplasm (kat'a-plazm),w. Poultice; 
 plaster. [Gr. kata, and plasso, shape.] 
 
 catapult (kat'a-pult), n. 1. Ancient 
 machine for throwing'stones. 2. In- 
 trument used by boys for shooting 
 small stones. [Gr. —pallo, throw.] 
 
 cataract (kat'a-rakt), n. 1. Great 
 waterfall. 2. Disease of the eye cau- 
 sing blindness. [Gr. kata, down, and 
 arasso, dash.] 
 
 catarrh (ka-tar'), n. Inflammation of 
 a mucous membrane.— catarrhal, a. 
 [Gr. kata, down, and rheo, flow.] 
 
 catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe), n. Over- 
 turning; unfortunate conclusion ; ca- 
 lamity. [Gr. kata, down, and strepho, 
 turn.] 
 
 catbird ( kat'berd ), n. Slate-colored 
 North-American bird of the thrush 
 family. [From its cry of alarm.] 
 
 catch (kach) v. [catch'ing; caught.] 1. 
 vt. Take hold of; seize after pursuit; 
 trap or ensnare. 2. Take a disease by 
 infection. II. vi. 1. Be contagious. 2. 
 Act as catcher, as in baseball. 3. Take 
 hold or become fastened, in. n. 1. 
 Seizure. 2. Anything that seizes or 
 holds. 3. That which is caught. 4. 
 Sudden advantage taken. 5. Song 
 the parts of which are caught up by 
 different voices. — catcher, n.— 
 catching, a. [ O. Fr. c&chier — L. 
 caper e, take.] 
 
 catchpenny ( kach'pen-i ), n. Any 
 worthless thing, esp. a publication, 
 intended merely to gain money. 
 
 catchup (kach'up), catsup (kaf- 
 sup), ketchup (kech'up), n. Sauce 
 made of tomatoes, mushrooms, etc 
 [Prob. of E. Indian origin.] 
 
 catch-word (kach'wurd), n. 1. Last 
 word of the preceding speaker. 2. 
 First word of a page given at the 
 bottom of the preceding page. 3. 
 Word caught up and repeated. 
 
 catechetic (kat-e-ket'ik), catechet- 
 ical, a. Relating to a catechism.— 
 catechet'ically, adv. 
 
 catechise (kat'e-kiz), vt. 1. Instruct 
 by question and answer. 2. Question; 
 examine.— cat'echiser, n. (Gr. kava, 
 down, and echeo, sound.] 
 
 catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. Book con- 
 taining a summary of principles in 
 the form of questions and answers. 
 
 catechist(kat'e-kist), n. One who cate- 
 chises. 
 
 catechu ( kat'e-cho ), n. Astringent 
 substance extracted from certain E. 
 Indian plants. [Malay kachu.] 
 
 categorical (kat-e-gor'ik-al), a. Posi- 
 tive; absolute; without exception. 
 
 category (kat'e-go-ri), n. Class; order. 
 [Gr. kategoria, accusation, assertion.] 
 
 cater (ka'ter), vi. Provide food, enter- 
 tainment, or other commodities. — 
 ca'terer, n. [M. E. a cater — Fr. 
 achetet\ buy.] 
 
 caterpillar (kat'er-pil-ar), n. Grub 
 that lives upon the leaves of plants. 
 [Etym. doubtful.] [noise like cats. 
 
 caterwaul (kat'er-wal), vi. Make a 
 
 catgut (kat'gut), n. Cord made from 
 the intestines of animals (not of cats), 
 and used as strings for musical in- 
 struments. [Fromkit, fiddle, and gut.] 
 
 fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
cathartic 
 
 84 
 
 cedar 
 
 cathartic (ka-thar'tik), a. and n. Pur- 
 gative. [Gr. katfiartikos, cleaning]. 
 
 cathead (kat'hed), n. Beam and tackle 
 at bow of ships to raise the anchor 
 above water. 
 
 cathedral (ka-the'dral), n. Principal 
 church of a diocese. [Gr. kathedra, seat 
 (of the bishop).] 
 
 catheter (kath'e-ter), n. Tube inserted 
 in narrow channels of the body. 
 
 cathode (kath'od), n. Negative pole of 
 electric current. (Opposite of anode.) 
 [Gr. kata, down, and hodos, way.] 
 
 catholic (kath'ol-ik). I. a. 1. Uni- 
 versal. 2. Liberal; the opposite of 
 exclusive. 3. Pertaining to the Church 
 of Rome. II. n. Adherent of the Ro- 
 man Catholic Church. [Gr. katholikos, 
 universal — kata, throughout, and 
 holos, whole.] 
 
 Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), cathol- 
 icity (kath-ol-is'it-i), n. 1. Univers- 
 ality. 2. Breadth of view. 3. State of 
 being catholic. 4. Tenets of the R. 
 Catholic Church. [cat tail. 
 
 catkin (kat'kin), n. Spike of flowers; 
 
 catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'nip), 
 n. Plant of which cats are fond. 
 
 cats-paw (kats'pa), n. Dupe or tool of 
 another. [From root of chattels.] 
 
 cattle (kat'l), n. pi. Live stock; beasts. 
 
 Caucasian (ka-kash'yan or ka-ka'- 
 shan). I. n. Member of the Indo- 
 European family of the human race; 
 white person. II. a. Of or pertain- 
 ing to the said family. 
 
 caucus (ka'kus), n. Party conference or 
 preliminary to agree upon candidates 
 or party measures, [tail. [L. cauda.] 
 
 caudal (ka'dal), a. Pertaining to the 
 
 caudle (ka'dl), n. Sweet warm drink 
 made of wine or ale, eggs, bread and 
 spices. [Fr. chaud, hot.] [of catch. 
 
 caught (kat), v. Past tense and pa. p. 
 
 caul (kal ),"n. Covering for the head. 
 [Celt, calla, veil, hood.] 
 
 cauldron. Same as caldron. 
 
 cauliflower (ka/li-flow-er), n. Variety 
 of cabbage, the eatable part of which 
 is the flower. [L. caulis, cabbage, and 
 
 FLOWER.] 
 
 caulk. Same as calk. [or causes. 
 causal (ka'zal), a. Relating to a cause 
 causality (ka-zal'i-ti), n. 1. Working 
 of a cause. '. 2. Faculty of tracing 
 effects to their causes. [causing. 
 
 causation ( ka-za'shun ), n. Act of 
 causative (ka'za-tiv), a. Producing 
 
 an effect.— ca'ii'satively 9 adv. 
 cause (kaz). I. n. 1. That which pro- 
 duces ; origin; motive; reason. Z. 
 Legal case; ground for action. 3. 
 Affair; object. II. vt. Bring about.— 
 
 cause'less, a. Unreasonable. 
 
 Syn. Source; occasion; mainspring; 
 purpose; question; inducement. 
 
 causeway ( kaz' wa), n. Dry, raised 
 road. [From root of Fr. cfiaussie.] 
 
 caustic ( kas'tik ). I. a. Burning; se- 
 vere; cutting. II. n. Substance that 
 burns. [Gr. kaustikos — kaio, burn.] 
 
 cauterize ( ka'ter-iz ),vt. Burn with a 
 caustic or a hot iron. — cauteriza'- 
 tion, cau'tery, ns. [Fr. cautiriser— 
 Gr. kauter, hot iron.] 
 
 caution (ka'shun). I. n. Heedfulness; 
 warning. II. vt. Warn to be careful.— 
 cautionary, a. Containing caution; 
 given as a pledge. 
 
 cautious (ka'shus),a. Using caution ; 
 prudent.— cautiously, adv. -cau- 
 tiousness, n. [L. cautio.] 
 
 Syn. Circumspect; vigilant; heed- 
 ful; wary; watchful; thoughtful. 
 
 eavalcade(kav'al-kad), n. Train of per- 
 sons on horseback. [Fr.] 
 
 cavalier ( kav-a-ler'). I- n. Knight. II. 
 a. Gay; haughty.— cavalier'ly, adv. 
 [Fr.] [horseback. [Fr. cavalerie.] 
 
 cavalry_ ( kav'al-ri ), n. Soldiers on 
 
 cave ( kav ), n. Hollow place in the 
 earth; den. [Fr.— IL.cavus, hollow.] 
 
 caveat ( ka've-at ), n. I. Preliminary 
 patent-right claim. 2. Notice to stop 
 proceedings in court. [L.=beware ! J 
 
 cavern (kav'ern), n. Deep hollow place 
 in the earth.— cavernous, a. 
 
 caviare, caviar (kav-i-ar'), n. Salted 
 roe of the sturgeon. [Turk, haviar.] 
 
 cavil ( kav'il ). I. vt. Make trifling 
 objections. II. n. Frivolous objection. 
 — cav'iler, n. [L. cavilla, jesting.] 
 
 cavity (kav'it-i), w. Hollow place. 
 
 caw(ka). I. vi. Cry as a crow. II. n. Cry 
 of a crow.-caw'ing, n. [Imitative.] 
 
 cayenne (ka-en'), n. Red pepper. 
 [Name of town in French Guiana. 
 
 cayman (ka'man), n. So. American 
 alligator. [Native name.] 
 
 cayuse (ki-us'), n. Indian pony, of the 
 northern Rocky 
 Mountains, U. S. 
 
 cease (ses). I. vi. 
 Stop; be at an 
 end. II. vt. Put 
 an end to. — 
 cease'less, a. 
 Incessant. [Fr. 
 cesser.] 
 
 Syn. Desist; 
 pause ; discontin- 
 ue; leave off; re- 
 frain ; quit. 
 
 cedar (se'dar). I. 
 n. Name of many species of lar^e, 
 coniferous, evergreen trees, with very 
 
 Cedar. 
 
 fate fat task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, o?vl, then. 
 
cede 
 
 85 
 
 central 
 
 durable and fragrant wood. II. a. 
 Made of cedar. [L.— Gr. kedros.]. 
 
 cede(sed),^. Yield, give up. [L. 
 cedo, yield.] [a room. [See Ceiling.] 
 
 ceil (sel), vt. Overlay the inner roof of 
 
 ceiling- (se'ling), n. Inner roof of a 
 room. [Pr. ciel, heaven.] 
 
 celebrant(cere-brant),n. an officiating 
 priest. 
 
 celebrate (sel'e-brat), vt. 1. Make 
 famous. 2. Distinguish by solemn cer- 
 emonies ; observe with joy. — ceis- 
 bra'tion, n. [L..— celebro.] 
 Syn. Honor; commemorate; keep. 
 
 celebrity (sel-eb'ri-ti),n. Fame. 
 
 celerity ( sel-er'it-i ), n. Quickness. 
 
 celery (sel'er-i), n. Vegetable of the 
 t) a r s 1 e y family. [Fr. celeri — Gr. 
 selinon, parsley.] 
 
 celestial (se-les'ti-al). I. a . 1. Heaven- 
 ly; dwelling in heaven. 2. Pertaining 
 to the Chinese dynasty. II. n. 1. In- 
 habitant of heaven. 2. Chinese. — 
 celestially, adv. [L.. cesium, heaven.] 
 
 celibacy (sellba-si), n. Single life; 
 unmarried state. [L.. coslebs, single.] 
 
 celibate (sell-bat), n. 1. Single life. 
 2. One unmarried. 
 
 cell ( sel ), 7i. 1. Small shut cavity. 2. 
 Small or close room. 3. Single jar 
 or element of an electric battery. [L. 
 cella, conn, with celare, cover.] 
 
 cellar (sel'ar), n. Room underground 
 where stores are kept. [L. ceilarium 
 
 cellarage (sel'ar-aj), n. 1. Space for 
 cellars; cellars'. 2. Charge for storing 
 in cellars. [or containing cells. 
 
 cellular (sel'ii-lar), a. Consisting of 
 
 celluloid ( sel'u-loid ), n. Artificial 
 substance, chiefly composed of cellu- 
 lose or vegetable flbrine, used as a 
 substitute for ivory, bone, coral, etc. 
 
 Celt (selt), Kelt (kelt), n. One of an 
 Aryan race, now represented by the 
 Welsh, Irish, and Scottish Highland- 
 ers. — Celt'ic, a. [L. Celtce — Gr. 
 Keltoi . ] 
 
 cement (se-menf). I. n. Anything that 
 makes two bodies stick together. II. 
 vt. Unite with cement; join firmly. 
 -cementation, n. 1. Act of cement- 
 ing. 2. Process by which iron is 
 turned into steel, glass into porce- 
 lain, etc. [Li. ccementa.] 
 
 cemetery ( sem'e-ter-i ), n. Burying- 
 ground. [Fr. cimettire — Gr. koime- 
 ierion, sleepingrqom.] 
 
 cenobite ( seu'o-bit ), n. Monk living 
 in a convent. [From Gr. koinos, in 
 common, and bios, life.] 
 
 cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. Empty tomb. 
 [Gr. kenos, empty, and taphos, tomb.] 
 
 censer (sen'ser), n. Pan in which in- 
 cence is burned. 
 
 censor (sen'sur),7i. 1. In ancient Rome, 
 an officer who had charge of census, 
 taxes and public morals. 2. In modern 
 times, an officer whose permission is 
 necessary for the publication of print- 
 ed matter. 3. One who censures or 
 blames. — censo'rial, a. Belonging 
 to a censor.— censo'rious, a. Expres- 
 sing censure; fault-finding.— censo- 
 riously, adv.— censo'riousness, n. 
 — censorship, n. Office of censor. 
 [L. — censeo, judge. ] 
 
 censurable (sen'shor-a-bl), a. Deserv- 
 ing of censure; blamable.— cen'sur- 
 ably, adv.— cen'surableness, n. 
 
 censure (sen'shor). I. n. Unfavora- 
 ble judgment; reproof. II. vt. Blame; 
 condemn. [L. censur a— censeo, judge. J 
 Syn. Animadversion; disapproval; 
 reprobation; reprehension. 
 
 census (sen'sus), n. Enumeration of 
 the inhabitants of a country. [L.] 
 
 cent(sent), n. 1. Hundred. 2. Hundredth 
 part of a dollar. — Per cent, from or for 
 the hundred.— cent'al. I. n. Weight 
 of 100 lbs. II. a. Pertaining to a 
 hundred ; reckoning by the hundred. 
 [L. centum, one hundred.] 
 
 centaur (sen' tar), n. Fabulous mon- 
 ster, half-man, half-horse. [Gr.] 
 
 centenary (sen'ten-ar-i) I. n. 1. Cen- 
 tury. 2. Hundredth anniversary. II. 
 a. Pertaining to a hundred. — cente- 
 na'rian, n. One a hundred years old. 
 
 centennial (sen-tenl-al). I. a. Hap- 
 pening once in a hundred years. II. 
 n. Hundredth anniversary. 
 
 center, centre (sen' ter). I. n. Middle 
 point of auythmg ; middle. II. vt. 
 Place on or collect to a center. III. vi. 
 1. Be placed in the middle. 2. Have a 
 center. [Gr. kentron. peg.] 
 
 centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal), a. Hun- 
 dredth.— centes'imally, adv. 
 
 centigrade (sen'ti-grad), a. Divided 
 into a hundred degrees, as the ther- 
 mometer of Celsius in which freezing- 
 point is zero and boiling-point 100 s . 
 [L. centum, and gradus, degree.] 
 
 centiped (sen'- 
 ti-ped), centi- 
 pede ( sen'ti- 
 ped), n. Insect 
 
 with a hundred Centipede, 
 
 or a great 
 
 many feet, (certain species poisonous) = 
 [Li. centum, and pes, ped—, foot.] 
 
 central ( sen'tral) , cen'tric, cen'- 
 trical, a. Relating to, placed in, or 
 containing the center. — cen'trally 
 cen'trically, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru> oil, owl, th&u 
 
centralize 
 
 86 
 
 challenge 
 
 centralize (sen'tral-Iz), vt. Draw to a 
 centre.— centralization, n. 
 
 centrifugal (sen'trif'Q-gal), a. Tend- 
 ing to flee from the center. [L. cen- 
 trum, andfugio, flee.l 
 
 centripetal (sen-trip'et-al), a. Tend- 
 ing toward the center. [L. centrum, 
 and peto, seek.] 
 
 centuple (sen'tu-pl) , a. Hundred- 
 fold. [L. centuplex.] 
 
 centurion (sen-tu'ri-un ), n. (Among 
 the Romans) commander of a hundred 
 men. 
 
 century (sen'tu-ri), n. 1. A hundred. 
 2. A hundred years. [L. centuria.] 
 
 cephalic (se-fal'ik), a. Belonging to 
 tne head. [Gr. kephale, head. ] 
 
 cephalopod (se-fal'o-pod), a. Having 
 feet or arms attached to the head. [Gr.] 
 
 ceraceous (se-ra'shus), a. Of or like 
 wax. 
 
 ceramic (se'ram'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's clay.] 
 
 cerate (se'rat), n. Ointment of wax, 
 oil, etc. — ce'rated, a. Covered with 
 wax. 
 
 cereal (se're-al). I. a. Relating to edible 
 grain. II. n. Grain used as food, 
 such as wheat, barley, etc. [L. cerealis 
 —Ceres, goddess of agriculture.] 
 
 cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um), n. Hinder 
 and lower part of the brain. [L. dim. 
 of cerebrum.} [the brain. 
 
 cerebral (ser'e-bral),a. Pertaining to 
 
 cerebration (ser-e-bra'shun) , n. 
 Action of the brain, conscious or un- 
 conscious. 
 
 cerebrum (ser'e-brum], n. Front and 
 larger part of the brain. [L.] 
 
 cerement (ser'ment), n. Cloth dip- 
 ped in melted wax, used as a wrap for 
 the dead. 
 
 ceremonial (ser-e-m5'ni-al). I. a. 
 Relating to ceremony. II. n. Outward 
 form; system of ceremonies. — cere- 
 mo'nially, a. 
 
 ceremonious (ser-e-mo'ni-us), a. 1. 
 Full of ceremony. 2. Particular in ob- 
 serving forms; precise.— ceremo'ni- 
 ously, adv.- ceremo'niousness, n. 
 
 ceremony ( ser'e-mo-ni) , n. Solemn 
 rite; formalities; the outward form, 
 religious or otherwise. [L. ccBrimonia.] 
 
 certain (ser'tin), a. 1. Sure; fixed. 2. 
 Indefinite; some. — cer'tainly, adv. 
 — cer'tainty, cer'titude, n. [Fr. 
 —Li. certus—cerno, determine.] 
 
 Syn. Assured ; determined ; regular ; 
 undoubted ; indisputable ; undeniable. 
 
 certificate (ser-tif'i-kat), n. Written 
 declaration of some fact; testimonial 
 of character.— certification, n. 
 [Fr.— Li. certus, and facio.] 
 
 certify (ser'ti-fl), vt. [cer'tifying ; cer- 
 tified.] Make known as certain; de- 
 clare in writing. [Fr. certifier.] 
 
 certitude (ser'ti-tud ), n. Certainty; 
 assurance. [L. co&ruleus— caelum, sky. J 
 
 cerulean ( se-rb'le-an ), a. Sky-blue. 
 
 cervical (ser'vi-kal), a. Belonging to 
 the neck. [L. cervix, neck.] [L.] 
 
 cessation (ses-sa'shun), n. Stopping. 
 
 Syn. Intermission; rest; interval; 
 
 respite; interruption; recess; pause. 
 
 cession (sesh'un), n. Yielding up. [L.] 
 
 cesspool (ses'pOl), n. Pool in which 
 filthy water collects. [Celt, soss-pool.] 
 
 chafe (chaf). I. vt. 1. Make warm by 
 rubbing. 2. Fret; wear. 3. Cause to 
 fret or rage. II. vi. Fret, rage. [Fr. 
 chauffer, heat.] [Ger. kaefer.] 
 
 chafer (cha'fer), n. Beetle. [A. S.ceafer. 
 
 chaff (chaf), n. 1. Covering of grain.2. 
 Empty, worthless matter.— chaff' y, 
 a.— chaff 'less, a. [A.S. ceaf.] 
 
 chaff (chaf), vt. Ban- 
 ter.— chaffing, n. 
 [Corr. of chafe.] 
 
 chaffer (chafer). 
 I. vt. Buy. 2. vi. 
 Bargain; haggle. 
 
 [M. E. cheap/are.] 
 ch af~" 
 
 fffi ii© h. (chaf- 
 finch), n. Song bird 
 of the finch family. 
 
 Chafing-dish (cha'- Chaffinch, 
 
 ting-dish), n. Ves- 
 "sel for cooking over an alcohol flame. 
 
 chagrin ( sha-grin' or sha-gren ). I. n. 
 Vexation. II. vt. Annoy. [Fr. ] 
 
 chain(chan). I. n. 1. Connected series 
 of links. 2. Number of things linked 
 together. 3. Anything that binds. 4. 
 Measure of 100 links, each one foot in 
 length. II. vt. Bind with or as with a 
 chain. [Fr. chaine—L,. catena.] 
 
 chair (char). I. n. 1. Seat for one, with 
 a back. 2. Seat or office of a presiding 
 officer. 3. Professorship. II. vt. Carry 
 one publicly m triumph. [Fr. chaire. 
 — Gr. kathedra.] 
 
 chairman (char'man), n. Presiding 
 officer. 
 
 chaise (shaz), n. Light carriage. [Fr.] 
 
 chalcedony (kal-sed'o-ni), n. Quartz 
 of a milk-and-water color. [ From 
 Chalcedon, in Asia Minor.] 
 
 chalet (sha-la'), n. Swiss cottage. [Fr.] 
 
 chalice (chal'is), n. Cup used for the 
 wine in the Eucharist. [L. calix.] 
 
 chalk (chak). I. n. Carbonate of lime. 
 II. vt. Rub or mark with chalk. — 
 chalk'y, a. — chalk'iness, n. [Lu 
 calx, limestone.] 
 
 challenge (chal'enj). I. vt. 1. Call 
 on one to settle a matter by fighting 
 
 fftte, fat, task, far, fa.ll, fare, above; mS, met, h§r; mite, mlt; n6te, not, move, wolf} 
 mQte, hut, btfcra; oil, owKthen. 
 
clialiis 
 
 87 
 
 chapbook 
 
 or any kind of contest. 2. Accuse; 
 object to ; call in question. II. n, 
 1. Summons to a oontest. 2. Excep- 
 tion to a juror. 3. Demand of a sen- 
 try. [O. Fr.— L. calumnia, slander.] 
 
 challis (shall), n. Light all-wool 
 fabric. 
 
 chalybeate (ka-lib'e-at), a. Contain- 
 ing iron. [Gr. chalyps, steel, so called 
 from the Chalybes, a nation in Pontus 
 famous for steel.] 
 
 chamber (cham-ber), n. 1. Room; 
 bed -room. 2. Place where an assem- 
 bly meets. 3. Assembly, as a cham- 
 ber of commerce. 4. Hall of justice. 
 5. Back end of the bore of a gun.— 
 chambered, a. [ Fr. chambre — L. 
 camera.] 
 
 chamberlain (cham'ber-lin), n. 1. 
 Manager of chambers. 2. Manager 
 of household. [From chamber and 
 
 LING.] 
 
 chameleon (ka- 
 me'le-un),7i. Liz- 
 ard famous for 
 changing its col- 
 or. [Gr!] 
 
 chamfer (sham'- 
 fer). I. vt. Bevel; 
 groove. II. n. Chameleon. 
 
 Groove; bevel. 
 
 chamois (sham'i or 3ha-moi'), n. 1. 
 Kind of antelope. 2. Soft leather 
 originally made from its skin. [Fr. — 
 Ger. gemse.] 
 
 chamomile. See Camomile. 
 
 champ (champ), vi. Bite; cnew; mash; 
 crunch. [From the sound.] 
 
 champagne(sbam-pan'), n. Sparkling 
 wine. [Made in Champagne, France.] 
 
 champaign (sham-pan'). I. a. Flat, 
 open. II. n. Open level country. [O. 
 Fr. champaigne.] 
 
 champion (cham'pi-un). I. n. 1. One 
 who fights for a cause or for another. 
 2. Successful combatant; hero. II. 
 vt. Defend; support; act as champion 
 of .— cham'pionship, n. [Fr. — L. 
 campus, field, place of battle.] 
 
 chance (chans). I. n. 1. Unexpected 
 event. 2. Risks; opportunity; possi- 
 bility. II. vt. Risk. III. vi. Happen. 
 IV. a. Happening by chance. [Fr.— 
 L. eadentia — cado, fall.] 
 
 chancel (chan'sel), n. Part of a church 
 where the altar is placed. [O. Fr.— 
 L. -cancelli, lattices.] 
 
 chancellor (chan'sel-iir), n. 1. Chief 
 justice of a court of chancery. 2. 
 President of a University. 3. Secret- 
 ary of State in an empire. — chan- 
 cellorship, n. [Fr. chaneelier — L. 
 cantseHlarius.] 
 
 chancery (chan'ser-i), n. 1. Office o\ 
 chancellor. 2. Highest English court. 
 3. In the U. S. a lower court of equity. 
 [Fr. chaneelier ie.) 
 
 chandelier ( shan-de-ler'), n. Hang- 
 ing frame with branches for holding 
 lights. [Fr. — L. candelaria.] 
 
 chandler (chand'ler), n. 1. Candle 
 maker and dealer . 2. Dealer in 
 provisions. — c h a n d' 1 e r y , n. 1. 
 Chandler's shop. 2. Goods sold by 
 a chandler. _ [Fr. chandelier.] 
 
 change (chanj). 1. vt. 1. Alter; make 
 different. 2. Put or give one thing 
 for another. 3. Make to pass from 
 one state to another. II. vi. Suffer 
 change. III. n. 1. Alteration; varia- 
 tion; shift; variety. 2. Small coin. 
 3. Short for "Exchange. "[Fr. changer 
 — L. cambire, barter.] 
 
 changeable (chanj'a-bl), a. Subject 
 or prone to change.— change'ably, 
 adv.— cbaugeableoess, n. 
 
 Syn. Fickle; inconstant; capricious; 
 wavering; erratic; variable. 
 
 changeful (chanj'fol), a. Full o! 
 change; changeable."— changeful- 
 ly, adv.— change'fulness, n. 
 
 changeless (chanj'les), a. Constant. 
 
 changeling (chanj'ling), n. 1. Child 
 taken or left in place of another. 2. 
 One apt to change. 
 
 channel (chan'el). I. n. 1. Bed of a 
 stream of water ; deeper part of a 
 strait, bay, or harbor ; strait or nar- 
 row sea. 2. Means of passing or con* 
 veying. II. vt. 1. Cut or wear into 
 channels. 2. Cause to appear worn ana 
 hollowed. [O. Fr. chanel — L. canaUs.] 
 
 chant (chant). I. vt. Sing. 2. Cele- 
 brate in song. 3. Recite in a singing 
 manner. II. n. 1. Song. 2. Melody. 
 3. Sacred music, in which prose is 
 sung. [Fr. chanter, sing.] 
 
 chanter (chant'er), n. 1. One who 
 chants; chief singer. 2. Tenor or 
 treble pipe of a bagpipe. 
 
 chanticleer ( chant' i-k ler ), n. Cock 
 [M. E. chaunte-cleer, from chant and 
 clear.] _ 
 
 chaos (ka'os), n. Confused, shapeless 
 mass; disorder; state of world before 
 it was reduced to order by the Creator 
 [Gr. chao, gape , yawn.] 
 
 chaotic (ka-ot'ik), a. Like chaos; con* 
 fused or disordered. 
 
 chap (chap), v. [ehan'ping ; chapped 
 (chapt) or chapt]. I. vt. Cut; crack 
 II. vi. Crack. [From root of chop.] 
 
 chap, n. See chaps. 
 
 chapbook (ehap'bok), n. Small book 
 or tract, carried about for sale (by 
 chapmen). 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
chapel 
 
 88 
 
 chary 
 
 chapel (chap'el), n. Place of worship 
 inferior or subordinate to a regular 
 church. [Fr. chapelle.] 
 
 chaperon (shap'e-ron). I. n. 1. Hood, 
 cap. 2. Lady who accompanies an- 
 other as a protectoi-. II. vt. Act as cha- 
 peron to. [Fr.— root of chapeau, hat.] 
 
 chapfallen (chop'ialn), a. Cast-down; 
 dejected. [See chaps.] 
 
 chaplain ( chap'lin ), n. Clergyman 
 attached to a ship of war, regiment, 
 public institution, or family.— chap'- 
 laincy, chap'lainship, n. [Fr. 
 chapelain.] 
 
 chap let (chap'let), n. Garland or 
 wreath for the head ; rosary. [Fr. 
 chapelei.] 
 
 chapman (chap'man), n. Dealer; ped- 
 ler. [A. S. ceap-man', dealer.] 
 
 chaps (chops), n. pi. Jaws. [Icel. 
 kiaptr, jaw.] 
 
 chapter (chap'ter), n. 1. Division of 
 a book. 2. Corporation of clergymen 
 belonging to a cathedral or collegiate 
 church. 3. Organized branch of a 
 society or fraternity. [Fr. chapitre — 
 L. caput, head. ] 
 
 char (char), vt. [char'ring; charred 
 (chard).] Roast or burn until reduced 
 to charcoal. 
 
 character (kar'ak-ter), n. 1. Letter, 
 sign, or figure. 2. Peculiar qualities 
 of a person or thing. 3. Reputation, 
 standing. 4. Person with peculiar 
 qualities. [Fr.— Gr. charasso, mark, 
 engrave. ] 
 
 characteristic ( kar-ak-ter-is'tik ), 
 eharacteris'tical, a. Marking or 
 constituting the peculiar nature. — 
 characteristic, n. Distinguishing 
 trait. — characteris'Hcally, adv. 
 
 characterize (kar'ak-ter-lz) , vt. 1. 
 Describe by peculiar qualities. 2. 
 distinguish.— characterization,^ 
 Syn. Mark; indicate; show. 
 
 charade ( sha-iHd' or sha-rad'), n. 
 Kind of riddle, the subject of which is 
 a word to be guessed from a written 
 or acted description of its several 
 syllables and of the whole. [Fr.] 
 
 charcoal (char'kol), n. Coal made by 
 charring wood under turf. 
 
 charge (charj). I. vt. 1. Lay on; im- 
 pose; intrust. 2.Fall upon, attack. 3. 
 Put to the account of. 4. Impute to. 5. 
 Command ; exhort. 6. Load, fill. 7. Fix 
 a price. II. n. 1. That which is laid 
 on; cost; price. 2. Load of powder, 
 etc., for a gun. 3. Attack, onset. 4. 
 Care, custody. 5. Object of care. 6. 
 Command; exhortation; accusation. 
 [Fr. charger — L. oarrico, load.] 
 
 Chariot. 
 
 chprgeable (charj'a-bl), a. Liable to 
 be charged; imputable; blamabie. — 
 charg-e'ableness, n. — charge', 
 ably, adv. 
 
 charger vchar'jer), n. 1. Large dish. 
 
 2. War horse. 
 
 chariot(char'i- 
 ut), w.l. Four- 
 wheeled pleas- 
 ure or state 
 carriage. 2. 
 Two - wheeled 
 vehicle used 
 in ancient 
 warfare. [Fr., 
 dim. of char.] [who drives a cirariot. 
 
 charioteer ( char-i-ut-er' ) . n. One 
 
 charitable ( char'i-ta-bl ), a. 1. Lib- 
 eral. 2. Relenting.— char'itably 9 a^- 
 Syn. Lenient ; kind ; generous. 
 
 cliarity (char'i-ti), n. 1. Love; good 
 will.' 2. Almsgiving. 3. Disposition to 
 think well of others. 4. Institution for 
 gratuitous aid, as a hospital. [Fr. 
 charitd—lu. caritas—carus, dear.] 
 
 charivari (shar-i-var'i, vulgarly shiv- 
 a-re'), n. Mock serenade. [Fr.] 
 
 charlatan (shar'la-tau), n. Pretendet 
 to knowledge or skill; quack. [Fr.— 
 Sp. charlar, jabber.] 
 
 charm (charm). I. n. 1. Spell. 2. 
 Something thought to possess hidden 
 power or influence. 3. Attraction. 
 II. vt. 1. Influence by a charm. 2, 
 Subdue by secret influence. 3. En- 
 chant; delight; allure.— char m'er, 
 n. One who enchants or delights. 
 [Fr. charme— carmen, song.] 
 
 Syn. Fascinate; enrapture; entice; 
 bewitch; transport; subdue. 
 
 cbarnel(char'nel),a. Containing flesh 
 or carcasses. [L. carnalis—car&, flesh.] 
 
 chart (chart), n. 1. Map ; outline. 2. 
 Tabulated account. [L. charta, paper.] 
 
 charter (char'ter\ I. n. Document 
 conferring or confirming titles,rights, 
 or privileges; patent; grant. II. vt. 
 1. Establish by charter. 2. Let or 
 hire, as a ship, on contract. [Fr, 
 chartre — L. charta.] 
 
 charter-party (char'ter-par-ti), n. 
 Mutual contract for the hire of a 
 vessel. [Fr. chartre-partie, divided 
 charter,as the practice was to divide it 
 in two and give a half to each person.] 
 
 chartreuse (shar-trus' ), n. Cordial, 
 made at the Carthusian monastery 
 Grande Chartreuse, France. 
 
 charwoman ( char-wom'an ), n. 
 Woman who does odd work by the day. 
 
 chary (char'i), a. 1. Careful. 2. Spar- 
 ing.— charily, adv.— chariness, ru 
 [A. S. cearig —cearu, care.] 
 
 fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, burii) oil, owl, then 
 
chase 
 
 89 
 
 chemlc 
 
 Chase. 
 
 chase ( chas ). I. vt. 1. Pursue; hunt; 
 drive away. IT. n. 1. Pursuit; hunting. 
 2. That which is hunted. 3. Ground 
 abounding in game. [Fr. ckasser.] 
 
 chase (chas), I. vt. 1. Decorate metal- 
 work by tooling. 2. 
 Cut into a screw. 
 II. n. 1. Case or 
 frame for holding 
 type. 2. Groove. 
 [Fr. chdsse—capsa, 
 chest.] 
 
 chasm ( kazm ), n. 
 Yawning hollow; 
 gap, void. [Gr. chas- 
 ma — chaino^ gape.] 
 
 chaste ( chast ), a. 
 Modest ; refined ; 
 virtuous; pure in 
 taste and style. — 
 chaste'ly, adv. — chaste'ness, 
 chastity ( chas'ti-ti ), ns. Purity. 
 [Fr.— L. castus. pure.] 
 Syn. Continent; undefiled; innocent. 
 
 chasten (chas'n), vt. 1. Free from 
 faults by punishing. 2. Punish. [O. 
 
 * Fr. chastier—li. castiaare— castus, pure.] 
 
 chastise ( chas-tia')» vt. 1. Inflict pu- 
 nishment upon. 2. Punish as a means 
 of correction, —chastisement 
 (chas'tiz-ment), n. 
 
 chasuble (chaz'u-bl), n. Uppermost 
 garment worn by a priest at mass. 
 
 chat (chat). I. vt. [charting; chat'ted.] 
 Talk idly or familiarly. II. w.Familiar, 
 idle talk. [Short for chatter.] 
 
 chateau (sha-to'), n. Castle; country- 
 seat. [Fr.] 
 
 chatelaine (shat'e-lan), n. 1. Hook 
 or clasp worn by ladies, with chain 
 attached, for keys, watch or purse. 
 2. Articles so attached. 
 
 chattel (chat'l), n. 1. Property. 2. Ar- 
 ticle of personal property. [O. Fr, 
 shatel— root of cattle and capital. 
 
 •Shatter (chafer). I. vt. and vi. 1. Talk 
 idly or rapidly. 2. Rattle rapidly. 
 
 chattiness (chat'i-nes), n. Quality or 
 state of being chatty; talkativeness. 
 
 chauffeur (sho-fur'), n. 1. Fireman; 
 stoker. 2. Expert machinist on an 
 automobile. [Fr.] 
 
 chauvinist (sho'vin-ist), n. Person of 
 exaggerated national aggressiveness. 
 
 cheap (chep),n. Low in price; of small 
 value. — cheaply, adv. — cheap- 
 ness, n— cheapen, vl. Make cheap. 
 [A. S. ceap, bargain. 
 
 Cheat (chet). I. vt. Defraud. II. n. 1. 
 
 Fraud. 2. One who cheats. [Etym. 
 
 doubtful.] [trick; fool; bamboozle. 
 
 Syn. Deceive; dupe; swindle; gull; 
 
 check (chek). I. vt. 1. Bring to a stane . 
 restrain, hinder. 2. Rebuke. 3. Tesii 
 accuracy by comparison. 4. Mark as 
 having been examined. 6. Put in 
 check (in chess). II. vi. Stop short; 
 pause; halt. III. n. 1. Anything that 
 checks. 2. Sudden stop. 3. Term in 
 chess when one party obliges the other 
 either to move or guard his king. 4 
 Mark put against items in a list. 5. 
 Order on a bank for money. 6. Check- 
 ered cloth. 7. Token serving for iden- 
 tification. [Fr. echec, chess.] 
 
 Syn. Bridle; curb; control; repress; 
 interrupt; rebuff; rebuke; tally. 
 
 checker (chek'er). I. vt. Form into 
 little squares; diversify. II. n. 1. 
 Chessboard. 2. One of the pieces used 
 in checkers. [Fr. <&£ig2«<jr,ch.essboard.] 
 
 checkers ( chek'erz ), n. pi. Game 
 played by two persons on a check- 
 ered board; draughts. 
 
 checkmate (chek'mat). I. n. 1. In, 
 chess. Check given to the adversary's 
 king when in a position in which it 
 can neither be protected nor moved 
 out of check, so that the game is nn* 
 ished. 2. Complete check; defeat; 
 overthrow. II. vt. Make a movement 
 which ends the game; defeat. [Fr. 
 ichec et mat — Pers. shdhmdt, the king 
 is dead.]_ [the eye. [A. S. ceace.] 
 
 cheek (chek), n. Side of the face below 
 
 cheep (chep), vi. Chirp. [From the 
 sound.] 
 
 cheer (cher). I. n. 1. Joy. 2. Shout 
 of approbation or encouragement. 3. 
 Kind treatment; entertainment; fare. 
 4. Luck ; tidings, n. vt. 1. Make 
 glad. 2. Comfort; encourage; applaud 
 by cheers. — cheerful ( cher'fol ), a. 
 Joyful ; lively. — cheer' fully iadv.— 
 cheerfulness, n. — cheerless, a. 
 Without comfort; gloomy.— cheer'- 
 lessness, n. — cheer'y, a. Cheerful. 
 — cheer'iiy, adv. — cheer'iness, n, 
 [M.E. chere, face, demeanor— Gr. kara, 
 head.] 
 
 cheese (chez), n. 1. Product of the 
 curd of milk. 2. Courtesy. — cheese- 
 paring, n. 1. Paring of the rind of 
 cheese. 2. Mean economy. [A. S. cese.] 
 
 cheesy (che'zi), a. Having the nature 
 of cheese. 
 
 cheetah (che'ta), n. Eastern animal 
 like the leopard, used, in hunting. 
 [Hind, chita.) 
 
 chef (shef), w-.Male head cook.— chef- 
 d'oeuvre (sha-afivr'). n. Master-piece. 
 [Fr.] 
 
 chemic (kem'ik), chemical (kem'i 
 kal), a. Belonging to Ghemistry. ^ 
 chemically, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; upte, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
chemicals 
 
 90 
 
 chime 
 
 Cherub. 
 
 chemicals (kem'i-kalz), n. pi. Sub- 
 tances produced by chemical process. 
 
 chemise (stie : mez'), n. Lady's under- 
 garment; combination waist-skirt. 
 
 chemist (kem'ist), n. One skilled in 
 chemistry. 
 
 chemistry ( kem'is-tri ), n. Science 
 which treats of properties of "subs- 
 tances, and of laws of their action one 
 upon another. [From alchemy.] 
 
 chenille (she-neT), n. Soft, velvety 
 cord. [Fr. = like a caterpillar.] 
 
 cherish (cher'ish), vt. 1. Protect and 
 treat with affection. 2. Hold dear, fos- 
 ter. [Fr. chSrir, chtriss- , —cher, dear.] 
 
 cheroot ( she-rot' ), n. Kind of cigar. 
 [E ty mology unknown.] 
 
 cherry (cher'i). I. n. I. Small stone- 
 fruit, usually red or reddish. 2. Tree 
 that bears it. II. a. Like a cherry in 
 color; ruddy. [Fr. 
 cerise— Gr. kerasos. ] 
 
 cherub (cher' ub), n. 
 
 1. Celestial spirit. 
 
 2. Beautiful child. 
 — pi. cher'ubs, 
 cher'ubim, cher'ub- 
 ims. [Heb. kerub.] 
 
 chervil (cher'vil), n. Kind of kitchen 
 herb. [A.S. cerfille—G&. chairephyllon, 
 pleasant leaf.] 
 
 chess ( ches ), n. Game played by two 
 persons on a board like that used in 
 checkers. [Corr. of checks; pi. of 
 
 CHECK.] 
 
 chess(ches),w. Kind of weed that grows 
 in wheat fields; cheat. 
 
 chest (chest), n. 1. Large strong box. 
 2. Part of the body between the neck 
 and the abdomen. [A.S. cyste.] 
 
 chestnut ( ches'nut ). I. n. 1. Fruit 
 growirjg in a prickly case. 2. Tree 
 that bears it. 3. Reddish brown color. 
 II. a. Reddish-brown. [L. castanea.] 
 
 cheval-de-frise ( she-val-de-frez'), n. 
 Piece of timber armed with spikes, 
 used to defend a passage or to stop 
 cavalry. — pi. Chevaux-de-frise (she- 
 vo-de frez'). [Fr. cheval, horse, de, of, 
 and /rise, FrieslandJ 
 
 chevalier (shev-a-ler' ), n. Cavalier; 
 knight; gallant man. [Fr.] 
 
 chevron (shev'run), n. Mark (V- 
 shaped bars) on a non-commissioned 
 officer's coat sleeve. [Fr.] 
 
 chew (cho), vt. Cut and bruise with the 
 teeth. [A. S. ceowan.) 
 
 chiaroscuro (kya-ros-ko'ro), a. and n. 
 Lightand dark; distribution of light 
 and shade in a pain ting. (Also: clair- 
 
 OBSCT7RE and CLARE-OBSCURE). [It.] 
 
 chicane ( shi-kan' ), ebica'nery, n. 
 
 Trickery. [Fr.] 
 
 chicle (chik), chicken (chik'en), n. 
 1 Young of fowls, especially of the 
 domestic hen. 2. Child. [A. S. cicen, 
 dim. of cocc, cock.] 
 
 chicken-pox (chjk'en-poks], n. Mild 
 skin-disease, generally attacking 
 children only. 
 
 chick weed (chik'wed), n. Low creep- 
 ing weed that birds are fond of. 
 
 chicory (chik'o-ri), n. Carrot-like plant, ' 
 root of which when ground is used to 
 adulterate coffee. [Fr. chicoree.] 
 
 chide (chid), vt. [chi'ding; chid; chid'* 
 den.] Scold, rebuke. [A. S. cidan.] 
 
 chief (chef ). I. a. Head ; principal; 
 first. II. n. Principal person; princi- 
 pal part-chief ly, adv. Principally. 
 — chieftain (chef'tin), n. Head; 
 leader. — chieftaincy, chief- 
 tainship, ns. [Fr. chef, head.] 
 
 Syn. Leading; supreme; special; 
 prime; grand; eminent; vital. 
 
 chiffonnier (shif-on-er f ), n. 1. Orna* 
 mental cabinet. 2. High, narrow 
 bureau. [Fr. — chiffon, rag.] 
 
 chignon (she-nyang'), n. Artificial ar- 
 rangement of hair at the back of the 
 head. [Fr.] 
 
 chilblain (chil'blan) n. Sore on hands 
 or feet caused by cold, [child and 
 
 BLAIN.] 
 
 child (child), n. 1. Human offspring; 
 infant, a son or a daughter. 2. Very 
 young person. — pi. chil'dren, off* 
 spring ; descendants ; inhabitants* 
 [A. S. did, conn, with kin.] 
 
 cbilde (child), n. Title of the son of 
 a noble, till admission to knighthood. 
 [Same as child.] [of being a child. 
 
 chlldhood(child'hod), n. State or time 
 
 childish (child'ish), a. Of or like a 
 child; silly; trifling. —childishly, 
 adv.— childishness, n. [dren. 
 
 childless (child'les), a. Without chil- 
 
 childlike (child'lik), a. Like a child; 
 becoming a child; docile; innocent. 
 
 chill (chil). I. n. 1. Coldness, shivering. 
 2. Anything that damps or disheart- 
 ens. II. a. 1. Shivering with cold. 2. 
 Slightly cold. III. vt. Make cold; dis* 
 courage.— chill'ness, n. [A. S. cyle.l 
 
 chilly (chil'i), a. Somewhat chill. 
 
 chime (chim). I. n. 1. Harmonious 
 sound of several bells or other mu- 
 sical instruments. 2. Agreement of 
 sound or of relation. 3. Set of bells. 
 It. vi. Sound in harmony; accord; 
 (with in) take part; agree. III. vt 
 Strike or cause to sound in harmony. 
 [L. cymbalum, cymbal.] 
 
 chime (chim), n. Edge or brim of a 
 cask or tub. [A. S. dm, box.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h6r; mite, miti ndte, not, move, wolf? 
 mute, trot, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
cnimera 
 
 91 
 
 choice 
 
 Chimpanzee. 
 
 chimera (ki-me'ra), n. 1. Fabulous 
 fire-spouting monster, with a lion's 
 head, a serpent's tail, and a goat's 
 body. 2. Any idle or wild fancy. [Gr. 
 chimaira, she-goat.] 
 
 chimerical (ki-mer'i-kal), a. Of the 
 nature of a chimera; wild; fanciful. 
 — chimer'ically, adv. 
 
 chimney (chim'ni), n. Passage for 
 escape of smoke or heated air, [Fr. 
 cheminee— Gr. kaio, burn.] 
 
 chimpanzee 
 (chim-pan'ze), n. 
 Large African 
 species of ape. 
 [Native Guinea 
 name of the ani- 
 mal.] 
 
 chin ( chin ), n. 
 Point of the low- 
 er jaw, be- 
 tieath the 
 mouth. [A. S. cinn!\ 
 
 China (chi'na), 
 n. Fine kind of 
 earthenware, originally made tn 
 China', porcelain. 
 
 chinch (chinch), n. 1. Insect very de- 
 structive to sprouting grain. 2. Bed- 
 bug. [L. cimex. 
 
 chinchilla (chin-chil'a), n. 1. Small 
 rodent with soft gray fur. 2. Its fur. 
 
 chine (chin), n. 1. Spine; backbone. 
 2. Piece of the backbone of a beast 
 and adjoining flesh for cooking. £Fr. 
 
 Chinese (chi-nez"). I. a. Of or belong- 
 ing to China. II. n. 1. Native of China. 
 2. Language of China. 
 
 *shink (chingk). L n. Rent; cleft; nar- 
 row opening. IL vi. Split; crack. [A. 
 S. cinu, cleft.] 
 
 chink (chingk). L n. Clink; sound of 
 coins. IT. vt. Give a sharp sound, as 
 coin. [From the sound.] 
 
 Chinook (chi-nok'). Dry warm wind 
 from west or north in n. w. part U. S. 
 
 chintz, chints (chints), n. Cotton 
 cloth printed in five or six different 
 colors and glazed. [Hind.] 
 
 chip ( chip ). I. vt. 1. Cut into small 
 pieces. 2. Diminish by 
 cutting away a little 
 at a time. II. »• Small 
 piece of wood or other 
 suDstance chopped off. 
 [Dim. of chop.] 
 
 chipmunk (chip' 
 mungkf, n. Small 
 striped chipping squir- 
 rel. [Am. Ind ] 
 
 chirographer(ki-rog' 
 i af ei ), chi rograph- 
 ist (ki-rog'ra-fist), 
 
 Chipmunk. 
 
 1. One who 
 
 professes the art of writing. 2. One 
 who tells fortunes from the hand. 
 
 chiro&raphy (kl-rog'ra-fi), n, 1. Art 
 of writing; penmanship. 2. Palmistry. 
 chirograph ic, a. [Gr. cheir, hand, 
 and graphe, writing.] 
 
 chiropody ( kl-fop'o-dl ), n. The re* 
 moval of corns, bunions, warts, etc.— 
 chiropodist, n. [Gr. cheir, hand, 
 and pous, godos, f oot.l 
 
 chirp (cherp), chirrup (cher'up). L 
 n. Shrill sound of certain birds and 
 Insects. II. vi. Make sUch a sound. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 chisel ( chiz'el ). I. n. Tool to cut or 
 hollow out wood, stone, etc. II. vL 
 Cut, carve, etc., with a chisel. [O. Fr. 
 cisel — L. seco, cut.] 
 
 chit (chit), n. 1. Baby. 2. Lively or 
 pert young child. 3. Germ of a se,ed. 
 [A. S. cith, tender shoot.] 
 
 chitchat ( chit'chat ), n. Chatting oi 
 id'e talk ; prattle. [A reduplication 
 of CHAT.] 
 
 chitterlings (chit'er-lings ), n. pi 
 Part of small intestine, fried for food. 
 
 chivalric (shiv'al-rik), chivalrous 
 (shiv'al-rus), a. 'Pertaining to cbival- 
 ry; bold; gallant. — chivalrously, 
 adv. 
 
 chivalry (shiv'al-ri), n. 1. Usages and 
 qualifications of knights; system of 
 knighthood 2. Deferential kindness. 
 3. Heroic adventures. [Fr. chevaleri* 
 — cheval — L. caballus, horse.] 
 
 chive (chiv), n. Kind of onion. [Fr. ctv+ 
 — L. c&pa, onion.] 
 
 chloral (klo'ral), n. Colorless strongly 
 hypnotic liquid,obtained by the actioo 
 of chlorine on alcohol or on starch. 
 
 chloride (klo'rid or klo'rid), ». Com- 
 pound of chlorine with some othe\ 
 substance, as potash, soda, etc. 
 
 chlorine (klo'rin or klo'rin), n. Pale- 
 green gas, with a disagreeable, suffo- 
 cating odor. [Gr. chloros, pale-green, j 
 
 chloroform (kl5'ro-farm). I. n. Color- 
 less volatile liquid, much used as an 
 anassthetic. II. vt. Administer chlo 
 rof orm to. [Gr. chlor- and L. formte 
 See formic] 
 
 chock (ch©k), n. Wedge under a cask, 
 to prevent it from roiling, [^choke. j 
 
 chock'-full(chok'fol), ch u c k f u 1 1* 
 ( chuk'fol ), a. Quite full; choke-full. 
 
 chocolate (Chok'o-lat), n. 1 Subs- 
 tance made of the ground beans of 
 the cacao theobroma. 2. Beverage 
 made from this substance. [Sp.— Mex- 
 ican kakahuatl. See oacao, cocoa.] 
 
 choice (chois). n. 1. Act or power of 
 choosing. 2. Thing chosen. 3. Pref- 
 erence. 4. Preferable or best part. 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, i/ien. 
 
choir 
 
 92 
 
 chromotypography 
 
 Cholera Bacilli. 
 (Highly 
 magnified). 
 
 II. a. Worthy of being chosen; select, 
 [Fr. choix — choisir, choose.] 
 
 Syn. Option; selection; exquisite; 
 volition; rare; precious; careful. 
 
 choir (kwir), n. 1. Chorus of singers, 
 esp. in a church. 2. Part of the church 
 appropudated to the singers. 3. Chan- 
 cel. [Fr. chceur—Gv. chores, .] 
 
 choice (chok). l.vt. 1. Throttle; suffo- 
 cate. 2. Stop, obstruct. II. vi. Be 
 choked, suffocated. [Ety. doubtful.] 
 
 choke-damp ( chok'damp ), n. Car- 
 bonic acid gas, so called by miners 
 from its often causing suffocation. 
 
 choler (kol'er), n. Anger or irascibi- 
 lity, once supposed to arise from ex- 
 cess of bile.— chol'eric, a. Full of 
 choler or anger; petulant. [Gr. chole, 
 bile.] 
 
 cholera (k°l'er-a), n. 
 Disease characteriz- 
 ed by bilious vomit- 
 ing and purging. 
 Asiatic cholera, fatal 
 disease caused by ba- 
 cilli. Cholera infan- 
 tum, dangerous sum- 
 mer disease among 
 infants . — chol'era- 
 ic, a. Of the nature 
 if cholera. [Gr.— chole, bile.] 
 
 cPioose(chqz), vt. and vi. [chose (choz) ; 
 chosen (choz'n).] Take one rather than 
 another; decide. [A. S. ceosan.] 
 Syn. Select; prefer; elect; adopt. 
 
 chop (chop), v. [Cbop'ping; chopped 
 (chopt).] I. vt. 1. Cut with a blow. 2. 
 Cut into small pieces. II. vi. Shift sud- 
 denly, as the wind. [Gr. happen, cut.] 
 
 chop (chop), n. 1. Act of chopping. 2. 
 Slice of loiu of pork, lamb, or mutton. 
 
 chop ( chop ), vt. Exchange or barter; 
 
 Eut one thing in place of another. [O. 
 »ut. koopen, buy. Same root as cheap.] 
 
 chop (chop), n. Jaw, generally used 
 in pi. [See chaps.] [chapfallen. 
 
 chopf alien ( chop'faln ), n. Same as 
 
 c hopper (chop'er), n. One who or 
 that which chops. [waves. 
 
 choppy (chop'i), a. Full of short rough 
 
 chopsticks ( chop'stiks ), n. Two 
 small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used 
 by Chinese instead of a fork or spoon. 
 
 choral ( ko'ral ), a. Belonging to a 
 chorus or choir.— Choral service, Ser- 
 vice of song. [From chorus.] 
 
 chord (kard). I. n. 1. String of a mu- 
 sical instrument. 2. Combination of 
 tones in harmony. 3. Straight line 
 joining the extremities of an arc. 4. 
 Tendon. II. vt. Bind with a cord. 
 IIL vi. Accord. [Gr. chordeJ] 
 
 chore (chor), w. Small job or bio ot 
 work about the house. [Same as chat/ 
 in aarwoman.] [a choir, 
 
 chorister (kor'is-ter), n. Member of 
 
 chorus (kor'us), n. 1. Band of singers 
 and dancers s esp. in the Greek plays; 
 company of singers. 2. That which is 
 surg by a chorus. 3. Part of a song 
 in which the company join the sing- 
 er. [L.] 
 
 chose (choz), v. Past tense of Choose. 
 
 chosen (cho'zn), v. Pa. p. of Choose. 
 
 chough (chuf), n. Kind of jackdaw 
 which frequents rocky places and the 
 sea-coast. [From the cry of the bird.] 
 
 chow-chow (chow'chow), n. Mixture 
 of pickles. 
 
 chowder ( chow'der ), n. Dish of fish 
 or clams boiled with salt pork, vege- 
 tables, etc. 
 
 chrism (krizm), n. Consecrated oil. 
 chrism al, a. Pertaining to chrism. 
 [Gr. chrisnia.] [robe 
 
 chrisom (kris'um), n. Christening 
 
 Christ (krist), n. The Anointed. Greek 
 name of Jesus, as the Messiah. 
 
 christen (kris'n), vt. 1. Baptize in the 
 name of Christ. 2. Give a name to. 
 [A S. cristnian, make a Christian.] 
 
 Christendom ( kris'n-dum ), n. 1. 
 Whole body of all the Christians- 2, 
 Civilized world. [A. S.] 
 
 Christian (kris'ti-an or kris'chan). I. 
 n. Follower of Christ. II. a. Relating 
 to Christ or his religion. — Christian 
 name, name given when christened, 
 as distinguished from the surname. — 
 christ'ianlike, a. christ'ianly, a 
 
 Christianity (krist-yan'i-ti), n. Re- 
 ligion of Christ. 
 
 Christmas (kris'mas), n. Annual 
 festival in memory of the birth of 
 Christ, held on the 25th of December. 
 [chbist and mass.] 
 
 chromatic (kro-mat'ik), a. 1. Relating 
 to colors; colored. 2. In music, pro- 
 ceeding by semitones. — chroma?/- 
 ics, n. The science of colors. jGr. 
 chroma, color.] 
 
 chrome (krom), chromium (k'.o f - 
 mi-um), n. Metal remarkable for the 
 beautiful colors of its compounds. 
 chromic, adj. [Gr. chroma, color.] 
 
 chromo (kro'mo), chromolstho- 
 g'raph(kro-mo-lith'o-graf) n. Picture 
 printed in colors from a set of stones. 
 
 chromophotog-raphy (kro'mo-fo 
 tog'ra-fi), n. Art of producing colored 
 photographic pictures. 
 
 chromo typography (kro'mo- ti-pog'- 
 ra-ti) ; n. Art of printing with type In 
 various colors. 
 
 fite, fftt, tfcfc, f &r, fftll, f&re, above ; me, m 
 ttute, but, buru 
 
 et, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wollj 
 ; oil, owl, tftei»- 
 
chronic 
 
 93 
 
 cinchona 
 
 chronic (kron'ik), a. 1. Lasting a long 
 time. 2. (Of a disease), deep-seated or 
 long-continued, as opp. to acute. [Gr. 
 chronikos — chronos, time.] 
 
 chronicle (kron'i-kl). I. n. Record of 
 events in the order of time; history. 
 II. vt. Record. — chron'icler, n. 
 Historian; writer of a chronicle. 
 
 chronology (kron-ol'o-ji,) n. 1. Science 
 of dates. 2. Record of events in order 
 of time. — chronolog'ic, chron- 
 ological, a. — chronologically, 
 adv. — chronol'oger, chronol'- 
 ogist, n. [Gr. chronos, time, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 chronometer (kron-om'e-ter) , n. 1. 
 Instrument for measuring time accu- 
 rately. 2. Clock; watch. — chrono- 
 met'ric. chronomet'rieal, a. [Gr. 
 chronos, and metron, measure.] 
 
 chrysalis (kris'a-lis), n. Form as- 
 sumed by some insects between the 
 larva state and the winged state.— 
 — pi. chrysal' ides. — chrys'alid, a. 
 [Gr. chrysalis— 
 chrysos, gold.] 
 
 chrysanthemum 
 ( kris-an'the-mum ), 
 n. 1. Genus of com- 
 posite plants to 
 which belong the 
 aster and ox-eye 
 daisy. 2. Cultivated 
 species of this ge- 
 nus. [Gr. chrysos, 
 gold, and anthemon, 
 flower.] 
 
 chrysolite ( kris'o-lit ), n. Crystal of 
 a yellowish color. [Gr. chrysos, gold, 
 and lithos, stone.] 
 
 chub (chub), n. 1. Short, plump body. 
 2. Small fat river fish.— chubby, a. 
 Short and thick.— chub'blness, n. 
 
 ehnch (chuk). I. n. 1. Call or a hen. 2. 
 Chicken, as a term of endearment. II. 
 vi. Call as a hen. [From the sound.] 
 
 c h n c k ( chuk ). I. vt. Strike gently ; 
 toss. II. n. Slight blow. [Fr. choquer, 
 jolt.] 
 
 chuck ( chuk ), n. Device for fastening 
 the wood to the '.mandrel of the lathe. 
 
 chuckle (chuk'l), vt. 1. Call, as a hen. 
 2. Chuck under the chin, fondle. 
 
 chuckle ( chuk'l ). I. vi. Laugh In a 
 quiet, suppressed manner. II. n. Quiet 
 laugh. [panion. 
 
 chum (chum), n. Room-mate; com- 
 
 church (church). l.n.l. Building for 
 Christian worship. 2. Whole body of 
 Christians. 3. Clergy. 4. Sect, denom- 
 ination. II. vt. Give thanks in 
 church.— ehurchianity (church-i- 
 an'i-ti),^. Tendency to promote the 
 
 Chrysanthemum. 
 
 interest of the church or clergy.rather 
 than spiritual welfare. — church'- 
 man, n. 1. Clergyman. 2. Member of 
 the Church of England or any church. 
 — churchwarden, n. Officer who 
 represents the interests of a parish. 
 [A. S. circe— Gr. kyriake, belonging to 
 the Lord,— Kyrios, Lord.] 
 
 churchyard (church'yard), n. 1„ 
 Yard round the church. 2. Cemetery. 
 
 churl (churl), n. Ill-bred, surly fellow. 
 — churlish, a. Rude; surly; ill-bred. 
 churlishly, adv.— churlishness, 
 n. [A. S. ceorl, countryman.] 
 
 churn (churn). I. vt. Shake violently. 
 II. n. Vessel in which cream is 
 churned. [Icel. kima.] 
 
 chute (shot), n. Inclined trough 
 through which objects slide to a lower 
 level; also used for amusement. [Fr.] 
 
 chyle (kil) , n. White fluid drawn from 
 the food while in the intestines.— 
 Gr. chylos, L juice— cheo, pour.] 
 
 chyme ( kim ), n. Pulp to which food 
 is reduced in the stomach. — chym'- 
 ous, a. [Gr. chymos—cheo, pour.l 
 
 ciborium (si-bo'ri-um), n. Vessel for 
 consecratedelements of Eucharist. 
 
 cicada (si-ka'da), n. Insect remarka- 
 ble for the sound it produces; com- 
 monly called locust. 
 
 cicatrice (sik'a-tr is), cicatrix (si-ka'- 
 triks),?i. Scar over a wound after it.is 
 healed. [L. cicatrix.'] 
 
 cicatrize (sik'a-tnz). I. vt. Help the 
 formation of a skin or cicatrix. II. 
 vi. Heal. [Fr. cicatriser.] 
 
 cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne), n. Guide. [It.] 
 
 cider (si'der), n. Drink made from 
 apple-juice; apple-wine. [Fr. cidre— 
 Gr. sikera, strong drink.] 
 
 cigar (si-gar'), n. Small roll of tobacco 
 for smoking. [Sp. cigarro.] 
 
 cigarette ( sig-ar-et' ), n. Finely-cut 
 tobacco roll*. 1 in paper for smoking. 
 
 cilia(sil'i-a), ~\pl. Hair-like appendages 
 on the edge of a vegetable or animal 
 body.-cil'iary, cil'iated,a. Having 
 cilia. [L. cilium, pi. cilia, eyelashes.] 
 
 Cimmerian (sim-me'ri-an) , a . Relating 
 to the Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have 
 lived in perpetual darkness ; ex- 
 tremely dark. 
 
 cinch (sinch), n. 1. Saddle-girth, fas- 
 tened in place by means of strong 
 strap passed through a loop in the 
 saddle and firmly knotted; hence, 2. 
 Sure grip or hold. 3. Game of cards. 
 [Sp. cincho, girdlej 
 
 cinchona ( sin-ko'na ), n. Bark of a 
 tree, from which quinine is extract- 
 ed ; also called Peruvian bark. [Kino- 
 kina, native word for bark.] 
 
 la^e. fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf: 
 mute, hut, burni oil, owl, then. 
 
cincture 
 
 94 
 
 circus 
 
 Cincture (singk'tur, or singk'chur), n. 
 1. Girdle, belt. 2. Molding round a 
 column. — cinctured, a. Having a 
 cincture. [L. cinciurd.) 
 
 cineration (sin-er-a'tion), n. Act of 
 reducing to ashes. [L. cinis, cineris.] 
 
 Cinnabar (sin'a-bar), n. Sulphuret of 
 mercury, called vermilion when used 
 as a pigment. [Gr. Mnnabari, a dye, 
 known as dragon's blood, from Pers.] 
 
 cinnamon (siu'a-mun), n. Spicy bark 
 of a laurel in Ceylon. [Heb. kmnamon.] 
 
 cinque (singk). n. Number five. ITT.] 
 
 cipher (si' fer), n. 1. Character 0; any- 
 thing of little value. 2. Interweaving 
 of the initials of a name. 2. Secret 
 kind of writing. II. vi. Work at arith- 
 metic. [Pr. chiffre — Ar. sifr, empty.] 
 
 Circean (ser-se'an), a. Relating to 
 the fabled Circe, who by magic 
 potions changed her guests into ani- 
 mals,; delusive, fatal. 
 
 circle (ser'kl). I. n. 1. Plane figure 
 bounded by a line every point of which 
 is equally distant from a point in the 
 middle called the center. 2. Ring. 3. 
 Series ending where it began. 4. Set 
 of people forming a social group. II. 
 vt. Move round; encompass. HI. vi. 
 Move in a circle. [L. circulus, dim. of 
 circus, ring.] 
 Syn. Circuit; compass; inclosure 
 
 circlet (serk'let), n. Little circfe. 
 
 circuit (ser'kit), n. 1. Act of moving 
 round. 2. That which encircles. 3. 
 Round made in the exercise of a cal- 
 ling, esp. by a judge or preacher. 
 [Pr.— L. circum, round, and eo, go.] 
 
 circuitous ( ser-ku'i-tus ), a. Round 
 about.— circu'itously, adv. 
 Syn. Sinuous^ tortuous; winding. 
 
 Circular (ser'ku-lar), a. 1. Round. 2. 
 Ending in itself. 3. Addressed to a 
 circle of persons. II. n. Note sent to 
 a circle or number of persons. — cir'- 
 cularly, adv.— circular'ity, n. 
 
 circulate (ser'ku-lat). I. vt. Make to 
 go round; spread. II. vi. Move round. 
 [L. circulo, circulat-.] 
 
 Circulation ( ser-ku-la'Shun ), n. L 
 Act of moving in a circle, or of going 
 and returning. 2. Money in use at 
 one time in a country. 3. Number of 
 copies circulated. [lar; circulating. 
 
 circulatory (ser'ku-la-to-ri), a. Circu- 
 
 circum- ( ser-kum ), 'prefix. Signifies 
 around, about. [LJ 
 
 Circumambient(ser-kum-am'bi-ent), 
 a. Surrounding. [L. circum, about, 
 and ambio, go round.] 
 
 Circumcise (ser'kum-siz), vt. Cut off 
 
 , the fore-skin (according to the Jewish 
 law.)— circumcision(ser-kum-sizh'- 
 
 un), n. 1. Act of circumcising. 2. 
 Jewish nation. 3. Perpetual purifi- 
 cation. [L. circumcido, cut around.] 
 circumference (ser-kum'fer-ens), n. 
 
 1. Boundary - line of a circle. 2. 
 Line surrounding anything. — cir- 
 cumferential, a. [L. fero, carry.] 
 
 cireumfleet (ser'kum-fiekt), vt. Mark 
 with a circumflex. 
 
 circumflex: (ser'kum-fieks), n. 1. 
 Mark ( ^ ) denoting a rising and fall- 
 ing of the voice. 2. Diacritical mark 
 in phonetic notation. [L. fiecto, flex-, 
 bend.] 
 
 circumjacent ( ser-kum-ja'sent ), a. 
 Lying around. [Li.jacens, lying.] 
 
 circumlocution ( ser-kum-lo- 
 ku'-shun), n. Round-about speaking; 
 evasive language. — circumlocu- 
 tory, a. [L. loquor, locut-, speakj 
 
 circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat), 
 vt. Sail around. — circumnaviga- 
 tion, n. [See navigate.] 
 
 circumnavigator ( ser-kum-nav'i- 
 ga-tiir ), n. One who sails round. 
 
 circumscribe ( ser-kum-skrib' ), vt. 
 Draw a line round ; inclose within 
 limits. [L. scribo, write.] 
 
 circumscription ( ser-kum-skrip'- 
 shun), n. Limitation; line that limits. 
 
 circumspect ( ser'kum-spekt ), a. 
 Cautious. — cir'cumspectly, adv. 
 
 — cir'cumspectness, circum- 
 spection, n. [L. specio, sped-, look.] 
 
 circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. 1. 
 Related fact; outward incident. 2. 
 Detail of minor importance. 3. (pi.) 
 Surrounding conditions; fortune, 
 means. [L. starts, standing.] 
 
 Syn. Event; fact; occurrence; pos*« 
 tion; situation; trifle. 
 
 circumstantial (ser-kum-stan'shal ), 
 a. Consisting of details; minute.— Cir- 
 cumstantial evidence : Evidence not 
 from direct testimony, but by conclu- 
 sion from related facts. — circum- 
 stantially, adv. 
 
 circumstantiate (se r-k um-s t a n'« 
 shi-at), vt. 1. Prove by circumstances. 
 
 2. Describe in detail. 
 circumvent (ser-kum- vent'), vt. %. 
 
 Outwit. 2. De- 
 ceive ; cheat. 
 
 — c i r c u m- 
 ven'tion, n. 
 [ L . v enio, 
 come.] 
 
 circumvent- 
 
 ive (spr-kum- 
 
 ven' ti v). a. 
 
 Deceiving by 
 
 artifices. 
 circus (ser'kus), n 
 
 Roman Circus. 
 
 1. Circular build- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tgll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
cirrated 
 
 95 
 
 clansman 
 
 ing for the exhibition of games. 2. 
 Place for the exhibition of feats of 
 horsemanship, acrobats, etc. 3. Com- 
 pany of performers in a circus. 4. 
 Performance in a circus. [L.] 
 
 cirratrd (sir'a-ted), a. Formed like 
 or provided with a cirrus. 
 
 cirrus (sir'us), n. 1. Tendril. 2. Curled 
 filament. 3. Light fleecy cloud. See 
 cut, under stratus. [L.=cur led hair.] 
 
 cisalpine (sis-alp'in), a. South of the 
 Alps. [L. cis, on this side, and alpine.] 
 
 cist (sist), n. Tomb made of stone 
 slabs. [See Chest.] 
 
 cistern (sis'tern), n. Receptacle or 
 reservoir for holding water. [L. ci- 
 sterndi cista, chest.] 
 
 citadel (sit'a-del), n. Fortress in or 
 near a city. '[It. cittadella, dim. of cittu, 
 city.] 
 
 citation (sl-ta'shun), n. 1. Official 
 summons to appear. 2. Act of quot- 
 ing. 3. Passage or name quoted. 
 
 cite (sit), vt. 1. Call; summon. 2. 
 Quote; name. [L. cito, call.] 
 Syn. Adduce; quote; repeat. 
 
 citric ( sit rik ), a. Pertaining to, or 
 derived from, lemons or citrons. 
 
 citizen (sit'i-zen), n. 1. Inhabitant of 
 a city. 2. Member of a state. 3. Private 
 individual as opposed to a public offi- 
 cial.-cit'izeiiship, n. State of being 
 a citizen. [O. Fr. citeain.] 
 
 citron (sit'run).w. Fruit of the citron- 
 tree, resembling a lemon. [L. citrus.] 
 
 eittern ( sit'ern ), cith'ern, n. 1. 
 Small ancient lute with eight strings. 
 2. Small modern harp-like instru- 
 ment, laid horizontally; zither. 
 
 city (sit'i),n. Large town; incorporated 
 municipality. [ Fr. cite", city,— L. 
 civitas, state.] 
 
 civot ( siv'et ), n. Perfume obtained 
 from the civet-cat, a small carnivor- 
 ous animal. [Fr. civette — Ar. zabad.] 
 
 civic (siv'ik), a. Pertaining to a city 
 or a citizen. [L. civicus—civis.] 
 
 civil (siv'il), a. 1. Pertaining to a citi- 
 zen or to the relations of citizens. 2. 
 Not military. 3. Not ecclesiastical. 
 4. Having the refinement of city-bred 
 people; polite. — Civil-service: Paid 
 service of the State, not military or 
 naval.— Civil war: War between citi- 
 zens of the same state. or country.— 
 civilly, adv. [L. civilis—civis.] 
 
 civilian (si-vil'yan), n. One engaged 
 in civil as distinguished from military 
 and other pursuits. [politeness. 
 
 civility (si-vil'i-ti), n. Good breeding; 
 
 civilization (siv-il-i-za'shun), n. 1. 
 State of being civilized. 2. Act of 
 civilizing. 
 
 civilize (siv'il-iz), vt. Reclaim from 
 barbarism ; elevate morally, intel- 
 lectually and socially, 
 
 clack (klak). I. vi. Make a sudden 
 sharp noise as by striking. II n. 
 Sharp sudden sound. — Clack-valve: 
 SinglftSflap valve used in pumps. 
 
 clad, v. Past and pa.p. of Clothe. 
 
 claim (klam). I. vt. 1. Call for. 2. 
 Demand as a right. 3. Maintain. II. 
 n. 1. Demand. 2. Right or ground for 
 demanding. 3. Thing claimed. — 
 claimant, n. One who makes a 
 claim. [L. clamo, call.] 
 
 clairvoyance ( klar-voi'ans ), n. Al- 
 leged power of seeing things not per- 
 ceptible to the normal senses. [Fr. 
 —clair, clear, and voir, see.] 
 
 clairvoyant ( klar-voi'ant ), n. One 
 who professes clairvoyance. 
 
 clam (klam), n. 1. Common bivalve 
 mollusk.— Clam - bake : Out-door feast 
 at which clams are baked in impro- 
 vised ovens. 2. Clamp. [A. S.=clamp, 
 vise.] 
 
 clamber ( klam'ber), vi. Climb with 
 difficulty, or awkwardly. [A.S. clam.] 
 
 clammy (klam'i), a. 1. Sticky. 2. 
 Cold, moist and adhesive.— c 1 a m'- 
 miness, n. 
 
 clamor (klam'ur). I. n. Loud continu- 
 ous outcry ; uproar. II. vi. Cry aloud 
 in demand; make a loud continuous 
 outcry.— clam'orous, a. Noisy, bois- 
 terous.— clam'orously, adv. [L.] 
 
 clamp (klamp). I. n. Piece used to fast- 
 en things together or to strengthen 
 framework. II. vt. Bind with clamps. 
 [From A. S. clam.] 
 
 clan (klan), n. Tribe under a chieftain, 
 having the same surname and a com- 
 mon ancestor. 2. Clique, sect, or body 
 of persons. [Gael, clann.] 
 
 clandestine (klan-des'tin),a. Hidden; 
 private.— clandestinely, adv. [L. 
 clandestinus—clam, secretly.] 
 
 Syn. Secret; stealthy; underhand; 
 furtive; surreptitious; concealed. 
 
 clang (klang). I. vi. Produce a sharp, 
 ringing sound. II. n. Sharp, ringing 
 sound. [From the sound.] 
 
 clangor (klang'ur), n. Rapid repeti- 
 tion of shrill, harsh sound. [L.] 
 
 clank (klangk). I. n. Sharp, metallic 
 sound, as of a chain. II. vt. and vi. 
 Make or cause a clank. 
 
 clannish (klan'ish), a. 1. Closely 
 united like the members of a clan. 2. 
 Narrow in social interests.— clan '- 
 hishly, adv.— cluu'nislmess. n. 
 
 clanship (klan'ship), n. Association of 
 families under a chieftain, [of a clan. 
 
 clansman (klauz'man), n. Member 
 
 f&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
clap 
 
 96 
 
 clear 
 
 Clap (klap). I. n. 1. Noise made by 
 the sudden striking together of two 
 things, as the hands. 2. Sudden act 
 or motion. 3. Burst of sound. II, vt 
 [clap'ping; clapped (klapt).] 1. 
 Strike together so as to make a noise. 
 
 2. Thrust or drive together suddenly. 
 
 3. Applaud with the hands. III. vi. 
 Strike the hands together ; strike 
 together with noise. [ A. S. clappian. 
 From the sound.] 
 
 clapboard (klap'bord), n. Narrow, 
 thin, planed board used for siding on 
 houses, overlapping the one below. 
 
 clapper (klap'er), n. One who or that 
 which claps or strikes. 
 
 claptrap (klap'trap), n. Trick to gain 
 applause. 
 
 clare-obscure ( klar'ob-skur' ). See 
 
 CHIAROSCUKO. 
 
 claret (klar'et), n. 1. Wines of alight 
 or clear color. 2. Red wines of Bor- 
 deaux. [Fr. clairet.] [clarifies. 
 
 clarifier (klarl-fi-er), n. That which 
 
 clarify (klar'i-fi), v. [ clarifying ; 
 clarified.] I. vt. Make clear. II. vi. 
 Become clear. — clarification, n. 
 [L. clarus, clear, and facio, make.] 
 
 clarion (klar'i-un), n. Kind of trum- 
 pet. [Fr. clairon—clair, clear.] 
 
 clarionet (klar-i-o-nef), clarinet, 
 (k 1 a r' i-n e t ), n Wind instrument 
 sounded by means of a reed fixed to 
 the mouthpiece. [Fr. clarinette, dim. 
 of clarion.] 
 
 clash (klash). I. n. 1. Loud noise, 
 such as is caused by the striking to- 
 gether of weapons. 2. Opposition; 
 contradiction. II. vi. 1. Dash noisily 
 together. 2. Meet in opposition. 3. Act 
 in a contrary direction. III. vt. Strike 
 noisily against. [From the sound.] 
 
 clasp (kiasp). I.n. 1. Hook for fasten- 
 ing. 2. Embrace. II. vt. 1. Fasten 
 with a clasp. 2. Inclose and hold in 
 the band or arms; embrace, twine 
 round. — clasp'er, n. That which 
 clasps; tendril of a plant. 
 
 clasp-knife (klasp'nif), n. Knife, the 
 blade of which is clasped by, or folds 
 into, the handle. 
 
 Class (klas). I. n. Rank or order of 
 persons or things. 2. Number of stu- 
 dents or scholars who are taught 
 together. 3. Scientific division. II. 
 vt. Assign to a class or classes; ar- 
 range methodically. [L. classis, class.] 
 
 classic (klaslk), classical ( klas'ik- 
 al ), a. 1. Of the highest class or rank, 
 esp. in literature. 2. Like the best 
 style of Greece and Rome; chaste; 
 refined. —class 'ic, n. 1. Greek, 
 Roman, or modern writer of the first 
 rank. 2. Literary work of highest, 
 rank.— class'ically, adv.— classic- 
 al'ity, n— class'icalness, n. 
 
 classification ( klas-i-fi-ka'shun ), n. 
 Act of forming into classes. 
 
 classify (klas'i-fi), vt. [classifying; 
 classified]. Arrange into classes. [L. 
 classis, and facio, make.] 
 
 classmate (klas'mat), n. Member of 
 the same class. 
 
 clatter (klat'er). I. n. Rattling noise; 
 repetition of short, sharp sounds. II. 
 vi. Make rattling sounds; rattle with 
 the tongue; talk fast and idly. [From 
 the sound.] 
 
 clause (klaz),7i. 1. Sentence or part of 
 a sentence. 2. Article or part of a 
 contract, will, etc. [Fr. — L. claudo, 
 inclose.]_ 
 
 clave (klav),#. 
 Past tense of 
 
 CLEAVE. 
 
 Clavicle (kl a V'- Right Clavicle, 
 
 i-kl), n. Col- 
 lar-bone, so called from its resem- 
 blance to a Roman key. [Fr. clavicuU 
 — L. clavicula, dim. of clavis, key.] 
 
 clavicular (kla-vik'u-lar), a. Pertain* 
 ing to the clavicle. 
 
 claw (kiaj. I. n. Hooked nail of a beast 
 or bird. 2. Whole foot of an animal 
 with hooked nails. 3. Anything like 
 a claw. II. vt. Scratch, tear. [A. S, 
 clawu.] 
 
 clay (kla). I. n. Tenacious ductile 
 earth; earth in general. II. vt. Purify 
 with clay, as sugar.— clayed, a. Con- 
 sisting of or like clay. [A. S. elceg. 
 Related to glue.] 
 
 claymore (kla'mor), n. 1. Sword 
 wielded with two hands. 2. Large 
 sword formerly used by the Scottish 
 Highlanders. [Gael, claidheamh, and 
 mor, great.] 
 
 clean (klen). I. a. Free from stain or 
 whatever defiles ; pure ; guiltless ; neat. 
 II. adv. Quite; entirely; cleverly. III. 
 vt. Make clean ; free from dirt. — 
 clean'ness, n. [A. S. cloene, bright, 
 neat, small.] 
 
 cleanly (klen'li). I. a. Clean in habits 
 or person; pure; neat. II. adv. In a 
 cleanly manner. — clean'liness, n. 
 
 cleanse (klenz) , vt. Make clean or pure. 
 
 clear (kler). I. a. 1. Pure; bright; 
 undimmed. 2. Free from obstriiction 
 or difficulty; plain; distinct. 3. With- 
 
 fate, fat, task, iilr, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
clearance 
 
 97 
 
 cling 
 
 out blemish, defect, drawback, or di- 
 minution. 4. Conspicuous. II. adv. 
 In a clear manner; plainly; wholly; 
 quite. III. vt. 1. Free from obscurity, 
 obstruction, or guilt. 2. Free; acquit; 
 vindicate. 3. Leap or pass by or over. 
 4. Make profit. IV. vi. Become clear; 
 grow free, bright, or transparent. — 
 clear'ly adv. — clearness, n. '[Fr. 
 clair — L. clarus, clear, loud.] 
 
 clearance (kler'ans ), n. 1. Act of 
 clearing. 2. Certificate that a ship has 
 permission to sail. 
 
 clearing (kler'ing), n. 1. Tract of land 
 cleared of wood, etc., for cultivation. 
 2. Method by which banks (or rail- 
 way companies) clear or arrange cer- 
 tain affairs which mutually concern 
 them. — Clearing-house : Place where 
 such business is transacted. 
 
 cleat (klet). I. n. Short strip of iron, 
 wood or other material. II. vt Fasten, 
 secure or provide with a cleat or 
 cleats. [From root of clot.] 
 
 cleavage (kle'vaj), n. Act or manner 
 of cleavingor splitting. 
 
 cleave (klev^, v. [clea'ving; clove or 
 cleft; eleven or cleft.] I. vt. Split; 
 separate with violence. II. vi. Part 
 asunder; crack.— clea'ver, w. Person 
 or thing that cleaves; butcher's 
 chopper. [AS. cleofan. L. Ger. kloeben] 
 
 cleave (klev), vi. [clea'ving; cleaved 
 or clave ; cleaved. ] Stick; adhere. 
 [A.S. clifian. Ger. kleben.] 
 
 clef (kief), n. Character in music 
 which determines the key or position 
 on the scale of the notes that follow 
 it. [Fr. = key.] 
 
 cleffc<kleft),w. Crack; 
 fissure; chink. [See 
 
 CLEAVE.] 
 
 clematis ( klem'a- 
 
 tis ), n. Creeping 
 plant, called also 
 virgin's bower and 
 traveler's joy. [Gr. 
 klema, twig.] 
 
 clemency (klem'en- 
 si), n. Readiness to 
 forgive; mildness. 
 
 byn. Mercy; forgiveness; leniency; 
 lenity; indulgence; tenderness; gen- 
 tleness; kindness; compassion; soft- 
 ness. 
 
 clement (klem'ent), a. Mild; merci- 
 ful.— clem'ently, adv. [L. Clemens.] 
 
 clench (klench). Same as clinch. 
 
 kleptomania. See kleptomania. 
 
 clergy (kler'ji), n. Body of ministers 
 of religion ; persons connected with 
 the clerical profession or the religious 
 orders. [Fr. clerge — Gr. kleros, lot.] 
 
 clergyman (kler'ji-man), n. One of 
 the clergy; one regularly ordained to 
 preach the gospel, and administer its 
 ordinances. 
 
 cleric (kler'ik), clerical (kler'ik-al), 
 a. 1. Belonging to the clergy. 2. Per- 
 taining to a clerk or writer. 
 
 clerk (klerk), n. 1. Clergyman; priest. 
 2. One who reads the responses in the 
 English Church service. 3. One em- 
 ployed as a writer or assistant in an 
 office. 4. (In the U. S.) salesman in a 
 store or shop.— clerk'ship, n. [A.S. 
 clerc, priest. See clergy.] 
 
 clever (klev'er), a. 1. Able; ingenious; 
 skillful. 2. Good-natured. — clev'er- 
 ly, adv. — cleverness, n. [Etymo- 
 logy doubtful.] 
 
 clew (klo). I. n. 1. Ball of thread. 2. 
 Thread that guides through a laby- 
 rinth; key to a mystery. 3. Corner of 
 a sail. II. vt. Truss or tie up sails to 
 the yards. [A.S.cliwe. Ger. kugel, ball.] 
 
 click (klik). I. n. Short, sharp sound. 
 II. vi. Make a light, sharp sound. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 client (kli'ent), n. 1. One who employs 
 a lawyer. 2. Dependent. — cli'ent- 
 ship, n. [Fr.— L. cliens—clueo, hear.] 
 
 cliff (klif), n. High steep rock; steep 
 side of a mountain. [A. S. clif, rock.] 
 
 climacteric(kli-mak'ter-ik or kli-mak- 
 ter'ik ), n. Critical period in human 
 life, in which great bodily changes are 
 supposed to take place, esp. the grand 
 climacteric or sixty- third year. [Gr. 
 klimax, ladder.]_ 
 
 climate (kli'mat), n. Condition of a 
 country or place with regard to tem- 
 perature, moisture, etc. [Gr. klima, 
 zone.] [a climate. 
 
 climatic (kll-mat'ik), a. Relating to 
 
 climax (kli'maks), n. 1. In rhetoric, ar- 
 rangement of terms so as to rise in 
 strength. 2. Highest point; culmina- 
 tion ; acme. [Gr. klimax, ladder— 
 klino, slope.] 
 
 climb (klim), vt. and m. [climb'ing; 
 climbed or clomb (klom).] 1. Ascend 
 or mount up by clutching with the 
 hands and feet. 2. Ascend with diffi- 
 culty. [A. S. climban.) 
 
 clime (klim), n. Same as climate. 
 
 clinch (klinch). I. vt. 1. Rivet a nail. 
 2. Grasp tightly: settle or confirm. 
 II. vi. Grappitf. III. n. 1. Act of clinch- 
 ing. 2. That which clinches or is 
 clinched. [Causal form of klink, 
 strike smartly.] 
 
 clincher(klinch'er),^. One who or that 
 which clinches ; decisive argument. 
 
 cling (kling), vi. [cling'ing ; clung.] 
 Wind round; adhere in interest or 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fal? fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
clinic 
 
 98 
 
 clout 
 
 affection. — clingstone, a. Haying 
 
 the stone adhering to the pulp. [A. 
 S. clingan, shrivel up.] 
 
 clinic (klin'ik), n. Instruction to med- 
 ical students with patient present.— 
 clin'ical, a. [Gr. Mine, bed—klino, 
 recline.] 
 
 clink (klingk). I. n. Ringing sound. 
 
 II. vt. Cause to make a ringing sound. 
 
 III. vi. Ring, jingle. [From the sound.] 
 clinker (kling'ker), n. 1. Cinder or 
 
 slag formed in furnaces. 2. Brick 
 burned glass-hard. 
 clip (klip), v. [clip'- 
 pmg; clipped.] I.vt. 
 
 1. Cut by making the 
 blades of shears meet. 
 
 2. Cut off. II. n. 1. 
 Clasp. 2. Flange. 3. 
 Blow. 4. Season's 
 shearing. [A. S. clyp- clip. 
 pan, from the sound.] 
 
 ■clipper (klip'er), n. 1. One that clips. 
 2. Sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel. 
 
 clipping- (klip'ing), n. 1. Act of cut- 
 ting off. 2. Thing clipped off, esp. arti- 
 cle of a newspaper cut out. 
 
 clique (klek), n. Group of persons in 
 union for a purpose ; party, faction, 
 gang, (used generally in a bad sense.) 
 
 cloak (klok). I. n. 1. Loose outer 
 garment. 2. Covering; that which 
 conceals; disguise; pretext. II. vt. 
 Clothe with a cloak; cover; conceal. 
 [O. Fr. cloque—lj. L. doca, bell. J 
 
 clock (klok), n. Machine for measur- 
 ing time, and indicating time by the 
 position of its "hands" upon the dial- 
 plate, or by the striking of a hammer 
 on a bell. [A. S. clucga, bell.] 
 
 clock (klok), n. 1. Gore inserted in a 
 garment. 2. Ornament on the ankle 
 of a stocking. 
 
 clockwork ( klok'wurk ), n. 1. Ma- 
 chinery of a clock. 2. Any complicat- 
 ed mechanism with wheels. 
 
 clod (klod). I. n. 1. Thick round lump 
 of earth or turf. 2. Stupid fellow. II. 
 vt [clod'ding; clod'ded. ] Pelt with 
 clods. [Dan. Mode, ball.] 
 
 clog (klog). I. vt. [clog'ging; clogged 
 (klogd). ] Accumulate in a mass and 
 cause a stoppage; obstruct; encum- 
 ber. II. n. 1. Obstruction. 2. Shoe with 
 wooden sole. [From root of clod.] 
 
 Cloister (klois' ter). I. n. 1. Covered 
 arcade forming part of a monastic 
 establishment. 2. Place of religious 
 retirement. II. vt. Confine in a clois- 
 ter; confine with walls. [O. Fr. cloistre 
 — Li. clauslrum — claudo, close.] 
 Syn. Monastery; nunnery; convent. 
 
 close (kl5s). 1. a. 1. Shut up; con- 
 fined ; uuventilated ; narrow; near 
 
 in time or place; compa 't , crowded 
 2. Hidden; reserved; craity it. adv, 
 In a close manner; densely III. h. 1 
 Inclosed place; small inclosed field, 
 2. Narrow passage of a street. — 
 closely, adv. — closeness, n. [Fr. 
 clos— L. claudere, claus-, shut.] 
 
 close (kloz). I. vt. 1. Shut. 2. Draw 
 together; unite. 3. Finish. II. vi. I. 
 Grow together. 2. Come to an end. 
 III. n. 1. End. 2. Grapple. 
 
 Syn. Conclusion; cessation; term- 
 ination; consummation; ending. 
 
 closet (kloz'et). I. n. 1. Small private 
 room; recess off a room. II. vt. Shut 
 up in, or take into a closet or room. 
 [O. Fr. closet, dim. of clos. See Close.] 
 
 close-time (klos'tim), n. Season of 
 the year during which it is unlawful 
 to catch or kill game and certain 
 kinds of fish. 
 
 closure (klo'zhor),n.l. Act of closing. 
 2. That which closes; esp. the putting 
 an end to a debate so as to proceed 
 immediately to vote on a question or 
 measure, in a deliberative assembly. 
 [Called also cldture, from the French. 
 
 Clot (klot). I. n. Mass of soft or nuj i 
 matter concreted, as blood. II. ?>*, 
 [clot'ting; clot'ted.] Form into clots. 
 
 cloth (kiath), n. 1. Woven material 
 from which garments or coverings 
 are made. 2. Clerical profession, from 
 their wearing black cloth. [A. S. clath. 
 Ger. Meid.] 
 
 clothe (kloth), vt. [clo'thing; clothed 
 or clad.] 1. Cover with clothes. 2. 
 Provide with clothes, [tides of dress. 
 
 cloth es(klo£A2), n. pi. Garments or ar- 
 
 clotliier (klo^/i'i-er), n. One who makes 
 or sells cloths or clothes, esp. for men. 
 
 clothing- (klo^Mng), n. Clothes, gar- 
 ments. 
 
 cloture (klo'tor), n. See closure. 
 
 cloud (klowd). I. n. 1 Mass of watery 
 vapor floating in the air. 2. Large 
 volume of dust or smoke. 3. Defector 
 blemish. II. vt. 1. Overspread with 
 clouds; darken ; stain with dark spots 
 or streaks. III. vi. Become clouded 
 or darkened. — cloud - hurst, n. 
 Limited, violent rain in large quan- 
 tity. —clou d'less, a. Without a 
 cloud. — cloudlessly , adv. — 
 eloud'let,?i. Little cloud.— cloud'y, 
 a. 1. Darkened with, or consisting of 
 clouds; obscure. 2. Gloomy. 3. Stain- 
 ed with dark spots.— cloudily, adv. 
 —cloud' iness, n. [A.S. dud, mass.] 
 
 cloist (klovvt). I. n. 1. Small piece of 
 cloth; rag. 2. Piece of cloth sewed on 
 clumsily^H. vt. 1. Mend with a patch; 
 .mend clumsily. 2. Strike with the 
 hand. [A. S. dut, from W. clwt, patch.] 
 
 fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; hie, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mdte,hut, brim; oil, owl, then. 
 
clove 
 
 99 
 
 cobalt 
 
 «love, v. Past tense of Cleave. 
 
 tflove (klov), n. Pungent, aromatic 
 spice, the unexpanded flower-bud of 
 a tree of the Moluccas. [From L. 
 clavus, nail.J 
 
 cloven (klo'vn), pa.p. of Cleave. 
 Split. Cloven-footed, Cloven-hoofed, 
 Having the foot parted or divided. 
 
 clover (klo 'ver), n. Species of grass in 
 which the leaf is divided into three 
 lobes. [A. S. clcefer.] 
 
 clown(klown),n. 1. One with coarse or 
 vulgar manners; a boor. 2. Profes- 
 sional jester; fool; buffoon.— clown'- 
 ish, a. Like a clown; coai'se and awk- 
 ward.— clown'ishly, adv.— clown- 
 ishness, n. [ Icel. klunni. clumsy.] 
 
 Cloy (kloi), vf. Fill to loathing; glut; 
 satiate. [O. Fr. cloyer, drive a nail 
 into; spike, as a gun— L. clavus, nail.] 
 
 club (klub). I. n. Association of per- 
 sons for the promotion of a common 
 object, as literature, politics, plea- 
 sure, etc. II. vt. [club'bing: clubbed.] 
 Join together for some common end; 
 share in a common expense. [From 
 Clump=Cltjster.] 
 
 club (klub). I. n. 1. Heavy tapering 
 stick; cudgel. 2. One of the four suits 
 of cards. 3. Small spar to which a 
 topsail is bent. II. vt. Beat with a 
 club. [From root of Cltjmp.] 
 
 club-foot (klub'fot), n. Short, de- 
 formed foot, like a c 1 u b. — club'- 
 footed, a. 
 
 cluck ( kluk ). I. n. Call of a hen to 
 her chickens. II. vi. Make the sound 
 of a hen when calling her chickens, 
 
 cine. See clew. 
 
 clump (klump), n. 1. Shapeless mass. 
 2. Cluster; thicket. [Dan. klump.~\ 
 
 clumsy (klum'zi), a. 1. Shapeless. 2. 
 Awkward.— clumsily, adv.— clum- 
 siness, n. 
 
 Syn. Ill-made; graceless; uncouth; 
 dumpy; bungling; unhandy; gawky; 
 ungainly; unbecoming; ine lega nt. 
 
 clungCklung), v. Past 
 tense of cling. 
 
 cluster (klus'ter). I. 
 n. Number of things 
 of the same kind 
 growing or joined 
 together ; bunch ; 
 mass. II. vi. Grow 
 or gather into clus- 
 ters. [A.S-I 
 
 clutch (kluch). I. 
 vt. Seize; grasp. II. 
 n. 1. Grasp, grip, 
 seizure. 2. Hand, 
 talon, paw ; that 
 which clutches. (See cut. ) [ A. S, 
 gelacean.] 
 
 Friction 
 Clutch Gear. 
 
 clutter (klut'er). I. vt. and vi. 1. Clot, 
 
 coagulate. 2. Litter. II. n. 1. Litter. 
 
 disorder. 2. Confused noise, clattei\ 
 clyster (klis'ter), n. Injection. [Gr.- 
 
 klyzo, wash out.] 
 co-, prefix, doubling a following I, in, n 
 
 r. Signifies together, with, within 
 
 [L. root of_cum, with.] 
 coach (koch). I. n. 1. Large, close. 
 
 four-wheeled carriage. 2. Railroad 
 
 passenger car. 3. Instructor. II. vt 
 
 1. Carry in a coach. 2. Train before 
 or direct during a contest r Fr. coche.\ 
 
 coadjutor ( ko-ad-jo'tur >, n. Assist- 
 ant; associate.— coadju'trix, ra. fern.'. 
 — coadju'torship, n. [L.—co with,' 
 ad, to, 'ariAjuvo, help.] 
 
 coagulate (ko-ag'u-lat). I. vt. Make 
 to congeal. II. vi. Curdle, congeal.— 
 coag-ula'tion, n. — eoag-'uliiti ve, 
 a. [L.— co, together, and ago, drive.] 
 
 coa| (kol). I. n. 1. Solid, black, com- 
 bustible substance dug out of the 
 earth, used for fuel. 2. Piece of com- 
 bustible material, burning, glowing, or 
 burned. II. vi. Take in coal. [A.S. col.] 
 
 coalesce (ko-a-les'), vi. Unite into one 
 body; associate. — coales'cent, a. 
 Uniting.— coalescence, n. [L. co, 
 with, and alesco, grow up.] 
 
 coalition(ko-a-lish'un), ^.Uniting into 
 
 a body; temporary union. [tion. 
 
 Syn. Alliance; league; confedera- 
 
 coaly (korl), a. Of or like coal. 
 
 coarse (kors), a. Rough: rude; gross. 
 
 —coarsely, adv. — coarse'ness, n. 
 
 [From the phrase in course, common.] 
 
 Syn. Large; unpolished; indelicate. 
 
 coast ( kost ). I. n. 1. Land next the 
 sea; sea-shore. 2. Border of a country. 
 II. vi. 1. Sail along or near a coast. 
 
 2. Slide down hill on a sled over snow 
 or ice. III. vt. Sail by or near to.— 
 coast'er, n. Vessel that sails along 
 the coast.— coast'wise, a. Along the 
 coast. [L. costa, rib, side.] 
 
 coat (kot). I. n. 1. Kind of outer gar- 
 ment. 2. Hair or wool of a beast. 3. 
 Vesture or habit; any covering. 4. 
 Membrane or layer. 5. Ground on 
 which ensigns armorial are portray- 
 ed, usually called a coat of arms. II, 
 vt. Cover with a coat or layer. [Fr. 
 cotte—L,. cotta,_tvmc] 
 
 coating- (kot'ing), n. 1. Covering; 
 layer. 2._ Cloth for coats. 
 
 c o a x ( koks ), vt. Persuade by fond- 
 ling or flattery; humor or soothe.— 
 coax'ing-ly, adv. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 cob (kob), n. 1. Thick round piece. 2. 
 Spike of an ear of maize. 3. Thick, 
 strong pony. [Akin to Ger. Jcopf, bead.} 
 
 cobalt (ko-balt), n. Brittle, reddish- 
 gray metal, usually found combined 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above j me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wol'j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
cobble 
 
 100 
 
 coequal 
 
 with arsenic and other minerals. [Ger. 
 
 kobalt—kobold, goblin,] 
 cobble (kob'l), vt. Patch up or mend 
 
 coarsely, as shoes.— cob'bler, n. One 
 
 who mends shoes. [O. Fr. cobler — 
 
 L. copulo, join.] 
 cobbler (kob'ler), n. 1. Large fruit 
 
 pie. 2. Summer drink of wine, sugar, 
 
 slices of fruit, and ice, imbibed 
 
 through a straw. 
 cobra de capello 
 
 (ko'bra deka-pel'o) 
 
 n. Poisonous snake 
 
 of the East Indies, 
 
 which dilates the 
 
 back and sides of 
 
 the neck so as to c b d Oanpllo 
 
 resemble a hood. Cobra de Capello. 
 
 [Port. — snake of the hood.] 
 
 cobweb (kob'web), n. 1. Spider's web 
 or net. 2. Any snare or device inten 
 ded to entrap. 3. Anything very Aim 
 sy . 4. Old dusty rubbish. [Wei. cob 
 spider,_and Web.] [American plant, 
 
 coca (ko'ka), n. Dried leaf of a South 
 
 cocaine (ko'ka-in), n. Alkaloid extract 
 ed from the leaves of the coca plant, 
 used as a local anesthetic. 
 
 cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. Scarlet dye 
 stuff consisting of the dried bodies of 
 certain insects gathered from the cac- 
 tus plant in Mexico, the W. Indies.etc 
 [Sp. cochinilla.] 
 
 cock (kok). I. n. 1. Male of birds, par 
 ticularly of the domestic fowl. 2 
 Weathercock. 3. Strutting chief or 
 leader. 4. Anything set erect. 5. Tap 
 for liquor. 6. Striking part of the 
 lock of a gun. II. vt. Set erect or up- 
 right. [A. S.] 
 
 cock (kok), n. Small pile of hay. [Re- 
 lated to Dut. kogel, ball.] 
 
 cockade (kok-ad'), n. Knot of ribbons 
 or badge worn on the hat. [Fr. co- 
 carde—coq, from its likeness to the 
 comb of the cock.] 
 
 cockatoo (kok-a-t5'), n. Kind of par- 
 rot with a crest. ' [Malay kakatua.] 
 
 cockatrice (kok'a-tris), n. Fabulous 
 animal with head' and feet of a cock, 
 and body of a serpent fO.Fr. cocatrice.] 
 
 cockchafer(kok'cha-fer), n. European 
 May-bug, an insect 
 most destructive to 
 vegetation. 
 
 cockle (kok'l), n. Weed 
 among wheat, with a 
 purple flower. 
 
 cockle ( kok'l), n. 1. 
 Shell-fish, having two 
 wrinkled shells, of a 
 heart-shape. 2. 
 Fire chamber of a furnace. (In pi. 
 chambers of the heart.) [Fr. coquille.] 
 
 Cockle. 
 
 cockney (kok'ne), n. 1, Spoiled child- 
 2. Byname for a native of the city of 
 London. 
 
 cockpit (kok'pit), n. 1. Inclosed space 
 where game-cocks fight. 2. Room in 
 a ship-of-war for the wounded during 
 an action. 
 
 cockroach (kok'roch ), n. Common 
 black beetle, infesting pantries, kitch- 
 ens, etc. [Sp. cucaracha.} 
 
 cockscomb (koks'kom), n. 1. Comb 
 or crest on a cock's head. 2. Plant with 
 a red flower resembling the comb of 
 a cock. 
 
 cockswain, coxswain (kok'swan, 
 colloq. kok'sn), n. Seaman who steers 
 a boat, and under the superior officer 
 takes charge of it. [Fr. coche, boat, 
 and swain.] 
 
 cocoa (kd'ko), n. 1. Powder made from 
 the dried beans of the cacao or choco- 
 late tree. 2. Beverage made from it* 
 [A corr. of cacao.] 
 
 cocoa (ko'ko), n. Palm-tree growing in 
 tropical countries, and producing the 
 cocoa-nut. Cocoa-nut or Coco-nut, (ko'» 
 ko-nut), n. Fruit of the cocoa-palm. 
 
 cocoon (ko-kon'), n. Egg-shaped 
 covering which the larvae of silk- 
 worms and some other insects spin, 
 [Fr. cocon— L. concha, shell.] 
 
 cod (kod), n. Spe- 
 cies of fish much 
 used as food, 
 found in the 
 northern seas. — 
 Cod-liver-oil, n. Cod. 
 
 Medicinal oil ex- 
 tracted from the fresh liver of the cod 
 
 cod (kod), n. Husk, shell, pod. [A. S 
 cod, small bag.] [2. Boil gently, 
 
 coddle (kod'l), vt. 1. Pamper; fondle, 
 
 code (kod), n. 1. Collection of laws. 2. 
 System of signs. [L. codex, tablet.] 
 
 codicil (kod'i-sil), n. Short supple- 
 ment to a will. — codicil'lary, a. 
 [L. codicillus, dim. of codex.] 
 
 codify (kod'i-fi), vt. [cod'ifying; cod'i- 
 fied.] Put into the form of a code. — 
 codifica'tion, n. 
 
 co-education ( c5-ed-u-ka'shun ), n. 
 Education of both sexes in the same 
 classes. — co-ed (co'ed), n. (College 
 slang.) Female student at a college 
 where both sexes are taught together. 
 
 coefficient (k5-ef-fish'ent), n. 1. That 
 wiucL acts together with another 
 thing. 2. Number of known quantity 
 prefixed as a multiplier to a variable 
 or unknown quantity.— coeffi'cien- 
 cy, n. — coefficiently, adv. [L. co, 
 together, andEFFiciENT.] 
 
 coequal (ko-e'kwal), a. and n. Same 
 
 as EQTJAIi. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf? 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
SPECTRUM AND COLOR 
 
 THREE PLATES SHOWING 
 
 THE SUN SPECTRUM COMPARED WITH 
 OTHER SPECTRA— PRIMARY COLORS 
 — THE SIX COLORS OF THE 
 RAINBOW WITH SIX IN- 
 TERMEDIATE HUES- 
 COMPLEMENTARY COLORS 
 — DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION OF A 
 POLYCHROMATIC SCALE 
 
PLATE VI. 
 
 o 
 
 ^O^PLEM ENT ARV CO t0/? 
 
 ^ 
 
 *'^*£si!^^ 
 
 THE PRIMARY COLORS 
 
 Copyright by WH.lee 1903. 
 
PLATE VI J. 
 
 THE COLORS (See Plate II). 
 
 The primary colors, from which all others can be made, are 
 red, yellow and blue, when speaking of pigments; they are red, 
 green and violet in reference to the spectrum. 
 
 The large disc shows : 1. In the center, the three primary 
 colors. 2. A six-rayed star representing the six rainbow (standard) 
 colors (considering indigo a hue of blue, not a distinct color). 
 3. A chromatic scale of 12 distinct hues, obtained by mixing the 
 primary colors in proportions varying by fourths. The scale on 
 the reverse of this plate varies by eighths or two-sixteenths. 
 
 Two complementary spectrum colors (as red and green, 
 orange and blue, yellow and violet), mixed, constitute a gray 
 light. In pigments two complementary colors form a pleasing con- 
 trast. Diagram A represents a disc showing the colors of the rain- 
 bow in the proportions in which they will blend into white when 
 the disc revolves rapidly around its center. If one of the colors is 
 cut out or covered up with black, the remainining colors blend 
 into its complementary color. 
 
 DIAGRAM A. 
 
 SPECTRUM OF THE SUN (I) 
 
 compared with that of the red star /3, of the twin stars in the constellation ol the Swan (2), 
 with that of illuminating gas (3), that of the gas of kaliurn or potassium (4), and that of the 
 gas of rubidium (5) , a metal which burns when thrown in water. 
 
 Solid and liquid substances, when incandescent, give a continuous spectrum. An incan- 
 descent gas (vapor) shows several narrow bright stripes separated from each other by broad 
 dark spaces. Each gas has its own distinct spectrum, thus affording an infallible means of 
 chemical analysis. The dark lines in spectra 1 and 2 (first mapped by Fraunhofer in 1814), 
 are due to absorption by gases. Thus we know that numerous (over 40) substances on the 
 earth are also in the sun, in gaseous state, and that the star /3 refensed to is a sun. 
 
 Copyright byWH.Iee 1903. 
 
PLATE VIII. 
 
 THE SCALE OF COLORS 
 
 Assuming 24 colors of the same brilliancy (light) and intensity (chroma), arranged in a 
 circle, each of them in uniform proportion related to the two adjoining colors,. being an exact 
 medium between them, they will form a well-graded chromatic scale of 24 distinct hues. 
 
 It is customary to begin with red (see arrow), and to proceed around the circle by way 
 of 'orange: but as the scale is continuous, the start may be made at any point. 
 
 If the gradation progressed by one-sixteenths, instead of two-sixteenths, as in the dia- 
 gram, we should have a scale of 48 hues. For all practical purposes, however, 24 colors are 
 sufficient. 
 
 Each of the above 24 fundamental colors oi hues furnishes a number of lighter (paler or 
 weaker) tints by admixture of white in various quantities. 
 
 Deeper (darker or heavier) shades of the 24 fundamental hues, and of their lighter 
 tints, are obtained by adding neutral gray or black in varying quantities. 
 
 Together with these tints aad shades, the 24 fundamental hues may be said to cover 
 completely the unlimited field of pigments, including the purples, browns, and grays. 
 
coerce 
 
 101 
 
 coincidence 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 coerce (ko-ers'), vt. Force; compel.— 
 coercion, n. Restraint; compulsion. 
 — coer'cive, a. Compelling.— coer'- 
 
 cively, adv. [L. coerceo—co, together, 
 
 and arceo, shut in.] 
 coeval (ko-e'val), a. Of the same age. 
 
 [L. co, together, and aevum, age.] 
 co-extensive (k o e k s - 1 e n ' s i v), a. 
 
 Equally ex- 
 tensive. 
 coffee (kof'e), 
 
 n. 1. Drink 
 
 made from 
 
 seeds of the 
 
 coffee-tree, a 
 
 native of 
 
 Arabia. 2. 
 
 The seeds. 
 
 [Turk, kah- 
 
 veh—Av. gah- 
 
 weh.] 
 coffer (kof- 
 
 er), n. Chest., 
 
 [Ger. Jcoffer, 
 
 trunk.] 
 cofferdam 
 
 (kof'er-dam), 
 
 7i. Water-tight barrier of timber. 
 coffin (kof'in). I. n. Chest in which a 
 
 dead body is inclosed. II. vt. Place 
 
 within a coffin. [Prom root of coffer.] 
 cog (kog). I. n. Tooth on a wheel. II. 
 
 vt. [cog'ging; cogged.] Fix teeth in 
 
 the rim of a wheel. [Gael, cog.} 
 cogent (ko'jent), a. Irresistible.— co'- 
 
 gency, a. Power of convincing.— co'- 
 
 gently, adv. [L.—co, and ago, drive.] 
 Syn. Convincing; potent; powerful; 
 
 compelling assent; forcible; strong. 
 cogitate (koj'i-tat), vi. Turn a thing 
 
 over in one's mind; meditate; ponder. 
 
 [L. cogito, think deeply— co, together, 
 
 and agito, put a thing in motion.] 
 eogitation ( ko,i-i-ta'shun ), n. Deep 
 
 thought; meditation. 
 cognac (kon 'yak), n. French brandy, 
 
 so called because made near the town 
 
 of Cognac. 
 cognate (kog'nat), a. Related to. ["L. 
 
 cognatus — co, together, and nascor, 
 
 natus, be born.] [edge. [L.] 
 
 cognition (kog-nish'un), n. Knowl- 
 cognizable (kog'ni-zabl), a. 1. That 
 
 may be known or understood. 2. That 
 
 may be judicially investigated. [O. 
 
 Fr. cognoissable.] 
 cognizance (kog'ni-zans or kon'-), n. 
 
 1. Knowledge or notice, judicial or 
 
 private 2. Observation. 3. Jurisdic- 
 tion. 4. That by which one is known, 
 
 badge. [O. Fr. — L. cognosco.] 
 cognizant ( kog'ni-zant or kon'- ), a. 
 
 Ha 
 
 Laving cognizance or knowledge of. 
 
 cognomen ( kog-no'men ), n. Sur- 
 name; third of the names of an indi- 
 vidual among the Romans, indicating 
 the house or family to which he be- 
 longed, as Publius Cornelius Scipio. 
 
 cohabit (ko-hab'it), vi. Dwell together 
 as husband and wife.— cobabita'- 
 tion, n. [L. cohabito — co, together, 
 and habito,_ dwell.] [he iv' ess ,n.f em. 
 
 coheir ( ko-ar' ), n. Joint heir. — co- 
 cohere (ko-her'), vi. 1. Stick together; 
 remain in contact. 2. Follow in prop- 
 er connection. [L. — co, together, and 
 hcereo, stick.] _ 
 
 coherence (ko-her'ens), coherency 
 (ko-her'en-si), n. 1. Sticking together. 
 2. Consistent connection between sev- 
 eral parts. 
 
 coherent ( ko-her'ent ), a. Sticking 
 together; connected; consistent.— co- 
 herently, adv. 
 
 cohesion (ko-he'zhun), n. 1. Form of 
 attraction by which particles of bod- 
 ies stick together. 2. Logical con- 
 nection. YLt._cohesio— cohcereo.] 
 
 cohesive (ko-he'siv), a. Having the 
 power of cohering. — cohe'sively, 
 adv.— cohe'siveness, n. 
 
 cohort (ko'hart), n. 1. Among the 
 Romans, body of soldiers about 600 in 
 number, a tenth part of a legion. 2. 
 Any band of armed men. [L.] 
 
 coif (koif), n. Covering for the head. 
 [Fr. coiffe—L,. cofia, cap.] 
 
 coiffnre (koif'ur),7i. Head-dress. [Fr.] 
 
 coign (koin), n. Corner, external an- 
 gle ; corner-stone ; wedge.— Coign of 
 vantage: place of advantage for obser- 
 vation or operation. [See coin.] 
 
 coil (koil). I. vt. "Wind in rings, as a 
 rope. II. n. 1. One of the rings into 
 which a rope is gathered. 2. Involve- 
 ment. 3. Spiral formed by winding. 
 [O. Fr. coillir — L. colligere — co, to- 
 gether, and legere, gather.] 
 
 coin (koin). I. n. 1. Piece of metal 
 legally stamped and current as money. 
 2. Metal money. 3. Any medium of 
 recompense. II. vt. 1. Convert metal 
 into money. 2. Form, as a medal, by 
 stamping. 3. Make, invent, fabricate. 
 [Fr.— L. cuneus, wedge.] 
 
 coinage (koin'aj), n. 1. Act or art of 
 coining. 2. Pieces of metal coined. 3. 
 Invention; fabrication. 
 
 coincide (ko-in-sid'), vi. Fall in with; 
 agree in opinion ; correspond ; be 
 identical. [L. co, together, in, in, an^ 
 cado, fall.] 
 
 coincidence (ko-in'si-dens), coinci* 
 dency ( ko-in'si-den-si ), n. Occur- 
 rence of an event at the same time 
 with another event.— coin'cident, a, 
 — coin'cidently, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fa,ll, fare, above; m8, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mflte, hut, b3ru: oil, owl. then. 
 
coir 
 
 102 
 
 collkmate 
 
 coil* (koir),/i. Cocoa-nut fiber for ropes 
 or matting. 
 
 coke (kok), n. Solid product of car- 
 bonization of coal. [Eng. dialect: 
 coaks, cinders.] 
 
 colander (kul'an-der), cullender 
 (kul'en-der), n. Strainer. [Sp. colador 
 — L. colare, strain] 
 
 cold ( k51d ). I. a. 1. Low in temper- 
 ature. 2. Suffering from low temper- 
 ature. 3. Without passion or feeling. 
 II. n. 1. Absence of heat. 2. Sensation 
 caused by the absence of heat. 3. Dis- 
 ease caused by cold; catarrh.— cold- 
 ly, adv.— cold'ness, n. [A.S. ceald.] 
 Syn. Frigid; chilly; chill; bleak; 
 icy; unfeeling; heartless. 
 
 colttisn_(kold'ish), a. Somewhat cold. 
 
 cole ( kol ), n. General name for ail 
 kinds of cabbage. [A. S. cawel.] 
 
 coleoptera (kol-e-op'ter-a), n. pi. 
 Order of insecis having two pairs of 
 wings, the outer being hard or horny, 
 serving as wing-cases for the true 
 wings, (as the beetle.) [Gr. koleos, 
 sheath, and ptera, wing.] 
 
 coleopterous ( kol-e-op'ter-us ), a. 
 Sheath-winged. 
 
 colewort (kol'wurt), n. Common cab- 
 bage,especially if cut, before the head 
 is formed. [A. S. wyrt, plant.] 
 
 colic (kol'ik), n. Disorder of the colon.; 
 acute pain in the bowels. 
 
 coliseum. See Colosseum. 
 
 collaborate (kol-lab'o-rat), vi. Work 
 jointly or together. 
 
 collaborator (kol-lab'5-ra-tur), n. As- 
 sociate in labor, particularly literary 
 or scientific. [L.] 
 
 collapse (kol-laps'). I. n. Sudden or 
 complete breakdown; prostration. II. 
 vi. 1. Fall or break down. 2. Go to 
 ruin; succumb. [L. co, in a heap, and 
 lapsus, fall.] 
 
 collar (kol'ar). I. n. 1. Something 
 worn around the neck; the part of a 
 garment at the neck. 2. Ring, band. 
 II. vt. 1. Seize by the collar. 2. Put 
 on a collar. [Fr. collier.'] 
 
 collar-bone (kol'ar-bon), n. Clavicle. 
 
 collate (kol-laf), vt. 1. Examine and 
 compare, as books or old manuscripts. 
 2. Place in order, as the sheets of a 
 book for binding. [L. collatus, — co, 
 together, and latus, brought.] 
 
 collateral (kol-lat'ei-al). La. 1. Run- 
 ning parallel or side by side. 2. De- 
 scended from the same ancestor, but 
 not directly, as the children of broth- 
 ers. 3. Accompanying, secondary. II. 
 n. 1. Collateral relation. 2. Object of 
 value pledged as security, collat'- 
 erally, adv. [L. co, with, and latus, 
 later-, side.] 
 
 collation (kol-la'shun), n. 1. Bringing 
 together, for examination and com- 
 parison. 2. Repast beween meals. 
 
 colleague (kol'eg). I. n. Associate in 
 office or profession. It. vi. Combine. 
 [L. collega—co, and lego, send.] 
 Syn. Assistant; coadjutor; helper. 
 
 collect (kol-lekf). I. vt. 1. Bring to- 
 gether. 2. Call for and obtain, as 
 money due. II. vi. Run together ; 
 accumulate. [From L. collect— co, to- 
 gether, and lego, gather.] 
 
 collect (koi'ekt), n. Short and com- 
 prehensive prayer in the service of the 
 R. Catholic and Anglican Churches. 
 
 collected (kol-lek'ted), a. I. Gatnered 
 together. 2. Having one's senses 
 gathei-ed together; cool; firm. — col- 
 lect'edly, adv.— collect'edtiess, n. 
 
 collection (kol-lek'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 collecting. 2. That which is collected. 
 
 collective (kol-lek'tiv), a. 1. Consider- 
 ed as forming one mass or sum. 2. 
 In grammar, expressing a number or 
 multitude. — Collective note: Iu diplo- 
 macy, official communication signed 
 by the representatives of several 
 governments. — collect'ively, adv. 
 — collect'iveness, n. 
 
 collector (kol-lek'tur ), n. One who 
 collects.-- collect'Orate, n. — col- 
 lect'orship, n. 
 
 college(kol'ej), n. 1. Any association of 
 men with certain privileges or a com- 
 mon pursuit, as a college of heralds, 
 or of cardinals. 2. School for advanced 
 learning. 3. Literary, political, or 
 religious institution. 4. Edifice ap- 
 propriated to a college. [Fr. collige — 
 L. collegium, from co, and lego.] 
 
 collegian (kol-lg'ji-an), n. 1. Member 
 of a college. 2. Student at a college. 
 
 collegiate (kol-le'ji-at). I. a. 1. Per- 
 taining to or resembling a college. 2. 
 Containing a college, as a town. 3. 
 Instituted like a 
 college. II. n. Mem- 
 ber of a college. 
 
 collide (kol-lld'), 
 vi. Strike or dash 
 together. [L. col- 
 lido.] 
 
 collie, colly 
 (kol'i), n. Shep- 
 herd's dog. [Gael. 
 cuilean, whelp.l 
 
 collier (kol'yer), n. 
 1. One who works 
 in a coal-mine. 2. 
 Ship carrying coal. 
 
 colliery (kol'yer-i),_ra. Coal-mine. 
 
 collimate ( kol'i-mat ), vt. Focus an 
 object-glass by means of a cross of 
 fine wires. 
 
 Scotch collie. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
collision 
 
 103 
 
 columbine 
 
 collision (kol-lizh'un), n. Striking to- 
 gether; conflict; opposition. 
 
 J collocate (kol'o-kat), vt. l. Place to- 
 gether. 2. Place. — collocation, n. 
 [From L. collocat-, — co, together, and 
 loco, place. ] 
 
 collodion (kol-lo'di-un), n. Gluey solu- 
 tion of guncotton in alcohol and ether 
 used in surgery and photography. [Gr. 
 holla, glue, and eidos, form.] 
 
 colloquial (kol-lo'kwi-al), a. Used in 
 common conversation.' — collo'qui- 
 filly, adv.— collo'q uialis ub, n. 
 Familiar form of expression. 
 
 colloquy (kol'o-kwi ), n. Conversa- 
 tion. [L. colloquium— go, together, and 
 loquor, speak.] 
 
 collude (kol- 16d')> vi. Play into each 
 other's hand; act in concert, esp. in 
 a fraud. [L. — co, and ludo, play.] 
 
 collusion (kol-16'zhun), n. Act of col- 
 luding; secret agreement to deceive. 
 [L. collusio.] 
 
 collusive (kol-16'siv), a. Fraudulently 
 concerted ; deceitful.— collu'sively, 
 adv.— collusiveness, n. 
 
 colocola ( kol-o-ko'la), n. Ferocious 
 South American wild cat. 
 
 colocyntli (kol'o-sinth), n. Purgative, 
 made of the gourd-like fruit of a plant 
 of the same name. [Gr.] 
 
 cologne (ko-lon'), n. Perfumed spirit, 
 first made at Cologne, Germany. 
 
 colon (ko'lon), n. Mark ( : ) used to 
 indicate a distinct member or clause 
 of a sentence. TGr. kolon. mem her.] 
 
 colon (ko'lon), n. The large division 
 of intestinal canal. [Gr.] 
 
 colonel (kur'nel), n. Officer who has 
 command of a regiment. — colonel - 
 cy (kur'nel-si), n. His office or rank. 
 [It. colonello, leader of a column.] 
 
 colonial (kol-o'ni-al), a. Pertainiug 
 to a colony. [a colony. 
 
 colonist (kol'on-ist), n. Inhabitant of 
 
 colonization (kol-on-i-za'shun), n. 1. 
 Act or practice of colonizing. 2. State 
 of being colonized. 
 
 colonize (kol'on-iz), vt. Plant or es- 
 tablish a colony in. ■ 
 
 colonnade (kol-on-nad'), n. Range of 
 columns placed at regular intervals. 
 [Fr. — L. columna.] 
 
 colony (kol'on-i), n. 1. Body of persons 
 forming a fixed settlement in a foreign 
 country. 2. Settlement so formed. 
 [Li. colonia—colo, till.] 
 
 color (kul'ur). I. n. 1. Property of light 
 which causes bodies to have different 
 appearances to the eye. 2. Hue or ap- 
 pearance which bodies present to the 
 eye. 3. Appearance of blood in the 
 lace. 4. Tint. 5. Paint or pigment. 
 6. False show. 7. Kind.— pi. Flag, en- 
 
 sign, standard. II. vl. 1. Put color on; 
 stain; paint.. 2. Set in a fair light. 
 3. Exaggerate. III. vi. Show color; 
 blush. [Li. color — celo, cover, conceal.] 
 
 colorable (kul'ur-a-bl), a. Having £ 
 fair appearance; designed to conceal; 
 plausible ; specious. -col'orably, adv. 
 
 color-blindness (kul'ur -blind'nes) . n. 
 Defect of the eyesight by which one is 
 unable to distinguish between colors, 
 esp. between red, or green, and gray. 
 
 colored(kul'urd), a. 1. Having a color. 
 2. Having some other hue than white 
 or black. 3. Belonging to the African 
 race. 4. Not of the white race. 
 
 coloring* (kul'ur-ing), n. 1. Any subs- 
 tance used as color. 2. Manner of ap- 
 r>iving colors. 3. Specious appearance. 
 
 colorless (kul'ur-les;, u. »viua.... 
 color; plain; white; transparent. 
 
 color-sergeant ( kul'ur-sar'jent ), n. 
 Sergeant who guards the colors of a 
 regiment. 
 
 colossal ( ko-los'- 
 al), a. Like a co- 
 lossus; gigantic. 
 
 Colosseum (k o 1- 
 os-se'um ), n. 1. 
 Amphitheater in 
 Rome. 2. Any 
 large amphi- 
 theater. 
 
 colossus ( ko-los'- 
 us), n. Gigantic 
 statue, partieu- 
 larly that of 
 Apollo, which 
 stood at t h e en- 
 trance of the harbor of Rhodes. 2. 
 Any gigantic body. [L.— Gr. kolossos.] 
 
 colportag-e (kol'port-aj), n. Distribu- 
 tion of books, etc., by colporteurs. 
 
 colporteur, colporter (kol'port-er), 
 n. Pedler, particularly one who travels 
 for the sale of tracts and books. [Fr. 
 colporteur.'] 
 
 colt (kolt), n. 1. Young horse. 2. 
 Young of animal similar to a horse, 
 or an ass.— colt'ish, a. Like a colt; 
 frisky; wanton. [AS. Akin to child.] 
 
 colter, coulter (kol'ter), n. Fore-iron 
 of a plow. [L. culter, knife.] 
 
 colts-foot ( koltz'fot ), n. Plant with 
 large soft leaves, once used in medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Columbian (ko-lum'bi-an), a. Pertain- 
 ing to Columbia, a poetical name of 
 America, after Columbus, its dis- 
 coverer. 
 
 columbine (kol'um-bin). I. a. 1. Of 
 or like a dove. 2. Dove-colored. II. n. 
 1. Genus of plants 2. Kind of violet 
 or dove color. 3. Heroine in a panto- 
 mime. [Fr.— L. columba, dove.) 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
column 
 
 104 
 
 commandment 
 
 Column 
 
 column (kol'um), n. 1. Long, round 
 body, used to support or adorn a build- 
 ing. 2. Anything like a column, as a 
 body of troops 
 drawn up in 
 deep files; per- 
 pendicular 
 row of lines in 
 a book; verti- 
 cal series of 
 figures, etc. 
 [Li. columna.] 
 
 columnar (ko- 
 lum'nar), a. 1. 
 Formed in col- 
 umns. 2. Hav- 
 ing the form 
 of a column. 
 
 com-, prefix. See co. 
 
 coma (ko'ma), n. Morbid deep sleep: 
 stupor; lethargy. [Gr.] 
 
 comatose ( ko'ma-tos or kom'- ), co- 
 imatous ( ko'ma-tos n. Affected with 
 coma; in a state of stupor; drowsy. 
 
 comb (kom). I. n. 1. Toothed instru- 
 ment for separating and cleaning 
 hair, wool, flax, etc. 2. Crest of a cock. 
 
 3. Top or crest of a wave or of a hill. 
 
 4. Honey. II. vt. Separate, arrange, or 
 clean by means of a comb. [A.S. cam.] 
 
 combat (kom'bat or kum'bat). I. vt. 
 Contend, struggle with; contest. II. n. 
 Struggle; battle, fight.-eom'batant. 
 I. a. Disposed or inclined to combat. 
 IT. n. One who fights or combats.— 
 combative, a. Inclined to quarrel 
 or fight.— com'bativeness, n. [Fr. 
 combattre, fight.] [wool, etc. 
 
 comber (kom'er), n. One who combs 
 
 combination (kom-bi-na'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of combining; union. 2. Number 
 of persons or things united ; mixture. 
 3. Arrangement in a group. 
 
 Syn. Cabal; alliance; league; con- 
 federation; confederacy; intrigue; 
 plot;, -junto; conspiracy; trust; ring. 
 
 combine(kom-bin').I. vt. andw, l.Join 
 together; unite. 'Z. In chem. Unite and 
 form a new compound. II. n. Combi- 
 nation. [L,.— co, and bini, two and two.] 
 
 combustible ( kom-bus'ti-bl ). I. a. 
 Tnat may burn; liable to take fire. II. 
 n. Anything that will burn.. — com- 
 bus'tibleness, combustibility, 
 ns. Capability of being burned. [L. 
 combust-, consume,— co, and uro, burn.] 
 
 combustion (kom-bust'yun), n. Burn- 
 ing; consumption by fire. 
 
 come (kum), vi. [com'ing ; came (kam) ; 
 come (kum). 1. Move toward this 
 place (opp. of go) ; draw near. 2. Ar- 
 rive. 3. Issue. 4._Happen. [A.S. cuman.] 
 
 comedian ( ko-me'di-an ), n. 1. One 
 who acts or writes comedies. 2. Actor. 
 
 comedy (kom'e-di), n. Dramatic piece 
 of a pleasant or humorous character, 
 orig. accomp. with dancing and sing- 
 ing. [L. co?ncedia— Gr. komodia,) a ludi- 
 crous spectacle — homos, revel, and 
 ode, song.] 
 
 comely (kum'li). I. a. Pleasing; grace- 
 ful; handsome. II. adv. In a comely 
 manner.— comeliness, n. [A.S. 
 cymlic, suitable — 
 come, aud tic, like.] 
 
 comet (kom'et), n. 
 Heavenly body with 
 an eccentric orbit 
 and a luminous tail. 
 
 — com'etary, a. 
 [ Gr. kometes, long 
 haired— home, hair.] 
 
 COnifit ( kum'f it ), Donati's Comet, 
 comfiture (kum'-fi- October, 1858. 
 
 tar), n. Sweetmeat. 
 
 [Fr.— L. conficio, make up.] 
 comfort (kum'furt). I. vt. Relieve 
 
 from pain or distress; cheer. — II. n. 
 
 Relief; ease; whatever gives ease, etc. 
 
 — com'fortable, a Imparting or 
 enjoying comfort. — com'fortably, 
 adv. — com'forter, n. — com'fort- 
 less, a. [O. Fr. conforter—L,. co, and 
 fortis, strong.] 
 
 Syn. Console; solace; strengthen; 
 encourage; gladden; refresh. 
 
 comic (kom'ik), comical (kom'ik-al), 
 a. Relating to comedy; raising mirth; 
 droll.— com'ically, adv.— comical- 
 ity, n — com'icalness, n. 
 
 comity (kom'i-ti), n. Courteousness ; 
 civility. [L. comitas.] 
 
 comma (kom'a), n. In punctuation, the 
 point (,) which marks the smallest 
 division of a sentence. [Gr. komma— 
 kopto, cut off.] 
 
 command (ko-mand'). I vt. 1. Order; 
 bid. 2. Exercise supreme authority 
 over. 3. Have within sight, influence, 
 
 2 or control. II. n. 1. Order; author- 
 ity; message. 2. Ability to overlook 
 or influence. 3. Thing commanded. 
 [Fr. commander — L. commandare — 
 co, and mandare, intrust.] , 
 
 commandant (ko-man-danf), n. 
 Officer who has the command of a 
 place or of a body of troops. 
 
 commander (ko-miin'der), n. 1. Who 
 commands. 2. Officer in the navy next 
 in rank under a captain. — com- 
 man'dery, n. Office or district of a 
 commander, esp. in secret societies. 
 
 commanding' ( ko-man'ding ), a. 
 Fitted to impress or control.— com- 
 mand'ing-ly, adv. 
 
 commandment (ko-mand'ment ), n. 
 1. Command; precept. 2. One of the 
 ten moral laws. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
COLUMNS 
 
 EGYPTIAN 
 
 EGYPTIAN 
 
 GREEK 
 
 GREEK 
 
 ran 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 Copyright, 1963, by Wm. H. Let. 
 
 105 
 
COLUMNS 
 
 Copyright, 
 
 
 by W 
 
 | Egyptian columns show polygonal and circular shafts, often with hieroglyphic inscriptions. 
 
 *• Some of the shafts are made to look like bundles of reeds or tree trunks, tied together ac 
 Intervals (1, 4). The capitals show a great variety of forms and decoration, some square (1), others 
 vase-shaped (2, 3, 5, 6), and a few swelling (4) like a closed or opening tree-bud. It does not 
 appear that columns of differently proportioned or shaped shafts had different capitals assigned to 
 them, as in Grecian architecture. The Egyptian columns were short and thick, square or polygonal 
 columns often being part of the ground, the rock between them having been cut away. 
 
 2 Grecian architecture is identical with columnar architecture, developing step by step from the 
 • most simple to the most elaborate, but the use of the earlier styles is not restricted to early 
 periods. The ancient Doric column (8, from the Parthenon, Athens), like a tree, has no base, tapers 
 as it rises in height and ends in the simplest capital. Fig. 7, from the Temple of Apollo, at Bassae, 
 represents the early Ionia order, while fig. 10 shows it in perfection, as found in the Temple of Nike 
 Apteros (wingless victory) at Athens. The Corinthian order, imitating acanthus leaves, exhibits the 
 highest degree of refinement of Greek architecture, as is easily seen by a glance at figs. 9 (from the 
 Temple of Apollo at Miletus) and 11 (monument of Lysicrates). 
 
 *i The Romans merely imitated the Greeks, their masters iu all arts and sciences. The unim- 
 **• portant changes they undertook to make, cannot be said to be improvements. Fig. 13 is Roman 
 Doric from the Coliseum, Rome, and fig. 16 from the Theater of Marcellus, Rome. The Roman 
 Ionic style is represented by a column (12) from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome, certainly less 
 artistic than 10. Figs. 14 (Temple of Vesta, Tivoli) and 15 (Pantheon, Rome) are Roman Corinthian, 
 and fig. 17 shows the overloaded Composite order, a clumsy combination of the Ionic capital and the 
 Corinthian, without even an attempt at blending the two or covering up tho dividing line. 
 
 109 
 
commemorate 
 
 10? 
 
 commodore 
 
 commemorate (ko-mem'o-rat ), 
 vt. Call to remera bran ce by a solemn 
 or public act.— commemora'tion, 
 
 n. [L. — co, and memor, mindful.] 
 
 commemorative (ko-mem'o-ra-tiv), 
 a. Tending, serving to commemorate. 
 
 commence (ko-mens'). I. vi. Begin; 
 originate; take rise. II. vt. Begin; 
 originate; enter upon. [L. co, to- 
 gether and initiare, begin.] 
 
 commencement (ko-mens'ment), n. 
 1. Beginning. 2. Thing begun. 3. Day 
 of graduating at colleges and high 
 schools. 
 
 commend (ko-mend'), vt. Give into 
 the charge of; recommend as worthy; 
 praise.— commendable, a. Worthy 
 of being oommended or praised.— 
 commend'ably, adv.— commend'- 
 ableness, n.— commenda'tion, n. 
 Act of commending; praise. — com- 
 mendatory, a. Commending; con- 
 taining praise. [L. commendare, in- 
 trust.] 
 
 commensurable ( ko-men'su-ra-bl ), 
 a. Having a common measure.— corn- 
 men surably, flds-commensn- 
 rabil'ity, n. — commensurable- 
 ness, n. [L. co, with, and mensura, 
 measure.] 
 
 commensurate ( ko-men'su-rat ), a. 
 Of the same measure with ; equal in 
 measure or extent; in proportion 
 with. — commen'snrately, adv. — 
 eommeii'surateness, n. — com- 
 mensura'tion, n. 
 
 comment (kom'ent). I. n. Note con- 
 veying an illustration or explanation ; 
 remark, criticism. II. vi. Make cri- 
 tical or explanatory notes or observa- 
 tions. — com'mentator, n. — com'- 
 menter, n. [L. commentor, reflect.] 
 
 commentary (kom'en-tar i), n. 1. 
 Comment. 2. Book of comments. 
 
 commerce (kom'ers), n. 1. Inter- 
 change of merchandise between na- 
 tions or individuals ; extended trade 
 or traffic. 2. Intercourse ; fellowship. 
 [Fr.— L. commercium—co , with, and 
 merx, were— goods.] 
 
 commercial (ko-mer'shal), a. Per- 
 taining to commerce; mercantile.— 
 commer'clalism, n. Doctrines, or 
 practices, of commercial men,— com- 
 mercially, adv. 
 
 commingle ( ko-ming'l ), vt. Mingle 
 or mix with. [L. co, and mingle.] 
 
 comminute (kom'in-ut), vt. Reduce 
 to minute particles.— comminu- 
 tion, n. [L. co, and minuo, make 
 small.] 
 
 commiserate (ko-miz'er-at), vt. Have 
 compassion. — commisera'tion, n. 
 Suffering with others; pity. [L. co- 
 
 with, ( and miser or, deplore.] 
 Syri. Condole; pity; compassionate. 
 
 commissarial ( ko-mi-sa'ri-al ), a. 
 Pertaining to a commissary. 
 
 cominissariat(kom-mis-sar'i-at), n. 1. 
 Department which is charged with 
 the furnishing of provisions, as for an 
 army. 2. Body of officers in that de- 
 partment. 3. Office of a commissary. 
 
 commissary (kom'i-sar-i), n. 1. One 
 to whom a charge is committed. 2. 
 Officer who has the charge of furnish- 
 ing provisions, etc., to an army.— 
 com'missarysbip, n j Prom L. 
 committo, commit.] 
 
 commission (ko-mish'un). I. n. 1. Act 
 of committing. 2. That which is com- 
 mitted. 3. Writing conferring certain 
 powers; authority. 4. Charge of fee 
 to an agent, etc., for transacting busi- 
 ness. 5. One or more persons ap- 
 pointed to perform certain duties. IT 
 vt. Give a commission to; appoint. 
 
 commissioner ( ko-mish'un-er ), n. 
 One who holds a commission. 
 
 commit ( ko-mit'), vt. [commit'ting; 
 commit'ted.] I. Give in charge or 
 trust; consign to prison. 2. Do, per- 
 form, as a crime. 3. Endanger; com- 
 promise. 4. Pledge, bind. [L, co, with, 
 and mitto, send.] 
 
 commitment (ko-mit'ment), n. 1. Act 
 of committing. 2. Order for sending 
 to prison. 3. Imprisonment. 
 
 committal ( ko-mit'al ), n. Commit- 
 ment; pledge, actual or implied. 
 
 committee (ko-mit'e), n. One or more 
 persons to whom some special busi- 
 ness is committed by a court, assem- 
 bly or the like. 
 
 commode (ko-m5d'),n. 1. Wasbstand 
 with drawers and closet. 2. Night- 
 stool. [Fr. = convenient.] 
 
 commodious, (ko-mo'di-us), a. Suit- 
 able or convenient; comfortable. — 
 commo'diously, adv. — conimo'- 
 dionsness, n. 
 
 Syn. Useful ; beneficial ; helpful ; 
 favorable ; serviceable ; fit ; proper ; 
 becoming; spacious; roomy. 
 
 commodity (ko-mod'it-i), n. 1. Con- 
 venience, or that which affords it. 2. 
 Article of traffic. [L. commoditas, con- 
 venience.] 
 
 commodore (kom'o-d or), n. 1. In the 
 U. S., formerly a naval officer ranking 
 next above a captain. 2. In England, 
 commander of a squadron of ships. 3. 
 President of a yacht club. [Sp. comen- 
 dador—Iu. commendo, command.] 
 
 commolition (kom-6-lish'un), n. Act 
 of grinding together. [L. co- and 
 molere, grind.] 
 
 fftte, fat, task, fSr, tall, f&re, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, mb>e, W9lfj 
 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
common 
 
 108 
 
 comparative 
 
 common ( kom'un ), a. 1. Belonging 
 equally to more than one. 2. Frequent. 
 3. Easy to be had; ordinary. — Com- 
 mon law, law deriving authority from 
 usage, not from a statute. — Common 
 sense, sound judgment. II. n. Tract 
 of open land, used in common by the 
 inhabitants of a town, etc. — com> 
 monly, adv.— com'monness,?*. [L. 
 — co, ana munis, serving.] 
 
 Syn. General ; public ; usual ; vulgar ; 
 universal; customary ; commonplace. 
 
 commonalty (kom'un-al-ti), n. Com- 
 mon people below the rank of nobility. 
 
 commoner (kom'un-er),ra. 1. Member 
 of the British House of Commons. 2. 
 One of the commonalty. 
 
 commonplace ( kom'un-plas ). I. n. 
 Common topic or subject; memoran- 
 dum. II. a. Common; hackneyed. 
 
 commons (kom'unz), n. pi. 1. Lower 
 House of British Parliament. 2. Com- 
 mon land. 3. Food at a common table. 
 
 commonweal ( kom'un-wel ), com- 
 monwealth ( kom'un-welth ), n. 1. 
 Public good. 2. Government in a free 
 state. 3. Whole body of the people. 
 
 commotion (ko-mo'shun), n. Excited 
 or tumultuous action, physical or 
 mental; tumult. [L. — co, together, 
 and moveo, move.] [mune. 
 
 communal (ko-mu'nal), a. Of a com- 
 
 commune ( kom'un ),' n. In France. 
 
 1. Territorial division governed by a 
 mayor. 2. Commune at Paris in 1871 
 was a revolt against the national gov- 
 ernment, on the principle that each 
 city or district should be ruled inde- 
 pendently by its own commune or 
 local government. [Fr.] 
 
 commune (ko-mun'), vi. 1. Converse 
 or talk together. 2. Partake of the 
 Lord's supper. [Fr. communier.] 
 
 communicable (ko-mu'ni-ka-bl ), a. 
 That may be communicated. — com. 
 mu'nicably, adv. 
 
 communicant ( ko-mu'ni-kant), n. 
 One who partakes of the Communion. 
 
 communicate (ko-muni-kat). I. vt. 
 Give a share of. II. vi. 1. Having 
 something in common with another. 
 
 2. Have the means of intercourse; 
 have intercourse. 3. Partake of the 
 Lord's supper.— communication, 
 n. 1. Act of communicating. 2. That 
 which is communicated. 3. Inter- 
 course. [See common.] 
 
 Syn. Bestow: confer; disclose; tell; 
 impart; reveal; announce. 
 Communicative (ko-mu'ni-ka-tiv), a. 
 Inclined to communicate or give in- 
 formation ; unreserved.— commun'- 
 iKativeiiess, n. 
 
 communion (ko-mu'ni-un) , n. 1. Act 
 of communing; mutual intercourse. 
 2. Common possession. 3. Union in 
 religious service; body of people v ho 
 so unite. 4. Celebration of the Lord's 
 supper. 
 
 Syn. Fellowship; share; unity; par- 
 ticipation; converse; agreement. 
 
 communism (kom'u-nizm), n. Theory 
 according to which private property 
 should be abolished, and all things 
 held in common. 
 
 communist (kom'u-nist), u. One who 
 believes in communism. 
 
 community (ko-mu'ni-ti), n. 1. Com- 
 mon possession or enjoyment. 2. 
 People having common rights, etc. 3. 
 Public, people in general. 
 
 commutable (ko-mu'ta-bl), a. That 
 may be commuted or exchanged. — 
 commutabil'ity, n. 
 
 commutation (ko-mu-ta'shun), n. 1. 
 Exchange. 2. Change of penalty or 
 rate from a greater to a less.— Com- 
 mutation-ticket: Ticket entitling the 
 holder to a limited number of rides, 
 or to an unlimited number of rides 
 during a limited period. 
 
 commute (ko-muf). I. vt. Substitute 
 another for. II. vi. Buy and use a 
 commutation-ticket. — commn'ter, 
 n. One who uses such a ticket. [L. 
 commuto— co, with, and muto, change.] 
 
 compact (kom-pakf). L a. 1. Packed 
 close. 2. Brief; terse. II. vt. Press 
 closely together: consolidate.— com- 
 pact'ly, adv.— compact'edly, adv. 
 — compact'edness, n. [L. compac- 
 tus — co, together, and pango, fasten.] 
 
 compact (kom'pakt).w. Agreement, 
 league, treaty .— compactness, n. 
 [L. — co, with, and paciscor, make a 
 bargain.] 
 
 companion (kom-pan'yun), n. Oue 
 who accompanies; associate; part- 
 ner. — compan'ionable, a. Agree- 
 able, sociable. — compan'ionably, 
 adv. — compan'ionsnip, n. [L. co, 
 with, andpanis, bread.] 
 
 companion way (kom-pan'yun-wa), 
 n. Staircase leading to ship's cabin. 
 
 company (kum'pa-ni), n. 1. Assembly 
 of persons. 2. Number of persona 
 associated together for trade, etc. 3. 
 Society. 4. Subdivision of a regiment. 
 [Fr. compagnie. See companion.] 
 
 comparable (kom'pa-ra-bl ), a. That 
 may be compared; of equal value.— 
 com'parably, adv. 
 
 comparative (kom-par'a-tiv), a. 1. 
 Estimated by comparison; relative, 
 not positive or absolute. 3. In gi am- 
 mar, degree of comparison , expressing 
 " more ".— comparatively, adv. 
 
 i fat, task, far, f^ll, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf t 
 mute, hut, burn , oil, owl, then. 
 
compare 
 
 L0 9 
 
 complement 
 
 Compass Card. 
 
 compare (kom-par'). I. vt. 1. Ascer- 
 tain how far things agree or disagree. 
 2. Liken or represent as similar. 3. 
 In grammar, inflect an adjective. II. 
 vi. Hold comparison. [-L. — co, to- 
 gether, andparo, place, array.] 
 
 comparison (kom-par'i-sun), n. Act 
 of comparing. 2. Comparative esti- 
 mate. 3. Figure by which two things 
 are compared. 4. In grammar, inflec- 
 tion of an adjective or adverb. 
 
 compartment ( kom-part'ment ), n. 
 Separate part of inclosed space; sub- 
 division of a railroad coach, etc. 
 [ L. — co, to- 
 gether, and i | j 
 partio, part.] % \ «_,*.,£ $ J 
 
 compass 
 (kum'pas),7&. 1. 
 Circuit," circle. 
 
 2. Space; li- 
 mit; range. 3. 
 Instrument 
 contain in g a * 
 ma gn e tized 
 needle which 
 points north, 
 used to steer 
 ships fby, etc. 
 
 3. Purpose or design. — Fetch a com- 
 pass: make a circuit, go round.— pi. 
 compasses, instrument consisting of 
 two movable legs, for describing cir- 
 cles, etc. [Fr. compas—Li. co, together, 
 and passes, route.] 
 
 compass (kum'pas), vt. 1. Go round. 
 2 Surround, inclose. 3. Besiege. 4. 
 Bring about. 5. In law, contrive, plot. 
 
 compassion (kom-pash'un), n. Fel- 
 low-feeling; sorrow for the sufferings 
 of another. [L.— co, ?m6.patior, suffer.] 
 Syn. Pity; sympathy; commisera- 
 tion; fellow-suffering; mercy. 
 
 compassionate (kom-pash'un-at). I. 
 a. Merciful. II. vt. Have compassion 
 for. — compassionately, adv. 
 
 compatibility (kom-pat-i-bil'it-i), n. 
 Suitability; agreeableness. 
 
 compatible ( kom-pat'i-bl ), a. That 
 agrees (with). — compatibly, adv. 
 [Fr. —Li. co, with, and patior, bear.] 
 
 compatriot (kom-pa'tri-ut). I. a. Of 
 the same fatherland or country. II. n. 
 One of the same country. [Fr.] 
 
 compeer (kom-per'), n. One equal to 
 another; companion; associate. [L. 
 —co, with, and peeb.] 
 
 compel (kom-pel') , vt. 1. Drive, urge 
 on forcibly. 2. Oblige.— compella- 
 ble,^^ [L.— co, arxdpello, drive.] 
 
 com p end (kom'pend), compen- 
 dium ( kom-pen'di-um ), n. Abridg- 
 ment; book containing the substance 
 of a larger one. [L.J 
 
 compendious ( kom-pen'di-us ), a. 
 
 Short; comprehensive.— compen- 
 diously, adv. 
 
 compensate ( kom'pen-sat ), vt. Re- 
 ward suitably for service rendered; 
 make amends for loss sustained; re- 
 compense ; counterbalance. [L. co, 
 together, and penso, weigh,_pay.] 
 
 compensation (kom-pen-sa'shun) , n. 
 Act of compensating; reward for ser- 
 vice; amends for loss sustained. 
 
 compensatory (kom-r>en'sa-to-ri), a 
 Serving as compensation ; making 
 amends. 
 
 compete ( kom-pet' ), vi. Strive with 
 others for something; contend for a 
 prize. [L. co, together, and peto, seek.] 
 
 competence (kom'pe-tens), compe- 
 tency (kom'pe-ten-si), n. 1. Fitness. 
 2. Sufficiency; adequate income. 3. 
 Legal power or capacity. 
 
 competent (kom'pe-tent), a. 1. Suit- 
 able, tit. 2. Belonging. 3. Sufficient.— 
 com'petently, adv. 
 
 competition (kom-pe-tish'un), n. Act 
 of competing; rivalry. 2. Competi- 
 tors, rivals, [taining to competition. 
 
 competitive (kom-pet'i-tiv), a. Per- 
 
 competitor (kom-pet'i-tur ), n. One 
 who competes; rival, opponent. 
 
 compilation ( kom-pi-la'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of compiling. 2. Thing compiled. 
 
 compile (kom-pil'), vt. Compose by 
 collecting the materials from various 
 sources.— compiler, n. [L. compilo 
 -co, together, and pilo, plunder.] 
 
 complacence (kom-pla'sens), com- 
 placency (kom-pla'sen-si), n. Quiet 
 pleasure; satisfaction; civility. 
 
 complacent (kom-pla'sent), a. Show- 
 ing satisfaction; gratified. — coin- 
 pla'eently, adv. [L. co, together, 
 and placeo, please. ]_ 
 
 complain (kom-plan'), vi. 1. Express 
 grief, pain, censure. 2. Murmur or 
 express a sense of injury. 3. Accuse. 
 [Fr. complaindre—Lt. co. together, and 
 plango, beat (the breast).] 
 
 complainant (kom-pla'rr.nt), n. 1. 
 One who complains. 2. In law, one 
 who raises a suit: plaintiff. 
 
 complaint (kom-planf), n. 1. expres- 
 sion of grief. 2. Sensation of pains or 
 injuries; fault. 3. Tning complained 
 of. 4. Physical ailment or disorder. 
 
 complaisance ( kom'pla-zans ), n. 
 Desire to please ; civility. [Fr.] 
 
 complaisant (kom'pla-zant), a. De- 
 sirous of pleasing; obliging.— com - 
 plaisantly, adv. [Fr. ] 
 
 complement (kom'ple-ment). I. n. 1. 
 That which completes or fills up. 2. 
 Full number or quantity. H. vt. Fill 
 up; complete. [L. co, an&pleo, fill.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
complement al 
 
 110 
 
 compound 
 
 com piemen tal (kom-ple-men'tal), 
 complementary ( koin - pie - men'- 
 ta-ri), a. Filling up; supplying a defi- 
 ciency. 
 
 complete (kom-plef), I. vt. Fill up; 
 finish; perfect. II. a. Free from defi- 
 ciency; perfect; finished. — com- 
 pletely, adv.— completeness, n. 
 
 completion (kom-ple'shun), n. State 
 of being complete ; act of making 
 complete. 
 
 complex (kom'pleks), a. Composed 
 of more than one, or of many parts; 
 not simple; intricate; difficult.— 
 complexly, adv.— coin'plexn ess, 
 n. [L. co, together, and plico, fold.] 
 
 complexion (kom-plek'shun), n. 1. 
 Structure. 2. Color or look of the 
 skin, esp. of the face. 3. General ap- 
 pearance ; temperament ; texture. 
 — complex'ional a. Pertaining to 
 complexion. — complex'ioned, a. 
 Having a complexion, or a certain 
 temperament or state. [L. complexio.] 
 
 complexity (kom-pleks'i-ti), n. State 
 of being complex. 
 
 compliance (kom-pli'ans), n. Acquies- 
 cence, [civil.— compli'antly, adv.} 
 
 compliant (kom-pli' ant), a. Yielding; 
 
 complicacy (kom'pli-ka-ai) , n. State 
 of heing complicated. 
 
 complicate (kom'pli-kat), vt. Render 
 complex ; entangle ; make difficult. 
 [L. co, together, and plico, fold.] 
 
 complication (kom-pli-ka'shun), n. 
 
 1. Intricate blending or entanglement. 
 
 2. Additional difficulty. 
 complicity (kom-plis'i-ti), n. State 
 
 ot heing an accomplice. 
 
 compliment (kom'pli-ment). I. n. 1. 
 Expression of regard. 2. Delicate 
 flattery. II. vt. Pay a compliment to. 
 — complimentary, a. Conveying 
 civility or praise. [L. compleo, fill up.] 
 Syn. Flatter; commend; praise. 
 
 complot (kom-plof), vt. [complof- 
 ting; complot'ted. ] Plot together ; 
 conspire. 
 
 comply (tfom-pli'), vi. [complying; 
 complied'.] Yield to the wishes of 
 another. [L. compere, fulfill, complete.] 
 
 component ( kom-po'nent). I. a. 
 Making up or composing ; forming 
 one of the elements of a compound. 
 II. n. One of the elements of a com- 
 pound. [L. co, and pono, place.] 
 
 comport (kom-porf). I. vi. Agree ; 
 accord; suit. II. vt. Bear (one's self), 
 behave. — comport'mcnt, n. De- 
 portment; behavior. [L. co, together, 
 and porto, carry.] 
 
 compose (kom'poz'), vt. 1. Form by 
 putting two or more parts or things 
 together. 3. Place in order. 3. Set 
 
 at rest. 4. Soothe. 5. Place types in 
 
 order for printing. 6. Originate or 
 
 become the author of, as a book. [Fr. 
 
 composer— Li. co, together and ponere, 
 
 pos-, put.] 
 composed (kom-pozd'), a. Settled; 
 
 quiet calm. — composedly, adv. — 
 
 compo'seduess,_%. 
 composer (kom-po'zer), n. One who 
 
 composes ; writer ; author, esp. of a 
 
 piece of music. 
 
 Composing-stick. 
 
 composing-stick (kom-po'zing-stik) 
 n. Small tray, in which a compos- 
 itor arranges type for printing. 
 
 composite (kom-poz'it), a. 1. Com 
 posed of two or more distinct parts 
 styles, etc. 2. In arch. Blending of the, 
 Ionic and the Corinthian orders. See 
 cut under oeder. — Composite phot/ 
 graph: One printed in register fion\. 
 negatives of different subject? in the 
 same pose 
 
 composition (kom-po-2ksh.'un), n. 1, 
 Act or art of putting together. 2. 
 Thing composed, as a work in litera- 
 ture, music, painting, or a short essay 
 written as a school exercise. 3. Com- 
 pound. 4. Agreement to accept part 
 of a debt as payment for the whole. 
 
 compositor (kom-poz'i-tur), n. One 
 who puts together types for printing, 
 
 compost (kom'post), n. 1. Mixture 
 for fertilizing. 2. Kind of plaster. 
 
 composure (kom-po'- 
 zhor), n. Calmness; 
 self-possession. 
 
 compote (kom'pot), 
 n. Stewed or pre- 
 served fruit, eaten 
 with meats. [Fr.] 
 
 compound (kom- 
 pownd'). I. vt. 1. 
 Mix or combine. 2. 
 Settle upon re- 
 duced terms, as a 
 debt. 3. Agree not 
 to prosecute for, as 
 a crime. II. Vi. Compound wind- 
 Agree; come to ing of dynamo, 
 terms; bargaiD. 
 
 compound (kom'pownd). I. a. Corn- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
comprehend 
 
 111 
 
 concern 
 
 posed of a number of parts ; not sim- 
 ple— Compound-wound dynamo: Dy- 
 namo with both shunt and series 
 winding* II. n. Mass made up of a 
 number of parts. 
 
 comprehend (kom-p re-hen d'), vt. 
 1. Seize with the mind. 2. Include. 
 [L. co, together, and prehendo, seize.] 
 Syn. Understand; comprise; con- 
 tain; embody; involve; imply. 
 comprehensible (kom-pre-hen'si-bl), 
 a. Capable of being understood.— 
 comprehensibly, aiti.-compre- 
 hensibil ity, n. 
 
 comprehension (korn-pre-hen'shun), 
 n. 1. Act or quality of comprehend- 
 ing. 2. Power of the mind to under 
 stand. 3. In logic, sum of the quali- 
 ties implied in a term. 
 
 comprehensive (kom-pre-hen'siv), a. 
 Ex tensive.— comprehensively, 
 Gar-comprehensiveness, n. 
 Syn. Full; wide; compendious. 
 
 compress (kom-pres'), vt. Press to- 
 gether; condense. [L. — co, together, 
 andpremo, press-, press.] 
 
 compress (kom'pres), n. Soft mass of 
 linen or lint, used in surgery to press 
 on a part of the body. — compressi- 
 bility, n. Property that bodies have 
 of being reduced in bulk by pressure. 
 — compressible, a. That may be 
 compressed. —compression (kom- 
 presh'un), n. 1. Act of compressing. 2. 
 State of being compressed — c o m- 
 press'ive, a. Able to compress. 
 
 comprise (kom-priz'), vt. Contain, in- 
 clude. [From Fr. covipris, contained.] 
 
 compromise ( kom'pro-miz )-. I. n. 
 Settlement of differences by mutual 
 concessions. II. vt. 1. Settle by mu- 
 tual concession. 2. Expose to hazard, 
 bring into a questionable situation. 
 
 co in ptoineter (komp'to-me ter). — 
 comp'tograph, n. Adding machine. 
 
 co tup nisi on ( kom-pui'shun ), /*. 
 Force ; necessity. [See compel.] 
 
 compulsive (kom-pul'siv), compul- 
 sory ( kom-pul'so-ri), a. Having 
 power to compel; forcing. 
 
 compnnction (kom-pungk'shun ), n. 
 Uneasiness of conscience; remorse. 
 
 compunctious (kom-pungk'shus), a. 
 Repentant; remorseful. 
 
 computation (koni-pu-t a/shun), n. 1. 
 Act of computing. 2. Sum computed. 
 
 computator (kom-pu-ta'tur), n. ma- 
 chine for computing. 
 
 compute (kom-puf), vt. Calculate. [L.] 
 
 comrade ( kom'rad or kom'rad, ) n. 
 Companion, fellow. [ Sp. camarada, 
 room-mate — L. camera, chamber.] 
 
 con (kon). Contraction of L. contra, 
 against, as in pro and con, for and 
 against. 
 
 con(kon), vt. [con'ning; conned (kond).] 
 Study carefully: commit to memory. 
 [A. S. cunnian, test, try to know.] 
 
 con-, prefix. See co. 
 
 concatenate(kon-kat'e-nat), vt. Chain 
 or link together. — concatenation, 
 n. [L. co, and catena, chain.] 
 
 concave (kon'kav). I. a. Curved (ap- 
 plied to the inner side of a curve, and 
 opposed to convex, which is applied 
 to the outside.) II. n. Cavity; arch; 
 vault.— concav'ity, n.— Concavo-con- 
 cave, hollow on both sides. [L. cavus, 
 hollow.] 
 
 Concave. 
 
 Concavo-concave. 
 
 conceal ( kon-sel'), vt. Hide, keep 
 secret.— c onceal'able, a.— con? 
 ceal'ment, n. [L. concelo.] 
 
 concede ( kon-sed' ), vt. Surrender; 
 admit; grant. [L,.—cedo, yield.] 
 Syn. Allow; yield; acknowledge. 
 
 conceit (kon-set'),n. 1- Over-estimate 
 of one*s self. 2. Thought; notion.— 
 Out of conceit with, no longer fond of 
 — conceit'ed, a. Having a too favor- 
 able opinion of one's self; egotistical- 
 — conceitedly, adv.— conceited' 
 ness, n. [Fr.— L. conceptus, thought.] 
 
 conceivable (kon-se'va-bl), a. Capable 
 of being conceived.— conceivably, 
 adv. — concei'vableness, n. 
 
 conceive (kon-sev'),ttf. 1. Receive and 
 form, as in the mind or womb. 2. 
 Imagine, think. 3. Understand. [O. 
 Fr. concever—Li. concipere.] 
 
 concentrate(kon-sen'trat or kon-'), vt. 
 1. Bring nearer the center. 2. Bring to 
 bear at one point; focus. 3. Condense. 
 — concentration,?!.— concen'tra- 
 tive, a. Tending to concentrate. 
 
 concentric ( kon-sen'trik), concen- 
 trical (kon-sen'trik-al), a. Having a 
 common center. '[ceived; notion. 
 
 concept (kon'sept), n. Thing con- 
 conception (kon-sep'shun),7i. 1. Act 
 of conceiving. 2. Thing conceived: 
 thought, idea. [L.] 
 
 concern ( kon-sern' ). I. vt. 1. Relate 
 or belong to. 2. Affect or interest. 3. 
 Make uneasy. II. n. 1. That which be- 
 longs to one. 2. Interest; regard; an- 
 xiety. 3. Business or those connected 
 with it— concernment, n. — con- 
 cerned', a. Interested; anxious.— 
 concerning, prep. Regarding. [L.I 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
concert 
 
 112 
 
 condescend 
 
 Concertina. 
 
 concert (kon-serf), vt. 1. Devise to- 
 gether. 2. Arrange, adjust. [Fr. con- 
 certer — L. co, and certare, contend.] 
 
 concert (kon'sert), n. 1. Agreement; 
 harmony. 2. Mu- 
 sical entertain, 
 ment. 
 
 concertina (kon- 
 ser-te'na), n. Mu- 
 sical instrument, 
 similar to ac- 
 cordion. 
 
 concession (kon-sesh'un), n. 1. Act 
 of concediug. 2. Thing conceded; 
 grant. — concessioner, n. One to 
 whom a concession has been made. 
 
 concessive (kon-ses'iv), a. Implying 
 concession. [concha.] 
 
 conch (kongk), n. Marine shell. [L. 
 
 conchoidal ( kong- koi'dal a. As if 
 composed of shells. [Gr. kongche, and 
 eidos, form.] 
 
 conchology (koug-kol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of shells and the mollusks inhabiting 
 them.— concnol'og-ist, n. 
 
 conciliate (kon-sil'i-at),^. Win over, 
 
 as an enemy. — conciliation, n. — 
 
 conciliatory, a. [L. concilio, join.] 
 
 Syn. Appease; propitiate; reconcile. 
 
 concise (kon-sis'), a. Cut short; brief. 
 — concisely, adv. — concise'ness, 
 n. [L. concido, cut down.] 
 
 Syn. Compact; terse; neat; pithy; 
 pointed; sententious; laconic. 
 
 conclave ( kon'klav ), n. 1. Room in 
 which the cardinals are locked to elect 
 a pope. 2. Body of cardinals. 3. Any 
 close assembly. [D. clavis, key.] 
 
 conclude (kon-klod'), vt. 1. Close; 
 end. 2. Infer; form a final judgment. 
 [L. co, and claudo, shut.] 
 
 conclusion (kon-klo'zhun), n. 1. Act 
 of concluding. 2. End, close, last part. 
 3. Inference ; judgment. [L. conclusio.] 
 
 conclusive ( kon-kl6'siv ), a. Final; 
 convincing, —conclusively, adv.— 
 conclusiveness, n. 
 
 concoct ( kon-kokt' ), vt. 1. Cook to- 
 gether. 2. Digest; prepare, mature. 
 — concoc'tion, n. 1. Act of concoct- 
 ing. 2. Preparation. [L. coquo, cook.] 
 
 concomitance (kon-kom'i-tans), 
 concomitancy ( kon-kom'i-tan-si), 
 n. State of being concomitant. 
 
 concomitant (kon-kom'i-tant). I. a. 
 Accompanying. II. n. He who or that 
 which accompanies. — concomit- 
 antly, adv. [L. comes, companion.] 
 
 concord (kong'kard or kon'-), n. Har- 
 mony — concordance, n. Agree- 
 ment. 2. Index or dictionary of lead- 
 ing words or passages of the Bible, 
 or of an author. [D. co, and cor, heart.] 
 
 concordant (kon-kard'ant), a. Har- 
 monious.— concord'ahtly, adv. 
 
 concordat (kon-kar'dat ), n. Agree- 
 ment or compact, esp. between a state 
 and the Pope. [Fr.] ^ 
 
 concourse (kong'kors), n. 1. Assem- 
 bly of persons. 2. Confluence. [Fr. 
 —Li. concwrsusJ] [Growing together. 
 
 concrescence (kon-kres'ens), n. 
 
 concrete ( kon'kret or kong'-). I. a. 
 1. Formed into one mass. 2. In logic, 
 material, physical; individual (op- 
 posed to abstract). II. n. 1. Mass 
 formed of distinct parts. 2. Mixture 
 of lime, sand, pebbles, etc., used in 
 building.— concretely, adv. — con- 
 crete'ness, n. [L. concreius, grown 
 together.] 
 
 concrete (kon-kref), vi. Unite into a 
 solid mass. [crete mass. 
 
 concretion ( kon-kre'shun ), n. Con- 
 
 concretive (kon-kre'tiv), a. Causing 
 or having power to concrete. 
 
 concupiscence ( kon-ku'pis-ens ), n. 
 Desire for unlawful pleasure; lust.— 
 concupiscent, a. . [Fr.— L. co, and 
 cupio, desire.] 
 
 concur ( kon-kur' \, vi. [concurring; 
 concurred ( kon-kurd' ) . ] Meet; act 
 together; agree; assent to. —con- 
 currence, n. Joint action; assent. 
 -concurrent, a. Coming, acting 
 or existing together.— concur- 
 rently, adv. [L.— co, SLVL&curro, run.] 
 Syn. Agree; assent; combine; meet; 
 acquiesce; coincide. 
 
 concussion (kon-kush'un),w. Violent 
 shock. [Li.— co, and guatio, shake.] 
 
 concussive (kon-kus'iv), a. Having 
 the power to produce a violent shock. 
 
 condemn (kon-dem'), vt. 1. Pro- 
 nounce guilty. 2. Sentence to punish- 
 ment. 3. Censure, pronounce unfit for 
 use.— condem'nable, a. Blamable. 
 —condemn a' tion, n. State of 
 being condemned; blame; punish 
 ment. — condemnatory, a. Contain- 
 ing condemnation. [ L. — co, and 
 damno, damn.] 
 
 condensable (kon-dens'a-bl), a. Capa- 
 ble of being reduced in volume. 
 
 condensation (kon-den-sa'shun), n. 
 Act of condensing. 
 
 condense (kon-dens'). I. vt. Compress, 
 reduce into smaller compass. II. vi. 
 Grow dense. 
 
 condenser (kon-dens'er), n. 1. Appar- 
 atus for reducing vapors to a liquid 
 form. 2. Appliance for collecting or 
 condensing electricity. 
 
 condescend (kon-de-send'), vi. 1. De- 
 scend from a superior position. 2. 
 Act kmdlv to inferiors; deign.— con» 
 descending 1 , a. Yielding to inferi- 
 
 tate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf y 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
condign 
 
 113 
 
 confide 
 
 ors; courteous.— condescending- 
 ly, adv.— condescension, n. 
 
 condign ( kon-din' ). a. Well merited; 
 adequate.— condign'ly, adv.— con- 
 dign'ness, n. [L. co, and dignus, 
 worthy.] [lu.—condio, spice.] 
 
 condiment (kon'di-ment), n. Relish. 
 
 condition (kon-dish'uu). I. n. 1. Situa- 
 tion ; state; circumstance. 2. Required 
 quality or circumstance. 8. Stipu- 
 lation. II. vi. Makft terms. III. vt. 1. 
 Agree upon. 2. Place under conditions. 
 — conditional. I. a. Depending on 
 stipulations II. n. Word, proposition 
 or mode expressing a condition. — 
 conditionally, adv. [L,.—condicere, 
 consent ] 
 
 Syn. Case; predicament; attribute; 
 plight; concomitant; requirement; 
 qualification ; term ; provision ; clause. 
 
 condole (kon-dol'), vi. Grieve with 
 another ; sympathize in sorrow. — 
 condole'ment, condolence, n. 
 [Ii. co and doleo, grieve.] 
 
 condonation (kon - do - 
 na'shun),7i. Forgiveness. 
 
 condone (kon-don'), vt. 
 Forgive, esp. by impli- 
 cation. [L. dono, give.] 
 
 condor (kon'dor), n. 
 Large vulture found in 
 the Andes of S. America. 
 [Peruvian, cunturJ] 
 
 conduce (kon-dus'), vi. 
 Lead; contribute.— con - 
 dn'cible, conducive, a. Leading; 
 tending; having power to promote.— 
 condn'cibiy, adv.— condu'cively, 
 adv.— conducibleness, n. — c o n » 
 du'civeness, n. 
 
 conduct (kon-dukf), vt. 1. Lead or 
 guide. 2. Direct; manage; behave. 
 3. Carry, transmit, as heat, sound or 
 electricity, conduct' ible, a. Capa- 
 ble of being conducted or transmit- 
 ted.— conductibil'ity, n. conduc- 
 tion, n. Transmission.— conduct'- 
 ive, a. Having the power of trans- 
 mitting.— conductivity, n. Power 
 of transmitting heat or electricity. 
 
 conduct (kon'dukt), n. 1. Act or me- 
 thod of managing. 2. Behavior. 
 5|/n. Guidance; deportment; bearing. 
 
 conductor (kon-duk'tur), n. 1. One 
 who conducts; leader ; manager. 2. 
 That which transmits electricity, 
 heat, etc.— conductress, ri.fem. 
 
 conduit (kon'dit), n. Channel or pipe 
 to convey water, etc. [Fi\ — root of 
 Conduct.] . , „ 
 
 cone (kon), n. 1. Solid pointed figure 
 with a circular base. 2. Fruit shaped 
 like a cone, as that of the pine, fir, 
 etc. [Fr.— L. conus, peak.] 
 
 Condor. 
 
 coney. See Cony. 
 
 confab (kon-fab'). I. vi. Confabulate^ 
 chat. II. n. Familiar conversation, 
 
 confabulate (kon-fab'u-lat), vi. Talk 
 familiarly together ; chat.— confab* 
 ula'tion, n.JLi. See fable.] 
 
 confection (kbn-fek'shun), n. 1. Art 
 of making sweetmeats. 2. Mixture i 
 preparation. 3. Fancy candies. 4. 
 Woman's elaborate garment. — con* 
 fec'tionery, n. 1. Sweetmeats. 2 4 
 Place for making or selling sweet- 
 meats.— confec'tioner, n. One who 
 makes or sells confections. 
 
 Confederacy (con-fed'er-a-si), n, 
 Persons or states united by a 'league. 
 
 confederate ( kon-fed'er-at ), I. a 
 Member of; allied. II. n. Ally; ac- 
 complice. III. vi. League together. 
 [ L. confaderatus — co and fadus. 
 league.] [League^ alliance 
 
 confederation (kou-fed-er-a'shun), n 
 
 confer (kon-iet'). I. vt. [conferring, 
 conferred'.] Give, bestow. II. vi. Con- 
 sult. — conference, n. Appointed 
 meeting for instruction or discussion. 
 [Fr.— L. co and fero, bring.] 
 
 conferee fkon-fer-e'), n. 1. One con- 
 ferred with. 2. Member of conierenc^. 
 
 conferment (kon-fer'ment), n. Act ol 
 conferring, as a university degree. 
 
 confess (kon-fes'), vt. 1. Own, admit. 2. 
 Tell, as sins to a priest. 3. Hear aeon- 
 fession. — confessedly, adv. [Fr. 
 coJifesser—L. co, and /cri, speak.] 
 
 Syn. Acknowledge; avow; concede 
 recognize; profess: prove; attest. 
 ! confession (kon-fesh'un), n. 1. Ack 
 nowledgment of a crime or fault. 2 
 Statement of one's religious belief. 8 
 A sacrament of the 
 R. C. Church, (a con- 
 dition of absolution), 
 consisting of ack- 
 nowledgment of sins 
 to a priest. 
 
 confessional (kon- 
 fesh'un-al). I. a. 
 Pertaining to confes- 
 sion. II. n. Place for 
 confessions. 
 
 confessor (kon-fes'-ur), n. 1. One who 
 rjrofesses. 2. Priest who hears con- 
 fessions. 
 
 confetto (kon-fet'o), n. [pi. confetti.] 
 A confection wrapped in bright paper. 
 
 couiiuitni ( kon-h-dant' ), n. One in- 
 trusted with secrets; bosom-friend.- 
 confidante ( kon-fi-dant' ), n. feni 
 [O. Fr.] 
 
 confide (kon-fld'). I. vi. Trust wholly 
 have faith in. II. vt. Intrust; commit 
 to the charge of, [L. confido—co, an<? 
 Jido, trust.] 
 
 Confessional. 
 
 f*te ; fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wo&j 
 mute, hut, b3ru; oil, owl, then, 
 
confidence 
 
 114 
 
 conglomerate 
 
 confidence (kon'fi-dens), n. 1= Firm 
 belief or trust. 2. Self-reliance. 
 Syn. Assurance; expectation. 
 
 confident (kon'fi-dent), a. Trusting 
 firmly; positive; bold.— confident- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 confidential (kon-fi-den'shal ), a. 1. 
 Given in confidence. 2. Admitted to 
 confidence; private. — confiden- 
 tially, adv. 
 
 configuration (kon-fig-u-ra'shun), n. 
 External figure, relative position, as 
 of planets. [L.] [may be confined. 
 
 confinable ( kon-fi'na-bl ), a. That 
 
 confine ( kon-fin' ). L vi. Limit; in- 
 close; imprison. II. n. ( kon'fin ), 
 Boundary; limit. — confine'ment, 
 n. 1. State of being shut up. 2. Re- 
 straint from going out by sickness. 
 
 3. Accouchement. [Fr. conflner — L. 
 co, within, an&Jinis, limit.] 
 
 ssonfiran (lkon-ferm'),vt. 1. Strengthen; 
 establish. 2. Assure. 3. Admit to the 
 Communion. — confirm'able, adv. 
 — confirmation, n. 1. Making sure. 
 2. Convincing proof. 3. Rite by which 
 one is admitted to Communion; in R. 
 C. Church the bestowal of the gift of 
 the Spirit. 
 
 confiscate (kon'fis-kat), vt. Appro- 
 priate to the state, as a penalty. — 
 confiscable, a.— confiscation, n. 
 eonfisca'tor, n. — confiscatory, a. 
 [L. — co, with, and Jiscus, basket.] 
 
 conflagration (kon-fia-gra'shun), n. 
 Great fire. [L. — co, and Jiagro, burn.] 
 
 conflict (kon-flikf), vi. Be in opposi- 
 tion; clash. [L. —co, axxkjiigo, dash.] 
 
 conflict (kon'flikt), n. Violent colli- 
 sion; struggle, [together; concourse. 
 
 confluence (kon'fio-ens), n. Flowing 
 
 confluent (kon'flo-ent), a. Flowing to- 
 gether; uniting [L. co, andyZwo, flow.] 
 
 conform ( koh-farm' ), I. vt. Make 
 like; adapt. II. "vi. Be of the same 
 form ; comply with ; obey. — con- 
 fforan'afole, a. Suitable; compliant. 
 — conforui'ably, adv. — conform- 
 ation, n. Shape; structure. — con- 
 form' er, conform'ist, n. One who 
 conforms, esp. with the rites of the 
 Established Church of England. — 
 conform'ity, n. Likeness; compli- 
 ance with; consistency. [L.j 
 
 confound (kon-fownd'), vt. 1. Con- 
 fuse; throw into disorder. 2. Treat 
 erroneously as identical; associate 
 by mistake. 3. Perplex; astonish. 
 
 4. Destroy, as in (God) confound it! 
 
 }Fr. confondre— L. con/undo — co and 
 'undo, pour.] 
 confraternity ( kon-fra-ter'ni-ti ), n. 
 Brotherhood; society. [See frater- 
 nity.] 
 
 confrere (kou-frar'), n. Associate; 
 
 colleague. [Fr.] 
 
 confront (kon-frunf), vt. Place face 
 to face; face; oppose; compare. [Fr. 
 confronter—TL,. co and frons, front.] 
 
 Confucian (kon-fu'shan), a. Pertain- 
 ing to Confucius, the Chinese philos- 
 opher. 
 
 confuse (kon-fuz'), vt. 1. Mingle what 
 should be separate. 2. Bewilder the 
 mind. 3. Take one idea for another, 
 [From the root of confound] 
 
 confusedly (kon-fu'zed-li), adv. In a 
 confused manner. 
 
 confusion (kon-fu'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
 confusing. 2. Disorder; tumult. 3. 
 Perturbation of mind. 4. Destruction. 
 
 confute (kon-fuf), vt. Prove to be false 
 or wrong. — confutable, a. — con* 
 futa'tion, n. [L. confuto, stop.] 
 
 Syn. Disprove; overwhelm; refute; 
 overthrow; oppugn; silence. 
 
 conge (kong-zha'), n. 1. Leave to 
 depart. 2. Farewell. [Fr.] 
 
 congeal (kon-jel'), vt. and vi. Thicken ; 
 change from the fluid to the solid 
 state.— congeal'able, a. FL. congelo 
 —co, and gelu, frost.] 
 
 concealment (kon-jel'ment), con« 
 gelation (kon-je-la'shun), n. Act or 
 process of congealing. 
 
 congee (kon-je'J. Same as conge. 
 
 congee (konje')» n. Rice-water, 
 [Hind, kanji.] 
 
 congener (kon'je-ner), n. Person or 
 thing of the same kind or nature. 
 [L. co, smdgener, kind.] 
 
 congenial (kon-je'ni-al), a. 1. Of the 
 same spirit or tastes; kindred; sym- 
 pathetic. 2. Adapted; suitable; agree- 
 able.— congenially, adv. — conge- 
 niality, n. 
 
 congenital (kon-jen'i-tal), a. Existing 
 at, or dating from birth. [L. co, and 
 genitus, born.] 
 
 conger-eel (kong f - 
 er-el), n. Large 
 sea-eel, weighing 
 up to 100 lbs, [LJ 
 
 congeries (kon-je' Conger-eel. 
 
 ri-ez), n. Collection 
 
 of bodies in one mass. [L.— co, an6 
 gero, bring.] 
 
 congested (kon-.ies'ted n. 1. Crowd- 
 ed; closed up. 2. Affected with an 
 unnatural accumulation of blood. 
 
 congestion (kon-jest'yun), n. 1. Act 
 of gathering. 2. Excessive accumu- 
 lation, esp. of blood. [L.] 
 
 congestive (kon-jes'tiv), a. Indicating, 
 or tending to, congestion. 
 
 conglomerate (kon-glom'er-at). I. 
 a. Gathered into a mass. II. vt. Gath- 
 er into a ball. III. n. Rock composed 
 
 Site, fat, task, £ar ? fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not. move, W9U} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
conglutln 
 
 115 
 
 conquer 
 
 of pebbles cemented together. — con- 
 glomeration, n. [L. glomus, ball.] 
 
 conglutin (kon-glo'tin), n. Album- 
 inoid found in almonds and maize. 
 
 conglutinate (kon-glo'tin-at). I. vt. 
 Glue together; heal by uniting. II. vi. 
 Unite; grow together. [See Glue.] 
 
 congratulate (kon-grat'u-lat), vt. 
 Wishjjoy. — congratulation (kon- 
 grat-u-la'shun) 5 n. Expression of joy 
 on account of good fortune. — con- 
 gratulatory, a. [L] 
 
 congregate (kong're-gat), vt. and 
 vi. Gather ; assemble. — congre- 
 gation, n. Assembly. [L. co, and 
 greg-, flock.] 
 
 congregation al(kong-re-ga'shun-al), 
 a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congrega- 
 tion. 2. Congregational, pertain- 
 ing to Congregationalism.— Congre- 
 gationalism, n. Church govern- 
 ment by the congregation. — Con- 
 g-rega'tionalist, n. 1. Adherent of 
 Congregationalism. 2. Member of a 
 Congregational church. 
 
 congress (kong'res), n. 1. Meeting; 
 formal assembly. 2. (Cap.) Federal 
 legislature of the U. S. — congres- 
 sional, a. [L. co, and gress-. step.] 
 Syn. Diet; parliament; legislature; 
 convention; conclave; council. 
 
 congrue(kong-gro'), vi. Agree.— con'« 
 gruence, congru'ity, ns. — con'- 
 gru-eni, con'gru- 
 ons, as. Harmoni- 
 ous; suitable.— con'- 
 grnously, adv . — 
 con ' grnonsness . 
 n. [L. congruo.] 
 
 conic (kon'ik), con- 
 ical, as. Having the 
 form of, or pertain- 
 ing to. a cone.— con- 
 ically, adv. 
 
 conies ( kon'iks ), n. 
 Part of geometry 
 which treats of the cone. 
 
 coniferous ( kon-if'er-us ), a. Cone- 
 bearing, as the fir, etc. [Cone, and 
 L. fero, carry.] 
 
 coniform (kon'i-farm), a. In the form 
 of a cone 
 
 Cttiijeu&ure (k CI1 -.jek'tur). I. n. Opin- 
 ion without proof; guess. II. vt. Infer 
 on slight evidence; guess. — conjec'- 
 tural, a. — con jec'turally, adv. [L. 
 co, &ndjacio. throw. £ 
 
 conjoin (kon-join'), vt. Join togetner. 
 . — conjoint', a. United. — con- 
 jointly, adv. [See Join.] 
 
 eonjngal (kon'jo-gal), a. Pertaining 
 to marriage. — conjugally, adv. 
 — conjugal'ityj n- [L*. co,a.wijugum, 
 yoke.] 
 
 Conical valve. 
 
 conjngate(kon'jo-gat). I. vt. (Ingram- 
 mar.) Give the inflections of a verb, 
 II. a. Agreeing; related; coupled. — 
 conjugation, n. 1. Joining togeth* 
 er. 2. Inflection of the verb. [L. co, 
 anAjugum, yoke.] 
 
 conjunction (kon-jungk'shun), n. 1. 
 Connection; union. 2. (In gram.) 
 Word that connects seftfcCs ces, clau- 
 ses, or words. [L.] 
 
 conjuncture (kon-jungk'tur), n. 1. 
 Combination of circumstances. 2. 
 Important occasion, crisis. 
 
 conjuration (kon-jo-ra'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of summoning solemnly. 2. En- 
 chantment. 
 
 conjure ( kon-jor' ), vt. 1. Call on or 
 summon in a solemn manner. 2. Im- 
 plore earnestly. — conjuror, n. One 
 bound by oath with others. [Li. co, 
 and juro, swear.] 
 
 conjure (kun'jer). I. vt. Compel a 
 spirit by incantations ; enchant. 2. 
 Raise up needlessly. II. vi. Practice 
 magical arts. — conjurer, n. One 
 who practicesmagic. 
 
 connate(kon'at).a. 1. In born. 2. Of like 
 origin; united. [L. co, and natus, born.] 
 
 connect(kon-nekt'), vt. 1. Tie together. 
 2. Establish a relation between. — 
 connectedly, adv. In a connected 
 manner. - connective. I. a. Bind- 
 ing together. II. n. Word that con- 
 nects sentences or words. — con* 
 nect'ively, adv. [L.] 
 
 connection, connexion (kon-nek'- 
 shun), ns. 1. Union by junction or 
 relation. 2. Relationship; relative. 3. 
 Things connected. 
 
 Syn. Association; continuity; inter- 
 course; coherence; communication. 
 
 connivance (kon-ni'vans), n. Volun- 
 tary oversight of a fault. 
 
 connive (kon-mv'), vi. Wink at a fault. 
 f_L. conniveo, wink.] M 
 
 connoisseur ( Kon-is-sur r ), n. One 
 who knows well; able judge. [Fr. — 
 L. cognosco.] 
 
 Connote ( kon-not' ) , vt. Imply, as in 
 "the word son connotes the idea of 
 father.''' — connotation, n. 1. Im- 
 plication of something besides the 
 object named. 2. Sum of attributes 
 expressed by one word. — conno'ta- 
 tive, a. 
 
 eonnutoial (kon-nu'bi-al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to marriage; nuptial. [L. co, and 
 
 St*t/t>, marry.] 
 
 conoid ( ko'n'oid ), a. Like a cone in 
 form. [Gr. — konos, cone, and eidos, 
 form.] 
 
 conquer (kong'ker). I. vt. Overcome; 
 vanquish. II. vi. Be victor. — con'« 
 querable, a. That may be con* 
 
 i, fat. task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, WQtf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
conquest 
 
 116 
 
 consolidate 
 
 quered. — conqueror, n. One who 
 
 conquers. [From L. conqniro, strive.] 
 
 Syn. Overcome; vanquish; master; 
 
 defeat; subjugate ; subdue; surmount. 
 
 conquest (kong'kwest), n. 1. Conquer- 
 ing. 2. That which is conquered. 
 
 consanguineous (kon-sang-win'e- 
 us ), a. Of the same descent.— con- 
 sanguinity, n. Relationship by 
 blood. [L.— co, and sanguis, blood.] 
 
 conscience (kon'shens), n. 1. Knowl- 
 edge of one's own acts and feelings as 
 right or wrong. 2. Sense of duty. 
 [L. — co, within, and scio, know.] 
 
 conscientious ( kon-shi-en'shus), a 
 Faithful; just. — conscientiously, 
 adv.— conscientiousness, n. 
 Syn. Scrupulous; honest; exact. 
 
 conscionable (kon' shun-a-bl), a- 
 Governed by conscience; just. 
 
 conscious (kon'shus), a. 1. Aware. 2. 
 Having the use of one's senses. 3. 
 Embarrassed by fear of being ob- 
 served.— con'seiously, adv.— con- 
 sciousness, n. Knowledge which the 
 mind has of its own acts and feelings. 
 
 conscript (kon'skripl). I. a. Enrolled, 
 registered. II. n. One who hos been 
 enrolled compulsorily as a soldier or 
 sailor.— conscrip'tion, w, [L.] 
 
 consecrate (kon'se-krat), vt. Set apart 
 for a holy use; render holy.— conse- 
 cration, n. I. Conferring bishop's 
 powers upon a priest. II. Prayer in 
 consecrating Eucharistic elements. 
 
 consecutive (kon-sek'u-tiv), a. Fol- 
 lowing in order; succeeding. — con- 
 sec'utively, adv. — consec'utive- 
 ness, n. [L. co, and sequor, follow.] 
 
 consensus (kon-sen'sus), n. Agree- 
 ment; general tendency. 
 
 consent (kon-senf). I. vi. Agree; give 
 assent; yield. II. n. Agreement; con- 
 currence. [L. co, and sentio, feel, 
 think.l 
 
 consentience ( kon-sen'shi-ens ), n. 
 Imperfect consciousness. 
 
 jonsentient (kon-sen'shi-ent), a. 1. 
 Agreeing. 2. Endowed with consen- 
 tience. 
 
 consequence ( kon'se-kwens ), n. 1. 
 That which follows; effect. 2. Influ- 
 ence; importance. [L. consequentia— 
 co, with, and seq%oi^ follow.] 
 
 consequent ( kon'se-kwent ). I. a. 
 Following. II. n. Natural effect of a 
 cause.— consequently, adv.— con- 
 sequential. I. n. Inference; deduc- 
 tion. II. a. 1. Following as a result. 
 2. Pretending to importance; pom- 
 pous.— consequentially, adv. 
 
 conservative ( kon-ser'va-tiv ). I. a. 
 Tending to conserve. II. n. One averse 
 to change. 
 
 conservatory (kon-ser'va-to-ri), n. 1, 
 Place in which things are put for pre- 
 servation. 2. Greenhouse or place in 
 which exotic plants are kept. 3. 
 School of music, 
 
 conserve (kon-serv'), vt. Keep entire; 
 retain; preserve. — conser'ver, n. — 
 conser'vant, n. Conserving.— con- 
 servation, n.— conser'vatisin, n s 
 [L. co, and servo, keep.] 
 
 conserve (kon'serv), n. Something 
 preserved, as fruits in sugar. 
 
 consider ( kon-sid'er ), vt. 1. Think, 
 deliberate on. 2. Take into account. 
 considerable, a. Important; more 
 than a little. — consid'erahly, adv. 
 — coasid'eraoleness, n. [L.] 
 
 considerate ( kon-sid'er-at ), a. 
 Thoughtful of other's; serious; pru- 
 dent. — consid'erately, adv. — eon- 
 sid'erateness, n. — c onsidera'- 
 tion, n. 1. Deliberation. 2. Import- 
 ance. 3. Motive or reason. 4. Com- 
 pensation; basis of a compact. 
 Syn. See circumspect. 
 
 consign (kon-sin'), vt. Transfer, in 
 trust for sale or custody.— consign' 
 or, n. One who sends goods. — con 
 signee', n. One to whom anything is 
 sent.-consign'ment, n. l.Act of con 
 signing. 2. T hing consigned. 3. Writ 
 ing by which anything is made over, 
 
 consist (kon-sisf), vi. 1. Be com 
 posed. 2. Exist. 3. Be contained (in) 
 4. Be compatible.— consistence(kon 
 sis'tens), consistency, n. 1. Degree 
 of density. 2. Substance, 3. Agree- 
 ment. — consist'ent^ a. Fixed; not 
 fluid; agreeing together; uniform.— 
 consist'ently, adv. [L. -co, and 
 sisto, stand.] 
 
 consistory (kon-sis'to-ri), n. 1. As- 
 sembly or council. 2. Ecclesiastical 
 court.— consisto'rial, a. 
 
 coaisoSable ( kon-so'la-bl). a. That 
 may be comforted. 
 
 consolation (kon-so-la/- 
 shun), n. Alleviation of 
 misery.— consolatory 
 (kon-sol'a-t5-ri), &. 
 
 console ( kon-s51' ), vt. 
 Give solace or comfort. 
 — conso'ler,%. [L. co, 
 and solor, comfort.] 
 
 console (kon-sol'), n. 1. 
 Bracket, supporting a 
 slab, statuary, etc. 2. 
 Full-length mirror with 
 bracketed support. Console. 
 
 consolidate (kon-sol'i- 
 dat ), vt. and vi. Form into a compact 
 mass; unite into one. — consolida- 
 tion, n. [Li.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wglf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
consonance 
 
 117 
 
 contagion 
 
 consonance (kon'son-ans), n. 1. 
 Agreement. 2. Agreement of sounds. 
 
 consonant (kon'son-ant ). I. a. Con- 
 sistent; suitable. II.' n. Letter that 
 can be pronounced only with a vowel. 
 [L. co, and sono, sound.] 
 
 consort (kon'sart), n. 1. Partner; 
 companion. 2. "Wife or husband. [L. 
 co and sors, lot.] 
 
 consort (kon-sarf), vi. Associate. 
 
 conspicuous ( kon-spik'u-us ), a. 
 Clearly seen ; prominent.— conspic- 
 uously, adv.— conspic'nousness, 
 n. [L. co, and specio, look.] 
 
 conspiracy (kon-spir'a-si), n. Band- 
 ing together for an evil purpose; plot. 
 
 conspirator ( kon-spir'a-tur ), n. 
 
 Plotter- 
 conspire ( kon-spir' ) , vi. Plot or 
 scheme together; agree; concur to 
 one end. [L. co. and spiro, breathe.] 
 
 constable (kun'sta-bl), n. 1. Peace- 
 officer. 2. Officer who serves writs for 
 a minor court. — con'stablesbip, n. 
 
 constabulary (kon-stab'u-lar-i). I. a. 
 Pertaining to constables. II. n. Body 
 of constables. [fidelity. 
 
 eonstaney(kon'stan-si), n. Fixedness, 
 
 constants kon'stant ). I. a. Fixed; 
 continual; faithful. 'II. n. That which 
 remains unchanged. — constantly, 
 adv. [L. co, and sto, stand.J 
 
 constellation ( kon-stel-la'shun ), n. 
 Group of stars. [L. co, and stella, star.] 
 
 consternation (kon-ster-na'shun), n. 
 Terror, confusion. [Li.—co, in a heap, 
 and sterno, throw down.]_ 
 
 constipate (kon'stip-at), vt. Clog, 
 esp. the intestine. — constipa'tion, 
 n. Costiveness. [L. co, and stipo, pack.] 
 
 constituency ( kon-stit'u-en-si ), n. 
 Whole body of voters for one member 
 of Congress, orlother elected official. 
 
 constituent ( kon-stit'u-ent ). I. a. 
 Constituting; forming; essential. II. 
 n. 1. Essential or elemental part. 2. 
 One of those who elect a represent- 
 ative, or other public official. 
 
 constitute (kon'sti-tut), vt. 1. Estab- 
 lish. 2. Form. 3. Appoint. [L. co, 
 and statuo, make to stand.] 
 
 constitution (kon-sti-tu'shun), n. 1. 
 Natural condition of body or mind. 2. 
 System of fundamental lav/ for the 
 government of a nation, club. etc. 
 
 constitutional ( kon-sti-tu'shun-al). 
 I. a. 1. Inherent' in the nature. 2. 
 Conforming to the constitution. 3. 
 Limited by a constitution. II. n. 
 Walk for the sake of;' one's health.— 
 constitutionally, adv. 
 
 constitutive (kon'sti-tu-tiv), a. That 
 constitutes or establishes; having 
 power to enact, etc. 
 
 constrain ( kon-stran' ), vt. Force.— 
 constrainedly ( kon-stra'ned-li ), 
 adv. By compulsion. [O. Fr. con- 
 straindre—Li. co, and stringo, press.] 
 
 constraint (kon-stran t'), n. 1. Com- 
 pulsion. 2. Reservation. 
 
 constrict ( kon-strikf ), vt. Bind or 
 press together; contract. — cons- 
 triction, n. — constrictor (kon- 
 strik'tur), n. That which draws to- 
 gether; a serpent. See boa. [L.] 
 
 construct ( kon-strukt' ), vt. Build; 
 put together the parts of a thing. — 
 construction, n. 1. Building. 2. 
 Manner of forming. 3. In gram. Ar- 
 rangement of words in a sentence; 
 interpretation; meaning. — con* 
 struct'ive, a. 1. Fit for building. 2. 
 Deduced by construction, but not 
 expressed. — constructively, adv. 
 [L. co, and struo, build.] 
 
 construe (kon'stro)", vt. Translate; 
 explain. [custom, habit 
 
 consuetude (kon'swe-tud), n. Usage ; 
 
 consul ( kon'sul ), n. 1. Among the 
 Romans, one of the two chief magis- 
 trates of the state. 2. One commis- 
 sioned to reside in a foreign country, 
 as a representative of a government. 
 — con'sular, a. Pertaining to a con- 
 sul.— consulate, n. Office, residen- 
 ce, or jurisdiction of a consul. — 
 consulship (kon'sul-ship), n. Office, 
 or term of office, of a consul. [L.] 
 
 consult (kon-sulf), #£. and vi. .1. Con- 
 sider together. 2. Have in mind.— con- 
 sulta'tion, n. [can be consumed. 
 
 consumable (kon-su'ma-bl), a. That 
 
 cousuaue(kon-sum'), vt. Use up.— con- 
 su'aner, n. [L. co, and sumo, take.] 
 Syn . Destroy; devour; dissipate; 
 absorb; exhaust; spend; expend; lav- 
 ish; squander; waste; swallow up; 
 engulf. 
 
 consummate (kon-sum'at orkon'-), 
 I. vt. Raise to the summit; perfect 
 or finish. II. a. Perfect. — cousum'- 
 mately, adv. — consummation 
 (kon-summa'shun), n. Act of complet- 
 ing; perfection; close. [L. consummo , 
 perfect— co, and summits, highest.] 
 
 consumption (kon-sum'shun) n. 1. 
 Act of using up. 2. Disease destroy- 
 ing the lungs; phthisis. 
 
 consumptive (kon-sum'tiv). I. a. 1, 
 Destructive. 2. Pertaining to phthisis 
 3. Having phthisis. II. n. One affect- 
 ed with consumption. — consump'* 
 tively, adv. 
 
 contact (kon'takt), n. Touch; meet- 
 ing. [L.— co, and tango, touch.] 
 
 contagion (kon-ta'jun), n. Transmis- 
 sion of a disease or evil by contact. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn-, oil, owl, then. 
 
contagious 
 
 118 
 
 contract 
 
 contagions (kon-ta'jus), a. That may 
 
 be communicated.— contagiously, 
 
 adv.-conta'g'innsness, n. [ing. 
 
 Syn. Catching; infectious; spread- 
 
 contagium (kon-ta'ji-um), n. In med- 
 icine: That which carries the disease 
 from one person to another. 
 
 contain (kon-tan'), vt. 1. Hold. 2. 
 Restrain. [L. contineo, — co, and 
 teneo, hold.] 
 
 contaminate (kon-tam'i-nat), vt. De- 
 file; pollute; infect, -contamina- 
 tion, n. [L. contamino — contagmen.] 
 
 contemn (kon-tem'), vt. Despise ; ne- 
 glect.— contem'ner, n. [L. contemno.] 
 
 contemplate (kon-tem'pJat or kon'-) 
 vt. Consider; intend.— contempl.V> 
 tion, n. Study, meditation. — con- 
 templative, a. Given to contem- 
 plation. [L.] 
 
 contemporaneous (kon-tem-po-ra'- 
 ne-us), a. Laving, happening, or being 
 at the same time. — contempora- 
 neously, adv. — contemporane- 
 ousness, n. [L. co, and tempus, time.] 
 
 contemporary (kon-tem'po-rar-i). I. 
 a. Contemporaneous. II. n. Ouewho 
 lives at the same time. 
 
 contempt (kon-temf), n. 1. Scorn. 
 2. Disgrace. 3. In law : Disobedience 
 of the rules of a court. [See contemn.] 
 
 contemptible ( kon-tem 'ti-bl), a. 
 Despicable. — contempt'ibly, adv. — 
 contempt'Ibleness, n. 
 
 contemptuous ( kon-tem'tu-us), a. 
 Full of contempt; haughty; scornful. 
 contemptuously, adv. 
 
 contend (kon-tend'), vi. Strive; strug- 
 gle; debate. [L. co, and tendo, strain.] 
 Syn. Emulate; vie; contest; fight; 
 argue; oppose; combat; litigate. 
 
 content (kon'tent), n. 1. That which 
 is contained. 2. Capacity, extent.— , 
 pi. 1. The things contained; list of 
 subjects treated of in a book. 
 
 content (kon-tenf). I. a. Satisfi>r|. II 
 vt. Satisfy; please. — content 'c*8, a. 
 Content. — contentedly, adv. — 
 content'edness, n. — content'- 
 ment, n. [L. contentus.] 
 
 contention (kon-ten'shun), n. Strife; 
 debate.— conten'tious, a. Quarrel- 
 some— conten'tiously, a^.-con- 
 ten'tiousness, n. 
 
 contest(kon-test'), vt. 1. Call in ques- 
 tion. 2. Strive (for).— contestable, 
 a. [L. -co, with, and testis, witness.] 
 
 contest (kon'test)', n. Struggle; 
 strife; debate. 
 
 context (kon'tekst), n. Parts which 
 precede and follow a passage. [L. co, 
 and texo, weave ] 
 
 contiguity (kon-ti-gu'i-ti), n. State 
 of being in close contact. 
 
 contiguous (kon-tig'u-us), a. Touch- 
 ing; adjoining; near.— contiguou- 
 sly, adv. — contig'uousness, n. 
 
 [Li. — co, and tango, touch.] 
 
 continence (kon'ti-nens), continen- 
 cy (kon'ti-nen-si), n. Restraint im- 
 posed by a person upon his desires and 
 passions; chastity. 
 
 continent (kon'ti-nent), a. Restrain- 
 ing the indulgence of pleasure; tem- 
 perate; virtuous; chaste. — con'ti- 
 nently, adv. [L.—co, an&teneo, hold.] 
 
 continent (kon'ti-nent), n. 1. Main- 
 land of Europe. 2. One of the great 
 divisions of the land surface of the 
 globe. — continental, a. [L. con- 
 tinens, holding together.] 
 
 contingence (kon-tin'j ens), contin- 
 gency, n. Accident; combination. 
 
 contingent (kon-tin'jent). I. a. De- 
 pendent ; accidental. II. n. 1. Un- 
 certain future event. 2. Quota, espec- 
 ially of soldiers. — contingently, 
 adv. [Li. contingo, touch, happen.] 
 
 continual (kon-tin'u-al), a. Without 
 interruption; unceasing. — contin'* 
 ually, ado. 
 
 continuance (kon-tin'u-ans), n. Dura- 
 tion; uninterrupted succession: stay. 
 
 continuation (kon-tin-u-a'shun), n. 
 Constant succession; extension. 
 
 continue (kon-tin'u). I. vt. Prolong; 
 extend; persist in. II. vi. Remain. 2. 
 Last; persevere.— continued, a.— 
 contin'uedly, adv.— continuity, 
 n. State of being continuous. — con- 
 tinuous, a. — contcai'uously, adv. 
 
 contort (kon-tarf), vt. Twist or turn 
 violently; writhe. — contor'tion, n. 
 [Li. co, and torqueo, twist.] 
 
 contour (kon-tbr), n. Outline. [Fr.] 
 
 contra-, prefix. Against; opposite; 
 contrary. [L.] 
 
 contraband (kon'tra-band). I. a. Pro- 
 hibited. II. n. 1. Illegal traffic. 2. 
 Prohibited goods. [It. See ban.] 
 
 contract i kon-trakt' ), vt. and vi. 1. 
 Draw together; lessen; shorten. 2. 
 Acquire; incur. 3. Bargain. 4. Betroth 
 [Li.— co, and traho, draw.] 
 
 Syn. Abridge; epitomize; narrow; 
 condense; reduce; assume; wrinkle. 
 
 contract (kon'trakt), n. 1. Agree- 
 ment on fixed terms. 2. Writing con- 
 taining an agreement. — contract'- 
 ed, a. Drawn together ; narrow ; 
 mean. — contract'edly, adv.— con- 
 tract'edness, n. — contract'ible, 
 a. Capable of being contracted. — 
 contractibil'ity, contract ible- 
 ness, n. — contrac'tion, n. 1. Act 
 of contracting. 2. Word shortened by 
 omission of a part. — contract'or, 
 n. 1. One of the parties to a contract. 
 
 fate, fati t&sk, £Sr, SrU, fire, above; mS, met, hgr j mite, mitj u6te, not, mbve, wolf} 
 m$te, but, p3rn$ oil, owl, then. 
 
contradict 
 
 119 
 
 converge 
 
 2. One who executes work or fur- 
 nishes supplies at a fixed rate. 
 
 contradict ( kon-tra-dikt' ), vt. Op- 
 pose by words; deny. — con tradie'- 
 tion, n. 1. Act of contradicting; 
 denial. 2. Inconsistency. —eontra- 
 dict'ive, contradict'ory, a. 
 Affirming the contrary; inconsistent. 
 — contradictorily, adv. [L. contra, 
 and dico, speak.] 
 
 contradistinction (kon-tra-dis-tink'- 
 shun), n. Direct contrast. " [alto. 
 
 contralto ( kon-tral'to ), n. Same as 
 
 contrariety (kon-tra-ri'e-ti), n. Oppo- 
 sition; inconsistency. 
 
 contrariwise ( kon'tra-ri-wrz), adv. 
 On the other hand. 
 
 contrary (kon'tr;,-ri). I. a. 1. Oppo- 
 site. 2. Conflicting. 3. Intractable. 
 II. n. Opposite. — contrariness, n. 
 con'trarily, adt. [ L. contrarius.] 
 
 contrast (kon-trast.'), vi. dmd.vt. Stand 
 or set in oppositic n to. [Fr. — L. con- 
 tra, and stare, stard.] 
 
 contrast <, kon'tnist ), n. 1. Opposi- 
 tion, unlikeness. 2. Exhibition of 
 differences. 
 
 contravene (kon tra-ven'), vt. Con- 
 flict with.— conti nveii'tion, n. Vio- 
 lation. [L.. contra, and venio, come.] 
 
 contretemps (kong-tr-tang"), n. 
 Embarrassing incident. [Fr.] 
 
 contre-clance (kon'tr-dans), n. Qua- 
 drille. [Fr.=coun try dance.] 
 
 contribute ( kon-trib'ut ),vt. and vi. 
 Give or pay a share; help. — contri- 
 bution, h.— contrib'ntive, con- 
 tributory, as.— contrib'utor, n. 
 [L. co, and tribuo, give.] 
 
 contrite (kon'tnt), a. Broken-hearted 
 (for sin) ; penitent.— con'tritely.adw. 
 —contrition (kon-trish'un). n. Deep 
 remorse. [L. co, and tero, bruise.] 
 
 Syn. Repentance; penitence; com- 
 punction; attrition; humiliation. 
 
 contrivance ( kon-tri'vans ), n. 1. 
 
 I Act of contriving. 2. Thing contrived ; 
 
 invention; artifice. 
 
 contrive (kon-trlv'), vt. 
 Plan; invent.— contri'- 
 ver, n. [Fr. controuver — 
 trouver, find.] 
 
 control ( kon-trol' ). I. n. 
 (formerly comptroll). 
 Restraint; authority; com- 
 mand. II. vt. [control'ling; 
 controlled'. ]Check; govern. 
 -controllable, a. Capa- 
 ble of, or subject to, con- 
 trol.— con trol'ler, n. One 
 who or that which con- 
 trols; esp. mechanism by 
 which the motornmn con 
 
 fcrols the speed of an electric car. 
 
 Controller 
 
 control'Iership, n. — control'* 
 
 raent, n. Act or power of control- 
 ling; state of being controlled. [Fr. 
 — contre-role, duplicate register for 
 checking the original.] 
 
 controversial ( kon-tro-ver'shal ), a. 
 Relating to controversy. — contro- 
 versially, adv. — controversia- 
 list, n. One given to controversy. 
 
 controversy (kon'tro-ver-si), n. Dis- 
 cussion, debate; contest. 
 
 controvert ( kon-tro-vert' ), vt. Op- 
 pose; refute. — controvert'ible, a. 
 Disputable. — controvert'ibly, 
 adv. [Li. contra, and verto,x,-a.m.'\ 
 
 contumacious (kon-tu-ma'shus), a. 
 Headstrong; wilfully disobedient. — 
 contumaciously, adv. — contu- 
 ma'ciousness, n. 
 
 contumacy (kon'tu-ma-si), n. 1. 
 Obstinate disobedience. 2. In law, wil- 
 ful contempt of authority. _ [L.] 
 
 contumelious (kcn-tu-me'li-us ), a. 
 Offensively haughty; insolent.— con- 
 tnme'liously, adv. — contume'- 
 liousness, n. [lence; iusult._[L.] 
 
 contumely ( kon'tu-me-li ), n. inso- 
 
 contnse (kon-tuz'), vt. Bruise, crush. 
 —contusion (kon-tu'zhun), n. 1. Act 
 of bruising. 2. Bruise. [L.— co, and 
 tundo, beat.] 
 
 conundrum (kon-un'drum). n. Rid- 
 dle containing some fanciful resem- 
 blance or difference between things. 
 [Etymology unknown.] 
 
 convalesce (kon-val-es'). vi. Regain 
 health.— convales cence, n. —con- 
 valescent (kon-val-es'ent). I. a. Gra- 
 dually recovering health. II. n. One 
 recovering from sickness. [L.] 
 
 convene (kon-veu'), vi and vt. Assem- 
 ble. [L.— co, and venio, come.] 
 
 convenient (kou-ve'ni-ent),a. Timely ; 
 handy; suitable. — con ve'nience, 
 conve'niency, ns. Suitableness; 
 accommodation. — conve'niently, 
 adv. [sonable; agreeable. 
 
 Syn. Adapted; commodious; sea- 
 convent (kon'vent), n. 1. Assembly. 
 2. Community of monks, or nuns. 3. 
 Monastery, nunnery. — conventi- 
 cle, n. Secret religious meeting. 
 
 convention (kon-ven'shun) :i. 1. As- 
 sembly. 2. Temporary treaty. 
 
 conventional ( kon-ven'shun -al ), a. 
 Formed by convention orcrjtom. — 
 conventionally, adv. — conven- 
 tionalism, n. That which is esta- 
 blished by tacit agreement, as a mode 
 of speech. — conventionality, n. 
 
 converge (kon-verj'), vi. Tend to one 
 point.— convergence, conver- 
 g-ency, n.— convergent, a. 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, woif; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
conversant 
 
 120 
 
 coot 
 
 conversant ( kon'ver - sant ), a. Ac- 
 quainted by study; familiar. 
 
 conversation (kon-ver-sa'shun), n. 
 Talk; familiar discourse. — conver- 
 sational, adv. — conversation- 
 alist, n. One who converses well. 
 
 converse (kon- vers'), vi. 1. Have 
 intercourse. 2. Talk familiarly. [Fr. 
 — L. conversor, live with.] 
 
 converse (kon' vers), a. Reversed in 
 order or relation.— con'versely, adv. 
 
 conversion (kon- ver'shun), n. Change, 
 esp. of the heart or mind. 
 
 convert (kon-verf), vt. 1. Change 
 from one condition to another; 2. 
 Divert from its proper use. — con- 
 vertible, a. con vertifoil'ity,n.[L.] 
 Syn. Transmute ; turn ; pervert ; 
 
 T appropriate; transform; diversify. 
 
 converter (kon-ver'ter), n. 1. Large 
 retort for reducing ores. 2. Device 
 for changing an electrical current. 
 
 Convex. 
 Convexo-concave. Convexo-convex. 
 
 convex (kon'veks), a. Curved outward, 
 opposite of concave. — con'vexly , adv. 
 [Li.— co, together, and veho, carry.] 
 
 convey (kon-va'), vt. Transport; trans- 
 mit; impart; manage. — convey'- 
 able, a. — e onvey 'ance, n. 1. 
 Means of conveying; vehicle. 2. In 
 law : Act of transferring property. 3. 
 Writing which transfers it. — con- 
 veyancer, n. One who prepares 
 deeds for transferring property. [O. 
 Fr. conveier — L. co, and via, way.] 
 
 convict (kon-vikf), vt. Prove guilty. 
 — convic'tion, n. 1. Act of convin- 
 cing or of convicting. 2. Strong be- 
 lief. [From root of convince.] 
 
 convict ( kon'vikt ), n. 1. Convicted. 
 2. One condemned to penal servitude. 
 
 convince ( kon-vins' ), vt. Satisfy as 
 to truth. — convin'ciMe, a. — con- 
 vin'cinffly, adv. [L. co, and vinco, 
 conquer.] 
 
 convivial ( kon-viv'i-al) , a. Social; 
 jovial. — conviv'ially, adv. — con- 
 vivial'ity, n. [L. co, and vivo, live.] 
 
 convocation (kon-vo-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of convoking. 2. Assembly. 
 
 convolie (kon-vok'), vt. Call together. 
 [L. co, and voco, call.] 
 
 convolute ( kon'vo-iot), con'volu- 
 ted, a. Rolled together. [See con- 
 volve ] [Twisting; fold. 
 
 convolution (kon-vo-lo'shun), n. 
 
 convolve (kon- vol v' ), vt. Roll to- 
 gether. [L. co, and volvo, roll.] 
 
 convolvulus ( kon-vol'vu-lus), n. 
 Genus of twining plants; bindweed. 
 
 convoy (kon-voi'), vt. Accompany on 
 the way, for protection. [From root of 
 
 CONVEY.] 
 
 convoy ( kon'voi ), n. 1. Act of con- 
 voying. 2. Protection. 3. That which 
 convoys or is convoyed. 
 
 convulse ( kon-vuls' ), vt. Agitate 
 violently; affect by spasms. [L. co, 
 and vello, pluck, pull.] 
 
 convulsion (kon-vul'shun ), n. In- 
 voluntary contortion of the muscles. 
 
 convulsive (kon-vul'siv), a. Attended 
 with muscular spasms. — convul- 
 sively, adv.— convul'siveness, n. 
 
 cony, coney (ko'ni), n. Rabbit. [L. 
 cuniculus.] 
 
 coo (ko). I. vi. Make a noise as a dove; 
 caress fondly. II. n. Noise made in 
 cooing. [From the sound.] 
 
 cools (kok). I. vt. Prepare food. II. n. 
 One whose business it is to cook. [A. 
 S. coc,— L. coguo, cook.] 
 
 cookery (kok'er-i), n. 1. Art of cook- 
 ing. 2. Place for cooking. 
 
 cooky (koki), n. Small flat sweet cake. 
 
 cool (kol). I. adj. 1. Slightly cold. 2. 
 Calm. 3. Indifferent. 4. Impudent. II. 
 vt. Make colder; allay or moderate, 
 as passion. III. vi. Grow cold. IV. 
 n. Moderate temperature. — cool'ly, 
 adv.— cool'ness, n. [A. S. col.] 
 
 coolie (ko'li) , n. East Indian or Chi- 
 nese laborer. [Hind, kuli.] 
 
 coon (kon), n. Short for raccoon. 
 
 coop (kop). I. n. Box or cage for 
 fowls or small animals. II. vt. Con- 
 fine in a coop; shut up. [A. S. cypa, 
 basket, akin to Cup.] 
 
 cooper (ko'per), n. One who makes 
 tubs, casks, coops, etc. — cooper- 
 age, n. 1. Work or workshop of a 
 cooper. 2. Sum paid for a cooper's 
 work. [ing together. 
 
 co-operant (ko-op'er_-ant), a. Work- 
 co-operate (ko-op'er-at), vi. Work to- 
 gether. — co-op'erator, n. — co- 
 operation, n. 1. Joint operation. 2. 
 Association for tho cheaper purchas- 
 ing of goods, or for 
 carrying on some in- 
 dustry. — co-op'er- 
 ative, a. 
 
 co-ordinate (ko-ar'- 
 din-at,). I. a. Of the 
 same order or rank. 
 II. vt. Make co-ordi- Coot, 
 
 nate. — e o - o r ' d i- 
 nately, adv. — co-ordina'tion, n. 
 
 coot (kot), n. Short-tailed water-fowL 
 [W. cwt, short tail.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
copal 
 
 121 
 
 corner 
 
 copal (ko'pal), n. Resinous substance 
 used in varnishes. [Mexican.] 
 
 copartner ( ko-part'ner ), n. Joint 
 partner.— copartnership, n. 
 
 cope (kop). I. n. Cap; cloak; mantle 
 worn by priests and bishops over the 
 alb. II. vt. Cover with a cope. — co'- 
 ping,??.. Highest course of masonry in 
 a wall. [A. S. cop, head.] [pen, buy.] 
 
 cope (kop), vi. Vie; fight. [Dut. koo- 
 
 Copernican (ko-per'ni-kan), a. Relat- 
 ing to the system of Copernicus. 
 
 copier (kop'i-er), copyist (kop'i-ist), 
 n. 1. One who copies. 2. Plagiarist. 
 
 copious (ko'pi-us), a. Plentiful. — 
 copiously , adv. — co'piousness, n. 
 [L. copia, plenty.] 
 
 copper (kop'er). I. n. 1. Metal of a 
 reddish color. 2. Vessel, coin, etc., 
 made of copper. II. vt. Cover with 
 copper [L. cuprum — cuprium <zs 
 Cyprian brass.] 
 
 copperas (kop'er-as), n. Sulphate of 
 iron, green vitriol. [Prom L. cupri 
 rosa, rose of copper.] 
 
 copperhead (kop'er-hed), n. 1. Small 
 venomous North- American moccasin 
 snake. 2. Term applied to sympa- 
 thiser with the national enemy. 
 
 coppice (kop'is), copse (kops), n. 
 Wood of small growth, for cutting. 
 [From Fr. couper, cut.] 
 
 Copts (kopts), n. 1. Egyptian race. 2. 
 Christian sect in Egypt.— Copt'ic, a. 
 
 copula (kop'u-la), n. In gram. Word 
 joining subject' and predicate. 
 
 copulate (kop'u-lat), vt. and vi. Unite 
 as a pair. 
 
 c°l>y ( kop'i ). I. n. 1. Reproduction; 
 duplicate. 2. Book. 3. Pattern; manu- 
 script. II. vt. Imitate; transcribe. 
 [Fr. copie—Li. copia, plenty.] 
 
 Syn. Model; example; imitntion; 
 original: transcript; counterfeit. 
 
 copyright (kop'i-rit), n. Exclusive 
 right of an author or his heirs to 
 publish for a term of years copies 
 of his intellectual work (books, paint- 
 ings, engravings, etc.). 
 
 coquet (ko-kef), vi. [coquet'ting; co- 
 quet'ted.] 1. Attempt to excite love, 
 from vanity, or to deceive; make 
 eyes; flirt. 2. Trifle.— coquetry, 
 n. — coquette (ko-kef), n. Trifling 
 woman.— coquettish, a. Practicing 
 coquetry; befitting a coquette. — co- 
 qnet'tishly, adv. — coqttet'tish- 
 ness, n. [Fr. coqueter, strut.] 
 
 coral (kor'al), n. Hard calcareous sub- 
 stance, composed of the skeletons of 
 zoophytes. [G-r. korallion.] 
 
 coralline (kor'al-in), a. 1. Of, like, or 
 containing coral. 2. Unimpregnated 
 eggs of the lobster. 
 
 corbel (kar'bel), n. Small ornamental 
 bracket-iike stone support. [Fr.— 
 
 corbeille, basket.] 
 cord (kard). I. n. 1. Chord; thick kind 
 
 of string. 2. Measure of wood = 128 
 
 cubic feet. II. vt. 1. Bind with a cord. 
 
 2. Arrange fire-wood in cords. [See 
 
 CHORD.] 
 
 cordage (kard'aj), n. 
 Quantity of " c or d s or 
 ropes. 
 
 co rdate (kar'dat), a. 
 Heart-shaped. [L. cor, 
 heart.] 
 
 cordial (kar'jal). La. 
 Hearty ; affectionate. H. 
 n. Medicine or drink for in- 
 creasing vitality. — cord'- 
 ially, adv.— cordiality, 
 n. [Fr. — L. cor, heart.] 
 
 cordon (kar'dun), n. 1. Ribbon be- 
 stowed as a badge of honor. 2. Row 
 of jutting stones. 3. Line of militarj 
 posts. [Fr.] 
 
 corduroy ( kar'du-roi ) , n. ThicS 
 cotton stuff with corded or ribbed sur 
 face.— Corduroy road: Roadway made 
 of logs [aid transversely side by side. 
 
 core (kor), n. Heart; inner part of 
 fruit. [O. Fr. cor.] 
 
 coriander (kS'ri-an'der), n. Plant 
 with aromatic seeds, used as spice 
 and in medicine. 
 
 Corinthian ( ko-rin'thi-an ), a. Per- 
 taining to Corinth, a city of Greece. 
 [See plate of columns, p. 105.] 
 
 cork (kark). I. n. 1. Outer bark of an 
 oak found in the south of Europe, etc. 
 
 2. Stopper made of cork. II. vt. Stop 
 with a cork; stop up. [Sp. corcho— 
 L. cortex, bark.] 
 
 cormorant (kar'mo-rant), n. 1. Genus 
 of large, web-footed seabirds, of great 
 voracity. 2. Glutton. [Fr. — L. cor- 
 vus marinus, sea-crow.] 
 
 corn (karn). I. n. 1. Kernel. 2. Grain. 
 
 3. In "U. S., Indian corn or maize 
 only. II. vt. Sprinkle with grains or 
 salt; preserve in brine. [A. S.J 
 
 corn (karn), n. Horny excrescence on 
 the toe'or foot. [From L. cornu,hom.] 
 
 cornea ( kar'ne-a ), n. Transparent 
 horny front part'of the eyeball. 
 
 cornel (kar'nel), n. Cornelian-cherry 
 or dogwood-tree, with very hard 
 wood. _ [pink stone. 
 
 cornelian (kor-ne'li-an), n . Precious 
 
 corner (kar'ner). I. n. 1. Point where 
 two lines hieet. 2. Secret or confined 
 place. 3. A clique formed for a partic- 
 ular speculation in stocks, provisions, 
 etc. II. vt. 1. Drive into a corner; 
 place at a disadvantage. 2. Create a 
 scarcity of a particular stock or the 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
corner-stone 
 
 122 
 
 corrosive 
 
 like, by obtaining command of the 
 supply. [O. Fr. comiere—Li. cornu.~\ 
 corner-stone (kar'ner-ston), n. 1. 
 Stone at the corner of two walls. 
 2. Corner of the foundation of a build- 
 ing; foundation. 
 
 Cornet a Pistons. 
 
 cornet (kar'net), n. 1. Horn-shaped 
 trumpet." 2. Formerly in the British 
 cavalry, sub-lieutenant. [Fr.] 
 
 cornetcy (kar'net-si), n. Commission 
 or rank of a cornet. 
 
 eornice (kar'nis), n. Highest molded 
 projection" of a wall or entablature 
 (which see) [Fr. — Gr. kqronis, curve.] 
 
 cornucopia (kar-nu-ko'pi-a), n 1 
 Horn of plenty." 2. Horn-shaped re 
 ceptacle. [L.] 
 
 corolla (ko-rol'a), n. Principal part 
 of a flower, composed of one or more 
 petals. [L. dim. of corona, crown.] 
 
 ,orollary (kor'ol-a-ri)), n. Something 
 proved or given additionally. [L. = 
 wreath — coro lla. ] 
 
 corona ( ko-ro'na ), n. Crown; halo; 
 top of the head. — cor'onal, coro- 
 nary, a. Pertaining to a crown, or 
 to the top of the head. [L.] 
 
 coronation (kor-o-na'shun), u. Act of 
 crowning a sovereign. [L.] 
 
 coroner ( kor'o-ner ) , n. Officer who 
 inquires into accidental or suspicious 
 death. [Fr.=crown official.] 
 
 Coronet of 
 an English Duke. 
 
 Coronet of 
 the Prince of Wales. 
 
 coronet (kor'o-net) , n. 1. Small or infe- 
 rior crown. 2. Ornamental head-dress. 
 
 corporal (kar'po-ral), n. Lowest non- 
 commissioned officer in the army. [Fr.] 
 
 corporal (kar'po-ral), a. 1. Belonging 
 or relating to the body. 2. Having a 
 body. 3. Not spiritual. [ L.— corpus, 
 body.] 
 
 corporate (kar'po-rat), a. 1. Legally 
 incorporated, to act as an individual. 
 2. Belonging to a corporation. 
 
 corporation (kar-po-ra'shun), n. 
 Society authorized by law to act as 
 one individual. 
 
 corporeal (kar-po're-al) , a. Having a 
 body or substance; material. — cor* 
 po'really, adv.— corporeality, n. 
 
 corps ( kor ), n. 1. Body of soldiers, 
 consisting of two divisions. 2. Organ- 
 ized body of co-workers, as hospital 
 corps, corps of teachers, etc. 
 
 corpse (karps), n. Dead body of a 
 human being. [L. corpus.] 
 
 corpulent ( kar'pu-lent ), a. Flesh v. 
 
 — corpulence, corpulency, ris, 
 [Fr.— L. corpus, body.] 
 
 Syn. Fat; obese; stout; bulky. 
 
 corpus (kar'pus), n. Body. 
 
 corpusele"(kar'pus-l),7i. Minute body 
 
 corral ( kor-fal' ). I. vt. [corral'ling; 
 corralled'.] Drive into a corral or 
 pen. II. n. Enclosure to pen up cattle. 
 
 correct (kor-rekf). I. vt. 1. Make right. 
 
 2. Punish. II. a. Free from fault; true. 
 correct'ly, adv. — correctness, n. 
 
 — correction (kor-rek' shun ) , n. 
 Amendment; punishment. — correc- 
 tional, corrective, a. Tending to 
 correct.— corrector ( kor-re k'tur ), n. 
 [L. co, and rego, rule.] 
 
 Syn. Accurate; exact; just; fault- 
 less; blameless; precise; nice; right. 
 correlate (kor'e-lat), vi. Be mutually 
 related, as father and son.— correla'- 
 tion, w.— correlate ve(kor-rera-tiv'). 
 
 I. a. Mutually or reciprocally related. 
 
 II. n. Person, word or thing related 
 to another. — correl'atively, adv. 
 
 correspond (kor-re-spond'), vi. 1. (to) 
 Have a similar position or function 
 with. 2. Be adapted: agree; answer. 
 
 3. Hold intercourse by letters.— cor- 
 respond'ence, correspond'en- 
 cy, ns. 1. Suitableness. 2. Letters.— 
 correspondent. I. a. Agreeing. 
 II. n. One with whom intercourse is 
 kept by letters. 
 
 corridor (kor' id or), n. Passageway, 
 hall. [It. corridore, runner — L. curro.) 
 
 corroborate (kor-rob'o-rat), vt. Con- 
 firm; make more certain. — corrob'* 
 orative, a. Tending to confirm.— 
 corroboration, n. [L. co, and ro- 
 boro, make strong.] 
 
 corrode (kor-rod'), vt. Gnaw or eat 
 away by degrees; rust.— corrodent, 
 
 I. a. Having the power of corroding.. 
 
 II. n. That whichcorrodes. [L.] 
 corrosion (kor-ro'-zhun), n. Act of 
 
 eating or wasting away. 
 corrosive (kor-ro'siv). I. a. Having the 
 quality of eating away. H. n. That 
 which has the power of corroding. — 
 corro'sively, adv. — corro'sive- 
 ness, n. J See corrode.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; r>ot», not. mover wait; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
corrugate 
 
 123 
 
 council 
 
 Wrinkle, 
 [L. rugo, 
 
 Corrugated Iron. 
 
 corrugate (kor'-o gat), vt . 
 fold. — corrugation, n. 
 wrinkle.] 
 
 corrupt ( kor- 
 rupt'). I.vt.l. Make 
 putrid: defile ; de- 
 base. 2. Bribe. II. 
 vi. Rot; lose puri- 
 ity. III. a. Putrid, 
 depraved; full of 
 errors. — cor- 
 ruptible, a. 
 Liable to be cor- 
 rupted. — co r- 
 rnpt'ifoly, adv.— 
 
 corruptibility, n. — corrupt'i- 
 bleness, n. — corruption (kor-rup'- 
 shun), n Rottenness; impurity; brib- 
 ery.— corruptive, a.— corruptly, 
 adv.— corruptness, n. — corrupt- 
 er, n. [L. —rumpo, break.] 
 
 corsage ( kar'saj ), n. Waist of a 
 woman's dress. ' [Fr.] 
 
 corsair (kar-sar'), n. 1. Pirate. 2. 
 Pirate's vessel. [Fr. — I*. cursus, run.] 
 
 corse (kars), n. Poetic form of corpse. 
 
 corselet, corslet (kars' let), n. Piece 
 of armor covering the body. [Fr.] 
 
 corset ( kar'set ), n. Article of wom- 
 an's dress i'aced around the body to 
 give shape and support; stays. [Fr.] 
 
 corso (kar'so), n. Parade in carriages. 
 [It. Name of a street in Rome.] 
 
 cortege (kar-tazh'). n. Train of at- 
 tendants. [It. corteggio—corte, court.] 
 
 cortes (kar'tes), n. Span. Parliament, 
 
 cortex" (kar'teks), n. 1. Bark. 2. 
 Covering.— cbr'tical, a. Pertaining 
 to bark; external. _ [L.] 
 
 corticate (kar'ti-kat), cor'tieated, 
 a 1. Furnished with bark. 2. Resem- 
 bling bark. 
 
 corundum (ko-run'dum) , n. Oxide of 
 aluminum, substance of sapphire, to- 
 paz, ruby, amethyst and emery 
 [Hind, kurancl.] 
 
 coruscate (kor us-kat or ko-rus'kat), 
 vi. Sparkle; flash. [L.] 
 
 corvette (kar-vef), n. Small ship of 
 war, next to "a frigate. [Port, corbeta, 
 basket.] 
 
 cosmetic (kcz-met'ik). I. a. Improv- 
 ing beauty\espeeially that of the com- 
 plexion. 31. n, Preparation used for 
 beautifying the complexion. [Fr. eos- 
 m&igue—Qv. kosmos, adorn.] 
 
 cosmic (koz'mik), cosmical (koz'- 
 mik-al), a. Relating to the universe. 
 — coVmieally, adv. [Gr.] 
 
 cosmopolitan ( koz-mo-pol'i-tan ), 
 cosmopolite (koz-mop'o-lit). I. n. 
 1. Citizen of the world. 2. One free 
 from local or national prejudices. II. 
 o. Belonging to the whole world. — 
 
 cosmopolitanism, n. [ Gr. kosmo- 
 
 polites — kosmos, and polites, citizen.] 
 
 cosmos ( koz'mos ), n. World as ah 
 orderly whole, opposed to chaos. [Gr.] 
 
 cosset (kos'et). I. n. Pet lamb; pet. 
 II. vt. Pet; fondle. 
 
 cost (kost). I. vt. Require to be expen- 
 ded or suffered. II. n. What is ex- 
 pended or suffered. [Fr. eouter— L. 
 constare, stand at.] 
 
 costal (kost'al), a. Relating to the 
 ribs, or to the side of the body. [Li. 
 costa, rib.] 
 
 costermonger (kos'ter-mung-er), n. 
 Fruit-pedler. [ From Custard (ap- 
 ple) and Monger.] 
 
 costive (kos'tiv), a. Constipated. — 
 cos'tively, adv. — cos'tiveness, 
 n. [F v.— con stipe.] 
 
 costly (kost'li), a. Of great cost; high- 
 priced; valuable.— costliness, n. 
 
 costume (kos-tum'), n. 1. Manner of 
 dressing. 2. Dress. [Fr.=custom.] 
 
 cot (kot), n. 1. Cottage. 2. Small 
 bed. [A. S. ccte, cot or den.] 
 
 cote (kot), n. Inclosure for sheep, 
 doves, etc. [Avariety of Cot.1 
 
 coterie (ko'te-re), n. Clique. [Fr.] 
 
 cotillion, cotillon ( ko-til'yun ), n. 
 Dauce; german. [Fr.] 
 
 cottage (kot'aj), n. Hut: small dwell- 
 ing. — cottager (kot'a-jer), n, One 
 who dwells in a cottage. 
 
 cottolene (kot'o-len), n. Substitute 
 for lard made from cotton seed oil. 
 
 cotton (kot'n), n. 1. Soft substance 
 like fine wool, attached to the seeds of 
 the cotton-plant. 2. Cloth made of it. 
 
 cotton-gin (kot'n- jin), n. Device for 
 removing seed from cotton fiber. 
 
 cotyledon (kot-i-le'dun), n. Embryo- 
 leaf in seed. [Gr.] 
 
 couch (kowch). I. n. 1. Place for rest 
 or sleep; bed. II. vt. 1. Lay down on 
 a bed 2. Express. [Fr. coucher—L,. 
 co, and locate, place.] 
 
 cougar (kb'gar), n. Mountain lion, 
 puma. [Brazilian.] 
 
 cough (kaf) I. n. An effort of th6 
 lungs to throw off injurious matter, 
 accompanied by a harsh sound. II. vi. 
 Make this effort. III. vt. Expel from 
 the throat or lungs. [From sound. 1 
 
 could (kod), v. Past tense of can. 
 [O. E coudt.] 
 
 coulomb ( ko-lom' ), n. Quantity of 
 electricity furnished by a current of 
 one ampere in one second. [Named 
 from C.A. Coulomb, French physicist."! 
 
 council (kown'sil), n. Assembly called 
 together for deliberation or advice. — 
 coun'cillor, councilman, n 
 Member of a council, [L. concilium — 
 co. and calo t call.] 
 
 f*te, fat, ta$k, far, ta.ll, fare, above; me, met, h§r; tnite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, buru; oil, owl, th&a. 
 
counsel 
 
 124 
 
 court 
 
 counsel (kown'sel). I n. 1. Consulta- 
 tion; advice. 2. Plan. 3. One who 
 gives counsel; lawyer, advocate. II. 
 vt. Give advice ; warn.— counsellor, 
 n. One who counsels ; lawyer. — conn'- 
 sellorship, n. [Fr. conseil—Lt. con- 
 silium, advice.] 
 
 count ( kownt ), n. In France, Italy, 
 etc., title of nobility equal in rank to 
 an English earl.— count'ess, n. fern. 
 Wife of a count or earl. [Fr. comte — 
 L. comes, companion.] 
 
 count (kownt). I. vt 1. Number; sum 
 up. 2. Ascribe; consider. II. vi. 1. 
 Increase a number. 2 Depend. HI. 
 n. 1. Act of computing. 2. Number 
 found by counting. 3. Item in an in- 
 dictment. — countless, a. [O. Fr. 
 ■sunter—Jj. computar ] 
 
 countenance (kown'ten-ans). I. n. 
 Feature or ex ression of the face. II. 
 vt. Favor, approve. [Fr. cofitenanoe], 
 
 counter (kown'ter), n. 1. He who or 
 that which counts. 2. That w hie ft in- 
 dicates a number. 3 Table on which 
 money is counted or merchandise laid. 
 
 counter (kown'ter). I. adv. Against. 
 II. a. Contrary; opposite. [L, contra, 
 against.] 
 
 counteract (kown-ter-akf), vt. Act 
 in opposition to ; hinder, defeat.— 
 counteraction, ».— counteract- 
 ive, a. 
 
 counterbalance 
 ( kown' ter-bal-ans) , 
 n. Equal weight 
 or agency, work- 
 ing in opposition. 
 
 counterfeit 
 (kown'ter-fit). I. vt. 
 Irai ta te ; copy 
 without authority ; 
 forge. II. n. Some- 
 thing false or copied. III. a. Pretend- 
 ed; forged; false. 
 
 countermand ( kown'-ter-mand), n. 
 Revocation of a former order. 
 
 countermand (kown-ter-mand'), vt. 
 Revoke ; contradict. — counter- 
 manct'able, a. [L. contra, and man- 
 do, order.] [vi. March back. 
 
 countermarch ( kown-ter-march' ), 
 
 countermarch (kown'ter-march), n. 
 1. Marching back. 2. Military evolu- 
 tion by which a body of men change 
 front, or the front rank. 
 
 countermine (ko wn'ter-mm). I. n. 
 Mine made to destroy the mines of an 
 enemy. 2. Stratagem to frustrate the 
 plans of others. II. vt. Oppose by a 
 countermine. [cover; quilt. [Fr.] 
 
 counterpane (kown'ter-pan), n. Bed- 
 counterpart (kown' ter-part), n. Oppo- 
 site ; duplicate; match; supplement. 
 
 Counterbalance on 
 Locomotive wheel. 
 
 counterpoise ( kown'ter-poiz ), u. 
 Equal weight in the other scale. 
 
 countersign ( kown'ter-sin ). I. vt. 
 Sign in addition to the signature of a 
 superior; attest the authenticity of 
 a writing. II. n. Word or sign, 
 given in order to pass a sentry. 
 
 countersink (kown-ter-singk'). I. vt. 
 Drill a conical depression, as for the 
 head of a screw. II. n. Tool for such 
 d rilling. 
 
 countess. See Count. 
 
 counting-house ( kownt'ing-hows ), 
 n. Business office of a mercantile es- 
 tablishment. 
 
 country (kun'tri), n. 1. Region. 2. 
 Rural region. 3. Territory of a nation 
 or people. 4. Land in which one was 
 born, or in which one resides. [ Fr. 
 contree — L. contra, against, toward.] 
 
 countryman ( kun'tri-man ), n. 1. 
 One who lives in the country ; far 
 mer. 2. One born in the same country. 
 
 county (kown'ti), n. 1. Province ruled 
 by a count. 2. Division of a State in 
 U. S., with a chief city, called the 
 county-seat. 
 
 coupe (ko-pa'), n. 1. Low four-wheeled 
 two-seated close carriage. 2. Small 
 compartment in a first-class Euro- 
 pean railway carriage. 
 
 couple (kup'l). I. n. Two of a kind; 
 pair. II. vt. Join.— coup'ler, n. One 
 who or that which couples. — coup'- 
 let, n. Two lines of verse that rhyme 
 with each other.— coupling, n. That 
 which connects. [Fr.— L. copula.] 
 
 coupon (ko'pon), n. 1. Interest warrant 
 attached to transferable bonds, cut 
 off when presented for payment. 2. 
 Stub of ticket. [Fr. couper, cut off.] 
 
 courage (kur'aj), n. Firmness in dan- 
 ger. — courageous ( kur-a',ius), a. 
 Brave.— coura'geously, adv. [Fr. 
 — L. cor, heart.] 
 
 Syn. Bravery; valor; fearlessness; 
 fortitude ; gallantry ; daring ; intrepid- 
 ity; heroism; boldness; resolution. 
 
 courier (ko'ri-er), n. 1. Messenger. 2. 
 Traveling attendant. [Fr.=runner.] 
 
 course (kors). I. n. 1. Act of running. 
 2. Road, track. 3. Direction. 4. Reg- 
 ular progress from point to point. 5. 
 Conduct. 6. Part of a meal served at 
 one time. 7. Row. II. vt. and vi Run; • 
 chase.— cours'er,^. Runner; hunter; 
 swift horse.— cours'ing, n. Hunting 
 with greyhounds. [Fv.cours—'L.cursus.] 
 Syn. Passage; progress; road; way; 
 career; race; route; series; method; 
 manner; mode. 
 
 court (kort). I. n. 1. Inclosed space; 
 space surrounded by houses. 2. Palace 
 or a sovereign. 3. Body of persons 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woifj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
courteous 
 
 125 
 
 cracklin 
 
 who form a sovereign's suite. 4. At- 
 tention; civility. 5. Hall of justice. 6. 
 Judges and officials who preside there. 
 II. vt. 1. Pay attentions to; woo. 2. 
 Solicit; seek. — coprt'yard, n. In- 
 closure near a house. [Fr. cour — L. 
 cohors, inclosuve.] 
 
 courteous (kiJr'te-us), n. Of court-like 
 manners , polite. — courteously, 
 adv.— conr teousness, n. 
 
 courtesy (kur'te-si). I. n. 1. Civility. 
 
 2. Favor. 3. Formal salutation by a 
 woman, bending the knees and bow- 
 ing. II. (kurt'si), vi. [court'esying; 
 conrt'esied.] Drop a courtesy. 
 
 courtier (kort'yer), n. 1. One who fre- 
 quents the court of a sovereign. 2. One 
 who courts or flatters. [1 in ess, n. 
 
 courtly (kort'li), a. Elegant.— court'- 
 
 eonrt-martial ( kort-mar'shal ), n. 
 Court held by officers of the army or 
 navy. — pi. courts-mar'tial. 
 
 court -plaster (kort'plas-ter), n. 
 Sticking plaster of silk, orig. used for 
 beauty-spors at court. [of wooing. 
 
 courtship (kort'ship), n. Act or time 
 
 cousin (kuz'n), n. Son or daughter of 
 an uncle or aunt. — cousin-ger- 
 man, n. First cousin. [ Fr.— L. con- 
 sobrinus—co, and sorer, sister.] 
 
 cove (kov), n. Small bay; pond. [A. 
 S.co/a, chamber.] 
 
 covenant (kuv'e-nant). I. n. 1. 
 Agreement. 2. Writing containing the 
 agreement. II. vi. Contract, bargain. 
 [From L. co, and venio, come.] 
 
 cover (k^.v'er). I. vt. 1. Hide. 2. Clothe, 
 shelter. 3. Be sufficient for, as ex- 
 pense. II. n. 1. That which covers or 
 protects. 2. Retreat of a fox or hare. 
 
 3. Table service for one person. [Fr. 
 couvrir— L. co, and operio, cover.] 
 
 coverlet ( kuv'er-let ), n. Bedcover; 
 quilt. [Fr.— couvre, cover, and lit, bed.] 
 
 covert (kuv'ert).I. a. Concealed. II. n. 
 Place that covers or protects, -cov- 
 ertly, adv. 
 
 covet (kuv'et), vt. 1. Desire, wish for 
 eagerly. 2. Wish for what is unlaw- 
 ful. — cov'etable, a. That may be 
 coveted.— cov'etous. a. Inordinately 
 desirous. — covetously, adv.— cov- 
 etousness, n. [O. Fr. coveiter — L. 
 cupio, desire.] 
 
 covey (kuv'i), n. Small flock of birds. 
 [Fr. couvie—couver, hatch.] 
 
 cow (kow), n. 1. Female of the genus 
 'Bos. 2. Female of some other large 
 mammals, as the whale, seal, etc. [A. 
 S. cu, from its cry.] 
 
 cow (kow).it Dishearten; intimidate. 
 [Icel. Jcuga, subdue.] 
 
 coward (kow'ard). I. n. One without 
 courage. II. a. Afraid of danger; 
 
 timid.— cow'ardly, adv.— coward- 
 liness, n— cowardice (kow'ard-is), 
 
 n. [O. Fr. couard — It. codardo — L. 
 
 cauda, tail.] [in the Western U.S. 
 
 cowboy ( kow'boi), n. Cattle-herder 
 cower (kow'er), vi. Crouch; quau, 
 
 [Icel. kura, lie quiet.] 
 cowhide (kow'hid). I. n. 1. The hide 
 
 of a cow. 2. Coarse riding whip. II. 
 
 vt. Whip with a cowhide. 
 cowl (kowl), n. Cap, hood. [Icel. kufl.] 
 cowpox (kow'poks),?i. Pimples on the 
 
 teats of the cow, the matter from 
 
 which is used for vaccination. 
 cowry, cowrie (kow'ri) , 7i. Shell used 
 
 for money by savages. 
 cowslip (kow'slip), n. Species of wild 
 
 primrose. [A. S._= cow slop.] 
 coxcomb (koks'kom), n. 1. Red cloth 
 
 notched like a cock's comb, on a fool's 
 
 cap. 2. Fool; fop. 3. Plant. 
 coxswain. See cockswain. 
 coy (koi), a. Modest. — coy'ly, adv. — 
 
 coy'ness, n. [Fr.— L. quietus, quiet.] 
 
 Syn. Bashful; shy; shrinking. 
 
 coyote (ki-yof), n. Prairie-wolf. [Sp.] 
 
 coz (kuz), n. Contraction of cousin. 
 
 cozen (kuz'n), vt. Flatter; beguile; 
 
 cheat.— coz'ener, n. [From Ft. cou- 
 
 siner, call cousin.] 
 cozy (ko'zi), a. Snug; comfortable.— 
 
 co'zily, adv. [Sc] 
 crab (krab), n. 1. 
 
 Common shell-fish 
 
 having ten legs, the 
 
 front pair termina- 
 ting in c 1 a w s . 2. 
 
 (Crab), sign in the 
 
 zodiac. [A. S.] 
 crab (krab), n. Small 
 
 tart apple. 
 crab (krab), vt. and 
 
 crabbed (krabd).] Irritate; fret.*- 
 
 crabbed (krab'ed), a. Ill-natured. 
 
 peevish; difficult.— crab'bedly, adv. 
 
 — crab'bedness, n. 
 crack: (krak). I. vi. 1. Utter a sharp 
 
 sudden sound. 2. Split. 3. Make. II. 
 
 vt. 1. Produce a sudden noise with, as 
 
 a whip. 2. Break; split. III. n. 1. 
 
 Sudden sharp splitting sound. 2. 
 
 Chink; rent. 3. Fib; boast. IV. a. 
 
 Excellent; best. [A. S. cearcian, from 
 
 the sound. ] 
 cracker (krak'er),rc. 1. Person or thing 
 
 which cracks. 2. Noisv firework. 3. 
 
 Hard biscuit.— Uracker'-jack, n. Kind 
 
 of sweet, made mostly of popcorn and 
 
 molasses. [frequent cracks. 
 
 crackle (krak'l). vi. Give out slight, 
 cracklin (krak'l in), n. Species of 
 
 chinaware ornamented by a network 
 
 of small cracks in all directions. 
 
 [crab'bing ; 
 
 fate, fat, task, far. fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, fften. 
 
crackling 
 
 126 
 
 create 
 
 crackling- (krak'ling), n. Rind of 
 roasted pork. [biscuit. 
 
 cracknel (krak'nel), n. Hard, brittle 
 
 cradle (kra'dl), n. 1. Bed in which 
 children are rocked. 2. (fig.) Infancy 
 3. Frame. 4. Case of a broken limb. 
 5. Implement for reaping grain by 
 hand. 6. Gold -washing machine. II. 
 vt. 1. Lay or rock in a cradle. 2. Reap 
 with a cradle. 3. Wash gold in a 
 cradle. [Akin to Crate.] 
 
 craft (kraft),w. 1. Cunning. 2. Dex- 
 terity. 3. Art; trade. 4. Ships. — 
 craftsman, n. One engaged in a 
 craft or trade. — crafty, a. Having 
 skill; cunning; deceitful. — craft'ily, 
 adv. — craftiness, n. [A. S. craift, 
 power.] 
 
 crag (krag), n. 1. Rough, steep rock. 
 
 2. In geol. Bed of gravel mixed with 
 shells.— crag'ged, crag'gy, a. Full 
 of crags; rough, rugged.— erag'ged- 
 ness, n.— crag'giness, n. 
 
 cram (kram), vt. and vi. [cram'ming ; 
 crammed (kramd).] Press close;stuff; 
 eat greedily ; hurriedly prepare for 
 an examination. [A. S. crammian.] 
 
 cramp (kramp). I. n. 1. Painful spas- 
 modic contraction of muscles. 2. 
 Restraint. 3. Bent piece of iron for 
 holding together wood, stone, etc. II. 
 vt. 1. Affect with spasms. 2. Confine. 
 
 3. Fasten with a crampiron. [A. S. 
 See clamp.] 
 
 cranberry (kran'ber-i), n. Red, sour 
 berry much used 
 for sauce. [From 
 
 CROWNBERRV.] 
 
 crane (kran), n. 1. 
 
 Large wading 
 
 bird. 2. Bent pipe 
 
 for dr awing li- 
 quor out of a cask. 
 
 3. Machine for 
 
 r ais ing heavy 
 
 weights. [A. S. 
 
 cran.] 
 cranial (kra'ni-al), 
 
 a. Pertaining 'to 
 
 the cranium or skull. 
 craniologist (kra-ni-ol'o-jist), n. One 
 
 skilled in craniqlogy, 
 craniology (kra-ni-ol'o-ji), n. Science 
 
 of skulls. — craniolog'ieal, a. 
 cranium (kra'ni-um), n. Skull. [L.] 
 crank (krangk), n. 1. Bend on an 
 
 axis for communicating motion. 2.. 
 
 Person whose mind is turned from 
 
 the normal; a monomaniac- 
 cranky (krang'ki), a. 1. Crotchety. 
 
 2. (Naut.) Liable to be upset. [From 
 
 Due krinkelen, curl, bend.] 
 cranny ( kran'i ), n. Fissure, chink. 
 
 [Fr. cran.] 
 
 Crane. 
 
 crape ( krap), n. Thin transparent 
 crinkled silk stuff, usually black, used 
 in mourning. [Fr. crepe = crisp.} 
 
 craps (kraps), n. Game of chance, 
 played with two dice. 
 
 crash (krash). I. n. 1. Noise of things 
 breaking. 2. Sudden failure or col- 
 lapse. II. vi. Make a noise as of things 
 breaking. [From tne sound.] 
 
 crass (kras), a. Gross; thick; coarse. 
 [L. crassiis.] 
 
 crate (krat), n. Case made of wicker- 
 work, slats or rods. [L. cratis, hurdle.] 
 
 crater (kra'ter), n. Mouth of a volcano. 
 [Gr. krater, bowl for mixing wine.] 
 
 cravat ( kra-vat' ), n. Neckcloth. [Fr. 
 cravate, a corruption of Croat.] 
 
 crave (krav), vt. 1. Beg earnestly. 2. 
 Demand. 3. Long for. [A. S. craftan,.] 
 
 craven (kra'vn). i. n. Coward. II a. 
 Spiritless.— cra'venly, adverb. — 
 cra'venness, n. 
 
 craving (kra'ving), n. Strong desire. 
 
 craw ( kra ), n. Crop, or first stomach 
 of fowls. [Dan. kroe.] 
 
 c r a w fi s h (k-ra'- 
 fish )_, crayfish 
 (kra'tish). n. 
 Fresh-water crab. 
 [ Fr. ecrevisse, — 
 Ger. krebs.] 
 
 crawl (kral), vi. 
 Creep or move on; 
 move feebly or slowly. [Icel. iraftu; 
 Dan. ki-avle^ Ger. krabbeln, creep.] 
 
 crayon (kra'un), n. 1. Pencil made of 
 chalk, pipe-clay, etc., variously color- 
 ed, used for drawing. 2. Drawing 
 done with crayons. [Fr. craie, chalk.] 
 
 craze (kraz), vt. Break; impair; de- 
 range. [ Icel. krasa, crackle, from 
 which also is derived Fr. icraser, 
 crush, shatter.] 
 
 crazy (kra'zi), a. [cra'zier; cra'ziest.] 
 Weak; insane.— era' zily, adv.— 
 cra'ziiaess« n. 
 
 creak (krek). I. n. Harsh, grating 
 sound. II. vt. Make such a sound. 
 [From thesound.] 
 
 cream (krem). I. n. 1. Oily substance 
 which forms on milk. 2. Best part. II. 
 vt. Take off the cream; work into a 
 condition like cream. III. vi. Form 
 cream.— creamy, a. Full of or like 
 cream. — cream'ihess, n. -cream- 
 ery (krem'er-i), n. 1. Dairy farm, 2. 
 Establishment where cream is made 
 into butteror cheese. [Fr. crime.] 
 
 crease (kres). I. n. Mark made by 
 folding. II. vt. Make creases in. [Sc. 
 creis, wrinkle.] _ 
 
 create ( kre-at' ), vt. 1. Bring into 
 being; form out of nothing. 2. Invest 
 with a new form, office, etc. [L. creo. ] 
 
 Crawfish. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
creatin 
 
 127 
 
 crib 
 
 creatin (kre'a-tin), n. Crystallizable 
 substance found in the muscular tis- 
 sue of animals _ [Gr. kreas, flesh.] 
 
 creation ( kre-a'shun ), n. 1. Act of 
 creating, esp. the universe. 2. That 
 which is created; world. [L. creatio.] 
 
 creative (kre-a'tiv), a. Having power 
 to create; that creates. — crea'tive- 
 ly, adv.— crea'tiveness, a. 
 
 creator ( kre-a'tur ), n. 1. He who 
 creates ; maker. 2. (cap.) The Supreme 
 Being; God. [L.J 
 
 creature(kre ? tur),«.. 1. That which has 
 been created, esp. an animated being. 
 2. Dependent; tool. [L. creatura.] 
 
 creche ( kresh ), n. Day sanitarium 
 for children. [Fr.] 
 
 credence (kre'dens), n. 1. Belief; 
 trust. 2. Small sideboard. 
 
 credential ( kre-den'shal )« I. a. 
 Giving a title to belief. II. n. That 
 which gives title to confidence.— pi. 
 esp. letters by wbich one claims confi- 
 dence or authority among strangers. 
 
 credible (kred'i-bl), a. That may be 
 believed.— credibility, n.— cred'i- 
 bleness, n— ered'ibly, adv. 
 
 credit (kred'it). I. n. 1. Belief. 2. 
 Esteem; reputation; honor; good 
 character. 3. Sale on trust; time 
 allowed for payment. 4. Side of an 
 account on which payments made are 
 entered. II. vt 1. Believe; t*'ust. 2. 
 Sell or lend to on trust. 3. Enter on 
 the credit side of an account; set to 
 the credit of. [L. — credo, believe.] 
 
 creditable (kred'it-a-bl). a. 1 Trust- 
 worthy. 2. Bringing honor.— cred'it- 
 ableness, n.— creditably, adv. 
 
 creditor (kred'it-ur), n. One to whom 
 a debt is due. [tion to believe. 
 
 credulity ( kre-du/li-ti ), n. Disposi- 
 
 credulons ( kred'u-lus ), a. Apt to 
 believe without sufficient evidence; 
 unsuspecting. — cred'ulously, adv. 
 — cred'ulousness, n. 
 
 creed (kred), n. Summary of the ar- 
 ticles of religious belief. 
 
 creels (krek), n. Small inlet or stream. 
 [A.S. crecca.] [basket. [Gael.] 
 
 creel (krel), n. Basket, esp. an angler's 
 
 creep (krep), vi. [creep'ing; crept.] 1. 
 Move on the belly, or on hands and 
 knees. 2. Move slowly. 3. Grow along 
 the ground or on supports, as a vine. 
 4. Flaw. 5. Have a feeling as of in- 
 sects creeping. [A. S. creopan.] 
 
 creeper(kre'per), n. 1. Creeping plant. 
 2. Genus of small climbing birds. 
 
 creese (kres), n. Malay dagger with 
 waved blade. 
 
 cremate (kre'mat),^. Burn to ashes; 
 incinerate. [L. cremo, burn.] 
 
 cremation (kre-raa'shun ), n. Act of 
 burning, esp. of the dead. 
 
 crematory (kre'ma-to-ri), n. Furnace 
 for cremating dead bodies. 
 
 crenate ( kie'nat ), crenated (kre'- 
 nat-ed), a. Notched, scalloped. [L, 
 crena, notch/] 
 
 Creole ( kre'ol ), n. 1. Native of S. 
 America or W. Indies, but of pure 
 European blood. 2. One born in trop- 
 ical America of ary color, but of a 
 race not native to it. [Sp. criollo.\ 
 
 creosote (kre'o-sot), creasote (kre'a- 
 sot),re. Oily, colorless, antiseptic liquid 
 distilled from woodtar. [Gr. kreas, 
 flesh, and soier, preserver.] 
 
 crepitate (krep'i-tat), vi. Crackle as 
 salt when suddenly heated. [L.] 
 
 crept (krept). Past tense of creep. 
 
 crescendo (kres-sen'do), adv. With 
 an increasing volume of sound; a mu- 
 sical term whose sign is < . [Iral.] 
 
 crescent (kres'ent). I. a. Growing. 
 II. n. 1. Moon as she increases to- 
 wards half moon. 2. Turkish standard. 
 3. Turkish power. [L. — cresco. grow.] 
 
 cress (kres), n. Species of plants like 
 the watercress, with pungent leaves 
 used as a salad. [A. S.j 
 
 cresset (kres'et), n. Open lamp on a 
 beacon, light-house, etc. 
 [From root of Cruse.] 
 
 crest(krest). I. n. 1. Comb 
 or tuft as on the head of a 
 cock and other birds. 2. 
 Plume or other orna- 
 ment on the top of a hel- 
 met. 3. Figure placed 
 over a coat of arms. II. 
 vt. Furnish with. or serve 
 for, a crest.— Crest-fallen, 
 dejected. [L. crista.] 
 
 cretaceous (kre-ta'shus), a. Composed 
 of or like chalk. [E. creta, chalk.] 
 
 cretonne(kre-ton'), n. Printed cotton 
 cloth, for curtains, etc. [Fr.] 
 
 crevasse (kre-vas'), n. X. Cleft in a 
 glacier. 2. Breach in a dam or levee. 
 [Fr. crsver, burst.] 
 
 crevice (krev'is), n. Crack; rent. 
 [From Crevasse.] 
 
 crew (kro), n. 1. Company. 2. Ship's 
 company. [From Accrue.] 
 
 crew. Past tense of Crow 
 
 crewel ( kro'el ), n. Kind of worsted 
 yarn, for embroidery. [From Clew.] 
 
 crib (krib). I. n. 1. Rack or manger 
 in a stable; stall for oxen. 2. Child's 
 bed. 3. Small cottage. 4. Bin for 
 grain. 5. Literal translation of a 
 classic author. II. vt. 1. [crib'bing; 
 cribbed.] Put away in a crib; confine. 
 2. Pilfer. [A. S.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mGte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
cribbag-e 
 
 128 
 
 cross 
 
 cribbage (krib'aj), n. Game at cards 
 in which the dealer makes up a third 
 hand to himself partly by taking 
 from his opponent's discard. 
 
 crick (krik), n. Cramp, esp. of the neck. 
 
 cricket (krik'et), n. Insect allied to 
 grasshoppers. [From its noise.] 
 
 cricket (krik'et), n. Game with hats, 
 a ball, and wickets. — crick'eter, n. 
 One who plays at cricket. [Cry. 
 
 cried (krid). Past tense and pa. p. of 
 
 crier (kri'er), n. One who cries or pro- 
 claims, [law ; offence ; sin. [L. crimen.] 
 
 crime(krim), n. Violation of criminal 
 
 criminal (krim'in-al). I. a. 1. Relating 
 to crime. 2. Guilty of crime. II. n. One 
 guilty of crime. — criminally, adv. 
 —criminality, n._ 
 
 criminate ( krim'in-at ), vt. Accuse; 
 involve. — crim'inatory, a. 
 
 criminology (krim-i-nol'o-ji),w. 
 Science of the nature, origin, punish- 
 ment, etc., of crime. 
 
 crimp (krimp). I. vt. 1. Wrinkle ; plait ; 
 make crisp. 2. Decoy into military or 
 naval service. II. n. 1. One who 
 crimps. 2. Crimped hair. [Dut. Jcrim- 
 pen, shrink.] 
 
 crimson (krim'zn). I. n. 1. Deep red 
 color, tinged with blue. 2. Red in 
 general. II. a. Of a deep red color. 
 III. vt. Dye crimson. IV. vi. Blush. 
 [From root of Carmine.] 
 
 cringe (krinj), vi. Crouch with servi- 
 lity ; fawn. [A.S. cringan— craft#,weak.] 
 
 crinkle (kring'kl). I. vt. and vi. Form 
 in wrinkles or twist. II. n. Wrinkle 
 or twist. [Dut.] 
 
 crinoline ( krin'o-lin ), n. 1. Lady's 
 stiff petticoat, originally made of 
 haircloth. 2. , Stiffening. [Fr. — L. 
 crinis, hair, and linum, linen.] 
 
 cripple (krip'l). I. n. Lame person. 
 II. a. Lame. III. vt. Make lame; de- 
 prive'of the power of exertion. [From 
 Creep.] 
 
 crisis (kri'sis),w. Decisive moment.— pi. 
 crises (kri'sez). [Gr. krino, separate.] 
 
 crisp (krisp). I. a. Dry and brittle. 
 II. vt. Curl; twist. — crisp'ly, adv. 
 — crisp'ness, ra.— crispy, a. 
 Syn. 'Friable; curling; sparkling. 
 
 criterion (kii-te'ri-un), n. [pi. crite'- 
 ria.] Standard, or means of judging. 
 [Gv.—krites, judge.] 
 
 critic (krit'ik), n. "I. Judge in liter- 
 ature, the fine arts, etc. 2. Fault- 
 finder. 
 
 critical (krit'ik-al), a. 1. Relating to 
 criticism. 2. Skilled in judging liter- 
 ary and other productions. 3. Dis- 
 criminating. 4. Captious. 5. Decisive; 
 dangerous.— crit'ically, adv.— crit'- 
 icalness, n. 
 
 Crocodile. 
 [er,?i. [A. S.] 
 
 Criticise ( krit'i-siz ),vt. Pass judg- 
 ment on; censure. 
 
 criticism (krit'i-sizm), n. 1. Art of 
 judging, esp. in literature or in fine 
 arts. 2. Critical judgment or remark. 
 
 critique (kri-tek'), n. Critical exami- 
 nation; review. [Fr.] 
 
 croak ( krok ). I. vL 1. Utter a low 
 rough sound. 2. Grumble. 3. Fore- 
 
 * bode evil. II. n. Sound of a frog or 
 raven.— croak_'er, n. [From sound.] 
 
 cr©chet(kro-sha').I. n. Fancy knitting 
 made by means of a small hook. II. 
 vt. Make fancy knitting. [See crot- 
 chet.] 
 
 crock (krok), n. Earthen vessel oi 
 various shapes. — crock'ery, n. 
 Earthenware. [A. S. croc. Ger. krug.] 
 
 crock ( krok ), vt. 
 Soil, smudge. 
 
 crocodile ( krok'- 
 o-dil), n. Large 
 amphibious rep- 
 tile of Asia and 
 Africa. [Gr. kro- 
 kodeilos.] 
 
 crocus (kro'kus), 
 n. Well-known 
 flower. [Gr. kro/cos.] 
 
 croft (kroft), n. Small farm.— croft'- 
 
 croinlecb ( krom'lek ), n. Table-like 
 structure of stone slabs. [Gael.] 
 
 crone (kron), n. Old woman. 
 
 crony (kro'ni), n. Old intimate friend. 
 
 crook (krok). I. n. 1. Bend. 2. Staff 
 bent at the end. 3. Trick. 4. Profes- 
 sional criminal. II. vt. 1. Form into 
 a hook. 2. Turn from the straight 
 line. III. vi. Bend; be bent. 
 
 crook'ed (krok'ed), a. Bent; deviating 
 from rectitude; dishonest. — crook- 
 edly, adv.— crook'edness, n. 
 
 crop (krop). I. n. 1. All the produce 
 of a field, garden, or farm. 2. Craw of 
 a bird. II. vt. [crop'ping; cropped.] 
 1. Cut off the ends. 2. Cut short or 
 close. 3. Mow, reap, gather. — Crop 
 out, appear above the surface ; come to 
 light. [A.S._crqp, top, protuberance.] 
 
 croquet (kro-ka'), n. Game in which 
 the players drive wooden balls, by 
 means of long-handled mallets, 
 through a series of arches set in the 
 ground. 
 
 crosier (kro'zher),^. Staff with a crook 
 carried before a bishop. [O. Fr. croce.~\ 
 
 cross (kras). I. n. 1. Structure of two, 
 or more',' pieces, one crossing the 
 other. 2. Instrument on which Christ- 
 died ; symbol of the Christian religion. 
 3. Sufferings of Christ. 4. Anything 
 that crosses or thwarts. 5. Adver- 
 sity, affliction. 6. Mixing of breeds, 
 esp. of cattle. II. vt. 1. Mark with a 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
129 
 
 crucifix 
 
 cross. 2. Lay one body or one line 
 across another. 3. Cancel by drawing 
 cross lines. 4. Pass from side to side. 
 5. Obstruct; thwart; interfere with. 
 [L. crux.] 
 
 A 
 
 X=E=f 
 
 # 
 
 Latin. St. Andrew's. Greek. Patriarchal. 
 
 Jerusalem. Papal. Maltese. 
 
 Various Crosses. 
 
 cross (kras), a. 1. Lying across; trans- 
 verse. 2. Adverse, opposed. 3. Ill- 
 tempered; peevish.— cross'ly, adv. — 
 cross'ness, n. 
 
 crossbill (kras'bil), n. Genus of birds 
 with the mandibles of the bill crossing 
 each other near the points. 
 
 cross-bones (kras'bonz), n. Symbol 
 of death, consisting of two human 
 thigh or arm bones, placed crosswise, 
 generally below a skull. 
 
 crossbow ( kras'bo ), n. Weapon for 
 shooting arrows, formed of a bow 
 placed crosswise on a stock. 
 
 -rcrossbun (kras'bun), n. Bun marked 
 with the form of a cross, eaten on 
 Good-Friday. 
 
 cross-examine ( kras-egz-am'in ), vt. 
 Test evidence of a witness by subject- 
 ing him to an examination by the op- 
 posite party. — cross-examina- 
 tion, n. 
 
 cross-g , rained(kras'grand),a. 1, Hav- 
 ing the fibres intertwined. 2. Per- 
 verse ; untractable. 
 
 crossing- (kras'ing), n. 1. Act of going 
 across. 2. "Thwarting. 3. Place for 
 passing from one side to another. 
 
 crosslet (kras'let), n. Little cross. 
 
 cross-question (kras'kwes-chun), vt. 
 Cross-examine. 
 
 cross-reference ( kras-ref'er-ens ), n. 
 Reference from one part of a book 
 to another. 
 
 crossroad (kras'r5d), n. Crossway.— 
 crossroads, k. Small settlement at 
 a place where roads_ cross. 
 
 crosstrees (kras'trez), n. Pieces of 
 timber across the upper end of the 
 lower-masts and top-masts of a ship. 
 
 crossway (kras'wa), n. Way that 
 
 crosses another. 
 crosswise (kras'wiz), adv. 1. In the 
 
 form of a cross. 2. Across, 
 crotchet (kroch'et), n. 1. Little hook. 
 
 2. In music, a quarter note. 3. Per- 
 verse fancy; whim.— croteh'ety, a. 
 
 Having crotchets; whimsical. 
 croton (kro'tun), n. Genus of tropical 
 
 plant, producing a brownish-yellow 
 
 oil, violently purgative. [Gr.] 
 crouch ( krowch ), vi. Squat on the 
 
 ground; cringe; fawn. [From root 
 
 of Crook.] 
 croup (krbp), n. Disease in the throat 
 
 of children, accompanied by a hoarse 
 
 cough. [A. S., from the sound.] 
 croup (krop), n. Rump of a hor«e ; 
 
 place behind the saddle [From Crop.] 
 crow (kro). I. n. 1. Large black bird. 
 
 2. Cry of a cock. 3. Boast. II. vi. 1. 
 
 Cry as a cock, in joy or defiance. 2 
 
 Boast; swagger. [A. S. crawan, from 
 
 the sound.] 
 crowbar (kro'bar), n. Large iron bar 
 
 with a c law like the beak of a crow. 
 crowd ( krowd ). I. n. Multitude ; 
 
 throng. II. vt. Gather into a mass; 
 
 fill. HI. vi. Press; push. [A. S. crudati 
 
 push.] 
 crowfoot ( kro'fot ), n. Weed, with a 
 
 flower resembling a crow's foot. 
 
 Crowns. 
 
 Victorian Crown Imperial Crown 
 
 of England. of Austria. 
 
 crown (krown). I. n. 1. Ornamental 
 covering for the head. 2. Head-dress 
 of a sovereign. 3. Regal power. 4. 
 Top. 5. Completion ; accomplish- 
 ment. 6. In England, 5-shilling piece! 
 stamped with a crown. II. vt. 1. Invest 
 with a crown; invest with royal dig- 
 nity. 2. Adorn; dignify. 3. Complete 
 [From L. corona.] 
 
 crucial (kro'shal), a. 1. Like a cross. 
 2. Decisive. 3. Extremely severe. 
 [From L. crux, cross.] 
 
 crucible(kro'si-bl), 
 n. Earthen pot, for 
 melting ores, met- 
 als, etc. [L. from 
 root of Crock.] 
 
 crucifix (kro'si- 
 fiks), n. Figure 
 or picture of Christ fixed to the cross. 
 
 Crucibles. 
 
 fate, fat, task. far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
crucifixion 
 
 130 
 
 cubic 
 
 crucifixion (kro-si-fik'shun). n. Death 
 on the cross, esp. tbat of Christ. 
 
 cruciform ( kro'si-farm ), a. In the 
 form of a cross. 
 
 crucify (kro'si-ii), vt. 1. Put to death 
 by nailing to a cross. 2. Subdue 
 completely; mortify. [From L. crux, 
 cross, and jlgo, fix.] 
 
 crude (krod), a. Raw ; unprepared ; 
 unfinished ; immature. — crnde'ly, 
 adv.— crude'»ess,re. [L. crudus, raw.] 
 
 crudity (kro'di-ti), n. 1. Rawness; 
 unripeness. 2. That which is crude. 
 
 4Jr«eI (kro'el), a. Disposed to inflict 
 
 pain; merciless. — cru'elly, adv. — 
 
 cru'elty, n. [Fr. cruel— L. crudelis.] 
 
 Sy/i. Barbarous; brutal; inhuman; 
 
 savage; bestial. [or condiments. 
 
 cruet (kro'et), n. Small jar for sauces, 
 
 Cruiser Brooklyn U. S. Navy. 
 
 cruise (kroz). I. vi. Sail to and fro. 
 
 II. n. Voyage in various directions.— 
 
 erui'ser, n. Fast warship. [Dut. 
 
 kruisen—kruis, cross.] 
 cruller (krul'er), n. Curled or crisped 
 
 cake, boiled in fat. [Dut. krullen, curl.] 
 crumb (krum), n. 1. Small morsel of 
 
 bread. 2. Soft part of bread. [A. S. 
 
 cruma ] 
 crumble (krum'bl), vt. and vi. Break 
 
 or fall into small pieces; decay. [Dim. 
 
 of crumb.] [beavier than a muffin. 
 crumpet (krum'pet), n. Soft cake, 
 crumple ( krum'pl ), vt. and vi. Fold 
 
 and wrinkle; deform. 
 crunch (kruneh), vt. Crush with the 
 
 teeth. [From the sound.] 
 crupper (krup'er), n. Strap of leather 
 
 passing under the horse's tail to keep 
 
 the harness from slipping forward. 
 
 [Fr. croupiere.~] 
 crural (kro'ral), a. Belonging to or 
 
 shaped like a leg. [From L. cms, leg.] 
 Crusade (kro-sad'). I. n. 1. Military 
 
 expedition under the banner of the 
 
 cross, to recover the Holy Land from 
 
 the Turks. 2. Any vigorous concerted 
 
 actionagainstevil.II.w. Fight.— cru- 
 
 sa'der, n. One engaged in a crusade. 
 
 [Li. crux, cross.] 
 urnse (kroz), n. Earthen pot ; bottle. 
 
 [Icel. krus.] 
 
 crush (krush). I. vt. 1. Break and 
 
 bruise; crowd; press. 2. Rumple. II. 
 n. Violent squeezing. [Akin to crash.] 
 
 crust (krust). I. n. Hard rind. II. vi. 
 and vt. Gather into or cover with a 
 hard crust. [O. Fr. — L. crusta.] 
 
 Crustacea (krus-ta'shi-a), n.pl Class 
 of animals whose bodies are covered 
 with a hard shell, as lobsters.— crus- 
 ta'cean ( krus-ta'shi-an ), n. One of 
 the Crustacea.— crusta'ceous, a. 
 
 crusty (krust'i), a. 1. Having a hard 
 or harsh exterior. 2. Cross; snappy.— 
 crust'ily, adv.— crust'iness, n. 
 
 crutch (kruch), n. 1. Staff with a cross- 
 piece at the head to place under tbe 
 arm of a lame person. 2. Any sup- 
 port like a crutch. [Froom root of 
 crook ] 
 
 cry (kii), v. [cry'ing; cried.] I. vi. 1. 
 Utter a sbrill sound. 2. Weep; bawl. 
 II. vt._ Utter loudly; proclaim. III. n. 
 1. Loud utterance. 2. Sound uttered 
 by an animal. 3. Lamentation, weep- 
 ing. 4. Complaint of injustice or op- 
 pression. 5. Party call. 6. Pack of 
 hounds. 7. Hunting party. — cri'er, 
 n. [Fr. crier.] 
 
 crypt (kript), n. Underground cell, 
 esp. one used for burial. [Gr. krypto, 
 conceal.] 
 
 Cryptogamia ( krip-to-ga'mi-a ), n. 
 Class of fiowerless plants. — crypto.' 
 
 f:am'ic, cryptog'amous, a. [Gr. 
 ryptos, concealed, and gamas, mar- 
 riage.] 
 
 cryptogram (krip'to-gram ), cryp- 
 tograph <;krip'to-graf), n. Writing 
 in cipher. [Gr. kryptos, concealed, and 
 gramma, writing.] 
 
 crystal (kris'tal), n. 1. Superior kind 
 of glass. 2. Matter in a definite geo 
 metrical form, with plane faces. 3. 
 Glass over a watch-face. [Gr. krys 
 tallos, ice.] 
 
 crystal (kris'tal), crystalline (ki'is'- 
 tal-m or -in), a. Consisting of, or 
 like crystal in clearness, etc. _ 
 
 crystal Bization ( kris-tal-i-za'shun), 
 n. Act of crystallizing. 
 
 crystallize ( kris'tal-xz), vt. and vi. 
 Reduce to, or assume the form of a 
 crystal. 
 
 cub (kub), n. Young of certain ani- 
 mals, as bears, etc. [Ir. cuib.] 
 
 Cuban ( ku'ban), a. Related or pecu- 
 liar to the island of Cuba. 
 
 cube (kub). I. n. 1. Solid body having 
 six square faces. 2. Third power of a, 
 number, as— 2x2x2=8. II. vt. Raise 
 to the third power. [Gr, kybos.] 
 
 cubic (ku'bik), cubical (ku'bi-kal), a. 
 Pertaining to, or like a cube.— cubic 
 ally, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
cubit 
 
 131 
 
 cupidity 
 
 Cuckoo. 
 
 cubit ( ku'bit ), ft. Ancient measure, 
 varying from 18 to 22 .inches. [L. 
 cubitum, elbow.] 
 
 cuckoo (kok'o), ft. 
 Bird which cries 
 "cuckoo," remark- 
 able for laying its 
 eggs in the nests 
 of other birds. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 cucnmber (ku'- 
 kum-ber),ft. Creep- 
 ing plant whose "unripe fruit is used 
 as food. [L. cucumis.] 
 
 cud(kud),ft. The food brought from 
 the first stomach of a ruminating 
 animal back into the mouth and 
 chewed again. 
 
 cuddle (kud'l). I. vt. Lie close; snug- 
 gle. II. n. Close embrace. [Etymol- 
 ogy doubtful]. [room. 
 
 cuddy (kud'i), ft. Small cabin, cook- 
 cudgel (kuj'l). I. n. Heavy staff; club. 
 II. vt._ Beat with a club. [W. cogyl.] 
 
 cue (ku), ft. 1. Queue, tail, twist of 
 hair at the back of the head. 2. Stick 
 used in playing billiards. 3. Catch- 
 word ; hint. [Pr. queue.] 
 
 cuff [kuf]. I ft. Stroke. II. vt. Slap. 
 
 cuff (kuf), n. Part of the sleeve near 
 the wrist, often detached. 
 
 cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. Defensive ar- 
 mor_ for the breast. — cuirassier 
 (kwe-ras-er'), ft. Soldier armed with a 
 cuirass. [Pr. cuir, leather.] 
 
 cuisine (ksve-zeu'), «. 1. Cooking de- 
 partment. 2. Style of cooking. [Pr.] 
 
 cul-de-sac (kol-de-sak'), ft. Passage 
 open only at one end. [Fr = bottom 
 of a bag.] 
 
 culinary (ku'lin-ar-i), a. Pertaining 
 to cookery. [L.— culina, kitchen.] 
 
 cull (kul), vt. Select; pick out. [Pr. 
 cueillir, gather.! 
 
 cullender. See colander. 
 
 cullet (kul'et). n. Broken glass refuse 
 used for remelting. 
 
 culm (kulm), ft. 1. Hollow stem of 
 grasses. 2. Slaty kind of coal. 
 
 culminate (kul'min-at), vi. 1. Reach 
 the highest point. 2. In astron. Be 
 at the highest point of altitude. — 
 culmina'tion, ft. 1. Act of culmi- 
 nating. 2. Highest point. 3. In as- 
 tron. Transit across the meridian 
 or highest point for the day. 
 
 culpability (kul-pa-bil'i-ti), culpa. 
 bleness (kul'pa-bl-hes) , ft. Liability 
 to blame. 
 
 culpable (kul'pa-bl), a. Faulty, crimi- 
 nal.— cul'pably, adv. [From L. culpa, 
 fault.] 
 
 culprit (kul'prit ), ft. One culpable, 
 criminal. [From L. culpatus, accused.] 
 
 cult (kult), ft. 1. System of worship. 
 2. Concerted veneration. [L. cultus.] 
 
 cultivate (kul'ti-vat), vt. 1. Till, pro- 
 duce by tillage. 2. Prepare for crops. 
 3 Devote attention to. 4. Civilize, 
 refine. — cul'tivator, n. — cu It i ra- 
 tion, ft. 1. Art or practice of culti- 
 vating. 2. Civilization, refinement. 
 [Prom L. colo.jUl.] 
 
 culture (kul'tur). I. ft. Cultivation, 
 refinement. II. vt. Cultivate; improve. 
 [L. cultura.] 
 
 culverin (kul'ver-in), n. Ancient long 
 cannon. 
 
 culvert (kul'vert), ft. Arched water- 
 course, etc. [Fr. couler, flow.] 
 
 cumber (kum'ber), vt. Burden or hin- 
 der with something useless; retard, 
 trouble. —cum'bersome, a. Trou- 
 blesome. [O. Fr. combrer—Lt. cumulus, 
 heap ] [brance. 
 
 cumbrance (kum'brans), n. Encum- 
 
 cumbrous ( kutn'brus ), a. Hindering; 
 heavy — cum'brously, adv.— enm- 
 brousness, ft. 
 
 cumin, cummin (kum'in), ft. Small 
 plant with aromatic seeds. 
 
 cumulate (ku'mu-lat), vt. Heap to- 
 gether; accumulate.— cumula'tion, 
 ft. — cu'mulative, a. Increasing by 
 successive additions. [From L. cu- 
 mulus, heapj 
 
 cumulus (ku'mu-lus), n. Heaped-up 
 cloud. — pi. cu'muli. [L.] 
 
 c u n e i f © r m 
 (ku-ne'i- -__ ><M 
 
 farm), a. J ►¥ +■ ™ _¥ 33 a 
 Wedge-shap- 1 ► !**▼•*- i *~* 
 
 ed V,r p * ?i a .5E Nabu—Kudurri— TTzur. 
 applied to the 
 
 Old Babylon- Assyrian nnraeofNebu- 
 
 ian and ASSV- <*adnezzar in cuneiform 
 
 rian charac- characters. 
 
 ters. [L. cu- 
 
 neus, wedge, and Form.] 
 
 dinner (kun'er), n. Small brownish- 
 blue fish of the Atlantic coast of U. S. 
 
 cunning (kun'ing). I. a. Knowing ; 
 artful. II. ft. 1. Skill. 2. Deceit.— cun'- 
 ningly, adv. [A. S." cunnan, know.] 
 Syn. Crafty; sly; subtle; wily. 
 
 cup (kup). I. ft. 1. Drinking vessel; cup- 
 shaped vessel offered as a prize. 2. 
 Liquid contained in a cup. 3. Afflic- 
 tions ; blessings. II. vi. [cupping ; 
 cupped.] Extract blood from the 
 body by means of cupping-glasses. 
 [A. S. cuppe. Gev.kopf, head.] 
 
 cupboard (kub'urd), n. Closet for 
 keeping victuals, dishes, etc. [Cup 
 and Board.] [— cupio, desire.] 
 
 Cupid (ku'pid), ft. God of love. [L. 
 
 cupidity (ku-pid'i-ti). n. Eager desire; 
 covetousness ; lust. [L. cupiditas.] 
 
 fate, fff.t, task, far fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then.. 
 
cupola 
 
 132 
 
 custody 
 
 cupola (ku'po-la ), n. 1. Vaulted ceil- 
 ing. 2. Small lantern or dome-like 
 structure on a roof. 3. Furnace. [It.] 
 
 cupreous ( ku'pre-us ), a. Coppery- 
 cur (kur), n. 1. Worthless dog. 2. 
 Churlish fellow.— cur'rish, a. [Dan. 
 kurre, snarlj [cured.— cur abil'ity,7i. 
 
 curable (kur'a-bl), a. That, may be 
 
 curacy (kur'a-'si), n. Office, employ- 
 ment, or benefice of a curate. 
 
 curate (kur'at), n. Assistant clergy- 
 man, [cure. 
 
 curative (kur'a-tiv), a. Tending to 
 
 curator ( ku-ra'tur ), n. Superinten- 
 dent; guardian appointed by law. 
 
 curb (kurb). I. vt. 1. Bend; subdue; 
 restrain, check. 2. Furnish with or 
 guide by a curb. II. n. 1. Check, 
 hindrance. 2. Chain or strap attached 
 to the bit of a bridle for restraining 
 the horse. 3. Curbstone. 4. Casing of a 
 well. [Fr. courier — Li.jcurvus, crooked.] 
 
 curbstone (kurb'ston), n. Stone or 
 row of stones placed on edge against 
 earth, esp. bet. roadway and sidewalk. 
 
 curd (lriird), n. Milk coagulated; 
 cheese part of milk. [Ir. cruth.] 
 
 curdle (kur'dl), vt. and vi. Turn into 
 curd; congeal. 
 
 cure (kur). I. n. 1. Act of healing. 2. 
 Remedy. II. vt. 1. Heal. 2. Preserve, 
 as by salting. [La. cura, care.] 
 
 cure (ko-ra'), n. Parish priest. [Fr.] 
 
 curfew (kur'fu), n. Evening bell. [Fr. 
 couvrefeu, cover up the fire.] 
 
 curiosity (ku-ri-os'i-ti), n. 1. Inqui- 
 sitiveness._ 2. Anything rare. 
 
 curious (ku'ri-us),*o. Anxious to learn; 
 inquisitive. 2. Skillfully made. 3.. Sin- 
 gular; rare. - cu'riously, adv. — 
 cu'riousness, n. [Fr. curieucc.] 
 Syn. Prying; inquiring; iutrusive. 
 
 curl (kiirl). I. vt. 1. Form into rin- 
 glets; coil. 2. Play at the game of 
 curling. II. n. Ringlet of hair, or the 
 like; wave; twist. [M. E. crull. Ger. 
 kroll.] 
 
 curlew (kur'lu), n. 
 Wading-bird with 
 long slender bill 
 and short tail. 
 [From its cry.] 
 
 curling(kurl'ing),». 
 Hurling heavy 
 stones along a 
 sheet of ice. [Sc] 
 
 curmudgeon (kur-muj'un), n. Ava- 
 ricious, ill-natured fellow. [ From 
 corn, and mudge, hoard.] 
 
 currant (kur'ant), n. 1. Small raisin. 
 2. Fruit of garden shrub. [ From 
 Corinth, in Greece.] 
 
 currency ( kur'en-si ), n. 1. Circula- 
 tion. 2. Money of a country. 
 
 current (kur'ent). I. a. 1. Passing 
 from person to person; generally re- 
 ceived. 2. Now passing; present. II. 
 n. Stream, as of water, electricity, 
 etc., moving in a certain direction,, 
 — cur'rently, adv. [L. currens.} 
 Syn. Course; flow; rush; tide. 
 
 curriculuni(kur-rik'u-lum), n. Course 
 of study. [ L. ] [tanned leather. 
 
 currier (kur'i-er), n. One who dresses 
 
 curry (kur'i), n. 1. E. Indian mixture 
 of spices. 2. Dish prepared with it. 
 
 curry (kur'i), vt. 1. Dress leather. 2. 
 Rub down a horse. 3. Beat. — Curry 
 favor, seek favor by flattery. [O. Fr. 
 corroier. prepare.] 
 
 curse (kurs). l.vt. 1. Invoke evil upon, 
 2. Consign to perdition. 11. vi. Swear. 
 III. n. 1. Malediction; invocation of 
 evil. 2. Great evil; bane. [A. S. curs 
 — Li. crux, cross.] 
 
 cursory (kiir'so-ri), a. Hasty; superfi- 
 cial.— cur'sorifiy, adv. [L. curro,run.] 
 
 curt (kurt), a. Short.— curt'ly, adv.— 
 curt'ness, n. [A. S. kort. Ger. kurz.~\ 
 Syn. Concise; compressed; abrupt; 
 brief; brusk; tartj gruffish. 
 
 curtail (kur-tal'), vt. Cut short ; 
 abridge. [It. cortaldo, bobtail.] 
 
 curtain (kur'tin). I. n. 1. Drapery 
 hung as a screen, etc. 2. Part of a 
 i-ampart between two bastions. II. vt. 
 Furnish with curtains. [O. Fr. cortine, 
 root of Court.] 
 
 curtsy (kurt'si). Same as Courtesy. 
 
 curvature ( kur'va-chor or-tur ), n. 
 Bending. * 
 
 curve (kurv). I. n. Bent line; arch. 
 II. vt. and vi. Bend; form into a cur- 
 ve. [L. curvus.] 
 
 curvet (kur 'vet). I. n. Certain leap of a 
 horse; frolic. II. vi. Leap in curves; 
 frisk. 
 
 curvilinear (kiir-vi-lin'i-ar), curvi- 
 lineal (kur-vi-lin'i-al), a. Bounded 
 by curved lines. 
 
 cushion (kosh'un). I. n. Bag filled 
 with soft, elastic stuff; pillow, II. vt. 
 Seat on or furnish with a cushion. 
 [Fr. coussm—lj. culcita.] 
 
 cusp (kusp), n. Point; horn; etc.— 
 cuspidate ( kus'pi-dat ), a. Having 
 a sharp point-. [L. cuspis, spear.] [Pg.] 
 
 cuspidor ( kus'pi-dor ), n. Spittoon. 
 
 cuss (kus). I. vt. and vi. Swear at ; 
 curse. II. n. Mean fellow; rascal. 
 
 custard (kus'tard), n. Composition 
 of milk, eggs, etc., sweetened, flavor- 
 ed, and cooked. [From Crust.] 
 
 custodian (kus-to'di-an), n. One who 
 has care of abuilding',animbecile,etc. 
 
 custody (kus'to-di), n. 1. Care. 2. 
 Imprisonment. [L. custodia.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
133 
 
 czareviton 
 
 custom (kus'tum), n. 1. Frequent 
 repetition of the same act. 2. Regular 
 trade. 3. pi. Duties on imports and ex- 
 ports. [O. Fr. costume— Ij. consuetudo, 
 customs.] [ner; practice. 
 
 Syn. Fashion; habit; usage; man- 
 customary (kus'tum-ar-i), a. Accor- 
 ding to usage.— customarily, adv. 
 
 customer (kus'tum-er), n. One who 
 frequents a place of business; buyer. 
 
 cut (kut). I. vt. [cut'ting; cut.] 
 l.Make an incision; cleave or pass 
 through. 2. Divide ; separate. 3. 
 Wound; hurt. 4. Polish ; grind in 
 facets. II. n. 1. Cleaving ; dividing. 
 2. Stroke; blow. 3. Incision; wound. 
 4. Piece cut off. 5. Engraved block, 
 or the picture from it. 6. Manner of 
 cutting; fashion. 7. That which re- 
 duces or shortens, as a short cut.— Gut 
 and dried: Settled in advance. [Gael.] 
 
 cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the skin. [Acute.] 
 
 cute (kut), a. Sharp ; smart. [From 
 
 cuticle (ku'ti-kl), n. 1. Outermost 
 layer of the skin. 2. Any similar cov- 
 ering or lining. [L. dim. of cutis, skin.] 
 
 cutlas or cutlass (kut'ias) , n. Short 
 broad curving sword with one edge. 
 [Fr. coutelas, from root of colter.] 
 
 -sutler (kut'ler), n. One who makes, 
 sells, or sharpens knives.— cut'lery, 
 n. 1. Business of a cutler. 2. Cutting 
 instruments in general. (O. Fr. coteler 
 —root of COLTER.] 
 
 cutlet (kut'let), n. Slice of mutton, 
 lamb or veal, with a rib. [Fr. cotelette, 
 dim. of c6te—L,. costa, rib.] 
 
 cutter (kut'er), n. 1. Person or thing 
 that cuts. 2. Small swift vessel with 
 one mast. 3. Light sleigh. 
 
 cuttle(kut'l), cuttle-fish (kufl-fish), 
 n. Kind of mollusk, ejecting an inky 
 liquid; devil-fish. [A. S. cudele.] 
 
 cuttlebone (kut'1-bon), n. Bonelike 
 plate found in the cuttlefish. 
 
 cyan eons (si-a'ne-us), a. Azure; blue. 
 [Gr. kyanos, dark blue.] 
 
 cyanide ( si'a-nid or -nid), n. In cliem. 
 Combination of cyanogen with a me- 
 tallic base. — Potassium cyanide : 
 Strongly poisonous, crystalline solid, 
 extensively used in photography. 
 
 cycle (si'kl). I. n. 1. Period of time. 2. 
 Imaginary circle or orbit in the 
 heavens. 3. Bicycle, tricycle, etc. 
 II. vi. 1. Recur in fixed periods of 
 time. 2. Ride a bicycle, etc.— cycler 
 (si'kler). One who rides a cycle. [Gr. 
 kyklos, circle.] 
 
 cyclic (sik'lik), cyclical (sik'lik-al), 
 a. Pertaining to, or containing", a 
 cycle. [cycle, cycler. 
 
 cyclist (si'klist), n. One who rides a 
 
 cycloid (si'kloid), n. 1. Figure like a 
 circle. 2. Curve made by a point in a 
 circle, when the circle is rolled along 
 a straight line.— eycloid'al, a. [Gr. 
 kyklos, and eidos, form.] 
 
 cyclometer ( si-klom'e-ter ), n. Ins- 
 trument for registering the revolu- 
 tions of a wheel. 
 
 cyclone (si'klon), n. Rotatory storm, 
 esp. a destructive tornado. 
 
 cyclopaedia, cyclopedia, (si-klo- 
 pe'di a), n. 1. Compass of human 
 knowledge. 2. Work containing in- 
 formation on every department, or on 
 a particular department of know- 
 ledge; encyclopedia. — cyclopedic, 
 a. [Gr. kyklos, and paideia, learning.] 
 
 Cyclopean (si-klo-pe'an), a. Of or like 
 the Cyclopes, a fabled race of giants 
 with one circular eye in the middle of 
 the forehead. [Gr. —kyklos, circle, and 
 ops, eye.] [cygne.] 
 
 cygnet (sig'net), n. Young swan. [Fr. 
 
 cylinder (sil'in-der), n. Solid round 
 body, whose ends are equal parallel 
 circles. [Gr.— kylindo, roll.] 
 
 cylindric (si-lin'drik), cylindrical, 
 a. Resembling a cylinder. 
 
 cymbal (sim'bal), n. Hollow musical 
 instrument of 'brass, beaten together 
 in pairs. [From Gr. kymbe, hollow.] 
 
 cyme(sim), n. Kind of inflorescence, as 
 of the forget-me-not. [Gr. kyma, wave.] 
 
 cynic (sin'ik). I. a. 1. Dog-like; snarl- 
 ing. 2. Pertaining to the Cynics. II. 
 n. 1. One of an austere sect of Greek 
 philosophers. 2. Sneering fault finder. 
 — cyn'ical, a.— cyn'icism, n. Con- 
 tempt for human nature. [ Gr. kuon, 
 dog.] 
 
 cynosure ( sin'o-shor ), n. Center of 
 attraction. [Gr.=dog's tail, referring 
 to the pole-star in the tail of the con- 
 stellation "Little 
 Bear."] 
 
 cypress (si'pres), n. 
 Evergreen tree, a 
 symbol of death. 
 [Gr. kyparissos.] 
 
 cyst (sist), n. 
 Bag in animal bodies 
 containing morbid 
 matter. [From root 
 
 of CHEST.] 
 
 Czar (zar), n. Em- 
 peror of Russia.— 
 
 Czarina ( za-re'na), 
 fern. [Russ. tsare— 
 Ger. kaiser.] 
 
 Czarevitcn( za'revitch ), Cesar e- 
 vitch (se-za're-vitch, n. Eldest son 
 of the czar. — Czarevna ( sa-re v'na ) , 
 fern. His consort. [Russ. tsare, and 
 vitz, child.] 
 
 Cypress. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare> above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
134 
 
 danger 
 
 Bd (de), n. Fourth letter of the 
 English alphabet. Pronounced 
 like t, when substituted for An- 
 glo-Saxon t, as in missed, picked, 
 lipped. 
 
 dab (dab). I. vt. [ dab'bing ; dabbed.] 
 Strike gently. II. n. 1. Gentle blow. 
 2. Small lump of anything soft or 
 moist. 3. Small flat fish like a floun- 
 der, but with a rough back. [Akin 
 to tap.] 
 
 dab(dab), n. Expert. [Prob.— Adept.] 
 
 dabble (dab'l). I. vt. Wet by little dabs ; 
 spatter. II. vi. Play in water with 
 hands or feet; do anything in a trifl- 
 ing way. [Prom DAB.] 
 
 dabcbick. (dab'chik), n. Small water 
 fowl that dabbles in the water. 
 
 dace (das), n. 
 Small Euro- 
 pean river 
 fish. 
 
 dachshund 
 
 (daks'hont ), Dace. 
 
 n. Small dog 
 
 with long body and short legs. [Ger.] 
 
 dactyl (dak'til), n. In prosody. Foot, 
 of three syllables, one long followed 
 by two short.— dactyl'ic, a. Relating 
 to or consisting chiefly of dactyls. 
 [Gr. daMylos, finger.] 
 
 dado (da'do), n. 1. Solid block or cube 
 forming the body of a pedestal. 2. 
 Wainscoting round the lower part 
 of a wall. — pi. da'does. Tit.] 
 
 daffodil (daf'o-dil), 
 n. Yellow flower 
 of the lily tribe. 
 [Gr. asphodelos.] 
 
 daft (daft), a. Fool- 
 ish; idiotic. 
 
 dagger (dag'er), 
 n. 1. Short sword 
 for stabbing. 2. 
 Mark of reference 
 (t). [W. dagr.] 
 
 daguerreotype 
 (da-ger'o-tlp), n. 1 Method of photo- 
 graphing ou metal piates. 2. Picture 
 thus produced. [From Daguerre the 
 inventor, and Type.] 
 
 dahlia (da'li-a), n. Garden plant with 
 a large beautiful flower. [From JDahl, 
 a Swedish botanist.] 
 
 daily (da'li). I. a. and adv. Of every 
 day, II. n. Daily paper. 
 
 dainty (dan'ti). I. a. 1. Pleasant to 
 the palate ; delicate. 2. Fastidious. 
 II. n. Delicacy. — dain'tily., adv. — 
 dain'tiness. n. [Akin to dignity.] 
 
 tiairy (dar'i) n. 1. Place where milk 
 is kept, and butter and cheese made. 
 2. Establishment for the supply of 
 milk. [Icel. deigja, dairymaid.] 
 
 Daggers 
 
 dais (da'is), n. Raised floor, often with 
 a seat and canopy. [O. Fr.— L. discus] 
 
 daisy (da'zi), n. Common spring 
 flower. [A. S. dodges ege, day's eye.] 
 
 dale (dal), dell (del), n. Low ground 
 between hills. [A. S. deal.] 
 
 dalliance (dal'i-ans), n. 1. Idle talk. 
 2. Toying; trifling. [A. S.] 
 
 dally (dal'i). vi. "We: trifle; play. 
 
 dalmatic (dal-m^t'ik), n. Ecclesiasti- 
 cal loose-fitting garment with wide 
 sleeves reaching to or below the knee. 
 
 dam (dam). I. n. Embankment to 
 restrain water. II, vt. [damn'ing; 
 damned. ] Keep back water by a 
 bank or other obstruction, [A. S.] 
 
 dam (dam), n. Mother of quadrupeds. 
 
 damage (dam'aj), I. n. 1. Injury; 
 loss. 2. Compensation. II. vt. Harm; 
 injure. [From L. damnum, loss.] 
 
 damask (dam'ask). I. n. Figured stuff 
 orig. of silk, how of linen, cotton, or 
 wool. II. vt. Flower or variegate, as 
 cloth. [From Damascus, Syria.] 
 
 dame (dam), n. 1. Mother; matron. 
 
 damn (dam),fl£. 1< Censure, condemn. 
 2. Sentence to eternal punishment. 3. 
 Swear at. —dam'mable, a. Deserv- 
 ing of damnation.— dam'nably, adv. 
 -damnation, n. Eternal punish- 
 ment.— daun'natory,a. [Fr. damner.] 
 
 damp (damp). I. n. 1. Moist air. 2. 
 Lowness of spirits. 3. Dangerous 
 vapors in mines. II. vt. 1. Wet slight- 
 ly. 2. Discourage; check. III. a. Moist; 
 foggy. — damply, adv. — damp- 
 ness, n. [E akin to Ger. damp/, 
 vapor.] [checks or moderates. 
 
 damper (damp'er), n. That which 
 
 damsel (dam'zei), n. Girl. [Fr. demoi- 
 selle.] 
 
 damson (dam'zn], n. Small purple 
 plumb. [From Damascene— Damascus.] 
 
 dance (dans). I. vi. and vt. Move with 
 measured steps to music. II. n. Move- 
 ment of one or more persons with 
 measured steps to music. [Fr. danser ] 
 
 dandelion (dan'de-li-un), n. Common 
 plant with a yellow flower. [Fr. dent 
 de lion, tooth of the lion.] 
 
 dander (dan'der), n. Anger. 
 
 dandify (dan'di-fi), vt. [dan'difying; 
 -fled.] Make or form like a dandy. 
 
 dandle (dan'dl), Vt. Play with; fondle, 
 toss. [on the head. 
 
 dandruff (dan'druf), n. Scaly scurf 
 
 dandy ( dan'di ), n, 1. One who pays 
 much attention to dress. 2." Some- 
 thing very neat or fine. 
 
 Dane (dan), n. Native of Denmark. 
 
 danger ( dan'jer ), n. Exposure to 
 injury, -dangerous, a. Unsafe. — 
 dangerously, adv. [Fr.] 
 Syn. Hazard; jeopardy; peril; risk. 
 
 (Eftte, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, »ot, move, wolf} 
 mute, but, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
dangle 
 
 135 
 
 dead 
 
 dangle (dan'gl). I. vi. 1. Swing; hang 
 loosely. 2. Follow. II. vt. Make to dan- 
 gle. [Icel.dingla, swing.] [mark. 
 
 Danish (da'nish), a. Belonging toDen- 
 
 Danite (dan'If), n. Member of a secret 
 society among the Mormons. [From 
 Dan. See Gen. xlix. 16.] [to damp.] 
 
 dank (dangk), a. Moist; wet. [Akin 
 
 danseuse (dang-soz'), n. Female 
 professional dancer. [Fr.] 
 
 dapper (dap'er), a. 1. Quick. 2. Neat; 
 spruce. [Dm. dapper, brave.] 
 
 dapple ( dap'l ). I. a. Marked witb 
 spots. II. vt. Variegate with spots. 
 [Icel. depill, spot.] 
 
 dare (dar ), v. [dar'ing, durst, or dared]. 
 I. vi. Be bold enough; venture. II. 
 vt. Challenge; defy. [A. S. dear.} 
 
 daring (dar'ing). I. a. Bold; courage- 
 ous; fearless. II. n. Boldness.— dar'- 
 ingly, adv. 
 
 dark (dark). I. a. 1. Without light. 2. 
 Black or somewhat black. 3. Gloomy. 
 t. .Difficult to understand. 5. Unen- 
 lightened. 6. Secret. II. n. 1. Absence 
 of light. 2. Obscurity. 3. State of 
 ignorance. — dark'ly, adv. — dark'- 
 ness, n. [A. S. deorc] 
 Syn. Dim; obscure; suspicious; vile. 
 
 darken (dark'n), vt. and vi. Make or 
 become dark or darker. [gloomy. 
 
 darksome (dark'sum), a. Dark; 
 
 darling- (dar'ling), n. Little dear; 
 one dearly beloved, [dear and ling.] 
 
 dam (darn). I. vi. Mend a hole by 
 interlacing stitches. II. n. Place darn- 
 ed. [Wei. dar. , patch. 
 
 darnel (dar'nel), n. Weed of the rye- 
 grass genus. 
 
 dart (dart). I. n. Pointed weapon for 
 throwing with the hand ; any similar 
 weapon. II. vt. and vi. Hurl suddenly; 
 shoot, or start forth rapidly. —dar t'- 
 ingly, adv. [A. S. darothJ] 
 
 Darwinism (dar'wiu-izm). n. Theory 
 of the origin of species propounded 
 by Chas. Darwin.— Darwinian, a. 
 
 dasb (dash). I. vt. 1. Throw violently; 
 break by throwing together. 2. De- 
 stroy; frustrate. II. vi. Strike, break, 
 rush with violence. III. n. 1. Violent 
 onset. 2. Vigor. 3. Mark (— ) at a 
 break in a sentence. 4. Slight admix- 
 ture. [Dan. daske, slap.] 
 
 dastard (das'tard). I. n. Cowardly 
 fellow. II. a. Shrinking from danger; 
 cowardly.— das'tardly, adv. [From 
 Scand. dast, dazed .] 
 
 data (da'ta), n. pi. Facts given, or ad- 
 mitted. ilu.pl. of datum, given.] 
 
 date (dat). I. n. 1. Time when a letter is 
 written. 2. Time of any event; stipu- 
 lated time. II. vt. Affix the date to. III. 
 vi. Reckon; begin. [Fr. — L. datum.] 
 
 date (dat), n. Fruit of the date-palm. 
 [Fr. datte—Gr. da/ctylos, finger.] 
 
 dative (da'tiv), n. Case of indirect, 
 object, or secondary subject, as of 
 the receiver in giving. 
 
 datto (dat'o), n. Priestly office among 
 the Moros, Philippine Islands. 
 
 datum (da'tum), n. [pi. da'ta]. 1. Fact 
 stated. 2. Premise,— Datum line, base 
 from which measurements are made 
 
 daub (dab). I. vt. Smear; paint coarse- 
 ly. II. n. Coarse painting.— danb'er, 
 n. [O. Fr — L. dealbare, whitewash.] 
 
 danghter(da'ter), n. Female child. — 
 daughter '-in-law, n. Son's wife. [A. S. 
 dohtor.] 
 
 daunt (dant), vt. Frighten; discour- 
 age, -dauntless, a. Not to be 
 daunted.— d aunt'lessly, adv.— 
 daunt'lessness, n. [O. Fr. danter, 
 tame.] 
 
 dauphin (da'fin), n. Name formerly 
 given to the'eldest son of the king of 
 France. — dau'phiness, n. fern. 
 Dauphin's wife. [Fr. — L. delphinus, 
 dolphin.] 
 
 davit (dav'itor da'vit), 
 n. Spar for hoisting the 
 anchor clear of the 
 vessel.— pi. Pieces of 
 timber or iron, project- 
 ing over a ship's side or 
 stern, having tackle to 
 raise a boat by. 
 
 daw (da), n. Bird of the 
 
 crow kind ; jackdaw. 
 
 Davits. 
 
 dawdle(da'dl), vi. Act or move slowly; 
 waste time by trifling. — daw'dler, /<,. 
 
 dawn (dan). I. vi. Begin to grow light; 
 begin to appear. II. n. Daybreak: 
 beginning. [A.S. dagian, become day.] 
 
 day (da), n. 1. Time of light. 2. Time 
 from morning till night. 3. Twenty- 
 four hours, the time the earth takes 
 to make a revolution on her axis. 4. 
 The contest of a day. 5. Period of 
 time. 6. Appointed or fixed time. 
 
 daybook (da'bok), n. Book in which 
 the transactions of every day are en- 
 tered, [ance of light. 
 
 daybreak (da'brak), n. First appear- 
 
 daze (daz). I. vt. Render dull or stupid. 
 II. n. Stupor. [A. S. dwons, foolish.] 
 
 dazzle (daz'l), vt. Daze or overpower 
 with strong light. [Freq. of daze.] 
 
 deacon (de'kn), n. 1. Order of clergy 
 below the priests. 2. Principal lay 
 official.— dea'coness, n. fern.— dea'-- 
 conship. n. — dea'eonry, n. [Gr. 
 diakonos, servant.] 
 
 dead (ded), a. 1. Deprived of life, or 
 that never had life. 2. Deathlike; 
 useless ; dull; cold and cheerless; 
 without vegetation. 3. Perfect.— T 'ad 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mife. mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
dead 
 
 136 
 
 decalogue 
 
 language: Language no longer spoken. 
 — Dead letter: Letter undelivered and 
 unclaimed at the post-office.— Dead- 
 lock: Complete standstill. — Dead- 
 march: Solemn music played at 
 funeral of soldiers. — Dead reckoning: 
 Estimation of a ship's place, simply 
 by the log-book.— Dead iveight: Heavy 
 or oppressive burden.— dead'ly, adv. 
 — dead'ness, n. 
 
 dead(ded), n. 1. Time of greatest still- 
 ness. 2. n. pi. Those who have died. 
 
 deaden (ded'n), vt. Make dead; lessen. 
 
 deadhead (ded'hed), n. Passenger or 
 spectator who has not paid. 
 
 deadly (ded'li), a. and adv. Deathly; 
 fatal; implacable.— dead'liness, n. 
 
 deaf (def), a. 1. Dull of hearing; un- 
 able to hear at all. 2. Not willing to 
 hear; inattentive.— deaf ly, adv. — 
 deafness, n.~ Deaf-mute: One who 
 is both deaf and mute. [A. S.] 
 
 deafen (def'n), vt. Make deaf, partly 
 or altogether; stun. 
 
 deal (del). I. n. 1. Portion; quantity. 
 2. Act of distributing. 3. Business 
 transaction. II. vt. [dealing; dealt 
 (delt).] Divide; distribute. III. vi. 
 
 1. Transact business; trade; act. 2. 
 Distribute cards. [A. S. dcel.] [deel.\ 
 
 deal (del), n._ Board or plank. [Dut. 
 
 dealer (del'er), n. One who deals; 
 trader, [others; intercourse of trade. 
 
 dealing- (del'ing), n. Acting towards 
 
 dean (den), n. 1. One who presides over 
 the other clergy. 2. Priest who pre- 
 sides at local synods. 3. President 
 of the faculty in a college. — dean'- 
 ship, n. — dean'ery, n. Office of a 
 dean; dean's house. [O. Fr. deien— L. 
 decanus — decern, ten.] 
 
 dear (der). I. a. 1. High in price; most- 
 ly. 2. Highly valued ; beloved. II. n. 
 One who is dear or beloved.— dear'ly, 
 adv. — dear'ness, n. [A.S. deore.] 
 
 dearth (derth), n. Scarcity. 
 
 death (deth), n. 1. Extinction of life. 
 
 2. Manner or cause of death. 3. Dead- 
 ly peril. 4. Mortality. 5. Skeleton, 
 as symbol of mortaHcy.— death'bed, 
 n. Last illness. [A. S.] 
 
 Syn. Departure; decease; demise. 
 
 deathly (deth'H). I. a. Deadly; mur- 
 derous; deathlike. II. adv. As death. 
 
 debar (de-bar'), vt. [debar'ring; debar- 
 red'.] Bar out from; exclude; hinder. 
 [O. Pr. debarrer.] 
 
 debarfc (de-bark),^, andw. Disembark. 
 — debarkation, n. [Pr. debarquer.] 
 
 <* 1 b a s e (de-bas') , vt. Lower; make 
 mean or of less value; adulterate.— 
 debasement, n. Degradation. — 
 debasing, a. Tending to degrade. 
 — deba'singly, adv. 
 
 debatable (de-ba'ta-bl), a. Liable to 
 be disputed. 
 
 debate ( de-bat' ). I. n. Contention in 
 words or argument. II. vt. and vi. Con- 
 tend (for) in argument.— deba'ter, 
 n. [Pr. de, down, and battre, beat.] 
 
 debauch (de-bach'), vt. 1. Lead away 
 from duty and" allegiance. 2. Corrupt 
 with lewdness. II. vi. Indulge in 
 revelry. III. n. Pit of intemperance 
 or debauchery.— debauchee (deb-o- 
 .she'), n. Libertine. — debauchery, 
 (de-bach'er-i), n. 1. Corruption; se- 
 duction. 2. Excessive intemperance. 
 [Pr. dibaucher.] 
 
 debenture (de-ben'tur), n. Acknowl- 
 edgment of a debt; deed of mortgage. 
 [L. debentur, there ai^e due.] 
 
 debilitate _(de-bil'i-tat), vt. Weaken. 
 [L.— de = dis-, and habilis, able.] 
 
 debility (de-bil'i-ti), n. Weakness. 
 
 debit (debit). I. n. 1. Debt. 2. Entry 
 on the debtor side of an account. II. 
 vt. Charge with debt; enter on the 
 debtor side of an account. [L.=owes.] 
 
 debonair ( deb-o-nar' )a. Of good ap- 
 pearance and manners; elegant; 
 courteous. [Fr. de, of, bon, good, and 
 air, appearance.] 
 
 debouch ( de-bosh' ), vi. March out 
 from a narrow pass or place ; emerge ; 
 issue, — debouchure (da-bo-shor'), 
 n. Mouth of a river or strait. " [Fr. dS- 
 boucher—de, from, and bouche, mouth.] 
 
 debris (de-bre'), n. Broken pieces; 
 rubbish; ruin. [Fr.] 
 
 debt (det), n. What one owes to ano- 
 ther. [L. debitum.] [debt. [L. debitor.] 
 
 debtor (det'ur), n. One who owes a 
 
 debut (da-bo'), n. 1. Beginning, first 
 attempt. 2. First appearance before 
 the public. — debutant ( da-bo-tang'), 
 n. One who makes a debut. — - debu- 
 tante ( da-bo-tangt'), n. fern. [Fr.] 
 
 decade(dek'ad),w. 1. Aggregate of ten. 
 2. Period of ten years. [Gr. deka, ten.] 
 
 decadence (de-ka'dens), decadency 
 ( de-ka'den-si ), n. 
 State of decay. [Fr. 
 — L. de, down, and 
 cado. fall.] 
 
 decagon (dek'a- 
 gon), n. Plane fig- 
 ure of ten angles 
 and sides. [Gr. deka, 
 ten, and gonia, 
 angle.] 
 
 decahedron (dek- 
 •a-he'dron), n. Solid 
 figure having ten sides, 
 ten, and hedra, seat. 3 
 
 decalogue (dek'a-log), n.The ten com- 
 mandments. [Wr. deka, ten, and logos, 
 word.] 
 
 :■■: 
 
 ( 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Decahedron. 
 [ Gr. deka, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
decamp 
 
 137 
 
 decorate 
 
 decamp ( de-kamp' ), vi. 1. Shift 
 camp. 2. Go away, esp. secretly — 
 decampment, n. [Fr. decarnper.] 
 
 decant ( de-kant' ), vt. 1. Pour off, 
 leaving sediment. 2.. Pour from one 
 vessel into another. — decanter. 
 n Ornamental bottle. [Fr. decanter 
 -de, from, and cant, edge.] 
 
 decapitate (de-kap'i-tat), vt. Behead. 
 — decapita'tion, n. [L. de, off, and 
 caput, headj 
 
 decay (de-ka'). I. vi. Fall from a state 
 of health or excellence. II. n. Gradual 
 deterioration. [O. Fr. decaer — L. de, 
 and cadere fall.] 
 
 Syn. Decline; consumption; failure; 
 corruption; rottenness. 
 
 decease (de-ses'). I. vi. Cease to live; 
 die. II. w.Death.— deceased(de-sest'). 
 I. a. Dead. II. n. One who is dead. 
 [L. decessus — de, away, and cedo, go.] 
 
 deceit (de-set'), n. Fraud, dishonesty. 
 
 -deceitful, a. Tending to deceive; 
 
 insincere.— deceit'fully, adv.— 
 
 deceit fulness, n. [See deceive.] 
 
 Syn. Cheating; deception; trickery; 
 
 imposition ; duplicity ;double-dealing. 
 
 deceive (de-sev'), vt* Mislead or cause 
 to err; cheat; disappoint.— decei'- 
 vable, a. — decei'ver, n. [Fr. dece- 
 voir—L,. de, and capere, fake.] 
 
 December ( de-sem'ber ), n. Twelfth 
 month of the year. [Among the Ro- 
 mans, the tenth,— decern, ten.] 
 
 decemvirate (de-sem'ver-at), n. Body 
 of ten men in office. [L. decern, ten, 
 and vir, man.]_ [ness; modesty. 
 
 decency (de'sen-si) , n. Becoming- 
 
 decent (de'sent), a. 1. Becoming; 
 seemly; modest. — de'cently, adv. 
 [L. decet, it is becoming.] [L.] 
 
 deception ( de-sep'shun ), n. Fraud. 
 
 deceptive (de-sep'tiv), a. Tending to 
 deceive. — decep'tively, adv. — de- 
 cep'tiveness, n. 
 
 decide (de-sid'), vt. Determine; end; 
 settle. [Fr. decider— L. ccedo, cut.] 
 
 decided (de-si'ded), a. 1. Unmistaka- 
 ble. 2. Resolute.— deci'dedlv, adv. 
 
 deciduous (de-sid'u-us), a. Falling off 
 iii autumn.— deeid uousness, n. [L. 
 —de, down, and cado, fall.] 
 
 decimal (des'i-mal). I. a. Numbered 
 or proceeding by tens. II. n. Fraction 
 having ten or some power of ten for 
 its denominator.— Decimal system, the 
 system of weights and measures the 
 principle of which is that it multi- 
 plies and divides by ten. — decimal- 
 ly, adv. [D. — decern, ten.] 
 
 decimate (des'i-mat), vt. Put to death 
 every tenth man. — declinator, w. 
 
 decipher (de-si'fer), vt. 1. Read secret 
 writing. 2. Make out what is obscure. 
 
 decision (de-sizh'un), n. Determina- 
 tion; settlement. 
 
 decisive (de-si'siv), a. Final, positive. 
 — decisively, adv. 
 
 deck ( dek ). I. vt. 1. Clothe; adorn. 
 2 Furnish with a deck, as a vessel. 
 II. n. 1. Floor or covering of a ship. 
 2. Pack of cards, [Dut. dekken, cover.] 
 
 declaim (de-klam'), vi. and vt. 1. Re- 
 cite a select piece. 2. Speak for rhe- 
 torical effect; harangue.— declaim'- 
 ant, n— declaim'er, n. [L. de, and 
 clamo, cry out.] 
 
 declamation (dek-la-ma'shun), n. 1. 
 Recitation in public. 2. Display in 
 speaking. 
 
 declamatory (de-klam'a- to-ri), a. 1. 
 Appealing to the passions. 2. Noisy 
 ana rhetorical. 
 
 declaration (dek-la-ra'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of declaring. '2. That which is 
 declared. 3. Written affirmation. 
 
 declarative ( de-klar'a-tiv ), declar- 
 atory (de-klar'a-tori), a. Explana- 
 tory. — declar'atively, adv. — de- 
 clar'atorily, adv. 
 
 declare (de-klar'), vt. 1. Make known; 
 show plainly. 2. Assert. [L. de, and 
 clarus, clair.] 
 
 declension (de-klen'shun), n. In 
 gram. Change of termination for the 
 oblique cases, as genetive, dative, etc. 
 
 declinable (de-kli'na-bl), a. Having 
 inflection for the oblique cases. 
 
 declination ( dek-lin-a'shun ), n. 1. 
 Deviation. 2. In astr, Distance from 
 the celestial equator. 3. Decay. 
 
 decline (de-klin'), I. vi. and vt. 1. Turn 
 away from; deviate 2. Refuse. 3. 
 Fail or decay. 4. In gram. Give the 
 cnanges of a word in the oblique 
 cases. II. n. 1. Deviation. 2. Decay. 
 [From L de, down, and clino, bend.] 
 Syn. Withdraw; deflect; diverge; 
 digress; stray; deny; shun; reject; 
 fail; decrease; diminish; lessen. 
 
 declivity (de-kliv'i-ti ), n. Gradual 
 descent. [L,.— de, and clivus, sloping.] 
 
 decoction ( de-kok'shun), n. Extract 
 made by boiling. [the neck. [Fr.] 
 
 decollete (da-kol-e-ta'), a. Cut low in 
 
 decoloration ( de-kul-ur-a'shun ), n. 
 Removal or absence of color. 
 
 decompose (de kum-poz'), vt. Sepa- 
 rate the composing parts; resolve 
 into original elements. — decompo- 
 sition, n. Decay, dissolution. 
 
 decomponnd (de-kom-pownd'). I. a. 
 Doubly compounded. II. vt. 1. Com- 
 pound doubly. 2. Decompose. 
 
 decorate (dek'o-rat), vt. Ornament, 
 beautify. — decorative, a. Adorn- 
 ing. — dec'orator, n. One who deco- 
 rates. [L.— rOOt Of DECENT.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mo"e, t^IC: 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl. thf.n. 
 
decoration 
 
 188 
 
 defensive 
 
 decoration ( dek-o-ra'shun ), n. Or- 
 nament. — Decoration day, day set 
 apart in U. S. for decorating graves 
 of soldiers and others, May 30. 
 
 decorous (de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus), a. 
 Proper; decent.— deco'ronsly, adv, 
 
 decorum ( de-ko'rum ), n. Propriety 
 of conduct; decency. [L.] 
 
 decoy (de-koi'). I. vt.. Allure, entice; 
 entrap. II. n. Anything intended to 
 allure into a snare. [From L. de, and 
 
 COY.] 
 
 decrease (de-kres'). I. vi. Grow ress. II. 
 vt. Make less. III. n. Growing less; 
 loss. [From L. de, and cresco, grow.] 
 
 decree (de-kre'). I. n. 1. Order by one 
 in authority. 2. Established law. 3: 
 Predetermined purpose. II. vt. 1. De- 
 cide by sentence in law. 2. Appoint. 
 [Fr.— L. decretum, decided.] 
 
 decrement (dek're-ment), n. Quan- 
 tity lost. [From root of decrease.] 
 
 decrepit (de-krep'it), a. Worn out by 
 infirmities of old age'. — decrep'i- 
 tnde, n. [L.] 
 
 decry (de-kn') ; vt. [decry'ing; decried'.] 
 Cry down; condemn; blame. 
 
 decuple (dek'u-pl). I. a. and n. Ten- 
 fold. II. vt. Increase tenfold. [Fr.— 
 L. decern, ten, and plico, fold.] 
 
 dedicate (ded'i-kat), vt. 1. Set apart. 
 2. Inscribe^— dedication, n. 1. Act 
 of dedicating. 2. Address to a patron, 
 prefixed to a book.— ded'icatory, a. 
 Serving as, or in the nature of, a dedi- 
 cation. [L. — de, and dico, declare.] 
 Syn. Consecrate; devote; hallow. 
 
 deduce ( de-dus' ), vt. Draw from; 
 infer. [L. de, and duco, lead.] 
 
 deduct (de-dukf), vt. Set aside; sub- 
 tract.— deduction (de-duk'shun), n. 
 1. Tracing out. 2. Derivation. 3. Ne- 
 cessary inference. 4 Subtraction. — 
 deductive (de-duk'tiv), a. Based on 
 inference.— deduct'ivelv, adv. 
 
 deed (ded), I. n. 1. Act; exploit. 2. Le- 
 gal transaction; written evidence of 
 it. 3. Reality. II vt. Transfer by 
 deed. [A. S. deed, from root of do.] 
 
 deem (dem), vt. and vi. Think; believe. 
 — deemster, n. Judge (on the Isle 
 of Man.) [A. S. deman, judge. Akin 
 
 to DOOM.]_ 
 
 deep (dep) I. a. 
 1 Extending far 
 down, or far from 
 the outside. 2. Dif- 
 ficult to under- 
 stand. 3. Wise and 
 penetrating. 4. In- 
 tense 5. Low or 
 grave. II. n. That 
 which is deep; the 
 sea. III. adv. To a great depth; pro 
 
 Axis Detr. 
 
 foundry.— deepen (de'pn), vt. and 
 vi. Make or become deeper; increase. 
 —deeply, adv. — cleep'ness, n. 
 
 [A. S. deop.] 
 
 deer (der), n. Quadruped of several 
 species, as the stag, reindeer, etc.— pi. 
 deer. [A. S. deor ] 
 
 deer-stalking (der'stak'ing), n. 
 Hunting of deer by stealing upon 
 them. 
 
 deface (de-fas'), vt. Disfigure; mar; 
 obliterate.— defaee'ment, n. 
 
 de facto (de-fak'to), adv. Actually 
 existing. [L.] 
 
 defalcation (def-al-ka'shun). n. De 
 ficit in entrusted funds. [From L. de 
 and falx, sickle.] [umny; slander 
 
 defamation (def-a-ma'shun), n. Cal 
 
 defamatory ( de-fam'a-to-ri), a. In 
 jurious to reputation. 
 
 defame (de-fam'),fl£. Destroy the good 
 reputation of ; speak evil of. [Li.de, 
 and fama, report.] 
 
 default (de-falf). I. n. 1. Failing; 
 failure; defect. 2. Neglect of duty; 
 offense. II. vi. Fail in meeting an 
 obligation. III. vt. Inlaw: Declare 
 in default and enter judgment 
 against. [See fault.] 
 
 defaulter ( de-fal'ter). n. One who 
 fails to account for money intrusted 
 to his care. [be defeated. 
 
 defeasible (de-fe'zi-bl), a. That may 
 
 defeat (de-fef). I. vt. 1. Frustrate. 'J. 
 Overcome. II. n. 1. Frustration. 2. 
 Overthrow. [Fr. defaite— def aire, undo.} 
 Syn. Baffle; repel; fail; thwart. 
 
 defect (de-fekf), n. 1. Want. 2 Im- 
 perfection, blemish.— defec'tion, n. 
 Falling away from duty; revolt.— 
 defective (de-fek tiv ), a. 1. Imper- 
 fect. 2. In gram. Lacking some forms 
 of inflection. — defectively , adv. — 
 defect'iveness, n. [L. de, and facio, 
 
 do ] [FENSE. 
 
 defence (de-fens'), n. Same as de- 
 
 defend (de-fend'), vt. 1. Guard, pro- 
 tect; maintain against attack. 2. la 
 law: Resist; contest.— defend'able, 
 a. That may be defended.— defend'- 
 ant, n. In law: Person accused, sued. 
 [L. defendo — de, and fendo, strike.] 
 
 defense (de-fens'), defence (de-fens'), 
 n. 1. That which defends; protec- 
 tion; vindication. 2. In law: De- 
 fendant's plea. 
 
 defensible (de-fen'si-bl), a. That may 
 be defended.— defensibil'ity, n. 
 
 defensive ( de-fen'siv). I. a. 1. Serv- 
 ing to defend. 2. In a state or pos- 
 ture of defence. II. n. 1. That which 
 defends. 2. Posture of defence. — 
 defensively, adv. 
 
 2ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn-, oil, owl, then. 
 
defer 
 
 139 
 
 deleterious 
 
 defer(de-fer'),^. [deferring; deferred'.] 
 Put off to another time; delay. [L. dif- 
 ero — dis, asunder, and fero, carry.] 
 
 drfer (de-fer'). I vi. Yield to another. 
 II. vt. Lay before.— deference (def- 
 er-ens), n. Yielding ; submission; 
 regard.— defeaen tial, a. Expre.-s- 
 ing respect. —deferen't a ally, adv. 
 [L. defero—de, down, and fero, bear.] 
 
 defiance (de-fi'ans), n. 1. Challenge; 
 2. Disregard; contempt. [sing. 
 
 defiant ( de-fi'ant ), a. Boldly oppo- 
 
 deficiency (de-fish'en-si), n, Defect: 
 insufficiency ;amount to be made good. 
 
 deficient (de-fish'ent), a. Wanting. 
 
 deficit ( def'i-sit), n. Deficiency. [L. 
 = It is wanting.] 
 
 defile (de-fil'). I. vi. March off inline. 
 II. n. Long narrow pass. [Fr.] 
 
 defile (de-fil'), vt. Make foul; pollute.— 
 defilement (de-fil'ment), n. 1. Act 
 of defiling. 2. Foulness.— defi'ler, n. 
 [From foul.] [be defined. 
 
 definable (_defi'na-bl ), a. That may 
 
 define (de-fm'), vt.' Fix the limits of; 
 determine with precision; fix the 
 meaning of. [L. de, and finis, limit.] 
 
 definite (defi-nit), a. Having distinct 
 limits; fixed, exact, clear. — defini- 
 tely, adv.— def initeness, n. 
 
 definition (def-i-nish'un), n. 1. Des- 
 cription of a thing by its properties. 
 
 2. Explanation of the exact meaning. 
 
 3. Quality of showing distinctly. 
 deflect ( de-flekt' ), vi. and vt. Turn 
 
 aside; swerve.— deflation, n. [L. 
 
 de, and flecto, bend.] 
 deflower (de-flowr'), vt. 1. Deprive of 
 
 flowers. 2. Deprive of original grace 
 
 and beauty; ravish. — deflour'er, n. 
 
 [L. de, andfios, flower.] 
 deform ( de-farm'), vt. Disfigure.— 
 
 deformation, n. — deformity, n. 
 
 Ugliness; disfigurement. 
 defraud (de-frad'), vt. Cheat; deceive. 
 defray (de-fra'"), vt. 1. Pay; pay for. 
 
 2. Appease. — defray'ment, n.-de- 
 
 fray'al, n. [Fr. frais, expense.] 
 deft (deft), a. Handy, clever.— deft'ly, 
 
 adv.— deftness, n. [A.S. cto/Y, fitting.] 
 defunct (de-fungkf), a. and n. Dead. 
 
 [See function.] 
 defy(de-fi'),^. [defy'ing; defied'.] Chal- 
 lenge; brave. [Fr. defter— L. diffidare, 
 deg (deg\ vt. Sprinkle. [mistrust.] 
 degeneracy (de-jen'er-a-si), n. 1. 
 
 Deteriorated condition. 2. ' Decrease 
 
 in quantity. 
 degenerate (de-jen'er-at). I. a. and n. 
 
 Deteriorated; become worse. II. vi. 
 
 Fall from a nobler state; grow worse. 
 
 — degen'erately, adv. — d e g e n ' - 
 
 erateness, n. — degeneration, 
 
 n. [From L. de, and genus, kind.] 
 
 deglutition (deg-16-tish'un), n. Act 
 or power of swallowing. [L. de, and 
 glutio, swallow.] 
 
 degradation (deg-ra-da'shun), n. 1. 
 Reducing in rank,' strength, size, 
 height, etc. 2. Disgrace. 
 
 degrade (de-grad'), vt. Lower in grade, 
 rank, dignity, character or value; 
 disgrace. [L. de, and gradus, step.] 
 
 degree ( de-gre' ), n. 1. Grade, step; 
 position, rank. 2. Extent. 3. Mark 
 of distinction conferred by universi- 
 ties. 4. 300th part of circle. 5. Sixty 
 geographical miles. [Fr. degre" — L. 
 gradus, step.] 
 
 dehiscence ( de-his'- 
 ens), n. Opening of 
 seed-pod of a plant. [L. 
 de, and hisco, gape.] _ 
 
 deification (de-i-fi-ka'- 
 shun), n. Act of deify- 
 ing. 
 
 deify (de'i-fi),^. Exalt Dehiscence. 
 to the rank of a god. 
 [ L. deus, god, and facio, make. ] 
 
 deign (dan), vt- 1. Think worthy. 2. 
 Permit. 3- Condescend. [Fr. daigner 
 — L. dignus, worthy.] 
 
 deism (de'izm), n. Creed of a deist. 
 
 deist (de'ist), n. One who believes in 
 the existence of God, but not in re- 
 vealed religion. — deist'ical, a. [Fr. 
 
 — L. deus, god.] 
 
 deity (de'i-ti), n 1. God or goddess. 2. 
 The Deity, the Supreme Being. [L. 
 deitas— dens, god.] 
 
 deject (de-jekt/), vt. Cast down. — de 
 jec'tion,_7i. Lowness of spirits. [L.] 
 
 de jure (de-jo're), adv. Byright. [L.] 
 
 delaine ( de-ian' ), n. Kind of light 
 dress-goods. [Fr. = of wool.] 
 
 delay (de-la'). I. vt. 1. Put off. 2. Hin- 
 der. II. vi. Pause; put Oil time. III. 
 n. Deferring; stop; hindrance. [Fr. 
 
 — L. dilatum, put off.] 
 
 Syn. Defer; procrastinate; prolong; 
 postpone; retard. \deleo, destroy! 
 dele (de'le), vt. Takeout. [L. imp of 
 delectable (de-lek'ta-bl),a. Delight- 
 ful; pleasing.— dclee tableness, n. 
 
 — delec'tatoly, adv. |"L. delecto, 
 delight.] [light. 
 
 delectation (de-lek-ta'shun), n. De- 
 delegate ( del'e-gat ). I. vt. 1- Send 
 as a representative. 2. Intrust, com- 
 mit. II. re. Representative; esp in U 
 S., a representative of a Territory. 
 — delegation, n. Persons delegated. 
 [See LEGATE.] 
 delete (de-let'), vt. Blot out; destroy. 
 
 — dele'tion, n. [L.deleo.] 
 deleterious ( del-e-te'ri-us), a. Tend- 
 ing to destroy; hurtful. — delete'- 
 riousness, n. [Gr.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften, 
 
delf 
 
 140 
 
 democratic 
 
 delf (delf), n. Anything made by delv- 
 ing. 
 
 »elf, J>elft (delf, deft), n. 1. Dutch 
 earthenware, first made jn Delft, 
 Holland. 2. Dark blue color. 
 
 deliberate (de-lib'er-at). I. vt. andw. 
 Weigh well in one's mind; consider 
 the reasons for and against; discuss. 
 II. a. 1. Well considered. 2. Slow in 
 determining.— delib'erately, adv.— 
 delib'erateness, n. — delibera- 
 tion, n. 1. Act of deliberating. 2. 
 Mature reflection. 3. Calmness. [L. 
 —libra, balance.] 
 
 delicacy ( del'i-ka-si ), n. 1. Refined 
 pleasantness. 2. Fineness. 3. Dainty 
 food. [Fr. delicatesse—Lt. delicatus.] 
 
 delicate (del'i-kat, or -kat), a. 1. 
 Pleasing to the senses; dainty. 2. 
 Nicely discriminating. 3. Of a fine, 
 slight texture or constitution; frail. 
 4. Refined, considerate. — del'icate- 
 ly, adv.— del'icateness, n. [L.] 
 
 delicatessen ( del-i-ka-tes'en ), n. pi. 
 Table dainties. [Ger.] 
 
 delicious (de-lish'us), a. Highly 
 pleasing to the senses; affording ex- 
 quisite pleasure. — deli'ciousness, 
 n.— dcli'ciously, adv. [L.] 
 
 delight (de-lif). I. vt. Please highly. 
 II. vi. Take great pleasure. III. n. 
 High degree of pleasure. [O. Fr. 
 dehter—'L. delectare.] _ 
 
 delineate (de-lin'e-at ), vt. Sketch, 
 picture.— delinea'ti on, n. 1. Act of 
 delineating. 2. Sketch, description. — 
 delisi'eator, n. One who delineates. 
 [Tu.—de, and hnea, line.] [Melt. 
 
 deliqnate (del'-i-kwat), vt. and vi. 
 
 delinquency ( de-ling'kwen-si ), n. 
 Failure in duty; fault; misdemeanor. 
 
 delinquent (de-ling'kwent). I. jt. 
 Failing in duty. II. n. Transgressor. 
 [L. — linquo, leave.] 
 
 deliquesce (del-i-kwes'),w. Melt. [L.— 
 &&, and liqueo,be fluid.] [ing delirium. 
 
 deliriant (de-lir'i-ant) , n. Poison caus- 
 
 delirious (de-lir'i-us), a. Wandering 
 in mind. — delir'iously, adv. — de- 
 Hr'iousness, n. [h.—de, away from, 
 and lira, furrow, line.] 
 
 delirium (de-lir'i-um), n. 1. State of 
 being delirio'us. 2. Wild enthusiasm. 
 —Delirium tremens : Nervous disease 
 produced by excessive drinking. [L. 
 delirium, and tremens, trembling.] 
 Syn. Insanity; frenzy; madness. 
 
 deliver (de-liv'er), vt. 1. Liberate; 
 rescue. 2. Give up; hand over. 3. 
 Pronounce. 4. Give forth, as a blow, 
 etc. — deliv'erer, n. [Fr. delivrer — 
 L. de, and liber, free.] 
 
 delivery (de-liv'er-i), n. 1. Act of 
 delivering; giving up. 2. Act or man- 
 
 ner of speaking in public. 3. Act of 
 
 dell. See dale. [giving birth. 
 
 delta (del'ta), 1. Fourth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet, the capital form of 
 which is A- 2. Triangular tract of 
 land formed by the branching mouths 
 of a river. [Gr.] 
 
 delude (de-lod'), vt. Deceive; cheat. 
 [Li.—de, and ludo, play.] 
 
 deluge (del'uj). I. n. Flood, esp. the 
 inundation in the days of Noah. II. 
 vt. Inundate; overwhelm. [ Fr. — L. 
 luo = wash.] [False belief; error. 
 
 delusion (de-16'shun), n. 1. Fraud. 2. 
 delusive(de-lo'siv), a. Deceptive, -de- 
 lusively, adv.— delusiveness, n. 
 
 delve (delv), vt. 1. Dig with a spade. 
 2. Work hard. [A. S. delf an.] 
 
 demagogue (dem'a-gog), n. Unprinci- 
 pled popular leader. [Gr.— demos, peo- 
 ple, and ago, lead.] \n. See domain. 
 
 demain (de-man'), demesne (de-men') 
 
 demand (de-mand'). I. vt. 1. Claim; 
 ask earnestly or authoritatively. 2. 
 Require; call for. II. n. 1. Asking for 
 what is due; claim. 2. Call for; re- 
 quirement. [Fr. — L. de, and mando, 
 charge.] 
 
 demarcation (de-mar -ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of setting bounds to. 2. Fixed 
 limit. [Fr.] 
 
 demean (de-men), vt. 1. Conduct; be- 
 have. 2. Debase. — demean'or, n. 
 Behavior ; bearing. [Fr. demener — 
 mener, lead.] 
 
 demented (de-men'ted), a. Out of 
 one's mind. [L.—de, and mews, mind.] 
 
 demerit (de-mer'it), n. Ill-desert; bad 
 conduct. 
 
 demesne. Same as domain. 
 
 deini- (dem'i), prefix. Half, as in demi- 
 circle, demigod. [Fr.] 
 
 demijohn (dem'i-jon), n. Large glass 
 bottle inclosed in wickerwork. [Fr. 
 dame-jeanne—Ar. Damagan, a town in 
 Persia.] 
 
 demise (de-mlz'). I. n. 1. Transfer. 2. 
 Death (of a so vereign). II. vt. Be- 
 queath by will. [Fr.] 
 
 demit (de-mif), vt. Lower. 
 
 demiurge(dem'i-u_rj),?i. Creator. [Gr.] 
 
 demobilize(de-mo'bi-liz), vt. Disband. 
 
 democracy (de-mok'ra-si), n. Govern- 
 ment by the people. [Gr.— demos, peo- 
 ple, and krateo, rule.] 
 
 democrat ( dem'o-krat ), n. 1. One 
 who adheres to, or promotes, demo- 
 cracy. 2. Member of the democratic 
 party, one of the two great political 
 organizations in the U. S. 
 
 democratic (dem-o-krat'ik), demo- 
 cratical (dem-o-krat'ik-al), a. Relat- 
 ing to democracy. — democratic- 
 ally, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
demolish 
 
 141 
 
 deoxidate 
 
 demolish (de-mol'ish), vt. Reduce to 
 
 a shapeless heap, —demolition, n. 
 
 Act of pulling down. [L. moles, heap.] 
 
 Syn. Destroy dismantle; overturn; 
 
 ruin; raze. 
 
 de mon ( de'rnun), n. Spirit; evil 
 spirit; devil. [Or. daimon.] 
 
 demonetize (de-mon'e-tiz), vt. Divest 
 of a standard value as a currency. 
 
 demoniac (de-mo'ni-ak), a. and n. 1. 
 Pertaining to or like demons ; fiend- 
 ish. 2. One possessed. — demoniac- 
 al (de-mo-ni'ak-al), a. — demoni'- 
 acally, adv. 
 
 demonstrable ( de-mon'stra-bl ), a. 
 Capable of being proved. — demon - 
 strableness,— demonstrabil'ity, 
 n— demonstrably, adv. 
 
 demonstrate (de-mon'strat or 
 deni'-), vt. Show clearly; prove witb 
 certainty, -demonstration, n. 1. 
 Pointing out; exhibition. 2. Proof. 3. 
 Expression of tbe feelings by outward 
 signs. 4. Feigned movement of troops 
 in war. — demonstrative, a. 1. 
 Indicating. 2. Proving. 3. Given to 
 the manifestation of one's feelings.— 
 demonstratively, adv.— demon'* 
 strativeness, n.—deni'onstrator, 
 n. One who proves or teaches; esp. 
 one who teaches anatomy from the 
 dissected parts. [I*, monstro, show.] 
 
 demoralization ( de-mor-al-I- 
 za'-shun), n. Act of demoralizing; 
 corruption or subversion of morals. 
 
 demoralize (de-mor'al-Iz) , vt. 1. 
 Corrupt in morals. 2. ' Deprive of 
 spirit and confidence. 
 
 demulcent (de-mul'sent). I. a. Sooth- 
 ,iug. II. n. Soothing medicine. [L.— 
 de. and mulceo, stroke, soothe.] 
 
 demur (de-mur'). I.vi. [demurring; 
 demurred'.] 1. Hesitate. 2. Object. 
 II. n. 1. Stop; hesitation. 2. Scruple. 
 [ L. — mora, delay.] 
 
 demure ( de-mur' ), a. 1. Sober; mo- 
 dest. 2. Affectedly modest. — de- 
 murely, adv. — demure'ness. n. 
 
 demurrage (de-mur'aj), n. Penalty 
 for delay in loading or unloading 
 vessels or cars. 
 
 den (den), n. 1. Cave; lair of a wild 
 beast. 2. Squalid abode. 3. Private 
 room. [A. S. denn.] 
 
 denaturalize (de-nat'ur-a-liz), vt. 1. 
 Render unnatural. 2. Deprive of 
 citizenship. 
 
 dendroid (den'droid), a. Tree-like. 
 [Or. — dendron, tree, and eidos, form.] 
 
 denial (de-ni'al ), n. Act of denying; 
 contradiction; refusal. 
 
 denizen (den'i-zn), '.i. Citizen. [O. 
 Fr. deinzein—dans, witnin.j 
 
 denominate (de-nom'in-at), vt. Call, 
 designate.— denomina'tion, n. 1. 
 
 Act of naming. 2. Name, title. 3. 
 Sect.— denominator, n. 1. He who 
 
 or that which gives a name. 2. In 
 arith. Lower number in a fraction. 
 [L. de, from, and nomen, name.] 
 
 denote (de-nof), vt. Signify, mean ; 
 ind icate.— denotation, in,. [L. — 
 nota, mark.] 
 
 denouement (da-no'mang), n. Issue: 
 outcome. [Fr. de, un-, and nouer, tie.] 
 
 denounce (de-no wns'), vt. 1. Inform 
 against, accuse publicly. 2. Give 
 notice of abrogation, as of a treaty. 
 [From L. nuncio, announce.] 
 
 de novo (de no'vo), n. Anew; from the 
 beginning. [L.] 
 
 dense (dens), a. Thick; close; com- 
 pact.— densely, adv. — dense'ness, 
 n. \Li. densus^ thick.] 
 
 density (den'si-ti), n. Proportion of 
 mass to bulk or volume. 
 
 dent (dent). I. n. Small hollow made 
 by the pressure or blow of a harder 
 body on a softer. H. vt. Make a mark 
 by means of a blow. 
 
 dental (den'tal). I. a. 1. Belonging 
 to the teeth. 2'. Produced by the aid 
 of the teeth. II. n. Letter pronounced 
 chiefly with the teeth. [L. dens, tooth.] 
 
 dentate (den'tat), den'tated, a. 
 Toothed; notched. 
 
 dentifrice (den'ti-fris), n. Substance 
 for cleaning the teeth. [L. — dens, 
 tooth, and frico, rub.] 
 
 dentist (den'tist), n. One who cures 
 diseases of the teeth, or inserts artifi- 
 cial teeth. — dentistry, n. Business 
 of a dentist. 
 
 dentition ( den-tish'- 
 un), n. 1. Growing of 
 teeth. 2. Formation 
 and arrangement of 
 the teeth. [L.— dentio, 
 cut teeth.] 
 
 denude (de-nud'), vt. 
 Make naked; lay bare. 
 
 denunciation (de-nun-shi-a'shun or 
 -si-a'-), n. Act of denouncing; threat. 
 
 denunciator (de-nun'shi-a-tur) , 
 n. One who denounces.— denuncia- 
 tory, a. Containing a denunciation ; 
 threatening. 
 
 deny ( de-ni'), vt. [denying; denied.] 
 1. Gainsay; declare not to be true. 2. 
 Refuse; disown. [Fr. denier— L. cte,and 
 nego, say no.] [odor or smell from. 
 
 deodorize (de-o'dur-iz), vt. Take the 
 
 deoxidate (de-oks'i-dat), deoxidize 
 (de-oks'i-diz), vt. Take oxygen from; 
 reduce from the state of an oxide. 
 deoxida'tion,deoxidiza'tion»7»£. 
 
 fate, fat task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil. owl, then 
 
depart 
 
 142 
 
 derelict 
 
 depart (de-parf), vi. and vt. 1. Part 
 from; go away; leave. 2. Die. [From 
 L. partior, part.] 
 
 department ( de-part'ment ), n. 1. 
 Part, portion. 2. Separate part of 
 business or duty; esp. in U.S., section 
 of the administration (see pages 143 
 and 144). 3. Division of a country, 
 esp. of France.— departmental, a. 
 
 departure ( de-part'ur), n. 1. Act of 
 departing. 2. Deviation. 3. Death. 
 
 depend (de-pend'),m. 1. Hang down. 2. 
 Be sustained by, or connected with. 
 3. Be conditional. 4. Trust, reiy. — 
 dependence, depend'ency, n. 1. 
 State of being dependent; connect- 
 ion; reliance; trust. 2. Colony. — de- 
 pendent. I. n. One who depends. II. 
 a. Depending; subordinate.— de- 
 pend'ently, adv. [Fr. dipendre—Li. 
 pendeo, bang.] 
 
 depict ( de-pikt' ), vt. Picture ; de- 
 scribe minutely. [L. — pingo, paint.] 
 
 depilatory ( de-pil'a-to-ri). I. a. 
 Taking hair off. II. n. Application for 
 taking off hair. [Fr.— L. pilus. hair.] 
 
 deplete (de-plet), vt._ Empty; reduce. 
 — depletion (de-ple'shun), n. Empty- 
 ing; reduction. [Li.—de, and pleo, fill.] 
 
 deplorable (de-plor'a-bl), a. Lament- 
 able; sad.— deplorably, adv. 
 
 deplore(de-plor'j, vt. Feel or express 
 deep grief for; lament. — deplor'- 
 ingly, adv. [Fr. — L. ploro, weep.] 
 Syn. Bemoan; bewail; mourn. 
 
 deploy (de-ploi'), vt. and vi. Unfold ; 
 open out, esp. from column into line, 
 as a body of troops. [Fr. deployer— 
 L. plico. fold.]_ 
 
 depolarize (de-po'lar-iz), vt. Deprive 
 of polarity.— depolarization, n. 
 
 deponent (de-po'nent). I. a. In gram. 
 Applied to verbs with a passive form 
 and active meaning. II. n. One who 
 gives written evidence to be used in a 
 court of justice. _ [L.] _ 
 
 depopulate ( de-pop'u-lat ), vt. De- 
 prive of inhabitants. — depopula- 
 tion, n. [Ij.—populus, people.] 
 
 deport(de-port'),^. 1. Transport, exile. 
 2. Behave. — deporta'tion, n. Ba- 
 nishment. — deportment, n. Con- 
 duct. [L.—porto, carry.] 
 
 depose (de-poz'), vt. 1. Put down 
 (from a high station). 2. Give written 
 testimony; make a statement under 
 oath. [Fr. deposer—Lt. deposition.] 
 
 deposit (de-poz'it). I. vt. Put down; 
 place; lay up; intrust. II. n. 1. That 
 which is deposited or put down. 2. 
 Something intrusted to another's 
 care, esp. money, put in a bank, or 
 paid as a pledge. — depositor, n. 
 [L. deposition.] 
 
 depositary (de-poz'i-tar-i), n. Persoa 
 with whom anything is deposited. 
 
 deposition (dep-o-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
 of deposing. 2. Evidence given by a 
 deponent. 3. Sediment. 
 
 depository (de-poz'i-to-ri), n. Place 
 where anything is_ deposited. 
 
 depot (de-po' or de'po), n. 1. Place of 
 deposit; storehouse. 2. Military sta- 
 tion. 3. Railway stathja. 
 
 depravation (dep-ra-va'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of depraving. 2. Depraved state. 
 
 deprave (de-prav'), vt. Make bad or 
 worse. — depraved', a. Corrupt.— 
 deprav'ity, n. Extremely corrupt 
 state. [Fr.— L. pravus, crooked.] 
 Syn. Degeneracy; wickedness. 
 
 deprecate (dep're-kat), vt. 1. Pray 
 against; desire earnestly the removal 
 of. 2. Regret deeply. — dep'recat- 
 ing-ly, adv. — deprecation, ». En- 
 treaty. — dep'recative, depre- 
 catory, a. Having the form of pray- 
 er; beseeching. [L_.— precor, pray.] 
 
 depreciate (de-pre'shi-at). I. vt. 1 
 Lower the worth of. 2. ' Undervalue ; 
 disparage. II. vi. Fall in value. — 
 depreciation, n.— depre'ciative, 
 depre'eiatory, a. [L. — pretium, 
 price.] 
 
 depredate (dep're-dat), vt. Plunder; 
 lay waste; devour. — depreda'tion, 
 n. — dep'redator, n. — dep'reda* 
 tory, a. [L.—praeda, booty.] 
 
 depress (de-pres'), vt. 1. Press down. 
 2. Lower; humble. 3. Dispirit. — 
 depress'ingly, adv. — depression 
 (de-presh'un), n. 1. Sinking; hollow. 
 2. Abasement; dejection.— depress'- 
 ive (de-pres'iv), a.— depress'or, n. 
 [Lt.—premo, press.] 
 
 deprivation ( dep-ri-va'shun), n: 1. 
 Act of depriving. 2. State of being 
 deprived. 3. Loss; bereavement. 
 
 deprive (de-priv'), i;i. Take from; dis- 
 possess;rob. [L.— privus, one's own.] 
 
 deptli (depth), n. 1. Deepness. 2. Deep 
 place. 3. Middle. [SeeDEBP.] 
 
 deputation (dep-u-ta'shun), n. 1. 
 Persons sent_to represent a society. 
 
 depute (de-puf), vt. Appoint or send 
 as an agent. [Fr. — L. deputo, cut off. 
 select.] [to act for, or assist, another. 
 
 deputy (dejp'u-ti), n. One appointed 
 
 derail (de-ral'), vt. Throw off the rails. 
 — derail'ment, n. 
 
 derange (de-rang'), vt. 1. Put out of 
 order. 2. Make insane. — derange'- 
 inent, n. 1. Disorder. 2. Insanity. 
 
 derelict (der'e-likt). I. a. Abandoned. 
 II. n. Anything thrown away or 
 abandoned, esp. a ship abandoned at 
 sea. — derelic'tion, n. [Li.—linquo, 
 leave.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
PLATE Xl. 
 
 iSii&M 
 
 NORTHERN 
 HEMISPHERE 
 
 I.HYDRA2.LE0 v 
 
 3. VIRGO Vs 
 
 4.C0MA BERENICES V> 
 
 5.CANIS VENATORES 
 
 6. BOOTES 
 
 7CANIS MINOR 8.CANCER' 
 
 9. URSA MAJOR 
 
 10. CORONA II.5ERPEN5 
 
 I2.GEMINI I3.URSA MINOR 
 
 14. DRACO I5.HERCULE5 I6.0PHIUCHUS 
 
 I7.0RI0N I8.AURIGA 
 
 19. TAURUS. 20.PERSEUS 
 
 2I.CASSI0PEIA 2?.CEPHEUS > 
 
 23.LYRA 24.CYGNUS 
 
 ■M SOUTHERN 
 /^HEMISPrtRE 
 
 1. VIRGO 
 
 2. LIBRA 
 /y 3. CORVUS 
 y 4. CRATER 5. HYDRA 
 
 6.CENTAURUS 
 
 7. LUPUS 8. SCORPIO 
 
 &T 9. OPHIUCHUS 
 
 ^^ 10. SERPENS II. NAVIS 
 
 12. CRUX 13. CANIS MAJOR 
 
 I4.M0N0CER0S I5.ARA I6.TRIANGULUM 
 
 ^>>^ 17. SAGITTARIUS I8.PAV0 
 
 I9.HYDRUS 20. DORADO 
 
 ^^ 2I.C0LUMBA 22. LEPUS 
 
 2 3. OR ION 24.AQU1LA 
 
 25. CAPRICORNUS 
 
 26. PISCIS 
 
 27. GRUS 
 
 28. PHOENIX 
 
 29. ERIDANUS 
 30. AQUARIUS 
 
 31. CETUS 
 
 THE NAMES I . 
 
 OFTHEMONTHSVX) 
 
 MARK THE \ z \ 
 
 TIME WHEN 
 
 THE OPPOSITE v?\ 
 
 ZODiACAL \4\ 
 
 C0NSTELLATI0N5\i\ 
 
 CULMINATE AT 
 
 MIDNIGHT A3 IN 
 
 MARCH VIRGO 
 
 AND IN SEPTEMBER 
 
 PISCES 
 
 THE HOUR 
 
 'CIRCLE SHOWS 
 
 THE ANGLE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MERIDIAN 
 
 AND THE POINT 
 
 TO WHICH THE 
 
 TELESCOPE 
 
 IS DIRECTED 
 
 THE MILKY WAY (A) 
 
 AND NEBULAE ARE 
 
 STIPPLED 
 
 ^(yy ^COPYRlGHT I935.BY W?.H LEE 
 
PLATE XII. 
 
 Copyright, 1905, by Win. H. Lee. 
 
 " " ' 1. Acute angle. 2. Right angle. 3. Obtuse angle. 4. Rectan- 
 gular triangle (A hypotenuse). 5. Equilateral triangle. 6. Scalene triangle. 7. Isosceles tri- 
 angle. 8. Oval. 9, 10. Circle (A radius, B diameter, C sector, D chord, E segment, T tangent. 
 11. Ellipse (A, B foci). 12. Pyramid. 13. Cylinder. 14. Cone. 15, 16. Frustrums. 17. 
 Square (A diagonal, B diameter). 18. Rectangle. 19. Rhomb. 20. Rhomboid. 21. Quadri- 
 lateral. 22. Trapezium. 23. Pentagon. 24. Conic sections. 25. Hexagon. 26. Octagon. 
 
deride 
 
 145 
 
 desolate 
 
 deride (de-rid'), vt. Laugh at.— de- 
 ri'dingly, adv. [L. video, laugh.] 
 Syn.— Mock; ridicule; jeer. 
 
 derision (de-rizh'un), n. 1. Act of de- 
 riding; mockery. 2. Laughing-stock. 
 
 derisive ( de-ri'siv ), a. Mocking. — 
 deri'sively, adv. [being derived. 
 
 derivable (de-rl'v a-bl), a. Capable of 
 
 derivation (der-i-va'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of deriving. 2. Tracing of a word to 
 its origin. 3. That which is derived. 
 
 derivative (de-riv'a-tiv). I. a. De- 
 rived ; not original. II. n. That which 
 is derived; esp. a word formed from 
 another word. 
 
 derive (de-riv'), vt. 1. Draw; take 
 from a source. 2. Infer. 3. Trace a 
 word to its root. [L.— rivus, river.] 
 
 dermatology ( der-ma-tol'o-ji ), n. 
 Branch of physiology which treats 
 of the skin. _[Gr. derma, skin, and 
 logos, science. J 
 
 derogate (der'o-gat), vi. Lessen; de- 
 tract.— deroga't ion , n. Taking 
 from; detraction; depreciation.— de- 
 rogatory, a. Detracting; injurious. 
 — derog'atorily, adv. - 
 — d e r o g'atorincss, 
 n. [L. rogo, ask.] 
 
 derrick (der'ik), n. 
 Large crane for lift- 
 ing heavy weights. 
 [Named after a Lon- 
 don hangman] Derringer Pistol. 
 
 derringer (der'm-jer), 
 n. Snort : barrelled pistol of large 
 caliber. [After the inventor, an 
 American gunsmith.] 
 
 dervisn (der'vish) , n. Among Moham- 
 medans, one of a class of monks who 
 profess extreme poverty, and lead an 
 austere life. [Pers. derivesch, poor.] 
 
 descant (des'kant), n. 1. Variation of 
 an air. 2. Upper voice. 3. Comment. 
 [From L. cantus, song.] 
 
 descant ( des-kant'), vt. Discourse at 
 length, comment. 
 
 descend ( de-send' ), vi. Come or go 
 down.— descend'ant, n.— descend - 
 ent ( de-send'ent }, a. Going down; 
 proceeding from an ancestor. [L.— 
 de, down, and scando, climb.] 
 
 descension (de-sen'shun), n. Act of 
 descending or sinking. 
 
 descent (de-senf), n. 1. Motion down- 
 ward. 2. Declivity. 3. Invasion. 4. 
 Lineage. [attack; extraction. 
 
 Syn. Degradation; slope; assault; 
 
 describe (de-skrib'), vt. 1. Trace out; 
 delineate. 2. Give an account of. 
 [L.— scribo, write.] 
 
 description ( de-skrip'shun ), n. 1. 
 
 Describing. 2. Sort; class; kind. 
 
 Syn. Representation ; account. 
 
 descriptive (de-skrip'tiv), a. Contain* 
 ing description. — descrip'tively, 
 adv. — descrip'tiveness, n. 
 
 descry (de-skrr), vt. [descry'ing; de- 
 scried'.] Discover by the eye; espy. 
 [O. Fr. descrire — ~L. describo.] 
 
 desecrate (des'e-krat), vt. Divert from 
 a sacred purpose ; profane. — dese- 
 cra'tion, n. [L.— sacer, sacred.] 
 
 desert (de-zerf), n. 1. Reward, punish- 
 ment. 2. Claim to reward; merit. 
 
 desert ( de-zerf ), vt. and vi. Leave; 
 forsake, esp. quit a service, as the 
 army, without permission. — desert' - 
 er, n. — deser'tion, n. [L. — de, ne- 
 gative, and sero, bind.] 
 
 desert (dez'ert). I a. Deserted; deso- 
 late. II. n. Desolate place; wilder- 
 ness; solitude. 
 
 deserve (de-zerv'), vt. and vi. Merit, be 
 worthy of reward. — deser'vedly, 
 adv. — deser'ving. I. a. Worthy. II. 
 n. Desert.— deser'vingly, adv. [L. 
 servio, serve.] [careless toilet. [Fr.] 
 
 deshabille (des-a-bil' ), n. Undress; 
 
 desiccant (de-sik'ant), desiccative 
 (de-sik'a-tiv). I a'. Having the power 
 of drying. II. n. Application that 
 tends to dry up sores. 
 
 desiccate (des'i-kat), vt. and vi. Dry 
 up.— desicca'tion, n. [L. siccus, dry.] 
 
 desideratum (de-sid-er-a'tum), n. 
 Something desired. — pi. Desiderata 
 (de-sid-er-a'ta). [L.] 
 
 desig-n (de-zih'). I. vt. 1. Draw. 2. 
 Form a plan of; contrive. 3. Intend. 
 II. n. 1. Drawing , sketch ; plan. 2. 
 Plot, intention. — design'able, a. 
 — designer, n. l.One who furnishes 
 designs. 2. Plotter.— designing, a. 
 Scheming. [Fr. — L. signum, mark.] 
 Syn. Purpose; project; pattern. 
 
 designate (des'ig-nat), vt. 1. Make 
 known. 2. Show; name.— designa- 
 tor, n. — designation ( des-ig-na'- 
 shun). n. Name; title. [tionally. 
 
 designedly (de-zi'ned-li), adv. Intent- 
 desirable ( de-zi'ra-bl ), a. Worthy of 
 desire; pleasing; agreeable. — desi- 
 rably, adv.— desi'rableness, n. 
 
 desire (de-zir'). I. vt. 1. Long for; 
 wish for. 2. Request; ask. II. n. 1. 
 Longing for; eagerness to obtain, g. 
 Prayer or request. 3. Object desired. 
 [Fr.— L. desidero.] [obtain; eager for. 
 
 desirous ( de-zi'rus), a. Anxious to 
 
 desist ( de-sist' ), vt. Stop; forbear 
 [L. de, away, and sisto, cause to stand.] 
 
 desk (desk), n. Table or case for writ- 
 ting or reading; pulpit. [A. S. disc— 
 L. discus.] 
 
 desolate (des'o-lat). I. vt. Deprive of 
 inhabitants; lay waste. II. a. 1. Lone- 
 ly ;forsaken, destitute of inhabitants; 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
desolation 
 
 145 
 
 determinate 
 
 laid waste. — des'olately, adv.— 
 des'olateness, n._ [L.— solus, alone.] 
 
 desolation (des-o-la'shun),w. 1. Waste; 
 destruction. 2. Place desolated. 3. 
 Dreariness; affliction ; sadness. 
 
 Syn. Ruin; devastation; depopula- 
 tion; melancholy ; gloom; destitution. 
 
 despair (de-spar'). I. vi. Be without 
 hope; despond. II. n. Utter hope- 
 lessness.— despairingly, adv. [L. 
 de privative, and spero, hope.] 
 
 despatch ( de-spach' ). I. vt. 1. Send 
 away, hastily, out of the world, etc. 2. 
 Dispose of speedily. II. n. 1. Sending 
 away. 2. Dismissal. 3. Rapidity. 4. 
 Message. 5. Telegram. [O. Fr. despee- 
 cher, — L. L. dispedicare, remove obs- 
 tacles.] 
 
 desperado (des-per-a'do), n. [pi. des- 
 peradoes.] Desperate fellow. [Sp. 
 desesparado.] 
 
 desperate (des*per-at), a. I. In a state 
 of despair; hopeless. 2. Fearless of 
 danger; rash; furious.— des'perate- 
 ly, adv.— despera'tion, n. Despair; 
 disregard of danger; fury. 
 
 despicable (des'pi-ka-bl), a. Deserv- 
 ing contempt.— des'picableness, n. 
 Syn. Pitiful; mean; base; low; vile. 
 
 despise (de-sprz'), vt. Look down upon 
 with contempt; scorn. [L. de, down, 
 and specio, look.] 
 
 despite (de-spif). I. n. Contempt ; 
 violent malice or hatred. II. prep. 
 In spite of ; notwithstanding. [Fr. 
 depit — L. despicio.] 
 
 despoil (de-spoil'), v t. Spoil ; rob. — 
 despoil'er, n. — despolia'tion, n. 
 
 despond (de-spond'), vi. Lose hope ox- 
 courage; despair. — despond'ence, 
 despond'ency, n. Dejection. — de- 
 spondent, a. Without courage or 
 hope, sad. — despond'ently, de- 
 spond'ingly, adv. 
 
 despot (des'put), n. One invested with 
 absolute power; tyrant. — despotic 
 (des-pot'ik), a. Pertaining to or like 
 a despot ; having absolute power; 
 tyrannical. — despot'ically, adv.— 
 despotism (des'put-izm), n. Abso- 
 lute power. [ Gr. despotes, master.] 
 
 dessert (dez-zerf), n. Fruits, confec- 
 tions, etc., served as the last course of 
 a meal. [Fr. — desservir, clear the 
 table.] 
 
 destination (des-ti-na'shun), n. 1. 
 Purpose, end, fate. 2. Act of appoint- 
 ing. 3. Place to which one is going. 
 
 destine (des'tin), vt. Ordain, appoint, 
 design, doom. [L. destino.] 
 
 destiny (des'ti-ni), n. End to which a 
 person or thing is destined or appoint- 
 ed. 2. Unavoidable fate. 
 
 destitute (des'ti-tiit), a. 1. Deprived. 
 2. In want, needy.— destitution, n. 
 
 Poverty. [L. — de and statuo, place.] 
 
 destroy (de-stroi'), itf. Ruin; kill; put 
 an end to; pull down. — destroy er, 
 n. [L. destruo—de, and striio, build.] 
 
 destructible (de-sti*uk'ti-bl), a. Lia- 
 ble to be destroyed.— destructibil'- 
 ity, n. 
 
 destruction (de-struk'shun), n. Act of 
 destroying; overthrow; ruin; death. 
 
 destructive (de-struk'tiv), a. Causing 
 destruction; mischievous ; ruinous; 
 deadly. — destructively, adv. 
 — destruc'tiveness, n. [L.] 
 
 desuetude ( des'we-tud ), n. Disuse. 
 
 desultory ( des'ul-to-ri), a. Without 
 logical connection; rambling; basty; 
 loose— desultorily, adv. — des'ul- 
 toriness, n. [L.— salio, jump.] 
 
 detach (de-tach'), vt. Unfasten; se- 
 parate. — detach'ment, n. 1. State 
 of being separate. 2. That which is 
 detached, as a body of troops. [Fr. de- 
 tacher— de, from, and root of attach.] 
 
 detail ( de-tal' ). I. vt. 1. Relate mi- 
 nutely; enumerate. 2. Set apart for 
 a particular service. II. n. [de'tal or 
 de-tal'.] 1. Small part. 2. Minute and 
 particular account. 3. Detachment. 
 [Fr. tailler,_eut.] 
 
 detain (de-tan'}, vt. Hold back; stop; 
 keep. — detain'er, n. 1. One who 
 detains. 2. In law: Holding of what 
 belongs to another. [L. teneo, hold.] 
 
 detect (de-tekt' ), vt. Discover; find 
 out. — detect'able a. That may be 
 detected. — detection,??. Discovery. 
 — detect'ive. I. a. Employed in 
 detecting. II. n. One employed 
 to disoover secrets or obtain special 
 information. [L. —de, and tego, cover.] 
 
 detention (de-ten'shun), n. i. Act of 
 detaining. 2. State of being detained. 
 
 deter (de-ter'), vt. [deter'ring; deterred'.] 
 Frighten; hinder. [L. — terreo, 
 frighten.] 
 
 deterge (de-terj'), vt. Wipe off; cleanse 
 (as a wound). [L.— tergeo, wipe.] 
 
 deterrence (de-ter'jens), detergen- 
 cy (de-ter'jen-si), n. 1 State or qua- 
 lity of being detergent. 2. Cleansing 
 or purging power. 
 
 detergent(de-ter'jent). La. Cleansing; 
 purging. II. n. That which cleanses. 
 
 deteriorate (de-te'ri-o-rat). I. vt. 
 Bring down, make worse. II. vi. Grow 
 worse. — deteriora'tion, n. [ L. 
 deterior, worse.] 
 
 determinable (deter'min-a-bl ), a. 
 Capable of being determined, finished. 
 
 determinate ( de-ter'min-at), a. De- 
 termined; fixed; decisive. — deter'- 
 minately, adv. 
 
 iate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 rolf; 
 
deter min ation 
 
 147 
 
 diadem 
 
 determination (de-ter-min-a'shun ), 
 n. Direction; resolution, purpose. 
 
 determinative (de-ter'min-a-tiv), a. 
 That determines ;conclusive;deciding. 
 
 determine (de-ter'min), vt. 1. Limit; 
 define; put an end to. 2. Fix or settle 
 the form or character of. 3. Influence. 
 4. Resolve on. — determined, a. 
 Firm in purpose; resolute. — deter'- 
 minedly, adv. [deter. 
 
 deterrent (de-ter'ent), a. Serving to 
 
 detest ( de-test'), vt. Hate; dislike 
 intensely.— detestable, a. Extreme- 
 ly hateful; abominable. — detesta'- 
 tion, n. [L. detestor, curse.] 
 
 dethrone (de-thron'), vt. Remove 
 from a throne. 
 
 detonate(det'o-nat),m. andvL Explode. 
 — detonation, w. [L. detono.~\ [Fr.] 
 
 detour (de-tor'), n. Roundabout way. 
 
 detract (de-trakf), vt. 1. Take away. 
 2. Defame; abuse. — detract'er, de- 
 tract/or, n.— detract'ingly, adv.— 
 detrae'tion, n. Depreciation; slan- 
 der. — detractory, a. Tending to 
 detract; derogatory. [Li.—traho, draw.] 
 
 detriment (det'ri-ment), n. Damage; 
 loss.— detriment' al, a. Injurious. 
 [Li.—tero, tritus, rub.] 
 
 de trop ( de-tro' ), adv. Superfluous; 
 in the way; not wanted. [Fr ] 
 
 deuce (dus), n. Card or die with two 
 spots. [Fr^ deux, two.] 
 
 deuce (dus), n. Evil spirit; devil. 
 [Icel. thurs, giant, goblin.] 
 
 devastate (dev'as-tat), vt. Lay waste; 
 plunder; ravage; desolate. — devas- 
 tation, n. [L. — vasto, lay waste.] 
 
 develop (de-vel'op), vt. smdvi. Change 
 or perfect by a process. — develop- 
 ment, n. [Fr. divelopper, unwrap.] 
 Syn. Unfold ;_ evolve ; produce. 
 
 deviate (de'vi-at), vi. Turn aside; err. 
 — deviation, n. [L. de, and via, way.] 
 
 device (de-vis'), n. 1. Contrivance; 
 design. 2. Emblem; motto, [Fr. devise.] 
 
 devil (dev'l). I. n. 1. Evil spirit. 2. 
 Satan. 3. Very wicked person. 4. 
 Printer's apprentice. 5. Fellow, 
 rogue. II. vt. Pepper or season highly. 
 — devilish, a. Crooked. - devil- 
 ishly, adv. — dev'ilishness, n. — 
 dev'iltry,w. 1. Extreme wickedness. 
 2. Wanton mischief. [A. S. deofol— 
 Gr. diabolos, slanderer.] 
 
 devious (de'vi-us), a. Erring. — de'- 
 viously, adv. — de'viousness, n. 
 Syn. Rambling; wandering; winding. 
 
 devise (de-viz'). I. vt. 1. Scheme; con- 
 trive. 2. Give by will; bequeath. II. 
 n. 1. Act of bequeathing. 2. Will. 3 
 Property bequeathed by will — devi- 
 ser ( de-vl'zer ), n. One who contrives. 
 —devisor (de-vl'zar), n. One who be- 
 
 queaths by will. [Fr. deviser — L. 
 divido, divide.] [from. 
 
 devoid (de-void'), a. Destitute; free 
 
 devoir (dev-war'), n. Duty; service; 
 respect. [Fr.]' 
 
 devolve (de-volv'). I. ^.Transfer; de- 
 liver. II. vi. Be transferred. [L. volvo.j 
 
 devote ( de>vot' ), vt. 1. Set ar>a.rt: 
 doom. 2. Give up wholly.— devo'ted, 
 a. Strongly attached : zealous. — de- 
 vo'tedly, adv.— devo'tedness, n. — 
 devotee (dev-o-te'), n. One devoted, 
 esp. to religion; bigot.— devo'tion,n. 
 Consecration; prayer; strong attach- 
 ment. — devo'tionaB, a. [L«. vovere, 
 vow.] [addict; destine; consign. 
 
 Syn. Consecrate; dedicate; apply; 
 
 devour (de-vowr'), vt. Swallow greed- 
 ily ; eat ; consume ; destroy. — de- 
 vour'er, n. [Fr.— L. voro, swallow.] 
 
 devout (de-vowf), a. Given up to*., iig- 
 ion; pious; sincere.— devoutly, adv. 
 — devout'ness, n. [See devote.] 
 Syn. Reverent; holy; earnest. 
 
 dew ( du ). I. n. Moisture deposited 
 from the air in minute drops upon the 
 surface of objects. II. vt. Wet with 
 dew; moisten. — Dewpoint, n. Temper- 
 ature at which dew begins to form.— 
 dewy, a. Like dew; moist with 
 dew. [A.S. deaw.] [the throat of oxen. 
 
 dewlap (du'lap), n. Loose skin about 
 
 dexter (deks'ier), a. On the right-hand 
 side; right. — dexterity (deks-ter'i- 
 ti), n. 1. Expertness. 2. Readiness 
 and skill; adroitness. — dexterous 
 (deks'ter-us), a. Adroit; skillful.— 
 dex'terously, adv. — dex'terous- 
 ness, n. — dextral (deks'tral), a. 
 Right, as opposed to left. [L.] 
 
 dey (da), n. Title of governor of 
 Algiers before the French conquest. 
 (Turk, dai.) [Gr. dis, twice.] 
 
 di-, prefix. Twice; twofold; double. 
 
 di-, prefix. Signifies division, separa- 
 tion, or distribution. Dif is used be- 
 fore words beginning with /. [L. dis,, 
 apart.] [tween. [Gr.] 
 
 dia-, prefix. Through, thoroughly; be- 
 
 diabolic ( di-a-bol'ik ), diabolical 
 (di-a-bol'ik-al), a. Devilish.— diabol- 
 ically, adv. [Gr.— diabolos, devil.] 
 
 diaconal (dl-ak'o-nal), a. Pertaining 
 to a deacon. [deacon 
 
 diaconate (dl-ak'o-nat), n. Office of a 
 
 diacritic (di-a-krit'ik), diacritical, 
 a. Serving to distinguish. [Gr. — dia, 
 and krino, distinguish.] 
 
 diactinic (di-ak-tin'ik), a. Capable of 
 transmitting the actinic or chemical 
 rays of the sun. 
 
 diadem (di'a-dem), n. 1. Ornamental 
 head band. 2. Crown. [Gr.— dia, round, 
 and deo, bind.] 
 
 £ate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit $ note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
diaeresis 
 
 148 
 
 die 
 
 diaeresis ( dl-er'e-sis ), n. Mark <( • • ) 
 placed over a vowel to show that it is 
 to be pronounced separately, as in 
 aerial.— pi. diaer'eses. [Gr.— dia, apart, 
 and haireo, take.] [nosis of a disease. 
 
 diagnose (di-ag-nos_),«tf. Make a diag- 
 
 diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis), n. 1. Deter- 
 mination of the nature of a disease. 
 2. Brief description.—?^. Diagno'ses, 
 [Gr.— eft, between, and gignosko, know.] 
 
 diagonal ( di-ag'o-nal ). I. a. 1. Ex- 
 tending from one angle to another 
 not adjacent. 2. Oblique. 3. Marked 
 with diagonal lines. II. n. Straight 
 line so drawn. — diagonally, adv. 
 [Gv.—dia, through, and gonia, corner.] 
 
 diagram _( di'a-gram ), n. Figure, 
 drawing.— diagrammatic, a. [Gr.] 
 
 dial (di'al), n. 1. Instru- 
 ment for showing the 
 
 time of day by the sun's 
 shadow. 2. Face of a 
 
 Sun Dial. 
 
 watch or clock. [LowL 
 dialis—dies, day. J 
 
 dialect (di'a-lekt), n. Variety of a 
 language peculiar to a district. [Gr. 
 —dia, between, and lego, speak.] 
 
 dialectic ( di-a-lek'tik ), dialectical 
 ( di-a-lek'tik-al ). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to dialect. 2. Pertaining to dialectics; 
 logical. II. n. Same as dialectics.— 
 dialec'tically, adv. 
 
 dialectician (di-a-lek-tish'an), n. One 
 skilled in dialectics; logician. 
 
 dialectics (dl-a-lek'tiks), n. pi. 1. Art 
 of discussing. 2. Branch of logic 
 which teaches the rules and modes 
 of reasoning. 
 
 dialogue (di'a-log), n. Conversation 
 between two people [Gr. dialogos.] 
 
 diameter (di-am'e-ter ), n. Straight 
 line passing through the centre of a 
 circle, terminated at both ends by the 
 circumference. [Gr. — dia, and meirein, 
 measure.] 
 
 diametrical (dl-a-met'rik-al), a. Di- 
 rect; straight.— diamet'rically,a^v. 
 
 diamond (di'a-mund), n. 1. The most 
 precious stone and hardest of all 
 substances. 2. Four-sided figure with 
 two obtuse and two acute angles. 3. 
 
 This line is set in diamond type. 
 
 One of the smallest kinds of English 
 
 type. [Fr.— Gr. adamas. See adamant.] 
 diapason (di-a-pa'zun), n. 1. Entire 
 
 compass of a voice or instrument. 2. 
 
 Fixed standard of pitch. 3. One of 
 
 two principal stops in a pipe-organ. 
 
 [Gr.— dia, and pas, all.] 
 diaper ( di'a-per ). I. n. Linen cloth 
 
 woven in figures, used for towels, etc. 
 
 II. vt. Variegate with figures. [From 
 
 root of JASPER.] 
 
 diaphanous (di-af'a-nus), a. Trans- 
 parent.— diaph'anously, adv. [Gr. 
 —phaino, show.] 
 
 diaphragm (di'a-fram), n. Dividing 
 membrane ; esp. the muscular parti- 
 tion between chest and abdomen; the 
 midriff. [Gr.—phragnymi, fence.] 
 
 diarrhea, diarrhoea ( di-a-re'a ), n. 
 Morbid looseness of the bowels. " [Gr. 
 —dia, and rheo, flow.] 
 
 diary (di'a-ri), n. Daily record; jour- 
 nal. [L. diarium — dies, day.] 
 
 diastole ( di-as'to-le), n. 1. Normal 
 dilatation of the heart, alternating 
 with contraction, systole. 2. Making 
 a short syllable long. . 
 
 diatonic (di-a-ton'ik), a. Using the 
 tones of thestandard scales only. 
 
 diatribe ( di'a-trib ), n. 1. Discourse 
 or disputation. 2. Invective ha- 
 rangue. [Gr. = Wasting time.] 
 
 dibble (dib'l). I. n. Tool used for 
 making holes to put seed or plants in. 
 II. vi. and vt. Plant with a dibble; 
 make holes; dip, as in angling. 
 
 dice (dis). Plural of die. 
 
 dicker (dik'er). I. n. Trade; bar- 
 gain. II. vt. and vi. Barter; haggle; 
 drive a bargain. 
 
 dictate (dik'tat). I. vt. 1. Tell another 
 what to say or write. 2. Command. 
 II. n. Order; direction; impulse. — 
 dicta'tion, n. Act, art, or practice 
 of dictating; order.— d i c t a' t o r ,n. 
 One invested for a time with absolute 
 authority.— dictatorial, a. 1. Abso- 
 lute ; authoritative. 2. Imperious ; over- 
 bearing. — dictato'rially, adv. — 
 dictatorship, n. Office or term of a 
 dictator. 
 
 diction (dik'shun), n. Manner of ex- 
 pression; choice of words; style. 
 [L. dictio.] 
 
 dictionary (dik'shun-ar-i), n. Book 
 containing the words of a language, 
 or a branch of it, alphabetically ar- 
 ranged, with their meanings, etc. 
 [Fr. dictio nnaire.] [dik'ta. [L.] 
 
 dictum ( dik'tum ), n. Saying. — pi. 
 
 did (did). Past tense of do. 
 
 didactic (di-dak'tik), didactical (di- 
 dak'tik-al), a. Intended to teach;, ins- 
 tructive.— didac'tically, adv. [Gr.] 
 
 die ( di' ), vi. [dy'ing; died (did).] 1. 
 Lose life. 2. Vanish. [Ieel. deyja.] 
 Syn. Decease; depart; expire; per- 
 ish; cease; faint; languish. 
 
 die (di), n. [pi. dice (dis).] 1. Small 
 cube thrown from a box, in games. 
 2. [pi. dies (diz).] Stamp for impres- 
 sing coin, punching holes, forming 
 screw threads, etc. 3- Cubical part of 
 a pedestal. [Fr.— L. dolus, given, cast.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, he"r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
diet 
 
 149 
 
 dilly-dally 
 
 diet ( di'et ). I. n. 1. Mode of living, 
 with especial reference to food. 2. 
 Food prescribed by a physician; al- 
 lowance of provision. II. vi. Furnish 
 with food. III. vi. 1. Eat. 2. Take 
 food according to rule. [Gr. diaita.] 
 
 diet (di-et), n. 1. Assembly of princes 
 and delegates. 2. Chief national coun- 
 cil in several countries in Europe. 
 [L. dies, (set) day] 
 
 dietary (dre-tar-i). I. a. Pertaining 
 to diet or the rules of diet. II. n. 
 Course of diet; allowance of food. 
 
 dietetic ( dl-e-tet'ik ), dietet'ical, a. 
 Pertaining to diet. — dietet'ics, n. 
 Rules forregulating diet.— dietet'ic- 
 ally, adv. [From Gr. diaitetikos.] 
 
 differ (dif'er), vi. Disagree; be unlike. 
 [L. dis, apart, and/ero, bear.] 
 
 difference (dif'er-ens ), n. 1. Distin- 
 guishing quality or mark. 2. Excess 
 in quantity. 3. Dispute; quarrel. 
 
 Syn. Dissimilarity; variation; disa- 
 greement; contention; wrangle. 
 
 different (dif'er-ent), a. Unlike.— 
 differently, adv. 
 
 differential ( dif-er-en'shal ), a. 1. 
 Creating a difference. 2. In math. Per- 
 taining to a quantity or difference in- 
 finitely small. 
 
 differentiate (dif-er-en'shi-at),^. and 
 vi. 1 . Make or grow different or dis- 
 tinct. 2. Specialize. 
 
 difficult (difi-kuiO, a. 1. Hard to do. 
 
 2.Hard to please, -difficultly, adv. 
 
 [Li. —dis, negative, and facilis, easy.] 
 
 Syn. Arduous ; stubborn ; laborious ; 
 
 troublesome; painful; crabbed. 
 
 difficulty (dif'i kul-ti), n. 1. Labori- 
 ousness. 2. Obstacle. 3. Embarrass- 
 ment of affairs. 4. Trouble; dispute; 
 quarrel. [fidence; bashfulness. 
 
 diffidence (dif'i-dens), n. Want of con- 
 diffident (dif'i-dent), a. Distrustful of 
 one's self; modest, —diffidently, 
 adv. [Li.-dis, negative, and fldo, trust.] 
 
 diffuse (dif-f uz'), vt. Scatter. — diffu'- 
 ser, n. [L._— dis, and fundo, pour.] 
 
 diffuse (dir-f us'), a. 1. Diffused; widely 
 spread. 2. Wordy ; not concise. — dif- 
 fusely, adv.— diffuse'ness, n. 
 
 diffusive ( dif-f u'siv ), a. Extending; 
 spreading widely. — diffn'sively, 
 adv.— diifn siveness, n. 
 
 dig (dig), vt. [dig'ging; dug or digged 
 (digd).] Turn up the earth; excavate. 
 — dig'ger, n. [A. S. dician.] 
 
 digest (di-jest'), vt. 1. Prepare for 
 assimilation; assimilate. 2 Distri- 
 bute and arrauge. 3. Receive and 
 classify in the mind. 4. Think over. 
 — digest' er, n. — digestible, a. — 
 digestibility, n. —digestion (di- 
 
 . jes'chun), n. — digestive, a. Pro- 
 
 Digitate Leaf 
 
 moting digestion. [L. digero, carry 
 asunder, dissolve.] 
 
 digest (di'jest), n. Body of laws or 
 other matter collected and arranged, 
 esp. the Justinian code of civil laws. 
 
 dight ( dit ), a. Disposed; adorned. 
 [A. S. dihtan, arrange.] 
 
 digit (dij'it), n. 1. Finger or toe. 2. 
 Finger's breadth. 3. One of the fig- 
 ures 1—9. 4. The twelfth part of the 
 diameter of the sun or moon. [L. 
 digitus.] 
 
 digitate (dij'i-tat), a. 
 Consisting of several fin- 
 ger-like sections. 
 
 dignified (dig'ni-fid), a. 
 Marked with dignity; 
 grave. 
 
 dignify ( dig'ni-fi ), vt. 
 [dig'nifying; dig'nified]. 
 Invest, with honor ; exalt. 
 [Ij. digitus, worthy, and facio, make.] 
 
 dignitary (dig'ni-tar-i), n. One who 
 holds a high position. [Fr. dignitaire.] 
 
 dignity (dig'ni-ti), n. 1. State of 
 being worthy or dignified. 2. Eleva- 
 tion in i ank. [Fr. dignite,] 
 
 digraph (di'graf), n. Two letters ex- 
 pressing but one sound, &sph, = L 
 [Gr.tfi, twice,and graphe, mark.] 
 
 digress (di-gres'), vi. Depart from the 
 main subject; introduce irrelevant 
 matter.— digress'ive, a. — digres- 
 sion (di-gresh'un), n. [L. dis, aside, 
 and gradior, step.] 
 
 dike (dik). I. n. 1. Ditch ; pond. 2. 
 Bank of earth. 3. In geol. Wall- 1 ike 
 mass of igneous rock in the fissures 
 of stratified rocks. II. vt. Surround 
 with a dike or bank. [A. S. die] 
 
 dilapidate ( di-lap'i-dat ), vt. and vi. 
 Ruin; fall into ruin. [L.. lapis, stone.] 
 
 dilate (di-laf), vt. and vi. 1. Expand, 
 opp. of contract; widen. 2. Speak 
 at length; enlarge. [L. dis, apart, and 
 latus, borne.] [n. Expansion. 
 
 dilation ( di-la'shun ), dilata'tion, 
 
 dilatory (dil'a-to-ri), a. 1. Slow; tar- 
 dy. 2. Causing delay. — dil'atorily, 
 adv. — dil'atoriness, n. 
 
 dilemma (di-lem'a), n. Difficult 
 choice. [Gr.] _ [in arts. [It.] 
 
 dilettante (dil-et-tan'ta), n. Amateur 
 
 diligence (dil'i-jens),re. 1. Industry. 2. 
 ( de-le-zhongs' ) French stage-coach. 
 
 diligent(dil'i-jent), a. Steady in appli- 
 cation.— dil'igently, adv. [Li. diligo, 
 love.] [lous. 
 
 Syn. Assiduous; industrious; sedu- 
 
 dill (dil), n. Plant with aromatic seeds 
 tised in medicine and cooking. [A. S. 
 dile.] [fie ; delay. [From Dally.] 
 
 dilly-dally (dil'i-dal-i), vi. Loiter; tri- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
dilute 
 
 150 
 
 dipper 
 
 dilate (di-lot'). I. vt. 1. Make thinner 
 or more liquid. 2. Diminish in streng- 
 th, flavor, etc., by mixing, esp. with 
 water. II. a. Diminished in strength. 
 — dilution, n. [ L. luo, wash.] 
 
 diluvial { di- 15' vi-al ), dilu'vian, a. 
 Pertaining to a flood, esp. that in the 
 time of Noah; caused by a deluge. 
 
 diluvium (di-16'vi-um), n. 1. Inun- 
 dation; flood. 2. In geol. Deposit of 
 sand, gravel, etc., made by the former 
 action of the sea. [L. See Deluge.] 
 
 dim (dim). I. a.l. Not bright or dis- 
 tinct. 2. Faint; vague; dull. 3. Not 
 seeing clearly. II. vt. and vi. [dim'- 
 ming; dimmed (dimd).] Make or 
 become dark, dull or faint.— dim'ly, 
 adv. — dim'ness, n. [A. S.] 
 
 diine(dim), n. U. S. coin=10 cents. [O. 
 Fr. disme, tithe, —decima. tenth part.] 
 
 dimension (di-men'shun), n. 1. Meas- 
 ure in length, breadth or thickness. 
 2. Extent; size. [L.— metior, measure.] 
 
 diminish (di-min'ish), vt. and vi. Make 
 or grow less. [From L. diminuo.] 
 Syn. Abate; decrease^ lessen. 
 
 diminuendo ( di-min-u-en'do ), adv. 
 In mus. Direction to let the sound die 
 away, marked >. [It.] 
 
 diminution (dim-i-nu'shun), n. 1. 
 Lessening. 2. Degradation. 
 
 diminutive (di-min'u-tiv).I. a. Small; 
 contracted. II. n. In gram. Word 
 formed from another to express a lit- 
 tle one of the kind.— dimin'utively, 
 adv. — dimin'utiveness, n. 
 
 dimity (dim'i-ti), n. Stout white cot- 
 ton cloth, striped or figured in the 
 loom by weaving with two threads. 
 [From Gr. di, twice, and mitos, thread.] 
 
 dimorphous (di-mar'fus), a. Existing 
 in two forms. 
 
 dimple (dim'pl). I. n. Small natural 
 depression on the face. II. vi. and vt. 
 Form, or mark with, dimples. [Dim. 
 of Dip.] 
 
 dimply (dim'pli), a. Full of dimples. 
 
 din (din). I. n. Confused, harsh noise. 
 II. vt. [din'ning; dinned.] 1. Strike 
 with a continued, confused noise. 
 2. Force with clamor. [A. S. dynian.] 
 
 dine (din). I. vi. Take dinner. II. vt. 
 Give a dinner fco. [O. Fr. disner, (Fr. 
 diner.)— L. coena, meal.] 
 
 ding (ding), vt. and vi. 1. Strike; 
 throw; dash. 2. Urge; keep constant- 
 ly repeating. [Sound of metal struck.] 
 
 dingdong (ding'- 
 dang), n. 1. Sound 
 of bells ringing. 2. 
 Monotony. Dinghy. 
 
 dinghy (din'gi), n. 1. 
 Small East-Indian sail-boat. 2. U. S. 
 Small flat-bottomed boat; dory. 
 
 Native wild dog 
 of Australia. ' [soiled. [From dung.] 
 
 dingo (ding'o), 
 
 cungy (din'ji), a. Of a dirty color; 
 
 dinner (din'er), n. Chief meal of day, 
 
 Dinosauria (di-no-sa'ri-a), n. pi. Spe- 
 cies of extinct colossal reptiles of 
 Mesozoic period, [sing, dinosaurus.] 
 
 dint (dint), n. 1. Mark left by a blow. 
 2. Power; means. [A. S. dynt, blow.] 
 
 diocesan (di-os'e-san). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to a diocese. II. n. Bishop as 
 regards his diocese. 
 
 diocese (di'5-ses), n. District under a 
 bishop's jurisdiction. [Gr. — dioikeo, 
 keep house.] 
 
 dionym (di'o-nim), n. Name consist- 
 ing of two parts. [Gr.] 
 
 diopter (di-op'ter), n. Index arm of a 
 graduated circle; alidade. 
 
 dioptric (di-op'trik ), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the science of refracted light. 
 2. Refracting. 
 
 diorama (di'o-ra'ma), n. Exhibition 
 of pictures viewed through an open- 
 ing in the wall of a darkened cham- 
 ber. [Gr. — horao, see.] 
 
 dip (dip). I. vt. andfli. [dip'ping; dip- 
 ped.] 1. Dive or plunge for a moment. 
 2. Bail. 3. Moisten. 4. Wave up and 
 down. 5. Incline downwards. II. n. 
 Sloping. [A. S. dyppan.] 
 
 diphtheria (dif-the'ri-a or dip-), n. 
 Disease in which the air-passages 
 become covered with a leather-like 
 membrane.— diphtheritic, a. [Gr. 
 diphthera, leather.] 
 
 diphthong (dif 'thong), n. Two vow- 
 el-sounds pronounced in one syllable. 
 [Gr. — di, two, and phthongos, sound.] 
 
 diploma ( di-plo'ma ), n. Document 
 conferring some honor or privilege. 
 [Gr. diploos, double, folded.] 
 
 diplomacy (di-plo'ma-si), n. 1. Sci- 
 ence and arc of international inter- 
 course. 2. Art of negotiation; 
 shrewdness. [ist. 
 
 diplomat (dip'lo-mat), n. Diplomat- 
 diplomatic (dip-16-mat'ik), diplo= 
 matical (dip-lo-mat'ik-al), a 1. Per- 
 taining to diplomacy. "2. Artful. — 
 diplomatically, adv. 
 
 diplomatist (di-plo'ma-tist), n. One 
 skilled in diplomacy. 
 
 dipper (dip'er), 
 n. 1. One who 
 or that which 
 dips. 2. Large 
 ladle. 3. Cer- 
 tain group of 
 seven stars in 
 Ursa Major 
 (Big Dipper), 
 
 Big Dipper. 
 
 and Ursa Minor (Little Dipper). 
 Diving bird. 
 
 fpe. tftt, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 route, but, bSrn; oil, owl, ffcen. 
 
dipsomania 
 
 151 
 
 disciplinable 
 
 dipsomania (dip-po-rna'ni a), n. In- 
 satiable craving for alcoholic drink. 
 — dipsomaniac, n . One suffering 
 from dipsomania. [Gr. dipsa, thirst. 
 and mania.] [L. dims, fearful.] 
 
 dire (dir), a. Dreadful; calamitous. 
 
 direct (di-rekf). I. a. 1. Straight. 2. 
 Sincere. 3. Plain. 4. In the line of 
 descent. II. vt. 1. Point; aim. 2. Point 
 out the proper course to; guide. 3. 
 Order. 4. Address.— direct'ly, adv.— 
 direct' ii ess, n. [J^.—rego, rule.] 
 
 Syn. Lead; manage; conduct; regu- 
 late: govern; command. 
 
 direction (di-rek'shun ), n. 1. Line in 
 which anything moves. 2. Guidance. 
 3. Address. 4. Board of directors. 
 
 Syn. Control; order: management; 
 superintendence: government; clew. 
 
 directive (di-rektiv), a. Having power 
 or tendency to direct. 
 
 director (di-rek'tur), n. One who or 
 that which directs; manager, govern- 
 or.— direct'ress, n. fern. — direct- 
 orate, directorship, n. Office of 
 director. — directorial, a. 1. Per- 
 taining to directors. 2. Giving direc- 
 tion. — direct'ory. I. a. Containing 
 directions; guiding. II. n. 1. Body of 
 directors. 2. Guide. 3. Book with the 
 names, residences, occupations, etc., 
 of the inhabitants of a place. 
 
 direful. Same as dire. 
 
 dirge (derj), n. Funeral song. [From 
 dirige,the first word of a Latin funeral 
 hymn.] 
 
 dirigible (dir'i-ji-bl), a. That may be 
 directed or controlled. [L. dirigo, 
 direct.] \_duirc] 
 
 dirk (derk), n. Dagger, poniard. [Ir. 
 
 dirt (dert), re. 1. Filth. 2. Soil or loose 
 earth.— dirt'y. I. a. Defiled with dirt; 
 filthy; mean. II. vt. [dirt'ying; dirt'- 
 ied).] Soil; sully. — dirtily, adv. — 
 dirt in ess, n. [Dan. dreet.] 
 
 dis-, prefix. Signifies separation, pri- 
 vation or negation. [L. = asunder.] 
 
 disability (dis-a-bil'i-ti), n. Lack of 
 ability. [deprive of power. 
 
 disable ( dis-a'bl X vt. Make unable; 
 
 disabuse (dis-a-buz'), vt. Undeceive; 
 set right. 
 
 disadvantage (dis-ad- van'taj). I. n. 
 What is unfavorable to one's interest ; 
 loss; injury. II. vt. Harm. — disadvan- 
 tageous, a. 
 
 disaffect (dis-af-fekf), vt. Take away 
 the affection of; make discontented — 
 disaffect 'ed. Ill-disposed, disloyal.— 
 disaffection, n. Disloyalty ; ill-will. 
 
 disagree (dis-a-gre'), vi. Differ, be at 
 variance; dissent. — disagree'able, 
 a. Not agreeable; unpleasant; offen- 
 sive. — disagree'ably, adv. — disa- 
 
 gree'ableness, n. — disagree'* 
 
 in e n t , n. Want of agreement ; dis- 
 pute, [deny the authority of ; reject. 
 
 disallow (dis-al-low')^. Not allow; 
 
 disappear ( dis-ap-per' ), vt. Vanish 
 from sight. — disappear'ance, n. 
 Removal from sight. 
 
 disappoint <dis-ap-point'), vt. 1. Not 
 fulfill one's expectation. 2. Frus- 
 trate, destroy. — disappoint'ed, a. 
 Baffled; dissatisfied, — disappoint' - 
 nient, n. 1. Failure of hope or plan. 2. 
 Vexation, resulting from suchf ailure. 
 
 disapprobation ( dis-ap-ro-ba'shun ), 
 disapproval ( dis -ap- pro'val ), n. 
 Censure; dislike. 
 
 disapprove (dis-ap-provO,^. Thiak ill 
 of; reject. — disappro'vingly, adv. 
 
 disarm ( dis-arm' ), vt. Deprive of 
 arms; render defenceless. — disarm- 
 ament, n. 
 
 disarrange (dis-ar-ranj'), vt. Undo 
 the arrangement of; disorder. — dis- 
 arrangement, n. 
 
 disaster (diz-as'ter), n. Misfortune; 
 calamity. [Fr. desastre — L. astrum, 
 star.] [— disastrously, adv. 
 
 disastrous (diz-as'trus), a. Ruinous. 
 
 disavow ( dis-a-vow' ), vt. Disclaim; 
 disown; deny. — disavow'al, n. Act 
 of disavowing; rejection; denial. 
 
 disband (dis-band'), vt. and vi. Break 
 up; disperse. [ey) from the bar. 
 
 disbar (dis-bar'), vt. Expel (an attorn- 
 
 dis belief (dis-be-lef), n. Want of 
 belief. _ [lief or credit to. 
 
 disbelieve (dis-be-lev), vt. Refuse be- 
 
 disburden (dis-bur'dn), vt. Rid of a 
 burden; free. 
 
 disburse (dis-burs'), vt. Pay out. — 
 disbursement. ». Paying out; 
 that which is paid out. [O. Fr. des- 
 bourser— bourse, purse.] 
 
 disc. Same as disk. 
 
 discard(dis-kard'), vt. 1. Throw away 
 as useless. 2. Cast off; discharge. [L. 
 dis. away, and card.] 
 
 d i s c e r n (diz-zern), vt. Distinguish 
 clearly; judge. — discernment, n. 
 Power of judging. [L. cerno, sift.] 
 Syn. Perceive; recognize; detect. 
 
 discharge(dis-charj'). I. vt.l. Unload. 
 2. Set free; acquit; dismiss. 3. Fire, 
 as a gun. 4. Let out: emit. II. n. 1. 
 Act of discharging. 2. That which is 
 discharged; evacuation. 
 Syn. Relieve; absolve; annul. 
 
 disciple (dis-si'pl), n. 1. Learner; 
 pupil. 2. One who believes in the 
 doctrine of another; follower. — dis- 
 ci'plesbip, n. [Fr. — L. discipulus—' 
 disco, learn.] 
 
 disciplinable (dis'i-plin-a-bl), a. Ca- 
 pable of training or instruction. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil. owl, then. 
 
disciplinarian 
 
 152 
 
 discursive 
 
 disciplinarian (dis-i-plin-a'ri-an), n. 
 One who enforces rigid rule. 
 
 disciplinary (disl-plin-ar-i), a. Per- 
 taining to or intended for discipline. 
 
 discipline (dis'i-plin). I. n. 1. Train- 
 ing. 2. Subjection to control. 3. Sys- 
 tem of rules. 4. Punishment. II. vt. 1. 
 Train; educate. 2. Bring under con- 
 trol. 3. Chastise. [L. disciplina.] 
 Syn. Drill; obedience; correction. 
 
 disclaim (dis-klam'), vt. Renounce 
 claim to; decline accepting. — dis- 
 claimer, n. Denial; disavowal. 
 Syn. Disavow £ reject; repudiate. 
 
 disclose (dis-kloz'), vt. 1. Uncover; 
 expose. 2. Open; reveal. — disclos- 
 ure (dis-klo'zhor), n. 1. Act of dis- 
 closing. 2. That which is reA^ealed. 
 
 discolor (dis-kul'er), vt. 1. Takeaway 
 color from. 2. Change the natural 
 color of.— discolora tion, n. 
 
 discomfit ( dis-kurn'fit ), vt. Discon- 
 
 -(■ert, balk; defeat, rout. — discom'- 
 
 •llture ( dis--kum'fi-tur ), n. Defeat; 
 disappointment. [O. Fr. desconjtre — 
 L. di, and conficio, prepare.] 
 
 discomfort (dis-kum'furt). I. n. 
 Want of comfort; uneasiness; pain. 
 II. vt. Deprive of comfort; make un- 
 easy; grieve. 
 
 discommode (dis-kom-rnod'), vt. Put 
 to inconvenience. 
 
 discompose (dis-kom-poz'), vt. Dis- 
 turb; ruffle.— discomposure, n. 1. 
 Disorder; agitation. 2. Incongruity. 
 
 disconcert (dis-kon-sertf),tf£. Confuse; 
 disturb; defeat. 
 
 disconnect (dis-kon-nekf), vt. Sepa- 
 rate; disjoin. — disconnection, n. 
 
 disconsolate (dis-kon'so-lat), a. 
 Hopeless ; dejected.— disconsolate- 
 ly, adv. — discon'solateness, n. 
 
 discontent (dis-kon-tenf). I. a. Dis- 
 satisfied. II. n. "Want of content; un- 
 easiness. III. vt. Deprive of content.— 
 discontent'ed,a.— discontent'ed- 
 ly, adv. — discontent'eduess, n. — 
 discontentment, n. 
 
 discontinuance ( dis-kon-tin'u-ans ), 
 discontinua'tion, n. Breaking off. 
 Syn. Cessation ; interruption ; break. 
 
 discontinue (dis-kon-tin'u), vt. and 
 vi. Cease to continue; stop. 
 
 discord (dis'kard), n. 1. Disagree- 
 ment, strife. 2. Union of inharmo- 
 nious sounds. — discord'ance, dis- 
 cord'ancy, n. Disagreement.— dis- 
 cord'ant, a. Unharmonious; incon- 
 sistent ; jarring. — disco rd'antly, 
 adv. [L. dis, and cor, heart.] 
 
 discount (dis'kownt), n. 1. Deduc- 
 tion allowed on a purchase or account. 
 2. Deduction made for interest in ad- 
 vancing money on a bill. 
 
 discount (dis-kownf). L vt. 1. Allow 
 discount. 2. Advance money on, de- 
 ducting discount. 1 1, vi. Practice 
 discounting.— discountable, a. 
 
 discountenance (dis-kown'ten-ans), 
 vt. 1. Put out of countenance; abash. 
 2. Refuse support to; discourage. 
 
 discourage (dis-kur'aj), vt. Take away 
 the courage of; dishearten. — dis- 
 cour'ag-ement, n. 
 
 Syn. Deject; dispirit; depress; dis- 
 favor; deter; dissuade; obstruct. 
 
 discourse (dis-kors'). I. n. 1. Speed), 
 language. 2. Conversation. 3. Treat- 
 ise; sermon. II. vi. Talk; converse; 
 reason; treat formally. III. vt. Utter; 
 give forth. [Fr.— L. dis, to and fro, 
 and curro, run.] 
 
 discourteous (dis-kur'te-us), a. Un- 
 civil; rude.— discourteously, adv. 
 — discourt'eousness, n. 
 
 discourtesy (dis-kur'te-si), n. Want 
 of courtesy ; incivility. 
 
 discover (dis-kuv'er), vt. 1. Uncover; 
 make known. 2. Find out. 3. Espy. — 
 discov'erer, n. — discov'ery, n. 1. 
 Act of finding out. 2. Thing discov- 
 ered. 3. Revelation. 
 
 dlscredit(dis-kred'it). I. n. Bad credit; 
 ill repute; disgrace. II. vt. 1. Refuse 
 credit to, or belief in. 2. Deprive of 
 credibility or credit; disgrace. — dis- 
 creditable, a. Not creditable; dis- 
 graceful. — discreditably, adv. 
 
 discreet (dis-kref), a. 1. Wise in 
 avoiding mistakes. 2. Careful in 
 keeping a secret.— discreetness, n. 
 [L. discretus. See discern.] 
 
 discrepancy (dis-krep'an-si), n. Dis- 
 agreement; difference. 
 
 discrepant ( dis-krep'ant ), a. Differ- 
 ing. [L.— crepo, sound.] 
 
 discrete (dis-kref), a. Distinct; dis- 
 junctive. — discretion (dis-kresh'- 
 un), n. 1. Quality of being discreet. 
 2. Prudence. 3. Judgment, pleasure. 
 —discretional, discretionary, 
 a. Left to discretion; unrestrained. 
 
 discretive (dis-kre'tiv),a. Separating; 
 disjunctive.— disere'tively, adv. 
 
 discriminate (dis-krim'i-nat),^. and 
 vi. Distinguish; select. — discrim'i- 
 nately, adv. [L.— root of Discern.] 
 
 discrimination (dis-krim-i-na'shun), 
 n. 1. Act or power of distinguishing. 
 2. Acuteness, judgment. 
 
 discursion (dis-kur'shun), n. 1. De- 
 sultory talk. 2. Act of discoursing or 
 reasoning. 
 
 discursive (dis-kur'siv), a. 1. Roving; 
 desultory. 2. Proceeding regularly 
 from premise to conclusion. — dis- 
 cursively, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
discuss 
 
 153 
 
 disjunct 
 
 discuss (dis-kus'), vt. Examine in de- 
 tail, or by disputation ; debate.— 
 discussion (dis-kush'un),ra. Debate. 
 £L. discutio,—dis, and quatio, shake.] 
 
 disdain(dis-dan'). I. vt. Despise; scorn. 
 II. n. Aversion; contempt. — dis- 
 dain'ful, a.— disdain fully, adv.— 
 disdain'fulness, n. [O. Fr. desdai- 
 gner — L. dignus, worthy.] 
 
 disease (diz-ez'), n. Morbid, distressing 
 physical condition.— diseased (diz 
 ezd'), a. Affected with disease. 
 
 Syn. Sickness; malady; disorder 
 ailment; complaint; illness. 
 
 disembark (dis-em-bark'), vt. and vi 
 Land— disembarkation, n. Land 
 ing from a ship. 
 
 disembarrass, ( dis-em-bar'as), vt 
 Free from embarrassment or perplex 
 ity. [vest of body. 2. Disband 
 
 disembody (dis-em-bod'i), vt. 1. Di 
 
 disembowel (dis-em-bow el), vt. De 
 prive of the bowels; eviscerate. 
 
 disenchant (dis-en-chanf), vt. Free 
 from enchantment, illusion or fasci 
 nation, -disenchantment, n. 
 
 disencumber ( dis-en-kum'ber ), vt 
 Free from encumbrance ; unburden 
 — disencum'brance, n. 
 
 disengage (dis-en-gaj'), vt. Separate; 
 free from being engaged; set free. 
 
 disentangle (dis-en-tang'l ). vt. Free 
 from entanglement, or disorder. 
 
 disentomb (dis-en-tom'), vt. Take out 
 of a tomb. [Awaken from a trance. 
 
 disentrance ( dis-en-trans' ), vt. 
 
 disestablish (dis-es-tab')ish), vt. 1. 
 Break up. 2. Deprive of state support. 
 
 disfavor (dis-f a' vur). I. n. 1. Want of 
 favor. 2. Disobliging act. II. vt. With- 
 hold favor from. 
 
 disfigure ( dis-fig'ur ). vt. Spoil the 
 beauty of; deform.— disfiguration, 
 disfig'urement, n. 
 
 disfranchise (dis-fran'chiz or -chiz), 
 vt. Deprive of a franchise, esp. of the 
 right of suffrage. — disfranchise- 
 ment, n. 
 
 disgorge (dis-garj'), vt. 1. Vomit. 2. 
 Give up; make restitution. 
 
 disgrace (dis-sras'). I. n. 1. Being out 
 of favor. 2. Cause of shame. 3. Dis- 
 honor. II. vt. 1. Put out of favor. 2. 
 Bring shame upon.— disgrace'ful,o. 
 Syn. Shame ; disfavor ; opprobrium ; 
 ignominy; infamy; reproach. 
 
 disguise fdis-giz'). I. vt. Change the 
 guise of; conceal by false show. II. n. 
 Dress, or other *device, intended to 
 conceal the wearer; false appearance. 
 
 disgust ( dis-gust' ). I. n. Loathing; 
 strong dislike. II. vi. Excite repug- 
 ance in; offend the taste of. [L. dis, 
 negative, and gustus, taste.] 
 
 dish (dish). I. n. 1. Vessel in which 
 food is served. 2. Food served. IL vt. 
 Put in a dish. [A. S. disc— Gr. diskos. 
 See disk.] [age. 
 
 dishearten (dis-har'tn), vt. Discour- 
 
 dishevel (di-shev'el), vt. Cause the 
 haii to hang loose. [O. Fr. descheveler 
 —des, and chevei, hair.] 
 
 dishonest (dis-on'est), a. Not honest; 
 insincere.— dishou'estly, adv.— dis- 
 hon'esty, n. Want of honesty or 
 integrity ; faithlessness ; disposition 
 to cheat. 
 
 dishonor (dis-on'ur). I. n. 1. Want of 
 honor; disgrace. 2. Nonpayment by 
 drawer of a note. II. vt. 1. Deprive of 
 honor; cause shame to. 2. Seduce; 
 debauch. 3. Refuse the payment of, 
 as a bill.— dishonorable (dis-on'ur- 
 a-bl), a. Lacking honor; disgraceful.— 
 dishon'orably, adv. 
 
 disillusion ( dis-il-lo'zhun ). L n. 1. 
 Process of being freed from illusion. 
 2. State of being free from illusion. 
 II. vt. Free from an illusion. 
 
 disinclination (dls-ln-kli-na'shun), n. 
 Want of inclination] unwillingness. 
 
 disincline ( dis-in-klin' ) , vt. Excite 
 the dislike or aversion of. — disin- 
 clined', a. Not inclined; averse. 
 
 disinfect (dis-in-fekf), vt. Free from 
 contagious matter; purify. -disinfec'- 
 tion, n. — disinfectant, n. and a. 
 
 disingenuous (dis-in-jen'u-us), a. 1. 
 Not frank or open. 2. Mean, crafty. 
 — disingenuously, adv. — disin- 
 gen'uousness, n. 
 
 disinherit (dis-in-her'it), vt. Cut off 
 from hereditary rights. — disinher- 
 itance, n. 
 
 disintegrate (dis-in'te-grat), vt. Sepa- 
 rate into integrant parts; break up. — 
 disintegration, n. 
 
 disinter (dis-in-ter'), vt. 1. Take out 
 of a grave. 2. Bring from obscurity 
 into view. — disinter'ment, n. 
 
 disinterested ( dis-in'ter-est-ed ), a. 
 Not influenced by private feelings or 
 considerations; unselfish; impartial. 
 — disinterestedly, adv. disinter- 
 estedness, n. 
 
 disjoin (dis-join'), vt. Separate what 
 has been joined. 
 
 disjoint (dis -joint'), vt. Put out of 
 joint; dislocate; separate; make in- 
 coherent.— disjoint edness, n. 
 
 disjunct(dis-jungkt'),<z.Disjoined,esp. 
 separated by a deep constriction, as 
 the parts of insects' bodies. — dis- 
 junctive, a. 1. Tending to separate. 
 2. In gram. Uniting sentences but dis- 
 joining the sense, as but. II. n. Word 
 which disjoins. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thea. 
 
disk 
 
 154 
 
 dispose 
 
 Any 
 [Gr. 
 
 disk (disk), n. 1. Round plate, 
 oiling similar to a round plate 
 disJtos, quoit.] 
 
 dislike (dis-lik'). 1- vt. 
 Se displeased with; 
 have an aversion 
 against. II. n. Aver- 
 sion; disapproval. 
 
 dislocate ( dis'lo-kat), 
 vt. Displace; put out 
 of joint. — disloca- 
 tion, ft. 1. Dislocated 
 joint. 2. Displace- 
 ment. 
 
 dislodge (dis-loj'), vt. 
 Drive from a lodg- 
 ment, or place of rest 
 or defence. — dis- 
 Io«Sg'meni. n. 
 
 disloyal (dis-loi'al), a. N o t loyal ; 
 faiee to one's la w f u 1 superior or 
 country etc. — disloyally, adv. — 
 disloy'alty, n. 
 
 dismal (diz'mal), a. Gloomy; dreary; 
 depressing. — dis'raally, adv. [From 
 I*, decimal. Orig. = tithing time. ] 
 
 dismantle (dis-man'tl), vt. Strip of 
 dress. 2. Deprive of furniture, guns, 
 fortifications, etc. [mast or masts. 
 
 dismast (dis-masf), vt. Deprive of a 
 
 dismay (dis-ma'). I- vt. Terrify; dis- 
 courage. II. 7i. Loss of strength and 
 courage through fear. [O. F. deamayer 
 — des and O. Ger. magan, may.be able.] 
 
 •dismember ( dis-mem'ber), vt. Tear 
 member from member; divide.— dis- 
 memb'erment, n. 
 
 dismiss (dis-mis'), vt. 1. Send away. 
 2. Discard. 3. Remove from office or 
 employment. — dismissal, dis- 
 mis'sion, n. [L. di, audmiWo, send.] 
 
 dismount (dis-mownf). I. vL Descend 
 from a horse. II. vt. 1. Throw or bring 
 down from any elevated place. 2. Un- 
 hors-9. 3. Take apart. 
 
 disobedient (di*-5-be 7 di-ent), a. Neg- 
 lecting or refusing to obey.— disobe'- 
 dience, n. 
 
 disobey (dis-d-ba,'), vt. Neglect or re- 
 fuse to obey ; violate a command or 
 injunction. 
 
 disoblige (dis-o-bllj'), vt. Offend by 
 an act of unkindness or incivility. — 
 disobliging, «• Not obliging ; un- 
 accommodating ; unkind. 
 
 disorder (dis-ar'der). I. n. 1. Want of 
 order. 2. Irregularity. 3. Disturbance; 
 breach of the peace. 4. Disease. II. vt. 
 Disarrange; disturb. —disorderly, 
 a, 1. Out of order. 2. Lawless. 3. 
 Violating deoenoy. 
 
 disorganize (dls-ar'gan-Iz), vt. Des- 
 troy the organio structure of; break 
 up. — disorganization, n. 
 
 disown ( diz-oii' ), vt. Refuse to ack- 
 nowledge as belonging to one's self. 
 
 disparage (dis-par'aj), vt. Dishonor 
 
 by comparison with what is inferior. 
 
 — disparagement, n. [ O. Fr. des- 
 
 parager— lu. par, equal.] [rate. 
 
 Syn. Undervalue; degrade; under- 
 
 disparity (dis-par'i-ti), n. Inequality. 
 
 dispassionate (dis-pash'uu-at), a. 1. 
 Free from passion. 2. Impartial. — 
 dispassionately, adv. 
 
 dispatcn. Same as despatch. 
 
 dispel (dis-pel' ), vt. [dispelling; dis- 
 pelled'.] Drive away ; cause to disap- 
 pear. [J-j.—peUo, drive.] 
 
 dispensable (dis pen'sa-bl), a. That 
 may be dispensed with. " 
 
 dispensary ( dis-pen'sa-ri), n. Place 
 where medicines are given out, esp. 
 to the poor, gratis. 
 
 dispensation (dis-pen-sa'shun), n. 1. 
 Distribution. 2. God's system of deal.- , 
 ing with his creatures. 3. Permishioi, 
 to neglect a rule. 
 
 dispensatory (dis-pen'sa-to-ri), a. 
 Granting dispensation. 
 
 dispense (dis-pens'), vt. Deal out 5r 
 portions; administer; exempt — /)«• 
 pense with, do without.— dispen'ser 
 n. [L. dis, asunder, and pendo, weigh.] 
 
 disperse (dis-pers'), vt. and vi. Scatter. 
 
 —dispenser, n. [L. spargo, scatter.] 
 
 Syn. Dispel; distribute; diffuse. 
 
 dispersion (dis-per'shun), n. 1. Scat- 
 tering. 2. In med. Removal of inflam- 
 mation. 3. In optics. Separation of 
 light into its different rays. 
 
 dispirit ( dis-pir'it ), vt. Discourage. 
 
 displace (dis-plas'), vt. 1. Put out of 
 place; disarrange. 2. Remove. 3. 
 Take the place of.— displace'ment 5 
 n. 1. Act of displacing. 2. Quantity 
 of water displaced by a ship afloat, 
 and whose weight equals that of the 
 displacing body. 
 
 display (dis-pla'). I. ztf. Unfold; extend; 
 exhibit. II. n. Exhibition. [O. Fr. des- 
 ployer—Lt. dis, a,nAplico, fold.] 
 
 Syn. Expand; flaunt; parade; show. 
 
 displease (dis-plez'), vt. Offend. 
 
 displeasure (dis-plezh'or), n. Feel- 
 ing of one who is offended ; umbrage. 
 
 disport (dis-porf), vt. 1. Transport. 
 2. Cheer, amuse. 3. Display, sport. [O. 
 Fr. desporter— L. porto, carry. See 
 
 SPORT.] 
 
 disposable (dis-po'za-bl), a. That may 
 be disposed of; not "already engaged* 
 
 disposal (dis-p5'zal), n. 1. Act of dis- 
 posing. 2. Order; arrangement. 3, 
 Management^ 4. Right of bestowing. 
 
 dispose (dis-ooz'), vt. 1. Arrange; dis- 
 tribute. 2. Apply to a particular pur- 
 pose. 3. Bestow. 4. incline. — Dis- 
 
 fate, fat, task, f8r, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mdve, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
dispossess 
 
 155 
 
 dissuasive 
 
 pose of, part with; place in condition. 
 — disposition ( dis-po-zisb'un ), n. 
 1. Arrangement. 2. Natural tendency. 
 3. Temper. 4. Ministration. [Fr. 
 disposer, place asunder.] [possession 
 
 dispossess(dis-poz-zes'), vt. Put out of 
 
 disproof (dis-prof), n. Refutation. 
 
 disproportion (dis-pro-por'shun). I. 
 n. Want of proportion, symmetry, or 
 suitableness of parts; inequality. II. 
 vt. Make unsuitable in form or size, 
 etc. — dispropor'tional, dispro- 
 portionate, a. [false; refute. 
 
 disprove (dis-prqy'), vt. Prove to be 
 
 disputable (dis'pu-ta-bl), a. That may 
 be disputed; of doubtful certainty. 
 
 disputant ( dis'pu-tant ), disputer 
 (dis-pu'ter), n. 1. One who argues. 2. 
 One given to dispute. 
 
 disputation (dis-pu-ta'shun), n. 1. 
 Contest. 2. Exercise in debate. 
 
 disputatious ( dis-pu-ta'shus ), dis- 
 putative (dis-pu'ta-tiv) a. Inclined 
 to dispute, cavil, or controvert. 
 
 dispute (dis-puf). I.vt. and vi. Oppose 
 by argument: fight against. II. n. 
 Contest; debate. [ L. disputare — dis, 
 apart, &nd.puto, think.] 
 
 Syn. Argue; controvert; question; 
 doubt; gainsay; deny; impugn. 
 
 disqualify (dis-kwol'i-fi), vt. Deprive 
 of the necessary qualities; make un- 
 fit; disable. — disqualification, n. 
 
 disquiet (dis-kwi'et). I. n. Uneasiness; 
 restlessness. 11. vt. Make uneasy; dis- 
 turb.— disquietude, n. 
 
 disquisition ( dis-kwi-zish'un ), n. 
 Formal inquiry ; elaborate essay. [L. 
 — dis, and quse.ro, seek.] 
 
 disregard ( dis-re-gard' ). I. vt. Pay 
 no attention to. II. n. Neglect. 
 
 disrelish ( dis-rel'ish ). I. vt. 1. Dis- 
 like. 2. Make nauseous. II. n. 1. 
 Dislike.. 2. Distastefulness. 
 
 disreputable (dis-rep'u-ta-bl), a. In 
 bad repute; disgraceful. 
 
 disrepute ( dis-re-put' ), n. Ill-char- 
 acter ; discredit, [respect ; incivility. 
 
 disrespect (dis-re-spekf), n. Want of 
 
 disrobe (dis-rob'). vt. and vi. Deprive 
 of a robe; undress. 
 
 disrupt (dis-rupf). vt. Break, burst.— 
 disruption, n. Act of bursting and 
 rending; breach. [L,.—rumpo, break] 
 
 dissatisfaction (dis-sat-is-f ak'shun) , 
 Discontent; uneasiness; displeasure. 
 
 dissatisfactory (dis-sat-is-f ak'ttir-i), 
 a. Causing dissatisfaction. 
 
 dissatisfy (dis-sat'is-fi), vt. Not satis- 
 fy; make discontented; displease. 
 
 dissect (dis-sekf), vt. Cut asunder; 
 cut into parts; divide and examine.— 
 dissection, n.— dissect'or, n.[L,.— 
 dis, asunder, in pieces, and seco, cut.] 
 
 dissemble ( dis-sem'bl), vt. and vi. 
 Put an untrue appearance upon; dis- 
 guise; feign. — dissembler, n. [O. 
 Fr. dissembler — L. similis,_ like.] 
 
 disseminate (dis-sem'i-nat). vt. Scat- 
 ter; propagate. — dissemina'tion, 
 n — dissem'inator, n. [L. semino, 
 sow.] [ment; discord. 
 
 dissension (dis-sen'shun). n. disagree- 
 
 dissent (dis-senf ). I. vi. Think dif- 
 ferently; disagree. II. n. 1. Act of 
 dissenting. 2. Difference of opinion. 
 3. Separation from an established 
 church.— dissent'er, n. [L. — sentio y 
 think.] 
 
 dissertation (dis-er-ta'shun), n. For- 
 mal discourse; treatise. [L. — sero t 
 connect.] 
 
 dissever (dis-sev'er), vt. Sever. 
 
 dissident (dis'i-dent). I. a. Dissent- 
 ing; not agreeing. II. n. Dissenter. 
 [Li.— dis, apart, and sedeO, sit.] 
 
 dissimilar ( dis-sim'i-lar ), a. Not 
 similar. — dissimilarly, adv. — 
 dissimilar'ity, dissimilitude, n. 
 Unlikeness; want of resemblance. 
 
 dissimulation (dis-sim-u-la'shun), n. 
 1. Act of dissembling. 2. False pre- 
 tension; hypocrisy. 
 
 dissipate (dis'i-pat). I. vt. Scatter; 
 squander. II. vi. Lead a dissolute life. 
 — dissipation, n. 1. Dispersion. 2. 
 Dissolute living._ [L.—sipo, throw.] 
 
 dissociate (dis-so'shi-at),«i. Separate: 
 disunite. — dissociation, n. 
 
 dissoluble (dis'ol-u bl), a. Dissolv- 
 able. — dissolubility, n. 
 
 dissolute (dis'o-lot), a. Loose, f\sp, in 
 morals; licentious.— dis'solutely, 
 adv.— dissoluteness* n. 
 Syn. Abandoned ; profligate; wanton, 
 
 dissolution (dis-so-lu'shum. n. 1. 
 Breaking up of an assembly. 2. 
 Change from a solid ro a liquid state; 
 melting. 3 Separation of a body into 
 its original elements. 4. Death. 
 
 dissolvable ( diz-zol'va-bl), adj. Ca- 
 pable of being dissolved or melted. 
 
 dissolve (diz-zblv'), vt. and vi. Sep- 
 arate; break up; melt. — dissolv- 
 ent, (diz-zol'vent). a. Having power 
 to dissolve or melt. [L.—solvo. loosen.] 
 
 dissonance (dis'o-naus), n. Disagree- 
 ment of sound; disagreement. 
 
 dissonant (dis'o-nant), a. Not agree- 
 ing in sound; disagreeing. [L.— sonp. 
 sound. 1 «* 
 
 dissuade ( dis-swad' ) , vt. Advise 
 against; try to divert by persuasion. 
 [L. — suadeo, advise.] 
 
 dissuasion (dis-swa'zhun), n. Act of 
 dissuading; advice against anything. 
 
 dissuasive (dis-swa'ziv), a. Tending 
 to dissuade. — dissua'sively, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, init; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oii, owl, thea. 
 
dissyllabic 
 
 153 
 
 dive 
 
 dissyllabic ( dis-sil-lab'ik), a. Con- 
 sisting of two syllables. 
 
 dissyllable (dis-sil'a-bl), n. Word of 
 two syllables. [Gr.' dys, two, aud 
 Syllable.] 
 
 distaff (dis'taf), n. Staff wbieh bolds 
 the bunch of flax or wool in spinning. 
 [A. S. distmf,—diesse, flax, and Stapf.] 
 
 distain (dis-tan'), vt. Stain. [O. Fr. 
 desteindre,—Ti. tin go, stain.] 
 
 distance (dis'tans). I. n. 1. Space or 
 interval between. 2. Remoteness. 3. 
 Reserve of manner. II. vt. 1. Place 
 at a distance. 2. Leave behind. 
 
 distant (dis'tant), a. 1. Remote, in 
 time, place, or connection. 2. Indis- 
 tinct. 3. Reserved in manner. — dis'- 
 tantiy, adv. [L.—dis, apart, and 
 stans, standing.] [like. 
 
 distaste (dis-tasf), n. Aversion ; dis- 
 
 distemper (dis-tem'per).I.w. 1. Mor- 
 bid state of body or mind. 2. Ill-hnmor. 
 3. Paint mixed with sizing instead of 
 oi). II. vt. Derange. [swell. 
 
 distend (dis-tend'), vt. and vi. Stretch; 
 
 distensible ( dis-ten'si-bl ), a. That 
 may be stretched. 
 
 distension (dis-ten'shun). n. 1. Act of 
 stretching. 2. State of being stretched. 
 
 3. Breadth. 
 
 distich ( dis'tik), n. Couple of lines 
 making complete sense; couplet. [Gr. 
 —dys, two, and stichos, line. ] 
 
 distill, distil (dis-tiV). I. vi. 1. Fall 
 in drops; flow gently. 2. Use a still. 
 II. vt. Cause to fall in drops. 2. Ex- 
 tract (spirit or essential oil) by evapo- 
 ration and condensation, -distilia'- 
 tion, n. 1. Act or process of distilling. 
 2. That which is distilled — distil'- 
 ler ,?&. One who distils. — disi i rivry 9 
 n. Place for distilling. [Fr.— L. stilla, 
 drop.] 
 
 distinct (dis-tingkf), a. Separate; dif- 
 ferent; well defined; clear. — dis- 
 tinctly, adv. — distinctness, n. — 
 distinction (dis-tingk'shun ), n. 1. 
 Separation, division. 2. That which 
 distinguishes; difference. 3. Regard 
 to difference. 4. Eminence. — dis- 
 tinctive (dis-tingk'tiv), a. Marking 
 difference. — distinctively, adv. — 
 distinctiveness, n. [L.J 
 
 distinguish (dis-ting'wish), vt. and 
 vi. 1. Set apart. 2. Recognize by char- 
 acteristic qualities. 3. Make to differ. 
 
 4. Make known.— distinguishable, 
 a. [Li. distinguo—stinguo, prick.] 
 
 Syn. Discriminate; discern; differ- 
 entiate; characterize; honor. 
 distort ( dis-tart'), vt. 1. Force out of 
 shape. 2. Turn from the true meaning. 
 — distortion, n. [L. torqueo, twist.] 
 
 distract (dis-trakf), vt. Draw away; 
 divide; confuse; render erazy. — dis- 
 traction, n. State of being distrac- 
 ted; perplexity; confusion; madness. 
 [Li. traho, draw.] 
 
 distrain (dis-tran'), vt. and vi. Seize, 
 esp. goods, for debt; take by distress. 
 — distrainer, distrainor, n. One 
 who seizes goods for debt. — dis- 
 traint', n. Seizure of goods for debt. 
 [O. Fr. destraindre,— L. stringo, 
 strangle.l 
 
 distraught ( dis-trat'), a. Distracted. 
 
 distress(dis-tres'). T.n.l. Extreme pain. 
 
 2. Calamity. 3. Act of distraining 
 
 goods. II. vt. 1. Afflict with pain; 
 
 harass. 2. Distrain. [See distrain.] 
 
 Syn. Annoy; pain ;_ worry; perplex. 
 
 distribute (dis-trib'ut), vt. 1. Divide 
 amongst several. 2. Classify.— dis- 
 tributer, n.— distribution, n. — 
 distributive, a. [L. tribuo, allot.] 
 Syn. Allot; deal out; administer; 
 apportion; dispense; assort. 
 
 district (dis'trikt), n. Portion of ter- 
 ritory, defined or undefined ; region. 
 [L. districtus. See Distrain.] 
 
 distrust (dis-trusf). I. n. Want of 
 trust; doubt. II. vt. Disbelieve ; be 
 suspicious of.— distrust'ful, a. Sus- 
 picious. 
 
 disturb (dis-turb'), vt. 1. Throw into 
 confusion ; disquiet ; interrupt. — 
 disturbance, n. 1. Disorder ; con- 
 fusion; interruption ; tumult. 2. In 
 law, hinderance in the lawful enjoy- 
 ment of aright. [L. turbo, agitate.] 
 
 disunion (dis-u'ni-un), n. Want of 
 union; separation. 
 
 disunite (dis-u-nif). I. vt. and vi. 
 Separate; sever; fall asunder; part. 
 
 disusage ( dis-u'zaj), disuse ( dis- 
 us'), n. Cessation of use. [practise. 
 
 disuse (dis-uz'), vt. Cease to use or 
 
 ditch (dich). I. n. Trench dug in the 
 ground. II. vt. 1. Dig a ditch in or 
 around. 2. Throw into a ditch. 
 
 dithyramb (dith'i-ram), n. Wild 
 strain; irregular poetry. 
 
 ditto (dit'6). I. n. The same. II. adv. As 
 before; in like manner. [It. detto— L. 
 dictum, said. [— L. dicto, say often.] 
 
 «8itty (dit'i), n. Little song. [O. Fr. dite 
 
 diurnal (di-ur'nal), a. 1. Daily. 2. 
 Relating to day time. 3. Active or 
 open by day. [L. diurnus—dies, day.] 
 
 diva (de'va), n. A distinguished .foman 
 singer. 
 
 divan (di-van'), n. Turkish council of 
 state. 2. Council-chamber. 3. Sofa. 
 [Pers : diwan, tribunal.] 
 
 divefdiv). I. vi. 1. Plunge into water. 
 2. Go deeply. II. n. 1. Plunge. 2. 
 Disreputable resort. [A. S. dufan.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, far p. above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
diver 
 
 157 
 
 doctrine 
 
 Diver in sub- 
 marine armor. 
 
 diver (di'ver), n. 1. One who dives. 2. 
 Bird that dives. 
 
 diverge (di-verj'). vi. 
 Tend in different direc- 
 tions. —divergence, 
 divergency, ».— di- 
 ver'gent, a. [L. dis, 
 asunder, and vergo, 
 incline.] 
 
 <Jivers (di'vers), a. 
 Sundry; several. 
 
 diverse (di-vers'), a. 
 Different; various.— 
 diversely, adv. 
 [See divert.] 
 
 diversify ( di-ver'si- 
 fi), vt. Vary.— diver- 
 sification, n. 
 
 diversion (di-ver'- 
 shun), n. 1. Act of 
 diverting or turning aside. 2. That 
 which diverts. 3. Ruse, to turn the 
 enemy's attention from the chief 
 point of attack. [time; merriment. 
 Syn. Amusement; recreation; pas- 
 
 diversity ( di-ver'si-ti ), n. State of 
 difference; variety. 
 
 divert (di-verf), vt. Turn aside; turn 
 the mind from business or study; 
 amuse. — divert'ing, a. — divert' - 
 ingly, adv. [L.—verto, turn.] 
 
 divest (di-vesf ), vt. Deprive. [L.— 
 vestis, garment.] 
 
 divide ( di-vid' ). I. vt. and vi. Sepa- 
 rate into parts; allot. II. n. 1. Divi- 
 sion. 2. Watershed. — divi'dfdly, 
 adv. [L.— di, between, and video, see.] 
 Syn. Sever ; sunder ; detach; disjoin; 
 disunite; distribute; part; share. 
 
 dividend (div'i-deud), n. 1. Quantity 
 to be divided. 2. Share of profits, etc., 
 that falls to each individual. 
 
 divination ( div-i-na'shun), n. 1. Act 
 or practice of divining. 2. Prediction. 
 
 divine (di-vin'). I. a. 1. Belonging to 
 or proceeding from God. 2. Devoted 
 to God; holy. 3. Godlike. II. n. Theolo- 
 gian. III. vt. Foresee; foretell; guess. 
 — diviue'ly, adv. [ L. divinus — 
 deus, god.] 
 
 diving-bell (di'ving-bel), n. Hollow 
 vessel, filled with compressed air, 
 in which one may work under water. 
 
 divinity (di-vin'1-ti), n. 1. Godhead; 
 nature or essence of a god. 2. The 
 Divinity. God. 3. Any god. 4. Theology. 
 
 divisible ( di-viz'i-bl), a. Capable of 
 being divided or separated. — divisi- 
 bility, n — divtslbly, adv. 
 
 division (di-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of 
 dividing. 2. State of being divided. 
 3. That which divides; partition; bar- 
 rier. 4. Portion divided or separated. 
 5. Half of an army corps. 6. In arith. 
 
 Process of finding how many times 
 one number is contained in another. 
 
 divisional (di-vizh'un-al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to or marking a division. 
 
 divisive ( di-vi'ziv ), a. Indicating or 
 causing division or discord. 
 
 divisor (di-vi'zer), n. In arith. Number 
 by which the dividend is to be divided. 
 
 divorce (di-vors'). I. n. Legal disso- 
 lution of a marriage. II. vt. Separate 
 by divorce; sever; put away. —di- 
 vorcee', n. Person divorced. [Fr.— 
 L. divortium. See divert.] 
 
 divnlg-e (di-vulj' ), vt. Make public, 
 reveal. [L. — dis, among, and vulvas, 
 common people.] 
 
 dizen (diz'n), vt. Dress gaudily. 
 
 dizziness (diz'i-nes), n. Giddiness. 
 
 dizzy (diz'i). L a. Giddy; confused. 
 II. vt. Confuse. [A. S. dysig.] 
 
 do (do), v. [do'ing; did; done.] I. vt. 1. 
 Bring about; effect. 2. Accomplish ; 
 finish. 3. Prepare. 4. Bring into any 
 form or state, II. vi. 1. Act; behave. 
 2. Suffice. 3. Fare; get on. [A.S. don, 
 and from A. S. dugan, worth.] 
 
 do (do), n. In music. First or C note 
 in the scale. 
 
 docile (dos'il), a. Teachable; easily 
 managed.— docil'ity, ?i. [Li.—doceo, 
 teach.] 
 
 dock, (dok), n. Troublesome weed with 
 large leaves and a long root. [A.S.] 
 
 dock (dok). I. vt. 1. Cut off; clip. 2. 
 Fine by withholding part of wages. 
 II. n. Part of a tail left after clipping. 
 [Icel. dockr, stumpy 
 tail.] 
 
 dock (dok). I. n. 
 Artificial basin for 
 the reception of 
 vessels. 2. Box in 
 court where the ac- 
 cused stands. II. 
 vt. Place in a doek. 
 [Dut. dokke.'] 
 
 dockage (dok'aj), 
 n. Charge for the 
 use of a dock. 
 
 docket (dok'et). I. n. 1. Summary of 
 heads or titles. 2. Ticket, label. 3. List 
 of cases in court. II. vt. 1. Enter in a 
 docket. 2. Label. [Dim. of dock, clip.] 
 
 dockyard (dok'yard), n. Yard where 
 ships are built and naval stores kept. 
 
 doctor (dok' tiir). I. n.l. Highest de- 
 gree conferred by a faculty. 2. Physi- 
 cian. II. vt. 1. Treat as a physician 
 does;repair, improve. 2. Tarnperwith, 
 adulterate.— doc'torate, n. Doctor's 
 degree. [L. = teacher.] 
 
 doctrine (dok'trin), n. 1. Principle 
 of belief. 2. Teaching. [See doctor.) 
 
 Dry Dock. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
document 
 
 158 
 
 domesticate 
 
 document (dok'u-ment). I. n. Paper 
 containing information or proof. II. 
 vt. Prove; furnish with documents.— 
 document' al, documentary, a. 
 
 Relating to or found in documents. 
 
 [L. — doceo, teach.] 
 dodder (dod'er), n. Genus of leafless 
 
 parasitic plants, found on herbs and 
 
 shrubs. 
 dodecagon (d5-dek'a-gon), n. Plane 
 
 figure having twelve equal angles and 
 
 sides. [Gr.— clodeka, twelve, and gonia, 
 
 angle.] 
 dodecahedron (do-dek-a-he'dron), n. 
 
 Solid figure, having twelve faces. [Gr. 
 
 dodeka, twelve, and hedra, seat.] 
 dodge (doj). I. vt. and vi. 1. Start 
 
 ;iside; shift about; evade. 2. Use 
 
 menu tricks; shuffle. II. n. Evasion; 
 
 trick; quibble. 
 
 — dodg'er, n. 
 
 1. One who 
 dodges ; trick- 
 ster. 2. Kind 
 of corn cake. 
 3. Sciit)U hand- 
 bill. [Etymol. 
 doubtful. ]_ 
 
 dodo (do'do), n. 
 Large clumsy 
 bird, now ex- 
 tinct, found in 
 Mauritius up 
 to 1681. [Port, doudo, silly.] 
 
 doe (do), n. Female of the deer. [A. 
 S. da— L. dama.] [of do. 
 
 does (duz). _ Third pers. sing. pres. ind. 
 
 doesfein (do'skin), n, 1. Skin of a doe. 
 
 2. Smooth woolen cloth. 
 
 doff (dof), vt. Takeoff, [do and off.] 
 
 dog- (dog). I. n. 1. Domestic quadru- 
 ped. 2. Andiron. 3. Iron hook for 
 holding logs of woods. II. vt. [dog'- 
 ging; dogged. ] Follow as a dog; 
 watch constantly; worry with impor- 
 tunity.— dogger, n. [A. S. docga.] 
 
 dog- cart (dog'kart), n. Light one- 
 horse carriage. 
 
 dog-days (dog'daz), n. pi. Days when 
 the Dogstar rises and sets with the 
 sun, from July to September. 
 
 doge (doj), n. Formerly the chief 
 magistrate in Venice and Genoa. [It. 
 — L. dusc, leader.] 
 
 dogf ish (dog'flsh), n. 1. Species of 
 shark. 2. Burbot of Lake Erie. 
 
 dogged (dog'ed), a. Surly; sullen; 
 obstinate. — dog'gedly, adv. — 
 deg'gedness. n. 
 
 doggerel (dog'er-el). I. n. Worthless 
 verses. IL a. Irregular; mean. 
 [From dog.] 
 
 dogma ( dog'ma ) , n. 1. Principle, 
 tenet. 2. Authoritative doctrine. — 
 
 Dodo. 
 
 dogmat'ic.dogmat'ical.ae. 1. Per- 
 taining to a dogma. 2. Overbearing.— 
 dogmatically, adv.— dogmat'ics, 
 
 n. Science of theological doctrines.— 
 dogmatism, n. Arrogant assertion. 
 — dog'matiae, vi.State one's opinion 
 arrogantly. [Gr.— dokeo, think.] 
 Syn. Doctrine^proposition; dictum. 
 
 dogeared (dog'erd), a. With the corn- 
 ers of leaves turned over. 
 
 dogstar (dog'star), n. Sirius, a star 
 of the first magnitude, in the constel- 
 lation Canis Major, whose rising and 
 setting with the sun gave name to the 
 
 doiBy(doi'li),w.Small napkin. Tdogdays. 
 
 doing (do'ing), n. Thing done, event, 
 action.— pi. Behavior. 
 
 doit (doit), n. 1. Dutch coin worth a 
 quarter of a cent. 2. Thing c-f little 
 value. _ [Dut. duit.] 
 
 dole (dol). I. vt. Deal out in small por- 
 tions. II. n. Share; small nortion; 
 alms. [From root of deal.] 
 
 doleful (dol'fol), a. Full of grief. — 
 dole'fully, adv.— dole'fulmess, n. 
 [O. Fr. doel (Fr. deuil), mourning.] 
 Syn. Melancholy; dismal; rueful. 
 
 doll (dol), n. Puppet, toy for a child. 
 [From Dolly, abbrev. of Dorothy.] 
 
 dollar ( doi'ar ), n. Monetarv unit of 
 the U. S. ( also of Canada ) worth 100 
 cents. [Ger. thaler, short for Joachims- 
 thaler, a coin struck in Joachimsthal.] 
 
 dolor ( do'ltir ), n. Pain ; grief. — do'- 
 lorous, a. Full of pain; doleful.— 
 do'lorously, adv. 
 [L.] 
 
 dolphin (dol'fin), n. 
 
 1. Animal of whale 
 kind, found in all 
 seas, about 8 or 10 Dolphin, 
 feet long; porpoise. 
 
 2. Coryphene, a fish about 5 feet in 
 length, noted for its change of color 
 when taken out of water. [Gr. delphis.] 
 
 dolt (dolt), n. Stupid fellow.— dolt'- 
 isn,a. Dull; stupid. -dolt'ishly,acto. 
 — dolt'ishness, n. [From dulled.] 
 
 domain (do-man'), n.. 1. What one has 
 dominion over. 2. Estate. 3. Terri- 
 tory. [Fr. — L. dominium.] 
 
 dome (dom), n. 1. Vaulted roof, usu- 
 ally hemispherical; large cupola. 2. 
 Building. [L. domus, house.] 
 
 domestic (do-mes'tik). I. a. 1. Belong- 
 ing to the house, or family, or one's 
 own country. 2. Devoted to home-life. 
 
 3. Tame. II. n. Servant in the house.— 
 domes'tically, adv. — domestic'- 
 ity, n. [L. domesticus— domus? house.] 
 
 domesticate ( do-mes'ti-kat) I. vt. 
 Make domestic. II. vi. 1. Lead a home- 
 life. 2. Become a member of a family 
 circle.— domestica'tion, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then* 
 
domicile 
 
 159 
 
 aougn 
 
 domicile (dorn'i-sil). I. n. 1. Abode. 
 2. Place where a person has his home. 
 II. vt. Establish a fixed residence. — 
 domiciliary, a. 
 
 domiciliate (dom-i-sil'i-at), vt. Estab- 
 lish in a permanent residence.— dom- 
 iciliation, n. 
 
 dominant (dom'in-ant). I. a. Prevail- 
 ing. II. n. Fifth note of the musical 
 scale. [L.—dominor, be master.] 
 
 dominate (dom'iu-at), vt. Prevail 
 over.— domina'tiqn, n. Control. 
 
 domineer (dom-in-er'), vi. Rule arbi- 
 trarily; command haughtily. 
 
 dominical (do-min'ik-al), a. Belong- 
 ing to the Lord, as the Lord's Day. 
 
 Dominican (do-min'i-kan), n. One of 
 an order of monks. 
 
 dominie (do'mi-ni), n. 1. Schoolmas- 
 ter. 2. Parson. [L. dominus, master.] 
 
 dominion. (do-min'yun), n. 1. Highest 
 power and authority ; control. 2. 
 Country or persons governed. 
 
 domino (dom'i-no), n. 1. Cape with a 
 hood, as worn by a priest. 2. Lone 
 cloak with a hood_, used for disguise. 
 -dominoes (-noz), n. pi. Game. 
 
 Don (don), n. Spanish title = Sir.— fern. 
 donna. [From L. dominus.] 
 
 don (don), vt. [don'niug; donned.] 
 Put on. [From DO ON.] 
 
 donate ( do'nat ), vt. Present, give.— 
 donation, n.— don'ative. I. n. Gift. 
 II. a. Vested or vesting by donation. 
 [L. — dono, give.] 
 
 done (dun), .pa. p. of do. 1. Performed. 
 2. Completely exhausted. 3. Given; 
 executed. 4. Agreed. 5. Through. 
 
 donee (do-ne')» n. Recipient of a gift. 
 
 donkey ( dong'ki ), n. Ass. [From 
 dun-ik-ie,_?i double dim. of dun, from 
 
 donor (do'nur), n. Giver, [its color. 
 
 doom(d6m).I.w. 1. Judgment ; condem- 
 nation. 2. Destiny. 3. Ruin. II. vt. Sen- 
 tence; condemn. [A.S.— root of deem.] 
 
 door (dor), ft. 1. Entrance into a hou.--e 
 or room. 2. Swinging or sliding frame 
 closing up the entrance. [AS. duru.] 
 
 Doric ( dor'ik ). I. a. 1. Belonging to 
 Boris in Greece. 2. Denoting one ol the 
 Grecian orders of architecture. (See 
 po. 105,106). II. n. Broad dialect of 
 the ancient Greek 
 language. 
 
 dormant ( dar'mant ), 
 n. Sleeping; not in 
 actio n.— dorman- 
 cy, n [Fr.— L. dor- 
 mio, sleep.] 
 
 dormer- window 
 (dar'mer), n. Vertical 
 window ( e S p . of a Dormer- Window, 
 sleeping-room) in a 
 sloping roof. [Fr. —dormir, sleep.] 
 
 dormitory (dar'-mito-ri). n. Large 
 sleeping-chamber. [L. dormitoriam ] 
 
 dormouse (dar'mows), n. (pi. day- 
 mice, dar'mis). Genus of rodent mam- 
 malia. "[L. dormio, sleep, and moose.] 
 
 dorp (darp), n. Village. [South-Afri- 
 can Dutch.] 
 
 dorsal (dar'sal), n. Pertaining to the 
 back. [L. — dorsum, back.] [ermen 
 
 dory(dor'i), n. Small boat usedby fish- 
 dose (dos). I. n. 1. Quantity of medi- 
 cine taken atone time; portion. 2. 
 Any thing disagreeable. 11. vt. 1. Give 
 in doses. 2. Give anything nauseous 
 to. [Fr. — Gr. dosis.] [of do. 
 
 dost (dust). Second vers. sing, presind. 
 
 dot (dot). I. n. Small round mark. II. 
 vt. [dot'ting; dot'ted.] Mark with dots. 
 [A. S. From the sonud.] 
 
 dotage (do'taj), n. 1. Childishness of 
 old age. 2. Fondness. Lage. 
 
 dotard_(do'tard), n. One weak of old 
 
 dote (dot), vi. . 1. Be weakly affection- 
 are. 2. Be silly from age.— do' tin sly, 
 ado. [Dut. doten, doze.] [of do. 
 
 doth (<1uth). Third pers. sing. pres. ind. 
 
 double (dub'l). I. a. 1. Twofold; twice 
 as much. 2. Two of a sort together; 
 in pairs. 3. Acting: two parts, insin- 
 cere. II. vt. 1. Multiply by two. 2. 
 Fold. 3. Repeat. 4. In mil. Unite two 
 ranks or files in one. 5. In naut. Sail 
 around. III. vi. 1. Increase to twice 
 the quantity. 2. Run back. IV. n. 1. 
 Twice as much. 2. Counterpart, d u- 
 plicate. 3. Trick; shift.— doubly, 
 adv. [Fr.— L. duplus.] 
 
 doublet (dub'let), n. 1. Pair. 2. Inner 
 garment. 3. Name given to words 
 that are really the same, but vary 
 somewhat in spelling and significa- 
 tion, as desk, disc and dish, or ward, 
 guardimd yard. [O.F. dim. of double. J 
 
 doubloon ( dub-Ion' ), n. Sp. gold 
 coin, (double the value of a pistole) = 
 $15.60. 
 
 doubt (dowt). I. vt. Waver in opinion; 
 hesitate; suspect. II. n. 1. uncer- 
 tainty of mind. 2. Suspicion; fear. 3 
 Thing doubted. — doubt'er, n. — 
 doubt'iiag-ly, adv. — donbt'ful, a. 
 Undetermined; not clear. — doubt- 
 fully, adv. — doubtfulness, n. — 
 doubtless, a. [L. dubito—duo, two.] 
 Syn. Suspense; ambiguity; suspi- 
 cion; perplexity; skepticism; scru- 
 ple; distrust; misgiving; mistrust. 
 
 douceur (do-ser'), n. 1. Sweetness of 
 manner. 2. Present; bribe. [Fr.] 
 
 douche (dosh), n. Jet of water directed 
 upon a part 2. Syringe. [Fr.— It. 
 doccia, water-pipe — L. duco, lead.] 
 
 dough (do), n. Flour moistened and 
 kneaded, but not baked. [A. S. dah.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit, note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
dooghty 
 
 160 
 
 drain a 
 
 Plunge into water. 
 
 Dove. 
 
 d o n g h t y (dowti), a. Able, brave 
 
 donghy (do'i), a. Like dough. 
 
 do it on a ( do-ina'). Russian assembly. 
 
 douse (dows), vt.l 
 2. Slacken sud- 
 denly, as a sail. 
 
 dove (duv) , n. Pig- 
 eon. [A. S. duva.] 
 
 dovecot(duv'kot), 
 dovecote (duv'- 
 kot), n. Small 
 box in which pig- 
 eons breed. 
 
 dovetail (duv'tal). I. n. Fitting pieces 
 shaped like a dove's tail spread out, 
 into corresponding cavities. II. vt. 
 Fit one thing into another. 
 
 dowager (dow'a-jer), n. 1. Widow with 
 a dower or jointure. 2. Title given to 
 a widow to distinguish her from the 
 wife of her busband's heir. [O. Fr. 
 douagiire.] [gar taste. [Sc] 
 
 dowdy (dow'di), a. Dressed with vul- 
 
 dowel (dow'el), n. 1. Wooden pin, 
 fitting in a hole. 2. Piece of wood 
 laid in the wall. 
 
 dower (dow'er), n. Part of the hus- 
 band's property which his widow en- 
 joys during her life. [Fr. douaire—L. 
 dos, dowry?] 
 
 down (down), n. 1. Soft short hair. 
 — downy, a 1. Covered with or 
 made of down. 2. Like down; soft; 
 soothing. [FromGer. daune.] 
 
 down (down), n. Bank of sand thrown 
 up by tlie sea. [A. S. dun.] 
 
 down (down). I. a. 1. From a higher 
 to a lower position or state. 2. On the 
 ground. 3. From earlier to later 
 times. II. prep. Along a descent.— 
 down' cast, a. Dejected; sad. — 
 down tall, n. Ruin. — down'- 
 heae-ted. a. Dejected in spirits. — 
 rXowoL'hill, a. Descending.— do wn'- 
 right. I. a. Plain; artless; unce- 
 remonious. II. adv. Truly.— down- 
 ward, a. and adv. — down'wards, 
 adv. Moving or tending to a lower 
 place or state. [From M. E. adune, 
 down the hill. ] 
 
 dowry (dow'ri), n. Property which a 
 woman brings to her husband at mar- 
 riage. [See dower.] 
 
 do xo logy (doks-ol'o-ji), n. Hymn 
 praising God. [Gr. doxa, praise, and 
 lego, speak.] 
 
 doie (U5z). I. vi. Sleep lightly; behalf 
 asleep. II. n. Short light sleep. [A. 
 S. See dizzy.] 
 
 dozen (duz'n), n. Collection of twelve. 
 [Fr. dottzaine—Lt. duodedm.] 
 
 drab (drab), n. Yellowish gray or dull 
 brown color. [Fr. drap, cloth.] [water. 
 
 drabble(drab'l), vt. Soil with mud and 
 
 drachm (dram), n. See dram. 
 draft, draught (draft). I. n. 1. 
 
 Drawing. 2. Levy of men for the 
 army, navy, etc. 3. Order for the pay- 
 ment of money. 4. Lines drawn for 
 a plan. 5. Rough sketch. 6. Depth 
 to which a vessel sinks in water. 7. 
 Act of drinking; gulp. 8. Current of 
 air. II. vt. 1. Draw an outline of. 2. 
 Compose, write. 3. Draw off. [A. S. 
 dragon, draw.] 
 
 drafts (drafts), ra.Game. See draughts. 
 
 draftsman (drafts'man), n. One 
 who draws plans or designs. 
 
 drag- (drag). I. vt. [drag'ging: dragged.] 
 Draw along the ground; draw slowly.' 
 2. Explore with a dragnet. II. vi. 
 
 1. Trail on the ground. 2. Be forcibly 
 drawn along. 3. Move slowly and 
 heavily. III. n, 1. Net or hook for 
 dragging to catch things under water. 
 
 2. Heavy harrow. 3. Low carriage or 
 cart. 4. Device to hinder motion; clog; 
 obstacle. [A. S. dragan.) 
 
 Syn. Draw; haul; hale; pull; pluck; 
 tug; search; retard. 
 
 drag-g-le (drag'l), vt. and vi. Make or 
 become wet and dirty by dragging 
 along the ground. 
 
 dragoman (drag'o-man), n. Interpre- 
 ter.— pi. Drag'omans. [Ar. tarjuman— 
 ' tardjama, interpret.] 
 
 drag-on (drag'un), n. Fabulous wing- 
 ed serpent. [Gr. drakon.] 
 
 dragon-fly (drag'un-fli), n. Insect 
 with a long body, large wings and 
 enormous eyes. 
 
 dragoon (dra-gon'). I. n. Cavalry- 
 man. II. vt. Compel by violent meas- 
 ures. [Sp 1 — DRAGON.] 
 
 drain (dran). I. vt. and vi. 1. Draw by 
 degrees. 2. Clear of water by drains. 
 
 3. E x h a u s t. II. n. Water-course ; 
 ditch sewer. [A.S. — root of draw.] 
 
 drainage (dran'aj). n. 1. Drawing off 
 o- water. 2. System of drains in a 
 town. 
 
 drake (drak), n. Male of the duck. 
 [From Icel. and, duck, and HU, mas- 
 ter. Ger. enterich.] 
 
 dram (dram), n. 1. 1-16 of an ounce 
 avoirdupois. 2. % of an oz., apothe- 
 caries' weight. 3. Potion, drink. [Gr. 
 drachme, Tpinch—drassomai, grasp.] 
 
 drama (dra'ma or dra'ma), n. 1. Acted 
 representation of events in human 
 life. 2. Composition to be represent- 
 ed on the stage .-dramatic, dra- 
 matical, a. — dramatically , adv. 
 —Dramatis persona. Actors in a play. 
 [L.]— dramatist, n. Writer of plays. 
 —dramatize (dram'a-tiz), vt. Com- 
 pose in. or turn into,' the form of a 
 play. [Gr.— drao, perform.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
drank 
 
 161 
 
 dribblet 
 
 drank (drangk). Past tense of drink. 
 
 drape (drap), vt. 1. Cover with cloth. 
 2. Arrange in folds.— dra'per, n. One 
 who deals in cloth.— dra'pery, n. 1. 
 
 Cloth goods. 2. Hangiugs. 3. In art, 
 representation of the dress of human 
 figures. [Fr. drap, cloth.] 
 
 drastic (dras'tik). I. a. Quick and vio- 
 lent; "powerful. II. n. Violent purge. 
 [Gr.— drao, act.] 
 
 draught (draft), n. Same as draft. 
 
 draughts (drafts), n. Checkers. 
 
 draw(dra). I. vt. fdrav/ing : drew; 
 drawn.] " 1. Pull; bring .mcibly 
 toward one. 2. Attract; en i ice. 3. 
 Inhale. 4. Take out. 5. Deduce. 6. 
 Lengthen. 7. Make a picture of. 8. 
 Require a depth of water foi floating. 
 9. Have draught. 10. Move. 11. De- 
 mand money by draft. II. vi. 1. Pull. 
 2. Practise drawing. 3. Move; ap- 
 proach. III. n. 1. Drawing. 2. Un- 
 decided contest. 3. Movable part. 
 [From drag.] 
 
 drawback (dra'bak), n. 1 
 back part of money paid, 
 advantage. 
 
 drawbridge 
 (dra'brij), n. 
 Bridge that can 
 be drawn up or 
 aside. 
 
 drawee (dra-e'), 
 n. Person on 
 whom a bill of 
 e x change is 
 drawn. 
 
 drawer (dra'er), 
 n. 1. He who, or 
 that which 
 draws. 2. Sliding 
 box in a case. 3. 
 pi. .Under-garment for lower limbs. 
 
 drawing (dra'iug), n. 1. Art of repre- 
 senting objects by lines, shading, etc. 
 2. Distribution of prizes, as at a 
 lottery. 3. Picture made with pencil, 
 pen, etc. 
 
 drawing-room ( dra'ing-rom ), n. 
 1. Room to which t he "company with- 
 draws after dinner. 2. Reception of 
 company in it. [From withdrawing 
 room.] 
 
 drawl (ilral). I. vi. and vt. Speak in a 
 slow, lengthened tone. II. n. Long- 
 drawn-out manner of speech. 
 
 dray (dra), n. Low strong cart. [From 
 
 root Of DRAG.] 
 
 dread ( dred ). I. n. Apprehension of 
 great evil. II. a. Exciting fear. III. vt. 
 Fear much.— dreadful, a.— Terrible. 
 
 drea<l'iully,aeft;.— dread'ffnliness,a. 
 
 Syn. Awe ; dismay ; terror ; horror. 
 
 Drawbridge. 
 
 dream( drem). I. n. 1. Train of fancies 
 during sleep. 2. Fancy, vision. II. 
 vt. and vi. [dream'ing; dreamed or 
 dreamt (dremt).] See things in or as 
 in sleep; think idly.- dreamer, n. 
 
 — dream'ingly, ado.— dream'y, a. 
 -dreaminess, n. [L. Ger. drom.] 
 
 drear (drer), dreary (drer'i), a. 
 Gloomy; cheerless.— drear'ily, adv. 
 
 — drear'iness, n. [A. S. dreorig.] 
 dredge (drej). I. n. Instrument for 
 
 gathering by dragging. II. vt. 1. 
 Gather with a dredge. 2. Deepen 
 with a dredge. [O. Fr. drege. From 
 root of DRAG.] 
 
 dredge (drej), vt. Sprinkle (flour,etc.) 
 on meat while roasting. [Fr. dragie.) 
 
 dreggy (dreg'i), a. Containing dregs; 
 muddy. 
 
 dregs (dregz), n.pl. Impurities in 
 liquor that fall to the bottom; refuse; 
 lees. [Icel. dregg.] 
 
 dreibund (dri'bont), n. Triple allian- 
 ce, esp. that comprising Germany, 
 Italy and Austria. [Ger.] 
 
 drench (drench). I. vt. 1. Cause to 
 drink. 2. Wet thoroughly. 3. Physic 
 by force. II. n. 1. Draft. 2. Dose of 
 physic forced down the throat. [A. S. 
 drencan] 
 
 dress (dres). I. vt. and vi. [dressing; 
 dressed or drest.] 1. Put; prepare; 
 trim; cleanse and bandage. 2. Put 
 clothes upon. II. n. 1. Covering. 2. 
 Lady's gown. 3. Art of dressing. [Fr. 
 dresser— L. dirigo, direct.] 
 
 Syn. Array; attire; clothe; adorn; 
 rig; apparel; treat. 
 
 dresser (dres'er) 
 n. 1. One who 
 dresses. 2. Table 
 on which meat is 
 prepared for use. 
 3. Sideboard. 4. 
 Low bureau sur- 
 mounted by a 
 mirror. 
 
 dressing (dres'- 
 ing), n. 1. Dress; 
 clothes. 2. Man- 
 ure given to land. 
 3. Matter used to 
 give stiffness and 
 
 gloss to cloth. 4. Bandage, etc.. ap- 
 plied to a sore. 5. Garnishment of 
 meats, salads, etc. [of, dress. 
 
 dressy (dres'i), a. Showy in, or fond 
 
 drew (dr5). Past tense of Draw. 
 
 dribble (drib'l). I. vi. 1. Fall in small 
 drops quickly. 2. Slaver. II. vt. Let fall 
 in drops. — dribbler, n. [Dim. of 
 drip.] [quantity. 
 
 dribblet, driblet (drib'let), n. Small 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fai 
 
 le, m et, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf j 
 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
drift 
 
 162 
 
 drunk 
 
 drift (drift). I. n. 1. Heap of matter 
 driven together, as snow. 2. Direction 
 in which a thing is driven; tendency; 
 object aimed at. 3. In Dutch South 
 Africa, ford. II. vt. and vi. Drive into 
 heaps. [See drive.] 
 
 drill (dril). I. vt. Pierce with a revolv- 
 ing borer. II. n. Instrument that 
 bores. 
 
 drill (dril) . I. vi. Exercise thoroughly, 
 as soldiers. II. n. Training. [Fr.] 
 
 drill (dril). I. n. Row or furrow to 
 put seed into. II. vt. Sow in rows. 
 [Wei. rhill, row.] 
 
 drilling- (dril'ing), n. Coarse linen or 
 cotton cloth. [Ger. drillich.] 
 
 drily (drl'li), adv. of dry. 
 
 drink (dringk). I. vt. and vi. [drank; 
 drunk.] 1. Swallow, as a liquid. 2. 
 Take in through the senses. 3. Take in- 
 toxicating liquors to excess. II. n. 
 1. Something to be drunk. 2. Intox- 
 icating liquor. — drink'er, n. Tip- 
 pler. [A.S. drincan.] 
 
 drip (drip). I. vt. and vi. [drip'ping; 
 dripped.] 1. Let fall in drops. 2. Pall 
 in drops; letfall'drops. II. n. 1. Pall- 
 ing in drops. 2. That which falls in 
 drops. [A. S. drypan.] 
 
 dripping 1 (drip'ing), n. 1. Palling in 
 drops. 2. That which falls in drops, 
 as fat from meat in roasting. 
 
 drive (driv). I. vt. and vi. [dri'vina:; 
 drove, driv'en.] 1. Force along; hurry- 
 on. 2. Guide, as horses drawing a car- 
 riage. 3. Convey in a vehicle. II. n. 1. 
 
 ■ Excursion in a carriage. 2. Road for 
 driving on. 3. Violent motion; hurry. 
 — driver, n. [A.S. drifan.] 
 
 drivel ( driv'l ). I. vi. [driveling or 
 driv'elling; driv'eled or driv'elled.] 
 
 I. Slaver, like a child. 2. Be foolish. 
 
 II. n. 1. Slaver. 2. Nonsense.— driv'- 
 eller, n. Fool. [From dribble.] 
 
 drizzle ( driz'l ) . vi. Rain in small 
 drops. — driz'zly, a. [A. S. dreosan.] 
 
 droll (drol). I. a. Odd and amusing. 
 
 II. n. Jester. III. vt. and vi. Banter.— 
 
 drollery, n. [Fr. drdle — Ger. drol- 
 
 lig. funny.] [ridiculous; queer. 
 
 Svn. Laughable ; ludicrous ; comical ; 
 
 dromedary(drum'e-aar-i), n. Arabian 
 camel, with one hump on its back. 
 [From Gr. dromas, running.] 
 
 drone (dron). I. n. 1 Male of the 
 honey-bee. 2. One who lives on the 
 labor of others. [A.S. dran.] 
 
 droop (drop). I. vt. and vi. 1. Sink or 
 hang down. 2. Grow weak or faint; 
 decline. II. n. Act of drooping. 2. 
 Drooping position or state. [From 
 
 DROP ] 
 
 drop (drop). I. n. 1. Small round mass 
 of liquid which falls at one time. 2. 
 
 Very small quantity of liquid. 3. Any- 
 thing hanging like a drop. 4. Any- 
 thing arranged to drop. 5. Fall. II. * 
 vt. and vi. [drop'ping; dropped.] Pall; 
 let fall. [A. S. dropa.] 
 dropsical (drop'si-kal), a. Pertaining 
 
 to, or affected with dropsy. 
 dropsy (drop'si), n. Unnatural col- 
 lection of water in the body. [Corr. 
 from hydropsy— Gr. hydor, water.] 
 drosky(dros'ki), n. Russian low four- 
 wheeled open carriage. [Russ. drojki.l 
 dross (dros), n. Scum on melting me- 
 tal; refuse. [A.S. dros— dreosan. fall.] 
 drought (drowt), drouth (drowth), 
 n. Want, of rain or water; thirst.— 
 droughty, a. [A. S. drugoth, dry- 
 drove (drqv), imp. of drive, [ness. 
 drove (drov), n. Number of cattle, or 
 other animals, driven. [buys cattle. 
 drover (dro'ver), n. One who drives or 
 drown (drown). I. vt. 1. Sink in water. 
 
 2. Kill by placing under water; over- 
 power; extinguish. II. vi. Be su [lo- 
 cated in water. [A. S. druncnian.] 
 
 drowse (drowz),m. Nod; doze.— 
 drow'sy, a. Sleepy; dull.— droxy'- 
 sily 9 adv. — drow'siness, n. [A. 3. 
 drusian.] 
 
 drub (drub). I. vt. [drub'bing; drub- 
 bed.] Strike; beat. II. n. Blow. [A.S. 
 drepan, hit.] 
 
 drudge (druj). I. vi. Work hard; do 
 mean work. II. n. One who works 
 hard.— drudgery, n. [Ir. drugaire.} 
 Syn. Toil; labor; travail. 
 
 drug(drug).!. n. 1. Any substance used 
 in medicine,in dyeing or chemistry. II. 
 vt. [drug'ging ; drugged.] 1. Mix; 
 poison. 2. Dose to excess ; make un- 
 conscious. [Pr. drogue — Dut. droog, 
 dry (herbs).] 
 
 drugget (drug'et), n. Coarse woollen 
 cloth, used as a protection for carpets. 
 [Fr. droguet, trash— drogue.'] 
 
 druggist (drug'ist), n. One who deals 
 in drugs. [cient Celts. [Gael.] 
 
 druid (dro'id), n. Priest among the an- 
 
 drum (drum). I. n. 1. Cylindrical 
 musical instrument having heads of 
 vellum. 2. Anything shaped like a 
 drum. 3. Tympanum or middle por- 
 tion of the ear. 4. Revolving cylinder. 
 II. vt. and vi. [drum'ming ;drummed .] 1. 
 Beat a drum. 2. Beat with the fingers. 
 
 3. Expel. 
 
 drum-major ( drum'ma'jer ) n. 1. 
 
 Chief drummer of a regiment. 2. 
 
 Marching leader of a military band. 
 drummer (drum'er), n. 1. One who 
 
 drums. 2. - One who solicits custom. 
 drumstick (drum'stik), n. Stick with 
 
 which the drum is beaten. 
 drunk (drungk), Pa. p. of drink. 
 
 fate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
drunk 
 
 163 
 
 dumpish 
 
 drunk, (drungk), a. Intoxicated.— 
 drnnk'en, a. — drnnk'cnncss, n. 
 
 drunkard (drunkard), n. One who is 
 frequently drunk. 
 
 drupe (drop), n. Fleshy fruit contain- 
 ing a stone, as the plum. [Fr.— Gr. 
 druppa, L over-ripe olive.] 
 
 dry (dvi), a. [dri'er; dri'est.] 1. Free 
 from moisture. 2. Not giving milk. 3. 
 Thirsty. 4. Uninteresting. 5. Quaint, 
 sharp. 6. Not sweet. — dryly or 
 dri'ly, adv. — dry'ness, n. — Dry- 
 goods, n. pi. Textile goods, etc., as 
 distinguished from groceries. — Dry- 
 rot, n. Decay of timber, caused by 
 fungi. _ [A. S. dryge.] 
 
 dry (dri), vt. and vi. [dry'ing; dried.] 
 
 1. Free from water or moisture. 2. 
 Exhaust. 3. Become dry- 4. Evapo- 
 rate entirely. . [Qr.—drys, tree.] 
 
 ♦Sryad (dri'ad), n. Nymph of the woods. 
 dryer (dri'er), n. One who dries. 
 dual (dual), a. Consisting of two.— 
 dualism, n. 1. State of being two. 
 
 2. System founded on a dual princi- 
 ple, as good and evil. — du'aiist, n. 
 Believer in dualism. — duality, n. 
 Doubleness. [lu.—duo, two.] 
 
 dub (dub), vt. [dubb'ing; dubbed.] 1. 
 Strike. 2. Confer knighthood upon. 
 
 3. Confer any dignity upon, call. [A. 
 S. dubban, strike.] 
 
 dubious (du'bi-us), a. I. Doubtful. 2. 
 
 Causing doubt. — du'biously, adv. 
 
 -dubiousness, n. [L. dubius, from 
 
 duo, two.] Tduke. 
 
 ducal ( du'kal ), a. Pertaining to a, 
 ducat (duk'at), n. Gold coin, worth 
 
 $2.30. [From It. ducato, duchy.] 
 duchess (duch'es), n. Fem. of Duke. 
 duchy (duch'i), n. Territory of a duke, 
 
 dukedom. [Fr. duche.] 
 duck (duk), n. Kind of coarse cloth 
 
 for small sails, sacking, etc. [Dut. 
 
 doelz, linen cloth.] 
 duck (duk). I. vt. 
 
 and vi. 1. Dip for 
 
 a moment in water 
 
 2. Lower the head 
 
 suddenly. II. n. 
 
 1. Water-fowl. 2. 
 
 Dipping of the 
 
 head. 3. Pet; dar- 
 ling. [Dut. duiken.] 
 duckling (duk'ling), n. Young duck. 
 duct (dukt), n. Tube,canal. [L. ductus.'] 
 ductile (duk'tii), a. 1. E a s i 1 y led; 
 
 yielding. 2. Capable of being drawn 
 
 out into wires or threads. — ductil- 
 ity, n. TL. duco, lead.] 
 dud '(dud)', n. Rag ; garment. 
 di\de(dud), n. Dandy; fop.— du'dish,a. 
 dudgeon (duj'un), n. Resentment; 
 
 anger. [Wei. dygen, anger.] 
 
 Wild Duck. 
 
 due (du). I. a. 1. That ought to be 
 paid or done. 2. Appointed or expect- 
 ed to arrive. 3. Justly claimed ;proper. 
 4. Owing. II. adv. Exactly. 111. n. 
 Object of claim; right; perquisite; 
 fee; tribute. [Fr. du, owed.] 
 
 duel (du'el). I. n. Combat between two 
 persons. II. vi. Fight in single Com- 
 bat.— du'elist, %. [It. duello.] 
 
 duenna (du-en'a), n. Chief lady in 
 waiting on the Queen of Spain. 2. 
 Chaperon. 3. Governess. [Sp.] 
 
 duet(du-et'), n. Piece of music for two. 
 
 dug(dug), n. Nipple, teat. [It. duetto.] 
 
 dug-. Past tense and .-^3 
 pa. p. of dig. 
 
 dngong (du'gong) 
 n. Kind of whale, siprte 
 from 8 to 20 feet :> - 
 long, found in In- 
 dian seas. [Malay, 
 duyong.] 
 
 dug-out (dug'owt), n. 1. Canoe formed 
 of a log. 2. Dwelling cut in the side 
 of a bank or hill. 
 
 duke ( diik ), n. 1. Highest order of 
 English nobility. 2. On the continent, 
 sovereign prince less than a king. 
 — duke'doni n. Title, rank or territo- 
 ry of a duke. (Fr. due— la, dux, leader.] 
 
 dulcet (dul'set), a. Melodious, sweet. 
 [From L. dulcis, sweet.] 
 
 dulciener ( dul'si-mer ), 11. Ancient 
 musical instrument, the wires of 
 which are beaten with light hammers. 
 
 dull (dul). I. a. 1. Slow of hearing, 
 learning, or understanding. 2. Slow 
 of action. 3. Not bright or clear. 4. 
 Blunt. 5. Unfeeling. II. vt. and vi. 
 Make or become dull.— dullard, n. 
 Stupid person; dnnce.— dul'Iy, adv. 
 — dullness, dul'ness, us. [A. S. 
 dwal, foolish.] [uninteresting. 
 
 ySty/i.JBluggish; stupid; dim; inert"; 
 
 duly(du'li), adv. 1. Properly. 2. At the 
 proper time. 
 
 dumb (dum), a. 1. Without the power 
 of speech. 2. Silent.— dunib'ness, n. 
 — dumb'-bells,7i. pi. Weights swung 
 in the hands for exercise. [A. S.l 
 
 dumbfound (durn'fownd), vt. Strike 
 dumb; confuse greatly. 
 
 dummy (dum'i), n. 1. One who is dumb. 
 2. Sham; lay figure; effigy. 3. Loco- 
 motive with condensiug engines 
 without the noise of escaping steam. 
 
 dump (dump). I. vt. and vi. Unload, 
 as a cart, by tilting it. II. n. 1. Place 
 where matter is dumped. 2. Car 01 
 boat for dumping. »«,^ 
 
 dumpish (dum 'pish), a. Given to 
 dumps; moping.— duuap'ishly, adv. 
 — dump'ishness, h. 
 
 Jtate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
dumpling* 
 
 164 
 
 dynamometer 
 
 dumpling 1 (dump'ling), n. Thick pud- 
 ding, mass of paste. [hurnor. 
 dumps (dumps ), n. Gloominess; ill- 
 do mpy (dum'pi), a. Short and thick. 
 dun (dun), a. Dark brown. [A. S.] 
 dun (dun). I. vt. [dun'ning; dunned] 
 Uige for payment. II. n. 1. One who 
 duns. 2. Demand for payment. [A. S. 
 dynnan, clamor, din.] 
 dusice(duns), n. Stupid person. [From 
 Duns Scotus, who opposed classical 
 studiesj ~ [shore. [A. S.] 
 dune (dun), n. Sand hill on the sea- 
 dung(dung), n. Excrement of animals. 
 [A. S.] [ground. 
 dungeon (dun'jun), n. Prison under 
 duo (du'o). n. Song in two parts. 
 duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), a. Com- 
 puted by twelves. — pi. ' Numerical 
 system in which the denominations 
 rise by twelve. [L. duo, two, and 
 decern, ten.] 
 duodecimo (du-o-des'i-mo). I. a. Hav- 
 ing twelve leaves to a sheet. II. n. 
 Book of such sheets, (12mo). 
 duodenum (du-o-de'num), n. The first 
 portion of the small intestines, about 
 twelve fingers' breadth in length. — 
 duodelial, a. 
 dupe (dup). I. n. 1. One easily cheated. 
 2. One who is deceived. II. vt. Trick; 
 mislead. [Fr.] 
 duplicate (du'pll-kat). I. a. Double; 
 twofold. II. n. Another thing of the 
 same kind; copy; transcript. III. vt. 
 Double; copy; furnish one like.— du- 
 plication, n. [Li.— duplex.] 
 duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), n. Insincerity; 
 deceit. [L. duplicitas.] [enduring. 
 durability ^dur-a-bil'it-i), n. Power of 
 durable (dur'a-bl), a. Able to last; 
 permanent.— dur'ably, adv. — dur'- 
 ableness, n. [L. duro^ last.] 
 dura mater (du'ra ma'tgr), n. Outer 
 membrane of the brain and spinal 
 column. [L.=hard mother.] 
 durance (dur'ans), n. 1. Continuance. 
 2. Imprisonment; duress. [L. durans, 
 pr.p. of duro. last.] [ance. 
 duration ( du-ra'shun ), n. Continu- 
 duress (dur'es or du-res'), n. 1. Con- 
 straint. 2. Imprisonment. [ O. Fr. 
 Ions 
 
 .] [of; as long as. 
 
 during (dur'ing), prep. In the course 
 durst (durst). Past tense of Dare. 
 dusk (dusk). I. a. Darkish. II. n. 
 
 Twilight ;partial darkness.— dusk'y, 
 
 (dusk'i), «.-dnsk'ily, adv. — 
 
 duskiness, n. 
 dust (dust). I. n. 1. Fine particles; 
 
 powder. 2. Earthy remains. 3. 
 
 Grave. II. vt. 1. Free from dust. 2. 
 
 Sprinkle with dust. — dust'er, n. 1. 
 
 Cloth or brush for removing dust. 2. 
 
 Light over-garment to protect from 
 
 dust. — dust'y, a. 1. Covered or 
 
 sprinkled with dust. 2. Like dust. — 
 
 dustiness, n. 
 Dntch (ducli). I. a. 1. Originally, 
 
 German. 2. Hollandish. II. n. 1. 
 
 Language of Holland. 2. pi. People 
 
 ofHolland._ [Ger. deutsch.] 
 duteous (du'te us), a. 1. Dutiful. 2. 
 
 Obedient. — du'teousiy, adv.— du'« 
 
 teousness 2 n. [an import tax. 
 
 dutiable (du'ti-a-bl), a. Subject to 
 dutiful (du'ti-fo ), a. Attentive to 
 
 duty; respectful. — du'tifully, adv. 
 
 — du'tifuluess, n. 
 duty(du'ti), n. 1. What one is bound to 
 
 do; service. 2. Respect; regard. 3. Tax 
 on goods or imports. [From Due.] 
 
 dwarf (dwarf). I. n. Animal or plant 
 much below ordinary size. II. a. 
 Diminutive. III. vt. 1. Make appear 
 small. 2. Stunt. — dwarfish, a. 
 Like a dwarf ; very small. — dwarf - 
 islily, adv. — dwarf'ishness, n. 
 [A. S. dweorg.] 
 
 dwell (dwel), vi. [dwelling; dwelled 
 or dwelt]. 1. Abide; inhabit. 2. Rest 
 the attention; continue long. — 
 dwell'er, n. — dwelling, n. 1. 
 Habitation. 2. Continuance. [A. S. 
 dwelan.] [S. dwinan.] 
 
 dwindle (dwin'dl), vi. Grow less. [A. 
 
 dye (di). I. vt. Stain; color. II. n. 1. Col- 
 or. 2. Coloring material.— dyeing, 
 n. Art or trade of coloring cloth, etc. 
 
 — dyer (di'er), n. One whose trade 
 is to dye cloth, etc. — dye'stuff, n. 
 Material used in dyeing. [A.S. deagan.] 
 
 dying (di'ing). I Pr. p. of Die. II. a. 1. 
 Pertaining to death. 2. Occurring at 
 the time of death. 
 
 dyke. Same as Dike. 
 
 dynamic (di-nam'ik), dynamical, 
 a. Relating to dynamics. — dynam- 
 ically, adv.— dynamics, n. Science 
 of force. [Gr. dynamis, power.] 
 
 dynamite (di'na-mit), n. Explosive 
 agent, made of 'nitro-glycerine. [Gr. 
 
 dynamo (dl'- 
 na-mo), n. Dy- 
 namo-electric 
 machine. 
 
 dynamo-elec- 
 tric (di'na-mo- 
 e-lek'trik), a. 
 Producing e- 
 lectricity by 
 means of me- 
 chanical power, 
 
 dynamometer 
 
 Alternating Current 
 Dynamo. 
 
 (di-na-mom'e-ter), n. Instrument for 
 measuring power. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her- mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute. hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
dynasty 
 
 165 
 
 eat, 
 
 dynasty (dl'nas-ti), n. Succession of 
 sovereigns of the same iarnily.— dy- 
 nas'tic, adj. Relating to a dynasty. 
 [Gr. dynastes, lord— dynamai, be able.] 
 
 dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n Disease of 
 the bowels.with a discharge of mucus 
 and blood. — dysenter'ic, a. [Gr. 
 —dys, ill, and entera, entrails. ] 
 
 dyspepsia (dis-pep'si-a >, dyspepsy 
 ( dis-pep'si ), n. Indigestion. [Gr. — 
 dys, ill, andpepso, digest.] 
 
 dyspeptic (dis-pep'tic). I. a. Afflicted 
 with, pertaining to, or arising from 
 indigestion. II. n. Person afflicted 
 with dyspepsy. Jin breathing. [Gr.l 
 
 dyspnoea (disp-ne'a), n. Difficulty 
 
 1 
 
 Golden Eagle. 
 
 e (e), n. Fifth letter of the En- 
 glish alphabet. 
 each (ech), a. Everyone of a 
 stated number. [A. S. celc = 
 alike.] 
 
 eager (e'ger), a. Very desirous; earn- 
 est. — ea'gerly, adv. — eagerness, 
 n. [Fr.aigre~Li.acer, 
 sharp.] 
 
 eagle (e'gl), n. 1. Large 
 bird of prey. 2. Figure 
 of an eagle on stand- 
 ards, etc., used as an 
 emblem. 3. U. S. Gold 
 coin worth $10. [Fr. 
 aigle—L,. aquila.] 
 
 eaglet(e'glet), n. Young 
 or small eagle. 
 
 ear (er). I. n. Spike, as 
 of grain. II. vi. Put forth ears. [A. S.] 
 
 ear (er), n. 1. Organ of hearing. 2. 
 Power of hearing and of distinguish- 
 ing sounds. 3. Anything like an ear. 
 [See labyrinth.] — ear drum, n. 
 Middle cavity of the ear. [See tym- 
 pantjm.]— earmark, n. 1. Mark cut 
 on a sheep's ear. 2. Any mark of 
 identification. [A. S. eare.] 
 
 earl (erl), n. British title of nobility, 
 below a marquis, and above a vis- 
 count. — earldom, n. Dominion or 
 dignity of an earl. [A.S. eorl.] 
 
 early ( er'li ), a. and adv. 1. In good 
 season. 2. At or near the beginning. 
 3. Soon.— ear'liness, n. [A.S. cerlice 
 —cer, ere.] [earnian.] 
 
 earn (em), vt. Gain by labor. [A. S. 
 
 earnest Cer'nest). I. a. Serious. II. n. 
 Seriousness. — ear'nestly, adv. — 
 earnestness, n. [A. S.] 
 
 Syn. Eager; intent; ardent; keen; 
 intense; fervent; impassioned; zeal- 
 ous; vehement; hearty; urgent. 
 
 earnest(er'nest),7i. Pledge. [L. arra.] 
 
 earnings (er'ningz), n. pi. What one 
 has earned ; wages. 
 
 earshot (er'shot), n. Hearing-distance. 
 
 earth (erth). I. n. 1. Matter on the 
 surface of the globe; soil. 2. Dry land. 
 
 3. Globe, or planet, on which we live. 
 
 4. Wordly things. II. vt. and vi. Hide in 
 the earth; bury; burrow. [A.S. eorthe.] 
 
 earthen (erth'en), a. Made of earth or 
 clay.— earthenware, n. Coarse 
 crockery. [the earth. 
 
 earthling (erth'ling), n. Dweller on 
 
 earthly (erth'li), a. 1. Belonging to 
 the earth; worldly. 2. Possible. — 
 earth'liness, n. 
 
 earthquake (erth'kwak), n. Shaking 
 of the earth. [angle worm. 
 
 earthworm (erth'wurm), n. Common 
 
 earthy (erth'i), a. 1. Consisting of, 
 relating to, or resembling earth. 2. 
 Gross ; coarse. — earth'iness, n. 
 
 earwig (er'wig), n. In- 
 sect, incorrectly suppos- 
 ed to creep into the ear. 
 [A. S._ eorwicga.] 
 
 ease (ez). I. n. 1. Free- 
 dom from pain, efiort,or 
 disturbance. II. vt. Re- 
 lieve ; calm. — ease'- 
 ment (ez'ment), n. Re- 
 lief; accommodation. 
 
 easel (e'zl) n. Frame to 
 support pictures.charts, 
 etc. [Ger. esel, ass.] 
 
 east (est). I. n. 1. Part 
 of the heavens where the 
 sunrises. 2. (The East), 
 the orient. II. a. To- 
 ward the rising sun. [AS.] 
 
 Easter (es'ter), n. Christ- 
 ian festival commemo- 
 rating the resurrection 
 of Christ,held on the first ' 
 Sunday after the full 
 moon that happens on or 
 next follows March 21. 
 Eastre, goddess of spring.] 
 
 easterly (es'ter-li), a. and adv. 1. 
 Coming from the eastward. 2. Look- 
 ing toward the east. 
 
 eastern ( es'tern ), a. 1. Going east- 
 ward. 2. Of_the east; oriental, [east. 
 
 eastward (est'ward), adv. Toward the 
 
 easy ( e'zi ), a. 1'. At ease. 2. Giving 
 ease. 3. Not difficult. 4. Yielding. 5. 
 Not straitened.— ea'sily, adv.— ea'- 
 siness, n. .4. 
 
 eat(et), vt. and vi. [eat'ing; ate; eat'en.] 
 1. Chew and swallow. 2. Consume. 3. 
 Corrode.— eat'er, n. [A.S. etan.] 
 
 Easel. 
 [A. S.- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
eatable 
 
 166 
 
 edentate 
 
 eatable (et'a-bl). I. a. Fit to be eaten. 
 II. n. Something used as food. 
 
 eaves (evz), n. pi. Edge of the roof 
 projecting over the wail. [A.S. efese, 
 clipped edge of thatch.] 
 
 eavesdrop (evz'drop), vi. Stand un- 
 der the eaves or near the windows of a 
 house to listen; listen secretly to a 
 conversation.— eavesdropper, n. 
 
 ebb (eb). I. n. 1. Receding of the tide. 
 2. Decline, decay. II. vi. Flow back; 
 sink. [A. S. ebba.] [Black as ebony. 
 
 ebon (eb'un), a. 1. Made of ebony. 2. 
 
 ebony (eb'un-i), n. Kind of heavy and 
 hard black wood, admitting of a fine 
 polish. [Gr, ebe/ios— Heb. eben, stone.] 
 
 ebriety (e-bn'e-ti), n. Drunkenness. 
 [Fr. — Li. ebrius, drunk.] 
 
 ebullition (eb-ul-lish'un), n. 1. Boil- 
 ing; agitation of a liquor rapidly con- 
 verted to vapor. 2. Display of feel- 
 ing [L. —bulla, bubble.] 
 
 ejccentric(ek-sen'trik),eccen'tric»l, 
 a. 1. Departing from ttie center 2. 
 Not having the same center. 3. Not 
 conforming to rules; odd — eecen'- 
 trically, adv.— eccentric'ity, n. 1 
 Distance of the center of a planet's 
 orbit from the center of the sun 2. 
 Singularity of con- 
 duet; odduess. 
 
 eccentric (ek-sen'- 
 trik). n. 1. Circle 
 not having the 
 same center as an- Eccentric, 
 
 other. 2. Wheel 
 having its axis out of the center, 
 
 ecclesiastic { ek-kle-zi-as'tik ). I. a. 
 Belonging to the church. II. n. Clergy- 
 man. — ecclesias'tical, a. [Gr. ekk- 
 lesia. church— ek, out, and kaleo, call.] 
 
 echo (ek'o). I. n. Reflection of a sound. 
 — pi. Echoes (ek'oz). II. vt. and vi. 
 Send back the sound of; repeat. [Gr.] 
 
 eclair (e-klar'), n. Cake filled with a 
 cream and frosted. [Fr.] 
 
 eclat (e-kla'), n. Striking effect; sen- 
 sation. [Fr. = outburst.] 
 
 eclectic ( ek-lek'tik). I. a. Electing, 
 choosing. 11. n. One who selects parts 
 of different systems.— eclec'tically, 
 adv.— eclecticism, n. [Gr.— ek, out, 
 and lego, choose.] 
 
 Sua Earth Moon 
 
 Eclipse of the Moon. 
 
 eclipse (e-klips'). I. vt. Darken; hide; 
 put in the shade. II. n. In astro n. 
 
 Obscuration of the light of the sun, 
 moon, or other luminous body, by the 
 intervention of some other body. [Gr. 
 — ek, out, and leipo, leave ] 
 
 Sun Moon Earth 
 
 Eclipse of the Sun. 
 
 ecliptic (e-klip'tik). I. n. 1. Ceiesbi I 
 
 circle in which eclipses tike ) i;i 
 the apparent path of the sun roun I 
 the earth. 2. Circle on tlie globe cor- 
 responding to the celestial ecliptic. 
 II. a. Pertaining to the ecliptic. 
 
 eclog-we (_ek']og ), n Pastoral poem, 
 
 ecology (ekol'o-ji), n. The relations 
 of animals and plants to the outer 
 world and to one another. 
 
 economic (eiv-o-ii>>in'ik)._ econom'ie. 
 al, a. 1. Pertaining to ecouomy. Jl 
 Frugal.— economically, adv 
 
 economics ( ■ k-o-nom'iks), n. 1. 
 Science of household management. 
 2. Political economy. 
 
 economist (ek-on'o-mist), n. 1. One 
 who is economical. 2. One versed in 
 political economy. 
 
 economize ( ek-on'o-miz ) , vt. and vi. 
 Manage with economy; be saving. 
 
 economy ( ek-on'o-mi ), n. 1. Manage- 
 ment of household affairs, esp. finan- 
 cial. 2. Frugal use of means. [Gr 
 —oikos, house, and nomos, rule.] 
 
 ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. Supreme joy; 
 rapture, —ecstatic (ek-stat'ik), ec- 
 statical, a. — ecstatically, adv. 
 [Gr. = being beside oneself — ek, out, 
 and histemi, place.] 
 
 ecumenic ( ek-u-men'ik ), ecumen'* 
 ical, a. Belonging to the whole in- 
 habited world; general. 
 
 eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. Eruptive disease 
 of the skin; salt rheum, tetter. [Gr. 
 — ek, out, and zeo, boil.] 
 
 Edda (ed'a), n. Book of Scandinavian 
 mythology. 
 
 eddy (ed'i). I. rt,. 1. Current of water 
 or air running contrary to the main 
 stream. 2. Whirlpool; whirlwind. 
 II. vt. [edd'ying; edd'ied. ] Move in 
 whirls. [Icel.— id, back.] 
 
 Eden (e'den), n. Garden where Adam 
 and Eve lived; paradise. [ Heb. = 
 pleasure.] 
 
 edentate (e-den'tat), eclen'tated, a. 
 1. Without teeth. 2. Wanting front 
 teeth. [L.— e, out, and dens, tooth.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
edge 
 
 167 
 
 egregious 
 
 edge (e3). I. n. 1. Border; brink. 2. 
 Cutting sicie of an instrument 3 
 Keenness. II. vt. 1. Sharpen 2 Place 
 a border on. 3. Urge on. 4. Move by 
 little and little. III. vi. 1. Move side- 
 ways. 2. Sail close to the wind. — 
 edge'wise, a.— edg'ing, n.\. Border. 
 2. Making edge. [A S. ecg. Ger. ecke.} 
 
 edict (e'dikt), n. Public decree; com- 
 mand. [L. — e, out, and dico, speak.] 
 Syn. Proclamation; order; statute. 
 
 edification (ed-i-fi-ka'sbun), n. 1. Ins- 
 truction. 2. Development, esp. reli- 
 ed 'lice (ed'i-tis), n. Building, [gious. 
 
 edify (ed'i-fi), vt. [ed'ifying; ed'ified.] 
 1. Buildup. 2. Improve; tench.— ed'- 
 ifyer, n.— ed'ifying, a. [Fr. edifier 
 — L. cedes, bouse, and facio, make.] 
 
 edit (ed'it), vt Superintend the publi- 
 cation of, prepare for publication.— 
 edition (e-dish'un), n. 1. Publication 
 of a book. 2. Number of copies of a 
 book printed at a time. [L.-— e, out. 
 and do, give.] 
 
 editor (ed'i-tur), n. One who edits a 
 book or journal. — editorial (ed-i-to'- 
 ri-al). I. a. II. n. Article written by 
 the editor.— edito'rially, adv.— ed"- 
 itorship, n. 
 
 educate (ed'u-kat ), vt. Cultivate.— 
 
 ed'ucator, n.— education, n. [L. 
 
 =bring out.] [bring up ; discipline. 
 
 Syn. Develop ; form : instruct ; train ; 
 
 educe (e-dus'), vt. Extract; cause to 
 appear. 
 
 eel (el), n. Snake- 
 like, edible fish. 
 [A. S. cele. Ger. 
 aal.] 
 
 e'en (en). Con- 
 traction of even. 
 
 e'er ( ar ). Con- 
 traction of EVER._ 
 
 eerie, eery ^'ri), a, 
 Timid. [S_c] 
 
 efface (ef-fas'), vt. 1. Destroy. 2. Blot 
 or rub out.— efface'ment, n. [Fr.— 
 L.- ex, out, and fades, face.] 
 
 effect (ef-fekf). I. n. 1. That which is 
 produced by a cause. 2 Force; vali- 
 dity. 3. Gist or substance. 4. (pi.) 
 Goods; movables; personal estate. — 
 For effect: with the design of creating 
 an impression ; ostentatiously.— Give 
 effect to: Make valid; carry out in 
 practice. II. vt. Produce; accomplish. 
 [Li. ex. out, and facio, make.] 
 
 effective ( ef-fek'tiv ), a. Powerful; 
 serviceable. — effectively, adv. — 
 effectiveness, n. 
 
 effectual (ef-fek'tu-al), a. Producing 
 desired results.— effec'tually, adv. 
 
 effectuate (ef-fek'tu-at), vt. Accom- 
 plish. 
 
 Eel. 
 
 1. Wild. 
 
 effeminacy (ef-fem'in-a-si), n. 1. Soft 
 ness or weakness, unbecoming a man. 
 2. Indulgence in unmanly pleasures 
 
 effeminate (ef-fem'in-at). I. a. Wo- 
 manish; unmanly: weak. l\.vt. Un- 
 man; weaken.— effeminately, adv. 
 
 — effem'inateness, n. [L. ex, but r 
 and. femina, woman.] 
 
 effervesce (ef-fer-ves'), vi. Boil up ; 
 
 bubble and hiss; froth up. — effer' 
 
 ves'cent, a. — effervescence, n. 
 
 [Li.— ex, out, and ferveo. boil.] 
 effete (ef-fef), a. Worn out with age; 
 
 sterile. [L.] 
 efficacy (ef'i-ka-si), n. Virtue, energy. 
 
 — efficacious (ef-ti-ka'shus), a. Ef- 
 fectual. — efficaciously, adv. — ef- 
 fica'ciousness, n. [L. efficax.] 
 
 efficient (ef-tish'ent). I. a. Effective. II. 
 n. Cause; prime mover.— effi'cient- 
 ly, adv.— efR'cience, efficiency, 
 n. Power to produce desired results. 
 Syn. Efficacy; energy; virtue; force; 
 potency; effectualness. 
 
 effigy (efi-jil, n. Likeness or figure of 
 a person. [L. fingo, form.] 
 
 effloresce (ef-flo-res'), vi. 1. Blossom 
 forth. 2. Form a whitish crust. [L.] 
 
 effort (ef'urt), n. Application of ener- 
 gy; exertion of force. [L. ex, out, 
 lorth. and/orfcs, strong!'] 
 
 effrontery (ef frunt'er-i), n. Shame- 
 lessness; boldness; impudence. [Fr. 
 — L ex, forth, and frons, forehead.] 
 
 effulgence (ef-ful'.iens), n. Brightness; 
 flood of light. 
 
 effulgent (ef-furjent ). a .Shining 
 forth; splendid. — efful'gently, adv. 
 [Li.— ex, forth, andfulgeo, shine.] 
 
 effuse ( ef-fuz' ). vt. Pour forth, as 
 words. — effusion ( ef-fu'zhun ), n. 
 Pouring out. — effusive (ef-fn'ziv), 
 a. Gusning. — effu'sively, adv. — 
 effu'siveness, n. [efete.] 
 
 eft (eft), n. Small lizard; newt. "LA. S. 
 
 egg (eg ) , n. l. Body laid by female 
 birds, etc. 2. Cell in which an em 
 bryo develops. [A. S.&g.] [edge.] 
 
 egg (eg), vt. (with on). Instigate. [From 
 
 egis, aegis (e'jis), n. Shield. [Gr.] 
 
 ego (e'go or eg'o), n. Self-conscious 
 subject, as contrasted with tne non- 
 ego, or object. [L.] 
 
 egoism ( e'go-izm ), n. 1. Selfishness. 
 2. Subjective idealism. — e goist, n. 
 — e'goistic, a. 
 
 egotism ( e'go-tizm n T eg'- ), n. Fre- 
 quent use of the pronoun 1; self-exal- 
 tation. — egotist, n. — egotis'tic. 
 egotis'tical, a 1 
 
 egregious (e gre'ji-us), a. Prominent 
 (in a bad sense). — egre'giously, 
 adv. — egre'giousness, n. [L. — e. 
 out of, and— grex, flock.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
egress 
 
 168 
 
 electrocute 
 
 Eider-Duck. 
 
 egress (e'gres), n. Going out; depart- 
 ure. [L.— e L out, and gradior, go.] 
 Egyptian (e-jip'shan). I. a. Belonging 
 
 to Egypt. II. n. Native of Egypt. 
 Egyptology (e-jip-tol'o-ji), n. Science 
 
 of Egyptian antiquities.— Egyptol'- 
 
 ogist, n. [slight surprise. 
 
 eft (a or e), interj. Expresses inquiry or 
 eider • duck ( l'der 
 
 duk), n. Kind of 
 
 sea duck, in north 
 
 ern regions, sought 
 
 after for its fine 
 
 down. [leel. cedr.] 
 eight (at). I. a. 
 
 Twice four. II. n. 
 
 Figure (8). [A. S. 
 
 eaht.] _ [ten. 
 
 eighteen (a'ten), a. and n. Eight and 
 eighty (a'ti), a. and n. Eight times ten ; 
 
 four-score. [A. S. eahta, and tig, ten.] 
 either {e'ther or l'ther). I. a. a.ndpron. 
 
 The one or the other; one of two. 
 
 II. conj. Introduces an alternative, as 
 
 in either now or never. [A. S.— roots of 
 
 EACH and WHETHER.] 
 
 ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), vt. Utter with 
 suddenness .— ejaculation, n — 
 ejac'ulatory, a. [L. — e, out, and 
 jacio, throw.] 
 
 eject(e-jekt'), ttf.Cast out; dispossess.— 
 
 ejection, ejectment, ns.— eject'- 
 
 or, n. [Li.— e, out, andjoao, throw.] 
 
 Syn. Drive out; expel; evict; oust. 
 
 eke (ek), vt, Lengthen. [A. S. ecan.] 
 
 elaborate (e-lab'or-at). I. vt. 1. Pro- 
 duce with labor. 2. Improve by suc- 
 cessive operations. II. a. Wrought 
 with labor; highly finished. — elab- 
 orately, adv. — elaborateness, 
 n. — elabora'tion, n. 
 
 elapse (e-laps'), vi. Slip away; pass 
 silently, as time. [See Lapse.] 
 
 elastic (e-ias'tik). I. a. Having a ten- 
 dency to recover the original form; 
 springy II. n. Fabric, containing 
 rubber. — elas' tic ally 9 adv. — elast ic- 
 ity (e-las-tis'i-ti), n. Springiness ; 
 power to recover from depression. 
 [From Gr. elao, drive.] 
 
 elate (e-laf). I. a. Lifted up; exultant. 
 II. vt. Exalt; make proud.— elation, 
 n. Pride. [L.— latus, borne.] 
 
 Syn. Delighted; exalted; overjoyed; 
 puffed up; haughty; transported. 
 
 elbow (el'bo). I n 1. Joint where the 
 arm bends. 2. Sharp turn or bend. 
 II. vt. Push with the elbow; jostle. 
 [A. S. elboga.] 
 
 eld (eld),, n. Old age, antiquity. [A. S, 
 add, from eald, old.] 
 
 elder (el'der), n. Small tree with a 
 spongy pith bearing useful purple 
 berries- [A S ellern.] 
 
 elder (el'der). I. a. Older ; prior in 
 origin. II. n. 1. One who is older; an 
 ancestor; one advanced to office on 
 account of age. 2. One of the officers 
 in the Presbyterian Church. [A. S. 
 yldra, comp. of eald, old. 
 
 elderly (el'der-li), a. Somewhat old; 
 bordering on old age. 
 
 eldorado(el-do-ra'do),/i. 1. Region rich 
 in gold, gems, etc. 2. Dreamland of 
 wealth. [Sp. eZ,the,andd0rad0,golden.] 
 
 elect (e-lekf). I. vt. Choose; select; 
 select by vote. II. a. 1. Chosen. 2. 
 Chosen for an office but not yet in it. 
 III. n. One chosen or set apart. [L. — 
 ex, out, and lego, choose.] 
 
 election (e- lek's hun), n. 1. Act of 
 choosing. 2. Pu blic choice of a per- 
 son for office. 3. Freewill. 4. In theol. 
 Predetermination as object of divine 
 mercy. 
 
 electioneer (e-lek-shun-er'), vi. Can- 
 vass for votes. — electioneering,??,. 
 
 elective (e-lekt'iv), a. Pertaining to< 
 dependent on, or exerting the power 
 of choice. — elect'ively, adv. 
 
 elector (e-lek'tur),w. 1. One who elects. 
 
 2. One who has a vote at an election. 
 
 3. U. S. One elected by popular vote 
 to elect the President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 4. Formerly, one of seven Ger- 
 man princes, who elected the Em- 
 peror. 
 
 electoral (e-lek'tur-al), a. Pertaining 
 to elections or to electors; consisting 
 of electors. [territory of an elector. 
 
 electorate(e-lek'tur-at), n. Dignity or 
 
 electric ( e-lek'trik ), electrical, a. 
 Having the properties of, pertaining 
 to, or produced by electricity.— elec'- 
 trically, adv. [From Gr. elektron, 
 amber, in which electricity was first 
 observed.] 
 
 electrician ( e-lek-trish'yan )," n. 1. 
 One versed in the science of electric- 
 ity. 2. Electrical mechanic. 
 
 electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti), n. 1. Sub- 
 tile force, manifesting itself in vari- 
 ous forms of energy, such as magnet- 
 ism, light, heat, chemical decomposi- 
 tion, Qlc— Statical electricity, produced 
 by friction, and at rest. — Current 
 electricity, produced by battery or 
 dynamo, and dynamical in nature. 
 2. Science which investigates the 
 phenomena and laws of this force. 
 
 electrify (e-lek'tri-fi), vt 1. Communi- 
 cate electricity to. 2. Excite sudden- 
 ly. — electrification, n. [L. elec- 
 trum, and facio, make.] 
 
 electrocute (e-lek'tro-kut), vt. Inflict 
 capital punishment by means of elec- 
 tricity; kill by electrification. [Cont. 
 
 from ELECTRO -EXECUTE.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, iall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, Oivl, then. 
 
electrocution 
 
 169 
 
 elk 
 
 electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku'shun), n. 
 Act of electrocuting. 
 
 electrode (e-lek'trod), n. Either of 
 the two poles (anode and cathode) at 
 the end of an electric current. 
 
 electrodynamics (e-lek-tro-dl-nam'- 
 iks), n. Science of the mutual action 
 of electric cm-rents and of such cur- 
 rents and magnets. 
 
 electrolysis (e-lek-trol'i-sis), n. Pro- 
 cess of cnemical decomposition by 
 electricity. [Gr.— lyo, dissolve.] 
 
 electro-magnet (e-1 e k'tro-mag'- 
 net), n. Horse-shoe shaped bar of 
 soft iron, magnetized by a current of 
 electricity in an insulated wire wound 
 around it. — electro-niag'netism, 
 n. 1. Magnetism developed by a cur- 
 rent of electricity. 2. Science of de- 
 veloping and using it. — electrom'e- 
 ter, n. Instrument for measuring 
 electricity.- electromotor, n. Ma- 
 chine for producing motion by electri- 
 city. — electroplate, vt. Plate with 
 gold, etc., by electrolysis.— electro- 
 scope (e-lek'tro-sk5p), n. Instrument 
 to test the presence, nature and in- 
 tensity of the electric force. [Gr. 
 electron (see electric), and skopein, 
 view] — electrostatics (e-lek'tro- 
 stat'iks), n. Science of electricity in 
 equilibrium. — elec'trotype. I. n. 
 Facsimile plate for printing, made 
 by electroplating. II. vt. Make such 
 plates. 
 
 eleemosynary ( el-e-mos'i-nar-i ), a. 
 Relating to charity or almsgiving. 
 [Gr. eleemosyne, alms— eleos, pity.] 
 
 elegant ( el'e-gant ), a. Graceful and 
 
 refined; richly ornamental. — el'e- 
 
 g-antly, adv.— elegance (el'e-gans), 
 
 el'eganey, n. [Fr.— L. eligo, choose.] 
 
 Syn. Graceful; choice; polished. 
 
 elegiac (e-le'ji-ak), a. 1. Mournful. 2. 
 Used in elegies. — eleglacal (el-e-ji'- 
 a-kal), a. 
 
 elegy (el'e-ji), n. 1. Poem of mourning. 
 2. Funeral song. [Gr. elegos, lament.] 
 
 element (el'e-ment), n. 1. One of the 
 essential parts of anything ; ingre- 
 dient. 2. In chem. One of the simple 
 bodies that have not been decompos- 
 ed. 3. pi. Rudiments of anything; 
 formerly, fire, water, air and earth; 
 forces of nature. 4. Proper sphere of 
 i, thing or being. 5. Bread and wine 
 used at the Communion.— element- 
 al, a.— elementally, adv. [L.] 
 
 elementary (el-e-men'ta-ri), a. 1. Of 
 a single element; primary; uncom- 
 pounded. 2. Pertaining to the ele- 
 ments; treating of first principles. 
 
 elephant (el'e-fant), n. Largest quad- 
 ruped, having a very thick skin, a 
 
 East Indian Elephant. 
 
 trunk, and two ivory tusks. — ele- 
 phantiasis (el-e-f an-ti' a-sis), a. 
 Disease in which 
 the legs become 
 thick. — ele- 
 phantine (ei-e- 
 fan'tin),a. 1. Per- 
 taining to the 
 elephant. 2. Like 
 an eleph ant; 
 very large. [Gr. 
 eleph as — Heb. 
 aleph, ox.] 
 
 elevate ( el'e-vat ), vt. Raise; place 
 higher. [L.— ex, out, and levis, light.] 
 Syn. Lift; hoist; elate; cheer; exalt; 
 promote; animate; dignify. 
 
 elevation (el-e-va'shun), n. Act of 
 raisins, or state of being raised; exal- 
 tation. 2. Height. 3. In arch. Geomet 
 rical view of the side of a building. 
 4. Raising elements of Eucharist 
 after consecration. 
 
 elevator ( el'e-va-tur ), n. 1. Person 
 or thing that lifts up. 2. Contrivance 
 for raising or lowering, persons or 
 goods to or from different floors or 
 levels. 3. Muscle raising apart of the 
 body. 4. Building designed for eleva 
 ting, storing, and loading grain 
 
 eleven (e-lev'n). I a. Ten and one. 
 II. n. Figure (11). [A.S en(d)luf-on~ 
 Goth, ain lif '=one left (over ten).] 
 
 elf (elf), n. Wood spirit ; a dwarf. — 
 pi. Elves (elvz). — elfin,- a. Of or 
 relating to elves.— elf ish, a. Elflike. 
 [A. S. ail/.] [light. [L. elicio. entice. 
 
 elicit (e-lis'it), vt. Draw out; bring to 
 
 elide (e-lid'), vt. Cut out; omit, as a. 
 syllable. [L.— ex, out, and laido, strike.] 
 
 eligible (el'i-ji-bl), a. Fit or worthy 
 to be chosen, legally qualified.— el'- 
 igibleness, eligibil'ity, n. — el'- 
 igibly, adv. [See elect.] 
 
 eliminate (e-lim'in-at), vt. 1. Expel; 
 discharge, throw off. 2. In alg. Cause 
 a quantity or quantities to disappear 
 from an equation [L.—ex, out, and 
 limen, threshold.] 
 
 elision (e-lizh'un), 
 n. Suppression of 
 a vowelor syllable. 
 
 elite(a-let'),7i. Select 
 body; best part. 
 [See Elect.] 
 
 elixir (e-liks'er), n. 
 1. Quintessence. 2. 
 Substance which 
 invigorates, and 
 changes a base 
 metal into a precious one; philosoph- 
 er's stone. 3. Compound tincture. [Ar.] 
 
 elk (elk), n. Largest existing species 
 of the deer family. [A. S. elch.] 
 
 Elk. 
 
 b, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thtn. 
 
ell 
 
 170 
 
 embitter 
 
 ell (el), n. Cloth measure, = 1% yards. 
 [A. S. eln. See Elbow.] 
 
 ellipse (el-lips'), n. Figure produced 
 by the section of a cone by a plane 
 passing through it obliquely. [Gi\] 
 
 ellipsis(el-lip'sis), n. Figure of syntax 
 by which a word or words are left out 
 and implied.— pi. Ellipses (el-iip'sez.) 
 [Gr. ex, out, and leipo, leave.} 
 
 elliptic (el-lip'tik ), elliptical, a. 
 4. Pertaining to an ellipse; oval. 2. 
 Pertaining to ellipsis; having a part 
 understood. — ellip'tically, adv. 
 
 elm (elm), n. Genus of hardy shade- 
 trees, furnishing very tough wood. [A. 
 S.— L. ulmus.] **. 
 
 Elmo's Are ( el'moz fir ), n. Electric 
 ball of light, observed about ^he rig- 
 ging of ships; corposant. 
 
 elocution (el-o-ku'shun), n. A.rt of 
 properly using voice and gestures 
 in delivery. — elocu'tionary, adv. — 
 elocutionist, n. 1. One versed in 
 elocution. 2. Teacher of elocution. 
 [Fr.— L. e, out, and loquor, speak.] 
 
 elog-e (a-16zh'), n. Praise; panegyric. 
 [Fr.] 
 
 Elohim (el'o-him), n. A Hebrew name 
 of God, frequently found in certain 
 parts of the Old Testament, which for 
 this reason are called Elohistic. 
 
 elongate (e-lang'at), vt. Make lon- 
 ger; extend.—' elongation, n. 
 
 elope (e-lop'), vi. Run away; said esp. 
 of a woman who runs away with a 
 lover. — elope'ment, ft. [Dut. ont- 
 loopen—Ger. entlaufen.] 
 
 eloquence(el'o-k\vens),w. 1. Art of fine 
 speaking 2. Persuasive speech. 
 
 eloquent ( el'o-kwent ), a. Speaking 
 with fluency, elegance, and power, 
 persuasive. — el'oquently, adv. [L. 
 eloquens. See elocution.] 
 
 else(els), adv. Further; besides.— else- 
 where (els'hwar), ado. In another 
 place; in other places^ [A. S. elles.] 
 
 elucidate (e-lo'si-dat), vt. Throw 
 light upon; explain; illustrate. — elu- 
 cidation, n.— elu'eidator, n. 
 
 elude (e-16d'), vt. Avoid by stratagem; 
 baffle. [Li.— e, out, and Zwdo,play.] 
 Syn. Evade; foil; frustrate; escape. 
 
 elusion (e-16'zhun), n. Act of eluding; 
 escape by artifice; evasion. 
 
 elusive (e-lo'siv), a. Practicing elu- 
 sion; deceptive.— elu'sively, adv. 
 
 el usury (e-lo'sur-i), a. Tending to 
 elude or cheat, evasive; deceitful. 
 
 Elysian (e-lizh'i-an), a Pertaining to 
 Elysium, exceedingly delightful. 
 
 Elysium ( e-lizh'i-um ), n. In myth. 
 Abode of the blessed after death; de- 
 lightful place. [Gr elysion {pedion), 
 Elysian (plain).] 
 
 emaciate (e-ma'shi-at ), vt. Deprive 
 of flesh; waste. — emaciation, n. 
 [Li.— -macho, make lean.] 
 
 emanate (em'a-nat), vi. Issue.— ema- 
 nation, n. [L.— e, and mano, flow.] 
 Syn. Arise; originate; proceed. 
 
 emancipate ( e-man'si-pat ), vt. Set 
 free from servitude; free from res- 
 traint or bondage.— emancipator, 
 n. — emancipation ( e-man-si-pa'- 
 shun), n. 1. Act of setting free. 2. 
 State of being set free. _ [L.] 
 
 emasculate (e-mas'ku-lat ), vt. De- 
 prive of masculine vigor. — emascu- 
 lation, n. 
 
 embalm (em-bam'), vt. 1. Preserve 
 from decay by aromatic drugs. 2. 
 Perfume. — embalm'cr. embalm'- 
 iiiS'» n - [Fr. See balm.] 
 
 embank (em-bangk' ), vt. Inclose or 
 defend with a bank or dike. — em- 
 bank'ment, n. 1. Act of embank- 
 ing. 2. Bank or mound. [tion. 
 
 embarcation. Same as embarka- 
 
 embarg-o (em-bar'go). I. n. 1. Prohv 
 bition of ships to leave port. 2. Stop- 
 page of trade for a time by authority. 
 3. Restraint, prohibition.— pJ. Einbar'- 
 goes. 11. vt. Lay an embargo on. [Sp.] 
 
 embark (em-bark ; ), vi. and vt. Go or 
 put on board a bark or ship; engage 
 in any affair. — embarka'tion, n. 
 [Fr. barque, barge.] 
 
 embarrass (em-bar'as), vt. 1. Involve 
 fn difficulty. 2. Perplex.— embar- 
 rassment, n. 1. Perplexity, con- 
 fusion. 2. Difficulties in money-mat- 
 ters. [Fr. —embarrasser. Akin to bar.] 
 
 em barren ( em-bar'en ), vt. Make 
 barren. 
 
 embassy (em'bas-i), n. 1. Charge or 
 function of an ambassador. 2. Person 
 or persons sent on an embassy. 3. 
 Official residence of an ambassador. 
 |"L. ambactus—du Gallic word meaning 
 
 embed. Same as Imbed. [servant] 
 
 embelllsn(em-berish),i^. Make beau- 
 tiful; decorate. — embellishes-, n 
 — embellishment, n. 
 
 ember (em'ber), n. Bed-hot coal. — 
 pi. Cinders ; ashes. [A. S. emyrian.] 
 
 ember-days (em'ber-daz), n. pi. Three 
 fast-days in each quarter. ( Wed., 
 Fri., and Sat., after the first Sunday 
 in Lent, after Whit-Sunday, after 
 Sept. 14, and after Dec. 13.) [From 
 A. S. ymb-ryne, circuit.] 
 
 embezzle (em-bez'l), vt. 1. Weaken 
 2. Appropriate fraudulently what has 
 been intrusted.— embezzler, n. 
 — embezzlement, n. [ From Im- 
 becile] 
 
 embitter (em-bit'er), vt. 1. Make bit- 
 ter or more bitter. 2. Exasperate. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bQrn; oil, owl, then. 
 
emblazon 
 
 171 
 
 emolument 
 
 emblazon (em-bia'zn), vt. 1. Deck ia 
 blazing colors. 2. In her. Blazon or 
 adorn with figures. — emblazon- 
 ment, n. — emblazonry, n. 1. Art 
 
 of emblazoning. 2. Devices on 
 shields. 
 emblem (ern'blem), n. Picture sug- 
 
 f;estive of something different from 
 tself.— emblematic, emblemat'- 
 ical, as. Representing. — emblem- 
 atically, adv. [Gv. emblema, inlaid 
 work,-- en, in, and ballo, lay. cast.] 
 
 Syn. Sign; symbol; type; attribute; 
 token; summary; representation. 
 
 embody (em-bodi), vt. and vi. Form 
 into a body ; make corporeal or tan- 
 gible.— embodiment, n. 1. Bodily 
 presentation. 2. Formal expression. 
 3. Collection into an aggregate body. 
 
 embolden (em-bol'dn), vt. Make bold. 
 
 embolism(«->rn'bo-lizm), n. In med. Pre- 
 sence of obstructing clots in a vessel. 
 
 emborder ( em-bai"der ), vt. Border. 
 
 embosom (em-boz'um), vt. 1. Re- 
 ceive into the affections. 2. Inclose; 
 surround. 
 
 emboss (em-bos'), vt. Form bosses or 
 protuberances upon; ornament with 
 raised-work. — emboss'er, n. — em- 
 boss' ment, n. Prominence like a 
 boss; raised-work. 
 
 embouchure ( em-bo-shor' ), n. 1. 
 Mouth of a river, cannon, etc. 2. 
 Mouth-hole of a wind musical instru- 
 ment. 3. Adjustment of the player's 
 mouth to the mouth-hole of the ins- 
 trument. [Fr. bouche, mouth] 
 
 embowel ( em-bow'el ). vt. 1. Bury; 
 embed. 2. Disembowel. 
 
 embrace(em-bras'). I. vt l.Take in the 
 arms. 2. Take willingly; accept. 3. 
 Encircle. II. vi. Join in an embrace. III. 
 n. Fond pressure in the arms. [O. Fr. 
 embracer — L. in, and brachium. arm.] 
 Syn. Clasp; hug; receive; welcome; 
 encompass^ include.; Comprise. 
 
 embrasure (em bra'zhor ), n. 1. In- 
 side enlargement of an opening in a 
 wall. 2. Opening in a wall for can- 
 non. [O. Fr. embraser. chamfer.] 
 
 embrocate (em'bro-kat), vt. Moisten 
 and rub, as a sore with a lotion.— em- 
 broca'tion, n. 1. Act of embrocat- 
 ing. 2. Lotion. [Gr.—en, and brecho, 
 wet.] 
 
 embroider (em-broi'der), vt. 1. Orna- 
 ment with designs in needle-work. 2. 
 Work ornaments in needle-work. — 
 einbroi'derer, n. — einbroi'Uery, 
 n. [O. Fr. —broder, border.] 
 
 embroil (em-broil'), vt. Involve in 
 strife ; entangle. — embroil'ment, 
 n. [Fr. embrouiller—br duller, trouble.] 
 
 embryo ( em'bri-o ),n. 1. Young of an 
 animal in its earliest stages of devel- 
 opment. 2. Part of a seed which forms 
 the future plant. 3. Beginning of any- 
 thing.— pi. Em'bryos.— embryonic, 
 a. In an imperfect state; rudiment- 
 ary. [Gr.=growing in.] 
 
 emendation (em-en-da'shun). n. Re- 
 moval of an error or fault; correc- 
 tion. [See Amend.] 
 
 emerald (em'er-ald), n. 1. Green pre- 
 cious stone. 2. Small printing-type 
 not used in U. S. [O. Fr. esmeralde— 
 Gr. smaragdos.] 
 
 emerge (e-merj'), vi. Rise out of ; is- 
 sue or come forth. — emergence 
 (e-mer'jens), emer'gency, n.l. A.ct 
 of emerging: sudden appearance, a 
 Something not calculated upon. 3. 
 Pressing necessity. — emergent, a. 
 Emergiug; arising unexpectedly; ur- 
 gent. — emer'gently, adv. [L. ex, 
 out of, and mergo, plunge.] 
 
 emeritus (e mer'i-tus), a. Discharged 
 with honor. [L.] [emerging. 
 
 emersion ( e-mer'shun ), n. Act of 
 
 emery (em'er-i), n.Very hard mineral, 
 used for polishing, etc, [O Fr. emeril, 
 — Gr. smeris.] 
 
 emetic (e-met'ik). I. a. Causing vom- 
 iting. II. n. Medicine that causes vom- 
 iting. LGr.] 
 
 emigrant (em'i-grant). I. a. Emigrat- 
 ing or having emigrated. II. n. One 
 who emigrates. 
 
 emigrate (em'i-grat). vi. Remove 
 trom one's native country to another 
 — emigration, n. [L. — e, from, and 
 migro, wander.] 
 
 eminent (em'i-nent), a. Rising above 
 others. — eminently, adv. -emi- 
 nence, n. 1. Height. 2. Distinction 
 3. Title of a cardinal. [L. e, out, and 
 mineo, project.] [tinguished ; famous 
 Syn._ Lofty; conspicious; high; dis 
 
 emir(e'mir), n. Turkish title given 
 esp. to descendants of Mohammed. 
 [Ar. See Ameer.] 
 
 emissary (em'is-sar-i),». One sent on 
 a missiou; spy. [See emit.] 
 
 emission (e-mish'un), n Act of emit- 
 ting; what is issued at one time. 
 
 emissory ( e-mis'or-i ), a. In anat 
 Conveying excretions from the bouy. 
 
 emit (e"-mit'), vt [emit'tinj;; emit'ied.l 
 Send out: throw or give out. [L. e, 
 out, aud mitto, send.] 
 
 emmet (etn'et), n. Ant. [A. S. cemete.] 
 
 emollient (e-mol'yent). I. a. Soften 
 ing, making supple. II. n. In med. 
 Remedy used to soften the tissues. [L.] 
 
 emolument(e-moru-ment), n. Profits 
 arising from employment , as salary, 
 fees and perquisites. [L. molior, toil.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
emotion 
 
 172 
 
 enchant 
 
 emotion (e-mo'shun), n. Excited con- 
 dition of the feelings.— emo'tional, 
 a. Characterized by, or appealing to, 
 emotion. [L. - - e, forth, and moveo, 
 move.] 
 
 Syn. Agitation; feeling; sentimen- 
 tality; excitement; passion. 
 
 empale. See Impale. 
 
 emperor (em'per-ur), n. One ruling 
 an empire. — empress, fern. [Fr. 
 ertvpereiir—Li. imperator, commander.] 
 
 emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. Stress of the 
 voice on particular words or syllables ; 
 impressiveness ; force; weight of 
 thought, —emphasize (em'fa-siz), 
 vt Make emphatic. [Gr.= showing.] 
 
 emphatic (em-fat'ik), emphat'ical, 
 a. Uttered with emphasis; forcible; 
 impressive. — emphatically, adv. 
 
 empire (em'pir), n. 1. Supreme do- 
 minion. 2. Aggregate of territories 
 under the dominion of an emperor. 
 [Fr.— L. imperium, command.] 
 
 empiric (em-nir'ik). I. a. Resting on 
 experiment; known only by experi- 
 ence. II. n. 1. One who makes experi- 
 ments. 2. One whose knowledge is 
 gained from experience only; quack. 
 
 — empirically, adv. [Gr. — en, in, 
 and peira, trial.] 
 
 empiricism (em-pir'i-sizm), n. 1. In 
 phil. System which, rejecting all spe- 
 culation and a priori knowledge, rests 
 solely on experience and induction. 
 2. Dependence oFa physician on his 
 experience alone, without a regular 
 medical education; quackery. 
 
 employ (em-ploi'). I. vt. 1. Give occu- 
 pation to. 2. Occupy the time or atten- 
 tion of. 3. Use. II. n. Employment. 
 
 — employ'er, n. — employe (3m- 
 ploi-a'), employee ( em-ploi-e' ), n. 
 One who works for an employer. — 
 employment ( em-ploi'-ment ), n. 
 1. Act of employing. 2. Occupation. 
 
 emporium (ern-po'ri-um), n. Place of 
 trade; great mart. [Gr. en, in, and 
 poros, way.] [to. 
 
 empower (em-pow'er), vt. Give power 
 
 empress(em'pres), n. Fern, of emperor. 
 
 emptiness ( em'ti-nes ), n. State of 
 being empty; want of substance; un- 
 satisfactorin«ss. 
 
 empty (em'ti). I. a. l.Having nothing 
 in it. 2. Without effect; unsatisfac- 
 tory. 3. Wanting substance. II. vt. 
 [emp'tying; emp'tied.] Deprive of con- 
 tents. III. vi. Become empty; dis- 
 charge the con tents. [A.S. cemtig.] 
 
 empyreal (em-pir'e-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the empyrean. 2. Formed of 
 pure fire or light. [Gr.— en, in, cindpyr, 
 fire.] [heaven. 
 
 empyrean (em-pi-re'an), n. Highest 
 
 Emu. 
 
 emu (e'mu), n._ Australian ostrich. 
 emulate (em'u-lat), 
 
 vt. Strive to equal 
 
 or excel; imitate; 
 
 rival.— emulator, 
 
 re.— emulation, n. 
 
 1. Emulating. 2. 
 Rivalry; contest.— 
 emulative, a. — 
 em'ulous, a. Eager 
 to emulate; engaged 
 in competition or 
 rivalry. — em'ulously, adv. [ Li. 
 eemulor.] 
 
 emulsion(e-mul'shun), n. 1. Mixture 
 of liquids where one is insolubly sus- 
 pended in the other, as butter in 
 milk. 2. Mixture where solid pans 
 are insolubly suspended in a liquid. 
 [Fr.— L. e, and mulgeo, milk.] 
 
 emulsive (e-mui'siv), a. 1. Softening. 
 
 2. Yielding oil by pressure. 3. Yield- 
 ing a milk-like substance. 
 
 en-, prefix. Represents the Greek en, 
 or the Latin in, both signifying put 
 ting irr, changing to, etc. 
 
 enable (en-a'bl), vt. Make able. 
 
 enact (en-akf), vt. 1. Perform. 2. Act 
 the part of. 3. Establish as a law.— 
 enact'ment, n. 1. Passing of a bill 
 into law. 2. That which is enacted. 
 
 enallage (en-ar>-je), n. In gram. Sub- 
 stitution of one case, mood, tense or 
 part of speech for another, as you for 
 thou. fGr.— alios, another.] 
 
 enamel (en-am'el). I. n. Substance 
 like glass, serving as a smooth, hard 
 coating. II. vt. Coat with enamel.— 
 enam'eler, n. JFrom root of melt.] 
 
 enamor (en-am'ur), vt. Inflame with 
 love. [nascent. 
 
 enascent (e^nas'ent), a. Incipient ; 
 
 encag-e (en-kaj'), vt. Shut up in a cage. 
 
 enate (e'nat), a. Growing out. 
 
 en bloc (ong blok), adv. In a lump; 
 as a whole. [Fr.] 
 
 encamp (en-kamp'), vt. and vi. Form 
 or go into camp. — encamp'ment, 
 n. 1. Act of encamping. 2. Place 
 where an army or company is en- 
 camped; a camp. 3. In U. S., meeting 
 of veterans or certain fraternal or- 
 ganizations. 
 
 encaustic (en-kas'tik), n. Method 
 of painting with pigments contain- 
 ing wax. [Gr. en, and kaio, burn.] 
 
 enchain (en-chan'), vt. 1. Putin 
 chains; hold fast. 2. Link together. 
 — encnain'ment, n. 
 
 enchant (en-chant), vt. 1. Act on by 
 sorcery. 2. Charm; delight in a high 
 degree. — enchanter, n.— enchant- 
 ress, n . fern. — enchantment, n. 
 [Fr. enchanter— l^. in, and canto, sing.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
encircle 
 
 173 
 
 engage 
 
 encircle (en-ser'kl), vt.l. Inclose in a 
 circle; embrace. 2. Pass around. 
 
 enclose (eu-kloz'). Same as inclose. 
 
 encomiast (en-ko'mi-ast), n. Praiser. 
 
 enconiiuni ( en-ko'mi-um ), n. High 
 praise.— pi. Enco'miums. [Gr.= song 
 of praise— en, in, and /comos, festivity.] 
 
 encompass (en-kum'pas), vt. Inclose; 
 surround. — encom'nfftssnient, n. 
 
 encore (ang-kor'). I. adv. Again; once 
 more. II. vt. Call for a repetition of. 
 III. n. Call for a repetition. [Fr.] 
 
 encounter (en-kown'ter). I. vt. Meet; 
 oppose. II. n. Meeting; fight [O. Pr. 
 encontrer—~L.in, and contra, against.] 
 
 encourage(en-kur'aj), vt. Inspire with 
 firmness or hope". — eneourage- 
 ment, n. 
 
 Syn . Animate; embolden; endorse; 
 cheer ; support; strengthen; promote; 
 help; incite; instigate; stimulate. 
 
 encroach (en-kroch'), vi. Seize on the 
 rights of others; intrude; trespass.— 
 encroach'er, n. — encroaching- 
 ly, adv.— encroachment, n. [Fr. 
 en, in, and croc, hook.] 
 
 encumber(3n-kum'ber), vt. 1. Impede 
 the action of; embarrass. 2. Load 
 with debts. — encumbrance, n. 1. 
 That which encumbers or hinders. 2. 
 Legal claim on an estate. 
 
 encyclical (en-sik'li-kal), a. Sent 
 round to many persons or places; 
 general. [Qr.—en, in, and kyklos, circle.] 
 
 encyclopaedia, encyclopedia (en- 
 si-klo-pe'di-a), n. See cyclopaedia. 
 
 encysted (eh-sis'ted), a. Inclosed in 
 a cyst or bag. {En, in, and cyst.] 
 
 encyst men t (en-sist'ment), n. Pro- 
 cess by which internal parasites or 
 infusorians become enclosed in bags. 
 
 end (end) I. n. 1. Last point or portion; 
 termination; close. 2. Death. 3. Ob- 
 ject aimed at. 4. Remnant. II. vt. 
 and vi. Finish. _ [A. S.] [danger. 
 
 endanger (en-dan'jer), vt. Place in 
 
 endear (en-der')i vt. Make dear or 
 more dear.— endearment, n. 
 
 endeavor(en-dev'ur).I. vt. and vi. Stri- 
 ve to accomplish; attempt, try. II. n. 
 Exertion; attempt. — endeav'orer, 
 [Fr.— era, and devoir, duty.] 
 
 endemic (en-dem'ik). I. a. Peculiar 
 to a people or district, as a disease or 
 a plant. II. n. Disease of an endemic 
 character. [Gr. — en, in, and demos, 
 people, district.] 
 
 endive (en'div), n. Herb used for 
 salad. [Fr.— L. intibus.] 
 
 endocarp (en'do-karp), n. Inner layer 
 of a ripe ovary, as the stony shell of a 
 cherry seed. [Gr.] 
 
 endoderm(en'do-derm), n. Inner layer 
 of the skin. [Gr.] 
 
 endogen (en'do-jen), n. Plant that 
 grows from within, or by additions to 
 the inside of the stem, as the palm, 
 grasses, etc.— endogenous, a. 
 
 endorse (en-dars'). Same as indorse. 
 
 endow (en-dow'), vt. 1. Give a dowry 
 to; settle an income on. 2. Enrich.— 
 endow'er, n. — endowment, n. 1. 
 Act of endowing. 2. That which is 
 settled on a person or institution. 3. 
 Gift, talent. [Fr. endouer.] 
 
 endurable (en-dur'a-bl), a. That can 
 be endured or borne. — endur'ably, 
 adv. — endur'ableness, n. 
 
 endurance (en-dur'ans), n. 1. State 
 of enduring or bearing. 2. Contin- 
 uance. 3. Suffering patiently without 
 sinking; patience. 
 
 endure (en-durO. I. vt. Remain firm 
 under; bear. II. vi. 1. Remain firm. 
 2. Last. [Fr.— L. duro, last.] 
 Syn. Continue^ hold out; brook. 
 
 endwise ( end'wiz ),adv. 1. End ways; 
 on end ; upright. 2. With the end 
 forward. 
 
 enema (e-ne'maor en'e-ma), n. Injec- 
 tion. [Gr.— £7i,'in, and hiemi x send.] 
 
 enemy (en'e-mi), n. Antagonist; foe. 
 [O. Fr. enemi—Ia. inimicus.] 
 
 energetic ( en-er-jet'ik ), energet'- 
 ical, a. Showing energy ; active; 
 forcible. — energetically, adv. 
 
 energize (eu'er-jiz). I. vi. Act with 
 vigor. II. vt. Give energy to. 
 
 energy (en'er-ji).?i. 1. Inherent power; 
 power of operating. 2. Force of expres- 
 sion. [Gr. en, and ergon, work.] 
 
 Syn. Efficiency; potency; capacity; 
 spirit; resolurionj determination. 
 
 enervate (en'er-vat or e-ner'vat), vt. 
 Deprive of strength, or courage. — 
 enervation (en-er-va'shun), n. 
 
 enfeeble (en-fe'bl), vt. Make feeble; 
 weaken. — enfee'blement, n. 
 
 enfilade (en-fi-lad'). I. n. Line; 
 straight passage. II. vt. Rake with 
 shot the whole length of a line, as a 
 trench. [Fr.— ere, and fit, thread.] 
 
 enforce (en-fors'), vt. 1. Execute vig- 
 orously. 2. Gain by force. 3. Give 
 force to. — enforcement, n. 
 
 enfranchise (en-fran'chiz). vt. Give 
 a franchise or political privileges to. 
 — enfranchisement, n. 
 
 engage (en-gaj') , vt. and vi. 1. Ren- 
 der or become liable; pledge one's 
 word. 2. Gain for service; enlist. 3. 
 Gain over; win. 4. Occupy. 5. Enter 
 into contest with. — engagement. 
 n. 1. Act of engaging. 2. State of 
 being engaged. 3. That which en- 
 gages; promise; employment; fight. 
 — engaging, a. Winning; aitrac- 
 tive.— enga'gingly, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; n5te, not, move, vroXf- 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
engender 
 
 174 
 
 ensue 
 
 Tandem Compound Engine. 
 
 engender (en-jen'der ),?>£. and vi. Be- 
 get; breed; produce. [Fr. engendrer— 
 L. in, and genero, generate.] 
 
 engine (en'- 
 jin),n. 1. De- 
 vice; agent; 
 instrument. 
 2. Compli- 
 cated ma- 
 chine. [Fr. 
 engin — L. ingenium, skill.] 
 
 engineer (en-jin-er').I. n. 1, Engine- 
 maker or manager. 2. One who di- 
 rects military works and engines. 3. 
 One who manages a railway engine 
 or the machinery on a steam- vessel. 
 4. Manager.— Civil-engineer: One who 
 superintends the construction of pub- 
 lic works. II. vt. 1. Direct as an en- 
 gineer. 2. Guide or manage by in- 
 genuity and tact. — engineering, 
 n. 1. Art or profession of an engineer. 
 2. Management of a complicated and 
 difficult scheme. 
 
 English (ing'lish). I. a. Of, derived 
 from or belonging to England or its 
 inhabitants. II. n. .Language or the 
 people of the English race. [A. S. 
 Bnglisc— Angle, the Angles who settled 
 in Britain.] 
 
 engrave (en-grav'), vt. 1. Cut out in 
 wood, steel, etc. 2. Imprint; impress 
 deeply. — engra'ver, R-engra'- 
 ving, n. 1. Cutting out. 2. Plate with 
 incisions. 3. Print from such plate. 
 
 engross (en-gros'), vt. 1. Occupy 
 wholly, monopolize. 2. Make a fair 
 copy of .— engross'er, n. [Fr. en gros, 
 in large.] [absorb. 
 
 e n g u 1 f ( en-gulf ) , vt. Swallow up, 
 
 enhance (en-hans'), »i. Raise; height- 
 en; increase; aggravate. — enhan- 
 cement, n. [O. Fr. en, in, and hauser, 
 raise.] 
 
 enigma (en-ig'ma), n. Hidden mean- 
 ing to be guessed; riddle. [G.—ainos, 
 tale.] 
 
 enigmatic (en-ig-mat'ik), enigmat- 
 ical, a. Obscure ; puzzling. — en- 
 igmatically, adv. 
 
 enjoin (en-join'), vt. Lay upon, as an 
 order or injunction; direct with au- 
 thority. [Fr. enjoindre — L. injungo.] 
 
 enjoy ( en-joi' ), vt. 1. Delight in. 2. 
 Possess or use with joy. — enjoy'- 
 inent, n. [on fire; rouse. 
 
 enkindle (en-kin'dl), vt. Kindle, set 
 
 enlarge (en-larj'), vt. and vi. 1. Make 
 or grow larger. 2. Amplify or spread 
 out discourse. — enlarge'ment, n. 
 1. Act of enlarging. 2. State of being 
 enlarged. 3. Increase; extension. 4. 
 Diffuseness of speech or writing. 5. 
 Setting at large; release. 
 
 enlighten (en-li'tn), vt. 1. Shed light 
 on; make clear to the mind. 2. Im- 
 part knowledge to. — enliaht'ener, 
 n.— enlight'enment, n, 
 
 enlist (en-list'), vt. and vi. 1. Enroil, 
 engage in public service. 2. Employ 
 or engage (in advancing an object).— 
 enlistment, n. 
 
 enliven (en-li'vn), vt. Put life into; 
 make active or cheerful; animate. 
 Syn. Encourage; rouse; quicken. 
 
 enmity (en'mi-ti), n. Unfriendliness: 
 ill-will; hostility. {Fv.inimitii.'] 
 
 ennoble (en-no'bl), vt. 1. Make noble; 
 elevate. 2. Raise to nobility. 
 
 ennui (ang-we'), n. Weariness; disgust 
 from satiety, etc. [Fr. See annoy.] 
 
 enormity (e-nar'mi-ti), n. 1. Sf.ateor 
 quality of being enormous. 2. That 
 which is enormous. 3. Great crime. 
 
 enormous (e-nar'mus),a. 1. Extreme- 
 ly large. 2. Atrocious.— enor'mons- 
 ly, adv. [Li.—e, and norma, rule.] 
 
 Syn. Excessive; huge; immoderate; 
 inordinate; abnormal; monstrous. 
 
 enough (e-nuf). I. a. Sufficient. II. 
 adv. Sufficiently. L A. S. ge-nog.] 
 
 enquire. See inquire. [furious. 
 
 enrage (en-raj'), vt. _Make angry or 
 
 enrapture ( en-rap' tur ), vt. Putin 
 rapture; transport with pleasure. 
 
 enrich (en-rich'), vt. 1. Make rich. 2. 
 Fertilize. 3. Adorn. — enrichment, 
 n. 1. Act of enriching. 2. That which 
 enriches. 
 
 enroll (en-rol'), vt. Insert in a roll or 
 register; enlist;record; leave in writ- 
 ing.— enroll'ment, enrol'meiit,^. 
 
 en route (ang rot'). On the road or 
 way. [Fr.] [tect. 
 
 ensconce (en-skons'), vt. Cover; pro- 
 enshrine (en-shrin'), vt. Inclose in or 
 as in a shrine; preserve with affection. 
 
 enshroud (en-shrowd'), vt. Cover with 
 a shroud; cover up. 
 
 eusiform (en'si-farm), a. Shaped like 
 a sword. [L.— ensis, sword. 1 
 
 ensign (en'sin), n. 1. Special flag dis- 
 tinguishing a nation, a regiment* etc 
 2. Junior subaltern rank of commis- 
 sioned officers in the U. S. Navy. [Fr. 
 enseigne — la. in, on, and s£g7itm,mark.] 
 
 ensile (en'sil), vi. Preserve in a silo. 
 —ensilage (en'sil-aj), n. Mode of 
 storing green fodder, vegetables, etc., 
 in pits (silos), tanks, etc. [Fr.— Sp. 
 silo, pit.] 
 
 enslave (en-slav'), vt. Make a slave of; 
 subject to the influence of.— en- 
 slavement, n. 
 
 ensnare. See Insnare. 
 
 ensue (en-su'), vi. Follow; succeed; 
 result from. [O. Fr. ensuir— L. in, and 
 sequor, follow.] 
 
 Cate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
ensure 
 
 175 
 
 envelope 
 
 2. 1 
 
 3. 
 
 i 
 
 j j I 1 , 
 
 Entablature. 
 
 ensnre (en-shor'), vt. Make sure. 
 entablature 
 
 (en-tab'la-tur), 
 n. Inarch. That 
 part of an or- 
 der which lies 
 above the aba- 
 cus of the col- 
 umn. [From L. 
 tabula, board.] 
 entail (en-tal'). 
 
 1. vt. 1. Cut off 
 an estate from 
 the heirs-gene- 
 ral, and settle 
 
 it on a particular heir or series of 
 heirs. 2. Bring on as an inevitable 
 consequence. II. n. 1. Estate entailed. 
 
 2. Rule of descent of an estate.— en- 
 tailment, n. [Fr. — en, into, and 
 tattler, cut.] 
 
 entangle (en-tang'l), vt. 1. Twist so 
 as not to he easily separated. 2. In- 
 volve in complications; perplex; in- 
 snare. — entanglement, n. 
 
 enter(en'ter), vt. and vi. 1. Go or come 
 in; penetrate. 2. Engage in. 3. Form 
 a part of. 4. Begin. 5. Put into. 6. 
 Enroll; record. [Fr. entrer — L. in- 
 trare.] [ the intestines. [Gr.] 
 
 enterie (en-ter'ik), a. Belonging to 
 
 enteritis (en-te-ri'tis), n. Inflamma- 
 tion of the Intestines. 
 
 enterprise (en' ter-prlz), n. 1. Under- 
 taking. 2. Adventure. 3. Bold spirit. 
 en'terprising, a. Bold in under- 
 taking; adventurous ; aggressive. — 
 enterprisingly, _adv. 
 
 entertain (en-ter-tan') vt. 1. Receive 
 and treat hospitably. 2. Hold the 
 attention of and amuse. 3. Receive 
 and take into consideration. 4. Keep 
 or hold in the mind. — entertain- 
 er, n. — entertaining, a. Amus- 
 ing; diverting. — entertainingly. 
 adv. — entertain'ment, n. 1. Act 
 of entertainment. 2. That which en- 
 tertains. 3. Social; amusement. 
 
 enthrall (en-thral'), vt. Enslave; sub- 
 jugate, captivaie._ 
 
 enthrone (en-throu'), vt. Place on a 
 throne. — entbrone'meut, n. 
 
 enthnse (en-thuz'), vt. and vi. Make 
 or become enthusiastic. — enthu- 
 siasm, ri. Ecstasy of mind. — en- 
 thu'siast,n. One whose mind is filled 
 with zeal .— enthusiastic, enthu- 
 siastlcal, a. Ze al ous ; ardent.— 
 enthusiastically, adv. [Gr. — en, 
 and theos, god.] 
 
 entice (en-tis'), vt. Tempt; lead as- 
 tray.— enti'ceable, a.— enti'cer, n. 
 — enticingly , adv.— enticement, 
 n. [O. Fr. enticer.] 
 
 entire (en-tir'), a. Whole; complete; 
 unbroken. — entirely, adv. — en« 
 tire'ness, n. — entirety (en-tir'ti), 
 n. Completeness; whole. [Fr. entier 
 — L. integer, intact.] 
 
 entitle (en-ti'tl). vt. 1. Give a title to; 
 style. 2. Give a claim or right to. 
 
 entity (en'ti-ti), n. Being; existence; 
 real substance. [L ens, ent-, being.] 
 
 entomb (en-torn'), vt. Place in a tomb; 
 bury.— entombment, n. Burial. 
 
 entomologist ( en-to-mol'o-jist ), n. 
 One learned in entomology. 
 
 entomology (en-to-mol'o-ji), n. 
 Science of insects. — entomologlc, 
 a. [Gr. — entoma, insects, ( — temno, 
 cut), and logos, discourse.] 
 
 Entozoa (en.-io-zo'&),{sing. Entozo'on) 
 n. pi. Animals that live inside of 
 other animals. [Gr. — entos, within, 
 and zoon, animal J 
 
 entrails (en'tralz), n. pi. Bowels. 
 [Fr. entrailles—J. inter, within.] 
 
 entrain (en-tran ). I. vt. 1. Draw or 
 bring on. 2. Put on board a railway 
 train. II. vi. Go on board a train. 
 
 entrance (en' trans), n. 1. Act of en 
 teting. 2. Power or right to enter. 3. 
 Place for entering; door. 4. Beginning. 
 
 entrance (en-trans'), vt. 1. Put into a 
 trance. 2. Fill with rapture. — en- 
 trance' ment,n. [insnare; entangle. 
 
 entrap (en-trap'), vt. Catch in a trap; 
 
 entreat (en-tret'), vt. Ask earnestly. 
 — entreat'y, n. 1. Act of entreating. 
 2. Earnest prayer. [From treat.] 
 
 entree (ang-tra') , n . 1. Entry : freedom 
 of access. 2. Subordinate dish served 
 between principal courses. [Fr.] 
 
 entrench. See intrench. 
 
 entrust. See intrust. 
 
 entry (en'tri), n. 1. Entering. 2. Pas- 
 sage into. 3. Item entered or written. 
 
 ent wine(en-twin') , ai.Twine ; wreathe. 
 
 entwist ( en-twist' ), vt._ Twist round. 
 
 enumerate (e-nu'mer-at), vt. Count; 
 name, -enumeration, w. [L.— e, 
 out. and numero, number.] 
 
 Syn. Number ; reckon ; recapitulate ; 
 calculate; compute; detail; rehearse. 
 
 enunciate (e-nun'si-at or -shi-at), vi. 
 1. State formally 2. Pronounce dis- 
 tinctly. — enun'ciator, n. — enun- 
 ciation, n. — enun'eiative, 
 enun'ciatory, a. Containing enun- 
 ciation; declarative. [L..— e, out, and 
 nuncio, tell.] 
 
 envelop ( en-vel'up ), vt. Roll or fold 
 in; cover by wrapping; surround en- 
 tirely; hide. — envelopment, n. 
 [Fr. envelopper.] 
 
 envelope (en'vel-5p or ong'vel-op), n. 
 That which envelops or covers, esp, 
 the cover of a letter. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not ; move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
envenom 
 
 176 
 
 epsom-salt 
 
 envenom (en-ven'um), vt. Poison; 
 taint with bitterness or malice. 
 
 enviable ( en'vi-a-bl ), a. Capable of 
 exciting envy.— en'viably, adv. 
 
 envious (en'vi-us), a. 1. Feeling envy. 
 2. Directed or prompted by envy.— 
 en'viously, adv.— en'viousness, n. 
 
 environ (en-vl'run), vt. Surround. — 
 environment, n. Surroundings. 
 [Pr.— root of veer.] 
 
 environs (en'vi-runz or en-vi'-), n. jJ. 
 Outskirts of a city; neighborhood. 
 
 envoy (en'voi), n. 1. Messenger. 2. Mi- 
 nister to a foreign government. [Pr. 
 envoye, sent.] 
 
 envy'(eh'vi). I. vt. [en'vying; en'vied.] 
 1. Look upon longingly, and often 
 grudgingly. 2. Hate on account of 
 prosperity. II. n. 1. Pain at the sight 
 of another's good fortune. 2. Wicked 
 desire to supplant one. [Pr. envie — L. 
 in, on, and video, look.] 
 
 Eolian (e-6'li-au), Eolic (e-ol'ik), a. 
 
 1. Belonging to JEolia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 2. Pertaining to JEolus, god of the 
 winds. 3. Played upon by the wind. 
 
 eon (e'on), n. Immeasurable period of 
 time; age. [Gr. aion.] 
 
 epaulet (ep'al-et), n. Fringed shoulder- 
 piece worn" by a military or naval 
 officer. [Pr.— epaule, shoulder.] 
 
 ephemera (ef-em'er-a), n. 1. Genus 
 of short-lived insects; mayfly. 2. A 
 fever of one day's continuance only. 
 — ephem'eral, a. Existing only for 
 a day; daily; short-lived.— ephem'- 
 erid, n. Insect of the family Ephem- 
 eridae; dayfly. [Gr. — epi, for, and 
 hemera, a day.] 
 
 ephod (ef'od), n. Linen surplice of 
 Jewish priests. [Heb.— aphad, put on.] 
 
 epic (ep'ik). I. a. Narrating a great 
 event in an elevated style. II. n. 
 Heroic poem. J[Gr.— epos, word.] 
 
 epicarp (ep'i-karp), n. Outer skin of a 
 fruit, as the plum. [Gr. Jcarpos, fruit.] 
 
 epicene ( ep'i-sen ), a. and n. 1. Com- 
 mon to both sexes. 2. In gram. Of 
 either gender. [Gr. epikoinos—epi, and 
 Tcoinos, common.] 
 
 epicure (ep'i-kur), n. 1. Follower of 
 Epicurus, a Greek philosopher, who 
 taught that pleasure was the chief 
 good. 2. One devoted to the luxuries 
 of tbe table.— epicure'an, a. 
 
 epidemic (ep-i-dem'ik). I. a. Affect- 
 ting a whole people; general. II. n. 
 Disease falling on great numbers.— 
 epidemically, adv . [Gr. — epi, 
 among, and demos, people.] 
 
 epidermis (ep-i-der'mis), n. Cuticle; 
 outer skin. — epider'mi c, epi- 
 dermal, a. [Gr. — epi, upon, and 
 derma, skin.] 
 
 epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is ), n. Cartilag- 
 inous appendage at the root of the 
 tongue that closes the glottis (open- 
 ing of the larynx) when food or drink 
 is swallowed. 
 
 epigram (ep'i-gram), n. 1. Short witty 
 poem on a subject. 2. Any concise, 
 pointed, sarcastic saying. — epi- 
 girammat'ic, epig-rammat'ical, 
 «. 1. Relating to epigrams. 2. Like an 
 epigram; concise and pointed. [Gr] 
 
 epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si), n. Disease of 
 the brain attended bv convulsions and 
 unconsciousness; falling sickness. — 
 epileptic, a. [Gr. epilepsia, seizure.] 
 
 epilogue (ep'i-log), n. Speech or short 
 poem at the end of a play. [Gr. epilo- 
 , gos, conclusion.] 
 
 Epiphany ( e-pif'a-ni ), n. Christian 
 
 festival, celebrated on Jan. 6, in com- 
 
 \ memoration of the appearance of 
 
 \ Christ to the gentiles (the wise men of 
 
 the East). [Gr. epi, and phaino, show.] 
 
 episeopacy(e-pis'ko-pa-si),7i. 1. Gov- 
 ernment of the church by bishops. 2. 
 Rank or office of a bishop. [See bishop] 
 
 episcopal (e-pis'ko-pal), a. 1. Govern- 
 ed by bishops; pertaining to bishops. 
 2. [EJ.] Anglican. — Episcopalian, 
 I. n. One who belongs to the Epis- 
 copal Church. II. a. Pertaining to 
 the Episcopal Church. — epis'co- 
 pally, adv. 
 
 episcopate (e-pis'ko-pat). n. 1. Bishop- 
 ric. 2. Office of a bishop. 3. Order of 
 bishops. 
 
 episode (ep'i-sod), n. Story introduced 
 into a narrative or poem to give va- 
 riety ; interesting incident. [Gr.— 
 epi, upon, eis, into, and hodos, way.] 
 
 epistle (e-pis'l).w. 1. Letter. 2. Euchar- 
 Istic lesson, generally from New Tes- 
 tament epistles, read before the gospel 
 
 epistolary (e-pis'to-lar-i), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to or consisting of letters. 2 
 Suitable to an epistle. 3. In letters. 
 
 epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. Inscription upon 
 a tomb. [Gr. taphos, tomb.] 
 
 epithet (ep'i-thet), n. Adjective ex- 
 pressing some quality. [Gr. epi, on, 
 and tithemi, place.] 
 
 epitome (e-pit'o-me), n. Short sum- 
 mary. [Gr. epi, and temno. cur.] 
 
 epitomize (e-pit'o-miz), vt. Make an 
 epitome of; shorten. 
 
 epizootic ( ep-i-zo-ot'ik ), epizoo&y 
 (ep-i-zo'o-ti) , n. Epidemic among ani- 
 mals. [Gr. epi, on, and zoa, animals] 
 
 epoch (ep'ok or e'-), n. Period or point 
 of time made remarkable by some 
 great event. [Gr. epoche, stop.] 
 Syn. Age; era; division; time. 
 
 epsom-salt (ep'sum-salt). n. Sul- 
 phate of magnesia, a cathartic. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t/iea. 
 
equable 
 
 177 
 
 erosion 
 
 equable (e'kwa-bl), a. Equal and uni- 
 form ; not variable.— equably, adv. 
 — equability, n. [L. cequabilis.] 
 
 equal (e'kwal). I. a. 1. Alike; agreeing. 
 2. Adequate; competent. 3. Just. 4. 
 Uniform.II.n.Onenotinferior or supe- 
 rior. III. vt. Make equal to.— equal- 
 ly, adv. — equality (e-kwol'i-ti), n. 
 [L. cequatis.] 
 
 Syn. Corresponding; even; propor- 
 tionate; invariable; equable; equita- 
 ble; fair; impartial; indifferent. 
 
 equalize (e'kwal-iz), vt. Make equal.— 
 equalization, n._ 
 
 equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. 
 Evenness of mind or temper. [L. — 
 aiquus, equal, and animus, mind.] 
 
 equation (e-kwa'shun), n. 1. In alg. 
 Statement of the equality of two 
 quantities. 2. Reduction to a mean 
 proportion. 
 
 equator (e-kwa'tur), n. In geog. Circle 
 passing round the middle of the globe, 
 and dividing it into two equal parts. 
 2. In astr. Equinoctial. — equato- 
 rial, a. 
 
 equery, equerry (ek'we-ri), n. One 
 who has the charge of horses. [From 
 Fr. ecurie, stable.] 
 
 equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an). I. a. Per- 
 taining to horses or horsemanship; 
 on horseback. II. n. One who rides on 
 horseback. [Having equal angles. 
 
 equiangular (e-kwi-ang'u-lar), a. 
 
 equidistant ( e-kwi-dis'tant ), a. 
 Equally distant (from.) — equiais- 
 tantly, adv. _ Ting all the sides equal. 
 
 equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), a. Hav- 
 
 eqnilibrium ( e-kwl-lib'ri-um ), n. 
 Equipoise ; equality of weight or 
 force; state of rest produced by the 
 counteraction of equal forces. [L. 
 — equus, equal, and libra, balance.] 
 
 equine (e'kwm). I. a. Pertaining to a 
 horse or horses. II. n. Horse. [L. 
 equinus— equus. ] 
 
 equinoctial (e-kwi-nok'shal), I. a. Per- 
 taining to the equinoxes, the time of 
 the equinoxes, or to the regions about 
 the equator. II. n. Circle in the heav- 
 ens corresponding to equator of the 
 earth, so called because when the sun 
 crosses it, days and nights are equal. 
 
 equinox (e'kwi-noks), n. 1. Time 
 when the sun enters one of the equi- 
 noctial points, (first point of Aries, 
 March 21, and the first point of Libra, 
 September 23) , making day and night 
 of equal length. 2. Equinoctial gale. 
 [L.— wquus, equal, and nox, night.] 
 
 equip (e-kwip'), vt. [equip'ping ; 
 equipped']. Fit out. — equipage 
 (ek'wi-paj), n. 1. Furnishings requir- 
 ed for a servicers armor of a soldier, 
 
 etc. 2. Carriage and attendants. — 
 equipment, n. 1. Act of equipping. 
 2. State of being equipped. 3. Things 
 used in equipping. [Fr. iquiper,— root 
 of Ship.] [weight or force; balance. 
 
 equipoise(e'kwi-poiz). n. Equality of 
 
 equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), a. 1. Posses- 
 sing or exhibiting equity. 2. Held or 
 exercised in equity. — eq'uitably, 
 adv. — - eq'uitableness, n. 
 
 equity (ek'wi-ti), n. Impartiality; de- 
 sire to give to each man his due. 2. 
 System of jurisprudence supplement- 
 al of common law. [Fr. equity.] 
 
 equivalent (e-kvviv'a-lent), 1. a. Equal 
 in value, meaning, etc. II. n. Thing 
 equal in value, etc.— equiv'alently, 
 adv. — equivalence, n. 
 
 equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal), a. Meaning 
 two or more things; of doubtful mean- 
 ing ; ambiguous. — equivocally, aeft). 
 — equiv'ocalness, n. [L. cequus, 
 equal, and vox, voice, word.] 
 Syn. Suspicious. See ambiguous. 
 
 equivocate ( e-kwiv'o-kat ), vi. Use 
 equivocal or doubtful words in order 
 to mislead.— equivoca'tion, n. 
 
 Syn. Ambiguity; evasion; prevari- 
 cation; quibbling; subterfuge; shift. 
 
 era (e'ra), n. Period of time marked by 
 a new order of things_. [Late L. rera.] 
 
 eradicate ( e-rad'i-kat ), vt. Pull up 
 by the roots ; destroy.-eradica'tion, 
 n. [L. radix, root.T 
 
 erase (e-ras' ), vt. Rub or scrape out. 
 efface. — era'sable, a. — eraser, n. 
 [L.—e, out, and rado, scrape.] 
 
 erasure (e-ra'zhor), n. 1. Act of eras- 
 ing. 2. Place where something writ- 
 tenhas been rubbed out. [A.S. cer.] 
 
 ere(ar), adv., prep, and conj. Before. 
 
 erect(e-rekt'). I.vt. Set upright; raise; 
 build. II. a. Upright. — erectly, 
 adv.— erect'ness, n. — erec'tion, n. 
 1. Act of erecting or raising. 2. State 
 of being erected ; exaltation. 3. Any- 
 thing erected; building. [L. erectus— 
 e. and rego, rule.] 
 
 eremite (er'e-mlt), n. Hermit. [Gr. 
 eremites— eremos, lonely.] [L.] 
 
 ergo ( er'go ). adv. Therefore; hence. 
 
 ergot (er'got), n. 1. Fungus infecting 
 wheat, rye, etc. 2. Poisonous medicine 
 made from the spawn of the fungus, 
 
 ermine (er'min), n. 
 1. Northern ani- 
 mal of the weasel 
 tribe, valued for 
 its fur. 2. Its white 
 fur, much used for 
 lining of state 
 robes. [Ger. hermelin.] 
 
 erosion (e-ro'zhun), n. Act or opera- 
 tion of eating or wearing away. [L.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
erotic 
 
 178 
 
 essence 
 
 erotic (erot'ik), erotical, a. Per- 
 taining to love. [Gr.] 
 
 err (er), vi. 1. Wander from the right 
 way; go astray. 2. Sin. [Fr. errer— 
 L. erro.\ [mission. [A.S. oerende.] 
 
 errand (er'and), n. Message; eom- 
 
 crrant (er'aht), a. Wandering; rov- 
 itig. [L. err'ans.] 
 
 erratic (er-rat'ik), errat'iCtti, a. 1. 
 Wandering; having no certain course^ 
 •j. Eccentric. 3. Irregular. 
 
 erinium (er-ra'iuni), n. Error in writ- 
 ing or printing.— pi. Errata (er-ra'ta). 
 
 erroneous ( er-ro'ne-us ), a. Wrong; 
 mistaken. — ei'ro'neortslji adv. — 
 erro'neousness, n. 
 
 OB-r«»f (pr'ur). n. 1. Inaccuracy. 2. 
 
 Deviation from the truth. 3. Moral 
 
 offense. 4. Mistake in writing, etc. [L.] 
 
 Syn. Falsity; fallacy; wrong; sin; 
 
 blunder; erratum. 
 
 erst (ersi), adv. First; at first; form- 
 erly. — erstwhile, adv.. Formerly. 
 [ A.S. cerest, snperl. of cer. See ere.] 
 
 eructation ( e-ruk-ta'shun ), n. Bel- 
 ching; throwing out. 
 
 erudite ( er'5-dit ), a. Learned; well 
 read. — erudition (-dish'un), n. [L 
 erudio, free from rudeness; instruct.] 
 
 ernpt(e-rupt'),i>£. and vi. 1. Breakout. 
 2. Throw out, as lava from a volcano. 
 — erup'tion,n. 1. Breaking or burst- 
 ing forth. 2. Breaking out of spots 
 on the skin. — erttpt'lye, a. [Li. — 
 rumpo, break.] 
 
 erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. Inflam- 
 matory disease, generally in the face. 
 [Gr. —erythros, red\ andpe^a, skin.] 
 
 escalade ( es-ka-lad' or es'- ). I. n. 
 Scaling of the walls of a fortress by 
 means of ladders. II. vt. Scale. [Fr.] 
 
 escalator (es'ca-lii-tar), n. Moving 
 stairway. 
 
 escalop (es-kol'up). Same as scallop,. 
 
 escapade (es-ka-pad'), n. 1. Fling or 
 capering of a horse. 2. Wild prank. 
 
 escape ( es-k&p'). 1. vt. and vi. Flee 
 from; pass unobserved; leak out; 
 evade; become safe from danger; re- 
 main unharmed. II. n. 1. Flight. 2. 
 Preservation. 3. Meaus of flight. [O. 
 Fv.escaper—Li. excappa.] 
 
 escapement (es-kap'- 
 ment), n. Part of a 
 time-piece connecting 
 the wheelwork with the 
 pendulum or balance, 
 and allowing a tooth 
 to escape at each vi- 
 bration. 
 
 escnatolog , y(es-ka-toro-ji),«.. In theol. 
 Doctrine of conditions after death. 
 
 esChew(es-cho'), vt. Shun; avoid. [O.F. 
 eschever, cog. with Ger. scheu, shy.] 
 
 Escapement. 
 
 escort (es'kart), n. Guard; protec- 
 tion. [Fr. escorte.] [accompany. 
 
 escort (es-karf), vt. Attend as a guard; 
 
 escritoire ('es-kri-twar'), n. Writing- 
 desk. [O. Fr. escriptoire — L. scribo, 
 write.] 
 
 esculent (es'kii-leut), a. Eatable ; 
 toothsome. [Li.—esca, food— edo, eat.] 
 
 escutcheon ( es-kuch'un), n. Shield 
 On which a coat of arms is represent- 
 ed; family shield. [O. Fr. escusson— 
 Li. scutum, shield.] 
 
 Eskimo, Esquimau (es'ki-mo), n.~ 
 pi. Eskimos, Esquimaux, (es'ki-inoz). 
 One of a tribe inhabiting Greenland 
 and Arctic America. 
 
 esophagus (e-sof'a-gus), n. Passage 
 through which food is carried to the 
 stomach; gullet. [Gr. — oiso, carry, 
 and phago, eat.] 
 
 esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), a. Taught to a 
 select few; secret. —Opposed to exo- 
 teric. — esOter'iCally, adv. [Gr. — 
 eso, within.] 
 
 espalier (es-pal'yer), n. 1. Lattice- 
 work of wood on which to train fruit- 
 trees. 2. Row of trees so trained. [Fr.] 
 
 especial ( es-pesk'al ), a. 1. Special, 
 particular. 2. Principal; distinguish- 
 ed.— especially, adv. 
 
 espionage (es'pi-un-a-j), n. Practice or 
 employment of spies; .secret watch- 
 ing; spying. [Fr.] 
 
 esplanade (es-pla-nad'), n. Open level 
 space for public walks or drives. [Fr. 
 — L. planus, level.] 
 
 espousal (es-pow'zal) ? n. 1. Act of 
 espousing or betrothing. 2. Formal 
 contract Or celebration of marriage; 
 frequently used in the plural. 3. Tak- 
 ing up or adoption. [O. Fr. espousailtes.] 
 
 eSpouSe (es-pouz'), vt. 1. Give in mar- 
 riage: betroth. 2. Take in marriage, 
 wed. 3. Embrace; adopt— eSpoit'- 
 sag-e, n. [O. Fr. espouser— L. spoils-.— 
 vowed.] [cover. [O. Fr. espier.] 
 
 espy (es-pi'), vt. Catch sight of; dis- 
 
 Esquimau (es'ki-mo). See Eskimo. 
 
 es q n i re ( es-kwir' ), n. 1. Grig. 
 Squire or shield-bearer; attendantou 
 a knight. 2. Title of younger sons of 
 noblemen. 3. General title of respect. 
 [O. Fr. escuyer — L. scutum, shield.] 
 
 essay (es'a). 1. n. 1. Trial; experiment. 
 2. Written composition; short disqui- 
 sition. II. vt. (es-sa'). Try; attempt. 
 — essayist (es'a-ist), n. Writer of 
 essays. [Fr. essai—Li. ex, and ago, lead.] 
 
 essence (es'ens), n. 1. Inner distinct- 
 ive nature; true substance. 2. Char- 
 acteristic quality or contents. 3. Ex- 
 tracted Virtues of a drug, 4. Solution 
 of a volatile or essential oil in alcohol. 
 
 i 5. Perfume. [Fr.— L. essentia.'] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, init; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
essential 
 
 179 
 
 euphemism 
 
 essential ( es-sen'shal ). I. a. 1. Re- 
 lating to or containing the essence. 
 
 2. Necessary to the existence of a 
 thing; indispensable. 3. Highly recti- 
 fied ; pure. II. n. 1. Something neces- 
 sary. 2. Fundamental principal. — 
 essentially, adv. 
 
 establish (es-tab'lisb), vt. Settle, fix; 
 ordain: found; set up (in business).— 
 estah'lisher, n.— establishment, 
 n. 1. Act of establishing. 2. That 
 which is established. [O. Fr. establir 
 — L. stabilis, firm.] 
 
 estate (es-iaf), n. 1. Fixed or estab- 
 lished condition. 2. Rank; quality. 
 
 3. Property, esp. in land. 4. Property 
 left at death.— The fourth estate: the 
 press. [O. Fr. estat—L,. status.] 
 
 esteem (es-tem'). I. vt. 1. Value. 2. Set 
 a high value on. II. n. 1. Estimation. 2. 
 Favorable regard. [Fr. estime—cesti?no.[ 
 Syn. Appraise; appreciate; calcu- 
 late; estimate; prize; rate; weigh. 
 
 esthetic. See esthetic. 
 
 estimable (es'tim-a-bl ), a. 1. That 
 can be estimated. 2. Worthy of es- 
 teem. — es'timably, adv. 
 
 estimate (es'tini-ag. I. vt. Judge of 
 the worth of, from imperfect data ; 
 calculate. II. n. Valuing in the mind 
 without actual measuring or figur- 
 ing. ["Li. cestirno.] 
 
 estimation (es-tim-a'shun), n. 1. Es- 
 timating. 2- Reckoning of value; 
 opinion. 3. Esteem; honor. 
 
 estop (es-top'), vt. Bar by estoppel.— 
 estoppel, n. Undeniable admission. 
 
 estrange (es-tranj'), vt. 1. Make 
 strange, alienate. 2. Divert from its 
 original use or possessor. — es- 
 trangement, n. [O. Fr. estranger, 
 from root of strange.] 
 
 estray (es-tra'), n. Stray or unclaimed 
 domestic animal. [Fr. estraie.] 
 
 estuary (es'tu-ar-i), n. Passage where 
 the tide meets the current, as in the 
 mouth of a tidal river. [L. cestuo, boil 
 up, suree.] 
 
 gtagere (a-ta-zhar'), n. Case of shelves; 
 what-not. [Ft— Stage, story.] 
 
 et cetera ( et sefe-ra ). And other 
 tilings; and so forth.' [L.] 
 
 etch (ech), vt. and vi. Make designs 
 on metal, glass, etc., by eating out 
 lines with acid.— etching, n. 1. En- 
 graving by acid. 'I. Design produced 
 by acid. 3. Impression from an 
 etched plate. [Ger. atzen—essen, eat.] 
 
 eternal (e-ter'nal). I. a. Without begin : 
 
 ning or end. II. n. £cap.) God.— eter'- 
 
 nally, adv. [Fr. eterhel—L,. ceternus.] 
 
 Syn. Everlasting; endless; infinite; 
 
 interminable; perpetual; immortal. 
 
 eternity ( e-ter'ni-ti ), n. 1. Eternal 
 
 duration. 2. State of time after death. 
 
 ether (e'ther), n. 1. Clear, upper air. 
 2. Subtile medium supposed to fill all 
 space. 3. Light, volatile, inflamma- 
 ble fluid, used as an anesthetic and as 
 a solvent of fats. [Gr.] 
 
 ethereal ( S-the're-al ), a. Consisting 
 of etuer; heavenly; extremely deli- 
 cate ; over-refined. — ethe'really, 
 adv.— ethe realize, vt. 1. Convert 
 into ether. 2. Render spirit-like. 
 
 etherize(e'ther-Iz), vt. 1. Convert into 
 ether. 2. Make insensible by ether. 
 
 ethic (eth'ik), ethical (eth'ik-al), a. 
 Relating to morals or duty. — eth'- 
 ically, adv. [Gr.— ethos, custom.] 
 
 ethics (eth'iks), n._ Science of duty. 
 
 Ethiopian (e-thi-o'pi-an ), Ethiopic 
 (e-thi-op'ik), a. ' Pertaining to Ethio- 
 pia, countries south or Egypt. [Gr. 
 Aithiopos, sunburnt — aitho, burn, and 
 ops, face.] 
 
 ethnic (eth'nik), eth'nical, a. Relat- 
 ing to races or nations. [Gr. ethos, 
 nation.] [of races. 
 
 ethnology (eth-nol'o-ji), n. Science 
 
 eti<|uette(et-i-ket'), n. Forms of cere- 
 mony or decorum. [Fr. See ticket.] 
 
 etymon (et'i-mon), n. 1. Original ele- 
 ment, root of a word. 2. Original 
 meaning of a word. [Gr.] 
 
 etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), n. 1. Sci- 
 ence of the origin and history of 
 words. 2. History of a word. 3. Part 
 of grammar x*elating to inflection.— 
 etymoJog'ical, a. — etymolog'ie- 
 ally, adv._ [Gr.] 
 
 eucharist (u'ka-rist), n. 1. Sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper. 2. Consecrated 
 elements of it. — e uchar i st' i c, 
 eucharist ical, a. [Gr. eucharistia, 
 thanksgiving.] 
 
 euchre(u'ker). I. n. 1. Gameatcards. 2. 
 Act of euchring. II. vt. 1. Make three 
 tricks against the trump-hand in 
 eucnre. 2_. Get the advantage of. 
 
 eulogist (u'lo-jist), n. One wno extols 
 another. — eulogist'ic, a. Fuil of 
 praise. — eulogist'ically, adv. 
 
 eulogium (u-lo'ji-um), eulogy (u'lo- 
 ji), n. Speech or writing in praise. 
 [Gr. eu, well, and logos, speaking.] 
 
 Syn. Commendation; praise; pane- 
 gyric; encomium; honor; applause. 
 
 eulogize (u'lo-jiz), vt. Speak well of. 
 
 eunuch (u'nuk), n. Oriental chamber- 
 lain. [Gr. eunouchos—eune, couch, and 
 echo, have charge of.] 
 
 euphemism (u'le-mizm), n. Figure in 
 which a delicate wora or expression 
 is subsiituted for an offensive one.— 
 enphemis'tic, a. [Gr. — eu, weli. 
 and i>hemi, speak.] 
 
 i»tc, :*t, task, far, tall, fare, above; rnfe 
 mute. hut. b~- 
 
 inic ; note, not, caovo, wq]£; 
 
euphonic 
 
 180 
 
 est 
 
 euphonic (u-fon'ik), euphonious, 
 
 (u-fo'ni-us), a. Pertaining to euphony ; 
 agreeable in sound. - euphonious- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 euphony (u'fo-ni), n. 1. Agreeable 
 sound. 2. Pleasing, easy pronuncia- 
 tion. [Gr. eu_, well, and phone, sound.] 
 
 eureka (u-re'ka), interj. Expression 
 of triumph at a discovery. [Gr. = I 
 have found (it).] 
 
 European (ii-ro-pe'an). I. a. Belong- 
 ing to Europe. II. n. Native or 
 inhabitants of Europe. 
 
 euthanasia (u-tha-na'zi-a), n. Easy, 
 tranquil or painless death. [Gr.] 
 
 evacuate (e-vaK'u-at), vt. 1. Empty; 
 discharge. 2. Withdraw from. — eva- 
 cuation, n. [Li.— vacuo, empty.] 
 
 evade(e-vad'),«£. Escape artfully; avoid 
 cunningly. [L.— e, out, and v ado, go.] 
 
 evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent ), a. Fleet- 
 ing ; imperceptibie.-evanes'cently , 
 adw.-evanes'cenee, n. [See vanish.] 
 
 evangel ( e-van'jel ), n. Good news, 
 esp. the gospei. — evangelic, evan- 
 gelical, a. 1. Contained in the gos- 
 pels, or four first books of the New 
 Testament. 2. According to the gos- 
 pel. 3. Fervent and devout.— evan'- 
 gelist, n. 1. One of the four writers 
 of the gospels. 2. Itinerant reviva- 
 list. [Gr.— eu and angello.] 
 
 evaporate (e-vap'o-rat). I. vi. Fly off 
 in vapor; pass into an invisible state. 
 II. vt. Convert into steam or gas.— 
 evaporation, n. 
 
 evasion (e-va'zhun), n. 1. Attempt to 
 escape the force of an argument or 
 accusation. 2. Excuse. 
 
 evasive ( e-va'siv), a. That seeks to 
 evade; not straightforward ;shuffling. 
 — ev_a'sively,a^. — eva'siveness.a. 
 
 eve (ev), even (e'vn), n. 1. Evening. 
 2. Night before a day of note. 3. 
 Time just preceding a great event. 
 [A. S. eefen.] 
 
 even (e'vn). I. a. 1. Equal; level; uni- 
 form; parallel; equal on both sides. 
 2. Not odd; able to be divided by 2 
 without a remainder. II. adv. Expres- 
 ses that something is contrary to ex- 
 pectation, or greater than one would 
 think, etc. — e'venly, adv. — e'ven- 
 ness, n. Ill, vt. Make alike, level or 
 smooth. [A. S. efen.] 
 
 evening- ( ev'ning ), n. Close of the 
 daytime. [A. S. cefenung.] 
 
 event(e- vent'), n. That which happens. — 
 svent'ful, a. [L.—e. and venio, come.] 
 Syn. Incident; occurrence; circum- 
 stance; consequence; result; issue. 
 
 eventide (e'vn-tid), n. Evening. 
 
 eventual (e-vent'u-al), a. 1. Happen- 
 ing as a consequence; ultimate, final. 
 
 2. Contingent upon a future event; 
 possible. — e ven t'ually, adv.— 
 eventuality, n. That which eventu- 
 ates or happens; contingent result. 
 
 ever (ev'er), adv. 1. Always; eternally; 
 2. At any time; in any degree. [A.S.] 
 
 evergreen (ev'er-gren). I. a. Always 
 green. II. n. Evergreen plant. 
 
 everlasting ( ev-er-las'ting ), a. End- 
 less; eternal.— everlastingly, adv, 
 — everlast'ingness, n. 
 
 Syn. Incessant; continual; unceas- 
 ing. See ETERNAL. . 
 
 evermore (ev-er-mor'), adv. Eternally. 
 
 every (ev'er-i), a. 1. Each one of a 
 number; all taken separately. 2. Each 
 possible. [A. S. oifre, ever, and ale, 
 each.] [every place, 
 
 everywhere ( ev'er-i-hwar ), adv. In 
 
 evict (e-vikf), vt. Dispossess bylaw; 
 expel from. — evic'tion, n. [L. — 
 evinco, overcome.] 
 
 evidence (ev'i-dens). I. n. That which 
 makes evident; proof; testimony. II. 
 vt. Render evident; prove, 
 
 evident (ev'i-dent), a. That can be 
 seen ; clear to the mind ; obvious. — 
 ev'idently, adv. [L. e, out, and video, 
 see.] 
 
 evidential (ev-1-den'shal), a. Furnish- 
 ing evidence; tending to prove. — ev- 
 identially, adv. 
 
 evil (e'vl), 1. a. Wicked; mischievous; 
 unfortunate. II. adv. In an evil man- 
 ner; badly. III. n. That which pro- 
 duces unhappiness or calamity; mis- 
 fortune; harm; wickedness; deprav- 
 ity. [A. S. yfel.] 
 
 evil-eye (e'vl-i), n. Supposed power 
 to do harm by the look of the eye. 
 
 evince (e-vins'), vt. Prove beyond 
 doubt; show clearly; show. [L. e, out, 
 and vinco, overcome.] 
 
 eviscerate (e-vis'er-at), vt. Tear out 
 the bowels. — eviscera'tion, n. — 
 [L.— e, out, and viscera, bowels.] 
 
 evoke (e-vok'), •itf.Call out; draw forth; 
 bring forth. [L. e, out, and voco, call.] 
 
 evolution (ev-o-16'shun) n. 1. Act of 
 unfolding or unrolling ; development. 
 2. Doctrine of derivation, as opposed 
 to creation. [Fr. See evolve.] 
 
 evolve (e-volv'), vt. and vi. Unroll; 
 disclose; develop. [L. e, out, and volvo, 
 roll.] 
 
 ewe (u), n. Female sheep. [A. S. eowu.] 
 
 ewer (u'er), n. Large jug to hold 
 water. [O. Fr. euivier — L. aquarium.] 
 
 ex (eks). Prefix. Out of; out; proceed- 
 ing from; off; beyond. Ex- prefixed 
 to names of office denotes that a per- 
 son has held, but no longer holds.that 
 office; as, ex-minister. [L. and Gr.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
exact 
 
 1R1 
 
 exclusive 
 
 exact (egz-akf). I. a. Precise; careful; 
 punctual ; true; demonstrable. II. 
 vt. Compel full payment of ; demand 
 urgently.— exacting, p. and a. De- 
 manding too much.— exaction, n. 
 —exactly, adv.— exactness, n. [L. 
 —exigo, carry out. measure.] 
 
 Syn. Accurate; correct; just; nice; 
 particular; reliable; methodical. 
 
 exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at).^. Magnify 
 unduly; overstat e. — exaggera- 
 tion, n. [L,.— agger, boa p.] 
 
 exalt(egz-aii')> vt. 1. Raise high. 2. Elate 
 with the "joy of success. 3. Praise. 4. 
 In chern. Refine; subtilize, exafita'- 
 tioia, n. [Li. — ex, and alius, high.] 
 
 examine (egz-am'in), vt. Inspect care- 
 fully; question.— examination, n. 
 [Li. exagmen, tongue of a balance.] 
 
 Syn. Exploration; inquiry; inquisi- 
 tion; inspection; interrogation; test; 
 investigation ; search ; research ; prob- 
 ing; scrutiny; trial; assay. 
 
 example (egz-am'pl), n. 1. Specimen; 
 illustration of a rule, etc. 2. Person 
 or thing to be imitated or avoided; 
 pattern. 3. Warning. 4. Precedent. 
 [Fr.— L. exemplum — ex, out, and emo, 
 take.] 
 
 exasperate (egz-as'per-at), vt. Make 
 very angry.— exasperation, n. [D. 
 asper, rough.] 
 
 excavate (eks'ka-vat), vt. Hollow or 
 scoop out. — excava'tioxt, n. — ex'- 
 cavator. n. 
 
 exceed (ek-sed'), vt. Go beyond the 
 limit or measure of; surpass, excel.— 
 exceedingly, adv. Very much; 
 greatly. [L. ex, beyond, and cedo, go.] 
 
 excel (ek-sel'). I. vt. Surpass, II. vi. 
 [excelling; excelled.] Have good 
 qualities m a high degree ; perform 
 very meritorious actions; be superior. 
 — ex'cellenee, ex'cellency, n. 1. 
 Great merit; excellent quality; great- 
 ness. 2. Title of honor given to per- 
 sons high in rank or office, —excel- 
 lent (ek'sel-ent), a. Of great virtue 
 or work; superior. — ex'cellently, 
 adv. [L.— ex, out, and cello, urge.] 
 
 excelsior (ek-sel'si-ur). I. a. Highar; 
 loftier. II. n. Kind of packing; wood- 
 wool. [Li.] 
 
 except (ek-sepf). I. -vt. Take or leave 
 out; exclude. II. vi. Object. III. prep. 
 Leaving out; excluding; but. — ex- 
 ception, n. — exceptionable, a. 
 Objectionable. — exceptional (ek- 
 sep'shun-al). a. Forming an excep- 
 tion; uncommon; superior; peculiar. 
 [Li.— ex, and capio, take.] 
 
 excerpt (ek-serpf), n. Passage copied 
 from a book ; extract. [Li.—ex, and 
 carpo, pick.] 
 
 excess (ek-ses'), n. 1. Going beyond 
 what is usual or proper; intemper 
 ance. 2. That which exceeds. 3. De- 
 gree by which one thing exceeds an- 
 other. —excessive, a. Immoderate; 
 violent.— excessively, adv. — ex- 
 cesslveness, n. 
 
 exchange (eks-chanj'). I. vt. 1. Give, 
 in return for some equivalent or sub- 
 stitute. 2. Give and receive recipro- 
 cally; interchange. II. n. 1. Act oi 
 giving one thing for another; barter. 
 2. Thing given in return for some- 
 thing received. 3. Receiving or |pay- 
 ing of money in one place, for an 
 equal sum in another, by order, draft, 
 or bill of exchange. 4. Bill drawn for 
 money; bill of exchange. 5- Place 
 where merchants, brokers, and bank- 
 ers meet to transact business (often 
 contracted into 'Change ).— ex- 
 changeable ( eks-chanj'a-bl ), a.— 
 exchangeability, n. [See change.] 
 
 exchequer (eks-chek'er), n. 1. In En- 
 gland, superior court of law. 2. 
 Treasury; finances. [O.Fr.=checkered 
 (cloth).] 
 
 excise (ek-siz'). I. n. Tax on certain 
 home commodities and on licenses for 
 certain trades; specifically, liquor tax. 
 II. vt. 1. Subject to excise duty. 2. 
 Cutout; cutoff. [L.— ex and co&do, cut.] 
 
 excision ( ek-siztr'tm ), n. 1. Cutting 
 out or on; extirpation. 2. Excom- 
 munication. 
 
 excitable (elc-si''a-bl), a. Capable of 
 b-ing excited.— excitability, n. 
 
 excitant (ek-sitant L ), n. Stimulant. 
 
 excitation (eu-si-ta'shun), n. Act of 
 exciting; piitting in motion. 
 
 excite (ek-sif), vt. Call into activity; 
 stir up; rouse; irritate.— exci'ter, n. 
 
 — excite'ment, n. [L. ex, out, and 
 cito, rouse.] 
 
 exclaim (eks-klam'), vi. and vt. Cry 
 out; utter or speak vehemently. [L.. 
 
 — ex, out, and clamo, shout.] 
 exclamation (eks-kla-ma'»hun), n. 1. 
 
 Vehement uttei'ance; outcry. 2. Ut- 
 tered expression of surprise, and the 
 like. 3. Mark expressing this (!) 
 
 exclamatory ( eks-klam'a-to-rl)» «. 
 Containing, expressing exclamation. 
 
 exclude (eks-klod'), vt. Shut out; 
 thrust out; hinder from entrance or 
 participation; except. [L. — ex, and 
 claudo, shut.] 
 
 exclusion (eks-klo'zhun), n. Shutting 
 or putting out; ejection; exception. 
 
 exclusive (eks-klo'siv), a. 1. Abie or 
 tending to exclude. 2. Excluding 
 from consideration.— exclusively, 
 adv.— exclu'siveness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
excommunicate 
 
 182 
 
 exhibit 
 
 excommunicate ( eks-kommu'ni- 
 kat), vt. Expel from the communion 
 of the church. — excoimuunica'- 
 tion, n. 
 
 excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), vt. Strip the 
 skin from. [L. — corium, skin.] 
 
 excrement (eks'kre-meiit), n. Matter 
 discharged from the animal system; 
 dung. [h.—excerno, separate.] 
 
 excrescence (eks-kreb'eiis), n. That 
 whien grows out unnaturally; wart, 
 tumor; superfluous part. — excres- 
 cent (eks-kres'ent), a. [L. — cresco.] 
 
 excrete (eks-kret'), v t. Discharge ; 
 eject. — excre'tioh, n. 1. Act of ex- 
 creting. 2. That which is excreted. 
 
 excruciate (eks-kro'shi-at), vt. Tor- 
 ture; rack.— excruciation, n. [L. 
 —crux, cross.] 
 
 exculpate ( eks-kul'pat ) , vt. Clear 
 from a charge; acquit. — exculpa'- 
 tion, n. — exculpatory, a. [L.. — 
 culpa, guilt.] 
 
 excursion (eks-kur'shun),ft. 1. Trip 
 for pleasure or health. 2. Wandering 
 from the main subject. — excur- 
 sionist, n. — excursive, a. Ram- 
 bling. — excursively, adv. — ex- 
 cur'siveness, n. [L. — curro, run.] 
 
 excusatory (eks-ku'za-to-ri), a. Mak- 
 ing or containing excuse. 
 
 excuse (eks-kuz'). I. vt. 1. Free from 
 blame, guilt or obligation. 2. Make an 
 apology, or ask pardon, for. II. n. 
 (eks-kus') 1. Plea offered in extenu- 
 ation of a fault. 2. Reason for being 
 excused. [L. —ex, and causor, plead.] 
 Syn. Forgive; pardon; justify; tol- 
 erate; overlook. See exonerate. 
 
 execrable (eks'e-kra-bl), a. Deserving 
 execration; detestable; accursed. — 
 ex'ecrably, adv. _ 
 
 execrate (eks'e-krat), vt. Curse ; de- 
 nounce evil against; detest utterly. — 
 execra'tion, n. 1. Act of execrating. 
 2. Curse. 3. That which is execrated. 
 [L. — ex, and sacer, sacred.] 
 
 execute (eks'e-kut), vt. 1. Perform; 
 give effect to. 2. Sign and deliver, as 
 
 " a lease. 3. Put to death by law. — 
 ex'ecuter, n. [Fr. executer — Lt. ex, 
 and sequor, follow.]_ 
 
 execution (eks-e-ku'shun), n. 1. Ex- 
 ecuting ; accomplishment; completion. 
 2. Carrying into effect the sentence of 
 a court of law. 4. Putting to death by 
 law; destruction. 5. Warrant for so 
 doing. — executioner ( eks-e-ku'- 
 shun-er), n. One who inflicts capital 
 punishment. 
 
 executive (egz-ek'ii-tiv), I. a. Having 
 the quality or function of executing. 
 II. n. Officer or body, charged with 
 the execution of the laws. 
 
 executor ( egz-ek'u-tur ), n. 1. One 
 who executes or performs ; doer. 2. 
 Person appointed by a testator to ex- 
 ecute his will. — exec'utory, a. 1. 
 Executing official duties. 2. Designed 
 to be carried into effect. 
 
 executrix ( egz-ek'u-triks ), execu- 
 tress ( egz-ek'u-tres ), n. Female ex- 
 ecutor. 
 
 exeg-esis (eks-e-je'sis), n. Science of 
 interpretation, esp. of the scriptures. 
 [Or.] 
 
 exeg-etic (eks-e-jet'ik), exeg-et'ical, 
 a. Pertaining to exegesis; explana- 
 tory.— exeg-et'ically, adv. 
 
 exemplar ( egz-em'plar), n. Model; 
 original; pattern to be copied or imi- 
 tated.— exem'plary, a. Worthy of 
 imitation; commendable. 
 
 exemplify (egz-em'pli-fi), vt. 1. Illus- 
 trate by example. 2. Make an attest- 
 ed copy of. 3. Prove by an attested 
 copy.— exemplifica'tion, n. [D.— 
 exemplum, and facio, make.] 
 
 exempt (egz-emf). I. vt. Free; grant 
 immunity from. II. a. Taken out,; 
 not liable to; released. — exemp'- 
 tion, n. [Fr. — L. ecc ± and emo, take.] 
 
 exequatur (eks-e-kwa'tur), n. 1. Offi- 
 cial recognition of a consul by the for- 
 eign government. 2. Official approval. 
 
 exequies (eks'e-kwiz), n. pi. Funeral 
 procession; ceremonies of burial. [L..] 
 
 exercise(eks'er-siz). I. n. 1. Putting in 
 practice. 2. Exertion for health or 
 amusement. 3. Performance of a 
 ceremony or formal service. 4. Dis- 
 cipline. 5. Lesson, task. II. vt. 1. Traiu 
 by use; improve by practice. 2. Af- 
 flict. III. vi. Take exercise; practice. 
 [L.— ex, and arceo, drive.] 
 
 exert (egz-ert'),i;<. 1. Bring into active 
 operation. 2. Do, perform. — exer'- 
 tion, n. [Li.-ex, and sero, put together.] 
 
 exeunt (eks'e-unt). They go out. [L.l 
 
 exhalation ('eks - ha - la'shun ), n. 1- 
 Act or process of exhaling. 2. That 
 which is exhaled ; vapor; steam. 
 
 exhale (eks-hal')^ vt. Emit or send 
 out as vapor; evaporate. [Fr. ex- 
 Tialer — L. ex, out, and halo, breathe.] 
 
 exhaust (egz-asf), vt. 1. Draw out 
 the whole of." 2. Use the whole 
 strength of; tire out. 3. Treat of or 
 develop completely. — exhaus'tion, 
 n. 1. Act of exhausting or consum- 
 ing. 2. State of being exhausted; 
 extreme fatigue. — exhaustive, a. 
 Tending to exhaust; bringing out all 
 the points. — exhaust'less, a. That 
 cannot be exhausted. [L. ex, ot*t, 
 and haurio, draw.] 
 
 exhibit (egz-ib'it), vt. Show; present 
 to view. — exhib'iter, exhib'itor. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
exhilarant 
 
 183 
 
 expedite 
 
 ». — exhibition (eks-hi-bish'un), n. 
 
 1. Presentation to view; display. 2. 
 Public show, esp. of works of art, 
 manufactures, etc. 3. That which is 
 exhibited. [L. ex, out, and habeo, hold.] 
 
 gxhilarant (egz-il'a-rant), a. Exhil- 
 arating; exciting mirth or pleasure. 
 
 exhilarate ( egz-il'a-rat ), vt. Make 
 merry; enliven; cheer — exhilara- 
 tion, n. [L. hilaris, cheerful.] 
 
 exhort (egz-arf), vt. Urge strongly 
 to good deeds, esp. by words or ad- 
 vice.— exhorta'tion, n. [L. ex, and 
 hortor, urge.] 
 
 exhume (eks-hum'), vt. Disinter.— 
 exhumation, n. [L. ex, and humus, 
 ground.] 
 
 exigent ( eks'i-jent ), a. Demanding 
 immediate attention or action.— exi- 
 gence (eks'i-jens), ex'tg^ncy, ns. 
 Pressing necessity. [L.— ex, and ago, 
 drive.] [crisis; urgency; pressure. 
 Syn. Distress; emergency; demand; 
 
 exiguous (eg-zig'u-us), a. Small, 
 slender. [L.=measured.] 
 
 exile (eks'il ). I. n. 1. Banishment; 
 state of being expelled from one's 
 native country. 2. Separation from 
 one's country and friends by distress 
 or necessity. 3. Person banished or 
 separated from his country. II. vt. 
 Banish from a country. [L.— ex, and 
 solum, soil.] 
 
 exist (egz-isf), vi. Have an actual 
 being; live; continue to be. — exist'- 
 ence, n. 1. State of being; contin- 
 ued being; life. 2. Anything that 
 exists; a being. — exist 'en t, a. 
 Having existence, [lu.—ex, and sisto, 
 stand.] 
 
 exit (eks'it), n. 1. Leaving the stage. 
 
 2. Any departure; death. 3. Passage 
 out. [L. = goes out.] 
 
 exodus (eks'o-dus), n. Going out; de- 
 parture, esp. of the Israelites from 
 Egypt. [Gr.] [of the office. [L.] 
 
 ex officio ( eks-of-fisb'i-o ). By virtue 
 
 exogen(eks'o-jen), n. Plant increasing 
 by layers growing on the outside of 
 the wood. — exogenous, a. [Gr.] 
 
 exonerate (egz-on'er-at), vt. Relieve 
 of, as a charge or responsibility.— ex- 
 oneration, n.— exonerative, a. 
 [L.— ex, and onero, load.] [absolve. 
 Syn. Exculpate; acquit; vindicate; 
 
 exorbitant (egz-ar'bi-tant), a. Going 
 beyond t tie usual limit; excessive.— 
 exorbitantly, a d v. — exorbi- 
 tance, n. [Fi'.— L. ex, and orbis, circle.] 
 
 ex'orcise (eks'ar-siz), vt. 1. Cast out 
 a devil by conjuration, 2. Deliver 
 from the influence of an evil spirit. 
 ex'orciscr, n. — exorcism (eks'ar- 
 sizm), ii. [Gr. — ex, andhorkos, oatii.] 
 
 exordium ( egz-ar'di-um ), n. Intro- 
 ductory part of a discourse or compo- 
 sition. [L.— ex, and ordior, begin.] 
 
 exoteric (eks-q-ter'ik), exoler'ical, 
 a. External; public— Opposed to eso- 
 teric. [Gr.] 
 
 exotic ( egz-ot'ik ). I. a. Introduced 
 from a foreign country.— Opposite of 
 indigenous. IL n. Anything of foreign 
 origin. [Gv.—exo, outward.] 
 
 expand (eks-pand'). I. vt. Spread out, 
 open or lay open ; enlarge in bulk or 
 surface. II. vi. Become opened; en- 
 large. [L.— ex, and pando, spread.] 
 
 expanse ( eks-pans' ), n. 1. Wide ex- 
 tent. 2. Firmament. 
 
 expansible (eks pan'si-bl), a. Capa- 
 ble of being extended.— expansibil- 
 ity, n.— expau'sibly, aav. 
 
 expansion (eks-pan'shun), n. 1. En- 
 largement. 2. That which is expand- 
 ed. 3. Immensity. 
 
 expansive ( eks-pan'siv ), a. Widely 
 extended.— expan'sively,acfa.— ex- 
 pan'si veness, n. 
 
 ex p ar t e (eks-par'te). Proceeding 
 only from one part or side of a matter 
 in question; one-sided ;_ partial. [L.] 
 
 expatiate (eks-pa'shi -at), vi. Range 
 at large; enlarge ;descant.-expatia'- 
 tion, n. [L. — ex, and spatium, space.] 
 
 expatriate ( eks-pa'tri-at ), vt. Send 
 out of one's native country; bauish; 
 exile. — expatriation, n. [L.— ex, 
 and patria, fatherland.] 
 
 expect (eks-pekf), ^i. Look for; 
 look forward to something about to 
 happen; anticipate; hope.— expect' - 
 ance, expect'ancy, n. — expect- 
 ant, a. Looking or waiting for.— 
 expectation, n. 1. Act of looking 
 forward to an event as about to hap- 
 pen. 2. That which is expected. 3. 
 Prospect of future good, as of posses- 
 sions, wealth, and the like— usually in 
 the plural. [L. ex, and specto, look.] 
 
 expectorant (eks-pek'to-r an t) , n. 
 Medicine inducing expectoration. 
 
 expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat), vt. and 
 m. Expel from the breast or lungs, 
 by coughing, etc. ; spit forth. — ex- 
 pectora'tion, n. [L.— ex, and pectus, 
 breast.] 
 
 expedience (eks-pe'di-ens), expe'» 
 diency, n. Fitness; desirableness. 
 
 expedient (eks-pe'di-ent). I. a. Suit- 
 able; advisable. II. n. That which 
 serves to promote; means suitable to 
 an end; contrivance. — expe'dient« 
 ly, ach). [L. See expedite.] 
 
 expedite (eks'pe-dit), vt. Free from 
 impediments; hasten; send forth. [L, 
 — ex, and^es, foot.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, tar, tall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
 mQte, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
expedition 
 
 184 
 
 expositor 
 
 expedition ( eks-pe-dish'un ), n. 1. 
 Setting out upon a voyage, or similar 
 undertaking, by a number of persons. 
 2. Those who form an expedition. 3. 
 Promptness; despatch. 
 
 expeditious(eks-pe-dish'us), a. Char- 
 acterized .by rapidity and efficiency, 
 quick. — expeditiously, adv. 
 
 expel (eks-pel') vt. [expelling ; expel- 
 led'.] Drive out from a society; ban- 
 ish. [Li. ex, and pello, drive.] 
 
 expend (eks-pend'), vt. Lay out; spend. 
 — expenditure, n. Disbursement; 
 expense. [L. — ex, a,ndpendo, weigh.] 
 
 expense (eks-pens'), n. Outlay; cost; 
 enarge.— expen'sive, a. Causing or 
 requiring much expense. — ezpen'- 
 sively* adv. — expen'siveness, n. 
 
 experience(eks-pe'ri-ens). I. n. 1. Per- 
 sonal observation or trial. 2. Knowl- 
 edge gained from life. II. vt. Become 
 practically acauainted with; prove; 
 try; test; feel; go through; train by 
 practice. [Lt.—ex, and per 1 through.] 
 
 experienced ( eks-pe'ri-enst ), a. 
 Taught by experience; skillful; wise. 
 
 experiential ( eks-pe-ri-en'shal ), a. 
 Derived from experience ; empirical. 
 
 experiment (eks-per'i-ment). I. n. 
 Something done to prove some theory 
 or to discovei something unknown ; 
 trial; practical test. II. vi. Make a 
 trial ; search by trial.— experiment- 
 al, a. — experimentally, adv. 
 
 expert (eks-perf), a. Experienced ; 
 taught by practice ; skillful. — ex- 
 pertly, adv. — expert'ness, n. 
 Syn. Adroit; dexterous; ready. 
 
 expert (eks-perf or eks'pert), n. One 
 eminently proficient in his branch. 
 
 expiate (eks'pi-at), vt. Atone for; 
 make reparation for. — expia'tion, 
 n. — expiatory, a. [L,.—ex, and 
 plus, pious.] 
 
 expiration ( eks-pi-ra'shun ), n. 1. 
 Breathing out; death. 2. Cessation; 
 close; termination. 
 
 expiratory (eks-pi'ra-to-ri) , a. Per- 
 taining to expiration. 
 
 expire (eks-pir'). I. vt. Breathe out; 
 emit from the lungs. II. vi. Breathe 
 out the breath of life; die ; come to an 
 end. [L. ex, and spiro, breathe.] 
 
 expiry (eks'pir-i_), n. Expiration. 
 
 explain ( eks-plan' ), vt. Make plain; 
 unfold the meaning of.— explaina- 
 ble, a. [L. — ex, and planus, plain.) 
 Syn. Elucidate; clear up; expound. 
 
 explanation (eks-pla-na'shun), n. 1. 
 Act off explaining or clearing from 
 obscurity. 2. That which explains or 
 clears up. 3. Meaning or sense given 
 to anything. 4. Mutual clearing up of 
 misunderstandings. 
 
 explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri), a. Ser- 
 ving to explain; containing explana- 
 tions. 
 
 expletive (eks'ple-tiv). I. a. Added to 
 fill a vacancy; superfluous. II. n. 
 Word in a foreign language, for which 
 the English has no equivalent and 
 which may be disregarded in transla- 
 ting. [Fr.— L. pleo, fill.] 
 
 explicate (eks'pli-kat), vt. Explain. 
 — explication, n.~ ex'plicative, 
 ex'plicatory, a. [L.— ex,plico, fold.] 
 
 explicit (eks-plis'it), a. Not obscure 
 or ambiguous ; distinctly stated.— ex- 
 plicitly, adv. — explic'itness, n. 
 Syn. Clear; express; unreserved. 
 
 explode (eks-plod'), vt. and vi. 1. 
 Burst with a loud report. 2. Cause to 
 burst. 3. Disprove; bring into disre- 
 pute. [L. explodo, drive out (by clap- 
 ping).] 
 
 exploit (eks-ploif). I. n. Heroic act; 
 great achievement. II. vt. Make use 
 of; work up; utilize for one's own 
 profit.— exploita'tion, n. [Fr.] 
 
 explore (eks-plor'), vt. Search through 
 for the purpose of discovery ; examine 
 thoroughly.— explora'tion, n.— ex- 
 plorer (eks-plor'er), n. [L.— ex, and 
 ploro, cry, call.] 
 
 explosion (eks-pl5'zhun ), n. 1. Act 
 of exploding. 2. Sudden violent burst 
 with a loud report. 
 
 explosive (eks-plo'siv). I. a. Liable 
 to or causing explosion. 2. Bursting 
 out with violence and noise. II. n. 1. 
 Explosive substance, as dynamite. 2. 
 Sound of an exploding nature, as#, t, 
 k.— explo'sively, adv. 
 
 exponent (eks-po'nent), n. 1. He who, 
 or that which points out,or represents. 
 2. In alg. Figure which shows how 
 often a quantity is to be multiplied by 
 itself, as in a 3 - [L.— ex, and pono, 
 place.] 
 
 export (eks-pdrf) , vt. Carry or send 
 out of a country, as goods in com- 
 merce.— export'er, n. [L. — ex, and 
 porto, carry.] 
 
 export (eks'port), n. 1. Act of ex- 
 porting. 2. That which is exported. 
 
 expose (eks-poz'), vt. 1. Place or lay 
 forth to view. 2. Deprive of cover, 
 protection, or shelter; make bare; 
 disclose. 3. Make liable to. [Fr. ex- 
 poser — L. ex, and posit-,la,id..] 
 
 expose (eks-po-za'), n. Exposure, 
 [formal disclosure. [Fr.] 
 
 exposition ( eks-p5-zish'un ), n. 1. 
 Public exhibition. 2. Act of expound- 
 ing; explanation. 
 
 expositor ( eks-poz'i-tur ), n. Inter- 
 preter.— expository, a. Serving to 
 expound; explanatory. 
 
 fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
ex post facto 
 
 185 
 
 extinguish 
 
 ex post facto ( eks-post-fak'to ), adv. 
 By or from an after act. 
 
 expostulate (eks-pos'tulat), vi. Rea- 
 son earnestly; remonstrate.— ex - 
 post'ulator, n. — expostulation, 
 n.— expost'ulatory, a. [L.— ex, and 
 p&stulo, demand.] 
 
 exposure (eks-po'zhor), n. 1. Act of 
 exposing. 2. State of being laid open 
 or bare. 3. Openness to danger. 
 
 expound (eks-pownd'^, vt. Lay open 
 the meaning of; explain. --exponnd'- 
 er, n, \JL.—ex, and pono. place.] 
 , express (eks-pres'). I. vt. 1. Press ox- 
 force out. 2. Represent or make 
 known by a likeness or by words. 3. 
 Declare. 4. Send by special oppor- 
 tunity, as an express company. II. 
 a. 1. Directly stated; explicit; clear. 
 2. Intended or sent for a particular 
 purpose. III. n. 1. Messenger or con- 
 veyance sent on a special errand. 2. 
 Regular and quick conveyance. — ex- 
 press'tble, a. — express'ly, adv. 
 [L. ex, out, and press.] 
 
 expression (eks-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
 of expressing or forcing out. 2. Act 
 of representing or giving utterance 
 to. 3. Faithful and vivid representa- 
 tion by language, art, the features, 
 etc. 4. That which is expressed; 
 look; language; picture, etc. 5. Man- 
 ner in which anything is expressed. 
 6. Tone of voice or sound in music— 
 express'ionless, a. 
 
 expressive (eks-pres'iv), a. 1. Serv- 
 ing to express, utter, or represent. 
 2. Full of expression; vividly repre- 
 senting the meaning or feeling inten- 
 ded to be conveyed ; emphatical. — 
 express'ively, adv.— expressive- 
 ness, n. 
 
 expressly (eks-pres'li), adv. In an ex- 
 press, direct, or pointed manner; of 
 set purpose; indirect terms; plainly. 
 
 expulsion (eks-pul'shun), n. Banish- 
 ment. [L. See EXPEL.] 
 
 expulsive ( eks-pul'siv ), a. Able or 
 serving to expel. 
 
 expunge (eks-punj'). M- Wipe out; 
 efface. [L. ex, andpungo, prick.] 
 Syn. Blot out; erase; obliterate. 
 
 expurgate (eks-pur'gat or eks'ptir-), 
 vt. Purify from anything noxious or 
 erroneous.— expurga'tion, n. [L. 
 — ex, and purqo, purge,— purus, pure.] 
 
 exquisite (eks'kwi-zit), a. 1. Choice; 
 select; nice; exact; excellent. 2. Of 
 keen or delicate perception ; of great 
 discrimination. 3. Pleasurable o r 
 painful in the highest, degree; exceed- 
 ing; extreme; keen; poignant. [L.= 
 
 carefully sought out. 
 
 extant (eks'tant), a. Still existing. [L. 
 — ex, and starts, standing.] 
 
 extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne- 
 us), extemporary (eks-tem'po- 
 rar-i), a. D o n e on the spur of the 
 moment or without preparation; off- 
 hand. — extempora'neously, adv 
 
 extempore(eks-tem'po-re),ad«. With- 
 out preparation. [L.=of the moment.] 
 
 extemporize (eks-tem'po-riz), vt. and 
 vi. 1. Speak or perform without pre- 
 paration. 2. Prepare hastily or with 
 poor material. 
 
 extend (eks-tend'). I. vt. 1. Stretch 
 out ; prolong in any direction ; enlarge ; 
 widen. 2. Hold out. 3. Bestow; im- 
 part. 11. vi. Stretch ; reach. [L. ex, 
 and tendo, stretch.] 
 
 extensible (eks-ten'sibl), extensile 
 (eks-ten'sil), a. That may be extended. 
 — extensibility, n. 
 
 extension (eks-ten'shun), n. 1. Ex- 
 tending; stretching ;enlargement; ad- 
 dition; expansion. 2. Property of a 
 body by which it occupies a portion 
 of space. 3. Pulling a broken bone to 
 reset the fractured parts. 4. Time- 
 allowance to a debtor. 
 
 extensive ( eks - ten'siv ), a. Large; 
 comprehensive.— ex ten'sively, adv. 
 — exten'siveness, n. 
 
 extensor (eks-ten'sur), n. Muscle 
 that serves to straighten; — opp. to 
 flexor. 
 
 extent (eks-tenf), n. Space or degree 
 to which a thing is extended; size; 
 proportion. 
 
 extenuate (eks-ten'u-at), vt. 1. Make 
 thin; diminish. 2. Weaken the forc-ooi. 
 — extenua'tion, n. [L. tenuis, thin.] 
 Syn. Mitigate; palliate; cloak. 
 
 exterior (eks-te'ri-ur). I. a. Outward; 
 on or from the outside; foreign. II. n. 
 Outward part or surface ; outward 
 form or deportment; appearance. [L. 
 comp. of exier — ex, out.] 
 
 exterminate (eks-ter'min-at), vt. De- 
 stroy utterly; drive away; extirpate. 
 extermina'tion, n.— extermina- 
 tor, n. [L. ex, and terminus, limit.] 
 
 external (eks-ter'nal) , a. 1. Exterior; 
 outward. 2. Not innate; not intrin- 
 sic. 3. Foreign.— exter'nally, adv. 
 — externals, n. pi. 1. Ouiward 
 parts. 2,Outward forms or ceremonies. 
 
 extinct (eks-tingkf), a. Put out; no 
 longer existing; dead.— extinction, 
 n. Quenching; destroying; destruc- 
 tion. [See EXTINGUISH.] 
 
 extinguish (eks-ting'wish), vt. 1. 
 Quench ; destroy. 'Z. Eclipse. — ex- 
 ting'uishable, a. — exting'uish- 
 er, n. [L. — ex, and stinguo, quench.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
extirpate 
 
 186 
 
 eyry 
 
 extirpate (eks'ter-pat), vt. Root out; 
 destroy totally; exterminate. — ex'- 
 tirpator, n. [L. ex, and stirps, root.] 
 
 extol (eks-tol)'), vt. [extol'ling; ex- 
 tolled']. Praise. [L. ex, and tollo,liit.] 
 
 extort (eks-tarf), vt. Obtain by force, 
 menace, torture, or illegal means. — 
 extort'er, n — extor'tion n. 1. Ex- 
 torting. 2. That which, is extorted. 3. 
 Gross overcharge. — extor'tionate, 
 a.— exter'tiouer, n. One who prac- 
 tices extortion. [L. See Torture.] 
 
 extra (eks'tra). I. a. More than need- 
 ed or usual. ' II. n. Additional thing, 
 esp. an edition of a newspaper at an 
 unusual hour. [L. = outside.] 
 
 extract (eks-trakf), vt. 1. Draw out. 
 2. Select; quote. — extract'ible, a. 
 — extrac'tion, n. 1. Drawing out; 
 
 2. Derivation from a stock or family. 
 
 3. That which is extracted. — ex- 
 tractive. I. a. Tending or serving 
 to extract. II. n. Extract.— extract'- 
 or, n. [Li.—ex, and traho, draw.] 
 
 extract (eks'trakt), n. 1. Anything 
 drawn from a substance by heat, di- 
 stillation, etc., as an essence. 2. Pas- 
 sage taken from a book or writing. 
 
 extradite (eks'tra-dit), vt. Deliver or 
 give up, as a criminal to another gov- 
 ernment. — extradi'tion, n. [L. — 
 ex, and trado, hand over.] 
 
 extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us), adj. For- 
 eign; not belonging to a thing.— ex- 
 tra'neously, adv. [L — extra.] 
 
 extraordinary (eks-trar'di-uar-i). I. 
 a. Beyond the ordinary;" not usual or 
 regular ; wonderful ; special II. n. 
 That which is out of the ordinary. — 
 extraordinarily, adv. 
 
 extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans ), n. 
 Irregularity ; excess; wiidness; la- 
 vish expenditure. 
 
 extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), a. 1. 
 Unrestrained. 2. Wasteful.— extrav'- 
 agantly, adv. [L. —extra, beyond, 
 and vagor, wander.] [igal. 
 
 Syn. Excessive; immoderate; prod- 
 extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'za), n. 
 1. Wild and irregular composition. 2. 
 Wild flight of the imagination. [It.] 
 
 extreme (eks-trem'), a. 1. Outermost; 
 utmost; furthest; at the utmost point, 
 edge, or border. 2. Worst or best that 
 can exist or be supposed. 3. Greatest ; 
 most violent or urgent; utmost, 4. 
 Last; beyond which there is none. 5. 
 Holding the strongest possible views; 
 ultra. II. n. 1. That which terminates 
 a body; extremity. 2. Utmost possible 
 limit or degree; either of two states 
 or feelings as different from each 
 other as possible. 3. In math. Either 
 of two terms begining and ending a 
 
 series. — extremely, adv. — ex- 
 tre'mist, n. One who holds extreme 
 views. [L. extremus. superl.— extra.} 
 
 extremity ( eks-trem'i-ti), n. 1. Ut- 
 most point or portion. 2. Highest 
 degree. 3. Greatest necessity or periL 
 
 extricate (eks'tri-kat), vt. Free from 
 hindrances.— extrica'tion, n. [L.— 
 ex, and tricae, hindrances.] 
 
 Syn. Disengage; disentangle; disem- 
 barrass; relieve; liberate. 
 
 extrinsic (eks-trin'sik), extrin'sic- 
 al, a. Foreign ; not essential.— Opp. of 
 intrinsic. — extrin'sically, adv. 
 
 exuberant (eks-u'ber-ant), a. Plen- 
 teous ; overflowing.— exuberantly, 
 adv.— exu'berance, exuberancy, 
 n. [Li.— ex, and liber, rich, abundant.] 
 
 exude (eks-ud'). I. vt. Discharge 
 through pores or incisions, as sweat, 
 moisture, etc. II. vi. Flow out of a 
 body, as through the pores. — exuda'- 
 tion, n. [L.—ex, andswdo, sweat.] 
 
 exult (egz-ulf), vi. Rejoice exceed- 
 ingly; triumph.— exultant, a.— ex- 
 ultation, n. — exult'iugly, adv. 
 [L. — ex, and salio, leap.] 
 
 exuviae (egz-u'vi-e), ~n. pi. Skins, 
 shells, or other coverings of animals. 
 [Li.—exuo, take off.] 
 
 eye (l). I. n. 1. Organ of sight or vi- 
 sion. 2. Power of seeing; sight. 3. 
 Regard; aim; observation. 4. Any- 
 thing resembling an eye, as the hole 
 of a needle, loop for a hook, etc. II. 
 vt. [ey'ing or eye'ing; eyed (id).] Look 
 at; observe narrowly. — eyeball, n. 
 Globe, or apple of the eye. — eye- 
 brow (i'brow), n. Hairy arch above 
 the eye.— eyeglass, n. 1. Glass lense 
 to improve sight. 2. Eyepiece of an 
 optical instrument, telescope, etc. 3. 
 
 ,. Glass cup used in treating an eye. — 
 eye'hole, n. Eyelet; opening to re- 
 ceive a thread, hook, etc.— eyelash, 
 n. 1. Line of hairs that edges the eye- 
 lid. 2. One of these hairs. — eye'less, 
 a. Without eyes or sight. — eye'let, 
 n. Eye hole. — eye'lid, n. Cover of 
 the eye. — eye'service, n. Attend- 
 ance to duty only when watched.— 
 eye'sigbt, n. Power of seeing. — 
 eye'sore, n. Something offensive to 
 the eye.— eye'stone, n. Small calca- 
 reous body (the operculum of small 
 Turbinidae), which being put in the 
 inner corner of the eye, works its way 
 out at the outer corner, bringing with 
 it any foreign substance.-eye'tootn, 
 n. Tooth in the upper jaw next the 
 grinders.— eye'-witness, n. One who 
 sees a thing done. [A. S. eage.] 
 
 eyry? eyrie (e'ri or a'ri), n. Same 
 
 as ^ERIE. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, burn: oil, owl, then. 
 
187 
 
 fag 
 
 Hf (ef), n. Sixth letter of the En- 
 glish alphabet. It has two 
 sounds: one as in for, the 
 other as in of <ov). 
 fa (fa), n. In mus. Fourth or F 
 note in the scale. 
 
 fable (fa'bl). I. n. 1. Invented story 
 intended to instruct or amuse. 2. 
 Plot of a poem. 3. Falsehood. II. vt. 
 Feign; invent. [L. fabula—fari, speak.] 
 
 fabric (fab'rik), n. 1. Workmanship; 
 texture. 2. Anything framed by art 
 and labor; building. 3. Manufactured 
 cloth. [L. fabrica.] _ 
 
 fabricate (fab'ri-kat), vt. 1. Put to- 
 gether; manufacture. 2. Produce. 3. 
 Devise falsely.— fabrica'tion, n. 1. 
 Construction; manufacture. 2. That 
 which is fabricated or invented. 3. 
 Falsehood.— fabricator, n. [fables. 
 
 fabulist(fab'u-list), n. One who invents 
 
 fabulous (fab'u-lus), a. 1. Fictitious; 
 invented. 2. Exceeding the bounds of 
 probability or reason. 
 
 facade (fa-sad'), n. Face or front of a 
 building. [Fr.—L,. fades, face.] 
 
 face (fas). I. n. 1. Visible forepart of 
 the head. 2. Outside appearance; 
 front; surf ace ; plane. 3. Cast of 
 features; look. 4. Boldness; presence. 
 5. Exact amount stated in a note, bill, . 
 etc. II. vt. 1. Meet in the front; 
 stand opposite to; resist. 2. Put an 
 additional face or edge on. 3. Cover 
 in front. 4. Smooth the surface of. 
 III. vi. Turn the face. [Fr. face — L. 
 fades— facio, make.] 
 
 facet (fas'et), n. 1. Small surface, as 
 of a diamond. 2. One of the parts com- 
 posing the surface of an insect's eye, 
 as of the fly. [Fr. facette. dim. of face.] 
 
 facetiae (fa-se'shi-e), n. pi. Witty 
 sayings or writings. [L.] 
 
 facetious (fa-se'shus), a. Witty, hu- 
 morous, jocose, —facetiously, adv. 
 — face' tious- 
 ness, n. 
 
 facial (fa'shi- 
 al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the face. 
 —Facial angle, 
 n. Angle of two 
 lines, one from 
 the prominent 
 point of the 
 forehead to the 
 front edge of 
 
 Facial Angle. 
 
 the upper jaw bone, the other from 
 the latter point through the center of 
 the ear-opening. 
 facile (fas'il) , a. 1. Easily persuaded ; 
 yielding. 2. Easy of access; court- 
 eous. 3. Easy. 4. Ready; quick. [L. 
 facilis, easy.] 
 
 facilitate (fa-sil'i-tat), vt. M;:ke easy. 
 
 facility (fa-sil'i-ti), n. [pi. facilities. 1 ; . 
 Absence of difficulties. 2.Skill. 3. Read- 
 iness to be persuaded or approached. 
 4. Advantage; mean. 
 
 Syn. Ease; dexterity; complaisance, 
 expertness; pliancy; affability; con- 
 descension, [ornament or protection. 
 
 facing_(fa'sing), rc.Coveringin front for 
 
 fac-simile (fak-sim'i-le), n. Exact 
 copy. [L. = make like.] 
 
 fact (fakt), n. 1. Deed, thing done. 2. 
 Reality; truth. [L. factum. J 
 
 faction ( fak'shun ), n. 1. Clique, in 
 opposition to the party or govern- 
 ment. 2. Party dissension. [L./ actio.] 
 
 factious ( fak'skus ), a Turbulent; 
 disloyal ; seditious. — fac'tiously, 
 adv.— fac'tiousness, n. [Li.factiosus.] 
 
 factitious (fak-tish'us), a. Matte by 
 art; artificial. — factitiously, adv. 
 [L. factitius.] 
 
 factor(fak'tur). I. n. 1. One who buys 
 and sells goods for others. 2. One of 
 two or more quantities, which, multi- 
 plied together, form a product. 3. One 
 of the circumstances or causes that 
 produce a result. II. vt. Resolve (a pro- 
 duct) into its factors. [L. = doer.] 
 
 factory (fak'tur-i), n. 1. Manufactory; 
 building for manufacturing. 2. Busi- 
 ness place of a factor, esp. in eastern 
 countries. 
 
 factotum (fak-to'tum), n. Person em- 
 ployed to do all kinds of work. [L.= 
 do all.] 
 
 faculae (fak'u-le), n. pi. In astron. Cer- 
 tain spots sometimes seen on the sun's 
 disc, which appear brighter than the 
 rest of his surface. [L. f acuta, dim. of 
 fax, torch.] 
 
 faculty (fak'ul-ti), n. 1. Facility or 
 power to act. 2. Power of the mind; 
 personal quality or endowment. 3. 
 Privilege; license. 4. Body of men 
 to whom a privilege is granted; mem- 
 bers of a profession. 5. Body of teach- 
 ers. [L. facultas—faciUs, easy.] 
 
 fad (fad), n. Weak hobby; popular 
 whim._[Fr./a<&?, insipid.] 
 
 fade (fad). I. vi. 1. Lose strength, 
 freshness, or color. 2. Grow less; 
 vanish. II. (fad), a. Insipid; dull; 
 withered, —fadeless, adj. [Fr.] 
 
 faeces, feces (fe'sez), n. pi. Grounds; 
 sediment; excrement. [L. pi. off&x.] 
 
 fag- (fag). I. vi. [fag'ging; fagged]. Be- 
 come weary or tired out; work as a 
 drudge. II. n. 1. One who labors like 
 a drudge ; school-boy forced to do 
 menial offices for one older. 2. Fatigu- 
 ing piece of work. — Fag-end, n. Re- 
 fuse; meaner part of a thing. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fagot 
 
 188 
 
 fallow 
 
 fagot (fag'ut), n. Bundle of sticks 
 used for fuel. [Fr.] 
 
 Fahrenheit (fa'ren-hlt), n. Thermo- 
 meter so graduated, that the freezing 
 point is marked 32 e , and the boiling 
 212°. [After Gabriel Daniel Fahren- 
 heit, a native of Dantsic, Germany, 
 who made the first quicksilver-ther- 
 mometer in 1720.] 
 
 faience (f a-i-angs') , n. Sort of fine 
 earthenware glazed and painted. [Fr. 
 —Faenza, a city in Italy.] 
 
 fail (fal), vt. and vi. 1. Fall short or 
 be wanting. 2. Fall away ; decay. 
 3. Disappoint; not suffice. 4. Be un- 
 able to pay one's debts; become bank- 
 rupt. [Fv.faillir— L. /alio, deceive.] 
 
 failing ( faring ), n. 1. Fault, weak- 
 ness. 2. Bankruptcy. 
 
 failure (fal'ur), n. 1. Falling short; 
 cessation. 2. Omission. 3. Decay. 4. 
 Want of success; bankruptcy. 
 
 fain (fan). I. a. 1. Glad; joyful. 2. 
 Inclined; content, compelled. II. adv. 
 Gladly. [A.S.fcegen.] 
 
 faint (fant). I. a. 1. Wanting in 
 strength; lacking distinctness. 2. 
 Weak in spirit; lacking courage. 3. 
 Done in a feeble way. II. vi. 1. Be- 
 come weak; lose strength, color, etc. 
 2. Swoon, —faintly, adv. — faint- 
 ness, n. [Fv. feint— feindre, hesitate.] 
 
 fair (far). I. a. 1. Bright; clear; free 
 from blemish; pure. 2. Pleasing to 
 the eye; beautiful. 3. Free from a 
 dark hue; light. 4. Free from clouds 
 or rain. 5. Favorable. 6. Unobstruct- 
 ed; open. 7. Prosperous. 8. Frank; 
 just; impartial. 9. Moderate. II. n. 
 Fair woman. — the fair, pi. The 
 female sex. — fairly, adv. — fair- 
 ness, n. [A. S. faeger.] 
 
 fair (far), n. 1 Market. 2. Festival with 
 sale of wares, exhibition of products, 
 etc. [L. f trial, holidays, vacation.] 
 
 fairy (far'i), n. Imaginary being, said 
 to assume a human form, and to in- 
 fluence the fate of man. [From Fay.] 
 
 faith (fath). I. n. 1. Trust confidence; 
 belief in moral truth. 2. Belief in the 
 truth of revealed religion. 3. That 
 wbich is believed; system; belief. 4. 
 Fidelity to promise; honesty. 5. Word 
 or honor pledged. II. inter. Upon my 
 word ; honesty. [O. Fr. feid—L,. fides.) 
 
 faithful (fath'fol), a. 1. Believing. 2. 
 Firm in adherence to promise, duty, 
 etc.; loyal. 3. Conformable to truth; 
 worthy of belief.— faithfully, adv. 
 — faithfulness, n.— faithless, a. 
 1. Without faith; not believing. 2. 
 Not adhering to promises or allegi- 
 ance.— faithlessly, adv. — faith- 
 lessness, n. 
 
 fake (fak), I. vt. 1, Lay a rope so as 
 to avoid a tangle, when running out. 
 2. Swindle. II n. 1. Rope laid so as 
 to run out easily. 2. Trick ; swindle. 
 — fa'ker, n. 1. One who fakes. 2. 
 Street vender. 
 
 fakir (fa'ker), n. Reli- 
 gious mendicant in 
 India. [Ar. fakhar, 
 poor.] 
 
 falchion (fal'shun), 
 Short crooked sword. 
 
 [Lt.falx, sickle.] 
 nil 
 
 falcon (fa'kn), n. Bird 
 of pi'ey, "formerly 
 used for hunting. — 
 falconer (fa'kn-er), 
 n. One who sports 
 with, or who breeds 
 and trains falcons or 
 hawks for taking Falcon, 
 wild fowls.— falcon- 
 ry (fa'kn-ri), n. Art of training or 
 hunting with falcons. [O. Fr. falcon.] 
 
 fall (fal). I. vi. [falling; fell; fall'en.] 
 1. Drop down; descend by the force of 
 gravity ; become prostrate. 2. Sink 
 as if dead; vanish; die away. 3. Lose 
 strength; decline in power, wealth, 
 value, or reputation. 4. Sink into sin ; 
 
 . depart from the faith. 5 Pass into 
 another state, as sleep, love, etc. 6. 
 Befall. 7. Issue. 8. Enter upon with 
 haste or vehemence: rush. II. n. 1. 
 Act of falling. 2. Slope; declivity. 3. 
 Descent of water; cascade, usually in 
 pi. 4. Time when the leaves fall; 
 autumn. 5. Length of a fall. 6, That 
 which falls, as snow. 7. Lapse from 
 innocent state, esp. of Adam and Eve. 
 8. Part of a tackle to which power is 
 applied. [A. S. feallan.] 
 
 fallacy (fal'a-si), n.l. Deceptive appear- 
 ance. 2. Illogical argument.— falla- 
 cious ( fal-la'shus ), a. Deceptive. — 
 fallaciously, adv. — fallacious- 
 ness, n. [Lt.—fallo, deceive.] 
 
 Syn. Deceptiveness ; deceitfulness; 
 sophistry; delusion; error; sophism. 
 
 fallible (fal'i-bl), a. Liable to error 
 or mistake. — fallibly, adv. — fal- 
 libility, n. 
 
 fallow (fal'o). I. a. 1. Pale red or palo 
 yellow." 2. Left to rest after tillage; 
 uncultivated: neglected. II. n.l. 
 Land that has lain a year or more un- 
 tilled or unseeded. 2. Land ploughed 
 without being sowed. Ill.vt. Plough, 
 harrow, and break land without seed- 
 ing it, for the purpose of destroying 
 weeds and insects and rendering it 
 mellow. [A. S. fealo, pale red, pale 
 yellow.] 
 
 t.%1ft, f*fy t§s?£, ify, fall, fare, above; me, met, hgrj mite, mitj note, apt, move, wolfi 
 mate, but, bijrn} ojl, owl, thw> 
 
fallow-deer 
 
 189 
 
 farad 
 
 fallow-deer (fal'o-der), n. Species of 
 deer smaller than the red-deer, with 
 broad flat antlers, and of a yellowish- 
 brown color. 
 
 false (tals), a. 1. Deceptive or deceiv- 
 ing; untruthful 2. Unfaithful to obli- 
 gations. 3. Not genuine or real ; un- 
 true. — falsehood, n. State or qua- 
 lity of being false; want of truth; 
 want of honesty ; deceitfulness; un- 
 true statement; lie. — false'ly, adv. 
 
 — falseness, n. [A. S. / a I s, un- 
 truth.] 
 
 falsetto (fal-set'o), n. False or artifi- 
 cial voice; range of voice beyond the 
 natural compass. Tit.] 
 
 falsify (fa 'si-fi), vt. [falsifying: fal'- 
 sified]. 1. Forge; counterfeit. 2. Prove 
 untrustworthy. 3. Break by falsehood. 
 
 — fal'sifier, n. — falsification, n. 
 falsity (fal'si-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 
 
 false. 2. False assertion. [L. falsitas.] 
 
 falter (fal'ter). I. vi. 1. Stutter. 2. 
 Tremble; be irresolute. II. n. Unstead- 
 iness; quavering. — fal'teriugly, 
 adv. [From root of fault.] 
 
 fame ( fam ), n. 1. Public report. 2. 
 Public opinion, good or bad.— famed 
 ( famd ), d. Renowned. [L. jama — 
 fan, speak.] 
 
 Syn. Rumor; hearsay; reputation; 
 credit; notoriety; celebrity; renown. 
 
 familiar (fa-mil'yar). I. a. Well ac- 
 quainted; intimate. 2. After the 
 manner of an intimate; free. 3. 
 Having a thorough knowledge of. 4. 
 Well known or understood. II. n. 
 1. One well or long acquainted. 2. 
 Demon supposed to atteud at call.— 
 famii'iarly,acZy — familiarity, n. 
 Intimate acquaintanceship; freedom 
 from constraint.— pi. Actions of one 
 person towards another unwarranted 
 by their relative position; liberties.— 
 familiarize (fa-mil'yar-Iz), vt. 1. 
 Make thoroughly' acquainted; accus- 
 tom. 2. Make skilled by practice or 
 study. [L. familia, family.] 
 
 family (fam'i-li), n. 1. All those who 
 live in one house under one head. 2. 
 Descendants of one common progeni- 
 tor; race. Honorable or noble des- 
 cent. 4. Group of animals, plants, 
 languages, etc., (larger than a genus). 
 [L. familia— famulus, servant.] 
 
 famine ( fam'in ), n. General scarcity 
 of food. [Fi\— L. fames, huuger.] 
 
 famish (fam'ish), vt. and vi. Suffer 
 from hunger; kill by deprivation. 
 
 famous (fa'mus), a. Having fame.— 
 famously, adv. [L,.famosus.] 
 
 Syn. Celebrated; renowned; noted; 
 distinguished; eminent; illustrious; 
 conspicuous; signal; remarkable. 
 
 Electric fan. 
 
 fan (fan). I. n. Instrument for excit- 
 ting a current of air by the agita- 
 tion of a broad sur- 
 face. II. vt. Blow; 
 cool; excite; stim- 
 ulate ; w inn o w. 
 [A.S. fann—Li. van- 
 
 7IUS.] 
 
 fanatic (fa-nat'ik). 
 
 1. a. Wildly enthu- 
 siastic; extra va- 
 gautinopiuion.il. 
 n.Oiie overzealous. 
 — fanatical, a — 
 fanaticism, n. 
 [ L. fanaticus, in- 
 spired — fanum, 
 temple. See fane.] 
 
 fancier (fan'si-er),rc. l.One who fancies 
 or is ruled by fancy. 2. One who is 
 specially interested in birds, or dogs. 
 
 fanciful (fan'si-fol), a. Guided or 
 created by faucy; curious; imagina- 
 tive; whimsical; wild.— fancifully, 
 adv .— fan cifuluess, n. 
 
 fancy (fan'si). I. n. 1. Faculty of 
 the mind by which it recalls, rep- 
 resents, or forms images. 2. Image 
 or representation thus formed in the 
 mind. 3. Unreasonable or capricious 
 opinion; whim. 4. Capricious incli- 
 nation or liking. H. a. 1. Pleasing. 
 
 2. Guided by fancy or caprice. III. vt. 
 [fan'cying; fan'cied.] 1. Portray in 
 the mind; imagine. 2. Have a fancy 
 or liking for ; be pleased with. [Con- 
 tracted from fantasy— Fr. fantasie— 
 Gr. phantasia—phaino, show.] 
 
 fandango (fan-dang'o), n. Old Span- 
 ish dance. [Sp.] 
 
 fane (fan), n. Temple. [L. fanum, 
 temple— fari, speak, dedicate.] 
 
 fanfaronade ( f a n - f a r - o n - a d '), n. 
 Swaggering; bluster; blast. [Sp.] 
 
 fang* (fang), n. 1. Long, pointed tooth 
 of a ravenous beast. 2. Claw or talon. 
 
 3. Root of a tooth.— fang-ed (fangd), 
 a. Having fangs. [A. S. — fon, seize] 
 
 fantastic (fan-tas'tik), fantas'tical, 
 a. Fanciful; not real; capricious; 
 whimsical; wild.— fantastically, 
 
 fantasia. See Phantasm. [adv. 
 
 fantasy (fan'ta-si), n. 1. Fancy ; vagary. 
 2. Fantastic design. 
 
 far (far). I. a. 1. Remote: more distant 
 of two. 2. Remote from or contrary 
 to purpose or design. II. adv. 1. To a 
 great distance in time, space, or pro- 
 portion. 2. Considerably or in great 
 part; very much. [A. S. feo?\] 
 
 farad (far ad), n. Unit or quantity in 
 electrometry; the quantity of electri- 
 city with which an electro-motive 
 force of one volt would flow through 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
farce 
 
 190 
 
 rate 
 
 the resistance of one megohm (=a 
 million ohms) in one second. [In honor 
 of Prof. Faraday.] 
 
 farce (fars), n. 1. Style of comedy, 
 stuffed with low humor and extrava- 
 gant wit. 2. Ridiculous or empty 
 show. — far'cical, a. [Fr.] 
 
 fare (far). I. vi. 1. Get on; succeed. 2. 
 Feed. 3. impers. Happen well or ill 
 to; feed. II. n. 1. Price of passage. 2. 
 Passenger carried for pay. 3. Food. 
 [A. S. far 'an, travel.] 
 
 farewell (far-wel'). I. int. May you 
 fare well. II. n. 1. Well-wishing at 
 parting. 2. Act of departure. III. a. 
 Parting; final. [unnatural. 
 
 far-fetclied_ (far'fecht), a. Forced; 
 
 farina (fa-re'na), n. 1. In a general 
 sense, meal, flour. 2. Powder, obtain- 
 ed by trituration of the seeds of cereal 
 and leguminous plants, and of some 
 roots, as the potato, and consisting of 
 gluten, starch, and mucilage. — fari- 
 naceous (far-i-na'shus), a. Consist- 
 ing of meal or flour. 2. Containing or 
 yielding farina or flour. 3. Mealy. 
 CL.— far, spelt.] 
 
 farm (farm). I. n. Land used for culti- 
 vation or pasturage, with the neces- 
 sary buildings. II. vt. 1. Let or lease, 
 as lands to a tenant. 2. Take on lease. 
 3. Grant certain rights in return for 
 a portion of what they yield, as to 
 farm the taxes. 4. Cultivate, as land. — 
 farmer (farin'er), n. One who farms; 
 agriculturist; husbandman. [From 
 L. ^rma,_rent.] 
 
 faro (far'o), n. Gama of chance played 
 with cards. [Said to be so called be- 
 
 1 cause king Pharaoh was formerly 
 represented on one of the cards.] 
 
 farrago (far-ra'go), n. Confused mass. 
 [L.=mixed fodder.] 
 
 farrier (far'i-er), n. 1. One who shoes 
 horses. 2. One who cures the diseases 
 of horses.— farriery (f ar'i-er-i) . n. 1. 
 Art of shoeing horses. 2. Place for 
 shoeing horses. 3. Art of curing the 
 diseases of cattle. [O. Fr.ferrie?'— L. 
 ferr urn, iron.] ' [S.fearh, pig.] 
 
 farrow (far'o), n. Litter of pigs. [A. 
 
 farther ( farmer ). I. a. 1. More dis- 
 tant. 2. Tending to a greater d istance ; 
 longer; additional. II. adv. 1. At or 
 to a great distance; more remotely; 
 beyond. 2. Moreover. [Comp. of far.] 
 
 farthest (far'Zftest). I. a. Most distant. 
 II. adv. At or to the greatest distan- 
 ce. [Superl. of FAR.] 
 
 farthing (farming), n. Fourth part of 
 a penny. [A.S.feorthing, fourth part.] 
 
 fascinate(fas'i-nat), vt. Charm; allure 
 irresistibly.— fascination, n. [L.] 
 Syn. Captivate. See charm. 
 
 fascine (fas-sen'), n. Fagot or bundle 
 of rods, used in fortification, to raise 
 batteries, fill ditches, etc. [Fr. — L. 
 fascina fastis, bundle.] 
 
 fashion (fash'un). I. n. 1. Make or cat 
 of a thing; form; pattern. 2. Pre- 
 vailing style, esp. of dress. 3. Custom; 
 manner. 4. Genteel society. II. vt. 1. 
 Make; mold. 2. Suit; adapt.— fash'- 
 ioner, n. [Fr. facon — L. f actio — 
 facio, make.] 
 
 fashionable (fash'un-a-bl), a. 1. 
 Made according to prevailing fashion. 
 2. Prevailing or in use. 3. Observant 
 of the fashion in dress or living. 4. 
 Belonging to high society. --fash'ion- 
 ably, adv. — fash'ionableness, n. 
 
 fast (fast), a. and adv. 1. Firm; strong; 
 steadfast ;permanent ; sound. 2. S wit t ; 
 rapid. 3. Dissolute, dissipated. [A. S. 
 fast; Ger. fest, akin tofassen, seize.] 
 
 fast (fast). I. vi. Abstain from food, 
 wholly or in part. II. n. 1. Abstinence 
 from food. 2. Special abstinence en- 
 joined by the church. 3. Day or time 
 of fasting. — fasting, n. Religious 
 abstinence. — fast'-day, ,n. Day of 
 religious fasting. [A. S. faistan, 
 strengthen.] 
 
 fasten (fas'n). I. vt. Make fast or tight ; 
 fix securely; attach firmly. II. vi. Fix 
 itself; cling. — fastener, n. — fas'- 
 tening-, n. That which fastens. 
 
 fastidious (fas-tid'i-us), a. Affecting 
 superior taste; difficult to please. — 
 fastidiously, adv. — fastidious- 
 ness, n. [L. —fastidium, loathing.] 
 Syn. Overnice; squeamish; critical. 
 
 fastness (fast'nes), n. 1. Firmness; 
 fixedness. 2. Stronghold, fortress, 
 castle. 3. Swiftness. 
 
 fat (fat). I. a. 1. Plump; fleshy; cor- 
 pulent. 2. Greasy/ rich. 3. Fertile. 
 4. Rich; lucrative. 5. Gross. II. n. 
 Oily substance in animal tissue. 2. 
 Richest part. III. vt. [fatt'ing; fatt'ed.] 
 Make fat. IV. vi. Grow fat. [A.S.fcett.] 
 
 fatal (fa'tal), a. 1. Belonging to or 
 appointed' by fate. 2. Causing ruin or 
 death; calamitous.— fa'tally, adv. 
 
 fatalism (fa'tal-izm), n. Doctrine that 
 all events are'subject to fate, and hap- 
 pen by unavoidable necessity.— 
 fa'talist, n. Believer in fatalism. 
 
 fatality (fa-taFi-tf), n. 1. Stateof 
 being fatal of unavoidable; decree of 
 fate. 2. Fixed tendency to disaster 
 or death. 3. Fatal event. 
 
 fate (fat), n. Inevitable destiny or ne- 
 cessity; appointed lot. 2. Ill-fortune; 
 doom. 3. Final issue. —Fates, pi. 
 Three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, 
 and A-tropos, who were supposed to 
 determine the birth, life and death of 
 
 t&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
father 
 
 191 
 
 feast 
 
 men.— fa' ted, a. Doomed ; destined. 
 — fateful, a. 1. Followed by import- 
 ant consequences; serving fate. 2. 
 Ominous. [L. fatum, prediction.] 
 
 fatber (f&'ther). I. n. 1. Male parent. 
 2. Ancestor or forefather. 3. Contriv- 
 er, originator. 4. Title of respect for 
 a priest. 5. Ecclesiastical writer 
 of the early centuries. 6. (F) God; 
 first Person of the Trinity. 7. Eldest 
 member of profession or body. 
 II. vt. 1. Adopt as one's child. 2. 
 Shoulder the responsibility for a 
 statement, etc. — fa'therhood, n. 
 State of being a father; fatherly au: 
 thority.— fa'ther-in-law, n. Father 
 of one's husband or wife. — fa'ther- 
 land, n. Land of one's fathers.— 
 fatherless, a. Destitute of a living 
 father; without a known author. — 
 fa'therly, a. Like a father in affec- 
 tion and care; paternal. — fa'tberli- 
 ness, n. [A. S. feeder.] 
 
 fathom (f&th'um ), n. Distance be- 
 tween the extremities of both arms 
 extended; nautical measure = 6 feet. 
 II. vt. Try the depth of; comprehend; 
 get to the bottom of.— fathomable, 
 a.— fathomless, a. [ A. S. faetkm, 
 stretch.] 
 
 fatigue (fa- teg')- !• n. 1. Weariness 
 from labor of body or of mind. 2. 
 Toil. 3. Military work, distinct from 
 the use of arms. II. vt. Weary; ex- 
 haust. \Wr.-~Li.fatigo, weary.] 
 
 fatling- ( f at'ling ), n. Young animal 
 fattened for slaughter. 
 
 fatness ( fat'nes ), n. 1. Quality or 
 state of being fat; fullness of flesh. 2. 
 Richness; fertility. 3.Thatwhich 
 makes fertile, [fat, fleshy or fertile.] 
 
 fatten (fat'n), vt. and at. Make or grow 
 
 fatty (fat'i), a. Containing fat or having 
 the qualities of f at.— fai'tiness, n. 
 
 fatuity (fa-tu'i-ti), n. Being feeble in 
 intellect; imbecility. 
 
 fatuous (fat'u-us), a. 1. Silly; feeble- 
 minded. 2, Without reality; decep- 
 tive, like the ignis-fatuus. [L. fatuus.] 
 
 faueal (fa'kal), a. Pertaining to the 
 fauces. 
 
 fauces (fa'sez), n. pi. 1. Narrow pas- 
 sage from mouth to pharynx. 2. Any 
 similar narrow passage. [L.= throat.] 
 
 faucet (fa'set), n. Pipe inserted in a 
 barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. fausset— 
 fausser, falsify, pierce.] [disgust. 
 
 faugh (fa), int. Signifies contempt or 
 
 fault (fait), n. 1. Defect; imperfection. 
 2. Displacement of strata. — fault'- 
 less, a. Perfect. — faultlessly, 
 adv.— fault'lessness, n. — faulty, 
 a. Imperfect; blamable. — fault'ily , 
 
 Faun. 
 
 adv.— fault'iness, n. [Wr.faute—lj. 
 /alio, deceive.] 
 
 Syn. Failing; offense; error; foible; 
 mistake; weakness. See blemish. 
 
 faun ( f a. n ) , n. Rural 
 deity among the Ro- 
 mans -the protectox of 
 shepherds and agricul- 
 ture. [L. faunus—javeo, 
 favor.] 
 
 fauna(fa'na),^. The ani- 
 mals native to any re- 
 gion or epoch. [L. So 
 called because protect- 
 ed by the Fauns.] 
 
 favor(fa'vur).I. n. 1. Kind- 
 ly regard ; good-will. 2. State of favor- 
 ing or being favored. 3. Kind deed ; 
 act of grace or lenity. 4. Partiality. 
 5. Permission. 6. Small gift at a 
 german, etc. II. vt. Regard with good 
 will; be on the side of; treat indul- 
 gently; afford advantage to.— fa'vor- 
 er, n.— fa'vorable, a. Friendly ; pro- 
 pitious; conducive to; advantageous. 
 
 — fa'vorably, adv. — fa'vorable- 
 ness, n — favorite (fa'viir-it). I. n. 
 One regarded with favor; one unduly 
 loved. II. a. Esteemed, beloved, pre- 
 ferred.— favoritism, n. Practice of 
 favoring or showing partiality. [L.] 
 
 fawn (fan). I. n. Young deer. II. a. 
 Resembling a fawn in color. III. vi. 
 Bring forth a fawn. [Fr. faon.] 
 
 fawn (fan). I. vi. (upon). Cringe; flatter 
 in a servile way. II. n. Servile cringe; 
 mean flattery. [O. E. fawner, flatter— 
 A. S._fcegen, glad.] [Akin to fair.] 
 
 fay (fa), vi. Fit closely. [A. S. faeger. 
 
 fay (fa), n. Fairy. [Fr. fee— L. fata. 
 Akin to fate.] 
 
 fealty (fe'al-ti). n. Fidelity; loyalty. 
 [O. WY 1 fedlte—lu.fidelitas.] 
 
 fear (fer). I. n. 1. Painful emotion, 
 excited by danger; apprehension of 
 danger or pain; alarm. 2. Object of 
 fear. 3. Deep reverence; piety. II. 
 vt. 1. Regard with fear; expect with 
 alarm. 2. Stand in awe of; venerate. 
 III. vi. Be afraid. — fearful, a. 1. 
 Afraid ; timorous. 2. Showing, or 
 caused by fear. 3. Terrible. — fear'- 
 fully, adv. — fear'fuiness, n. — 
 fear'less, a. Without fear ; dar- 
 ing; brave. — fearlessly, adv. — 
 fearlessness, n. [A. S. fair, fear. 
 Ger. gefahr, danger.] 
 
 feasible (fe'zi-bl), a. Practicable; capa- 
 ble of being effected.— fea'sibly. ad-o. 
 
 — fea'sibleness, n. — feasibility, 
 n. [Fr.faisable.'] 
 
 feast (fest). I. n. 1. Day of solemnity 
 or joy. 2. Rich and abundant repast. 
 3. Rich enjoyment for the mind or 
 
 fate, £at, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 
 
feat 
 
 192 
 
 fellow 
 
 heart. II. vi. 1. Hold a feast; eat 
 sumptuously. 2. Receive intense 
 delight. III. vt. Entertain lavishly. 
 [O. Fr. feste — L.. festus, festal.] 
 
 feat (fet), n. Deed of strength, skill, 
 or courage [Fr. fait— ~L.factum, done.] 
 
 featber ( feth'er ), n. 1. One of the 
 growths which form the covering of a 
 bird. 2 Feather-like growth, part or 
 ornament. II. vt. Furnish or adorn 
 with feathers.— feath'ery, a. 
 
 feature (fe'tur), n. 1. Mark by which 
 anything is recognized : prominent 
 trait; marked characteristic. 2. Cast 
 of the face — pi. Countenance. [Fr. 
 failure, — L. factura—facio, make. ] 
 
 febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. Medicine for 
 removing fever. [lu.febris, andfugo, 
 put to flight.) 
 
 febrile (fe'bril or feb'ril), a Pertain- 
 ingto fever; feverish. [Fr.— lu.febris.} 
 
 February (feb'r6-ar-i), n. Second 
 month of the year. [L. Februarius 
 (mensis) =montn of expiation — februa, 
 festival of expiation.] 
 
 feces. See faeces. 
 
 fee ul a (fek'ii-la), n. — pi. feculse ( fek'- 
 u-le> Powder obtained by grinding 
 a part of a plant; flour. 
 
 fecund (fek'und), a. Fertile:- prolific. 
 — fecundation, n. Act of impreg- 
 nating; state of being impregnated.— 
 fecund' ity, n. Fruitf illness. [L..] 
 
 fed (fed). Past tense and pa. p. of feed. 
 
 federal (fed'er-al), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 a treaty, or a federation, like the TJ. 
 S. 2. Founded upon mutual agree- 
 ment. [Fr.— L. foedus, treaty.] 
 
 federate (fed'er-at), a. United by lea- 
 gue; confederate. — federative, a. 
 Uniting in league. 
 
 fee (fe). I. n. 1. Price paid for services, 
 as to a lawyer. 2. Property; owner- 
 ship. II. vt. 1. Pay a fee to. 2. Hire. 
 [A. S. feoh. cattle, property.] 
 
 feeble (fe'bl), a. Weak; wanting in 
 strength; showing incapacity; faint; 
 dull. — fee'bleness, n. — fee'bly, 
 adv. [O. Fr. foible, — L. Jlebilis, lam- 
 entable,— fleo, weep.] 
 
 feed (fed). I. vt. [ feed'ing; fed.] 
 Give food to; nourish; furnish with 
 material; foster. II. vi. Take food; 
 nourish one's self by eating. III. n. 
 Food; meal; supply. [A. S. fedan.] 
 
 feel (fel). I vt. [feel'ing; felt] 1. Per- 
 ceive by touch. 2. Handle. 3. Be con- 
 scious of. 4. Be sensible of. 5. Have 
 an inward persuasion of. II. vi. 1. 
 Know by touch. 2. Have the emo- 
 tions excited. 3. Perceive one's self 
 to be, as cold. 4. Produce a certain 
 sensation when touched, as hard or 
 rough. [A. S. felan, feel.] 
 
 feeler (fe'ler), n. 1. Device io sound 
 the opinions of others. 2.— pi. Jointed 
 parts on the heads of insects, etc., 
 possessed of a delicate sense of touch; 
 antennas. 
 
 feeling(fe'ling).I.w. 1. Sense of touch; 
 perception oi objects by touch. 2. 
 Consciousness of pleasure or pain. 3. 
 Tenderness. 4. Emotion. — pi. Affec- 
 tions; passions. II. a. 1. Expressive 
 of sensibility or tenderness. 2. Easily 
 affected. — feel'ingly, adv. 
 
 feet (fet), plural of foot. 
 
 feign (fan) vt. 1. Invent; imagine. 
 2. M a k e a show or pretence of. — 
 feign'edly, adv.— feign'edness, n. 
 [Fr. feindre—Jj. Jingo, form.] 
 
 feint(fant). l.n. 1. False appearance; 
 pretence. 2. Pretended attack at one 
 point when another is intended to be 
 struck, in order to throw an antagon- 
 ist off his guard. II. vi. Make a feint. 
 YFr.—feindre. See feign.] 
 
 feldspar (feld'spar), feldspath (feld'- 
 spath), 71. Crystalline mineral found 
 in granite, etc. [Ger.= field-spar.] 
 
 felicitate (fe-iis'i-tat), vt. 1. Congra- 
 tulate. 2. Make happy. — felicita'- 
 tion, 7i. [Li.—felix, happy.] 
 
 felicitous (fe-lis'i-tus), a. 1. Delight- 
 fully appropriate. 2. Happy; pros- 
 Serous.— felicitously, adv. 
 icity (fe-lis'i-ti), n. 1. Happiness. 2. 
 Source of happiness. 3.Happy faculty ; 
 happy turn; appropriateness. [L. 
 felicitas.] [ness. 
 
 Syn. Bliss ; blessedness ; adroit- 
 feline (fe'lm), a. Pertaining to the 
 cat; like a cat. [L. felinus—fdis, cat.] 
 
 fell (fel), n. 1. Barren or stony hill. 
 2. Moor. [Icel.] 
 
 fell (fel). Past tense of fall. 
 
 fell (fel), vt. Cause to fall; cut down. 
 fell'er, n. Cutter of wood. [A. S. 
 fellan, causal form of feallan, fall.] 
 
 fell (fel), vt. Flatten and sew (a seam) 
 level with the cloth. [Gael. Jill, fold.] 
 
 fell (fel), n. Skin; pelt. [A. S.feL] 
 
 fell (fel), a. Cruel; fierce; bloody. 
 [A. S. = felling.] [Ai\] 
 
 fellah (fel'a), n. Egyptian peasant. 
 
 felloe. See felly. 
 
 fellow ( fel'6 ), 7i. 1. Associate; com- 
 panion and equal. 2. One of a pair; 
 mate. 3. Member of a university who 
 enjoys a fellowship. 4. Member of a 
 scientific or other society. 5. Worth- 
 less or ill-bred person. -fel'low-feel'- 
 ing> n. Feeling between fellows or 
 equals; sympathy.— fellowship, n. 
 1. State of a fellow or partner. 2. 
 Friendly intercourse; communion. 3. 
 Association. 4. Endowment in a uni- 
 versity for %he support of graduates 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w^lfj 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl. *hexx. 
 
felly 
 
 193 
 
 fertile 
 
 jailed fellows. 5. Position and in- 
 come of a fellow. 6. Proportional 
 division of profit and loss among 
 partners. [Icel. felagi, partner in 
 goods— roots of fee and law.] 
 
 felly (fel'i), felloe (fel'o), n. One of 
 Lhe curved pieces forming the cir- 
 cumference of a wheel. [A. S. felgu.] 
 
 f e 1 o n ( fel'un ), I. n 1, In law. Person 
 who has committed a felony. 2. Whit- 
 low. II. a. Malignant; malicious; 
 treacherous.— felonious(fe-15'ni-us), 
 a. Malignant; perfidious. — felo'- 
 niously, adv. With the deliberate 
 attention to commit a crime. [Fr. 
 fdlon, traitor.] 
 
 Syn. Malefactor; criminal; outlaw. 
 
 felony (fel'un-i), n. Heinous crime 
 punishable by imprisonment or death. 
 
 felspar. Same as feldspar, [feel. 
 
 felt (felt). Past tense and pa.p. of 
 
 felt(felt).I. n. Cloth made of woohhair, 
 etc. without weaving.II. vt. Make into 
 felt; cover with felt. — felt'ing, n. 
 1. Art or process of making felt. 2. 
 Material for making felt. 3. Felt. 
 [A. S] 
 
 felucca (fe-luk'a'*, 
 n. Boat with oars 
 and lateen (three- 
 cornered) sails, 
 used in the Medi- 
 terranean. [It. fe- 
 luca — Ar. fu I k , 
 ship.] 
 
 female (fe'mal). I. Felucca. 
 
 a. 1. Of the sex 
 
 that produces young or fruit. 2. Per- 
 taining to females. II. n. One of the 
 female sex. [Fr. femelle— li.femella.] 
 
 feminine (fem'i-nin), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to women; womanly; tender, de- 
 licate. 2. " In gram. Or the gender 
 denoting females. — fem'infnely,aefa;. 
 
 femur (ze'muv), n.— pi. femora (fem'- 
 o-ra), n. Thigh bone. [L.] 
 
 femoral ( f em'o-ral) , a. Belonging to 
 the thigh. [L,.— femur.] 
 
 fen (fen), n. Low marshy land. [A.S.] 
 
 fence (fens). I. n. 1. Wall or hedge 
 for inclosing or protecting. 2. Art of 
 fencing; defense. 3. Receiver of stolen 
 goods. II. vt. Inclose with a fence; 
 fortify. III. vi. Practice fencing. — 
 fen'cer, n. One who practices fen- 
 cing with a sword. — fen'ciiig 1 , 
 n. 1. Act of erecting a f e n c e. 2. 
 Material for making fences. 3. Art of 
 attack and defence with a sword or 
 other weapon. [Abbrev. of defence.] 
 
 fend (fend) vt. Ward off; shut out.— 
 fend'er, n. 1. Metal guard before the 
 tire to confine the ashes. 2. Protec- 
 tion for a ship side. 3. Device in front 
 
 of electric cars to protect people from 
 getting under the wheels. [Abbrev. 
 
 Of DEFEND J 
 
 Fenian ( fe'ni-an ), n. Member of a 
 brotherhood founded in N. Y. (1857) 
 to secure independence for Ireland.— 
 Fe'nianisin, n. [From finna, an an- 
 cient Irish militia.] 
 
 fennel (fen'el), n. Fragrant plant with 
 yellow flowers. [A. S. flnol—L,. foetii- 
 culu?n.] 
 
 ferment (fer'ment), n. 1. What excite;.' 
 fermentation, as yeast, leaven. 2. In- 
 ternal motion among the parts of a 
 fluid. 3. Agitation; tumult. [L. — 
 ferveo, boil.] 
 
 ferment (fer-menf). I. vt. Excite fer- 
 mentation; inflame. II. vi. 1. Rise and 
 swell by the action of fermentation; 
 work. 2. Be in excited action; be stir- 
 red with anger.— fermentable, a.— 
 fermentabil'ity, n. — fermenta- 
 tion, n. I. Chemical conversion of 
 an organic substance into new com- 
 pounds in presence of a ferment. 2. 
 State of high commotion; 
 excitement. 
 
 fern (fern), n. Plant with 
 feather-like leaves. — 
 fern'y, a. Full of, or 
 overgrown with, ferns. 
 [A. S. /earn.] 
 
 ferocious ( f e-r5'shus ) , a. 
 Savage; fierce; cruel. — 
 fero'ciously, adv. — fe- 
 ro'ciousness, n. [L. Fern. 
 feroxA 
 
 ferocity (fe-ros'i-ti), n. Savage cruelty 
 of disposition; untamed fierceness. 
 
 ferret (fer'et). I. n. Tame animal of 
 the weasel kind employed in unearth- 
 ing rabbits and killing rats. II. vt. 
 
 1. Drive out of a hiding place. 2. 
 Search out carefully and shrewdly. 
 [Fr. furet— Li. fur, thief.] 
 
 ferriage (fer'i-aj), n. Toll paid at a 
 ferry. [2. Containing iron. 
 
 ferric (fer'ik), a. 1. Pertaining to iron. 
 
 ferruginous (fer-ro'jin-us), a. 1. Of 
 the color of iron-rust. 2. Impreg- 
 nated with iron. [L. ferrugineus — 
 ferrugo, iron-rust— /em/wi.] 
 
 ferrule(fer'ol), n. Metal ring on a staff, 
 etc., to keep it from splitting. [Fr. vi- 
 role— Li. viriola, bracelet— viere, bind.] 
 
 ferry (fer'i). I. vt. [ferr'ying; ferried.] 
 Carry or convey over a water in a 
 boat. II. n. 1. Place where one may 
 be conveyed across a water. 2. Ferry' 
 boat. [A. S.ferian, convey.] 
 
 fertile (fer'til), a. 1. Able to produce. 
 
 2. Inventive.— fertilely, adv.— fer- 
 tility, n. [h.—fero, bear.] 
 
 Syn. Productive; fruitful; prolific 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf$ 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fertilize 
 
 194 
 
 fiction 
 
 fertilize (fer'til-iz), vt. Make fertile 
 or fruitful; enrich. — fertilizer, n. 
 
 1. One that fertilizes. 2. Manure, as 
 guano, phosphate of lime, etc. 
 
 ferule (fer'ol), n. Rod used for striking 
 children in punishment. [L. ferula, 
 —ferio, strike.] • 
 fervency (fer'ven-si), n. State of be- 
 ing fervent j eagerness; warmth of 
 devotion. 
 fervent (fer'vent), a. Ardent; zeal- 
 ous; warm in feeling. — fer'vently, 
 adv. [L,.—ferveo, boil.] 
 fervid (fer'vid), a. Very hot; boiling; 
 glowing with desire or emotion; zeal- 
 ous.— fer'vidly, adv.— fer'vidness, 
 n. [L. fervidus.] [ing; glowing zeal. 
 fervor (fer'vur), n. Heat; intense feel- 
 festal (fes'tal), a. Pertaining to a feast 
 or holiday;' joyous. — fes'tally, adv. 
 fester (fes'ter). I. vi. Suppurate; be- 
 come malignant. II. t)«. Cause to 
 fester. III. n. Wound discharging 
 corrupt matter. [Etymol. doubtful.] 
 festival (fes'ti-val), n. Joyful celebra- 
 tion; feast. 
 festive (fes'tiv), a. Festal; mirthful; 
 gay.— festively, adv. — festiv'ity, 
 n. 1. Social mirth at a feast; gaiety. 
 
 2. Festival. [L. festivus—festus.] 
 festoon (fes- ton'). I. n. Garland sus- 
 pended between two points; sculptur- 
 ed ornament like a wreath of flowers, 
 etc. II. vt. Adorn with festoons. [Fr. 
 feston—Jj. festum.] 
 
 fetch (fech), vt. 1. Bring; go and get; 
 2. Obtain as its price. 3. Accomplish 
 in any way; reach or attain. [A. S. 
 fetian, fetch. Ger. f assert.] 
 
 fetch (fech), n. Trick. [From fetch, 
 vt., the meaning being, something 
 one goes to find, thing contrived.] 
 
 fete (fat). I. n. Festival or feast; holi- 
 day. II. vt. Entertain at a feast. [Fr. 
 —Li. festum.'] 
 
 fetich (fe'tish), n. 1. Image or object 
 considered as possessing divine power 
 and worshipped. 2. Object of exclu- 
 sive and inordinate devotion. — fe'- 
 tichism, n. 
 
 fetid (fet'id), a. Having a strong of- 
 fensive odor. — fetidness, n. [L. 
 fcetidus—foeteo, smell foul.] 
 
 fetish (fe'tish). n. Same as fetich. 
 
 fetlock (fet'lok), n. 1. Tuft of hair that 
 grows behind on horses' feet. 2. Part 
 where this hair grows. [From roots 
 of foot and lock.] 
 
 fetter (fet'er). I. n. 1. Chain or shackle 
 for the feet. 2. Anything that re- 
 strains; used chiefly \npt.~ II. vt. Put 
 fetters on; restrain. [A. S. fetor— fet, 
 feet.] [the egg or in the womb. [L.] 
 
 fetus, foetus (fe'tus), n. Young in 
 
 feud (fud), n. Deadly quarrel between 
 tribes or families; bloody strife. [A. 
 S. fcehadh—fah, hostile.] 
 
 feud (fud), n. Land held on condition 
 of service, fief.— feud'al, a. Pertain- 
 ing to feuds or fiefs; belonging to 
 feudalism. — feudalism, n. System, 
 during the middle ages s by which vas- 
 sals held lands from lords-superior on 
 condition of military service.— feud'- 
 atory, a. Holding lands or power by 
 feudal tenure. [Low L. feudum, from 
 root Of FEE.] 
 
 fever (fe'ver), I. n. 1. Disease marked 
 by great bodily heat and quickening 
 of pulse. 2. Extreme excitement. 3. 
 Painful degree of anxiety. II. vt. Put 
 into a fever. III. vi. Become or be 
 fevered. — feverish ( fe'ver-ish ), a. 
 Slightly fevered ; indicating fever; 
 hot; excited. — fe'verishly, adv.— 
 fe'verishness, n. 
 
 few (fu), a. Small in number; not 
 many. — fewness, n- [A. $>.fea,pl. 
 feave.] 
 
 fcr (fez), n. Red cap 
 of felt or cloth, 
 with a tassel o f 
 blue silk or wool at 
 the crown, much 
 worn in Turkey, 
 etc. [From Fez, 
 town in Morocco.] 
 
 fiance (fe-ang-sa'), 
 n. One that isaffianced or betrothed. 
 — fiancee (fe-ang-sa'), n.fem. 
 
 fiasco (fi-as'ko), n. Failure. [It.] 
 
 fiat (fi'at), n. Formal or solemn com- 
 mand; decree. [L.=let it be done.] 
 
 fib (fib). I. n. Lie; falsehood; storv. 
 II. vi. [fib'bing; fibbed.] Tell a lie; 
 prevaricate. [Prom fable.] 
 
 fiber, fibre (fi'ber), n. 1. One of the 
 small threads composing the parts of 
 animals or vegetables. 2. Thread- 
 like substance. [Fr.— L. fibra, thread.] 
 
 fibril (fi'bril), n. 1. Small fiber. 2. 
 Minute thread composing an animal 
 fiber. [Low Li.fibrilla, dim. of 1L. fibra.] 
 
 fibrin (fi'brin), n. Organic compound, 
 composed of thready fibers. 
 
 fibrous ( fi'brus ), a. Composed of or 
 containing fibres.— fi'brousuess, n. 
 
 fickle (fik'l), a. Inconstant; change- 
 able.— fickleness, n. [A. S. ficol.] 
 Syn. Capricious; variable; mutable; 
 vacillating; wavering; shifting. 
 
 fictile (flk'til), a. Used or fashioned by 
 the potter. [L. Jingo, form.] 
 
 fiction (fik'shun) , n. 1. Invention. 2. 
 Feigned or false story; romance; no- 
 vel. 3. Fictitious literature. 4. Legal 
 assumption as a fact. [Fr.— L. fictio, 
 —flctus, pa. p. of Jingo.] 
 
 Fez. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fictitious 
 
 195 
 
 filch 
 
 fictitious (fik-tish'us), a. Imaginary; 
 not real; forged.— fictitiously, acta. 
 
 fiddle (fid'i). I. n. Stringed instru- 
 ment of music; violin. II. vt. andm. 
 Play on a fiddle.— fid'dler, n. 1. One 
 who plays a fiddle. 2. Small burrow- 
 ing crab. [A. S.fithele.] 
 
 fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. Faithful perfor- 
 mance of duty; firm adherence. [L. 
 fidelitas. ] 
 
 fidget (fij'et). I. vi. Move uneasily. II. 
 n. Irregular motion ; restlessness.— 
 pi. General nervous restlessness. — 
 fidg'ety, a. Restless; uneasy.— 
 fidgetiness, n. [From A. S. fican, 
 move to and fro.] 
 
 fiducial (fi-du'sbi-al), a. 1. Showing 
 reliance. 2. Of the nature of a trust.— 
 fidu'cially, adv. \L>.—fido, trust.] 
 
 fiduciary (fi-du'shi-ar-i). I. a. 1. Con- 
 fident; unwavering. 2. Held in trust. 
 II. n. Cue who holds in trust. |„L. fidu- 
 ciarius.) [gust. [Ger.pfui/'F'v.fi/] 
 
 fie (fi)_, int. Signifies contempt or dis- 
 
 fief (fef), n. Land held of a superior 
 in fee or on condition of military ser- 
 vice; feud. [Fr.— L. feudu?n.] 
 
 field (feld). I. n. 1. Open country. 2. 
 Piece of ground inclosed for til- 
 lage or pasture. 3. Locality of a 
 battle ; the battle itself. 4. Room for 
 action or space covered. 5. Wide ex- 
 panse. 6. Competitors in a contest. 7. 
 In baseball. Place for players out- 
 side the diamond. II. vi. and vt. 1. 
 Take to the field. In base-ball. Catch, 
 stop, throw the ball, etc.— field-day, 
 n. Day when troops are drawn out for 
 instruction in field exercises; day for 
 athletic out-do>>r sports; gala day. 
 — field-glass, n. Binocular telescope 
 or opera-glass for looking at objects 
 at a considerable distance. — field- 
 gun, n. Light cannon for use on the 
 flelii of battle; finldpiece. — field- 
 mar'shul, n. Officer of the highest 
 rank ii European armies. — field- 
 officer, n. Military officer above the 
 rank of captain, and below that of a 
 general. 
 
 fiend (fend), n. 1. One actuated by in- 
 tense wickedness or hate. 2. Devil. — 
 fiend'ish.a. [A.S. feond—feon, bate.] 
 
 fierce ( leis ). u. Ferocious; violent; 
 angry. — fiercely, adv. — fierce'- 
 U4-«*s, n. [O. Fr. fers—L,. ferns, wild.] 
 Hyn. Savage; cruel; vehement. 
 
 fiery (fir'i), a. 1. Consisting of, or 
 containing, fire. 2. Hot. ardent; im- 
 petuous; irritable.— fier'iness, n. 
 
 fife (fif). I. n. Small pipe used for 
 military music, an octave hieher than 
 the flute. II. vi. Play on the fife. [Fr. 
 fif re— Li. pipare, chirp.] 
 
 fifteen (fif'ten), a. and n. Five and ten. 
 [A.S.fiftyne.] 
 
 fifth (fifth). I. a. Next after the fourth. 
 II. n. One of five equal parts. [A. S. 
 fifta.] 
 
 fiftieth (fif 'tl-eth). I. a. Ordinal of fifty. 
 II. n. Fiftieth part. 
 
 fifty (fif'ti), a. and n. 
 Five times ten. fA.S. 
 —fif, five, and #0, leu.] 
 
 fig (fig), n. 1. Fig- 
 tree or its fruit, grow- 
 ing in warm climates. 
 
 2. Thing of little con- 
 sequence. [Fr. figue — 
 Li.ficus, fig.] 
 
 fight(fit). I. vi. [fighf- 
 ing; fought (fat).] 
 Contend for victory. 
 II. vt. Engage in conflict with. III. n. 
 
 1. Struggle; battle. X. Pugnacity; 
 courage.— fight'er, 7i. [A.S. feohtan.] 
 
 Syn. Fray; affray. See battle. 
 
 figment (fig'ment), n. Fabrication; 
 invention. [L,.— Jingo, form.] 
 
 figuration (fig-u-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of giving figure or form. 2. In music, 
 mixture of chords and discords. 
 
 figurative ( fig'ti-ra-tiv), a. Repre- 
 senting by, containing, or abounding 
 in, figures; metaphorical; flowery; 
 typical.— fig'uratively, adv. 
 
 figure (fig'ur). I. n. 1. Form of any- 
 thing; outline. 2. Representation in 
 drawing, etc; design. 3. Statue. 4. 
 Appearance. 5. Character denoting a 
 number. 6. Value, price. 7. In rhet. 
 Use of words outside of their literal 
 or common signification. 8. Steps in 
 a dance. 9. Type, emblem. II. vt. 1. 
 Form, shape. 2. Make an image of. 
 
 3. Mark with figures or designs. 4. 
 Imagine. 5. Symbolize. 6. Foreshow; 
 note by figures; calculate. III. vi. 1. 
 Make figures. 2. Appear as a dis- 
 tinguished person.— Figure on: Esti- 
 mate; calculate; expect. — figured 
 (fie'urd), a. Marked or adorned with 
 figures. [L. figura— fingo, form.] 
 
 figurehead (fig'ur-hed) , n. 1. Figure 
 or bust on the head or prow of a ship. 
 
 2. One who holds a responsible posi- 
 tion in name only. 
 
 filament (fil'a-ment), n. Slender, 
 thread-like object; fiber; part of 
 stamen supporting the anther. — 
 filamentous, a. Thread-like. 
 
 filbert (fil'bert), n. Fruit or nut of 
 the cultivated hazel. [From St. Phili- 
 berfs day, Aug. 22, old style.] 
 
 filch (filch), vt. Steal; pilfer.— filch'- 
 er, n. Thief. [Etymol. doubtful.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
file 
 
 196 
 
 fine 
 
 tile (fll). I.n. 1. Line or wire on which 
 papers are placed in order. 2. Papers 
 so placed. 3. Roll or list. 4. Line of 
 soldiers ranged behind one another. 
 II. vt. 1. Put upon a file. 2. Arrange 
 in an orderly manner. 3. Put among 
 the records of a court. III. vi. March 
 in a file. [Pr.— L. filum, thread. ] 
 
 file (fil). I. n. Steel instrument with 
 sharp-edged furrows for smoothing 
 or abrading metals, etc. II. vt. Cut or 
 smooth with a file. [A. S.feol.] 
 
 filial (fil'yal), a. 1. Pertaining to or 
 becoming a son or daughter. 2. Bear- 
 ing the relation of a child.— finally, 
 adv. [L. filius, son, filia, daughter.] 
 
 filiate (fil'i-at), vt. Same as affiliate. 
 
 filibuster (fll'i-bus-ter). I. n. Lawless 
 military or piratical adventurer, as in 
 W. Indies ; buccaneer. II. vi. 1. Act as 
 a freebooter or buccaneer, 2. Resort 
 to irregular means to impede or de- 
 feat legislation. [Sp.] 
 
 filigree (fil'i-gre), n. 1. Ornamental 
 work of gold and silver wire. 2. Pine 
 network, containing beads. 3. Any 
 ornamental open work. [ Sp. fili- 
 grana—Li. fllum, thread, and granmn, 
 grain, bead.] [a flle. 
 
 filing- (filing), n_. Particle cut off with 
 
 Filipino (nl-i-pe'no), n. Native of the 
 Philippine Islands. 
 
 fill (fll). I. vt. 1. Make full; put into 
 until all the space is occupied. 2. 
 Supply abundantly; satisfy; glut. 3. 
 Hold and perform the duties of. 4. 
 Supply a vacant office. II. vi. Become 
 full; become satiated. III. n. As much 
 as fills or satisfies; full supply. — 
 fill'er, n. [A.S. fyllan.] 
 
 fillet (fil'et), n. 1. Band to tie about 
 the hair of the head. 2. Muscle; large 
 piece of meat without bones, esp. of 
 the loin. 3. Narrow molding gener- 
 ally rectangular in section. [Pr. filet, 
 — L. fllum, thread.] 
 
 filling* (firing), n. Material used for 
 occupying some vacant space, or 
 completing some structure, stopping 
 up a hole, or the like; sometimes ap- 
 plied to the weft of a web; woof. 
 
 fillip (fil'ip). I. vt. Strike with the 
 nail of the finger, forced from the 
 ball of the thumb with a sudden jerk. 
 II. n. Jerk of the finger suddenly let 
 go from the thumb. [Prom flip.] 
 
 filly (fill), n. Young mare. [Dim. of 
 Foal.] 
 
 film (film). I. n. Thin skin, membrane 
 or coating. II. vt. Cover with a film 
 or thin skin. III. vi. Be or become 
 covered as if by a film. — filmy, a. 
 Composed of film or membranes. — 
 film'iness, n. [A. S.fell, skin.] 
 
 filter (fil'ter). I. n. Strainer; piece of 
 woolen cloth, paper or ofcner substan- 
 ce, through which liquors are passed 
 for separating from them all matter- 
 mechanically suspended in them. IL 
 vt. and vi. Pass through a filter. 
 
 filth (filth), n. 1. Foul matter. 2. That 
 which defiles, physically or morally. 
 — filth'y, a. Foul; unclean; impure. 
 — filthily, adv. — filth'iness, n. 
 
 fA. S. fyldh. See foul.] 
 irate (fil'trat), vt. Filter or per- 
 colate. — filtra'tion, n. [ed. [L.'J 
 
 fimbriated (tLn'bri-at-ed), a. Fring- 
 
 fin (fin), n. Organ bv which ;i fish bal 
 ances itself and swims. [A. S. ftnn— 
 L. pinnaA 
 
 finable (fi'na bl), a. Liable to a fine. 
 
 final (fi'nal), a. Respecting the end or 
 motive; last; decisive.— finality, n. 
 State of being final, or of being vet- 
 tied.— finally, adv. At the end; ulr.i- 
 mately; lastly. [L.finalis— finis, tw&.] 
 Syn. Terminating; ultimate; con- 
 clusive; eventual; ulterior. 
 
 finale (fi-na'la), n. End; last passage 
 in a piece of music; concluding piece 
 in a concert, exhibition, etc. [Ii .*] 
 
 finance (fi-nans'), n. 1. System or 
 science of public revenue and expen- 
 diture. 2. pi. Revenue; funds in the 
 public treasury, or accruing to it; 
 public resources of money. 3. Income 
 or resources of individuals. II. vt. 
 Manage financially; furnish with 
 money. — financial (fi-nan'shal), a. 
 Pertaining to finance. — financial- 
 ly, adv. — financier (fi-nan-ser'). I. 
 n. 1. One skilled in finauce. 2. Officer 
 who administers the public revenue. 
 II. vi. Conduct financial operations. 
 [Fr.— L. finare, pay a fine, settle.] 
 
 finch (finch), n. One of several species 
 of birds, many of them excellent sin- 
 gers. [A. S. fine] 
 
 find (find). I. vt. [find'ing; found.] 1. 
 Come upon; meet with. 2. Discover; 
 arrive at. 3. Perceive ; experience. 
 4. Supply. II. n. Rich discovery; 
 anything found. — find'er, n.— find'- 
 ing, n. 1. Anything found.— pi. Tools, 
 trimmings, etc., which a shoemaker 
 must furnish. 2. Provision; supply. 
 3. Verdict. [A. S. findan.] 
 
 fine (fin), a. 1. Excellent ; beautiful. 
 2. Not coarse or heavy. 3. Subtile; 
 thin; slender. 4. Exquisite; adorned 
 with every grace and accomplish- 
 ment. 5. Nice, delicate. 6. Overdone. 
 7. Showy; splendid.— The Fine Arts, 
 as painting and music, are those in 
 which the love of the beautiful and 
 fineness of taste are chiefly concern- 
 ed; opp. to the useful or industrial 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fine 
 
 197 
 
 flsc 
 
 arts. II. vt. Make fine; refine; purify. 
 
 — finely, adv. - fineness, n. [Fr. 
 — L. finitus, finished.] 
 
 fine (tin). I. n. 1. Sum of money impo- 
 sed as a punishment. 2. Conclusion, 
 end. II. vt. Impose a fine on; punish 
 by fine. [L. finis, final settlement.] 
 
 finery (fi'ner-i), n. Fine or showy 
 things. 
 
 finesse (fi-nes'). I. n. Subtilety of con- 
 trivance; cunning; trickery. II. vi. 
 Use artifice. [Fr.] 
 
 finger (fing'er). I. n. 1. One of the 
 five extreme parts of the hand; digit. 
 2. Breadth of a finger. 3. Skill in the 
 use of the hand or fingers. II. vt. 
 Handle or perform with the fingers. 
 III. vi. Use the fingers on a musical 
 instrument. [A. S. Akin to Fang.] 
 
 finical (fin'i-kal), a. Affected; fine or 
 precise in trifles; over-nice; foppish. 
 — fin'ically, adv. [L.] 
 
 finis (fi'nis), n. End; conclusion. 
 
 finish (fin'ish). I. vt. End; complete 
 the making of; perfect; give the last 
 touches to. II. n. That which finishes 
 or completes; last touch: last coat of 
 plaster to a wall.— finisher, n. [Fr. 
 flnir.] 
 
 finite (fi'nit), a. Having an end or limit, 
 
 — opp. to infinite. — fi'nitely, adv. — 
 fi'niteness, n. [Li. finitus, hnished.] 
 
 finny (fin'i), a. Furnished with fins. 
 
 fiord ( fyard), n. Long, narrow, rock- 
 bound strait or inlet. 
 [Norw.] 
 
 fir (fer), n. One of sev- 
 eral species of cone- 
 bearing, resinous 
 trees, valuable for 
 their timber. [A. S. 
 furh. ] 
 
 fire (fir). I. n. 1. Heat 
 and light caused by 
 burning; flame. 2. 
 Anything burning, as 
 fuel in a grate, etc . 3. 
 Conflagration. 4. Torture by burn- 
 ing; severe trial. 5. Ardor; vigor. 6. 
 Brightness of fancy; enthusiasm. 7. 
 Splendor; glow. 8. Discharge of fii'e- 
 arms. II. vt. 1. Set on fire. 2. In- 
 flame; irritate. 3. Animate. 4. Cause 
 the explosion of; discharge. 5. Bake. 
 III. vi. 1. Take fire. 2. Be or become 
 irritated or inflamed. 3. Discharge 
 firearms.— fire' arm, n. Weapon 
 which is discharged by an explosive, 
 as gunpowder. — firebrand, n. 1. 
 Piece of wood on fire. 2. One who in- 
 flames the passions of others. — fire- 
 brick., n. Brick that resists the ac- 
 tion of fire.— fire'clay, n. Kind of 
 clay used in making firebricks.— fire'- 
 
 Fir-tree. 
 
 cracker, n. Kind of explosive fire- 
 works.— firedamp, n. Gas (carbu- 
 retted hydrogen) in coal-mines, apt to 
 take fire.— fire-engine, n. Engine 
 or forcing-pump used to extinguish 
 fires with water. — fire-escape, n. 
 Contrivance to enable people to es- 
 cape from fires. — fire'fly, n. Insect 
 which emits a bright light. — fire'- 
 man, n. 1. Man whose business it is to 
 assist in extinguishing fires. 2. Man 
 who tends the fires; stoker. — fire'- 
 place, n. Place in a house appro- 
 priated to the fire; hearth. — fire- 
 proof, a. Proof against fire; incom- 
 bustible.— fire'ship, n. Vessel filled 
 with combustibles, to set an enemy's 
 vessels on fire.— fire'sicle, n. Side of 
 a fireplace; hearth; home. — fire'- 
 works, n. pi. Preparations of gun- 
 powder, sulphur, ecc, to De fired, 
 chiefiy for display or amusement. 
 [A.S. fyr.] 
 
 firkin (fer'kiu), n. 1. Fourth part of a 
 barrel. 2. Small wooden cask, used for 
 butter, tallow, etc. [O. Dut. rierkin.] 
 
 firm (fgrm),a. 1. Fixed ; compact. 2 
 Not easily moved or disturbed. — 
 firmly, adv.— firmness, n. 
 
 Syn. Stable; solid: stanch; dense; 
 substantial; resolute; constant. 
 
 firm (fern).), n. Title under which a 
 company transacts business; busi- 
 ness house. [It. firma, signature.] 
 
 firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. Region 
 of the air; sky; heavens. — firma- 
 mental, a. [L] 
 
 firman (fer'man), n. Decree of the 
 Turkish government. [Pers.] 
 
 first fferstj. I. a. Foremost; preceding 
 all others in place, time, or degree; 
 most eminent; chief. II. adv. Before 
 anything else in time, space, rank, 
 etc. — first'ly, adv. In the first place. 
 — first-floor, n. 1. In England, floor 
 above the ground-floor. 2. In United 
 States, ground-floor. — firstling-. 
 n. First produce or offspring, esp. of 
 animals, [first and suffix ling ] — 
 first-rate, a. Of the first, or highest 
 rate or excellence; pre-eminent in 
 quality, size, estimation. — first- 
 water, n. First or highest quality; 
 purest lustre. [A. S. fyrst, superl. of 
 fore.] 
 
 firth (ferth), n. Arm of the sea; frith. 
 
 fisc (fisk), fiscus (fis'kus), n. State 
 treasury.— fisc'al. I. a. Pertaining 
 to the public treasury or revenue. — 
 fiscal year, period at the end of which 
 the accounts of a public office or 
 business house are balanced. II. 
 n. 1. Treasurer. 2. State attorney, 
 [Fr. Use — Li. fiscus, basket, purse.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute", but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
flsb 
 
 198 
 
 flageolet 
 
 fish (fish). I. n. 1. Animal that lives 
 in water, and breathes through gills. 
 
 2. In general, animal living in water. 
 
 3. Flesh of fish.— pi. fish (collectively) 
 and fishes- II. vt. 1. Try to catch fish. 
 2. Seek to obtain by artifice.— fish- 
 er, fish'erman, n. One who fishes, 
 or whose occupation it is to catch fish. 
 
 — fish'ery, n. 1. Business of catch- 
 ing fish. 2. Place for breeding or 
 catching fish.— fish'ing. I. a. Used in 
 fishery II. n. Art or practice of catch- 
 ing fish. — fish-monger (fish'mung- 
 ger), n. Dealer in fish. [A. S. fisc ] 
 
 fishy (fish'i), a. 1. Consisting offish; 
 like a fish, abounding in fish. 2. Ex- 
 travagant; suspicious; foul. — fish'- 
 iness, n. 
 
 fissile (fis'il), a. That may be split in 
 the direction of the grain. [L.— findo, 
 cleave.] 
 
 fission (fish'un), n. Act of cleaving, 
 splitting or breaking up into parts. 
 [L. fissio.] [cleft. [Fr.— L. fissura.] 
 
 fissure (fish'or), n. Narrow opening; 
 
 fist (fist), n. 1. Closed or clenched 
 hand, 2. Mark ($W) used to direct 
 special attention. [A. S. fyst.] 
 
 fistula (fis'tu-la), n. Deep, narrow, 
 pipe-like, chronic ulcer. — fis'lular, 
 a. [L. fistula, reed, pipe.] 
 
 fit (fit). I. a. Adapted to an end or stand- 
 ard; qualified. II. vt. [fitt'ing; fitt'ed.] 
 
 I. Suit one thing to another. 2. Be 
 adapted to. 3. Qualify. III. vi. Be 
 suitable. IV. n. Adjustment; adapta- 
 tion. — fitly, adv. — fitness, n. — 
 fit'ter, n. [Ice\. fitja, knit together.] 
 
 Syn. Adapted; adequate; apt; con- 
 venient; proper; meet; becoming. 
 
 fit (fit), n. 1. Sudden attack by con- 
 vulsions, as apoplexy, epilepsy, etc. ; 
 convulsion; paroxysm. 2. Temporary 
 attack as laughter, etc.; sudden ef- 
 fort or motion; passing humor. [A. 
 S. fit, foot, step, verse, bout.] 
 
 fitful (fit'fol), a. Marked by sudden 
 impulse; spasmodic.— fit'fu'lly, adv. 
 
 — fit'fulness, n. 
 
 fitting (fifing). I. a. Fit; appropriate. 
 
 II. n. Anvthing used in fitting up, esp. 
 in pi.— fittingly, adv. [A. S. fif.] 
 
 five (fiv), a. and n. Four and one. 
 
 fivefold (flv'fold), a. Five times folded 
 or repeated; in fives. 
 
 fix (fiks). I. vt. Make stable, firm, fast 
 or solid; set or place permanently; 
 establish firmly or immovably. 2. 
 Fasten; attach firmly. 3. Direct 
 steadily, as the eye, the mind, the at- 
 tention-, etc. 4. (U. S. colloq). Put in 
 order; punisb; prepare; repair. II. 
 vi. 1. Rest; settle or remain perma- 
 nently. 2 Become firm, so as to resist 
 
 volatilization; cease to flow or be 
 fluid; congeal. III. n. Condition; pre- 
 dicament; difficulty.— fixation, n. 
 
 1. Act of fixing or state of being fixed 
 
 2. Steadiness; firmness. 3. State in 
 which a body does not evaporate.— 
 fixed (fikst), a. Established; stable. 
 — fixedly, adv. Firmly; in a settled 
 manner; steadfastly. — fixedness, 
 fix'ity, n. [Fj. fixer— Lt.figo, fasten.] 
 
 fixture (fiks'tur), n. What is fixed to 
 
 anything, as to land or to a house. 
 fizz (fiz). I. vi. Hiss. II. n. 1. Hiss. 2. 
 
 Beverage that fizzes, as champagne or 
 
 selters. [From the sound.] 
 fizzle (fiz'l). I. vi. Hiss; splutter. 2. 
 
 Fail ridiculously. II. n. Pretentious, 
 
 unsuccessful effort. [Dim. of fizz.] 
 fjord, n. See fiord, [found; bewilder. 
 flabbergast (flab'er-gast), vt. Con- 
 flabby (flab'i), a. Easily moved; soft 
 
 and yielding; hanging loose.— flab'- 
 
 biness, n. [From flap.] 
 flabellum (fla-bel'um), n. 1. Fan. 2- 
 
 Fanlike appendage. [L.] 
 flaccid (flak'sid), a. Flabby; easily 
 
 yielding to pressure: soft and weak. 
 
 — f lae'eidly, adv. — f lae'eidness, 
 
 flaccid'iiy, n. Laxuess; want of 
 
 firmness. 
 flag (flag), vi. [fljg'ging: 
 
 flagged.] Grow la lgiUd; 
 
 droop. [Icel. flaka, flap. 
 
 A. S. flacor, flutter.] 
 flag (flag), n. Water- 
 
 plant. [So called 
 
 from its waving in^ 
 
 the wind.] 
 flag (flag). I. 
 
 n. Cloth, many 
 
 colored or 
 
 bearing devi- 
 ces, usually 
 
 mounted on 
 
 a staff and 
 
 serving to 
 
 show nation- 
 ality, party, 
 
 etc., or f o r 
 
 signalling; 
 
 ensign; banner; the colors; standard. 
 
 II. vt. Give a signal to with a flag. [A. 
 
 S. flacor, flutter.] 
 flag (flag), flagstone, n. Large flat 
 
 stone used for paving. [Icel. flaga, 
 
 slab.] 
 flagellant (flaj'el-ant). I. n. One who 
 
 scourges himself in religious disci- 
 pline. II. a. Given to whipping. 
 flagellate (flaj'el-at), vt. Whip or 
 
 scourge .— flagellation, n. [L.fia- 
 
 gello.] [instrument like a flute. [Fr.] 
 flageolet (flaj'o-let), n. Small wind 
 
 American Flag. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
£T5®Sjflll^fiS^3TQN^s 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 m 
 
 ■ i or pi a 
 
 T^PARAGUA^^ 
 
 BULCARIA 
 
 BRITISH EMPIRE 
 
 II 
 
 GUATEMALA 
 
 FsF 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 ARGENTINE 
 
 B 
 
 l| " 1 NICARAGUA 
 
 E 
 
 BILC1UM 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 11 NETHERLANDS 
 
 Ism 
 
 ■* MONTENEGRO 
 
 COLOMBIA 
 
 G 
 
 COPYRIGHT BY W.H.LEE IS03 
 
 United States, 45 stars (35 more than shown above). China, merchant. Corea, state. Liberia, 
 state. Paraguay, state. Brazil, state. Bulgaria, state. Austria, state. British Empire, 
 merchant. Guatemala, state. Australia, state. Germany, navy. Argentine, state. Honduras, 
 state. Bolivia, state. Nicaragua, state. Hayti, state. France, merchant. Ecuador, state. 
 Chile, merchant Belgium, merchant. Denmark, navy. Netherlands, merchant. Greece, 
 navy. Spain, navy. Montenegro, state. Colombia, merchant. Egypt, stare. 
 
COSTA RICA 
 
 SAN SALVADOR 
 
 1^^^ ITALY 
 
 MEXICO 
 
 I 
 
 aS.NAVAL DISPATCH 
 
 SECY US NAVY 
 
 II US LIGHTHOUSE 
 
 II SERVIA 
 
 I' ROUMANIA 
 
 US REVENUE 
 
 [ 
 
 II TURKEY 
 
 US-PRESIDENT 
 
 URUCUAY 
 
 I PI NORWAY 
 
 CUBA 
 
 I 
 
 SWITZERLAND 
 
 SAN DOdlNCO 
 
 I 
 
 1 MOROCCO 
 
 COPVRICMT BY WH. LEE 1903 
 
 navy. San Salvador, merchant. 
 
 Costa Rica, navy. Peru, navy. San Salvador, merchant. Italy, navy. Russia, state 
 Mexico, navy. Portugal, navy. Japan, navy. Siam, state. Burma, state. Tunisia, state 
 Servia, state. Roumania, state. Turkey, state. Uruguay, state. Norway, navy. Persia 
 state. Sweden, navy. Cuba, state. Switzerland, state. San Domingo, navy. Morocce 
 state. The special use of the five U. S. flags shown on this page, is indicated by the name 
 below each one. 
 
flagitious 
 
 199 
 
 flatulence 
 
 flagitious (fla-jish'us), a. Grossly 
 wicked.— flagitiously, adv. — fla- 
 gi'tiousness, n. [L. flagitiosus.] 
 Syn. Villainous; heinous: atrocious. 
 
 flagon (flag'un), n. "Long-necked decan- 
 ter with handle. [Fr.— root of flask.] 
 
 flagrant (fia'grant), a. 1. Glaring. 2. 
 Enormous. 3. Actually in execution. 
 — f la'grantly, adv.— f la'grancy, 
 n. [L —Jlagro, flame.] 
 
 flagship (flag'ship), n. Ship in which 
 an admiral sails, and flying his flag. 
 
 flail (flal), n. Instrument for thresh- 
 ing. [From L. flagellum, whip.] 
 
 flake (flak). I. n. Loose, filmy or 
 scale-like mass; small flat particle. 
 II. vt. and vi. Form or break into 
 flakes or layers.— fla'ky, a. Consist- 
 ing of flakes; lying in flakes. [Norw. 
 flak, slice.] 
 
 flambeau (flam'bo), n. Flaming to^jh. 
 —pi. flam'beaux (-bo). [Fr.] 
 
 flamboyant ( flan- boi'ant ), a. 1. 
 Flaming; wavy. 2. In arch. With 
 waving or flame-like tracery. [Fr.] 
 
 flame (flam). I. n. 1. Gleam or blaze 
 of afire. 2. Rage; ardor of temper. 
 3. Vigor of thought. 4 Warmth of 
 affection; Jove. II. vi. 1. Burn as 
 flame. 2. Break out 
 in passion. — flame'- 
 less, a. [Fr. Jiamme.] 
 
 flamingo (fla-ming'- 
 5), n. Bird of a red 
 £olor, with very long 
 neck and legs, web- 
 bed feet and a beak 
 bent as If broken. 
 [Port flamenco = 
 flaming red.] 
 
 flange (flanj), n. A 
 raised edge or rib, 
 as on the rim of a car- 
 wheel. [From 
 
 FLANK.] 
 
 flank (flangk). I. n. 1. 
 Side of an animal 
 from the ribs to the 
 thigh. 2. Side of any- 
 thing, esp. of an army or fleet. II. vt. 
 
 I. Stand at the side of ; attack.or pass 
 round, the side of.2. Guard the side of. 
 UI. vi. Be posted on the side; border. 
 [O. H. G. hlanc, loin.] 
 
 flannel (flan'el), n. Soft woollen cloth 
 of loose texture. — f lan'neled, adv. 
 [Orig. flannen—W gwlanen, wool.] 
 
 f lap(flap). I. n. 1. Anything broad a'ld 
 flexible that hangs lo^se or is attacn- 
 ed by one end or side and easily mov- 
 ed. 2. Motion or sound of anything 
 broad and loose, or a stroke with it. 
 
 II. vt. Beat with or as with a flap; 
 move; drop. — flapjack, n. Sort 
 
 Flamingo. 
 
 of broad flat pancake. — f lap'i 
 mouthed, a. Having loose hanging- 
 lips.— flap'per, n. [From the sound.] 
 
 flare (flar). I. vi. Burn with a glaring", 
 unsteady light; glitter; flash. II. n. . 
 1. Unsteady, offensive light. 2. Ex- 
 tension outward. [Norw. flara.] 
 
 flash (flash). I. n. 1. Momentary 
 gleam of light. 2. Sudden burst, as 
 of merriment. 3. Short transient state. 
 4. Rogues' slang. II. vi. 1. Break 
 forth, as a sudden light. 2. Burst out 
 into violence. IH. vt. Cause to flash. 
 IV. a. 1. Vulgarly showy; gaudy. 2. 
 Counterfeit.— flash-light, n. Light 
 of momentary brilliancy.— flash'y, 
 a. Dazzling for a moment; showy but 
 empty. — f lash'ily, adv. — flash- 
 iness, n. [Swed. Jiasa, blaze.] 
 
 flask (flask), n. 1. Narrow-necked 
 bottle of glass or metal. 2. Box use'"! 
 in foundries to contain the sand em- 
 ployed in molding. [A. S. Jlasc.] 
 
 f lat(flat).I.a. Having an w ven and hori- 
 zontal surface; level. 2. Prostrate. 
 3. In the fine arts, wanting relief or 
 prominence of the figures. 4. Taste- 
 less; stale; vapid; insipid; dead. 5. 
 Dull; unanimated; without point or 
 spirit. 6. Peremptory ; absolute ; 
 positive; downright. 7. In music, be- 
 low the natural or the true pitch. 8. 
 Not sharp or shrill; not acute. II. n. 
 
 1. Surface without relief or prominen- 
 ces; level or extended plain; low tract 
 of land. 2. In music, mark of depres- 
 sion in sound. 3. Floor of a house, 
 forming a residence by itself. 4. 
 House with several floors thus fitted 
 up. III. vt. and vi. 1. Level; lay, or 
 lie, smooth or even; flatten. 2. Make 
 or become vapid or tasteless, dull or 
 unanimated- 3. In music, reduce or 
 fall below the true pitch. [Icel.^a^.] 
 
 flatten (flat'n) I. vt. 1. Make flat; 
 reduce to an equal or even surface; 
 level; lay flat. 2. Bring to the ground; 
 prostrate. 3. Make vapid or insipid ; 
 render stale. 4. Depress; deject; di- 
 spirit. 5. In music, lower in pitch; 
 render less acute or sharp. II. vi. 1. 
 Grow or become even on the surface. 
 
 2. Become dead, stale, vapid, tasteless. 
 
 3. Become dull or spiritless. 4. In mu- 
 sic, depress the voice; render a sound 
 less sharp; drop below the true pitch. 
 
 flatter (Safer), vt. Soothe with praise 
 and servile attentions; please wiih 
 false hopes. — f lat'terer, n.— f lat - 
 tery (flat'er-i), n. Insincere praise, 
 [Fr. flatter.] 
 
 flatulence (flat'ii-lens) flatulency, 
 n. Windiness; air generated in the 
 Stomach. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
flatulent 
 
 200 
 
 flier 
 
 flatulent (flat'u-lent), a. Affected 
 with air in the stomach ; apt to gen- 
 erate wind in the stomach; empty; 
 vain. — f lat'ulently, adv. [Fi\— L. 
 flo, flat-, blow.] 
 
 flatus (fla'tus), n. 1. Puff of wind. 2. 
 Air generated in the stomach or any 
 cavity of the body. [L.] 
 
 flaunt (flant). I. vt. and vi. 1. Fly or 
 wave in the wind. 2. Move ostenta- 
 tiously. 3. Carry a saucy appearance. 
 II. n. Anything displayed for show. 
 [A. S. fieon, fly.] 
 
 flavor (fla'vur). I. n. Quality which 
 affeets the smell or the palate. II. vt. 
 Impart flavor to. [Fr. flairer—L,. fra- 
 gro, smell.] 
 
 flaw (fla). I. n. Break; crack; defect. 
 II. vt. Crack; break.— flawless, a. 
 — flawy, a. 
 Syn. Breach; fissure. See fault. 
 
 flax ( flaks ), n. 1. Plant yielding 
 thread for linen, etc. 2. Fibrous part 
 of the bark of the plant. — flaxen 
 (flaks'n), a. 1. Made of or resembling 
 flax. 2. Fair, long, and flowing. — 
 f lax'seed, n. Linseed. 
 
 flay (fla), vt. Strip off the skin of . — 
 t'lay'er,w.. [A.S.flean,— root of flake. 
 
 flea (fle), n. Wingless insect of the 
 genus Pulex, whose bite is poisonous. 
 [A. S. flea—fleon, fly, flee.] 
 
 fleam Iflera'), n. Instrument for lan- 
 cing or bleeding. [O. Fv.flieme — Gr. 
 phlebotomon, vein-cutter.] 
 
 fleck (flek). I. n. Spot; little bit. II. vt. 
 Spot; speckle; streak. [Icel. flekkr.] 
 
 flection. Same as flexion. [flee. 
 
 fled (fled). Past tense and pa. p. of 
 
 fledge (flej),?;£. Furnish with feathers 
 or wings. [A. S.— root of fly.] 
 
 fledg'ling(flej'ling),w. Young bird just 
 fledged. 
 
 flee (fle), vt. and vi. [flee'ing; fled.] 
 Run away, as from danger; keep at a 
 distance from. [A.S. fleon, fly.] 
 
 fleece (fles). I. n. 1. Coat of wool 
 shorn from a sheep at one time. 2 . 
 Loose and thin sheet of cotton or 
 wool coming from the breaking-card 
 in the process of manufacture. II. 
 vt. 1. Clip wool from. 2. Plunder. 3. 
 Cover, as with wool.— fleeced (flest), 
 a. 1. Having a fleece. 2 Plundered. 
 -fleecer, n. One who strips or 
 plunders.— fleecy, a. Covered with 
 wool ; woolly. [A. S. fleos and flys.] 
 
 fleer (fler). I. vt. or vi. Make wry 
 faces in contempt; mock; jeer. II. 
 n. Mockery. [Norw.^m, titter.] 
 
 fleet (flet), n. Number of ships in 
 company, esp. ships of war; division 
 of the navy, commanded by an admi- 
 ral. [A. S. fleot, flota, ship.] 
 
 fleet (Set). I. vi. Pass swiftly. II. vt. 
 
 1. Hasten over. 2. Slip (a cable) on 
 a windlass. III. a. Swift; nimble; 
 fleeting; transient.— f leet'ly, adv.— 
 fleet'ness, n— f leet'iug-, a. Pass- 
 ing quickly ; temporary. — f leet'- 
 ingly, adv. [A. S.fleotan, float.] 
 
 Fleming (flem'ing), n. Native of Flan- 
 ders. 
 
 Flemish (fiem'ish). I. a. Pertaining to 
 Flanders. II. n. 1. Language of the 
 Flemings. 2. pi. People of Flanders. 
 
 flesh (flesh). I. n. 3. Soft substance 
 which covers the bones of animals. 2. 
 Animal food; meat. 3. Body, not the 
 soul; animal nature; bodily appetites. 
 
 4. Present life. 5. Mankind; hum m 
 race. 6. Race ; kindred. 7. Edible 
 part of a fruit. II. vt. L Train to an 
 appetite for flesh,as dogs for hunting. 
 
 2. Use upon flesh, as a sword, esp. for 
 the first time. 3. Accustom; glut. - 
 fleshed (flesh t), a. Having flesh; 
 fat. — f lesh'less, a. Without flesh ; 
 lean. — fleshly, a. Corporeal; car- 
 nal; not spiritual. — f lesh'liness, 
 n. — f lesh'y, a. Fat; pulpy; plump. 
 f lesh'ily, adv.— fleshiness, n. [A. 
 
 5. flcesc] 
 fleur-de-lis 
 
 ( flor-de-le' ), n. 
 1. Flower of the 
 iris, or flower- 
 de-luce. 2. Con- 
 ventional d e - 
 sign derived 
 from the lily. — 
 pi. Fleurs-de- 
 lis'. [Fr.] 
 
 flew (flo). Past 
 tense of Fly. 
 
 flexibility 
 (fleks-i-bil'i-ti), 
 n. Pliancy ; 
 easiness to be persuaded. 
 
 flexible (fleks'i-bl), flexile (fleks'il), 
 a. Easily bent ; pliant; docile.— flex- 
 ibleness, n. — f lex'ihly, adv. [L. 
 flexibilis—jlecto, bend.] 
 
 flexion (flek'shun), n. Bend ; fold. 
 
 flexor (fleks'ur), n. Muscle which 
 • bends a joint. 
 
 flexure (flek'shor), n. 1. Bend or turn- 
 ing. 2. In math. Curving of a line or 
 surface. 3. Bending -of loaded beams. 
 [L.flexura. See Flexible.] 
 
 flicker (flik'er). I. vi. 1. Flutter and 
 move the wing?,, as a bird. 2. Burn 
 unsteadily,as a flame. II. n. Flutter, 
 short movement. [A. S.flicerian.] 
 
 flier, flyer (fli'er), n. One who or 
 that which flies or flees. 2. Fly- 
 wheel. 3. Race horse. 4. Fast ex- 
 press train. 
 
 Lily. 
 
 Fleur-de-lis. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note. not. move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
flight 
 
 201 
 
 florescence 
 
 I light (flit), n. 1. Passing through the 
 air; soaring; excursion ; sally. 2. Act 
 of fleeing; hasty removal. 3. Series 
 of steps. 4. Flock of birds flying to- 
 gether. 5. Birds produced in the .same 
 season. 6. V o 1 1 e y or shower. — 
 flight'y, a. Fanciful: changeable; 
 giddy. — f light'Uy, adv. — f light- 
 iuess, n. [A. S. fly/d—fleogan.] 
 
 flimflam (flim'fiam), n. Trick; sub- 
 stitution of one thing for another. 
 
 flimsy ( flim'zi ), a. Thin; without 
 
 solidity, strength or reason; weak. — 
 
 flim'siness. n. [W. llymsi, naked.] 
 
 Syn. Limp; shallow; feeble; vain. 
 
 f linen (flinch), vi. Shrink back; wince. 
 — flinch'ingly, adv. [Fr. flMdr—L,. 
 fleciere,bend.] [ment. [Novw.flindra.] 
 
 flintier (fiiu'der), n. Splinter; frag- 
 
 fling (flmg). I. vt. 1. Cast, send, or 
 throw from the hand; hurl. 2. Send 
 forth or emit with violence. 3. Scatter. 
 4. Prostrate; baffle; defeat. II. vL 1. 
 Flounce; fly into violent and irregu- 
 lar motions; throw out the legs vio- 
 lently. 2. Utter harsh or abusive 
 language; sneer. 3. Rush away an- 
 grily. III. n. 1. Throw; cast from the 
 hand. 2. Gibe; sneer; sarcasm; se- 
 vere or contemptuous remark. 3. 
 Entire freedom of action; wild dash 
 into pleasures. 4. Kind of dance in 
 which there is much exertion of the 
 limbs. [A. S. fligan, make to fly.] 
 
 flint (flint), n Very hard stone, form- 
 erly used for striking fire.— f lint'y, 
 a. Consisting of or like flint; hard; 
 cruel. — f liut'iness, n. 
 
 flip (flip). I. n. Sudden fling; fillip. 
 II. vt. and vi. 1. Fillip or snap with 
 the fingers. 2. Toss; flap. [From flap.] 
 
 flip (flip), n. 1. Hot drink of beer or 
 cider, spiced and sweetened. 2. Cold 
 drink of wine, spiced, etc. 
 
 flippant (flip'aut), a. 1. Having a 
 voluble tongue;" talkative. 2. Speak- 
 ing fluently and confidently, but 
 without knowledge or consideration; 
 heedlessly pert. 3. Shallow. — 
 flip'pan'cy*. n. [Icei. fleipra, prattle.] 
 
 ISirt (flert). I. vt. 1. Fling; toss. 2. 
 Wave, jerk. II. vi. 1. Flit. 2. Act -with 
 levity. 3. Make love as a pastime; 
 ogle; coquet. III. n. 1. Jerk; fling. 
 2. Person who coquets. — f lirta'- 
 tion. n. [A. S. fleardian, trifle.] 
 
 /lit (flit), vi. (flit'tin-: flit'ted.] Re- 
 move quickly from place to place; fly. 
 [Akin to fleet.] 
 
 flitch, (flich), n. Side of a hog salted 
 and cured. [A. S-flicce.] 
 
 float (flot). I. vi. 1. Rest on the sur- 
 face of a fluid; swim; be buoyed up. 
 2. Glide without effort or impulse on 
 
 the surface of a fluid ; move as if sup- 
 ported by a fluid; move gently and 
 easily through the air. II. vt. 1. Cause 
 to rest or be conveyed on the surface 
 of a fluid. 2. Flood; irrigate. 3. Bring 
 prominently before public notice-; 
 raise funds, as by the sale of shares, 
 for carrying on an undertaking. 
 III. n. That which floats, as a rait, 
 cork, hollow ball, etc. — f loatage, 
 flotage (flo'taj), n. Things found 
 floating on rivers or on the sea. — 
 floating (no' ting), a. Swimming: 
 not fixed; circulating.— float'ingly, 
 adv. [A. S.fleotan.] 
 
 flocculent (flok'u-lent), a. Adhering 
 in locks or flakes.— floc'culence, il. 
 [See flock, lock of wool.] 
 
 flock, (flok). I. n. 1. Company of ani- 
 mals, as sheep, game birds, etc. 2. 
 Company. 3. Christian congregation. 
 II. vi. Gather in flocks or in crowds. 
 [A. S. Jlocc] 
 
 flock (flok), n. Lock of wool. [O. Fr. 
 fioc — L. floccus.] [Dan. iisflage.] 
 
 floe (flo), n. Field of floating ice. 
 
 flog (flog), vt. [flog'ging; flogged.] 
 Beat; strike; lash; chastise with 
 blows. [Etymol. doubtful.] 
 
 flood (flud). I. n. 1. Great flow of 
 water. 2. Inundation; deluge. 3. Rise 
 of the tide. 4. Auy great quantity. II. 
 vt. Overflow; inundate.— floodgate, 
 n. Gate for letting water flow through. 
 — f lood'mark, n. Mark or line to 
 which the tide rises. [A. S. Jlod.] 
 
 floor (flor). I. n. 1. Part of a build- 
 ing or room on which we walk. 2. 
 Platform of boards or planks laid 
 on timbers, as in a bridge ; any similar 
 platform. 3. Story in a building. 4. 
 In legislative assemblies, the part of 
 the house assigned to the members. 
 — Have or get the floor, have or obtain 
 an opportunity of taking part in a 
 debate at a particular time to the ex- 
 clusion of others. (U. S.) II. vt. 1. 
 Cover with a floor; furnish with a 
 floor. 2. Strike down or lay level with 
 the floor; beat; conquer. [A.S. flo?'.] 
 
 flooring (flor'ing), n. 1. Material for 
 floors. 2. Platform; pavement; floor. 
 
 Flora (flo'ra), n. 1. Roman deity, pro- 
 tectress of flowers and spring. 2. 
 Whole of the plants of a particular 
 country. 3. Catalogue of plants.— 
 flo'ral, a. [L. — flos, floris, flower.] 
 
 Florentine (flor'en-tin). I. n. Native 
 or inhabitant of Florence. II. a. From 
 Florence, or originally made there. 
 
 florescence (flo-res'ens), n. 1. Burst- 
 ing into flower. 2. Time when plants 
 flower. [Li.—flos, flower.] 
 
 lite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
floret 
 
 202 
 
 flung 
 
 floret (flS'ret), n. 1. Little flower. 2. 
 Separate little flower, as part of an 
 aggregate flower. 
 
 floriculture (flo'ri-kul-tur), n. Cul- 
 tivation of flowers. 
 
 florid (flor'id), a. 1. Bright in color; 
 flushed with red. 2. Containing flowers 
 of rhetoric, richly ornamental. — 
 f lor'idness, n. [L.floridus—flos.] 
 
 floriferous (flo-rif'er us), a. Bearing 
 or producing flowers. [L. flos, floris, 
 and fero, b«ar. ] 
 
 florin (flor'in) , n. Coin of gold or sil- 
 ver, of a value varying between 40 and 
 50 cents in different countries of 
 Europe. [Fr.— It. ftorino.] [ers. 
 
 florist (flor'ist), n. Cultivator of flow- 
 floss (flos), n. Small stream of water. 
 [Engl. Akin to Ger. fluss.] 
 
 floss (flos), n. 1. Loose downy or silky 
 substance in the husks of certain 
 plants, as the bean. 2. Untwisted 
 thread. — f loss'y, adv.— floss-silk 
 (flos'silk), n. Inferior kind of silk 
 made from floss, or raveled fragments 
 of fiber. [It. Jioscio—Ij. fluxus, loose.] 
 
 flotage. Same as Floatage. 
 
 flotilla (flo-til'a), n. Fleet of small 
 ships. [Sp., dim. of flota, fleet.] 
 
 flotsam (flot'sam), n. Goods lost by 
 shipwreck, and floating on the sea. 
 [See Jetsam.] 
 
 flounce (flowns). I. vi. Move the body 
 or the limbs abruptly or impatiently; 
 plunge and struggle. II. n. Impatient 
 gesture. [O. Sw. flunsa:] 
 
 flounce (flowns). I. n. Plaited strip 
 or border sewed to the skirt of a dress. 
 II. vt. Furnish with flounces. [M. E. 
 frounce— root of Frown.] 
 
 flounde r 
 (flown'der),tf£. 
 Struggle with 
 violent motion 
 [I>ut.floderen.] 
 
 flounde r 
 (flown'der), n. 
 Small flatfish, 
 
 generally found in the sea near the 
 mouths of rivers. [Ger. flunder.] 
 
 flour (flowr). I. n. 1. Finely-ground 
 meal of grain. 2. Fine soft powder of 
 any substance, vt. Reduce to or 
 sprinkle with flour. — floury, a. 1. 
 Like flour. 2. Covered with flour. 
 [Fr.— fleur de far ine, flower of meal.] 
 
 flourish (flur'isb). I. vi. 1. Thrive 
 luxuriantly ; be prosperous. 2. Use 
 copious and flowery language. 3. Make 
 ornamental strokes with the pen. II. 
 vt. 1. Adorn with flourishes or orna- 
 ments. 2. Swing about by way of 
 show or triumph. II. n. 1. Decora- 
 tion ; showy splendor. 2. Figure made 
 
 Flounder. 
 
 by a bold stroke of the pen. 3. Wav- 
 ing of a weapon or other thing.4. Par- 
 ade of words. 5. Musical prelude or 
 call, fanfare. [L. florescere, blossom.] 
 
 flout(flowt). I. vt. and vi. Jeer;mock; 
 treat with contempt. II. n. Mock ; 
 insult. [O. Dut. fluyten, whistle, jeer.] 
 
 flow (flo). I. vi. 1. Run, as water. 2. 
 Rise, as the tide. 3. Move in a stream, 
 as air. 4. Glide smoothly. 5. Abound. 
 6. Hang loose and waving.II. vt. Cover 
 with water; flood. III. n. 1. Stream; 
 current. 2. Setting in of the tide from 
 the ocean. 3. Abundance ; copious- 
 ness. [A S. flowan.] 
 
 flower (flow'er). I. n. 1. Blossom of 
 a plant. 2. Best of anything. 3. Prime 
 of life. 4. Person or thing most dis- 
 tinguished. 5. Figui'e of speech. II. 
 vt. Adorn with figures of flowers. III. 
 vi. Blossom; flourish.— flower-de- 
 luce, n. Iris. — flowery (flow'er-i), 
 a. 1. Full of or adorned with flowers. 
 2. Highly embellished with figurative 
 style, florid. — flow'eriness, n. 
 
 flown (flon), pa. p. of fly. 
 
 fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), vi. 1. Float 
 
 backward and forward, up and down. 
 
 2. Be irresolute.— fluctuation, n, 
 
 [L. fluctus, wave.] 
 
 Syn. Waver; vacillate; oscillate. 
 
 flue (flo), n. Passage for smoke, air 
 etc., as a chimney. [O. Fr.] 
 
 fluent (flo'ent), a. Ready in the uso 
 of words; voluble. — flu'ency, n.- 
 f lu'ently, adv. [L. fluens, flowing.] 
 
 fluff (fluf), n. Light down, such asi 
 rises from beds, cotton, etc., when 
 shaken.— fluff 'y, a. [From fly.] 
 
 fluid (flo'id). I. a. Capable of flowing; 
 liquid or gaseous. II. n. Liquid or 
 gas.— fluid'ity, n. State or quality 
 of being fluid, opposed to solidity.- - 
 f lu'idness, n. [L. ftuidus—fluo, flow. ] 
 
 fluke (flok), n. Flounder. [A.S. floe.) 
 
 fluke (flok), n. 1. Part of an anchor 
 which fastens in the ground. 2.Half 
 of a whale's tail fin. 3. Lucky chance; 
 accidentally successful stroke in bil- 
 liards. [Low Ger. flunk, wing.] 
 
 f lumadiddle(flum'a-did-l). n. l.Cape 
 Cod dish of potatoes, salt pork and 
 molasses. 2. Silly talk. [U. S.] 
 
 flume (flom), n. Channel for the water 
 that drives a mill-wheel. [A. S. flum 
 — L. flumen, river.] 
 
 flummery ( flum'er-i ), n. 1. Acid 
 jelly made from the husks of oats, the 
 Scotch sowens.. 2. Light kind of des- 
 sert, made of flour, eggs, etc. 3. Non> 
 sense; anything insipid; empty com- 
 pliment. [W. llymry, acid.] [fling 
 
 flung- (flung). Past tense and pa. p. of 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, woif; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
flank 
 
 203 
 
 fly-wheel 
 
 flunk (flungk). I. vi. 1. Fail, as in a 
 lesson. 2. Retire through fear; back 
 out. II. n. Failure ; backing out. 
 [From funk.] 
 
 flunkey, flunky (fiung'ki ), n. 1. 
 Male servant in livery. 2. Low flat- 
 terer and servile iinita'tor of the aris- 
 tocracy; toady. — flunkeydom, 
 flunkydom (aung'ki-duui), n. The 
 flunkeys collectively. 2. Grade or con- 
 dition of flunkeys. — f lunkeyisin, 
 f lunkyism (flung'ki-izm), n. Char- 
 acter or quality of a flunkey; servil- 
 ity; toadyism. [Etymol. doubtful.] 
 
 f luor ( flo'ur ), tis'orite, n. Beauti- 
 ful mineral, often crystallized, and 
 usually called flu'or-spar. — fluor- 
 ine (fio'ur-in), n. Pungent, color- 
 less, corrosive gas, allied to chlorine, 
 obtained chiefly fromfluor. [L. fluo.] 
 
 fluorescence (fld-or-es'ens), n. Qua- 
 lity of some substances of assuming 
 a peculiar luminous appearance when 
 exposed to the sunlight or the x-rays. 
 
 flurry (flur'i). I. n. 1. Blast. 2. Light 
 fall. 3. Agitation. II. vt. [flurr'ying; 
 flurried.] Agitate. [Akin to el,y.] 
 
 flush ( flush ). I. vi. 1. Flow and 
 spread suddenly; rush. 2. Start; fly 
 out suddenly, as a bird disturbed. 3. 
 Become suffused or red; glow. 4. 
 Be gay, splendid or beautiful. II. vt. 1. 
 Cause to blush; redden suddenly. 2. 
 Elate; elevate. 3. Animate. 4. Wash 
 out by flooding. 5. Cause to start up; 
 stir up. III. a. 1. Fresh; full of vigor; 
 glowing; bright. 2. Rich in blossom; 
 exuberant; well supplied with money. 
 
 3. Having the surface even or level 
 with the adjacent surface. 4. Consist- 
 ing of cards of the same suit. IV. n. 
 1. Sudden flow of blood to the face. 2. 
 Redness of face from an afflux of 
 blood; warm coloring or glow. 3. 
 Sudden impulse or thrill of feelings. 
 
 4. Bloom; growth; abundance. 5. 
 Run of cards of the same suit. 6. Flock 
 of Turds suddenly started. V. adv. In 
 a manner so as to be even or level. 
 [Cf . Dut. fluysen, flow. The word blush 
 may have influenced the meaning.] 
 
 fluster (fius'ter). I. n. Hurrying; con- 
 fusion; heat. II. vi. Bustle; be agita- 
 ted. III. vt. Make hot and confused. 
 [Perh. from Scand. flaustr, hurry.] 
 
 flustrated (flus'trat-ed), a. Excited, 
 especially as if by drink. 
 
 flute(flot). I. n. 1. Musical instrument 
 „ with finger-holes and keys, sounded 
 
 by blowing. 2. Channel, as on a pillar, 
 or in plaited cloth. II. vt. Form flutes 
 or channels in. [Fr.— L. Jlo, blow.] 
 
 flutter (flut'er). I. vi. 1. Move or flap 
 the wings rapidly, without flying or 
 with short flights. 2. Move about with 
 bustle. 3. Vibrate; be in agitation. 
 II. vt. Throw into disorder. HI. n. 1. 
 Quick, irregular motion. 2. Agitation; 
 hurry. [A. S. flotorian, float about.] 
 
 fluvial (flo'vi-al), f luviat'ic, a. 1. 
 Of or belonging to rivers. 2. Growing 
 or living in streams. [L. fluvius, river 
 —fiuo, flow.] 
 
 flux (fluks). I. n. 1. Act of flowing; 
 motion of a fluid. 2. Flow; quick suc- 
 cession. 3. Matter discharged. 4. 
 State of being liquid; fusion. 5. Sub- 
 stance that promotes the fusion of 
 metals or minerals. II. vt. Melt. 
 — flnx'ion, n. 1. Following. 2. 
 Fusion. 3. Difference; variation. — 
 f luxation,?*. — f lux'ible, adj. — 
 f hixional, a. [Fr.— L. fluo, flow.] 
 
 fly(fli). I.vi. [fly'ing; flew (flo) ; flown 
 (flon). ] 1. Move through the air on 
 wings. 2. Move swiftly. 3. Pass away; 
 flee. 4. Burst. II. vt. 1. Avoid; flee 
 from. 2. Cause to fly, as a kite. III. 
 n. 1, Insect with transparent wings, 
 esp. the common house-fly. 2. Fish- 
 hook dressed with silk, etc., in imita- 
 tion of a fly. 3. Light double-seated 
 carriage. [A. S. Jleogan.] 
 
 flyblow (fll'blo), n. Egg of a fly. — 
 f ly'blown, a. Tainted with the eggs 
 which prod uce maggots. 
 
 f lyboat ( fh'bot ), n. Long narrow 
 swift boat used on canals. 
 
 flying-fish (fli'ing- 
 tish), n. Fish which 
 can leap from the 
 water and sustain 
 itself in the air for 
 a short time, by its 
 long pectoral fins. 
 
 f 1 y i ng- squirrel 
 (fli'ing-skwer'el),re. Squirrel in S.Asia 
 and N. America, which has a broad 
 fold of skin between its fore and hind 
 legs, by the aid of which it can take 
 great leaps in the air. 
 
 flyleaf (fli'lef), n. Blank leaf at the 
 beginning and end of a book. 
 
 flypaper (fli'-pa-per), n. Paper pre- 
 pared with poison or sticky material 
 for destroying flies. 
 
 fly-wheel (fli'-hwel), n. Wheel with 
 a heavy rim placed on the revolving 
 shaft of machinery put in motion by 
 an irregular or intermitting force, for 
 the purpose of rendering the motion 
 equable and regular by means of its 
 momentum. 
 
 Flying-fish. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buna; oil, owl, th&n. 
 
foal 
 
 204 
 
 folly 
 
 foal (fol). I. n. Young of a mare or of 
 a she-ass. II. vi. and vt. Bring forth 
 a foal. [A. S.fola.] 
 
 foain(foni). I. n. Froth; bubbles which 
 rise on the surface of liquors. II. vi. 
 
 1. Gather foam. 2. Be in a rage. — 
 foamy, a. [A. S./am. Ger. feim.] 
 
 fob (fob), n. 1. Small pocket for a 
 watch. 2. Watch-chain, or ribbon 
 with buckle or charm, worn pendant 
 from the pocket. [From root of Provi. 
 Ger. fuppe, pocket.] 
 
 focal (fo'kal), a. Of or belonging to a 
 focus. — fo'calize, vt. Bring to a 
 focus; concentrate. 
 
 focus (fo'kus). I. n. Point in which 
 the rays of light meet after reflection 
 or refraction, and cause great heat. 
 
 2. Central point . — pi. f o'cuses and 
 foci (fo'si). II. vt. Bring to a focus. 
 [Li. focus, hearth.] 
 
 fodder (fod'er). I. n. Food for cattle, 
 as hay. II. vt. Supply with fodder. 
 [A. S. foder.l 
 
 foe (fo), n. Enemy; adversary; ill- 
 wisher. — foe'man, n. Enemy in 
 war. — pi. foe'men. [A. S.feh, hostile. 
 Akin to fiend.] 
 
 fog (fog). I. n. 1. Dense watery vapor 
 exhaled from the earth or from rivers 
 and lakes, or generated in the atmos- 
 phere near the earth. 2. Lack of in- 
 telligence. II. vt. Befog ; darken ; 
 obscure. — foggy (fog'i), a. Misty; 
 damp ; clouded in mind, stupid. — 
 
 foggily, a d v . — fog gin ess, ». — 
 £»g*norn (fog'-harn), n. Horn or in- 
 strument sounded as a warning sig- 
 nal in foggy weather. [Dan. fog, 
 spray, storm.] 
 
 fogy (fo'gi), fogey, fogie, n. Dull old 
 fellow; person with antiquated no- 
 tions. [Etymology unknown.] 
 
 foible (foi'bl), n. Weak point in one's 
 character; slight failing. [O. Fr.] 
 
 foil (foil). I. vt. 1. Defeat; puzzle; dis- 
 appoint. 2. Blunt, dull. II. n. 1. 
 Failure after success seemed certain; 
 defeat. 2. Blunt sword with a button 
 at the point, used in fencing. [Fr. 
 —fouler, stamp under foot.] 
 
 foil (foil), n. 1. Leaf or thin plate of 
 metal, as tin-foil. 2. Thin leaf of me- 
 tal put under precious stones to in- 
 crease their lustre or change their 
 color. 3. Anything that serves to set 
 off something else. 4. Leaflike orna- 
 ment. [Fr. feuille— L. folium, leaf.] 
 
 foist (foist), vt. 1. Bring in by stealth. 
 2. Pass off as genuine. [Dut. vysten.] 
 
 fold (fold) I. n. 1. Doubling of any 
 flexible substance. 2. Part laid over 
 on another. 3. That which infolds; 
 inclosure for sheep. 4. Flock of sheep. 
 
 5. The Church. II. vt. Lay one part 
 over another. 2. Inclose. 3. Inclose 
 in a fold. — fold'er, n. 1. One who 
 or that which folds. 2. Knifelike tool 
 for folding paper. [A.S.fald— fealdan.] 
 -fold, suffix. In composition with nu- 
 merals = "folded" or "times," as in 
 
 TENFOLD. 
 
 folderol (fol'de-rol), n. Nonsense. 
 
 folding (fol'ding). I. a. That may be 
 folded or doubled. — Folding door, 
 door vertically divided in two parts 
 or wings. II. n. 1. Fold or plait. 2. 
 Keeping of sheep in inclosures on ara- 
 ble land. 
 
 foliaceous (fo-li-a'shus), a. Pertain- 
 ing to or consisting of leaves. [L. 
 foliaceus— folium, leaf.] 
 
 foliage ( fo'li-aj), n. Leaves; cluster 
 of leaves ;_lea_f age. [Fr. feuillage.] 
 
 foliate (fo'li-at), vt. 1. Beat into a 
 leaf. 2. Cover with leaf-metal. 
 
 foliated ( fo'li-a-ted ), p. and a. l. 
 Spread or covered with a thin plate 
 or foil. 2. Beaten into a leaf. 3 Leafy. 
 
 foliation (fo-li-a'shun), n. 1. Leafing 
 of plants. 2. Act of beating a metal 
 into a thin plate, leaf, or foil. 3. Ope- 
 ration of spreading foil over the back 
 surface of a mirror or looking-glass. 
 
 folio (fo'li-o). I. n. 1. Sheet of paper 
 once folded ; size of book, 17x22 
 inches. 2. Book of such sheets. 3. 
 Page in a book. 4. Page in an account 
 book, or two opposite pages number- 
 ed as one. II. a. Pertaining to or 
 containing paper only once folded. 
 III. vt. Number the pages of a book, 
 eic. [Ablative case of L. folium.] 
 
 folic ( fok ), n. 1. People. 2. Certain 
 people, as one's family. — Generally 
 used in pi. folk or folks (foks). [A.S. 
 folc. Ger. volfc.] 
 
 folklore (fok'lor), n. Knowledge of 
 ancient customs,superstitions, etc., of 
 the people. 
 
 follicle (fol'i-kl), n. 1. Little bag. 2. 
 Gland. 3. Seed-vessel. [Fr.— L. fol- 
 liculus, dim. of follis, wind bag.] 
 
 follow (fol'6),«^. and vi. 1. Go, or come, 
 after or behind. 2. Imitate; adopt, as 
 an opinion. 3. Keep the eye or mind 
 fixed on. 4. Result from.-iol'lower, 
 n.— following, n. 1. Body of adher- 
 ents or disciples; body of attendants. 
 2. Calling. [A. S.folgian.] 
 
 Syn. Attend; pursue; accompany; 
 chase; copy; accept; obey; watch; 
 succeed; ensue. 
 
 folly (fol'i), n. 1. Want of understand' 
 ing. 2. Weak or absurd act. 3. De- 
 pravity of mind or actions. [Fr. 
 folie. See fool,.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
foment 
 
 205 
 
 forbear 
 
 Baptismal Font. 
 
 foment (foment'), vt. 1. Bathe with 
 warm water. 2. Encourage. — fo- 
 ment'er, n. — fomentation, n. 
 [Fr. — Li. /omentum, lotion — foveo, 
 warm.] 
 
 fond (fond), a. 1. Foolishly tender and 
 loving; weakly indulgent. 2. Very 
 affectionate; longing; loving.— fond'- 
 ly, adv. — fond'ness, n. — Fond of, 
 relishing highly. [For formed, pa. p. 
 of M. E. fonnen, act foolishly.] 
 
 fondle (fon'dl), vt. Treat with fond- 
 ness; caress. — fond'ler, n. 
 
 font (font), n. Com- 
 plete assortment of 
 types of one style. 
 [ Fr. fonte — fondre 
 — Li. fundere, cast.] 
 
 font (font), n. Ves- 
 sel used in churches 
 as the repository of 
 the baptismal 
 water. 2. Foun- 
 tain. [Li. fans, f oti- 
 tis, fountain.] 
 
 fontein (fon-tln'), n. 
 Spring, fountain. 
 [So. African Dutch.] 
 
 food (fod), n. What 
 one feeds on; that which being di- 
 gested nourishes the body; whatever 
 promotes growth. [A. S. foda.] 
 
 fool (fol). I. n. 1. One who acts stupid- 
 ly. 2. Person of weak mind. 3. Pro- 
 fessional jester. II. vt. Deceive. III. 
 vi. Play the fool ; trifle.— fool'ery, n. 
 Act of folly; habitual folly.— fool- 
 hardy, a. Rash or incautious. — 
 fool-har'diness, n — fools'cap, n. 
 Paper of a certain size.Orig.it bore the 
 water-mark of a fool's cap and bells.— 
 fool's errana, n. Silly enterprise.— 
 fool-killer, n. Imaginary person hav- 
 ing power to kill one guilty of great 
 folly. —fooVs paradise, n. Deceptive 
 happiness. [O. Fr. fol. Fr. fou!\ 
 
 foolish (fo'lishj, a. 1. Weak in intel- 
 lect. 2. Wanting discretion. 3- Ridic- 
 ulous.— foolishly, adv.— foolish- 
 bacss, n 
 
 foot (fot). I. n. 1. Part or body on 
 which an auimal stands or walks. 2. 
 Lower part or base. 3. Measure = 12 
 inches. 4. Foot soldiers. 5. Division of 
 a line of poetry.— pi. feet (fet). II. vi. 
 and vt. 1. Dance. 2. Walk.— football, 
 w. 1. Ball consisting of an inflated 
 ox-bladder, or a hollow globe of india- 
 rubber, cased in leather, to be driven 
 by the foot. 2. Person or object sub- 
 jected to many vicissitudes or 
 changes of condition. 3. Game played 
 with a football by two parties of 
 players. — foot'fall, n. Setting the 
 
 foot on the ground ; footstep.— footf - 
 guards, n. pi. Guards that serve on 
 foot.— foothold, n. Space on which 
 to plant the feet; that which sustains 
 the f est. — footing-, n. 1. Place for 
 the foot to rest on ; firm foundation. 
 2. Act or result of adding up a col- 
 umn of figures. — pi. totals from such 
 adding.— foot'light, n. One of a row 
 of lights in front of and on a level 
 with the stage, in a theater, etc. — 
 footman, n. 1. Soldier who serves 
 on foot. 2. Servant or attendant in 
 Jivery. — pi. foot'men. — footpad, n. 
 Highwayman or robber on foot, who 
 frequents public paths or roads. — 
 foot'rule, n. Rule or measure a foot 
 in length.— footstep, n. 1. Step or 
 impression of the foot ; tracls. 2. 
 Trace of a course pursued. — pi. foot- 
 steps; course; example.— foot'stool, 
 n. Dow support for the feet of one 
 sitting. [A. S. fot; pi. fet,] 
 fop (fop), n. Affected dandy. — fop'- 
 pery , n. Vanity in dress or manners ; 
 affectation; foil y.— .— fop'pish, a. 
 Vain and showy m dress; affectedly 
 refined in manner s.—fop'pishly 5 
 adv.— foppishness, n. [Dut — Ger. 
 foppen, cheat.] [person. 
 
 fop ling- (fop'ling), n. Vain, affected 
 for (far). I. prep. In the place of; for the 
 sake of; on account of; in the direc- 
 tion of ; with respect to; beneficial to; 
 in quest of; notwithstanding, in spite 
 of; iii recompense of ;during.— as for, 
 as far as concerns. II. conj. Because; 
 on the account that. [A. S.] 
 for-, prefix. It has generally the in- 
 tensive force of the Ger. ver-, signify- 
 ing greatly, completely, utterly, as in 
 /orlorn. Sometimes it has the force 
 of a negative or privative; as in for- 
 bid. [A. S.] 
 forage (for'aj). I. n. 1. Fodder, or 
 food for horses and cattle provisions. 
 2. Act of foraging. II. vi. Go about 
 and forcibly carry off food for horses 
 and cattle. III. vt. Plunder. — for'- 
 ager, n. [Fr. fourrage. Akin to 
 fodder, roBiY.] [cause that. 
 
 forasmuch (far'az-much), conj. Be- 
 foray(for'a). I. h. Sudden incursion in- 
 to an enemy's country. II. vt. Ravage: 
 pillage. [From forage.] [bid, 
 
 forbade (for-bad'). Past tense of for- 
 forbear (for-bar'). L vi. Abstain. II. 
 vt. Stop; avoid voluntarily. — for- 
 bear'ance, n. Exercise of patience; 
 command of temper; clemency.— for- 
 bear ing, a.Patient.— forbear'ing- 
 ly, adv. [For-, away, and bear.] 
 
 Syn. Cease; delay; avoid; decline; 
 withhold; refuse; refrain. 
 
 fete, tat, task, i'ar, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
forbear 
 
 206 
 
 forenientioned 
 
 forbear, forebear (for'ber), n. Fore- 
 father; ancestor. (Generally in the 
 plural.) [Scotch.] 
 
 forbid (for-bid'), vt. Prohibit; com- 
 mand not to do. — f o rbid'den, a. 
 Prohibited ; unlawf ul.-forbid'ding, 
 a. Repulsive ; raising dislike ; un- 
 pleasant, [for-, away, and bid. ] 
 
 force (fors). I. n. 1. Strength; power; 
 energy. 2. Efficacy; validity. 3. In- 
 fluence ; coercion ; compulsion. 5. 
 Military or naval strength (often in 
 plural); armament. 6. That which 
 produces or tends to produce change 
 in a body's state of rest or motion. 
 II. vt. Draw or push by main strength ; 
 compel; constrain. 2. Ravish, violate. 
 3,. Obtain or open by violence; storm. 
 4. Cause to grow or ripen rapidly. — 
 forced (forst), a. Accomplished by 
 great effort; unnatural.— force' ful, 
 a.— forcefully, adv.— force'meat, 
 n. Meat chopped fine and highly sea- 
 soned, -foree-punip, n. Pump which 
 delivers water under pressute, eject- 
 ing it forcibly. [Fr.— L.fortis, strong.] 
 Syn. Vigor; energy; might; stress; 
 emphasis; cogency; vehemence; vio- 
 lence; constraint. 
 
 forceps (Car'seps), n. Pair of tongs, 
 pincers, or pliers for holding anything 
 difficult to be held with the hand. 
 f L. formus, hot, and capio, take.] 
 
 forcible ( for'si-bl ), a. 1. Strong. 2. 
 Done by force. 3. Impetuous.— for'- 
 eibleness, n.— forcibly, adv. 
 
 Syn. Powerful; cogent; impressive; 
 efficacious; violent; energetic. 
 
 ford (ford). I. n. Place where water 
 may be crossed on foot. II. vt. Cross 
 water on foot.— ford'able, a. [A.S.] 
 
 fore (for). I. a. In front of; advanced in 
 position; coming first. II. adv. At the 
 front; in the first or front partf^pre- 
 viously. III. n. Front; future. IV. 
 int. In golf,_ = clear the way 1 
 
 forearm (for'arm),n. Forepart of the 
 arm, between elbow and wrist. 
 
 forearm (for-arm'), vt. Arm or pre- 
 pare beforehand. 
 
 forebear (for'ber), n. See forbear. 
 
 forebode (for-bod'), vt. Feel a secret 
 sense of something future, esp. of evil. 
 — forebod'ing, n. Apprehension of 
 coming evil. 
 
 fore-cabin (for'ka-bin), n. Cabin in 
 the forepart of a vessel, with accom- 
 modation inferior to that of the aft- 
 cabin or saloon. 
 
 fore-caddie (for'-kad'i), n. In golf, 
 boy who precedes the player to indi- 
 cate position of holes or balls. 
 
 forecast (for'kast), n. Previous con- 
 trivance; foresight. 
 
 forecast (for-kasf). I. vt. Contrive or 
 reckon beforehand; foresee. II. vi. 
 Form schemes beforehand. — fore- 
 caster, n. One who foresees or con- 
 trives beforehand. 
 
 forecastle (for'kas-1 or fok'-sl), n. 1. 
 Foredeck, raised above the maindeok. 
 2. (more commonly) Forepart of the 
 ship under the maindeck, quarters of 
 the crew. 
 
 foreclose ( f or-kloz' ) , vt. Preclude, 
 prevent; stop.- foreclosure* n. 
 Foreclosing; depriving a mortgager 
 of the right of redeeming a mortgaged 
 estate. [Fr. forclos, pa. p. of fore- 
 clore, exclude.] 
 
 forefather (for'fa-^er), n. Ancestor. 
 
 forefend ( for-f end' ),vt. Ward off, 
 avert. [See defend.] 
 
 forefinger (for'nng-er)» n. Finger 
 next the thumb. 
 
 forefoot (for'fot), n. One of the feet 
 of an animal in front or next the head. 
 
 forefront ( for'frunt ), n. Foremost 
 part or place 1 
 
 forego (for-go'), vi. and vt. 1. Go 
 before; precede; chiefly used in its pr. 
 p. forego'ing and pa. p. foregone'. — 
 Foregone conclusion, conclusion come 
 to without examination of the evi- 
 dence. 2. Giveup; forbear the use of. 
 
 foreground (for'grownd), n. Ground 
 or space which seems to lie before the 
 figures in a picture. 
 
 forehanded (for'hand-ed), a. 1. Sea- 
 sonable. 2. Provident; well-to-do. 
 
 forehead (for'ed), n. Forepart of the 
 head above the eyes; brow. 
 
 foreign (for'in), a. 1. Belonging to 
 another country; from abroad. 2. Not 
 belonging to, unconnected. 3. Not 
 appropriate. — foreigner (for'in-er), 
 n. Native of another country. [Fr. 
 forain — Low L. foraneus—foras, out 
 of doors.] 
 
 foreknow (for-n5'), vt. Know before- 
 hand; foresee. — foreknowl'edge, 
 n. Knowledge of a thing before it 
 happens. 
 
 foreland (for'land), n. Point of land 
 running forward into the sea. 
 
 forelock (for'lok), n. Lock or hair 
 that grows from the forepart of the 
 head.— Take time by the forelock: make 
 prompt use of anything; let no oppor- 
 tunity escape. 
 
 foreman (for'man), n. {pi. fore'men) 
 First or chief man; overseer; super- 
 intendent. 
 
 foremast (for'mast), n. Mast of p *Mp 
 placed in the forepart or forecastle 
 and carrying the foresail and f oretop- 
 sail yards. [Mentioned before. 
 
 foremen tioned (for-men'shund), a. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
foremost 
 
 207 
 
 forlorn 
 
 foremost (for'most), a. First in 
 place; most advanced; first in rank 
 or dignity. [A. S. formest.] 
 
 forenoon ( for'non'), n. Part of the 
 day before noon or mid-day. 
 
 forenotice (for'no-tis), n. Notice of 
 anything before it happens. 
 
 forensic (fo-ren'sik), a. Belonging to 
 courts of judicature, or to public dis- 
 cussion and debate. [L. forensis — 
 forum, court, forum. ]_ 
 
 fore-ordain (for-ar-dan'), vt. Arrange 
 or appoint beforehand: nredestinate; 
 predetermine.-fos'e-ordina'tion, n. 
 
 forepart (for'part), n. Part, before the 
 rest; frontj beginning. 
 
 forerun (for-run'), vt. Run or come 
 before; precede. — forerun*ner 5 /<,. 
 
 1. Runner or messenger sent before. 
 
 2. Sign that something is to follow. 
 foresail (for'sal), n. Sail attached to 
 
 the fore-yard on the foremast. 
 
 foresee (f5r-se'), vt. and vi. See or 
 know beforehand. 
 
 foreshadow (for-shad'o),?;!!. Signalize 
 or typify beforehand. 
 
 foreshorten (f or-shai 'ten), vt. (In a 
 picture) represent the shortened ap- 
 pearance of an object projecting for- 
 ward. 
 
 foresight (for'sit), n. Act of fore- 
 seeing; wise forethought: prudence. 
 
 forest (for'est), n. 1. Large uncultiv- 
 ated tract of land covered with trees 
 and underwood .— for'ester, n. 1. 
 One who has charge of a forest. 2. 
 Inhabitant of a forest. 3. Member of 
 one of certain fraternal organiza- 
 tions in the U. S. 
 
 forestall(for-stal'), vt. Anticipate ;take 
 
 possession in advance of ;get ahead of. 
 
 . [A. S. See stall.] [elude. 
 
 Syn. Preoccupy; monopolize; ex- 
 
 forestay ( for'sta ), n. Large strong 
 rope reaching from the foremast 
 head toward the bowsprit, end to sup- 
 port the mast._ 
 
 foretaste (for-tasf), vt. Taste before 
 possession ;_ anticipate. 
 
 for taste ( for'tast ), n. Taste before- 
 hand; anticipation. 
 
 foretell (for-tel'). I. vt. Tell before ; 
 prophesy. II. vi. Utter prophecy. — 
 foretelTer, n. _ 
 
 forethought ( for'that), n. Thought 
 or care for the future; provident care. 
 
 foretoken (for'to-kn), n. Token or 
 sign beforehand. _ [beforehand. 
 
 foretoken (for-to'kn). vt. Signify 
 
 foretop (for'top), n. Platform at the 
 head of a foremast. 
 
 forever (for-ev'er), adv. 1. For all time 
 to come; through eternity. 'Z. Always. 
 Syn. Constantly; continually. 
 
 forewarn (for-warn'), vt. Warn 
 beforehand; give previous notice.— 
 forewarn'ing, n. Warning before- 
 hand. 
 
 forfeit (far'fit). I. vt. Lose the right 
 to by some fault or crime. II. n. 1. 
 That which is forfeited; penalty for 
 a crime; fine. 2. Something deposited 
 and redeemable. — forfeitable, a. 
 — for'feiture, n. [Fr. forfaire, for- 
 fait — Low L. forisfacere, do beyond 
 what is permitted; offend,— foris, out 
 of doors, and facere, do.] [forgive. 
 
 forgave (for-gav'). Past tense of 
 
 forge (forj). I. n. 1. Furnace, esp. one 
 in which iron is heated. 2. Smithy. 3. 
 Place where anything is shaped or 
 made. II. vt. Form by heating and 
 hammering; form. 2. Make falsely; 
 fabricate; counterfeit. III. vi. Com- 
 mit forgery. — ror'ger, n. One who 
 forges or makes ; one guilty of forg- 
 ery. — for'gery, n. 1. Fraudulently 
 making or altering any writing. 2. 
 That which is forged or counterfeited. 
 [Fr. forge, Prov. farga—Li. fabrica.] 
 
 forget (for-gef), vt. [forgetting; for- 
 got'; forgott'en.] 1. Lose or put away 
 from the memory. 2. Neglect.— for- 
 get'fnl, a. 1. Apt to forget; easily 
 losing remembrance ; oblivious. 2. 
 Causing forgetfulness. — forget'fnl- 
 ness, n. [A. S. forgitan—for-, away, 
 and gitan, get.] 
 
 forget-me-not (for- 
 get' -me- not' ), n. 
 Small herb with 
 beautiful blue flow- 
 ers. 
 
 forgive (for-giV), vt. 
 Pardon; overlook 
 an offence or debt. — 
 forgive'ness, n. 1. 
 Pardon; remission. 
 2. Disposition to par- 
 don. — forgiv'ing, 
 a. Reidy to pardon; 
 merciful ; compas- 
 sionate. [A.S.— for-, 
 give.] 
 
 fork (fark). I. n. 1. Instrument with 
 two or more prongs at the end. 2. One 
 of the points or divisions of anything 
 fork-like. II. vi. 1. Divide into bran- 
 ches, as a road or tree. 2. Shoot into 
 blades, as corn. III. vt. 1. Form as a 
 fork. 2. Pitch with a fork ;throw;hand 
 (over).— forked (farkt), a. Opening 
 into two or more "parts, points, or 
 shoots ; furcated. [ A. S. forc—L,. furc a \ 
 
 forlorn (for-larn'), a. Wretched; for- 
 saken. [A. S. forloren.] 
 
 Syn. Lost; deserted; abandoned- 
 miserable; destitute; disconsolate. 
 
 Forget-me-not. 
 away and gifan, 
 
 fate, fat, la. 
 
 l"dr. tall 
 
 fare, above; n.c. iWl, hei , i> it*-, h 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. 'Wttsn. 
 
 it; Dote, not, move, woii; 
 
forlorn-hope 
 
 208 
 
 fortuitous 
 
 forlorn-hope (fear* larn'-hop), n. Body 
 of soldiers selected for some service 
 of uncommon danger. [Dut. verloren 
 hoop (heap), forlorn or lost troop.] 
 
 form (farm). I. n. 1. Shape of a body; 
 outline" of an object. 2. Model; mold. 
 3. Mode of arrangement. 4. Order; 
 regularity; system, as of government. 
 5. Established practice; ceremony. 6. 
 Type from which an impression is to 
 be taken, arranged and secured in a 
 chase. II. vt. 1. Give shape to; make; 
 contrive. 2. Settle, as an opinion; 
 combine; go to make up; establish. 
 III. vi. Assume a form. [L. forma— 
 fero, bear.] 
 
 formal (farm'al), a. 1. According to 
 form or established mode; ceremon- 
 ious; methodical. 2. Having the form 
 only. 3. Having the power of making 
 a thing what it is. — form'alism, n. 
 Resting in the mere external forms 
 of religion. — form'alist, n. 1. One 
 >who is content with the mere forms 
 of religion. 2. One overattentive to 
 'forms. — formal'ity, n. 1. Precise 
 observance of forms or ceremonies. 
 2. Established order. 3. Form with- 
 out substance. — form'ally, adv. 
 
 formation (far-ma'shun), n. 1. The 
 act, process or result of forming or 
 making. 2. Manner in which a thing 
 is formed. 3. Substance formed. 4. 
 In geol. Series of rocks referred to a 
 common origin. [Fr.-- L. formatio.] 
 
 formative ( farm'a-tiv ), a. Giving 
 form ; having" the power of giving 
 form; plastic; inflectional. 
 
 former (fat"me"r), a. (comp. of fore.) 
 Before in'tlme or order; past; first 
 meutioned. — for'meiiy, adv. In 
 former times; heretofore. [A. S.for- 
 ?na, first, and comp. suffix -er.] 
 
 formic ("far'mik), a. Pertaining to 
 ants, as formic acid, originally obtain- 
 ed from ants. [L. formica, ant.] 
 
 formidable (far'mi-da-bl), a. Causing 
 fear; adapted to excite fear. — formi- 
 dably, adv. [Fr.— L. formido, fear.] 
 Syn. Alarming. See tremendous. 
 
 formula (farm'u-la), n. 1. Prescribed 
 form. 2. "Formal statement of doc- 
 trine. 3. In math. General expression 
 for solving problems. 4. In chem. Set 
 of symbols expressing the components 
 of a body: — pi. formulae (fa^m'u-le), 
 and formulas, £L- Dim. of forw.a.] 
 
 formularize (farm'u-la-riz), vt. Re- 
 duce to a formula; formulate ; ex- 
 press tersely and clearly in systema- 
 tic form. 
 
 formulary (farm'u lar-i) I. n. For- 
 mula ;book of formulas or precedents. 
 II. a. Prescribed; ritual; closely ad- 
 
 hering to formulas ; formal. [Fr. 
 formulaire—Lt. formula.] 
 
 formulate ( farm'u-lat ), vt. Reduce 
 to or express in a clear or definite 
 form. — formulation, n. 
 
 fornication (far-ni-ka'shun), n. Illicit 
 sexual intercourse, [lu.— fornix, vault, 
 brothel.] 
 
 forsake ( for-sak'), vt. [forsa'king; 
 forsook'; forsa'ken.] Desert; aban- 
 don. [A. S. forsacan. See sake.] 
 
 forsooth (for-soth') I. adv. In truth; 
 in fact; certainly. II. vt. 1. Use the 
 word 'forsooth'. 2. Address very cere- 
 moniously. III. n. Citified dandy. [A. 
 S. forsoth, for truth.] 
 
 forswear (for-swar'j, vt. Renounce or 
 deny upon oath. 
 
 fort (fort), n. Small fortress; fortifica- 
 tion. [Fr. — Ij.fortis, strong.] 
 
 forte (fort), n. One's strong point; 
 that in which one excels. [L.] 
 
 forte (far'te), adv. Inmus. Strongly, 
 with emphasis, loud. [It.] 
 
 forth (forth), adv. Forward in place or 
 order; onward in time; out into view; 
 abroad. — forthcoming-, a. Just 
 coming forth ; about to appear. — 
 forthwith', adv. Immediately; 
 without delay. [A. S.] 
 
 fortieth (far'ti-eth). I. a. The fourth 
 tenth. II. ' n. Fortieth part. [A. S. 
 
 Fortification. 
 
 earthwalls, ditches, 
 2. That which forti- 
 
 fortification 
 
 (f ar-ti-f i-ka'- 
 sh'un), n. 1. 
 The art of 
 strengthening 
 a military po- 
 sition by 
 means of de- 
 fensive works, 
 an abatis, etc. 
 fies; fort. 
 
 fortify (far'tifi), vt. 1. Strengthen 
 with forts, etc. 2. Strengthen; invig- 
 orate. 3. Oonfirm. [Fr. fortifier.] 
 
 fortissimo (£or>tis'i-mo), adv. In mus. 
 Very strong or loud. [It. Superl. of 
 forte.] 
 
 fortitude (far'ti-tud), n. That strength 
 of mind which enables one to meet 
 danger or endure pain with calmness. 
 [L. fortitudo—fortis.] 
 
 fortnight (fart'nit), n. Two weeks or 
 fourteen days.— fort' nightly, a. and 
 adv. Once a fortnight. [Contr. of 
 fourteen nights.] 
 
 fortress(far'tres), n. Fortified place; 
 defence. '[Fr. forteresse.] 
 
 fortuitous for- tu'i-tus), a. Happen- 
 ing bychanceor accident. — fortu- 
 itously, adv. — fortuitousness, n, 
 — fortu'ity, n. [L. fortuitus.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fortunate 
 
 269 
 
 fourteen 
 
 fortunate (far'iu-nat), a. 1. Coming 
 by good luck or favorable chance. 2. 
 Bringing some unexpected good. 3. 
 Presaging happiness ; auspicious. 
 4. Lucky; successful. — fortunate- 
 ly, adv. In a fortunate manner ; 
 luckily ; successfully ; happily. [L. 
 fortunatus. See fortune.] 
 
 fortune (far'tun), n. 1. Whatever 
 comes "by lot or chance; luck. 2. Lot 
 that falls to one in life. 3. Success. 4. 
 WealtJi. [L. fortuna—fors, chance,— 
 fero, bear.] 
 
 Syn. Hap; fate; accident; estate. 
 
 forty (far'ti) , a. and n. Four times ten. 
 [A.&.~f cower, four, and tig, ten.] 
 
 forum (fo'rum), w. 1. Market place in 
 ancient Home ; court. 2. Any tribunal 
 of public discussion. [L. akinto/oras, 
 out of doors.] 
 
 forward (far'ward), for'warcls, adv. 
 Towards the front; progressively. 
 
 forward (far'ward). I. a. 1. Near or at 
 the forepart; advanced. 2. Ready; too 
 ready; bold. II. vt. 1. Help onward; 
 hasten. 2. Send.— for'wardly, adv. 
 —forwardness, n. 
 
 fossil ( fos'il )• I. a. Dug out of the 
 earth or rocks. II. n. Form of plant 
 
 Coal Formation Fossils. 
 An extinct fish (Acanthodes), and a fern. 
 
 or animal, occurring in stratified 
 rocks— fossilif erous, a. Contain- 
 ing fossils.— fos'silist, a. One skilled 
 in fossils .— fossilize, vt. and vi. 
 Change into a fossil. — fossiliza'- 
 tion, n. [L>. fossilis —fodio, dig.] 
 
 foster (fos'ter), vt. Bring up ; nurse; 
 encourag e. — foster-brother, n. 
 Male child, fostered or brought up 
 with another of different parents.— 
 foster-child, n. Child nursed or 
 brought up by one who is not its 
 parent. — foster-parent, n. One 
 who rears a child in the place of its 
 parent. [A.S. fostrian — root of food.] 
 
 fought (fat). Past tense and pa. p. of 
 
 FIGHT. 
 
 foul (fowl). I. a. 1. Filthy; loath- 
 some; profane; impure. 2. Stormy. 
 3. Unfair; running against: entangled. 
 H. vt. and vi. 1. Make foul; soil. 2. 
 Collide with; come into collision. III. 
 n. Act of fouling, colliding, or other- 
 wise impeding due motion or pro- 
 
 gress; specifically, in a racing con- 
 test, the impeding of a competitor by 
 collision, jostling, or the like; in base- 
 ball, a batted bail which first strikes 
 the ground outside the lines drawn 
 from the home base through the first 
 and third bases. — foully, adv. — 
 foul' n ess, n. — foul-mouthed 
 (fowl'-mow£/id), a. Addicted to the 
 use of foul or profane language. [A. 
 S. ful] 
 
 found. Past tense and pa. p. of find. 
 
 found (fownd), vt. Lay the bottom or 
 foundation of; establish on a basis; 
 originate; endow. — founda'tion, 
 n. 1. Act of founding. 2. Base of a 
 building; ground work or basis. 3. 
 Permanent fund for the support of 
 anything. — founder, n. One who 
 founds, establishes, or originates; en- 
 dower.—^ fern, found'ress. [Fr. fonder 
 — L,. f undo— fundus, bottom.] 
 
 found (fownd), vt. Form by melting 
 and pouring into a mold; cast. — 
 founder, n. One who melts and 
 casts metal, as a brassfounder. [Fr. 
 fondre — L.. /undo, fusus, pour.] 
 
 founder (fown'der). I. vi. Go to the 
 bottom; fill with water and sink. II. 
 vt. Disable by injuring the feet, as of 
 a horse. [Fr. fondre — fond — L. 
 fundus, bottom.] 
 
 founding (fownd'ing) , n. Metal-oast- 
 ing. [found deserted. 
 
 foundling(fownd'ling), n. Little child 
 
 fonndry ( fownd'ri ) foundery 
 (fownci'er-i), n. 1. Art of founding or 
 casting. 2. Place where founding is 
 carried on. 
 
 fount (fownt), fountain (fown'tan), 
 n. 1. Spring of water, natural or arti- 
 ficial. 2. Structure for a jet of water. 
 3. Source of anything, -fountain- 
 head, n. 1. Head or source of a 
 fountain. 2. Beginning or source of 
 anything.— fount'ain-pen, n. Writ- 
 
 !RasE!> 
 
 Fountain-pen, 
 
 ing pen with a reservoir for furnish- 
 ing a continuous supply of ink. [L. 
 fons,fqntis, spring, snxdfundo, pour.] 
 
 four (for), a. and n. Two and two. 
 [A. S. feower.] _ 
 
 fourfold ( for'fold ), a. Folded four 
 times; multipliedf our times. 
 
 fourscore (for'skor), a. Four timas 
 a score — 80. 
 
 foursquare (for'skwar), a. Having 
 four equal sides and angles; square. 
 
 fourteen (for'ten), a. and n. Four and 
 ten. 
 
 fate, fiat, task, f&r, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
fourteenth 
 
 210 
 
 fraternize 
 
 fourteenth (for'tenth), a. and n. 
 
 Fourth after the tenth. [A. S. feozver- 
 
 teotha.] 
 fourth (forth)-. I. a. Next after the 
 
 third. II. n. One of four equal parts. 
 
 — The Fourth, in U. S., Independence 
 Day, July 4th. — fourth'ly, adv. 
 [A. S. feoriha.] 
 
 fowl (fowl). I. n. 1. Bird. 2. Bird of the 
 barnyard or poultry kind,cock or hen. 
 2. Flesh of fowl. — pi. fowls or fowl. II. 
 vi. Kill fowls by shooting or snaring. 
 — fo^vl'er, n. Sportsman who takes 
 wild fowl.— fowling-piece,?*. Light 
 gun for small-shot, used in huntiug. 
 [A. S. fugel.] 
 
 fox (foks), n. 1. Carnivorous animal 
 of the dog family, noted for cunning. 
 2. One notorious for cunning.— foxy 
 (foks'i), a. Of or like foxes; cunning; 
 crafty. 2. Having a reddish brown or 
 fox-color. 
 
 foyer (fwa-ya') n. Lobby in theatres, 
 opera-nouses, etc. [Fi\] 
 
 fracas (fra'kas), n. Uproar; noisy 
 quarrel. [Fr.— fracasser, break.] 
 
 fraction (frak'shun), n. 1. Fragment; 
 very small piece. 2. In arith. One or 
 more of the aliquot parts of a unit. 
 — fractional, a. — Fractional cur- 
 rency, the small coins or paper-money 
 of lower value than the monetary 
 unit of a country. 
 
 fractious (f rak'shus), a. Ready to 
 break out in a passion ; cross.— frac'- 
 tiously, adv. — frac'tiousness, n. 
 
 fracture (frak'tur). I. n. Breakage; 
 rupture of a solid body; breaking of 
 a bone. II. vt. Break; burst asunder ; 
 crack. [Fr.— L. fractura, from frango, 
 fractum, break.] 
 
 fragile (fraj'il), a. Easily broken ; 
 frail; delicate. — fragility (fra-jil'i- 
 ti), n. [L. fragilis, from frango, break.] 
 
 fragment (frag'ment), n. Piece brok- 
 en off; unfinished portion. — frag- 
 inent'al, a— fragmentary^. Con- 
 sisting of fragments or pieces ; brok- 
 en. [See FRACTION.] 
 
 fragrant (fra'grant), a. Sweet-scented. 
 
 — fra'grantly, adv. — fra'grance, 
 n. [Li.f?xigro, smell.] 
 
 frail (fral), a. Wanting in strength or 
 firmness; weak. — " frail'ness, n. — 
 frail'ty, n. Weakness ; infirmity ; 
 foible. [Fr. frile—Lt. fragilis. See 
 Fragile.] 
 
 frail (fral), n. 1. Rush, from which 
 baskets are woven. 2. Basket woven 
 of rushes._[0. Fr. fraiel—L,.fraellum.~\ 
 
 frame (fram). I. vt. 1. Form; shape; 
 construct bv fitting the parts to each 
 other. 2. Plan. 3. Put a border or 
 frame on. II. n. 1. Form; shape; 
 
 make. 2. Skeleton; fabric. 3. Case 
 made to inclose or support anything. 
 4. State; temper; mood. — frame'- 
 house, n. House consisting of a 
 framework of timber filled in with 
 boards or shingles. — fra'mer, to. — 
 frame'work, n. 1. Work that forms 
 the frame. 2. Skeleton or outline. 
 [A. S. fremman, be useful.] 
 
 franc (frangk), n. French silver coin 
 of the value of 19.3 cents, American 
 money. [Fr., from the device Fran- 
 corum rex, king of the French, on the 
 coin when first struck by King John 
 of England, in 1360.] 
 
 franchise (fran'chiz). l.n. 1. Privilege 
 or right granted by municipalities to 
 street railroad corporations, etc. 2. 
 Right, of voting. II. ^.Enfranchise; 
 give one the franchise. [Fr., from 
 franc, franche, free.] 
 
 frangible (fran'ji-bl), a. Easily brok- 
 en. — frangibil'ity, n. 
 
 Frank (frangk), n. 1. Member of the 
 ancient German tribe or aggregate of 
 tribes which overthrew the Roman 
 dominion in Gaul and gave origin to 
 the name France. 2. Native of Fran- 
 conia in S. W. Germany. 3. Name 
 given by the Turks, Greeks, and Arabs 
 to any of the inhabitants of the west- 
 ern parts of Europe, French, English, 
 Italians, etc. 
 
 frank, (frangk). I.n. 1. Letter sent by 
 mail free of postage. 2. That which 
 makes a letter free, as the signature 
 of a person possessing the privilege. 
 3. Free transportation, as by an Ex- 
 press Company. II. vt. Send free of 
 expense, as a letter. 
 
 frank (frangk), a. Candid in expres- 
 sion.— frankly, adv.— frank'ness, 
 n. [Fr. franc— O.Ger. frank, free-man.] 
 Syn. Open; sincere. See candid. 
 
 frankincense ( frangk'in-sens ), n. 
 Sweet-smelling resin issuing from a 
 tree in Arabia, and used in sacrifices. 
 [O. Fr. franc encens, pure incense.] 
 
 frantic (fran'tik), a. Mad; furious ; 
 wild.— frantically, adv. [Fr.frenS- 
 tique — Gr. phrenetikos, suffering from 
 inflammation of the brain.] 
 
 fraternal (fra-ter'nal), a. Belonging 
 to a brother or brethren ; becoming 
 brothers. — fraternally, adv. [L. 
 fraternalis—f rater, brother.] 
 
 fraternity (fra-ter'ni-ti), n. 1. State 
 of being brethren. 2. Society formed 
 on a principle of brotherhood. [L. 
 fraternitas.] 
 
 fraternize (frat'er-niz), vi. Associate 
 as brothers. 2. Seek brotherly fellow- 
 ship. — fraternization, to. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ndte, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fr:itr'cid~e 
 
 211 
 
 fresh 
 
 fratricide (frat'ri-sid)., n. One who 
 kills his brother. — fratricidal, a. 
 [Fr.— L. f rater and ot^o/kill.] 
 
 fraud (frad), re. 1. Deceit. 2. Deceptive 
 trick. 3. Trickster.— fraud'ulent, a. 
 Using or containing fraud.— fraud'- 
 uleutly, adv. [L. fraus, fraud-is.] 
 Syn. Deception; imposture; craft; 
 sham; imposition. See cheat. 
 
 fraught (frat), a. Freighted; laden; 
 tilled. [Swed. frakta, load.] 
 
 fray (fia), n. Affray. 
 
 fray (fra), vt. Wear off by rubbing. 
 [Fr. frayer—L,. fricare, rub.] 
 
 freak (frek), n. 1. Sudden caprice or 
 fancy; sport. 2. Monstrosity.— 
 freakish, a. Capricious — freak'- 
 ishly, adv. — freak ishness, n. 
 [A. S. free, bold; rash.] 
 Syn. Folly; whim; prank. 
 
 freckle (frek'l). I. ^. Spot; color 
 with spots. II. n. Yellowish spot on 
 the skin; any small spot.— freek'ly, 
 adv. Full of freckles. [Icel. frecknur, 
 spots.] 
 
 free (f re). I. a.l. Not bound; at liber- 
 ty; not under arbitrary government; 
 set at liberty. 2. Guiltless. 3. Frank. 4. 
 Lavish. 5. Not attached. 6. Exempt 
 (fol. by from). 7. Gratuitous. 8. Idio- 
 matic, as a translation. II. vt. Set at 
 liberty; deliver from what confines; 
 rid (of)-— freely, adv. — free'ness, 
 n. [A. S. freo.) 
 
 free-agency (fre'-a'j en-si), n. State 
 or power of acting freely, or without 
 necessity or constraint upon the will. 
 — free'-a'gent, n. 
 
 freebooter (fre'bo-ter), n. One who 
 roves about freely in search of booty ; 
 plunderer. [See booty.] 
 
 freedntan (fred'man), n. One who 
 has been a slave, and has been freed 
 or set free. _ 
 
 freedom (fre'dum), n. 1. Liberty. 
 2. Frankness. 3. Privileges connected 
 with a citizenship. 4. Improper famil- 
 iarity; license. 
 
 free-hand (fre'-hand), a. Term ap- 
 plied to drawing, in which the hand 
 is not assisted by any guiding or mea- 
 suring instruments, such as com- 
 passes, rulers, scales, etc. 
 
 free-hauded (fre'-han'ded), a. Open- 
 handed; liberal. _ [hearted; liberal. 
 
 free-hearted (fre'-har'ted), a. Open- 
 freehold (fre'hold), n. Property in 
 Great Britan and Ireland held free of 
 duty except to the sovereign. — free'- 
 hoider, n. One who possesses a free- 
 hold. 
 
 freeman (fre'man), n. 1. Man who is 
 free or enjoys liberty. 2. One who holds 
 a particular franchise or privilege. 
 
 Freemason emblem. 
 
 freemason (fre'ma-sn), n. Member ol 
 a society or organization for the pro- 
 motion of freema- 
 sonry. — free'ma- 
 sonry, n. 1. In- 
 stitutions, tenets 
 a n d practices o f 
 freemasons. 2. 
 Brotherhood. 
 
 freestone(fre'ston), 
 n. 1. Stone com- 
 posed of sand or 
 
 grit. 2. Peach or other fruit, the flesh 
 of which does not cling to the stone 
 when ripe. 
 
 freethinker (fre'thing-ker), n. One 
 who professes to think independently 
 of revelation or church authority. 
 
 free-trade (fre'-trad), n. Free inter- 
 change of commodities, without any 
 customhouse duties. 
 
 free-will (fre'-wil). I. n. Freedom of 
 the will from restraint; liberty of 
 choice. II. a. Spontaneous. 
 
 freeze (frez). I. vi. [free'zing; froze; 
 fro'zen ] Become ice or like a solid 
 body.— II. vt. Harden into ice; cause to 
 shiver as with terror. [A. S. freosan]. 
 
 freight (frat). I. n. 1. Lading or car- 
 go, esp. of a ship. 2. Merchandise, 
 live stock and produce, transported 
 by public carriers otherwise than by 
 express. 3. Charge for transporting 
 goods as freight by water or by rail. 
 II. vt. Load a ship. — freight'age, 
 n. Money paid for freight.— freight'- 
 er, n. [From fraught.] 
 
 French (trench). I. a. Belonging to the 
 people of France. II. n. 1. Language 
 of France. 2. pi. People of France. 
 
 frenzy (fren'zi), n. Violent excite- 
 ment approaching to madness; ma- 
 nia. — fren'zied, fren'zieal, a. 
 Partaking of frenzy. [Gr. phrenitis, 
 inflammation of the brain.] 
 
 frequent (fre'kwent), a. Coming or 
 occurring often. — fre'quency, n. 
 — fre'quently, adv. — frequent. 
 ness, n. [Li.frequens, frequentis, fre- 
 quent.] [ — frequenter, n. 
 
 frequent (frekwenf). vt. Visit often. 
 
 frequentative (fre-kwen'ta-tiv). I. a. 
 In gram. Denoting the frequent repeti- 
 tion of an action. II. n. In gram. 
 Verb expressing this repetition. 
 
 fresco (fres'ko). I. n. Painting exe- 
 cuted on plaster or mortar while wet 
 or fresh. II. vt. Paint in fresco. 
 
 fresh (fresh), a. 1. In a state of activity 
 and health; new and strong; recently 
 produced or obtained. 2. Untried. 3. 
 Having renewed vigor. 4. Not salt. 
 — fresh'ly, adv. — fresh'ness, ?i. [A. 
 S. fersc] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
freshen 
 
 212 
 
 frill 
 
 freshen (fresh'n). I. vt. Make fresh; 
 take the saltness from. II. vi. Grow 
 fresh; grow brisk or strong. 
 
 freshet (fresh'et), n. Sudden overflow 
 of a river from rain or melted snow. 
 
 freshman (fresh'man), n. One in the 
 rudiments of knowledge, esp. a uni- 
 versity student in his first year. 
 
 fret (fret), I. ^.[fret'ting; fret'ted.] 1. 
 Wear away by rubbing. 2. Eat into. 
 3. Vex. II. vi. 1. Wear away. 2. Vex 
 one's self. 3. Be peevish. III. n. Agi- 
 tation of the surface of a liquid ; irri- 
 tation; ill-humor. [A. S. /retail, eat.] 
 
 ^imSMIMIgMIMlMMMif 
 
 Grecian Frets. 
 
 fret (fret). I. vt. [fret'ting; fret'ted. ] 
 Ornament with raised-work ; varie- 
 gate. II. n. In arch. Ornament con- 
 sisting of small fillets intersecting 
 each ocher at right angles.— fret'ted, 
 adv. Ornamented with frets. — fret'- 
 saw, n. Scroll-saw.— fret'worli, n. 
 Work adorned with frets or perfora- 
 ted. [It. ferretta, window-grating.] 
 
 fret (fret). I. n. Short wire or bar on 
 the finger-board of a guitar or other 
 instrument. II. »i. Furnish with 
 frets. IProb.— O. Fr.frete, ferrule.] 
 
 fretful (fret'fol), a. Peevish. — fret'- 
 *ully, adv.— fret'fulness, n. 
 
 Syn. Cross; petulan*- ill-humored; 
 irritable; ill-natured, .bee captious. 
 
 friable (fri'a-bl). a. Easily reduced to 
 powder.— fri'ableness,friabii'ity, 
 ns. [Fr.— L. friabil'is—frio, rub.] 
 
 friar (fri'ar), n. Member or* one of the 
 four mendicant orders: Gray Friars, 
 or Franciscans; Augustinians; Black 
 Friars or Dominicans; White Friars 
 or Carmelites. — fri'ary, n. Monas- 
 tery or residence of friars. [Fr. jHre 
 — L. f rater, brother.] 
 
 fribble (frib'l). I. vi. Trifle. II. n. 
 Trifler. [Fr. frivole—lL. frivolus.] 
 
 fricassee (frik-as-se'). I. n. Dish made 
 of fowls or veal, cut into pieces and 
 cooked in sauce. II. vt. Dress as a 
 fricassee. [Fr.] 
 
 friction (frik'shun), n. 1. Act of rub- 
 bing the surface of one body against 
 that of another; attrition. 2. In mech. 
 Effect of rubbing; resistances which 
 a moving body meets with from the 
 surface on which it moves. — fric'- 
 tional, a. Relating to friction ; mov- 
 ed by friction; produced by friction. 
 [L. frictio — frier .u'>.] 
 
 Friday (fri'daj, n. Sixth day of the 
 week. [A. S. Frig edceg— Frig, the wife 
 of the god Odin, and dce,g, day.] 
 
 friend (frend), n. 1. One loving or 
 attached to another ; intimate ac- 
 quaintance; favorer. 2. One not an 
 enemy; one of the same party, nation. 
 3. (F) Member of a society of Friends ; 
 quaker. — friend'less, a. Without 
 friends ; destitute .— friend'less- 
 ness, n. — friend'ly, a. Like a 
 friend ; having the disposition of a 
 friend; favorable. — friendliness, 
 n. — friendship, n. Attachment 
 from mutual esteem; friendly assist- 
 ance. 
 
 frieze (frez), n. Coarse woollen cloth 
 with a nap on one side.— friezed, a. 
 Having a nap. [Fr. /rise, prob.— Dut. 
 Vriesland, Friesland, whence the cloth 
 came.] 
 
 frieze (frez), n. In arch. Part of the 
 entablature of a column between the 
 architrave and cornice, often orna- 
 mented with figures. [Etymology 
 doubtful.] 
 
 frigate (frig'at), n. 
 Quick-sailing ship-of- 
 war of second-rate 
 power. [It. fregata — 
 L. fabricata, built.] 
 
 frigate-bird (frig'at- 
 berd), n. Large tropic- 
 al sea-bird, with very 
 long wings, prob. 
 named from its rapid 
 flight. 
 
 fright (frit), n. 1. Sud- 
 den fear. 2. Shocking sight.— fright'- 
 ful, a. Terrible.— fright'fwlly, adv. 
 
 — fright'fulness, n. [A.S. fyrhtu.] 
 ♦ Syn. Alarm; dismay; consternation; 
 
 terror; affright; apprehension. 
 
 fright (frit), frighten (fri'tn), vt. 
 Make afraid; alarm suddenly; scare. 
 
 frigid (frij'id), a. 1. Frozen or stif- 
 fened with cold; cold; icy; wintery, 
 as the frigid zone. 2. Without spirit 
 or feeling; unanimated. 3. Forbid- 
 ding in manner; chilling; impassive. 
 
 — frigid'ity, n. Coldness; coldness 
 of affection; want of animation.— 
 frigidly, adv.— frig'idness, n. [L. 
 frigidus — frigus, cold.] 
 
 frigorific ( frig-or-if'ik ), a. Causing 
 cold. [la. frigus, cold, and facio, make.] 
 
 frill (fril). I. vi. Ruffle, as a hawk's 
 feathers, when shivering. II. vt. 1. 
 Furnish with a frill. 2. Form into a 
 frill. III. n. Ruffle; ruffled or crimped 
 edging of linen; ruffle of feathers, 
 hair, etc. [O. Fr. fritter— L. frigidulus, 
 somewhat cold.] 
 
 i-igate. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far. fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fringe 
 
 213 
 
 frost 
 
 fringe (frinj). I. n. Loose threads or 
 strips forming a border; extremity. 
 II. vt. Adorn with fringe; border. — 
 frin'gy* a. [Fr. f range — L. fimbriae, 
 threads, fibers.] 
 
 frippery (frip'er-i), n. Worn-out clo- 
 thes; dowdy finery ; useless trifles. 
 [Fr. friperie—f riper , waste.] 
 
 friseur (fri-zev'), n. Hairdresser. — 
 fern, friseuse (fri-zes'). [Fr.] 
 
 Frisian ( £riz'i-an) , n. Inhabitant 
 or native of Friesland. 
 
 frisk (frisk). I. vi. Gambol ; leap 
 playfully. II. n. Frolic. — frisky, 
 a. Lively ; jumping with gaiety ; 
 frolicsome.— frisk'ily, adv. — frisk- 
 iness, n. [O. Fr. /risque — German 
 root of Fresh.] 
 
 frith (frith), firth (ferth), n. 1. Nar- 
 row arm of the sea; an estuary. 2. 
 Opeoing of a river into the sea. [Icel. 
 fjorthr. Norw. fjord.] 
 
 fritter (frit'er). I. n. 1. Piece of meat 
 iried. 2. Kind of cake fried in hot 
 lard. 3. Fragment. II. vt. 1. Break 
 or cut into fragments. 2. Waste 
 (away) by degrees. [Fr. friture—frire, 
 — L. Jrigere friclum, fry.] 
 
 frivolity (fri-vol'i-ti), n. Act or habit 
 of trifling; unbecoming levity. 
 
 frivolous ( friv'o-lus ). a. Trifling; 
 slitrht; silly. — frivolously, adv.— 
 friv'olonsness, n. [L. frivolus.] 
 
 frizz, friz (friz). I. vt. Curl ; crimp. 
 II. n. Cur]; crimp. [Fr. f riser.] 
 
 frizzle (friz'l), vt. Form in small short 
 curls. [Dim. of Frizz.] 
 
 fro (fr5), adv. From; back; backward. 
 [Shortened form of from; or directly 
 derived from Icel. fra, from.] 
 
 froek (frok), n. 1. Monk's outer gar- 
 ment, girded and with a hood. 2. 
 Loose outer garment; smock frock; 
 gown. [Fr. froc, a monk's cowl — L. 
 floccus, wool.] 
 
 frocked (frokt), a 
 Clothed in a frock. 
 
 frog(frog), n. 1. Ge- 
 nus of amphibians, 
 having four legs 
 with four toes on 
 the fore feet and 
 five on the hind, 
 more or less web- 
 bed, a naked body, 
 no ribs, and no tail. Frog. 
 
 2. Tender triangu- 
 lar growth in the middle of the sole 
 of a horse's foot. 3. Triangular sup- 
 port or crossing plate of a railway 
 track, where one line branches off 
 from another or crosses it at an 
 oblique angle. 
 
 frog(frog). I. n. 1. Fastening for a frock 
 or gown, generally in the form of* a 
 tassel, or spindle-shaped button cov- 
 ered with silk or other material, which 
 is passed through a loop. 2. Loop 
 of the scabbard. II. vt. Provide witn 
 frogs. [Port. froco — L. floccus. wool.] 
 
 frolic (frol'ik). I. a. Merry; pranky. 
 
 II. n. 1. Wild prank. 2. Merry-making. 
 
 III. vi. [frolicking; frolicked.] Play 
 wild pranks or merry tricks.— frol'- 
 icsome, a. Gay; sportive.— frol'ic- 
 someness, n. [Dut. vrolijk, merry.] 
 
 from (from), prep. 1. Out of the neigh- 
 borhood of; lessening or losing prox- 
 imity to; leaving behind. 2. Begin- 
 ning at, starting at. 3. By reason of; 
 out of; by aid of. [A. S.] 
 
 frond (frond), n. Leafy branch or 
 stalk; combination of stem and leaf, 
 as in the fern. [L. frons, frondis, leaf.] 
 
 frcndescense (fron-des'ens), n. 1. 
 Bursting into leaf. 2. Time when 
 leaves unfold. 
 
 front (frunt). I. n.l. Forehead; face. 
 2. Forepart ; most conspicuous part. 
 3- Boldness; impudence. II. a. Of, 
 relating to, or in, the front. III. vt. Be 
 in front of or opposite; oppose face to 
 face. IV. vi. Stand in front or fore- 
 most; turn the front or face.— front- 
 age (frunt'aj), n. Front linear extent 
 of a building or lot.— frontal ( fron'- 
 tal). I. a. Of, or belonging to, the front 
 or forehead. II. n. 1. Front-piece; 
 something worn on the forehead or 
 face. 2. In arch. Pediment over a 
 door or window. [Fr.— y. frons.] 
 
 frontier (frun'ter or -ter'). I. n. That 
 part of a country which fronts or 
 faces another country; border. II. a. 
 Of, or pertaining to, or acquired on a 
 frontier. [Fr. frontier e, border.] 
 
 frontispiece (frunt'is-pes), n. Figure 
 or engraving in front of a book. [Fr. 
 —frons, and specio, see.] 
 
 frontlet (frunt'let), n. 1. Frontal ; 
 browband. 2. Margin of the head be- 
 hind the bill of birds, generally cloth- 
 ed with rigid bristles. 
 
 frost (frast). I. a. 1. Temperature at 
 which water freezes. 2. Frozen dew, 
 also called hoar-frost. II. vt. Cover 
 with frost or with anything resembl- 
 ing hoar-frost.— frost-bite, n. Freez- 
 ing or depression of vitality in a part 
 of the body by exposure to cold. — 
 frost-bitten, a. Affected by frost.— 
 frost'ing,7i. 1. Composition, resembl- 
 ing hoar-frost, used to cover cake, 
 etc. 2. Dull icelike finish of a glass 
 or metal surface. — frost-work, n. 
 Work resembling hoar-frost on 
 shrubs. — frosty, a. Producing or 
 
 fate, fat, task- far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, Dot, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then.. 
 
frotb 
 
 214 
 
 fugleman 
 
 containing frost; chill in affection; 
 frost-like. — frost'ily, adv.— frost'- 
 iness, n. [A. S. freosan, freeze.] 
 
 froth (frath). I. n. 1. Foam on liquids 
 caused by boiling, agitation, ferment- 
 ation, etc. 2. Empty show in speech. 
 3. Any light matter. II. vt. Cause 
 froth on. III. vi. Throw up froth. — 
 frotn'y, a. Full of fioth or foam; 
 empty; unsubstantial. — frothily, 
 adv.— froth'iness, n. [Icel. frodha.] 
 
 frou-frou (fro- fro'), n. Rustling, esp. 
 of silk garments. [Fr,] 
 
 frouzy. See Frowzy. [vrouw.] 
 
 frow (frow), _n. Woman, wife. [Dut. 
 
 froward ( fro' ward ), a. Self-willed ; 
 perverse; unreasonable.— fro'wartl- 
 ly, adv. — fro'wardness, n. [A. S. 
 from, away, averse, and ward.] 
 
 frown < frown ). I, vi. Wrinkle the 
 brow, as in anger; look ancry II. vt. 
 
 . Repel or drive by a frown. III. n. 
 
 \ Contraction of the brow in displeas- 
 
 1 ure, etc. ; stern look ; scowl-frown'- 
 ingly, adv. [O. Fr. frogner ] 
 
 frowzy (frow'zi), a. Slovenly; untidy; 
 unkempt. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 frozen (fro'zn). Pa. p. of freeze. 
 
 fructification (fruk-ti-fi-ka'shun), n, 
 1. Act of fructifying, or producing 
 fruit. 2. All the parts that compose 
 the flower and fruit. 
 
 fructify (fruk'ti-fi). I. vt. Make fruit- 
 ful; fertilize. II. vi. Bear fruit. [L. 
 fructifico—fr actus, and facio, make.] 
 
 frugal (fro'gal), a. 1. Consisting of 
 fruit; plain; 'inexpensive. 2. Econo- 
 mical in the use of means; thrifty. — 
 frugality, n. Prudent economy; 
 thrift. [L. frugalis—frux, fruit.] 
 
 Syn. Saving; sparing; penurious; 
 parsimonious; niggardly; miserly. 
 
 trugiferotis ( fro-jifer-us ), a. Fruit- 
 bearing. [L. frux, and fero, bear.] 
 
 frtigivorous (fro-jiv'o-rus),a. Feed- 
 ing on fruits. [L. frux, and voro, eat.] 
 
 fruit (frot),?i. 1. Produce of the earth, 
 which supplies the wants of men and 
 animals. 2. Part of a plant which 
 c uitains the seed. 3. Offspring; pro- 
 duct; consequence; effect; advantage. 
 [O. Fr. fruict — L. fructus — fruor, 
 enjoy. [ly; fruits. 
 
 fi"uitage(fr6t'aj), n. Fruit collective- 
 fruiterer (frot'er-er), n. One who 
 deals in fruit. 
 
 fruitful (frot'fol), a. Producing fruit 
 abundantly ; productiv e.— fr uit'- 
 fully, adv.— fruit fulness, n. 
 
 fruition (fro-ish'un), n. Enjoyment; 
 use or possession of anything, esp. 
 accompanied with pleasure. [O. Fr. 
 fruition— ~Lt. fruor, enjoy.] 
 
 fruitless (frot'les), a. 1. Without fruit; 
 barren. 2. Useless, vain. — fruit- 
 lessly, adv. — fruit'lessness, n. 
 
 frump (frump), n. 1. Taunt; jeer. 2. 
 Disagreeable, ill-tempered, d o w d v 
 woman or girl. 
 
 frustrate (frus'trat ), vt. Make vain 
 or of no effect; bring to nothing; de- 
 feat.— frustration (frus-tra'shun) , 
 [L.— frustr a— fraus, fraud..] 
 Syn. Baffle: balk; foil; thwart. 
 
 frustum (frus'tum), n. 1. Part of a 
 cone, pyramid, etc., which remains 
 when the top is cut off by a piano 
 parallel to the base. 2. Any remain- 
 der. [L. frustum, fragment.] 
 
 fry (fri). I. vt. [frying; fried.] Cook 
 food with oil or fat in a pan over the 
 fire. II. vi. Undergo the action of 
 heat iu a frying-pan ; simmer. III. n. 
 Dish of anything fried. [Fr. frire— 
 I,, frigo, fry.] 
 
 fry (fri), n. 1. Swarm of fishes ju"t 
 spawned. 2. Seed, offspring, number 
 of small things 
 [ F r . frai, 
 spawn.] 
 Fuchsia (fu'shi- 
 a), n. Plant 
 with long pen- 
 dulous flowers, 
 originally na- 
 tives of S.Ame- 
 rica. [Named 
 after Leonard 
 Fuchs, a Grer- 
 man botanist. 
 
 fuchsine (fok'- 
 sin), n. Beauti- 
 ful aniline co- 
 lor ; in;igenta. 
 [From resem- 
 bling the fuchsia in color.] 
 
 fuddle (fud'l), vt. and vi. Intoxicate; 
 become intoxicated. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 luug-e(fuj). I. n. 1. Monsense. 2. Kiud 
 of candy. II. vt. Boteh, do clumsily. 
 
 Fuegian (fu-e'ji-an). I. n. Belonging 
 to Tierra Del Fuego. II. n. Native or 
 inhabitant of Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 fuel (fu'el), n. 1. Anything that feeds 
 afire. 2. Whatever supporis iie&r, 
 excitement, or energy. [O.Fv.fouauie 
 — Tj. focale— focus, fire-place.] 
 
 fugitive (fu'ji-tiv). 1. n. Apt to flee 
 away; uncertain; volatile; perish- 
 able; temporary. II. n. One who flee3 
 from duty, danger or restraint. — 
 fu'gitively, adv. - fn'gitiveness, 
 n. [Fv.— 'Li.fugitivus — fugio, flee-] 
 
 fugleman (fu'gl-man), n. 1. File- 
 leader. 2. Ring-leader. [Ger. fiuegel- 
 mann.~\ 
 
 Fuchsia. 
 
 *%te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fugue 
 
 215 
 
 Fungi 
 
 fugue (fug), n. In mus. Composition 
 iu which several themes follow one 
 another at certain intervals. [Fr.— 
 L. fuga, night.] 
 
 fulcrum ( ful'krum ), n. 1. Prop or 
 fixed point on which a lever moves. 
 2. Prop; support.— pi. fuTcruins and 
 ful'cra. [L] 
 
 fulfill, fulfil (fol-hT), vt. Complete; 
 accomplish; carry into effect. — ful- 
 fillment, n. Full performance ;com- 
 pietion; accomplishment. 
 
 fulgent (ful'jent), ft. Bright; dazzling. 
 — ful'gency, ft. [L. —fulgeo, flash.] 
 
 full (fol). I. a. 1. Having all it can 
 contain; having no empty space. 2. 
 Abundantly supplied or furnished. 3. 
 Abounding*. 4. Containing the whole 
 matter;complere; perfect. 5. Strong; 
 clear. II. ft. 1. Complete measure. 2. 
 Highest degree. 3. Whole* 4. Time 
 of full-moon. III. adv. Quite; to the 
 same degree; with the whole effect; 
 completely.— f ul' ly , adv. Complete- 
 ly; entirely.— full'ness or fulness. 
 ft. [A. S. full] 
 
 full (fol), vt. 1. Press or pound cloth 
 in a mill. 2. Scour and thicken in a 
 mill.— full'er, ft. [Fr. fouler, stamp, 
 tread. L,.fullo, cloth-fuller.) 
 
 full-blown (fol'-blon), a. Blown or 
 fully expanded, as a flower. 
 
 fullers-earth (fol'erz-erth), n. Soft 
 earth or clay, used in fulling cloth. 
 
 full-orbed (foi'-arbd), a. Having the 
 orb or disc t'uli'y illuminated, as the 
 full-moon; round. 
 
 fulminate (f ul' min-a t). I. vi. 1. 
 Thunder; make a loud noise. 2. Issue 
 decrees with violence. 3. Become sud- 
 denly bright. II. vt. 1. Cause to ex- 
 plode. 2. Send forth, as a denuncia- 
 tion. III. n. Compound of fulminic 
 acid with mercury, etc. — fulniina'- 
 tion, ft. 1. Act of fulminating, thun- 
 dering, or issuing forth. 2. Denuncia- 
 tion. 3. Chemical explosion. [L.— 
 fulmen, thunderbolt.] [detonation. 
 
 fulminic (ful-min'ik), a. Capable of 
 
 fulsome (ful'sum), a. Cloying; nau- 
 seous; offensive; gross; disgusting- 
 ly fawning. — ful'soraely, adv. — 
 ful'soineness, n. [A. S. fulsum/] 
 
 fumble (fum'bl). I. vi. 1. Grope about 
 awkwardly. 2. Do anything awk- 
 wardly. 3. Handle much. II. vt. Ma- 
 nage a w k w a r d 1 y . — f um'bler, ft. 
 [Dut. fommelen, move incessantly 
 and in jerks.] 
 
 fume ( fum ). I. ft. 1. Smoke; vapor. 
 2. Any volatile matter. 3. Heat of 
 mind. rage. 4. Empty conceit. II. vi. 
 1. Throw off vapor. 2. Be in a rage. 
 [Fr.— L. fumus. smoke.] 
 
 fumigate (fu'mi-gat), vt. Expose to 
 
 smoke or gas, esp. for disinfecting. — 
 fumigation, n. [L. fumigo.] 
 
 fumous (fu'mus), fumy (fu'm"), a 
 Producing fumes. 
 
 fun (fun), ft. Merriment; sport. [From 
 Gael, form, delight.] 
 
 function ( fungk'shun ), ft. 1. Doing 
 of a thing. 2. Duty peculiar to any 
 office or profession. 3. Office peculiar 
 to any part of the body or mind; 
 power. 4. Formal social event. 5. 
 In math. Quantity so connected with 
 another that any change in the one 
 changes the other.— func'tioual, a. 
 Pertaining to or performed by func- 
 tions; opp. to organic or structural. — 
 — fuuc'tionally, adv. [L. functio— 
 fungor, perform.] 
 
 functionary (fungk'shun- ar-i), n. 1. 
 One who discharges a function or 
 duty. 2. One who holds an office. 
 
 fund (fund). I. n. 1. Sum of money 
 on which some enterprise is founded 
 or expense supported. 2. Supply or 
 source of money. 3. Store laid up; 
 supply. 4. pi. Permanent debts due 
 by a government and paying interest. 
 — Sinking fund, fund or stock set apart, 
 generally at certain intervals, for the 
 reduction of a debt of a government 
 or corporation. II. vt. 1. Convert a 
 debt into a stock charged with inter- 
 est. 2. Place money in a fund. [Fr. 
 fond— Li. fundus, bottom.] 
 
 fundament (fun'd a-ment), n. Lower 
 part or seat of the body. 
 
 fundamental (fun-da-men 'tal) I. a. 
 Pertaining to or serving for the foun- 
 dation; essential; important. II. n. 
 That which serves as a foundation or 
 ground-work , essential. — funda- 
 mentally, adv. 
 
 funeral ( fu'ner-al ). I. n. Ceremony 
 connected with burial. II. a. Per 
 taining to or used at a burial. [From 
 L. fumes, funeris, funeral procession.] 
 
 funereal ( fu-ne're-al ), 
 a. Suitable for a funer- 
 al; dismal; mournful. 
 [L. funereus.~\ 
 
 Fungi (fun'jiorfon'ge), 
 n. pi. Large natural 
 order of acotyledon- 
 ous or cryptogamous 
 plants, 30,000 being - 
 known, varying great- ■ 
 ly in size, form, color, 
 and consistence, and 
 comprehending not 
 only the various mushrooms, toad- 
 stools, and similar plants, but a large 
 number of microscopic plants grow 
 ing upon other plants, and many sub- 
 
 Common 
 Mushrooms. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum, oil, owl, then. 
 
mngons 
 
 216 
 
 furuncle 
 
 stances known as molds, mildew, 
 smut, rust, brand, dry-rot; etc. [I* 
 pi. of fungus, a mushroom.] 
 
 fungous (f ung'us;, a. Of or like fun- 
 gus; soft; spongy; growing suddenly; 
 ephemeral. 
 
 fungus (fung'us), n. 1. One of the 
 Fungi (which see). 2. In med. Spongy 
 morbid excrescence, as proud flesh 
 formed iu wounds. — house-fungus, 
 the fungus which destroys timber in 
 a house; dry rot. — yeast-fungus, 
 
 ' the active principle in yeast. [L. j 
 
 funicle (fu'ni-kl), n. 1. Small cord or 
 ligature; fiber. 2. Stem of a seed. 
 [L. funiculus, dim. of funis, rope.] 
 
 funicular ( fu-nik'u-lar ), a. Consist- 
 ing of a funicle. 
 
 funk (fungk). I. n. 1. Spark. 2. Punk. 
 3. Offensive smell. II. vt. Stifle with 
 offensive smoke. [Qer.funke.] 
 
 funk (fungk). I. vi. Quail; back out. 
 II. n. Fright, cowardly fear. [O. 
 Flem. fonck.] 
 
 funk (fungk). I. vt. and vi. Kick; buck; 
 throw. II. n. 1. Kick; stroke. 2. Huff, 
 anger. [Scotch.] 
 
 funnel (fun'el), n. 1. Tube or passage 
 for the escape of smoke, etc. ; smoke- 
 stack. 2. Instrument for pouring fluids 
 into close vessels, as bottles, etc. [L. 
 infundibulum—fundo, pour.] 
 
 funny (fun'i), a. Full of fun; droll- 
 - funny-bone, n. Inner protuber- 
 ance of the human upper arm-bone 
 at the elbow. The tingling sensation 
 at a blow is due to the nerve being 
 unprotected. 
 
 Syn. Laughable; ludicrous; comic; 
 ridiculous; amusing; diverting. 
 
 fur (fur). I. n. 1. Short, fine hair of 
 certain animals. 2. Skins with the 
 hair, prepared for garments. 3. Fur- 
 like coating on the tongue, the inte- 
 rior of boilers, etc. II. vt. [furr'ing; 
 furred.] 1. Line with fur. 2. Cover 
 with morbid fur-like matter. [O. Fr. 
 fourre— A. S.f odder, lining. Ger. f utter.] 
 
 furbelow (fur'be-16). I. n. 1. Plait, 
 flounce. 2. Fringed border of a gown 
 or petticoat. 3. Any ornament. Y.I. vt. 
 Furnish with furbelows or ornaments. 
 [Sp. falbala.] 
 
 furbish (fur'bish), vt. Polish; brighten. 
 [Fr. fourbir— O.H. Ger. f urban,, clean.] 
 
 furcate (fur'kat), a. Forked; branch- 
 ing like the prongs of a fork.— furca- 
 tion, n. [Li.—furca, fork.] 
 
 furcula (fur'ku-la), n. Pair of collar- 
 bones, grown together, in a bird, 
 known as the wishbone or merry- 
 thought in a fowl. [L.=small fork.] 
 
 furious (ffi'ri-us), a. Full of f ury ; 
 — fu'riously, adv.— fu'riousness. 
 
 n. [Fr. furieux—L. furiosus.] 
 
 Syn. Violent; mad; frantic; fren- 
 zied. 
 
 furl (furl) , vt. Draw or roll up, as a sail. 
 [Obs. furdle—O. Fr. fardel, bundle.] 
 
 furlong; (fur'lang), n. The %th of a 
 mile=IO rods." [A. S. furlang— length 
 of a furrow.] 
 
 fur long to (fur'lo). I n. Leave of ab- 
 sence. II. vt. Grant leave of absence. 
 [From Dut. verlof, permission. Ger. 
 verlaub.] 
 
 furnace (fur'nas), n. Place where a 
 vehement fire and heat may be made 
 and maintained, as for melting ores 
 or metals, heating the boiler of a 
 steam-engine, warming a house, bak- 
 ing pottery or bread, etc. [Fr. four- 
 naise—Lt. fornax—furnus, oven.] 
 
 furnish (fur'nish), vt. Fit up or sup- 
 ply completely, or with what is neces- 
 sary ; equip. — fur'nisher, n. — 
 furnishings, n. pi. [Fr. fournir — 
 O. Gev.frumjan, perform, be useful.] 
 
 furniture (fur'ni-tur), n. Movables, 
 either for use or ornament, with 
 which a house is equipped. £Fr. 
 foumiture.~\ 
 
 furrier (fur'i-er), n. Maker of, or deal- 
 er in, furs and fur-goods. 
 
 furring (fur'ing), n. 1 Fur; fur trim- 
 ming. 2. Furlike deposit, as in a 
 boiler, or on the tongue. 3. Nailing 
 strips to rafters or joists, etc., to form 
 an even surface, or to provide an 
 air space. 
 
 furrow (f-ur'o). I. n. 1. Trench made 
 by a plow; groove; wrinkle on the 
 face. II. vt. Form furrows; groove; 
 wrinkle. [A. S.furh.] 
 
 furry (fur'i), a. Consisting of, covered 
 with, or dressed in fur. 
 
 further(fur'^er). I. adv. 1. To a great- 
 er distance or degree. 2. In addition. 
 II. a. More distant; additional. — fur- 
 thermore, adv. In addition to what 
 has been said; moreover, besides. — 
 fur'tbermost, a. Most further; 
 most remote. [A.S. furthur, a comp. of 
 fore, forward, with comp. suffix thur.] 
 
 further (fur'^er), vt. Help forward; 
 promote. — furtherance, n. [A.S.] 
 
 furthest ( fur'^est ). I. adv. At the 
 greatest distance. II. a. Most distant. 
 [A superl. either of furth = forth, or 
 more prob. of fore. See further.] 
 
 furtive (fur'tiv), a. Stealthy; secret. 
 — fur'tively, adv. [L. furtivus—fur, 
 thief.] 
 
 furuncle (fii'rung-kl), n. Boil. [L. 
 dim. of fur, thief.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above, me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
fury 
 
 217 
 
 fyke 
 
 fury (fu'ri), n. 1. Rage; violent pas- 
 sion; madness. 2. In myth. One of 
 the tbree goddesses of vengeance. 3. 
 Passionate, violent woman. |L. furia 
 —fureo, be angry.] 
 
 furze (furz), n. Whin or 
 gorse, a prickly evergreen 
 
 t bush with beautiful yel- 
 low flowers, so called from 
 the likeness of its spines 
 to those of the firtree. — 
 fnr'zy, a. Overgrown 
 with furze. [A. S. fyrsJ] 
 
 fuse (fuz'). I. vt. Melt; 
 liquefy by heat. II. vi. 1. 
 Be melted ; be reduced to 
 a liquid. 2. Blend, com- 
 bine. [L. /undo fusum, 
 melt.]_ 
 
 fuse (fuz'), n. 1. Tube filled with com- 
 bustible matter for firing mines, dis- 
 charging shells, etc. 2. Any similar 
 device, as a ribbon saturated with 
 combustible matter, etc. 3. Strip of 
 metal, which melts at passage of a 
 fixed amount of electric current, thus 
 breaking the circuit. [ Abbrev. of 
 fusee.] [2. Fuse. 
 
 fusee (fu-ze'), n. 1. Match or cigar light. 
 
 Furze. 
 
 fusee (fu-ze'), n. Conical spindle in a 
 watch or clock on which the chain is 
 wound, serving to equalize the vary- 
 ing force of the spring. [Fr. Juste — 
 Li. fusus, spindle.] 
 
 fusel-oil ( fu'zel-oil ), n. Poisonous, 
 nauseous oil in spirits distilled from 
 potatoes, barley, etc. [Ger. fusel, 
 bad spirits.] 
 
 fusible (fu'zi-bl), a. That may be fused 
 or melted.— fusibility, n. 
 
 fusil (fu'zil), n. Light musket or fire- 
 lock gun. [Fr. — L. focile, steel (to 
 strike tire), dim. of focus, fireplace.] 
 
 fusillade (fu'ail- ad). I. n. Volley of 
 firearms. II. vt. Shoot down by a 
 volley. [Fr.— fusil, musket.] 
 
 fusing-point (fu 'zing-point), n. Tem- 
 perature at which a solid substance 
 becomes liquid. 
 
 fusion (fu'zhun), n. 1. Act or state of 
 melting. 2. State of fluidity from 
 heat. 3. Close union of things, as if 
 melted together; political union of 
 parties. [See fuse.] 
 
 fuss (fus). 1. n. Bustle; tumult; un- 
 necessary ado; haste, flurry. II. vt. 
 
 and vi. 1. Make pcreat ado; be busy 
 with trifles. 2. Wrangle. - fussy, a. 
 — fuss'ily, adv. [A. S. fus, ready, 
 prompt to find, — fundian, strive 
 after, — findan, find.] 
 
 fustian ( fus'ti-an). I. n. 1. Kind of 
 coarse, twilled cotton cloth. 2. Pom- 
 pous and unnatural style of writing 
 or speaking; bombast. II. a. 1. Made 
 of fustian. 2. Bombastic. [O.Fr. fas- 
 taine — Low L. fustaneum — Fostat (a 
 suburb of Cairo in Egypt), where 
 first made.] 
 
 fustigate (fus'ti-gat), vt. Beat with a 
 stick. [L. fustis, club.] 
 
 fusty (fus'ti), a. Smelling of the wood 
 of the cask, as wine; musty.— fust'- 
 iness, n. [L. fustis cask.] 
 
 futile ( fu'til ), a. Useless; trifling.— 
 fu'tilely, adv.— futility, n. [Fr.— 
 L. futilis, fit to he poured out.] 
 Syn. Vain; trivial; unavailing. 
 
 futtock(fut'uk), 
 n. Curved tim- 
 b e r forming 
 part of one of 
 the ribs of a 
 ship.— fu*'- 
 tock-hoop, 
 n. Iron ring 
 around a mast 
 below the top, 
 to which the 
 lower ends of 
 the futtock- 
 shrouds are 
 fastened. — 
 fut'tock-plates, n. pi. Iron plates to 
 which the upper ends of the futtock- 
 shrouds, and the dead-eyes of the top- 
 mast rigging are fastened. — fut- 
 toek-sbrouds, n. pi. Short iron 
 rods or shroulds connecting the fut- 
 tock- plates and the futtock-hoop. 
 [Perh. corrupted from foothoop.] 
 
 future (fu'tur). I. a. 1. About to be; 
 that is to come. 2. In gram. Expres- 
 sing what will be. II. n. 1. Time to 
 come. 2. Speculative deal in stocks 
 or commodities, in which only the 
 difference in price is paid or received. 
 [L. futurus, f ut_. p. of esse, to be.] 
 
 futurity ( f u-tu'ri-ti ) , n. 1. Time to 
 come. 2. Event, or state of being, yet 
 to come. 
 
 fuzz (fuz), vi. Fly off in minute par- 
 ticles with a fizzing sound like water 
 from hot iron. II. n. Fine light parti- 
 cles, as dust. — fuzz'y, a. 1. Like 
 fuzz; fluffy. 2. Covered with fuzz. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 fy (fi), int. Same as fie. 
 
 fyke (fik), n. Large fish-trap with 
 funnel-like entrances. [D.fuik.] 
 
 Futtock shrouds, etc. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, I 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 move, wolf; 
 
« 
 
 218 
 
 galaxy 
 
 Hg (je), n. Seventh letter of the 
 English alphabet. It has two 
 sounds: hard, as ingag,tmc\ soft, 
 as in ginger. It is silent before 
 n in the same syllable. 
 
 gab (gab), n. Hook on the end of the 
 eccentric rod of a steam-engine, op- 
 posite the strap. 
 
 gab (gab). I. vi. [gab'bing ; gabbed 
 (gabd). ] Talk volubly or idly. II. 
 n. Loquacity. [Icel. gabba, mock.] 
 
 gabardine (gab-ar-den'), n. Coarse 
 frock, loose upper garment. [Sp. ga- 
 bardina.] 
 
 gabble (gab'l). I. vi. Talk inarticul- 
 ately; chatter; cackle like geese. II. 
 n. Noisy, unmeaning talk.-gab'bler, 
 n.— gab'blinsr, n. [From gab.] 
 
 gabiila (ga-bil'a), n Finger or parcel 
 of tobacco in Cuba, consisting of 
 about thirty-six to forty leaves. The 
 bales are usually made up of 80 
 hands, each of 4 gabillas. 
 
 gabion ( ga'bi-un ) , n. Bottomless 
 basket of wicker-work filled with 
 earth, for shelter from the enemy's 
 fire, or filled with stones, in building 
 a dam under water. [Fr.— It. qab- 
 bione, large cage— L. cavea, cave. J 
 
 gable (ga'bl), n. In 
 ar ch. Triangular 
 part of an exterior 
 wall of a building 
 between the top of 
 the side-walls and 
 the slopes of the 
 roof. [O. Fr. gable. 
 A. S. geajl, fork.] 
 
 gad (gad), n. Wedge of steel ; pointed 
 instrument; graver; prod; stick; rod. 
 [A. S. gad, goad.] 
 
 gad ( gad ), vi. rgad'ding ; gad'ded.] 
 Rove about restlessly, like cattle 
 stung by the gadfly. 
 
 gadfly (gad'fli), n. 1. 
 Fly which pierces the 
 skin of cattle in order 
 to deposit its eggs. 2. 
 One who is constantly 
 going about, seeking 
 after pleasure or gaie- 
 ty; gadabout. 
 
 Gaelic (ga'lik). I. a. Pertaining to the 
 Gaels or ScottishHighlanders. II. n.l. 
 The northern or Gadhelic branch of 
 the Celtic family of languages, em- 
 bracing the Irish, the Highland-Scot- 
 tish, and the Manx; (more common- 
 ly) the Highland-Scottish dialect. 
 2. Language of the Gaels or Celts. 
 [Prob. originally a Celtic word, of 
 which the Latinized form is Qallus.] 
 
 Gable. 
 
 Gad-tly. 
 
 gaff(gaf). I. n. 1. Boat-hook; fishing- 
 spear. 2. Boom or spar extending the 
 upper edge of a sail not set on stays 
 II. vt. Catch or strike with a guff 
 [Fr. gaffe.] 
 
 gaffer (gaf'er), n. Old man. [Contr. 
 of gramfer, ihe West of England form 
 of grandfather.] 
 
 gaille (gafl), n. 1. Steel spur for 
 game cocks. 2. Iron hook or fork 
 [A.S. geajl, fork.] 
 
 gag (gag).. I, vt. [gag'ging; gagged.] 
 
 1. Forcibly stop the mouth; silence. 
 
 2. Pry or hold open with a gag. 3. 
 Cause to heave with nausea. II. vi. 1. 
 Retch, come near vomiting. 2. Inter- 
 polate. III. n. 1. Something thrust 
 into the mouth or put over it to en- 
 force silence. 2. Interpolation by an 
 actor. [From the sound.] 
 
 gage (gaj). I. n.l. Pledge; security for 
 the fulfillment of a promise. 2. Some- 
 thing thrown down as a challenge, as 
 a glove. II. vt. Bind by pledge or se- 
 curity. [Fr. — L. vadium. A. S. wed, 
 bet. Akin to wage.] 
 
 gage (gaj), v. Measure. See gauge. 
 
 gaiety (ga'e-ti), n. Merriment; finery; 
 show. _ [See gay. 
 
 gaily (ga-li), adv. In a gay manner. 
 
 gain (gan). I. vt. and vi. 1. Obtain by 
 effort; earn. 2. Be successful in. 3. 
 Draw to one's own party. 4. Reach. 
 5. Improve; increase. II. n. Thnt 
 which is gained; profit; opp. to loss. 
 — gain'er, n. [Icel. gagn.] 
 
 Syn. Profit; win; achieve; acquire; 
 benefit; procure. 
 
 gainful (gan'fol), a. Advantageous. — 
 gain'f «ll:v, adv.— gain'fulness, n. 
 
 gainings (ga'ningz), n. pi. What has 
 been gained. [gai n' less n ess, n. 
 
 gainless (gan'les), a. Unprofitable.— 
 
 gainsay ( gan'sa or gan-sa' ). I. vt. 
 Deny;dispute; contradict. II. n. Oppo 
 sition in words; contradiction. [A. S. 
 gegn, against, and sat.] 
 
 gairish. See garish. 
 
 gait (gat), n. Way or manner of walk 
 ing. [Icel. gata, way.] 
 
 gaiter (ga'ter), n. 1. Covering of 
 cloth fitting down upon the shoe. 2. 
 Shoe covering the ankle, generally 
 with an elastic on each side.[Fr. guerre. 
 
 gala (ga'la), n. 1. Festive show or at- 
 tire; holiday dress. 2. Festivity, as 
 gala day. [It.] 
 
 galaxy (gal'aks-i), n. 1. Milky Way, 
 the luminous band of stars stretch- 
 ing across the heavens. ' 2 Any splen- 
 did assemblage. [Gr. galaxiac — gala, 
 milk.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above,- me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gale 
 
 219 
 
 gamboge 
 
 Galiot. 
 
 gale (gal), n. 1. Strong wind between 
 a stiff breeze and a storm. 2. Conti- 
 nued state of high excitement or 
 merriment. [Norw. galen, raging.] 
 
 galeated (ga'le-a-ted), a. Helmeted; 
 having a flower like ,a helmet, as the 
 monk's hood. [ L. galeatus — galea, 
 helmet.] 
 
 galena tga-le'na), n. Native lead sul- 
 phide. [L. galena, lead-ore.] 
 
 galimatias (gal-i-ma'shi-as), n. Gib- 
 berish ; nonsensical mixture. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 galiot ( gal'i-ot ), n. 
 Small swift galley or 
 brigantine propelled 
 by both sails and 
 oars. 
 
 galipot (gal'i-pot), n. 
 Unrefined kind o f 
 turpentine. [Fr.] 
 
 gall (gal), n. 1. Green- 
 ish-yellow fluid se- 
 creted from the liv- 
 er; bile. 2. Gallblad- 
 der. 3. Bitterness ; malignity. 4. 
 Impudence. [A. S. gealla — root of 
 
 YELLOW.] 
 
 gall (gal). I. vt. Fret or hurt the skin 
 by rubbing ; annoy ; enrage. II. n. 
 Wound caused by rubbing. [O. Fr. 
 galle— root of callous] 
 
 gall (gal), gall-nut (gal'-nut), n. Light 
 nut-like ball which certain insects 
 produce on the oak-tree, used in dye- 
 ing; oak apple. [Fr. galle— L. galla.] 
 
 gallant (gal'ant), a. 1. Gay; splendid. 
 2. Brave; noble.— gallantly, adv.— 
 gal'lantless, n. [Fr. See gala.] 
 Syn. Intrepid; undaunted. SeeBOLD. 
 
 gallant ( ga-lant' ). I. a. Courteous or 
 attentive to ladies; like a gallant or 
 brave man. II. n 1. Man of fashion. 
 2. Ladies' man. 3. Lover; suitor. III. 
 vt Attend or wait on (a lady.) 
 
 gallantry (gal'ant-ri), n. 1. Bravery; 
 intrepidity. 2. Attention or devotion 
 to ladies ; intrigue. 
 
 galleon (gal'i-un), n. Large Spanish 
 vessel with lofty stem and stern. TSp.] 
 
 gallery (gal'er-i), n. 1. Balcony'sur- 
 rounded by rails. 2. Long passage. 3. 
 Upper floor of seats in a church or 
 theater. 4. Room for the exhibition 
 of works of art. 5. Passage cut 
 through the earth or masonry. [Fr. 
 galerie, perhaps from gala.] 
 
 galley (gal'i), n. 1. Long, low-built 
 ship with one deck, propelled by oars. 
 2. Kitchen on a ship; caboose. 3. 
 Frame which receives the type from 
 the composi ng -stick. — galley- 
 slave, n. One condemned for crime 
 to work like a slave at the oar of a 
 
 galley. — galley-stick (gal'i-stik), 
 n. Long tapering stick, the breadth of 
 which is less than the height of types, 
 placed beside a column of type in a 
 galley, in order that *he type may be 
 locked up or wedged in place by 
 quoins. [O. Fr. gaUe.\ 
 
 Gallic (gal'ik), a. Pertaining to Gaul 
 or France. [L. Gallicus— Gallia, Gaul.] 
 
 Gallicanisin (gal'i-kan-ism), n. Spirit 
 of nationalism in the French church. 
 
 Gallicism (gal'i-sizm) n. Mode of 
 speech peculiar to the French; French 
 idiom. 
 
 galligaskins (gal-i-gas'kinz), n. pi. 
 Large open hose or trousers ; leg- 
 gings worn by sportsmen. [Prob. a 
 corr. of Fr. Greguesques, Grecians.] 
 
 gallinaceous (gal-in-a'shus), a. Per- 
 taining to the order of birds to which 
 the domestic fowl, pheasant, etc., be- 
 long. [L. gallina, hen.] 
 
 gallipot ( gal'i-pot ), n. Small glazed 
 pot for containing medicine, poma- 
 tum, etc. [O. Dut. gleypot, glazed pot.] 
 
 gallon (gal'un), n. U. S. standard 
 measure of capacity = 4 quarts. 
 
 galloon (gal-Ion'), n. 1. Kind of lace. 
 2. Narrow ribbon made of silk or 
 worsted, or of both. 3. Tape sewn 
 along a seam, etc. [Sq. galon — gala, 
 finery.] 
 
 gallop (gal'up). I. vi. Leap in run- 
 ning; ride at a galloping gait. II. n. 
 The pace at which a horse runs when 
 the forefeet are lifted together and 
 the hindfeet together. [Fr. galoper. 
 A. S. gehleapan, leap.] 
 
 gallows (gal'oz), n. Structure on 
 which criminals are executed by hang- 
 ing. [A. S. galga.] 
 
 galoche, galosb (ga-losh'), a. Shoe 
 or slipper worn over another in wet 
 weather. [Fr.] 
 
 g:tlop (gal'up), 7i. Lively dance. [Fr.] 
 
 galvanic (gal-van'ik), a Belonging 
 to or exhibiting galvanism. 
 
 galvanism(gal'-van-izm), n. Branch of 
 the science of electricity, which treats 
 of electric currents produced by che- 
 mical agents. [From Galvani of 
 Bologna, the discoverer, 1780.] 
 
 galvanize (gal'van-iz), vt. Affect with 
 galvanism. 
 
 galvanometer (gal-van-om'et-er), n. 
 Instrument for measuring the 
 strength of galvanic currents. 
 
 gamble (gam'bl). I. vi. Play for money 
 in games of chance. II. vt. Squander 
 by gaming {away).— gam'bler, n. 
 
 gamboge ( gam-boj' or gam-boj' ), n. 
 Yellow gum-resin used as a pigment 
 and in medicine. [ From Cambodia 
 in Asia, where it is obtained.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above j me, met, her; mite, mit: note, not, move, wolf; 
 mGt©, hut, bum; oil, owl, «h«B, 
 
gambol 
 
 2z0 
 
 garble 
 
 Gambrel roof. 
 
 gambol (gam'bul). I. vi. Leap; skip; 
 frisk or dance in sport. II. n. Skip- 
 ping; playfulness. [Fr. gambade — 
 gambe, leg.] 
 
 gambrel (gam'- 
 brel), n. 1. 
 Hind-leg of a 
 horse. 2. Stick 
 crooked like a 
 horse's leg, 
 used by butch- 
 er s for sus- 
 pending ani- 
 mals while 
 dressing them. — gambrel roof, n. 
 Roof with a slope broken at an obtuse 
 angle. [Prom It. gamba, leg.] 
 
 game (gam),w. 1. Sport of any kind; 
 exercise or contest for amusement. 
 2. Stake in a game. 3. Trick; scheme. 
 4. One match in a series. 5. Wild ani- 
 mal hunted by sportsmen. II. vi. Play 
 at game; play for money; gamble. 
 III. a. Defying, unyielding.-ga'mlng, 
 n. Practice of playing for money. 
 [ A. S. gamen,j)\a,y.] [to fight. 
 
 gamecock (gam'kok), n. Cock trained 
 
 game-keeper (gam'ke-per ), n. One 
 who has the care of game. 
 
 game-laws (gam'laz), n. pi. Laws 
 relating to the protection of certain 
 wild animals._ 
 
 gamesome (gam'sum), a. Playful. 
 
 gamester (gam'ster), n. One addicted 
 to playing for money ; gambler. 
 
 gamin ( gam'in or ga-mang'), n. Ne- 
 glectedstreetboy; Arabof the streets. 
 [Fr.] [From godmother.] 
 
 gammer (gam'erj, n. Old woman. 
 
 gammon (gam'un). I. n. Leg or thigh 
 of a hog pickled and smoked or dried. 
 II. vt. Cure, as bacon. [O. F. gambon. 
 Fr. jambon, ham.] 
 
 gammon (gam'un). I. n. Hoax; non- 
 sense. II. vt. Hoax, impose upon. 
 [A. S. gamen, game.] 
 
 gamut (gamut), n. 1 Musical scale. 
 2. Scale or compass of wind instru- 
 ments. [Gr. gamma, which stood first 
 in the scale invented by Guy of 
 Arezzo, and thus gave its name to the 
 whole scale; and L. ut, the syllable 
 used in singing the first note of the 
 scale.] [AS. gandra.] 
 
 gander (gan'der), n. Male of the goose. 
 
 gang (gang), n. Number of persons 
 going together or associated for a cer- 
 tain purpose, usually in a bad sense. 
 [A S.— ganc/an, go.] 
 
 gangboard (gang'bord), n. Board or 
 plank on which passengers may go or 
 walk into or out of a ship; gangplank. 
 
 ganglion (gang'li-un), n. 1. Tumor 
 in the sheath of a tendon. 2. Natural 
 
 Gannet. 
 
 enlargement in the course of a nerve. 
 — pi. ganglia or gang'lions. [Gr.] 
 
 gangrene (gang'ren). I. n. Loss of 
 vitality in some part of the body; first 
 stage in mortification. II. vt. Mortify. 
 III. vi. Become pu t rid.— gan'gre- 
 nous, a. [Fr. — Gr. ganggraina — 
 graino, gnaw.] 
 
 gangway (gang'wa), n. 1. Passace 
 or way into or out of any place, esp, 
 a ship. 2. Narrow platform of planks 
 along the upper part of a ship's side. 
 [A.S. gang, and way.] 
 
 gannet (gau'et), n. 
 Web-footed fowl 
 found in the north- 
 ern seas. [A. S. 
 ganot, a sea-fowl — 
 
 root Of GANDER.] 
 
 gantlet, n. Glove. 
 
 Same as gauntlet. 
 
 gantlet (gant'let),re. 
 
 1. Military punish- 
 ment, in which the offender, stripped 
 to his waist, was compelled to pass 
 between two files of men, and each 
 man gave him a stroke.— Run the gant- 
 let. Undergo the punishment of the 
 gantlet; go through much and 
 severe criticism, controversy or ill- 
 treatment. 2. Arrangement of two 
 railroad-tracks, by which the two 
 inner rails cross each other and run 
 close to the opposite outer rail. [Sw. 
 gatlopp—gata,l<me, and lopp,v\iiir] 
 
 gaol, gaoler. See jail, etc. 
 
 gap (gap). I. vt. 1. Notch; jag; cut 
 into "teeth like those of a saw. 2. Make 
 a break or opening, as in a fence, 
 wall, or the like. II. n. Opening made 
 by rupture or parting; cleft; passage. 
 [From GapeJ 
 
 gape(gap or gap). I. fli.Open the mouth 
 wide; be open, Hke a gap. II. n. 1. Act of 
 gaping. 2. Width of the open mouth. 
 3. Pit of yawning.— ga ping-stock, 
 n. Object of open-mouthed wonder.— 
 gap-toothed, a. Having gaps be- 
 tween the teeth. [A. S. geapan.] 
 Syn. Yawn; stare; gaze. 
 
 gar (gar), garfish (gav'fish), n. Long 
 fish with pointed head. [A.S. gar,dart.] 
 
 garage Cgar'aJ) [Fr. ga-razh'], n 
 Place where automobiles are stored 
 repaired or hired. [Fr. gare.] 
 
 garb (garb). 1. n. 1. Fashion of dress. 
 
 2. Externalappearance.il vt. Dress, 
 clothe. [O. Fr. — O. Ger. garawi, pre- 
 paration, dress. Akin to gear.] 
 
 garbage (gar'baj), n. Refuse; offal. 
 
 garble (gar'bl), vt. Select out of a 
 book or writing what may serve the 
 purpose, in a bad sense ; mutilate; 
 corrupt. [O Fr.— Sp. garbillar, sift.) 
 
 fate, £at, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, mSye, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
garden 
 
 221 
 
 gasp 
 
 Gargoyle. 
 rar'isiiness, n. 
 
 garden (gar'dn). I. n. Piece of ground 
 on which flowers, etc., are cultivated. 
 II. vi. Work in a garden ; practice 
 gardening. — gardening- ( gar'dn- 
 ing), n. Art of laying out and cultiv- 
 ating gardeus. -gardener, n. One 
 who cultivates or has charge of a 
 garden. [O. Fr. gardin, Fr. jardin, 
 from root of Ger. garten, A. S. geard, 
 E. yard.] 
 
 gargle (gar'gl). I. vt. Make a liquid 
 gurgle or bubble iu the throat, with- 
 out swallowing it; wash the throat, 
 preventing the liquid from going 
 down by expelling air against it. II. 
 n. Preparation for washing the throat. 
 [Fr. gargouiller — gargouille, throat.] 
 
 gargoyle (gar'goil), 
 a. Projecting spout, 
 conveying the water 
 from the roof-gut- 
 ters o f buildings, 
 often representing 
 human or other fig- 
 ures. [Fr. gargouille, 
 throat.] 
 
 garish (gar'ish), a. 
 Showy ; gaudy. — 
 garishly, adv. — |_ 
 [O. E. gave, stare.] 
 
 garland (garland). I. n. Wreath of 
 flowers or leaves. II. vt. Deck with a 
 garland. [O. Fr. garlande.] 
 
 garlie (gar'lik), n. JBuibous-rooted 
 plant having a strong odor and a 
 pungent taste, used as seasoning. — 
 gar'licky, adj. Like garlic. [A. S. 
 garleac—gar, spear, and leac, leek.] 
 
 garment ( gar'ment ), n. Article of 
 clothing. [O. Fr. garniment—garnir, 
 furnish.] 
 
 garner (gar'ner). I. n. Granary or 
 place where grain is stored up. II. vt. 
 Store as in a garner. [Fr. grenier—L,. 
 granaria, granary— granum, grain.] 
 
 garnet (gar'net), n. 1. Precious stone 
 resembling the grains or seeds of the 
 pomegranate. 2. Deep red color. [Fr. 
 grenat—Li. (pomum) granatum, grained 
 (apple), pomegranate— granum, grain.] 
 
 garnisli(gar'nish),v£. Furnish; adorn; 
 surround with ornaments. — gar'- 
 nisher, n. [Fr. garnir, fortify. Akin 
 to Warn.] 
 
 garnish (gar'nish), garnishment 
 (gar'nish-ment), n. That which gar- 
 nishes or embellishes ;_ornament. 
 
 garnishee ( gar-ni-she' ), vt. In law, 
 cause money due to the defendant by 
 a third person to be paid over to the 
 plaintiff. 
 
 garret ( gar'et ), n. Room next the 
 roof of a house. [O. Fr. garite, place 
 of lookout.] 
 
 garrison (gar'i-sn). I. n. 1. Body of 
 soldiers stationed in a town or for- 
 tress. 2. Fortified place. II. vt. 1. 
 Furnish a fortress with troops. 2. 
 Defend by fortresses manned with 
 troops. [Fr. garnison— garnir Jumish.] 
 
 gar rote (gar-rot'). I. n. 1. Spanish 
 mode of strangling criminals, origin- 
 ally with a cord placed over the neck 
 and twisted tight by a stick. 2. Brass 
 collar used in strangling. II. vt. 1. 
 Strangle by a brass collar tightened 
 by a screw, whose point enters the 
 spinal marrow. 2. Render insensible 
 by semi-strangulation, and then rob. 
 [Sp. garrote, cudgel] 
 
 garrulous (gar'6-lus), a. Talkative. — 
 
 garrulity (gar-6'li-ti), gar'rulous- 
 
 n ess, ns. [L. garrulus — root of garria 
 
 chatter.] 
 
 Syn. Loquacious; chattering; noisy. 
 
 garter (gar'ter). I. n. 1. Band used 
 to hold up the stocking. 2. Badge of 
 the highest order of knighthood in 
 Great Britain, called the Order of the 
 Garter. II. vt. Fasten up with a 
 garter. [Norm. Fr. gartier.] 
 
 gas (gas), n. 1. In popular language, 
 coal gas. 2. In chem. Any elastic aeri- 
 form fluid, —gas-fitter, n. One who 
 fits up the pipes and brackets for gas- 
 lighting.— gas-meter, n. Instrument 
 through which the gas is made to 
 pass, in order to ascertain the num- 
 ber of cubic feet which are consumed 
 in a given time. [A word coined by 
 Van Helmont, a chemist of Flanders, 
 1577-1644, probably from Flem. geest, 
 Ger. geist, spirit.] 
 
 gasconade (gas-kon-ad'). I. n. Boast- 
 ing or bragging like a Gascon; bra- 
 vado. II. vi. Brag or boast. [From 
 Gascony, a province of France, whose 
 inhabitants are noted for boasting.] 
 
 gaseous (gas'e-us), a. In the form of 
 gas or air. 
 
 gash (gash). I. vt. Make a deep hack 
 or cut, esp. into flesh. II. n. Deep, 
 open wound. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 gasify (gas'i-fi), vt. Convert into gas. 
 — gasification, n. [E. Gas, and L. 
 facio, make.] 
 
 gasolene or gasoline (gas' o-len), n. 
 Volatile fluid distilled from. naphtha. 
 [E. gas, and L. oleum, oil.] 
 
 gasometer (gas-om'et-er-) , n. 1. In- 
 strument for measuring gas. 2. Res- 
 ervoir for gas. 
 
 gasp (gasp). I. vi. Gape in order to 
 catch breath; breathe laboriously or 
 convulsively. II. n. Act of opening 
 the mouth to catch the breath; pain- 
 ful catching of t h e breath. [Icel. 
 geispa. Akin to gape.] 
 
 f»te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; rote, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gastric 
 
 222 
 
 gee 
 
 Ancient city gate. 
 
 gastric (gas'trik), a. Of or pertaining 
 to the belly or stomach.— Gastric juice, 
 thin pellucid liquor, secreted by the 
 glands of the stomach, the principal 
 agent in digestion, containing pepsin 
 as its characteristic compound. In 
 the empty stomach it is neutral, but 
 during digestion it becomes acid, from 
 the separation of free hydrochloric 
 acid. [From Gr. gaster, stomach.] 
 
 gastronomy (gas-tron'om-i), n. Art 
 or science of good eating; pleasure of 
 the table; epi- 
 curism. [Gr. 
 gaster, and no- 
 mos, rule.] 
 
 gate ( gat ), n. 
 1. Passage in- 
 to a c i ty, in- 
 closure, or 
 large build- 
 ding. 2. Mova- 
 ble f r a m e in 
 the entrance 
 into any inclo- 
 sure, serving 
 to close it. — 
 gate'way, n. 
 Way through 
 agate; gate. [A. S. geat, opening.] 
 
 gather (gaM'er). I. vt. 1. Collect; ac- 
 quire. 2. Plait. 3. Learn by infer- 
 ence. II. vi. 1. Assemble; muster. 2. 
 Increase. 3. Suppurate. III. n. Plait 
 or fold in cloth, made by drawing the 
 thread through.— gatli'erer, n. One 
 who collects; gleaner.— gath'ering, 
 n. 1. Crowd or assembly. 2. Tumof 
 or collection of matter. [A. S. gade- 
 rian. fit, join.] [ward. [Fr.] 
 
 gauche (gosh), a. Left-handed; awk- 
 
 gaudy (ga'di), a. Showy; gay.— gaud'- 
 ily, adv. — gaud'iuess, n. Showi- 
 ness. [M. E. gaude, ornament — L. 
 gaudium, joy.] 
 
 gauge (gaj). I. vt. 1. Measure; ascer- 
 tain the contents or capacity. 2. Take 
 cognizance of the capacity, capability, 
 or power of; appraise; estimate. II. 
 n. 1. Standard of measure ; instru- 
 ment to determine the dimensions or 
 capacity of anything ; measure; 
 means of estimating. — gau ger, n. 
 Excise officer whose business it is to 
 gauge or measure the contents of 
 casks. [O. F. ganger.'] 
 
 Gaul (gal), n. 1. Name of ancient 
 France. 2. Inhabitant of Gaul. — 
 Gaulish, a. [L. Gallia.] 
 
 gaunt (gant), a. 1. Thin; of a pinched 
 appearance. 2. Hungry; famishing. 
 — gauntly, adv. — gaunt'ness, n. 
 [Norw. gana.] 
 
 gauntlet (gant'let), n. 1. Iron glove 
 of armor, formerly thrown down in 
 challenge. 2. Long glove covering the 
 wrist. [Fr. ganlelet. ] 
 
 gauze (gaz), n. Thin, transparent 
 fabric, orig. of silk.— gau'zy, a. Like 
 gauze. [Fr. gaze — Gaza in Palestine, 
 whence_it was first brought.] 
 
 gave (gav). Past tense of give. 
 
 gavel (gav'l), n. 1. Mallet used by a 
 presiding officer. 2. Mason's mallet. 
 [O. Fr. gavelle.] 
 
 gavotte (ga-vot'), n. 1. Vivacious, dig- 
 nified French dance. 2. Music in the 
 rhythm of this dance. 
 
 gawk (gak),n. 1. Cuckoo. 2. Simple- 
 ton ; tall", awkward fellow.— gawli'y , 
 a. Awkward. [A. S. geac, cuckoo.] 
 
 gay (ga), a. Lively; bright; sportive; 
 merry; showy. — gai'ly or gay'ly, 
 adv. [Fr. gai, prob. from root of Ger. 
 jaehe, sudden.], 
 
 gayety(ga'e-ti), n. Same as gaiety. 
 
 gaze (gaz). I. vi. Look fixedly. II. n. 
 Fixed look. [ Swed. gasa, stare.] 
 
 Syn. Stare; 
 gape; gloat. 
 
 gazelle (gazel'), 
 n. Small grace- 
 ful species of 
 antelope, with 
 beautiful dark 
 eyes, in Arabia 
 and N. Africa. 
 [Ar. ghazal.] 
 
 gazette (ga-zef), 
 n. 1. Newspaper. 
 2. British or 
 Continental official newspaper. II. vt, 
 Publish in a gazette. [Fr.— It. gaz- 
 zetta.] 
 
 gazettees^gaz-et-ter'), n.\. Writer for 
 a gazetje. 2. Geograpnical dictionary. 
 
 gear (ger). I. n. 1. Dress; harness; 
 tackle. 2. Connection by means of 
 toothed wheels. II. vt. Put in gear, 
 as machinery. [A.S. gearwe, prepara- 
 tion— gearu, ready.] 
 
 Gazelle. 
 
 Gearing 
 
 gearing (ger'ing), n. 1. Harness. 2. 
 Train of toothed wheels and pinions, 
 or other working parts of a machine. 
 
 geclcojgek'o), n. Wall-lizard. 
 
 gee (je), int. Turn to the right I 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gelatin 
 
 223 
 
 genethliac 
 
 gelatin, gelatine (jel'a-tin), n. Ani- 
 mal substance which dissolves in hot 
 water and forms a jelly when cold.— 
 gelatinous (je-lat'in-us), a. Resem- 
 bling or formed into jelly. [Fr. — L. 
 gelo, freeze.] 
 
 geld (geld), vt. 1. iiiinasculate. 2. De- 
 prive of anything essential. — geld'- 
 ing, n. Castrated animal, especially 
 a horse. [Icel. gekla.] [gelidus.] 
 
 gelid (jel'id), a. Icy cold; cold. [L. 
 
 gem (jem). I. n. 1. Bud. 2. Precious 
 stone, esp. when cut. 3. Anything ex- 
 tremely valuable or attractive. 4. 
 Small, round cake. II. vt. [gem'ming; 
 
 • gemmed. ] Adorn with gems 
 gemma. ] 
 
 gemination (jem- 
 i-na'shun), n. 1. 
 Doubling. 2. Repe- 
 tition. 
 
 Gemini (jem'i-ni), 
 n. Constellation of 
 the Zodiac, repre- 
 senting the twins 
 Castor and Pollux. 
 [L. = twins.] 
 
 gemmate (jem'at), 
 a. Having buds. Oemu 
 
 — geinana'tion, 
 n. 1. Act or time of budding. 2 
 rangement of buds on the stalk. 
 
 gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. 1. Mem- 
 ber of the armed police of France. 2. 
 Formerly, knight, cavalryman. [Fr. 
 —gens d'armes, men-at-arms.] 
 
 gender (jen'der). vt. Beget. [Abbrev. 
 
 Of ENGENDER.} 
 
 gender (jen'der), n. 1. Kind. 2. Sex. 
 3. In gram. Formal distinction of 
 words (nouns, etc.) in three classes, 
 masculine, feminine and neuter, accord- 
 ing to sex. [Fr. genre— Li. genus, gene- 
 ris, kind, kin.] 
 
 genealogy ( jen-e-al'o-ji ), n. 1. His- 
 tory of the descent of families. 2. 
 Pedigree of a particular person or 
 family. 3. Progeny; offspring; gene- 
 ration. — genealog'ical, a. — gene- 
 alogically, ac^y. —genealogist, n. 
 [G-r. genealogia — genea, birth, descent, 
 and -logos, science.] 
 
 genera. See genus. 
 
 general (jeu'er-al). I. a. 1. Relating to a 
 whole class; not special. 2. Viewed 
 as a whole. 3. Not restricted in scope, 
 as general agent. 4. Common ; preva- 
 lent; usual. 5. Loose; vague. II. n. 
 1. Whole or chief part. 2. Officer who 
 is head over a whole department. 3. 
 Military officer who commands a body 
 of men not less than a brigade. 4. 
 Chief commander of an army iu ser- 
 vice. [Fr.— L. generalis— genus.] 
 
 generalissimo (jen-er-a-lis'i-mo), n. 
 Chief commander of an army or of 
 separate armies. [It.] 
 
 generality (jen-er-al'i-ti), n. 1. State 
 of being general. 2. Main part; great- 
 est part. 3. Vague statement or prin- 
 ciple. [Fr.— L. generalitas.\ 
 
 generalization (jen-er-&rli za'shun), 
 n. 1. Act of comprehending under a 
 common name several objects resem- 
 bliug each other in some part of their 
 nature. 2. Deduction of a general 
 principle from particulars. 
 
 generalize ( jeu'er-a-liz), vt. Make 
 general; reduce to or include under a 
 general term; infer from one or a few 
 the nature of a whole class. [Fr. 
 giniraliser—ge'n-e'ral.] 
 
 generally (jen'er-a-li), adv. 1. In gen- 
 eral ; commonly". 2. Extensively; 
 most frequently. 3. In a general way; 
 without detail. 4. Collectively; to- 
 gether. 
 
 generalship ( jen'er-al-ship ), n. 1. 
 Office or skill of a general or military 
 officer. 2. Diplomatic or strategic 
 skill. 
 
 generate (jen'er-at), vt. Produce; 
 bring into life; originate. [L. genero 
 —genus, kind.] 
 
 generation Ojen-er-a'shun), n. 1. Pro- 
 ducing or originating. 2. That which 
 is generated. 3. Single stage in nat- 
 ural descent. 4. People of the same 
 age or period, 5. Age of a generation; 
 average lifetime. 
 
 generative (jen'er-a-tiv), a. Having 
 the power of generating or producing; 
 prolific. 
 
 generator (jen'er-a-tur), n. Begetter; 
 producer. 
 
 generic ( je-ner'ik ), gencrical ( je- 
 ner'i-kal), a. Marking or comprehend- 
 ing a genus. — gener'ically, adv. 
 [Fr. gine'rique.'] 
 
 generosity (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. Noble- 
 ness or liberality of nature. [Fr. 
 ginSrositi — L. generositas.\ 
 
 generous (jen'er-us), a. 1. Of a noble 
 nature; well-born. 2. Courageous. 3. 
 Liberal. 4, Invigorating in its nature, 
 as wine. 5. Abundant; full. — gen- 
 erously, adv. — gen'erousness, n. 
 [O. Fr.— L. generosus — genus, birth.] 
 
 genesis (jen'e-sis), n. 1. Generation, 
 creation, or production. 2. Manner of 
 producing. 3. Theory of the origin 
 of something. 4. (G.) First book of 
 the Old Testament. [Gr.] 
 
 genet (je-nef), n. Kind of civet-cat, 
 found around the Mediterranean. [Ar. 
 jarneit.] 
 
 genethliac(je-neth'li-ak), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the birthday. [Gr.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
genial 
 
 224 
 
 germ 
 
 genial (je'ni-al), a. Cheering; merry; 
 kindly ; sympathetic ; healthful. — 
 genial'ity, ge'nialness, n. Quality 
 of being genial; gaiety; cheerfulness. 
 — ge'nially, adv. [Fr.— L. genialis— 
 genius, the spirit of social enjoyment.] 
 
 genital (jen'i-tal), a. Belonging to 
 generation, or the act of producing; 
 reproductive. 
 
 genitive (jen'it-iv), n. In gram. 
 Case in the declension of nouns, ad- 
 jectives, pronouns, participles, etc., 
 expressing source, origin, possession, 
 and the like; possessive case. [L. — 
 gigno, genitum, beget.] 
 
 genius (jelii-us), n. Good or evil spirit, 
 supposed by the ancients to preside 
 over every person, place, and thing, 
 and esp. to preside over a man's des- 
 tiny from his birth.— pi. Genii (je-ni-i). 
 2-. Special inborn faculty of an indi- 
 vidual; special taste or disposition 
 qualifying for a particular employ- 
 ment. 3. Superior inborn power of 
 mind. 4. One having such power of 
 mind.— pi. Geniuses (j en 'yus-ez). [L. 
 See genus.1 
 
 genre-pain ting(zhong'r-pant'ing), n. 
 Composition with figures that is not 
 specifically landscape or historical 
 painting. [Fr. genre, kind, sort.] 
 
 genteel (jen-tel'), a. 1. Well-bred. 2. 
 Graceful in manners or in form. 3. 
 Fashionable. — genteel'- 
 ly, adv. — genteel'ness, 
 n. [Fr. gentil.] 
 
 gentian (jen'shan), n. Plant 
 of many species,some beau- 
 tiful, some medicinal. 
 
 Gentile ( jen'til ), n. 1. One 
 not a Jew. 2. One neither 
 a Jew nor a Christian. — a. 
 Belonging to any nation but 
 the Jews. [L. gentilis — gens, 
 nation.] 
 
 gentility (jen-til'i-ti), n. Good birth or 
 extraction; good breeding; politeness 
 of manners. 
 
 gentle (jen'tl), d. Well-born; mild and 
 refined in manners; mild in disposi- 
 tion; soft, not strong; amiable; sooth- 
 ing.— gent'Iy, adv.— gentleness, n. 
 [Fr. — L. gentilis. See genteel.] 
 
 gentlefolks (jen'tl-foks), n. pi. Per- 
 sons of good family or above the vul- 
 gar. [See folk.] 
 
 gentleman (jen'tl-man), n. 1. Man 
 of gentle or good birth ; above the yeo- 
 man. 2. Man of refined manners and 
 good behavior. — gentlemanlike 
 (jen'ti-man-hk), gentlemanly (jen'- 
 tl-man-li), a. Well-bred, refined, ge- 
 nerous. — gen'tlemanliness, n. — 
 pi. geu'tlemen. — fern, gen'tlewoman. 
 
 gentry (jen'tri), n. 1. Class ofpeople 
 between the nobility and the yeoman- 
 ry. 2. Educated and well-bred people. 
 
 genuflection, genuflexion (jen-u- 
 flek'shun), n. Act of bending the knee, 
 esp. in worship. [L.— genu, knee, and 
 —flecto, flexum,Joend.] 
 
 genuine ( jen'u-in ), a. Natural, not 
 spurious or adulterated; real; pure. 
 — gen'uinely, adv. — gen'uine- 
 ness, n. [Fr.— L. genuinus, inborn.] 
 Syn. Native; true; authentic; unal- 
 loyed; intrinsic; trustworthy. 
 
 genus (je'nus).tt. \_pl. genuses or genera 
 (je'nus-ez, jen/e-ra).] Class of a great- 
 er extent than species, subordinate to 
 tribe and family. [Gr. genos.] 
 
 geodesy (je-od'e-si),w. Survey of large 
 portions of the earth's surface, taking 
 into account its curvature, eleva- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 geography (je-og'ra-fi), n. 1. Science 
 which describes the surface of the 
 earth and its inhabitants. 2. Book 
 containing a description of the earth. 
 —geographer (je-og'ra-fer), n. One 
 who is versed in, or who writes on, 
 geography.— geographic(je-o-graf- 
 ik ), K-cogi'aph'ical, as. — geo- 
 graphically, adv. [Gr.—ge, earth, 
 and graphq, write.] 
 
 geology (je-oJ'o-ji),.n. Science of the 
 structure and history of the earth.— 
 geological(je-o-loj'l-kal) , a. Pertain- 
 ing to geology.— geolog'ically, adv. 
 — geologist, n. One versed in geol- 
 ogy.— geologize, vi. Study geology. 
 [Gr.— ge, earth, and logos, science.] 
 
 geometry (je-om'e-tri), n. Branch of 
 mathematics which treats of magni- 
 tude of space and its relations. — 
 geomet'ric, geometrical, a. [Gr.— 
 ge, earth, and metreo, measure.] 
 
 georgic(jar'jik), 
 
 . n. 1. A poem re- 
 lating to agri- 
 culture or rural 
 affairs, as the 
 Georgics of Vir- 
 gil. II. a. Relat- 
 ing to agricul- 
 tural affairs. 
 
 geranium ( j e - 
 ra'ni-um), n. 
 Plant with seed- 
 vessels like a 
 crane's bill. [Gr. 
 —geranos, crane.] 
 
 germ Germ), n. 1. Rudimentary form 
 of a new plant or animal. 2. Origin; 
 first principle.— Germ theory. Theory 
 that zymotic diseases are caused by 
 presence of living organisms in the 
 body. [L. germen, bud.l 
 
 Consump- 
 tion 
 
 Germs 
 
 Grip 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gcrman 
 
 225 
 
 gid 
 
 merman (jer'man), germane (jer- 
 maii'), a. 1. Of the first' degree, as 
 cousins-german. 2. Closely allied; 
 relevant. [Fr.— L. germanus, prob. — 
 germen, bud, origin.] 
 
 German (jer'man). I. n. 1. Native of 
 Germany.— pi. Ger'mans. 2. German 
 language. II. a. Of or from Germany.— 
 High-German, language, or dia- 
 lects, of central and southern Ger- 
 many. — Low-German, language, or 
 dialects, of northern Germany. — The 
 Anglo-Saxons were Low Germans. 
 The literature of Germany is chiefly 
 High German. [L. Germani, from their 
 Gallic name of uncertain meaning.] 
 
 German-silver ( jer'man-sil'ver ), n. 
 Alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, 
 white like silver, and first made in 
 Germany. 
 
 germicide (jer'mi-sid), n. Substance 
 used for destroying the germs of a 
 disease. [to a germ. 
 
 germinal (JSr'min-al)^ a. Pertaining 
 
 germinate (jer'mih-at ), vi. Spring 
 from a germ i, begin to grow. — ger- 
 mina'tion, n. [L. ge? , ?nino.] 
 
 gerrymander (ger'i-man-der ), n. 
 Arbitrary arrangement of the election 
 districts of a state, so as to give one 
 party an unfair advantage. [From 
 Gerry, Gov. of Massachusetts. 1881.] 
 
 gerund (jer'und), n. 1. Part of the 
 Latin verb used as a noun. 2. Similar 
 form of the verb in other languages, 
 as in English dancing in dancing-mas- 
 ter.— gerund'ial, a. [L. gerundium 
 —gero, carry on.] 
 
 gestation Oes-ta r shun), n. 1. Carry- 
 ing the young in the womb. 2. Carry- 
 ing; exercise by being cairied, as on 
 horseback. [L. gesto, carry.] 
 
 gesticulate (jes-tik'u-lat), vi. Make 
 gestures or motions when speaking; 
 play antic tricks. — gesticula'tion, 
 n. [L. gesticulor—gero, carry.] 
 
 gesture (jes'tur), n. Position, or 
 movement of the body, expressive of 
 sentiment or passion. [ From fut. 
 p, of L. gero, carry.] 
 
 get (get). I. vt. [g e t' ti ng; g o t ; got'- 
 ten.] 1. Obtain. 2. Beget. 3. Learn. 
 4. Persuade; cause. 5. Take; betake. 
 6. Carry; bring. II. vi. Arrive; put 
 one's self in a place, state or con- 
 ditionj become. — Get at, reach. — 
 Get oft, escape. — Get on, proceed; 
 advance. — Get over, surmount. — 
 Get through, finish. — Get up, arise, 
 ascend. [A.S. gitan.] 
 
 gewgaw (gu'ga). I. n. Toy ; bauble ; 
 showy trifle. II. a. Showy without 
 value. [M. E. givegove, trifling gift- 
 root of GIVE.] 
 
 geyser ( gl'ser ), n. Spring which 
 throws out hot water, mud, etc. [Icel. 
 — geysa, gush.] 
 
 ghastly (gast'li), a. Deathlike ; hag- 
 gard ; hideous. — erhast'liness, n. 
 [A. S. gwstlic, terrible. See Aghast.] 
 
 ghat, ghaut (gat), n. 1. Mountain- 
 pass. 2. Mountain-range. 3. Landing 
 place. [India.] 
 
 gherkin (ger'kin), n. Small cucum- 
 ber used for pickling. [Dut. agurkje.] 
 
 ghetto (get'o), n. Quarter of an Italian 
 city in which formerly the Jews were 
 compelled to live. 
 
 ghost (gost), n. 1. Breath, spirit. 2. 
 Soul of a dead person. 3. Unearthly 
 apparition; spirit. 4. Mere shadow. — 
 Holy Ghost, third person in the Trin- 
 ity. — The ghost walks, the salary is 
 paid. (Stage term). — ghostlike, a. 
 —ghostly (gost'li), a. 1. Spiritual. 
 2. Pertaining to apparitions; super- 
 natural. — ghost'liness, n. [A. S, 
 gast. Ger. geist.] 
 
 ghoul (gol), n. 1. Demon i upposed to 
 feed on the dead ; ogre. 2. Grave- 
 robber. [Pers. ghol.] 
 
 giant (ji'ant), n. 1. Man of extraor- 
 dinary size. 2. Person of extraor- 
 dinary powers.—; fern. gi'antess.[Fr. 
 giant — Gr. gigas. J 
 
 giaour ( jowr ), n. Infidel, term ap- 
 plied by the Turks to all who are not 
 of their own religion. [Pers. gaivr.] 
 
 gibber (gib'er), vi. Jabber, —gibber- 
 ish (gib'er-ish). I. n. Rapid, gabbling 
 talk ; unmeaning words. II. a. Un- 
 meaning. [Imitation of the sound.] 
 
 gibbet (jib'et). I. n. 1. Gallows. 2. 
 Projecting beam of a crane. II. vt. 
 Expose on a gibbet; execute; expose 
 to scorn. [Fr. gibet.] 
 
 gibbon (gib'- 
 un), n. Long- 
 armed , tail- 
 less ape, na- 
 tive of the 
 East Indies. 
 
 gibbon s 
 (gib'us).a. 1. 
 Hump-back - 
 ed. 2. Swell- 
 ing, convex, 
 as the moon when nearly full. — • 
 gib'bously,ad^.^gib'bousness, n. 
 
 gibe (jib). I. vt. Sneer at; taunt; mock. 
 II. n. Scoff; contempt. — gi'bingly, 
 adv. [Icel. geipa, talk nonsense.] 
 
 giblets (jib'lets), n. pi. 1. Eatable 
 internal parts of a fowl. 2. Tatters; 
 shreds. [O. Fr. gibelet.] 
 
 gid (gid), n. Staggers in sheep, caused 
 by the presence in the brain of the 
 larva of the dog's tapeworm. 
 
 Gibbon. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, more, wolf. 
 mate, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
giddy 2! 
 
 giddy (gidl), a. 1. Foolish, frivolous, 
 inconstant, thoughtless. 2. Dizzy. 3. 
 That causes giddiness. 4. Whirling. 
 — giddily, adv.— giddiness, n. 
 
 Syn . Unsteady. See fickle. 
 gift (gift). I. n. 1. Thing given. 2. Qual- 
 ity bestowed by nature. 3. Act or 
 right of giving. II, vt. Endow with a 
 power. [See give.] 
 Syn. Talent. See present. [nature. 
 gifted (gift'ed), a. Well endowed by 
 gig -(gig). I. ?i. 1. Light, two-wheeled, 
 one-horse carriage. 2. Long, light 
 boat. 3. Any light, quickly moving 
 thing. 4. Fun; sport. 5. Silly girl. 
 II. vt. andvi. 1. Move up and down; 
 wriggle ; spin. 2. Catch fish by jerk- 
 ing a set of hooks through a school of 
 them. [Icel. gigja, fiddle. Fr. gigue, 
 lively dance.] 
 gig-antic (ji-gan'tik), n. Suitable to or 
 like a giant; enormous.— gigan'tie- 
 ally, adv. [See giant.] 
 gisrgle (gig'l). I. vi. Laugh with short 
 catches of the breath, or in a silly 
 manner. II. n. Laugh of this kind. — 
 gig'gler, n. [From the sound.] 
 gild (gild), vt. [gild'ing; gild'ed or 
 gilt.] 1. Coyer or overlay with gold. 
 2. Adorn with luster; give a splendid, 
 deceptive appearance. [A. S. gyldan. 
 See gold.] 
 gilding (gild'ing), n. 1. Art or trade 
 of a gilder. 2. Gold laid on a surface 
 for ornament. 
 gill (gil), n. 1. Breathing organ in 
 ' fishes and certain other aquatic ani- 
 mals. 2. Wattle of a fowl.— gill-net, 
 n. Net hung vertically in the water, 
 so that the fish catch their gills in its 
 meshes. [Dan. gioelle.] 
 gill ( jil) , n. Measure of liquids = % 
 
 pint. [O. Fr. gelle.] 
 gillie, gilly (gil'i), n. Youth; man- 
 servant. [Scotch.] 
 gillyflower (jill-fiow-er), n. 1. Popu- 
 lar name for stock, wallflower, etc., so 
 called from its clove- like smell. 2. 
 Kind of apple. [Fr. giro.0e—Qv. kary- 
 ophyllon, clove-tree— karyon, nut, and 
 p/iyllon, leaf.] [ing. 
 
 gilt (gilt). I. a. Gilded. II. n. Gild- 
 gimbals (gim'balz), n. pi. Two rings 
 for suspending the mariner's compass 
 so as to keep it always horizontal. 
 [L. gemelli, twins.] [mechanism. 
 
 gimcrael* (jim'krak), n. Toy; trivial 
 gimlet (gimlet), n. Small tool for 
 boring holes. [Fr. gibelet—Teut. root 
 
 Of WIMBLE.] 
 
 gimp (gimp), n. Kind of trimming, 
 etc., of silk, woollen, or cotton twist. 
 [Fr. guimpe — O. Ger. wimpal, light 
 robe. See wimple. ] 
 
 Ginseng. 
 
 5 gird 
 
 gin (jin), n. Liquor distilled from 
 grain, flavored with juniper berries. 
 [From D. jenever, juniper.] 
 
 gin (jin). I. n. 1. Trap; snare. 2. Ma- 
 chine or instrument by which the me- 
 chanical powers are employed in aid 
 of human strength. II. vt. 1. Catch 
 in a trap. 2. Clear cotton of its seeds 
 by means of the cotton-gin. [From 
 
 ENGINE.] 
 
 ginger (jin'jer), n. Root of a plant in 
 
 the E. and W. Indies, with a hot and 
 
 spicy taste, so called from being 
 
 shaped like a horn. [Gr. zingiberis7\ 
 gingerbread 
 
 (jhi'jer-bred), 
 
 n. Sweet cake 
 
 flavored with 
 
 ginger. 
 giiigerly(jin'- 
 
 jer-li), adv. 
 
 With soft steps; 
 
 timidly. [From root 
 
 of Swed. g ing I a, 
 
 walk gingerly.] 
 gingfaam (ging'am), 
 
 n. Kind of cotton 
 
 clcth. [Fr. guingan — 
 
 Guingamp. a town 
 
 in Brittany, where 
 
 made.] [Jap.] 
 
 gingko (ging'ko),'/i. Maiden-hair tree. 
 giaiseng (jin'seng), n. Chinese plant 
 
 used as a panacea, recently cultivated 
 
 in U. S. for export to China. [Chin. 
 
 =wonder of the world.] 
 gipsy, gypsy (jip'si) : n. 1. 
 
 One of a wandering race, 
 
 orig. from India. 2. One 
 
 with a dark complexion. 3. 
 
 Sly woman or playful girl. 
 
 [Corr. from Egyptian.] 
 giraffe (ji-raf), n. Ruminant 
 
 animal of Africa, the 
 
 only species of its 
 
 genus and family. A 
 
 full-grown male 
 
 reaches the height 
 
 of 18 to 20 feet. It 
 
 feeds upon the 
 
 leaves of trees. [Fr. 
 
 — Ar. zurafa — long- 
 necked.] 
 girandole (jir'an- 
 
 dol),w.l. Chandelier. 
 
 2. Revolving jet of 
 
 water or fireworks. [It. See gyrate.] 
 girasol (jir'a-sol), n. Kind of opal. 
 
 [It.— L. girare, turn, and sol, sun.] 
 gird(gerd), vt. [girding: girded or 
 
 girt.] 1. Bind round; make fast by 
 
 binding. 2. Surround; clothe. [A.S. 
 
 gyrdan. Akin to yard.] 
 
 Giraffe. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gird 
 
 227 
 
 glaze 
 
 gird (gerd). I. vt. and vi. Strike; up- 
 braid ;gibe;dash. II.ii. Stroke; twinge; 
 taunt. [Prom root of yard, rod.] 
 
 girder (gerd'er), n. 1. One who girds. 
 2. Simple or compound beam sustain- 
 ing a weight, ana supported at ends. 
 
 girdle (gerd'l). I. n. That which girds 
 or encircles, esp. a band for the waist. 
 II. vt. 1. Bind, as with a girdle. 2. 
 Inclose. 3. Make a circular incision, 
 as through the bark of a tree to kill 
 it. [A. S gijrdel—gyrdan, gird.] 
 
 girl (gerl), n. Female child ; young 
 woman. — girlhood, n State of 
 being a girl. — girl'ish, a. Of or like 
 a girl. — girlishly, adv. — girl'- 
 ishness, ii. [From root of Low Ger. 
 gair, child,] 
 
 girt (gert), girth (gerth), n. 1. Belly- 
 band of a saddle. 2. Measure round 
 
 girth (gert), vt. Gird. [the waist. 
 
 gist (jist), n. Main point or pith of a 
 matter. LFrom an O. Fr. proverb: 
 " I know where the hare lies (gist).' n } 
 
 give (giv). I. vt. [giving; gave; given 
 (giv'n). ] Bestow ; impart _; yield ; 
 grant; permit; afford; furnish; pay 
 or render, as thanks; pronounce, as a 
 decision; show, as a result; apply, 
 as one's self; allow or admit. II. vi. 
 Yield to pressure ; begin to melt ; 
 grow soft. — giver (giv'er), n. One 
 who gives or bestows. [A. S. gifan.] 
 
 gizzard (giz'ard), n. Muscular second 
 stomach of a bird or insect, in which 
 grain and other food- is ground. [Fr. 
 gfeier—Li. gigeria, cooked entrails of 
 poultry.] 
 
 glabrous ( gla'brus ), a. Having no 
 hairs or any unevenness. [L. glaber, 
 smooth.] 
 
 glacial (gla'shi-al), a. 1. Icy; frozen. 
 2. Pertaining to ice or its action, esp. 
 to glaciers. [L. — glades, ice.] 
 
 glacies" ( gla'sher or glas'i-er ), n. 
 Slowly moving river of ice, in the 
 hollows and on the slopes of lofty 
 mountains. [Fr.— L. glacies, ice.] 
 
 glacis (gla'sis or gla-ses'\ n. Gentle 
 slope. [Fr. = slide.] 
 
 glad (glad). I. a. [glad'der; glad'dest.j i 
 1. Pleased; cheerful; bright. 2. Giv- 
 ing pleasure. II. vt. [gladd'ing ; gladd'- 
 ed.] Make glad. — glad'ly, adv. — 
 glad'ness, n. [A. S. glaid, smooth, 
 slippery-] 
 
 Syn. Happy; joyful; joyous; grati- 
 fying; delighted; pleasing; gratified. 
 
 gladden (glad'n).t'i!.Make glad; cheer. 
 
 glade (glad),w. 1. Open space in a 
 wood. 2. Patch of smooth ice or blue 
 sky. [Root of glad. Norw. glette. patch 
 of blue sky.] [L. gladius, sword.] 
 
 gladiate (glad'i-at), a. Sword-shaped"! 
 
 Gladiator. 
 
 Influence 
 
 gladiator(glad'i-a-tur), n. Profession- 
 al combatant with men or beasts in an 
 
 arena. [L. = swordsman.] 
 gladiolus (gla-di'o-lus), n. 
 
 Sword-lily. [L.] 
 gladsome (glad'sum), a. 
 
 Glad ; joyous ; gay.— glad'- 
 
 somely, adv. — glad - 
 
 someness, n. 
 glair(glar).I. n. 1. White of 
 
 an egg used as varnish. 2. 
 
 Any viscous, transparent 
 
 substance. II. vt. Varnish 
 
 with white of eg g.— 
 
 glairy, a. [Fr. glair e. 
 
 Akin tO CLEAR.] 
 
 glamour (glam'ur). I. n. 
 of a charm on the eyes; enchantment. 
 II. vt. Bewitch ; charm. [Sc.—gramer 
 (grammar), magic] 
 
 glance (glans). I. n. Sudden shoot of 
 light. 2. Darting of the eye; moment- 
 ary view. 3. Deflected motion . II. 
 vi. 1. Dart a ray or light or splendor. 
 2. Snatch a momentary view. 3. 
 Fly off obliquely. 4. Make a passing 
 allusion. III. vt. Dart suddenly or 
 obliquely. — glan'cingly, adv. 
 [Swed. glans, luster.] 
 
 gland (gland), n. 1. Fleshy organ of 
 the body which secretes some sub- 
 stance from the blood. 2. Small cel- 
 lular organ of a plant which secretes 
 oil or aroma. ("L. glans, acorn.] 
 
 glanders (glamderz), n. Contagious 
 diseafe of the mucous membrane of 
 the nosferils of horses. [Prom gland.] 
 
 glare (glar). I. n. 1. Clear, dazzling 
 light; overpowering luster. 2. Fierce 
 stare. II. vi. 1. Shine with a dazzling 
 light. 2. Look with piercing eyes. 
 [A.S. glar, amber; akin to glass.] 
 
 glaring ( glar'ing ), a. 1. Bright and 
 dazzling. 2. Barefaced; bold. 3. Plain- 
 ly discernible. — glar'ingly, adv. 
 — glar'ingness, n. 
 
 glass (glas). I. n. 1. Hard, brittle, 
 transparent substance. 2. Anything 
 made of glass, esp. a drinking vessel, 
 a mirror, etc. — pi. Spectacles. 3. 
 Quantity of liquid a glass holds. 4. 
 barometer. II. a. Made of glass. III. 
 vt. Case in glass; glaze. [A.S. glaes, 
 akin to glow, glance, etc.l 
 
 glassy (glas'i), a. Made of or like glass. 
 — glass'ily, adv. — glass'iness, n. 
 
 glaucous (gla'kus), n. 1. Light green, 
 passing into bluish-gray. 2. Covered 
 with flne_powder, as a plum. 
 
 glaze (glaz). I. vt. 1. Furnish with 
 glass. 2. Give a glassy surface to. 
 II. n. 1. Glassy coating put upon pot- 
 tery. 2. Any material for giving a 
 shining exterior. 
 
 fate, fat, t&sk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thea. 
 
glazier 
 
 228 
 
 glossy 
 
 glazier (gla'zher), n. One who sets 
 glass in window-frames, etc. [For 
 glaz-er, as law-y-er for law-er.] 
 
 glazing (gla'zing) n. 1. Act or art of 
 setting glass. 2. Art of covering with 
 a vitreous substance. 3. Semi-trans- 
 parent color put thinly over another. 
 
 gleam (glem). I. vi. Glow; shine; 
 flash. II. n. Small ray of light; beam; 
 brightness. — gleam'y, a. Casting 
 s beams orrays of light. [A. S. glcem.] 
 
 glean (glen), vt. Gather the corn left 
 by the reapers; collect what is thinly 
 scattered.— glean'er, gleaning, n. 
 [O. Fr. glener—A.S. gelm, handful.] 
 
 glebe (gleb), n. 1. Clod of earth; sod. 
 2. .Land belonging to a parish church 
 or ecclesiastical benefice. [Fr. — L. 
 gleba, clod, soil.] 
 
 glee(gle), n. 1. Joy; mirth; gaiety. 2. 
 Song for three or more solo voices. — 
 gleeful ( gle'fol ), a. Merry. [A. S. 
 gleo, mirth-^ 
 
 gleet (glet). I. n. Glairy discharge 
 from a mucous surface. II. vi. Flow 
 slowly. [O. Fr. glete, fleur. [gleann.] 
 
 glen (glen), n. Narrow valley. [Gael. 
 
 glengarry ( glen-gar'i ), n. Scotch 
 woolen cap, growing lower toward 
 the back, where two ribbons hang 
 down. [From valley of Glengarry.] 
 
 glib (glib), a. 1. Slippery. 2.Moving eas- 
 ily- — glib'ly, adv. — glib'ness, n. 
 [Dut. glibberig, slippery.] 
 Syn. Flippant; fluent; voluble. 
 
 glide (glicl). I. vt. Slide smoothly and 
 easily; flow gently. II. n. Act of glid- 
 ing.— glid'ingly , adv. [A.S. glidan.} 
 
 glimmer (glim'Sr). I. vt. 1. Burn or 
 shine faintly. 2. Be extinguished. II. 
 n. 1. Faint light; feeble rays of light. 
 2. Mica. [From root of gleam.] 
 
 glimmering (glim'er-ing), n. 1. Glim- 
 mer. 2. Slight idea. 
 
 glimpse (glimps). I. n. 1. Weak light; 
 transient luster. 2. Hurried view. 3. 
 Fleeting enjoyment. 4. Faint resem- 
 blance. II. vt. Glance. III. vi. Appear 
 by glimpses. [From root of glimmer.] 
 
 glint (glint). I. vi. Gleam; flash; peep. 
 II. n. Glance ;flash. [Akin to glitter. ] 
 
 glisten (glis'n), glister (glis'ter), vi. 
 Glitter, sparkle with light ; shine. 
 [Akin to glitter.] 
 
 glitter (glit'er). I. vi. Glisten; sparkle 
 with light; be splendid; be showy. II. 
 n. Luster; brilliancy.— glit'tering- 
 ly, adv. [Icel. glitra.] 
 
 gloaming (glSm'ing), n. 1. Twilight; 
 dusk; fall of the evening. 2. Gloom- 
 iness. [Scotch variety of gloom.] 
 
 gloat (glot), vi. Look eagerly with 
 wicked satisfaction; view with evil 
 joy. [Icel. glotta. Ger. glotzen.] 
 
 Terrestrial globe. 
 
 [L. 
 
 globe (glob), n. 1. Round body, ball, 
 sphere. 2. Earth. 3. Sphere repre- 
 senting the earth (terrestrial globe), 
 or the heavens (celestial globe). [Fr. 
 — L. globus.] 
 
 glob ose 
 glo-bos 7 ), 
 globous 
 (glo'bus), 
 globular 
 (glob'u- 
 lar),glob-' 
 li 1 o us 
 (glob'u- 
 lus),a. Like 
 a globe; 
 spherical. 
 
 glob u 1 e 
 (glob'ul), 
 n. Little 
 globe, round 
 particle. 
 
 glomerate 
 (glom'er-at), 
 
 a. Gathered in a ball or cluster. 
 glomus, ball.] 
 
 gloom (gloni). I. n. 1. Partial dark- 
 ness; cloudiness. 2. Sadness. II. vi. 
 
 ) 1. Be sullen or dejected. 2. Be cloudy 
 or obscure.— gloomy, a. Dark; dis- 
 mal; sad. — gloomily, adv.— 
 gloominess, n. [A.S. glom, gloom.] 
 Syn. Shade; dimness; melancholy; 
 obscurity; depression; dejection. 
 
 glorify (glo'ri-fi), vt. 1. Make glori- 
 ous; honor; exalt to glory or happi- 
 ness. 2. Ascribe honor to; worship.— 
 glorification, ft. [L. — gloria, and 
 facio, make.] 
 
 glorious (glo'ri-us), «. Noble, splen- 
 did ; conferring renown.— glo'rious- 
 ly, adv. — glo'riousncss, n. [L- 
 gloriosus.] 
 
 glory (glo'ri). I. n. 1. Renown; honor. 
 2. Occasion of praise. 3. Object of 
 pride. 4. Excellency ; splendor; 
 brightness. 5. Presence of God; heav- 
 en. [L. gloria, akin to clarus, clear.] 
 
 gloss (glos). I. n. Brightness or luster, 
 as from a polished surface; external 
 show. II. vi. 1. Give a superficial 
 luster to. 2. Render plausible; pal- 
 liate. [Icel. glossi, brightness. Akin 
 
 to GLASS.] 
 
 gloss ( glos ). I. 7i. Explanatory re- 
 mark; comment. II. vi. Make expla- 
 natory remarks. [ L. glossa, unex- 
 plained word.] 
 
 glossary (glos'a-ri), n. 1. Collection of 
 glosses. 2. List of words or passages 
 requiring special explanation. 
 
 glossy (glos'i), a. Smooth and shin- 
 ing; highly polished.— gloss'ily, adv. 
 — gloss'iness, n. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
glottis 
 
 229 
 
 go 
 
 glottis (glot'is), n. Opening of the 
 larynx ; entrance] to the windpipe. 
 [Gr. glossa, tongue.] 
 
 glove (gluv). I. n. Cover for the hand, 
 with a sheath for each finger. II. vt. 
 Cover with or as wilh a glove. — 
 glover (gluv'er), n. One who makes 
 or sells gloves. [A. S. glof. Icel. lofi, 
 palm of the hand.] 
 
 glow (glo). I. vi. n. 1. Shine with an 
 intense beat. 2. Feel great heat of 
 body; be flushed. 3. Feel the heat of 
 passion; be ardent. II. n. 1. Shining, 
 red or white, heat. 2. Unusual 
 warmth. 3. Brightness of color. 4. 
 Vehemence of passion. [A. S. glowan.] 
 
 glower (glow'er), vi. Look intently; 
 stare angrily. [From glare.] 
 
 glow-worm (glo'-wurm), n. Female, 
 or larva, of a certain insect, which 
 glows orshines in the dark. 
 
 gloze (gloz). I. vi. 1. Give a false 
 meaning to. 2. Flatter; wheedle. II. 
 vt. Palliate by specious explanation . 
 [From gloss.]_ 
 
 glucose (glo'koz), n. 1. Peculiar kind 
 of sugar in t h e juice of fruits. 2. 
 Sugar syrup obtained when starch is 
 changed to sugar by sulphuric acid.] 
 
 glue (glo). I. n. Substance obtained 
 by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, 
 etc., of animals. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Join with glue. 2. Fasten ; adhere 
 firmlj'.— glue'y, a. Containing glue; 
 sticky; viscous. [Fr. glu.] 
 
 glum (glum), a. Frowning ; sullen. 
 — glum'ly, adv. [Akin to gloom.] 
 
 glume (glom), n. Husk or bracteal 
 covering of grain and grasses. [L. 
 gluma—glubo, peel off bark.l 
 
 glut(glut). I.vt. Tglut'ting; glut'ted]. 1. 
 
 • Swallow greedily. 2. Feast to satiety. 
 3. Supply in excess. II. n. 1. That 
 which is gorged. 2. Over-abundance. 
 3. Anything that obstructs the pass- 
 age. [Li. glutio, swallow.] 
 
 gluten (glo'ten), n. Grayish, viscid, 
 nitrogenous, nutritious substance 
 which becomes brown and brittle by 
 drying, found in the flour of wheat 
 and other grain. [L. Akin to glue.] 
 
 glutiuate (glo'tin-at ), vt. Unite, as 
 with glue. — glutina'tion, n. [L.] 
 
 glutinous (glo'tin-us), a. 1. Gluey; 
 tenacious. 2. Covered with sticky 
 moisture. 
 
 glutton (glut'n), n, 1. One who eats to 
 excess. 52. Wolverine, a carnivorous 
 mammal.— gluttonous (glut'n-us), 
 
 tluttouisn ( glut'n-ish ), a. Given 
 ), or consisting in, gluttony.— glut'- 
 tonously, adv. -gluttony (glut'n-1), 
 n. Excessive indulgence of the ap- 
 petite for food. [Fr. glout07i—L.gluto.] 
 
 glycerine, glycerin (glis'e-rin), n,. 
 Transparent colorless viscous liquid 
 with a sweet taste, obtained from 
 natural fats by saponification with 
 alkalies or by the action of super- 
 heated steam. [From Gr. glykys, 
 sweet.] 
 
 gnarl (narl). I. vi. Snarl, growl. II. 
 n. Growl, snarl. [Freq. of gnar.] 
 
 gnarl ( narl ), n. 1. Twisted knot in 
 wood. 2. Rough irregular growth on 
 a tree; roughness, —gnarled, 
 gnarl'y, a. Knotty, foisted. [Teut. 
 root knar.] 
 
 gnarling (narl'ing), n. Milling, as on 
 the edge of a thumb screw. [From 
 gnarl, roughness.] 
 
 gnash (nash), vt. and vi. Strike (the 
 teeth) together in rage or pain; grind 
 the teeth. [From the sound.] 
 
 gnat (nat), n. Small two- winged fly as 
 the mosquito, the midge, etc. The 
 larvae and pupas live in water. [M.E. 
 and Icel. gnit.] 
 
 gnaw(na). I. vt. and vi. 1. Cut small 
 bits off something hard with the teeth. 
 %. Bite off by degrees. 3. Use the 
 teeth. 4. Corrode. [A.S. gnagan.] 
 
 gneiss (nis), n. Species of stratified 
 rock composed of quartz, felspar, and 
 mica. •- gneiss'ic, gneiss'oid, a. 
 [Ger.] 
 
 gnome (n5m), n. 1. Kind of sprite, 
 said to preside over the inner parts of 
 the earth and its treasures; dwarf, 
 goblin. 2. Small owl found in the 
 Western U.S. [Gr. g7iomorc.,custodian.] 
 
 gnomon (no'mon), n. 1. Pin or trian- 
 gle of a sun-dial, whose shadow points 
 to the hour. 2. Index of the hour- 
 circle of a globe. 3. Remainder of a 
 parallelogram, after a similar paral- 
 lelogram has been cut out at one 
 corner. [Gr.=indicator, guide.] 
 
 Gnostic (nos'tik), n. One of a sect in 
 the first centuries of the Christian 
 Era, whose views were very ration- 
 alistic. 
 
 gnu (no), n. 
 Kind of an- 
 telope in S. 
 Africa, re- 
 sembling the 
 horse and ox. 
 [Hottentot.] 
 
 go (go ), vi. 
 [go'ing;went; 
 gone (gan), 
 1. Pass from 
 one place to 
 another. 2. 
 Be in motion ; 
 proceed. 3. Depart from. 4. Extend. 
 5. Be about to do. 6. Pass in report 
 
 Gnu. 
 
 'ttXQ, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
goad 
 
 230 
 
 good 
 
 or in payment; be accounted in value. 
 7. Happen in a particular way; turn 
 out. 8. Fare. [A. S. gan, gangan.] 
 
 goad (god). I. n. Sharp-pointed stick, 
 for driving oxen; stimulus. II. vt. 
 Drive witb a goad; urge. [A. S. gad.] 
 Syn. _Prick ; rouse; irritate. 
 
 goal (gol), n. l.Mark set up to bound a 
 race; winning-post. 2. End, aim. 
 [Pr. gaule, pole.] 
 
 goat (got), n. Hollow-horned quadru- 
 ped, allied to the sheep. [A.S. gat.] 
 
 goatee (go-te'), n. Pointed beard on 
 the chin. 
 
 gob (gob), n. Mouthful; lump. 
 
 gobble (gob'l). I. vt. Swallow in lumps; 
 swallow hastily. II. yiMake a noise 
 in the throat, as a turkey. III. n. 
 Noise made by the turkey.— gobbler, 
 n. Turkey-cock. [From the sound.] 
 
 goblet (gob'let), n. Large drinking 
 cup without a handle. [Fr. gobelet— 
 root of cup.] 
 
 goblin (gob'lin), n. Frightful phan- 
 tom; fairy. [Fr. goblin — L. L. gobeli- 
 nus—Gv. kobalos, mischievous spirit.] 
 
 go-by (go'-bi), n. Going by without 
 notice; escape; intentional disregard. 
 
 go-cart (go'kart), n. 1. Cart or con- 
 trivance for teaching children to 
 walk. 2. Small baby-carriage. 
 
 God (god), n. 1. Supreme Being; Cre- 
 ator and Preserver of the world. 2. 
 (g) Object of worship; idol.— god'- 
 dess,w. fem z [A. S.— Orig. unknown.] 
 
 go-devil ( gb'dev-l ), n. Pointed iron 
 dropped into a drill hole to explode a 
 cartridge at the bottom. 
 
 godfather (god'fa-^er), n. Man who, 
 at a child's baptism, becomes sponsor 
 for its religious training. — god- 
 mother, n. fern. — Similarly, god'- 
 child, goddaughter, godson. 
 
 godhead (god'hed), n. 1. State of 
 being a god; deity; divine nature. 2. 
 (G.) Supreme Being 
 
 godless (god'les), a. Living without 
 God; impious; atheistical. — god'- 
 lessly, adv. — god'lessness, n. 
 
 godlike ( god'lik ), a. and adv. Like 
 God; divine. 
 
 godly (god'li), a. Like God in charac- 
 ter; pious; according to God's law. 
 — godliness, n. 
 
 godmother* See Godfather. 
 
 godsend (god'send), n. Unexpected 
 piece of good-fortune in time of need. 
 
 Oodspeed (god 'sped), n. Prosperity; 
 good luck. [Cf. A. S. god-spedig. suc- 
 cessful. From GOD SPEED YOU.] 
 
 godwit (god'wit), n. Bird with a long 
 bill curved upward and long slender 
 legs, that frequents marshes. 
 
 goggle (gog'l), n, 1. Affected rolling of 
 the eye; stare. 2. pi. Spectacles with 
 projecting eye-tubes. [Gael.^, nod.] 
 
 goiter, goitre (goi'ter), n. Morbid 
 enlargement of one of the glands on 
 the forepart of the throat. 
 
 gold (gold), n. 1. Most precious metal 
 used for coin. 2, Money, riches. 3. 
 Yellow, gold color. [A. S.] 
 
 gold-beater ( gdld-be'ter ), n. One 
 whose trade is to beat gold into gold- 
 leaf. — gold'-beat'ing, n. 
 
 gold-dust (gold'-dust), n. Gold in 
 dust or very fine particles, as it is 
 sometimes found in rivers. 
 
 golden (gold'n) ; a. Made of gold; of 
 the color of gold; bright; most valu- 
 able; happy; _highly favorable. 
 
 goldfinch (gold'finch ), n. Singing- 
 bird with gold-colored wings. 
 
 goldfish ( goldfish ), n. Small gold- 
 colored fish, native to China, kept in 
 glass globes and ponds. 
 
 gold-foil ( gold/ foil ), n. Sheets of 
 gold, thicker tnan gold-leaf , used by 
 dentists. 
 
 gold-leaf (gola-^ef). n>. Gold beaten 
 extremely thin, or into leaves, and 
 used for gilding. 
 
 goldsmith (gokr-smith), 
 n. A smith or worker in 
 gold and silver- 
 golf (golf), n. Game play- 
 ed with a set oi clubs and 
 a ball. [Dut. kolf, club.] 
 
 Golgotha (gorgo-tha or 
 goi'go-tha). Calvary, 
 where Christ was cruci- 
 fied. [Heb.] 
 
 gondola (gon do-la), n. 
 Long, narrow pleasure 
 boat used at Venice. [It. J 
 
 gondolier «gon-do-ler'), 
 n. One who rows a gon- 
 dola. 
 
 gone. Pa. p. of go. 
 
 gong (gang), w. I Music 
 al instrument of circular 
 form, made of bionze, producing, 
 when struck with a wooden caallet, a 
 loud sound. 2. Flat kind of stationary 
 bell struck by a mechanic device, as 
 in a clock. [Malay.] 
 
 goniometer (go-ni-om'e-ter), n. In- 
 strument for measuring angles. [Gr. 
 —gonia, angle, and mrfroft, measure.] 
 
 goober (g6'br),n- Peanut. [So. U. S.] 
 
 good (god), a. [bett'er; best.] 1. Hav- 
 ing qualities, whether physical or 
 moral, desirable or suitable to the 
 end proposed; promoting success, 
 welfare, or happiness; proper; fit; 
 beneficial; serviceable ; competent. 
 2. Virtuous; pious; kind; benevolent. 
 
 PKving golf. 
 
 **te f fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 aauta, hut, burn; oil, ©wl, Jften. 
 
good- by 
 
 231 
 
 gourd 
 
 3. "Valid; sound. 4. Real, as in good 
 earnest. 5. Not small, considerable, 
 as in good deal. G. Full, complete, as 
 measure. 7. Unblemished, honorable, 
 as in good name. II. ft. 1. That which 
 promotes happiness, success, etc.: — 
 opposed \o evil. 2. Prosperity; wel- 
 fare;advantage,temporal or spiritual. 
 3. Virtue. 4. pi. Household furniture; 
 movable property; merchandise. 
 [From a root meaning Jit.] 
 
 good-by, good-bye (god-bi'). int. and 
 n. Farewell. [From god be with you.] 
 
 Good-Friday (god-fii'da), ft. Fast in 
 memory of Christ's crucifixion, held 
 on the Friday of the Passion-week. 
 
 goodly (god'li),<z. Good-looking; desir- 
 able; stately.— good'liness, ft. 
 
 goody (god'i), goody -goody. I. a. 
 Mawkishly well intentioned. II. n. 1. 
 Mawkishly good or pious person. 2. 
 Kernel of a nut; sweetmeat. 
 
 goorka,ghoorka (gSr'ka), n. One of 
 a stalwart race in Nepal, India. 
 
 goose (gos), n. [pi. 
 geese. ] 1. Water- 
 fowl larger than a 
 duck. 2. Tailor's 
 sad iron. 3. Stupid 
 silly person.— 
 goose' flesh , 
 goose'skin, ns. 
 Rough skin, caused 
 by cold, fright, etc. 
 [A. S. gos.] 
 
 gooseberry (goz'- 
 ber-i), ft.Hairy fruit 
 of a thorny shrub. Gooseberries. 
 
 gopher (go'fSr), n. 
 Name of several species of American 
 burrowing animals, as the ground 
 squirrel. [Fr. gaufre, honey-comb] 
 
 Gordian. (gar'di-an) knot, ft. Inextri- 
 cable knot'tied by Gordius, king of 
 Phrygia, and cut by Alexander the 
 Great with his sword. [A. S. gov. 
 
 gore (gor), ft. Clotted blood; brood. 
 
 gore (g5r). I. ft. 1. Triangular piece 
 let into a garment to widen it. 2. Tri- 
 angular piece of land. II. vt. 1. Shape 
 like or furnish with gores. 2. Pierce 
 as with a spear or horns. [A. S. gara, 
 a pointed triangular piece of land.] 
 
 gorge (garj). I. ft. 1. Throat. 2. Nar- 
 row pass among hills. 3. Obstructing 
 mass. 4. Heavy meal. 5. Disgust, 
 indignation. II. vt. Swallow greed- 
 ily; glut. [Fr.— L. gurges, whirlpool.] 
 
 gorgeous (gar'jus), a. Showy; splen- 
 did. — gorgeously, adv. — gor- 
 geousaiess, ft. [O.Fr. gorgiasj 
 
 Gorgon (gar'gon), ft. Female monster, 
 called Medusa, whose aspect turned 
 the beholder into stone. [Gr.] 
 
 gorilla (go-ril'a) ft. Largest ape, found 
 on the west coast of tropical Africa. 
 [African word.] 
 
 gor in and. See gourmand. 
 
 gormandize ( gar'man-diz }, vi. Eat 
 greedily.— gormandizer, n. 
 
 gorse (gars), n. Prickly shrub grow- 
 ing on waste places; furze; whin. 
 [A. S. gorst.] [bloody. 
 
 gory (gor'ij, a. Covered with gore; 
 
 goshawk ( gos'hak ), ft. Large short- 
 winged bawk, once used for hunting 
 wild-geese and other fowl. [A. S. gos, 
 goose, and hafuc, hawk.] 
 
 gosling (goz'liug), n. Young goose. 
 LA.S. gos, goose, and -ling.] 
 
 Gospel (.gos'pel), ft. 1. Cbristian revela- 
 tion. 2. Narrative of the life of Christ, 
 as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke,or 
 John. 3. System of religious truth. 4. 
 Last of the Eucharistic lessons in all 
 liturgies. 5. Truth. [A. S. godspell.] 
 God-story — goa,&na spell, narrative.] 
 
 gossamer (gos'a-mer), n. 1. Very flue 
 spider- threads which float in the air 
 or form webs on bushes. 2. Fine gauze 
 fabric. 3. Thin water-proof over-gar- 
 ment. [ME. gossomer, goose-summer.] 
 
 gossip (gos'ip). I. n. 1. One who runs 
 about telling and hearing news. 2. 
 Idle talk. II. vi. Run about telling 
 idle tales; talk much: chat — gos'« 
 sipy, a. (A. S. godsib, sponsor in bap- 
 tism, god-relation.] 
 
 got, gotten. See get. 
 
 Goth ( goth ), ft. One of an ancient 
 Germanic nation who overran the 
 Roman empire. [L. Gothi. Goth. 
 Outhans.] m 
 
 Gothamite(goth'a-mlt), ft. 1. Simple- 
 ton ; wiseacre. [Orig, " man of 
 Gotham," a village of Nottingham- 
 shire, Eng., with a reputation for 
 foolish blundering.] 2. Citizen of New 
 York City.] 
 
 Gothic (goth'ik), ft. 1. Belonging to 
 the Goths or their language; barbar- 
 ous; romantic. 2. Of a style of archi- 
 tecture with high-pointed arches, 
 clustered columns, etc. — Gothic 
 type, type face with strokes all of 
 uniform width. 
 
 This line is in Gothic type. 
 
 gonge (gowj). I. ft. Chisel, with a 
 bollow blade, for cutting grooves or 
 holes. II. vt. Scoop out, as with a 
 gouge; force out, as the eye with the 
 thumb. [Fr.] 
 
 gourd (gord), ft. 1. Large fleshy fruit. 
 2. Rind of a gourd used as a drinking- 
 cup. 3. Gourd plant. [Fr. cougourde 
 — L. cucurbita.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
gourmand 
 
 232 
 
 grain 
 
 gourmand(gor'mand), n. 1. One ad- 
 dicted toctioice food and drink; epi- 
 cure. 2. One who eats greedily. [Fr ] 
 
 gourmet (gor-ma'), n. Inordinately 
 nice feeder; epicure. 
 
 gout (govvt), n. Disease with inflam- 
 mation of the smaller joints, and 
 esp. of the great toe. — gouty, a. 
 Relating to gout ; diseased with or 
 subject to gout.— gout'iness, n. [Fr. 
 gowtte—Li. gutta. drop.] 
 
 gout (go), n. Taste; relish. [Fr.— L. 
 gustus, taste.] 
 
 govern (guv'ern). I. vt. 1. Rule with 
 authority. 2. In gram. Require, as 
 a mood, tense, or case of. II. vi. Ad- 
 minister the laws.— gov'ernable, a. 
 [Fr. gouverner—L,. guberno, steer.] 
 
 Syn. Control; supervise; manage; 
 direct; influencej regulate. 
 
 governess (guv'er-nes), n. Lady who 
 has charge of the instruction of young 
 ladies; tutoress. fO. Fr. governesse.] 
 
 government (guv'ern-ment), n. 1. 
 Ruling or managing ; control. 2. 
 System of governing. 3. Persons 
 authorized to administer the laws. 4. 
 Territory over which sovereign power 
 extends. 5. In gram. Power of one 
 word in determining the form of 
 another.— governmental, a. 
 
 governor ( guv'ern- 
 ur), n. 1. Chief exec- 
 utive officer of a sta- 
 te; ruler. 2. Tutor. 
 3. In machinery. Reg. 
 ulator, or contrivan- 
 ce for maintaining 
 uniform velocity 
 with a varying re- 
 sistance.— govern- 
 orship, n. 
 
 gown (gown), n. 1. 
 Woman's upper gar- 
 ment. 2. Long loose 
 robe worn by professional men. — 
 gowned (gownd), a. Dressed in a 
 gown. [W. gwn.] 
 
 grab (grab), vt. [grab'bing; grabbed.] 
 Seize or gras,p suddenly. [Svv. grabba, 
 grasp.] 
 
 grace (gras). I. n. 1. Easy elegance 
 in form or manner. 2. What adorns 
 and commends to favor; adornment, 
 embellishment. 3. Favor ; mercy ; 
 pardon. 4. Undeserved kindness and 
 mercy of God; divine influence; eter- 
 nal life or salvation. 5. Short prayer 
 at meat. II. vt. Mark with favor ; 
 adorn. — Days of grace, three days 
 allowed for the payment of a note or 
 bill of exchange, after being due. — 
 graceful (gras' fol), a. Elegant and 
 easy. — grace'fuily, adv. —grace'- 
 
 Governor of an 
 engine. 
 
 fulness, n. — graceless (gras'les), 
 a. Wanting grace. [Fr. — L. gratia.] 
 
 gracious (gra'shus). J. a. 1. Abounding 
 in grace or kindness. 2. Proceeding 
 from divine favor. 3. Acceptable. II. 
 interj. Expresses surprise. — gra'« 
 ciously, adv. — gra'ciousness, n. 
 Syn. Benevolent; condescending; 
 benignant ; favorable ; kind ; merciful. 
 
 gradation (gra-da'shun), n. 1. Rising 
 step by step; progress from one de- 
 gree or state to another. 2. Arrange- 
 ment in ranks. 3. Degree or rank. 
 [Fr. — L. gradatio— gradus, step.] 
 
 grade (grad). I. n. 1. Degree or step 
 in rank or dignity. 2. Degree of slope 
 on a road. II. vt. 1. Arrange accord- 
 ing to proficiency, size, etc. 2. Reduce 
 to an even degree of slope, or to a 
 level. [Fr.— L. gradus, step.] 
 
 gradient (gra'di-ent). I. a. Cradually 
 rising; rising with a regular slope. 
 II. n. 1. Degree of slope on a road or 
 railway. 2. Difference in the height 
 of the barometer between one place 
 and another place at some distance. 
 3. Incline. 
 
 gradual (grad'u-al), a. Advancing by 
 grades or degrees; regular and slow. 
 
 — gradually, adv. 
 
 graduate (grad'u-at). I. vt. 1. Divide 
 into regular intervals. 2. Admit to a 
 degree at the end of a course of study. 
 
 II. vi. 1. Pass or change by degrees. 
 2. Pass through a college course aud 
 receive a degree. III. n. One admit- 
 ted to a degree in a college, univer- 
 sity, or society. — graduation, n. 
 [Low L. graduatus 
 
 — L. gradus, step.] 
 graft (graft). I. n. 1. 
 
 Small branch used 
 in grafting. 2. Un- 
 lawful perquisite ; 
 petty boodle. II. vt. 
 1. Make an incision 
 in a tree or plant, 
 and insert in it a 
 small branch of an- 
 other. 2. Add to a 
 thing something not belonging to it. 
 
 III. vi. Insert cuttings into a tree. [O. 
 Fr. graffe—L,. gravhiam, pencil.] 
 
 grafter (grafter), n. One who takes 
 bribes. 
 
 grail (gral), n. In medieval legend, the 
 Holy Cup in which Christ celebrated 
 the Lord's Supper. [O. F. graal, pos- 
 sibly— L. cratella, bowl.] . 
 
 grain (gran), n. 1. Single small hard 
 seed. 2. (Collectively) the seeds of 
 certain plants which form the chief 
 food of man. 3. Minute particle ; 
 very small quantity. 4. Unit of 
 
 Grafts. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
grallatorial 
 
 233 
 
 graphic 
 
 apothecaries' weight ( 5,760 gr. = 1 
 pound). 5. Red dye obtained from the 
 kermes or coccus-insect. 6. Arrange- 
 ment of the particles or fibres, as in 
 stone or wood ; texture. II. vt. 1 
 Paint in imitation of wood. 2. Form 
 into grains, as sugar. 3. Free a skin 
 of hair ; raise the grain of leather, 
 etc.— In grain, in fast colors.— Against 
 the grain, against nature. [Fr.— L. 
 granum.] 
 
 grallatorial ( gral-a-t5r'i-al ), a. Of 
 or relating to the grallatores or wad- 
 ing birds, as the crane, stork, etc. 
 [L.— grallce, stilts.] 
 
 gram, gramme (gram), n. French 
 or Metric System unit of weigh t,equal 
 to 15.432 grains. [Gr. gramma, let- 
 ter, small weight.] 
 
 gramiueal (gra-min'e-al), gramine- 
 ous (gra-min'e-us), a. ' Like or per- 
 taining to grass; grassy. [L. gramen, 
 grass.] 
 
 graminivorous ( gram-in-iv'o-rus ), 
 a. Feeding or subsisting on grass and 
 herbs. [L. — gramen, grass, and voro, 
 eat.] 
 
 grammar (gram'ar), n. 1. Science of 
 the right use of language. 2. Book 
 which teaches grammar. 3. Elemen- 
 tary work. — gramuiariau (gram- 
 ma'ri-an), n. One versed in, or who 
 teaches, grammar. [Fr. grammaire— 
 Gr. gramma, \etiev-grapho, write.] 
 
 grammatic ( gram-mat'ik ), gram- 
 matical (gram-mat'ik-al), a. Belong- 
 ing to, or according to, the rules of 
 grammar, -grammatically, adv. 
 
 grampus (gram'yus). n. Large vora- 
 cious fish of the dolphin family. 
 [Through Iu., Port., or Sp.— L. gran- 
 dis piscis, great fish.] 
 
 granary ( gran'a-ri ), n. Storehouse 
 for grain. [L. granaria— granum.] 
 
 grand (grand), a. 1. Of imposing size; 
 splendid. 2. Chief, as in grandmaster. 
 3. Of the second degree of parentage 
 or descent, as in grandfather.— 
 grand-jury, n. Jury that decides 
 whether there is sufficient evidence 
 to put an accused person on trial.— 
 grandly, adv. — grand ness, n. 
 [Fr. grand— L. grandis, great.] 
 
 Syn. Illustrious; noble; sublime; 
 great; magnificent; august; stately; 
 exalted; majestic; lofty; great. 
 
 grandam (gran'dam), a. Old dame or 
 woman. [Grand and dam, mother.] 
 
 grandee (gran-de'), n. Spanish noble- 
 man of the first rank. [L. grandis, 
 great.] [splendor; loftiness. [Fr.] 
 
 grandeur ( gran'dur ), n. Vastness; 
 
 grandiloquent (gran-dil'o-kwent) a. 
 Speaking bombastically; pompous — 
 
 grandiloquently, adv. — gran- 
 diloquence, n. [L. — grandis, and 
 loquor, speak.] [imposing, noble. [F.] 
 
 grandiose ( gran-di-6s' ), a. Grand, 
 
 grandsire(grand'sir), n. Grandfather; 
 ancestor. 
 
 grange ( gran;) ), n. 1. Granary. 2. 
 Farm, with the dwelling-house, sta- 
 bles, barns, etc. 3. Society of farmers 
 for the promotion of agricultural in- 
 terests.— granger ( granj'er ), n. 1. 
 Member of a farmers' grange. 2. 
 Farmer. [Fr. grange, barn — Low L. 
 granea — L. granum, grain.] 
 
 granite ( gran'it ), n. Igneous crys- 
 talline rock, composed of quartz, 
 fedspar, and mica, and of whitish, 
 grayish, or reddish color.— granite- 
 ware, n. 1. Kind of iron-stone cblna. 
 2. Kind of enameled iron kitchen- 
 ware, very durable. — granitic, a. 
 Pertaining to; consisting of, or like 
 granite. [It. graniot, grained— L. 
 granum, grain.] 
 
 granivorous (gra-niv'o-rus), a. Eat- 
 ing grain; feeding on seeds. [L. gra- 
 num, and voro, eat.l 
 
 grant (grant). I. vf. 1. Bestow; give 
 2. Admit as true what is not yet 
 proved ; concede. II. n. 1. Bestowing. 
 2. Something bestowed; allowance; 
 gift. 3. Transfer or conveyance by 
 deed or writing. [L. credo, believe.] 
 Syn. Confer; convey; yield; allow. 
 
 grantee (grant-e'), n. Person to whom 
 a grant, gift or conveyance is made. 
 
 grantor(grant'ar), n. Person by whom 
 a grantor conveyance is made. 
 
 granular ( gran'u-lar ), granulary 
 (gran'u-lar-i), a. Consisting of or like 
 grains.— gran'ularly, adv. 
 
 granulate (gran'u-lat). I. vt. and vi. 
 
 1. Form or break into grains or small 
 masses. 2. Make or become rough on 
 the surf ace.— granulation (gran-u- 
 la'shun), n. 1. Act of forming into 
 grains. 2. pi. Grain-like bodies which 
 form in sores when healing. 
 
 granule ( gran'ul ), n. Little grain. 
 
 [L. granulum, dim. of granum.] 
 granulous ( gran'u-lus ), a. Full of 
 
 grains or particles. 
 grape (grap), n. 1. Fruit of the vine. 
 
 2. Grapeshot. [O. Fr. grappe, cluster 
 of grapes.] 
 
 grape-snot ( grap'shot ), n. Missile 
 discharged from a cannon, interme- 
 diate between case-shot and solid shot. 
 
 graphic (graf'ik), graphical (graf- 
 ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to writing, 
 describing, or delineating. 2. Pic- 
 turesquely described. — graphical- 
 ly, adv. [Gr. graphikos—grapho, write.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
graphite 
 
 234 
 
 graybeard 
 
 Graphophone. 
 
 graph ite (graf'lt), n. Mineral, com- 
 monly called blacklead or plumbago 
 (though containing no lead) largely- 
 used in making pencils. [Gr. grapho, 
 write.] 
 
 graphophone 
 ( graf'o-f on), n. 
 Form of phono- 
 graph. [Gr. grapho, 
 write, and phone, 
 sound.] 
 
 grapnel (grap'nel), 
 n. Small anchor 
 with several claws 
 or arms ; grappling- 
 iron. [O. Fr. grap- 
 pil ; from root o f 
 
 GRAPPLE.] 
 
 grapple (grap'l). I. vt. Gripe: seize ; 
 lay fast hold of. II. vi. Contend in 
 close fight. [Dim. of grab.] 
 
 grappling-iron (grap'ling i'urn), n. 
 Large grapnel formerly used for 
 seizing hostile ships in naval engage- 
 ments. 
 
 grasp (grasp). I. vt. Seize and hold by 
 clasping with the fingers or arms; 
 understand. II. vi. Endeavor to seize; 
 catch at. III. n. 1. Grip of tb>e hand. 
 2. Reach of the arms. 3. Power of 
 intellect. [M. E. graspen.] 
 
 grass (gras), n. 1. Common herbage. 
 2. Order of plants with long, narrow 
 leaves, and tubular stem, including 
 wheat, oats, etc. — grass'hopper 
 (gras'bop-er), n. Hopping insect, allied 
 to the locust. — grassy (gras'i), a. 1. 
 Covered with or resembling grass. 
 2. Green. — grass'iness, n. [A. S.] 
 
 grate (grat), n. Framework composed 
 of bars with interstices, esp. one of 
 iron bars for holding coals while 
 burning. [Low L. grata— L. crates, 
 hurdle. See crate.] 
 
 grate (grat), vt. 1. Rub hard or wear 
 away with anything rough. 2. Make 
 a harsh sound. 3. Irritate or offend.— 
 grater (gra'ter), n. Instrument with 
 a rough surface for grating or rub- 
 bing down a body. [Fr. gratter — O. 
 Ger. chrazon (Ger. Tcratzen), scratch.] 
 
 grateful (grat' fol), a 1. Causing 
 pleasure; acceptable; delightful. 2. 
 Thankful ; having a due sense of 
 benefits.— grate'fully,adv.— grate'- 
 fulness, n. 
 
 gratification (grat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Pleasing ; indulging. 2. That which 
 gratifies; delight. 3. Gratuity; bonus. 
 
 gratify (grat'i-ti), vt. Please; soothe. 
 [L. gratincor— gratus, and facio, make.] 
 Syn. Delight; humor; indulge; glad- 
 den; satisfy; recompense. 
 
 grating (gra'ting), n. Frame of bars. 
 
 grating (gra'ting), a. Rubbing hard 
 on the feelings; harsh; irritating. — 
 gra'tihgly, adv. 
 
 gratis (gra'tis), aa>o. For nothing ; 
 without payment or recompense. [L. 
 Contr. of gratiis, ablative pi. of gratia, 
 favor.] 
 
 gratitude (grat'i-tud), n. Warm and 
 friendly feeling towards a benefac- 
 tor; thankfulness. [Fr.— Low L. gra- 
 titudo.] 
 
 gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus), a. Not re- 
 quired; not called for by the circum- 
 stances; voluntary; without reason, 
 ground, or proof. — gratuitously, 
 adv. [L. gratuitus—gratus.] 
 
 gratuity ( gra-tu'i-ti), n. Present; 
 acknowledgment of service, generally 
 pecuniary. [Fr.— Low L. gratuitas— 
 gratus.] [late. 
 
 grain late (grat'u-lat), vt. Congratu- 
 
 grave (grav). I. vt. and vi. Carve or 
 cit, on a hard substance ; engrave. 
 II. n. 1. Pit graved or dug out, esp. 
 one in which to bury the dead; place 
 of burial. 2. Death; destruction. [A. 
 S. grafan.] 
 
 grave(grav),#«.l. Weigh ty.2. Not gay.3. 
 
 In mus. Not acute; low.— grave'ly, 
 
 adv. — grave'ness, n. [ L. gravis.] 
 
 Syn. Important ; momentous ; sober ; 
 
 serious; solemn; sedate; demure. 
 
 gravel (grav'el). I. n. 1. Small stones 
 often intermixed with sand. 2. Small 
 collections of gravelly matter in the 
 kidneys or bladder. II vt. 1. Cover 
 with gravel. 2. Puzzle.— grav'elly, 
 a. [O. Fr. gravelle— W. gro, pebbles.] 
 
 gr aver (gra' ver), n. 1. Engraver. 2. Tool 
 for engraving on bard substances. 
 
 gravitate (grav'i-tat), vi. 1. Be acted 
 on by gravity ; tend towards the earth. 
 2. Tend towards some object. [From 
 L. gravis, heavy.] 
 
 gravitation (grav-i-ta'shun), n. Act 
 of tending to a center of attraction, 
 as the earth. 
 
 gravity (grav'i-ti), n. 1. Weigh tiness; 
 importance. 2. Sobriety. 3. Tendency 
 of matter to attract and be attracted, 
 thus causing weight. 4. State of being 
 grave or sober. 5. In mus. Lowness of 
 a note. [Fr. gravitS — L. grdvitas — 
 gravis, heavy.] 
 
 gravy (gra'vi) n. 1. Juices that issue 
 from meat while cooking. 2. Liquid 
 dressing for food. [From greaves.] 
 
 gray, grey (gra). I. a. 1. Of a white 
 color mixed with black; ash-color3d. 
 2. Aged. II. n. 1. Gray color. 2. Ani- 
 mal of a gray color, as a horse. — 
 gray'ness, n._ [A. S. graeg.]- 
 
 gray beard (gra'berd), n. One with a 
 gray beard; old man. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
grayish 
 
 235 
 
 grief 
 
 array ish (gra'ish), a. Somewhat gray. 
 
 grayling' ( gra'ling ), n. Silver gray 
 fish of the salmon family. 
 
 graae(graz), vt. and vi. 1. Eat or feed 
 on grass; feed with grass. 2. Pass light- 
 ly along the surface. [Prom grass.] 
 
 grazier (gra'zher), n. One who grazes 
 or pastures cattle and rears them for 
 the market. 
 
 grease (gres). I. n. 1. Soft thick ani- 
 mal fat; oily matter of any kind. 2. 
 Inflammation in the heels of a horse, 
 marked by a swelling, etc. II. vt. 
 ( gres or grez ). Smear with grease. 
 [Fr. graisse — gras, fat — L. crassus, 
 gross, thick.] 
 
 greasy (gre'zi or gres'i), a. Of or like 
 grease or oil; smeared with grease; 
 smooth ; fat. — grea'sily, adv. — 
 grea'siness, n. 
 
 great (grai), a. 1. Large. 2. Long- 
 continued. 3. Superior ;distinguisned; 
 highly gifted; noble ; mighty ; sub- 
 lime; of high rank. 4. Chief. 5. 
 "Weighty. 6. Indicating one degree 
 more remote in the direct line of de- 
 scent, as great-grandfather.— great '- 
 ly, adv.— great' n ess, n. [A.S.] 
 
 greave (grev). Armor for the leg be- 
 low the knee. [O. Fr. greves.] 
 
 greaves (grevz), n. pi. Remainder of 
 pork or tallow tried out; scraps. [Ger. 
 grieben.] 
 
 grebe (greb), n. Aquatic 
 bird, having a long conical 
 beak, short wings, and no 
 tail. [Fr. grebe.] 
 
 Grecian ( gre'shan). I. a. 
 Pertaining to Greece. II. 
 n. 1. Native of Greece. 2. 
 One well versed in the 
 Greek language and litera- 
 ture. 
 
 Greeism (gre'sizm), n. 
 Idiom of the Greek lan- 
 guage. 
 
 greed (gred), n. Eager de- 
 sire or longing ; covetous- 
 ness.— greed'y, a. Having a vor- 
 acious appetite ; covetous ; eagerly 
 desirous.— greed'ily, adv.— greed- 
 iness, n. [A. S. groedig.] 
 
 Greek (grek). I. a. Pertaining to 
 Greece; Grecian. II. n. 1. Grecian. 2. 
 Language of Greece. [Gr. Oraikos.] 
 
 Greek-fire (grek'-flr), n. Combustible 
 substance inextinguishable by water*, 
 used by the Greeks of the Byzantine 
 empire against the Saracens, 
 
 green (gren). La. 1. Of the color of 
 growing plants. 2. Growing ; vigo- 
 rous. 3. New; unripe; inexperienced; 
 young. II. n. 1. The color of grow- 
 ing plants. 2. Small green or grassy 
 
 Grebe. 
 
 plat. 3. pi. Fresh leaves; wreaths; 
 
 leaves of green vegetables used for 
 
 food, etc. — green'ness, n. [A. S. 
 
 grene, from root of grow.] 
 greenback (gren'bak), n. U. S. legal 
 
 tender note, first issued in 1862. 
 greengage ( gren'gaj ), n. Green 
 
 variety of the plum, named after Sir 
 
 William Gage, about 1725. 
 greengrocer (gren'gro-ser), n. One 
 
 who retails greens, or fresh vegetables 
 
 and fruits. 
 greenhorn (gren'harn), n. 1. Raw, 
 
 inexperienced person. 2. Immigrant 
 
 recently arrived. _ 
 greenhouse (gren'hows), n. House 
 
 to shelter tender plants from cold 
 
 weather. [of apple. 
 
 greening(gren'ing), n. Green variety 
 greenish ( gren'ish ), a. Somewhat 
 
 green. — green'isnness, n. 
 green-room ( pren'-rom ). n. Room 
 
 near the stage in a theater to which 
 
 actors retire during the intervals of 
 
 their parts in the play, 
 greet (gret), vt. Salute or address 
 
 wi v ih kind wishes ; send kind wishes 
 
 to; congratulate. [A. S. gretan.] 
 greeting (gret'ing), n. 1. Expression 
 
 of kindness or joy\ 2. Salutation. 
 gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us), a. Associat- 
 ing or living in flocks or herds.— gre- 
 
 ga'riously, adv. - grega'rious- 
 
 ness, n. [L. grex, flock.] 
 grenade (gre-nad'), n. Small shell 
 
 of iron or glass, filled with powder 
 
 and bits of iron, and thrown from the 
 
 hand. [So called from its resembling 
 
 a pomegranate.] 
 grenadier (gren-a-der'), n. 1. Soldier 
 
 who threw grenades. 2. Soldier pe- 
 culiarly equipped. 
 grew (gro). Past tense of grow. 
 grey (gra). Same as gray. 
 greyhound (gra,'- /$^ 
 
 h o w n d ), n. Swift * "^i 
 
 hunting hound, of 
 
 slender form, great 
 
 length of limb and 
 
 muzzle, and great 
 
 keenness of sight. Greyhound. 
 
 [Etym. doubtful.] 
 griddle (grid'l). n. Shallow iron pan 
 
 for baking cakes. [W. greidell.] 
 gride (grid). I. n. Har9h grinding 
 
 sound. II. vi. Grate harshly. [From 
 
 root of GRIND.] 
 gridiron (grid'I-urn ), n. Frame of 
 
 iron bars for broiling flesh or Ssh over 
 
 the fire. [M. E. gredire, griddle.] 
 grief (gref), n. 1 Heaviness of heart; 
 
 sorrow; regret; mourning. 2. Cause 
 
 of sorrow; affliction. [Fr.] 
 
 w 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hen mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
grievance 
 
 236 
 
 gross 
 
 grievance ( gre'vans ), n. Cause of 
 grief; burden; hardship; injury. 
 Syn. Affliction; complaint. 
 
 grieve (grev). I. vt. Cause grief or 
 pain of mind to. II. vi. Feel grief. 
 
 grievous ( gre'vus ), a. Causiner, or 
 full of, grief; burdensome; painful; 
 heinous; atrocious; hurtful.— grie'- 
 vonsly, adv. — grie'vousness, n. 
 
 griffin (grif'in), griffon (grifun), n. 
 Fabled animal, with the body and 
 legs of a lion, and the beak and wings 
 of an eagle. [Fr. griffon — Gr. gryps, 
 hook-nosed.] 
 
 grill (gril), vt. 1. Broil on a gridiron. 
 2 Torment. — grill-room, restau- 
 rant where steaks, etc., are broiled to 
 order. [Fr. griller — gril, gridiron.] 
 
 grim (grim), a. Of forbidding aspect; 
 ferocious; ghastly; horrible.— grim'- 
 ly, adv. — grim[ness, n. [A. S.] 
 
 grimace (gri-mas'), n. Distortion of 
 the face, in jest, etc. ; smirk. [Fr.] 
 
 grimalkin (gri-mal'kin), n. Old cat. 
 [gray and ma.lkin, dim. of Moll or 
 Mary.] 
 
 grime (grim). I. n. Ingrained dirt. II. 
 vt. Soil deeply.— gri'my, a. [From 
 root of Dan. grim, soot.] 
 
 grin (grin). I. vi. [grin'ning; grinned.] 
 Set the teeth together and withdraw 
 the lips; show the teeth. II. vt. Ex- 
 press by grinning. III. n. Act of grinn- 
 ing. [A. S. grennian.] 
 
 grind (grind). I. vt. [grind'ing; 
 ground.] 1. Reduce to powder by fric- 
 tion. 2. Wear down or sharpen by 
 rubbing. 3. Rub together. 4. Oppress 
 or harass, ll. vi. Be moved or rubbed 
 together.— grinder, ?i. 1. He who or 
 that which grinds. 2. Double or jaw 
 tooth.— grind'stone, n. Circular re- 
 volving stone for grinding or sharpen- 
 ing tools. [A.S. grindarC\ 
 
 grip (grip), n. 1. Grasp or firm hold 
 with the hand, etc. 2. Instrument or 
 appliance for grasping. 3. Satchel. 
 
 gripe (grip), vt. 1. Grasp with the 
 hand; seize and hold fast; squeeze. 
 2. Give pain to the bowels.— grip'- 
 irag, a. Avaricious. 2. Catching or 
 seizing acutely. [A. S. gripan.] [Fr.] 
 
 grippe, grip (grip), n. Influenza. 
 
 grisly (griz'li), a. Frightful; hideous. 
 [A. S. gryslic] 
 
 grist (grist), n. Grain for grinding at 
 one time; supply; profit.— grist'- 
 mill, n. Mill in which grain is ground 
 for small customers. [A. S.] 
 
 gristle (gris'l), n. Soft, elastic sub- 
 stance in animal bodies; cartilage. 
 [A.S. gristel.] 
 
 gristly (gris'li), a. Consisting of or 
 like gristle. 
 
 grit (grit), n. 1. Coarse part of meal. 
 2. Gravel. 3. Kind of hard sandstone. 
 
 4. pi. Oats coarsely ground, groats. 
 
 5. Pluck; courage: endurance. II. vt. 
 Grind; grate.— gnt'ty,a. 1. Consis- 
 ting of or having grits or hard parti- 
 cles. 2, Plucky. — grit'tiness, n. 
 [A.S.greot, pr^W.sand. Akin to grout.] 
 
 grizzle (gnz'l), n. Gray. [Fr. gris.] 
 
 grizzled (griz'ld), n. Gray, or mixed 
 with gray. 
 
 grizzly (griz'li), a. Of a gray color.— 
 grizzly bear, n. Large ferocious 
 bear, of the Western U. S. 
 
 groan (gron). I. vi. Utter a moaning 
 sound in distress. II. n. 1. Deep moan- 
 ing sound as of distress. 2. Sound of 
 disapprobation, —groaning (gror'- 
 ing), n. 1. Deep moan as of pain. 2. 
 Low rumbling sound. [A.S. granian.] 
 
 groat (grot), n. 1. Old Eng. coin = 4d. 
 2. Trifle. [Low Ger. grot, large coin.] 
 
 groats (grots), n. pi. Grain deprived 
 of the husks and crushed. [A. S. grut.] 
 
 grocer (gro'ser) , n. Dealer in house- 
 hold supplies, such as tea, sugar, etc. 
 [Fr. grossier, wholesale dealer.] 
 
 grocery (gro'ser-i), n. Store or shop 
 kept by a grocer. The articles he deals 
 in are termed groceries. 
 
 grog (grog), n. 1. Mixture of spirit 
 , and cold water. 2. Strong drink — 
 grog'gery, n. Grogshop. [Derived 
 from '-Old Grog," a nickname given 
 by British sailors to Admiral Vernon, 
 who first introduced it, because he 
 used to wear agrogram cloak.] 
 
 groggy (grog'i), a. 1. Intoxicated. 
 2. Staggering. 
 
 grogram (grog'ram), grosgraisi 
 (gro'gran), n. Coarse cloth made of siltf 
 and mohair. [O. Fr. gros-grain.} 
 
 g-roin (groin), n. 3 . Depression between 
 the thigh and abdomen. 2. In arch. 
 Angular curve formed by crossing of 
 two arcties. [icel. grein, division.] 
 
 groom (grom). I. n. 1. One who has 
 the charge of horses. 2. Title of sev- 
 eral officers of a royal household. 3. 
 Bridegroom. II. vt. Tend, as a horse. 
 — grooms'man, n. Attendant on a 
 bridegroom at his marriage. [Etym. 
 doubtful. ]_ African Dutch.] 
 
 groofe (grot), n . Great, large. [So. 
 
 groove (grov). I. n. 1. Furrow; long 
 hollow ; v ut. 2. Fixed routine of 
 thought or action. II. vt. Grave or 
 cut a groove or furrow in. [A. S. grof 
 —grafan, dig.] 
 
 grope (grop)- vi. Gripe or feel with 
 the hands; search.— gro'pingly, ,adv. 
 In a groping manner. [A. S. grapian.] 
 
 gross (gros). La. Coarse; rough; 
 dense; palpable. 2. Whole. 3. Coarse 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
grossbeak 
 
 237 
 
 guarantor 
 
 Grossbeak. 
 
 It. grotto— l^. 
 
 in mind; stupid; sensual; obscene. II. 
 ». 1. Main bulk; whole taken to- 
 gether. 2. sing. a.nd pi. Twelve dozen. 
 —great gross, twelve gross.— grossly , 
 adv. — gross'ness,n. 
 [Fr. gros—L,. gross-its.] 
 
 grossbeak. (gios'bek) , 
 n. Finch with a thick 
 strong con vex beak. 
 [gross and beak.] 
 
 grot (grot), grotto 
 (grot'o), n. Cave ; arti- 
 ficial cave, built for 
 pleasure. — pi. grots, 
 grottos. [Fr. grotte* 
 crypla.] 
 
 grotesque ( gro-tesk' ), a. Extrava- 
 gantly formed; ludicrous. — grotes- 
 quely, adv. — grotesque'ness, n. 
 [Fr.— It. grottesco. Grottos were com- 
 monly adorned with quaint figures.] 
 
 grotto. See grot. 
 
 grouchy (growch'i), a. Gruff; morose. 
 
 ground (grownd), I. n. 1. Surface of 
 the earth; land; field; floor, etc. 2. 
 Position; field of action. 3. That 
 on which something is raised; foun- 
 dation; reason. 4. In art, surface on 
 which the figures are represented. 5. 
 In electr. Connection with the earth. 
 6. pi. Dregs, sediment. II. vt. 1. Fix 
 on a foundation or principle; in- 
 struct in first principles. 2. Place or 
 run on the ground. 3. Connect with 
 the earth. III. vi. Strike the bottom 
 and remain fixed. — groundless, a. 
 [A. S. grund.] 
 
 ground-bog ( grownd'hog ), n. 1. 
 American marmot ; woodchuck. 2. 
 South African aardvark. 
 
 ground-plan (grownd'plan), n. Plan 
 of the horizontal section of the lowest 
 or ground story of a building. 
 
 group (grop). I. n. Number of persons 
 or things together. IT., vt. Form into 
 a group or groups. [Fr. groupe, from 
 Teut. root of crop.] 
 
 grouse (grows), 
 n. sing, and pi. 
 A game bird, 
 specially in the 
 United States 
 that known as 
 sage-cock-, ptar- 
 migan ; moor- 
 hen. [O.Fr. grie- 
 sche=gv&j.] 
 
 grout (growt) , 
 n. Coarse meal; 
 sediment of liq 
 uor.[A. S. grut.] 
 
 grouty (growt'i), 
 a. 1. Roily. 2. Surly. [A. S. graf.] 
 
 grove(grov), n. Cluster of shade-trees. 
 
 Male and female 
 grouse. 
 
 grovel (grov'el), vi. 1. Crawl on the 
 earth. 2. Be mean, low, depraved. 
 — grov'eler, n. [Icel. grujla.] 
 
 grow (gro). I. vi. [grow'ing ; grew 
 (gro) ; grown.] 1. Become enlarged 
 by a natural process. 2. Advance to- 
 wards maturity; develop. 3. Thrive. 
 4. Become; pass from one state to 
 another. II. vt. Cause to grow; raise. 
 -grower, n. [A. S. growan.] 
 
 Syn. Expand; extend; cultivate; 
 increase; accrue; flourish; produce. 
 
 growl (growl). I. vi. 1. Utter a deep 
 guttural sound, like an angry dog. 2. 
 Grumble surlily. II. n. Snarling 
 sound. — growl'er, n. [Ger. grollen, 
 be angry; roar.] 
 
 growth(groth),n. 1. Gradual increase; 
 progress; development. 2. That which 
 has grown; product. 
 
 grub (grub). I. vi. [grub'bing; grub- 
 bed. ] 1. Dig in the dirt. 2. Be occu- 
 pied meanly. 3. Eat. II. vt. Dig or root 
 out of the ground. III. n. 1. Larva 
 of an insect. 2. Food, —grub 'ber, 
 n. [From Ger. graben, dig.] 
 
 grudge (gruj). I. vt. 1. Look upon 
 with envy. 2. Give or take unwilling- 
 ly. II. vi. Show discontent. III. n. 1. 
 Secret enmity or envy. 2. Old cause 
 of quarrel. [O. Fr. groucher, murmur.] 
 
 grudgingly (gruj'ing-li), adv. Unwill- 
 ingly. 
 
 gruel (grb'el), n. Thin porridge, made 
 by boiling meal in water. [O. F.] 
 
 gruesome (gro'sum), a. Horrible ; 
 tearful. [Low Ger. grusam, cruel.] 
 
 gruff (gruf), a. Rough ; abrupt in 
 manner; churlish.— gruffly, adv.— 
 gruff'ness, n. [Dut. gro/.] 
 
 grumble (grum'bl), vi. Murmur with 
 discontent; growl; rumble.— grum'- 
 bler, n.— grumbling, a. and n. [O. 
 Ger. grummeln.] [blood. [O. Fr. grume.] 
 
 grume (grom), n. Thick fluid; clot of 
 
 grumpish ( grum'pish ), grumpy 
 (grum'pi),a. Surly; cross. [From root 
 
 Of GRUMBLE.] 
 
 grunt ( grunt ). I. vi. Make a sound 
 like a pig. II. n. Short, guttural 
 sound, as of a hog. — grunt'er, n. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 guano (gwa'no).ft. Excrement of sea- 
 birds in a decomposed state. [Peruv. 
 huanu, dung.] 
 
 guarantee ( gar-an-te' ), guaranty 
 (gar'an-ti). I. n. 1. Contract to see 
 performed what another has under- 
 taken. 2. Person who makes such a 
 contract. II. vt. 1. Undertake that 
 another shall perform certain engage- 
 ments. 2. Make sure. [O.Fr. guarantie.] 
 
 guarantor (gar-an-tar'). ft. One who 
 guarantees or warrants. 
 
 i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
guard 
 
 238 
 
 gullible 
 
 guard (gard). I. vt. 1. Protect from 
 danger. 2. Keep watch over. II. n. 1. 
 That which guards from danger. 2. 
 Man or body of men stationed to pro- 
 tect. 3. One who has charge of a 
 coach or rail way- train. 4. State of 
 caution; posture of defence. 5. Part 
 of the hilt of a sword. 6. Frog or other 
 device on watch-chain. 7. pi. Troops 
 attached to the person of a sover- 
 eign or other official.— guard'ed, a. 
 Cautious. — guard'edly, adv. — 
 guard'ed ness, n. [O. Fr. garder. 
 See ward.] [secure. 
 
 Syn. Keep; defend; watch; shield; 
 
 guardian ( gar'di-an ). I. n. 1. One 
 who guards or tanes care of. 2. One 
 who has the care of an orphan minor 
 II. fl. Protecting. — guard'ian- 
 ship, n. [ofthe guards. 
 
 guardsman (gards'man), n. Soldier 
 
 guava (gwa'va), n. Genus of trees 
 and shrubs of tropical America, with 
 yellow, pear-shaped fruit which is 
 made into jelly. [Sp. guayaba, of W. 
 Indian origin.] 
 
 guanaco (gwa-na/ko), n. Large kind 
 of llama. [So. American.] 
 
 gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al), a. 
 Pertaining to a governor or to his 
 office . [L. gubernator, governor.] 
 
 gudgeon (guj'un), n. 1. Small fresh- 
 water fish, easily caught. 2. Any one 
 easily cheated. [Fr. goujon.] 
 
 guerdon (ger'dun), n. Reward. [O.Fr.] 
 
 guerrilla (ger-ril'a). I. n. Member of 
 an irregular band of soldiers. II. a. 
 Pertaining to irregular or petty war- 
 fare. [Sp. dim. of guerra, war.] 
 
 guess (ges). I. vt. and vi. 1. Form an 
 opinion on uncertain knowledge. 2. 
 Conjecture rightly. II. n. Estimate at 
 random. [M. E. gessen.] 
 
 Syn. Think; reckon; suppose; sur- 
 mise; imagine; fancy; suspect. 
 
 guest (gest), n. Visitor received and 
 entertained. [A.S. gaest.] 
 
 guffaw ( guf-fa' ), n. Loud laugh. 
 [From the sound.] [government. 
 
 guidance (gl'dans), n. Direction; 
 
 guide (gid). I. vt. 1. Lead; direct. 2. 
 Regulate; influence. II. n. He who or 
 that which guides.— guidebook, n. 
 Book of information for tourists. — 
 guide'post. n. Post erected at a 
 road-fork, to guide the traveler. [Fr. 
 guider.] 
 
 guidon (gi'don), n. 1. Little flag or 
 standard of a troop of cavalry. 2. 
 Flag used to direct the movements 
 of infantry or to signal at sea. 3. Flag 
 of a guild or fraternity. 4. One who 
 bears a guidon; standard-bearer. 
 [Fr.— guider, guide.] 
 
 guild (gild), n. Ancient trade organ 
 ization. [A. S. gild, tribute.] 
 
 guile (gil), n. Artfulness; trickery. 
 [From root of wile.] 
 
 guillotine (gil'o-ten). I. n. Instru- 
 ment for beheading by the fall of a 
 heavy axe. II. vt. Behead with the 
 guillotine. [Named after Guillotin, a 
 Paris physician, its inventor, 1789.] 
 
 guilt (gilt), n. State of having broken 
 a law, crime.— guiltless, a. Free 
 from crime ;innocent.— gnilt'lessly, 
 adv.— guilt'lessness, n. — guilt'y, 
 a. Justly chargeable with a crime; 
 
 guiinpe (gimp), n. Chemisette; a gar- 
 ment worn witti low-necked dress. (F.) 
 
 guinea (gin'i), n. English gold coin, 
 no longer used=21s., first made of 
 gold brought from 
 Guinea in Africa. 
 
 guinea-fowl (g i n '- 
 i-f o wl), guinea- 
 hen (gin'i-hen), n. 
 Fowl of a dark gray 
 color, with white 
 spots, or iginally 
 from Guinea, in 
 Africa. 
 
 guinea-pig (gin'i-pig), n. Small So. 
 American animal. [Prob. for Ouiana- 
 Pig-] 
 
 guipure (ge-pur'), n. 1. Imitation of 
 antique lace. 2. Kind of gimp. [Fr.] 
 
 guise (giz), n. 1. Manner; behavior; 
 external appearance. 2. Dress; garb. 
 [Fr. guise. See wise.] 
 
 guitar (gi-tar'), n. Musical stringed 
 instrument like the violin in shape, 
 but larger, and played upon with the 
 fingers. [Fr. guitare—'L. cithara.] 
 
 gulch (gulch), n. Deep ravine. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 gulf (gulf), n. 1. Large bay or indenta- 
 tion in the sea-coast. 2. Deep place 
 in the earth; abyss. [Fr. golfe—Qr, 
 kolpos.] 
 
 gull (gul), n. Web- foot- 
 ed, long-winged sea- 
 fowl, with a hoarse cry. 
 [Bret, gioelan—gwela, 
 cry. 
 
 gull (gul). I. vt. Be- 
 guile; deceive. II. n. 
 1. Trick. 2. One easily Gull, 
 
 cheated. [Same word 
 as gull, vsea-fowl, the bird being 
 thought stupid.] 
 
 gullet (gul'et), n. Passage by which 
 food is conveyed from the pharynx 
 into the stomach ; esophagus. [Fr. 
 goulet—O. Fr. goule— L. gula, throat.] 
 
 gullible (gul'i-bl), a. Easily gulled or 
 deceived, —gullibility, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gnlly 
 
 239 
 
 gymnasium 
 
 gully (gul'i). I. n. Gullet or channel 
 worn by running water. II. vt. Wear 
 a gully or channel in. 
 
 gulp (gulp). I. vt Swallow eagerly 
 or in large draughts. II. n. 1. Single 
 act of swallowing. 2 As much as can 
 be swallowed atone time. [Dut. 
 gulpen.] 
 
 gum(gum), n. Flesh of the jaws which 
 surrounds the teeth. [A. S. goma.] 
 
 gum (gum). I. n. Substance which 
 exudes from certain trees, and hard- 
 ens on the surface. — Chewing-gum, 
 preparation containing resin or par- 
 afflne.— Gum-arabic, essential part of 
 mucilage. II. vt. [gumm'ing; gum- 
 med.] Smear, stiffen, close or unite 
 with gum. III. vi. Become gummy; 
 form gum. [Gr kommi.] 
 
 gumbo (gum'bo), gomb© (gom'bo), 
 n. 1. Okra (ochra) plant and its pods. 
 2. Soup made with these pods. 
 
 gumption ( gump'shun ), n. Quick 
 judgment. [A. S. gyman, observe.] 
 
 gumptions (gump'shus), a. 1. Quick 
 of perception. 2. Conceited. 
 
 gun (gun). I. n. Weapon from which 
 balls or other projectiles are dis- 
 charged, usually by means of gun- 
 powder; firearm; rifle; cannon. II. 
 vi. [gun'ning ; gunned.] Shoot or 
 hunt with a gun. [Probably from O. 
 Fr. mangonne, catapult.] [gun. 
 
 gun-barrel (gun'^bar-el), n. Tube of a 
 
 gun-boat (gun'bot), n. Small vessel 
 of light draught, fitted to carry one 
 or more guns. 
 
 gun-cotton ( gun'-kot-n ), n. Highly 
 explosive substance produced by 
 soaking cotton, or other vegetable 
 fibre in nitric and sulphuric acids, 
 and then leaving it to dry. 
 
 gunner (gun'er), n. One who tends a 
 gun or cannon. [artillery. 
 
 gunnery (gun'er-i ), n. Science of 
 
 gunny (gun'i), n. Strong coarse cloth 
 manufactured in India from jute, and 
 used as sacking. [Hind, ganni, bag.] 
 
 gunpowder < gun'pow-der ), n. Ex- 
 plosive mix'tlre of sulphur, saltpeter 
 and charcoal, used for guns and fire- 
 arms. 
 
 gunshot (gun'shot). I. n. Distance 
 to which snot can be thrown from a 
 gun. II. a. Caused by the shot of a gun. 
 
 gunsmith ( guu'smith), n. One who 
 makes or repairs_guns or small-arms. 
 
 gunwale (gun'wal or gun'l ), n. Up- 
 per edge of a ship's side. [See wale.] 
 
 gurgle (gur'gl). I. vi. Flow in ati irre- 
 gular neisy current, as water from a 
 bottle; make a bubbling sound. II n. 
 Gurgling sound. [From the sound. 
 See GARGLE.] 
 
 gurnet (giir'net), gurnard ( gur'- 
 nerd), n. Sea-fash with spiny head 
 and mailed cheeks, that utters a growl 
 when taken out of the water. [Ger. 
 knurrhahn, growling cock.] 
 
 gush (gush). I. vi. 1. Flow out with 
 violence or copiously. 2. Make a silly 
 display of affection or sentiment. 
 II. n. That which flows out; violent 
 issue of a fluid. [Icel. gusa, gush.] 
 
 gushing (gush'ing), a. 1. Rushing 
 forth with violence: flowing copious- 
 ly. 2. Effusive; foolishly sentimental. 
 —gushingly, adv. 
 
 gusset (gus'et), n. Piece of cloth in a 
 shirt which covers the armpit; angu- 
 lar piece of cloth inserted in a gar- 
 ment. [Fr. gousset. armpit.] 
 
 gust (gust), n. Sudden blast of wind ; 
 violent burst of passion. — gusty 
 (gust'i), a. Stormy; tempestuous. - 
 gust'iness. n. [Icel. gustr.] 
 
 gusto ( gusto ), n. Relish ; gratifica 
 tion ; taste. — gus'tatory, a. Per 
 taining to, or tending to please, the 
 taste. [L. gustus, taste.] 
 
 gnt (gut). I. n. 1. Intestinal canal. 2. 
 Material made of the entrails of an 
 animal. II. vt. [gutting; gutt'ed.] 1. 
 Take out the bowels of; plunder. 2. 
 Destroy the interior of. [A.S. — geolan, 
 pour. Akin to gutter.] 
 
 gutta-percha (gut'a-perch'a), n. So- 
 lidified juice of various trees in the 
 Malayan islands resembling caout- 
 chouc. [Malay— guttah, gum, and .per- 
 cha, tree producing it.] 
 
 gutter (gut'er). I- n. Channel at the 
 eaves of a roof, or in the street, for 
 carrying off the rain-water. II. vt. 
 Cut or form into small hollows. III. 
 vi. Become hollowed; run down in 
 drops, as a candle. [Fr. gouttiere—LL. 
 gutta, drop.] 
 
 guttural (gut'ur-al). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the throat; formed in the throat,. 
 II. n. In gram. Letter pronounced in 
 the throat. — gutturally, adv. [L. 
 guttur, throat?) 
 
 giiy (gi), n. Rope to guide or steady 
 a suspended weight. [Sp. guia, guide.] 
 
 guy (gi). I. n. 1. Effigy of Guy Fawkes, 
 dressed up grotesquely on the day of 
 the gunpowder plot. 2. Odd figure; 
 person of ludicrous appearance. II. 
 vt. Mock, make sport of. 
 
 guzzle (guz'l), vi. Drink with haste 
 and greediness. — guz'zler, n. [O. 
 Fr. des-gouziller, swallow down ] 
 
 gymnasium (jim-na'zi-um), n. 1. 
 Place for athletic exercise. 2. School 
 for the higher branches of literature 
 and science.— pi. gymnasia (jim-'na- 
 zi-a). [Gr. gymnazo, exercise naked.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; rnite, mit; note, not, more, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
gymnast 
 
 240 
 
 hades 
 
 gymnast (jim'nast), n. One who 
 teaches or practices gymnastics. — 
 gymnastic ( jim-nas'tik), a. Per- 
 taining to athletic exercise. — gym- 
 nastics, n. pi. Athletic exercises ; 
 art or science of athletic exercise. 
 
 gymnotus (jim-no'tus), n. Genus of 
 fish, including the electric eel. 
 
 gypseous (jip'se-us), a. Of or resem- 
 bling gypsum. 
 
 gypsum (jip'sum), n. Hydrous sul- 
 phate of lime. When calcined it is 
 plaster of Paris. [L.— Gr gypsos, 
 
 STPsy. See gipsy. [chalk.] 
 
 gyral (ji'ral), a. Having a whirling 
 motion. [See gyrate.] 
 
 gyrate ( ji'rat), vi. Whirl round a 
 central point ;move spirally.— gyra- 
 tion, n. — gy'ratory, a. Moving in 
 a circle. [L. gyro.} 
 
 gyr falcon, gierfalcon (jer'fa-kn),». 
 
 Large falcon, found in the arctic 
 
 regions. [Ger. geier — O. 
 
 Ger. giri, voracious, vul- 
 ture,' and falke, falcon.] 
 gyroscope ( ji'ro-skop ). 
 
 n. Apparatus, consisting 
 
 of a fly-wheel mounted 
 
 by very accurately fitted 
 
 pivots in rings rotating 
 
 indifferent ways, for 
 
 illustrating the dynam- 
 ics of rotating bodies. 
 
 [Gr. ryros, circle, and 
 
 skopeo, view.] 
 gyrus (jl'rus), n. [pi. gyri.] 
 
 One of the round ridges GyroBcope . 
 
 of the brain. * p 
 
 gyve (jiv), a. Fetter, esp. for the legs 
 
 —commonly used in pi. [W. gefyn.] 
 
 Eighth letter of 
 alphabet. It repre- 
 re expiration of 
 harm, hear, inhale ; 
 or is silent, as in heir, hour; or 
 indicates a change in the value of the 
 preceding character as in ch, gh, th. 
 
 ha (ha), interj. Denotes surprise or joy. 
 
 babeas-corpus (ha'be-as kar'pus), n. 
 Writ to bring a prisoner before a 
 court. [L.=Have the body ! ] 
 
 haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. 1 
 Seller of small-wares, as ribbons, 
 tape, etc. 2. Dealer in men's articles 
 of dress.— haberdashery, n. Small 
 wares. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 habiliment (ha-bil'i-ment), n. Gar- 
 ment.—?^. Clothing, dress. [Fr. habil- 
 lement—hdbiller, dress.] 
 
 habit (hab'it), n. 1. Ordinary course of 
 conduct; general condition or ten- 
 dency. 2. Practice; custom. 3. Out- 
 ward appearance; dress, esp. a tight- 
 titting dress, worn by ladies on horse- 
 back. [Fr.— L. habitus, dress.] 
 
 Syn. Manner; mode; fashion; ten- 
 dency; usage; behavior; attire. 
 
 habitable (hab'it-a-bl), a That may be 
 dwelt in.— hab'itableness, n. [Fr.] 
 
 habitat (hab'it-at), n. Natural locality 
 of an animal or plant. [L.=it dwells.] 
 
 habitation (hab-i-ta'shun), w. 1. State 
 of inhabiting or dwelling. 2. Dwell- 
 ing, residence. [L.—habito, dwell.] 
 
 habitual (ha-bit'u-al), a. Formed or 
 acquired by habit or frequent use; 
 customary.— habit'ually. adv. 
 
 habituate ( ha-bit'u-at ), vt. Cause to 
 acquire a habit; accustom. [L. — ha- 
 bitus, held in a state or condition.] 
 
 habitude (hab'i-tud), n. 1. Usual 
 manner. 2. Relation. 3. Familiarity. 
 [L. habitudo—habeo.] 
 
 habitue ( a-be-to-a' ), n. Habitual fre- 
 quenter of a place. [Fr.] 
 
 hack (hak). I. vt. Cut; chop, or man- 
 gle. It. n. Cut; notch.— Hacking cough, 
 broken, troublesome cough. [A. S. 
 haccan.) 
 
 hack (hak). I. n. 1. Hackney, esp. a 
 poor and jaded one. 2. Person over- 
 worked on hire ; literary drudge. 3. 
 Four-wheeled close carriage. II. 
 a. Hackneyed; hired. III. vt. 1. Offer 
 for hire. 2. Use roughly. [Contr. of 
 
 HACKNEY.] 
 
 hackle (hak'l). I. n. 1. Instrument with 
 hooks or iron teeth for dressing hemp 
 or flax. 2. Flimsy substance unspun. 
 II. vt. I. Dress with a hackle, as flax. 
 2. Tear rudely asunder. [Dut. hekel, 
 dim. of haak, hook.] 
 
 hackney (hak'ni). I. n. Horse for 
 general use, esp. for hire. II. vt. 1. 
 Carry in a hackney-coach. 2. Use 
 much ; make commonplace. [ Fr. 
 haquenee, ambling or pacing nag.] 
 
 hackney (hak'ni), hackneyed (hak f 
 nid), a. Let out for hire ; devoted to 
 common use. 2. Much used. 
 
 haddock (hacV- 
 uk ), n. Sea- 
 fish of the cod 
 family. 
 
 Hades(hft'dez), 
 n. Nether 
 world ; abode 
 of the dead. [Gr. = The Unseen, — a 
 priv. and idsin, see.] 
 
 Haddock 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
haft 
 
 241 
 
 bait 
 
 haft (haft), n. Handle. [A. S. hceft.] 
 
 hag- (hag), n. Repulsive or vicious old 
 woman; witch. [A. S. hoegtesse, witch. 
 Ger. hexe—haga, hedge.] 
 
 haggard (hag'ard), a. Lean; hollow- 
 eyed. [From hag.] 
 
 haggle (hag'l). I.vt. Cut unskillfully; 
 mangle. II. vi. Be slow and hard in 
 making a bargain; stick at trifles. — 
 
 haggler, n. [Freq. of hack, cut.] 
 
 hail (hal). I. vt. Greet; call to, at a 
 distance; address one passing. II. n. 
 or inter j. Expresses a wish of happi- 
 ness. [Abbrev. from Hail to you. 
 Akin to Hale.] 
 
 hail (hal). I. n. Frozen rain or par- 
 ticles of ice falling from the clouds. 
 II. vi. Rain lumps of ice. [A. S.hagal.'] 
 
 hail-fellow (hal'fel-lo), n. Genial 
 companion. _ [or ball of hail. 
 
 hailstone (hal'ston), n. Single piece 
 
 hair (har), n. 1. Filament growing 
 from ?he skin of an animal. 2. Whole 
 mass of hairs which forms a covering 
 for the head or the whole body. 3. 
 Minute hairlike processes on the cuti- 
 cle of plants. 4. Anything very small 
 and fine.— hairless, a. [A. S. hcer.] 
 
 hairbreadth ( har'bredth ), hair's- 
 breatlth ( haiz'bredth ), n. Very 
 small distance or dimension. 
 
 hair-cloth (har'klotb), 
 n. Cloth made partly 
 or entirely of hair. 
 
 hair-pencil (har'pen'- 
 sil), n. Artist's brush 
 made of a few fine 
 hairs. 
 
 hair-splitting (har'- 
 split'ing), re. Art or 
 act of making minute 
 distinctions. 
 
 hairspring (har'- 
 spring), n. Fine spring 
 on the balance-wheel 
 of a watch. 
 
 hair-trigger (har'trig-er), n. Trigger 
 which discharges a gun or pistol by 
 a hairlike spring. 
 
 hairy (har'i),a. Of or resembling hair; 
 covered with hair.— hairiness, re. 
 
 halberd (hal'berd), re. Weapon con- 
 sisting of a combined axe and spear. 
 
 — halberdier (hal-ber-der'j, n. One 
 armed with a halberd. [Fr. hallebarde 
 
 — O. Ger. halm, handle, oarte, axe.] 
 halcyon (hal'si-un). I. n. Kingfisher, a 
 
 bird that was once believed to make 
 a floating nest on the sea, which re- 
 mained calm while it was hatching. 
 II. a. Calm; peaceful; happy. [L. — 
 Gr alkyon.] 
 hale (hal), a.Healthy, robust; sound of 
 body. [M. E. fieil— Icel. heill.] 
 
 Halberds. 
 
 hale (hal), vt. Drag, haul. 
 
 half (haf). I. re. [pi. halves, (havz).] 1. 
 n. One of two equal parts- II. a. 1. 
 Having or consisting of one of two 
 equal parts. 2. Being in part; incom- 
 plete. III. adv. In an equal part or 
 degree; in part: imperfectly. [A. S. 
 healf. Akin to help.] 
 
 half-blood (haf'blud), re. Relation be- 
 tween those who are of the same 
 father or mother, but not of both. 
 
 half-breed (haf bred), re. Offspring 
 of parents not of the same race. 
 
 half-brother ( haf 'bru^'er ), half- 
 sister (haf'sis'ter), n. Brother or 
 sister by one parent only. 
 
 half-caste ( haf'kast ), re. Person one 
 of whose parents belongs to a Hindu 
 caste, while the other is a European 
 
 half-moon (haf'mon), re. 1. Moon at 
 the quarters when but half of it is 
 illuminated. 2^ Any semicircular 
 
 halfpenny ( ha^pen-i), [pi. halfpence 
 (haf'pens or ha'pens),] n. 1 British 
 copper coin worth half a penny. 2. 
 Value of half a penny. 
 
 halibnt(hal' 
 i-but), re. Lar- 
 gest kind of 
 flat fishes. 
 
 hall (hal), re. 
 1. Passage 
 at the en- 
 trance of a 
 
 house. 2. Large room; large cham- 
 ber for public business. 3. Large 
 building. [A.S. heal, roof.] 
 
 halleluiah, hallelnjah (hal-e-16'- 
 ya), re. Expression of praise. [Heb.] 
 
 hail-mark (hal'mark). n. Mark made 
 on plate at Goldsmith's Hall, in Lon- 
 don, to show its purity. 
 
 halloo (hal-lo'), inter 1 ), and n. Hunting 
 cry to draw attention. II. vi. 1 Cry 
 after dogs. 2. Raise an outcry. III. 
 vt. Encourage or chase with shouts. 
 
 hallow ( hal'o ), vt. Make holy; set 
 apart for religious use; hold sacred. 
 [A.S. halgian—halig, holy.] 
 
 halloween (hal-6-en'), n. Evening be- 
 fore All-Hallows or All-Sain ts-E'ay. 
 
 hallucination (hal-16-sin-a'shun), re. 
 1. Wandering of the mind. 2. Delu- 
 sion; perception of things that do not 
 exist. _[L.] 
 
 halo (ha'lo), re. 1. Luminous circle 
 round the sun or moon. 2. Bright ring 
 represented round the heads of holy 
 pei'sons; nimbus; glory. [Gr.] 
 
 halt (halt). I. vt. Cause to cease march- 
 ing . "II. vi. 1. Stop from going on; 
 stop in a march. 2. Limp; hesitate. 
 HI. a. Lame. IV. re. 1. Stop in march- 
 ing or action. 2. Lameness. [Ger.] 
 
 Halibut. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
baiter 
 
 24J 
 
 hanker 
 
 halter (halt'er). I. n. 1. Head-rope or 
 strap for holding and leading a horse. 
 2. Rope for hanging criminals. II. vt. 
 Catch, hind or hang with a rope. [A. 
 S. heaifter.] 
 
 halve (hav), vt. Divide into halves or 
 two equal parts. 
 
 halyard (hal'yard), n. Rope by which 
 yards, sails, etc., are hauled or 
 hoisted. [hal,e and y&hd.] 
 
 ham (ham), n. 1. Inner bend of the 
 knee. 2. Thigh of an animal, esp. of a 
 hog, salted and dried. [A. S. from a 
 root meaning bend. ] 
 
 ha me (bam), n. One of two curved 
 pieces fitted to a horse's collar to sup- 
 port the traces. [Dut. haam.] 
 
 hamlet (ham'let), n. Cluster of houses 
 iu the country; small village. [A. S. 
 ham, dwelling. Akin to home.] 
 
 hammer(ham'er).!. n. 1. Tool for driv- 
 ing nails; anything similar, as the 
 part of a clock that strikes the bell. 
 2. Machinery used for forging, etc. 
 II. vt. Drive, shape or forge with a 
 hammer. [A.S. hamor.] 
 
 hammock ( ham'uk ), n. Piece of 
 strong cloth or netting suspended by 
 the corners, and used as a bed. [Sp. 
 hamaca, from an American Indian 
 word, meaning a net.] 
 
 hamper (ham'per). I. vt. Impede or 
 perplex; shackle. II. n. Chainorfet- 
 ter. [A.S. hamelian, maim.] 
 
 hamper (ham'per). I. n. Large basket 
 for conveying goods. II. vt. Put in a 
 hamper. [Contr. from hanaper— A 
 S. hnaepp, bowl.] 
 
 hamstring (ham'string). I. n. String 
 or tendon of the ham. II. vt. Lame 
 by cutting the hamstring. 
 
 hand (hand). I. n. 1. Extremity of the 
 arm below the wrist. 2. That which 
 does the duty of a hand by pointing, 
 as the hand of a clock. 3. Measure of 
 four inches. 4. An operative or work- 
 man. 5. Performance; power or man- 
 ner of performing; skill. 6. Posses- 
 sion; control. 7. Style of handwrit- 
 ing. 8. Side; direction. 9. Cardsdealt 
 to a player. II. vt. 1. Give with the 
 hand. 2. Lead or conduct. 3. Furl, as 
 sails. [A.S.] 
 
 hand-barrow (hand'bar-o), n. Bar- 
 row without a wheel, carried by the 
 hands of men. 
 
 handbill (hand'bil), n. Advertising 
 
 . circular; dodger. 
 
 handbook (hand'bok), n. 1. Manual ; 
 book of reference. 2. Small guide 
 book. 
 
 handcart (hand'kart), n. Small cart 
 drawn by hand. 
 
 handcuff (hand'kuf). I. n. Fetter for 
 the hand; manacle. II. vt. Put hand- 
 cuffs on. [A.S. handcops, modified by 
 confusion with cuff.] 
 
 handfnl (hand'fol), n. 1. As much as 
 fills the hand. '2. Small number or 
 quantity.— pi. hand'fuls. 
 
 handicap (hand'i-kap). I. n. Race in 
 which the horses carry different 
 weights, or are placed at different 
 distances, or start at different times, 
 so that, all shall have, as nearly as 
 possible, an equal chance of winning. 
 II. vt. Hinder; place at a disadvan- 
 tage. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 handicraft (hand'i-kraft), n. Trade, 
 or work performed by the hand. 
 
 handiwork (hand'i-wurk). n. Work 
 done by the hands. [A.S. handgeXveorc.} 
 
 handkerchief (hang'ker-chit), n. 1. 
 Piece of cloth for wiping the nose, etc. 
 
 2. Neckerchief, [hand and kerchief.] 
 handle (hand'l). I. vt. 1. Touch, hold, 
 
 or use with the hand. 2. Treat; use. 
 
 3. Manage. 4. Discuss. 5. Deal in. II. 
 n. 1. That part of anything held in 
 the hand. 2. One who or that which 
 is used as a tool. 
 
 handsome (hand'sum or han'sum), a. 
 
 I. Good-looking. 2. Liberal. 3. Am- 
 ple.— handsomely, adv. — hand- 
 someness, n. [hand and some.] 
 
 Syn. Pretty; attractive; generous. 
 
 handwriting* ( hand'ri-ting ) n. 1. 
 Style of writing peculiar to a person. 
 2.. Manuscript ; writing. 
 
 handy (hand'i), a. 1. Dexterous. 2. 
 Ready to the hand; convenient; near. 
 
 hang ( hang ), vt. [hang'ing ; hanged 
 or hung ] 1. Hook or fix to some high 
 point; suspend. 2. Put to death by 
 suspending and chocking. 3. Droop. 
 
 II. vi. 1. Be suspended so as to allow 
 swinging motion. 2. Lean, or rest for 
 support. 3. Drag; linger. 4. Hover, 
 impend; be in suspense. 5. Depend. 
 [A. S. hangian.] 
 
 hanger (hang'er), n. 1. That on which 
 anything is hung. 2. Short sword, 
 curved near the point. 3. One who 
 places wall paper, as paper-hanger. 
 
 4. Something made to hang, as an 
 advertising-card. [a. Mean, low. 
 
 hangdog (hang'dog). I. n. Sneak. II. 
 hanging (hang'ing), n. 1. Act of sus- 
 pending; state of being suspended. 2. 
 Death by the halter. 3. That which is 
 hung, as drapery. [ecutioner. 
 
 hangman (hang'man), n. Public ex- 
 hank (hangk), n. Bunch of two or 
 more skeins of yarn tied together. 
 [Icel. ha?iki.] 
 hanker ( hang'ker ) vi. 1. Long; 
 yearn; crave. 2. Linger. [From hang ] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; nje, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
hansom-cab 
 
 243 
 
 harmonics 
 
 Hansom-cab. 
 
 hansom-cab (han'sum-kab), n. Light 
 two-wheeled cab or carriage with the 
 driver's seat 
 raised be- 
 hind. [From ^ 
 the name of \^ 
 the invent- 
 or.] 
 
 hap (hap), n. 
 Ctiauce; for- 
 tune; acci- 
 dent. [Icel. 
 happ, good- 
 luck.] 
 
 hap-hazard (hap-haz'ard), n. That 
 wnich happens by hazard; chance; 
 accident, [happy.— haplessly, adv. 
 
 hapless (hap'les), a. Unlucky; un- 
 
 haply (hap'li), adv. By hap, chance, or 
 accident; perhaps; it may be. 
 
 happen(hap'n) ,vi. Fall out ;take place. 
 
 happy (hap'i), a. 1. Lucky; success- 
 ful; possessing or enjoying pleasure 
 or good; secure of good; furnishing 
 enjoyment. 2. Dexterous; timely. — 
 happily, adv. — happiness, n. 
 [See hap.] 
 
 hara-kiri (har'a ke'ri), n. Suicide by 
 disembowelment. [Jap. hara, abdo- 
 men, and kiri, cut.] 
 
 baraiiguetka-rang'). I. n. Loud speech 
 addressed to a multitude; popular, 
 pompous address. II. vi. Deliver a ha- 
 rangue. III. vt. Address by a ha- 
 rangue. — harang'uer, n. [Fr.— O. 
 Ger. hring, a ring of people.] 
 
 harass (har'as), vt. Fatigue; annoy; 
 torment. [Fr. harasser.] 
 
 harbinger (har'bin-jer). I. n. 1. One 
 who travels ahead to bespeak lodg- 
 ing. 2. Forerunner. II. vt. Precede. 
 [O. Fr. herberge. See harbor.] 
 
 harbor (har'bur). I. n. Refuge; shel- 
 ter; port for ships. II. vt. 1. Lodge; 
 entertain. 2. Possess; Indulge; as 
 thoughts. III. vi. Take shelter. [M. 
 E. herberwe—O. Fr. herberge — O. Ger. 
 hereberga, military encampment— Am, 
 army, and bergan, shelter.] 
 
 hard (hard). I. a. 1. Not easily pene- 
 trated; firm; solid. 2. Difflcultto un- 
 derstand or accomplish. 3. Difficult 
 to bear; painful; unjust. 4. Difficult 
 to please. 5. Unfeeling; severe; stiff; 
 constrained. II. adv. 1. With urgency. 
 2.With difficulty. 3. Close, near, as in 
 hard by; hard-a-lee, i. e. close to the 
 lee-side, etc. 4. Earnestly; forcibly.— 
 Die hard, die only after a desperate 
 struggle for life. [A. S. heard.} 
 
 harden (hard'n). I. vt. Make hard or 
 harder; make firm; strengthen; con- 
 firm, in wickedness; make insensible. 
 
 II. vi. Become hard or harder. ~- 
 
 hardened (hard'nd), a. Make hard; 
 
 unfeeling. 
 
 hard-hearted (hard'hart-ed), a. Hav- 
 ing a hard or unfeeling heart; cruel. 
 — hard-heart'edness, n. 
 
 hardihood, hardiness. See hardy. 
 
 hardly (hard'li), adv. 1. With dim 
 culty. 2. Scarcely; not quite. 3. Se- 
 verely; harshly. [tion, toil, injury. 
 
 hardship (hard'ship), n. Severe ufllic- 
 
 hardtack(uard'tak), n. Large hard- 
 baked cracker, used in army and navy. 
 
 hardware (hard'war), n. Articles 
 made of the baser metals, such as 
 iron or copper. 
 
 hardy(hard'i),a. 1. Daring, brave, reso- 
 lute. 2. Requiring boldness and endur- 
 ance. 3. Capable of resisting hardship, 
 cold, exposure, or fatigue. — hard- 
 ily, adv.— hardihood, n.— hard'i- 
 ness, n. [Fr, hardi — root of hard] 
 
 hare (har), n. Common timid animal, 
 with divided upper lip and lon^ hind- 
 legs, which runs" swiftly by leaps. [A. 
 S. hara.] [bell-shaped flowers. 
 
 harebell (bar'bel), n. Plant with blue 
 
 harebrained (har'brand), a. Giddy; 
 heedless. [hare's. 
 
 harelip (har'lip), n. Lip split like a 
 
 harem (ha'rem), n. 1. Portion of a 
 Mohammedan house allotted to fe- 
 males. 2. Women in one Turkish 
 household. [Ar. = forbidden. ] 
 
 haricot (har'i-ko), n. 1. Kind of mut- 
 ton stew. 2. Kidney-bean. [Fr.] 
 
 hark (hark), interj. Hearken! listen! 
 
 [Contr. Of HARKEN.] [EN. 
 
 barken (hark'n), vi. Same as heark- 
 
 harlequin ( har'le-kwin or -kin ), n. 
 Clown; buffoon. [Fr.] 
 
 harlot (har'lut), n. Prostitute. [O.Fr.] 
 
 harm ( harm ). I. n. Injury. II. vt. 
 Injure.— harmful, a.— harmful' 
 ly, adv. — har m'fnlness, n. — 
 harmless, a. 1. Innocuous. 2. Un- 
 harmed. — har m'lessly, adv. — 
 harm'lessness, n. [A. S. hearm.] 
 Syn. Wrong; mischief; evil. 
 
 harmonic ( har-mon'ik ), har in on - 
 ical (har-mon'ik-al), a. Pertaining to 
 harmony; musical; recurring period- 
 ically, -harmonically, adv. 
 
 harmonica(har-mon'i-ka), harmon- 
 icon ( har-mon'i-kon ), ' n. Mouth 
 organ, consisting of free reeds inclosed 
 in a case in such a way that inspira- 
 tion produces one set of sounds, res- 
 piration another. [Gr.] 
 
 harmonics ( har-mon'iks ) , n. pi. 1. 
 Science of musical sounds. 2. (as pi.) 
 Consonances, or component sounds 
 included in what appears to the ear 
 to be a single sound. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
harmonious 
 
 244 
 
 hatch 
 
 harmonious (bar-mo'ni-us), a. Hav- 
 ing harmony ; symmetrical; concor- 
 dant. — harmo'niously, adv. — har- 
 mo'niousness, n. [reed organ. 
 
 harmonium (har-mo'ni-um), n. Small 
 
 harmonize (bar'mo-niz).I. vi. Agree; 
 be in harmony. II. vt. Cause to agree. 
 Syn. Coincide; concur; accord; cor- 
 respond; comport; resemble; suit; 
 tally; fit; match. 
 
 harmony (har'mo-ni), n. 1. Fitting 
 together of parts so as to form a con- 
 nected whole. 2. Combination of ac- 
 cordant sounds heard at the same 
 time; concord. 3. Book with parallel 
 passages regarding the same event. 
 [Gr .— harmos, fitting— arc 
 
 harness (har'nes). I. n.'l', 
 Armor of a man or horse 
 ments of a horse. II. vt. 
 
 1. Equip with armor. 2. 
 Put the harness on 
 horse. [Pr. hamais — 
 Bret, houarn, iron.] 
 
 harp (harp). I. n. Music- 
 al instrument with 
 strings struck by the fin- 
 gers. II. vi. 1. Play on 
 the harp. 2. Dwell te- 
 diously.— harper (harp'- 
 er), harpist (harpist), 
 n. Player on the harp. 
 
 harpoon (hai*-pon'). I. n. 
 Dart for striking and 
 killing whales. II. vt. 
 Strike with the harpoon. 
 port — root of harpy " 
 
 harpsichord (harp'- 
 si-kard),rc. Old-fash- 
 ioned keyed musical 
 instrument, shaped 
 like a piano. [O. Fr. 
 harpechorde.] 
 
 tmrpy (har'pi), n. 1. 
 Fabled rapacious 
 monster, half bird 
 and half woman. 2. 
 Short winged Amer- 
 ican eagle. 3. Extor- 
 tioner. [Gr. harpyia 
 — harpazo, seize.] 
 
 harridan (har'i-dan), n. Hag. [O. Fr. 
 haridelle.} 
 
 harrier (har'i-er), n. Dog with a keen 
 smell,f or hunting hares. [From hare.] 
 
 harrier (har'i-er), n. Kind of hawk, 
 so named from its harrying (destroy- 
 ing) small animals. 
 
 harrow (har'6). I. n. Frame toothed 
 with spikes for leveling ploughed 
 soil. II. vt. 1. Draw a harrow over. 
 
 2. Harass; tear. — har'rowing-, a. 
 Acutely distressing to the mind. — 
 
 har'r'owingly, adv. [A. S. hyrwe.] 
 
 Harpy eagle. 
 
 harry (har'i), vt. Plunder; destroy; 
 harass. [A. S. hergian — here, army.] 
 
 harsh (harsh), a. Rough; bitter; jar- 
 ring; severe. — harsh'ly , adv. — 
 harshness, n. [Ger. harsch, hard.] 
 
 hart ( hart ), n. Stag; male deer. [A. 
 S. heort, horned animal.] 
 
 hartshorn (harts'harn), n. Solution 
 of ammonia, orig. a decoction of the 
 shavings of a hart's horn. 
 
 harvest (har'vest). I. n. 1. Time of 
 gathering in the crops or fruits. 2. 
 Crops gathered in; fruits. 3. Product 
 of any labor; consequences. II. vt. 
 Reap and gather in. [A. S. haerfest.] 
 
 harvester (har'vest-er), n. 1. One who 
 reaps. 2. Self-binding reaping ma- 
 chine. 
 
 harvest-home ( har'vest-hom ), n. 
 Feast held at the bringing home of 
 the harvest. [have. 
 
 has (naz)„3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of 
 
 hash (hash). I. vt. HacK; mince; chop 
 small. II. n. 1. Mixed dish of meat and 
 vegetables in small pieces. 2. Mix- 
 ture and preparation of old matter. 
 [Fr. hacher — Ger. Jiacken ; same root 
 as HACK.] 
 
 hashish (hash'esh), n. Strongly intox- 
 icating preparation made from the 
 leaves "f Indian hemp. [Ar.J 
 
 haslet (has'let), n. Entrails of an ani- 
 mal, as the liver, heart, etc., used for 
 human food. [O. Fr. hastelet.] 
 
 hasp (hasp). I. Metal strap used as a 
 clasp of a padlock. II. vt. Fasten 
 with a hasp. [A. S. hwpse.] 
 
 hassock (has'uk), n. 1. Upholstered 
 footstool. 2. Tussock. [W. hesg, sedge, 
 rushes.] [have. 
 
 hast (hast), 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. ol 
 
 haste (hast). I. n. Speed; expedition; 
 vehemence. II.ttf.Hurry on. [Ger. hast.] 
 Syn. Hurry; dispatch; precipitance; 
 quickness; urgency; rashness; pre- 
 cipitation; bustle; rapidity. 
 
 hasten (ha'sn), vt. and vi. Hurry; 
 urge ; bring on quickly. 
 
 hasty (has'ti), a. 1. Speedy; quick. 2. 
 Rash; eager: passionate.— has'tily,, 
 adv. — has'ti ness, n. Hurry, rash- 
 ness; irritability. [A.S. hmt.] 
 
 hat (hat), n. Covering for the head. 
 
 hatch (hach), n. 1. Door with an open- 
 ing over it; half door. 2. Wicket or 
 door made of cross bars ; covering of 
 a hatchway. [A. S. hcec] 
 
 hatch (hach). I. vt. Produce, especial- 
 ly from eggs, by incubation; origin- 
 ate; plot. II. vi. Produce young; be 
 advancing towards maturity. III. n. 
 1. Act of hatching. 2. Brood hatched. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 lite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
hatch 
 
 245 
 
 hazy- 
 
 hatch (hach), vt. Shade by mfhute 
 lines crossing each other in drawing 
 and engraving.— hatching*, n. Mode 
 of so shading. [Pr. hacher, chop. See 
 
 HASH.] 
 
 hatchel(hach'el), n. Same as Hackle. 
 
 hatchet (hach'et), n. Small axe. [Fr. 
 hachette— hacher, chop,] 
 
 hatchway (hach'wa), n. Opening in 
 a ship's deck into the hold, or from 
 one deck to another. 
 
 hate (hat). I. vt. Dislike intensely. II. 
 n. Extreme aversion. — hate'fnl, a. 
 1. Exciting hate. 2. Feeling or showing 
 hate.— hatefully, adv.— hate'ful- 
 ness,». [A.S. hatian. Akin to chase.] 
 Syn. Abhor; detest; loathe; abomi- 
 nate; despise. 
 
 hath (hath). Old form of has. 
 
 hatred (ha'tred), n. Extreme dislike; 
 enmity; malignity. [sells hats. 
 
 hatter (hat'er), n. One who makes or 
 
 haughty (ha'ti) a. Proud; disdainful. 
 — haughtily, adv. — haughti- 
 ness, n. [Fr. hautain—'L. altus, high.] 
 Syn. Arrogant; supercilious; con- 
 temptuous; insolent; overbearing. 
 
 haul (hal). I. vt. Drag; pull. II. n. 
 Pulling; draught as of fishes: gain. 
 [A. S. holian, get.] 
 
 haunch (hanch), n. Part between the 
 last rib and the thigh; hip. [Fr. han- 
 che — O. Ger. ancha. Akin to ankle.] 
 
 haunt (haut). 1. vt. and vi. Frequent; 
 follow importunately ; inhabit or 
 visit as a ghost. II. n. Place much 
 resorted to. [Fr harder. .] 
 
 Hautboy. 
 
 hautboy ( h 5 ' b o i ), n. High-toned 
 wooden wind-instrument, of a taper- 
 ing tube, and having holes and keys; 
 oboe. [Fr. hautbois—haut, high, and 
 bois. wood.] 
 
 have(bav), vt. [bav'ing; had.] 1. Own; 
 possess; hold. 2. Regard. 3. Obtain. 
 4. Bear or beget. 5. Be affected by. 
 6. Be obliged (to). [A. S. habban.] 
 
 havelock (hav'e-lok), n. Cloth cover- 
 ing for a soldier's cap and neck. [After 
 an Eng. geueral.] 
 
 haven (ha'vn), n. 1. Inlet of the sea, 
 or mouth of a river, where ships can 
 get good and safe anchorage. 2. Place 
 of safety ; asylum. [A. S. hazfene.~\ 
 
 haversack ( hav'er-sak ), n. Bag of 
 strong linen, or case, for a soldier's 
 provisions. [Fr. hav?vsac—Gev. haber- 
 sack—haber, oats, and Sack.] 
 
 havoc (hav'uk), n. General waste or 
 destruction. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 haw (ha), inter j. Turn to the left) 
 (call to "oxen; opp. of gee). 
 
 haw(ba),».l. Hedge; inclosure. 2.Berrv 
 of the hawthorn. [Dut. haag, hedge, j 
 
 haw (ha). I. vi. Speak with a haw or 
 hesitation. II. n. Hesitation in 
 speech. [From the sound.] 
 
 llawaiian(ha-wl'yan). I. a. Belonging 
 to Hawaii or the Sandwich Islands, 
 a U. S. possession. II. n. 1. Native 
 of Hawaii. 2. Language of Hawaii. 
 
 hawk (hak). I. n. Short winged bird 
 of prey allied to the falcons. II. vi. 
 and vi. 1. Hunt birds with trained 
 hawks. 2. Attack on the wing. — 
 hawker, n. [A. S. hafoc] 
 
 hawk (hak). I. vi. Force up matter 
 from the "throat noisilv. II. n. Noi~> 
 raisingof phlegm from the throat. [ W 
 hochi, from the sound.] 
 
 hawk (hak), vt. Carry about for sale ; 
 cry for sale. — hawker, n. Peddler. 
 [From root of Ger. hucke, bent back. } 
 
 hawse (haz), n. 1. Situation of the 
 cables in"f ront of a ship's bow when 
 she has two anchors out forward.* 2. 
 Distance forward to which cables ex- 
 tend. [Icel. halse, neck.] 
 
 hawser (ha'zer), n. Small cable; largs 
 towiine. " [ O. Fr. haulseree —haulser, 
 raise.] 
 
 hawthorn (ha'tharn), n. Shrub with 
 shining leaves and small red fruit 
 called haws. 
 
 hay (ha), n. Grass cut down and cured. 
 —haycock (ha'kok), n. Pile of hay 
 in the field.— hay-fever (ha'-fe'ver), 
 n. Irritation of the nose and throat in 
 spring and_summer. [up in a barn. 
 
 haymow (haymow), n. Mass of hay laid 
 
 hayrick (ba'rik), haystack (ha'- 
 stak), n. Pile of hay in the open air. 
 
 Haytian (ha'ti-an). I. a. 1. Belong- 
 ing to the island of Hayti or San 
 Domingo. 2. Belonging to the re- 
 public of Hayti, which occupies the 
 western part of the island. II. n. Na- 
 tive or inhabitant of Hayti. 
 
 hazaru(haz'ard). I. n. 1. Complicated 
 game at dice. 2. Chance ; accident. 
 3. Risk. II. vt. Expose to chance; 
 risk. — hazardous, a. Dangerous; 
 perilous; uncertain. [Fr.— Ar. alzar, 
 the diej [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 haze (haz), n. Light vapor; obscurity. 
 
 haze, base (haz), vt. 1. Harass with 
 labor ; punish with unnecessary work. 
 2. Playshameful tricks on. 
 
 hazel(ha'zl). I. n. Well-known shrub. 
 II. a. 1. Pertaining to the hazel. 2. 
 Of a light-brown color, like the hazel- 
 nut.— lia'zel-nut, n. [A. S. hcesel.] 
 
 hazy (ha'zi), a. 1. Thick with haze. 2. 
 Dim. — ha'ziness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, th^n. 
 
he 
 
 246 
 
 heartsick 
 
 he (he). I. pron. 1. Male person indi- 
 cated before. 2. Any one. II. a. Male. 
 [A. S. he (ha). ] 
 
 head (tied). I. n. I. Uppermost or 
 foremost part of an animal's body. 2. 
 Brain; understanding. 3. Chief; 
 leader. 4. Place of honor or com- 
 mand; front. 5. Individual. 6. Topic 
 or chief point of a discourse. 7. 
 Source; spring, 8. Highest point; 
 cape. 10. Pressure; fall. 11. Headway. 
 12. Strength. 13. Anything resembl- 
 ing the human head in sh&ve.ll.vt. 1. 
 Act as a head to; lead; govern. 2. Go 
 in front of; stop; prevent. 3. Com- 
 mence. 4. Be contrary. III. vi. 1. 
 Grow to a head. 2. Originate. 3 Tend 
 cr point. [A. S. heafod.] [head. 
 
 headache (hed'ak), n. Pain in the 
 
 heading ( hed'ing ), n. 1. Being a 
 head or at the head. 2. That which 
 stands at the head. 3. Material for 
 heads of barrels, etc. 
 
 headland (hed'land), n. 1. Cape. 2. 
 Strip of unplowed land. [head. 
 
 headless (hed'ies). I. a. Without ;i 
 
 headlong (hed'lang). I. adv. With the 
 head first; rashly; precipitately. II. 
 a. Rash; precipitate, [head and 
 -ling.] [vanced. 
 
 headmost ( hed'most ), a. Most ad- 
 
 headquarters (hed'kwar-terz), n. 1. 
 Residence of a commander-in-chief. 2. 
 Center of authority; principal place 
 of business or resort. [tioner. 
 
 headsman (hedz'man). n. Execu- 
 
 headstall (hed'stal), n. Part of a 
 bridle round the head. 
 
 headstone(hed'ston), n. 1. Chief stone. 
 2. Stone at the head of a grave. 
 
 headstrong (hed'strong), a. Violent. 
 Syn. Self-willed. See stubborn. 
 
 headway (hed'wa), n. 1. Way or dis- 
 tance gone ahead or advanced. 2. 
 Motion of an advancing ship. 3. 
 Clear space in height, as over a stair. 
 
 headwind (hed'wind), n. Wind blow- 
 ing from the front. 
 
 heady (hed'i), a. 1. Af fee ting the 
 head or brain; intoxicating. 2. In- 
 flamed; rash. 3. Impetuous.— head'- 
 iness. n. 
 
 heal (tiel). I. vt. Make healthy; cure; 
 restore to soundness. II. vi. Grow 
 sound again.— heal'er. n. [A.S. hcelan 
 — hal, whole. Akin to hale, whole.] 
 
 health (helth). n. 1. Soundness; free- 
 dom from sickness or pain. 2. Wish 
 of prosperity; toast.— healthful, a. 
 1. Full of or enjoying health. 2. Indi- 
 cating health. 3. Wholesome; salu- 
 tary.— healthfully, adv.— health- 
 ful n ess, n. 
 
 healthy (helth'i), a. 1. In a state of 
 good health. 2. Conducive to health.— 
 healthily, adv.— healthiness, n. 
 
 Syn. Healthful; hale; sound; vigor- 
 ous; salubrious; salutary; wholesome. 
 
 heap (hep). I. n. 1. Pile. si. Collection. 
 II. vt. 1. Throw in a heap or pile. 2. 
 Pile above the top. [A. S.] 
 
 hear (her). I. vt. [he ar'ing; heard 
 (herd).] 1. Perceive by the ear; listen 
 to. 2. Grant; obey; answer favorablv. 
 3. Try judicially. II. vi. 1. Have the 
 sense of hearing. 2. Listen. 3. Be told. 
 — hear'er, n. [A. S. Ayran.] 
 
 hearing ( her'ing), n. 1. Act of per- 
 ceiving by the ear. 2. Sense of per- 
 ceiving sound. 3. Opportunity to be 
 heard. 4. Reach of the ear. 
 
 hearken ( hark'n ), vi. Hear attent- 
 ively; listen; grant. [A.S. hyrcnian.] 
 
 hearsay (her'sa), n. Rumor; report. 
 
 hearse ( hers ), n. Carriage in which 
 the dead are conveyed to the grave. 
 [Fr. herse — C. Fr. herce, harrow.] 
 
 heart ( hart), n. 1. Organ that circu- 
 lates the blood. 2. Vital, inner or chief 
 part; core. 3. Seat of 
 the affections, pas- 
 sions, etc., esp. love, 
 courage, vigor. 4. Se- 
 cret meaning or de- 
 sign. 5. That which 
 resembles a heart. — 
 pi. One of a suit of 
 playing cards marked 
 with the convention- 
 al figure, or figures, 
 of a heart. [A.S. heorte.] 
 
 heartache (hart'ak), n. 
 Sorrow; anguish. Heart. 
 
 heart-breaking (hart- 
 bra'king), a. Crushing with grief or 
 sorrow. 
 
 heart-broken ( hart-bro'kn ) a. In- 
 tensely afflicted or grieved. . 
 
 heartburn ( hart'burn ), n. Burning, 
 acrid feeling in the esophagus, caused 
 by the decomposition of undigestible 
 food in the stomach. 
 
 heartburning ( hart'burn-ing ), n. 
 Discontent; secret enmity. 
 
 heartfelt (hart'felt), a. Felt deeply. 
 
 hearth (harth), n. 1. Part of the floor, 
 or structure, on which the fire is 
 made. 2. Fireside; house; home. [A. 
 S. heorth.] 
 
 heartless ( hart'les ), a. W i tfh o u t- 
 heart, courage, or feeling. — heart'- 
 lessly, adv. — heart lessness, n 
 
 heart-rending ( hart'rend-ing), a. 
 Deeply afflictive; agonizing. 
 
 heart's-ease (harts'ez), n. Pansy. 
 
 heartsick ( hart'sik ), a. Deeply 
 - grieved^ — heart'sickness, n. 
 
 lite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; rrue, met, her j mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
heartwbole 
 
 247 
 
 heeler 
 
 heartwbole(hart'hol), a. Not in love; 
 uumoved iu the affections or spirits. 
 
 hearty (hart'i), a. Full of, or proceed- 
 ing from the heart; sound; full. — 
 heartily, adv.— heart'iness, n. 
 
 Syn. Cordial; earnest; warm; eager; 
 vigorous; abundant. See sincere. 
 
 heat (het). I. n. 1. Form of energy, 
 manifested in fire, sun rays, etc. 2. 
 Sensation produced in man by this 
 energy. 3. High temperature. 4. 
 Color of a body when heated. 5. Ex- 
 citement. 6. Single match in a series. 
 7. Warmest part. II. vt. Make hot; 
 agitate. Ill.m. Become hot. — heater, 
 n. One who or that which heats. [A. S. 
 hceto—hat, hot.] 
 
 heath (hetb), n. 1. Small evergreen 
 shrub with beautiful flowers; heather. 
 2. Land that produces only heather. 
 [A. S. hath.-] 
 
 heathen (he'thn). I. n. Inhabitant of 
 an unchristian country; pagan; irre- 
 ligious person. II. a. Pagan, irre- 
 ligious.— heathendom (be'^n-dum) 
 n. 1. Part of the world where heath- 
 enism prevails. 2. Heathenism. — 
 heathenish (he'£/m-ish), a. Rude ; 
 uncivilized ; cruel. — heathenism 
 (heYAn-izm), n. Religions system of 
 the heathens; paganism. [Lit. a 
 dweller on the heath. A. S. hcethen.] 
 
 heather (he^'er), n. Small evergreen 
 shrub, growingon heaths. 
 
 heat-unit (het'u-nit), n. Amount of 
 heat required to make one pound of 
 water warmer by one degree. 
 
 heave (hev). I. vt. [hea'ving; heaved 
 or hove. ] 1. Lift up ; throw. 2. 
 Cause to swell. 3. Force from the 
 breast. II. vi. 1. Be raised. 2. Rise 
 and fall. 3. Try to vomit. III. n. 
 Effort upward; throw; swelling; ef- 
 fort to vomit.— pi. Disease of horses 
 characterized by difficult and labori- 
 ous breathing. [A. S. hebban.] 
 
 heaven (hev'n), n. 1. Arch of sky over- 
 hanging the earth; air. 2. Dwelling- 
 place of the Deity and the blessed. 3. 
 Supreme happiness.— heav'enly, 
 heav'enliness, a. — heavenward, 
 a. and adv. [A. S. heofon.] 
 
 heavy (hev'i), a. 1. Weighty; not 
 easy to bear; oppressive. 2. Afflicted; 
 burdened. 3. Inactive; inclined to 
 slumber. 4. Violent; loud. 5. Not easily 
 digested, as food. 6. Having strength, 
 as liquor. 7. Dark with clouds; 
 gloomy. — heav'ily, ado. — heavi- 
 ness, n. [A.S. heflg— hebban, heave.] 
 
 hebdomadal ( heb-dom'a-dal), a. 1. 
 Occurring every seven days'; weekly. 
 2. Consisting of seven days. [L.— Gr. 
 hebdomas, seven days — hepta, seven.] 
 
 Hebraic ( he-bra'ik ), a. Relating to 
 the Hebrews, or to their language. 
 
 Hebrew (he'bro). I. n. 1. One of the 
 descendants of Abraham; Israelite; 
 Jew. 2. Language of the Hebrews. II. 
 a. Relating to the Hebrews. [Heb. 
 ibhri, stranger from the other side of 
 the Euphrates] 
 
 hecatomb (hek'a-tom), n. 1. Among 
 the Greeks and Romans, sacrifice of a 
 hundred oxon. 2. Large number of 
 victims. [Gr.— hekaton, hundred.] 
 
 hectic (hek'tik). I. a. 1. Habitual, (used 
 of feverish symptoms, as flushed 
 cheeks, hot skin, etc.) 2. Affected with 
 hectic fever; consumptive. II. n. 
 Remittent fever ; consumption. — 
 hec'tlcally, adv. [Gv.—hexis, habit.] 
 
 hectogram ( hek'to-gram ), n. One 
 hundred grams = 3,527 ounces. 
 (Metric system). 
 
 hectograph ( bek'to-graf ), n. Appa- 
 ratus for multiple copying of writing. 
 
 hector (hek'tur). I. n. Bully; one 
 who annoys. II. vt. Treat insolently; 
 annoy. III. vi. Play the bully. [From 
 Hector, Trojan leader.] 
 
 heddle (hed'l), n. One of the sets o? 
 vertical cords or wires which guide 
 the warp threads in a loom. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 hedge (hej). I. n. Thicket of bushes; 
 fence of bushes or trees, etc. II. vt. 
 Inclose with a hedge; obstruct; sur- 
 round; guard. — Hedge a bet, bet on 
 both sides. [A. S. 
 
 hedgehog 
 ( hej'hog ), 
 n. Small 
 prickly- 
 backed in- 
 sectivo- 
 rous qua- 
 druped. 
 
 hedgerow 
 (bej'ro), n. 
 Row of trees or shrubs for hedging 
 fields. _ 6 
 
 heed (hed). I. vt. Observe; mind; at- 
 tend to. II. n. Notice; caution; atten- 
 tion.— heedful, a. Attentive; cau- 
 tious. — heed fulness, n.— heed- 
 less, a. Inattentive, careless. — 
 heedlessness, n. [A. S. hedan.] 
 
 heel (hel) I. n. 1. Part of the foot 
 projecting behind. 2. Covering of the 
 heel. 3. Hinder part of anything. II. 
 vt. Furnish with heels. [A. S. hela.} 
 
 heeler(he'ler), n. Unscrupulous, low 
 follower of a politician. [U. S. slang.] 
 
 hegemony (he'je-mo-ni), n. Leader* 
 ship; specifically control exercised by 
 a state over others. [Gr.— agein, lead.) 
 
 Hedgehog. 
 
 fate, fat +<ask, far, faU, fare, above; me, m et, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
hegira 
 
 248 
 
 nern 
 
 hegira(he-;ji'ra or hej'i-ra), n. 1. Flight 
 of Mohammed from Mecca to Mecli- 
 nah, July 16, 622 A. d., from which the 
 Mohammedan era dates. 2. Any flight. 
 [Ar. hijrah, flight.] [heahfore. 
 
 heifer (hef'er), n. Young cow. [A. S. 
 
 heigh-ho (hi'ho), inter j. Exclamation 
 expressive oi weariness or surprise. 
 
 height, hight (hit), n. 1. Condition 
 of being high; distance upwards. 2. 
 That which is elevated; hill. 3. Ele- 
 vation in rank or excellence. 4. Ut- 
 most degree. [A. S. heahthu—heah, 
 high.] [Make higher. 2. Increase. 
 
 heighten, highten (hi'tn), vt. 1. 
 
 heinous (ha'nus), a. Very wicked; 
 atrocious.— hei'nously, adv. — hei'- 
 nousness, n. [Fr. haineux, hateful.] 
 
 heir (ar), n. One who inherits anything 
 after the death of the owner.— fern. 
 heiress (ar'es). [O.Fr. heir— la. heres.] 
 
 heir-apparent (ar-ap-par'ent), n. Ac- 
 knowledged heir, esp. to a throne. 
 
 heirloom (ar'lom), n. Piece of per- 
 sonal property which has been held 
 by many generations of one famil3 r . 
 
 hejira. See Hegira.. [See Loom.] 
 
 held. Pa. t. and pa. p. of hold. 
 
 heliacal (he-li'ak-al), a. 1. Relating 
 to the sun. 2. Rising or setting with 
 the sun. [Gr.— helios, sun.] [helix. 
 
 helical (hel'ik-al), a. Spiral, like a 
 
 helioceiitric(h"e-li-o-sen'trik),helio- 
 centrical ( he-li-o-sen'trik-al ), a. 
 (Astr.) As seenfrom the sun's center. 
 
 heliograph (he'li-o-graf), n. Appara- 
 tus for signaling by means of the s mi's 
 rays. [Gr. helios, sun, grapho, write.] 
 
 heliolatry ( he-li-ol'a-tri ), n. Sun 
 worship. [Gr. — helios, sun, and latreia, 
 worship.] 
 
 heliotrope (he'li-o-trdp), n. 1. Plant 
 whose flowers are said always to 
 turn round to the sun. 2. Variety of 
 dark-green chalcedony variegated 
 with red. 3. Heliograph. [Gr.— helios, 
 sun, and tropos, turn.] 
 
 *\eliotype (he'li-o-tip), n. 1. Process 
 of printing from photo-engravings. 
 2. Print produced by such a process. 
 
 helium (he'li-um), n. Hypothetical 
 elementary substance. 
 
 helix (he'- 
 llks), n. 1. 
 Spiral, as 
 of wire in 
 a coil. 2. 
 Snail or 
 its shell. 3. 
 Incurved 
 margin of 
 the exter- 
 nal ear.--.pJ 
 ces (hel'i-sez). [Gr. — helisso, turn.] 
 
 Species of helix. 
 
 Helixes (he'liks-es), heli- 
 
 hell(hel), n. 1. Place or state of punish 
 ment of the wicked after deathj 
 abode of evil spirits. 2. Evil powers, 
 3. Place of vice or misery. [A. S. hel„ 
 the hidden place.] 
 
 hellefoore(hel'e-bor), n. 1. Plant used 
 in medicine, anciently as a cure for 
 insanity. 2. Powdered root of the 
 plant, used to destroy vermin. [Gr.] 
 
 Hellenic ( hel-len'ik ), Hellenian 
 (hel-le'ni-an), a. 1. Pertaining to the 
 Hellenes or Greeks. 2. Pertaining to 
 classical Greek culture. [Gr. — H?llen, 
 son of Deucalion, the Greek Noah.] 
 
 hellish (hel'ish), a. Pertaining to or 
 like hell ; very wicked. — hellishly , 
 adv.— hell'ishness, n. 
 
 hello (hel-lo'), interj. Exclamation to 
 attract attention or to greet, now 
 generally used in telephoning. 
 
 helm (helm), n. 1. Apparatus by which 
 a ship is steered. 2. Station of man- 
 agement or government. [A. S. helma. 
 handle.] 
 
 helmet (hel'met), n. 
 Covering of armor 
 for the head. [A. S. 
 — helan, cover.] 
 
 helminthic(hel-min'- 
 thik). I. a. 1. Per- 
 taining to parasitic 
 worms. 2. Expelling 
 worms. II. n. Ver- 
 mifuge. [Gr. helrnins, 
 worm — he 
 gie.] 
 
 helmsman (helmz'- 
 man), n, Man at the helm. 
 
 Helot (hel'ot or he'lot), n. Slave i 
 among the ancient Spartans. [Gr.] 
 
 help (help) . I. vt. and vi. 1. Support; 
 assist ;give means fordoing anything. 
 2. Remedy. 3. Prevent. II. n. 1. 
 Means or strength given to another; 
 assistance; relief. 2. One who assists; 
 hired person.— help'er, n. One who 
 helps; an assistant. — help'ful, a. 
 Giving help; useful.— helpfulness, 
 n. — help'less, a. Without help or 
 power in one's self; wanting assist 
 ance.— helplessly, arfv.-help'less- 
 ness, n. [A.S. helpan.] 
 Syn. Succor; serve. See AID. 
 
 helpmate (help'mat), n. Aid; wife 
 [From "helpmeet for him." Gen. ii. 18.] 
 
 helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter), adv. 
 In a confused hurry; tumultuously. 
 
 helve (helv), n. Handle. [A.S. hielf.] 
 
 hem (hem). I. n. Border of a garment 
 doubled down and sewed. II. vt. 
 [hemming; hemmed.] Form a hem 
 on; edge. — Hem in, surround. [A.S.] 
 
 wrig- 
 
 Closed helmet 
 
 k«5<;e, tat, task, far, fan, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf i 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
hem 
 
 249 
 
 here 
 
 hem (hem). I. n. and inter j. Sort of 
 half cough to draw attention. II. vi. 
 [ hemm'ing; hemmed. ] Utter the 
 sound. 
 
 The two hemispheres. 
 
 hemisphere (hem'i-sfer), n. 1. Half- 
 sphere. 2. Half of the globe, or a map 
 of it.— hemispheric (hem-i-sfer'ik), 
 hemispher'ical, a. [Gr. hemi, half, 
 and sphaira, sphere.] 
 
 hemlock (hem'lok), n. 1. Poisonous 
 plant used in medicine. 2. Hemlock- 
 spruce, the tree or its timber. [A. S. 
 hemlic.j 
 
 hemorrhage (hem'or-aj) , n. Burst- 
 ing or flowing of blood. [Gr. haima, 
 blood, and rhegnymi, burst.] 
 
 hemorrhoids ( hem'or-oidz ), n. pi. 
 Piles. — hemorrhoidal, a. [Gr. 
 haima, blood, and rheo, flow.] 
 
 hemp (hemp), n. 1. Plant with a fibr- 
 ous bark used for cordage , coarse 
 cloth, etc. 2. Its fibrous rind prepared 
 for spinning.— hempen, a. Made of 
 hemp. [A. S. hcenep.] 
 
 hemstitch (hem'stich), n. Drawing 
 out some threads running parallel to 
 the edge, and gathering in groups 
 those running at right angle. 
 
 hen (hen), n. Female bird, esp. of the 
 domestic fowl.[AS. fern, henn, fern, of 
 hana. Akin to chant.] 
 
 henbane (hen' ban), n. Poisonous 
 plant used in medicine for opium; 
 a species of night-shade. 
 
 hence (hens), adv. 1. Prom this place; 
 away. 2. In the future. 3. From 
 this cause or reason. 4. From this 
 origin. [A. S. heonan.] 
 
 henceforth (hens-forth'), adv. From 
 this time forward. 
 
 henchman (hensh'man), n. Servant; 
 follower. [From A. S. hengest, horse, 
 and man, =groom.] 
 
 henna (hen'a), n. Paste made of the 
 leaves of a hedge shrub, used for dy- 
 ing finger-nails, etc., red. [Ar.] 
 
 hennery (hen'er-i), n. Place where 
 hens are kept; poultry yard. 
 
 henpecked ( hen'pekt ), a. Weakly 
 subject to his wife. 
 
 hepatic (hep-at'ik), hepatical (hep^ 
 at'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to the liver. 
 2. Liver-colored. [Li.— Gr. hepar, liver.] 
 
 heptag , on(hep'ta-gon), n. Plane figure 
 with seven angles and seven sides. — 
 heptag'onnl, a. [Gr. kepta, seven, 
 and gonia, angle.] 
 
 heptarchy (hep'tark-i) , n. 1. Govern- 
 ment by seven persons. 2. Country 
 governed by seven.— heptarch'ic, a. 
 [Gr. hepta, seven, and arche, rule.] 
 
 her (her), pron. Objective and posses- 
 sive case of She. [A. S. hire, genitive 
 and dative sing, of heo, she.] 
 
 herald(her'ald).I. n. 1. One whose duty 
 it is to read proclamations, blazon 
 the arms of the nobility, etc. 2. Pro- 
 claimer ; forerunner. II. vt. Intro- 
 duce, as by a herald; proclaim. [O. 
 Fr. heralt — O. Ger. heri, army, and 
 viald, warden.] 
 
 heraldic (he-ral'dik), a. Of or relat- 
 ing to heralds or heraldry. 
 
 heraldry(her'ald-ri), n. 1. Art or office 
 of a herald. 2. Science of recording 
 genealogies and blazoning coats of 
 arms. 
 
 herb (erb or herb), n. Plant the stem 
 of which dies every year, as distin- 
 guished from a tree or shrub whic* 
 has a permanent stem. [Fr. herbe-* 
 L. herba.] 
 
 herbaceous (her-ba'shus), n. Pertain* 
 ing to, or of the nature of, herbs. [L. 
 herbaceusJ] 
 
 herbage (erb'aj or hgrb'aj), n. Gveev 
 food; herbs collectively. 
 
 herbal (herb' al), a. Pertaining to 
 herbs. — herbalist (herb'al-ist), n. 
 One who makes collections of plants. 
 
 herbarium (her-ba'ri-um), n. Classi- 
 fied collection of preserved plants. — 
 pi. Herba'riums and herba'ria. 
 
 herbivorous (her-biv'o-rus) a. Eating 
 plants. [L. herba, and voro, devour.] 
 
 Herculean (her-ku'le-an), a. 1. Ex- 
 tremely difficult or dangerous, such 
 as might have been done by Hercules, 
 a Greek hero famous for his strength. 
 2. Of extraordinary strength and size. 
 
 herd (herd). I. n. 1. Number of beasts 
 tended together. 2. Company of peo- 
 ple, in contempt; rabble. 11. vi. and 
 vt. Unite like cattle. [A. S. heord.] 
 
 herd (herd), n. One who tends a herd. 
 [A. S. hirde.] 
 
 herdsman (herdz'man), n. Man em- 
 ployed to tend cattle." 
 
 here (her), adv. 1. In this place; in 
 the present life or state. 2. To this 
 place.— hereabout, adv. About this 
 place.— hereafter. I. adv. In some 
 future time or state. II. n. Future 
 state.— here and there, adv. In this 
 
 fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum, oil, owl, then. 
 
hereditary 
 
 250 
 
 hew 
 
 place, and then in that; thinly; irreg- 
 ularly.— berebelow', adv. On this 
 earth. — heretofore', adv. Before 
 this time ; formerly. — hereunto', 
 adv. To this point or time. — here- 
 upon', adv. On this; in consequence 
 of this. [A. S. her, — the demonstrative 
 stem he-.] 
 
 hereditary (he-red'i-tar-i), a. 1. Des- 
 cending by inheritance, as property. 
 2. Transmitted from parents to their 
 offspring, as a quality.— hereditar- 
 ily, adv. [L. hereditarius — hereditas, 
 state of an heir— heres, heir.] 
 
 heredity (he-red'i-ti), n. Transmis- 
 sion of qualities from parents to their 
 offspring. 
 
 hereinafter (her-in-ait'§r), adv. After- 
 ward in this document, etc. 
 
 heresy (her'e*si), n. Opinion opposed 
 to the established doctrine or faith. 
 [Fr. hirisie—Gr. haireo, choose.] 
 
 heretic (her'e-tik), n. Upholder of a 
 heresy.— heret'ical, a.— heret'ie- 
 ally, adv. [Gr. hairetikos, able to 
 choose, heretical.] 
 
 Syn. Sectarian; dissenter; non-con- 
 formist; schismatic. [this time. 
 
 heretofore (her'to-for'), adv. Before 
 
 heritable ( her'it-abl ), a. That may 
 be inherited. [O. Fr.] 
 
 heritage (her'it-aj), n. That which i<3 
 inherited. [Fr.] 
 
 hermandad (er-man-dad' ), n. For- 
 merly, national Spanish police. [Sp. 
 = brotherhood.] 
 
 hermaphrodite (her-maf'ro-dit). I. 
 n. Animal or a plant in which the two 
 sexes are united. [Gr. Hermaphroditos, 
 son of Hermes and Aphrodite (Mer- 
 cury and Venus), whose body became 
 one with that of Salmacis, a nymph ] 
 
 hermeneutics ( her-rne-nu'tiks ), n. 
 Science of interpretation, esp. of the 
 Scriptures. [Gr. —Hermes, Mercury, 
 god of science,eloquence, etc.] 
 
 hermetic (her-met'ik), hermetical 
 ( her-met'ik-al ), a. 1. Alchemic. 2. 
 Airtight.— Hermetically sealed, closed 
 completely, as a glass vessel, the 
 opening of which is closed by melting 
 the glass. [From Hermes Trismegistos, 
 Hermes "the thrice-greatest," the Gr. 
 name of the Egyptian god Thoth,who 
 was the god of science, esp. alchemy, 
 whose magic seal was held to make 
 vessels and treasures inaccessible.] 
 
 hermit (her'mit), n. One who retires 
 from society and lives in solitude or 
 in the desert.— hermitage (her'mit- 
 &j), n. 1. Dwelling of a hermit. 2. 
 Retired abode. [Gr.— eremos, solitary.] 
 
 hernia (her'ni a), n. Rupture, esp. of 
 the abdomen.— hernial, a. [L.] 
 
 hero (he'ro), n. 1. (Orig.) Warrior; 
 demigod. 2. M-*n of distinguished 
 bravery. 3. Any illustrious person. 
 4. Principal figure in a story or work 
 of fiction.— fern, heroine (her'o-in). 
 [Gr. heros. Akin to L. vir, A. S. wer, 
 man.] 
 
 heroic (he-ro'ik), heroical (he-ro'ik- 
 al). I. a. 1. Becoming a hero; coura- 
 geous; illustrious. 2. Of the stvle of 
 verse in which the exploits of heroes 
 are celebrated. II. n. Heroic verse. 
 — hero'ically, adv. 
 
 heroism (her'o-izm), n. 1. Qualities 
 of a hero. 2. Act of a hero. 
 
 heron (her 'un), n. 
 Large screaming wa- 
 ter-fowl, with long 
 legs and neck.— her' - 
 onry, n. A place 
 where herons breed. 
 [Fr.] 
 
 herpetology (her-pe- 
 tol'o-ji), n. Natural 
 history of reptiles. 
 [Gr. herpeton, reptile, 
 and logos, science.] 
 
 herring (her'ing), n. 
 Small North Atlantic 
 fish found moving in 
 great shoals. [A. S. Heron. 
 
 hcering—here, army.] 
 
 hers (herz), poss. pron. referring to 
 3rd pers. fern. sing. 
 
 herself (her-self), pron, 1. Emphatic 
 form of she or her. 2. Her real charac- 
 ter or nature.— By herself, alone. 
 
 hesitate (hez'i-tat), vi. Stop in mak- 
 ing a decision -• be in doubt ; stammer. 
 — hes'itancy , hesita'tion, ns. Wa- 
 
 1 vering; doubt; stammering. — hes- 
 itatingly, adv. [L. haesito, stick ] 
 Syn. Falter; pause; demur; stutter; 
 deliberate. 
 
 Hesper (hes'per) Hesperus (hes'per- 
 us), n. Evening-star (Venus). [Gr. 
 hesper os, evening.] 
 
 Hesperian (hes-pe'ri-an), a. Western. 
 
 heterodox ( het'er-o-doks), a. Not 
 orthodox; heretical, —heterodoxy 
 (het'er-o-doks-i), n. Heresy. [Gr. hete- 
 ros, other, and dokeo, think.] 
 
 heterogeneous (he t - er -o-j e'n e-u s ), 
 heterogeneal (het-er-o-je'ne-al), a. 
 Mixed; dissimilar in kind. Opposed to 
 homogeneous. — heterogeneous- 
 ly, adv.— heterogeneity, n.— net- 
 eroge'neousness, n. [Gr. heteros, 
 other,_and genos, kind.] 
 
 hew (hit), vt. [hew'ing; hewn or hewed.] 
 1. Cut with an axe; chop. 2. Cut in 
 pieces. 3. Shape.— hewer, n. [A. S. 
 heawan.] 
 
 i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
hexagon 
 
 251 
 
 highland 
 
 hexagon (heks'a-gon), n. Plane figure 
 with six angles and sides. — hex- 
 agonal, a. — hexag'onally, adv. 
 [Gr. hex, six, and 
 gonia, angle.] 
 
 he x a h e d r o n 
 (heks-a-he'dron), 
 n. Cube, solid 
 with six sides or 
 faces. — hexa- 
 he'dral, a. [Gr. 
 hex, six, and 
 hedra, base.] 
 
 hexameter (heks- 
 am'et-er ). I. n. Regular Hexagon. 
 Verse of six feet, 
 
 the first four being either dactyls or 
 spondees, the fifth a dactyl, the last a 
 spondee. II. a. Having six metrical 
 f eet. [Gr. hex, six, and metron, meas- 
 ure.] _ [interrogation. 
 
 hey (ha), interj. Expressive of joy or 
 
 heyday (ha'da), interj. Expressive of 
 frolic, exultation, or wonder. [Ger. 
 heida.] [For highday.] 
 
 heyday (ha/da), n. Full vigor of youth. 
 
 hiatus (hi-a'tus), n. 1. Gap; opening; 
 defect. 2. Concurrence of vowel 
 sounds in successive syllables. [L.] 
 
 hibernal (hi-ber'nal), a. Belonging to 
 winter; wintry. [L._hiems, winter.] 
 
 hibernate (hi'ber-nat), vi. Pass the 
 winter in sleep or torpor.-hiberna'- 
 tion, n. [L.] 
 
 Hibernian (hi-ber'ni-an). I. a. Relat- 
 ing to Hibernia or Ireland. II. n. 
 Irishman. — hiber'nianism,hiber'- 
 nieisisi, n Irish idiom or peculiarity. 
 
 hiccough, hiccup(hik'up), n. Spasm 
 of the diaphragm, with a sudden clos- 
 ing of the glottis. [Imitative.] 
 
 hichory (hik'o-ri), n. Name of several 
 American nut-bearing trees. [Amer. 
 Ind. pawcohiccora, nut oil.] 
 
 hid, hidden. See hide. 
 
 hi ilalgo (hi-dal'go), n. Spanish noble- 
 man of the lowest class. [Sp.] 
 
 hidden (hid'n), a. Concealed ;unknown 
 Syn. Covert; secret; masked; dis- 
 guised; mysterious. 
 
 hide (hid). I. vt. [hi'ding; hid; hid'- 
 den or hid.] Conceal; keep in safety. 
 II. vi. Lie concealed. [A. S. hydan.] 
 
 hide (hid). I. n. Skin of an animal. 
 II. vt. Flog or whip. [A. S. hyd.] 
 
 hidebound (hid'bownd), a. 1. Having 
 the hide, or bark so close that it im- . 
 pedes the growth. 2. Narrow-minded 
 
 hideous (hid'e-us), a. Frightful; hor- 
 rible; ghastly. — hid'eously, adv.— 
 hideonsness, n. [Fr. hideux.] 
 
 hiding (hi'ding), n. Place of conceal- 
 ment, [ing, or beating. 
 
 biding (hi'ding), n. Flogging, thrash- 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 
 ra 
 
 hie (hi), vi. [hie'ing or hy'ing; hied.] 
 Hasten.— Hie on, urge. [A. S. higian, 
 hasten.] 
 
 hierarch ( hi'er-ark ), n. Ruler in 
 sacred matters. — hi'erarchal, a. 
 —hierarchy (hi'er-ark-i), n. 1. Body 
 of t h e clergy. 2. Government by 
 priests.— hierarchical, a. [Gr. — 
 hieros, sacred, and archo, rule.] 
 
 hieratic (hi-er-at'ik), a. Sacred; relat- 
 ing to priests. 
 
 hieroglyph(hi'- 
 er-o-glif), hier- 
 oglyphic ( hi- 
 er-o-glif'ik ), n. 
 1. Sacred char- 
 acters of the an- 
 cient Egyptian 
 language. 2. 
 Unintelligible 
 character or 
 mai'k. — hiero- 
 glyphic, hi- 
 eroglyph 'it* - 
 al, a. — hiero- 
 glyph' it ally, 
 adv. [Gr. hieros, 
 sacred, and gly- 
 pho, carve.] 
 
 hierophant 
 (hi'er-o-fant), n. 
 One who reveals 
 sacred things ; 
 religious teach- 
 er. [Gr. hieros. 
 sacred, and 
 phaino, show.] 
 
 higgle (hig'l), vi. 
 1. Drive a hard 
 bargain. 2. Hag- 
 gle.- higgler, — 
 
 high (hi). I. a. 1. 
 Elevated ; lofty ; 
 exalted; power- 
 ful. 2. Chief. 3. 
 Arrogant. 4. In- 
 
 tense; loud; 
 
 violent. 5. Dear; Hieroglyphs, 
 
 difficult. II. adv. 
 
 Aloft; eminently; powerfully; pro- 
 foundly ; expensively ; luxuriously. 
 — high'ly, adv. [A. S. heah.] 
 
 high-born (hi'baru), n. Of noble 
 birth. [training or family. 
 
 high-bred (hi'bred), a. Of noble breed, 
 
 highflier (hi'fli-er), n. One who flies 
 high, or runs into extravagance of 
 opinion or actiom 
 
 high-flown ( hi'flon ) , a. 1. Proud; 
 pretentious. 2. Turgid. 
 
 high-handed (hi-hand'ed), a. Over- 
 bearing; violent. [district. 
 
 highland (hi'land), n. Mountainous 
 
 ^U 
 
 k 
 
 Z3 
 
 th 
 
 L__! 
 
 ( pr, home, 
 \ go out 
 
 O 
 
 r, sun 
 
 r^> 
 
 dw, hill 
 
 H 
 
 jw, be 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wait; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
highlander 
 
 hiss 
 
 highlander ( hi'land-er ), n. Inhabi- 
 tant of a mountainous region; speci- 
 fically, in Scotland. 
 
 high-minded(hi'mind-ed), a. Having 
 honorable pride; magnanimous.— 
 high mind'edness, n. 
 
 highness (hi'nes),/i. 1. State of being 
 high. 2. Title of honor belonging to a 
 prince. 
 
 high-pressure (hi'presh' or), a. With 
 a pressure greatly higher than that of 
 the atmosphere. 
 
 high-priest (M'prest), n. Chief-priest, 
 under the Mosaic dispensation. 
 
 high-road ( hi'rod ), n. 1. Highway. 
 2. Easy way. 
 
 high-sounding ( hi'sownd-ing ), a. 
 Pompous; ostentatious. 
 
 high-spirited (hi'spir'it-ed), a. Having 
 natural fire; daring ;_ sensitive. 
 
 high-treason (hi'tre'zn), n. Treason 
 against the sovereign or state. 
 
 high-water (hi'wa'ter), n. 1. Time at 
 which the tide is highest. 2. Greatest 
 elevation of the tide. [way or road. 
 
 highway (hi'wa), n._ High or public 
 
 highwayman (hi'wa-man), n. Robber 
 who attacks people on the public way. 
 
 hi he (hik), vi. Go rapidly; walk, [Ori- 
 ginated in the Philippines.] 
 
 hilarious (hi-la'ri-us), a. Gay; very 
 merry. [Gr. hilar vs.] 
 
 hilarity (hi-lar'i-ti or hi-), n. Gaiety. 
 Syn. Merriment; jollity: mirth. 
 
 hill (hil), n. High ma9s of land, less 
 than a mountain. [A. S. hyll.] 
 
 hillock (hil'uk), n. Small bill. 
 
 hilly (hil'i), a. Full of hills. [A.S.] 
 
 hilt (hilt), n. Handle, esp. of a sword. 
 
 him (him), pron. Objective case of 
 he. [A. SJ 
 
 himself ( him- se if), pron. 1. Em- 
 phatic and reflective form of he and 
 him. 2. His real nature and character. 
 
 hind (hind ), n. Female of the stag. 
 [A. S. hind.] 
 
 hind (hind), n. Farm-servant; English 
 peasant. [A. S. hina—hiw, house.] 
 
 hind (hind), a. [hinder; hindmost.] 
 Placed in, or belonging to, the rear; 
 opposed to fore. [A. S. hindan.] 
 
 hinder (hin'der). I. vt. Stop or prevent 
 progress; embarrass. II. vi. Raise 
 obstacles. — hinderance (hin'der- 
 ans), hindrance, ns. Act of hinder- 
 ing; obstacle. [A.S. hindrian.] 
 
 Syn. Block; check; delay; impede; 
 obstruct; oppose; retard. 
 
 Hindoostanee. See Hindustani. 
 
 Hindu, Hindoo (hin'do),^. 1. Native 
 of Hindustan. 2. Native Indian be- 
 liever in Brahmanism.— hinduism, 
 hindooism, (hin'do-izm), n. Reli- 
 gion and customs of the Hindus. 
 
 ges. 
 
 Hindustani (hin-do-stan'e), n. Chief 
 official and com- 
 mercial lan- 
 guage of India. 
 
 hinge (hinj). I. 
 n. 1. Joint on 
 which a door or 
 lid hangs. 2. 
 That on which 
 anything de- 
 pends or turns. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Fur- 
 nish with 
 hinges. 2. Bend. 
 
 III. vi. Hang or 
 t u r n as on a 
 hinge. [Icel. 
 henja, hang.] 
 
 hin siy (hin'i), n. Offspring of a male 
 horse and a she-ass. [Gr. hinnos, mule.] 
 
 hint (hint.) I. n. Distant allusion; 
 slight mention ; insinuation. II. vt. 
 Bring to mind by a slight mention or 
 remote allusion; allude to. III. vi. 
 Make an indirect or remote allusion. 
 [A. S. hentan, seize.] 
 
 hip (hip), n. Ha,unch or fleshy part of 
 the thigh. [A. S. hype.] 
 
 hippodrome (hip'o-drom), n. Race- 
 course for horses and chariots ; eques- 
 trian circus. [Gr.— hippos, horse, and 
 dromos, course.] 
 
 hippopota- 
 mus (hip-o- 
 pot'a-mus), n. 
 African quad- 
 r u p e d, of 
 aquatic hab- 
 its, having a 
 very thick 
 skin, short legs, 
 
 and a large head and muzzle. [Gr, 
 hippos, horse, and potamos, river.] 
 
 hircine (her'sin), a. Pertaining to or 
 resembling a goat. [L. hircus, goat.] 
 
 hire (hir). I. n. Wages for service; 
 price paid for the use of a thing. II. 
 vt. Procure the use or services of, at 
 a price; engage for wages; let for 
 compensation.— hi'rer s n. [A.S, hyr, 
 wages, and hyrian, hire.] 
 
 hireling (hir'ling), n. Hired servant; 
 mercenary. [A. S. hyrling.] 
 
 hirsute (her-suf ), a. Hairy; rough; 
 shaggy. [L. hirsutus.] [A. S.] 
 
 his (hiz), pron. Possessive form of he. 
 
 hiss (his). I. vi. 1. Make a sound like 
 the letter s, as the goose, serpent, etc. 
 2. Express contempt, etc., by hissing. 
 II. vt. Condemn by hissing. III. n. 
 Sound of the letter s; expression of 
 disapprobation, contempt, etc. [A.S, 
 hysian, formed from the sound.] 
 
 Hippopotamus. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wol' 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
hist 
 
 253 
 
 bog 
 
 hist (hist), interj._ Hush! silence! 
 
 historian (his-to'ri-ari), n. Writer of 
 history. 
 
 historic (his-tor'ik), historical (his- 
 tor'ik-al), a. Pertaining to history ; 
 containing history; derived from his- 
 tory.— historically, adv. 
 
 history (his'to-ri), n. 1. Account of 
 
 an event. 2. Systematic account of 
 
 events. [Gr. historia—histor, learned.] 
 
 Syn. Knowledge; narrative; story; 
 
 relation; annals; chronicle. 
 
 histrionic (his-tri-on'ik), histrion'. 
 ical.a. Relating to the stage; theat- 
 rical. [L. histrio, actor.] 
 
 hit (hit). I. vt. andw". [hit'ting). hit]. 
 
 I. Touch or strike. 2. Reach; suit. 3. 
 Guess. II. n. 1. Lucky chance. 2. 
 Stroke. 3. Happy turn of thought or 
 expression. — hit'ter, n. [Icel. hitta, 
 light on.] 
 
 hitch (hich). I. vi. 1. Move by jerks, 
 asif caught by a hook. 2.Becaughtor 
 entangled. II. vt. Hook; catch; unite; 
 yoke. III. n. 1. Jerk. 2. Catch, or 
 anything that holds. 3. Obstacle. 4. 
 Sudden halt. 5". Knot or noose.[Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 hither (hi^'er). I. adv. To this place. 
 
 II. a. Toward the speaker; nearer. 
 — hith'ermost, a. Nearest on this 
 side.— hith'erto,<zcft;. To this place or 
 time; as yet.— hith'erward, adv. 
 Towards this place. [A. S.] 
 
 hive (hiv). I. n. 1. Swarm of bees in a 
 
 box or basket. 2. Habitation of bees. 
 
 3. Busy company. II. vt. Collect into 
 
 a hive; lay up in store. III. vi. Take 
 
 shelter together; reside in a body. [A. 
 
 S. hiw, house.] 
 hives (hivz), n. Eruptive disease. 
 ho, hoa_(ho), interj. Hold! stop! 
 hoar (hor). I. a. White or grayish- 
 white, esp. with age or frost. II. n. 
 
 Hoariness. [A. S. har.] 
 hoard (hord). I. n. 
 
 Store; hidden 
 
 stock; treasure. II. 
 
 vt. and vi. Store: 
 
 amass and deposit 
 
 in secret. — hoard'- 
 
 er, n. [A. S. hord.] 
 hoar-frost ( h 6 r'- 
 
 frast ), n. White 
 
 frost; the white 
 
 particles formed by 
 
 the freezing of dew. 
 hoarhound, hore- 
 
 hound (b5r'- 
 
 hownd), n. Plant of 
 
 the mint family, 
 
 used as a tonic. [A. 
 
 S. harhune — har, hoary white, and 
 
 hune, strong-scented.] 
 
 Hoarhound. 
 
 hoarse (hors), a. Having a harsh, 
 grating voice, from a cold; discord- 
 ant. — hoarse'ly, adv. — hoarse' - 
 
 ness, n. J A. S. has.] 
 hoary (hor'i), a. White or gray with 
 age. — hoar'iness, n. 
 
 hoax (hoks). I. n. Deceptive trick; 
 practical joke. II. vt. Deceive ; play 
 a trick upon for sport.— hoaxer, n. 
 [Corr. of hocus. See hocus-pocus.] 
 
 hob (hob), n. 1. Projecting nave of a 
 wheel; hub. 2. Raised place over a 
 grate, where things are kept warm. 
 [See hump.] 
 
 hobble (hob'l). I. vi. Walk with a 
 limp; walk awkwardly; move irre- 
 gularly. II. vt. Fasten loosely the legs 
 of. III. n. Awkward, limping gait; 
 d i ffl c u 1 1 y . — hob bier, ».— hob'- 
 blingiy, adv. [Freq. of hop.] 
 
 hobbledehoy (hobl-ae-hoi'), n. Strip- 
 ling; neither man nor boy. [Etym. 
 unknown.] 
 
 hobby (hob'i), n. 1. Stick used as a 
 toy-horse. 2. Ruling passion; favor- 
 ite pursuit or theme. [O. Fr. hobin, 
 mare.] 
 
 hobgoblin (hob'gob-lin), n. Bugaboo; 
 frightful apparition, [hob (= Robin) 
 and gobIjIN.] 
 
 hobnail (hob'nal), n.Nail with a thick, 
 strong head, used in the shoes of hor- 
 ses, and sometimes of men. 
 
 hobnob (hob' nob), vi. 1. Orig. Familiar 
 invitation to drink. 2. Be on terms of 
 close intimacy. [A. S. habban, have, 
 and nabban, not have.] 
 
 hock (hok), hough (hok). I. n. 1. Joint 
 on the hindleg of a quadruped, be- 
 tween the knee and fetlock, corre- 
 sponding to the ankle-joint in man. 
 2. In man, the back part of the knee 
 joint; the ham. II. vt. Hamstring. 
 [A. S. hoh, heel.] 
 
 hock (hok), n. 1. Wine produced in 
 Hochheim. 2. Any white Rhine wine. 
 
 hockey (hok'i), n. Game at ball, 
 played with a bent stick. 
 
 hocus-pocus (ho'kus-po'kus). I. n. 
 Juggler's trick. II. vt. Cheat. [Jug- 
 gler's slang.] 
 
 hod (hod), n. 1. Trough for carrying 
 bricks and mortar. 2. Coal-scuttle. 
 [Fr. hotte.] [potch.] 
 
 hodgepodge (hoj'poj), n. See hotch- 
 
 hoe (ho). I. n Instrument for digging 
 up weeds, and loosening the earth. 
 II. vt. [hoe'ing; hoed.] Cut or clean 
 with a hoe; weed. — ho'er, n. [Fr. 
 houe—O. Ger. houwa. ] 
 
 hoecake (ho'kak), n. Cake of Indian 
 meal, often baked on a hoe. 
 
 hog- (hog), n. 1. Swine; pig. 2. Greedy 
 person. [W. hwch—houc'ha, grunt.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru> oil, owl, then. 
 
hogshead 
 
 254 
 
 homicidal 
 
 hogshead (hogz'hed), n. 1. Measure 
 of capacity=63 wine gallons. 2. Large 
 cask. [0- Dut - okshoofd, ox-head.] 
 
 hoiden (hoi'dn). 1. n. Romping, bold, 
 ill- bred girl. II. a. Rude, bold. III. 
 vi. Romp indelicately.— hoi'denish, 
 a. [O. Dut. heyden, heathen, gipsy.] 
 
 hoist (hoist) I. vt. Raise with tackle; 
 heave. II. n 1. Act of lifting. 2. 
 Height of a sail. 3. Apparatus for lift- 
 ing heavy bodies to the upper stories 
 of a building. [Formerly hoise — O. 
 Dut. hyssen.] 
 
 hold (hold). I. vt. [hold'ing; held.] 1. 
 Keep; contain; accept; sustain. 2. 
 Defend. 3. Occupy. 4. Confine; res- 
 train. 5. Continue; persist in. 6. Have 
 or join in, as a meeting; celebrate. 
 7. Believe, esteem. II. vi. 1. Remain 
 fixed; continue unbroken or unsub- 
 dued; adhere. 2. Derive right. 3. 
 Stop; forbear. III. n. 1. Act or man- 
 ner of holding; power of seizing. 2. 
 Support 3. Place of confinement. 4. 
 Custody 5 Fortified place. — hold- 
 er, a. [A. S. heaoden.] 
 
 hold (hold), n. Part of the ship used 
 for the cargo. [Dut. hoi, hole.] 
 
 holdfast (hold'fast), n. ^That which 
 holds fast; catch. [influence. 
 
 holding; (hold'ing), n. Anything held; 
 
 hole ( hoi ), n. Hollow place; cavity; 
 opening in a solid body; pit. [A. S. 
 hoi. Akin to hollow.] 
 
 Syn. Aperture; cave; cell; crevice; 
 den ; excavationj fissure ; rent; orifice. 
 
 holiday (hol'i-da), n. Day of amuse- 
 ment, or of exemption f r m work. 
 
 holiness (ho'li-nes), n. State of being 
 holy; religious goodness; sanctity. — 
 His Holiness, title of the Pope. 
 
 holla (hol'a), hollo, holloa ( hol'6 
 orhol-lo'). L interj. Ho, there! attend! 
 II. n. Loud shout. III. vi. Cry loudly 
 to one at a distance. 
 [Fr hola.] 
 
 holland (hol'and), n. 
 Kind of linen first 
 made in Holland. 
 
 hollands (hol'andz), 
 n. Gin made in Hol- 
 land. 
 
 hollow (hol'o). I. a. 
 1. Containing an 
 empty space. 2. 
 Unsound; insincere. 
 3. Sunken. 4. Deep, 
 muffled. II. n. Hole; Holly 
 
 cavity; depression in 
 a body. III. vt. Make a hole in ; make 
 hollow by digging; excavate. — hoi'- 
 lowness, n. [A.S. holh,] 
 
 holly (hol'i), n. Evergreen shrub hav- 
 
 ing prickly leaves and scarlet or 
 yellow berries. [A. S. holen.] 
 
 holly hocls(hol'i-hok), n. Kind of mal- 
 low, having large variegated flowers. 
 [holy, and A. S_. hoc, mallows.] 
 
 holm (holm or horn), n. 1. River islet. 
 2. Rich flat land near a river. [A. S.] 
 
 holoblast (hol'o-blast), n. Ovum the 
 protoplasm of which is wholly germ- 
 inal. [Gr holos whole, blastos, germ.] 
 
 holocaust ( hol'o-kast), n. l.Burnt 
 sacrifice 2. Sacrifice of many lives. 
 [Gr. holos, whole, and Jcaustos, burnt.] 
 
 holster (hoi's ter], n. Leathern case 
 for a pistol. [Dut.] 
 
 holy (ho'li), a. 1. Perfect in a moral 
 sense; pure in heart; religious. 2. 
 Set apart to a sacred use. — ho'lily, 
 adv. [A.S. halig — hal, sound, whole.] 
 
 homage (hom'aj), n. 1. Profession of 
 fealty. 2. Respect paid by external 
 action. 3. Reverence directed to the 
 Supreme Being. [Fr.— L. homo, man.] 
 
 home (h5m). I. n. 1. One's house or 
 country. 2. Place of constant resi- 
 dence. 3. Seat, as of war. 4. Goal, as 
 in field-games. II. a. 1. Pertaining to 
 one's dwelling or country; domestic. 
 2. Close ; severe. III. adv. To one's habi- 
 tation or country. 2. Close; closely; to 
 the point.— homeless, a. — home'- 
 lessness,_rc. [A. S. ham.] 
 
 homely (hom'li), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 home; familiar. 2. Plain; rude; not 
 handsome.— homeliness, n. 
 
 home-made (hom'mad), a. Made at 
 home, or in one's own country; plain. 
 
 homeopathic ( ho-me-o-path'ik ), a. 
 Of or pertaining to homeopathy. — 
 homeopath'ically, adv. 
 
 homeopathist, (ho-me-op'a-thist), n. 
 One wbo believes in or practices 
 homeopathy. 
 
 homeopathy (ho-me-op'a-thi), n. Sys- 
 tem of curing diseases by small doses 
 of drugs which excite symptoms sim- 
 ilar to those of the disease. [Gr. ho- 
 moios, like, and pathos, suffering.] 
 
 homesick (hom'sik). a. Sick or griev- 
 ed at separation from home.— home- 
 sickness, n._ 
 
 homespnn (hom'spun). I. a. 1. Spun 
 or wrought at home; not made in 
 foreign countries. 2. Plain; inele- 
 gant. II. n. Cloth made at home. 
 
 homestead (hom'sted), n. Property 
 occupied or set apart as a home. 
 
 homeward (hom'ward). I. adv. To- 
 ward home; toward one's habitation 
 or country. II. a. In the direction of 
 home.-home'wards, adv. 
 
 homicidal (hom'i-sl-dal) a. Pertain- 
 ing to homicide; murderous; bloody. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
homicide 
 
 255 
 
 hop 
 
 homicide (hom'i-sid), n. 1. Man- 
 slaughter. 2. One who kills another. 
 [L. homo, man, and ccedo, kill.] 
 
 homiletics (hom-i-let'iks), n. Science 
 which treats of sermons and the best 
 mode of preparing and delivering 
 them. — homilet'ic, a. — homilet'- 
 ical, a. 
 
 homilist ( bom'i-list ), n. Preacher. 
 
 homily (hom'i-li), n. 1. Sermon. 2. 
 Serious or tedious exhortation. [Gr. 
 homilia, assembly.] 
 
 hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Maize hulled 
 and coarsely ground. [American 
 Indian auhuminea,pa,vche(i. corn.] 
 
 homog , eiieal_(ho-mo-je'ne-al), homo- 
 geneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us)', a. OL the 
 same nature. — homogeneity ( ho- 
 mo-je-ne'i-ti), n. [Gr. homos, same, 
 and genos, kind.] 
 
 homologous (ho-mol'o-gus) , a. Cor- 
 responding in relative position, pro- 
 portion, value, or structure. [Gr. 
 homos, same, and logos, ratio.] 
 
 homonym (hom'o-niru), n. Word of 
 the same sound, but of different mean- 
 ing, as tail and tale. 
 
 homunculus (ho-mung'ku-lus), n. 1. 
 Fancied wee human being produced 
 chemically. 2. Little man; manikin. 
 
 hone (hon). I. n. Stone of a fine grit 
 for sharpening instruments. II. vt. 
 Sharpen as on a hone. [A. S. han.] 
 
 honest (on'est), a. 1. Just; free from 
 fraud; frank. 2. Chaste.— honestly, 
 adv.— hon'esty,n.Stateof beinghon- 
 est; integrity; candor. [L. — honor.] 
 _ .Syn. Equity; probity; uprightness; 
 justice; honor; frankness; veracity; 
 vsincerity; modesty. 
 
 honey (hun'i). I. n. Fluid collected by 
 bees from flowers. II. vt. Sweeten; 
 make agreeable. [A. S. hunig.\ 
 
 honeycomb (hun'i-kom), n. Mass of 
 waxy cells formed by 
 bees, in which they 
 store their honey. — 
 h on 'ey-combed 
 (-komd), a. 1. Like a 
 honeycomb. 2. Per- 
 meated; corrupted. 
 
 honeymoon ( hun'i- 
 mon), n. First month 
 after marriage. 
 
 honeysuckle ( hun'i- 
 suk-1), n. Climbing 
 shrub with handsome 
 fragrant flowers. [A.S.] 
 
 honor (on'ur). I. n. 1. 
 Esteem due or paid to 
 worth. 2. That which 
 rightfully attracts es- 
 teem; exalted rank; distinction. 3. 
 Excellence of character; nobleness of 
 
 Honeysuckle. 
 
 mind; any special virtue much es- 
 teemed. 4. Mark of esteem; title of 
 respect. 5. Academic prize or dis- 
 tinction. 6. One of the four highest 
 cards in a suit. II. vt. 1. Hold in high 
 esteem; respect. 2. Exalt; treat in a 
 complimentary manner; dignify. 3. 
 Accept and pay when due, as a draft. 
 [L. honor. ] 
 
 honorable (dn'ur-a-bl), a. 1. Worthy 
 of honor; Illustrious. 2. Actuated by 
 principles of honor. 3. Conferring 
 honor ; becoming men of exalted 
 station. 4. Title of distinction.— hon- 
 orably, adv. 
 
 honorarium (on-ur-a'ri-um), n. Vol- 
 untary fee paid to a professional man 
 for his services. [L.] 
 
 honorary (on'ur-ar-i) a. 1. Confer- 
 ring honor. 2. Holding a title or 
 office without performing services or 
 receiving a salary. 
 
 hood (hod). I. n. Covering for the 
 head ; anything resembling a hood. 
 II. Cover with a hood. — hooded, a. 
 [A. S. hod. Akin to hat.] 
 
 hoodlum ( hod'lum ), n. Lounging, 
 good-for-nothing , quarrelsome fel- 
 low, rowdy. [Colloq.] 
 
 hoodoo (ho'do). I. vt. Bewitch; bring 
 bad luck. II. n. Something that 
 brings bad luck. [A corr. of voodoo.] 
 
 hoodwinfe(hod'wingk), vt. Blindfold; 
 deceive. 
 
 hoof (hof), n. Horny substance on 
 the feet of certain animals, as horses, 
 etc.— pi. hoofs or {rarely) hooves. — 
 hoofed, a. [A. S. hof.] 
 
 hook (hok). I. n. 1. Piece of metal 
 bent into a curve, so as to catch or 
 hold. 2. Snare. 3. Instrument for 
 cutting grain ; sickle. II. vt. 1. Catch 
 or hold with a hook. 2. Pierce. 3. 
 Steal. III. vi. Curve.— By hook or by 
 crook, oneway or the other.[A.S.Aoc] 
 
 hookah (ho'ka), n. Pipe in 
 which the smoke passes 
 through water. [Ar.huqqa.) 
 
 hoop(hop or hop). I. n. Band 
 holding together the staves 
 of casks, etc. II. vt. Bind 
 with hoops; encircle. [Akin 
 to Dut. hoep, hoop.] 
 
 hoop (hop), n. Height; 
 pile. [Dutch.] 
 
 Hoosier (ho'zher), n. Nick- 
 name for an inhabitant of 
 Indiana. 
 
 hoot (hot). I. vi. 1. Shout in 
 contempt. 2. Cry like an 
 owl. II. vt. Drive with cries of con- 
 tempt. III. n. Scornful cry. 
 
 hop (hop), I. vi. [ hop'ping ; hopped]. 
 Lean on one leg; spring. II. n. 1. 
 
 Hookah. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit> note, not. move, wolf,- 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
bop 
 
 256 
 
 hortative 
 
 Leap on one leg; jump. 2. Dancing 
 party less formal than a ball. 
 
 hop (hop), n. 1. Plant with a long 
 twining stalk. 2. Cone or catkin of 
 
 . the plant, used in brewing a n d in 
 medicine. [Dut. hop.] 
 
 hope (hop). I. vi. 1. Cherish an expec- 
 tation of good. 2. Place confidence 
 (in). II. vt. Expect. III. n. 1. Ex- 
 pectation of good. 2. Confidence. 3. 
 He who or that which furnishes 
 ground of expectation. 4. That which 
 is hoped for. [A. S. hopian.] 
 
 hopeful(hop'fol), a. 1. Full of hope. 2. 
 Having qualities which excite hope; 
 promising good or success. — hope'* 
 fully, adv.— hope'fulness, n 
 
 hopeless (hop'les), a. Without hope; 
 desperate. — hopelessly, adv. — 
 hopelessness, n. 
 
 hopper (hop'er), n. 1. One who hops. 
 2. Wooden trough through which 
 grain passes into a mill. 
 
 hopple (hop'l). I. vt. Tie the feet to- 
 gether to prevent running. II. n. 
 Chiefly in^-, a fetter for horses, etc., 
 when left to graze. [Freq. of hop.] 
 
 horde (hord), n. Wandering tribe or 
 clan. [Fr.— Turk, ordu, camp.] 
 
 horehound. See hoarhound. 
 
 horizon (ho-ri'zun), w. 1. Circle where 
 the earth and sky appear to meet. 2. 
 Plane or extent of view, physical or 
 mental. [Gr.— horizo, bound.] 
 
 horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the horizon; parallel to the 
 horizon ; level.— horizontally , adv. 
 
 horn (harn), n. 1. Hard organ pro- 
 jecting from the heads of certain ani- 
 mals, as oxen, etc. 2. Material of 
 which horns, hoofs, claws, etc., con- 
 sist. 3. Something made of, or like, a 
 horn. 4. Wind- 
 instrument 
 consisting o f 
 a coiled brass 
 tube. [A.S.] 
 
 hornet (har'- 
 net), n. Large 
 species of 
 wasp, so 
 called from 
 its antennae 
 or horns. [A. 
 S. hymet, 
 dim. of horn.] 
 
 hornpipe (harn'pip), n. 1. Welsh mu- 
 sical instrument. 2. Lively air; lively 
 dance. [callous. 
 
 horny (harn'i), a. Like horn; hard; 
 
 horology' (hor-ol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 determining time; art of construc- 
 ting machines for measuring time. 
 
 Hornet. 
 
 horoscope (hor'o-skop), n. 1. Obser- 
 vation of the heavens at the hour of a 
 person's birth, by which astrology 
 predicts the events of his life. 2. Re- 
 presentation of the heavens for this 
 purpose. [Gr.— hora, hour, and skopeo, 
 observe.] 
 
 horrible (hor'i-bl), a. Causing hor- 
 ror.— hor'ribly, adv. [See horror.] 
 
 horrid (hor'id), n. Fit to produce hor- 
 ror; shocking. — hor'ridly, adv.— 
 hor'ridness, n, [L. horridus.] 
 
 Syn. Abominable; offensive; awful, 
 alarming; dreadful; hideous; fear- 
 ful; terrible; terrific; horrible. 
 
 horrific (hor-rif'ik). a. Frightful. 
 
 horrify (hor'i-fi), vt. Strike with hor- 
 ror. [L. horror, and facio, make.] 
 
 horror (hor'ur), n. 1. Shuddering; 
 excessive fear. 2. That which excites 
 horror. [Lit. -'a bristling," as of hair. 
 Li.—horreo, bristle, shudder.] 
 
 horse (hars). I. n. 1. Well-known 
 quadruped. 2. (Collectively) cavalry. 
 3. Frame with legs by which some- 
 thing is supported. II. vt. 1. Mount 
 on a horse. 2. Provide with a horse. 
 III. vi. Get on horseback. [A.S. hors.] 
 
 horseback (hars'bak). I. n. Back of 
 a horse. II. adv. On a horse's back. 
 
 horse-chestnut ( hars'ches-nut), n. 
 1. Large variety of chestnut. 2. Tree 
 that produces it. [stings horses. 
 
 horsefly (hars'fll), Large fly that 
 
 horse-guards (hars'gardz), n. Cav- 
 alry employed as guards. 
 
 horselaugh (hars'laf), n. Harsh, bois- 
 terous laugh. 
 
 horseleech (hars'lech), n. 1. Large 
 species of leech, that attacks horses 
 in the water. 2. Veterinary surgeon. 
 
 horseman (hars'man), n. 1. Rider on 
 horseback. 2'.' Mounted soldier.— 
 horse'manship, n. Art of riding, 
 and of training and managing horses. 
 
 horseplay (hars'pla), n. Rough, bois- 
 terous play. 
 
 horse-power ( hars'pow'er ), n. 1. 
 Power a horse can exert. 2. Unit of 
 measure for steam power, etc. ; power 
 required to raise 33,000 lbs. one foot 
 per minute. 
 
 horse-radish (hars'rad-ish), n. Plant 
 with a pungent root, used in medicine 
 and as a condiment. 
 
 horseshoe (hars'sho), n. Shoe for 
 horses, consisting of a curved piece of 
 iron. 2. Anything shaped like a 
 horseshoe. 
 
 horsewhip (hars'hwip). I. n. Whip 
 for driving horses. II. vt. Strike with 
 
 a horsewhip; lash. 
 hortative ( hart'a-tiv 
 
 hortatory 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfi 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then.- 
 
horticulture 
 
 257 
 
 housekeeping 
 
 (hart'a-to-ri), a. Admonishing; giv- 
 ing' advice. [Lt.hortor, admonish.] 
 
 horticulture (har'ti-kul-tur), n. Art 
 of cultivating gardens. — horticul'- 
 tural, a.— horticulturist, n. One 
 versed in horticulture. [L. hortus, 
 garden, and culture.] 
 
 hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. Exclamation 
 of praise to God. ' [From Heb. hoshi- 
 ahnnah, save us, pray!] 
 
 hose (boz), n. 1. Covering for the legs 
 or feet; stockings; socks. 2. Flexible 
 pipe for conveying fluids. — pi. hose. 
 [A.S. hosa, breeches.] 
 
 hosier (ho' zhi-er), n. One who deals 
 in hose, stockings, socks, etc. — ho'- 
 siery, n. Hose in general. 
 
 hospice (hos'pes), n. 1. Cloister and 
 refuge for travelers. [Fr.— L. hospes.] 
 
 hospitable ( hos'pit-a-bl ). a. Enter- 
 taining strangers and guests kindly; 
 showing kindness to visitors. — bos' - 
 pitably, adv. 
 
 hospital (hos'pit-al), n. Building for 
 tbe reception and treatment of the 
 sick, wounded, etc. [L. hospitale— 
 hospes, guest.] 
 
 hospitality (bos-pi-tal'it-i), n. Friend- 
 ly welcome and entertainment of 
 guests. 
 
 hospodar (hos'po-dar), n. Former 
 title of princes in Moldavia, etc. 
 
 host (bost), n. 1. One who entertains 
 a guest at his house. 2. Innkeeper.— 
 fern, host'ess. [O. Fr. hoste—L,. hospes.'] 
 
 host (bost), n. Army; large multitude. 
 [O. Fr. host—Ju. hostis, enemy.] 
 
 Host (bost), n. Consecrated bread of 
 the Eucharist. [L.. hostia, sacrifice.] 
 
 hostage ( hos'taj ), n. One remaining 
 with tbe enemy as a pledge for the 
 fulfillment of promises. [O. Fr. — L. 
 obses, hostage.] [hotel. 
 
 hostelry (hos'tel-ri ), n. Inn. [See 
 
 hostile (hos'til),a. 1. Showing enmity. 
 2. Of the enemy.— hostility, n. 1. 
 Enmity. 2. pi. Acts of warfare. 
 
 Syn. Adverse; antagonistic; inim- 
 ical; opposed; unfriendly; warlike. 
 
 hostler (hos'ler). n. Stableman at an 
 inn. [OF. hosteller— Ti. hospes.] 
 
 hot(hot),a. 1. Having beat; very warm. 
 2. Pungent. 3. Ardent in temper; pas- 
 sionate; fiery.— hot'ly, adv. — hot'- 
 ness, n. [A. S. hat.] 
 
 hotbed (hot'bed), n. 1. Glass-covered 
 bed heated for bringing forward 
 plants rapidly. 2. Any place favora- 
 ble to rapid growth. 
 
 hotblast (hot'blast), n. Blast of heate* 
 air blown into a furnace to raise the 
 heat. [spirited; irritable. 
 
 hot-blooded (bot-blud'ed), a. High- 
 
 Hound. 
 
 etc. 3. 
 
 hotchpotch (hoch'poch), hodge- 
 podge (hoj'poj), n. Confused mass. 
 [Fr. hochepot — hocher, shake, and pot, 
 pot.] 
 
 hotel (ho-tel'), n. 1. House for the 
 accommodation of travelers; inn. 2. 
 In France. Palace; large building; 
 hall. [O. Fr. hostel — L. hospitalia, 
 guest-chambers.] 
 
 hot-headed ( hot'hed'ed ), a. Having 
 warm passions; violent; impetuous. 
 
 •hothouse (hot'bows), n. House kept 
 hot for the rearing of tender plants. 
 
 hough (hok), n. and v. See hock. 
 
 hound 
 (hownd). I. 
 n. Dog used 
 in hunting. 
 II. vt. Set 
 on in chase; 
 hunt; urge 
 on. [A. S. 
 hund, dog.] 
 
 hour (owr), 
 n. 1. Sixty 
 minutes. 2. 
 
 Time indicated by a clock. 
 Time or occasion. [Gr. Ao/a, season, 
 hour.] 
 
 hourglass (owr'glas), n. Instrument 
 for measuring the hours by the run- 
 ning of sand, or the like, through a 
 small opening. 
 
 houri (how'ri), n. Nymph of the Mo- 
 hammedan paradise. [Pers.] 
 
 hourly (owr'li). I. a. Happening, or 
 done every hour; frequent. II. adv. 
 Every hour; frequently. 
 
 house (hows), n. 1. Building; dwell- 
 ing-place; inn. 2. Household affairs; 
 family; kindred. 3. Mercantile estab- 
 lishment. 4. One of the two branches 
 of a legislature. 5. In astrol. Twelfth 
 part of the heavens. [A. S. hus.] 
 
 house (howz). I. vt. Protect by cover- 
 ing; shelter; store. II. vi. Take shel- 
 ter; reside. 
 
 housebreaker(hows'bra'ker) , n. One 
 who breaks open and enters a house 
 for the purpose of stealing.— house- 
 breaking, n. 
 
 household (hows'hold). I. n. Those 
 who are in tbe same house, and com- 
 pose a family. II. a. Pertaining to 
 the house and family.— household- 
 er, n. One who occupies a house; 
 head of a family. 
 
 housekeeper ( hows'ke-per ), n. 1. 
 Householder. 2. Woman who man- 
 ages the household. 
 
 housekeeping (hows'ke-ping). I. n. 
 Keeping or management of a house 
 or of domestic affairs. II. a. Domestic, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
housemaid 
 
 258 
 
 humankind 
 
 housemaid ( hows'mad ), n. Maid 
 employed in housework. 
 
 house-warming- (hows'warm-ing), n. 
 Entertainment given when a family 
 moves into a new house. 
 
 housewife (hows' wif),r*. Mistress 
 of a house; wife of a householder.— 
 house' wifely, a.~ 
 
 housework ( hows'wiirk ), n. "Work 
 incident to housekeeping. 
 
 housing- (howz'ing), n. Ornamental 
 covering for a horse; saddle-cloth.-» 
 pi. Trappings of a horse. [Fr. housse. 
 Akin to HOLSTER.] 
 
 hove, imp. of heave. 
 
 hovel (hov'l), n. Small or mean 
 dwelling. [Dim. of A.S. hof, dwelling.] 
 
 hover (huv'er), vi. 1. Remain aloft 
 flapping the wings. 2. Wait in sus- 
 pense. 3. Move about near. [Prob. 
 —A.S. hof, and therefore lit. dwell.] 
 
 how (how), ado. and conj. 1. In what 
 manner. 2. To what extent. 3. For 
 what reason. 4. By what means. 5. 
 From what cause. 6. In what condi- 
 tion. 7. At what price. [A.S. Aw.] 
 
 howbeit (how'be'it), conj. Be it as it 
 may; nevertheless. 
 
 howdah, houdah(how'da), w.'Large, 
 canopied seat fixed on an elephant's 
 or camel's back. JAr. hawdaj.j 
 
 however (how-ev'er). I. adv. and conj. 
 In whatever manner or degree. II. 
 adv. Nevertheless. 
 
 howitzer (how'its-er), n. Short, light 
 cannon. [Ger. haubitze— B o h o m . 
 haufnice, sling.] 
 
 howl (howl). I. vi. and vt. Y e 1 1 or 
 
 cry, as a wolf or dog; utter a long, 
 
 loud, whining sound; wail; roar. II. 
 
 n. Loud, prolonged cry of distress. 
 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 howsoever ( how-so-ev'er ), adv. and 
 conj. However. [denish. 
 
 hoydenish (hoi'den-ish), a. See hoi- 
 
 hub (hub), n. 1. Central portion or 
 nave of a wheel. 2. Central portion 
 of anything. [A form of hob.] 
 
 hubbub (hub'ub), n. Confused sound 
 of many voices; uproar. 
 
 huckaback (huk'a-bak^, n. Coarse 
 variety of table linen, having raised 
 figures on it. [Perh. because sold by 
 hucksters with their goods on their 
 backs. [can species of whortleberry. 
 
 huckle-berry (huk'1-ber-i), n. Ameri- 
 
 buckster (huk'ster), n. Hawker; ped- 
 dler. [Dut. heuker—hucken, squat.] 
 
 huddle (hud'l). I. vi. 1. Hurry in dis- 
 order. 2. Crowd. II. vt. Throw or 
 crowd together in confusion. III. n. 1. 
 Confused crowd. 2. Tumult. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 ship Which is 
 
 hue (hu), n. Color; tint.— hue'less, a. 
 
 [A. S. hiw, heow, structure] 
 
 hue (hu), n. Shouting. — Hue and cry, 
 old practice of pursuing felons with 
 loud hooting. [Fr. huer, hoot.] 
 
 hufF(huf), n. Sudden anger; fit of dis- 
 appointment.— huffish (huf'ish), a. 
 Given to huff; insolent.— huff ishly, 
 adv. — hiift'ishness, ra.— huffy, a. 
 Puffed up; petulant.— htiffineSS, n. 
 
 hug (hug). I. vt. [hug'ging; hugged.] 
 1. Embrace closely and fondly. 2. 
 Cherish; cling to. 3. In naut. Keep 
 close to. II. n. Close and fond em- 
 brace. [Seand. orig. = huddle.] 
 
 huge (huj), a. Enormous; moa- 
 strous.— httge'ly,«eto. — hugeness, 
 n. [O. Fr. ahuge, high— root of High.] 
 
 hnggermugger ( hug'er-mug-er ). 
 
 1. n. Secrecy. II. a. l. Clandestine. 
 
 2. Slovenly, mean. [Scot.] 
 Huguenot (hu'ge-not), n. French 
 
 Protestant of the 15 and 16 centuries. 
 
 hut k (hulk), n. 1. Body of a ship. 2. 
 Old ship unfit for service; anything 
 unMeldy.— hulk'y, a. Clumsy. [Low. 
 L. hulka — Gr. holkas, ship Whic 
 towed— helko, draw.] 
 
 hull ( hul ). I. n. 1. Outer covering. 
 2. Body of a ship, without masts, etc. 
 II. vt. Strip of the hull; husk. [A.S.hulu 
 —helan, cover.] [noisy confusion. 
 
 hullabaloo (hul'a-ba-lo), n. Uproar, 
 
 hum (hum). I. vi. [hum'ming; hum- 
 med.] Make a buzzing sound like 
 bees; Utter a low droning sound. II. 
 vt. Sing in a low tone. III. n. 1. Noise 
 of bees or other insects. 2.Any low, 
 dull noise. IV. ihterj. Hem, ahem. 
 [Imitativeword.] 
 
 human (hu'man), a. 1. Belonging or 
 pertaining to mankind. 2. Having 
 the qualities of a man.— humanly, 
 adt. [L. humanus — homo, man.] 
 
 humane (hu-man'), a. 1. Having the 
 
 feeling proper to man; merciful. 2. 
 
 Humanizing.— humanely, adv. 
 
 Syn. Benevolent; sympathizing. 
 
 humanist (hii'man-ist), n. 1. Student 
 of polite literature. 2. Student of 
 human nature. 
 
 humanitarian (hu-man-i-ta'ri-an), n. 
 1. One who has a great regard or love 
 for humanity; philanthropist. 2. One 
 who replaces religion by ethics. 
 
 humanity (hu-man'it-i), n. 1. Nature 
 peculiar to a human being. 2. Kind 
 feelings; benevolence; tenderness. 3. 
 Mankind collectively. [L. humanitas.] 
 
 humanize (hu'man -iz), vt. and vi. 
 Render or become human, humane 
 or civilized. [kind. 
 
 humankind (hu'man-kind), n. Man- 
 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move^ wolf} 
 mute s hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
humble 
 
 259 
 
 hurry-sknrry 
 
 Humming-bird. 
 
 humble (hum'bl). I. a. Lowly ; meek. 
 II. vt. Lower; humiliate.— hum'ble- 
 ness, n. — humbly, adv. [Fr.— L. 
 humim, low— humus, ground.] 
 Syn. Mortify. See abase. 
 
 humble-bee ( hum'bl-be ), n. Bum- 
 blebee. 
 
 humbug 1 ( hum'bug ). I. n. 1. Impo- 
 sition under fair pretence. 2. One 
 who so imposes. II. vt. [hum'bugg- 
 ing; bum'bugged.] Deceive; hoax. 
 
 humdrum ( hum'drum ), a. Dull; 
 droning; monotonous. 
 
 humid (hu'niid), a. Moist; damp.— 
 hu'midness, humidity, n, Moist- 
 ure. [L. humidus — humeo, be moist.] 
 
 humiliate (hu-mil'i-at), vt. Deprive 
 of dignity; make humble.— humili- 
 a'tion, n. Act of humiliating; abase- 
 ment ; mortification. [L. humilio.] 
 
 humility (hu-mil'i-ti ), n. Lowliness 
 of mind; modesty 
 [Fr. humilite.] 
 
 humming-. bird 
 (hum'ing-berd), n. 
 Small bird, exclu- 
 sively American, 
 of brilliant plu- 
 mage and rapid 
 flight, whose wings hum when hover- 
 ing. 
 
 hummock (hum' ok), n. Hillock. 
 
 humor(hu'mur or u'mur).I. n. 1. Moist- 
 ure or fluid of animal bodies. 2. State 
 of mind; mood. 3. Mental quality 
 which delights in ludicrous or mirth- 
 ful ideas. II. vt. Fall in with the humor 
 of; gratify by compliance.— humor- 
 ous, a. 1. Governed by humor. 2. 
 Exciting laughter.— humorously, 
 adv. — hu'niorousness. n. — hu'- 
 m or some, a. [L. See humid.] 
 
 Sy,„. Disposition; caprice; temper; 
 freak; fancy; whim; frame; pleasant- 
 ry; facetiousness; wit. 
 
 humorist ( bu'mur-ist or u'mur-ist ), 
 n. 1. One ruled by caprice. 2. One 
 who pictures the humors of people. 
 
 hump (hump). I. n. Lump or hunch 
 upon the back. II. vt. 1. Bend, round. 
 2. Gather or exert(one's self). 3. Vex, 
 provoke, -humpback, n. 1. Back 
 with a hump or hunch. 2. Person 
 with a humpback.— hump'backed, 
 a. [Dut. homp.] 
 
 humph (humf), interj. Exclamation 
 expressive of doubt, dissatisfaction, 
 or the like. 
 
 hunch (hunch), n. Hump, esp. on the 
 back; lump.— hunch'back, n. One 
 with a hunch or hump on his back. — 
 hunchbacked, a. Humpbacked. 
 [From hunk.] 
 
 hundred (hun'dred), n. 1 Number ol 
 ten times ten. 2. Division of a county 
 in England. [A. S.] 
 
 hundredth (hun'dredth), a. 1. Com- 
 ing last of a hundred. II. n. One of a 
 hundred. 
 
 hundredweight ( hun'dred-wat), n. 
 100, 112 or 120 pounds avoirdupois, 
 according to different customs. 
 
 bung. imp. and pa. p. of hang. 
 
 hunger (hung'er). I. n. Desire for 
 food ; strong desire for anything. II. 
 vi. 1. Crave food. 2. Long for. III. vt. 
 Famish; starve. [A.S. hungor.] 
 
 hungry (hung'ri), a. 1. Having 
 eager desire. 2. Greedy; lean; poor. 
 — huug'rily, adv. 
 
 hunk (hungk), n. Large lump; chunk. 
 [From root of hook.] 
 
 hunks (hungks), n. Covetous fellow; 
 sordid miser. 
 
 hunt (hunt). I. vt. and vi. Chase, or 
 go in pursuit of wild animals for 
 prey or sport. 2. Search (for). 3. Pur- 
 sue. II. n. 1. Chase of wild animals. 2. 
 Search. — . hunt'er, n. 1. One who 
 hunts. 2. Horse used in the chase.— 
 fern, hunt'ress. — huntsman, n. 1. 
 One who hunts. 2. Servant who man- 
 ages the hounds during the chase. 
 
 hurdle (hur'dl), n. 1. Frame of twigs 
 or sticks interlaced. 2. Movable frame 
 of timber or iron for gates, etc. [A. 
 S. hyrdel.] 
 
 hurdy-gurdy (hur'di- 
 gur'di), n. Musical string- 
 ed instrument,like a rude 
 violin, the notes of which 
 are produced by the fric- 
 tion of a wheel. 
 
 hurl (hurl). I. vi. Make a 
 noise by throwing; move 
 rapidly. II. vt. Throw 
 with violence; utter with 
 vehemence. [From hur- Hurdy-gurdy. 
 
 TLE.] 
 
 hurly-burly (hur'li-bur'li),w.Tumult; 
 
 confusion. [O. Fr. hurler, yell, and a 
 
 rhyming addition — burly.] 
 hurrah, hurra (hor-ra'). I. interj. 
 
 Exclamation of excitement or joy. II. 
 
 vi. Shout hurrah. III. n. Shout of 
 
 satisfaction or joy. 
 hurricane ( hur'i-kan ), n. Furious 
 
 storm with sudden changes of the 
 
 wind. [Caribbean hurakan.] 
 hurry (hur'i). I. vt. 1. Urge forward. 
 
 2. Hasten. II. vi. Move or act with 
 
 haste. III. n. Haste; bustle; urgency. 
 
 — hur'ryingly, adv. [Ger. hurren.] 
 bnrry-skurry (hur'i-skur'i), adv. In 
 
 confusion and bustle, [hurry, with 
 
 the rhyming addition —skurry.] 
 
 f*te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
hurt 
 
 260 
 
 hydrometer 
 
 hart (hiirt). I. vt. [hurt'ing; hurt.] 1. 
 Cause bodily pain to. 2. Damage. 3. 
 Wound, as the feelings. II. n. Wound ; 
 injury. [O. Fr. hurter, knock, hit.] 
 Syn. Pain; injure; harm. 
 
 hurtful (hurt'fol), a. Causing hurt or 
 
 loss.— burt'fuily, adv. [cious. 
 
 Syn. Detrimental; harmful; perni- 
 
 hurtle (hur'tl), vt. Dash against; 
 move violently; clash; rattle. 
 
 hurtleberry. See whortleberry. 
 
 husband (huz'band). I. n. Married 
 man. II. vt. 1. Supply with a hus- 
 band. 2. Manage with economy. — 
 hus'bandman, n. Working farm- 
 er.— hus'bandry, n. 1. Business of 
 a farmer. 2. Economical manage- 
 ment. [A. S. husbonda, master of a 
 house.] 
 
 hush (hush). I. interj. Silence! be still! 
 II. a. Silent; quiet. III. vt. Make 
 quiet. IV. n. Stillness. — hush-money. 
 Money given as a bribe to make one 
 keep silent. 
 
 husk (husk). I. n. Thin covering of 
 certain fruits and seeds. II. vt. Re- 
 move the husks from. [A.S. hulse.] 
 
 husking (husk'ing), n. 1. Stripping 
 of husks. 2. Meeting of neighbors to 
 help husk the Indian 
 corn: 
 
 husky (husk'i),fl. Hoarse, 
 as the voice; rough in 
 sound. — husk'ily, adv. 
 — husk'iness, n. [A S. 
 hwosta, cough.] 
 
 hussar (hoz-zar'), n. 
 Light armed cavalry sol- 
 
 y dier. [Hungarian.] 
 
 hussy (huz'i), n. 1. Pert 
 girl; worthless woman. 
 2. Case; bag. [Corr. of 
 
 HOUSEWIFE.] 
 
 hustings (hus'tingz). n. 
 
 I. Council; court. 2. (Formerly,) elec- 
 tion booth. 3. Platform. [A. S. hust- 
 ing, council.] 
 
 hustle (hust'l). I. vt. Shake or push 
 
 together; crowd with violence. II. vi. 
 
 Move or act with energy. [O. Dut. 
 
 hutsen. hutselen, shake to and fro.] 
 huswife ( huz'if or huz'wif ), n. 1. 
 
 Female housekeeper. 2. Sewing bag. 
 
 — hus'wifery, n. Business or art of 
 
 a housewife. 
 hut (hat). I. n. Small or mean house. 
 
 II. vt. and vi. Live or place in huts. 
 butch ( huch ), n. Box; chest; coop 
 
 for rabbits. [Fr. huche — Low L. hu- 
 tica, box.] [Ger.] 
 
 huzza (hoz-za'), interj. and n. Hurrah. 
 
 hyacinth ( hi'a-sinth ), n. 1. Bulbous- 
 rooted fragrant flower of a great va- 
 riety of colors. 2. Red precious stone. 
 
 Hyacinth. 
 
 hybrid (hi'brid). I. n. 1. Animal or 
 plant produced from two different 
 species. 2. Word formed of elements 
 from different 
 languages. II. a. 
 Mongrel.— hy- 
 bridism (hx'- 
 brid-izm), hy- 
 bridity (hib- 
 rid'i-ti ), n. [L. 
 hybridd, mongrel.] 
 
 hydra ( hi'dra ), 
 n. 1. Fabled 
 water-snake with 
 many heads,each 
 of which, when 
 cut off, was re- 
 placed by two 
 new ones, killed 
 by Hercules. 2. Any manifold evil. 
 [Gr. hydra, water-snake. Akin to 
 
 OTTER.] 
 
 hydrant (hi'drant), n. Appliance for 
 drawing water from a main pipe; 
 water-plug. [Gr. hydor, water.] 
 
 hydraulic (hi-dra'lik) , a. Relating to 
 hydraulics; conveying water; worked 
 by water. — hydraul'lically, adv. 
 [Gr. hydor, water, and aulos, pipe.] 
 
 hydraulics (hi-dra'liks) , n. Science 
 of hydrodynamics in its practical ap- 
 plication to water in motion. 
 
 hydrodynamics (hi-dro-di-nam'iks) , 
 n. Science that treats of the motions 
 and action of water and other fluids, 
 called Hydrostatics when the system 
 is in equilibrium, Hydrokineties when 
 it is not.— hydrodynam'ic, a. [Gr. 
 hydor, water, and dynamics.] 
 
 hydrogen (hi'dro-jen), n. Gas whose 
 combustion (combination with oxy- 
 gen) produces water; the lightest of 
 all substances known. — hy'dr^gen- 
 ize, vt. Combine with hydrogen; opp. 
 of oxidize. — hydrogenous, a. 
 [From Gr. hydor, water, and gennao, 
 produce.] 
 
 hydrographer ( hl-drog'ra-fer ), n. 
 Describer of waters; maker of sea- 
 charts. 
 
 hydrography (hl-drog'ra-fi), n. De- 
 scription of seas, rivers! and other 
 navigable waters ; art of m a k i n g 
 sea-charts.— hydrograph'ic, hy- 
 drograph'ical, a.— hydrograph'- 
 ically,a#y.[Gr. hydro, grapho, write.] 
 
 hydromel (hi'dro-mel), n. Honey di- 
 luted with water. 
 
 hydrometer ( hi-drom'e-ter ) , n. In- 
 strument for measuring the specific 
 gravity of liquids, the strength of 
 spirituous liquors, etc. — hydromet'- 
 ric, hydromet'rical, a. — hy- 
 drom'etry, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
hydropathist 
 
 261 
 
 hysterics 
 
 Hyena. 
 
 hygi- 
 
 hydropathist ( hl'drop'a-thist ), -n. 
 One who practices hydropathy. 
 
 hydropathy (hi-drop'a-thi), n. Treat- 
 ment of disease by water. — hy- 
 dropathic, hydropath'ical, a.— 
 hydropath'ically, adv. [Gr. hydor 
 and pathos, suffering.] 
 
 hydrophobia (hl-dro-fo'bi-a), n. Un- 
 natural dread of water, a symptom of 
 a disease resulting from the bite of a 
 mad animal, hence the disease itself, 
 rabies. [Gr. hydor and phobos, fear.] 
 
 hydrostatics (hi- dr o-st a t'iks), n. 
 Branch of hydrodynamics, which 
 see. — hydrostatic, hydrostat- 
 ical, a. — hydrostat'ically, adv. 
 [Gr.— hydor and statics.] 
 
 hydrous (hi'drus), a. Containing 
 water. 
 
 hyena (hl-e'na), s^^^S^ 
 
 n. Bristly-man- 
 ed carnivorous 
 quadruped o* 
 the dog kind. 
 [Gr. hy aina, 
 sow.] 
 
 hygiene ( hi'ji- 
 en), 11. Science 
 which treats of 
 the preservation of health 
 enic (hl-ji-en'ik), a. [Fr.] 
 
 hydrometer ( hi-grom'e-ter ), n. In- 
 strument for measuring the moisture 
 in the atmosphere. [Gr. hygros, wet, 
 and metron, measure.] 
 
 hygrometry ( hi-grom'e-tri ), n. Art 
 of measuring the moisture in the at- 
 mosphere, and in bodies generally.— 
 hygromet'ric, bygromet'rical,a. 
 
 hymen (hi'men), n. 1. Deity presiding 
 over marriage. 2. Wedlock; mar- 
 riage. — hymeneal, hymene'an, 
 a [Gr. Hymen, god of marriage.] 
 
 hymn (him). I. n. Song of praise. II. 
 vt. and vi. Celebrate in song; worship 
 by hymns. — hymnal (him'nal), n. 
 Book of hymns. 
 
 hyper,-, prefix. Over; beyond; exceed- 
 ing. [Gr] 
 
 hyperbola (hi-per'bo-la), n. 
 the conic sections or curves 
 when the intersecting 
 plane makes a greater 
 angle with the base than 
 the side of the cone 
 makes. — hyperbolic- 
 al, a.— hyperbolical- 
 ly, adv [L. — Gr = ex- 
 cess — hyper and hallo, 
 throw.] 
 
 hyperbole (hi-per'bo-le), 
 n. Rhetorical figure re- 
 presenting things as much greater or 
 much less than they really are; exag- 
 
 One of 
 formed 
 
 Hyperbola. 
 
 geration. — hyperbolic, hyper* 
 bol'ical, a.— hy perbol ically, adv. 
 [Same as hyperbola.] 
 
 hyperborean (hi-per-bo're-an),a. Be- 
 longing to the extreme north. [Gr.— 
 hyper, and Boreas i north wind.] 
 
 hypercritic ( hi-per -krit'ik ), n. One 
 who is over-critical.— hypercrit'ic, 
 hypercritical, a. [Gr.] 
 
 hyphen (hi'fen), n. Short stroke (-) 
 joining two syllables or words. [Gr. 
 hypo, into, and hen, one.] 
 
 hypnotism (hip'uo-tizm), n. Sleep- 
 like condition or somnambulism in- 
 duced by artificial means. [Gr. hyp- 
 nos, sleep.] [a state of hypnotism 
 
 hypnotize ( hip'no-tiz), vt. Put into 
 
 hypo-, hyp-, prefix. Under ; beneath ; 
 behind; down. [Gr.] 
 
 hypochondria, (hip-o-kon'dri-a), n. 
 Nervous malady, often arising from 
 indigestion, and tormenting the 
 patient with imaginary fears. — hy- 
 pochondriac (hip-o-kon'dri-ak), I. 
 a. Melancholy. II. n. One suffering 
 from hypochondria. [Gr.] 
 
 hypocrisy (hi-pok'ri-si),n. Simulation 
 of virtue or piety. [See hypocrite.] 
 
 hypocrite ( hip'o-krit ), n. One who 
 practices hypocrisy.— hypocrit'lc, 
 a.— hypocritically, adv. [Gr. hy- 
 pokrites, actor.] 
 
 Syn. Dissembler; pretender; cheat; 
 deceiver: swindler. 
 
 hypodermic (hip-o-der'mik), a. Un- 
 der the skin. |'Gr.— derma, skin.] 
 
 hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) , hypoth- 
 enuse, ns. Side of a right-angled 
 triangle opp. the right angle. [Gr.= 
 subtending— hypo, and teino, stretch.] 
 
 hypothecate (hi-poth'e-kat), vt. As- 
 sign as security for a creditor; mort- 
 gage. — hypothecation, n. [Gr — 
 hypo, down, and_ tithemi, place.] 
 
 hypothesis ( hi-poth'e-sis ), n. Sup 
 position; proposition assumed for the 
 sake of argument; theory to be prov- 
 ed or disproved by reference to facts. 
 [Gr. = basis— hypo, and tithemi, place.] 
 
 hypothetic ( hi-po-thet'ik), hypo- 
 thetical (hi-po-thet'ik-al), a. Belong- 
 ing to a hypothesis; conditional.— 
 hypothet'ically, adv. [Gr. hypo- 
 thetikos.] [Chin.=spriug crop.] 
 
 hyson (hi'sn), n. Kind of green tea. 
 
 hyssop ( his'up ), n. Aromatic plant. 
 [Gr. hyssopes—TLeb. ezobh.] 
 
 hysteric ( his-ter'ik ), hysterical 
 (his-ter'ik-al), a. Affected or due to 
 hysterics.- -hysterically, adv. 
 
 hysterics (his-ter'iks), hysteria (his- 
 teri-a), n. Nervous disorder occur- 
 ring in paroxysms and simulating 
 other diseases. [Gr. hystera, womb.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, ra 
 mute, but, burn 
 
 et, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 ; oil, owl, then. 
 
2e» 
 
 idiocy 
 
 i (1), n. Ninth, letter of the En- 
 glish alphabet. 
 
 I (i), pron. Nominative case sin- 
 gular of the pronoun of the first 
 person; word which refers to the 
 speaker himself. • [A. S. ic, M. E. and 
 Ger. ich, L. ego, Sans, aham.] 
 
 iambic(i am'bik), iambus (l-am'bus). 
 I. it. Metrical foot of two syllables, 
 the first short and the second long, or 
 the first unaccented and the second 
 accented. II. a. Consisting of iambics. 
 [L. iambus— Gr. iambos.] 
 
 ibex (i'beks), n. Genus of wild goat 
 with large recurved horns, inhabiting 
 the Alps and other mountainous re- 
 gions. [L.] 
 
 ibidem (i- 
 bi'dem), 
 adv. In the 
 same 
 place. [I*.] 
 
 ibis (l'bis), n. Ge- 
 nus of wading 
 birds like the 
 stork, one spe- 
 cies of which was 
 worshipped by 
 the ancient 
 Egyptians. 
 
 ice ( is ). I. n. 1. 
 Water congealed 
 by freezing. 2. 
 Concreted sugar. 
 3. Frozen, sweet, 
 and flavored kind 
 of pudding. II. vt. 
 1. Cover with ice; 
 cool with ice ; freeze. 2. Cover with 
 concreted sugar. — Ice box, ice chest, 
 refrigerator ; box for holding ice, or 
 for keeping things cool. [A. S. is.] 
 
 iceberg (ls'berg), n. Huge mass of 
 floating ice. [Dut. fora^mountain.] 
 
 iceblink (is'blingk), n. Light reflected 
 from ice near the horizon. 
 
 iceboat (Is'bot), n. 1. Boat used for 
 forcing a passage through ice. 2. 
 Craft on runners, for sailing on ice. 
 
 ice cream (Is'krem'), n. Cream or cus- 
 tard sweetened, flavored, and artifi- 
 cially frozen, [ed together. 
 
 icepack (is'pak), n. Drifting icepack- 
 
 icbneumou ( ik-nu'mun ), n. Small 
 carnivorous animal in Egypt, famed 
 for destroying the crocodile's eggs. 
 [Gr.— ichneuo, hunt— ichnos, track.] 
 
 icbor (i'kur),.7i. Watery acid discharg- 
 ed from a wound.— ichorous^, [Gr.] 
 
 ichthyology (ik-thi-ol'o-ji),w. Branch 
 of zoology that treats of fishes.— ich- 
 thyolog'ical, a.— ichthyol'ogist, 
 n. One skilled in ichthyology. [Gr. 
 ichthys, fish, and logos, science!] . _ 
 
 Sacred ibis of Egypt. 
 
 ichthyophagous (ik-thi-of'a-gus), a. 
 Eating, or subsisting on, fish. [ Gr, 
 —ichthys, fish, and phago, eat.] 
 
 ichthyosaurus ( ik-thi-o-sa'rus ), n. 
 Genus of extinct marine reptiles. 
 [Gr.— ichthys, fish, and sauros, lizard.] 
 
 icicle (Is'i-kl), n. Hanging point oi 
 ice. [A. S.is-gi$el, ice*peg.] [cake. 
 
 icing (is'ing ), n. Sugar frosting for 
 
 icon (I'kon), n. 1. An image or por- 
 trait, especially of Christ, an angel 
 or saint. 
 
 iconoclast (i-kon'o-klast), n. 1. Break- 
 er of images or idols. 2. One who 
 fights shams; reformer; radical. [Gr. 
 —eikon, image, and fclao, break.l 
 
 icy (is'i), a. Like ice; frosty; cold.— 
 icily, adv.— ic'iness, n. 
 
 idea (i-de'a), n. 1. Mental image; con- 
 ception. '2. Thought; mental view; 
 purpose. [Gv.—idein, see.] 
 
 Syn. Notion; belief; opinion; plan; 
 design; intention; fancy; sentiment. 
 
 ideal ( i-de'al ). I. a. 1. Existing in 
 idea; mental. 2. Highest and best 
 conceivable, perfect, as opp. to the 
 real, the imperfect. 3. Unreal, vision- 
 ary. 4. Idealistic. II. n. Highest con- 
 ception of anything. — ideally, adv. 
 
 idealism (I-de'al-izm), n. 1. Doctrine 
 that the objects of external percep- 
 tions are not material but idea<\ 2. 
 Tendency towards the highest con- 
 ceivable perfection.— idealist(I-de'al- 
 ist), n.— idealistic, a. 
 
 ideality (1-de-al'i-ti), w. 1. Ideal state. 
 2. Ability and disposition to form 
 ideals of beauty and perfection. 
 
 idealization ( l-de-al-i-za'shun ), n. 
 Act of forming in idea, or of raising 
 to the highest conception. 
 
 idealize (l-de'al-Iz). I. vt. Raise to the 
 highest conception. II. vi. Form ideas. 
 
 identical (i-den'tik-al, a. Very same; 
 not different. — identically, adv.^ 
 iden'ticalness, n. Identity. [L.— 
 idem, the same.l 
 
 identify (I-den'ta-fi), vt. 1. Make to be 
 thesame. 2. Ascertain or prove the 
 identity of. 3. Unite one's self ininter- 
 ests, aims, etc.— identification, n. 
 
 identity (1-den'tl-ti), n. State of be- 
 ing the same; sameness. 
 
 ideography (i-de-og'ra-fi), n. .Repre- 
 sentation of ideas by symbols, with 
 disregard of the sounds of words. 
 
 ides (idz), n. In ancient Rome, the 
 15th day of March, May, July. Oct., 
 and the 13th of the other months. [L. 
 idus, of Etruscan origin.] 
 
 idiocy (id'i-o-si), n. State of being an 
 idiot; imbecility; folly 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
idiom 
 
 263 
 
 illimitable 
 
 idiom (id'i-um), n. 1. Mode of expres- 
 sion peculiar to a language.2. Variety 
 of a language; dialect.— idiomatic 
 (id-i-o-mat'ik), idiumatical (id-i-o- 
 mat'ik-al), a.— idiomatically, adv. 
 
 idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si), n. 1. 
 Peculiarity of temperament or consti- 
 tution; characteristic of a person. 2. 
 Eccentricity. — idiosyncratic, a. 
 [Gr. — idios, own, peculiar, syn, to- 
 gether, and krasis, mixture.] 
 
 idiot (id'i-ut), n. One deficient in or- 
 dinary intellect.— idiotic (id-i-ot'ik), 
 a. Like an idiot; foolish. — idiot'- 
 ieally, adv. [Gr. idiotes, private citi- 
 zen; layman; ignoramus.] 
 
 idle (I'di). I. a. 1. Vain; trifling; use- 
 less. 2. Unemployed. 3. Averse to 
 labor. IT. vt. Spend in idleness. -i'dler, 
 n. — idleness, n. — i'dly, adv. [A. 
 S. idelf sheer.] 
 
 Idol (i'dul), n. 1. 
 Image of an ob- 
 ject of worship. 
 2. Person or 
 thing too much 
 loved or honor- 
 ed. — idolize 
 (i' d ul-iz), vt. 
 Make an idol 
 of, for worship; Japanese idol, 
 
 love to excess. 
 [Gr. eidolon, — - idein, see.] 
 
 idolater (i-dol'a-ter), n. Worshipper 
 of idols. — fern, 'idol'atress. — idola- 
 trous (I-dol'a-tr*is), a. Pertaining 
 to idolatry.— idolatry (i-dol'a-tri), n. 
 
 1. Worship of idols. 2. Excessive 
 love. [Gr. eidolon, idol, and latres, 
 worshipper.] 
 
 idyl, idyll (i'dil), n. Short descrip- 
 tive or narrative poem, chiefly on 
 pastoral subjects.— idyllic (i-dil'ik), 
 a. Of or belonging to idyls. [Gr. eidyl- 
 lion, dim. of eidos, image.] 
 
 iff (if), conj. 1. In case that; on condi- 
 tion that; supposing that. 2. Wheth- 
 er. [A.S. gif.] 
 
 igneous (ig'ne-us), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to, consisting of, or 1 i k e fire. 2. 
 Produced by the action of fire. [L. 
 igneus— ignis, fire.] 
 
 ignis-fatuus(ig-nis-fat'u-us), n. Phos- 
 phorescent light, often seen over 
 marshy places; Wlll-o'the-wisp. — pi. 
 Ignes-fatui (ig'nez-fat'u-i). [L. ignis, 
 fire, and fatuus, foolish.] 
 
 Ignite (ig-nif). I. vt. S e t o n fire; 
 kindle. II. vi. Take fire; burn.— 
 ignition, n. 
 
 ignoble (ig-n6'bl), a. 1. Of low birth. 
 
 2. Mean; worthless; dishonorable. — 
 ignobly , adv. [Fr.— L. ignobilis—in, 
 not, and gnobilis, noble.] 
 
 ignominy (ig'no-min-i), n. Public 
 disgrace; infamy. — ignominious, 
 a.— ignominlously, adv. [L. igno- 
 minia — in, not, and gnomen, name.] 
 
 ignoramus ( ig-no-ra'mus ) , n. [pi. 
 ignora'muses]. Ignorant person. [L.] 
 
 ignorant ( ig'nd-rant ), a. Without 
 knowledge ; unacquainted with.— 
 ignorant ly , adv. — ignorance, n. 
 [L. ignorant— ignoro, ignore.] 
 Syn. Uninstructed; untaught; illi- 
 terate; unaware; uninformed. 
 
 ignore (ig-nor'), vt. Disregard willful- 
 ly; set aside. [L. ignoro"] 
 
 Igorrote (ig'or- 
 i'6-te), n. Abori- 
 nial tribe of the 
 Philippines. 
 
 iguana ( i-gwa'- 
 na), n. Genus of 
 tropical lizard, 
 having a large 
 dewlap under 
 the throat. [Sp ] j 
 
 ileum (ll'e-um), B 
 
 n. Last part of small intestine. [L.] 
 
 ilex (i'leks), n. 1. Holly. 2. Evergreen 
 or holm oak. [L.] 
 
 ilk (ilk). I. a. Same; each. II. n. Kind. 
 TScot.— A. S. ylc, like.] 
 
 ill (il). I. a. 1. Producing evil; unfor- 
 tunate; unfavorable. 2. Sick; diseas- 
 ed. 3. Improper; incorrect. 4. Cross, 
 as temper. II. adv. I. Not well; not 
 rightly. 2. With difficulty. III. n. 1. 
 Evil. 2. Wickedness. 3. Misfortune.— 
 ill-bred, a. Badly bred or educated; 
 uncivil. — ill-breeding, n. Rude- 
 ness. — illfa'vored, a. Ill-looking; 
 deformed; ugly.— ill-timed, a. Said 
 or done at an unsuitable moment. — 
 ill-will, n. Enmity. [From Icel. ille 
 —A. S. yfel, evil.] 
 
 illegal (il-le'gal). a. Contrary to law. 
 — ille'gally, adv. — illegality, n. 
 
 illegible (il-lej'i-bl), a. That cannot be 
 read; not readabla.— illegibly, adv. 
 — illeglbleness, illegibility, n. 
 
 illegitimate ( il-le-jit'i-mat ), a. 1* 
 Not according to law. 2. Not born in 
 wedlock. 3. Not properly inferred or 
 reasoned.— illegitimately, adv.— 
 illegitimacy, n. 
 
 illiberal (il-lib'er-al) , a. 1. Niggard- 
 ly; mean. 2. Narrow-minded ; bigoted 
 — illiberally, adv. 
 
 illicit (il-lis'it), a. Unlawful; un- 
 licensed.— illicitly, adv . — illiclt- 
 ness, n. [L. illicitus—in, not, and lid' 
 tus, pa. p. of liceo, be allowable.] 
 
 illimitable .( il-lim'it-a-bl ), a. That 
 cannot be bounded ; infinite.— illim'* 
 itably, adv. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, tar, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, barn; oil, owl, then. 
 
illiteracy 
 
 264 
 
 immaterial 
 
 illiteracy (il-lit'er-a-si), w.l. State of 
 being illiterate; want of learning. 2. 
 Blunder. 
 
 illiterate (il-lit'er-at), a. 1. Unable to 
 read. 2. Uneducated; ignorant. — il- 
 literately, adv._ 
 
 ill-natured (il-na'turd ), a. Cross; 
 peevish.— ill-naturedly, adv. 
 
 illness (il'nes), n. Sickness, disease 
 
 illogical (il-loj'i-kal), a. Contrary to 
 the rules of logic or sound reason.— 
 illog'ically, adv. 
 
 Illume. See illumine. 
 
 illuminate (il-16'min-at), vt. 1. Light 
 up; enlighten; make clear. 2. Illus- 
 trate; adorn with ornamental letter- 
 ing or illustrations. — illumina- 
 tion, n. — illu'minative, a. — 
 illuminator, n. [L. in, upon, and 
 lumino, cast light.] 
 
 illumine (il-16'min), illume (il-lom'), 
 vt. Illuminate; enlighten; adorn. 
 
 illusion (il-16'zhun), n. Deceptive im- 
 pression on sense or mind; witchery; 
 cherished fancy. [Fr.— L. illudo, play 
 upon, deceive.] 
 Syn. Deception; delusion; fallacy. 
 
 illusive (il-lo'siv), illusory (il-lo'so- 
 ri), a. Deceiving by false appearan- 
 ces; false; unreal.— illusively, adv. 
 — illu'siveness, n._ 
 
 illustrate (il-lus'trat), vt. 1. Make 
 clear to the mind; explain. 2. Adorn 
 with pictures. — illus'trator, n. — 
 illustration, n. 1. Act of making 
 lustrous or clear; act of explaining. 
 2. That which illustrates; example; 
 picture; diagram.— illustrative, a. 
 Having the quality of making clear 
 or explaining.— illustratively, acta. 
 [L. illustro, light up.] 
 
 illustrious (il-lus'tri-us), a. 1. Bright , 
 
 distinguished. 2. Conferring honor.— 
 
 illustriously, adv. [L. illustrts — 
 
 in, and lux, lucis, light.] 
 
 Syn. Noted: notable. See famous. 
 
 iui'iprefix. 1. Euphonic variant of in- 
 before b, m, and p. 2. Corruption of 
 Fr. em-. [See in- ] 
 
 image (im'aj), I n. Likeness; statue; 
 idol. 2. Representation in the mind, 
 idea, picture in the imagination. 3. 
 Figure of an object formed by focused 
 rays of light. II vt Form an image 
 of; form a likeness of in the mind. 
 [Fr.— L. imago, from root of imitor, 
 imitate.] 
 
 imagery ( im'a-jer-i or im'aj-ri ), re- 
 work of the imagination, mental 
 pictures ; figures of speech. 
 
 imaginable ( im-aj'in-a-bl ), a. That 
 maybe imagined, imaginably, adv. 
 
 imaginary (im-aj'in-ar-i), a. Exist- 
 ing only in the imagination; not real. 
 
 imagination (im-aj-in-a'shun), n. L 
 Act of imagining. 2. Faculty of form- 
 ing images in the mind. 3. That which 
 is imagined. 
 
 imaginative (im-aj'in-a-tiv ), a. I. 
 Full of imagination; given to ima- 
 gining. 2. Proceeding from the ima- 
 gination. 
 
 imagine(imaj'in), vt. and vi. 1. Form 
 an image of in the mind; conceive- 
 think. 2. Contrive or devise. [L.— 
 imago, image.] [perfect state. [L.] 
 
 imago (i-ma'go), n. Insect in its final, 
 
 imbecile (im'be-sil or im'be-sel). I. 
 a. Without strength of mind; feeble- 
 minded. II. n. One destitute of 
 strength of mind. — imbecility, h. 
 State of being imbecile. [Fr. imbecile. \ 
 
 imbed (im-bed'), vt. Lay, as in bed; 
 place in a mass of matter. 
 
 imbibe (im-bib'), vt. 1. Drink. 2. Ab- 
 sorb; receive into the mind. *[L.— in, 
 and bibo, drink.] 
 
 imbitter (im-bit'er), vt. Maue bitter; 
 render more violent ; render unhappy. 
 — imbit'terer, n. 
 
 imbricate ( i m ' - 
 bri-kat), im'bri- 
 cated, a. Over- 
 lapping each other 
 like tiles on roofs. 
 — imbrication, 
 n. [Li. imbrex, gut- 
 ter- tile— imber, rain.] 
 
 imbroglio(im-brol'yo), n. 1. Intricate 
 plot. 2. Perplexing state of matters; 
 complicated misunderstanding. [It.] 
 
 imbrue ( im-bro' ), vt. Soak; drench, 
 O.Fr. embruer—L. bibere, drink.] 
 
 imbue (im-bu')i vt. 1. Tinge deeply; 
 cause to imbibe, as the mind; im- 
 press. [Lt.— in, and root of bibo, drink.] 
 
 imitable (im'it-a-bl), a. That may be 
 imitated or copied; worthy of imita- 
 tion.— imitabil'ity, n. 
 
 imitate ( im'i-tat), vt. Copy; strive 
 to be the same as.— imitator, n.— 
 imitation, n. 1. Act of imitating. 
 2. That which is produced as a copy; 
 likeness.— im'itative, a. 1. Inclined 
 to imitate. 2. Formed after a model. 
 im'itatively, adv. [L.]_ 
 
 immaculate (im-mak'u-lat), a. Spot- 
 less; pure.— immac'ulately, adv.— 
 immac'ulateness, n. [L.— in, and 
 maculo, stain.] 
 
 immanent (im'a-nent), a. Remain- 
 ing within; inherent. [L - in, and 
 maneo, remain ] 
 
 immaterial (im-a-te'ri-al) i. 1. Not 
 consisting of matter; incorporeal. 2. 
 Unimportant.— immateriality, n. 
 Quality of being immaterial.— iin« 
 materially . adv. 
 
 Imbricate tiles. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
Immature 
 
 205 
 
 impatient 
 
 immature (im-a-tur'), a. Not ripe; 
 not perfect; come before the proper 
 time.— immature ly, adv.— imma- 
 turity, n. 
 
 immeasurable (im-mezh'6r-a-bl), a. 
 That cannot be measured.— im- 
 measurably, adv.— imnieas'ura- 
 bleness. n. 
 
 immediate ( lm-me'di-at ), a. With 
 nothing intervening; close; direct; 
 instant. — immediately. I. adv. 
 Closely; directly; at once. II. conj. 
 As soon as. — imme'diateness, n. 
 Syn. Next; proximatej present- 
 immemorial (im-me-mo'ri-al}, a. Be- 
 yond the reach of memory-— lmme- 
 mo'rially, adv. 
 
 immense (im-mens'), «• 1. That can- 
 not he measured. 2. Vast in extent; 
 very large. — immensely, adv. — 
 immense'ness, n. — immen'sity, 
 n. Extent not to be measured; infi- 
 nity ; greatness. [L. immensus—in, not. 
 andmensus, pa. p. of melior, measure.] 
 
 immerse (im-mers 1 ), ^. 1. Plunge 
 something into. 2. Involve deeply.— 
 immersion, n. 1. Act of plunging 
 into. 2. State of being dipped into. 3. 
 State of being deeply engaged. 
 
 immethodical (im-me-thod'ik-al), a. 
 Without method or order; irregular. 
 — immethod'ically, adv. 
 
 immigrant (im'i-grant), n. One who 
 immigrates. 
 
 immigrate (im'i-grat), vi. Migrate 
 or remove into a country. — immi- 
 g'ra'tion, n. [L. immigro.] 
 
 imminent (im'i-nent), a. 1. Near at 
 hand; impending. 2. Threatening.— 
 imminently, adv.— im'minence, 
 n. [L. in, and mineo, project.] 
 
 immobility (im-mo-bil'i-ti), n. Being 
 immovable. 
 
 immoderate (im-mod'er-at), a. Ex- 
 cessive.— immoderately, adv. 
 
 immodest (im-mod'est), a. Wanting 
 restraint or shame.— immod'esty, 
 n.— immodestly, adv. 
 
 Syn. Arrogant; forward; impudent; 
 indelicate; shameless; lewd; indecent: 
 
 immolate(im'o-lat), vt. Offer in sacri- 
 fice.— immolation,??. [L. in, upon, 
 and mola, flour.] 
 
 immoral (im-mor'al), a. Inconsistent 
 with what is right; wicked. — im- 
 mor'ally, adv. — immorality, n. 
 1. Quality of being immoral. 2. Im- 
 moral act or practice. 
 
 immortal (im-mar'tal). I. a. Exempt 
 from death ; imperishable. II. n. 
 One who will never cease to exist.— 
 immortality ( im-mar-tal'i-ti ), n. 
 — immortalize, vt. Make immor- 
 tal.— immor' tally, adv. 
 
 immortelle (im-mar-tel'), n. Plant 
 with unwithering handsome flower- 
 like involucres; everlasting. [Pr.] 
 
 immovable (im-mo'va-bl) a. Not 
 capable of being moved;fast; unalter- 
 able.— immovably, adv.— immov- 
 abil'ity, n. — immovables, n. pi. 
 Land and fixtures* etc., not movable 
 by a tenant. 
 
 immune (im-mun'>- I. a. Protected; 
 exempt, as from a disease. II. n. One 
 w h o is exempt. — immunity, n. 
 Freedom or exemption, from any 
 duty, penalty, etc. [L. in, not, and 
 munis, serving^] 
 
 immure (im-mur'), vt. Wall in; shut 
 up; imprison. [L. in, and murus. wall.] 
 
 immutable ( im-mu'ta-bl ), a. Un- 
 changeable — immutably, adv. — 
 immutability, immutable- 
 ness, n. 
 
 imp (imp), n. Little devil; wicked 
 spirit. [A. S. impa.] 
 
 impact (im'pakt), n. 1. Collision. 2. 
 Impulse resulting from collision. [L. 
 —impingo. See impinge.] 
 
 impair ( im-par' ), vt. Diminish in 
 quantity, value, or strength. [O. Fr. 
 empeirer—Li. in, and pejor, worse.] 
 Syn. Deteriorate; injure; weaken. 
 
 impale (im-pal'), vt. 1. Pierce with a 
 pointed stake. 2. Inclose with stakes. 
 -impalement, n. 1. Piercing. 2. 
 Inclosing. 3. Space inclosed. 
 
 impalpable (im-pal'pa-bl), a. 1. Not 
 perceivable by touch. 2. Incorporeal. 
 3. Incomprehensible. — impal'pa- 
 bly, adv. 
 
 impanel (im-pan'l), vt. Enter the 
 names of a jury in a list called a panel. 
 
 impart (im-parf), vt. 1. Give. 'Z. Make 
 known. [L.— in, and pars, part.] 
 
 Syn. Yield; grant; divulge; con- 
 vey. See COMMUNICATE. 
 
 impartial (ira-par'shal), a. Not favor- 
 ing either side; just, —impartial" 
 ly, adv. — impartiality, n. 
 
 impassable ( im-pas'a-bl ), a. Not 
 japable of being passed.— impassa- 
 bly, adv. — impassabillty, im- 
 pass'ableness, n. 
 
 impassible (im-pas'i-bl), a. Incapa- 
 ble of passion or feeling. — impassi- 
 bility, n. [L. — in, not, and patior, 
 passus, suffer.] 
 
 impassioned ( im-pash'und ) L im- 
 passionate (i m - p a s h ' u n - a t) , a. 
 Moved by strong feeling; excited. 
 
 impassive (im-pas'iv), a. Not sus- 
 ceptible of pain or feeling.— impass- 
 ively, adv.— impasslveness, n. 
 
 impatient (im-pa'shent), a. Not able 
 to endure or wait; fretful. — impa- 
 tiently, adv.— impa'tience, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, ffjll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
impeach 
 
 266 
 
 implement 
 
 impeach (im-pech'), vt. 1. Charge 
 with a crime or misconduct. 2. Call 
 in question; challenge the credibility 
 ©f. -impeachment, n. Act of im- 
 peaching. [Pr. empecher, hinder.] 
 
 impeccable (im-pek'a-bl), a. Not lia- 
 ble to sin.— impeccability, n. 
 
 impecunious ( im-pe-ku'ni-us ), a. 
 Having no money ; poor. — impecu- 
 nios'ity, [L. in, not, and pecunia, 
 money.] 
 
 impede(im-ped'), vt. Hinder; obstruct. 
 —impediment, n. 1. That which 
 impedes; hinderance. 2. Defect pre- 
 venting fluent speech [L. impedio, en- 
 tangle the feet— in, and pes, foot.] 
 
 impel (im-pel'), vt. [impelling; im- 
 pelled (im-peld')]. Drive forward. [L. 
 in, on, and^Zo, drive.] 
 
 impend (im-pend'), vi. Hang over ; 
 threaten; be near. — impendent, 
 impending-, a. Hanging over; 
 ready to act or happen. [L.—in, and 
 pendeo, hang.] 
 
 impenetrable ( im-pen'e-tra-bi ), a. 
 Incapable of being pierced ; impervi- 
 ous. — impenetrably, adv. — im- 
 penetrability, n. 
 
 impenitent (im-pen'i-tent), a. Not 
 repenting of sin. — impen'itently, 
 adv. — impenitence, n. 
 
 imperative (im-per'a-tiv),a. Expres- 
 sive of command ; ' authoritative ; 
 obligatory.— imper'atively, adv.— 
 [From L. impero, command,— in, and 
 paro, prepare.] 
 
 imperceptible (im-per-sep'ti-bl), a. 
 Not discernible; insensible; minute. — 
 impercep'tibleness, impercep- 
 tibillty, n.— imperceptibly, adv. 
 
 imperfect (im-per'fekt). I. a. Incom- 
 plete; defective; not fulfilling its de- 
 sign ; liable to err. II. n. Mood of the 
 verb, representing the action or state 
 as going on at the time mentioned. •- 
 imper fectness, n. — im perfec- 
 tion, n.— imper'fectly, adv. 
 
 imperial (im-pe'ri-al). 
 I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
 an empire or to an em- 
 peror ; sovereign ; su- 
 preme. 2. Of superior 
 size or excellence. II. 
 n. Narrow pointed 
 beard on the chin. — 
 imperially, adv.— 
 imperialism, n. 1. 
 Power or authority of 
 an emperor. 2. Spirit 
 of empire.— imperi- 
 alist (im-pe'ri-al-ist), n„ One who 
 favors imperialism. [Fr. See empire.] 
 
 imperil (im-per'il), vt. Endanger. 
 
 Imperial. 
 
 imperious (im-pe'ri-u s), a. 1. 
 Haughty; tyrannical; authoritative. 
 
 2. Urgent; compelling. — imperi- 
 ously, adv. — impe'riousness, n. 
 
 imperishable ( im-per'ish-a-bl ), a. 
 Indestructible ; everlasting; — im- 
 perlshableness, imperishabil- 
 ity, n.— imperlshably, adv. 
 
 impermeable(im-per'mea-bl), a. Not 
 permitting passage; impenetrable.— 
 impermeability, imper'mea- 
 bleness, n.— imper'meably, adv. 
 
 impersonal(im-per'sun al), a. I. Not 
 representing a person. 2'. Not having 
 personality. 3. In gram. Not used 
 with a personal object, as it rains.— 
 impersonally, adv. — imperson- 
 ality, n. 
 
 impersonate ( im-per'sun-at ), vt. 1. 
 Invest with personality. 2. Represent; 
 personify.— impersonation, n. 
 
 impertinent ( im-per'ti-nent), a. 1. 
 Irrelevant; out of place. 2. Trifling. 
 
 3. Intrusive; impudent.— imperti- 
 nence, n. 1. Unfitness. 2. Unbecom- 
 ing conduct.— imper'tinently, adv. 
 
 Syn. Frivolous; rude; unmannerly; 
 saucy; disrespectful; insolent; med- 
 dlesome; officious. 
 
 imperturbable (im-per-tur'ba-bl), a. 
 That cannot be disturbed or agitated. 
 —imperturbability, n. [L.. — in, 
 not, SLudperturbo, disturb.] 
 
 imper viable (im-per'vi-a-bl), im- 
 pervious (im-per'vi-us), ' a. Not to 
 be penetrated or entered. — imper'* 
 viableness, imperviabillty, 
 imper'viousness, n. — imper- 
 viously, ado. 
 
 impetuous (im-pet'u-us), a. 1. Rush- 
 ing with violence. 2. Vehement in 
 feeling; passionate; hasty. — im* 
 pet'uousness, impetuosity, n. 
 — impet'uously, adv. 
 
 impetus ( im'pe-tus ), n. 1. Attack; 
 assault. 2. Force or quantity of mo- 
 
 tion. [L.—in, and peto, fall upon.] 
 impiety ( im-pi'e-ti ), n. 1. Want of 
 
 piety; irreverence towards God. 2. 
 
 Impious act. [in, and pango, strike.] 
 impinge (im-pinj'), vi. Clash. [L.— 
 impious ( im'pi-us ), a. Wanting in 
 
 veneration for God or the church.— 
 
 im'piously, adv. [L. impius.] 
 implacable (im-pla'ka-bl), a. Not to 
 
 be appeased; inexorable; irreconcil 
 
 able.— impla'cably, adv.— impla* 
 
 cableness, implacability, n. 
 implant (im-planf), vt. Plant or fix 
 
 into in order to grow; inculcate. 
 implead (im-pled), vt. Prosecute at 
 
 law.— implead'er, n. 
 implement (im'ple-ment), n. Tool: 
 
 utensil. [l<.—"yi-pleo, fill, accomplish.] 
 
 H^ fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w9l.fi 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
Implicate 
 
 267 
 
 impressment 
 
 Implicate (im'pli-kat), vt. Infold; in- 
 volve; entangle. — implication, n. 
 
 1. Act of implicating. 2. Entangle- 
 ment. 3. That which is implied. [L. 
 —plica, fold.] 
 
 implicit (im-plis'it), a. 1. Implied; 
 tacitly understood. 2. Complete; 
 without reserve. — implicitly, adv. 
 — implicitness, ft. [L. implicitus, 
 folded in.] 
 
 implore (im-p!5r'), vt. Beseech; beg. 
 — imploringly, adv. [L< — in, and 
 ploro, weep aloud.] 
 
 imply (im-pli'), vt. Include or signify- 
 in reality, though not expressing in 
 words. [Li.implico, infold.] [dence. 
 
 impolicy (im-pol'i-si), ft. Impru- 
 
 impolite (im-po-hf). a. Of rude man- 
 ners; uncivil. — impolite'ly, adv.— 
 impoliteness, ft. 
 
 impolitic(im-pol'i-tik), a.Imprudent; 
 unwise; inexpedient. 
 
 imponderable (im-pon'd§r-a-bl), a. 
 Not able to be weighed. — iinpbncler- 
 ability, ft. 
 
 import (im-porf), vt. 1. Bring from 
 abroad. 2. Signify. 3. Concern.— im- 
 portation, ft. 1. Act of importing. 
 
 2. Commodities imported.— impor'- 
 ter, n. One who brings in goods from 
 abroad. [L.. in, and porto, carry.] 
 
 Syn. Introduce; imply; mean; con- 
 vey; denote; interest. 
 import ( im'port ), n. 1. That which 
 is brought from abroad. 2. Meaning. 
 
 3. Importance. 
 
 important (im-par'tant), a. Of great 
 import or consequence. — impor'- 
 tantly, adv. — importance, ft. 
 
 importunate! im-par'tu-nat ), a. 
 Troublesomely urgent; over-pressing 
 in request. — importunately, adv. 
 
 importune ( im-por-tun' ), vt. Urge 
 with annoying persistency. — impor- 
 tu'nity, ft. Urgent request [L. im- 
 portunus, harborless, inconvenient.] 
 
 imposable (im-po 'za-bl), a. Capable 
 of being imposed or laid on. 
 
 im»ose(im-poz'). I. vt. 1. Place or lay 
 on. 2. Enjoin; command. 3. Put over 
 by authority or force. 4 Obtrude un- 
 fairly. 5. Palm off. II. vi. Deceive , 
 abuse the kindness of. [Fr. imposer ] 
 
 imposing (im-po 'zing), a. Command- 
 ing; adapted to impress forcibly.— 
 imposingly, adv. 
 
 imposition (im-po-zish'Un), ft. 1 
 Laying on, laying on of hands in or- 
 dination. 2 Tax; burden. 3. Decep- 
 tion , abuse of kindness. 
 
 impossible ( im-pos'i-bl ), a. That 
 cannot be done; that cannot exist; 
 absurd. — impossibility, ft. 
 
 Impost. 
 
 impost (im'post), n. 1. Tax, esp. on 
 
 imports. 2. Part of a pillar on which 
 
 the weight of the vault 
 
 or arch rests. [O. Fr. 
 
 —L. impono, lay on.] 
 impostor (im-pos'tur), 
 
 ft. One who practices im- 
 position or fraud. 
 imposture (im-pos'tur), 
 
 ft. Fraud. 
 impotent (im'po-tent), a. 
 
 1. Powerless. 2 Not 
 
 able to procreate.— im'- 
 
 potently, adv. — im'- 
 
 potence, im'potency, ft. 
 impound (im-po wnd'), vt. Confine, as 
 
 in a pound; hold in custody of the 
 
 court. 
 impoverish (im-pov'er-ish), vt. Make 
 
 poor;exhaust.— impoverishment, 
 
 ft. [From O. TPr.povre, — L. pauper.] 
 impracticable (im-prak'tik-a-bl), a. 
 
 1. Not able to be done. 2. Unfnanage- 
 able. — impracticability, im- 
 prac'ticableness, ft. — imprac- 
 ticably, adv. 
 
 impreeate(im'pre-kat),fl£. 1. Pray for 
 evil upon. 2. Cui'se.— imprecation. 
 ft. Curse. [L.— in, and precor, pray.] 
 
 impregnable (im-preg'na-M), a. 1. 
 That cannot be taken; unconquerable. 
 
 2. Able to be impregnated. — im- 
 preg'nably , adv.— impr egnabil- 
 ity, ft. 
 
 impregnate (im-pr eg'nat), vt. 1. 
 Make pregnant, fertilize. 2. Impart 
 life or spirit. — impregnation, ft. 
 [L.] See PREGNANT. 
 
 impresario (.im-pre-sa'ri-5) , ft. Opera- 
 tic manager. [It. impresa, enterprise.] 
 
 impress (im-pres'), vt. 1. Mark or 
 produce by pressure; stamp. 2. Fix 
 deeply (in the mind). 3 Force into 
 service, esp. the public service. 
 
 impress (im'pres), n. Mark made by 
 pressure; stamp; likeness; device. 
 
 impressible (im-pres'i-bl), a. Capable 
 of being made to feel; susceptible.— 
 i mpr ess'ibly , adv.— impressibil- 
 ity, ft. 
 
 impression (im-presh'un), ft. 1. Act 
 of impressing. 2. That which is pro- 
 duced by pressure. 3. Single edition 
 of a book. 4. Effect on the mind; idea. 
 4. Slight remembrance. — impres- 
 sionable, a. Able to receive an im- 
 pression. 
 
 impressive ( im-pres'iv ), a. Capable 
 of making an impression on the mind 
 or conscience.— impressively, adv. 
 — impress'iveness, ft. 
 
 impressment (im-pres'ment), n. Act 
 of impressing or seizing for service s 
 esp. in the navy. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above, me met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, *fteiv, 
 
imprint 
 
 268 
 
 inanition 
 
 imprint (im -print'), vt. 1. Print; 
 stamp. 2. Fix in the mind. 
 
 imprint (im'print), n. 1. That which 
 is imprinted. 2. Name of the pub- 
 lisher or printer on a title-page or 
 
 imprison (im-priz'n), vt. Shut up; 
 confine.— impiis'onment, n. 
 
 improbable ( im-prob'a-bl ). a. Un- 
 likely. — improb'ably, adv. — im- 
 probability, n. [ honesty. 
 
 improbity ( im-prob'i-ti ), n. D i s- 
 
 impromptu (im-promp'tu). I. a. Off- 
 hand; without preparation. II. adv. 
 Readily. III. n. Witty saying or com- 
 position produced at t h e moment. 
 [L. in promptu, in readiness.] 
 
 improper ( im-prop'er ), a. 1. Not 
 suitable. 2. Unbecoming; indecent; 
 incorrect.— improp'erly, adv. 
 
 impropriety (im-pro-pri'e-ti), n. 1. 
 Unsuitableness. 2. Unbecoming con- 
 duct, [to be improved. 
 
 improvable (im-pro'va-bl), a. Able 
 
 improve (im-prov'), vt. and vi. Make 
 or grow better; advance in value or 
 excellence. 2. Correct. 3. Employ to 
 good purpose.— improve'ment,ra. 1. 
 Act of improving. 2. Advancement ; 
 increase. 3. Turning to good account. 
 [L. in, and probo, try, test.] 
 Syn. Ameliorate; amend; better. 
 
 improvident ( im-prov'-ident ), a. 
 Wanting foresight.— improvident- 
 ly, adv. — improvidence, n. 
 
 improvise ( im-pro-viz'), vt. Utter, 
 compose, make, or do without prepa- 
 ration, off-hand. — improvisation, 
 n. — improvisatore (im-pro-viz-a- 
 to'ra), n. [It. pi. improvisatori (-re).] 
 One who composes, sings, or recites 
 without preparation. [Li.—in, not, and 
 provisus, foreseen.] 
 
 imprudent (im-pro'dent), a. Want- 
 ing foresight or discretion.— irapru'- 
 dently, adv.— imprudence, n. 
 
 impudent (im'pu-dent), a. Wanting 
 shame or modesty; bold. — impu- 
 dently, a<ft;.— impudence, n. [L. 
 in, not, and pudeo, am ashamed.] 
 Syn. Shameless. See impertinent. 
 
 impugn ( im-pun' ), vt. Oppose; at- 
 tack.— impug-n'er. n. [L. impugno 
 —in, against, and pug no, fight.] 
 
 impulse (im'puls), impulsion (im- 
 pul'shun), n. 1. Act of impelling or 
 driving on. 2. Effect of an impelling 
 force. 3 Force suddenly communi- 
 cated. 4. Influence on the mind.— 
 impulsive (im-puTsiv), a. 1. impel- 
 ling or driving on. 2. Actuated by 
 impulse. 3. Not continuous. — im- 
 pul'sively, adv.— impulsiveness, 
 n. [From root of impel.] 
 
 impunity (im-pu'ni-ti), n. Freedom 
 from punishment; exemption from 
 injury or loss. [L. impunitas—in, not, 
 and poena, punishment.] 
 
 impure (im-pur'), a. 1. Mixed with 
 other substances. 2. Defiled by sin; 
 unholy; unchaste; unclean. — im- 
 purely, adv. — impur'ity, im- 
 pure'ness, n._ 
 
 impute (im-puf), vt. Reckon as be- 
 longing to ; charge, impu'table, a. 
 Capable of being imputed or charged; 
 attributable. — imputa'tion, n. Act 
 of imputing or charging; censure. [L. 
 imputo — in, andpwfo, reckon.] 
 Syn. Insinuate. See ascribe. 
 
 in-, prefix. 1. In, on. [A. S. in. Fr. en. 
 L. in.] 2. Denoting negation; not; 
 un-, as i/ifirm. [L.] Before b and p 
 the n changes to m, as impudent; 
 before I, m, and r, it is assimilated 
 as in illegal, immature, irregular. 
 
 in (in). I. prep. Within; during; by; 
 through. II. adv. Within; not out. 
 
 inability ( in-a-bil'i-ti ), n. Want ot 
 sufficient power; incapacity, 
 
 inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), a. Not 
 to be reached, obtained, or approach- 
 ed.— inaccess'ibly,adw. — inaccess- 
 ibility, inaccesslbleness, n. 
 
 inaccuracy (in-ak'u-ra-si), n. Want of 
 exactness; mistake^ 
 
 inaccurate ( in-ak'u-rat ), a. Not ex- 
 act or correct; erroneus. — inae'eu- 
 rately, adv. 
 
 inaction (in-ak'shun), n. Want of ac- 
 tion, idleness; rest. 
 
 inactive ( in-ak'tiv ), a. Not acting, 
 idle; lazy. — inactively, aav — 
 inactivity, n. Want of activity. 
 Syn. Dull. See inert. _ 
 
 inadequate (in-ad'e-kwat), a. Insuf- 
 ficient.— inadequately, adv. — in- 
 adequacy, inad'equateness, n. 
 
 inadmissible (in-ad-mis'i-bl), a. N t 
 admissible or allowable.— inadmis- 
 sibility, n. 
 
 inadvertence ( in-ad-ver'tens ), in- 
 advertency, ( in-ad-ver'ten-si ), n a 
 Lack of attention; negligence; over- 
 sight. — inadver'tent, a. Inattent- 
 ive.— inadver'tently, adv. 
 
 inalienable ( in-a'li-en-a-bl ), a. Not 
 capable of being transferred. 
 
 inamorato (in-am-o-ra'to), w. Male 
 lover.— /<?m.inamora'ta (-ta).— pi. ina- 
 mora'ti (-te). [It. See enamor.] 
 
 inane (in-an'), a. Empty; void of or- 
 dinary intelligence. [L. inanis.] 
 
 inanimate (in-an'im-at), a. Without 
 animation or life, dead. 
 
 inanition (in-a-nish'un), n. State of 
 being inane; emptiness, exhaustion 
 from want of food. 
 
 fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her, mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
inanity 
 
 2G9 
 
 incest 
 
 inanity (in-an'i-ti), n. Empty space; 
 senselessness. 
 
 inapplicable (in-ap"lik-a-bl), a. Not 
 applicable or suitable. — inapplica- 
 bility, n. [Not able to be valued. 
 
 inappreciable (iu-ap-pre'shi-a-bl), a. 
 
 inapt (in-apt'), a. Not apt; unfit.— 
 inapt'ly, adv. — inaptitude, n. 
 Unfitness. 
 
 inarching ( in-ar'ching ), n. Method 
 of grafting by which branches are 
 united befoie being separated from 
 the original stem. (L*. in, and arch.] 
 
 inarticulate ( in-ar-uk'u-lat ), a. 1. 
 Not distinct. 2. Not jointed. — inar- 
 tie'ulately, adv. — inartic'ulate- 
 uess, inarticula'tion, n. 
 
 inasmuch (in-az-mueh'), adv. Since; 
 seeing that; it being the case. 
 
 inattention (in-at-ten'shun), n. Want 
 of attention; neglect; heedlessness. 
 
 inattentive ( in-at-ten'tiv ), a. Care- 
 less.— inattentively, adv. 
 
 inaudible ( in-a'di-bl ), a. Not able to 
 be heard.— ina'ii'dibly, adv. — inau- 
 dibility, inau'diblesiess, n. 
 
 inaugural ( in-a'gu-ral ), a. Pertain- 
 ing to, done or pronounced at, an in- 
 auguration. 
 
 inaugurate ( in-a'gu-rat ), vt. 1. In- 
 duct into an office in a formal man- 
 ner 2 Cause to begin 3 Make a 
 public exhibition of for the first time. 
 — inauguration, n. Act of inaugu 
 rating — inau'gurator, n. One who 
 inaugurates. [lu.inauguro. See augur ] 
 
 inauspicious (in-as-pish'us), a Not 
 auspicious ;ill-ome'ned; unlucky — in- 
 auspi'ciously, adv. — inauspi'- 
 cicTusness, n [impl anted by nature 
 
 inborn (in' barn), a. Born in or with , 
 
 inbreak (in'brak), n. Sudden inroad. 
 
 inbred (in'bred), a. Bred within; in- 
 nate; natural. 
 
 inbreeding (in-bre'ding) n. Mating 
 of those closely related. 
 
 inca (ing'ka), n. Ancient king or 
 prince of Peru. 
 
 incalculable(in-kal'ku- 
 la-bl), a. Not able to be 
 reckoned — incalcula- 
 bly, adv. 
 
 incandescent (in-kan- 
 des'ent), a. W h i t e'or 
 glowing with heat. — In- 
 candescent light, light 
 produced by a fibre 
 made to glow by an elec- 
 tric current within a 
 glass bulb exhausted of 
 air.— incandes'cence, 
 n. White heat. [L. can- 
 desco, inceptive of candeo, glow 
 
 CANDLE.] 
 
 incantation (in-kan-ta'shun), n. Mag- 
 ical charm uttered by singing; en- 
 chantment. [L._ See ENCHANT.] 
 
 incapable ( in-ka'pa-bl ), a. Not capa- 
 ble; insufficient; unable. — inca'pa° 
 bly, adv.— incapability, n. 
 Syn. Deficient; incompetent. 
 
 incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), vt. De- 
 prive of capacity; make incapable; 
 disqualify. 
 
 incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti), n. Want 
 of power of mind;' inability; disquali- 
 fication. 
 
 incarcerate (in-kar'ser-at), vt. Im- 
 prison ;confine.— iucarcera'tion, n. 
 [Li. — in, and career, prison.] 
 
 incarnadine (in-kar'na-din), vt. Dye 
 red. [Pr.— root of incarnate.] 
 
 incarnate (in-kar'nat). I. vt. Embody 
 in flesh. II. a. Invested with flesh. — 
 incarnation, n. Act of embodying 
 in flesh; act of taking a human body 
 and the nature of a man. 2. Incarnate 
 form. 3. Manifestation. 4 Process 
 of healing, or forming new flesh. [L. 
 —caro, carnis, Resti. Cf carnal.] 
 
 incase (in-kas'), vt. Put in a case; sur- 
 round with something solid. — in- 
 case'ment, n 
 
 incautious (in-ka'shus), a. Not cau- 
 tious or careful."— incau'tiously, 
 adv. — incau'tiousness, n. Want of 
 caution 
 
 incendiary (in-sen'di-ar-i). I. n. One 
 that sets fire to a building, etc., mali- 
 ciously. II. a. 1. Willfully setting 
 fire to; relating to incendiarism 2. 
 Tending to excite sedition or quarrels. 
 — incen'diarism, n. Practice of set- 
 ting fire maliciously, etc. [L. incendo, 
 kindle.] [anger. 
 
 incense (in-sens'), vt. Inflame with 
 
 incense (in'sens), n. Odor of spices 
 burned in religious rites; materials 
 so burned. [L. incensum.] 
 
 incentive (in-seu'tiv). I. a. Inciting; 
 encouraging. II. n. That which incites 
 to action ;motive. [L. incentivus, strik- 
 ing up a tune, — in, and cano, sing.] 
 
 inception ( in-sep'shun ), n. Begin- 1 
 ning. — incep'tive, a. Beginning or 
 marking the beginning. [L. incipio, 
 begin— in, on, and capio, seize.] 
 
 incertitude (in-ser'ti-tud), n. Want of 
 certainty; doubtfulness. 
 
 incessant (in-ses'ant), a. Not ceasing; 
 Uninterrupted; continual. — inces- 
 santly, adv. [Li. — in, not, and cesso, 
 cease.] 
 
 incest (in'sest), n. Carnal relations 
 within a degree ot relationship within 
 which marriage is prohibited by law. 
 —incestuous, a.— incest'uously, 
 adv. [L. incestue, unchaste.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
inch 
 
 270 
 
 incompetence 
 
 Inchworra. 
 
 inch (insh), n. Twelfth part of a foot ; 
 small distance or degree.— By inches, 
 in ch- m e a I, 
 little by little, 
 by slow d e- 
 grees.— inch- 
 w o r m, n. 
 Measuring 
 worm ; looper. 
 [A. S. ynce—Tu. 
 uncia, twelfth 
 part.] 
 
 inchoate (in'ko-at), a. Only begun; 
 incipient. [L. inchoo, begin.] 
 
 incidence(in'si-dens), n. 1. Meeting of 
 one body with another. 2. Manner or 
 direction of failing; course.— Angle of 
 incidence, angle at which a ray of 
 light, heat, etc., falls upon a surface. 
 
 incident (in'si-dent). I. a. 1. Falling 
 upon; fortuitous. 2. Liable to occur; 
 naturally belonging. II. n. 1. Event. 
 2. Subordinate occurrence. — inci- 
 dent' al, a. Coming without design ; 
 occasional; accidental. — incident- 
 ally, adv. [L. — in, and cado, fall.] 
 
 incinerate (in-sin'er-at), vt. Burn to 
 ashes. [L. in, into, and cinis. ashes.] 
 
 incipient (in-sip'i-ent), a. Beginning. 
 — incip'iently,adt>— incip'ience, 
 incipieney, n. [Pr. p. of L. incipio 
 
 See INCEPTION.] 
 
 incise (in-siz'), vt. 1. Cut into. 2. En- 
 grave. [Fr.— L. m.into, and caedo,cut.] 
 
 incision (in-sizh'uo), n. 1. Act of cut- 
 ting into. 2. Cut; gash. 
 
 incisive (in-si'siv), a. Having the 
 quality of cutting into, or penetrat- 
 ing as with a sharp instrument; 
 trenchant; acute; sarcastic. 
 
 incisor (in-si'zur), n. Cutting or fore- 
 tooth.— inci'sory, a. [L.] 
 
 incitation (in-si-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of inciting or rousing. 2. That which 
 stimulates to action ; incentive. 
 
 incitant (in-si'tant), incitative (in- 
 si'ta-tiv), n. Provocative; stimulant. 
 
 incite (in-sif), vt. Rouse to action.— 
 
 inci'tingly, adv. — inciter, n. — 
 
 incitement,^. [L. — cito, rouse.] 
 
 Syn. Urge; encourage; stimulate; 
 
 instigate; prompt; excite. See goad. 
 
 incivility (in-si-vil'i-ti), n. 1. Want of 
 courtesy. 2. Act of discourtesy. 
 
 inclement (in-klem'ent), a. Unmerci- 
 ful. 2. Stormy; very cold.— inclem'- 
 ency, n. 
 
 inclinable (in-kli'na-bl), a. That may 
 be inclined; leaning; somewhat dis- 
 posed.— incli'nableness, n. 
 
 inclination ( in-kli-na'shun ), n. 1. 
 
 Bending; deviation. 2. Tendency. 3. 
 
 Angle between two lines or planes. 
 
 Syn. Proclivity; propensity; bend. 
 
 incline ( in-klin' ). I. vi. 1. Lean to- 
 wai'ds; deviate from a line. 2. Be dis- 
 posed ; have a desire. II. vt. 1. Cause 
 to bend towards; give a leaning to. 2. 
 Dispose. III. n. Inclined plane. [L. 
 inclino — in, towards, and aino, bend.] 
 Syn. Bend; slant; slope; tend. 
 
 inclose (in-kloz'), vt. 1. Close or shut 
 in; confine; surround. 2. Fence. 
 [Fr.— L. include-, inclusus,shut in.] 
 
 inclosure (in-klo'zhbr), n. 1. Act of 
 inclosing. 2. State of being inclosed. 
 3. That which is inclosed. 4. Space 
 fenced off. 5. That which incloses. 
 
 include (in-klod'), vt. Close or shut 
 in; embrace within limits; contain; 
 comprehend. [L.— in, and claudo, shut.] 
 
 inclusion (in-klo'zhun), n. Act of 
 including. 
 
 inclusive (in-klo'siv), a. Shut ting- 
 in; inclosing; comprehending. — 
 inclu'sively, adv. 
 
 incognito ( in-kog'ni-to ). I. a. Un- 
 known; disguised. II. adv. In con- 
 cealment; in a disguise; under an 
 assumed name or title. III. n. 1. 
 One in disguise. 2. State of be- 
 ing in disguise. [It. — L incognitus.] 
 
 incognizable (in-kog'niz-a-bl or in-, 
 kon'iz-a-bl). a. That cannot'be known 
 or distinguished. [cognizant. 
 
 incognizant (in-kon'i-zant), a. Not 
 
 incoherent (in-ko-her'ent), a. Not 
 connected ; incongruous.— incoher- 
 ence, n. Want of coherence. 
 
 incolumity (in-ko-lu'mi-ti), n. Safety, 
 security. [L. columis, safe.] 
 
 incombustible (in-kom-busti-bl), a. 
 Incapable of being consumed by fire. — 
 incombustibil'ity, incombus'* 
 tibleness, n. 
 
 income ((in'kum), n. Earnings, profit, 
 or interest, coming in regularly. 
 Syn. Revenue; receipt; produce. 
 
 incommensurable ( in-kom-men'su- 
 rab!), a. Having no com m on measure. 
 
 incommode ( in-kom-mod' ) vt. Cause 
 inconvenience to , molest. — incom- 
 mo'dious, a. Inconvenient; annoy- 
 ing. [L.— incommodus, inconvenient^] 
 
 incommunieative(in-kom-mu'ni-ka- 
 tiv), a. Not disposed to converse or 
 to answer questions; unsocial. 
 
 incomparable ( in-kora'pa-ra-bl ), a. 
 Matchless. — incom'parableness, 
 n.— incom'purably, adv. 
 
 incompatible ( in-kom-pat'i-bl ), a. 
 Not consistent; contradictory. — in- 
 compatibility, n. — incompati- 
 bly, adv. [oncilable. 
 Syn. Incongruous ; discordant ; irrec- 
 
 incompetence (in-kom'pe-tens), in- 
 com'petency, n. State of being 
 incompetent; insufficiency; inability. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, ffire, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Incompetent 
 
 271 
 
 Incubate 
 
 ■Incompetent ( in-kom'pe-tent )? a. 
 Wanting adequate qualifications. — 
 incompetently, adv. 
 
 Syn. Incapable; inefficient; disqual- 
 ified; unfit; inadequate; insufficient. 
 
 incomplete (in-kom-plef), a. Imper- 
 fect.— incompleteness, n. — in- 
 completely., adv. 
 
 incomprehensible(in-kom-pre-hen'- 
 si-bl), a. Inconceivable. — incorn- 
 
 Erehen'sibleness, n.— incompre- 
 en'sibly, adv. [siv), a. Limited. 
 
 incomprebensive (in-kom-pre-hen'- 
 
 in conceivable ( in-kon-se'va-bl ), a. 
 That cannot be conceived ; incompre- 
 hensible.— inconcei'vableness, n. 
 — inconcei'vably, adv. 
 
 inconclusive (in-kon-klo'siv), a. Not 
 settling a point in debate. — incon- 
 clu sively, adv. — inconclu'sive- 
 ness, n. [polished. 
 
 incondite ( in-kon'dit ), a. Rude; un- 
 
 incongruous ( in -k ong ' r 6- u s ), a. 
 Inconsistent ; unsuitable. — incon- 
 gruity, 7i.— incongruously, adv. 
 
 inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent ), a. 
 Not following from the premises. — 
 incon'sequence, a. 
 
 inconsequential ( in-kon-se-kwen'- 
 shal), a. 1. Not regularlv following 
 from the premises. 2. Of little impor- 
 tance. — inconsequentially, adv. 
 
 inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl) , 
 a. Not worthy of notice; unimport- 
 ant.— inconsid'erably, adv. _ 
 
 inconsid'erate (in-kon-sid'er-at), a. 
 Not considerate; thoughtless. — in- 
 considerately, adv.— inconsid - 
 erateness, n. 
 
 inconsistent (in-kon-sistent), a. Not 
 consistent; not suitable or agreeing. 
 — inconsistence, inconsist'en- 
 cy, ns.— inconsistently, adv. 
 Syn. See incompatible. 
 
 inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl), a. Not 
 to be comforted. — incohso'lably* 
 adv. 
 
 inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us), a. 
 Not conspicuous; not readily noticed. 
 inconspic'uously, adv. — incon- 
 spic'uousness, n. 
 
 inconstant (in-kon'stant), a. Fickle. 
 — incon'stancy, n.— inconstant- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 Incontestable ( in-kon-tes'ta-bl), a. 
 Too clear to be called in question; 
 undeniable. — incontest'ably, adv. 
 Syn. Indisputable; irrefragable; in- 
 dubitable; incontrovertible; certain. 
 
 incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent), a. Not 
 restraining the passions or appetites; 
 unchaste.— incon'tinence, incon '- 
 tinency, n.- incontinently, adv. 
 1. Dissolutely. 2. Immediately. 
 
 incontrovertible (in-kon-tro-v§r'tfc 
 bl), a. Too clear to be called in ques- 
 tion. — incontrovertibil'ity, ».— 
 incontrovert'ibly, adv. 
 
 inconvenience (in-kon-ve'ni-ens). I. 
 n. 1. Want of convenience. 2. Cause of 
 trouble or uneasiness. II. vt. Trouble; 
 incommode. 
 
 inconvenient ( in-kon-ve'ni-ent ), a. 
 Unsuitable; causing trouble or un- 
 easiness. — inconveniently, adv. 
 
 inconvertible (i n-k o n-v e r't i-b 1), a. 
 Not to be changed or exchanged. 
 
 incorporate (in-kar'rx»-rat). I. vi. 
 and vt. 1. Form into a body. 2. Com« 
 bine into one mass. 3. Form into a 
 corporation. — incorporated, a. — 
 incorpora'tion, n. 
 
 incorporeal (in-kar-po're-al), a. Not 
 having a body; spiritual. — in cor* 
 po'really, adv. 
 
 incorrigible (in-kor'i-ji-bl), a. Bad 
 beyond correction or reform. — in- 
 cor'rigibleness, incorrigibil* 
 ity, n.— incorrigibly, adv. 
 
 incorruptible (in-kor-rup'ti-bl), a. 1. 
 Not capable of decay. 2. That cannot 
 be bribed ; inflexibly just. — incor- 
 rupt ibly. adv. — incorruptible- 
 n ess, n. [become greater; advance, 
 
 increase (in-kres'), vt. and vi. Make or 
 
 increase (in'kres), n. Growth; addi- 
 tion ; profit ; produce. [O. Fr. en- 
 cresse—Li. incresco, grow.] 
 
 incredible (in-kred'i-bl). a. Surpas- 
 sing belief. — incredibly, adv. — 
 incredibility, n. 
 
 incredulous (in-kred'u-lus), a. Indis^ 
 posed to believe. — incredulously^ 
 adv.— incredulity, n. 
 
 increment (in'kre-ment), n. Growth* 
 esp. in the value of real estate from 
 increased population, traffic, etc. [Se« 
 increase.] [Charge with a jjrime. 
 
 incrim i nate (in-krim'in-at) , vt. 
 
 incrust (in-krusf), vt. Cover with a 
 hard case.— incrusta'tion, n. 
 
 incubate (in'- , 
 
 ku-bat), vi. > * m£T 
 
 Sit on eggs 
 to hatch them. 
 — incuba- 
 tion, n. 1. 
 Act of sitting 
 on e g g s to 
 hatch them. 
 2. Period be- 
 tween the im- 
 planting of a 
 disease and its 
 development 
 " -tur) 
 
 Incubator. 
 
 incubator (in'ku* 
 Machine for hatching eggs 
 by artificial heat. [L. — t/i,upon, and 
 cubo, lie down.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
incnbns 
 
 572 
 
 Index 
 
 incnbns (in'kii-bus), n. 1. Nightmare. 
 2. Oppressive influence. — pi. In'cu- 
 buses, incubi (in'-ku-bi). [L.— incubo.] 
 
 inculcate (in-kul'kat), vt. Impress by- 
 admonitions. — inculcation, n. [L. 
 — in, not, andcalco, tread,— calx, heel.] 
 Syn. Teach; implant; infuse; instill. 
 
 inculpate (in-kuFpat), vt. Incrimin- 
 ate; show to be guilty; censure. — in- 
 culpa'tion, n. — incul'patory, a. 
 Imputing blame. [Ij. in, and culpa, 
 fault.] * 
 
 incumbent (in-kum'bent). I. a. Lying 
 or resting on. II. n. One who holds 
 an office or benefice. — incumben- 
 cy, n. Holding of an office. [L..— in- 
 cumbo,\ie upon.] 
 
 incunabula (in-ku-nab'u-la), n. Books 
 printed in the early period of the art, 
 before the year 1500. [L.= swaddling- 
 clothes.] 
 
 incur (in-kur'), vt. [incurring; incur- 
 red (incurd').] Become liable to; run 
 into. [Ij. in, and curro, run.] 
 
 incurable (in-kur'a-bl). I. a. That can- 
 not be cured. II. n. One beyond cure. 
 
 incursion ( in-kiir'shun ), n. Hostile 
 inroad. [Fr.— L. incur sio—incurro.] 
 
 incursi ve (in-kiir'siv), a. Pertaining 
 to, or making an incursion or inroad. 
 
 incurvate (in-kur'vat). I. vt. Curve or 
 bend. II. a. Curved inward.— incur- 
 va'tion, n. [L. in, and curvus, bent.] 
 
 incus (ing'kus), n. Bone of the inter- 
 nal ear. [L.=anvil.] 
 
 indebted (in-det'ed), a. Being in debt; 
 obliged.— indebtedness, n. 
 
 indecent (in-de'sent), a. Offensive to 
 common modesty. — indecently, 
 adv.— inde'cency, n. 
 
 indecision (in-de-sizh'un), n. Want 
 of decision; hesitation. 
 
 indeclinable (in-de-kli'na-bl), a. Not 
 varied by determinations of case and 
 number. 
 
 indecorous (in-de-ko'rus or in-dek'o- 
 rus), a. Not becoming; violating 
 good manners. 
 
 indecorum (in-de-k5'rum), n. Want 
 of propriety of conduct. [in reality. 
 
 indeed (in-ded'), adv. In fact; in truth; 
 
 indefatigable (in-de-fat'i-ga-bl), a. 
 That cannot be tired out ; unremit- 
 ting in effort ; persevering.— indefat'- 
 igably, adv. [L.— in, not, de, down, 
 a,n&fatigo, tire.] 
 
 indefeasible ( in-de-fe'zi-bl ), a. Not 
 to be defeated.— indefensibly, adv. 
 — indefeasibil'ity, n. 
 
 indefensible (in-de-fen'si-bl), a. That 
 cannot be maintained or justified.— 
 indefensibly, adv. 
 
 indefinable ( in-de-fl'na-bl ), a. Not to 
 be defined.— indefinably, adv. 
 
 indefinite (in-def'i-nit), a. Not limited: 
 not precise or certain.— indefinite- 
 ly, adv.— indef initeness, n. 
 
 Syn. Vague; dim; obscure; inex- 
 plicit; inexact; equivocal. 
 
 indelible (in-del'i-bl) , a. That cannot ' 
 be effaced. — indel'ibly, adv. [L.— 
 in, not, and deleo, destroy. ] 
 
 indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si), n. Want oi 
 delicacy or refinement ; rudeness. 
 
 indelicate (in-del'i-kat), a. Offensive 
 to good manners or purity of mind; 
 coarse.— indelicately, adv. 
 
 indemnify (in-dem'ni-fi), vt. Repay; 
 secure against loss.— indemnifica* 
 tion, n. [L.— in, not, damnum, loss, 
 and facio, make.] 
 
 indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti), n. Security 
 from damage, loss, or punishment; 
 compensation for loss or injury. [L, 
 indemnitas.] 
 
 indemonstrable (in-de-mon'stra-bl) t 
 a. That cannot be proved. 
 
 indent (in-dent'),v£. 1. Cut intopoints 
 like teeth; notch. 2. (Print.) Begin 
 further in from the margin than the 
 rest of a paragraph.— indentation, 
 n. Act of indenting or notching; 
 notch; recess.— indenture ( in-den'- 
 tur). I. n. Written agreement between 
 two or more parties; con tract (origin- 
 ally written in duplicate on one sheet, 
 which was then cut apart on a zigzag 
 line). II. vt. Bind by indentures. [L. 
 — in, and dens, tooth.] 
 
 independent (in-de-pend'ent). I. a. 1. 
 Not dependent or relying on others ; 
 not subordinate; not subject to an- 
 other. 2. Thinking for one's self ; 
 self-governing. 3. Affording a com- 
 fortable livelihood; moderately 
 wealthy. 4. Irrespective; exclusive. 
 II. n. One who lives or thinks inde- 
 pendently. — independently, adv. 
 — independence, independen- 
 cy, n. — Independence day, legal holi- 
 day, on July 4, celebrating the anni- 
 versary of the Congress' declaration 
 of the independence of the U. S. 
 
 indescribable ( in-de-skri'barbl ), a. 
 That cannot he described. 
 
 indestructible (in-de-struk'ti-bl), a. 
 That cannot be destroyed. 
 
 indeterminable (in-de-ter'min-a-bl), 
 a. Not to be ascertained or ended. 
 
 indeterminate (in-de-ter'min-at), a 
 Not fixed.— indeterminately, adt 
 inde termination, n. 
 
 indetermined ( in-de- ter'mind ), 4 
 Not determined; unsettled. 
 
 index (in'deks). I. n. [pi. indexes (in' 
 deks-ez), or indices (in'di-sez). ] 1 
 Anything that indicates or point-, 
 out; a hand that directs to anything 
 
 fate, tat, task, far, fan, fare, above; nae, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 * mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thou. ■ 
 
India 
 
 273 
 
 indiscreet 
 
 (f^~), etc. 2. List of subjects treat- 
 ed of in a book. 3. In math. Exponent 
 of a power. II. vt. Provide with or 
 place in an index. — Index finger, fore- 
 finger, next the thumb.— Index of Pro- 
 hibited Books, catalogue of books 
 which must not be read by Roman 
 Catholics, published at intervals by 
 the Pope. [L. indico, indicate.] 
 
 India (in'di-a), a. Pertaining to East 
 India. — India Ink, black pigment 
 made originally in China. — India 
 paper, very fine soft paper, originally 
 made in China and Japan, used for 
 'India proofs,' the first and finest 
 prints from engravings. 
 
 Indiaman (in'di-a-man), n. Large 
 ship employed in trade between Great 
 Britain and British India. 
 
 Indian (in'di-an) . 
 
 1. a. Belonging 
 to the Indies, 
 East or "West, or 
 to the aborigines 
 of America II. 
 n. 1. Native oi 
 the Indies. 2. 
 Aboriginal of 
 America.-r»- 
 dian corn, maize, 
 so called because 
 brought from W. 
 Indies. — Indian 
 file, single file. 
 
 [From the name 
 of the river In- 
 dus.] 
 
 Indianist (in'di- 
 an-ist), n. One 
 who studies or 
 knows the history and languages of 
 India. 
 
 india-rnbber (in'di-a-rub'er), n. 1. 
 Caoutchouc; gum-elastic. The most 
 elastic substance known. 2. Over- 
 shoe made of india-rubber. 
 
 Indie (in'dik), a. Belonging to India. 
 Used of the Indo-European lan- 
 guages, such as Sanskrit, etc. 
 
 indicant (in'di-kant), n. That which 
 indicates a remedy for a disease. * 
 
 indicate (in'di-kat), vt. Point out.— 
 indication, n. 1. Act of indicating. 
 
 2. That which indicates; mark; 
 token; symptom. — indicative (in- 
 dik'a-tiv), a. 1. Pointing out; giving 
 intimation of. 2. In gram. Applied 
 to the mood of the verb which affirms 
 or denies a f act.— indic'atively,atf"z;. 
 
 indicator (in'di-ka-tur ), n. 1. One 
 who or that which indicates. — Stock 
 indicator, electric telegraph apparatus 
 which prints automatically on an 
 unwinding strip of paper the market 
 
 Indian Chief. 
 
 quotations sent out from 
 office ; ticker, 
 steam - engine 
 to show the 
 pressure dur- 
 ing one com- 
 plete stroke of 
 the piston. 
 [L. — in, and 
 dico, tell, pro- 
 claim.] 
 
 indict (in-dif), 
 vt. Charge 
 with a crime 
 formally or in 
 writing, e s p. 
 by a grand 
 jury.— indict' 
 able, a. — in- 
 dictment, n. 
 [Li.ire,and dicto, Indicator. 
 
 freq. of dico, say.] 
 
 indifferent (in-dif'er-ent), a. 1. With- 
 out importance. 2. Neutral. 3. Uncon- 
 cerned. — indifference, .n. insigni- 
 ficance; mediocrity; unconcern- 
 edness.— indifferently, adv. 1. In 
 an indifferent manner. 2. Poorly. 
 
 Syn. Passableness; carelessness; im- 
 partiality; apathy; negligence. 
 
 indigenous (in-dij'en-us), a. Native 
 born or originating in; produced na- 
 turally in a country. [L.— in, Aid gen, 
 root of gigno, produce.] 
 
 indigent (in'di-jent), a. destitute of 
 means of subsistence; poor. — in'di- 
 g-ence, n. Want of means; poverty. 
 [Li.— in, and egeo, need.] 
 
 indigested ("in-di-jes'ted ), a. Not 
 digested; not assimilated; not meth- 
 odized, [easily digested. 
 
 indigestible (in-di-jes'ti-bl), a. Not 
 
 indigestion (in-di-jeso'yun), n. Want 
 of digestion; dyspepsia. 
 
 indignant (in-dig'nant), a. Affected 
 with auger and disdain. — indig- 
 nantly, adv. [L.— in, not, and dignus, 
 worthy.] [ger mixed with contempt. 
 
 indignation (in-dig-na'shun), n. An- 
 
 indignity (in-dig'ni-ti), n. Unmerited 
 contemptuous treatment. 
 
 indigo (in'di-go), n. 1. Blue dye first 
 obtained from the stalks of the indigo 
 plant. 2. Deep blue color, formerly 
 considered as a separate color in the 
 solar spectrum. [Sp. indica — L. indi- 
 cus, Indian.] 
 
 indirect (in-di-rekt'>, a. 1. Not direct 
 or straight. 2. Remotely connected. 
 3. Not straightforward or honest.— in- 
 directly, adv.— indirectness, n. 
 
 indiscreet ( in-dis-kret' ), a. Impru- 
 dent; injudicious, —indiscreetly, 
 adv.— indiscreet'ness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, ta8k, far, fall, fare, above; uie, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, /nove, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
indiscretion 
 
 274 
 
 indulge 
 
 indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'un), n. 1. 
 Want of discretion; rashness. 2. In- 
 discreet act; false step. 
 
 indiscriminate ( in-dis-krim'i-nat ), 
 a. Not distinguishing; promiscuous. 
 — indiscriminately, adv. 
 
 indispensable ( in-dis-pen'sa-bl ), a. 
 Absolutely necessary-iudispen'sa- 
 bly, adv. — indispen'sableness« n. 
 
 indispose (in-dis-poz'), vt. I. Kender 
 indisposed or unfit. 2. Make averse 
 to.— indisposed', a. 1. Averse; dis- 
 inclined. 2. Slightly disordered in 
 health, indisposition ( in-dis-po- 
 zish'un),w. 1. Disinclination. 2. 
 Slight illness. 
 
 indisputable (in-dis'pu-ta-bl), a. Too 
 evident to be called in question , cer- 
 tain.— indisputably, adv. 
 
 indissoluble (in-dis'o-lo-bl), a. That 
 cannot be broken or violated; inse- 
 parable; binding for ever. — indis'- 
 solubly, adv.- indis'solubleness, 
 indissolubility, n. 
 
 indistinct ( in-dis-tingkt' ), a. Not 
 plainly marked; confused ; not clear 
 to the mind, —indistinctly, adv. — 
 indistinct' ness, n. 
 
 indistinguishable (in-d is-t ing'- 
 wish-a-bl), a. That cannot be distin- 
 guished.— indistin'guisbably,a^. 
 
 indite (in-dif), vt. 1. Dictate what is 
 to be uttered or written. 2. Compose 
 or write. —indi'ter, indite'ment, 
 n. [O. Fr. enditer— root of indict.] 
 
 individual ( in-di-vid'u-al). I. a. 1. 
 Not divided; subsisting as one. 2. 
 Pertaining to one only. II. n. Single 
 person, animal, plant, or thing. — 
 individ'ualism, n. Regard to indi- 
 vidual interests and not those of 
 society at large. — individuality, 
 n. 1. Separate and distinct existence; 
 oneness. 2. Distinctive character.— 
 indi vid'ualize, vt. Distinguish 
 from others; particularize. — indi- 
 vidualization, n. — individ'ual- 
 ly, adv. [L. in, not, and divido, divide]. 
 
 indivisible (in-di-viz'i-bl). I. a. Not 
 divisible. II. n. Indefinitely small 
 quantity.— indi visibly , adv.— 
 mdivislbleness, n. 
 
 indoctrinate (in-dok'trin-at), vt. In- 
 struct in a doctrine; imbue with an 
 opinion.— indoctrination, n. 
 
 indolent (in'do-lent ), a. Indisposed 
 to activity or work; lazy. — in'do- 
 lently, adv.— in'dolence, n. [L,.— 
 in. not, and doleo, suffer pain.] 
 Syn. Idle; slothful. See inert. 
 
 indomitable (in-dom'it-a-bl), a. Not 
 to be subdued.— indomitably, adv. 
 [Li.— in, not, and domo, tame.] 
 
 indoor (in'dor), a. Carried on, or 
 being, in the house. — in'doors, adv. 
 In the house. 
 
 indorse (in-dars'), vt. 1. Write upon 
 the back of; assign by writing on the 
 back of. 2. Give one's sanction to.— 
 indorsee (in-dar-se'), n. Person to 
 whom a bill, etc'.', is assigned by in- 
 dorsement. — indorse'ment, n. 1. 
 Act of writing on the back of a bill, 
 etc., in or d e r to transfer it. 2. That 
 which is written on a bill, etc. 3. 
 Sanction. — indors'er, n. [Pr. en- 
 dosser— L. in, on, and dorsum, back.] 
 
 indubitable (in-du'bit-a-bl), a. That 
 
 cannot be doubted.— indubitably, 
 
 adv. [L. — in, not, and dubito, doubt.] 
 
 Syn. Unquestionable; certain; sure; 
 
 evident. See incontestable. 
 
 induce (in-dus'), vt. I. Prevail on. 2. 
 In physics. Cause, as an electric state, 
 by mere proximity of surfaces. — In- 
 duced current, one excited by the pre- 
 sence of a primary current. — Induced 
 magnetism, magnetism produc ed 
 in soft iron when a magnet is held 
 near, or a wire, through which a cur- 
 rent is passing, is coiled round it.— 
 inducement, n. 1. That which in- 
 duces or causes. 2. Introduction. — 
 inducer, n.— indu'cible,a. That 
 may be induced or inferred. [L.—in, 
 into, and duco, lead.] 
 
 induct (in-dukf), vt. 1. Bring in; in- 
 troduce. 2. Put in possession, as of 
 an office, —induction, n. 1. Intro- 
 duction to 
 a n office. 
 
 2. Act or 
 process of 
 reasoning 
 from par- 
 ticulars to 
 generals. 
 
 3. Produc- 
 tion by one 
 body of an 
 opposite 
 e lee trie 
 
 state in another by proximity. — 
 induc'tional, a. —inductive, a. 
 1. Leading to inference. 2. Proceed- 
 ing by induction in reasoning. — 
 inductively, adv.— induct'or, n. 
 [See induce.] 
 
 indue (in-du'), vt.'l. Invest or clothe; 
 supply. 2. Inure. — indue'ment, n, 
 [L.induo, put on.] 
 
 indulge (indulj'). I. vt. 1. Yield to 
 the wishes of; humor. 2. Allow, as a 
 favor; grant. 3. Not restrain, as a 
 passion or vice, etc. II. vi. (with in) 
 Gratify one's own appe ti te. — in- 
 dulgence, n. 1. Permission. 2. 
 
 Induction coil. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
indurate 
 
 275 
 
 inexpressive 
 
 Gratification. 3. Remission of punish- 
 ment. — indulgent, a. Favoring; 
 compliant: lenient; not severe.— in- 
 dulgently, adv. — indul'ger, n.— 
 [Li. indukjeo.) 
 
 indurate (in'du rat), vt. and vi. Make 
 or grow hard.— indura'tion, n. [L. 
 — in, and durus, hard.] 
 
 industrial (iu-dus'tri al), a. Relating 
 to industry or the manufacture of 
 commodities. — industrially, adv. 
 
 industrious (in-dus'tri-us ), a. Dili- 
 gent; sedulous. — industriously, 
 adv. [Fr.— L. in, and struo, build up.] 
 
 industry(in'dus-tri), n.l. Steady appli- 
 cation to labor. 2. Productive labor; 
 manufacture. 3. Trade. [L.] [ance. 
 Syn. Diligence; assiduity; persever- 
 
 ind welling- (in'dwel-ing). I. a. Dwell- 
 ing within ; permanent. II. n. Resi- 
 dence within, or in the heart or soul. 
 
 inebriant (iu-e'bri-ant). I. a. Intox- 
 icating. II. n. That which intoxicates. 
 
 inebriate (in-e'bri-at). I. vt. Make 
 drunk; intoxicate. II. n. Drunkard. 
 — inebria'tion, inebriety, (in-e- 
 bri'e-ti), n. Drunkenness ;intoxication. 
 [Ij.— in, and ebrio, make drunk.] 
 
 ineffable (in-ef'a-bl), a. Unspeakable. 
 — inef 'fableness, n. [h.— in, not, e, 
 out, and fari, sneak] 
 
 ineffaceable ( fn-ef-fa'sa-bl ), a. That 
 cannot be effaced; indelible. — inel- 
 face'ably, adv. 
 
 ineffective ( in-ef-fek'tiv ), a. Ineffi- 
 cient; useless. — ineffectively, adv. 
 
 ineffectual (in-ef-fek'tu-al). a. Fruit- 
 less; futile.— ineffectually, adv. 
 
 inefficacious (in-ef-fi-ka'shus), a. In- 
 adequate. — ineffica'ciously, adv. 
 
 inefficient (in-ef-fish'ent), a. Effect- 
 ing little or nothing.— inefficiently, 
 adv.— inefficiency, n. 
 
 inelegant (in-el'e-gant), a. Wanting 
 in refinement or taste. — inel'egant- 
 ly, adv.— inelegance, inel'egan- 
 cy, n. 
 
 ineligible(in-el'i-ji-bl), a. Not capable 
 or worthy of being chosen.— ineligi- 
 bility, n. 
 
 inequal (in-e'kwal), a. Unequal; un- 
 just.— Inequal hour, twelfth part of 
 the time from sunrise to sunset, and 
 from sunset to sunrise. 
 
 inept ( inept' ), a. 1. Not apt or fit; 
 unsuitable. 2. Foolish. — ineptly, 
 adv. — inept'itude, n. [Fr.— L. 
 ineptus— in, not, andopfrus, apt.] 
 
 inequality (in-e-kwol'i-ti), n. 1. Want 
 of equality; unevenness; dissimilar- 
 ity. 2. Difference. 3. Inadequacy; in- 
 competency, [fair, unjust. 
 
 inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl), a. Un- 
 
 ineradicable(in-e-rad'i-ka-bl), a. Not 
 to be rooted out. — inerad'icably. 
 adv. [See eradicate.] 
 
 inert(in-ert'), a. 1. Having no power of 
 action or resistance. 2. Sluggish. — 
 inertly, adv.— inert'ness, n. [L. 
 =unskilled ; idle— in, not. and ars, art.] 
 Syn. Lifeless; inanimate; passive; 
 dead; senseless; insensible; inactive; 
 dull; lazy; listless. See indolent. 
 
 inertia (in-er'shi-a), n. 1. Inertness. 
 2. Inherent property of matter by 
 which it tends to remain at rest when 
 resting, and in motion when moving. 
 
 inessential ( in-es-sen'shal ), a. Not 
 essential or necessary. 
 
 inestimable (in-es'tim-a-bl ), a. In- 
 calculable; priceless. — ines'tima- 
 bly, adv. 
 
 inevitable (in-ev'it-a-bl), a. 1. Not 
 able to be avoided or escaped ; certain. 
 2. Irresistible.— inevitably, adv. — 
 inevltableness, n. [Li.—in, not, and 
 evito, avoid.] 
 
 inexact (in-egz-akf), a. Not precisely 
 correct or true. — inexact'ness, n. 
 
 inexcusable (in-e ks-ku'za-bl), a. 
 Not justifiable; unpardonable, —in- 
 excusably, adv. — inexcusable- 
 ness, n. 
 
 inexhaustible ( i n-e g z-a s't i-b 1 ), a. 
 Not able to be exhausted or spent; 
 unfailing. — inexhaustibly, adv. — 
 inexhaustibility, n. 
 
 inexorable (in-eks'6-ra-bl), a. Not to 
 be moved by entreaty ;" unrelenting.— 
 inex'orably, adv. [L. — ex, and oro, 
 entreat— os, mouth. 
 
 inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent),a. Not 
 tending to promote the desired end. 
 2. Not suited to time or circum- 
 stances. — inexpe'dience, inex- 
 pediency, ns. [vantageous. 
 Syn. Inconvenient; unwise; disad- 
 
 inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv), a. In= 
 volving slight expense ; cheap. 
 
 inexperience ( in-eks-pe'ri-ens ), a. 
 Want of experience. — inexperien- 
 ced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst), a. Not having 
 experience ; unskilled ; unpracticed. 
 
 inexpiable ( in-eks'pi-a-bl ), a. Not 
 able to be expiated or atoned for. — 
 inex'piably, adv. — inex'piable- 
 ness, n. 
 
 inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl ), a. 
 That cannot be explained ; unintelli- 
 gible.— inex'plicably, adv. [clear. 
 
 inexplicit ( in-eks-plis'it ), a. Not 
 
 inexpressible ( in-eks-pres'i-bl ), a. 
 Unutterable; indescribable, —inex- 
 pressibly, adv. 
 
 inexpressive ( in-eks-pres'iv ), a. 
 Without expression or meaning; dull 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, th&u. 
 
inextinguishable 
 
 27S 
 
 inflation 
 
 inextinguishable ( in - e k s - 1 i n g'- 
 wish-a-bl ), a. That cannot be extin- 
 guished or quenched. 
 
 inextricable (in-eks'tri-ka-bl), a. Not 
 able to be extricated or disentangled. 
 — inex'tricably, adv. 
 
 infallible (in-fai"i-bl), a. 1. Incapable 
 of error. 2. Trustworthy; certain. — 
 infallibly, adv.— infallibility, n. 
 
 infamous (in'fa-mus), a. 1. Of illfame; 
 notoriously wicked. 2. Bringing infa- 
 my. 3. Disgraced by legal conviction 
 of crime.— in'famonsly, adv. 
 Syn. Vile; scandalous; disgraceful. 
 
 infamy (in'fa-mi), n. 1. Ill repute ; 
 public disgrace. 2. Extreme vileness. 
 
 infancy ( in'fan-si), n. I.Early child- 
 hood. 2. Beginning of any thing. 
 
 infant (in'fant). I. n. 1. Babe. 2. 
 Minor. II. a. 1. Belonging to infants 
 or to infancy; tender. 2. Intended 
 for infants. [L. infans—in, not, and 
 fari, speak.] 
 
 infanta (in-fan'ta), n. Title of the 
 daughters of the kings of Spain and 
 Portugal,exceptthe heiress-apparent. 
 
 infante (in-fan'ta), n. T i 1 1 e of the 
 sons of the kings of Spain and Portu- 
 ugal, except the heir-apparent. 
 
 infanticide ( in-f ant'i-sid ), n. 1. In- 
 fant or child murder. 2. Murderer of 
 an infant. — infant'icidal, a. [Fr. — 
 L.. infans, and ccedo, kill.] 
 
 infantile ( in'fant-il or -il ), infant- 
 ine (in'fant-in or -in), a. Pertaining 
 to infancy or to an infant. 
 
 infantry (in'fant-ri), n. Foot-soldiers. 
 [It. infanterid — infante, /ante, boy, 
 servant, foot-soldier.] 
 
 infatuate (in-f at'u-at), vt. Inspire 
 with foolish passion.— infatuation, 
 n. [L,.—fatuus, foolish.] 
 
 infect (in-fekf), vt. Taint, esp. with 
 disease.— infection (in-fek'shun), n. 
 1. Act of infection. 2. That which 
 infects.— infectious, a. Having the 
 quality of infecting; apt to spread.— 
 infec'tiously, adv.— infectious- 
 ness, n. [L. inflcio—in, and facto, 
 make.] [pollute; vitiate; poison. 
 
 Syn. Contaminate; corrupt; defile; 
 
 infelicity ( in-fe-lis'i-ti ), n. Misery; 
 misfortune; unfavorableness.— infe- 
 licitous, a. Not happy. 
 
 infer(in-fer'), vt. [infer 'ring; inferred'.] 
 Deduce; derive, as a consequence.— 
 inferable, infer'rible, as. That 
 may be inferred.— inference (in'fer- 
 ens), n. Conclusion; deduction.— 
 inferential (in-fer-en'shal), a. De- 
 ducible or deduced.— inferen'tially, 
 adv. [L. infero—in, and fero, bring.] 
 Syn. Bring in; advance; conclude; 
 imply; prove; evidence; involve. 
 
 inferior (in-fe'ri-ur). I. a. Lower; 
 less valuable; subordinate; second- 
 ary. II. n. One lower in rank or sta- 
 tion.— inferiority ( in-fe-ri-or'i-ti ), 
 n. [Li. comp. of inferus, low.] 
 
 infernal (in-fer'nal), a. 1. Belonging 
 to the lower regions or hell. 2. Resem- 
 bling or suitable to hell; devilish.— 
 Infernal machine, apparatus usually 
 in harmless disguise, contrived to 
 explode and injure. — infernally* 
 adv. [See inferior.] 
 
 inferno (in-fer'no), n. Hell. [It.1 
 
 infest (in-fesf), vt. Disturb by fre- 
 quency of presence or by numbers. 
 [L. infestus, hostile, — root of fend.] 
 
 infidel (in'fi-del). I. a. Unbelieving. II. 
 n. One who withholds belief from the 
 prevailing religion.— infidel'ity, n. 
 
 I. Want of faith; disbelief, esp. in 
 Christianity. 2. Unfaithfulness, esp. 
 to the marriage contract. [L. infide- 
 lis— in, and fides, faith.] 
 
 Syn. Skeptical; agnostic; atheist; 
 free-thinker; heathen; pagan. 
 
 infiltrate (in-fil'trat), vf. Enter a sub- 
 stance by filtration, or through its 
 pores.— infiltration, n. 
 
 infinite (in'fin-it). I. a. Without end. 
 
 II. n. 1. That which is infinite. 2. 
 (cap) Infinite Being or God.— in'fin- 
 itely 9 adv.— infinitude(in-fin'i-tud), 
 infinity (in-fin'i-ti), n. 1. Boundless- 
 ness. 2. Countless, indefinite number. 
 
 infinitesimal (in-fin-i-tes'im-al). I. a. 
 Infinitely small. II. n. Infinitely small 
 quantity.— infinites'imally, adv. 
 
 infinitive(in-fin'it-iv), a. 1. Unlimited; 
 unrestricted. 2. Of that mood of the 
 verb which expresses the idea without 
 reference to person or number. 
 
 infirm (in-ferm'), a. Not strong; 
 feeble; sickly. — infirm'ity, n. Dis- 
 ease; failing; defect; imbecility. 
 
 infirmary (in-fer'ma-ri), n. Hospital. 
 
 infix (in-fiksO, vt. Fix or drive in. 
 
 inflame (in-fiam'). I. vt. J. Cause to 
 burn. 2. Make unnaturally hot. 3. 
 Excite. II. vi. Become hot or angry. 
 
 inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), a. Easily 
 kindled.— inflammability, - n. 
 
 inflammation(in-flam-ma'shun), n. 1. 
 State of being in flame. 2. Unnatural 
 heat of the body, with pain and swell- 
 ing. 3. Violent excitement. 
 
 inflammatory ( in-flam'a-t5-ri ), a. 
 Inflaming; exciting. 
 
 inflate (in-flaf), vt. Swell with air; 
 puff up. — inflating ly, adv. [L.— 
 in, into, and j#o,_blow.] 
 
 inflation ( in-fla'shun), n. 1. State 
 of being puffed up. 2. Increased issue 
 of paper currency, not warranted by 
 the security. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
inflatus 
 
 277 
 
 Ingenuity 
 
 inflatus(in-fla'tus), n. Breathing into; 
 inspiration. [L.] 
 
 inflect (in-flekf), vt. 1. Bend in; turn 
 from a direct line or course. 2. Modu- 
 late, as the voice. 3. In gram. V ary, 
 as a noun by declension, (mouse—mice), 
 or a verb by conjugation, (give— gives 
 -gave). — inflection (in-fiek'shun), 
 n.— inflectional, a. [L. — in, and 
 flecto, bend.] 
 
 inflexible <in-fleks'i-bl), a. Rigid; 
 unyielding; unbending. — inflexi- 
 bility, inflex'ibleness, n. 
 
 inflexion. Same as inflection. 
 
 inflict (in-fiikf), vt. Lay on; impose, 
 as punishment.— infliction (in-flik'- 
 shun),w.Act of inflicting or imposing; 
 punishment applied. — inflictive, a. 
 Tending or able to inflict. [L. — in, 
 against, &nd Jligo, strike.] 
 
 Compound umbel. Panicle. Cyme. 
 
 Various Kinds of Inflorescence. 
 
 inflorescence(in-flor-es'ens), n. Mode 
 of flowering of a plant. [L. infloresco, 
 begin to blossom.] 
 
 inflowering (in-flow'er-ing) , n. Pro- 
 cess of extracting the perfume of 
 flowers by maceration and without 
 the application of heat. 
 
 influence ( in'flo-ens ). I. n. Power 
 exerted on men or things ; power in 
 operation. II. vt. Affect; move; direct. 
 [L. in, into, and fluo, flow.] 
 
 Syn. Control; authority; ascenden- 
 cy; ascendant; sway; favor. 
 
 influential (in-flo-en'sbal), a. Having 
 influence.— influen'tially, adv. 
 
 influenza (in-flo-en'za), n. Severe epi- 
 demic catarrh, accompanied with 
 weakening fever. [It.] 
 
 Influx (in'fluks), n. Flowing in; infu- 
 sion; abundant accession. 
 
 infold (in-fold'), vt. Inwrap; involve; 
 embrace. 
 
 inform (in-farm'), vt. 1. Give form to; 
 animate or give life to. 2. Impart 
 knowledge to; tell.— informant, n. 
 One who tells.— informa'tion, n. 1. 
 Intelligence given; knowledge. 2. 
 Accusation.— informer (in-farm'er), 
 n. One who informs against another 
 for the breaking of a law. 
 Syn. Fashion; enlighten; instruct. 
 
 informal ( in-farm'al ), a. Not in 
 proper form ; wit bout ceremony.— in- 
 formally, adv.— informality, n. 
 
 infra-, prefix. Below; lower. [L.J 
 
 infraction (in-frak'shun), n. Violation, 
 esp. of law. [L. in, and/rango, break.] 
 
 infrangible (in-fran'ji-bl), a. That 
 cannot be broken; not to be violated. 
 [See INFRACTION.] 
 
 infrequent (in-fre'kwent), a. Seldom 
 occurring ;rare; uncommon.— infre'- 
 quently, adv. — infre'quency, n. 
 
 infringe ( in-frinj' ), vt. 1. Violate, 
 esp. law. 2. Encroach; trespass. — 
 infringement, n. [ L.— in, and 
 frango, break.]^ ' [madden. [L.] 
 
 i n fur i at e (in-f u'ri-at) , vt. Enrage; 
 
 infuse (in-fuz'), vt. 1. Pour into. 2. 
 Iuspire with. 3. Steer in liquor with- 
 out boiling.— infusible, a.That can- 
 not be dissolved or melted. — infu- 
 sion (in-fu'zhun) , n. 1. Pouring of 
 water over a substance, in order to 
 extract its active principles. 2. Solu- 
 tion in water of an organic, esp. a 
 vegetable, substance. 3. Liquor so 
 obtained. 4. Inspiration; instilling. 
 
 Infusoria(in- 
 fu-so'ri-a) , n. 
 pi. Microsco- 
 pic animalcu- 
 la found in in- 
 fusions of de- 
 caying organ- 
 ic material. 
 
 ingeminate 
 (iu-jem'i-nat), 
 vt. Repeat. [L.] 
 
 ingeni_o(Sp. iu- 
 ba'nio; Eng. 
 in-je'ni-6), n. 
 Engine ;mill; 
 sugar planta- 
 tion. [Cuba.] 
 
 ingenious (in-je'ni-us), a. 1. Of good 
 natural abilities. 2. Skillful in invent- 
 ing; witty. — inge'niously, adv. — 
 inge'niousness, n. [L.— ingenium, 
 mother- wit.] Tgirl. [Fr.] 
 
 ingenue (ang-zha-no'), n. Artless 
 
 ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. Power of 
 ready invention; facility in combin- 
 ing ideas; curiousness in design. 
 
 Infusoria in a drop of 
 water jhighly magnified. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Ingenuous 
 
 278 
 
 Inject 
 
 ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), a. 1. Frank. 
 
 2. Free-born. 3. Generous.— ingen- 
 iously, adv.— ingenuousness, n. 
 [L. ingenuus, native, free-born.] 
 
 Syn. Artless; open; sincere; unre- 
 served; honorable. See candid. 
 
 ingle ( ing'l ), n. Fire. — Ingle-nook, 
 corner by the fireplace. [Scotch.] 
 
 inglorious (in-glS'ri-us), a. Without 
 honor; shameful. — inglo'riously, 
 adv. 
 
 ingot (in'got), n. Mass of unwrought 
 metal, esp. gold or silver, cast in a 
 mould. [A. S.— in, and goten, pa.p. of 
 geotan, pour.] 
 
 ingraft (in-graff), vt. 1. Graft. 2. In- 
 troduce something foreign. 3. Fix 
 deeply. 
 
 ingrain (in -gran'), vt. Dye with grain 
 (cochineal). 2. Dye in a lasting color. 
 
 3. Dye in the raw state. 4. Imbue 
 thoroughly. [See grain, 5.] 
 
 ingrain (in'gran). I. a. 1. Dyed with 
 kermes. 2. Dyed in the raw material. 
 II. n. Yarn or fabric dyed with fast 
 colors before manufacture. 
 
 ingrate (in'grat). I. a. Unthankful. 
 II. n. One who is ungrateful. [Fr.— 
 L. ingratus.] 
 
 ingratiate (in-gra'shi-at), vt. 1. Com- 
 mend or work (one's self into favor 
 with one). [See grace.] 
 
 ingratitude ( in-grat'i-tud ), n. Un- 
 tnankfulness. 
 
 ingredient ( in-gre'di-ent), n. Com- 
 ponent part; constituent ;*element. 
 [Fr.— L. ingredior, enter.] 
 
 ingress (in'gres), n. 1. Entrance. 2. 
 Power, right, or means of entrance. 
 [L. ingressus.] [into the flesb. 
 
 ingrowing (in'gro-ing), a. Growing 
 
 ingulf (in-gulf'),fl£. Swallow up whol- 
 ly; cast into a gulf; overwhelm.— 
 ingulf 'ment, n. 
 
 inhabit ( in-hab'it), vt. Dwell in; 
 occupy.— inhabitable, a. That may 
 be inhabited.— inhabitant, iti.— in- 
 habita'tion, n. Dwelling. [L.] 
 
 inhalation (in-ha-la'shun), n. Draw- 
 ing into the lungs. 
 
 inhale (in-hal'), vt. Draw in the 
 breath; draw into the lungs. — in- 
 ha'ler, n. [L.— in, andhalo, breathe.] 
 
 inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), a. 
 
 ► Discordant; unmusical.— inharmo'- 
 
 i niously, adv. — inharmo'nious- 
 
 inhere ( in-her' ), vi. Stick fast; re- 
 main firm ; belong intrinsically ; 
 form an element. — inher'enee, in- 
 her'ency, n.— inher'ent, a. 1. 
 Sticking fast. 2. Existing in and in- 
 separable from something else. 3. 
 Innate; natural.— inber'ently, adv. 
 
 inherit (in-her'it), vt. Receive as heir 
 or by descent from an ancestor; pos- 
 sess.— inheritable, a. That may be 
 inherited, — inheritance (in-her'it- 
 ans), n. 1. That which is or may be 
 inherited. 2. Estate derived from an 
 ancestor. 3. Hereditary descent. 4. 
 Natural gift. 5. Possession. —in- 
 heritor (in-her'it-ur ), n. Heir. — 
 fern. Inheritress, inheritrix. [ Fr. 
 heriter—Lt. heredito. See heir.] 
 
 inhesion (in-he'zhun), n. Inherence. 
 
 inhibit (in-hib'it), vt. Forbid; check. 
 —inhibition (in-hi-bish'un), n. Pro- 
 hibition, —inhibitory, «. Prohibi- 
 ory. [L..— in, and habeo, hold.] 
 
 inhospitable (in-hos'pit-a-bl), a. Af- 
 fording no kindness to guests. — in- 
 hos'pitably, adv. — inhos'pita- 
 bleness,%.— inhospital'ity, n. 
 
 inhuman (in-hu'man), a. Cruel; un- 
 feeling. — inhumanly, adv. —in- 
 humanity (in-hu-man'i-ti), n. 
 Syn. Pitiless. See cruel. 
 
 inhume (in-hum'), vt. Inter.— inhu- 
 ma'tion,?j..Depositing in the ground ; 
 burial. [L.. in, and humus, ground.] 
 
 inimical ( in-im'f-kal ), a. 1. Not 
 friendly. 2. Contrary ; 'repugnant.— 
 inimlcally, adv. [L. in, not, and 
 amicus, friendly— amo, love.] 
 
 inimitable ( in-im'it-a-bl ), a. That 
 cannot be imitated; matchless. — « 
 inimitably, adv. 
 
 iniquity (in-ik'wi-ti), n. 1. Injustice; 
 
 wickedness. 2. Crime.— iniq'uitous, 
 
 a. Unjust; wicked.— iniq'uitously, 
 
 adv. [ L. iniquitas — iniquus, equal.] 
 
 Syn. Nefarious. See wicked. 
 
 initial (in-ish'al). I. a. Commencing; 
 placed at the beginning. II. n. Letter 
 beginning a word, esp. a name. III. 
 vt. Mark with initials. [L. initium, 
 beginning, — in, and eo, itum, go.] 
 
 initiate (in-ish'i-at). I. vt. 1. Make a 
 beginning. 2. Instruct in principles; 
 acquaint with. 3. Introduce into a 
 new state or society. II. n. One who 
 is initiated. III. a. Fresh ;unpracticed. 
 — initia'tion, n. — initiative (in- 
 ish'i-a-tiv). I. a. Serving to initia- 
 te; introductory. II. n. 1. Introduc- 
 tory step. 2. Power or ability to ori- 
 ginate or to take the lead. — • ini'tia- 
 tory. I. a. Introductory. II. n. In- 
 troductory rite. [See initial.] 
 
 inject (in-jekf), vt. 1. Throw into ; 
 cast on. 2. Cbarge with a fluid. — 
 injection (In-jek'shun), n. A c t of 
 injecting; liquid to be injected.— in- 
 ject'or, n. One who or that which 
 in jects ;esp. a device for forcing water 
 into a steam-boiler. [L. — in, and 
 jacio, throw.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolfc 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
injudicial 
 
 2?<j 
 
 inordinate 
 
 injudicial (in-jo-dish'al), a. Not-ac- 
 cording to law-forms.' 
 
 injudicious (in-jo-dish'us), a. Void 
 of, or wanting in, judgment; incon- 
 siderate.— injudiciously, adv.— in- 
 judi'cionsriess, n. 
 
 injunction (in-jungk'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of enjoining. 2. Exhortation. 3. Writ 
 of prohibition granted by a court of 
 equity. [L.— injungo, command.] 
 
 injure (in'jor), vt. Do injury to; 
 wrong; damage. [Fr. injurier—Li. in, 
 not, audits, juris, law.] 
 
 injurious (in-jo'ri-us), a. Tending to 
 injure ;harmful.— injuriously, adv. 
 Syn. Pernicious; hurtful. 
 
 injury (in'jo-ri), n. 1. That which 
 injures. 2. Damage; wrong; mischief. 
 Syn. Harm; hurt; evil. 
 
 injustice (in-jus'tis), n. Violation or 
 withholding of another's rights. 
 
 ink (ingk). I. n. Colored fluid used in 
 'writing, printing, etc. II. vt. Daub 
 with ink. [O. Fr. enque—L,. encaustum, 
 burnt in.] 
 
 inkling (ingk'ling), n. Hint; whisper; 
 intimation. [M. E. inklen, hint at, of 
 uncertain origin.] 
 
 inky (ingk'i), a. Consisting of or re- 
 sembling ink; blackened with ink. 
 
 inlaid (in-lad'), pa. p. of inlay. 
 
 inland (in'land). I. n. Interior part of 
 a country. II. a. 1. Remote from the 
 sea. 2. Carried on or produced within 
 a country; confined to a country. III. 
 adv. Towards the interior of a country. 
 
 inlaw (in-la'), vt. Clear of outlawry; 
 restore tothe protection of the law. 
 
 inlay (in-la'). I. vt. [inlay'ing; inlaid'.] 
 Ornament by inserting pieces of me- 
 tal, ivory, etc. II. n. Pieces of metal, 
 ivory, etc., for inlaying. 
 
 inlet (in'let), n. 1. Passage; place of 
 ingress. 2. Small bay. 
 
 inly (in'li). I. a. Internal. II. adv. 
 Inwardly; inthe heart. 
 
 inmate (in'mat), n. 1. One who lodges 
 in the same house with another. 2. 
 
 inmost. See innermost. [Lodger. 
 
 inn (in), n. 1. House for the lodging 
 and entertainment of travelers ; hotel. 
 2. House; town residence. — Inns of 
 Court, incorporated societies of Lon- 
 don, which educate law students and 
 call them to the bar.TA.S. in, inn, inn, 
 house — prep, in, in.J 
 
 innate (in'at or in-nat'), a. Inborn; 
 natural; inherent.— in'nateness, n. 
 — innately, adv. [L.— in,, and ns-a 
 cor, am born.] [2. Internal. [A.S.] 
 
 inner(in'er), a. 1. Further in; interior. 
 
 innermost (in'er-most), inmost (in'- 
 most), a. Furthest in; most remote 
 from the outer part. 
 
 inning- ( in'ing ), n. Turn for using 
 the bat in base-ball and cricket or for 
 one side's action in any game. (In 
 England 'innings') [keeps an inn. 
 
 innkeeper ( in'ke-per ).. n. One who 
 
 innocence (in'o-sens), innocency 
 (in'o-sen-si), n. Harmlessness; blame- 
 lessness; purity; sinlessness. 
 
 innocent (in'o-sent). I. a. 1. Harm- 
 less; inoffensive. 2. Blameless; pure; 
 lawful. II. n. One free from harm or 
 fault. — innocently, adv. [L.— in, 
 not, and noceo, hurt J 
 
 innocuous ( in-nok'u-us ), a. Harm- 
 less in effects.— innocuously, adv. 
 [L. innocuus.] 
 
 innominatum 
 ( in-om-i-na'tum ), 
 n. Hipbone, form- 
 ed of three parts, 
 ilium, ischium, 
 and pubis. L.= 
 unnamed.] _ Inner and outer view 
 
 innovate (in'o-vat), of left human in- 
 vi. Introduce novel- nominatum. 
 ties ;. make changes. 
 -innovator, n.— inuova tion, n. 
 [Lt.—novus, new.] 
 
 innuendo (in-u-en'do), n. Side-hint; 
 insinuation. [L.— in, and nuo, nod. J 
 Syn. Intimation; suggestion. 
 
 innumerable ( in-nu'mer-a-bl ), a. 
 That cannot be numbered; countless. 
 — innumerably, adv. 
 
 innutrition (in-nu-trish'un), n. Want 
 of nutrition; failure of nourishment. 
 — innutri'tious, a. 
 
 inobtrusive (in-ob-tro'siv), a. Not, 
 obtrusive. — inobtru'sively, adv.— 
 inobtru'siveness, ,_n. 
 
 inoculate ( in-ok'u-lat ). I. vt. 1. In- 
 graft. 2. Communicate disease by 
 inserting matter in the skin. II. vi. 
 1. Propagate by budding. 2. Practice 
 inoculation.— inoculation (in-ok-u- 
 la'shun), n. [L.— in, and oculus, eye.] 
 
 inodorous (in-6'dur-us), a. Without 
 smell. 
 
 inoffensive (in-of-f en'siv) , a. Giving 
 no offense; harmless.— inoffensive* 
 ly, adv. — inonen'siveness, n. 
 
 inofficial ( in-of-fisk'al ), a. Not pro- 
 ceeding from the proper officer ; with- 
 out the usual form of authority. — 
 inoffi'cially, adv. 
 
 inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), a. Not 
 in action; producing no effect. 
 
 inopportune (in-op-por-tun'), a. Un- 
 timely, unseasonable, inconvenient.— 
 inopportunely, adv. 
 
 inordinate (in-ar'din-at), a. Beyond 
 usual bounds; irregular; immoderate. 
 — inordinately, adv. — inor'din- 
 ateness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
inorganic 
 
 280 
 
 insignia 
 
 inorgfejtic (in-ar-gan'ik ), a. Without 
 lif9 or jrganized structure, as miner- 
 als, etc. 
 
 inosculate (in-os'ku-lat), vt. and vi. 
 Unite by mouths or ducts , as two 
 vessels in an animal body; interjoin. 
 — inoscula'tion, n. [L. in, and os- 
 culor, kiss.] 
 
 inquest (in'kwest), n. 1. Judicial in- 
 quiry. 2. Jury for inquiring into 
 any matter, esp. a case of violent or 
 sudden death. [O. Fr. enqueste. See 
 
 INQUIRE.] 
 
 inquietude ( in-kwi'et-ud ), n. Un- 
 easiness of body or mind. 
 
 inquire (in-kwir'). I. vi. 1. Ask a ques- 
 tion. 2. Make an investigation. II. 
 vt. Ask about.— inquirer, n. — in- 
 quiry- (in-kwi'ri), n. 1. Act of in- 
 quiring. 2. Search for knowledge ; 
 investigation; question. [L. — in, and 
 quaero,seek.] 
 
 inquisition ( in-kwi-zish'un ), n. 1. 
 Searching ; investigation ; question. 
 
 2. Judicial inquiry. 3. Ecclesiastical 
 tribunal for punishing heretics.— in- 
 quisitional (in-kwi-zish'un-al), a. 
 [L. inquisitio. See inquire.] 
 
 inquisitive (in-kwiz'i-tiv), a. Apt to 
 ask questions; curious.— inquis- 
 itively, adv.— inqnis'itiveness, n. 
 
 inquisitor (in-kwiz'i-tur), n. One who 
 inquires ; official inquirer.— inquisi- 
 to'rial, a. [L.] [encroachment. 
 
 inroad (in'rdd), n. Invasion; attack; 
 
 inrusb (in'rush), n. Sudden invasion 
 or incursion. [wholesome. 
 
 insalubrious (in-sa-16'bri-us), a. Un- 
 
 insane (in-sau'j, a. 1. Not of sound 
 mind. 2. Pertaining to insane persons. 
 
 3. Foolish.— insanely, adv. 
 insanity (in-san'i-ti),rc. State of being 
 
 insane; madness. 
 
 Syn. Alienation; aberration; demen- 
 tia; derangement; frenzy; lunacy ; 
 monomania; dejirium. 
 
 insatiable (in-sa'shi-a-bl), insatiate 
 (in-sa'shi-at), as. That cannot be sati- 
 ated. — ins a' ti ably, adv. — insa'tia- 
 bleness, insatiability, ns. 
 
 inscribe (in-skrib'), vt. 1. Write; en- 
 grave. 2. Addres's. 3. In geom. Draw 
 one figure within another. [L. in, and 
 scribo, write.] 
 
 inscription ( in-skrip'shun ), n. 1. 
 Writing upon. 2. That which is in- 
 scribed; title; dedication of a book to 
 a person. 
 
 inscrutable fin-skro'ta-bl), a. That 
 cannot be searched into and under- 
 stood ; inexplicable.— inscru'tably, 
 adv. [L. in, not, and scrutor, search 
 into.] 
 
 Parts of an Insect. 
 
 I. Antennae. 2. Eyes. 3. 
 Head. 4. Anterior legs. 5. 
 Prothorax. 6. Mesotho- 
 rax. 7- Anterior wings. 
 8. Metathorax. 9. Middle 
 legs. 10- Posterior wings. 
 
 II. Posterior legs. 12. 
 Abdomen. 13. Tibiae. 
 14. Tarsi. 
 
 insect (in'sekt). n. Small animal, as 
 
 , a wasp or fly, with a body as if cut 
 
 - into,or divided 
 into sec- 
 tions. [L. in, 
 into, and seco, 
 cut.] 
 
 insec ti vo - 
 rous (in-sek- 
 tiv'ur-us), a. 
 Eating in- 
 sects. [L. — 
 insectum, and 
 voro, devour.] 
 
 insecure ( in- 
 se-kur'), a. 1. 
 Apprehensive 
 of danger or 
 loss; not safe. 
 -insecure'- 
 ly, adv. — in- 
 security, n. 
 
 insensate (in- 
 sen'sat ), a. 
 Void of sense; 
 wanting sen- 
 sibility; stu- 
 pid. [L. insen- 
 satus.] 
 
 insensible (in- 
 sen'si-bl), a. 1. 
 Not having 
 feeling; callous; dull. 2. Impercepti- 
 ble by the senses.— insen'sibly, adv. 
 — insensibil'ity, n. 
 
 insentient (in-sen'shi-ent), a. Not 
 having perception. 
 
 inseparable ( in-sep'a -ra-bl ) , a. Not 
 to be separated. — inseparably, adv. 
 
 insert (in-serf), vt. Introduce; put in 
 or among. [L. — in, and sero, join.] 
 
 insert (in'sert), n. Any thing inserted ; 
 interpolation ; small paper sent be- 
 tween the leaves of a periodical, etc. 
 
 insertion (in-ser'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 inserting. 2. Condition of being in- 
 serted. 3. That which is inserted. 
 
 inshore (in-shor'), adv. On or near 
 the shore. 
 
 inside (in'sid). I. n. Side or part with- 
 in. II. a. Being within; interior. III. 
 adv. or prep. 1. Within; in the inte- 
 rior of; into. 2. Within the time of. 
 
 insidious (in-sid'i-ut - ), a. Watching 
 an opportunity to insnare; intended 
 to entrap; treacherous.— insidious- 
 ly, adv. [From L. insidice, ambush.] 
 Syn. Sly; deceptive. See wily. 
 
 insight (in'sit),«.. 1. Sight into; view 
 of the interior. 2. Acute observation. 
 
 insignia (in-sig'ni-a), n. pi. Badges 
 of office or honor. " [L. — in, and sig- 
 num, mark.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
insignificant 
 
 281 
 
 instill 
 
 insignificant (in-sig-nif'i-kant ), Or. 
 Meaningless; without ;effect; unim- 
 portant.— insignificance, n. 
 
 Syn. Trivial; petty: mean. 
 
 insincere (in-sin-ser'), a. Deceitful; 
 dissembling. — insincerely , adv.— 
 insincerity (in-sin-ser'i-ti), n. 
 
 insinuate (in-sin'u-at). I. vt. 1. Intro- 
 duce gently or artfully. 2. Hint.esp. a 
 fault. 3. Ingratiate; work into favor. 
 II. vi. Creep or flow in; enter gently 
 or by flattery. — insinuation, n.— 
 insin'uative, a. [L.— sinus, curve.] 
 Syn. Intimation. See innuendo. 
 
 insipid (in-sip'id), a. Tasteless; want- 
 ing spirit or animation; dull. — in- 
 sip'idly, adv. — insip'idness, in- 
 sipid'ity, n. [L.— in, not, and sapidus, 
 savory — sapio, taste.] 
 
 insist (in-sisf), vi. 1. Dwell (on) in 
 discourse. 2. Persist in pressing.— in- 
 sist'ence, n. [Li.—in, upon, and sisto, 
 stand.] 
 
 insnare(in-snar'), vt. Catch in a snare; 
 entrap; take by deceit; entangle. 
 
 insobriety (in-so-bri'e-ti), n. Want of 
 sobriety; intemperance. 
 
 insolation ( in-so-la'shun ), n. 1. Ex- 
 posure to the sun for any purpose; 
 sunbath. 2. Sunstroke. [L.— in, and 
 sol, sun.] 
 
 insole (in'sol), n. Inner sole of a shoe. 
 
 insolent (in'so-lent) , a. Haughty and 
 
 contemptuous; insulting; rude. — 
 
 in'solently, adv. — in'solence, n. 
 
 [Li.— in. not, and solens, accustomed.] 
 
 Syn. Improper. See haughty. 
 
 insoluble (in-sol'u-bl), a. Not capable 
 of being dissolved or solved.— insol- 
 ubility, insol'ubleness, ns. 
 
 insolvent ( in-sol'vent ). I. a. 1. Not 
 able to pay one*s debts. 2. Pertaining 
 to insolvent persons. II. n. One unable 
 to pay his debts.— insolvency, n. 
 
 insomnia (in-som'ni-a), n. Sleepless- 
 ness. [L. — in, not, and somnvs, sleep.] 
 
 insomuch (in-so-much'), adv. To such 
 a degree; so. 
 
 insouciance ( ang-so-si-angs'), n. 
 Heedless unconcern. [Fr.] 
 
 inspect (in-spekf), vt. 1. Look into; 
 look at narrowly. 2. Superintend ; ex- 
 amine officially. — inspection, n. 
 — inspeet'or, n. — inspect'orate, 
 n. 1. District of an inspector. 2. Body 
 of inspectors. — inspectorship, n. 
 Office or district of an inspector. [L. 
 —in, and specio, look.] [be inhaled. 
 
 inspirable (in-spi'ra^bl) , a. Able to 
 
 inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of inspiring or breathing into; breath. 
 2. Divine influence by which the sa- 
 cred writers were instructed. 3. Ele- 
 vating or exciting influence. 
 
 inspiratory ( in-spiVa-tS-ri ), a. Be- 
 longing to or aiding inspiration or in- 
 halation. 
 
 inspire ( in-spir' ). I. vt. 1. Breathe 
 into. 2. Draw or inhale into the lungs. 
 3. Infuse by breathing, or as if by 
 breathing. 4. Infuse into the mind, as 
 by divine influence. 5. Affect with a 
 superior influence II. vi. Draw in 
 the breath. — inspi'rer, n. [L.— in, 
 and spiro, breathe.] 
 
 inspirit (in-spir'it ), vt. Infuse spirit 
 into; give new life to; encourage. 
 
 inspissate (in-spis'at), vt. Thicken by 
 tbe evaporation of moisture. — in- 
 spissa'tion, n. [L.— in, and spissus, 
 thick.] 
 
 instability (in-sta-bil'i-ti), n. "Want 
 of stability, steadiness or firmness. 
 
 instable (in-sta'bl), a. Not stable. 
 
 install (in-stal'), vt. 1. Establish in 
 a place. 2. Invest with a charge or 
 office.— installation(in-stal-a'shun), 
 n. 1. Act of installing or placing in an 
 office with ceremonies. 2. Plant [Fr 
 installer— O. Ger. stal, stall.] 
 
 instalment, installment (in-stal'- 
 ment), n. 1. Act of installing. 2. One 
 of the parts of a sum paid at various 
 times. 3. That which is delivered at 
 one of several stated periods. 
 
 instance (in'stans). I. n. 1. Quality 
 of being instant or urgent. 2 Sollici- 
 tation; occasion. 3. Example; illus- 
 tration. 4. Proof. II. vt. Mention as 
 an example or case in point. 
 
 instant (in'stant). I. a. 1 Pressing; 
 urgent. 2. Immediate; quick. 3. Pres- 
 ent: current (abbr. inst., as on the 13th 
 inst. ) II. n. Moment. — in'stant- 
 ly, adv. 1. Immediately. 2. Earnestly. 
 [Li.—insto, stand upon.] 
 
 instantaneous ( in-stan-tatae-us ), a. 
 1. Done in an instant. 2. Momentary. 
 — instantaneously * adv. 
 
 instanter (in-stan'ter) , adv. Immedi- 
 ately. [Li.] [sion; install. 
 
 instate (in-staf), vt. Putin possys- 
 
 instauration (in-sta-ra'sbun), n. Re- 
 newal, restoration." [Li.instauro. 
 rebuild.] [A.S. onstede. See stead.] 
 
 instead (in-sted'), adv. In place (of.) 
 
 instep (in'step), n. 1. Upperpartof the 
 human foot near its junction with the 
 leg. 2. In horses, front of the hiudleg 
 from the ham to the pastern joint. 
 
 instigate (in'sti-gat), vt. Urge ; set 
 
 on ; incite. — instiga'tion, n. — in'- 
 
 stigator, n. [L. — root stig, prick.] 
 
 Syn. Animate; stimulate; impel; 
 
 goad; tempt. 
 
 instill (instil'), vt. Infuse slowly into 
 the mind.— instillation, instill- 
 ment, n. [Li.—stilla, drop.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf • 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
instinct 
 
 282 
 
 integer 
 
 instinct (in'stingkt), n. 1. Spontan- 
 eous, unreasoning prompting to 
 action. 2. Natural impulse by which 
 animals are guided. [L. — root of 
 
 v INSTIGATE.] 
 
 instinct (in-stingktf). «• Instigated ; 
 moved; animated; alive. 
 
 instinctive ( in-stingk'tiv ), a. Per- 
 taining to, or prompted by, instinct. 
 — instinct'ively, adv. 
 Syn. Automatic; spontaneous. 
 
 institute ( in'sti-tut >. I. vt. Ordain; 
 establish. 2. Appoint to office. II. n. 
 
 1. Anything formally established. 2. 
 Established law, precept, or princi- 
 ple; book of precepts or principles. 
 3. Educational, literary, or philo- 
 sophical society or institution. [L. 
 instituo, cause to stand.] 
 
 Syn. Set up; erect; organize; begin; 
 found; originate; invest, 
 institution (in-sti-tu'shun),w. 1. Act of 
 instituting; enactment; foundation. 
 
 2. That which is instituted; estab* 
 lished order, custom, or the like. 3. 
 Public establishment. 
 
 instruct (in-strukf), vt. 1. Prepare; 
 inform; teach. 2. Order; direct. — 
 instruct'or, n.— instructress, n. 
 fern. [L.— in, and struo, build up.] 
 
 instruction ( in-struk'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of instructing or teaching. 2. In- 
 formation. 3. Command. 
 
 instructive (in-struk'tiv), a. Convey- 
 ing instruction or knowledge. — in- 
 structively, adv. 
 
 instrument ( in'stro-ment ) , n. 1. 
 Tool or utensil ; device producing mu- 
 sical sounds. 2. Written contract. 
 —instrumental ( in-stro-men'tal ), 
 a. 1. Acting as an instrument' or 
 means; serving to promote an object; 
 helpful. 2. Belonging to or produced 
 by musical instruments. — instru- 
 ment ally, adv. — instrumental- 
 ity, n. Agency. [L. instrumentum— 
 instruo. See instruct.] 
 
 insubordinate (in-sub-ar'din-at), a. 
 Not submissive; disobedient; muti- 
 nous.— insubordina'tion, n. 
 
 insufferable (in-sufer-a-bl), a. Un- 
 bearable ; detestable. — insuffer- 
 ably, adv. 
 
 insufficient (in-suf-fish'ent), a. Not 
 sufficient; deficient; unfit.— insuffi- 
 ciently, adv.— insufficiency, n. 
 Syn. Inadequate; incapable. 
 
 insular (in'su-lar), a. 1. Belonging 
 to, or like, an island. 2. Belonging to 
 the people of an island ; narrow.— in'- 
 sularism, n. Narrowness.— insu- 
 larity, n. State of being insular. 
 [it. insularis— insula, island.] 
 
 Insulator. 
 
 insulate (in'su-lat), vt. 1. Place in a 
 detached situation; isolate. 2. Separ- 
 ate by a non-conductor. — 
 insulation, n. — insu- 
 lator (in'su-la-tur), n. One 
 who or that which insu- 
 lates; non-conductor of 
 electricity; esp. non-con- 
 ducting support for an 
 electric wire. 
 
 insult (in-sulf), vt. Treat 
 with indignity or con- 
 tempt; abuse; affront. 
 
 insult (in'sult), n. Insolent 
 attack; contumely. [L. — 
 insilio, spring at.]_ 
 
 insuperable ( in-su'per-a-bl), a. In- 
 surmountable.— insuperably, adv. 
 — insuperability, n. [L. in, noc, 
 aud supero, overcome.] 
 
 insupportable (in-sup-port'a-bl), a. 
 Unbearable; insufferable. — insup- 
 port'ably, adv.— insupport'able- 
 ness, n. [be insured. 
 
 insurable (in-shor'a-bl), a. That may 
 
 insurance (in-sh6r'ans), n. 1. Insur- 
 ing ; contract by which one party 
 undertakes for a payment or pre- 
 mium to guarantee another against 
 risk or loss. 2. Premium so paid. 3. 
 Amount insured. 
 
 insure (in-shor'), vt. 1. Make sure or 
 secure. 2. Contract for a premium 
 to make good a loss, as from fire,etc, 
 or to pay a certain sum on a certain 
 event, as death. 3. Secure indemnity 
 for future loss, as by accident. [C. 
 Fr. enseurer.] 
 
 insurgent (in-sur'jent). I. a. Rising 
 in opposition to authority ; rebellious. 
 II. n. Rebel. [L. in, and surgo, rise.] 
 
 insurmountable ( in-sur-mownt'a~ 
 bl), a. That cannot be overcome. 
 
 insurrection (in-sur-rek'shun), n. 
 Rising up; open and active opposition 
 to the execution of the law; rebellion. 
 — insurrectional, insurrec- 
 tionary, a. [L. See insurgent.] 
 
 insusceptible ( in-sus-sep'ti-bl ), a. 
 Not capable of feeling or of being 
 affected.— insusceptibility, n. 
 
 intact ( in-takt' ), a. Uninjured; en- 
 tire, [t/. in, not, and tango, touch.] 
 
 intaglio (in-tal'yo), w. Figure cut into 
 a substance, esp. a stone or gem in 
 which the design is hollowed out, (the 
 opposite of a cameo). [It.— intagliare, 
 engrave.] 
 
 intangible (in-tan'ji-bl), a. Not tan- 
 gible; not perceptible to touch. — in- 
 tan'gibleuess, intangibility, n. 
 — intan'gibly, adv. 
 
 integer (in'te-jer),w. 1. Whole. 2. Whole 
 number. [L. — in, not, a,n&tango, touch.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Integral 
 
 283 
 
 intercessor 
 
 integral ( in'te-gral). I. a. Entire; 
 whole; not fractional. II. n. Whole 
 number.— integrally, adv. 
 
 integrant (in'te-grant), a. Making 
 part of a whole; necessary to form au 
 entire thing. [—integration, n. 
 
 integrate(in'te-grat), vt. Make entire. 
 
 Integrity ( in-teg'ri-ti ), n. 1. Unim- 
 paired state. 2. Moral purity. 
 
 Syn. Wholeuess; entireness; recti- 
 tude; honesty; uprightness; probity. 
 
 integument (m-teg'u-ment), n . Ex- 
 ternal covering of a plant or animal. 
 — integument'ary, a. 
 
 intellect (in'tel-lekt), n. Understand- 
 ing; sum of the powers of the mind, 
 except imagination and senses. [L.— 
 inter, between, and lego, choose.] 
 
 intellective (in-tel-iek'tiv] t a. 1. Per- 
 taining to the intellect. 2. Able to 
 understand. 3. Produced or perceiv- 
 ed by the understanding only. 
 
 intellectual ( in-tel-lek'tu-al }, a. 1. 
 Relating to the intellect" or mind ; 
 mental. 2. Perceived or performed by 
 the intellect. 3. Having great power 
 of understanding. 4. Exercising the 
 mind.— intelleCtualism, n. 1. Sys- 
 tem of doctrines concerning the intel- 
 lect. 2. Culture of the intellect. — in- 
 tellect'ualist, n. One who consi- 
 ders the human intellect as the source 
 of all knowledge. — intellectual'- 
 ity, n.— intellectually, adv. 
 
 intelligence (in-tel'i-jens), n. 1. Ex- 
 ercise of the mind. 2. Intellectual skill 
 or knowledge; intellect. 3. Informa- 
 tion communicated; news; knowl- 
 edge. [ Messenger. 
 
 Intelligencer (in-tel'i-jen-ser ), n. 
 
 intelligent (in-tel'i-;jent),a. 1. Having 
 
 intellect, or the faculty of reason. 2. 
 
 We 11-informe d.— intelligently, 
 
 adv. [L. —intelligo, choose between.] 
 
 Syn. Skillful. See sensible. 
 
 intelligible (in-tel'i-ni-bl), a. That 
 maybe understood: comprehensible; 
 clear.— intelligibly, adv. 
 
 intemperance (in-tem'per-ans), n. 1. 
 Want of due restraint. 2. Habitual 
 indulgence in intoxicating liquor. 
 
 intemperate (in-tem'per-at), a. I. In- 
 dulging to excess, esp. in the use of 
 intoxicating liquors. 2. Passionate; 
 excessive — intem'perately, adv.— 
 intem'perateuess, n. 
 
 intend (in-tena'), vt. Fix the mind 
 upon; design. [L. i/ntendo — t», 
 towards, and tendo, stretch.} 
 
 Byn. Contemplate; plan; mean; be 
 intent; purpose; aim; purport. 
 
 Intendant(in-tend'ant), n. 1. Officer 
 who superintends. 2\ (In Canada, un- 
 der French rule), second civil officer. 
 
 intended(intend'ed). I. a. l. Purposed. 
 2. .Betrothed. II. n. Affianced lover. 
 
 intense (in-tens'), a. Closely strained; 
 extreme in degree; very severe; deep; 
 keen.— intensely, adv.— intense - 
 ii ess. inten'sity, n. [See intend.] 
 
 intensify ( in-tens'i-fl), vt.a,nd vi. 
 [-fying; -fled.] Makeorgrow intense. 
 
 intension (in-ten'shun), n. 1. Strain- 
 ing or bending; increase of intensity. 
 2. Sum of the qualities implied by a 
 general name. 
 
 intensive (in-ten'siv). I. a. 1. Admit- 
 iug of increase of degree. 2. Serving 
 to intensify ; giving force or emphasis. 
 II. n. That which gives force or em- 
 phasis; intensive particle, word or 
 phrase. — intensively, adv. — in- 
 ten'siveness. n. 
 
 intent (iu-tenf). I. a. 1. Having the 
 mind bent (on). 2. Fixed with close 
 attention. II. n. 1. Application. 2. 
 Thing aimed at or intended; design; 
 meaning.— intently, a eft;.— intent' - 
 ness, n. [See intend.] 
 
 intention (in-ten'shun), n. 1. Direc- 
 tion of mind. 2. Object aimed at; de- 
 sign ; purpose. — intentional, a. 
 With intention; intended. — in ten- 
 tionally, adv. 
 
 inter-, prefix. Between; among. [L.] 
 
 inter (in-ter'), vt. [interring; interred 
 ( in-ter d'). 3 Bury. [Fr. interrer—Li. 
 in, and terra, earth.] 
 
 interact (in-ter-akf), vi. Act recipro- 
 cally ; act on each other. — interac- 
 tion (in-ter-ak'shun), n. Mutual ac- 
 tion. [Cross-breed. 
 
 interbreed (in-ter-bred'), vt. and vi. 
 
 intercalary (in-ter'ka-la-ri) , a. In» 
 serted.as the 29th day of February. 
 
 intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat), vt. Insert 
 between others.— intercalation, n. 
 [L. — inter, between, and calo, call.] 
 
 intercede (in-ter-sed'), vt. 1. Act as 
 
 peacemaker. 2. Plead (for another). 
 
 Syn. Mediate; interpose; intervene. 
 
 intercellular ( in-ter-sel'u-lar), a. 
 Lying between cells. 
 
 intercept (in-ter-sepf), vt. 1. Stop 
 and seize on its passage. 2. Obstruct; 
 check. 3. Interrupt communication 
 with; cutoff. 4. Comprise or inclu- 
 de between. — intercept'er, inter- 
 cept'or, n.— interception, n. [L. 
 —inter, between, and capio, seize.] 
 
 intercession (in-ter-sesh'un), n. Act 
 of interceding or pleading for an- 
 other. 
 
 intercessor (in-ter-ses'iir), n. One 
 who goes between, reconciles two 
 enemies, or pleads for another. — in«» 
 terces'sory, a. Interceding. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fire, above; me, met, h§r; mTte, mit; note, not, m&ve, •wqdf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
interchange 
 
 284 
 
 intermission 
 
 interchange ( in-ter-chanj' ). I. vt. 
 and vi. 1. Give and take mutually; 
 exchange; replace each other. 2. Al- 
 ternate; succeed alternately. II. n 
 
 I. Mutual exchange. 2. Alternate 
 succession. — interchangeable, a. 
 
 intercipient ( in-ter-sip'i-ent). I. a. 
 Intercepting. II. n. Person or thing 
 that intercepts. 
 
 interclnde (in-ter-klod'), vt. Shut off; 
 intercept. [L.— claudo, close.] 
 
 intercolonial (in-ter-ko-lo'ni-al), a. 
 Mutual between colonies. 
 
 intercolumniation ( in-ter-ko-lum- 
 ni-a'shun), n. Distance between two 
 columns. 
 
 intercostal (in-ter-kos'tal), a. Lying 
 between two ribs of the same side. 
 [See costal.] 
 
 intercourse (in'ter-kors), n. Connec- 
 tion by dealings ; commerce ; com- 
 munion. 
 
 interdict ( in-ter-dikt' ), vt. 1 . Pro- 
 hibit; debar. 2. Cut off from the sac- 
 raments. — interdiction, n.— in- 
 terdicts ve, interdictory, a. [L. 
 =interpose by speaking.] 
 
 interdict(in'ter-dikt),n. 1. Prohibitory 
 decree. 2. Prohibition of the pope. 
 
 interest fin'ter-est). I. n. 1. Advan- 
 tage. 2. Premium paid for the use of 
 money; increase. 3. Concern; special 
 attention. 4. Influence. 5. Share; 
 participation. 6. Persons interested 
 in a particular business, measure, or 
 the like. — Compound interest, the in- 
 terest paid on the principal sum plus 
 the interest which has become due but 
 which, remaining unpaid, has been 
 added to the principal. II. vt. Engage 
 the attention of ; concern ; excite. 
 [From L. interest, it concerns.] 
 Syn. Entertain; engage. 
 
 interested(in'ter-est-ed), a. 1. Affected 
 attentive. 2. Biased by personal inter- 
 est.— in'terestedly, adv. 
 
 interesting (in'ter-est-ing), a. Engag- 
 ing the attention or regard; exciting 
 emotion or passion. 
 
 interfere (in-ter-fer'), vi. 1. Come in 
 collision. 2. Meddle; interpose. 3. 
 Act reciprocally, as two waves, rays 
 of light, etc. — interfer'ence, n. 
 [From L. inter, between, and ferio, 
 strike.] 
 
 interglacial (in-ter-gla'shi-al), a. Of 
 the time between two glacial periods. 
 
 interim (in'ter-im), n. Time interven- 
 ing ; mean time. [L. — inter, and the 
 accusative ending -m.] 
 
 interior (in-te'ri-ur). I. a. 1. Being 
 within ; inside; internal. 2. Remote 
 from the frontier or coast; inland. 
 
 II. n. 1. Inside; inner part. 2. In- 
 
 [L. comp. of 
 
 land part of a country. 
 interns, inward.] 
 
 interjacent (in-ter-ja'sent), a. Lying 
 between; intervening. [L. — inter, and 
 jaceo, lie.] 
 
 interject ( in-ter-jekt' ), vt. Throw 
 between; insert.— interjection, n. 
 1. Act of throwing between. 2. Word 
 thrown in expressing emotion, as 0, 
 pshaw, gee. [L. inter, aud jacio, freq. 
 oijacio, throw.] 
 
 interlace ( lii-ter- 
 las'), vt. Lace to- 
 gether ; inter- 
 twine; entwine. 
 
 interlard (in-ter- 
 lard'), vt. Mix in. 
 
 interleave (in-ter- 
 lev'), vt. Insert 
 blank leaves in a 
 book. 
 
 interline (in-ter-hu 
 alternate lines. 2 
 lines. 
 
 Interlacing arches. 
 
 ), vt. 1. Write in 
 Write between 
 nterlinear (in-ter-lin'e-ar), 
 a. — interlineation (in-ter-lin-e-a'- 
 shun), n. 
 
 interlink (in-ter-lingk'), vt. Link. 
 
 interlocution (iu-ter-lo-ku'shun), n. 
 1. Conference. 2. Intermediate de- 
 cree before final decision. [Fr.— L. 
 inter, between, and loquor, speak.] 
 
 interlocutor (in-ter-lok'u-tiir), n. One 
 who takes part in a conversation or 
 discussion.— interloc'utory, a. 1. 
 Conversational. 2. Intermediate ; 
 not final. 
 
 interlope (in-ter-lop'), vt. 1. Intrude; 
 meddle. 2. Forestall.— interloper, 
 n. [L. inter, between, and Dut. loopen, 
 run.] 
 
 interlude (in'ter-lod), ra.l. Short play 
 between the acts of a play. 2. Short 
 piece of music played between the 
 parts of a song. [L.— inter, and ludus, 
 play.] _ . 
 
 intermarry ( m-ter-mar'i ), vi. Be- 
 come connected by marriage, as two 
 families or tribes. — intermar'- 
 riage, n. 
 
 intermeddle (in-ter-med'l), vi. Med- 
 dle or mix with; interpose or inter- 
 fere improper ly.—intermed_'dler,n. 
 
 intermediate ( in-ter-me'di-at ), in- 
 termediary ( in-ter-me'di-ar-i ), a. 
 In the middle between ; intervening. 
 
 interment (in-ter'ment), n. Burial. 
 
 interminable ( in-ter'min-a-bl ), a. 
 Boundless; endless. — inter'mina- 
 bly, adv. [vi. Mingle; mix. 
 
 intermingle (in-ter-ming'l), vt. and 
 
 intermission (in-ter-mish'un), n. 1. 
 Act of intermitting. 2. Interval; 
 pause. — intermis'sive, a. Coming 
 at intervals. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, niit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then.. 
 
intermit 
 
 285 
 
 intimacy 
 
 intermit (in-ter-niit'), Vt. Cause fo 
 cease for a time; interrupt. — in- 
 termittent, a. Ceasing at intervals. 
 — intermitting ly, adv. [L. inter, 
 and mitto, send.] 
 
 intermix ( in-ter-miks' ), vt. and vi. 
 Mix together.— intermix'ture, n. 
 
 internal (in-ter'nal), a. 1. Interior. 2. 
 Domestic. 3. Intrinsic— internal- 
 ly, adv. [L. internus, within.] 
 
 interne or intern [in-tern'), medical 
 student attendant inhospital. 
 
 international (in-ter-nash'un-al). a. 
 Pertaining to the relations between 
 nations. 
 
 internecine (in-ter-ne'sin), a. Mutu- 
 ally destructive; deadly. [E. — inter, 
 and neco, kill.] 
 
 interpolate (in-ter'po-lat), vt. Alter 
 (a text) by inserting a spurious "word 
 or passage. — interpolator, n. — 
 interpolation, n. [L.— interpolis, 
 altered— witer and polio, polish, erase. 
 Erasing on a wax tablet was done by 
 smoothing out the characters on it.] 
 
 interpose' (in-ter-poz'). I. vt. Place 
 between; thrust in. II. vi. 1. Come 
 between. 2. Mediate. 3. Put in byway 
 of interruption; interfere.— inter- 
 position (in-ter-po-zish'un), n. 1. In- 
 tervention; mediation. 2. Thing in- 
 terposed. 
 
 interpret (in-ter'pret), vt. 1. Explain 
 the meaning of. 2. Translate; deci- 
 pher, --interpretation (in-ter-pre- 
 ta'shun), n. Explanation; meaning. 
 — interpreter (in-ter'pret-er), n. [L.] 
 
 interregnum ( in-ter-reg'num), n. 
 Time between two reigns. [L. inter, 
 and regnum, rule.] 
 
 interrogate (in-ter'o-gat), vt. Ques- 
 tion; examine by asking questions. 
 — interrogator, n. — interroga'- 
 i ion. n. 1. Act of interrogating. 2. 
 Question put. 3. Mark of a question 
 (?), [E. — inter, and rogo, ask.] 
 
 interrogative (in-ter-rog'a-tiv). I. a. 
 Denoting a question; expressed as a 
 question. II. n. Word used in asking 
 a question.— interrog'atively, adv. 
 
 interrogatory (in-ter-rog'a-to-ri). I. 
 n. Formal question or inquiry. II. a. 
 Expressing a Question. 
 
 interrupt (in-ter-rupf), vt. 1. Break 
 in or between; stop; hinder. 2. Di- 
 vide; break continuity.— interrnp'- 
 tion, n. 1. Act of interrupting. 2. 
 Hinderance ; cessation. -interrupt'- 
 ive, a. Tending to interrupt. [L.— 
 inter, and rumpo, ruptum, break.] 
 
 intersect (in-ter-sekf). I. vt. 1. Cut 
 between or asunder. 2. Cut or cross 
 mutually. II. vi. Cross each other. 
 [L< inter, and seco, seetum, cut.] 
 
 intersection (in-ter-sek'shun), n. 1. 
 Intersecting. 2. Point or line in 
 which two lines or two planes cut 
 each other. 
 
 intersperse (in-ter-spers'), vt. Scatter 
 in between. — intersper'sion, n. [E. 
 inter, and spargo, scatter.] 
 
 interstate (in'ter-stat), a. Pertaining 
 to relations between different states. 
 
 interstellar (in-ter-stel'ar), a. Situa- 
 ted beyond the solar system, among 
 the stars. [L.— inter, and Stella, star.] 
 
 interstice (in'ter-stis or in-ter'stis), 
 n. Crevice; chink.— intersti'tial, a. 
 [E. inter, and sisto, stitum, stand.] 
 
 intertwine (in-ter-twm'), vt. and vi. 
 Interlace; interweave. 
 
 interval ( in'ter-val ) , n. Time or 
 space between. [L." — inter, and val- 
 lum, rampart.] 
 
 intervene (in-ter-ven'), vi. 1. Come 
 or be between ; interpose. 2. Occur 
 between points of time. 3. Happen 
 so as to interrupt.— intervention, 
 n. [L. inter, and venio, come.] 
 
 interview (in'ter-vu). I. n. 1. Meeting; 
 conference. 2. Conversation with a 
 journalist for publication. II. vt. Call 
 on a person with a view to publishing 
 a report of Ms conversation. [Fr. 
 entrevue, mutual view.] [together. 
 
 interweave (in-ter-wev' ). vt. Weave 
 
 intestate (in-tes'tat). I. a. 1. Without 
 having made a valid will. 2. Not dis- 
 posed of by will. II. n. Person who 
 died without making a valid will. — 
 intes'tacy, n. [L. in, not, and testor, 
 make a will.] 
 
 Intestine (in-tes'tin). I. 
 tained in the animal body, 
 tic. II. n. (Usually in 
 pi. ) Alimentary ca- 
 nal; bowels.— intes'- 
 tinal, a. Pertaing to 
 the intestine. [L. — 
 intus, inside.] 
 
 Human intestine and 
 
 STOMACH. 
 
 1. Vermiform appendix- 
 
 2. Caecum. 3.. Ileum. 6- 
 7. Ascending, 13. trans- 
 verse, and 4. descending 
 colon of large intestine. 
 5. Rectum. 8. Duodenum. 
 11. Esophagus. 12. Car- 
 diac end of stomach. 
 
 inthrall (in-thral') vt. 
 
 Bring into thraldom or bondage: 
 
 enslave. 
 intimacy ( in'ti-ma-si ), n. State of 
 
 being intimate; close familiarity. 
 
 1. Con- 
 Domes- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, ihen. 
 
Intimate 
 
 286 
 
 in are 
 
 intimate (in'ti-mat). I. a. 1. Inner- 
 most; internal. 2. Close; closely ac- 
 
 j quainted; familiar. II. n. Familiar 
 friend ; associate.— in'tiinately,aeify. 
 
 ' [L. intimus—intus, jwithin.] 
 
 intimate (in'ti-mat), vt. Hint ; an- 
 nounce.— intima'tion, n. [Tu.intimo.] 
 
 intimidate (in-tim'i-dat), vt. Make 
 timid; frighten; dispirit. — intimi- 
 dation, n. 
 
 into (in' to), prep. To and in. 
 
 intolerable (in-tol'er-a-bl), a. That 
 cannot be endured. — intol'erable- 
 ness, n.— intolerably, adv. 
 
 intolerant (in-tol'er-ant), a. 1. Not 
 able or Willing to endure. 2. Not en- 
 during difference of opinion, esp. on 
 questions of religious dogma; illib- 
 eral; bigoted; persecuting. — intol'- 
 erantly, adv. — intolerance, n. 
 
 intomb (in-tom'). Same as entomb. 
 
 intonate ( in'to-nat), vi. 1. Sound 
 forth. 2. Sound the notes of a musical 
 scale. 3. Modulate the voice. — in- 
 tona'tion, n. 
 
 intone (in-ton'). I. vi. 1. Utter tones. 
 2. Give forth a low protracted sound. 
 II. vt. Chant; read in a singing man- 
 ner, [twisting. 
 
 intortion (in-tar'shun), n. winding; 
 
 intoxicant (in-toks'i-kant), n. Intoxi- 
 cating substance. 
 
 intoxicate (in-toks i-kat), vt. 1. Make 
 drunk. 2. Excite to enthusiasm or 
 madness.— in toxica'tion, n. [L.— 
 intoxico — Gr. toxikon, poison for ar- 
 rows— loxon, arrow.] 
 
 intractable(in-trak'ta-bl), a. Unman- 
 ageable; obstinate. — intractabil- 
 ity, intrac'tableness, n. — in- 
 trac'tably, adv. 
 
 intramural(in-tra-mu'ral), a. Within 
 the walls, as of a city. [IJ. intra, with- 
 in, and mural.] 
 
 intransigent (in-tran'si-jent), a. Ir- 
 reconcilable; extremely radical. [Sp. 
 =nottransacting,uncompromising.] 
 
 intransitive (in-tran'si-tiv), a. Not 
 taking a direct object; representing 
 action confined to the agent. — in- 
 transitively, adv. 
 
 intreneh (in-trench'), vt. Dig a trench 
 around ; fortify with a ditch and para- 
 pet. — intrench'ment, n. 
 
 intrepid(in-trep'id), a. Without trepi- 
 dation or fear; undaunted; brave.— 
 
 I intrepid'ity, n.— intrepidly, adv. 
 [It. intrepidus.] 
 
 intricate (in'tri-kat), a. Involved ; per- 
 plexing. — intricacy, in'tricate- 
 ness, n. — in'tricately, adv. [ L. 
 intricatus—tricae, trifles, hindrances.] 
 8yn. Entangled; complicated. 
 
 intrigue (in-treg'). I. n. 1. Complex 
 plot. 2. Private or party scheme. 3. 
 Secret love affair. II. vi. 1. Form a 
 plot or scheme. 2. Carry on illicit love. 
 [Fr. intriguer— root of intricate.] 
 
 intrinsic (in-trin'sik), «. Inward; es- 
 sential; real; inherent. — intrin'sic- 
 ally, adv. [L. — intra, within, and 
 secus, on the side.]. 
 
 introduce (in-tr5-dus'% vt. 1. Lead or 
 bring in; conduct into a place. 2. 
 Formally make known or acquainted. 
 3. Bring into notice or practice. 4. 
 Commence; present. [Li.—intro, with- 
 in, and duco, lead.] 
 
 introduction (in-tro duk'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of conducting into. 2. Act of mak- 
 ing persons known to each other. 3, 
 Act of bringing into notice or prac- 
 tice. 4. Preliminaiy matter to main 
 part of a book. 5. Treatise introduc- 
 tory to a science or a course of study. 
 
 introductory ( in-tro-duk'tur-i ), in- 
 troductive (in-tro-duk'tiv), a. Serv- 
 ing to introduce ; preliminary. 
 
 Introit (in'tro-it), n. Psalm or hymn 
 sung before or during communion. 
 
 intromit (in-tro -mit f ), vt. [intromit'- 
 ting; intromit' ted.] Admit. [L. intro % 
 within, and mitto. send.] 
 
 introspection (in-tro-spek'shun), n. 
 
 I. Sight of the insida or interior. 2. 
 Self-examination.— introspective, 
 a. [L. intro, within, and specio, see.] 
 
 introvert (in-tro-vertf), vt. 1. Turn 
 inward. 2. Look inward. [L. intro, 
 within, and vcrto, turn.] 
 
 intrude (in-trod'). I. vt. Enter unin- 
 vited or un welcome. II. vt. Force in.— 
 intruder, ft. — intrusion (in-tro'« 
 zhun), n.— intrusive (in-tro'siv), a, 
 — intru'sively, adv.— intru'sive- 
 ness, n. [L. in, and trudo, thrust.] 
 Syn. Encroach; trespass; infringe. 
 
 intrust (in-trust'), vt. Give in trust. 
 
 intuition (in-tu-ish'un), n. 1. Direct 
 cognition (without reasoning). 2. 
 Primary truth. — intui'tional, a. 
 [Li.— in, and tueor, look.] 
 
 intuitive (in-tu'i-tiv), a. 1. Perceived 
 or perceiving by intuition. 2. Seeing 
 clearly. — intuitively, adv. 
 
 intumescence ( in-tu-mes'ens ), n. 
 Swelling. 
 
 intwine(in- twin'). Same as entwine. 
 
 inumbrate ( in-um'brat ), vt. Cast a 
 shadow upon. 
 
 inundate (in-un'dat), vt. Flow upon 
 or over; flood.— inundation, ft. [L. 
 — in, and unda, wave.] 
 
 inure (jn-ur'). I. vt. Use or practice 
 habitually; accustom ; harden by use. 
 
 II. vi. Serve to the use or benefit at, 
 [From "put inure". See ure.] 
 
 v fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; vote, not, move, wotf; 
 it mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, f/ien. 
 
in a r it 
 
 287 
 
 in voluntary 
 
 mum (in-urn'), vt. Place in an urn ; 
 entomb. 
 
 inutility(in-u-til'I-ti), n. Uselessness. 
 
 invade (in-vad'), vt. 1. Enter as an 
 enemy. 2. Encroach upon.— Inva'- 
 der, n. [L. — in, and vado go.] 
 
 invalid (m'va-lid). I. a. Not valid or 
 strong; infirm; sick. II. n. 1. Sickly 
 person. 2. One disabled for active ser- 
 vice, esp. a soldier or sailor. [Fr. inva- 
 lids — L. in, not, and validus, strong.] 
 
 invalid(m-varid),a. 1. Without value, 
 weight, or cogency. 2. Void; null. 
 
 invalidate ( in-val'id-at ), vt. Render 
 invalid; weaken.— in validation, n. 
 
 invalidity (in-val-id'i-ti), n. Want of 
 cogency ; want of force. 
 
 invaluable ( in-val'u-a-bl ), a. That 
 cannot be valuedj priceless. 
 
 invariable (in-va'ri-a-bl), a. Without 
 change; unalterable.— inva'riably, 
 adv.— in variableness, n. 
 
 invasion (in-va'zhun), n. 1. Act of 
 invading; attack; incursion. 2. At- 
 tack on the rights of another; en- 
 croachment. [See invade.] 
 
 invasive (in-va'siv), a. Making inva- 
 sion; aggressive. 
 
 invective (in-vek'tiv). I. n. Severe 
 accusation ; attack with words. II. a. 
 Railing; abusive. [See inveigh.] 
 
 inveigh (in-va'),^- Attack with words ; 
 rail against; revile. [L. inveho,—in, 
 and veho, carry.] 
 
 inveigle (in-ve'gl), vt. Entice; seduce; 
 wheedle. [From Fr. aveugler, blind.] 
 
 invent ( in-vent' ), vt. Find; forge.— 
 invention, n. 1. Act of contriving 
 a new thing. 2. Contrivance. 3. Power 
 of inventing. — inventive, a. Able 
 to invent. — inventor, n. [L.— in, 
 upon, and venio, come.] 
 Syn. Devise; discover; contrive. 
 
 inventory ( in'ven-t5-ri). I. n. Cata- 
 logue of furniture, goods, etc. II. vt. 
 Make an inventory of. [L. inoenta- 
 rium, list of the things found.] 
 
 inverse (in-vers'), a. Inverted; in the 
 reverse or contrary order. — in- 
 versely, adv. 
 
 inversion (in-ver'shun) , n. Inverting; 
 change of order or position. 
 
 invert (in-verf), vt. Turn in or about ; 
 turn upside 
 down ; reverse. 
 — Inverted arch, 
 used to distri- 
 bute weight. 
 [L.— in, and 
 verto, turn.] 
 
 invertebrate 
 <in-ver'te-brat). 
 
 I. a. Without 
 
 II. n. Animal 
 
 Inverted arch. 
 
 a vertebral column, 
 destitute of a skull 
 
 and vertebral column. — invert'e- 
 bracy, n. .Lack of backbone; irre- 
 solution. [See VERTEBRATE.] 
 
 invertible (in-ver 'ti-bl), a. 1. That 
 may be inverted. 2. Inflexible. 
 
 invest (in- vest'), vt. 1. Dress. 2. Con' 
 fer; endow, as with office or author- 
 ity. 3. Surround; block up; lay siege 
 to. £. Place; lay out, as money. — 
 investment, n. [L. in, on, and ves- 
 tio, clothe.] 
 
 investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), vt. Inquire 
 into with care and accuracy. — in- 
 vestigation, n.— investigator,^. 
 [L.— in, and vestigo, track.] 
 
 inveterate (in-vet'er-at), a. 1. Firmly 
 established by long continuance; 
 deep-rooted. 2. Firmly addicted.— in- 
 vet'eracy, n. [L. invetero, grow old.] 
 
 invidious ( in-vid'i-us ), a. Likely 
 to incur or provoke ill-will or envy. 
 [L. invidia, envy.] 
 
 invigorate ( in-vig'ur-at ), vt. Give 
 vigor to.— iuvigora tion, n. 
 Syn. Animate; strengthen; refresh, 
 
 invincible (in-vin'si-bl), a. That can- 
 not be overcome; insuperable. — in- 
 vincibility, n. [L.] 
 
 inviolable (in-vi'o-la-bl), a. That can- 
 not be profaned or injured; sacred.— 
 inviolably, adv.— inviolability, 
 n. [unprofaned; pure. [L.] 
 
 inviolate(in-vi'o-lat), a. Not violated; 
 
 invisible (in-viz'i-bl_), a. Not visible. 
 — invis'ibly,aeft>.— invisibil'ity, n. 
 
 invitation (in-vi-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of inviting. 2. Written or spoken so- 
 licitation. 
 
 invite (in-vif), vt. 1. Ask; summon; 
 request the company of . 2. Allure; 
 attract. 3. Give occasion for. — in- 
 vi'ting, a. Tempting. [D. invito.] 
 
 invocation (in-vo-ka'shun), n. 1. Ad- 
 dressing in prayer. 2. Legal call or 
 summons. 
 
 invoice (in'vois). I. n. 1. Letter of 
 advice of the despatch of goods, with 
 particulars of their price and quan- 
 tity. 2. Lot of goods shipped. II. vt. 
 Make an invoice of. [Fr. envois— 
 envoyer, send.] 
 
 invoke (in-vok'),#£. Call upon earnest- 
 ly or solemnly; implore. [L.— in, on, 
 and voco, call.] 
 
 involucre (in'vo-lo-ekr), n. Group or 
 bracts around an expanded flower 
 or umbel. [L.— involvo, wrap.] 
 
 involuntary ( in-vol'un-tar-i ), a. 1. 
 Not having the power of will or ch oice. 
 2. Not under control of the will. 3. 
 Done unwillingly. — involuntar- 
 ily, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, ber ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 
 
involute 
 
 288 
 
 irrational 
 
 Involute. 
 
 involute (in'vo-lot). I. a. Rolled in 
 ward ; involved ; confused. 1 1, n, 
 Curve traced by 
 the end of a string 
 unwinding itself 
 from another 
 curve- 
 involution (in-vo- 
 16'shun), n. 1. Ac- 
 tion of involving. 
 2. State of being 
 involved or entan- 
 gled. 3. Raising a quantity to a given 
 power. 
 
 involve (in- vol v'), vt. 1. Wrap up; 
 envelop. 2. Include of necessity. 3^ 
 Complicate. 4. Multiply by itself a 
 given number of times.— involve- 
 men t, n. [L. in, and volvo, roll.] 
 
 Syn. Implicate: imply; entangle; 
 include; entwine; cover; absorb. 
 
 invulnerable ( in-vul'ner-a-bl ), a. 
 That cannot be wounded. [wall. 
 
 inwall ( in-wal'), vt. Inclose with a 
 
 inward (in'ward). I. a. Internal. 2. 
 Seated in the mind or soul. II. adv. 
 1. Toward the inside. 2. Into the 
 mind or thoughts.— in'wardly, adv. 
 1. In the parts within. 2. Toward 
 the center. 3. In the heart; secret- 
 ly.— in' wards, adv. [A. S.inneweard.] 
 
 inweave (in-weV), vt. Weave into; 
 entwine; complicate. 
 
 inwrought^n-rat'), a. 1. Wrought in 
 or among other things. 2. Adorned 
 with figures. [See work.] 
 
 iodide (i'o-dld), n. Combination of 
 iodine with a simple substance. 
 
 iodine (i'o-din), n. Non-metallic ele- 
 ment much used in medicine, etc. — 
 iod'ic, a. [Gr. iodes, violet-colored, 
 from its violet vapor.] 
 
 Ionic (i-on'ik , ) 9 a. 1. Relating to Ionia 
 in Greece. 2. Denoting an order in 
 architecture distinguished by the 
 (ram's horn ) volute of its capital. 
 Seepage 105. 
 
 iota (i-o'ta), n. 1. Ninth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. 2. Jot; very small 
 quantity or degree. [Gr.] 
 
 ipecac (ip'e-kak), n. West Indian 
 plant, whose roots afford a useful 
 emetic. [Sp. ipecacuana— Brazil ipe- 
 caaguen.] 
 
 irade (i-ra'de), n. Decree or proclama- 
 tion of the Sultan of Turkey. [Turk.] 
 
 irascible (i-ras'i-bl), a. Susceptible of 
 ire or anger; easily provoked ; irrita- 
 ble.— iras'cibly, adv. — irascibil'- 
 ity, n. [L>.—irascor, am angry.] 
 
 irate (i-raf), a. Enraged; angry. [L.] 
 
 ire ( ir), n. Anger; rage. — ire'ful, a. 
 Angry; resentful; wroth; enraged. 
 Syn. Passion. See anger. 
 
 Iris. 
 
 iridescent ( ir-i-des r ent ), a. Colored 
 like the iris or rainbow. — irides'« 
 cence, n. [See iris.] 
 
 iridium ( i-rid'i-um ), n. White, brit- 
 tle, hard metal, 
 very rare. 
 
 iris ( l'ris ), n. 1. 
 Rainbow; ap- 
 pearance resem- 
 bling the rainbow. 
 
 2. Contractile 
 curtain perfora- 
 ted by the pupil, 
 and forming the 
 colored part 
 of the eye. 3. 
 Fleur-de-lis; flag- 
 flower.--^, i'rises. 
 [Gr. iris, messen- 
 ger of the gods, 
 rainbow.] 
 
 Irish ( i'rish). I. 
 a. Relating to or produced in Ireland. 
 II. n. Language of the Irish, a form 
 of Celtic, —pi. Natives or inhabitants 
 of Ireland. 
 
 irlt ( erk ), vt. Weary; trouble. [Sw. 
 yrka, urge, press. See urge.] 
 
 irksome (erk'sum), a. Vexatious; un- 
 pleasant; wearisome; tedious. 
 
 iron (i'urn). I. n. 1. Most common and 
 useful of the metals. 2. Instrument 
 or utensil made of iron.— pi. Fetters; 
 chains. II. a. 1. Formed of iron. 2. 
 Resembling iron; rude; stern; not to 
 be broken ; robust. III. vt. 1. Smooth 
 with an iron instrument. 2. Arm with 
 iron. 3. Fe tter.— i'ronbound, a. 
 Bound with iron; rugged, as a coast. 
 — i'ronolad, I. a. 1. Covered or pro- 
 tected with iron- 2. Rigid. II. n. Ves- 
 sel defended by iron plates. [A.S. iren.] 
 
 ironical (i-ron'ik-al), a. Meaning the 
 opposite of what is expressed; satiri- 
 cal.— ironically, adv. [See irony.] 
 
 ironmonger (i-urn-mung-er), n. 
 Dealer in articles made of iron. 
 
 irony (i'run-i), n. Mode of speech con- 
 veying the opposite of what is meant; 
 satire. [Gr. eironeia, dissimulation.] 
 
 irradiate (ir-ra'di-at). I. vt. 1. Dart 
 rays of light upon or into; adorn with 
 luster. 2. Animate with light or 
 heat; illuminate the understanding. 
 II. vi. Emit rays; shine.— irra'dian- 
 ce, irra'diancy, n. 4. Throwing of 
 rays of light. 2. That which irradiates 
 or is irradiated. 3. Beams of light 
 emitted; splendor. 
 
 irrational (ir-rash'un-al), a. 1. Void 
 of reason or understanding. 2. Absurd 
 
 3. Not expressible by an integral or 
 by a vulgar fraction. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6ve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
irreclaimable 
 
 289 
 
 islet 
 
 ^Irreclaimable ( ir-re-kla'ma-bl ), a. 
 That cannot be reclaimed of refor-ni- 
 ed; incorrigible. — irreclaim'ably, 
 adv. 
 
 irreconcilable (ir-rek'on-sl-la-bl), a. 
 
 I. Implacable. 2. Inconsistent.— ir- 
 rec'oucilableness, n. — irrecon- 
 cilably, adv. 
 
 irrecoverable (ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl), a. 
 Irretrievable. — irrecov'era- 
 bleness, n.— irrecoverably, adv. 
 
 irredeemable (ir-re-de'ma-bl), a. 1. 
 Not redeemable. 2. Not to be con- 
 verted into eash at pleasure.— irre- 
 deem'ableness, n — irredeema- 
 bly, adv. 
 
 irrefragable (ir-ref'ra-ga-bl), a. Un- 
 deniable; unanswerable.' [L. in, not, 
 and frango, break.] 
 
 Syn. Incontrovertible; indubitable; 
 indisputable; irrefutable. 
 
 irrefutable (ir-re-fii'ta-bl or ir-ref'-), 
 a. Indisputable.— irrefu'tably, adv. 
 
 irregular (ir-reg'u-lar). I. a. Not ac- 
 cording to rule; not strictly legal; 
 not uniform; not straight; not direct. 
 
 II. n. Seldier not in regular service. 
 — irregularity, n. Deviation from 
 a straight line, or from rule, depart- 
 ure from method, order, or law,. 
 
 irrelative (ir-rel'a-tiv), a. Not rela- 
 tive; unconnected'. 
 
 irrelevant ( ir-rel'e-vant), a. Not 
 bearing directly on the matter in 
 hand ; extraneous.— irrel'evancy,?i. 
 
 irreligion (ir-re-lij'un) , n. Want of 
 religion.— irreligious, a. Destitute 
 of religion; ungodly.— irreligious- 
 ly, adv. — irrelig'iousness, n. 
 
 irremediable ( ir-re-me'di- a-bl ), a. 
 Not to be remedied; incurable. 
 
 irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), a. That 
 
 cannot be recovered; irretrievable. 
 
 Syn. Irremediable; irrecoverable. 
 
 Irrepealable ( ir-re-pe'la-bl ), a. 1. 
 That cannot be repealed or annulled. 
 
 irreprehensible(ir-rep-re-heE'si-bl), 
 a. That cannot be blamed. 
 
 irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), a. Not 
 to be restrained ; uncontrollable. 
 
 irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), a. 
 Free from blame; innocent. 
 
 irresistible (ir-re-zis'ti-bl), a. Not to 
 be opposed successfully; overpower- 
 ing. — irresist'ibly, adv. — irre- 
 sist ibleness, irresistibility, n. 
 
 irresolute (ir-rez'o-lot), a. Not firm 
 in purpose; undecided. — irres'o- 
 lutely, adv.— irresolution (ir-rez- 
 o-16'shun), n. [haviug regard (to). 
 
 irrespective ( ir-re-spek'tiv ), a. Not 
 
 irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), a. 1. 
 Not responsible. 2. Not reliable. 
 
 irretrievable (ir-re-trb'va-bl), a. Not 
 to be recovered or repaired. 
 
 irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), a. Not rev- 
 erent. — irrev'erently, adv. — ir- 
 rev'erence, n. 
 
 irreversible (ir-re-ver'si-bl), a. 1. Not 
 reversible. 2. That cannot be recalled 
 or annulled.— irrever'sibly, adv.— 
 irrever'sibleness, n. 
 
 irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl), a. That 
 cannot be recalled; unalterable.— 
 irrevocably, adv.— irrevocable^ 
 ness, n. 
 
 irrigate (ir'i-gat), vt. 1. "Wet or mois- 
 ten. 2. Cause water to flow upon. — ir- 
 rigation, n. [L.— in. and rigo,wa ter. 
 Akin to Ger. regen, Eng. rain.] 
 
 irritable (ir'i-ta-bl ), a. 1. That may 
 be irritated; easily provoked. 2. In 
 med. Susceptible of excitement or 
 irritation by stimulants. — irrita- 
 bility, n. [See irritate.] [ful. 
 Syn. Sensitive; excitable. See fret- 
 
 irritant ( ifi-tant ). I. a. Irritating. 
 II. n. That which causes irritation. 
 
 irritate (ir'i-tat) , vt. 1. Make angry; 
 provoke. 2. Excite beat and redness 
 in. 3. Increase the activity of. 4. 
 Make oversensitive or nervous.— ir- 
 ritation, n.— irritative, ir'rita- 
 tory, ns. [L. irrito—atum, prob. f req. 
 of irrio, snarl as a dog.] 
 
 irruption (ir-rup'shun), n. Breaking 
 or bursting in. 2. Sudden invasion. 
 [L.—in, and rumpo, break.] 
 
 irruptive ( ir-rup'tiv ), a. Rushing 
 suddenly in or upon.— irrup'tively, 
 aav. [A. S.] 
 
 is(iz). Third person sing. pres. ind. of be. 
 
 isagon (i'sa-gon), n. Figure having 
 equal angles. [Gr. — isos, equal, and 
 gonia, angle.] 
 
 ischialgia (is-ki-al'ji-a), n. Sciatica; 
 pain in the hip. 
 
 ischium (is'ki-um), n. Lowest of the 
 three parts of the innominatum or 
 haunch-bone. [Gr.] 
 
 isinglass (1'zing-glas), n. 1. Purest 
 kind of gelatin chiefly prepared from 
 the air-bladders of the sturgeon; fish- 
 glue. 2. Mica. [From Dut. huizen- 
 Mas— huizen, sturgeon, and bias, blad- 
 der.] 
 
 Islam ( iz'lam ), Islamism ( iz'lam- 
 izm), n. Mohammedan religion. — "Is* 
 lamit'ic, a. [Ar islam— salama, sub- 
 mit to God.] 
 
 island (I'land), n. Land surrounded 
 with water —islander (iland-er), n. 
 Inhabitant of an island. [A." S. igland, 
 Hand.} 
 
 isle (il), n. Island. [O. Fr.— L. insula— 
 in, and salum, the billowing sea.] 
 
 islet (i'let), n. Little isle. 
 
 fate. fat. task. far. fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
ism 
 
 290 
 
 izzarti 
 
 ism ( izm) ) n. 1. Theory ; system. 2. 
 Faddish doctrine. 
 
 isobar (I'so-bar), n. Line along which 
 the barometric pressure is the same. 
 
 isochronal (i-sok'ron-al), isochron- 
 ous (i-sok'ron-us), a. 'Of equal time; 
 performed in equal times. [Gr.— isos, 
 equal, and chronos, time.] 
 
 isolate (i'so-lat or is'o-lat), vt. Place 
 in a detached situation.— isola'tion, 
 n. [It. isolare—isola—L,. insula, island.] 
 
 isometric (l-so-met'rik), a. Of equal 
 measure. [Gr. isos, equal, and metric] 
 
 Isopod (i'so-pod) , 
 a. With feet all 
 alike or of simi- 
 lar structure. 
 
 isosceles (i-sos'- 
 e-lez), a. Having 
 two equal sides, 
 as a triangle. 
 [Gr.— isos, equal, 
 and s/celos, leg ] 
 
 isotherm (Iso- 
 therm), n. Line 
 along which the 
 mean tempera- 
 ture is the same. 
 —isotherm'al, 
 a. [ Gr. — isos, 
 equal, and ther- 
 me, heat.] 
 
 Israelite (iz'ra- 
 
 " el-it), n. De- 
 scendant of Is- 
 rael or Jacob; 
 Jew. — Israel- 
 itic ( iz-ra-el-it' 
 ik),Israelitish 
 (iz-ra-el-it'ish),a. 
 
 issoe(ish'6 ). I. vi. 
 1. Go, flow, or 
 come out. 2. Pro- 
 ceed as from a 
 soui'ce; spring; 
 be produced. 3. 
 Come to a point 
 in fact or law ; 
 terminate. II. vt. 
 Send out; put 
 into circulation; 
 
 give out for use; deliver. III. n. 1. 
 Going or sending out. 2. That which 
 passes out,as progeny, produce, publi- 
 cation, etc.; result. 3. Question for 
 decision. 4. Ulcer produced artifi- 
 cially. [Fr.— eissir— L. exire, go out.] 
 Syn. Consequence; upshot; conclu- 
 sion; termination; offspring. 
 
 isthmus (ist'musor is'mus), n. Neck 
 of land connecting two larger por- 
 tions of land. [Gr.] 
 
 it (it), pron. Thing spoken of or re- 
 ferred to. [A. S. hit.] 
 
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 Aiywr/JT 
 
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 6AIVCSTM 
 
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 Italian ( i-tal'yan), Italic (i-tal'ik). 
 I. a. Of or relating to Italy or its 
 people. II. n. 1. Native of Italy. 2 Lan- 
 guage of Italy. 
 italicize(i-tal'i-siz),^. 1 Print in ital- 
 ics. 2. Underscore with a single line, 
 italics (i-tal'iks), n. pi. Kind of type 
 which slopes to the right, so called 
 because first used by an Italian prin- 
 ter, Aldo Manuzio, about 1500. 
 itch (ich). I. n. 1. Uneasy, irritating 
 sensation in the skin. 2. Eruptive 
 disease in the skin, caused by a para- 
 site. 3. Constant 
 teasing desire. 
 II. vi. 1. Have an 
 instating sensa- 
 tion in the skin. 
 2. Have a con- 
 stant teasing 
 desire. — itchy 
 (ich'i), a. [A. S, 
 giccan.] 
 item (i'tem). L 
 adv. Likewise 
 II. n. 1. Separ- 
 ate particular. 
 2. Separate ar- 
 ticle. — i'tem- 
 ize, vt. Make a 
 note of : write 
 out singly. [L.] 
 iterate (it'er-at), 
 vt. Do again; re- 
 peat. — itera/' 
 tion, n. [L. — 
 iterurn, again.] 
 itinerant (I-tin'- 
 er-ant). L a. 
 Making jour- 
 neys ; travel- 
 ling. II. n, One 
 who wanders, 
 esp. a preacher. 
 — itin'eracy, 
 itin'erancy,rc. 
 itinerary (i-tin' 
 er-ar i), I. a. 
 Travelling. II. n. 
 1. Detailed plan 
 for a journey. 2. 
 [L. — iter, journey.] 
 Travel. 
 
 .Isobars Isotherms. 
 
 Book of travels 
 
 itinerate (i-tin'er : at), vi 
 
 its (its), pron. Possessive of it. 
 
 itself (it-self), pron. Neuter reflexive 
 pronoun, applied to things- [ivy. 
 
 ivied, ivyed (l'vid), a. Mantled with 
 
 ivory (l'vo-ri), n. 1. Hard, white sub- 
 stance composing the tusks of the 
 elephant, walrus, etc. 2. Tooth. [O. 
 Fr. ivurie — L. ebur.] 
 
 ivy (l'vi), n. Creeping evergreen plant. 
 [A. S. iflg.} [letter Z. 
 
 izzard (iz'ard), n. Old name for th« 
 
 fate, fat. task. far. fall, fare, above ;, me, met, her; mite, mit; note,, not, move, wolf ; 
 mdte ; hut 2 bQrn; oil, owl, ihetk 
 
291 
 
 January 
 
 American Jack. 
 
 Dj (ja), n. Tenth letter of the TEn- 
 glish alphabet. Has invariably 
 the soft sound of g, as in genius. 
 jabber (jab'er). I. vt. and vi. 
 Gabble; talk rapidly and indis- 
 tinctly. II. n. Rapid, indistinct speak- 
 ing. [From root 
 
 Of GABBLE.] 
 
 Jack (jak'), n. 1. 
 Familiar name 
 for John. 2. Sau- 
 cy fellow. 3. 
 Sailor. 4. Ins- 
 trument or de- 
 vice taking the 
 place of a help- 
 er. 5. M a 1 e of 
 some animals. 
 6. Flag dis- 
 played from 
 the bowsprit 
 of a ship. 7. 
 Playing card 
 bearing the 
 picture of a 
 knave.— Jack boots ( jak'bSts ), n. pi. 
 Large boots reaching above the knee. 
 —Jack-knife, pocket-knife larger than 
 a penknife. —Jack of all trades, one 
 versed in many kinds of work, but ex- 
 pert in none.— Jack-o'-lantern. 1. Will- 
 o'-the-wisp. 2. Pumpkin-lantern into 
 which a face is carved. — Jack plane, 
 carpenter's plane for rough work.— 
 Jack-pot, in draw poker, a pool, in 
 which the ante is repeated, and new 
 deals made, until one player has a 
 pair of jacks or better.— Jack-pudding, 
 clown; buffoon.— Jack-rabbit (jak'rab- 
 it), n. One with very long ears and 
 legs, of Western U. S. — Jack-screw, 
 lifting-jack.— Jack Tar, a sailor; dim. 
 jack, jacky; 
 pl. jackies. 
 
 jackal (jak'- 
 al), n. Wild, 
 gregarious 
 animal close- 
 ly allied to 
 the dog. 
 [P'ers. sha- 
 ghal.] 
 
 jackanapes 
 (jak'a-naps), 
 n. Impudent 
 fellow; cox- 
 comb. 
 
 jackass (jak'- 
 
 as), n. 1. Male of the ass. 2. Block- 
 head, [crow. 
 
 jackdaw (jak'da), n. Species of small 
 
 jacket ( jak'et )'.' I. n. 1. Short coat. 
 2. Covering, esp. of nonconducting 
 
 Jackal. 
 
 material. II. vt. Put a jacket on. 
 [Fr. jaquette.] 
 
 jack stone (jak'ston), n. Small pebble 
 or toy, with which children play, 
 catching them, etc. 
 
 jackstraw (jak'stra), n. 1. Effigy of 
 a man, made of straw. 2. Straw or 
 strip of wood or bone, representing a 
 tooi or the like, and used in a game. 
 
 jade(jad). I. n. 1. Tired horse; worth- 
 less nag. 2. Vicious woman. II. vt. 
 Tire by overwork. III. vi. Become 
 tired or weary. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 £?/7i._Fatigue; weary; wear. 
 
 jade (jad), n. Stone used for ornament- 
 al carving. 
 
 jag- (jag). I. n. Notch; ragged protu- 
 berance. II. vt. [jagg'ing; jagg'ed.] 
 Cut into notches, — jagged (jag'ed), 
 a. Notched; rough-eaged.— jag'ged- 
 ly, adv. [Celt, ga^, cleft.] 
 
 jag (jag), n. Small load. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 jagnar (jag- 
 war' ) , n. 
 Most formi- 
 dable Ameri- 
 can beast of 
 prey, allied 
 to the leop- 
 ard. [Braz. 
 jaguar a.} Jaguar. 
 
 jail ( jal ), n. 
 Prison.— Jail-bird, n. Convict. 
 er, n. Keeper of a jail or prison. [O. 
 Fr. gaiole — It. gabbiola — L. c»veola, 
 cage.] 
 
 jalap (jal'ap), n. Purgative root of a 
 plant first brought from Xalapa, in 
 Mexico. 
 
 jam (jam), n. Conserve of fruit boiled 
 with sugar. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 jam (jam). I. vt. [jam'ming; jammed.] 
 Press or squeeze tight. II. n. People 
 or things jammed or crowded to- 
 gether. [From root of champ.] 
 
 jamb (jam), n. Sidepiece or post of a 
 door, fireplace, etc. [O. Fr. gambe, 
 leg— Celt. cam. bent.] 
 
 jangle (jang'l). I. vi. Sound discor- 
 dantly, as in wrangling ; wrangle ; 
 quarrel. II. vt. Cause to sound harsh- 
 ly. III. n. Discordant sound; conten- 
 tion. [From the sound.] 
 
 janitor (jan'i-tur), n. One who has the 
 care of a building. — fern, janilress, 
 jan'itrix. [L. from janua, door.] 
 
 janizary ( jan'i-zar-i ) , janissary 
 ( jan'i-sar-i ), n. Soldier of the old 
 Turkish foot-guards. [Fr. janissaire— 
 Turk, yeni, new, and askari, soldier.] 
 
 January (jan'u-ar-i), n. First month 
 of the year, dedicated by the Romans 
 to the god Janus. 
 
 -jail'- 
 
 y, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; Oil, owl, then. 
 
japan 
 
 292 
 
 •Jesuit 
 
 japan ( ja-pan' ). I. vt. [japan'ning; 
 japanned'.] Varnish after the man- 
 ner of the Japanese. II. n. 1. Work 
 japanned. 2. Varnish or lacquer used 
 in japanning. 
 
 Japanese (jap-a-nez' or -nes'). I. a. 
 Of or pertaining to Japan or its in- 
 habitants. II. n. 1. Native of Japan. 
 
 2. Language of Japan. 
 
 jar (jar). I. vi. 1. [jar'ring; jarred.] 
 Make a harsh, discordant sound. 2. 
 Shake or tremble. 3. Be inconsistent. 
 II. vt. Shake; agitate. III. n. Harsh, 
 rattling sound; clash of interests or 
 opinions; discord. [A. S. cearian.] 
 
 jar (jar), n. Earthen or glass bottle 
 with a wide mouth, but without han- 
 dle or spout. [Pers. jarrah, water-pot.] 
 
 jardiniere (zbar-din-yar'), n. Orna- 
 mental stand or vase for flowers in a 
 room. [Ft.] 
 
 jargon (jar'gun), n. 1. Confused and 
 unintelligible talk. 2. Slang. [Fr.] 
 
 jasmine (jas'min), jessamine (jes'- 
 a-min), n. Genus of plants, many- 
 species of which have very fragrant 
 flowers. FAr. yasmin.] 
 
 jasper (jas'per), n. Semi-precious 
 stone of various colors. [Gr. iaspis.] 
 
 jaundice (jau'dis), n. Disease charac- 
 terized by a yellowness of the eyes, 
 skin, etc., caused by bile, —jaun- 
 diced (jan'dist), a. 1. Affected with 
 jaundice. 2. Prejudiced ; envious. 
 [Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow.] 
 
 jaunt (jant). I. vi. Go from place to 
 place. II. n. Excur- 
 sion; ramble. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 jaunty, janty (jant'i), 
 a. Showy, airy; dash- 
 ing.— jauntily, adv. 
 — jaunt in ess, n. 
 [From Fr. gentil, gen- 
 teel.] 
 
 javelin (jav'lin), n. 
 
 Light spear 6 ft. long. [Celtic origin.] 
 
 jaw(ja), n. 1. Mandible; maxillary; 
 bone of the mouth in 
 which the teeth are 
 set. 2. Anything like 
 ajaw. [Akin to 
 
 CHEW.] 
 
 jay (ja),w. Bird of the 
 crow family with gay 
 plumage. [O. Fr. jay, 
 from root of gav.] 
 
 jealous (jel'us), a. 1. 
 Suspicious of, or in- 
 censed at, rivalry. 2. 
 Anxiously watchful. 
 
 3. Exacting. — jeal'ously, adv. — 
 jeal'ousy, n. [Fr. jaloux — Gr. zelos, 
 zeal, emulation.] 
 
 Human lower 
 jawbone. 
 
 Jay. 
 
 jean (jan)_, n. Twilled cotton cloth.— 
 jeans (janz), n. pi. Drawers made of 
 jean. _ [From Genoa, Italy.] 
 
 jeer (jer). I. vt. and vi. Make sport of. 
 
 II. n. Biting jest; mockery. [From 
 
 Dut. den gek sheeren, shear the foolj 
 
 Syn . Flout ; gibe ; mock ; rail ; scoff ; 
 
 sneer; taunt. 
 
 Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Name for the 
 Supreme Being, mistakenly read for 
 the Hebrew Jahveh. 
 
 jejune (je-jon') ; a. Empty; void of 
 interest; barren.— jejunely, adv.— 
 jejune'ness, n. TL. jejunus, fasting.J 
 
 jellied (jel'id), a. In the state of jelly. 
 
 jelly (jell), n. 1. Anything gelatinous. 
 2. Juice of fruit boiled with sugar. 
 [Fr. gelee—L,. gelo, freeze.] 
 
 jelly-fish (jel'i-fish),?i. Marine radiate 
 animal that looks like jelly. 
 
 jennet, gennet, genet (jen'et), n. 
 Small Spanish horse. [Fr. genet— Sp. 
 ginete, nag, orig. a horse-soldier. Of 
 Moorish origiu.] 
 
 jenny (jen'i), n. Gin or machine foi 
 spinning. [Corrupted from gin, ma- 
 chine.] 
 
 jeopard (jep'ard), jeopardize (jep 
 ar-diz), vt. Put in jeopardy. 
 
 jeopardous (jep'ar-dus), a. Exposed 
 to danger or loss.' 
 
 jeopardy (jep'ar-di), n. Hazard; dan 
 ger ; exposure to death or loss. [Fr 
 jeu parti, divided game, even chance.] 
 
 jeremiad (jer-e-mi'ad), n. Lamenta- 
 tion long drawn out. [From Jeremiah 
 in the Old Testament/] 
 
 jerk d§rk). I. vt. Throw with a quick 
 effort; give a sudden movement. II. 
 n. Short, sudden movement. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 jerked-beef (jerkt'bef), n. Beef cut 
 into thin pieces and dried in the sun. 
 [Chilian charqui.] 
 
 jerkin ( jer'kin), n. Jacket; short 
 coat; close waistcoat. [Dut. dim. of 
 jurk, frock.] [of poor material. 
 
 jerry (jer'i), n. One who builds houses 
 
 jersey (jer'zi), n. Fine woolen yarn; 
 combed wool. 2. Kind of close-fitting 
 woolen upper garment worn in row- 
 ing, etc. [From the island of Jersey.] 
 
 jessamine (jes'a-min). See jasmine. 
 
 jest (jest). I. n. 1. Something ludi- 
 crous; joke; fun. 2. Object of laugh- 
 ter. II. vi. Make a jest or merriment. 
 — jestingly, adv.— jest'er, n. One 
 who jests; buffoon. [O. Fr. geste—L,. 
 gestum, done.] 
 
 Jesuit (jez'u-it), n. 1. One of the So. 
 ciety of Jesus founded in 1534 by Ig- 
 natius Loyola.— Jesuitic, Jesuit- 
 ical, a. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, atore; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buni; oil, owl, then. 
 
Jet 
 
 293 
 
 John Doe 
 
 Jet (jet), n. Very compact and black 
 species of coal, used for ornaments.— 
 jet-black, a. Of the deepest black 
 color.— jet'ty,a. Made of jet, or black 
 as jet. [O. Fr. gaiet— Gr. gagates.] 
 
 jet (jet). I. vt. and vi. [jett'ing; jett'ed.] 
 Tbrow or shoot forward; jut. II. n. 
 1. Spouting stream. 2. Short pipe 
 emitting a flame of gas. [Fr.— It. geto, 
 — Li. j actus, throw.] 
 
 jetsam (jei'sam). jetson (jet'sun), n. 
 
 1. Throwing of goods overboard in a 
 case of great peril to lighten a vessel. 
 
 2. Goods so thrown away which sink. 
 [See jettison.] 
 
 jettison (jet'i-sun), vt. Throw over- 
 board to ease the ship. [O. Fr. getai- 
 son—Lt.jactare, throw.] 
 
 jetty ( jet'i ). I. n. 1. Projection; pier; 
 landing place. 2. Dam constructed 
 to change the course of the current in 
 a river. II. vi. Jut; project. III. vt. 
 Construct a jetty. [Fr. jetee, thrown 
 out— jeter.] 
 
 jeu d'esprit (zhe-des-pre'), n. "Witti- 
 cism. [Fr.=playof wit.] 
 
 jeunesse doree ( zhe-nes-do-ra' ), n. 
 Rich young mea. [Fr.=gilded youth.] 
 
 Jew (jo), n. Inhabitant of Judea ; 
 Hebrew; Israelite. — fern. Jew'ess. — 
 Jew'ish 9 <z.— Jew'ishly,acfa;.— Jew'- 
 ishness, n. [O. Fr. Jui—Li. Judceus.] 
 
 jewel (jo'el). I. n. 1. Precious stone. 
 2. Anything highly valued. II. vt. 
 Dress or adorn with jewels; fit with a 
 jewel. [O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, a dim. 
 of Fr. joie, joy.] [ or deals in, jewels. 
 
 jeweler (jo'el-er), n. One who makes 
 
 jewelry (Jo'el-ri), n. Jewels in general. 
 
 jew's-barp) joz'- 
 harp), a. Small 
 harp-shaped mu- 
 sical instrument 
 played between 
 the teeth by strik- 
 ing a spring with 
 the finger. 
 
 jib (jib). I. n. Tri- 
 angular sail in front of the foremast 
 V o~ _K,nea from partial shifting of it- 
 self) II. vi. Move restively. [Dan. 
 gibbe, Dut. gijpen, turn suddenly.] 
 
 jib-boom (jib'bom), n. Extension of 
 bowsprit on which outer jibs are set. 
 
 jibe (jibj,^. [ji'bing; jibed.] To tack 
 by bringing wind abaft; (reverse of 
 going about). See gibe. 
 
 jig- (jig). 1. n. Quick, lively tune; quick 
 dance suited to the tune. II. vi. [jig'- 
 ging; jigged.] Dance a jig. [Fr. gigue, 
 fiddle.] 
 
 jigger (jig'er), n. Minute species of 
 flea of the W.Indies. [From the na- 
 tive chigoe.] 
 
 Jew's-harp. 
 
 jigger (jig'er), n. Anything small, as a 
 small car, boat, tick, etc. 
 
 jiggered (jig'erd), a. in "I'll be jig- 
 gered", a mild oath. 
 
 jilt (jilt). I. n. Woman who encour- 
 ages a lover and then neglects or re- 
 jects him; flirt. II. vt. Encourage and 
 then disappoint in love. [Scot, jillet 
 —Jill (L. Juliana—Julius).] 
 
 jimmy (jim'i), n. Short crowbar. 
 
 jingle (jing'l). I. n. 1. Jangling or 
 clinking sound. 2. That whicb makes 
 a rattling sound. 3. Correspondence 
 of sounds. II. vi. Sound with a jingle 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 jingo (jing'p), n. One who advocates 
 an aggressive foreign policy._ 
 
 jinrikisna(jin-rik'i-sba), n. japanesa 
 two-wheeled cart drawn by a man. 
 
 jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'su), n. Japanese sys- 
 tem of self-defense, physical culture 
 exercise and wrestling. 
 
 job (job). I. n. 1. Piece of work, esp. 
 of a trifling or temporary natures 2. 
 Undertaking with a view to profit. 
 3. Mean transaction, in which priv- 
 ate gain is sought under pretense of 
 public service. II. vi. Workatjobs. 2. 
 Buy and sell, as a broker. — Job prin- 
 ter, one who does miscellaneous work, 
 such as bills, circulars, etc.— Job-work, 
 work paid for by the job, not by the 
 day.— jobber (j'ob'er), n. 1. One who 
 buys in lots of wholesale dealei's and 
 sells to retailers; middleman. 2. One 
 who uses politics for private advan- 
 tage.— jobbery (job'er-i), n. Unfair 
 means employed to procure some 
 private end. [O. Fr. gob, mouthful.] 
 
 jockey (jok'i). I. n. One who rides a 
 horse in a race. 2. Horsedealer. 3. 
 Cheat. II. vt. Cheat. [Dim. of Jock, 
 northern E. for Jack.] 
 
 jocose(jo-kos'),a.Full of jokes ; humor- 
 ous; merry. — jocose'ly, adv.— jo- 
 cose'ness, n. [L. jocosus—jocus,i6ke.] 
 
 jocular (jok'u-lar), a. Given to jokes; 
 humorous; droll; laughable.— joe' • 
 ularly, adv.— jocular'ity, n. 
 
 jocund (jok'und), a. Merry; cheerful; 
 pleasant. — jocundity, n. 
 
 jog (jog). I. vt. [ jog'g'ing; jogged.] 
 Push with the elbow or hand; nudge 
 II. vi. Move by small shocks; travel 
 slowly. ILL; n. Slight shake or push ; 
 nudge. — jog'trot, n. Slow, jogging 
 trot. [W. gogi.] 
 
 joggle (jog'l). I. vt. Jog or shake 
 slightly, jostle. II. vi. Shake. [Dim. 
 of JOG.] 
 
 John Bull (jon bpl), n. Personifica- 
 tion of the typical characteristics of 
 the English people. 
 
 John Doe (jon do), n. Plaintiff. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, fftt,n. 
 
johnny-cake 
 
 294 
 
 Judaic 
 
 johnny-cake (jon'i-kak), n. Cake of 
 Indian meal, made in various ways. 
 
 johnny-jump-up ( jon'i-jump'up), 
 n. "Wild pansy. 
 
 join (join). I. vt. 1. Connect; unite. 2. 
 Associate with; add or annex. II. vi. 
 Be connected; grow together.— join '- 
 er, n. One who joins or unites; car- 
 penter. — join'ery, n. Art of the 
 joiner. [Fr. joindre — L. Sungere.] 
 
 joint (joint). I. n. 1. Place where two 
 or more things join; knot; hinge; 
 seam, etc. 2. Part of the limb of an 
 animal cut off at the joint. — II. a. 
 1. Joined, united, or combined. 2. 
 Shared among more than one. III. 
 vt. 1. Unite by joints; fit closely. 2. 
 Provide with joints. 3. Cut into 
 joints, as an animal. IV. vi. Fit like 
 joints.— join t'ly^adv. —Joint-stock, n. 
 Stock held jointly or in company. 
 
 Carpenter's Joints. 
 1. For doors, window frames, etc. 2. For pilas- 
 ters. 3. Miter-joint with a jag (notch). 4. Bead- 
 joint. 5. Feather-joint. 6. Tongue-joint. 7. 
 Rabbet-joint with two beads. 8. Square joint. 
 9. Dovetail. 
 
 joist (joist). I. n. Timbers to which 
 the boards of a floor or the laths of a 
 ceiling are nailed. II. vt. Fit with 
 joists. [O. Fr. giste—Lt.jacere, lie.] 
 
 joke (jok). I. n. Jest; something witty 
 
 or sportive; anything said or done to 
 
 ' excite a laugh. II. vt. Cast jokes at; 
 
 banter; make merry with. III. vi. 
 
 Jest ;be merry ;make sport. [L. jocus.] 
 
 Syn. Rally. See jest. 
 
 joker GJS'ker), n. 1. One who jokes or 
 jests. '£. Additional card in the pack 
 of 52, used in certain games. 
 
 jollification (joM-ft-ka'shun) , n. 
 Noisy festivity and merriment. 
 
 jolly (jol'i). I. a. 1. Merry. 2« Expres- 
 sing of exciting mirth. 3. Comely; 
 robust. II. adv. very. III. vt. 1. Joke; 
 rail. 2. Cajole (colloq.) [ Fr. joli,— 
 E. yule.] 
 
 joJlyboat ( jol'i-bot), n. Small boat 
 belonging to a ship. [!>&&. jolle, yawl, 
 and boat.] 
 
 jolt (jolt). I. vt. and vi. Shake with 
 sudden jerks. II. n. Sudden jerk. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 jonquil (jon'kwil), n. Species of nar- 
 cissus or daffodil with rush-like 
 leaves. [Fr. jonquille — ~L. juncus, rush.] 
 
 joss (jos), n. Chinese idol. —joss- 
 house, n. Chinese temple, — joss- 
 stick, n. Stick of gum burned as 
 incense. [ Chinese, corrupted from 
 Port. deos. god.] [of joust.] 
 
 jostle (jos'l), vt. Push; elbow. [Freq. 
 
 jot (jot). I. n. Least quantity assign- 
 able. II. vt. [jott'ing ; jott'ed.] Set 
 down briefly. — jotting; (jot'ing), n. 
 Memorandum. [Gr. iota, i.] 
 
 joule (jowl), n. Work done in one 
 second with a current of one ampere 
 against resistance of one ohm. [After 
 Joule, Engl, physicist.] 
 
 journal (jur'nal), n. 1. Book contain- 
 ing an account of each day's transac- 
 tions. 2. Periodical. 3. Transactions 
 of a society. 4. Part of an axle which 
 turns in a bearing. [Fr.— L. diurnalis.] 
 
 journalism ( jiir'nal-ism), n. Occupa- 
 tion of a journalist." 
 
 journalist ( jur'nal-ist ), n. One who 
 writes for or conducts a periodical. 
 
 journey (jtir'ni). I. n. Travel; tour; 
 excursion. II. vi. Travel. [Fr. jour- 
 ne'e, day's travel — L. diumus.] 
 
 journeyman ( jur'ni-man), n. One 
 whose apprenticeship is completed. 
 
 joust (just or jost). I. n. Encounter 
 of two knights on horseback at a tour- 
 nament. II. vi. Run in the tilt. [O. 
 Fr. jouste—Li. juxta. nigh to. ] 
 
 jovial (jo'vi-al), a. Joyous; full of 
 mirth and happiness.— jovial'ity, n. 
 [L. Jovialis—Jovis, Jupiter.] 
 
 jowl (jol), n. Cheek. [A.S. ceafi, jaw.] 
 
 joy (joi). I. n. 1. Gladness; rapture; 
 mirth. 2. Cause of joy. II. vi. Rejoice; 
 be glad; exult.— joy'ful, a. Full of 
 joy; very glad, happy, or merry.-— 
 joy'fully , adv.— joy'fulneSs, n. — 
 joy'less, «. Without joy; not giving 
 3oy. — joy'lessly, adv.— joy'ous, a. 
 Full of joy, happiness, or merriment. 
 —ioy'ously, adv.— joy'ousness, n. 
 [Fr. joie—h. gaudium, joy.] 
 
 Syn. Happiness; bliss; merriment; 
 ecstasy; hilarity; jollity; jolliness. 
 
 jubilant ( jo'bi-lant ), a. Shouting for 
 joy. [L.— ; jubiio', shout ipr joy.] 
 
 Jubilate (jb'bi-lat), vt. Rejoice; exult; 
 triumph.— jubilation, n. 
 
 jubilee (j6'bi-le), n. 1. Seasoo~of great 
 public joy. 2.Fiftieth anniversary. [I* 
 jubilaeus— Heb. yobel, trumpet blast,] 
 
 Judaic (jo-da'ik), Judaical(j6-da*ik- 
 al), a. Pertaining to the Jews. [Z..] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her, mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Judaism 
 
 295 
 
 jumbo 
 
 Judaism (jo'da-izm ), n. Doctrines 
 and rites of the Jews. 
 
 judas (jo'das), n. Hole for looking 
 without beeing seen. 
 
 judge (juj). I. vi. 1. Hear and decide. 
 2. Form or pass an opinion. 8. Distin- 
 guish. II. vt. 1. Hear and determine 
 authoritatively; sentence. 2. Be cen- 
 sorious towards. 3. Consider. 4. Form 
 or pass an opinion upon. [Fr.juger— 
 L. judico—jus, law, and dico, declare.] 
 
 judge (juj), n. 1. Civil officer who 
 hears and settles causes. 2. Arbitra- 
 tor; awarder; umpire. 3. One who 
 can decide upon the merits of a 
 thing; critic; connoisseur.— judg-e'- 
 ship, n. Office of a judge. [Fr. juge, 
 —li. judex.] 
 
 judgment (juj'ment), n. 1. Act of 
 judging. 2. Faculty by which this is 
 done; reason. 3. Opinion formed. 4. 
 Sentence. 5. Condemnation; doom. — 
 Confess judgment, give formal consent 
 to judgment against the consenting 
 party being entered without pleading ; 
 acknowledge liability.— judg'snent- 
 day, n. The day on which. God will 
 pronounce final judgment on man- 
 kind ;doomsday.— judg'ment-note, 
 n. Promissory note, containing a 
 power of att'y to appear and oonfess 
 judgment for the amount of the note. 
 Syn. Decision; award; discernment; 
 sagacity; wisdom; taste; understand- 
 ing; sensibility; intellect; penetra- 
 tion, [power to judge. 
 
 judicative ( jo'di-ka-tiv ), a. Having 
 
 judicatory (jo'di-ka-to-ri). I. a. Per- 
 taining to a judge; distributing jus- 
 tice. II. 7i. 1. Distribution of justice. 
 2. Tribunal. 
 
 judicature (jo'di-ka-tur), n. 1. Pro- 
 fession of a judge. 2. Power or sys- 
 tem of dispensing justice by legal 
 trial. 3. Jurisdiction. 4. Tribunal. 
 
 judicial (jo-dish'al), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to a judge or court. 2. Practiced in, 
 or proceeding from, a court of jus- 
 tice. 3. Established by statute. 4. 
 Adapted or fitted for judging. — ju- 
 dicially, adv. [Li.judicialis.] 
 
 judiciary (jo-dish'i-ar-I). I. n. 1. Jud- 
 ges taken collectively. 2. System of 
 courts. II. a. 1. Pertaining to the 
 courts of law. 2. Passing judgment. 
 [L. judiciarius.] 
 
 judicious (jo-dish'us), a. 1. According 
 to sound judgment. 2. Possessing 
 sound judgment; discreet. — judi- 
 ciousness, n. — judi'ciously, adv. 
 
 Judy (jo'di), n. [pi. Judie?.] Punch's 
 wife in a 'Punch and Judy' show. 
 [Familiar form of judith.] 
 
 jug* (jug). I. n. Large vessel with a 
 swelling body and narrow mouth. II. 
 vt. [jugg'ing; jugged.] 1. Put into 
 a jug. 2. Commit to jail. (Colloq.) 
 [Etymology doubtful] 
 
 juggle (jug'l). I. vi. and vt. Play tricks 
 by sleight-of-hand; conjure; deceive. 
 II. n. 1. Trick by sleight-of-hand. 2. 
 Imposture, —juggler, n— jug- 
 glery, n. [O. Fr. jogler—L,. joculor, 
 jest. J 
 
 jugular (jo'gu-lar). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the throat. II. n. One of the two 
 large veins of the neck. The external 
 one carries the blood from the exter- 
 nal parts of the head and neck into 
 the subclavian vein; it is visible on 
 either side of the neck. The internal 
 one carries the blood from the interior 
 parts of the head and joins the sub- 
 clavian vein. [L. — jugulum, collar- 
 bone— jungo, join.] 
 
 juice (jos), 7i. 1. Sap of vegetables. 2. 
 Fluid part of animal bodies.— juice'- 
 less, a.— jul cy (jo'si). a. Full of 
 juice. — jui'ciness, n. [Fr.— L. jus, 
 sauce, broth.] 
 
 jujube (jo'job), 
 n. 1. G e n u s of 
 spiny shrub. 
 2. Edible fruit 
 of the shrub. 3. 
 Lozenge made 
 to taste like the 
 fruit. [ Fr. — 
 Pers. zizfun, ju- 
 jube-tree.] 
 
 julep (jo'lep), n. 
 1. Pleasant liq- 
 uid medicine in 
 which an ill- 
 tasting medi- 
 cine is taken. 2. 
 
 Brandy, broken ice, and sugar, flavor- 
 ed, usually with mint. [Ar. julab-^ 
 Pers. gul, rose, and db, water.] 
 
 Julian (jo'li-an) a. Pertaining to 
 Julius Caesar. — Julian year, year ot 
 365^ days, as arranged by Julius 
 Cassar. 
 
 julienne (zho-le-en'), n. Clear soup 
 made with various herbs or vegetab- 
 les cut in very small pieces. [Fr.] 
 
 July (jo-li'), n. Seventh month of the 
 year, so called by Caius Julius Caasar, 
 who was born in this month, and 
 who reformed the calendar. 
 
 jumble ( jum'bl). 1.^. and vi. Mix 
 confusedly. II. n. 1. Confused mix- 
 ture. 2. Kind of thin, crisp cak9. 
 
 jumbo (jum'bo), n. Very large indivi- 
 dual of its kind. [After Jumbo, a big 
 elephant exhibited about 1880-85.] 
 
 Jujub 
 
 fate, fat, taslr, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl. then. 
 
jnmelle 
 
 296 
 
 juxtaposition 
 
 jumelle (zh'6-meV), a. Twin; in pairs, 
 as an opera-glass having two tubes. 
 [Pr. fern, of jumeau, twin.] 
 
 jump (jump). I. vt. and vi. 1. Spring; 
 bouud; leap. 2. Pass by a leap; skip 
 over. II. n. Act of jumping; bound. 
 —Jump a claim, take possession of a 
 piece of public land which another 
 has already occupied. —Jump bail, ab- 
 scond to avoid trial, after bail is 
 given. [O. Ger. gumpen, jump.] 
 
 junction (jungk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 joining, or state of being joined. 2. 
 Place or point of union. [See join.] 
 
 juncture (jungk'tur), n. 1. Joining; 
 union. 2. Critical or important point 
 of time. [Li. junctura — jungo, join.] 
 
 June(j6n),w. Sixth month of the year. 
 [L. Junius.'] 
 
 jungle (jung'l), n. Dense tangle of 
 vegetation.— jungly, a. [Hindoo 
 jangal.] 
 
 junior ( jo'ni-ur ). I. a. 1. Younger, 
 2. Lower in rank. II. n. One younger 
 or less advanced.— juniority (jo-ni- 
 or'Mi), ju'niorship, n. State of be- 
 ing junior. [L.] 
 
 juniper ( jo'ni-per ), 
 n. Evergreen 
 shrub, the berries 
 of which are used 
 in making gin. [L. 
 juniperus, r?newing 
 its youth — juvenis 
 young, and pario, 
 bring forth ; because 
 evergreen.] 
 
 junk ( jungk ), n. 
 Chinese sea-going 
 vessel, having from 
 one to five masts. 
 [Port, junco — Chi- 
 nese chw'an, boat.] 
 
 junk (jungk), n. 1. 
 Piece of old cordage. 
 2. Salt meat. 3. Scraps of old iron, 
 paper, rags, etc. [L. juncus, rush, of 
 which ropes used to be made.] 
 
 Junker (yon'ker), n. 1. Young German 
 nobleman! 2. Member of the aristo- 
 cratic party in Northern Germany. 
 
 junket (jung'ket ), n. Picnic; feast; 
 excursion. II. vi. Goon a picnic ex- 
 cursion; feast, lit. vt. Feast. [It. giun- 
 cata—Li. juncus, reed-basket.] 
 
 junta (jun'ta),^. Spanish grand coun- 
 cil of state.' [Sp.] [jun'tos. [Sp.] 
 
 junto (jun'to), n. Cabal; faction.— pi. 
 
 Jnpiter (jo'pi-ter), n. 1. Chief god 
 among the Romans. 2. Largest, and 
 next to Venus, brightest of planets. 
 [Contr. from Jovis pater, Jove father.] 
 
 Juridical (jo-rid'ik-al), a. 1. Relating 
 to the distribution of justice. 2 ^ 
 
 Juniper. 
 
 Per- 
 
 taining to a judge. 3. Used in courts 
 of law. — juridically, adv. [L.— 
 jus, law, and dico, declare.] 
 
 jurisdiction ( jo-ris-dik'shun ), n. 1. 
 Judicial authority. 2. Extent of pow- 
 er.— jurisdictional, a. [L.] 
 
 jurisprudence ( jo-ris-pro'dens ), n. 
 
 I. Science of law. 2. Unwritten, non- 
 statutory law. [L.] 
 
 jurist (jo'rist), n. One who is versed 
 in the science of law. [Pr. juriste.] 
 
 juror (jo'riir), juryman (jo'ri-man), 
 n. One who serves on a jury. 
 
 jury (jS'ri), n. Body of men, selected 
 and sworn, as prescribed by law, to 
 declare the truth on evidence before 
 them. [Fr. jtire, sworn— jurer—Li. juro, 
 swear.] 
 
 jury-mast (jor'i-mast), n. Temporary 
 mast in place of one lost. [Corr. from 
 injury-mast.] [for temporary service. 
 
 jury-rigged ( jo'ri-rigd), a. Rigged 
 
 just, n. Tilt. Same as joust. 
 
 just (just). I. a. Conforming to right; 
 normal; equitable. II. adv. Exactly; 
 barely.— justly, adv.— just'ness, n. 
 Equity; propriety ; exactness. [L.] 
 Syn. Upright; righteous; due; regu- 
 lar; proper; exact; impartial; true. 
 
 justice (jus'tis), n. 1. Quality of being 
 
 just; impartiality. 2. Retribution. 3. 
 
 Judge; magistrate. [F.— L. justicia.] 
 
 Syn. Equity; honesty; right; law; 
 
 integrity; rectitude; desert. 
 
 justiciary (jus-tish'i-ar-i). I. a. Rela- 
 ting to the administration of justice. 
 
 II. n. Administrator of justice; judge. 
 justifiable (jus'ti-fi-a-bl), a. Thatmay 
 
 be justified or defended. — jus'tifia- 
 bleness, n.— justifiably, adv. 
 
 justification ( jus-ti-fi-ka'shun ), n. 
 Vindication; absolution; plea of suf- 
 ficient reason. 
 
 justify (jus'ti-fi), vt. 1. Prove or show 
 to be just or right; vindicate. 2. Ab- 
 solve; exonerate, 3. Adjust; fit, as 
 type in the forms. [L.— Justus, just, 
 and facto, make.] 
 
 jnt (jut), vi. [jut'ting; jut'ted.] Pro- 
 ject. [A form of jet.] 
 
 jute (jot), n. Fiber of an Indian plant, 
 resembliug hemp and used in the ma- 
 nufacture of coarse bags, mats, etc. 
 [Beng. jut.] 
 
 juvenescent (jo-ve-nes r ent),a. Grow- 
 ing young.— juvenescence, n. [L.] 
 
 juvenile (jo've-nil). I. a. Young; 
 pertaining to youth. II. n. 1. Young 
 person; youth. 2. Book for young 
 people or children.— juvenility, n. 
 [L. juvenilis.] 
 
 juxtaposition ( juks-ta-po-zish'un ). 
 n. Placing or being placed near ; conti- 
 guity. [L. juxta, near, and position.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut; burn; oil, owl, then.. 
 
29? 
 
 kernel 
 
 k (ka), n. Eleventh letter of the 
 English alphabet, silent before 
 n in the same syllable. 
 Kaaba (ka'ba), n. Most sacred 
 shrine of the Mohammedans, 
 erected in the Great Mosque at Mecca, 
 and containing the sacred black stone, 
 said to have fallen from heaven. [Ar. 
 ka'b, cube.] [Dutch.] 
 
 knap ( kap ), n. Cap. [ So. African 
 
 Kabyle (ka-biT), n. One of a Berber 
 race in the mountains of Algeria. [Ar. 
 qabail, Jiorde.] [countries. [Ar. qadi.] 
 
 kadi (ka'di), n. Judge in Mohammedan 
 
 kaffir (kaf'ir), n. One of a native race 
 of S. E. Africa. [Ar. kaftr, unbeliever.] 
 
 kaftan (kaftan), n. Long vest with 
 long sleeves' and a girdle, worn in 
 eastern countries._ [canoe. [Eskimo.] 
 
 kaiak, kayak (ka'yak), n. Seal-skin 
 
 Kaiser (ki'zer), n. German Emperor. 
 [L. Caesar.] [leaves. 
 
 kale (kal), n. Cabbage with open.curled 
 
 kaleidoscope (ka-11'do-skop), n. Op- 
 tical toy exhibiting an endless vari- 
 ety of beautiful colors and forms. — 
 kaleidoscopic, a. [Gr. kalos, beau- 
 tiful, eidos, form, and skopeo, see.] 
 
 kali (ka'li), n. 1. Glasswort, a olant, 
 the ashes of which are used in making 
 glass. 2. Potash. [See alkali.] 
 
 katinm (ka'li-um), n. Potash. 
 
 kamitok (ka'me-tok), n. Among the 
 Tehuktchi, a destitute Siberian tribe 
 near the Bering Strait, a ceremony 
 during which an old person is killed 
 so as to decrease the demand for food. 
 
 Kanaka (ka-na'ka), n. Native of the 
 Hawaiian islands. 
 
 kangaroo (kang-a- 
 ro' ), n. Australian 
 quadruped, remark- 
 able for the length of 
 its hind legs and its 
 power of leaping. 
 [Native name.] 
 
 kaolin (ka'o-lin), n. 
 White clay, chief in- 
 gredient of porcelain. 
 [Chin.] 
 
 katsnp. See catchup. 
 
 katydid (ka'ti-did),rc. 
 Pale-green insect, al- 
 lied to the grasshop- 
 per. [From its song.] 
 
 keck (kek), vi. Heave the stomach; 
 retch. [to protect from chafing. 
 
 keckle (kek'l),?tf. Wind with old rope, 
 
 kedge (kej). I. n. Small anchor for 
 keeping a ship steady and for warping 
 the ship. II. vt. Move by means of a 
 kedge; warp. [Icel. kaggi, cask fixed 
 to an anchor as a buoy. J 
 
 Kangaroo. 
 
 keel (kel). I. n. 1. Part of a ship ex 
 tending along the bottom from stem 
 to stern, and supporting the whole 
 frame. 2. Low, fiat-bottomed boat. 
 II. vt. and vi. 1. Plough with a keel; 
 navigate. 2. Turn keel upwards. - 
 Keel over, upset. [A. S. ceof, ship.] 
 
 keelbaul (kel'hal), vt. 1. Punish by 
 hauling under the keel of a ship by 
 ropes from the one side to the other. 
 2. Reprimand in a galling manner 
 
 keelson, kelson (kel'sun), n. Inner 
 keel placed right over the outer keel 
 of a ship. [Norw. kjolsvill, keelsill.J 
 
 keen(ken),a.Sharp; piercing; penetra 
 ting; eager.— keen'ness, n.— keen - 
 ly^adv. [A. S. cene— Ger. kuehn. bold.] 
 Syn. Cutting; severe; prompt; bit- 
 ter; shrewd; fierce. 
 
 keep ( kep ), vt. [keeping; kept.] 1. 
 Have the care of; guard; maintain, 
 y. Have in one's service. 3. Remain 
 in; adhere to; fulfill. 4. Not lose; 
 maintain hold upon. 5. Restrain from 
 departure. 6. Preserve. H. vi. Re- 
 main; last. III. n. 1. That which 
 keeps or protects. 2. Donjon; strong- 
 hold. 3. Support; board ; maintenance. 
 — keep'er,w. — keeping*, n. 1. Care. 
 2. Just proportion, harmony. — keep'> 
 sake, n. Souvenir. [A.S. cepan.] 
 
 keg (keg), n. Small cask or barreL 
 [Icel. kaggi.] 
 
 kelp (kelp), n. Calcined ashes of sea- 
 weed, once used in making glasSv 
 [Etymology unknown.] 
 
 kelpie, kelpy (kel'pi ), n. Water- 
 sprite in the form of a horse. [Scotch.) 
 
 Kelt (kelt), n. Same as celt 
 
 ken (ken). I. vt. Know; recognize at 
 a distance. II. n. Reach of knowledge 
 or sight. [A. S. cennan, teach, tell.] 
 
 kennel ( ken'el ). I. n. 1. House for 
 dogs. 2. Pack of hounds. 3. Hole of a 
 fox, etc. II. vi. and vt. [kenn'elling; 
 kenn'elled.l Keep or live in a kennel. 
 [Norm.Fr. kenil— L. canile—canis, dog.] 
 
 kennel (ken'el), n. Channel; gutter. 
 [Form of canal.] 
 
 keno (ke'no), n. Game similar to lotto. 
 
 kept, imp. and pa. p. of keep. 
 
 kerchief (ker'chif), n. Square pieceof 
 cloth to cover the head or neck. [Fr. 
 couvrechef— cover and chef, head.] 
 
 kermess(ker'mes). kermis, n. 1. Out- 
 door European annual festival and 
 fair. 2. In U. S. indoor imitation of 
 Flemish kermess. [O. Dan. kirchmesse, 
 ••church ale," signifying a gift. See 
 
 KLRMESS. 
 
 kernel (kei'nel), n. Substance in the 
 shell of a nut; seed of a pulpy fruit; 
 core. [A. S. cyrnel, dim. of A. S. corn, 
 grain.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf$ 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Kerosene 
 
 298 
 
 kindle 
 
 kerosene (ker'o-sen), n. Illuminating 
 oil obtained from petroleum. [Gr.— 
 keros, wax.] 
 
 kersey (ker'si), n. Coarse woolen cloth. 
 [Named from kersky in Suffolk.Eng.] 
 
 kerseymere (ker'zi-mer), n. Twill- 
 ed cloth of the finest wool. [Corr. of 
 
 CASSIMEBE.] 
 
 kestrel (kes'trel), n. Small European 
 hawk. 
 
 ket (ket), n. Carrion; filth. [Icel. kjot.] 
 
 ketchup. Same aa catchup. 
 
 kettle (ket'l), n. 1. Vessel of metal, 
 for heating or boiling liquids. [A. S. 
 cetel—Li. catillus.] 
 
 kettledrum (ket'1-drum), n. Drum 
 made of a metal vessel like a kettle, 
 and covered with parchment. 
 
 key (ke). I. n. 1. Instrument for shoot- 
 ing the bolt of a lock. 2. That by 
 which something is screwed or turn- 
 ed. 3. Small lever in musical in- 
 struments for producing notes. 4. 
 Fundamental note of a piece of music. 
 5. That which explains a mystery. 6. 
 Book containing answers to exercises, 
 etc. II. vt. 1. Fas ten or tighten with 
 a key. 2. Tune. — key'board, n. 
 The keys or levers in a piano or 
 organ arranged along a flat board.— 
 key'stone, n. 
 Wedge-shaped 
 stone at the 
 apex of an 
 arch. [A. S. 
 cwg, key. ] 
 
 key (ke), n. Keystone. 
 
 Low island 
 
 near the coast. [Sp. cayo; probably— 
 G. Fr. caye (Fr. quai), quay'.] 
 
 khaki (ka'ki). I. a. Dust-colored. 11. 
 Light tan or drab cloth, first used for 
 the uniforms of some East Indian 
 troops. [Hind, khaki, dusty.] 
 
 khan (kan), n. 1. Prince; cbief; gov- 
 ernor. [Pers. khan, prince.] 2. Cara- 
 vansery. [Pers. khana.] 
 
 kbedive (ke-dev'), n. Title of the vice- 
 roy of Egypt. [Pers. khidiv, sovereign.] 
 
 kibe(kib), n. Chilblain. [W. cib, knob.] 
 
 kiek (kik). I. vt. Hit with the toot; 
 recoil, as a gun. II. vi. 1. Thrust out 
 the foot with violence. 2. Show oppo- 
 sition. III. n. 1. Blow with tbe foot. 
 2. Show of opposition. [M. E. kiken— 
 W. cic, foot.] 
 
 kid (kid), n. 1. Young goat. 2. Leather 
 made of the skin of a kid, or, in the pi. 
 gloves or shoes made of the leather. 
 [Icel. kidh.] 
 
 kidnap(kid'nap), vt. Carry off a human 
 being clandestinely. — kid'naper, 
 kid'napper, n. [From kid, child 
 (thieves' slang), and nab, snatch.] 
 
 kidney (kid'ni), n. 1. One of two 
 
 flattened glands, on each side of the 
 loins, which secrete tbe urine. 2, 
 Sort; kind. [M. E. kidnere, — A. S. 
 cwid, belly, and Icel. nyra (Ger. niere). 
 
 kidneybean (kid'ni-ben), n. French 
 bean; haricot; white bean. 
 
 kill (kil), vt. Put to death; slay; an- 
 nihilate; defeat. — killer, n. [Icel. 
 kolla, hit on the head — kollr, head.] 
 
 killdee (kil'de), n. Large American 
 ring-plover. [From its note.] 
 
 kiln (kil), n. Oven in which grain, 
 bricks,etc, are dried.— kiln'-dry , t?£. 
 Dry in a kiln. [A. S. cyln— L. culina, 
 kitchen.] 
 
 kilogram, kilogramme ( kil'o- 
 gram), n. Metric measure of weight 
 = 1,000 grammes, or 2.2 lbs. avoir- 
 dupois. [Fr.— Gr. chilioi, 1,000, and 
 gramme. ] 
 
 kiloliter (kil'o-le-ter), n. Metric meas- 
 ure of capacity = 1,000 liters,or 264.18 
 American gallons. [Fr. — Gr. chilioi t 
 1,000, and litra,-pound.] 
 
 kilometer ( kil'o-me-ter ) , n. Metric 
 measure of length, being l.OOOmeters, 
 =a mile less 19 feet 2 inches. [Fr.— 
 Gr. chilioi, l,00t apd meter.] 
 
 kilosfere (kil'o-ster), n. Metric meas- 
 ure of volume= 1,000 cubic meters,or 
 35,315 American cubic feet. [Fr.— Gr. 
 chilioi, 1,000, and stereos, solid.] 
 
 kilowatt (kil'o-wot), n. One thousand 
 watts. [See watt.] 
 
 kilt ( kilt ), n. Kind of short skirt, 
 worn by the Highlandmen of Scot- 
 land.— kilting, n. Flat, close plait- 
 ing like that of a Scotch kilt.— kilt- 
 ed, a. Wearing a kilt. [Dan. kilter 
 tuck up.] 
 
 kimono (ki-mo'no), n. Japanese gar- 
 ment for both sexes, resembling a 
 lady's dressing gown. 
 
 kin (kin), n. I. Relatives. 2. Relation- 
 ship; affinity. [A. S. cyn. See kind.] 
 
 kind (kind). I. n. 1. Sort; species. 2. 
 Nature; style. II. a. Disposed to do 
 good to others; benevolent.— kind- 
 ly, a. and adv.— kindliness, n. — 
 kind'ness, n. — kind'hearted, a. 
 [A.S. cynd, born, natural.] 
 
 Syn. Sympathetic; humane; gener- 
 ous; forbearing; gentle; tractable. 
 
 kindergarten (kin'der-gar-tn), n. In- 
 fan ts' school. [Ger. =children-garden. ] 
 
 kindle (kin'dl). I. vt. 1. Set fire to; 
 light. 2. Inflame, as the passions; 
 excite. II. vi. 1. Take fire. 2. Begin to 
 be excited or aroused— kind'ler, n. 
 — kindling, n. Material for start- 
 ing a fire. [Icel. kynda, set fire to,— 
 kyndill, torch. Akin to candle.] 
 Syn. Ignite; rouse; incite. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute. hut. burn; oil. owl, then. 
 
kindred 
 
 299 
 
 knife 
 
 kindred (kin'dred). I. n. Relatives. 
 II. a. Related; congenial. [A. S. cyn, 
 kin, and rceden, condition.] 
 
 kine (kin), n. pi. Cows. [A. S. cy, pi. of 
 cu, cow.] 
 
 ksnematics(kin-e-mat'iks), n. Science 
 of pure motion without reference to 
 mass. — kinemat'ical, a. [Gr. kinema, 
 motion— kineo, move.] 
 
 kinetic ( ki-net'ik), a. Motory; in the 
 form of motion. — kinet'ics, n. 
 Science of motion viewed with refer- 
 ence to its causes. [Gr. kinetikos, put- 
 ting in motion — kineo, move.] 
 
 kinetograph ( ki-ne'to-graf ), n. De- 
 vice for taking and reprod ucing pic- 
 tures of moving objects. [Gr. kinelos, 
 moving, and graphein, write.] 
 
 kinetoscope (ki-ne'to-skop), n. Appa- 
 ratus for exhibiting pictures of ob- 
 jects in motion. [Gr. kinetos, moving, 
 and skopein, view.] 
 
 king- (king), n. 1. Chief ruler of a king- 
 dom; monarch. 2. Card having the 
 picture of a king. 3. Most important 
 piece in chess.— king'-bolt, n. Iron 
 bolt fastening the front axle to the 
 wagon. — king'crab, n. Horseshoe 
 crab.— kingcraft, n. Art of govern- 
 ing, mostly in a bad sense.— king- 
 dom, n. 1. Territory or dominion of 
 a king. 8; One of the three grand di- 
 visions in Nat. Hist., the animal, veg- 
 etable, or miner- 
 al.— klng'fish- 
 er, n. Bird with 
 very brill ant 
 plumage, which 
 feeds on fish, and 
 darts vertically 
 upon its prey ; 
 halcyon — 
 kingly, a. Be- 
 longing or suitable to a king; royal; 
 noble — king'ly, adv. — king'li- 
 ness, n. — kingpost, n. Post rest- 
 ing on the middle of tie-beam and 
 upholding the rafters. [A. S. cyning 
 —cyn, tribe, kin.] 
 
 kink (kingk). I n. Sharp bend in a 
 rope, cable, wire, string, etc. II. vt. 
 and vi. Twist or run into kinks; be- 
 come twisted or tangled. [Norw ] 
 
 kinsfolk (kinz'fok), n. Relatives. 
 
 kinsman (kinz'man), n. Relative. — 
 Jem. kinswoman. 
 
 kiosk (ki-osk'), n. Eastern garden 
 pavilion. [Turk, kushk.] 
 
 kip (kip), n. Leather of a grade be- 
 tween calf and cowhide. 
 
 kipper (kip'er). I. n. Salmon or her- 
 ring split open, seasoned, and dried. 
 II. vt. Cure or preserve, as a salmon 
 or herring. [Norw. kippa] 
 
 Kingfisher. 
 
 kirmess. See kermess. 
 
 kismet (kismet), n. Fate; destiny. 
 
 kiss (kis). I. vi. Salute or caress by 
 touching with the lips; touch gently. 
 II. n. Salute with the lips.— kiss'er, 
 n. [A.S. ceosan, taste.] 
 
 kit (kit), n. 1. Small wooden tub. 2. 
 Outfit. [Dut. = hooped beercan.] 
 
 kit (kit), n. 1. Small violin. 2. Guitar. 
 [Contracted from A.S. cytere, guitar.] 
 
 kitchen (kich'en), n. Room where 
 food is cooked. — kitchen-garden 
 ( kich'en-gar'dn ), n. Garden where 
 vegetables are cultivated for the 
 kitchen. [A. S. cicen—Li. coquina.] 
 
 kite (kit), n. 1. Rapacious bird of the 
 hawk kind. 2. Light frame covered 
 with paper or cloth, for flying at the 
 end of a string. [A. S. cyta.\ 
 
 kitten (kit'n), n. Young cat. 
 
 kleptomania ( klep-to-ma'ni-a ), n. 
 Mania for stealing. — kleptoma- 
 niac,^ \Qv.klepto, steal, and mania.] 
 
 fcnaek(nak), n. 'Trick of doing a thing 
 cleverly ; facility of performance ; 
 dexterity. [Cf. Ger. knacken, crack.] 
 
 knapsack (nap'sak), n. Provision- 
 sack ; case for necessaries borne by 
 soldiers and travelers. [Dut. knappen, 
 eat, and zak, sack.] 
 
 knave (nav), n. 1. Deceitful fellow. 2. 
 Card bearing the picture of a servant 
 or soldier; jack.— k n a' very , n. 
 Roguery.— kna'vish, a. Fraudulent; 
 roguish.— kna'vishly, adv. [A. S. 
 cnafa, cnapa, bov. youth.] 
 Syn. Rascal; scoundrel; villain. 
 
 knead (ned), vt. Work and press to- 
 gether into a mass, as flour into 
 dough.— knead'er, n. [A. S. enedan.] 
 
 knee (ne), n. 1. Joint between the 
 thigh and shin bones. 2. Piece of 
 timber like a bent knee. — knee- 
 breeches, n. pi. Breeches which 
 reacn only to, or just below, the 
 knees. [A. S. cneow, cneo.] 
 
 kneel (nel), vi. [kneeled, knelt.] Rest 
 or fall on the knee or knees. 
 
 knell (nel). I. n. Tolling of a bell at 
 a death or funeral. II. vi. Sound as a 
 bell; toil. [A. S. cnyllan, beat noisily.] 
 
 knew (nu), imp. of know. 
 
 knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz), n. 
 pi. Loose knee-breeches gathered in 
 
 ' just below the knee. [From the wide- 
 breeched Dutchmen in "Knickerboc- 
 ker's " (Washington Irving's) humor- 
 ous history Of New York.] 
 
 knick-knack (nik'nak), n. Trifle; 
 trinket; toy. [A doubling of knack.] 
 
 knife (nif). n. [pi. knives (aivz).j Ins- 
 trument with blade or blades for cut- 
 ting. [A. S. cnif. Ger. kneif — kneifen, 
 nip.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil. owl, then. 
 
knight 
 
 300 
 
 krypton 
 
 knight (nit). I. n. 1. One admitted in 
 feudal times to a certain military- 
 rank. 2. In England, 
 the holder of a title 
 next below that of a 
 baronet. 3. Cham- 
 pion. 4. Piece used 
 in a game of chess. 
 II. vt. Create a 
 knight. — knight' - 
 ly, a. and adv. — 
 knight- errant 
 ( nit-er'an t ), n. 
 Knight who traveled 
 in search of adven- 
 tures. — knight- 
 er'rantry, n. [Fr. 
 errant, wandering.] 
 — k nigh t-h ood 
 (nit'hod), n, 1. Character or privilege 
 of a knight. 2. Order or fraternity of 
 knights. [A. S. cniht, servant — cyn. 
 See kin.] 
 
 knit (nit), vt. and vi. [knit'ting; knit- 
 ted or knit.] 1. Unite into network 
 by needles. 2. Cause to grow togeth- 
 er; unite closely; contract. — knit'- 
 ter, n. [A. S.cnyttan — cnotta, knot.] 
 
 knitting(nit'ing) ,n.l. Work of a knit- 
 ter. 2. Union; junction. 3. Network 
 formed by knitting. 
 
 knives, n. Plural of knife. 
 
 knob ( nob ), n. Hard protuberance; 
 round handle.— knobbed (nobd), a. 
 Containing or set with knobs. — 
 knobby (nob'i), a. Full of knobs; 
 knotty. — knob'biness, n. [A. S. 
 cnoop.] 
 
 knock (nok). I. vt. and vi. Strike with 
 something hard or heavy; drive or be 
 driven against; rap for admittance. 
 II. n. Sudden stroke; rap. — knock'- 
 er, n. Hammer attached to a door for 
 making a knock. — knock-kneed 
 (nok'ned), a. Having knees that knock 
 or touch in walking. [A.S. cnucian.) 
 
 knoll (nol), n. Round hillock; top of 
 a hill. [A.S. cnol, jump.] 
 
 knot (not), n. 1. Interlacement of 
 parts of a cord or cords. 2. Bond of 
 union. 3. Difficulty. 4. Cluster. 5. 
 Part of a tree where a branch shoots 
 out. 6. Division of the log-line ; nau- 
 tical mile. II. vt. [knotting: knott'- 
 ed.] Tie in a knot; unite closely. III. 
 vi. 1. Form knots or joints. 2. Knit 
 knots for a fringe.— knotty, a. 1. 
 Containing knots. 2. Hard; rugged; 
 3. Difficult; intricate.— knot'tiness, 
 n, [A. S. cnotta.] 
 
 knout (nowt), n. Whip formerly used 
 as an instrument of punishment in 
 Russia; punishment inflicted by the 
 knout. [Russ. Jennie.] 
 
 know (no), vt. [know'ing; knew (nu); 
 known (non).] Be informed or assured 
 of; recognize.— know'ing, a. Intelli- 
 gent; cunning.— knowingly, adv.— 
 knowing ness, n. [A. S. cnawan.] 
 
 knowledge (nol'ej), n. 1. Clear per« 
 ception. 2. That which is known. 3. 
 Instruction; enlightment. 4. Experi- 
 ence; skill. [M.E. knowleche.] 
 
 Syn. Cognition; acquaintance; eru- 
 dition; familiarity; experience; cog- 
 nizance; information; learning. 
 
 knuckle (nuk'l). I. n. 1. Projecting 
 joint of the fingers. 2. Knee-joint of a 
 calf or pig. II. vi. Bend.— Knuckle down 
 or under, apply one's self earnestly; 
 submit. [Low Ger. knwkel.] 
 
 kodak (ko'dak), n. Portable photo- 
 graphic camera. 
 
 kohlrabi (kol-ra'bi), n. Turnip stem- 
 med cabbage. [Ger.— It. cavolirape.] 
 
 hop (kop), kopje (kop'ye), n. Top 
 of hill. [So. African Dutch.] 
 
 kopeck (ko'pek), n, Russian copper 
 coin about the size of a cent. 
 
 Koran (ko'ran or ko-ran'), n. Moham- 
 medan bible. [Ar. al quran, the read- 
 ing.] 
 
 kosher (ko'sher), a. Clean; confor- 
 ming to the requirement of Jewish 
 rites. Opp. of tref. [Heb.=lawful.] 
 
 kraal (kral), n. Hottentot village or 
 hut. [From corral.] [African Dutch.] 
 
 kroon (kron), n. Crown; top. [So. 
 
 Names of Knots. 
 1 and 6. Square. 2. Overhand. 3. Bow lino. 
 4. Single bow. 5. Loop. 7. Granny. 
 
 kull (kol), n. Cave. [So. Afric. Dutch.] 
 kumiss (ko'mis), n. Carbonated or 
 
 fermented milk. [Russ.] 
 krypton (krip'ton), n. Newly discov- 
 ered element in air. It is somewhat 
 denser than nitrogen. {Gr.= hidden.) 
 
 £ate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn j oil. owl, then. 
 
Copyright 
 
 SPECIMENS 
 Point Plat Applique 
 
 Linen Centre. 
 
 2. Rose Point (Duchesse Edge), 
 
 Brussels Needle Point 
 
 3. Point Duchesse, with 
 
 {Continued on next page.) 
 
Copyright, 1903, by Wm. H. Lee. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF LACE 
 
 &. Battenberg. 6. Old Brussels Needle Point. 7. Point d'Alencon. 8. Point 
 
 d'Angleterre a Brides. 9. Flemish, or Irish, Pillow Lace. 
 
 {See preceding page.) , .-> 
 
301 
 
 lactation 
 
 1, (el), n. Twelfth letter of the 
 English alphabet. A semi-vow- 
 el, silent in would, bairn, half, 
 talk, etc. 
 
 Ij(eU),n. Part of a house forming 
 an L with the main structure, [scale. 
 la (la), n. Sixth tone of the musical 
 laager (la'ger), n. Encampment; en- 
 closure formed of wagons [So. Afri- 
 can Dutch. J Dutch.] 
 laagte (lag'te), w.Valley. [So. African 
 labefaction(lab-e-fak'shun), n. Weak- 
 ening; downfall. [L. — labo, totter, 
 and facio, make.] 
 label (la'bel). I. n. Small slip of writ- 
 ing or printing affixed to anything to 
 denote its contents, ownership, etc. 
 
 11. vt. Affix a label to. [A. S. lappa.] 
 labial (la'bi-al). I. a. Pertaining to 
 
 the lips; formed by the lips. II. n. 
 Sound formed by the lips, as b, p. 
 — la'bially, adv. [Fr. — labium, lip.] 
 
 labiodental ( la-bio-de n't al ), a. 
 Formed by aid of the lips and teeth, 
 as / and v. 
 
 labor (la'bur). I. n. 1. Toil; exertion: 
 work done. 2. Travail. II. vi. 1. Un- 
 dergo labor; work. 2. Take pains. 3. 
 Be oppressed; suffer. 4. Moveslowly. 
 5. Pitch and roll heavily. — labored 
 (la'burd), a. Bearing marks of a 
 strained effort. — laborer, n. One 
 who does work requiring little skill.— 
 laborious ( la-bo'ri-us ), a. 1. Toil- 
 some. 2. Industrious. — laborious- 
 ly, adv.— labo'riousnoss, a. 
 
 Syn. Drudgery; effor' ; pitching ; 
 pangs; pains; task; dutr. 
 
 laboratory (lab'or-a-to-*i), n. 1. Place 
 where scientific experiments are sys- 
 tematically carried on. 2. Place 
 where anything is prepared for use. 
 1. Exterior ^-^ 
 
 auditory chan- 
 nel. 2. Tym- 
 panum. 3. 
 Drum cavity. 
 4. Eustachian 
 tube. 5- Mal- 
 leus. 6. Anvil. 
 7. Stirrup. 8. 
 Anteroom of 
 labyrinth. 9. 
 Anteroom 
 stairs. 10. 
 Drum cavity 
 stairs. 11. The 
 three arches. 
 
 12. Temporal 
 bone. 13. Sa- 
 liva gland. See cut under tympanum. 
 
 labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. 1. The 
 internal ear. 2. Place full of intri- 
 cate windings. 3. Maze. — laby- 
 
 A 
 
 Inner Ear. 
 (Magnified in part.) 
 
 rinth'ian, labyrinth'ic, laby- 
 rinthine, a. Pertaining to or like a 
 labyrinth; wiuding; intricate; per- 
 plexing. [Gv.—laura, passage.] 
 
 lac (lak), n. 100,000. [Hind, lak.] 
 
 lac (lak), n. Resinous substance, pro- 
 duced on trees in the East by the lac 
 insect, used in dyeing. [Pers. lak.J 
 
 lace (las). I. n. 1. String for fastening. 
 2. Ornamental fabric of fine thread 
 curiously wrought. II. vt. 1. Fasten 
 with a lace. 2. Adorn with lace. [O. 
 Fr. laqs—^L. laqueus, noose.] 
 
 lacerate (las'er-at), vt. Tear ; rend ; 
 wound.— laceration, n. [L,.—lacer, 
 torn.] 
 
 lachrymal (lak'ri-mal). I. a. 1. Per- 
 taining to tears. 2. Secreting or con- 
 veying tears. II. n. Same as lach- 
 rymatory. [L. lacrima, tear.l 
 
 lachrymatory ( lak'ri-ma-to-ri), n. 
 Vessel anciently interred with a de- 
 ceased person, symbolizing the tears 
 shed for his loss. 
 
 lachrymose (lak'ri-mos), a. Tearful; 
 lugubrio_us. — lach'rymosely, adv. 
 
 lacing (la'sing), n. 1. Fastening with 
 a cord through eyelet-holes. 2. Cord 
 used in fastening. 
 
 lack (lak). I. vt. and vi. Want; be in 
 want; be destitute of. II. n. "Want; 
 destitution. [Low Ger. lak, blemish.] 
 
 lackadaisical ( lak-a-da'zi-kal ), a. 
 Affectedly sentimental. [See alack.] 
 
 lack-a-day (lak-a-da/), interj. Excla- 
 mation of regret. [From alas the 
 day'] 
 
 lackey (lak'i). I. n. Footman or foot- 
 boy. II. vt. and vi. Pay servile atten- 
 dance; act as a footman. [O. Fr. la- 
 guay—Sp. lacayo—Ax. luka, slave.] 
 
 laconic (la-kon'ik), laconical, a. 
 Expressing much in few words.— la- 
 con'ically,adv.[Gr. Lakon, Spartan.] 
 Syn. Short; brief. See concise. 
 
 lacquer, lacker (lak'er). I. n. Var- 
 nish made of lac and alcohol. II. vt. 
 Cover with lacquer ; varnish. [Fr. 
 laque, lac] 
 
 lacrimal. Same as lachrymal. 
 
 lacrimose. Same as lachrstmose. 
 
 Lacrosse racket. 
 
 lacrosse (la-kras'), n. Game played 
 
 with a ball and long rackets ( oir 
 
 crosses). [Fr.] 
 lactation (lakta'shun), n. 1. Act ol 
 
 giving milk. 2. Period of suckling. 
 
 [See LACTEAL.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Chen, 
 
lacteal 
 
 302 
 
 lancer 
 
 lacteal (lak'te-al). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to or resembling milk. 2. Conveying 
 chyle. II. n. One of the absorbent 
 vessels of the intestines which convey 
 the chyle to the thoracic ducts. [L.— 
 lac, milk.] 
 
 lactic (lak'tik), a. Pertaining to milk. 
 —Lactic acid, acid obtained from 
 milk. 
 
 lad (lad), n. Boy; youth.— /em. Lass. 
 [W. llawd. Ir. lath, youth, champion.] 
 
 ladder (lad'er), n. 1. Frame made 
 with steps placed between two up- 
 right pieces, by which one may as- 
 cend. 2. Anything by which one as- 
 cends._3. Gradual rise. [A. S. hlceder.] 
 
 lade (lad), vt. Throw in or out, as a 
 fluid, with a ladle or dipper. [A. S. 
 hladan.] [ 2. Oppressed. 
 
 laden (la'dn), a. 1. Laded or loaded. 
 
 lading- ( la'ding ), n. Load; cargo; 
 f i eight._ [See load.] 
 
 ladle (la'dl). I. n. Large spoon for 
 lifting out liquid from a vessel. II. vt. 
 Dip with a ladle. [See lade.] 
 
 lady (la'di), n. 1. Mistress of a house. 
 2. Title (in England) of the wives of 
 knights, and all degrees above them, 
 and of the daughters of earls and all 
 higher ranks. 3. Woman of refined 
 manners. [A. S. hloefdige, fem. of Ma- 
 ford, lord. J 
 
 ladybird(la'di-berd),?i.Genus of little 
 spotted beetles, usually of a brilliant 
 red or yellow color; called also lady- 
 bug. _ [man loved; sweetheart. 
 
 ladylove (la'di-luv), n. Lady or wo- 
 
 ladyship (la'di-ship), n. Title, condi- 
 tion or rank of a lady. 
 
 lag (lag). I. a. Coming behind. II. n. 
 
 He who or that which comes behind; 
 
 fag-end. III. vi. [lagging ;lagged.]Fall 
 
 behind ; move slowly. [W. Hag, slow.] 
 
 Syn. Linger; loiter; delay; tarry. 
 
 lager (la'ger), lager-beer, n. Beer 
 stored before use. [Ger. lager, store.] 
 
 laggard (lag'ard). I. a. Slow; back- 
 ward. II. n. Loiterer ; idler. 
 
 lagoon, lagune (la-gon'), n. Shallow 
 lake or pond bordering on the sea» 
 [It. laguna—Jj. lacuna— tacus, lake.] 
 
 laic (la'ik), laical, a. See lay. 
 
 laid (lad), pa. t. and pa. p. of lay. 
 
 lain (Ian), pa. p. of lie, rest. 
 
 lair (lar), n. Den or retreat of a wild 
 beast. [A. S. leger, couch— licgan, lie 
 down.] 
 
 laity (la'i-ti), n The people as dis- 
 tinct from the clergy. [See lay.] 
 
 lake (lak), n. Deep red pigment. [Fr. 
 laque. See LA.C.] 
 
 lake (lak), n. Large body of water 
 within land. [A. S. lac — L. lacus, lake.] 
 
 lakh (lak), n. 100,000. [See lac] 
 
 lam (lam), vt. [lam'ming ; lammed.] 
 Beat severely. [Icel. lemja, beat, lame.] 
 
 lama (la'ma), n. Buddhist priest in 
 Tibet.— lamaism (la'ma-izm), n. Re- 
 ligion prevailing in Tibet, develop- 
 ment of Buddhism. [Tib. llama, spirit- 
 ual teacher.] 
 
 lamb (lam), n. 1. Young of a sheep 
 2. One innocent and gentle as a lamb, 
 [A. S.] [{Colloquial.} 
 
 lambaste (lam-bast'),^. Beat severely. 
 
 lambent (lam'bent), a. Moving about 
 like a tongue; touching lightly; play- 
 ing about; flickering. [L. lambo, lick.) 
 
 lambkin (lam'kin), n. Little lamb. 
 
 lambreqnin(lam'ber-kin) , n. Drapery 
 of a mantlepiece or the like. 
 
 lame (lam). I. a. 1. Disabled in a 
 limb or limbs. 2. Unsatisfactory ; 
 imperfect. II. vt. Make lame; cripple; 
 render imperfect. — lamely, adv.— 
 laine'ness, n. [A. S. lama.] 
 
 lamellar (la-mel'ar), a. Composed of 
 thin layers or scales. [L. lamella, dim. 
 of lamina, layer.] 
 
 lament (la-menf). I. vi. Utter or feel 
 grief ; wail ; mourn. II. vt. Mourn 
 for;deplore. III. n. 1. Sorrow expres- 
 sed in cries. 2. Elegy or mournful 
 ballad.— lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl), 
 a. Deserving or expressing sorrow; 
 sad; pitiful; despicable.— lament- 
 ably, adv. — lamenta'tion, n. 1. 
 Act of lamenting. 2. Audible expres- 
 sion of grief; wailing. [L. lamentor, 
 akin to clamo, cry out.] 
 
 lamina ( lam'i-na ), n. [ pi. laminaa 
 (lam'i-ne).] Thin scale, layer, or coat. 
 
 laminate ( lam'i-nat ), laminated, 
 a. Consisting of scales or layers. 
 
 lamp ( lamp ), n. Vessel for burning 
 oil with a wick; light of any kind.— 
 lampblack (lamp'blak), n. Pine 
 soot formed by smoke. [Gr. lampas — 
 lampo, shine.] 
 
 lampoon (lam-pon')). I. n. Personal 
 satire in writing; mean censure. II. 
 vt. Satirize. [O.Pr. lampon, drinking 
 song,— tamper, drink.] 
 Syn. Lash; libel; ridicule; defame. 
 lamprey ( lam'pre ), n. Fish resem- 
 bling the eel, so called from its at- 
 taching itself to rocks by its mouth. 
 [Fr. lamproie— L. lambo, lick, and 
 petra, rock.] 
 lance Clans). I. n. Long shaft of wood, 
 with a spear-head, usually bearing a 
 small flag. II. vt. Pierce with a lan- 
 cet or knife. [Gr. lonche, lance.] 
 lanceolate ( lan'se-o-lat ), lan'ceo- 
 lated, a. Having the form of a lance- 
 head ; tapering toward both ends. [L.] 
 lancer (lan'ser), n. Kind of cavalry 
 armed with a lance. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, 
 mate, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
 wolf; 
 
lancers 
 
 303 
 
 Eapse 
 
 lancers (lan'sers),n.pZ. Kind of square 
 dance. [Fr. landers.] 
 
 lancet (lan'set), n. 1. Surgical instru 
 ment used for opening veins, etc. 2. 
 High and narrow window, poinded 
 like a lance. [Fr. lancette,&\m. of lance.] 
 
 land (land). I. n. 1. Solid portion of 
 the surface of the globe. 2. Country; 
 district. 3. Nation or people. 4. Real 
 estate. II. vt. Set on, or bring to, 
 land. III. vi. Come on land or on 
 shore. [A. S.] 
 
 Landau. 
 
 landau (lan'da), n. Coach with a top 
 that may be opened in the middle and 
 thrown back. [So called from Landau 
 in Germany.] 
 
 landbzreeze (land'brez), n. Breeze set- 
 ting from the land towards the sea. 
 
 landholder (land'hol-der), n. Pro- 
 prietor of land. 
 
 landing- (lan'ding), n. 1. Act of going 
 on land from a vessel. 2. Place forget- 
 ting on shore. 3. Level part of a stair- 
 case between the flights of steps. 
 
 landlady ( land'la-di ), n. 1. Woman 
 who owns land or house leased to a 
 tenant. 2. Mistress of an inn or 
 lodging-house. [land. 
 
 landlock ( Und'lok ), vt. Inclose by 
 
 landlord (land'lard), n. 1. Man who 
 owns and lets real estate. 2. Man who 
 keeps an inn. 
 
 land-lubber (land'lub-er), n. Lands- 
 man, a term used by sailors. 
 
 landmark (land'mark), n. 1. Thing 
 serving to mark tne boundaries of 
 land. 2. Object on land that serves as 
 a guide to seamen. 
 
 landscape ( land'skap ), n. 1. Aspect 
 of a country. 2. Picture representing 
 it. [Dut. landschap—land, and -schap, 
 shape.] 
 
 landslip ( land'slip ), n. Portion of 
 land that falls down, generally from 
 the side of a hill, usually due to the 
 undermining effect of water. 
 
 landsman (landz'man), n. Man inex- 
 perienced in sea-faring. 
 
 landward (land' ward), adv. Towards 
 the land, [street. [A.S.] 
 
 lane (lau), n. Narrow passage, road, or 
 
 language (lang'waj), n. 1. Human 
 speech. 2. Speech particular to a 
 nation. 3. Style or expression pecul- 
 iar to an individual; diction. 4. Any 
 manner of expressing thought. [Fr. 
 lanr/age—langue—Jj. lingua, tongue.] 
 
 languid lang'wid), a. Feeble; flag- 
 ging; exhausted; sluggish; spiritless. 
 — languidly, adv.— lan'guidncss, 
 n. [L. languidm—langueo , be weak.] 
 
 languish ( lang'wish ), vi. Lose 
 
 strength and animation. — Ian'- 
 
 guisliment, n. 1. Act or si are of 
 
 languishing. 2. Tenderness of look. 
 
 Syn. Droop; fade; pine; wither. 
 
 languor (lang'wur or fir), n. State 
 of being languid or faint; indolence. 
 Syn. Dreaminess; listlessness, 
 
 lank ( langk ), a. Long and loosely 
 built.— lankly, acZy.— lank'ness,», 
 — lank'y, a. [A. S. Mane] 
 
 lantern (lant'ern), n. 1. Case for hold- 
 ing or carrying a light. 2. Drum- 
 shaped structure surmounting a 
 dome to give light. [Fr. lanterne— 
 Gr. lampter—lampo, give light.] 
 
 lanyard (lan'yard), n. 1. Short rope 
 used on board 'ship for fa.~i.ening or 
 stretching. 2. Cord for firing a cannon, 
 LFr. laniere—Li. lacinia, strap.] 
 
 lap (lap). I. vt. and vi. [lap'ping; lap 
 ped(lapt).] 1. Lick up with the tongue. 
 
 2. Make the sound of lapping. II. a. 
 1. Act of lapping. £. Sound of lap- 
 ping. [A.S. lapian.] 
 
 lap (lap), n. 1. Overhanging flap. %-. 
 Part of the clothes lying on the knees 
 when a person sits down. 3. Part of 
 the body thus covered. 4. Part lying 
 over something else. 5. One circuit 
 around a small track. [A. S. lappa.] 
 
 lapel (la-pel'), n. Part of the breast of 
 a coat which folds over.— lapelled', 
 a. [Dim. of lap.] [lap= 
 
 lapful (lap'fol), n. As much as fills a 
 
 lapidary (lap'i-dar-i). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to the cutting of stones. II. n. 
 Cutter of or dealer in precious stones, 
 —Lapidary style, terse style, as used 
 in inscriptions on stone. [L. — lapis, 
 stone.] 
 
 lapis lazuli (la'pis laz'u-li), n. Hard 
 silicate stone of a rich ultramarine 
 color, used for cameos, lamps, etc. 
 
 lappet (lap'et), n. Little lap or flap. 
 [Dim. of lap.] 
 
 lapse (laps). I. vi. Slip; glide; pass 
 by degrees. 2. Fall from duty or grace 
 
 3. Become void. II. n. 1. Slipping, 
 passing. 2. Failing in duty; fault 
 [L. labor, lapsus, slip, fall.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ma, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
lapwing 
 
 804 
 
 lath 
 
 lapwing (lap'wing), i 
 family; peewit. 
 
 Bird of the 
 [A. S. hleape- 
 
 Lapwing. 
 
 plover 
 wince — hlea 
 pan, run, and 
 wink, totter.] 
 larboard 
 (lar'bord). I. 
 n. Left side 
 of snip, look- 
 ing from the 
 stern, now 
 termed the 
 port. II. a. 
 Pertaining to 
 the larboard 
 side [ Corr. 
 
 from LOWER BOARD.] 
 
 larceny (lar'sen-i), n. Theft. — lar« 
 cenons, a. Thievish [Fr. larcm— L. 
 latrocinium—latro, robber.] 
 
 larch (larch), n. Deciduous cone-bear- 
 ing kind of tree. [Gr, larix.] 
 
 lard(lard). I.n. Melted fat of swine. II. 
 vt. Smear with lard; stuff with bacon 
 or pork; insert strips of pork in the 
 surface of ; mix. [ Fr.— L. laridum.] 
 
 larder (lar'der), n. Place where food 
 is kept. [From - lard. 1 
 
 large (larj), a. Great in size; ample; 
 comprehensive; broad. — large'ly, 
 adv. — large ness, n. — At large. 1. 
 Without restraint. 2. For the whole 
 state, not a district only. [L. largus.] 
 Syn. Extensive ; abundant; full. 
 
 largess (lar'jes), n. 1. Liberality. 2. 
 Present; donation. [Fr. largesse.} 
 
 lariat (Iar'i-at), rw Lasso, used for 
 catching and for tethering animals. 
 [Sp.3 [A. S. lawerce.\ 
 
 lark (lark), n. European singing bird. 
 
 lark (lark), n. Good time; frolic. [A. 
 S. lac. sport.] 
 
 larrup (lar'rup), vt. Flog. 
 
 larva (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae (lar've).] 
 insect in its first stage after issuing 
 from the egg; caterpillar; maggot.— 
 larval, a. [L. larva, mask.] 
 
 laryngitis (lar-in-jl'tis), n. Inflam- 
 mation of the larynx. 
 
 laryngoscope ( lar-ing'o-skop ) , n. 
 Instrument for examining thelarynx, 
 
 larynx (lar'ingks), n. Upper part of 
 the windpipe; throat.— laryngeal, 
 laryn'gean, a. [Gr.] 
 
 lascar (las'kar ), n. Native sailor s or 
 menial in camp. [Hindoo] 
 
 lascivious (las-siv'i-us), a. Lustful ; 
 tending to produce lustful emotions. 
 — lasciv'iously, ad#L— lascivious- 
 ness, n. [L. lascivus.] 
 
 Mash (lash). I. n. 1. Flexible part of a 
 whip. 2, Stroke with a whip or any 
 thing pliant; stroke of satire; sharp 
 retort. 3. Hair growing on th6 edge 
 
 of the eyelid. II. vt. 1. Strike with ? 
 lash; whip; dash against. 2. Fasten 
 or secure with a rope or cord. 3. Cen- 
 sure severely; scourge with sarcasm 
 or satire. [Cf. Ger. lasche, flap.] 
 
 lashing (lash'ing), n. 1. Whipping 
 with a lash; chastisement. 2. Rope for 
 making fast. 
 
 lass (las), n. {fern, of lad). Girl, esp. 
 a country girl. [Prob. a contr. of 
 laddess, formed from lad.] 
 
 lassitude ( las'i-tud ), n. Weakness; 
 weariness; languor. [L. lassus, faint.] 
 
 lasso (las'6). I. n. [pi. lass'os.] Thong 
 or rope with a running noose for 
 catching wild horses, etc. II. vt. Catch 
 with the lasso. [Port, lago— L. laqueus, 
 noose.] 
 
 last (last), n. Wooden block on which 
 boots and shoes are molded. [A. S. 
 last, footmark.] 
 
 last (last), vi. Continue; endure. 
 
 last (last), a. and ad v. 1. Latest; com- 
 ing after all the others; final. 2. Next 
 before the present. 3. Utmost; mean- 
 est.— last'ly,aeto. [Contr. of latest.] 
 
 lastingly (last'ing-li), adv. In a last- 
 ing or enduring manner. 
 
 latch (lach). I. n. Catch to fasten a 
 door. II. vt. Fasten with a latch. 
 [A.S. laeccean, catch.] 
 
 latchet (lach'et), n. Lace or buckle for 
 fastening a shoe. [O. Fr. lacet—lace.] 
 
 late (lat), a. [la'ter; la'test.] 1. Tardy; 
 behindhand; comiug after the ex- 
 pected time. 2. Far advanced toward 
 the close. 3. Deceased; departed; out 
 of office. 4. Not long past. 5. After 
 the usual time.— late, late'ly, advs. 
 — late ness, n. State of being late. 
 [A. S. laet: 
 Low Ger. laat.) 
 
 lateen(la-teen'), 
 a. As used in 
 the Mediterra- 
 nean. See cut. 
 [From LATIN.] 
 
 latent (la tent), 
 a. Concealed; 
 not visible or 
 apparent; not 
 making itself 
 known by 
 effects. — 1 a'- 
 tency, n. State 
 
 of being latent.— la'tently, adv. [L. 
 —lateo, lie hidden.] 
 
 lateral (lat er-al), a. Belonging to, or 
 lying at, the side; proceeding from, 
 or in the direction of, the side. — lat'«= 
 erally, c*dv. [Li.—latus, side,] 
 
 lath(lath). L n. Thin, narrow strip of 
 wood used in slating, plastering, etc. 
 He vt. Cover with laths. |A,S la,ttu.\ 
 
 Lateen sails. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far. fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
lathe 
 
 305 
 
 lawn 
 
 lathe (lath), n. Machine for turning 
 and shaping articles of wood, metal, 
 etc. [From root of Ger. lade, chest, 
 tool-chest.] 
 
 lather (laM'er). I. n. Foam or froth 
 made with water and soap. II. vt. 
 Spread over with lather. III. vi. Form 
 a lather ;become frothy. [A.S. leathor.] 
 
 Latin (lat'in). I. a. Pertaining to .Latin 
 or to the Latins, Romans.— Low Latin, 
 Latin corrupted by barbarous ingre- 
 dients. — Latin races, those whose lan- 
 guages are derived principally from 
 the Latin, esp. the Italian, Spanish, 
 and French. II. n. Language of the 
 ancient Romans.— Lat inism , n. 
 Latin idiom.— Lat'inist, n. One who 
 knows Latin.— Latinize, vt. Give a 
 Latin form to. [L. — Latium, the dis- 
 trict in which Rome was built.] 
 
 latitude ( lat'i-tud ), n. 1. Width. 2. 
 Distance of a place from the equator. 
 3. Angular distance of a celestial 
 body from the ecliptic. 4. Extent of 
 signification. 5. Freedom from res- 
 traint ; scope. — latitudinal, a. 
 [Fr.— L. latitndo, -inis— latus, broad.] 
 
 latitudinarian (lat-i-tud-i-na'ri-an). 
 I. a. Broad or liberal, esp. in religious 
 belief. II. n. One who in principle or 
 practice departs from orthodox rule. 
 — latitudina'rianism, n. 
 
 latter (lat'er), a. 1. Coming or exist- 
 ing after. 2. Mentioned the last of 
 two. 3. Modern; recent.— Latter-day 
 Saints, Mormons. — lat'terly, adv. 
 Of late. [Irreg. comp. Of late.] 
 
 lattice (lat'is). I. n. Network of crossed 
 laths or bars. II. vt. Form into open- 
 work; furnish with a lattice. [Fr. 
 lattis— Ger. latte, lath.] 
 
 land (lad), vt. Praise in words, or with 
 singing; celebrate; extol.— laud'er, 
 »,- laudable, a. Worthy of being 
 praised.— laudably, adv.— laud a- 
 bleness, n.— laudatory. I. a. Ex- 
 pressing praise. Il.n. That which con- 
 tains praise, [L. laudo.] [opium. [Gr.] 
 
 laudanum (la'da-num),n. Tincture of 
 
 laugh (laf). I. vi. 1. Show mirth in 
 face or voice. 2. Be gay or lively. II. 
 n. Sound caused by merriment. — 
 laughing-gas, n. Nitrous oxide, a 
 gas which excites laughter, used as an 
 anaesthetic— laugh'ingly, ac£y. In a 
 merry way; with laughter.— laugh - 
 ing-stock.(lafing-stok), n. Object of 
 ridicule. [A.S. Mihan.] [laughing. 
 
 laughter (laf'ter ), n. Act or noise of 
 
 launch (lanch), I. vt, 1. Throw, as a 
 spear; send forth. 2. Cause to slide 
 into the water. II. vi. 1. Go forth, as 
 a ship into the water. 2. Expatiate in 
 language. III. n. 1< Act of launching 
 
 or moving a ship into the water. 2. 
 Largest boat carried by a man-of- 
 war. 3. Small open or cabin pleasure 
 boat, propelled by steam, gas, vapor, 
 or electric motor. [Fr. lancer— lance, 
 lance.] 
 
 pnmop3 lJ|| r=gs l = 
 
 Steam launch. 
 
 launder (lan'der), vt. Wash and iron, 
 as clothes. [See lave.] [man. 
 
 laundress (lan'dres), n. Washerwo- 
 
 laundry (lari'dri), n. Place where 
 clothes are washed and ironed. [OFr. 
 lavanderie—Ju. layo, wash.] 
 
 laureate ( la/re-at ). I. a. Crowned 
 with laurel. II. n. Poet-laureate or 
 court poet. 
 
 laurel (la'rel), n. 1. Bay-tree, with 
 aromaticleaves. 2. Crown of honor. 
 [Fr. laurier—laurus.] 
 
 lava (la'va or la'va), n. Melted matter 
 discharged from a volcano. [It. lava, 
 stream— L. lavo, wash.] 
 
 lavatory (lav'a-to-ri ), n. Place for 
 washing. [See lave.J 
 
 lave (lav), vt. and vi. Wash; bathe. 
 [Fr. caver— L. lavo, wash.] 
 
 lavender (lav'en-der), n. 1. Odorifer- 
 ous plant. 2. Pale-purplish color. [Fr. 
 lavande. See lave.] [ing or washing. 
 
 laver (la'ver), n. Large vessel for lav- 
 lavish (lav'ish). I. vt. Expend profu- 
 sely;waste. II. a. Bestowing prof use- 
 ly ; excessive.— lavishly , adv. — lav'- 
 ishment, lav'ishness, ns. [From 
 obsolete lave, ladle out, refresh. Akin 
 to Ger. laben, refresh.] 
 
 Syn. Profuse ; unstinted ; exuberant ; 
 superabundant. See extravagant. 
 
 law(la), n. 1. Rule of action established 
 by authority; established usage; sta- 
 tute; rules of a community or state. 2. 
 Rule or principle of science or art. 3. 
 Whole jurisprudence or the science 
 of law. 4. Mosaic code; the Old Testa- 
 ment. [A. S. lagu— root of LIE. Akin 
 to L. lex.] 
 
 lawful (la'fol), a. According to law; 
 legal; rightful. — lawfully, adv. =* 
 law fulness, a. 
 
 lawgiver ( la'giv-er ), n. Legislator, 
 
 lawless (la'l'es), a. Unrestrained by 
 law; illegal. — lawlessly, adv. — 
 lawlessness, n. 
 
 lawn (Ian). I. n. Sort of fine linen o* 
 cambric. II. a. Made of lawn. [Orig. 
 laune linen, (from Laon, France).] 
 
 fate;, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, f/ien. , 
 
lawn 
 
 306 
 
 lean 
 
 lawn (Ian), n. Open space between 
 woods; "space of ground covered with 
 short grass, generally in front of or 
 around a house. [O. Fr. lande, heath.] 
 
 lawn-tennis (lan'ten-is), n. Kind of 
 tennis played on an open lawn. 
 
 lawsuit (la'sut), n. Action at law. 
 
 lawyer (la'yer), n. One who practices, 
 or is versed in, law; attorney; coun- 
 selor. [From law-er.] 
 
 lax (laks), a. 1. Slack; loose; soft; 
 flabby. 2. Not strict in discipline or 
 morals. 3. Loose in the bowels. — 
 lax'ly, adv.— laxa'tion, ra.-lax'a- 
 tive. I. a. Having the Dower of 
 loosening the bowels. II. n. 'Aperient 
 medicine.— lax'ativeness,^.— lax'- 
 ity, lax'ness, n. [L. laxus.] 
 
 lay, imp. of lib, recline. 
 
 lay (la). I. vt. [lay'ing; laid.] 1. Cause 
 to lie down; place or set down; beat 
 down. 2. Spread on a surface. 3. Calm ; 
 appease. 4. Wager. 5. Impose. 6. 
 Charge. 7. Present. II. vi. Produce 
 eggs^ [A.S. lecgan.] 
 
 lay (la), n. 1. Lyric or narrative poem. 
 2. Melody. [0._Fr. lai, song.] 
 
 lay (la), laic (la/ik), laical (la/ik-al), 
 a. Pertaining to the people; not cler- 
 ical. [Fr. lai—laicus—Gr. laikos—laos, 
 people. ]_ 
 
 layer (la'er), 
 n. Bed or 
 stratum; 
 shoot laid 
 for propaga- 
 tion. [See 
 lay, vt.] 
 
 lay- fig- ure 
 (la'fig-ur), n. 
 Jointed dum- 
 my, that can 
 be draped 
 and put in 
 any pose. 
 [From Dut. leden, joints.] 
 
 layman (la'mau), n. 1. Man not a cler 
 gyman. 2. Non-professional man, 
 
 layman (la/man), n. Lay-figure. 
 
 lazar (la'zar), n. One afflicted with a 
 loathsome disease. [It. lazzaro— Laza- 
 rus of the parable in Luke xvi.j 
 
 lazy(la'zi), a. Disinclined to exertion; 
 slothful.— la'zily, adv. — la'ziness, 
 n. [O.Fr. lasche—L,. laxus, loose.] 
 Syn. Sluggish. S_ee inert. 
 
 lazzarone (laz-a-ro'ne), n. [pi. lazza- 
 roni.] One of a class of loafers and 
 beggars in Naples, Italy. [It. — Laza- 
 rus] [pasturage. [A.S. leak] 
 
 lea or ley (le), n. Meadow; grassland; 
 
 leach (lech). I. vt. Wash, or separate, 
 by percolation of water. II. n. 1. Act 
 
 Lay-figure. 
 
 of separation, as of alkali from wood 
 ashes, by percolation. 2. Tub used 
 for leaching. [A. S. leccan, moisten.] 
 
 lead (led). I. n. 1. Soft, heavy metal 
 of a bluish color. 2. Plummet for 
 sounding at sea. 3. Thin plate of 
 lead separating lines of type. 4. 
 Graphite; black lead. II. vt. 1. Cover 
 or fit with lead. 2. Separate lines 
 with leads. — lead-poisoning, n. 
 Poisoning by the absorption and dif- 
 fusion of lead in the system. [A. S. ; 
 Ger. lot.] 
 
 lead (led). I. vt. and vi. [lead'ing; led.] 
 Show the way by going first; guide by 
 the hand; direct; allure. II. n. 1. 
 First place; precedence. 2. Direction; 
 guidance. [A. S. latdan, make to go.] 
 
 leaden (led'u), a. Made of lead; heavy; 
 dull. 
 
 leader (le'der), n. 1. One who leads or 
 goes first; chief. 2. Leading editorial 
 article in a newspaper. 3. Principal 
 wheel in a machine. — leadership, 
 n. Office of a leader or conductor'. 
 
 lead-pencil (led'-pen-sil), n. Pencil 
 or instrument for drawing, etc., made 
 of graphite (blacklead.) 
 
 leaf (lef). I. n. [pi. leaves (levz). ] 
 Thin, flat part of plants; anything 
 wide and thin like a leaf, as a thin 
 sheet of hammered gold, etc. II. vi. 
 [leafing; leafed.] Shoot out or pro- 
 duce leaves. [A. S.] [foliage. 
 
 leafage (lef'a.j), n. Leaves collectively ; 
 
 leafless (lef'ies), a. Destitute of leaves. 
 
 leaflet (lef'let), n. Little leaf . 
 
 leafy (lef'i), a. Full of leaves.— leaf- 
 iness, n. 
 
 league (leg), n. Distance varying 
 greatly in different countries. — A sea- 
 league contains 3 geographical miles 
 of 6,080 feet each. [O. Fr. legue, of 
 Celtic origin.] 
 
 league (leg). I. n. Union for the pro- 
 motion of mutual interest. II. vi 
 Form a league. [Fr.— L. %o, bind.] 
 Syn. See union. 
 
 leag-uer (leger), n. Camp, esp. of a 
 besieging army. [Dut. leger, camp.] 
 
 leak (lek). I- n > !• Crack or hole in a 
 vessel through which liquid may pass. 
 2. Oozing of a fluid through an open- 
 ing. II. vi. Let a fluid into or out of 
 a vessel, through a leak.— lealt'ag-e, 
 n. 1. That which enters or escapes by 
 leaking. 2. Allowance for leaking.— 
 leah'y, a. Having a leak or leaks. — 
 leah'iness, n. 
 
 leal (lei), a. True-hearted; faithful. 
 [Norm. Fr. leal, loyal.] 
 
 lean (len), vi. [leaning; leaned or 
 leant (lent). ] Incline ; bend ; rest 
 (against). [A. S. hlinian.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
lean 
 
 307 
 
 leg 
 
 lean (len). I. a. Wanting flesh; not fat. 
 
 II. 7i. Flesh without fat. — leanlj, 
 adv.— lean'ness, n. [A. S. hlcene.] 
 
 Syn. Gaunt; lank; meager; skinny; 
 slender; thin; scant; poor. 
 leap (lep). I. vi. [leaping; leaped or 
 leapt (lept).] Spring upward or for- 
 ward; jump; rush. II. vt. Bound over. 
 
 III. n. Act of leaping; bound; space 
 passed by leaping. — leap' frog-, n. 
 Play in which one leaps over another. 
 — leap'-year, n. Year of 366 days, 
 adding one in February, usually 
 every fourth year. [A. S. hleapan.] 
 
 learn (lern), vt. Acquire knowledge of; 
 get to know; gain power of perform- 
 ing. — learn'er, n. One who leaims; 
 one who is yet in the rudiments of 
 any subject. [A. S. leornian.] 
 
 learned (ler'ned), a. Having learn- 
 ing; versed in literature, etc.; skill- 
 ful. — learnedly, adv. — learn 'ed- 
 ness, n. 
 
 learning (ler'ning), n. What is learn- 
 ned; knowledge; scholarship; skill in 
 languages or science. 
 
 lease (les ). I. n. 1. Letting of tene- 
 ments for a definite period of time. 2. 
 Contract for such letting. 3. Tenure. 
 II. vt. 1. Let for a term of years. 
 2. Take a lease of. — lease hold, n. 
 Tenure held by 
 lease. [ O. Fr. 
 lesser, let.] 
 
 leash (lesh). I. 
 n. 1. Lash or 
 line by which a 
 hawk or hound 
 is held. 2. 
 Brace and a 
 half; three. II. 
 vt. Hold by a 
 leash; bind. 
 [ O. Fr. lesse, 
 thong— L. lax- 
 us, loose.] 
 
 least (lest). I. a. (Serves as superl. of 
 little), little beyond all others; small- 
 est. II. adv. In the smallest or lowest 
 degree. [A. S. lest, contr. from Icesest, 
 from root of less.} 
 
 leather (leth'er). I. n. Prepared skin 
 of an animal. II. a. Consisting of 
 leather.— leath'ern, a. Made or con- 
 sisting of leather.— leath'ery, a. Re- 
 sembling leather; tough. [A.S. lether.] 
 
 leave (lev), n. 1. Permission; liberty 
 granted. 2. Formal parting of friends; 
 farewell. [A.S. leaf.} 
 
 leave (lev), vt. and vi. [leaving; left.] 
 1. Allow to remain. 2. Abandon; re- 
 sign. 3. Depart from. 4. Have re- 
 maining at death ; bequeath. 5. Refer 
 for decision. [A. S. Icefan, leave.] 
 
 Bloodhounds in leash. 
 
 leaved (level), leafed (left), a Fur- 
 nished with leaves : having a leaf *, 
 made with leaves or folds. 
 
 leaven (lev'n). I. n. Ferment which 
 makes dough rise in a spongy form. 
 II. vt. 1. Raise with leaven. 2. Taint; 
 imbue. [Fr. levain— L. levamen—levo, 
 
 leaves (levs), pi. of leaf. [raise.] 
 
 leavings (le'vingz), n. pi. Things left; 
 relics; refuse. 
 
 lecher (lech'er), n. Libertine. 
 
 lectern (lek'tern), n. Reading de*,£ in 
 a church. 
 
 lecture (lek'tur). I. n. 1. Instructive 
 discourse. 2. Formal reproof. II. vt. 
 Instruct by discourses or authorita- 
 tively; reprove. III. vi. Give a lecture 
 or lectures. — lec'turer, n. One who 
 lectures. [Fr.— L. lego, read.] 
 
 led (led), pa t. and pa. p. of lead, 
 show the way. 
 
 ledge (lej), n. Shelf; that which re- 
 sembles a shelf ; ridge of rocks; layer; 
 small molding. [A. S. lecgan, lay.] 
 
 ledger (lej'er), n. Principal book of a 
 merchant's accounts, in which the 
 entries in all the other books are en- 
 tered. 
 
 lee (le). I. n. Part toward which the 
 wind blows. II. a. As in lee-side, the 
 sheltered side of a ship ; lee-shore, the 
 shore opposite to the lee-side of a ship. 
 [A. S. Meow, shelter.] 
 
 leech (lech). I. n. Blood-sucking 
 worm. II. vt. Apply leeches to. [A. S. 
 lce.ee, pbysician.] \leac.\ 
 
 leeh (lek), n. Kind of onion. [A. S. 
 
 leer(ler). I. n. Sly, sidelong look. II. vi. 
 
 1. Look askance. 2. Look archly or 
 obliquely.— leer'ingly, adv. With a 
 leering look. [A. S. hleor, face, cheek.] 
 
 lees (lez), n. pi. Sediment or dregs 
 that settle at the bottom of liquor. 
 [Fr. lie. Origin doubtful.] 
 
 leeward (le'ward). I a. Pertaining to 
 or in the direction of the part toward 
 which the wind blows. II. adv. To- 
 ward the lee._ 
 
 leeway (le'wa), n. 1. Distance a ship 
 is driven to leeward of her true course. 
 
 2. Loss of headway; falling behind. 
 left (lef t), pa. t. -&n.&pa.p. of leave. 
 left (left). I. a. Pertaining to that side 
 
 of the body in which the heart is in 
 man. II. to. Side opposite to the right.— 
 left-hand'ed, a. 1. Having the left 
 hand stronger and readier than the 
 right. 2. Awkward; unlucky. [A. S. 
 lyft, weak.] 
 leg(leg),?i. 1. One of the limbs by which 
 animals walk or crawl. 2. Elongated 
 support of anything, as of a table. 3. 
 Anything resembling a leg. — leg- 
 ged , c. Having legs. [Icel. leggr.] 
 
 f&te, fat, %&sk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mijt;§, hut, burn > oil, owl, then,, 
 
legacy 
 
 308 
 
 leonine 
 
 legacy ( leg'a-si ), n. Bequest of prop- 
 erty (L. tegat urn— lego, leave by will.] 
 
 legal (le'gal),a. Pertaining or accord- 
 ing to law.— legally, adv. — legal- 
 ity, fa. [L. legalis — lex, legis, Taw.] 
 Syn. Lawful; legitimate; constitu- 
 tional; authorized; licit; rightful. 
 
 legalize (le'gal-iz), vt. Make legal. 
 
 legate ( leg'at) , n. Ambassador, esp. 
 from the Pope. — leg'ateship, n. 
 Office of a legate. [It. legato— L. lego, 
 send.] {legacy is left. 
 
 legatee (leg-a-te'), fa- One to whom a 
 
 legation (le-ga'shun), n. 1. Person or 
 persons sent as ambassadors; deputa- 
 tion. 2. Official residence or place of 
 business of ah ambassador; embassy. 
 
 legend ( lej'ehd) , n. 1. Marvelous or 
 romantic story from early times. 2. 
 Words on a coat of arms, medal, or 
 coin, etc.— legendary, a. Consisting 
 of legends; romantic; fabulous. [Fr. 
 — L. legendum, to be read — Jggo L read.] 
 
 legerdemain (lej-er-de-man'), n. 
 Sleight-of-hand ; jugglery. [Fr. leger 
 He main, light of hand.] 
 
 legglh (leg'irj), legging (leg'ing), n. 
 Covering For the leg. 
 
 legible (lej'i-bl), a. That maybe read; 
 distinct.— legibly, adv. — legible- 
 ness, legibil'ily, n. [L. legibilis— 
 lego, read?] 
 
 BegiOn (le'jun), n. (In ancient Rome) 
 body of soldiers of from three to six 
 thousand men; military force; great 
 number. [L. legio—lego, choose, levy.] 
 
 legislate (lej'is-lat), vi. Make laws.— 
 legislation, n. [L. lex, legis, law, 
 and lat-, bear.] [tag to legislation. 
 
 legislative (lej'isla'tiv), a. Pertain- 
 
 legiSlator ( lej'is-la-tur ) , n. One who 
 makes laws. 
 
 legislature (lej'is-la-tur),w. Body of 
 men in a state who have the power of 
 making laws. 
 
 legitimacy fle-jit'i-ma-si), n, ^eihg 
 according to law; regular desLt.>>i. 
 
 legitimate (le-jit'i-mat). t. d. Law- 
 ful; lawfully begotten; genuine; lair- 
 ly deduced. II. vt. Make lawful; give 
 the rights of a legitimate child to. 
 legitimately, adv.^ — legitima- 
 tion, h. [Low L. legitimo, -atum—lex.] 
 
 legitimist (le-jit'i-mist), fa. 1. One 
 whp supports legitimate authority. 
 £. In France, one who supported the 
 older line Of Bourbon, descendants of 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 legume (leg'um), n. Seed-vessel which 
 splits into two halves, having the 
 seeds attached to the ventral suture 
 duly; pod, as of the pea, bean, etc.— 
 legu'minous, a. [Fr.— L. legwmen, 
 that may be stripped.] 
 
 Longest meas- 
 or extent. 3. 
 
 leisure (le'zhor or lezh'-). I. n. Free- 
 dom from occupation. II. a. Unoc- 
 cupied. — lei'surely, a. and adv. 
 Done at leisure; slow; deliberate. [O. 
 Fr. leisir — L. licet, it is permitted.] 
 
 lemming (lem'ing), n. Arctic species 
 of wandering mouse. 
 
 lemon (lem'un), n. 1. Oval acid fruit. 
 
 2. Tree that bears lemons. — lemon- 
 ade', n. Drink made 
 
 of lemon-juice, 
 
 water, and sugar. 
 
 [Fr. limon — Pers. 
 
 Umun.] 
 lemur (le'mur). n. 
 
 Monkey-like ani- 
 mal in Madagascar. 
 
 [L. lemur, ghost.] 
 lend (lend), vt. [lend'- 
 
 ing; lent.] 1. Grant 
 
 the use of for a 
 
 time. 2. Afford or 
 
 grant, in general. 
 
 3. Let for hire. — 
 lend'er, n. [A. S. 
 Icenan. See loan.3 
 
 length (length), n. 1. 
 ure. 2. Continuance 
 Detail.— length'en, ?;£. and vi. Make 
 or grow longer. — length'ways, 
 length' wise, adv. In the way or di- 
 rection of the length. — length'y, a. 
 Rather long. — length'ily, adv. — 
 length'iness, n. [A. S.] 
 
 lenient (le'ni-ent), a. Mild; merciful. 
 le'niency, n. [L. — lenis, soft.] 
 
 lenitive (len'it-iv). I. a. Softening or 
 mitigating. II. n. Application fot 
 easing pain. 
 
 lenity(len'i-ti), n. Mildness; clemency. 
 
 lens (lenz), n. Piece of glass or other 
 transparent substance with one oi 
 both sides convex or concave. 
 
 Lent (lent), n. Fast of forty days, be- 
 ginning with Ash-Wednesday and 
 continuing till Easter. [A. S. tencten, 
 spring.] [used in Lent; meager. 
 
 lenten (len'ten), a. Relating to or 
 
 lenticular (len-tik'u-lar), lentiform 
 (len'ti-farm), a. Resembling a lens or 
 lentil; double convex.— lenticular- 
 ly, adv. [L. lenti- 
 cula, dim. of lens, 
 lentil. 
 
 lentil (len'til), n. 1. 
 Annual leguminous 
 plant. 2. Its edibile 
 seeds of a fiat, circu- 
 lar shape. [Fr. Un- 
 title— L. lens.] 
 
 Iieo (le'o), n. Constel- 
 lation of the zodiac. 
 
 leonine (le'5-nln), a. 
 
 1. Like a lion. 
 
 2. Consisting of riming hexameters. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
leopard 
 
 909 
 
 leviable 
 
 Leopard. 
 
 leopard (lep'ard), n. Ferocious animal 
 of the cat-kind, with a spotted skin, 
 in Asia and Africa. [Gr. leon, lion, 
 andpardos, pard.] 
 
 leper (lep'er), 
 n. One affect- 
 ed with le- 
 prosy.— lep- 
 rosy ( lep'- 
 ro-si), n. Con- 
 tagious dis- 
 ease of the 
 skin caused 
 by a bacillus 
 and marked 
 
 by a scurfy scab.— leprous (lep'rus), 
 a. Affected with leprosy. [L.— Gr. 
 lepra, leprosy, — lepos, .scale.] 
 
 lese-majesty (lez-maj'es-ti), n. High 
 treason. _ [Fr.=injured majesty.] 
 
 lesion (le'zhun), n. Injury; wound. 
 [Fr.— L. Icesio.] 
 
 less (les). I. a. (Serves as comp. of 
 little). Diminished ; smaller. II. 
 adv. Not so much; in a lower degree. 
 [A. S. Icessa—las, weak.] 
 
 lessee (les-se'), n. One to whom a 
 lease is granted. 
 
 lessen (les'n). I. vt. Make less; weak? 
 en; degrade. II. vi. Become less. 
 
 lesser (les'er), a. Smaller; inferior. 
 [A double comp., formed from less.] 
 
 lesson (ies'n). I. n. 1. Part read or 
 learned at one time. 2. Precept or 
 doctrine inculcated; instruction de- 
 rived from experience. 3. Portion of 
 Scripture read in divine service. 4. 
 Severe lecture. II. vt. Instruct; teach. 
 [Fr. lecon—Li. lectio— lego, read.] 
 
 lessor (les-sar'),». One who grants a 
 lease. 
 
 lest (lest), conj. That. . . not; for fear 
 that. [A. S. thy Ices the, that the less.] 
 
 let (let), vt. [let'ting; let.] 1. Give leave 
 or power to; allow; permit; suffer. 
 2. Grant to a tenant or hirer; rent; 
 lease. [A. S. Icetan, permit.] 
 
 let (let). I. vt. Hinder; retard. II. n. 
 Obstruction; delay. [A.S. lettan,ma,]s.Q 
 late.] [ly. [~L.—lethum, death.] 
 
 lethal (le'thal), a. Blotting out; dead- 
 lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. 1. Heavy un- 
 natural slumber; dullness. 2. Inacti- 
 vity; indifference. — lethargic (le- 
 thar'jik), a. [Gr. lethargia — lethe, 
 forgetfulness.] 
 
 Lethe ( le'the ), n. 1. Fabled river of 
 hell said to cause forgetfulness of the 
 past to all who drank of its waters, £. 
 Oblivion.— lethean (le- the' an), a. [Gr.] 
 
 letter (let'er). I. n. 1. Conventional 
 mark to represent a sound. 2. Writ- 
 ten or printed message. 3. Literal 
 meaning.— pi. Learning. II. vt. Stamp 
 
 or inscribe letters upon. — lett'erer, 
 
 n.— Letter- of -credit, n. Letter author- 
 izing credit or cash of a certain sum 
 to be paid to the bearer.— Letter-of- 
 marque (mark), n. Commission given 
 to a private ship by a government to 
 make reprisals on the vessels of an- 
 other state.— Letters-patent, n. Writing 
 conferring a patent or authorizing a 
 
 ?>erson to enjoy some privilege. [Fr. 
 ettre — L. liter a — lino, litum, smear, 
 stroke.] 
 
 lettered ( let'erd ), a. 1. Marked with 
 letters. 2. Educated ; versed in litera- 
 ture. 3. Belonging to learning. 
 
 lettering- (let'er-ing), n. 1. Act of im- 
 pressing letters. 2. Letters impressed. 
 
 letterpress (let'er-pres ), n. Matter 
 printed from type, as distinguished 
 from engraving. 
 
 lettuce (let'is), n. Plant the leaves ol 
 which are used as a salad. [O. Fr. 
 laictuce—Ij. lactuca—lac, milk, from its 
 milky juice.] 
 
 leucous(iu'kus), a. White. [Gr. imkos.] 
 
 Levant (le-vanf), n. 1. The coasts ol 
 the Mediterranean east of Italy. 2. 
 Easterly wind on the Mediterranean. 
 [It. = rising (sun).] [Eastern. 
 
 levant (lev'ant), a. 1. Rising. 2. 
 
 levant (le-vanf), vi. Run away without 
 paying; decamp. [Sp. levantar elcam- 
 po, break up camp.] [to the Levant. 
 
 levantine (le-van'tln), a. Belonging 
 
 levee (lev'e), n. 1. Morning assembly 
 of visitors. 2. Assembly received by 
 a sovereign or other great personage. 
 3. Embankment along a river, to pre- 
 vent inundation. [Fr. levee, rising— 
 lever.] 
 
 level (lev'el). I. n. 1. Horizontal line 
 or plane. 2. Proper position. 3. Usual 
 or average elevation. 4. State of 
 eauality. 5. Line of direction. 6. In- 
 strument for showing the horizontal. 
 II. a. Horizontal; even with anything 
 else. III. vt. Make horizontal; make 
 flat or smooth. 2. Make equal; take 
 aim with, as a gun.— lev'eler, n. — 
 lev'eling, n. 1. Making level. 2. Act 
 of determining the levels of different 
 
 ?oints.— lev'elness, n. [O. Fr. livel— 
 i. libella, plummet,— libra, balance.] 
 
 lever (le'ver or lev'er), n. Bar of metal 
 or wood turning on a support called 
 the fulcrum or prop, for moving 
 weights.— leverage (lev'er-aj or le'- 
 ver-aj), n. Mechanical power gained 
 by the use of the lever. [Fr. tevier— 
 lever— L. levo, raise.] 
 
 leveret (lev'er-et), n. Hare in its first 
 year. [O. Fr. levrault—Ij. lepus, bare.] 
 
 leviable (lev^-a-bl), a. That may be 
 assessed and collected. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. bum; olL owL then. 
 
leviathan 
 
 810 
 
 licentiate 
 
 leviathan (le-vi'a-than), n. 1. Huge 
 aquatic animal, described in the book 
 of Job. 2. Anything of huge size. 
 [Heb. livydthdn.] 
 
 levigate (lev'i-gat), vt. Free from grit; 
 work smooth ; mix thoroughly. [L.— 
 levis, smooth.] 
 
 I<evite (le'vit), n. 1. Descendant of 
 Levi. 2. Inferior priest of the ancient 
 Jewish Church. — I^evit'ical, a. 
 [From Levi,_ son of Jacob.] 
 
 Leviticus (le-vit'i-kus), n. Third book 
 of the Old Testament containing the 
 ceremonial law. 
 
 levity (lev'it-i), n. 1. Lightness of 
 weight. 2. Lack of earnestness or due 
 respect. [L. levitas— levis, light.] 
 Syn. Flightiness; thoughtlessness. 
 
 levy (lev'i). I. vt. Collect by authority, 
 as an army or a tax. II. n. 1. Act of 
 collecting by authority. 2. Troops or 
 money so collected. 3. Legal seizure 
 of property. [Fr. lever— L. levo raise.] 
 
 lewis (lu'is), n. Wedge-shaped tenon, 
 fitted into a mortise in a large stone, 
 and used to hoist it. 
 
 lewd (lud or lod), a. Licentious ; un- 
 chaste.— lewd'ly, adv. 
 -lewdness, n. [A. 
 S. laewed, vulgar.] 
 
 lexicographer 
 ( leks-i-kog'ra-fer ), 
 n. One who com- 
 piles a dictionary. 
 
 lexicography 
 (leks-i-kog'ra-fi) , n. 
 Act or art of writ- 
 ing a dictionary.— 
 lexicograph'ic , 
 lexicographic- 
 al, a. [Gr. lexikon, 
 and grapho, write.] 
 
 lexicon (leks'i-kon). ^.Dictionary, esp. 
 Greek or Hebrew. [Gr.— lexis, word.] 
 
 Iieyden-jar ( li'denjar ), n. Glass-jar 
 lined inside and outside with tinfoil 
 for about two thirds of its height, 
 used as a condenser of electricity. 
 
 liability ( li-a-bil'i-ti ), n. 1. State of 
 being liable. 2. Debt; obligation. 
 
 liable (ll'a-bl), a. 1. Bound in law or 
 equity; answerable. 2. Exposed to 
 error, evil, etc.— li'ableness, n. [Fr. 
 — Her— L. ligare, bind.] 
 
 Syn. Responsible; apt; subject; fit; 
 likely; prone. 
 
 liaison ( le-a-zong' ), n. Love-affair; 
 association. [Fr.] [falsehood. 
 
 liar (li'ar), n. One who lies, or utters 
 
 libation (li-ba'shun), n. 1. Act of pour- 
 ing out wine in honor of a deity. 2. 
 Liquid noured. [L.— Gr. leibo, pour] 
 
 libel (li'bel). I. n. 1. Malicious defam- 
 atory publication. 2. Statement of a 
 
 plaintiff's grounds of complaint in a 
 court of admiralty. II. vt. 1. Defame 
 by libel; satirize unfairly; lampoon. 
 2. Proceed against, in a court of admi- 
 ralty. — li'beler, n. — libelous, a. 
 Containing a libel; defamatory. — 
 li'belously, adv. [L. libellus, dim. 
 of liber, book.] 
 
 liberal (lib'er-al). I. a. 1. Generous; 
 noble minded. 2. Broad; not ortho- 
 dox or conservative. 3. Ample; pro- 
 fuse. II. n. One who advocates greater 
 freedom in religious or political ins- 
 titutions. — lib'eralism, n. Princi- 
 ples of a liberal in politics or religion. 
 — liberality, n. Quality of being 
 liberal; generosity; largeness or no- 
 bleness of mind. — lib'erally, adv. 
 [L.— liber, free.] 
 
 liberate (lib'er-at), vt. Set free; re- 
 lease from restraint, confinement, or 
 bondage.— liberation, n.— libera- 
 tor ( lib'er-at-iir ), n. One who liber- 
 ates or frees. 
 
 libertine ( lib'er-tin ), n. One who 
 leads a licentious life; rake. [L. 
 libertinus, freedman.] 
 
 liberty (lib'er-ti), n. 1. Freedom from 
 restraint. 2. Unrestrained enjoyment 
 of natural rights. 3. Privilege. 4. 
 Transgression of another's rights; 
 act of impudence. 5. Power of choice. 
 [L. libertas.] 
 
 Iiibra (li'bra), n. Zo- 
 diacal constellation. 
 [L. = pair of scales.] 
 
 librarian (li-bra'ri- 
 an), n. Keeper of a 
 library. — libra'- 
 rianship, n. [L. li- 
 brarius, transcriber.] 
 
 library (li'bra-ri), n. 
 1. Collection of 
 books. 2. Building 
 or room containing 
 a collection of books, 
 book.] 
 
 libretto ( li-bret'o ), n. Book contain- 
 ing the words of an opera or other mu- 
 sical composition. [It. dim. of libro— 
 L. liber, book.] [a libretto. 
 
 librettist (li-bret'ist), n. Composer of 
 
 lice (lis), pi. of louse. 
 
 license (li'sens). I. n. 1. Leave; per- 
 mission. 2. Document by which au- 
 thority is conferred. 3. Excess or 
 abuse of freedom. II. vt. 1. Grant 
 license to. 2. Authorize; permit. [Fr. 
 — L. licentia— licet, it is allowed.] 
 
 licentiate ( li-sen'shi-at ), , n. 1. One 
 who has a license to exercise a profes- 
 sion. 2. University degree between 
 those of bachelor and doctor. 
 
 Libra. (^\.) 
 [ L. — liber, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf.- 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
licentious 
 
 311 
 
 light 
 
 licentious (11-sen'shus), a. Indulging 
 in excessive freedom; dissolute. — 
 licen'tiously, adv. — licentious- 
 ness, n. [Fr. — L. licentiosus.] 
 
 lichen(li'ken orlich'en), n. 1. One of an 
 order of cellular, nowerless plants. 2. 
 Kind of skin disease. [Gr.] 
 
 lichgate (lich'gat) , n. Churchyard 
 gate with a porch to rest the bier 
 under. [A. S. lie (Ger. leiche), corpse, 
 and gate.] 
 
 licit (lik), vt. Pass the tongue over; 
 lap. — liek'er, n. [A. S. liccian.] 
 
 lick. (lik). I. vt. Strike; heat; conquer. 
 II. n. Stroke.— lick ing , n. Thrash- 
 ing. [Colloquial.] 
 
 lickerish ( lik'er-ish ) , a. 1. Dainty. 
 
 2. Eager to taste or enjoy. 
 licorice (Lik'ur-is), n. Plant having a 
 
 sweet root, from which is extracted 
 the common stick licorice. [Gr. glykys, 
 sweet, and rhiza, root.] 
 
 lictor (lik'tiir), n. Officer attending a 
 Roman magistrate, bearing an axe in 
 a bundle of rods. [L.] [A. S. hlid.] 
 
 lid (lid), n. Cover; cover of the eye. 
 
 lie (li). I. n. Anything meant to de- 
 ceive; intentional violation of truth. 
 II. vi. [ly'ing; lied.] Utter a falsehood 
 with an intention to deceive; make a 
 false representation. — A lie out of 
 whole cloth, a lie wholly fabricated, 
 without any foundation in fact. — Give 
 the lie to, accuse of lying. [A. S. leogan.] 
 
 lie (li), vi. [lying; lay; lain.] 1. Rest 
 in a reclining posture. 2. Press upon. 
 
 3. Be situated. 4. Abide. 5. Consist. 
 6. Inlazv, be sustainable. — li'er, n. 
 [A. S^ licgan.] 
 
 lief (lef), adv. Gladly; willingly, chief- 
 ly used in the phrase, "I had as lief." 
 [A. S. leof. Ger. lieb, loved.] 
 
 liege (lej). I- a - 1- Under a feudal ten- 
 ure. 2. Sovereign or having lieges. 
 II. n. 1. One under a feudal tenure; 
 vassal. 2. Lord or superior or one 
 who has lieges. [Fr. lige, which prob. 
 is derived from O. Ger. ledec (Ger. 
 ledig)j free, unfettered.] 
 
 lien (len or le'en), n. Right in one to 
 retain the property of another to pay 
 a claim. [Fr.=tie, band— L. ligamen — 
 ligo, bind.] [locus, place. 
 
 lien (lu), n. Place; stead. [Fr.— L. 
 
 lieutenant (lu-teu'ant), n. 1. Officer 
 holding the place of another in his 
 absence. 2. Commissioned officer in 
 the army next below a captain, or in 
 the navy next below a commander. 3. 
 One holding a place next in rank to a 
 superior, as lieutenant-colonel, lieu- 
 tenant-general. — lieutenancy, n. 
 Office or commission of a lieutenant. 
 [Fr. —lieu. place, and tenant, holding.] 
 
 life (lif), n. 1. State of living; animate 
 existence. 2. Period between birth 
 and death; present state of existence. 
 
 3. Manner of living; moral conduct. 
 
 4. Vital force; animation. 5. Living 
 being. 6. System of animal nature. 
 7. Social state; human affairs. 8. 
 Narrative of a life.— pi. lives (livz). 
 [A.S.] 
 
 lifeboat (lif'b5t), n. Boat of great 
 buoyancy for saving shipwrecked 
 persons. 
 
 life-insurance (llf'-in-shor'ans), n. 
 Contract by which a sum of money is 
 insured to be paid at the close of a 
 
 Jerson's life. 
 eless (lif 'les) ,a. Dead ; without vigor ; 
 insipid; sluggish. — lifelessly, adv. 
 — life'lessness, n. [rate. 
 
 lifelike (lif lik), a. True to life; accu- 
 
 lifelong (liflang), a. During the 
 length of a life. 
 
 life-preserver ( Hf'pre-zer'vSr ), n. 
 Device to save one from drowning. 
 
 lifetime (lif'tlm), n. Period during 
 which life continues. 
 
 lift (lift), vt. 1. Bring to a higher posi- 
 tion ; elevate ; elate. 2. Take and 
 carry away. II. vi. 1. Rise; disap- 
 
 ?ear. III. n. 1. Act of lifting. 2. 
 'hat which is to be raised. 3. That 
 which lifts, as a hoisting machine, 
 elevator, etc. 4. Distance through 
 which something is lifted. 5. Helping 
 hand ; assistance. [ A. S. lyft, air. 
 Ger. luft. Akin to loft.] 
 
 ligament (lig'a-ment), n. 1. Anything 
 that binds. 2'. Membrane connecting 
 movable bones or holding an organ 
 in position. [L. ligo, bind.] 
 
 ligature (lig r a-tur), . n. 1. Binding; 
 bandage. 2. Cord or wire for tying 
 blood vessels, etc. 
 
 light (lit). I. n. 1. Agent by which ob- 
 jects are rendered visible. 2. That 
 which gives light, as the sun, a can- 
 dle, etc. 3. Daylight; day. 4. Opening 
 or window admitting light. 5. Illu- 
 minated part of a picture. 6. Mental 
 or spiritual illumination; enlighten- 
 ment; knowledge. 7. Point of view. 
 II. a. 1. Not dark; bright. 2. Whit- 
 ish. III. vt. [lighting; light'ed or 
 lit.] 1. Give light to. 2. Set fire to. 
 3. Attend with a light. IV. vi. 1. (With 
 up) become bright or illuminated. 2. 
 Take fire.— light'er, n. [A. S. leoht, 
 lyht. Ger. licht.] 
 
 light (lit), a. 1. Not heavy. 2. Easily 
 suffered or performed. 3. Easily di- 
 gested. 4. Not heavily armed. 5. Not 
 heavily burdened. 6. Unimportant. 
 7. Not dense or copious. 8. Gentle; 
 delicate. 9. Easily influenced. 10. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fajll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
light 
 
 312 
 
 lisne-julce 
 
 Lighthouse, 
 sectional view. 
 
 Frivolous; gay ; lively; amusing. 11. 
 Not of legal weight. 12. Loose; sandy. 
 — lightly, adv. Easily; carelessly.— 
 lightness, n. [A.S. leoht. Ger. leicht.] 
 light (lit), vi. flight'ing; light'ed or 
 lit.] 1, Descend from night, as a bird. 
 
 2. Descend from a horse or carriage. 
 
 3. Come (upon) by chance or sudden- 
 ly. [^Relieve (a horse) of his burden.] 
 
 tighten (li'tn). I. vt. 
 Make light or clear ; 
 illuminate with knowl- 
 edge. II. vi. 1. Shine 
 like lightning ; flash. 
 2. Become less dark. 
 
 lighten (li'tn), vt. Make 
 lighter or less heavy; 
 alleviate; cheer. 
 
 lighter (li'ter) n. Large 
 open boat used in un- 
 loading and loading 
 ships too large to reach 
 the wharf. — lighter- 
 man, n. 
 
 l*ighthouse(lit'hows), n. 
 Tower or structure 
 with a light at the top 
 to guide mariners at 
 night. 
 
 lightning (lit'ning), n. 
 Electric flash, usually 
 followed by thunder.— 
 lightning-rod ( lit'- 
 ning-rod), n. Metallic rod for pro- 
 tecting buildings from lightning. 
 
 lights (lits), n.pl. Lungs of animals. 
 [From their light weight.] 
 
 lightship (lit'ship), n. Vessel carry- 
 ing aloft warning lights. 
 
 lightsome (lit'sum), a. Light, lively, 
 gay, cheering.— light'someness, n. 
 
 ligneous (lig'ne-us), a. Wooden; 
 woody; made of wood. [L. ligneus — 
 lignum, wood.] 
 
 lignite (iig'nit), n. Coal retaining the 
 texture of wood.— lignit'ic, a. 
 
 lignum-vitae (lig'num-vi'te) , n. South 
 American tree with very hard wood. 
 
 ligule (lig'ul), n. 1. Flat part of the 
 leaf of a grass. 2. Strap-shaped petal. 
 [L. ligula. dim. of lingua, tongue.] 
 
 like (Ilk). I. a. Equal in quantity, 
 quality, or degree; similar. II. n. 1. 
 Like thing or person ; resemblance. 
 2. Liking. III. adv. In the same man- 
 ner. [A. S. ge-lic — lie, body.] 
 
 lifce (lik), vt. Be pleased with; ap- 
 prove; enjoy. [A. S. lician, be pleasing 
 (orig. used impersonally: it likes me, 
 pleases me,) — lie, like.] 
 
 £ikely (iik'li). I. a. Credible; proba- 
 ble; having reason to be expected; 
 agreeable ; good looking. II. adv. Pro- 
 bably, -like'liness, likelihood ,n. 
 
 Lily of the valley. 
 
 liken (li'kn), vt. Compare. 
 
 likeness (lik'ness), n. 1. Resemblance. 
 2. One who or that which resembles. 
 Syn. Similarity; similitude; paral- 
 lel; picture; portrait; effigy. 
 
 likewise (lik'wiz), adv. 1. In like wise 
 or manner. 2. Also; moreover; too. 
 
 liking (11'kmg), n. Inclination; satis- 
 faction; preference; pleasure. 
 
 lilac (li'lak), I. n. Pretty, fragrant, 
 flowering shrub. II. a. Of the color 
 of lilac flowers; pale purple= [Pers. 
 lilaj.] 
 
 Lilliputian (lil-i-pu'shan ). I. n. 1. 
 Inhabitant of the island of Lilliput, 
 described by Swift in his Gulliver's 
 Travels. 2. Person of small size, a 
 dwarf. II. a. Of 
 small size; 
 dwarfish. 
 
 lily (lil'i), n. 
 Bulbous plant, 
 with showy 
 flowers. — Lily 
 of the valley. 
 well-known 
 flower of the lil- 
 y genus. [A. S. 
 lilie — L. lilium.] 
 
 limb (lim). I. n. 
 
 I. Jointed part 
 in animals, as 
 leg, arm. 2. Projecting part; branch 
 of a tree. II. vt. Cut or tear off the 
 limbs. [A.S. Urn.] 
 
 limb ( lim ), n. Edge or border, as of 
 the sun, etc. ; edge of a sextant, disk, 
 etc. [L. limbus.] 
 
 limber (lim'ber). I. n. Part of a gun- 
 carriage consisting of two wheels and 
 a shaft to which the horses are attach- 
 ed. II. vt. Attach to the limbers, as a 
 gun. [Icel. limar, bough.] 
 
 limber (lim'ber). I. a. Pliant, flexible. 
 
 II. vi. Make pliant. — lim'berness., 
 n. [From limp.] • 
 
 limbo (lim'bo), limbus (lim'bus), n. 
 1. Place on the borders of hell, in 
 which the-souls of the pious who died 
 before the time of Christ, awaited his 
 coming, and where the souls of un- 
 baptized infants remain (Roman 
 Catholic theology). 2. Place of confine- 
 ment. [It. limbo— L. limbus, border.] 
 
 lime (lim). I. n. 1. Any slimy or gluey 
 material; birdlime. 2. White caustic 
 earth from limestone, used with sand 
 to make mortar. II. vt. Cover with 
 birdlime; insnare. [A. S. lim, glue.] 
 
 lime (lim), n. Kind of citron or lemon 
 tree and its fruit. ? [Fr. See lemon.] 
 
 lime-juice (lim'jos), n. Acid juice of 
 the lime, used at sea as a specific 
 against scurvy. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
limekiln 
 
 313 
 
 links 
 
 limekiln (llm'kil), n. Kiln or furnace 
 in winch limestone is burned to lime. 
 
 limestone ( lim'ston ), n. Stone from 
 which lime is procured by burning. 
 
 lime-tree ( lim'tre), n. Linden-tree. 
 [From line— Ger. Uncle.] 
 
 lime water ( lim'wa-ter ], n.. Solution 
 of lime, used as a tonic and antacid. 
 
 limit (lim'it). I. n. Utmost extent. II. 
 vt. Confine within bounds; restrain.— 
 limit able, a. That may be limited. 
 — limitation, n. 1. Act of limit- 
 ing. 2. State of being limited. 3. 
 Time within which something must 
 be done, and esp. an action at law will 
 lie.— limited, a. Within limits; nar- 
 row; restricted to first class coaches, 
 as a train.— Limited liability, in a joint- 
 stock company means that the mem- 
 bers are liable only in a fixed propor- 
 tion to each share.— limitless, a. 
 Boundless; immense; infinite. [Fr.— 
 L. limes, sill.] 
 
 Syn. Restriction; hindrance; bound- 
 ary; border; edge; confine. 
 
 limn (lim). vt. Draw or paint, esp. in 
 water-colors. — limner (lim'ner), n. 
 [Fr. enluminer, illuminate.] 
 
 limp (limp), a. 1. Wanting stiffness, 
 flexible. 2. Weak, flaccid. [Icel. limpa, 
 weakness.] 
 
 limp (limp). I. vi. Walk lamely. II. 
 n. Act of limping; halt. [A. S. limp- 
 healt, lame.] 
 
 limpet (lim'pet), n. Small shell-fish, 
 which clings to rocks. [A. S. lempedu, 
 probably corr. — lamprede, lamprey.] 
 
 limpid (lim'pid), a. Clear; lucid; pure. 
 — limpid'ity, iim'pidness, ns. 
 [L. probably corr. from liquidus.] 
 Syn. Transparent; translucent. 
 
 limy (Hm'i),a. 1. Glutinous; sticky. 2. 
 
 'Containing, resembling, or like lime. 
 
 linchpin (linchpin), n. Pin used to 
 keep the wheel of a carriage on the 
 axle. [A. S. lynis, axle.] 
 
 linden (lin'den), n. Tree with heart- 
 shaped leaves and panicles of yellow- 
 
 [ ish flowers, called, also, lime-tree. [A. 
 S., Sw., Icel. lind, Ger. linde, O. Ger. 
 linta.] 
 
 line (lin), n. 1. Slender cord." 2. That 
 which has length without breadth or 
 thickness. 3. Straight row; verse, in 
 poetry. 4. Course. 5. Department. 6. 
 Series; succession. 7. Mark or linea- 
 ment, hence a characteristic. 8. Short 
 letter or note. 9. In pi. Military works 
 of defence. 10. Lineage. 11. Regular 
 infantry of an army. 12.pl. Reins. 13. 
 Twelfth part of an inch. 14. Series of 
 Dublic conveyances, as steamers. 15. 
 Particular stock of goods. [L. linea— 
 Knum, flax.] 
 
 line (lin). I. vt. 1. Mark out with lines. 
 
 2. Cover with lines. 3. Place or form 
 in a line. II. vi. Form in line, as sol- 
 diers, [linen or other material. 
 
 line (lin), vt. Cover on the inside with 
 
 lineage (lin'e-aj), n. Desce* t or de- 
 scendants in a line from a common 
 progenitor ; race ; family. 
 
 lineal (lin'e-al), a. Of or belonging to 
 a line; composed of lines; in the di- 
 rection of aline; descended in a di- 
 rect line from an ancestor.— lin'ea-1- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 lineament (lin'e-a-ment),fi. Feature; 
 distinguishing mark in the form, esp. 
 of the face. 
 
 linear (lin'e-ar), a. Of or belonging to 
 a line; consisting of or having the 
 form of lines; straight; narrow. — 
 lin early, adv. 
 
 linen (lin'en). I. n. 1. Cloth made of 
 flax. 2. Underclothing. II. a. Made 
 of flax. [A. S. lin — L. linum, flax.] 
 
 liner (liner), n. 1. One who lines. 2. 
 Vessel belonging to a regular line of 
 steamships. 
 
 linger ( ling'er ), vi. Remain; loiter.— 
 lingering, a. Protracted. [ A. S. 
 lengan, protract,— lang, long.] 
 Syn. Tarry; hesitate. See LAG. 
 
 lingerie(larig-zhe-re'), n. Linen goods, 
 especially women's underwear. [Fr,] 
 
 lingo (ling'o), n. Language; speech; 
 dialect. [Port.— L. lingua, tongue.] 
 
 lingual (ling'wal). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the tongue. It n. Letter produced 
 mainly by the tongue, as I. — lin'- 
 gually, adv. [From L. lingua, ton- 
 gue.] 
 
 linguist (ling'wist), n. One versed 
 in languages. — linguistic ( ling- 
 wis'tik), a. Pertaining to languages. 
 — linguist'ics, n. Science of lan- 
 guages. 
 
 liniment (lin'i-ment), n. Stimulating 
 or healing lotion. [L. linimentum—lino, 
 besmear.] 
 
 lining (li'ning) n. 1. Act of drawing 
 lines, or covering the inside. 2. Inside 
 covering. 
 
 link (lingk). I. n. 1. Loop or ring of 
 a chain. 2. Anything that connects. 
 
 3. Single part oi a series. II. vt. and 
 vi. Connect as by a link; join. [A. S. 
 hlence. Ger. gelenk.] 
 
 link (lingk), n. Torch of pitch and 
 tow.— link'boy, n. Boy who carries 
 a torch to light travelers. [Prob. corr. 
 from Dut. lont, gunner's match of 
 tow (lint). ] 
 
 links (lingks), n. pi. Stretch of flat or 
 gensly undulating ground on which 
 the game of golf is played. [Scotch.] 
 
 *fcte, «ftt, task, ffer, *ftll, (tare, above; roe, met, her; mite, mit; ra§Se, n«t, uaSvw, wpjfj 
 mate, but, b.ir-.) ; oil, 0W |, »,cn. 
 
linnet 
 
 314 
 
 literati 
 
 Linnet. 
 
 linnet (lin'et), n. Small singing-bird, 
 that feeds on the seed of flax. [Fr, 
 linot.] 
 
 linolenm ( lin- 
 
 oie-um), n. 
 Floorcloth 
 made of ground 
 cork and hard- 
 ened linseed-oil 
 on a canvas 
 backing. [L. — 
 linum, and oleum, oil.] 
 
 linotype (lin'o-tip, or lm'-), n. Machine 
 that produces words in stereotyped 
 lines from matrices of type automat- 
 ically set. [Eng. line and type.] 
 
 linseed (lin'sed), n. Flax seed.— lin'- 
 seed-cake, n. Cake remaining when 
 the oil is pressed out of flax seed. — 
 linseed-oil, n. Oil from flaxseed. 
 [From lint.] 
 
 linsey-woolsey (lin'ze-wol'ze). I. a. 
 Made of linen and wool mixed. II. n. 
 Thin coarse stuff of linen and wool 
 mixed. 
 
 lint (lint), n. 1. Flax, 2. Linen scrap- 
 ed into a soft woolly substance to lay 
 on wounds. 3. Down. 
 
 lintel ( lin'tel ), n. Piece of timber or 
 stone over a doorway. [O. Fr. — Low 
 L. lintellus— limes, sill.] 
 
 lion ( li'un ), n. 1. Large and fierce 
 quadruped of Africa, remarkable for 
 its strength and courage. 2. Man 
 strong or fierce as a lion. 3. Constel- 
 lation and sign of the zodiac. See cut 
 under leo. 4. One who is made much 
 of, or is regarded and treated as a 
 hero.— lioness, fern.— lion-heart- 
 ed, a. Having the heart or courage of 
 a lion.— li'onize, vt. Treat as a hero 
 or popular favorite. — Lion's share, 
 unduly large share. [O. Fr.— L. leo.~] 
 
 lip (lip), n. 1. Muscular border in front 
 of the teeth by which drink, food and 
 other things are taken into the 
 mouth. 2. Edge. [A. S. lippa.] 
 
 lipped (lipt), n. Having lips; having a 
 raised and rounded edge like a lip. 
 
 liquefaction (lik-we-fak'shun), n. 1. 
 Act or process of making liquid. 2. 
 State of being melted. 
 
 liquefy (lik'we-fi). L vt. Convert into 
 liquid; dissolve. II. vi. Become liquid. 
 [L.— liqueo, be liquid, and/aao, make.] 
 
 liqueur ( lik-er'), n. Flavored spirit; 
 cordial. [Fr.] 
 
 liquid (likHvid). I. a. Flowing; fluid; 
 soft; smooth; clear. II. n. 1. Flowing 
 substance. 2. Letter of a smooth 
 sound, as I and v.— Liquid air, color- 
 less dry liquid of a temperature of 
 312° F. below zero, obtained by sub- 
 jecting air to great pressure and 
 
 depriving it of its heat, —liquidity, 
 liq'uidness, n. [L. liquidus— liqueo, 
 be fluid.] 
 
 liquidate ( lik'wi-dat ) vt 1 Make 
 clear or settle, esp. an account by 
 agreement or litigation. 2 Arrange 
 or wind up the affairs of a bankrupt 
 estate. — liquidation, n. Clearing 
 up of money affairs of a bankrupt 
 estate. [2, Alcoholic drink, 
 
 liquor (lik'iir), n. 1. Anything liquid 
 
 liquorice (lik'ur-is), n. Same as lic- 
 orice. 
 
 lisp (lisp). I. vi. 1. Pronouncing th for 
 s or z. 2. Articulate as a child; utteg 
 imperfectly. II. vt. Pronounce with a 
 lisp. III. n. Act of or habit of lisping, 
 [A. S. wlisp.] [A. S. lista.) 
 
 list (list), n. Stripe or border of cloth. 
 
 list (list). I. n. Catalogue or roll. II. 
 vt. 1. Place in a list or catalogue. 2. 
 Engage for the public service, as sol- 
 diers. [Fr. liste—'O. Ger. lista, stripe s 
 border. A. S. list.] 
 
 list (list), n. Line inclosing a piece of 
 ground, esp. for combat. — pi. Lists, 
 the ground inclosed for. a contest. — > 
 Enter the lists, engage in contest. [Fr. 
 lice. It. lizza— Low L. licm, barriers, 
 of unknown origin.] 
 
 list (list), vt. Desire; like or pleaSa, 
 choose. [A. S, lystan, desire.] 
 
 list (list), vt. or vi. Listen. 
 
 listen (lis'n). I. vt. Hear or attend to, 
 II. vi. Give ear or hearken; follow 
 advice. — listener (lis'n-er), n. One 
 who listens or hearkens. [A. S. 
 hlistan.] 
 
 listless (list'les), a. Having no desire 
 or wish; careless ; uninterested j 
 weary; indolent.— listlessly, adv.— 
 list'lessness, n. 
 
 lit, pa. t. and pa. p. of light, lighten, 
 and light, alight. 
 
 litany (lii'a-ni), n. Form of supplica- 
 tion in public worship. [Gr. liianeia— 
 lite, prayer.] 
 
 literal (lit'er-al), a. According to the 
 letter; plain; 'not figurative or meta- 
 phorical; following the letter or exact 
 meaning, word for word. — lit'eral- 
 ly, adv. — lit'eralness, n. [Fr. — L. 
 literalis—litera, letter.] 
 
 literary (lit'er-ar-i), a. 1. Belonging 
 to letters or learning; pertaining to 
 men of letters. 2. Derived from learn- 
 ing; skilled in learning. 3. Consist- 
 ing of written or printed composi- 
 tions. [L. literarius.] 
 
 literate (lit'er-at). I. a. Acquainted 
 with letters or learned. II. n. Edu- 
 cated person. [L. literatus.] 
 
 literati (lit-er-a'ti), n. pi. Men of let- 
 ters; the learned 
 
 fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
literature 
 
 315 
 
 living 
 
 literature (lit'er-a-tiir), n. 1. Science 
 of letters or what is written. 2. Whole 
 body of literary compositions in a 
 language, or on a given subject. 3. 
 All literary productions except those 
 relating to positive science and art; 
 belles-lettres. [L. literatura.'] 
 
 litharge (lith'arj ), n. Semi- vitrified 
 oxide of lead separated from silver in 
 refining. [Gr. lithargyros—lithos, stone 
 and argyros, silver.] 
 
 lithe {lith), a. Flexible; supple; active. 
 — lithe'ness, n. [A. S. lithe, linthe; 
 Ger. ge-lind, soft, tender.] 
 
 lithesome (li^i'sum),a. Lithe; supple; 
 nimble.— lithe'someness, n. 
 
 lithia ( lith'i-a ), n. Oxide of lithium, 
 soluble in water. 
 
 li thic (lith'ik) , a. 1. Pertaining to stone. 
 2. Pertaining to stone in the bladder. 
 
 lithium ( lith'i-um ), n. Lightest of 
 all known solid elements, a silver- 
 white metal. 
 
 lithograph (lith'o-graph). I. vt. Write 
 or engrave on stoue and transfer to 
 paper by printing. II. n. Print from 
 stone. [Gr. lithos, stone, and grapho, 
 write.] 
 
 lithographer (lith-og'ra-fer), n. One 
 who practices the art of lithography. 
 
 lithographic (lith-o-graf'ikj, a. Be- 
 longing to lithograph y.— litho- 
 graphically, adv. 
 
 lithography (lith-og'ra-fi), n. Art of 
 writing or engraving on stone, and 
 printing therefrom. 
 
 lithology (li-thol'o-ji), n. 1. Science of 
 the composition of rocks. 2. Science 
 of calculi found in the human body. 
 
 lithotrity (li-thot'ri-ti), n. Crushing 
 of stone in the bladder. 
 
 litigant (lit'i-gant). I. a. Contending 
 at law. II. 7i= " Person engaged in a 
 lawsuit. 
 
 litigate ( lit'i-gat ). I. vt. Contest in 
 law. II. vi. Carry on a lawsuit.— liti- 
 ga'tion, n. [L. litigo—lis, strife, and 
 ago, do.] 
 
 litigious (li-tij'us)\ a. 1. Inclined to 
 engage in lawsuits. 2. Subject to con- 
 tention. 
 
 litmus paper ( lit'mus pa'per ), n. 
 Blue paper which turns red in an 
 acid. An alkali restores the blue. 
 
 litter (lifer). I. n. Heapof straw, etc., 
 for animals to lie upon. 2. Any scat- 
 tered collection of objects, esp. of 
 little value. 3. Vehicle containing a 
 bed, for carrying about. 4. Brood of 
 small quadrupeds. II. vt. 1. Cover or 
 supply with litter; scatter carelessly 
 about. 2. Give birth to. III. vi. Pro- 
 duce a litter or brood. [Pr. litiere— 
 Low L. lectaria — L. lectus, bed.] 
 
 little (lit'l). I. a. [less; least.] Small 
 in quantity or extent; weak; poor; 
 brief; insignificant; narrow; mean. 
 II. n. That which is small in quantity 
 or extent. Ill- adv. Small quantity; 
 not much.— littleness, n. [A.S. lytet.] 
 
 littoral (lit'o-ral). I. a. Belonging to 
 the sea-shore. II. n. Shore; tract bor- 
 dering shore of the sea. [L. littus, 
 -oris, shorej 
 
 liturgy (lit'ur-ji), n. Form of service or 
 established ritual of a church [Gr. lei- 
 tourgia — leitos, public — laos, people, 
 and ergo, work.] 
 
 live (liv). I. vi. 1. Have life; continue 
 in life, 2. Last. 3. Subsist 4. Enjoy 
 life; be in a state of happiness. 5 Be 
 nourished or supported. 6. Dwell. 
 II. vt. 1. Spend. 2. Act in continuity 
 (to). [A.S. lifian, lybban.] 
 
 live (liv) a. 1. Having life; alive; not 
 dead. 2. Active; containing fire; 
 
 burning; vivid. lived (livd), used 
 
 in compounds, as long-lived. 
 
 livelihood ( liv'li-hod ), n. Means of 
 living; support. 
 
 livelong (liv'lang), a. 1. That lives or 
 lasts long. 2. As long as life. 3. Pass- 
 ing slowly; tedious. 
 
 lively (liv'li). I. a. Having or showing 
 life; vigorous; active. II. adv. Viva- 
 ciously; vigorously.— liveliness, n. 
 Syn. Sprightly; strong; vivid; brisk. 
 
 liver (liv'er), n. Largest gland in the 
 body; secretes the bile. [A.S. lifer.] 
 
 liveried (liv'er-id), a. Having or wear- 
 ing a livery. 
 
 liverwort (liv'er- wiirt), n. Iceland- 
 moss. [From A. S. wurt, plant.] 
 
 livery (liv'er- i), n. 1. Uniform worn 
 by servants. 2. Any characteristic 
 dress. 3. Being kept and fed at a cer- 
 tain rate, as horses. [Fr. livre'e—livrer 
 —Low L. libero; give or hand over. 
 
 See DELIVER.] 
 
 liveryman (liv'er-i-man), n. 1. Liver- 
 ied servant. 2. Freeman of the city 
 of London. 3. Man who keeps a livery- 
 stable. 
 
 livery-stable (liv'er-i-sta-bl), n. Sta- 
 ble where horses are kept for hire, or 
 boarded. 
 
 livestock (liv'stok), n. Animals em- 
 ployed or reared on a farm. 
 
 livid (liv'id), a. Black and blue; of a 
 lead color; discolored. — liv'idness, 
 n. [L. liveo, be of a lead color.] 
 
 living (liv'ingL I. a. Having life; ac- 
 tive; lively. 2. Producing action or 
 vigor. 3. Running or flowing. 4. 
 Burning. II. n. 1. Life; manner of 
 living. 2. Means of subsistence ; liveli- 
 hood. 3. (In England), benefice of a 
 clergyman. — The living, those alive. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
lixiviate 
 
 316 
 
 lock 
 
 lixiviate (liks-iv'i-at), vt. Leach. 
 
 lizard (liz'ard), n. Genus of four-foot- 
 ed reptiles'. [Fr. lizard, It. lucerta—lj. 
 lacerta.) 
 
 llama (la'ma), n. 
 Auimal pecu- 
 liar to S. Am- 
 erica, allied 
 to the camel. 
 [Peruvian.] 
 
 llano(la'no), n. 
 Vast steppe 
 or pi ain in 
 nor th ern 
 South Ameri- 
 ca. [Sp. from 
 L. planus, 
 plain.] 
 
 lo (lo), inter j. 
 
 .Look! behold! 
 
 loach (loch), n. 
 
 Llama. 
 
 [A. S. la.] 
 
 Small European river 
 nsn. [Fr. loche.] 
 
 load (lod). I. vt. l. Put on as much as 
 can be carried ; heap on. 2. Confer or 
 give in great abundance. 3. Charge, 
 as a gun. II. n. 1. Burden; as much 
 as can be carried at once; freight or 
 cargo. 2. Quantity sustained with 
 difficulty ; that which burdens or 
 grieves; weight or encumbrance. 3. 
 Charge, as for a gun. [A. S. hladan.] 
 
 loadstar. Same as lodestar. 
 
 loadstone. Same as lodestone. 
 
 loaf (lof), n— [pi. loaves (lovz).] Reg- 
 ularly shaped mass, as of bread, 
 sugar, etc. — loaf-sugar (lof'-shog'- 
 ar), 7b. Refined sugar in the form of 
 a cone. [A. S. hlaf, Ger. laib.] 
 
 loaf (lof), vi. Loiter; pass time idly. — 
 loafer, n. [Ger. laufen, run.] 
 
 loam (lorn). I. n. Muddy soil; clay, 
 sand, and animal and vegetable mat- 
 ter. II. vt. Cover with loam.— loamy, 
 a. Consisting of or resembling loam. 
 [A.S. lam. Ger. lehm. Akin to E. Lime.] 
 
 loan (Ion). I. n. 1. Act of lending; per- 
 mission to use. 2. That which is lent; 
 money lent for interest. II. vt. Lend.— 
 loan'-office,w. Pawnshop. [A.S. loin.] 
 
 loath (loth), a. Disliking; reluctant; 
 unwilling.— loath'ly, adv. — loath'- 
 ness,w. [A S. lath, hateful, painful.] 
 
 loathe (loth), vt. Dislike greatly; feel 
 disgust at. [A. S. lathian. Ger. leiden.] 
 Syn. Abominate; detest; hate. 
 
 loathfnl (loth'lol), a. 1. Full of abhor- 
 rence. 2. Exciting disgust. 
 
 loathing (losing), n. Extreme hate 
 or disgust; abhorrence. 
 
 loathsome (lo^A'sum), a. Exciting 
 loathingor abhorrence; detestable. 
 
 loaves (lovz), pi. of loaf. 
 
 loo (lob). I. n. 1. Lout. 2. Lump; 
 sluggish mass. II. vt. Throw; toss. 
 
 lobar (lo'bar), a. Pertaining to a lobe 
 
 lobate (lo'bat), lobed (lobd), a. Hav 
 ing or consisting of lobes. 
 
 lobby (lob'i). I. n. 1. Small hall or 
 wailing room. 2. Anteroom of a leg- 
 islative hall. 3. Those who frequent 
 the lobby for the purpose of influenc- 
 ing the legi&Jators. II. vt. and vi. 
 Seek to influence legislation by per- 
 sonal solicitation of legislators. [Low 
 L. lobia — O. Ger, loube. Ger. laube> 
 arbor.] 
 
 lobe (lob), n. Rounded projection or 
 part, as the lower part of the ear, di- 
 vision of the lungs, brain, a leaf, etc. 
 — lo'bular, a. TPr.— Gr. lobos.] 
 
 lobelia ( lo-be'li-a ), n. Ornamental 
 flower, the roots of which are used in 
 medicine. [Lobel, Flemish botanist.] 
 
 lobster (lob'ster), n. Marine shellfish 
 with large claws, used as food. — 
 lobster-pot, n. Trap to catch lob- 
 sters, of many patterns. The most 
 common one is a cylindrical basket 
 with a conical entrance at each end, 
 (See cut unuer pox. ) A hand-pot 
 consists of a bag-nei mounted on an 
 iron hoop, over which wooden bows 
 are fixed holding the bait. [A. S. lop 
 pestre, a corr. of L. locusta, lobster.| 
 
 local (lo'kal), a. 1. Of or belonging U 
 place. 2. Confined to a spot or district 
 — lo'cally, adv. [L. localis — locus t 
 place.] 
 
 locality (lo-kal'i-ti), n. 1. Existence in a 
 place. 2. Limitation to a place. 3. 
 Position ; district. 4. Power of re- 
 membering rel a tive positions oi 
 places. 
 
 localize (16'kaMz), vt. Make local ; 
 put into, or limit to, a place. — local- 
 ization* n. 
 
 locate (lo'kat). I. vt. Place; set in a 
 particular position ; designate or de- 
 termine the place of. II. vi. Settle. 
 
 location (15-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of lo- 
 cating or placing. 2. Situation. 
 
 loch (lokh), n. 1. Lake. 2. Arm of the 
 sea. [Gael, and Ir. loch.] 
 
 lock (lok). I. n. 1. Fastening for doors, 
 etc. 2. Inclosure in a canal for raising 
 or lowering boats. 3. Part of a fire- 
 arm by which it is discharged. 4. 
 Grapple in wrestling. 5. State of 
 being immovable. 6. Narrow confined 
 place. II. vt. 1. Fasten with a lock. 
 2. Fasten so as to impede motion. 3. 
 Shut up. 4. Close fast. 5. Embrace 
 closely. 6. Furnish with locks. III. 
 vi. 1. Become fast. 2. Unite closely. 
 [A. S. loca, lock.] 
 
 lock (lok), n. 1. Tuft or ringlet of hail. 
 2. Flock of wool, etc. [A. S. locc] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj n§te, not, move, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 folf. 
 
lockage 
 
 317 
 
 lonesome 
 
 lock age (lok'aj), n. 1. Locks of a canal. 
 2. Difference'in their levels. 3. Mate- 
 rials used for them. 4. Tolls paid for 
 passing through them. 
 
 locker (iok'er), n. 1. One who locks. 
 2. Closed place that may be locked. 
 
 locket (lok'et), n. Small ornamental 
 case of gold or silver, containing a 
 picture, lock of hair, etc. 
 
 lockjaw ( lok'ja ), n. Contraction oi 
 the muscles of the jaw by which its 
 motion is suspended; tetanus. 
 
 lockout (lok'owt), n. Temporary clos- 
 ing of a factory or shop as a means 
 of coercing employees. 
 
 Aocksmith(lok'smith), n. Smith who 
 makes and mends locks. 
 
 lockstep ( lok'step), n. March-step 
 made in as close file as possible, and 
 with hands placed on shoulders of 
 man in front. 
 
 lockstitch(lok'stich),n. Stitch formed 
 by the locking of two threads togeth- 
 er, so that they will not ravel. 
 
 lockup (lok'up), n. Place for confining 
 persons for a short time 
 
 locomobile (lo-ko-mo'bil), n. 1. Trac- 
 tion engine. 2. Automobile. 
 
 locomotion ( lo-ko-mo'shun), n. Act 
 or power of moving from place to 
 place. 
 
 locomotive ( lo-ko-mo'tiv ). I. a. 1. 
 Moving from place to place. 2. Capa- 
 ble of or assisting in locomotion. II. 
 n. Locomotive machine; railway en- 
 gine. [Ij.-lOCUS, 
 place, and 
 moveo, move.] 
 
 locomotor 
 ataxia. See 
 
 ATAXIA._ 
 
 locust (lo'kust) f 
 n. 1. Migrato- ^ Locust. 
 ry winged In- 
 sect, highly destructive to vegetation. 
 —Seventeen-year locust, periodical cica- 
 da. 2. Name of several plants and 
 trees, as the acacia. [L. locusta.J 
 
 lode (16d),n. Vein containing metallic 
 ore. [A,S. lad, course — lithan, lead.] 
 
 lodestar (lod'star), n. Star that leads 
 or guides; pole-star. [oxide of iron. 
 
 lodestone (lod'ston), n. Magnetic 
 
 lodge(loj). I. n. 1. Small house ;cottage 
 of a gatekeeper. 2. Retreat. 3. Secret 
 association; also, their place of meet- 
 ing. II. vt. 1. Furnish with a tempo- 
 rary dwelling. 2. Infix; settle. 3. 
 Drive to cover. 4. Lay fiat, as grain. 
 III. vi. 1. Reside; rest; dwell for a 
 time. 2. Lie flat, as grain. [Fr. loge— 
 root of lobby.] [hired room.] 
 
 lodger (loj'er), n. One who occupies a 
 
 lodging (loj'ing), n, 1. Temporary 
 habitation. 2. Room or rooms hired. 
 
 lodgment (loj'ment), n. 1. Act of 
 lodging, or state of being lodged. 2. 
 Accumulation of something that re- 
 mains at rest. 3. Occupation of a 
 position by a besieging party, and the 
 works thrown up to maintain it. 
 
 loft (laft), n. 1. Room or space imme- 
 diately under a roof. 2. Gallery in a 
 hall or church. [A.S. lyft. See lift.] 
 
 lofty (laf'ti), a. 1. High in position, 
 character, or sentiment. 2. Haughty. 
 — loft'ily, adv.— loftiness, n. 
 Syn. Exalted; sublime; majestic. 
 
 log (log), n. 1. Bulky piece of wood. 2. 
 Device for measuring the speed of a 
 ship. 3. Log-book, or journal of a ves- 
 sel's progress and occurrences from 
 day to day. [Icel. lag, felled tree.] 
 
 logarithm (log'a-rlthm), n. Exponent 
 of the power to which it is necessary 
 to raise a fixed number, called the base, 
 to produce the given number. [G»* 
 logos, ratio, and arithmos, number.] 
 
 loggerkead (log'er-hed), n. 1. Block- 
 head; dunce. 2. Round piece of tim- 
 ber, in a whale-boat, over which the 
 line is passed. 3. Species of sea-turtle. 
 4. pi. Quarrel; dispute. 
 
 logic (loj'ik), n. Science or art of 
 reasoning correctly or of formal 
 thought. [Gr, logike (techne).] 
 
 logical (loj'ik-al), a. 1. According to 
 the rules of logic. 2. Skilled in logic; 
 discriminating.— logically, adv. 
 
 logician (lo-jish'an), n. One skilled in 
 logic. 
 
 log-rolling (log'rol-ing), n. 1. Roll- 
 ing logs tothe stream, on which they 
 are to be floated to the market. 2. 
 Mutual furtherance of schemes by 
 politicians. 
 
 logwood (log'wod), n. Red wood 
 much used in dyeing. 
 
 loin (loin), n. 1. Part of a beast lying 
 between the haunchbone and the last 
 false rib. 2. In man, pi. The reins; 
 lower part of back. [O. Fr. logne — 
 L. lumbus, loin.] 
 
 loiter (loi'ter), vi. Delay; be slow in 
 moving; linger. — loi'terer, n. [Dut. 
 leuteren, trifle; Ger. loiter, worthless.] 
 
 loll (lol). I. vi. 1. Lie lazily about; 
 lounge. 2.. Hang out from the mouth. 
 II. vt. Thrust out (the tongue). [O. 
 Dut. lollen.] [made of treacle. 
 
 lollipop (lol'i-pop), n. Coarse candy 
 
 lone (Ion), lonely (lon'li), a. Alone; 
 solitary; retired; standing by itself. 
 — loneliness, n. [Contr. of alonk. ] 
 
 lonesome (lon'sum), a. Solitary; dis- 
 mal. — lone'somely, adv. — lone - 
 someness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, but, born; oil, owl, then. 
 
long 
 
 318 
 
 loot 
 
 long- (lang). I. a 1. Extended; not 
 short. "2. Slow in coming; tedious. 
 
 II. adv. To a great extent in space or 
 time; through the whole; all along. 
 
 III. vi. Desire earnestly; have an 
 eager appetite. [A. S. lang.] 
 
 longanimity (lang-a-nim'i-ti), n. En- 
 durance; patience. ' [of a ship. 
 
 longlboat(lang'bot), n. Longest boat 
 
 longbow (lang'bo), n. Bow drawn by 
 hand, as distinguished from a cross- 
 bow, [old age. 
 
 longevity (Ian gev'i-ti), n. Long life; 
 
 long-headed (lang'hed-ed), a. Far- 
 seeing; shrewd. 
 
 longhee (long'e) n. Long East India 
 scarf wound around the loins. 
 
 longing (lang'ing), n. Eager desire; 
 craving. 
 
 longitude (lon'ji-tud), n. 1. Length. 
 2. Distance of a place east or west of 
 a given meridian. 3. Distance in 
 degrees from the vernal equinox, on 
 the ecliptic. — longitudinal, a. 1. 
 Pertaining to longitude or length. 2. 
 Extending lengthwise. — longitu'- 
 dinally, adv. [L.] 
 
 long measure ( lang'mezh'or ), n. 
 Measure of length. 
 
 long primer (lang'prim'er)., n. Size 
 of type between small pica and bour- 
 geois. , 
 
 This line is in Long- Primer. 
 
 longshore-man (lang'shor-man), n. 
 Man employed in loading and un- 
 loading vessels. 
 
 long-sighted (lang'si-ted), a. Able to 
 see at a long distance; sagacious.— 
 long-sight'edness, n. 
 
 long-suffering ( lang'suf-er-ing ) , a. 
 Suffering or enduring long. 
 
 long-winded (lang'wind'ed), a. Te- 
 dious; consuming much time. 
 
 loo (16). I. ft. Game at cards. II. vt. 
 Beat in the game 'loo', by taking every 
 trick. [Formerly lanterloo — Fr. lan- 
 turelu, nonsense. ] 
 
 loof (lof), n. See luff. 
 
 loofah (lof 'a), ft. Fibrous interior of the 
 Luffa jEgy'ptiaca, or towel-gourd, used 
 as a sponge and flesh-brush. [Arab.] 
 
 look (lok). I. vi. 1. Turn the eye so as 
 to see; direct the attention; gaze. 2. 
 Watch. 3. Seem. 4. Face, as a house. 
 II. vt. 1. Express by a look. 2. Influ- 
 ence by look. — Look, after, attend to or 
 - take care of.— Look for, expect.— Look 
 into, inspect closely.— Look on, regard ; 
 view; think.— Lookout, watch; select. 
 —Look to, take care of; depend on.— 
 Look through, penetrate with the eye 
 or the understanding. [A.S locien, see.] 
 
 look (lok), n. 1. Act of looking or see- 
 ing. 2. Sight. 3. Air of the face. 4. 
 Appearance. 
 
 look (lok), inter j. Seel behold I 
 
 looker-on (lok'er-on), ft. Spectator. 
 
 looking (lok'iug), n. Seeing; search 
 or searching. — Look'ing-glass, glass 
 which reflects the image of the person 
 looking into it; mirror. 
 
 lookout (lok'owt), ft. 1. Careful look- 
 ing or watching for. 2. Elevated place 
 from which to observe. 3. One engaged 
 in watching. 
 
 loom (16m), ft. 1. Frame or machine 
 for weaving cloth. 2. Handle of an 
 oar, or the part within the rowlock. 
 [A. S. geloma, furniture, utensils.] 
 
 loom (16m), vi. 1. Appear above the 
 horizon. 2. Appear larger than the 
 real size, as in a mist. 3. Be seen at a 
 distance, in the mind's eye, as some- 
 thing in the futur?. [A. S. leomian, 
 shine— leoma, beam of light.] 
 
 loon (Ion), n. Low fellow; ninny. [O. 
 Dut. loen.] 
 
 loon (Ion), n. Web- 
 footed aquatic bird, 
 with short wings, 
 and legs placed very 
 far back, also called 
 diver. [Icel. lomr.] 
 
 loop (lop). I. n. 1. 
 Doubling of a cord 
 through which another may pass. 2. 
 Ornamental doubling in fringes ; any 
 doubling resembling a loop. 3. Loop 
 formed by a rail-track either on the 
 level, or vertically in the air. II. vt. 
 Fasten or ornament with loops. 
 [Prob. from Celt^lub, bend, fold.] 
 
 loophole (lop'hol), n. 1. Small hole 
 in a wall, etc., through which small- 
 arms maybe fired. 2. Means of escape. 
 — loop'holed, a. 
 
 looper (16'per), n. r Caterpillar which 
 moves by drawing up the hindpart of 
 the body to the head, forming a loop. 
 
 loose (16s), a. 1. Slack; free; unbound; 
 not confined. 2. Not compact or con- 
 nected. 3. Not strict; unrestrained; 
 licentious. 4. Inattentive. 5. Vague. 
 6. Lax; not constipated.— loose'ly, 
 adv. — loose'ness, n. — Break loose, 
 escape from confinement.— Let loose, 
 set at liberty. [A.S. leas, loose, weak.] 
 
 loose (16s), vt. Free; release; relax- 
 [A. S. losian.] 
 
 loosen (los'n). I. vt. 1. Make loose; 
 relax. 2. Make less dense. 3. Open, 
 as the bowels. II. vi. Become loose; 
 become less tight. 
 
 loot (lot). I. n. 1. Act of plundering, 
 esp. in a conquered city. 2. Plunder. 
 II. vt. and vi. Plunder. [Hindoo, lut.] 
 
 Loon. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, >>uru; oil, owl, then. 
 
lop 
 
 319 
 
 lop (lop), vt. [lop'ping; lopped.] 1. 
 Cut off the top or extreme parts, esp. 
 of a tree. 2. Cut away superfluous 
 parts. 3. Cut half through and per- 
 mit to drop.— lop-eared, a. Having 
 ears that droop. — lop-si'ded, a. Of 
 uneven sides; not balanced. [Dut. 
 lubben, cut.] 
 
 lope (lop). I. vi. Leap; run with easy, 
 long strides. II. n. Leap; easy canter. 
 
 loquacious (lo-kwa'shus), a. Talka- 
 tive.— loquaciously. arfw. — loqua- 
 ciousness, loquacity (lo-kwas'i- 
 ti), ns. [L. loquax—loquor, speak.] 
 Syn. Blabbing. See garrulous. 
 
 lord (lard). I. n. 1. Master; ruler. 2. 
 English peer. 3. (cap.) Supreme Being. 
 4. (cap.) Jesus Christ. II. vi. Act the 
 lord ; tyrannize.— Lord's day, first day 
 of the week. — Lord-lieutenant, title of 
 the viceroy or governor of Ireland. 
 [M. E. loverd — A. S hlaford — hlaf, 
 loaf, bread, and weard, warder.] 
 
 lor tiling (lard'ling), n. Little lord; 
 would-be lord. 
 
 lordly (lard'li), a. 1. Like, becoming, 
 or pertaining to a lord. 2. Dignified. 
 
 3. Haughty ; tyrannical. — lord'ly , 
 adv. — lord'liness, n. 
 
 lordship (lard'ship), n. 1. State or 
 condition of' being a lord. 2. Territory 
 belonging to a lord. 3. Title of a lord. 
 
 4. Dominion; authority. 
 
 lore (lor), n Learning; erudition. [A. 
 
 5. lar, from root of learn.] 
 lorg-nette (lar-nyef), n. Opera-glass. 
 
 [Fr.— lorgner", spy.] 
 
 lorgnon (lar-nyang'), n. Eye-glasses 
 shutting into a handle. [Fr.] 
 
 loricate (lo'ri-cat), a. 1. Covered with 
 defensive armor. 2. Imbricated. 
 
 lorn (larn), a. Lost; forsaken; forlorn. 
 [A. &."loren, pa. p. of leosan, lose.] 
 
 lose (lbz), vt. [lo'sing; lost.] 1. Cease 
 to have. 2. Be deprived of. 3. Mislay. 
 4. Waste, as time. 5. Miss. 6. Fail to 
 obtain.— lo'ser, n. [A S. losian.] 
 
 loss (las), n. 1. Act of losing. 2. Injury. 
 3. That which is lost; waste.— At a 
 loss, perplexed, as a dog who has lost 
 the scent. [A. S. los.] 
 
 Syn. Destruction; privation; fail- 
 ure; defeat; decrease; damage. 
 
 lost (last), a. Parted with; no longer 
 possessed; not gained; squandered; 
 unable to find the way; ruined. 
 
 lot (lot). I. n. 1. That which falls to 
 one as his fortune; fate. 2. That 
 which decides by chance. 3. Separate 
 portion. 4. Piece of land. 5. Large 
 amount or number, often in the 
 plural. {Colloquial.) II. vt. [lofting; 
 lofted.] 1. Allot. 2. Separate into 
 lots; catalogue. [A. S. hlot.] 
 
 loth (loth), a. Same as loath. 
 
 lotion (lo'shun), n. Liquid for exter- 
 nal application to a wound, bruise, 
 etc. [L. lolio — lavo, lotum, wash.] 
 
 lottery (lofer-i), n. Distribution of 
 prizes by lot or chance; game of 
 chance. 
 
 lotto ( lofo ), n. Game of chance, 
 played with number-cards and disks. 
 [It]. 
 
 lotus (lq'tus), 
 lotos (lo'tos), 
 n. 1. Water- 
 lily of Egypt. 
 
 2. Tree in N. 
 Africa, fabled 
 to make all 
 who ate of its 
 fruits forget 
 their home. 
 
 3. Genus of 
 leguminous Lotus, 
 plants. — lo'- 
 
 tus-eat'er, n. Devotee of voluptu- 
 ous indolence. [Gr. lotos.] 
 
 loud(lowd),a. 1. Making great sound; 
 striking the ear with great force; 
 noisy. 2. Clamorous. 3. Gaudy; 
 flashy.— loudly, adv. — loud'ness, 
 n. [A. S. Mud.] 
 
 lough (lokh), n. Irish form of loch. 
 
 louis d'or (16'e-d5r), n. French gold 
 coin, first struck by Louis XIII. in 
 1640, superseded in 1795 by the 20- 
 franc piece. Its value varied from 
 $400 to $4.60. [Fr.— Louis and or, gold.] 
 
 liOuis-Quatorze (16'e ka-tarz'), a. In 
 the style prevalent under the reign of 
 Louis XIV of France, 1643-1715. 
 
 lounge (lownj) I. vi. 1. Recline at 
 one's ease. 2. Loaf; loll. II. n. 1. 
 Act or state of lounging. 2. 3die stroll. 
 3. Place for lounging; kind of sofa. 
 -lounger, n. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 louse (lows), n. [ pi. lice (lis).] Para- 
 sitic insect. [A. S. lus, pi. lys.] 
 
 lousy (low'zi), a. Infested with lice.— 
 Ion's iness, n. 
 
 lout (lowt), n. Clown; mean, awk- 
 ward fellow. — loutish, a. [A. S. lu- 
 tan, stoop.] 
 
 louver, louvre (16'ver), n. Open- 
 ing in the roofs of ancient houses 
 serving for a skylight, often in the 
 form of a turret or small lantern.— 
 Louver-window, an open window in a 
 church tower, crossed by a series of 
 sloping boards. [O. Fr. louvert — Vou- 
 vert, open space.]" [amiable. 
 
 lovable (luv'a-bl), a. "Worthy of love; 
 
 love ( luv ). I. n. 1. Affection of the 
 mind caused by that which delights. 
 2. Fondness; strong attachment. 3. 
 Pre-eminent kindness. 4. Reverential 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. . 
 
love-iock 
 
 820 
 
 lucubrate 
 
 regard. 5. Devoted attachment to 
 one of the opposite sex. 6. Object of 
 affection. II. vt. Be fond of; have great 
 liking for; regard with affection; de- 
 light in with exclusive affection. 
 [A.S. lufu, love.J [ship. 
 
 Syn. Tenderness; devotion; court- 
 love-lock (luv'lok), n. Single lock of 
 hair hanging down conspicuously. 
 
 love-lorn (luv'larn), a. Forsaken by, 
 or pining for, one's love. 
 
 lovely (luv'li)j a. Exciting love or ad- 
 miration.— loveliness, n. 
 Syn. Amiable; delightful; pleasing. 
 
 lover ( luv'er ) , n. One who loves, esp. 
 one in love with a person of the oppo- 
 site sex. 
 
 loving- (luring), a. Having love or 
 kindness; affectionate; fond; expres- 
 sing love. — lovingly, adv. — lov'- 
 ingness, n. 
 
 loving-kindness (luv-ing-kind'nes), 
 n. Kindness full of love; tender re- 
 gard; mercy; favor. * 
 
 loir (16). I. vi. Make the loud noise of 
 oxen; bellow. II. n. Noise made by low- 
 ing. [A. S. hlowan.] 
 
 low (lo). I. a. 1. Not high; base; shal- 
 low. 2. Moderate; cheap. 3. Deject- 
 ed; mean; plain. 4. In poor circum- 
 stances; humble. II. adv. 1. Not aloft. 
 2. Cheaply. 3. Meanly. 4. In subjec- 
 tion, poverty, or disgrace. 5. N o t 
 loudly. — low'ness, n. [Icel. lagr. 
 Dut. laag. Allied to A. S. licgan, lie.] 
 
 lower(loer). I. vt. Bring low; depress; 
 degrade; diminish. II. vi. Fall; sink; 
 grow less. *> 
 
 lower (low'er), vi. Gather and appear 
 gloomy, as the clouds; threaten a 
 .storm; frown. [Dut. loeren, lurk.] 
 
 lowering- (lo'er-ing). I. n. Act of bring- 
 ing low or reducing. II. a. Letting 
 down; sinking; degrading. 
 
 lowering(low'gr-ing), a. Looking sul- 
 len; appearing dark and threatening. 
 — low'eringly, adv. 
 
 lowermost (lo'er-most), a. Lowest. 
 
 lowing (lo'ing). La. Bellowing, or 
 * making the loud noise of oxen. II. n. 
 Bellowing or cry of cattle. 
 
 lowly (lo'li), a. Of a low or humble 
 mind ; not high in rank or social stand- 
 ing; meek; modest.— lowliness, n. 
 
 low-pressure ( lo-presh'6r ), a. Em- 
 ploying or exerting a low degree of 
 pressure (less than 50 lbs. to the sq. 
 inch). ' Icar. 
 
 lowry (low'ri), n._ Open railroad nox- 
 
 low-spirited ( lo-spir'it-ed ), a. Not 
 lively; dejected; sad.— low-spirit- 
 edness, n. * 
 low-water (lo'-wa'ter), n.nThe lowest 
 point of the tide at ebb. 
 
 loxodromics ( loks-6-drom'iks ), n. 
 Art or science of sailing by the 
 'rhumb', a line cutting^very meridian 
 at the same angle. 
 
 loyal (loi'al), a. Faithful to one's sov- 
 ereign orcountry, true in allegiance; 
 true to a lover or friend. — loy'ally, 
 adv. — loy'alty, n. [Fr.— L. legalis, 
 lawful.] 
 
 loyalist (loi'al-ist), n. Loyal adherent 
 of his sovereign; esp. 1. In English 
 history, a partisan of the Stuarts. 2 
 In the Revolutionary War, one that 
 sided with the British troops. 
 
 lozenge (loz'enj), n. 1. Oblique-angled 
 parallelogram; rhombus. 2. Small 
 cake of flavored or medicated sugar 
 [O.Fr. losange, flattery. In English the 
 meaning changed successively to epi- 
 taph, gravestone, rhomb, window- 
 pane, diamond-shaped cake.] 
 
 lubber (lub'er), n. Awkward, clumsy 
 fellow.— lubber-line, n. 'Black 
 vertical line inside the compass-box, 
 representing the ship's head. — lub - 
 berly, a. and adv._ [W. llob, dolt.] 
 
 Iubricate(16'bri-kat),i>£. Make smooth 
 or slippery, so as to lessen friction.— 
 lu'bricator, lubrica'tion, lu'- 
 bricant, n. [L. lubrico.] 
 
 lucerne ( 16-sern' ), n Leguminous 
 fodder-plant; alfalfa; medic. [Fr. 
 luzerne.] 
 
 lucid (16'sid), a. Shining; transpar- 
 ent; easily understood; intellectual- 
 ly bright; riot darkened with mad- 
 ness. — lu'cidly, adv. — lucidity, 
 lu'cidness,ra. [L. lucidus—lux, light.] 
 Syn. Resplendent. See luminous. 
 
 Lucifer (16'si-fer), n. 1. Planet Venus 
 when it is the morning star. 2. Satan. 
 — lu'cifer-match, n. Frictionmatch. 
 [L.— lux, light, and fero, bring.) 
 
 luck (luk), n. Fortune, good or bad; 
 chance; lot; good fortune. [Dut. luk, 
 Ger. glueck.] 
 
 luckless (luk'les), a. Without good 
 luck; unhappy.— lucklessly, adv.— 
 lucklessness, n. 
 
 lucky (luk'i), a. Having good luck; 
 fortunate; auspicious. — luckily, 
 adv. — luckiness, n. 
 
 lucrative ( lo'kra-tiv ), a. Bringing 
 gain ; profitable.— lucratively, adv. 
 
 lucre (16'ker), n. Gain (esp. sordid 
 gain). [Fr.— Tijucrum, gain.] 
 
 lucubrate (16'ku-brat). I. vi. Work or 
 study by lamplight; work earnestly. 
 II. vt. Elaborate by hard work.— lu- 
 cubra'tion, n. 1. Study by lamp- 
 light. 2. That which is composed by 
 night; composition produced in re- 
 tirement. — lu'cubratory, a. Com- 
 posed by candle-light. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
ludicrous 
 
 321 
 
 lnrid 
 
 ludicrous (16'di-krus), a. Laughable/ 
 comic— lu'dicrotisly, adv.— lu'di- 
 croasness, n. [~L.=ludo, play.] 
 
 luff (luf). I. n. 1. Windward side of a 
 ship. 2. Act of sailing a ship close to 
 the wind. 3. Fullest and broadest part 
 of a ship's bow, also called loof. II. vi. 
 Turn a ship towards the wind; sail 
 nearer to the wind. [Dut. loef, weath- 
 er-gage.] 
 
 lug- (lug). I.vt. [lug'ging; lugged.] Pull 
 along; drag; pull with difficulty. II. 
 n. Anything slow or sluggish. [S\v. 
 lu$ja, pull by the hair.] 
 
 lug (lug), n. 1. Ear-lobe; ear. 2. Part 
 projecting like an ear. [traveler. 
 
 lug-gage (lug'aj),w. Baggage of a 
 
 lugger (lug'er), n. Small vessel with 
 two or three masts, a running bow- 
 sprit, and long or lugsails. 
 
 lugsail (lug'sal), n. Square sail bent 
 upon a yard that hangs obliquely to 
 the mast. 
 
 lugubrious (lo-gu'bri-us), a. Mourn- 
 ful ; sorrowful. — lugubriously, 
 adv. [Lt.—lugeo, mourn.] 
 
 lukewarm (lok'warm),a. Moderately 
 warm; tepid; indifferent. — lake'- 
 warmly, adv. — luke'warmness, 
 n. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 lull(lul). I. vt. Soothe; compose; quiet. 
 
 II. vi. Become calm; subside. III. n. 
 Season of calm. [ Imitative word. ] 
 
 lullaby (lul'a-bi), n. Song to lull chil- 
 dren to sleep'. 
 
 lumbago (lum-ba'go), n. Rheumatic 
 pain in the loins and small of the 
 back. [L.— lumbus. loin.) 
 
 lumbar (lum'bar),a. Pertaining to or 
 near the loins. ' 
 
 lumber ( lum'ber ). I. n. 1. Anything 
 cumbersome or useless. 2. Timber 
 sawed or split for use. II. vt. Fill with 
 lumber; heap together in confusion. 
 
 III. vi. 1. Move heavily and labori- 
 ously. 2. Cut lumber. [Prob. — Ger. 
 rumpel.] 
 
 lumbering (lum'ber-ing). I. a. 1. Fil- 
 ling with lumber; putting in confu- 
 sion. 2. Moving heavily. II. n. Busi- 
 ness of cutting lumber or bringing it 
 to the market. 
 
 luminary ( 16'min-ar-i ), n. 1. Body 
 which gives light. 2. One who illus- 
 trates a subject or instructs mankind. 
 [Li.— lumen, light.] 
 
 luminous (16'min-us), a. Giving light; 
 illuminated; clear, -luminously, 
 adr. — lu'minousness, luminos- 
 ity, ws. [spicuous; intelligent. 
 8yn. Bright; lucid; shining; per- 
 
 Itimp (lump). I. n. 1. Small shape- 
 less mass. 2. The whole together. II. 
 vt. 1. Throw into amass. 2. Take in 
 
 the gross. — Lump sum, one sum to 
 cover several items. — lumpish, a 
 Like a lump; heavy; gross; dull; 
 inert.— lump'isbly, afZi>. — lump- 
 islmess, n. — lumpy, a. Full of 
 lumps. [Norw. lump, block.] 
 
 lunacy (lo'na-si), n. Kind of madness 
 formerly supposed to be affected by 
 the changes of the moon; insanity. 
 
 lunar (lo'nar), a. 1. Belonging to the 
 moon. 2. Measured by the revolutions 
 of the moon. 3. Caused by the moon. 
 4. Like the moon. — Lunar caustic, 
 fused crystals of nitrate of silver , ap- 
 plied to ulcers, etc. [L. lunaris—luna^ 
 moon.] 
 
 lunate do'nat), lu nated, a. Form- 
 ed like a half-moon; crescent-shaped. 
 
 lunatic (lb'na-tik). I. a. Affected with 
 lunacy. II. ~n. Insane person. 
 
 lunation (16-ha'shun), n. Time be- 
 tween two revolutions of the moon; 
 lunar month. 
 
 lnncb (lunch), luncheon (lunch'un). 
 
 I. n. Slight repast between breakf a: t 
 and dinner. II. vi. Take a luncl- 
 [Form of lump.] 
 
 lung (lung), n. One of 
 the organs of breath- 
 ing in air-breathing 
 vertebrates.— lung- 
 ed, a. [A. S. lungan, 
 the lungs ; from root 
 
 of LIGHT.] 
 
 lunge (lunj). I. n. Sud- 
 den thrust in fencing. 
 
 II. vi. Give such a 
 thrust. [Fr. allonger, 
 
 lengthen. j [a crescent. 
 
 luniform (16'ni-farm), a. Shaped like 
 
 lnnisolar ( 16-ni-so'lar ), a. Caused by 
 the influence of both sun and moon. 
 
 lunular (16'nu-lar), a. Shaped like a 
 crescent, [wolfish. [L. lupus, wolf.] 
 
 lupine (lo'pin), a. Like a wolf; 
 
 lupus (lo'pus), n. Kind of skin-disease 
 appearing mostly in the face. 
 
 lurch (lurch), n. Snare; trap; hole. — 
 Leave in the lurch, leave in a difficult 
 situation,withouthelp. [O.Fr. lourche.} 
 
 lurch (lurch). I. vi. 1. Roll or pitch 
 suddenly to one side. 2. Walk un- 
 steadily. 3. Lurk. II. n. 1. Sudden 
 roll of a ship to one side. 2. Sudden 
 shift. 3. Inclination. [From lurk.] 
 
 lurcher(lurch'er), n. 1. One who lurks 
 or lies in wait; one who watches to 
 steal, or to betray or entrap; poach- 
 er. 2. Kind of hunting dog (a cross 
 between the greyhound and collie.) 
 
 lure(16r).I. n. Enticement ;bait; decoy. 
 II. vt. Entice. [Fr. leurrer.] 
 
 lurid (16'rid), a. Ghastly pale; wan; 
 gloomy. [L.] 
 
 Human lungs. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ,• mute, hu* i,5rn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
lurk 
 
 322 
 
 lysis 
 
 lark (lurk), vi. Lie in wait; be con- 
 cealed. [Prob. from Scand., as in Sw. 
 lurka, lurk.] 
 
 luscious (lush'us), a. Sweet in a great 
 degree; delightful. 2. Fulsome, as 
 flattery. — lusciously , adv. — lus'« 
 ciousuess, n. [From lusty or lux- 
 urious.] [ LUSCIOUS. 
 
 lush (lush), a. Rich_ and juicy. [From 
 
 IiUsitauiau (lo-si-ta'ni-an). I. a. Per- 
 taining to Lusitania, a province of 
 ancient Spain, comprising Portugal; 
 Portuguese. II. n. Portuguese. 
 
 lust (lust). I. n. Longing desire; 
 eagerness to possess; carnal appetite. 
 II. vi. Desire eagerly; have carnal de- 
 sire. [A. S.] 
 
 luster, lustre (lus'ter), n. 1. Bright- 
 ness; splendor; renown. 2. Candle- 
 stick ornamented with pendants of 
 cut-glass, —-lus'terless, a. Destitute 
 of luster. IFr. — L. luceo, shine.] 
 
 lustring- (lus'tring), n. Kind of glossy 
 silk cloth. [Fr. lustrine.] 
 
 lustrous (lus'trus), a. Bright; shin- 
 ing; luminous. — lus'trously, adv. 
 
 lusli-um (Ius'trum), n. Period of five 
 years. [L.l 
 
 lusty (lus'ti), a. Vigorous; healthful; 
 stout; bulky.— lustily, adv.— lust'- 
 ihood, lustiness, ns. 
 
 lute (lot), n. Stringed instrument of 
 music resembling the guitar. [O. Fr. 
 lent, Fr. luth; Ger. laute.—Ar. al-"ud— 
 al, the, and ud, wood, the lute.] 
 
 lute (lot), luting (lo'ting). I. n. Clay 
 for making vessels air-tight, or pro- 
 tecting them when exposed to fire. 
 II. vt. Close or coat with lute.— luta - 
 tion, n. [L. lutum, mud — luo, wash.] 
 
 SiUtneran (lo'ther-an). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to Luther, the' German Protest- 
 ant reformer (1483-1546), or to his 
 doctrines. II. n. Follower of Luther. 
 
 luxe (lux), n. TuUXury.—JSditionde luxe, 
 edition of exceptional excellence and 
 beauty in printing, binding, and art- 
 istic illustration. [Fr.] 
 
 luxuriant (lugz-o'ri-ant or luk-sho'-), 
 a. Exuberant in growth; overabund- 
 ant. — luxuriantly, adv. — luxu'- 
 riance, luxuriancy, n, 
 
 luxuriate ( lugz-6'ri-at) or luk-sho- ), 
 vi. 1. Be luxuriant; grow exuberantly. 
 2. Live luxuriously. 
 
 luxurious ( lugz-6'ri-us or luk-sho'-), 
 a. 1. Given or administering to lux- 
 ury. 2. Softening by pleasui'e.-luxu'- 
 riously, o^-luxu'riousaess, n. 
 
 luxury (luks'u-ri or luk'shb-ri), n. 1. 
 Free indulgence in rich diet, costly 
 things, etc. 2. Expensive rarity. [L.] 
 Syn. Epicurism; sensuality; volup- 
 tuousness ;lasciviousness;effeminacy. 
 
 lyceum (11-se'um), n. 1. Place devoted 
 to instruction by lectures. 2. (In Eu- 
 rope) high school, preparatory to the 
 university. 3. Association for literary 
 improvement. [Orig. the place where 
 Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, 
 taught, the temple of Apollo Lijkeios, 
 the Wolf-Slayei-— lykos, wolf.] 
 
 lyddite ( lid'it ), n. An exceedingly 
 powerful explosive. 
 
 lye (li), n. Caustic solution of alkali. 
 
 lying- (li'ing). I. a. Addicted to telling 
 lies. II. n. Habit of telling lies.— 
 ly'ingly, adv. 
 
 lymph (lirnf), n. 1. Colorless nutritive 
 fluid in animal bodies. 2. Vaccine 
 virus. [L. lympha.] 
 
 lymphatic(lim-fat'ik). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to lymph. 2. Sluggish; slow. — 
 II. n. Vessel which conveys the lymph. 
 
 lynch (linch), vt. Judge and punish 
 without the usual forms of law.— 
 lynch-law, n. Summary justice ex- 
 ercised by the people in cases where 
 the regular law is thought inade- 
 quate. [From Charles Lynch, of Vir- 
 ginia, who so acted.] 
 
 lynx (lingks), n. 
 Wild animal of 
 the cat-kind 
 noted for its 
 sharp sight. — 
 lynx-eyed, a. 
 Sharp - sighted 
 like the lynx. 
 [L. and Gr. lynx.] 
 
 lyonnaise (le'o- 
 nas), a. Lyons style, said of potatoes 
 cut in small pieces, boiled and served 
 in a sauce of butter, parsley and some- 
 times onion. 
 
 lyre (lir), n. 1. Ancient musical ins- 
 trument similar to the harp. 2. Lyra, 
 one of the northern constellations.— 
 ly'rist, n. 1. Player 
 on the lyre or harp. 
 2. Lyric poet. [Gr. 
 lyra.) 
 
 lyrebird (llr'berd), 
 n. Australian bird 
 about the s ize of 
 a pheasant, having 
 the 16 tail-feathers 
 of the male, when 
 spread, arranged in 
 the form of a lyre. 
 
 lyric (lir'ik). I. a. 1. 
 Pertaining to the 
 lyre. 2. Fitted to be 
 sung to the lyre. 3. 
 Expressive of the individual emo- 
 tions of the poet. II. n. Lyric poem. 
 
 lysis (li'sis), n. Gradual recess of a 
 disease, — opposed to crisis. 
 
 Lynx. 
 
 Lyrebird. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
323 
 
 madonna 
 
 m (em), n. Thirteenth letter of 
 
 the English alphabet. It is 
 
 silent before n at the begin- 
 
 ing of a word, as in mnemonics. 
 
 m, em (em), n. Quad; quadrat; 
 
 type with a square face, used as 
 
 measurement for type. 
 
 ma(ma),/i. Abbreviated form of Mama. 
 
 ma'am (mam or mam), n. Contrac- 
 tion of Madam. 
 
 mabola (ma-bo'la), n. Tree common 
 in the Philippine Islands, bearing edi- 
 ble fruit. [Native name.] 
 
 macadamize ( mak-ad'am-iz ), vt. 
 Cover a road with small broken 
 stones, so as to form a smooth, hard 
 surface. — macadamiza'tion, n. 
 [From. Macadam, who introduced this 
 method into England, 1756-1836.] 
 
 macaroni (mak-a-ro'ni), n. 1. Prepa- 
 ration of wheat flour in long slender 
 tubes. 2. Fool; fop. [It. maccare, 
 crush.] 
 
 macaroon ( mak-a-ron' ) , n. Small 
 cake made chiefly of almonds, white 
 of egg and sugar. [It. macarone.'] 
 
 macaw (ma-ka'), 
 n. Large, beau- 
 tiful bird of tro- 
 p i c a 1 America, 
 closely allied to 
 the parrot. [Na- 
 tive name in the 
 W. India Isl- 
 ands.] 
 
 mace ( mas), n. 
 1. Staff used as 
 an ensign of au- 
 thority.2. Heavy 
 rod used in bil- 
 liards. 3. For- 
 merly, staff 
 headed with a 
 heavy spiked 
 ball of iron. 
 [O. Fr.] 
 
 mace (mas), n. Spice, the second coat 
 of the nutmeg. [L. macer—Gr. maker.] 
 
 macerate (mas'er-at), vt. 1. Soften by 
 steeping. 2. Conquer one's desires by 
 fasting ;mortify the flesh.— macera'- 
 tion, n. [L.] 
 
 macbete (ma-cha'ta), n. 1. Heavy 
 knife used 'in Spanish - American 
 countries. 
 
 Machiavelian (mak-i-a-vel'yan). I. a. 
 Politically cunning; crafty; perfldi- 
 ous.II. n.One who imitates Machiavel. 
 
 machinate (mak'i-nat ), vt. and m. 
 Contrive; plot; scheme.— machina'- 
 tion, n. 1. Act of contriving a sche- 
 me, esp. an evil one. 2. Artful design 
 or plot. [L. machinor.] 
 
 machine (ma-s hen), n. 1. Artificial 
 means or contrivance ; instrument 
 formed by combining two or more of 
 the mechanical powers; engine. 2. 
 Supernatural agency m a poem. 3. 
 One who can do only wnat he is told. 
 4. Controlling influence in party man- 
 agement. [Gr. mechane, contrivance.] 
 
 machinery (ma-she>ner-i), n. 1. Ma- 
 chines in general. 2. Parts of a ma- 
 chine. 3. Means for keeping in action. 
 4. Supernatural agency in a poem. 
 
 machinist (ma-she'nist), n. 1. Con- 
 structor of machines; one well versed 
 in machinery. 2. One who works a 
 machine. 
 
 m acker e 1 
 (mak'er-el),ra. 
 Sea-fish lar- 
 gely used for 
 food. [O. Fr. 
 makerel,-prot>. Mackerel. 
 
 — L. macula, stain.] 
 
 mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. Water- 
 proof overcoat. [Inventor's name.] 
 
 macrocosm (mak'ro-kozm), n. Whole 
 universe. — opp. to microcosm ( man ). 
 [Gr. makros, great, kosmos, world.] 
 
 macron ( mak'ron ), a. The sign of 
 length over a vowel, as in a, e, l, o, u. 
 
 maculate ( mak'u-lat ). I. vt Stain; 
 blur. II. a. Spotted ; blurred ; impure. 
 
 mad (mad), a. [mad'der; mad'dest.] 1. 
 Disordered in intellect. 2. Proceeding 
 from madness. 3. Violent; furious. 
 4. (Colloq.) Angry.— madly, adv.— 
 madness, a. [A. S. ge-maed.] 
 
 Syn. Deranged; insane; crazy; chi- 
 merical; enraged; rabid; frenzied. 
 
 madam (mad'am), n. Courteous form 
 of address to a lady; lady. [Fr.— ma % 
 my, and dame, lady.] 
 
 madam e (ma-dam'), n. [pi. mesdames 
 (ma-dam').] " My lady; French term 
 in addressing a married lady. 
 
 madcap (mad'kap), n. Wild, rash, 
 hot-headed person. 
 
 madden (mad'n), vt. and vi. Make oi 
 become mad ; enrage ; act as one mad. 
 
 madder ( mad'er ), n. Plant whose 
 root affords a red dye. [A. S. maidere.] 
 
 madding- (mad'ing), a. Raging; furi- 
 ous; mad; wild. 
 
 made (mad), pa. t. and^a. #. of make. 
 
 mademoiselle ( mad-mwa-zel' ), n. 
 Courteous form af address to a young 
 lady ; Miss. [Fr. — ma, my, and demoi- 
 selle. See damsel.] [asylum. 
 
 madhouse (mad'hows), n. Insane 
 
 madman (mad'man), n. Lunatic; 
 insane person. [Etymol. doubtful.] 
 
 Madonna (ma-don'a), n. The Virgin 
 Mary, esp. as represented in art. [It. 
 = my lady.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mat; note, not, move, wolf; 
 - mute, hut, burn; oil. owl, i hen. ■ 
 
madrepore 
 
 324 
 
 magnetism 
 
 madrepore (mad're-p5r), n. Common 
 coral. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 madrigal (mad'ri-gal ), n. 1. Elab- 
 orate vocal composition in five or six 
 parts. 2. Short poem expressing a 
 graceful and tender thought. [It. ma- 
 drigale, pastoral.] 
 
 madstone (mad'ston), n. Stone re- 
 puted to be efficacious in hydropho- 
 bia, drawing out the virus when 
 applied to the wound. 
 
 maelstrom(marstrom), n. Celebrated 
 whirlpool off the coast of Norway. 
 [Norw. = grinding stream.] 
 
 magazine ( mae-a-zen' ), n. 1. Store- 
 house; receptacle for military stores; 
 gunpowder-room in a ship. 2. Recep- 
 tacle from which cartridges are fed 
 automatically to a gun 3. Periodical 
 containing miscellaneous composi- 
 tions [Ar. makhzan, storehouse.] 
 
 magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. Delicate pink 
 color. [From the battle of Magenta 
 in N. Italy, 1859.] 
 
 maggot (mag'ut), n. 1. Footless worm ; 
 grub. 2. Whim.— maggoty, a. Full 
 of maggots. [Wei. magad, brood.] 
 
 Magi (ma'ji), n. pi. Priests of the Per- 
 sians ; wise men of the east. — Ma'gi- 
 an. I. a. Pertaining to the Magi. II. 
 n. One of the Magi. — Ma'gianism, n. 
 Philosophy or doctrines of the Magi. 
 [Of Chaldean origin.] 
 
 magic (maj'ik), n. Pretended art of 
 producing marvellous results, gener- 
 ally by evoking spirits ; enchantment ; 
 sorcery. [Fr. See magi.] 
 
 magic (maj'ik), mag'ical, a. 1. Per- 
 taining to, used in, or done by, magic. 
 2. Imposing or startling in perform- 
 ance. — mag'ically, adv. — Magic- 
 lantern, optical instrument which 
 throws a magnified image of a picture 
 on a screen. 
 
 magician (ma-jish'an), n. One skilled 
 in magic; sorcerer; necromancer. 
 
 magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-al), a. Per- 
 taining to a magistrate of master. 
 
 Syn. Authoritative; despotic; im- 
 perious; dogmatical; dictatorial. 
 
 magistracy (maj'is-tra-ffi), n. 1. 
 Office or dignity of a magistrate. 2. 
 Body of magistrates. [See master.] 
 
 magistrate (maj'is-trat), n. Publie 
 civil officer invested with authority. 
 
 Magna Charta (mag'na kar'ta), n. 1. 
 Great Charter obtained from King 
 John, 1215 A. D. 2. Any fundament- 
 al law of similar importance. [L.j 
 
 magnanimity (mag-na-nim'i-ti), n. 
 Greatness of soul; mental elevation 
 or dignity; generosity. [L. magnus, 
 great, and animus, mind.] 
 
 *w<- 
 
 Horseshoe magnet 
 
 and magnetic 
 
 curves. 
 
 magnanimous (mag-nan'i-mus), a. 
 Elevated in soul or sentiment; nobly 
 unselfish.— magnanimously, adv. 
 
 magnate (mag'nat), n. 1. Noble. 2. 
 Man of rank or wealth. [Title of 
 nobles of Hungary and Poland — L„ 
 magnus, great.] 
 
 magnesia (mag ne'- 
 shi-a), n. Single ox- 
 ide of magnesium, 
 occurring as a light, 
 white powder.— 
 magne'sian, a. — 
 magnesium, n. 
 Metallic base of 
 magnesia. It burns 
 with a flame of 
 dazzling whiteness. 
 [From Magnesia, a 
 city in Thessaly.] 
 
 magnet (mag'net), 
 n. Lodestone; iron 
 ore which attracts 
 iron, and, when freely suspended, 
 points to the poles; bar or piece of 
 steel to which the properties of the 
 lodestone have been imparted. - 
 Horseshoe magnet, a magnet b e x t 
 so that the two poles are near togeth- 
 er. An electric horseshoe magnet is 
 constructed by placing two bobbins 
 side by side and connecting their 
 cores at one end by a bar of soft iron. 
 [Gr. magnes, properly "Magnesian" 
 stone, from Magnesia, in Thessaly, 
 where it was first found or noticed.] 
 
 magnetic (mag-net'ik), magnetic* 
 al, a. Pertaining to the magnet; 
 having the 
 properties of 
 the magnet; 
 attractive. — 
 Mag netic 
 curves, ar- 
 rangement of 
 iron filings 
 spread on a 
 sheet of paper 
 and lightly 
 shaken over 
 a magnet. 
 The curves 
 show the di- Magnetic field, 
 
 rection of the 
 
 lines of magnetic influence in the 
 magnetic field.— Magnetic Held, region 
 affected by a magnet, or by magnetic 
 force from a conductor carrying an 
 electric current. — magnet'ically, 
 adv. 
 
 magnetism(mag'net-izm), n. 1. Cause 
 of attractive power of the magnet; 
 attraction. 2. Science which treats of 
 the properties of the magnet. 
 
 f*te, t%%, teek; far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 mute, hut r bSrn; oil, pwl, than. 
 
magnetize 
 
 325 
 
 major 
 
 magnetize (mag'net-iz). I. vt. 1. Ren- 
 der magnetic. 2. Attract as if by 
 a magnet. II. vi. Become magnetic— 
 mag'netizer. n. 
 
 magnificent (mag-nif'i-sent), a. Dis- 
 playing splendor or grand power.— 
 magnificently, adv. — magnif- 
 icence, n. [L. magnu8, great, and 
 facio, make.] 
 
 Syn. Glorious; suKime : superb; 
 gorgeous; brilliant. See grand. 
 
 magnify (mag'ni-fi), vt. ] . Make great 
 or greater. 2. Exaggerate. 3. Praise 
 highly. [Fr.— L. magniflco.) 
 
 magniloquent (mag-nil'o-kwent), a. 
 Speaking in a pompous style; bom- 
 bastic. — magnil'oquently, adv.— 
 magnil'oqnence, n. [L,.— may /ties, 
 great, and loquor, speak.] 
 
 magnitude ( mag'ni-tud ), n. Great 
 size; extent; importance. [L. mayni- 
 tudo—magnus, great.] 
 
 magnolia (mag-noli-aj, n. Species of 
 trees of beautiful flower and" foliage, 
 found chiefly in N. America. [From 
 Pierre Maynol, professor of botany at 
 Montpellier.] 
 
 magpie (mag'pi), 
 n. Chattering 
 bird allied to the 
 jay, with pied 
 feathers. [From 
 Mag (Margaret).] 
 
 Magyar ( m a - 
 
 L jar' ), n. 1. One 
 of the domin- 
 ant race in 
 Hungary. 2. 
 Their language. 
 
 Maharajah ma- 
 
 ha-ra'ja), n. Sovereign prince in 
 
 India.' [Native name.] 
 
 Mahatma ( ma-hat'ma ), n. On-e of 
 a supposed community of Buddhist 
 adepts, dwelling in the deserts of Ti- 
 bet. [Sansk._=great-souled one. ] 
 
 Mahdi (ma'de), n. Leader of the faith- 
 ful Mohammedans against the infi- 
 dels. [Ar.=guide.] 
 
 mahlsticls(marstik). See mattlstick. 
 
 mahogany (ma-hog'a-ni), n. 1. Tree of 
 tropical America. 2. Its wood, of beau- 
 tiful color and grain. [Native So. Am- 
 erican name.] [mohammedan. 
 
 Mahomedan, Mahometan. See 
 
 mahont (ma-howf), n. Driver or 
 keeper of_ an elephant. [Hind.] 
 
 maid (mad), maiden (ma'dn), n. 
 Unmarried woman, esp. a young one; 
 virgin. 2. Female servant. [A. S. 
 maigden, maid.] 
 
 maiden (ma'dn), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 a virgin or young woman. 2. Fresh; 
 new. 3. First. 
 
 Magpie. 
 
 maidenhair (ma'dn-har), n. Name 
 given to a fern, from the fine hair- 
 like stalks of its fronds. 
 
 maidenhood ( ma'dn - hod ), n. Vir- 
 ginity, purity, fieshnessi state of an 
 unmarried female. 
 
 maidenly (ma'dn-li), a. Becoming 8 
 maiden ;_ gen tie; modest. 
 
 mail (mal). I. n. Defensive armor foi' 
 the body, formed of steel rings or net 
 work; armor generally. W.vt. Clothe 
 in maiL [Fr. maille—Li. macula, mesh. \ 
 
 mail (mal). I. n. 1. Bag for the convey - 
 ance of letters, etc. 2. Letters, papers 
 books, etc., conveyed by the govern 
 ment postal service. 3. Person or con* 
 veyance by which the mail is carried. 
 II. vt. Deliver to the post office. [Fr, 
 malle, trunk — O. Ger. malaha, sack."; 
 
 mailable (mal'a-bl), a. Fit to be se^i 
 by mail. _ 
 
 maim (mam). I. n. Injury ; mutilation; 
 deprivation of an essential part. II 
 vt. Bruise; disfigure; injure; lame or 
 cripple ; render defective. [O. Fr. 
 mehaing, _bruise; defect.] 
 
 main (man), n. Might; strength. [A, 
 S.?na?gen_ — mag. root of mat.] 
 
 main (man). I. a. Chief; first in im- 
 portance; leading. II. n. 1. Chief or 
 principal part. 2. Ocean. 3. Conti- 
 nent. 4. Principal pipe. — mainly, 
 adv. [O. Fr. maine — L. magnus. great.] 
 
 maindeck (man'dek), n. Principal 
 deck of a ship. So in other com- 
 pounds, mainmast, main sail, 
 mainspring, main'top, main'* 
 yard, etc. 
 
 maintain (man-tan'). I. vt. 1. Keep v 
 keep possession of. 2. Carry on; keep 
 up; support. 3. Make good; support 
 by argument; affirm; defend. — 
 maintainable, a. That can be sup- 
 ported or defended. — main'te* 
 nance, n. [Fr. maintenir—L,. manus, 
 hand, and teneo, hold.] 
 Syn. Vindicate. See aljlege. 
 
 maize (maz), n. Plant, and its fruit, 
 called also Indian corn or wheat* 
 [Sp. maiz— Haitian mahiz.\ 
 
 majestic ( ma-jes'tik ), a. Having or 
 exhibiting majesty; stately; sublime. 
 
 majesty (maj'es-ti), n. 1. Grandeur; 
 dignity; elevation of manner or style. 
 2. Title of kings and emperors. [L. 
 majestas — majus, comp. of magnus* 
 great.] 
 
 majolica ( ma-jol'i-ka ), n. Kind of 
 painted or enamelled earthenware 
 first made_on the island of Majorca, 
 
 major ( ma'jur) . I. a. 1. Greater. 2. 
 More important or comprshensive 
 II. n. 1. Person of full age. 2. Officer 
 in rank between a captain and a lieu* 
 
 iat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wo,*,* 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
majority 
 
 326 
 
 mallet 
 
 tenant-colonel. — ma'jor-do'mo, n. 
 Steward.— major-general, n. Offi- 
 cer in the army next in rank below a 
 lieutenant-general. [L. comp. of mag- 
 nus, great.] 
 
 majority (ma-jor'i-ti), n. 1. Greater 
 number. 2. Amount by which one 
 number exceeds all the others togeth- 
 er. 3. Full age (at 21). 4. Office or 
 rank of major. 
 
 make (mak). I. vt. [ma'klng; made.] 
 1. Fashion, frame, or form. 2. Pro- 
 duce; bring about; perform. 3. Force. 
 4. Rendor. 5. Represent, or cause to 
 appear to be. 6. Turn; occasion; bring 
 into a state or condition. 7. Obtain; 
 reach. II. vi. 1. Tend; move. 2. Con- 
 tribute. 3. Feign or pretend. — Make 
 away with, put out of the way, destroy. 
 —Make for, move toward ; tend to the 
 advantage of. — Make of, understand 
 by; effect; esteem.— Make out, discov- 
 er; prove; furnish; succeed. — Make 
 over, transfer.— Make up to, approach; 
 become friendly. — Make up for, com- 
 pensate.— mafae'-believe. I. n. Pre- 
 tense. II. a. Pretended ; insincere. — 
 maker, n. — makeshift, n. Tem- 
 porary expedient. [A.S. macian.] 
 
 make (mak), «. Form; texture; man- 
 ufacture; brand. 
 
 anal-, prefix. Bad; evil; ill; wrong; 
 defective. [Fr. mal L. male, bad.] 
 
 malachite (mal'a-kit), n. Green-col- 
 ored mineral, composed essentially of 
 carbonate of copper, much used for 
 inlaid work. [Gr. — malache, mallow, a 
 green plant. J 
 
 malacolosy(mal-a-kol'o-ji),n. Science 
 that treats of mollusks. [G. malakos, 
 soft, and logos, doctrine.] 
 
 maladministration (mal-ad-min-is- 
 tra'shun), n. Bad management, esp. 
 of public affairs. [awkward. [Fr.] 
 
 mal adroit (mal-a-droif), a. Clumsy; 
 
 malady (mal'a-di), n. Disease, bodily 
 or mental. [Ff. maladie — L. male habi- 
 tus, in ill condition.] 
 Syn. Indisposition. See disease. 
 
 malapert (mal'a-pert), a. Saucy; im- 
 pudent.— mal'apertly, adv.— mal - 
 apertness, n. [O. Fr.=ill-bred.] 
 
 mal-apropos (mal-a-pro-po'), adv. 
 Unsuitably; out of place. [Fr. mal, 
 ill, and apropos, to the purpose.] 
 
 malaria(ma-la'ri-a), n. 1. Noxious ex- 
 halations of marshy districts, produc- 
 ing fever, etc. ; miasma. 2. Disease so 
 produced. —mala'rious, malari- 
 al, a. [It. mala aria, bad air.] 
 
 malcontent (mal'kon-tent). I. a. Dis- 
 satisfied, esp. in political matters. II. 
 n. One who is discontented.— mal- 
 content'edness, n. 
 
 inale(mal). I. a. Masculine. II. n. OneoS 
 the male sex. [Fr. mdle—L. masculus.] 
 
 malediction (mal-e-dik'shun), n. In- 
 vocation of evil. [Li. mal, and dico, 
 speak.] [n. Evil-doer. [L..] 
 
 malefactor (mal-e-fak'tur or mal'e-K 
 
 malevolent (mal-ev'o-lent), a. Evil; 
 malicious.— malevolently, adv. 
 
 malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. Illegal 
 or wrongful act ; official misconduct. 
 
 malformation (rnal-far-ma'shun), n. 
 Irregular, anomalous structure. 
 
 malice ( mal'is ), n. Disposition to 
 harm others; deliberate mischief. 
 [Fr. — L». malitia—malus, bad.] 
 
 Syn. Malevolence; malignity; ani- 
 mosity; virulence; rancor; grudge; 
 bitterness; spite; pique. 
 
 malicious (ma-lish'us), a. Bearing 
 ill-will or spite; prompted by hatred 
 or ill-will ; with mischievous inten- 
 tions.— mali'ciorasly, adv.— mali- 
 ciousness, n. 
 
 malign (ma-lm'). I. a. 1. Of evil na- 
 ture or disposition towards others; 
 malicious. 2. Unfavorable; pernici- 
 ous. II. vt. Speak evil of; traduce; 
 vilify; slander. — malign' ly, adv.— 
 malig-n'er, h. — malignity (ma- 
 lig'ni-ti), n. Extreme malevolence; 
 virulence; deadly quality. [Fr. malin 
 — L. malignus, for maligenus, of evil 
 disposition.] 
 
 malignant (ma-lig'nant). I. a. Bent 
 on evil; acting maliciously; actuated 
 by extreme enmity ; tending to de- 
 stroylife. II. n. One who bas ill-will 
 or evil intentions.— malignantly, 
 adv.— malig'nancy, n. [L.] 
 
 malinger(ma-ling'Sr), vi. Feign sick- 
 ness in order to avoid duty. [Fr. ma- 
 lingre, sickly, from mal, and O. Fr. 
 heingre, emaciated— L. aeger, sick.] 
 
 mall (mal). I. n. 1. Mallet. 2. Game 
 played with mallets. 3. (mal) Grounds 
 for playing the game;shaded straight 
 walk. II. vt. Beat with a mallet; maul. 
 [Fr. mail— Li, malleus.] 
 
 mallard (mal'ard), 
 n. Common duck 
 in its wild state ; 
 wild drake. [Fr. 
 malart—mdle, male, 
 and suffix -ard.] 
 
 malleable (mal'e-a- 
 bl), a. That may 
 be beaten out or 
 shaped by hammer- 
 ing.— mal'leable- 
 ness, malleability, 
 malleus, hammer.] 
 
 mallet (mal'et), n. Wooden hammer, 
 [Dim. of mall, hammer.] 
 
 Mallard. 
 
 [Fr. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
mallca* 
 
 327 
 
 manes 
 
 malleus ( mal'e-us ), re. Bone of the 
 ear. See cut of labyrinth. 
 
 mallow (mal'o), mallows (mal'oz), 
 re. Plant having soft downy leaves 
 and relaxing properties. [A. S. malwe.] 
 
 malmsey (mam'zi), re. Sweet Greek 
 wine. [Fr. malvoisier.] 
 
 malpractice (mal-prak'tis), re. 1. Evil 
 practice or conduct. 2. Impx'oper 
 medical or surgical treatment. 
 
 malt ( malt ). I. re. Barley or other 
 grain steeped in water, allowed to 
 sprout, and dried in a kiln. II. vt. 
 Make into malt. III. vi. Become malt. 
 IV. a. Containing or made with malt. 
 [A. S. mealt, pa. t. of meltan, melt.] 
 
 Maltese (mal-tez'), a. Pertaining to the 
 island of Malta in the Mediterranean. 
 — Maltese cross, see cut under cross. 
 
 maltreat (mal-tref), vt. Abuse; use 
 roughly or unkindly. — maltreat- 
 ment, re. 
 
 maltster ( malt'ster ), re. One - who 
 makes, or trades in, malt. 
 
 malversation ( mal-ver-sa'shun ), re. 
 Fraudulent artifices; corruption in 
 office. [Fr. — L. male, badly, and ver- 
 sor, turn.] 
 
 mama, mamma (ma-ma' orma'ma), 
 re. Mother — used chiefly by young 
 children. [Ma-ma, a repetition of ma, 
 the first syllable a child utters.] 
 
 mammal (mam'al), re. In zool. One of 
 the Mammalia." [L. mamma, breast.] 
 
 Mammalia (mam-ma' li-a), re. pi. In 
 zool. Class of animals that suckle 
 their young.— mammalian, a. 
 
 mammon (mam'un ),re. 1. (cap) God of 
 riches. 2. Riches; wealth. [Gr. ma- 
 monas.] 
 
 mammoth (mam'uth). I. re. Extinct 
 species of elephant. II. a. Resembling 
 the mammoth in size; very large. 
 [Russ. mama?it.] 
 
 man (man). I. re. [pi. men.] 1. Human 
 being. 2. Grown-up male. 3. Mankind. 
 4. Males of human race. 5. One of 
 manly qualities. 6. Male attendant. 
 7. Husband. 8. Piece used in playing 
 chess or draughts.— M an of war, war- 
 ship. II. vt. [mann'ing; manned.] 1. 
 Supply with men. 2. Strengthen or 
 fortify. [A.S. mann.] 
 
 manacle (man'a-kl). I. re. Shackle for 
 the wrist. II. vt. Put. manacles on. 
 [L. manicula, dim. of manica, sleeve — 
 manus, hand.] 
 
 manage (man'aj). I. vt. I. Control. 2. 
 Conduct or treat carefully; husband. 
 3. Contrive. II. vi. Conduct affairs. — 
 manager, re. [Fr. manege— It. ma- 
 neggio—Ij. manus, hand.] 
 
 Syn. Guide; divert; command; gov- 
 ern; handle; order; transact. 
 
 manageable (man'aj-a-bl), a. That 
 can be managed ; governable. 
 
 ■management ( man'aj-ment ), n. 1. 
 Manner of directing or using. 2. Ad- 
 ministration. 3. Skillful treatment. 
 4. Managers. 
 
 mandamus ( man-da'mus ), n. Order 
 by a higher court to a lower one to 
 perform a certain duty. [L. = we 
 command.] 
 
 mandarin (man-da-ren'), re. 1. Chinese 
 official, civil or military. 2. Small, 
 thin-skinned kind of orange. [Mala- 
 yan mantri, counsellor.] 
 
 mandatary (man'da-tar-i), re. One to 
 whom a mandate is given. 
 
 mandate (man'dat), re. Charge; au- 
 thoritative command. [L. mandatum, 
 from mando, give into hand — manus, 
 hand, and do, give.] 
 
 mandatory (man'da-t5-ri), a. Con- 
 taining a mandate or command; pre- 
 ceptive; directory. 
 
 mandible (man'di-bl), re. 1. Lower 
 jawbone. 2. Either part of a bird's 
 bill or beak. 3. Anterior part of mouth 
 organs in in- 
 sects, etc. - 
 mandibu- 
 lar, a. [Li. man- 
 dibula— mando , 
 chew.] 
 
 man do 1 i n 
 (man'do-lin),re. 
 Instrument of the lute class, with an 
 almond-shaped body.[Fr. mandoline.] 
 
 mandrake (man'drak), re. Narcotic 
 plant; May-apple. [A corr. of A. S. 
 mandragora— Gr. mandragoras.] 
 
 mandrel (man'drei), re. Revolving 
 shank to which turners fix their work 
 in the lathe. [A corr. of Fr. mandrin, 
 mandrel.] 
 
 mandrill (man'- 
 dril), re. Large 
 kind of African 
 baboon with blue 
 and red-striped 
 cheeks. [Fr.] 
 
 mane (man), re. 
 Long hair flow- 
 ing from the neck 
 of some quadru- 
 p e d s, as the 
 horse and lion. 
 [A. S. manu.] 
 
 manege ( m a n- 
 azh'), re. 1. Art of 
 horsemanship or 
 horse training 
 2. Riding-school. [Fr. See manage.) 
 
 maneuver. Same as manceuvre. 
 
 manes (ma'nez), re. pi. Spirits of dead 
 ancestors. [L.] 
 
 Mandolin. 
 
 Mandrill. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
manful 
 
 .328 
 
 mansard 
 
 manful (man'fol), a. Full of manli- 
 ness; bold; courageous.— manful- 
 ly, adv.— inan'fulness, n. 
 
 manganese (mang-a-nez'), n. Hard 
 and brittle metal of a reddish-white 
 color, an element. [From magnesium.] 
 
 mange (manj), n. Scab or itch of do- 
 
 • mestic animals. [From mangy.] 
 
 manger (man'Jer), n. Eating-trough 
 for horses and cattle. [Fr. mangeoire 
 —manger, eat.] 
 
 mangle (mangl). vt. Cut and bruise; 
 tear in cutting; mutilate; take by 
 piecemeal. — mangier, n. [Freq. 
 of M. E. manken, mutilate — A. S. 
 mancian—Li. mancus, maimed.] 
 
 mangle (mang'l). I. n. Rolling-press 
 for smoothing linen. II. vt. Smooth 
 with a mangle ; calender. — mang'- 
 ler, n. [Dut. mangelen.] 
 
 mango (mang'5), n. 1. Fruit of the 
 mango-tree of the East Indies. 2. 
 Green musk-melon pickled. [Ma-lay 
 mangga.] 
 
 mangrove (man'grov), n. Tree of the 
 E. and W. Indies, whose bark is used 
 for tanning. [Malayan.] 
 
 mangy (man'ji), a. Scabby.— man'gi- 
 ness, n. [From Fr. mangi, eaten. J 
 
 manhood (man'hod), n. 1. State of 
 being a man. 2. Manly character. 
 
 mania (ma'ni-a), n. 1. Violent mad- 
 ness; insanity.' 2. Excessive or un- 
 reasonable desire. [Gr.] 
 
 maniac (ma'ni-ak), n. One affected 
 with mania; madman. — maniacal 
 (ma-m'a-kal, a. 
 
 manicure ' (man'i-kur) , n. One who 
 treats persons' hands and finger nails. 
 [L. manus, hand, and cura, care.] 
 
 manifest ( man'i-fest ). I. a. Evident 
 to the senses or the mind. II. vt. Show 
 plainly. III. n. Invoice of a ship's 
 cargo to be exhibited at the custom- 
 house.— manifestation, n.— man- 
 ifestly, adv. [L. manifestos, palpa- 
 ble— manus, hand, and fendo, strike.] 
 Syn. Apparent; clear; evident; visi- 
 ble; obvious; plain; conspicuous. 
 
 manifesto ( man-i-fes'to), n. Public 
 written declaration of the intentions 
 of a sovereign or state. [It.] 
 
 manifold (man'i-fold). I. a. Various 
 in kind or quality ; many in number ; 
 multiplied. II. vt. Make several copies 
 of at one time. — manifoldly, adv. 
 [A.. S. manig-feald. See many and 
 
 FOLD.] 
 
 manikin (man'i-kin),n. 1. Little man. 
 2. Model, exhibiting the different 
 
 f>arts and organs of the human body. 
 O. Dut. manneken, dim. of man.] 
 manioc (man'i-ok),n. Refined tapioca. 
 [Braz. manihoc, cassava plant.] 
 
 maniple (man'i-pl), n. 1. Company of 
 foot*soldiers in the Roman army. 2. 
 Kind of scarf worn by a R.Cath. priest 
 on the left arm. [ L. manipulus — 
 manus. hand, andpteo, fill.] 
 
 manipulate(ma-nip'u-lat), vt. and vi. 
 Work with the hands; manage; use 
 the hands. — manipulation, n. — 
 manip'ulator, n. [Low L. manipulo.] 
 
 mankind (man-kind'), n. 1. Human 
 race. 2. Men in general, as distin- 
 guished from women. [A.S. maacynn. 
 See kin.] 
 
 manly ( man'li ), a. Becoming a man ; 
 brave; dignified; noble; not childish 
 or womanish.— manliness, n. 
 
 manna (man'a), n. 1. Food supplied 
 
 • to the Israelites in the wilderness of 
 
 Arabia. 2. Sweetish exudation from 
 
 many trees, as the ash of Sioily. 
 
 [Heb. —man, gift.] 
 
 manner (man'er), n. 1. Mode of action; 
 way of performing. 2. Peculiar habit 
 or style. 3. Way; degree. 4. pi. Mor- 
 als; deportment. [F. mani&re — L, 
 manus, hand.] 
 
 Syn. Custom; fashion; method; car- 
 riage; form; kind; mien; look. 
 
 mannerism (man'er-izm), n. Strange 
 peculiarity of manner, esp. in literary 
 composition.— man'nerist, n. One 
 addicted to mannerism. 
 
 mannerly (man'er-li). I. a. Showing 
 good-manners- decent in deportment; 
 uot,rude. II. adv. With good man- 
 ners; civilly — man'nerliness, n. 
 
 mannish (man'isn), a. As applied to 
 a woman, masculine; unwomanly. 
 
 manoeuvre (ma-no'ver or ma-nu'-). 
 I. n. A dexterous management; stra- 
 tagem ; adroit movement in military 
 or naval tactics. II. vt. Perform a 
 manoeuvre; manage with art; change 
 the position of troops or ships.— ma- 
 nceu'vrer, n. [Fr. —main, hand, and 
 ceuvre— L. opera, work.] [of- war. 
 
 man-of-war (man-of-war'), n- Ship- 
 
 manor(man'ur), 
 n. Land belong- 
 ing to a noble 
 man, or so 
 much as he 
 formerly kept 
 for his own 
 use ; jurisdic- 
 tion of a court 
 baron.— man'- 
 or h o u s e, 
 manor-seat, 
 
 longing to a manor. [Fr. manoir- 
 maneo, stay.] 
 
 mansard (man'sard), n. Roof having 
 two slopes of different angle on every 
 side. 
 
 Mansard-roof. 
 
 House or seat be- 
 L. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, face, above; me, met, her; mite, mtt; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
THE 
 
 TERRITORIAL GROWTH 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 See flap. Plates XVII, XVIII. 
 
 On June 7. 1776, Richard Henry Lee moved in the Second Continental 
 Congress, held at Philadelphia, a resolution asserting that "these united 
 colonies are, and of right should be, free and independent States." From 
 this resolution, referred to a committee consisting of Jefferson, John Adams, 
 Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston, grew the immortal 
 "Declaration of Independence" that received the signature of all the 
 delegates on July 4 of the same year, which day is therefore properly 
 considered the birthday of the nation. The independence of the "United 
 States " was acknowledged by Great Britain in the preliminary treaty of 
 peace signed on November 30, 1782. The original thirteen states were, 
 in the order in which they ratified the constitution : Delaware, Pennsyl- 
 vania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, S. 
 Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, N. Carolina, Rhode Island. 
 On the map the present areas of these thirteen states are shown in dark red. 
 In 1783 the actual settlements were confined to a strip along the coast, 
 varying between 50 and 200 miles in width. No portion of the present state 
 of W. Virginia was settled at that time. It was a part of Virginia; until 
 admitted to the Union in 1863. 
 
 The vast territory of Louisiana, undetermined as to boundary line, had 
 passed from Spain to France in 1800, but Napoleon, fearing that this dis- 
 tant and undeveloped land might be a source of weakness to him in his 
 struggle with Great Britain, sold it for $15,000,000 to the United States 
 on April 30, 1803. 
 
 Florida was ceded by Spain in the treaty of October 24, 1820, on 
 payment of $5,000,000. 
 
 Continued on reverse of Plate XVIII. 
 
fc /-.'few* H' « K ^ 
 
 Copyright by WH.ILee 1903 
 
PLATE XVII. PLATE XVIII. 
 
 95 from 91 Greenwich 83 
 
 Laird £c Lee, Publishers. Chicago. 
 
Continued from reverse of Plate XVII. 
 
 The independent republic of Texas was formed in 1835 when the 
 Americans under Gen. Sam Houston defeated the Mexicans, compelling 
 them to leave the country. The republic was annexed to the U. S. in the 
 spring of 1845, and was created a State in December of the same year. 
 
 On Feb. 2, 1848, at the end of the war with Mexico, that country 
 ceded to the U. S. all its northern territory, (including everything north 
 and west of the southern boundary of New Mexico, and extending to 
 the northern boundary of California and to the Pacific Ocean), the United 
 States paying $15,000,000, and assuming some $3,000,000 debts due by 
 Mexico to American citizens. 
 
 In a treaty negotiated by James Gadsden, and signed Dec. 30, 1853, 
 the U. S. acquired from Mexico a tract of land of 45,000 sq. miles, now 
 forming part of Arizona and New Mexico, for $10,000,000. 
 
 Alaska was purchased by the U. S. from Russia for $7,200,000 by 
 treaty of March 30, 1867, negotiated by Secretary of State, Wm. H. 
 Seward. Area 531,409 sq. miles. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands, discovered by Cook in 1778, were soon 
 colonized by Americans. On Jan. 15, 1893, the native queen Liliuoka- 
 lani was deposed, and a republic proclaimed on July 4, 1894. The 
 annexation to the U. S. was accomplished by a joint resolution of Con- 
 gress July 6, 1898, signed by President McKinley July 7. On Aug. 12, 
 it was iormally ratified in Honolulu, and the U. S. flag raised. 
 
 A strong U. S. military force landed on Porto_ Rican soil July 25, 
 1898. On August 11 of the same year, a protocol was signed at 
 Washington, by which Spain ceded Porto Rico to the U. S., and on Oct. 
 18 formal possession was taken. 
 
 The Spanish- American war of 1898 was opened on Sunday, May 1, 
 by the brilliant naval victory of Admiral Dewey in Manila Bay, by 
 which the U. S. virtually acquired the Philippine Islands. The largest 
 of the Ladrones, Guam Island, was occupied by an American force on 
 June 20. The Philippines, Guam and Pine Island (West Indies), were 
 ceded by Spain to the U. S. in the treaty of Paris, signed on Dec. 10, 
 1898, the U. S. paying $20,000,000. 
 
 By a treaty with Great Britain and Germany * 1899, one of the 
 Samoan Islands, Tutuila, (with a few smaller islets), became a possession 
 of the U. S. It has an excellent harbor, Pago-Pago, and lies on a 
 straight line drawn from San Francisco to New Zealand. 
 
 The new Republic of Cuba, on Feb. 16, 1903, ceded to the U. S. 
 two ports for naval stations, Bahia Honda, on the north-west coast, and 
 Guantanamo, on the south-east coast. 
 
 Pine Island ceded lo Cuba by the United States, July 2. 1903. 
 
329 
 
 marge 
 
 (mans), n. 1. Dwelling house. 
 
 2. Residence of a clergyman. [Low L. 
 mansa, farm — maneo, remain.] 
 
 mansion (man'shun),n. House; large, 
 fine house; manor-house. [L. ?nansio.] 
 
 manslaughter (man'sla-ter), n. Kil- 
 ling of one unlawfully," but without 
 malice or premeditation. 
 
 mantel (man'tl), n. Shelf over a fire- 
 place; jambs and top of a fire-place; 
 also mantel-piece, mantel- 
 shelf. [Doublet of mantle.] 
 
 mantilla (man-til'a). n. Lace ht?ad- 
 covering for women. [Sp.] 
 
 mantle (man'tl). I. n. 1. Cloak; loose 
 outergarment. 2. Thin fleshy mem- 
 brane lining the shell of a mollusk. 
 
 3. Conical net-work impregnated 
 with a metallic oxide that becomes 
 incandescent when heated ; used over 
 a gas-jet to produce incandescent 
 gaslight. II. vt. Cover, as with a 
 mantle; hide; disguise. III. vi. 1. 
 Expand or spread like a mantle. 2. 
 Rush to the face and impart a crim- 
 son glow, as blood. [O. Fr. mantel, Fr. 
 manfeau—lj. mantellum, napkin.] 
 
 mantua (man'tu-a), n. 1. Lady's 
 cloak or mantle. 2. Lady's gown. — 
 man'tua-ma'ker, n. Maker of 
 ladies' dresses. [Prob. arose through 
 confusion of Fr. manteau (It. manto), 
 with Mantua, in Italy.] 
 
 manual (man'u-al). I. a. Pertaining 
 to, made, or used by, the hand. II. n. 
 1 . Handbook; handy compendium of a 
 age subject. 2. Keyboard of an organ. 
 3. Military drill.— manually, adv. 
 [L. manualis— manus, hand.] 
 Syn. Compend; vademecum. 
 
 manufactory ( man-u-fak'to-ri ), n. 
 Place where goods are manufactured. 
 
 manufacture (man'u-fak'tur ), I. vt. 
 Make from raw materials into a form 
 suitable for use. II. vi. Be occupied 
 in manufactures. III. n. 1. Process of 
 manufacturing. 2. Anything manu- 
 factured. — manufacturer* n. [L. 
 —manus, hand, and factura, making.] 
 
 manumission ( man-u-mish'un ), n. 
 Act of freeing from slavery. 
 
 manumit(man-u-mit'), vt. [manumif- 
 ting; manumit'ted.] Release from 
 slavery. [L.— manus, hand, and mitto, 
 send.] 
 
 manure (ma-nfir'). I. vt. Enrich land 
 with a fertilizing substance. II. n. 
 Substance used for fertilizing land.— 
 manur'er, n. [From manoeuvre.] 
 
 manuscript ( man'u-skript ). I, a. 
 "Written by the hand. II. n. Book or 
 paper written by the hand. [L.— 
 manus, hand, and scribo, write.] 
 
 Manx (mangks). I. n Language(Celtic) 
 of the Isle of Man. II. a. Pertaining to 
 the Isle of Man or its inhabitants. 
 
 many(men'i). I. a. [more; most.] Great 
 number of individuals; not few; 
 numerous. II. n. 1. Great number. 2 
 The people.— man'y where, adv. In 
 many places. [A.S. manig.] 
 
 map (map). I. n. 1. Representation of 
 the surface of the earth, or of part of 
 it; chart. 2. Representation of the 
 celestial sphere. II. vt. [map'ping; 
 mapped.] Draw, as the flgux-e of any 
 portion of land; describe clearly. IL. 
 mappa, napkin.] 
 
 maple (ma'pl), n. Tree of many spe- 
 cies, from the sap of one of which, the 
 sugar-maple, sugar is made. [A. S. 
 mapul.] 
 
 mar (mar), vt. [mar'ring; marred.] 
 Injure by cutting off a part, or by 
 wounding; damage; spoil; disfigure. 
 [A. S. merran.] [of the flesh. [Gr.] 
 
 marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. Wasting 
 
 maraud (ma-rad'), vi. Pillage; plun- 
 der.— marauder, n. [Fr. = rogue] 
 
 marble (mar-bl). I. n. 1. Species of 
 lime stone taking a high polish. 2. 
 That which is made of marble, as a 
 work of art. 3. Little ball used by boys 
 in play. II. a. 1. Made of marble; 
 veined like marble. 2. Hard; insensi- 
 ble. III. vt. Stain or vein like marble. 
 [Fr. marbre— Gr. marmaros—marmairo, 
 sparkle.] [of or resembling marble. 
 
 marbly (mav'bli), adv. In the manner 
 
 March ( march ), n. Third month of 
 the year, named from Mars, the god 
 of war. [L. Martinus {mensis) , (month) 
 of Mars.] 
 
 march (march), n. Border; frontier 
 of a territory (used chiefly in pi.) 
 [A.S.mearc. Doublet of mark.] 
 
 march (march). I. vi. Move in order, 
 as soldiers; walk in a grave ar stately 
 manner. II. vt. Cause to march. III. 
 ■it. 1. Movement of troops; regular 
 advance. 2. Piece of music fitted for 
 marching to. 3. Distance passed over. 
 
 marchioness (mar'shun-es), fern, of 
 marquis. 
 
 Marconig'ram ( mar-ko'ni-gram ), tu 
 Wireless telegram. 
 
 Mardi gras"Cmar'd§-gra), n. Fantastic 
 celebration of the last day of carnival ; 
 Shrove Tuesday. [Fr. =f at Tuesday.] 
 
 mare (mar), n. Female of the horse.— 
 Mare's nest, absurd, imaginary dis- 
 covery. [A. S. mere, fern, of horse.] 
 
 margarin ( mar'ga-rin ), n. Prepara- 
 tion made from lard or vegetable oils. 
 
 [Fr.] [MARGIN.] 
 
 marge (marj), n. Edge; brink. [See 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aDove; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. burn: oil, owl, then. 
 
margin 
 
 330 
 
 marquis 
 
 margin (mar'j in), n. 1. Edge; border; 
 blank edge on the page of a book. 2. 
 Difference between cost and selling 
 price. 3. Latitude on which to work 
 or depend.— marginal, a. Pertain- 
 ing to or placed in the margin. — 
 mar'ginally, adv. [L. margo.] 
 Syn. Brim; security. See border. 
 
 margrave (mar'grav), n. 1. Lord or 
 keeper of the frontiers {marches). 2. 
 German nobleman of the same rank 
 as an English marquis.— fern, margra- 
 vine (mar'gra-ven). [Ger. markgraf— 
 mark, border, and graf, count.] [Pr.] 
 
 marguerite ( mar'ge-ret), n. Daisy. 
 
 marigold (mar'i-gold), n. Plant of 
 the aster family bearing a yellow 
 flower, [mary and gold.] 
 
 marine (ma-ren'). I. «• Of or belong- 
 ing to the sea. II. n. 1. Soldier serv- 
 ing on shipboard. 2. Whole navy of a 
 country. 3. Naval affairs. 4. Picture 
 of a sea subject. [Fr. — L. marinus— 
 mare, sea, akin to b. mere.] 
 
 mariner ( mar'i-ner ), n. Seaman; 
 sailor. [Pr. marinier.] 
 
 marionette (mar-i-o-nef), n. Puppet 
 moved by strings. [Pr.] 
 
 marital (mar'i-tal), a. Pertaining to 
 a husband or to marriage. [L. mari- 
 talis—maritus, husband.] 
 
 maritime (mar'i-tim), ja. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the sea; relating to navigation 
 or naval affairs. 2. Situated near the 
 sea; having a navy and naval com- 
 merce. [L. mar itimus— mare, sea.] 
 
 marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. Aromatic 
 plant used as a seasoning in cookery. 
 
 mark (mark). I. n. 1. Visible sign as 
 a dot, line, etc. 2. Object serving as 
 a guide. 3. That by which anything is 
 known. 4. Visible effect. 5. Thing aim- 
 ed at. 6. Distinction. II. vt. 1. Make a 
 mark on. 2. Take notice of .— mark- 
 er, n. One who marks the score at 
 games, as billiards. [A. S. mearc] 
 
 Syn. Badge; proof f trace; symptom; 
 token; characteristic; stamp; stand- 
 ard; imprint; impress ; eminence. 
 
 mark (mark), n. 1. Obsolete English 
 coin, value about $3.22. 2. Monetary 
 unit and silver coin of the present 
 German Empire, containing exactly 
 5 grams of fine silver, value 23.82 
 cents. 3. Obsolete silver coin of Ham- 
 burg, value about 32c. 
 
 market (mar'ket). I. n. 1. Public place 
 for the purpose of buying and sell- 
 ing. 2. Sale; rate of sale; value. II. 
 vt. and vi. Deal at a market; buy and 
 sell.— inar'ketaole, a. Pit for the 
 market; salable. [A. S.— L. mercatus, 
 market— merx, merchandise.] 
 
 marksman ( marks'man ), n. One 
 good at hitting a mark; one who 
 shoots well. 
 
 marl (marl). I. n. Clay mixture often 
 used as manure. II. vt. Manure with 
 marl. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 marl (marl), vt. Wind (a rope) with 
 marline, twine or the like, securing 
 every turn by a peculiar hitch. 
 
 marline (mar'lin). I. n. Small line 
 for winding round a rope. II. vt. 
 Bind or wind round with marline. 
 [Dut. marlijn—marren, bind, andlijn, 
 rope.] 
 
 marlinespike (mar'lin-spik), n. Iron 
 tool, like a spike, for separating the 
 strands of a rope. 
 
 marmalade (mar'ma-lad), n. Jam or 
 preserve, orig. of quinces. [Pr. from 
 Port, marmelo, quince.] 
 
 marmoset (mar'- 
 mo-zet),w. Small 
 variety of Amer- 
 ican monkey. 
 [Pr. marmouset, 
 grotesque figure 
 in marble.] 
 
 marmot ( mar'- 
 mot), n. 1. Ro- 
 dent animal 
 about the size of 
 a rabbit, which 
 inhabits the 
 higher parts of 
 the Alps and Pyrenees. 2. Prairie 
 dog. [It. marmotlo — L. mus, mouse, 
 and mons, mountain. J 
 
 maroon (ma-ron'), a. Brownish crim- 
 son. [Pr. m'arron, chestnut.] 
 
 maroon ( ma-ron' ). I. n. Fugitive 
 slave living on the mountains, in the 
 W. Indies. II. vt. Put on shore on a 
 desolate island. [Fr. marron — Sp. 
 cimarron— cima, mountain peak.] 
 
 marplot (mar'plot), n. One who de- 
 feats an undertaking by officious or 
 blundering interference, [mar and 
 
 PLOT.] 
 
 marque (mark), n. 1. License to 
 make reprisals. 2. Ship commission- 
 ed for making captures. — Letters of 
 marque, license given to a private cit- 
 izen to cruise and take the enemy's 
 ships. [Fr ] 
 
 marquee ( mar-ke' ), n. Large field- 
 tent.. [Fr. marquise, orig. a marchion- 
 ess' tent.] 
 
 marquetry (mar'ket-ri), n. Mosaic: 
 inlaid work. [Fr. from root of mark.] 
 
 marquis ( m a r'k w i s ), marquess 
 (mar'kwes), n. Title of nobility next 
 below that of a duke. — fern, mar'- 
 chioness. [Pr., from the root of march, 
 mark, frontier.] 
 
 Marmoset. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
marqnisate 
 
 331 
 
 mascnline 
 
 marquisate (mar'kwis-at), n. Dignity 
 or rank of a marquis. 
 
 marquise (mar-kez'), n. 1. Marchion- 
 ess. 2. Sunshade trimmed with lace 
 hangings. [Fr.] ' 
 
 marriage (mar'ij), n. Ceremony by 
 which a man and woman become hus- 
 band and wife; the union of husband 
 and wife. [See marry.] [ding. 
 
 Syn. Matrimony; wedlock; wed- 
 
 marriag-eable (mar'ij-a-bl), a. Suit- 
 able for marriage; capable of union. 
 
 marrow (mar'6), n. Soft, fatty matter 
 in the cavities of the bones; pith of 
 certain plants; essence or best part. 
 — marrowy , adv. — marrow- 
 bone, n. Bone containing marrow. 
 [A. S. mearh.] 
 
 marry (mar'i). I. vt. Take for husband 
 or wife; unite in matrimony. II. vi. 
 Enter into the marriage state; take a 
 husband or a wife. [Fr. marie?'— Lt. 
 mas, maris, male.] 
 
 Mars (marz), n. 
 
 1. Rom. Myth. 
 God of war. 2. 
 Astron. Next 
 planet beyond 
 the earth. [L.] 
 
 Marsala (mar- 
 
 sa'la), n. Light 
 
 wine resem- 
 bling sherry, 
 
 from Marsala in 
 
 Sicily. 
 Marseillaise 
 
 (mar-sal-yaz'), n. 
 
 French revolutionary hymn, first 
 
 sung by men of Marseilles brought 
 
 to Paris to aid in the Revolution in 
 
 1792. 
 marsh (marsh), n. Tract of low wet 
 
 land; morass; swamp; fen. [A. S. 
 
 mersc. See mere, pool.] 
 marshal (mar'shal), n. 1. In France, 
 
 officer of the highest military rank. 
 
 2. In the United States, civil officer 
 of a federal judicial district, corre- 
 sponding to the sheriff of a county. 3. 
 Chief officer of some city department, 
 as fire-marshal. 4. One who arranges 
 and directs the order of a procession, 
 etc. ; master of ceremonies. II. vt. 
 Arrange in order; lead, as a herald. 
 [Fr. marechal—O. Ger. marah, horse, 
 and schalh (Ger. schalk), servant.] 
 
 marsh-mallow (marsh'mal-o), n. 1. 
 Species of mallow common in mead- 
 ows and marshes. 2. Confection made 
 from the mucilaginous root of the 
 plant. 
 
 marshy (marsh'i), a. Pertaining to or 
 like a marsh; abounding in marshes. 
 -marshiness, n. 
 
 The planet Mars. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 marsupial (mar-su'pi-al). I. a. Carry- 
 ing: young in a pouch. II. n. Marsu- 
 pial animal. [Gr. marsupion, pouch.] 
 
 mart (mart), n. Market. [A contrac- 
 tion Of MARKET.] 
 
 marten (mar'ten), n. Destructive 
 
 kind of weasel valued for its fur. [A. 
 
 S. mearlh; Icel. mordhr; Ger. marder. 
 
 From root of murder.] 
 martial ( mar-shal ), a. Belonging to 
 
 Mars, either the' god of war, or the 
 
 Slanet; belonging to war; warlike.— 
 fartial law, law administered by the 
 army in times of war or sedition, un- 
 der suspension of the civil law. [L. 
 — Mars.] 
 
 martin (mar'tin), 
 martinet (mar'- 
 tin-et), n. Bird of 
 the swallow kind. 
 [Named after St. 
 Martin.] 
 
 martinet(mar-tin- 
 et'), n. Strict disci- 
 plinarian: stickler 
 for regularity in 
 details. [From 
 
 Martinet, officer in the army of Louis 
 XIV. of France.] 
 
 martingale (mar'tin -gal), n. 1. Strap 
 fastened to a horse's girth to hold its 
 head down. 2. Short, perpendicular 
 spar under the bowsprit. [Fr.] 
 
 Martinmas (mar'tin-mas), n. Church 
 festival in honor of St. Martin, on 
 Nov. 11. 
 
 martyr ( mar'ter ). I. n. 1. One who 
 suffers death for his belief. 2. One who 
 submits to persecution or suffer- 
 ing for any cause. II. vt. Put to death 
 for one's belief. [Gr.= witness.] 
 
 martyrdom (mar'ter-dum). n. Suffer- 
 ings or death of a martyr. 
 
 martyrology ( mar-ter-ol'o-ji ), n. 
 History of martyrs. — martyrol- 
 ogist, n. 
 
 marvel (mar'vel). I. n. Anything as- 
 tonishing. II. vi. Wonder. [Fr. mer- 
 veille — L. mirabilis, wonderful.] 
 
 marvelous (mar'vel-us), a. Astonish- 
 ing beyond belief. — mar'velously, 
 adv.— mar'velousness, n. 
 
 Syn. Surprising; wonderful ; incred- 
 ible ; miraculous ; astoundiug ; im- 
 probable; amazing. 
 
 mascot (mas'kot), n. Object, animate 
 or not, whose presence is supposed to 
 bring luck. [Fr.] 
 
 masculine (mas'ku-lin), a. 1. Hav- 
 ing the qualities of a man; resembl- 
 ing a man; robust; bold. 3. Express- 
 ing the male gender.— mas'culine- 
 ly, adv. — mas'culineness, n. [L. 
 —mas, male.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
mash 
 
 332 
 
 masticate 
 
 mash (mash). I. vt. 1. Beat into a mix- 
 ed mass; bruise. 2. In brewing, mix 
 malt and hot water together. II. n. 1. 
 Mixture of ingredients beaten to- 
 gether. 2. Mixture of crushed malt 
 and hot water. 3. (Slang), object of 
 admiration. — masli'y, a. [A. S. masc, 
 akin to mix.] 
 
 mask, masque (mask). I. n. 1. Any- 
 thing disguising or concealing the 
 face. 2. Anything that disguises ; 
 pretence. 3. Masquerade. 4. Dra- 
 matic performance in which the act- 
 ors appear masked. 5. Death-mask; 
 cast of the face of a dead person. 6. 
 Masker. II. vt. Cover the face with 
 a mask; disguise; hide. III. vi. Join 
 in a mask or masquerade: be dis- 
 guised; revel.— masker, n. One who 
 wears a mask. [Fr. masque— Sp. mas- 
 cara — Ar. maskharat, jester.] 
 
 mason (ma'sn), n. 1. One who cuts, 
 prepares, and lays stones; builder in 
 stone. 2. Freemason. [Fr. macon — 
 Low L. macio, prob. — O. H. G. mezzo. 
 Cf. Ger. steinmetz, mason, and messer, 
 knife, j [ freemasonry. 
 
 masonic (ma-son'ik), a. Relating to 
 
 masonry (ma'sn-ri), n. 1. Work of a 
 mason; structure of stone or brick. 
 2. Art of building in stone. 3. Free- 
 masque. See mask. [masonry. 
 
 masquerade (masker-ad')- I. n. 1. 
 Assembly of persons wearing masks, 
 generally at a ball. 2. Disguise. II. 
 vt. Put into disguise. III. vi. Join in 
 a masquerade; go in disguise. — 
 masquera'der* n. [Fr. mascarade.] 
 
 mass (mas). I. n. 1. Lump of matter; 
 quantity; collected body; large quan- 
 tity; principal part; main body. 2. 
 Quantity of matter in a body. 3. pi. 
 The lower classes. II. vt. Form into 
 a mass; assemble in masses. [Fr. 
 masse— Gr. maza, barley-cake.] 
 
 mass (mas), n. Celebration of the 
 Lord's Supper in R. Cath. churches. 
 [Fr. messe, from the Latin words ite, 
 missa est, "go, (the congregation) is 
 dismissed," said at the close of the 
 service.] 
 
 massacre (mas'a-ker). I. n. Indiscri- 
 minate slaughter, esp. with cruelty; 
 carnage. II. vt. Kill with violence 
 and cruelty; slaughter. [Fr. — the 
 Teut.— Cf. Low Ger. matsken, cut ; Ger. 
 metzger, butcher.] 
 
 massage (ma-sazh'). I. n. Method of 
 treating or developing the muscles 
 and tissues by manipulations, such 
 as surface friction, kneading and 
 slight pounding with the hand. II. 
 vt. Treat by this process. [Fr.] 
 
 masse (mas-sa' ), n. In billiards, sharp, 
 vertical stoke. [Fr. — masser, knead.] 
 
 masseur (mas-ser'), n. One who prac- 
 tices massage.— fern, masseuse (mas- 
 sez'). [Fr.] 
 
 massive (mas'iv), a. Bulky ; weigh ty.— 
 inas'sively,ad«.— mas'siveness,n. 
 
 mass-meeting (mas'me-ting), n. Gen- 
 eral meeting for some specific pur- 
 pose, usually political. [iness,n. 
 
 massy (mas'i), a. Massive. — mass'- 
 
 mast (mast), n. Long upright pole for 
 sustaining the yards, rigging, etc., in 
 a ship. [A. S. mcest.~\ 
 
 mast (mast), n. Fruit of the oak, 
 beech, chestnut, and other forest 
 trees, on which swine feed ; nuts; 
 acorns. [A. S. mcest. Akin to meat.] 
 
 master (mas'ter). I. n. 1. One who 
 commands; lord or owner; leader or 
 ruler; teacher; employer; command- 
 er of a merchant-ship; officer who 
 navigates a ship-of-war under the 
 captain. 2. Degree in universities. 8. 
 One eminently skilled in anything. 
 4. Common title of address to a young 
 gentleman. II. a. Belonging to a mas- 
 ter; chief; principal. III. vt. Become 
 master of; overcome; become skillful 
 in; execute with skill. — Master-at- 
 arms, n. Non-commissioned officer of 
 the first-class on a warship; chief 
 police officer on a man-of-war. [O. Fr. 
 maistre— L. magister.] 
 
 masterkey (mas'ter-ke), n. 1. Key 
 that opens many locks. 2. General 
 clue out of many difficulties. 
 
 master less (mas'ter-les), a. Without 
 a master or owner; ungoverned; un- 
 subdued. 
 
 masterly ( mas'ter-li ), a. and adv. 
 Like a master; with the skill of a 
 master; skillful; excellent. 
 
 masterpiece (mas'ter-pes), n. Piece 
 or work worthy of a master; work of 
 superior skill; chief excellence. 
 
 mastership ( mas'ter-ship). n. 1. 
 Office of master; rule; dominion. 2. 
 Superiority. 
 
 masterstroke ( mas'ter-strok ), n. 
 Stroke or performance worthy of a 
 master; superior performance. 
 
 mastery (mas'ter-i), n, l. Power or 
 authority of a master. 2. Dominion; 
 victory; superiority. 
 
 mastic (mas'tik), n. 1. Species of 
 gum-resin from the lentisk-tree. 2. 
 Cement from mastic. 3. Tree pro- 
 ducing mastic. [Fr.— Gr. mastiche — 
 masaomai, chew.] 
 
 masticate (mas'ti-kat), vt. Chew; 
 grind with the teeth— mastication, 
 n. [L. mastico. See mastic] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; rne, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 i mute, hut, hum; oil, owl, then. 
 
mastiff 
 
 333 
 
 matrix 
 
 mastiff (mas'tif), n. Large and strong 
 variety of dog. [O.Fr. mestif, mongrel.] 
 
 mastodon (mas'- 
 to-don), n. Ex- 
 tinct, animal, 
 resembling 
 the elephant, 
 with nipple- 
 like p r o j e c- 
 tions on its 
 teeth. [Gr. 
 mastos, nipple, 
 and' odous, 
 tooth.] 
 
 mat OnatV I. n. 
 
 1. Texture of 
 sedge, rushes, 
 etc., for wiping 
 the feet on, or 
 for covering the floor, etc. 2. Plate ©r 
 cardboard laid over a picture, forming 
 a border and keeping it from abrasion 
 by the glass. II. vt. [mat'ting; mat'- 
 ted.] Cover with mats; interweave; 
 entangle. [A. S.meatta— L. matta.] 
 
 matadore (mat'a-dor), n. Man who 
 kills the bull in bull-fights. [Sp. — 
 matar — L. macto, kill.] 
 
 match (mach), n. 1. Splint or strip of 
 combustible material tipped at one 
 end with a composition that ignites 
 by friction. 2. Fuse; slow-match. [Fr. 
 mlche — Gr. myxa, wick of a lamp. J 
 
 match (mach). I. n.l. Anything which 
 agrees with or suits another thing; 
 equal; one able to cope with another. 
 
 2. Contest. 3. Marriage; one to be 
 gained in marriage. II. vi. Be of the 
 same make, size, etc. III. vt. 1. Be 
 equal to; be able to compete with. 2. 
 Find an equal to; set against as 
 equal; suit. 3. Give in marriage. — 
 matcher, n.^ [A. S. gemceca, com- 
 panion, mate. J 
 
 matchless (mach'les),;a. Having no 
 match or equal. , 
 
 matchlock (mach'lok), n. 1. Lock of 
 an old form of musket containing a 
 match for firing it. 2. Musket so fired. 
 
 mate (mat ). I. n. 1. Companion; 
 equal, male or female of animals that 
 go in pairs. 2. In a merchant-ship, 
 the second in command; assistant. II. 
 vt. Match; marry. III. vi. Pair; be- 
 come married. [A. S. ge-maca. Dut. 
 moat.] [or companion. 
 
 matcless (mat'les), a. Without a mate 
 
 material ( ma-te ri-al ). I. a. 1. Con- 
 sisting of matter; corporeal; not spi- 
 ritual; substantial. 2. Essential; im- 
 portant. II. n. Esp. in pi. That out of 
 which anything is to be made.— ma- 
 terially, adv. — mate'rialness, 
 materiality, n. [L.] 
 
 materialism(ma-te'ri-al-izm), n. Doc- 
 trine that denies the independent 
 existence of spirit, and maintains 
 that there is but one substance — viz. 
 matter. 
 
 materialist ( ma-te'ri-al-ist ), n. One 
 who holds the doctrineo'f materialism. 
 
 materialistic (ma-te-ri-al-ist'ik), a. 
 Pertaining to materialism. 
 
 materialize (ma-te'ri-al-iz). I. vt. 1. 
 Reduce to or regard as matter. 2. 
 
 i— Occupy with material interests. 3. 
 Make visible, as a spirit. II. vi. Be' 
 come tangible, real. 
 
 materiel (ma-ta-ri-el'), n. That which 
 constitutes the materials or instru- 
 ments employed in a complex system, 
 as distinguished from the personnel, 
 or men employed. [Fr.] 
 
 maternal (ma-ter'nal), a. Belonging 
 to a mother; motherly. — mater- 
 nally, adv. [L. maternus — mater, 
 mother.]" [being a mother. 
 
 maternity (ma-ter'ni-ti), n. btateof 
 
 mathematic (math-e-mat'ik), 
 mathematical, a. Pertaining to 
 or done by mathematics; very accu- 
 rate. — mathematically, adv. 
 
 mathematician (math-e-ma-tish'an), 
 n. One versed in mathematics. 
 
 mathematics (math-e-mat'iks), n. 
 Science of number and quantity, and 
 of all their relations. [Gr. mathema, 
 learning, science — manthano, learn.] 
 
 matin (mat'in). I. a. Morning; used 
 in the morning. II. n. in pi. Morning 
 prayers or service. [Fr. — L. matuti- 
 num, morning.] 
 
 matinee ( mat-i-n^' ), n. Entertain- 
 ment in the afternoon. [Fr. — matin, 
 morning, early.] [ralof matrix. 
 
 matrices (mat'ri-sez o^ma'-), n. Plu- 
 
 matrieide (mat'ri-sid), n. 1. Murder- 
 er of his mother. 2. Murder of one's 
 mother.— mat'ricidal, a. [L. mater, 
 and ccedo, kill.] 
 
 matriculate ( ma-trik'u-lat ). I. vt. 
 and vi. Admit or be admitted to 
 membership by registering, esp. in a 
 college; enter a university. II. n. One 
 thus admitted to membership. — ma- 
 trienla'tion, n. [ma&ricula, register, 
 dim. of matrix.] 
 
 matrimony (mat'ri-m5-ni), n. Union 
 of husband and wife; nuptial state.— 
 matrimonial, a.— matrimoni- 
 ally, adv. [L. matrimonium — mater.] 
 Syn. Hymeneal; conjugal; connu- 
 bial; nuptial; sponsal. 
 
 matrix (ma'triks or mat'riks), n. [pi. 
 matrices.] 1. Cavity in which any- 
 thing is formed; mold; die. 2. Womb. 
 [L.— mater, mother.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
matron 
 
 334 
 
 May 
 
 matron (ma'trun), n. 1. Married 
 woman; motherly, dignified woman. 
 2. Female superintendent in a public 
 institution, as a hospital.— niatron- 
 age ( ma'trun-aj ), matronhood 
 (ma'trun-hod), n. State of a matron. 
 — matronal (ma'trun-al), a. Per- 
 taining or suitable to a matron 
 motherly ; grave. — matronly (ma'- 
 trun-li), a. Like, becoming, or be- 
 longing to a matron; elderly; sedate. 
 [L. matrona— mater, mother.] 
 
 matter (mat'er). I. n. 1. That which 
 occupies space, and with which we 
 become acquainted by our bodily 
 senses. 2. That out of which anything 
 is made. 3. Subject or thing treated 
 of; that with which one has to do; 
 condition; state. 4. Cause of a thing. 
 5. Thing of consequence. 6. Secretion ; 
 pus. 7. Type composed and ready to 
 be used in printing. II. vi. Be of im- 
 portance; signify.— m after less, a. 
 — mat'ter-of-fact. a. Not fanciful; 
 dry ; commonplace ; business-like. [L. 
 materia, matter.] 
 
 matting (mat'ing), n. 1. Texture for 
 covering floors, composed of hemp, 
 jute, rushes, grass, etc. 2. Material 
 for making mats. 
 
 mattock (mat'uk), n. Kind of pick- 
 axe having the iron ends broad in- 
 stead of pointed. [A. S. mattuc] 
 
 mattress (mat'res), n. Sort of quilted 
 bed stuffed with wool, horse-hair, etc. 
 [O. Fr. mater as— Ar. matrah, rubbish 
 heap.] 
 
 maturate (mat'u-rat). I. vt. Promote 
 the suppuration of. II. vi. Suppurate 
 perfectly. — matnra'tion, n. [L. 
 maturo — maturus, ripe.] 
 
 maturative(ma-tur'a-tiv). I. a. Matur- 
 ing; promoting suppuration. II. n. 
 Medicine promoting suppuration. 
 
 mature (ma-tur'). I. a. Fully devel- 
 loped ; ripe. II. vt. Bring to perfection ; 
 prepare for use. III. vi. 1. Become 
 ripe. 2. Become payable, as a bill.— 
 mature'ly, adv.— mature'ness, n. 
 matur'ity, n. [L. maturus, ripe.] 
 
 Syn. Perfected ; finished ; prepared ; 
 completed; digested; ready. 
 
 matutinal(mat-u-tl'nal),a. Pertaining 
 to the morning; early. [See matin.] 
 
 maudlin (mad'lin),a. Weeping; silly, 
 as if half drunk ; sickly sentimental. 
 [From Magdalen.} 
 
 manger, maugre (ma'ger), prep. In 
 spite of. [O. Fr. mangre. Fr. malgre— 
 L. male, badly, andgratum, agreeable.] 
 
 maul, mall ( mal ). I. n. Heavy 
 wooden hammer. II. vt. Beat with a 
 maul or something heavy ; abuse ; 
 beat. [O. Fr. — L. malleus, mallet.] 
 
 Mausoleum. 
 
 maulstick (mal'stik), n. Stick used 
 by painters to steady their hand 
 when working. [ Ger. malerstock — 
 maler, painter, and stock, stick.] 
 
 Maundy-Thursday (man'di-thurz'- 
 da), n. Thursday in Passion-week, 
 when royal charity is distributed to 
 the poor at Whitehall, London, Eng. 
 [M.E. maundee— O.Fr. mande—L,. man- 
 datum, command, i. e. the "new Com- 
 mandment," to love one another, 
 John xiii, 34.] 
 
 mausoleum 
 (ma-so-le'um), 
 n. Magnifi- 
 cent tomb or 
 mo n u m e n t. 
 [Gr. Mausolei- 
 on— Mausolus, 
 king of Caria, 
 to whom his 
 widow erect- 
 ed a splendid 
 tomb.] 
 
 mauve (mov), 
 n. Delicate 
 purple color. 
 [Fr. — L. mal- 
 va, mallow.] 
 
 maverick 
 [mav'er-ik), 
 n. Unbranded 
 
 cow or calf, subject to be taken up 
 by the finder as "unowned." [From 
 name of a Texas cattle-raiser whose 
 mark of identification was the ab« 
 sence of a brand J 
 
 maw (ma), n. 1. Stomach. 2. Craw, in 
 birds. [AS. maga. Ger. magen.] 
 
 mawkish (ma'kish), a. 1. Disgusting. 
 2. Easily disgusted; squeamish.— 
 maw'kisnly, adv. — maw'kish- 
 ness, n. [From maggotish.] 
 
 maxillar (maks'il-ar), mamillary, 
 a. Pertaining to the jawbone or jaw. 
 {Li.— maxilla, jawbone — root of mac- 
 erate.] 
 
 maxim ( maks'im ), n. General prin- 
 ciple, usually of a practical nature; 
 proverb; axiom; aphorism. [L. ma- 
 xima (sententia), chief (opinion).] 
 
 maximum (maks'i-mum). I. a. Great- 
 est. II. n. Greatest number, quantity, 
 or degree.— pi. max'ima. [L., superl. 
 of magnus, great.] 
 
 may (ma), vi. [pa. t. might (mit).] Be 
 able, allowed, possible; be by chance; 
 [A.S. mag, pr. t. oimugan,Xie able, pa. 
 t. meahte, mihte.] 
 
 May (ma), n. 1. Fifth month of the 
 year. 2. Early or gay part of life. [L. 
 Maius{mensis, month), sacred to Maia, 
 (the mother of Mercury) — root mag, 
 grow.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
may 
 
 335 
 
 mechanic 
 
 may (ma), n. English hawthorn, which 
 blossoms in May. [mandrake. 
 
 May-apple(ma'ap-l), n. Fruit of the 
 
 Mayday (ma'da),_a. First day of May. 
 
 may-flower (ma'fiow-er ), n. 1. In 
 England, hawthorn. 2. In the U. S., 
 trailing arbutus. [appears in May. 
 
 Mayfly (ma'fli), n.Ephemeral fly which 
 
 mayhem (ma'hem), n. Crime of vio- 
 lently crippling a person. [See maim.] 
 
 maying (ma'ing), n. Observing May- 
 day festivities. 
 
 mayor ( ma'ur ), n. Chief magistrate 
 of a city or borough. — mayoralty 
 (ma'ur-al-ti), n. Office or term of a 
 mayor. ' [Fr. maire — L. major, comp. 
 of magnus, great.] 
 
 Maypole (ma'pol), n. Pole erected for 
 dancing round on May-day. 
 
 May-queen (ma'kwen), n. Young 
 woman crowned with flowers as 
 queen on May-day. 
 
 maze (maz). I. n. Place full of intri- 
 cate windings; confusion of thought; 
 perplexity. II. vt. Bewilder; confuse. 
 [From root of Norw. masa, ponder.] 
 
 mazurka ( ma-zor'ka ), n. Lively 
 Polish dance." 
 
 mazy (ma'zi), a. Full of windin gs ; in- 
 t r i c a t e .— ma'zily, adv.— ma'zi- 
 ness,n. [of I. [A. S.] 
 
 me (me), personal pron. Objective case 
 
 mead (med), n. Honey and water fer- 
 mented aud flavored. [A. S. medu.] 
 
 mead (med), meadow (med'o), n. 
 Rich pasture-ground. [A. S. maed— 
 mawan, mow.] 
 
 meadow-lark ( med'5-lark ), n. In 
 America, species of oriole, which fre- 
 quents meadows and fields. It has a 
 sweet, liquid note, butit is not a lark. 
 
 meager, meagre (me'ger), a. Lean; 
 poor; scanty; without strength; bar- 
 ren. — uiea'grely, adv. — mea'gre- 
 ness, rt._[Fr. maigre — ~L.macer, lean.] 
 
 meal (met), n. Food taken at one time; 
 act or the time of taking food ; repast. 
 [A.S. mael, time.] [A. S. melu.] 
 
 meal (mel), n. Grain coarsely ground. 
 
 mealy (me'li), a. Resembling meal; 
 besprinkled as with meal. — meal'i- 
 bi e s s, n. — mealy-mouthed, a. 
 Too cautious in speech; hypocritical. 
 
 mean (men), a. 1. Low; common. 2. 
 
 Base; sordid. 3. Contemptible. — 
 
 meanly, adv.— mean'ness, n. [A. 
 
 S.maene, wicked.] [vulgar; paltry. 
 
 Syn. Humble; ignoble; abject; vile; 
 
 mean (men). I. a. Middle; coming be- 
 tween; moderate. H. n. 1. Middle 
 point, quantity, value, or degree. 2. 
 Instrument. 3. pi. Inc ome; estate; 
 instrument. [O. Fr. meien (Fr. moyen) 
 — L. medianus—medius, middle.] 
 
 mean (men). I. vt. [mean'ing; meant 
 (ment).] 1. Have in the mind or 
 thoughts; intend. 2. Signify. II. vi. 
 Be minded or disposed. [A. S. mae- 
 nan. Ger. meinen.] 
 
 meander (me-an'der). I. n. Winding 
 course; maze; perplexity. II. vi. and 
 vt. Flow or run in a winding course; 
 flow round. — inean'dering. I. a. 
 Winding in a course. II. n. Winding 
 course. [Gr., name of a winding 
 river in Asia Minor.] 
 
 meaning- (me'ning). I. n. That which 
 is in the mind or thoughts; signifi- 
 cation; sense intended; purpose. II. 
 a. Significant. — meaningly, adv. 
 
 meanness ( men'es ), n 1. Baseness 
 or dishonorableness of mind. 2. Low, 
 or dishonorable thoughts or actions. 
 
 3. Sordidness; niggardliness. 
 meant, pa. t. and pa. p. of mean, vt. 
 measles (nie'ziz), n. Contagious fever 
 
 accompanied with small red spots 
 upon the skin.— measly (me'zli), a. 
 1. Infected with measles. 2. Infected 
 with larval tape-worms. [Dut. maselen, 
 measles, from masa, spot.] 
 
 measurable (mezh'6r-a-bl), a. That 
 may be measured or computed; mod- 
 erate.— measurably, adv. 
 
 measure (mezh'or), I. n. 1. That by 
 which extent is ascertained or ex- 
 pressed. 2. Extent; proportion; stat- 
 ed quantity; degree. 3. Rule by which 
 anything is adjusted. 4. Moderation. 
 5. Means to an end. 6. Metre; musical 
 time. II. vt. Ascertain the dimensions 
 of; adjust; mark out; allot. III. vi. 
 Have a certain extent. [Fr. mesure — 
 L. mensura.] 
 
 measured (mezh'ord), a. Equal; uni- 
 form; steady; restricted. 
 
 measureless (mezh'or-les), a. Bound- 
 less; steady; restricted. 
 
 measurement (mezh'or-ment), n. 1. 
 Act of measuring. 2. Quantity found 
 by measuring. 
 
 meat (met) n. 1. Anything eaten as 
 food. 2. Flesh of animals used as 
 food. 3. Animal food other than fish. 
 
 4. Edible portion of fruit, nuts, eggs, 
 etc. [A. S. mete — metan, measure, 
 deal out.] 
 
 mechanic (me-kan'ik), mechanical 
 (me-kan'ik-al). I. a. Pertaining to 
 machines or mechanics. 2. Construct- 
 ed according to the laws of mechanics. 
 8. Acting by physical power. 4. Done 
 by a machine. 5. Pertaining to ar- 
 tisians. 6. Done simply by force of 
 habit. H. n. One engaged in a me- 
 chanical trade; an artisan. — me- 
 chan'ically, adv. — Me chanical 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; aote, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
mechanician 
 
 336 
 
 meed 
 
 powers, means of converting a small 
 force acting through a great space 
 
 Mechanical Powers. 
 
 1, Lever; 2, Pulley; 3. Wheel and axle. 
 4", Inclined plane; 5, Wedge; 6, Screw. 
 
 into a great force acting through a 
 small space, or vice versa-, the lever 
 and the inclined plane, with their ap- 
 plications. 
 
 mechanician (mek-an-ish'an), me- 
 chanist (mek'an-ist), n. One skilled 
 in mechanics. 
 
 mechanics (me-kan'iks), n. 1. Science 
 which treats of machines. 2. Science 
 which determines the effect produced 
 by forces on a body. 
 
 mechanism (mek'an-izm), n. 1. Ar- 
 rangement and action of a machine. 
 
 2. That which acts according to me- 
 chanical laws. 3. Mechanical action. 
 
 medal (med'al), n. Piece of metal in 
 the form of 'a coin hearing some de- 
 vice or inscription, bestowed as a re- 
 ward of merit. [Pr. medaille—'L. metal- 
 lum, metal.] 
 
 medallion (me-dal'yun), n. 1. Large 
 medal; memorial coin. 2. Bass-relief 
 of around form. [Fr.] 
 
 meddle (med'l), vi. Interfere officious- 
 ly (with or in) ; have to do (with).— 
 meddler, n. — meddlesome, a. 
 Given to meddling .— med'dlesome- 
 ness< n.— med'dling. I. a. Interfer- 
 ing in the concerns of others; offi- 
 cious. II. n. Officious interposition. 
 
 mediaeval. Same as medieval.. 
 
 medial (me'di-al), a. Noting a mean 
 or average. [Low L. medialis — L. 
 medius, middle.] 
 
 median (me'di-an), a. Situated in, or 
 passing through or along the middle. 
 [L. medianus — medius, middle.] 
 
 mediate (me'di-at), I. a. 1. Middle; be- 
 tween two extremes. 2. Acting by or 
 as a means. 8. Intervening; inter- 
 posed. II. vi. Interpose between par- 
 ties as a friend of each; intercede. 
 
 III. vt. Effect by mediation. — me- 
 diately, adv. — media'tion, n. — 
 mediator, n.— mediatorial, a — 
 
 mediato'riaily, adv. [Low. I^.medi- 
 atus — L. medius, middle.] [be healea. 
 
 medicable (med'i-ka-bl, a. That may 
 
 medical (med'i-kal)", a. 1. Relating 
 to the art of healing diseases. 2. 
 Containing that which heals. 3. In- 
 tended to promote the study of medi 
 cine. — med'ically, adv. [Low L, 
 medicalis — L. medicus, pertaining to 
 healing,— medeor, heal.] 
 
 medicament (med'i-ka-ment), n. Me- 
 dicine; healing application. 
 
 medicate ( med'i-kat ), vt. 1. T r e a t 
 with medicine. 2. Impregnate with 
 anything medicinal.— medication, 
 n. [tending to heal 
 
 medicative (med'i-ka-tiv), a. Healing; 
 
 medicinal (me-dis'in-al), a. Relating 
 to medicine; fitted to cure or lessen 
 disease or pain.— medicinally, adv. 
 
 medicine (med'i-sin ), n. Anything 
 applied for the cure or lessening of 
 disease or pain. [L. medicina.] 
 
 medieval, mediaeval (me-di-e'val), 
 a. Relating or appropriate to the 
 middle ages. [L. medius, middle, and 
 aevum, age. ] 
 
 mediocre (me'di-o-ker), a. Middling; 
 ordinary.— mediocrity (me-di-ok'ri 
 ti), n. [L. mediocris.] 
 
 meditate (med'i-tat). I. vi. Think deep- 
 ly; ponder. II. vt. Think on; plan.— 
 medita'tion, n. Absorbed thought. 
 — med'itative, a. Given to medita- 
 tion.— med'itatively, adv. 
 
 Syn. Contemplate ; consider ; re- 
 volve; muse; weigh; study; reflect; 
 purpose; intend. 
 
 medium (me'di-um), n. [pi. me'diums 
 or me'dia. ] 1. Middle place or de- 
 greee. 2 Anything intervening. 3. 
 Means or instrument. 4. Substance 
 in which bodies exist, or through 
 which they move. 5. Person through 
 whom spirits are alleged to make 
 their communications. [L. See me- 
 dial, and mid.] 
 
 medlar (med'lar), n. Small European 
 tree, with fruit like a small apple. 
 [O. Fr. meslier — Gr. mespilon. ] 
 
 medley (med'li), n. 1. Mingled and 
 confused mass. 2. Parts of different 
 musical compositions or songs run 
 together ; potpourri. [O. Fr. medler, 
 mix.] 
 
 medulla (me-dul'a), n. 1. Marrow, 2. 
 Pith. — medullar, medullary, 
 a. [L] 
 
 meed (mSd), w. Deserved reward ; that 
 which is bestowed for merit. {A. S. 
 med. Ger. miethe, hire.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burli; oil, owl, then. , 
 
meek 
 
 337 
 
 membrane 
 
 meek (mek), a. Submissive.— meek'- 
 lj^adv — meekness, n.flcel. mjukr.] 
 Syn. Patient; humble; gentle. 
 
 meerschaum (mer'sham), n. 1. Fine 
 white clay used for making tobacco- 
 pipes. 2. Pipe made of this material. 
 [Ger. meer, the sea, and schaum, foam.] 
 
 meet (met), a. Fitting; qualified; 
 ada p ted.— meet'ly, adv. — meet'- 
 ness. n._ [A.S. ge??iet, fit. See mete.] 
 
 meet (met). I. vt. [meeting; met.] 1. 
 Come face to face;encounter.2. Find; 
 receive, as a welcome. 3. Answer or 
 satisfy. II. vi. 1. Come together; as- 
 semble. 2. Have an encounter. III. n. 
 Meeting, as of huntsmen. [A.S. metan. 
 Low Ger. moeten. Cf. moot.] 
 
 meeting (me'ting), n. 1. Interview. 
 2. Assembly. — meeting-house 
 (me'ting-hows), n. Building where 
 people meet for public worship. 
 
 megaphone (meg'a-fon), n. 1. Instru- 
 ment for perceiving ordinary sounds 
 at great distances. 2. Large funnel- 
 shaped speaking trumpet. 
 
 megalosaurus ( meg-a-lo-sa'rus ), n. 
 Extinct gigantic reptile, 40 "feet long. 
 [From Gr. megale, large, and sauros, 
 lizard.] 
 
 Skeleton of megatherium. 
 
 megatherium (meg-a-the'ri-um), n. 
 Extinct eigantic sloth, 13 feet long, 
 «xclusive~of the five foot tail. [From 
 •Gr. megas, large, and therion, beast.] 
 
 megrim (me' grim), n. Periodical 
 headache, usually affecting but one 
 side of the head [Fr. migraine, corr. 
 of Gr. hernicrania—hemi, half, and kra- 
 nion, skull.] 
 
 melancholic (mel'an-kol-ik or -kol'- 
 ik), a. Affected with' melancholy; de- 
 jected; mournful; dismal; sad. 
 
 melancholy (mel'an-kol-i). I. n. Dis- 
 ease causing gloomy, groundless 
 fears, and general depression of spir- 
 its; habitual dejection. II. a. Gloomy; 
 producing grief. [Gr. — melan, black, 
 and chole, bile.] [mixture. [Fr.] 
 
 melange (ma-langzh' ), n. Medley; 
 
 melee (ma-la'), n. Hand-to-hand fight? 
 scuffle. [Fr.]_ 
 
 melinite (jna'lin-it ), n. High explo- 
 sive, composed of picric acid, gun- 
 cotton, and gum arabic. [Gr. melinos, 
 pale gold-yellow col_or.] 
 
 meliorate (me'li-or-at), vt. Make bet* 
 ter; improve- melioration, n. 
 [L.—?nelior, better. 1 
 
 melliferous fmel-lifer-us), a. Honey- 
 producing. [L. met, honey, and J'ero, 
 produce.] 
 
 mellifluent (mel-lif'16-ent), melli- 
 fluous(mel-lif'lb-us), a.Flowing with 
 honey or sweetness; smooth. — mel< 
 lif 'luently, mellif luously, advs. 
 —mellifluence, n. [L- mel* and 
 jluens—fluo, flow.] 
 
 mellow (mel'o). I. a. Soft and ripe; 
 well matured; soft to touch. II. vt. 
 Soften by ripeness or age; mature. 
 III. vi. Become soft; be matured.— 
 mellowness, n. [A.S. mearu. Ger. 
 ?nollig.] [reed organ. 
 
 melodeon (me-lo^de-un), n. Small 
 
 melodious (me-lo'di-us), a. Full oi 
 melody; harmonious.— in elo'dious* 
 ly. adv.— melodiousness, n. 
 
 melodrama (mel-o-dra'ina or dra'- 
 ma), n. Sensational, romantic drama, 
 formerly largely intermixed with 
 songs.— melodramatic (mel-o-dra- 
 mat'ik), a. Of the nature of the melo» 
 drama ; overstrained ; sensational. 
 [From Gr. ?nelos, song, and drama, 
 drama.] 
 
 melody (mel'o-di), n. 1. Air; tune; 
 music. 2. Agreeable succession of a 
 series of single musical sounds. — 
 melodist, n. [Gr. melodia — melos, 
 song, and ode, ode.] 
 
 melon (mel'un), n. Fruit of an annua? 
 trailing plant (cucumis melo), compre- 
 hending the muskmelon and water- 
 melon. [It. melone—Gr. melon, apple.] 
 
 melt (melt), vt. and vi. 1. Make or be 
 come liquid; dissolve. 2. Soften. 3. 
 Waste away. [A. S. meitan.] 
 
 Syn. Liquefy; thaw; fuse; dissolve; 
 relax; mollify; weaken. 
 
 member (mem'ber), n. 1. Limb or 
 other functional part of an animal. 2. 
 Clause. 3. One of a community. 4. 
 Representative in a legislative body.— 
 mem'bered, a. Having limbs. — 
 membership, n. 1. State of being 
 a member or one of a society. 2. The 
 members collectively. [L. membruvi.] 
 
 membrane (mem'bran), n. 1. Thin 
 tissue which covers the members or 
 parts of the body. 2. Film containing 
 the seeds of a plant. — membran- 
 ous, membranaceous, a. [Fr.— 
 L. membrana—membrum.} 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; dote, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
memento 
 
 338 mercerize 
 
 memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- 
 men'tos.] Suggestion or notice to 
 awaken memory. [L. imper. of me- 
 mini, remember!] 
 
 memoir (mem'war or me-mor'), n. 1. 
 Familiar narrative of anything as 
 remembered by the writer. 2. Short 
 biographical sketch. 3. Record of re- 
 searches on any subject. 4. Transac- 
 tions of a society. [Fr. mimoire—Li. 
 memoria, memory.] 
 
 memorable (mem'or-a-bl), a. Deserv- 
 ing to be remembered ; remarkable.— 
 memorably, adv. 
 
 memorandum (mem-or-an'dum), n. 
 [ pi. memoran'dums, memoran'da. ] 
 Something to be remembered; a note 
 to assist the memory. 
 
 memorial (me-mo'ri-al). T. a. Bring- 
 ing to memory; commemorative. II. 
 n. 1. That which serves to keep in re- 
 membrance; monument. 2. Written 
 statement with a petition, laid before 
 a legislative or other body-memo'- 
 rialist, n. One who writes, signs, or 
 presents a memorial.— memorial- 
 ize, vt. 1. Commemorate. 2. Petition 
 by memorial. 
 
 memory (mem'o-ri), n. 1. Faculty 
 of the mind by which it retains the 
 knowledge of previous thoughts or 
 events. 2. Thing remembered. [See 
 memojlk,.] [reminiscence; tradition. 
 Syn. Recollection ; remembrance ; 
 
 men, plural of man. 
 
 menace (men'as). I. vt. Threaten. II. 
 n. Threat or threatening. [Fr. — L. 
 minor, threaten — mineo, be out of 
 plumb, project.] [Fr.] 
 
 menage (ma-nazh'), n. Household. 
 
 menagerie (men-azh'e-ri or men-aj'- 
 er-i), n. Collection of wild animals, 
 for exhibition. [Fr. —manage.] 
 
 mend (mend). I. vt. Remove a fault in. 
 
 II. vi. Grow better. — mend'er, n. 
 
 [Short for amend.] [correct. 
 
 Syn. Repair ; improve ; increase ; 
 
 mendacious (men-da'shus),<z. Lying; 
 false. — menda'ciously, adv. [L. 
 mendax—mentior, lie.] [falsehood. 
 
 mendacity (men-das'i-ti), n. Lying; 
 
 mendicancy (men'di-kan-si), n. Beg- 
 gary. 
 
 mendicant (men'di-kant). I. a. Prac- 
 ticing beggary. II. n. Beggar. [L. 
 —mendico, beg.] 
 
 menhaden (men-ha'dn), n. Small, 
 large-headed fish, found at the Atlan- 
 tic Coast of the U. S., valuable as fer- 
 tilizer, by its oil and as a substitute 
 for sardines; mossbunker; alewife. 
 [Corrupted from an American Indian 
 name, meaning 'fertilizer'.] 
 
 ial (me'ni-al). I. a. Servile, low, 
 II. n. 1. One performing servile work. 
 
 2. Person of servile disposition. 
 [From O. Fr. meisnee, household.] 
 
 meningitis (men-in-ji'tis) , n. Inflam- 
 mation of the meninges. See meninx. 
 
 meninx (me'ningks), n. [pi. meninges 
 (me-nin'jez). ] One of the three mem- 
 branes, enveloping the brain and the 
 spinal cord: dura mater (outer); ar- 
 achnoid (middle); and pia mater 
 (inner). [Gr.J 
 
 meniscus (me-nis'kus),?i. [pi. menisci 
 or meniscuses.] 1. Crescent. 2. Cres- 
 cent-shaped lens. 3. Convex or con- 
 cave surface of a liquid in a narrow 
 tube. 
 
 mensal (men'sal), a. Monthly. [L.] 
 
 menstrual (meh'stro-al), a. Recurring 
 monthly. [L.] 
 
 mensurable (men'sho-ra-bl), a. Meas- 
 urable.— mensurabil'ity, n. [L.— 
 mensuro, measure.] [to measure. 
 
 mensural (men'shb-ral), a L Pertaining 
 
 mensuration (men-shb-ra'shun), n. 1. 
 Act, process, or art of measuring. 2. 
 Result of measuring. 
 
 mental (men'tal), a. Pertaining to the 
 mind; intellectual.— men' tally, adv. 
 [From L. mens, mind.] 
 
 menthol (men'thol), n. Camphor-like 
 substance extracted from oil of pep- 
 permint. [L. mentha, mint, and -ol.] 
 
 mention (men'shun). I. n. Brief 
 notice; remark; hint. II. vt. Notice 
 briefly; name. — men'tionable, a. 
 [L. mentio— root of mind.] 
 
 mentor (men'tar), n. Wise and faith- 
 f ul counselor. — mento'rial, a. [From 
 Gr. Mentor, the friend of Ulysses.] 
 
 menu (men'o), n. List of things com- 
 posing a repast. [Fr. — L. minutus, 
 small, detailed.] 
 
 mephitic (me-flt'ik), a. Offensive to 
 the smell; noxious; pestilential. [L.] 
 
 mercantile (mer'kan-til), a. Pertain- 
 ing to merchants; ' commercial. [L. 
 mercor, trade.] 
 
 mercenary ( mer'se-nar-i ). I. a. 1. 
 Hired for money. 2. Actuated by 
 the hope of reward ; greedy of gain. 
 
 3. Sold or done for money. II. n. One 
 hired ; soldier hired into foreign ser- 
 vice. [L. mercenarius—merces, hire.] 
 
 Syn. Sordid; venal; vendible. 
 
 mercer ( mer'ser ), n. 1. Dealer in 
 silks. 2. Dealer in notions. [Fr. mer- 
 cier, from root of merchant.] 
 
 mercerize (mer's§r-lz), vt. Steep cot- 
 ton in a soda or potash solution, by 
 which process it shrinks and becomes 
 able to be*dyed a more brilliant color. 
 [From Mercer, the inventor, 1851.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move wolf- 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
merchandise 
 
 339 
 
 mesmerism 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 merchandise (mer'chan-diz ), n. 
 Goods of a merchant; wares. [Fr. 
 marchandise.'] 
 
 merchant (mer'chant). I. n. One who 
 buys and sells goods; trader. II. a. 
 Pertaining to trade or merchandise. 
 [Fr. marchand — Li. mercans—mercor, 
 trade.] [Trading-ship. 
 
 merchantman (mer'chant-man), n. 
 
 merciful (mer'si-fol), a. Compassion- 
 ate; tender; humane.— mer'cifully, 
 adv.— mer'cifulness, n. 
 
 merciless (mer'si-les), a. Unfeeling; 
 hard-hearted ; cruel.— mer'cilessly, 
 adv. — mer'cilessness, n. 
 
 mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al), a. 1. Having 
 the qualities said to belong to the god 
 Mercury; active; sprightly; fickle; 
 changeable. 2. Containing, or consist- 
 ing of, mercury. [L.] - 
 
 Mercury (mer'ku-ri), n. 
 1. God of merchandise 
 and eloquence, and the 
 messenger of the gods. 2. 
 Planet nearest the sun. 3. 
 (I.e.) Quicksilver. 4. Mes- 
 senger. [L. Mercurius— merx, 
 merchandise.] 
 
 mercy (mer'si), n. 1. For- 
 giving disposition; cle- 
 mency; leniency; tender- 
 ness. 2. Act of mercy; 
 favor. [Fr. merci, grace — 
 Li. merceSj pay.] [mere. Ger. meer, sea.] 
 
 mere (mer), n. Pool or lake. [A. S. 
 
 mere (mer), a. Pure; alone; simple. 
 — mere'ly, adv. Purely ; simply ; 
 only; solely. [L. merus, unmixed (of 
 wine). ]_ [mcere.] 
 
 mere (mer), n. Boundary. [A. S. ge- 
 
 meretricious ( mer-e-trish'us), a. 1. 
 Wanton. 2. Alluring by false show; 
 gaudy and deceitful. [L.— mereo, gain.] 
 
 merge (merj). I. vt. Dip; plunge. II. 
 vi. Be swallowed up or absorbed. — 
 mer'ger, n. Consolidation of two or 
 more business concerns, corpora- 
 tions, estates, etc. [L*. mergo, sink.] 
 
 meridian ( me-rid'i-an ). I. a. 1. Per- 
 taining to mid-day; being on the me- 
 ridian or at mid-day. 2. Raised to the 
 highest point. II. n. 1. Mid-day. 2. 
 Highest point, as of success. 3. Imag- 
 inary circle on the earth's surface 
 passing through the poles and any 
 given place. 4. Imaginary circle, pas- 
 sing through the poles of the heavens, 
 and the zenith of the spectator, which 
 the sun crosses at mid-day. [L.— 
 meridies (corr. of medidies), mid-day.] 
 
 meridional (me-rid'i-o-nal), a. Per- 
 taining to the meridian'; southern; 
 having a southern aspect. — merid'- 
 ionally, adv. [L.] 
 
 meringue ( me-rang' ), n. 1. Pastry of 
 whites of egg and powdered sugar. 2. 
 Tart, pie, etc. , covered with such 
 pastry. 
 
 merino (me-re'n5). I. n. 1. Variety of 
 sheep having very fine wool, orig. 
 from Spain.2. Fabric of merino wool. 
 II. a. Belonging to the merino sheep 
 or their wool. [Sp. = inspector of 
 sheep— L. major.'] 
 
 merit (mer'it). I. n. 1. That which de- 
 serves honor, reward, or considera- 
 tion; worth. 2. That which is earned ; 
 recompense. II. vt. Earn; have aright 
 to claim as reward. [L. — mereo, earn.] 
 Syn. Value ; excellence ; desert; de- 
 merit; reward; deserts. 
 
 meritorious ( mer-i-to'ri-us ), a. De- 
 serving of reward, honor, or praise.— 
 merito'riously, adv. — merito'- 
 riousness, n. 
 
 mermaitl(mer'mad), w. Fabled marine 
 creature, having the upper part like a 
 woman, and the lower like a fish. — 
 masc, mer'man. [A.S. mere, lake, sea, 
 and maegd, maid_.] 
 
 meroblast (mer'o-blast), n. Egg con- 
 taining food-yolk besides the germ- 
 inative protoplasm. [Gr.] 
 
 merriment ( mer'i-ment ), n. Gaiety 
 with laughter and noise; mirth; hi- 
 larious enjoyment; jollity; frolic. 
 
 merry (mer'i), a. 1. Mirthful; sportful. 
 2. Causing laughter.— mer'ril.y, adv. 
 — mer'ry-an'dre w, n. Buffoon; 
 clown.— mer'ry-go-round, n. Cir- 
 cular frame mounted with wooden 
 horses, seats, etc., made to revolve by 
 machinery, for amusement. — mer'- 
 ry-thought, n. Wishbone. [A. S. 
 merg, delightful,— Gael, mear.] 
 
 Syn. Cheerful ; gay ; lively ; hila- 
 rious; joyful; glad ; delightful. 
 
 mesa (ma'sa), n. Table-land, esp. be- 
 tween canons. [Sp.=table.] 
 
 mesalliance (ma-zal-i-ongs'), n. Mis- 
 alliance; marriage with one inferior 
 in social rank. [Fr.] 
 
 mesdames (Fr. ma-dam'; Eng. mez'- 
 damz), n. pi. of madame. 
 
 mesentery ( mez'en-ter-i ), n. Mem- 
 brane enveloping the intestines and 
 fastening them to the dorsal wall of 
 the abdomen.— mesenteric, a. [Gr.] 
 
 mesial (me'zi-al) , a. Middle. [Gr.mesos.] 
 
 mesh (mesh), I. n. Opening between the 
 threads of a net; net work. II. vt. 
 Catch in a net.— mesh'y, a. Formed 
 like network. [A.S. max. Ger. masche] 
 
 mesmeric (mez-mer'ik), mesmer'- 
 ical, a. Of or relating to mesmerism. 
 
 mesmerism (mez'mer-izm ), n. Art 
 of mesmerizing; hypnotism. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
mesmerize 
 
 340 
 
 metaphysics 
 
 mesmerize (mez'mer-iz ), vt. induce 
 an extraordinary state of the nervous 
 system, in which the operator is sup- 
 posed to control the actious of the 
 subject: hypnotize. — nies'merizer 
 or mes'merist,». One who mesmer- 
 izes. [From Mesmer, a Vienna phy- 
 sician (1733-1815), who brought mes- 
 merism into notice.] 
 
 mesne (men), a. Intermediate; ap- 
 plied to a writ issued between the 
 beginning and end of a suit. [Norm. 
 Fr. mesne, middle.] "^ * 
 
 mesocarp ( mes'o-karp ) , n. Fleshy, 
 edible part (between the epicarp and 
 endocarp) of a fruit, asa plum. [Gr.] 
 
 mesothorax (rnes-o-tho'raks), n. Mid- 
 dle part of an insect's thorax, bearing 
 the second pair of legs and the first 
 pair of wings. [Gr.] 
 
 Mesozoic (mes-o-z5'ik), n. In geology, 
 secondary period, comprising the 
 Trias, Jura and Cretaceous. \Gi\] 
 
 mess ( mes ), n. Mixture disagreeable 
 to the sight or taste; medley; disor- 
 der; confusion. [A form of mash.] 
 
 mess (mes). I. n. 1. Dish or quantity of 
 food served up at one time. 2. Num- 
 ber of persons who eat together, esp. 
 in the army and navy. II. vt. Supply 
 with a mess. III. vi. Eat of a mess; 
 eat at a common table.— mess-gear, 
 n. Outfit of a mess aboard ship, such 
 as pots, etc. [O. Fr. mes— L. mitto.] 
 
 message (mes'aj), n. Communication 
 sent from one to another. [Fr.— Low 
 Li. missatieum= mitto, missus, send.] 
 
 messenger (mes'en-jer), n. Bearer of 
 
 a message; forerunner; precursor. 
 
 Syn. Carrier; harbinger; herald. 
 
 Messiah (mes-si'a), n. Anointed one; 
 Christ. — Messi'ahship, n. [Heb. 
 mashiach—mashach, anoint.] 
 
 Messianic (mes-si-an'ik), a. Relating 
 to the Messiah. 
 
 messieurs ( mesh'tLrz ),n.pl. Sirs; 
 gentlemen, used in English as plural 
 of Mr., and usually contracted to 
 Messrs. [Fr. plural of monsieur.] 
 
 messmate (mes'mat), n. One who eats 
 at the same table. 
 
 mestee ( mes-te' ), n. Offspring of & 
 white and a quadroon. [W. Indian.] 
 
 mestizo (mes-te'zo), n. Offspring of 
 mixed Spanish and American Indian 
 parentage. [Sp.— O. Wr.mestis, mixed.] 
 
 met, pa. t. and pa. p. of meet. 
 
 meta-, prefix. Denoting among; be- 
 yond; between; over; with; reverse- 
 ly; change; resemblance. [Gr.] 
 
 metacarpal ( met-a-kar'pal ), a. Per- 
 taining to the part of the hand be- 
 tween the wrist and the fingers. [Gr. 
 meta, beyond, and karpos, wrist.] 
 
 metal ( met'al ), n. 1. Solid, opaque 
 body, such as gold, etc. 2. Character; 
 nature. 3. Courage, temper. [Gr. 
 metallon, mine, metal. Prob.-- metallao, 
 search after.] 
 
 metallic (me-tal'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 or like a metal; consisting of metal. 
 [L. metallicus.} 
 
 metalliferons(met-al-if 'er-us), (^Pro- 
 ducing or yielding metals. [L. Dietal- 
 lifer—metallum,meta,l, andfero, bear.] 
 
 metallist ( met'al-ist ), n. Worker in 
 metals; one skilled in metals. 
 
 metalloid (met'al-oid), n. One of the 
 13 non-metallic' substances, as oxy- 
 gen, carbon, phosphorus, etc. 
 
 metallurgist (met'al-ur-jist), n. One 
 skilled in metallurgy. 
 
 metallurgy (met'al-ur-ji), n. Art of 
 separating metals from their ores.— 
 metallnr'gic, a. Pertaining to met- 
 allurgy. [Gr. — metallon, metal, and 
 ergon, work.] 
 
 metameric (met-a-mer'ik), a. Having 
 the same chemical elements- in the 
 same proportions and with the same 
 molecular weight, but with different 
 properties. [ Gr. — meta, and meros, 
 part.] 
 
 metamorphic (met-a-mar'fik), a. Ap- 
 plied to rocks, Which, though of aque- 
 ous origin, have been greatly alter- 
 ed by heat. 
 
 metamorphose ( met-a-mar'f5z) , vt. 
 Change into another 'form; trans- 
 form. [Gr. metamorphosis— meta, over, 
 and morphe, form.] 
 
 metamorphosis ( met-a-mar'fo-sis ), 
 n. [pi. metamor'phoses.'] Change of 
 form or shape; transformation; 
 change living beings undergo in the 
 course of their development, as from 
 caterpillar to butterfly. 
 
 metaphor ( met'a-fur), n. Putting of 
 one thing for another which it only 
 resembles, as when knowledge is 
 called a lamp, or words are said to be 
 bitter. [Fr.— Gr. — meta, over, and 
 phero, carry.] 
 
 metaphoric ( met-a-for'ik ), meta- 
 phorical, a. Pertaining to or con- 
 taining metaphor; figurative.— met- 
 aphorically, adv. 
 
 metaphrase (met'a-fraz), n. 1. Ver- 
 bal translation. 2. Repartee. [Gr.] 
 
 metaphysical ( met-a-fiz'ik-al ), a. 
 Pertaining to metaphysics; abstract. 
 — metaphys'ically, adv. 
 
 metaphysician (met-a-fi-zish'an), n. 
 One versed in metaphysics. 
 
 metaphysics (met-a-fiz'iks), n. 1. 
 Science which investigates the first 
 principles of nature and thought; 
 ontology or the science of being. 2. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
metaplasm 
 
 341 
 
 mew 
 
 Science of abstract reasoning. [So 
 called from certain works of Aristotle 
 which followed or were studied after 
 his 'physics'. From Gr. met a, after, 
 and physica, physics— physis, nature.] 
 
 metaplasm (met'a-plazm), n. Change 
 in the letters or syllables of a word. 
 [Gr. meta, over, and plasso, form.] 
 
 metargon(niet-ar'gon), n. Atmospher- 
 ic element discovered in 1898. [Gr.] 
 
 metatarsus (met-a-tar'sus), n. Part of 
 the foot between the tarsus and the 
 toes; instep. [Gr.] 
 
 metathesis (me-tath'e-sis), n. Trans- 
 position, eso. of letters iu a word, as 
 Eng. bird from A. S. brid. [Gr.] 
 
 metatborax(met-a-tho'raks), n. Part 
 of the thoraxbetween the mesothorax 
 and theabdomen. [Gr.] 
 
 mete (met). I. vt. Measure; apportion. 
 II. n. Measure; boundary; limit. [A. 
 S. metan, measure.] 
 
 metempsyehosis(inet-emp-sl-ko-sis), 
 n. Transmigration of the soul, after 
 death, into another living body, 
 human or animal. [Gr.] 
 
 meteor (me'te-ur), n. 1. Body which, 
 in passing through the eaf th's atmos- 
 phere, becomes incandescent and lu- 
 minous; shooting-star. 2. Anything 
 that transiently dazzles or strikes 
 with wonder.— meteoric, a. 1. Per- 
 taining to or consisting of meteors; 
 
 '' proceeding from a meteor. 2. Influ- 
 enced by the weather. [Gr. — meta, 
 beyond, and aeiro, lift.] 
 
 meteorite (me'te-ur-lt). n. Meteoric 
 stone. [Gr. meteoros 1 and lithos, stone.] 
 
 meteorologist (me-te-ur-ol'o-jist), n. 
 One skilled in meteorology. 
 
 meteorology ( me-te-ur-ol'o-ji), n. 
 Science which treats of the atmos- 
 phere and its phenomena, esp. of the 
 weather. — meteorolog'ic, mete- 
 orological, a. [Gr. meteoros, and 
 logos, discourse.] 
 
 meter (me'ter), n. One who or that 
 which measures, esp. an apparatus 
 for measuring the amount of gas 
 consumed.— nie'terage, n. 1. Meas- 
 urement. 2. Charge for measuring. 
 
 meter, metre (me'ter), n.l. Poetical 
 measure or arrangement of syllables ; 
 rhythm; verse. 2. Measure of length, 
 equal to 89.37 Inches. (See table of 
 measures in appendix). [Fr.— L. me- 
 trum—Gr. metron. See mete.] 
 
 methane (meth'an), n. Marsh gas. 
 
 metheglin (me-theg'lin), n. Mead. 
 
 methinks (me-thingks'), v. impers. It 
 seems to me: I think. — pa. t. nie- 
 thonght (me- that'). fA. S. me 
 thynceth. Ger. mich duenkt.] 
 
 method (meth'ud), n. 1 Systematic 
 procedure. 2. Orderly arraugement 
 or process.— methodic (me-thod'ik), 
 
 methodical, a. Arranged with 
 method; disposed in a proper man- 
 ner.— methodically, adv. [Gr.= 
 pursuit,— meta, after, and hodos. way.] 
 Syn. System; rule; order; process; 
 regularity; way; manner; mode. 
 
 Methodism (meth'ud-izm), n. Prin- 
 ciples and practice of the Methodists. 
 
 Methodist(meth'ud-ist), n. 1. One of a 
 sect of Christians founded by John 
 Wesley (1703— 1791). 2. (m) One who 
 observes method. 
 
 methodize (meth'ud-iz), vt. Reduce 
 to method; dispose in due order. 
 
 methol (meth'ol), n. Wood alcohol 
 (poisonous). [Gr. methu, wine, and ol.] 
 
 me thought. Imp. of methinks. 
 
 mythyl. Same as methol. 
 
 metonymy (met-on'i-mi), n. Trope in 
 which one word Is put for another 
 related to it, as heart for affection. 
 [Gv.—meta, and onovia, name.] 
 
 metope (met'o-pe), n. Space between 
 two triglyphs of the Doric frieze. 
 
 metric (met'rik), met'rical, a. Per- 
 taining to poetical meter, or to the 
 metric system of weights and 
 measures, which is founded on the 
 French metre; it divides or multiplies 
 by ten, aud is therefore a decimal 
 system.— metrically, adv. 
 
 metronome ( met'ro- 
 nom), n. Device for 
 marking exact time 
 in music. [Gr.] 
 
 metropolis (me-trop'- 
 o-lis), n. Chief city of 
 a country or state. [L. 
 — Gr. meter, mother, 
 and polls, city.] 
 
 nietropolitanfmet-ro- 
 pol'it-an). I. a. Belong- 
 ing to a metropolis. 
 II. n.l. (orig. )Bishop of 
 a metropolis or chief 
 city. 2. Bishop who 
 presides over the other bishops of a 
 province. 3. Citizen of a metropolis. 
 [L. metropo lit anus. See metropolis.] 
 
 mettle (met'l), n. Ardor or keenness 
 of temperament ; spirit ; sprightli- 
 ness ; courage. [A metaphor from 
 the metal of a blade.] 
 
 mettled (met Id), mettlesome 
 (met'1-sum), a. High-spirited; ardent. 
 
 mew (mu), n. Seagull. [A. S. moew. 
 Ger. moeve.] 
 
 mew (mu). I. vi. Cry as a cat. II. ft 
 Cry of a cat. [Imitative.] 
 
 Metronome. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, Mien. 
 
mew 
 
 342 
 
 anight 
 
 (mu). I. vt. 1. Shed (feathers); 
 molt. 2. Confine as in a cage. II. n. 
 
 1. A place for mewing or confining. 
 
 2. ( in pi. ) Stable ; alley between 
 stables. [Fr. mue — muer — muto, to 
 change.] [miauler.] 
 
 mewl (mul), vi. Cry as a babe. [Fr. 
 
 mezzo-tint (mez'o-tint), n. Method 
 of engraving on copper, by which a 
 great variety of light and shade is 
 obtained. [It. mezzo, middle, and 
 Unto, tint.] [scale. [It.] 
 
 mi (me), n. Third note of musical 
 
 miasm ( mi'azm ), miasma (ml-az'- 
 ma), n. [pi. mi'asms, miasmata, (ml- 
 az'ma-ta).] Infectious matter floating 
 in the air arising from putrefying 
 bodies.— miasanal (mi-az'mal), mi- 
 asmatic ( mi-az-mat'ik ), a. [Gr.— 
 miaino, stain.] 
 
 mica (mi'ka), n. Glittering mineral 
 which cleaves Into thin transparent 
 plates, sometimes used as glass; isin- 
 glass.— mica'ceous, a. [L. = crumb.] 
 
 mice (mis), pi. of mouse. 
 
 Michaelmas (mik'el-mas), n. Church 
 festival in honor of the archangel 
 Michael, on Sept. 29. 
 
 micKle (mik'l), a. Much. [A.S. micel. 
 O. H. Ger. michil. Root of much.] 
 
 microbe (mi'krob), n. Microscopic or- 
 ganism, vegetable or animal; disease 
 germ. [Gr.— mikros, small, and&ios, 
 life.] 
 
 microcosm (mi'kro-kozm), n. Man, 
 regarded (by ancient philosophers) as 
 a model or epitome of the universe. — 
 microscos'mic, micros'mieal, a. 
 [Gr. mikros, small, and kosmos, world.] 
 
 micrometer ( ml-krom'e-ter ), n. In- 
 strument used with a telescope or 
 microscope for measuring very small 
 spaces.— raicromet'rical, a. [Gr.] 
 
 microphone (mi'kro-fou), n. Instru- 
 ment which, by means of an electric 
 current, renders the faintest sounds 
 distinctly audible. [Gr.] 
 
 microscope (mi'kro-skop),w. Optical 
 instrument for viewing small or min- 
 ute objects.— microscopy, a. [Gr. 
 —mikos, little, and skopeo, look at.] 
 
 microscopic ( mi-kro-skop'ik ), mi- 
 croscopical, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
 microscope. 2. Able to discern very 
 small objects. 3. Visible only by the 
 aid of a microscope.— microscop- 
 ically, adv. 
 
 microscopist ( mi'kro-sko-pist ), n. 
 One skilled in the use of the micro- 
 scope. 
 
 mid (mid). I. a. Middle; situated be- 
 tween extremes. II. prep. Amid. [A. S.] 
 
 mid-day (mid'-da), n. Middle of the 
 day; noon. , 
 
 middle (mid'l). I. a. 1. Equally dis- 
 tant from the extremes. 2. Interme- 
 diate ; intervening. II. n. Middle 
 point or part.— Middle ages, period 
 from the overthrow of the Roman 
 Empire in the 5th century to the 
 Revival of Learning at the end of the 
 15th century. — Middle term, that 
 term of a syllogism with which the 
 two extremes are separately com- 
 pared. [A. S. middel.] 
 
 middle-aged (mid'1-ajd), a. From 35 
 to 55 years of age. 
 
 middle-man (mid'1-man), n. Agent 
 between two parties; in Ireland, one 
 who rents land of proprietors in large 
 tracts, and lets it in portions to the 
 peasantry. 
 
 middling- (mid'ling), a. 1. Of middle 
 rate, state, size, or quality. 2. About 
 equally distant from the extremes. 3. 
 Moderate. 
 
 middlings (mid'lings), n. pi. Coarser 
 part of flour, used for feeding stock. 
 
 midge (mij), n. 1. Common name of 
 several species of small dipterous in- 
 sects, resembling gnats. 2. Minute 
 black fly that stings. [A. S. micge, 
 Ger. muecke.] 
 
 midget (mij'et),?i. Very small creature. 
 [Dim. of A. S. micge, gnat.] 
 
 midland (mid'iand), a. Distant from 
 the coast; inland. 
 
 midnight (mid'nit), n. Middle of the 
 night: twelve o'clock at night. 
 
 midriff (mid'rif), n. Diaphragm. [A. 
 S. mid, and hrif, belly.] 
 
 midship (mid'ship), a. Being in the 
 middle of a ship, — midships, adv. 
 
 midshipman ( mid'ship-man ), n. 
 English naval cadet or officer whose 
 rank is intermediate between the 
 common seamen and the superior 
 officers. [In the middle of. 
 
 midst (midst). I. n. Middle. II. prep. 
 
 midsummer (mid'sum-er), n. Middle 
 of the summer. _ 
 
 midway (mid'wa). I. n. 1. Middle of 
 the way or distance. 2. Middle road. 
 3. Part of a fair, set aside for amuse- 
 ments. II. adv. Halfway. 
 
 midwife (mid'wif), n. Woman who 
 assists others in childbirth. — mid- 
 wifery (mid'wif-ri or mid'wif-ri), n. 
 Art or practice of a midwife. [A. S. 
 mid, together with, and wif, woman.] 
 
 midwinter (mid'win-ter), n. Middle 
 of winter^ 
 
 mien ( men ), n. Appearance, esp. of 
 the face ; manner ; bearing. [Fr. mine 
 —mener, conduct.] 
 
 miff (mif). I. vt. Displease; offend. II. 
 n. Fit of petulancy. [Collog.] 
 
 might (mit), pa. t. of may. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, f all, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften. 
 
might 
 
 343 
 
 milliliter 
 
 mi 
 
 light (nut), n. Power; ability. 
 Might 
 
 and main, utmost strength. 
 [A.S. meaht, miht— root of mat.] 
 
 mightiness (mi'ti-nes), n. 1. Power; 
 greatness. 2. Title of dignity. 
 
 mighty (mi'ti), a. Having great power; 
 very great; exhibiting might; won- 
 derful.— mightily, adv. 
 
 mignonette (min-yun-ef), n. Annual 
 plant, bearing sweet- scented flowers. 
 [Fr., dim. of mignon, darling.] 
 
 migrate ( mi'grat ), vi. Remove from 
 one countryto another. — migra'- 
 tion (mi-gra'shun), n. Change of 
 abode from one country or climate to 
 another. — mi'gratory, a. Wander- 
 ing. [Li.migro.] 
 
 mikado (mi-ka'd5), n. Title of the 
 Emperor of Japan. [Jap. = ' Sublime 
 Porte.'] [other form of milk. 
 
 milch (milch), a. Giving milk. [An- 
 
 mild (mild), a. Moderate in temper, 
 character, actions or effect. — mild'- 
 ly, adv.— mild ness, n. [A. S.] 
 Syn. Gentle; kind; soft; tender. 
 
 mildew (mil'du.) I. n. Minute fungi 
 on plants. II. vt. Taint with mildew. 
 [A.S. mele-deaw.] 
 
 mile (rull), n. 1760 yards. [A.S. — L. 
 mille, one thousand (paces).] 
 
 mileage (mil'aj), n. 1. Fees paid by 
 the mile for travel or conveyance. 2. 
 Length in miles. 
 
 milestone (mil'ston), n. Stone set to 
 mark the distance of a mile. 
 
 milfoil (mil'foil), n. Composite herb, 
 yarrow, remarkable for the numerous 
 divisions of its leaf. [L,.— mille, thou- 
 sand, and folium, JeafO [seeds. [L.] 
 
 miliary (mil'i-ar-i), n. Like millet- 
 militant (mil'i-tant), a. Fighting; 
 engaged in warfare. [L.] 
 
 militarism (mil'i-tar-izm), n. 1. Ex- 
 cess of the military spii-it. 2. System 
 or policy of keeping up great armies 
 and paying excessive attention to 
 military affairs. 
 
 military (mil'i-tar-i). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to soldiers or warfare; warlike; 
 becoming a soldier. 2. Engaged in 
 the profession of arms. II. n. Soldiery; 
 army.— mil'itary-mast, n. Mast on 
 a warship, mounted with an armored 
 tower, turret, etc. [L. militaris— 
 miles, soldier.] 
 
 militate (mil'i-tat), vi. 1. Fight; con- 
 tend; stand opposed. 2. Weigh; have 
 influence. 
 
 militia (mi-lish'a), n. 1. Body of men 
 enrolled and drilled as soldiers, but 
 only liable to home service. 2. In the 
 U. S., whole body of men subject to 
 be called into military service by the 
 President. — mili 'tiaman, n, [L.] 
 
 milk (milk). I. vt. 1. Draw milk from. 
 2. Supply with milk. II. n. 1. White 
 fluid secreted by female mammals 
 for the nourishment of their young. 
 2. Milk-like juice of certain plants. — 
 milker, n. One who milks. [A. S. 
 meolc. Sanskrit, marj, stroke.] 
 
 milksop ( milk'sop ), n. 1. Piece of 
 bread soaked in milk. 2. Effeminate, 
 silly fellow. 
 
 milky (milk'i), a. Made of, full of, 
 like, or yielding milk ; soft; gentle.— 
 milk'ily, adv. — milk'iness, n.— 
 Milky Way, n. In astr. Broad, lu- 
 minous zone in the sky, composed 
 of innumerable stars; Galaxy. 
 
 mill (mil), n. One thousandth part of 
 a dollar. [L. mille, thousand.] 
 
 mill (mil). I. n. 
 
 1. Machine for .„> 
 grinding by 
 crushing be- 
 t w e e n two 
 hard, rough 
 surfaces. 2. 
 Place where 
 grinding or 
 manufacture 
 of some kind 
 is carried on. 
 U.VL1. Grind. 
 
 2. Press or 
 stamp in a 
 
 mill. 3. Indent the edges of, as coin. 
 4. Clean, as cloth. — mill'dam, 
 mill pond, n. Dam or pond to hold 
 water for driving a mill. [A. S. miln. 
 L. mola—molo, grind.] 
 
 millennial (mil-len'i-al), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to a thousand years. 2. Per- 
 taining to the millennium. 
 
 millennium (mil-len'i-um), n. Thou- 
 sand years during which, as some be- 
 lieve, Christ will personally reign on 
 the earth. [L. mille, thousand, and 
 annus, year.] 
 
 milleped (mil'e-ped), n. Small worm 
 with an immense number of legs. [L. 
 — mille, thousand, andp^s, foot.] 
 
 miller (mil'er), n. 1. One who runs, or 
 works in a mill. 2. Kind of moth. 
 
 millet ( mil'et ), n. Grass yielding 
 grain used for food and fodder. [Fr. 
 — L. milium —mille, a thousand, from 
 the enormous number of its seeds.] 
 
 milliard (mil'yard), n. Thousand mil- 
 lions. [Fr.— L^ mille, thousand.] 
 
 millier (mel-ya'), n. Thousand kilo- 
 grams; metric ton. [Fr.] 
 
 milligram ( mil'i-gram ), n. One 
 thousandth of a metric grain. [Fr.] 
 
 milliliter (mil'ile-ter), n. One thou- 
 sandth of a liter. [Fr.] 
 
 Water-mill. 
 
 i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
millimeter 
 
 344 
 
 mingling 
 
 millimeter(imTi-me-ter), n. One thou- 
 sandth of a meter. [Fr.] 
 
 milliner ( mil'in-er ), n. One who 
 makes head-dresses for women. — 
 millinery (mil'in-er-i), n. 1. Arti- 
 cles made or sold by milliners. 2. 
 Business of a milliner. [Prob. from 
 Milaner, a trader in Milan wares.] 
 
 milling (mil'ing), n. 1. Actof passing 
 through a mill. 2. Act of fulling cloth. 
 3. Process of indenting coin. 4. In- 
 dentation on the edge. 
 
 million (mil'yun), n. Thousand thou- 
 sands (1,000,000). [Low L. millio.] 
 
 millionaire (mil-yun-ar'), n. Man who 
 has a million in money. [Fr.] 
 
 millionth (mil'yunth), a. and n. Ten 
 hundred thousandth. 
 
 millrace (mil'ras), n. 1. Current of 
 water that turns a millwheel. 2. Canal 
 in which it runs. 
 
 millstone (mil'ston), n. One of the 
 two stones used in a mill for grinding 
 grain. [builds and repairs mills. 
 
 millwright ( mil'rit), n. One who 
 
 milt, (milt), n. 1. Spermatic organ of 
 the male fish. 2. Spleen. [A. S. milte, 
 prob.— root of milk.] 
 
 mime (mim), n. 1. Farce ridiculing 
 real persons. 2. Actor in such a farce. 
 [Gr. mimos.~\ 
 
 mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf), n. In- 
 strument by which copies of written 
 or typewritten matters are repro- 
 duced by means of a stencil made of 
 thin paper prepared with paraffine or 
 similar substance. [Gr. mimos, imita- 
 tion, and graphein, write.] 
 
 mimic (mim'ik), mim- 
 ical, a. Apt to copy; 
 consisting of ludicrous 
 imitation. 
 
 mimic ( mim'ik ). . I. vt. 
 [mim'icking; mim'icked.] 
 Imitate for sport. II. n. 
 One who mimics or imi- 
 tates ; buffoon ; servile 
 imitator.— mim'icker,7i. 
 
 mimicry (mim'ik-ri), n. 
 Act or practice of one who 
 mimics. 
 
 mimosa (mi-mo'za), n. Ge- 
 nus of leguminous plants, 
 including the sensitive 
 plant. [From Gr. mimos, 
 imitator.] 
 
 minaret ( min'a-ret ), n. 
 Turret on a Mohamme- 
 dan mosque, from which 
 the people are summoned 
 to prayers. [Turk, minare. 
 Ar. manarat, lighthouse — nar, fire.] 
 
 minatory (min'a-to-ri), a. Threaten- 
 ing; menacing. [L. minor, threaten.] 
 
 Minaret. 
 
 mince (mins). I. vt. I. Cut into small 
 pieces; chop tine. 2. Diminish or sup- 
 press a part in speaking ; pronounce 
 affectedly. II. vi. 1. Walk with 
 affected nicety. 2. Speak affectedly. 
 
 — Mince-meat, n. Mixture of chopped 
 meat, suet, fruit, etc., for making 
 pies. — Mince pie, n. Pie made with 
 mince meat. [A. S. minsian — min, 
 small.] 
 
 mincing (min'sing), a. 1. Speaking 
 or walking with affected nicety. 2. 
 Glossing over. — min'cingly, adv. 
 
 mind (mind). I. n. 1. Faculty by 
 which we think. 2. Whole spiritual 
 nature. 3. Choice; thoughts; belief. 
 4. Disposition. II. vt. and vi. Attend 
 to; intend; care; obey. — minded, 
 a. Disposed; determinded. — mind- 
 edness,B- mindful, a. Bearing in 
 mind; attentive; observant.— in ind- 
 fully, acto.— mindfulness, a. 
 
 Syn. Brains ; intellect; sense; soul; 
 reason; spirit. 
 
 mine (min), pron. a. Belonging to 
 me; my own. [A. S. min.] 
 
 mine (mm), vt. 1. Dig for metal, coal, 
 etc. 2. Excavate. 3. Dig underground 
 in order to overturn a wall. II. vi. 1. 
 Dig or excavate for metals, coal, etc. 
 2. Place a mine to blow up anything. 
 III. n. 1. Place from which metals, 
 etc., are dug. 2. Excavation dug 
 under a fortification to blow it with 
 an explosive. 3. Buried or submerged 
 torpedo. 4. Rich source of wealth.— 
 mi'ner, n. [Fr. miner — Low L. mi- 
 nare, lead, mine.] 
 
 mineral (min'er-al). I. n. 1. Inorganic 
 substance found in the earth or at its 
 surface. 2. A.ny substance, neither 
 animal nor vegetable, II. a. 1 . Relat- 
 ing to minerals. 2. Impregnated with 
 minerals, as water. [Low L. minerale 
 
 — miner a, mine.] 
 
 mineralist ( min'er-al-ist), n. One 
 versed in or employed about minerals. 
 
 mineralize (min'er-al-iz). I. vt. 1. 
 Make into a mineral. 2. Give the prop- 
 erties of a mineral to. 3. Impregnate 
 with mineral matter. II. vi. Collect 
 minerals.— mineraliza'tion, n. 
 
 mineralogical (min-er-a-loj'ik-al), a. 
 Pertaining to mineralogy. 
 
 mineralogist ( min-er-al'o-jist ), n. 
 One versed in mineralogy. 
 
 mineralogy (min-er-al'o-ji), n. Sci- 
 ence of minerals. 
 
 mingle (minglj, vt. and vi. 1. Mix; 
 unite into one mass; confuse. 2. Join 
 in mutual intercourse. [A.S. mengan.] 
 
 mingling (ming'ling), n. Mixing or 
 blending. — ming'lingly, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buvu; oil, owl, then. 
 
miniature 
 
 345 
 
 minutiae 
 
 miniature ( min'i-a-tur ). I. n. 1. 
 Painting on a small scale. 2. Small 
 or reduced copy. II. a. On a small 
 scale; minute. [From Li.miniare, paint 
 in minium, red oxid of lead.] 
 
 minim (min'im), n. 1. In med. Smallest 
 liquid measure, a drop, 1/60 dram. 2. 
 In mus. Note equal to two crotchets. 
 [Fr. minime—Tj. minimus, least.] 
 
 minimize (min'i-miz), vt. Reduce to 
 the smallest possible proportion. 
 [From minim.] 
 
 minimum (min'i-mum), n. {pi. min'- 
 ima.] Least quantity or degree possi- 
 ble; trifle. [L.] [or working mines. 
 
 mining (ml'ning), n. Art of forming 
 
 minion (min'yun), n. 1. Servile fa- 
 vorite, esp. of a prince. 2. Inprint. Size 
 of type between nonpareil and bre- 
 vier (7-point). [Fr. mignon, darling.] 
 
 This line is set in minion. 
 
 minister (min'is-ter). I. n. 1. Servant 
 or agent. 2. Clergyman. 3. One in- 
 trusted with the management of s tate 
 affairs. 4. Representative of a gov- 
 ernment at a foreign court. II vi. 1. 
 Attend, as a servant. 2. Perform du- 
 ties. 3. Give the things needful. III. 
 vt. Furnish. [L.=sevvant.] 
 
 Syn. Priest; clergyman; ambassa- 
 dor; delegate. 
 
 ministerial ( min-Is-te'ri-al ), a. Per- 
 taining to attendance; acting under 
 superior authority; pertaining to the 
 office of a minister: clerical executive. 
 — ministerially, adv. 
 
 ministration ( min-is-tra'shun ), n. 
 Act of ministering or performing 
 service ; office or service of a minister. 
 [L. ministratio — ministro.] 
 
 ministrative (min'is-tra-tiv), a. Serv- 
 ing to aid or assist. 
 
 ministry (min'is-tri), n. 1. Act of min- 
 istering. 2. Service; office or duties 
 of a minister. 3. Clergy. 4. Body of 
 persons employed to administer the 
 government ; cabinet ; administra- 
 tion. 
 
 mink(mingk) 
 n. Small car 
 nivorous 
 quadruped of , 
 the weasel , 
 kind, valued 
 for its dark 
 fur.[Sw. mank.] 
 
 minnow (min'o),^.. Very small fresh- 
 water fish. [A.S. myne, small.] 
 
 minor ( mi'nur ). I. a. 1. Less; infe- 
 rior in importance, degree, bulk, etc. ; 
 inconsiderable; lower. 2. In music, 
 lower by a semi-ton. 3. In logic, term 
 of a syllogism which forms the sub- 
 
 Mink. 
 
 ject of the conclusion. II. n. Person 
 under age (21 years). [L.— root min, 
 small.] [der age. 2. Smaller number. 
 
 minority (mi-nor'i-ti),w. 1. Being un- 
 
 Minotaur (min'6-tar), n. Fabled mon- 
 ster with a human'body and the head 
 of a bull, confined in the Cretan laby- 
 rinth. 
 
 minster (min'ster), n. 1. Church of a 
 monastery. 2. Cathedral. [ A. S. 
 mynster—h. monaster ium.] 
 
 minstrel (min'strel), n. 1. Singer ; 
 harper; poet; troubadour. 2. Member 
 of a troup of delineators of negro life 
 on the southern plantations. —min'- 
 strelsy, n. 1. Art or occupation of a 
 minstrel. 2. The minstrels. 3. Collec- 
 tion of minstrel songs. See minister. 
 
 mint (mint). I. n. 1. Place where 
 money is coined by authority. 2. 
 Place where anything is invented or 
 fabricated. 3. Source of abundant 
 supply. II. vt. Coin; invent.— mint- 
 er» n. [A. S. mynei, money, — L. 
 moneta (the "warning" one), a sur- 
 name of Juno, in whose temple at 
 Rome money was coined, — moneo y 
 warn.] 
 
 mint (mint), n. Aromatic plant pro- 
 ducing a highly odoriferous oil. [A.S. 
 minte—Li. mentha—Gv. mintha.~\ 
 
 mintage (mint'aj), n. 1. That which 
 is minted or coined. 2. Charge made 
 for coining. 
 
 minuend (min'u-end), n. Number to 
 be lessened by subtraction. [L. minu- 
 endum—minuo,J.essen.] 
 
 minuet (min'u-et), n. 1. Slow grace- 
 ful dance with short steps. 2. Tune 
 regulating such a dance. [Fr. — menu, 
 small— root of minor.] 
 
 minus (mi'nus), a. Less. (Represented 
 by the sign (— ) before quantities to be 
 subtracted). [L.] 
 
 minute (mi-nuf), a. 1. Very small. 
 2. Attentive to small things. — mi- 
 nute'Iy, adv.— minuteness, n. [L. 
 minutus, pa. p. of minuo, lessen.] 
 
 Syn. Diminutive; tiny; fine; exact: 
 detailed ; circumstantial ; critical; 
 particular; precise. 
 
 minute (min'it). I. n. 1. Sixtieth part 
 of an hour or degree. 2. Moment. 3. 
 Brief note. 4. (pO Brief reoort of pro- 
 ceedings of a meeting. II. vt. Make a 
 brief note of.— minute-gun (min'- 
 it-gun), n. Gun discharged every 
 minute, as a signal of distress or 
 mourning.— minute-hand (min'it- 
 haud), n. Hand that points to the 
 minutes on a clock or watch. [Same 
 word as minute, a.]_ 
 
 minutiae (mi-nu'shi-e), n. pi. Small 
 particulars or details. [L.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
minx 
 
 346 
 
 misdeal 
 
 minx (mingks), n. Pert young girl. 
 [Prom minikin and s.] 
 
 miocene (mi'o-sen), a. In geol. Middle 
 division of the tertiary strata. [Gr.— 
 melon, less, and kainos, recent.] 
 
 miracle (mir'a-kl), n. Supernatural 
 event or act.— mir'acle-play, n. 
 Dramatic performance based on 
 events in the life of Christ. [L. mira- 
 culum, from miror, wonder.] 
 
 miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), a. 1. Of 
 the nature of a miracle; done by su- 
 pernatural power. 2. Very wonderful. 
 3. Able to perform miracles. — 
 miraculously, adv. — mirac'u- 
 lousness, n, 
 
 mirage (mi-razh'), n. Optical illusion 
 produciug displaced or inverted im- 
 ages of objects. Due to mirroring by 
 the surfaces of air-strata of different 
 temperatures. [See mirror.] 
 
 mi re (mir). I. n. Deep mud. II. vt. 
 Plunge aud fix in mire ; soil with 
 mud. III. vi. Sink in mud. [Icel. 
 myri, bog.] 
 
 mirror (mir'ur). I. n. Looking-glass; 
 polished substance in which objects 
 may be seen reflected. 2. Pattern. II. 
 vt. Reflect as a mirror. [Pr. miroir 
 — L. miro, look at.] 
 
 mirth (merth), n. Noisy gaiety; 
 laughter. — mirth'ful, a. Merry ; 
 jovial.— mirth'fully,aa!t>.— mirth- 
 fulncss, n. [A. S.myrth. See merry.] 
 
 miry (mi'ri), a. Consisting of, or 
 abounding in, mire ; covered with 
 mire.— mi'riness, n. 
 
 Mirza (mer'za), n. Honorory title in 
 Persia. After the name it designates 
 'royal prince', before 'professor. 1 
 
 mis- prefix. It is either A. S. from root 
 of verb miss, or it stands for Pr. mes-, 
 — L. minus, less. In both cases it 
 signifies wrong, ill. 
 
 misadventure ( mis-ad-ven'tur ) n. 
 Unfortunate adventure; ill-luck. 
 
 Syn. Accident; mishap; mischance; 
 disaster; calamity. 
 
 misalliance. See mesalliance. 
 
 misanthrope(rnis'an-throp),misan- 
 thropist(inis-an'thro-pist) n. Hater 
 of mankind.— misanthropic (mis- 
 an-throp'ik), misanthropical, a. 
 Hating mankind. — misautBarop'- 
 ically, adv. — misan'thropy, n. 
 Hatred to mankind. [Gr.— miseo, hate, 
 and anthropos, man.] 
 
 misapply ( mis-ap-pli' ), vt. Apply 
 amiss or wrongly. — misapplica- 
 tion, n. 
 
 misapprehend (mis-ap-pre-hend'),t^. 
 Misunderstand. — misapprehen'- 
 sion, n. 
 
 misappropriate (mis-ap-pr5'pri-at), 
 vt. Appropriate wrongfully.— misap- 
 propriation, n. 
 
 misbehave (mis-be-hav'J. vi. Behave 
 impropex-ly.— naisbeha'vior, n. 
 
 misbelieve (mis-be-lev'), vt. Believe 
 wrongly. — misbelief, n.— misbe- 
 liever, n. 
 
 miscalculate (mis-kal'ku-lat), vt. Cal- 
 culate wrongly.— miscalculation, 
 n. [or bad name. 
 
 miscall (mis-kal'), vt. Call by a wrong 
 
 misearriage(mis-kar'ij),rc. 1. Failure. 
 2. Ill-conduct. 3. Premature birth. 
 
 miscarry (mis-kar'i), vi. 1. Carry bad- 
 ly. 2. Be unsuccessful. 3. Pail of the 
 intended effect. 4. Bring forth prema- 
 turely. 
 
 miscellaneous ( mis-sel-la'ne-us ), a. 
 Mixed; consisting of several kinds.— 
 miscella'neously, adv. — miscel- 
 la'neousness, n. [Lt.—misceo, mix.] 
 
 miscellany (mis'el-lan-i), n. 1. Mixt- 
 ure of various kinds. 2. Collection of 
 writings on different subjects. 
 
 mischance (rnis-chans'), n. Ill-luck; 
 mishap, misfortune. 
 
 mischief (mis'chif ), n. 1. Evil; dis- 
 turbance; damage. 2. Disposition to 
 cause trouble. [O. Pr. meschef— mes, 
 ill, and chef—L,. caput, head.] 
 
 Syn. Trouble; vexation; disorder; 
 harm; injury; detriment; ill. 
 
 mischievous (mis'chiv-us), a. 1. In- 
 jurious. 2. Prone to mischief.— mis- 
 chievously, adv.— mis'chievous- 
 ness, n. 
 
 misconceive (mis-kon-sev'), vt. Con- 
 ceive wrongly; mistake. — miscon- 
 cep'tion, n. 
 
 misconduct ( mis-kon'dukt ), n. Bad 
 conduct. [duct badly. 
 
 misconduct (mis-kon-dukf), vt. Con- 
 misconstrue (mis-kon'stro), vt. Con- 
 strue or interpret wrongly. — mis- 
 construction, n. 
 
 miscount ( mis-kownt'). I. vt. Count 
 wrongly. II. n. Wrong counting. 
 
 miscreant (mis'kre-ant), n. Unscru- 
 pulous villain. [O- Pr. mescreant, un- 
 believing.] 
 
 miscue (mis-ku'), n. In billiards, unin- 
 tended slip of the cue from the ball. 
 
 misdate (mis-daf). I. n. Wrong date. 
 II. vt. Date erroneously. 
 
 misdeal (mis-del'). I. vt. and vi. Dis- 
 tribute (the cards) wrongly. II. n. 
 Wrong distribution. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
misdeed 
 
 347 
 
 misspell 
 
 misdeed (inis-ded'), n. Bad deed; 
 crime. [Bad conduct; petty crime. 
 
 misdemeanor ( mis-de-me'nur ), n. 
 
 misdirect (mis-di-rekf), vt. Direct 
 wrongly.— misdiree'tion, n. 
 
 misdo (mis-do'), vt. Do wrongly; com- 
 mit a crime or fault. — misdo'er, n. 
 
 misemploy ( mis-em-ploi' ), vt. Em- 
 ploy amiss ; misuse. 
 
 mise en scene (mez ong san), n. Set- 
 ting of a play on the stage. [Pr.] 
 
 miser (mi'zer), n. Extremely covetous 
 person; niggard. [L.=miserable.] 
 
 miserable (miz'er-a-bl),a. 1. Wretch- 
 ed or exceedingly unhappy. 2. Caus- 
 ing misery. 3. Worthless; despicable. 
 — miserably, adv. — mis'erable- 
 ness, n. [L. miser abilis— miser.] 
 Sya. Pitiable; abject; mean. 
 
 miserly (mi'zer-li) , a. Excessively cov- 
 etous; sordid; niggardly. 
 
 misery (iniz'er-i), n. Wretchedness; 
 gi-eat unhappiness. [L. miseria.] 
 
 misfeasance (mis-fe'zans), n. Misuse 
 of official power; a lawful act done 
 in an unlawful manner. 
 
 misfortune ( mis-far'tun ), n. Ill-for- 
 tune; evil accident; calamity. 
 
 misgive (mis-giv'). I. vt. 1. Give amiss. 
 2. Make apprehensive. II. vi. 1. Hesi- 
 tate. 2. Miscarry; break down.— mis- 
 giving, n. Failing of confidence; 
 mistrust. [tained. 
 
 misgotten (mis-got'n), a. Unjustly ob- 
 
 misgovern (mis-guv'ern), vt. Govern 
 ill.— misgov'ernment, n. 
 
 misguide(mis-gid'),«£. Guide wrongly ; 
 lead into error. — misgui'dance, n. 
 
 mishap (mis-hap'), n. Ill-luck; mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 misimprove (mis-im-prov'), vt. Apply 
 to a bad purpose; misuse.— misim- 
 prove'ment, n. 
 
 misinform (mis-in-f arm'), vt. Inform 
 incorrectly. — misinformation, n. 
 — misinform'er, n. 
 
 misinterpret (mis-in-ter'pret), vt. In- 
 terpret wrongly.— misinterpreta'- 
 tion, 7i.— misinter'preter, n. [ly. 
 
 mis join (mis-join'), vt. Join improper- 
 
 misjoinder (mis-join'der), n. In law, 
 incorrect union of parties,or of causes 
 of action, in a suit. 
 
 misjudge (mis-juj'),^. and vi. Judge 
 wrongly. — misjudgement, n. 
 
 mislay ( mis-la' ), vt. Lay in a wrong 
 place, or in a place not remembei*ed. 
 
 mislead ( mis-led' ), vt. Lead wrong; 
 guide into error; cause to mistake. 
 Syn. Deceive; delude; beguile. 
 
 misletoeo See mistletoe. 
 
 mismanage ( mis-man'aj ), vt. Man- 
 age or conduct ill.— mismanage- 
 ment, n. 
 
 misname ( mis-nam' ), vt. Call by a 
 wrong name. 
 
 misnomer (mis-no'mer), n. Misnam- 
 ing; wrong name. [From Fr. nommer, 
 name.] 
 
 misogamist(mis-og'a-mist), n. Hater 
 of marriage. — misogamy, n. [Gr. 
 —miseo, hate, and gamos, marriage.] 
 
 misogynist (mis-oj'i-nist), n. Woman- 
 hater.— misog'yny„ n. [Gr.— miseo, 
 hate, and gyrie, woman.] 
 
 misplace (mis-plas'), vt. Put in a 
 wrong place; set on an improper ob- 
 ject.— misplace'ment, 71. 
 
 misprint (mis-print'). I. vt. Print 
 wrong. II. n. Mistake in printing. 
 
 misprision (mis-prizh'un), n. Omis- 
 sion to notify the authorities (of a 
 felony or an act of treason). [O. Fr. 
 mesprision, mistake.] 
 
 mispronounce (mis-pr5-nowns'), vt. 
 Pronounce incorrectly. — mispro- 
 nunciation, n. 
 
 misquote ( mis-kwot' ), vi. Quote 
 wrongly.— misquotation, n. 
 
 misreport (mis-re-par t'). I. vt. Report 
 wrongly. II. n. False account. 
 
 misrepresent ( mis-rep-re-zent'), vt. 
 Represent incorrectly. — misrepre- 
 sentation, n. 
 
 misrule (mis-rol'). I. n. Wrong or un 
 just rule; disorder; tumult. II. vi. 
 Govern badly. 
 
 Miss (mis), n. [pi. miss'es.] 1. Title of 
 address of an unmarried female. 2. 
 (m) Young woman or girl. [Contract- 
 ed from MISTRESS.] 
 
 miss (mis). I. vt. 1. Fail to hit, reach, 
 find, or keep. 2. Omit; fail to have. 3. 
 Discover the absence of. 4. Feel the 
 want of. II. n. Deviation from the 
 mark; mistake; fault. [A. S. missan.] 
 
 missal (mis'al), n. Roman Catholic 
 mass-book. '[Low L. missale—missa, 
 mass.] [missha'pen, a. Deformed. 
 
 misshape (mis-shap'), vt. Shape ill. — 
 
 missile (mis'il). I. a. That may be 
 thrown. II. n. Weapon thrown by 
 the hand or otherwise. [L. — mitto, 
 send.] [wanting. [See miss, vt.] 
 
 missing (mis'ing}, a. Absent ; lost; 
 
 mission (mish'un), n. 1. Sending, 2. 
 The business on which one is sent; 
 purpose of life. 3. Persons sent on 
 a mission; embassy. 4. Station or as- 
 sociation of missionaries. [L. missio.] 
 
 missionary (mish'un-ar-i). I. n. One 
 sent to propagate religion. II. a. Per- 
 taining to mission. [Fr. missionnaire.] 
 
 missive (mis'iv). I. a. That may be 
 sent; intended to be thrown or hurl- 
 ed. II. n. That which is sent, as a 
 letter. [Fr.] 
 
 misspell (mis-spel'),tt£. Spell wrongly, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
misspend 
 
 348 
 
 mnemonic 
 
 misspend (mis-spend'), vt. [misspend'- 
 ing; misspent'.] Spend ill; waste; 
 squander. 
 
 misstate (mis-staf), vt. State wrong- 
 ly or falsely. — l misstate'ment, n. 
 
 mist (mist).w. 1. Visible watery vapor 
 in the atmosphere- 2. Rain falling in 
 very fine drops. 3. Anything which 
 dims, darkens. [A. S. mist, darkness.] 
 
 mistake (mis-tak'). I.tvt. 1. Undei*- 
 stand wrongly. 2. Take one thing or 
 person for another. II. vi. Err in 
 opinion or judgment. III. n. Taking or 
 understanding wrongly; error. — 
 mistakable, a. 
 
 mistaken (mis-ta'kn), a. 1. Taken or 
 understood incorrectly. 2. Guilty of a 
 mistake. 3. Erroneous; incorrect, — 
 mista'kenly, adv. 
 
 Mister (mis'ter), n. Sir; title of ad- 
 dress to a man, written Mr. [A corr. 
 
 of MASTER.] 
 
 mistime ( mis- 
 tim'), vt. Time 
 wrongly. 
 
 mistletoe (miz'- 
 1-to or mis'l-), n. 
 Parasitic plant, 
 found on the ap- 
 ple and other 
 trees. [A. S. 
 mistel,~bir& lime, 
 and tan, twig.] 
 
 mistral ( mis'tral ), n 
 cold northwestern wind, blowing in 
 the Mediterranean parts of France. 
 
 mistress (mis'tres), n. 1. Woman hav- 
 ing power or ownership. 2. Female 
 head of a family, school, etc. 3. Skill- 
 ed Woman. 4. Woman loved. 5. Con- 
 cubine. 6. Form of address of a mar- 
 ried woman (usually written Mrs. and 
 pronounced Miss'is. [O. Fr. maistresse 
 — L. magistral 
 
 mistrust (mis-trust'). I. n. Want of 
 trust or confidence. II. vt. Regard with 
 suspicion; doubt.— mistrnst'ful, a. 
 
 misty (mis'ti ), a. Full of mist; dim; 
 obscure. — inist'ily, adv. — mist'i- 
 ness, n. 
 
 mis understand (mis-un-der-s tand') , 
 vt. Understand wrongly; take in a 
 wrong sense. — misnnderstand- 
 ing, n. Misconception; slight disa- 
 greement or difference. [ill; abuse. 
 
 misuse (mis-uz'), vt. Misapply; treat 
 
 misuse ( mis-us' ), n. Improper use; 
 application to a bad purpose. 
 
 mite (mit), n. 1. Very small insect, 
 cne species of which breeds in cheese. 
 2. Anything very small; very little 
 quantity. [A.S. mite— root mit, cut.] 
 
 Mistletoe. 
 
 Furious, dry, 
 
 miter, mitre (mi'ter). I. n. 1. Head 
 dress worn by the Pope, archbishops 
 and bishops in the Roman Catho- 
 lic and Greek 
 churches. 2. 
 In arch. Junc- 
 tion of two 
 pieces, as of 
 molding, at an 
 angle. II. vt. 
 1. Adorn with 
 a miter. 2. 
 Join at an 
 angle. [Gr. 
 mitra, fillet, 
 head-dress.] 
 
 mitigab 1 e 
 (mit'i-ga-bl), a.Thatcanbe mitigated. 
 
 mitigate ( mit'i-gat ), vt. Soften in 
 severity.— mitiga'tion, n. — mit i- 
 gative, a. Soothing.— init'igator, 
 n. [Li.—mitis, soft.] 
 
 Syn. Alleviate; soften; assuage; 
 allay; soothe; appease ; lessen. 
 
 mitrailleuse(mit-ral-yaz'), n. Breech- 
 loading gun, consisting of several 
 ban-els, which are discharged almost 
 simultaneously. [Fr. mitrailler, fire 
 grape-shot— mitraille, broken pieces of 
 metal— root of mite.] 
 
 mitre, n. See miter. [Mitten, 
 
 mitt ( mit) , n. 1. Fingerless glove. 2. 
 
 mitten (mit'n), n. Glove with a sepa- 
 rate cover for the thumb alone, 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 mittimus (mit'i-mus), n. In law. 
 Warrant granted for sending to pri- 
 son a person charged with a crime. 
 [L.=wesend.] [sects. 
 
 Biiity (mi'ti), a. Full of mites or in- 
 
 mix (miks), vt. and vi. Unite two or 
 more things into one mass; mingle; 
 associate. — mix^er, n. [AS. miscan.] 
 
 mixture (miks'tur), n. 1. Act of mix- 
 ing or state of being mixed. 2. Mass 
 or compound formed by mixing. 3. 
 In chem. Composition in which the 
 ingredients retain their properties. 
 [L. mixtura.] 
 
 mizzen (miz'n). I. n. In a three-masted 
 vessel, the hindmost of the fore-and- 
 aft sails, lying along the middle of the 
 ship. II. a. Belonging to the mizzen ; 
 nearest the stern. — miz'zen-mast, 
 n. Mast that bears the mizzen. [Fr. 
 misaine—Li. medius, middle.] 
 
 mizzle (miz'l). I. vi. Rain in small 
 drops. II. n. Fine rain. [ For mistle, 
 freq. from mist.] 
 
 mnemonic (ne mon'ik), mnemon - 
 ical, a. Assisting the memory. — 
 mnemon'ics, n. Art or science of 
 assisting the memory. [Gr.— mnao- 
 mai, remember.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 .mute, nut. burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
moa 
 
 349 
 
 Mognl 
 
 (rno'a), n. Large wingless bird 
 of New Zealand, now extinct. 
 
 moan (rnon). I. vi. Make a low sound 
 of grief or pain. II. vt. Lament. III. 
 n. Audible expression of pain. [A.S. 
 maenan.] 
 
 moat (mot). I. n. Deep trench round 
 a fortified place, sometimes filled with 
 water. II. vt. Surround with a moat. 
 [O. Fr. mote, mound, trench.] 
 
 mob (mob). I. n. 1. Disorderly crowd; 
 riotous assembly. 2. Lowest classes. 
 II. vt. [mob'bing; mobbed.] Attack in 
 a disorderly crowd. [From L. mobile 
 vulgus, fickle multitude.] 
 
 mobile (mo'bil or mo-bel'), a. That can 
 be easily moved or excited; change- 
 able; fickle. — mobility, n. Quality 
 of being mobile. [Fr.— L. mobilis.~] 
 
 mobilize (mob'i-liz), vt. Get ready for 
 active service, as troops. — mobili- 
 za'tion, n. [Fr. mobiliser.] 
 
 mobocracy (mob-ok'ra-si), n. Rule or 
 ascendency exercised" by the mob. 
 [mob, and Gr. krateo, rule.] 
 
 moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. 1. Shoe of 
 deerskin or other soft leather, worn 
 by the North American Iudians. 2. 
 Poisonous snake of the southern U. 
 S. [Native word.] 
 
 mocna (mo'ka), n. Variety of coffee, 
 grown near Mocha, Arabia. 
 
 mock (mok). I. vt. 1. Mimic in ridi- 
 cule. 2. Disappoint the hopes of; 
 deceive. II. n. Ridicule; sneer. III. a. 
 Imitating reality, but not real; false. 
 
 — mocker, n. — mockingly, adv. 
 
 — mockery, n. 1. Derision; ridi- 
 cule. 2. Subject of laughter or sport. 
 3. Vain imitation; 
 
 false show. — 
 mocking-bird, 
 n. North American 
 thrush which imi- 
 tates sounds. [Fr. 
 moquer.] 
 
 modal (mo'dal),a. 
 1. Pertaining to a 
 mode or mood. 2. 
 Consisting in mode or form only. 
 
 mode (mod), a. 1. Manner. 2. Fashion. 
 3. Mood. [L. modus, measure.] 
 Syn. See method. 
 
 model (mod'el). I. n. 1. Something to 
 be copied; pattern; person who poses 
 for painter or sculptor. 2. Imitation 
 of something on a smaller scale. 3. 
 Something worthy of imitation. II. 
 vt. 1. Form after a model. 2. Shape. 
 3. Make a model or copy of. 4. Form 
 in some soft material. III. vi. Practice 
 modeling. IV. a. Fit to serve as a 
 pattern. — mod'eler, n. [Fr. modele 
 — L. modulus, dim. of modus, measure.] 
 
 Mocking-bird. 
 
 modeling' (mod'el-ing), n. Act or art 
 of making a model, a branch of sculp- 
 ture. 
 
 moderate (mod'er-at). I. vt. 1. Keep 
 within bounds; restrain; reduce in 
 intensity; make temperate or reason- 
 able; pacify. 2. Decide as a modera- 
 tor. II. vi: 1. Become less violent of 
 intense. 2. Preside as a moderator. 
 III. a. Not excessive or extreme; tem- 
 perate; of middle rate.— inod'erate- 
 ly, adv.— mod'erateness,».— mod- 
 eration, n. [L. moderor — modus, 
 measure.] 
 
 moderato (mod-er-a'to), adv. In mus. 
 With moderate quickness. [It.] 
 
 moderator (mod'er-a-tur), n. 1. One 
 who or that which moderates or re- 
 strains. 2. President or chairman of 
 a meeting. 3. Device for regulating 
 the motion of a machine. — mod'er- 
 atorship, n. fL.] 
 
 modern ( mod'ern ). I. a. Limited to 
 the present or recent time; not an- 
 cient. II. n. One of modern times. — 
 mod'ernly,acft>.— mod'ernness, n. 
 [Fr. — L. modernus — modo, just now.] 
 
 modernize ( mod'ern-iz ), vt. Render 
 modern; adapt to the present time. 
 
 modest (mod'est), a. 1. Restrained by 
 a due sense of propriety ; not forward. 
 2. Chaste. 3. Moderate.— modesty, 
 n. Absence ol presumption; decency; 
 purity; moderation. — mod'estly, 
 adv. [L.— modus, measure.] 
 
 Syn. Bashful; diffident; coy; unob- 
 trusive; shy; virtuous; reserved. 
 
 modicum(mod'i-kum), w. Small quan« 
 tity. [L. neut. of modicus, moderate.] 
 
 modification (mod-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of modifying. 2. Changed shape 
 " or condition. [L. modificatio.] 
 
 modify (mod'i-fi), vt. 1. Moderate. 2. 
 Change the meaning or form of ; vary. 
 — modifier, n. — modifi'able, a. 
 [Fr. modifier— L. modifico.] 
 
 modish ( rno'dish ), a. According to 
 the fashion. — mo'disnly , adv.— mo- 
 dishness, n. 
 
 modist (mo'dist), n. One who follows 
 the mode orfashion. [ess. [Fr.] 
 
 modiste (mo-desf), n. Ladies' tailor- 
 
 modnlate (mod'u-lat). I. vt. 1. Vary 
 or inflect (sounds). 2. Change the key 
 or mode. II. vi. Pass from one key 
 into another. — modulation, n. — 
 modulator (mod'u-lat-ur ), n. [L. 
 modulor— modulus dim. of modus.] 
 
 Mogul (mo-gul'),w. 1. Mongol or Mon- 
 golian. 2. Large railroad engine with 
 three pairs of connected driving 
 wheels. —Great Mogul, former ruler 
 over Hindustan. 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
mohair 
 
 J50 
 
 moment 
 
 mohair(m5'har), n. 1. Fine silken hair 
 of the Angora goat of Asia Minor. 2. 
 Cloth made of mohair. [O. Fr. mou- 
 aire (Fr. moire)— Ar. mukhayyar.] 
 
 Mohammedan (mo-ham'ed-an). I. a. 
 Pertaining to Mohammed or to his 
 religion. II. n. Follower of Moham- 
 med. Also written Mahom'etan, Ma- 
 hom'edan. [Mohammed, the great 
 prophet of Arabia, born about 570 
 A. D.— Ar. muhammad, praiseworthy— 
 hamd, praise.] 
 
 Mohammedanism ( mo-ham'ed-an- 
 izm), Mohammedism (mo-ham'ed- 
 izm), n. Religion of Mohammed, con- 
 tained in the Koran. 
 
 moiety (moi'e-ti), n. Half; one of two 
 equal parts. [Fr. moitti—Li. medietas 
 — medius, middle.] 
 
 moil (moil). I. vt. Daub with dirt. II. 
 vi. Toil; drudge. III. n. Defilement. 
 [O. Fr. moiler(Fr. mouiller), wet — L. 
 mollis, soft.] [See mohair,] 
 
 moire (mwar), n. Watered silk. [Fr. 
 
 moist (moist), a. Damp; humid; 
 slightly wet. — moisten (mois'n) L vt. 
 Make moist.— moisture (mois'tur), 
 n. Dampness. [O. Fr. moiste—Li. mus- 
 teus, fresh. See must.] 
 
 molar (molar), a. Pertaining to a 
 large mass. ' [From L. moles, mass.] 
 
 molar (mo'lar). I. a. Grinding or used 
 for grinding. II. n. Grinding tooth ; 
 back tooth. [L. molaris—mola, mill.] 
 
 molasses ( mo-las'ez ), n. Syrup that 
 drains from sugar during the process 
 of manufacture. [L. mellaceus, honey- 
 like— met, honey.] 
 
 mold, mould (mold). I. n. 1. Soil 
 rich in decayed matter. 2. That of 
 which anything is composed. 3. Mi- 
 nute fungus wbich grows on a body in 
 a damp atmosphere. II. vt. 1. Cover 
 with a mold. 2. Cause to become 
 moldy. III. vi. Become moldy. [A. S. 
 molde, dust.] 
 
 mold, mould (mold). I. n. 1. Hollow 
 form in which anything is cast; ma- 
 trix; pattern. 2. Thing molded; form; 
 cast; shape; character. II. vt. Form 
 in a mold ; fashion. [O. Fr. molle (Fr. 
 moule) — L. modulus. See model. ] 
 
 molder, moulder (mold'er), vi. and 
 vt. Crumble to mould; turn to dust. 
 
 molding, moulding (mold'ing), ??. 
 1. Act of molding. 2. Anything mold- 
 ed. 3. Small ornamental projection 
 on a wall, etc. 
 
 moldy, mouldy (m51d'i),a. Over- 
 grown with mold. — mold'iness, n. 
 
 mole ( mol ), n. Small dark-colored 
 patch or protuberance on the human 
 skin. [A.S. mal, spot.] 
 
 mole (mol), n. Small animal with very 
 small eyes and soft fur, which bur- 
 rows in the 
 
 ground and ^^S^|®%" 
 
 casts up lit- 
 tle heaps of 
 mould. — 
 mole'cast, 
 
 mole'hill,ra. Mole. 
 
 Little hill or 
 
 heap of earth cast up by a mole. 
 [Short for obsolete Eng. moldwarp, 
 mold-caster.] 
 
 mole (mol), n. Breakwater or jetty. 
 [Fr.— L. moles, huge mass.] 
 
 mole-cricliet (mol'krik'et ), n. Bur- 
 rowing insect with forelegs like those 
 of a mole. 
 
 molecular (mo-lek'u-lar), a. Belong- 
 ing to or consisting of molecules. — 
 molecular'ity, n._ 
 
 molecule ( mol'e-kul ), n. One of the 
 smallest particles into which a sub- 
 stance can be divided without de- 
 stroying its chemical character. [A 
 diminutive coined — L. moles, mass.] 
 
 molerat (m51'rat), n. Rat-like animal, 
 which burrows like a mole. 
 
 molest (mo-lest'), vt. Disturb. — mo- 
 lesta'tion, n. [L. molestus, annoying.] 
 Syn. Incommode. See trouble. 
 
 mollient (mol'yent), a. Serving to 
 soften; assuaging. [L..— mollis, soft.] 
 
 mollification ( mol-i-fl-ka'shun ), n. 
 Act of mollifying; state of being mol- 
 lified; mitigation. 
 
 mollify (mol'i-fi), vt. 1. Make soft or 
 tender. 2. Assuage; calm; pacify.— 
 mol'lifiable, a. — mol'Iifier, n. 
 [L. mollifico — mollis, soft, and facio, 
 make.] 
 
 mollusk (mol'usk), n. Animal, having 
 a soft, inarticulate, fleshy body, as the 
 snail and all shellfish.— molluscan 
 (mol-lus'kan), molluscous (mol-lus'- 
 kus), a. Of or like molluscs.' — mol- 
 . lus'can, n. Mollusc. [L. molluscus— 
 mollis, soft.] 
 
 Moloch (mo'lok), n. 1. God of the Phe- 
 nicians, worshiped by human sacri- 
 fices and other cruelties. 2. Any cause 
 demanding cruel sacrifices. 
 
 molt, moult (molt). I. vt. andm. Cast 
 (feathers) ; change. II. n. Process of 
 molting. [Li. muto, change.] 
 
 molten (molt'n), a. 1. Melted. 2. Made 
 of melted metal. [Old^a. p. of melt.] 
 
 moment (mo'ment), n. 1. Moving 
 cause or force. 2. Importance in effect; 
 value. 3. Small portion of time. [Fr. 
 — L. momentum— moveo, move.] 
 
 Syn. Consideration ; momentum ; 
 weight; instant; twinkling; trice. 
 
 fSte, lat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
momentary 
 
 351 
 
 monograph 
 
 momentary ( mo'men-tar-i ), a. 1. 
 Lasting for a moment. 2. Done in a 
 moment. — momentarily , adv.— 
 mo'mentarinesu, n. 
 
 momentous ( mo-men'tus ), a. Im- 
 portance; of great consequence. — 
 momentously, adv. — moment- 
 ousness, n. 
 
 momentum ( mo-men 'turn), n) [pi. 
 moment'a.] Quantity of motion in a 
 body (the product of the mass and the 
 velocity of the moving body.) 
 
 monachism (mon'ak-izm), n. Monas- 
 tic life. 
 
 monad (mon'ad), n. 1. Simple single- 
 celled organism. 2. Infusorian with 
 a whiplike appendage. [Gr. monas, 
 unit.] 
 
 monarch (mon'ark). I. n. Sovereign; 
 ruler of a monarchy. II. a. Supreme; 
 superior to others. — monarchal, 
 monarchic, monarchical, a.— 
 mon'archist, n. Advocate of mon- 
 archy. — monarchy, n. 1. Govern- 
 ment in which the supreme power is 
 in the hands of a single person. 2. 
 Country ruled by a monarch. [Gr.— 
 monos, alone, and archo. rule.] 
 
 monastery (mon'as-ter-i ), n. House 
 for monks; convent. [Gr.— mo nastes, 
 monk— monos, alone.] 
 
 monastic (mon-as'tik), monastic* 
 al, a. 1. Pertaining to monasteries. 
 2. Recluse; solitary. — monas'ti- 
 cism, n. Monastic life. 
 
 Monday (mun'da), n. Second day of 
 the week.— Blue Monday, a Monday of 
 idleness, is so called from the Bav- 
 arian custom of draping the churches 
 in blue on Monday before Lent. [A.S. 
 monandaeg.] [to money. 
 
 monetary (mun'e-tar-i), a. Relating 
 
 money (mun'i), n. [pi. mon'eys.] 1. 
 Coin. 2. Any currency used as the 
 equivalent of coin. 3. Wealth. [O. 
 Fr. moneie—Lt. moneta. See mint.] 
 
 moneyed (mun'id), a. 1. Having 
 money; rich in money. 2. Consisting 
 in money. 
 
 monger ( mung'er ). I. n. Trader ; 
 dealer. II. vt. Trade in. [A. S. man- 
 gere—mang, mixture.] 
 
 Mongol (mong'ol), Mongolian 
 (mong-go'li-an). i. n. One of the race 
 inhabiting Central Asia, China, and 
 Japan. II. a. Pertaining to Mongo- 
 lia or the Mongols. 
 
 mongoos ( m o n g'6 s ), n. Weazel-like 
 animal, very destructive to rats, 
 snakes, etc. [East Indian name.] 
 
 mongrel ( mung'rel ), I. a. Of a mix- 
 ed breed. II. n. Animal of a mixed 
 breed. [From A. S. mangian, mix.] 
 
 moniliform (mo-nil'i-farm), a. Re- 
 sembling a string of beads. [From L. 
 monile, necklace. j 
 
 monism ((mon'izm), n. Doctrine that 
 physical and spiritual phenomena are 
 based on the same single principle 
 (opposed to dualism. ) [Gr. monos, 
 single, and -ism.] [in monism. 
 
 monist (mon'ist), n. One who believes 
 
 monition (mon-ish'un), n. Admoni- 
 tion ; warning; notice. [L. — moneo, 
 remind.] [warning. 
 
 monitive (mon'i-tiv), a. Conveying a 
 
 monitor (mon'i-tur), n. 1. One who 
 admonishes; adviser. 2. Pupil ap- 
 pointed to preserve order in absence 
 of the teacher. 3. Ironclad or steel 
 warship having a low deck and one 
 or more revolving turrets. — moni- 
 torial (mon-i-to'ri-al), a. — moni- 
 tory(mon'i-tor-i), a'. [See monition.] 
 
 monk (mungk), n. One of a religious 
 community living in a monastery. 
 [A. S. munec— Gr. monachos— monos, 
 alone.] 
 
 monkey (mung'ki), n. Order of mam- 
 malia next to man, having their feet 
 developed like hands. — mon'key- 
 wrench, n. "Wrench with a mov- 
 able jaw. [O. It. monicchio, dim. of 
 monna, old woman, granny, ape, 
 contr. of madonna.] 
 
 monkish (mung'kish), a. Pertaining 
 to, or like, a monk.] 
 
 monk's-hood ( mungks'-hod ), n. 
 Aconite, poisonous plant with a 
 flower like a monk's hood.] 
 
 m**no- 3 prefix. Single; one. [Gr. monos.] 
 
 monochord (mon'o-kard), n. Musical 
 instrument of one string. 
 
 monochromatic (mon-o-kro-mat'ik) , 
 a. Of one color only. 
 
 monocle (mon'o-kl), n. Glass for one 
 eye. [Gr. monos, single, and L. oculus, 
 eye.] 
 
 monocular (mon-ok'u-lar), monoc- 
 ulous, a. With or for one eye only. 
 
 monody (mon'o-di), n. Mournful ode 
 or poem in which a single mourner 
 laments. [Gr. monos, single, and ode.] 
 
 monogamy (m<>n-og'a-mi), n. Mar- 
 riage with one person only. — mon- 
 og'amous, a. — monog'amist, n. 
 [Gr.— monos, one, and gamos, mar- 
 riage.] 
 
 monogram (mon'o-gram), n. Several 
 letters interwoven or written into 
 one. [Gr. monos, alone, and gramma, 
 letter.] 
 
 monograph (mon'o-graf), n. Paper 
 or treatise written on one particular 
 subject. — monographer (mon-og'- 
 ra-fer), monograph ist, n. Writer 
 of monographs. — monographic 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
 mute, hut. bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
monolith 
 
 352 
 
 moon 
 
 (mon-o-graf'ik), monograph'ical, 
 
 a. 1. Pertaining to a monograph. 2. 
 Drawn in lines without colors. — 
 monography ( mon-og'ra-fi ), n. 
 Representation by one means only, as 
 lines; outline drawing.] 
 
 monolith (mon'o-lith), n. Pillar, or 
 column, made of a single stone. — 
 monolithic, monolith'al, a. [Gr. 
 monos, alone, and lithos, stone.] 
 
 monologue (mon'o-log), n. Speech 
 uttered by one person ; soliloquy ; 
 poem, etc., for a single performer. 
 [Gr. monos, alone, and logos, speech.] 
 
 monomania ( mon-o-ma'ni-a ), n. 
 Madness confined to one subject, or 
 one faculty of the mind.— monoma- 
 niac, n. One affected with mono- 
 mania. [Gr. monos, alone, and mania, 
 madness.] 
 
 monometallism (mon-o-met'al-ism), 
 n. 1. Use of only one metal as a stan- 
 dard of value. 2. Doctrine that only 
 one metal can or should be so used. 
 Opposed to bimetallism, 
 
 monomial (mon-o'mi-al), n. Algebraic 
 expression of one termonly. [Gr.] 
 
 monomorphic ( mon-o-mar'fik ), a. 
 Of the same type of structure; very 
 uniformly built. 
 
 monophthong- (mon'of-thang), n. 1. 
 Simple vowel sound. 2. Two vowels 
 pronounced as one. [See diphthong.] 
 
 monopolize (mo-nop'o-liz ), vt. 1. 
 Obtain possession of anything so as 
 to be the only seller of it. 2. Engross 
 the whole of. — monopolizer, 
 monopolist, n. One who mon- 
 opolizes oc possesses a monopoly. 
 
 monopoly (mo-nop'o-li), n. 1. Sole 
 right or power of dealingin anything. 
 
 2. Exclusive command or possession. 
 
 3. That which is the subject of a mon- 
 opoly. 4. Trust, or monopolizing 
 combination of persons or corpora- 
 tions. [L. monopolism— Gr. monos, 
 alone, and poleo, sell.] 
 
 monosyllabic (mon-o-sil-lab'ik), a. 
 Consisting of one syllable, or of 
 words of one syllable. 
 
 monosyllable ( mon'o-sil-a-bl ), n. 
 Word of one syllable. 
 
 monotheism (mon'o-the-izm), n. Be- 
 lief in only one God.[Gr. monos, alone, 
 and theos, God.] 
 
 monotheist (mon'o-the-ist), n. One 
 who believes that there is but one 
 God.— monotheistic, a. 
 
 monotone (mon'o-ton), n. 1. Single 
 unvaried tone or sound. 2. Succession 
 of sounds having the same pitch. — 
 monotonous (mo-not'o-nus), a. 1. 
 Uttered in one unvaried tone. 2. 
 Marked by dull uniformity. — mo- 
 
 not'onously, adv. — monotony 
 (mo-not'o-ni), n. [Gr. monos, alone, 
 and tonos. tone.] 
 
 monoxide (mo-noks'id or -id), n. Ox- 
 ide containing one atom of oxygen in 
 each molecule. 
 
 Monseigneur ( mang-san-yer' ), n. 
 French title to men 6f high rank. 
 
 Monsieur (mus-ye'),w. [pi. messieurs 
 (mas-ye').] Title of address in 
 France, corresponding to theEng. Mr. 
 
 Monsignore(m6n-sen-yo're), n. 
 Italian title of ecclesiastics of high 
 rank. 
 
 monsoon (mon-son'), n. Wind of the 
 Indian Ocean, which blows from S. W. 
 from April to October, and from the 
 N. E. the rest of the year; similar 
 winds elsewhere. [Malay musim — 
 Ar. mawsim, season.] 
 
 monster ( mon'ster ), n. 1. Anything 
 out of the usual course of nature. 2. 
 Anything horrible from ugliness or 
 wickedness. 3. Unusually large per- 
 son or animal. [Fr. — L. motistrum.] 
 
 monstrosity (mon-stros'i-ti), n. Un- 
 natural production. 
 
 monstrous (mon'strus), a. Out of the 
 common course of nature; enormous; 
 wonderful ; horrible.— mon'strous- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 monte ( mon'ta), n. Gambling game 
 played with cards or dice. [Sp.] 
 
 month (munth), n. One of the twelve 
 parts of the year. [A.S. monath—mona, 
 moon.] 
 
 monthly (munth'li). I. a. Performed 
 in a month; happening or published 
 once a mom h. II. n. Monthly publica- 
 tion. III. adv. Once a month; in every 
 month. 
 
 monument ( mon'u-ment ), n. Any- 
 thing that perpetuates the memory of 
 a person or event, -monumental, 
 a. [L. m,oneo, remind.] 
 
 mood (mod), n. 1. Fashion; manner. 
 2. In gram. Form of verbal inflection 
 to express the conception of action or 
 being. [Same as mode.] 
 
 mood (mod), n. Temporary state of the 
 mind; temper. [A.S. mod. Gev.muth.] 
 
 moody (mbd'i), a. Subject to moods; 
 fretful.— moodily, adv.— moodi- 
 ness, n. 
 
 Syn. Angry; peevish ; gloomy; ca- 
 pricious; melancholy; captious. 
 
 moon (mon), n. 1. Satellite which re- 
 volves round a planet, esp. round the 
 earth. 2. Lunar month. — moon - 
 beam,n. Ray of light from the moon. 
 —moon Bight. I. n. Light of the 
 moon. II. a. 1. Lighted by the moon. 
 2. Occurring during moonlight. — 
 moon'shine, n. 1. Shining of the 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
moor 
 
 353 
 
 more 
 
 moon. 2. Show without reality. 3. 
 Illicit whisky. — moonshiner, n. 
 Maker of illicit whisky. [Colloq.] — 
 moon'strnck, a. Lunatic. [Lit. 
 "measurer", (of time). A. S. mona.] 
 
 Telescopic view of the moon. 
 
 inoor(mor), n. Low peaty soil, partly 
 covered with heath.— moorish(rnor'- 
 
 ish), moory (mor'i), a. Resembling 
 a moor; sterile; marshy ; boggy. 
 [A.. S. mor.] 
 moor (mor). I. vt. Fasten a ship by 
 cable and ancnor. II. vi.Be fastened by 
 cables or chains. [Dut. marren, tie.] 
 Moor (mor), n. Native of N. Africa, of 
 a dark complexion.— Moorish(mor'- 
 ish), a. Belonging to the Moors. [L. 
 maurus—Gr. mauros, black.] [ing. 
 
 moorage (mor' aj), n. Place for moor- 
 mooring' (mor'ing), n. 1. Act of moor- 
 ing. 2. That which serves to moor or 
 confine a ship. 3. In pi. Place or con- 
 dition of a moored ship. [dian.] 
 moose ( mos ), n. American elk. [In- 
 moot (mot). I. vt. Propose for discus- 
 sion; discuss; argue for practice. II. 
 a. Discussed; disputed; subject to 
 argument; in question.— moot'able, 
 a.— moot'conrt, n. Meeting for ar- 
 guing supposed cases. [A. S. motian— 
 mot, assembly. See meet.] 
 mop (mop). I. n. Instrument for wash- 
 ing floors, made of cloth, etc., fasten- 
 ed to a handle. II. vt. [mopp'ing; 
 mopped.] Rub or wipe with a mop.— 
 mop'board,tt.Baseboard.[Wel.mbp.] 
 mope (moo), vi. Be silent and dispir- 
 ited ; be dull or stupid.— mo'p'ingly, 
 adv. [Dut. moppen, pout, sulk.] 
 
 mopish (mo'pish), a. Dull; spirit- 
 less; dejected.— mo'pishuess, n. 
 
 moraine (mo-ran'), n. Line of rocks 
 and gravel found at the bases and 
 edges of glaciers. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 moral (mor'al). I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
 right or wrong as determined by 
 duty. 2. Conformed to rigbt;virtuous. 
 3. Capable of moral action; subject 
 to the moral law. 4. Instructing with 
 regard to morals. 5. Supported by 
 reason or probability. II. h. 1. Prac- 
 tical lesson given by fable, an event, 
 etc. 2. In pi. Manners ; conduct ; 
 doctrine or practice of the duties of 
 life: moral philosophy or ethics. [Pr. 
 
 — L. moralis~mos, moris, manner, 
 custom.] 
 
 morale (mo-raF), n. Mental state as 
 regards spirit and confidence, esp. of 
 a body of men. [Pr.] 
 
 moralist (mor'al-ist), n. 1. One who 
 teaches morals! 2. One who practices 
 moral duties. 
 
 morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. 1. Quality 
 of being moral. 2. Practice of moral 
 duties ; virtue. 3. Doctrine which 
 treats of moral actions; ethics. 
 
 moralize (mor'al-iz). I. vt. Apply to 
 a moral purpose; explain in a moral 
 sense. II. vi. Speak or write on moral 
 subjects ; make moral reflections.— 
 mor'alizer, n. 
 
 morally (mor'al-i), adv. 1. In an eth- 
 ical sense. 2. Virtually, not in effect. 
 
 morass (mo-ras'), n. Tract of soft, 
 wet ground; marsh. [ Dut. -moeras— 
 moer, mire.] 
 
 Moravian (mo-ra'vi-an). I. a. Per- 
 taining to Moravia or to the Mora- 
 vians or United Brethren. II. n. One 
 of a Protestant sect, founded in the 
 15th century in Moravia, Austria. 
 
 morbid (mar'bid), a. Not sound; due 
 to a diseased state. — mor'bidly , adv. 
 
 — morbidness, n. [L. — morbus, 
 disease, — morior, die.] 
 
 Syn. Sickly; sick; diseased. 
 
 morbific (mar-bif'ik), a. Causing dis- 
 ease. [L.— -morbus, and faoio, make.] 
 
 mordacions (mar-da'sbus), a. Biting; 
 sarcastic. [L. mordax—mordeo, bite.] 
 
 mordant (mar'dant). I. a. Serving to 
 fix colors, li'.n. 1. Any substance, as 
 alum, used to give permanency or 
 brilliancy to dyes. 2. Matter to make 
 gold-leaf adhere. [Fr., pr. p. of mor- 
 dre—lj. mordeo, bite.] 
 
 more (mor). I. a. [Serves as comp. of 
 many and much.] 1. Additional; 
 other besides. 2. Greater. II. adv. 
 To a greater degree, extent, or quan- 
 tity ; again. III. n. Greater thing; 
 addition. [A. S. mara.] 
 
 £ate, /at, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
moreen 
 
 854 
 
 mortmain 
 
 moreen (mo-ren'), n. Stout woolen 
 stuff, used for curtains, etc. [Form 
 
 of MOHAIR.] 
 
 moreover (mor-o'ver), adv. Besides. 
 
 Moresque (mo-resk'), a. Done after 
 the manner of the Moors. [It. moresco.] 
 
 morganatic (mar-gan-at'ik), a. Per- 
 taining to a marriage of a prince or 
 noble with a woman of inferior rank, 
 in which neither the latter uor her 
 children enjoy the rank or inherit the 
 possessions of her husband. [Low L. 
 morganatica, gift from a bridegroom 
 to his bride. From O. H. G. morgan, 
 morning, and geba, gift.] 
 
 morgue (marg), n. Place where the 
 bodies of persons found dead are ex- 
 posed for identification. [Fr.] 
 
 moribund ( mor'i-bund ), a. Dying. 
 [L. moribundus—morior, die.] 
 
 moril ( mor'il ), n. Mushroom with 
 many little holes. [Fr. morille.] 
 
 Mormon (mar'mun), n. One of a re- 
 ligious sect "in the United States, 
 founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, 
 who made an addition to the Bible, 
 called the Book of Mormon, from 
 Mormon, its alleged author. — Mor'- 
 monism, n. Doctrines of this sect. 
 
 morn (marn), n Morning. 
 
 morning* (mar'ning), n. First part of 
 the day; early part. [A. S. morgen.] 
 
 morocco (mo-rok'o), n. Goat leather, 
 first made in Morocco, Africa. 
 
 morose (mo-ros'), a. Of a sour temper. 
 - morosely, a^.-morose'ness, 
 n. [L. morosus, — mos, habit, whim.] 
 Syn. Ill-humored; crabbed; crusty; 
 sullen; gruff; grouchy; surly; churl- 
 ish; severe; cross. See moody. 
 
 morphia (mar'fi-a), morphine 
 (mar'fin or -fen), n. Narcotic principle 
 of opium. [From Gr. Morpheus, god 
 of dreams, — morpheo, shape.] 
 
 morphology (mar-fol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of the forms assumed by plants and 
 animals. [Gr.] 
 
 morris, morrice(mor'is), W.Moorish 
 dance, in which bells, rattles, tam- 
 bours, etc., are introduced. [Sp. mo- 
 risco, Moorish.] 
 
 Morro (mor'o), n. Name of many forts 
 in Spanish-speaking countries. [Sp.= 
 round.] 
 
 morrow (mor'o), n. 1. Day following 
 the present; to-morrow. 2. Next fol- 
 lowing day. [M. E. morwe, iovmorwen. 
 From root of morning.] [morjs.] 
 
 morse (mars), n. Walrus. [ Russ. 
 
 morsel (mar'sel), n. 1. Bite or mouth- 
 ful ; small piece of food. 2. Small 
 quantity. [O. Fr. morcel — L. morsus, 
 bite.] 
 
 mortal (mar'tal). I. a. 1. Liable to 
 die. 2. Causing death; deadly; fata) 
 3. Punishable with death. 4. Pertain- 
 ing to mortals. II. n. Man; one sub- 
 ject to death. — mor 'tally, adv. 1. 
 Fatally. 2. In the highest possible 
 degree. [L. mortalis—mors, death.] 
 
 mortality (mar-tal'i-ti), n. 1. Condi- 
 tion of being "mortal. 2. Death. 3. 
 Frequency or number of deaths. 4. 
 Human race. 
 
 Mortar. 
 
 mortar (mar' tar), n. 1. Vessel in which 
 substances are pounded with a pestle. 
 
 2. *Piece of ordnance, resembling a 
 mortar, for throwing shells, etc. 3. 
 Cement of lime, sand, and water. [A. S. 
 mortere—Li. mortarium, trough.] 
 
 mortgage (mar'gaj). I. n. Convey- 
 ance of property, as security for a 
 debt,on condition that if debt is duly 
 paid the conveyance shall be void. II. 
 vt. Pledge, as security for a debt. [Fr. 
 —mort, dead, and gage, pledge.] 
 
 mortgagee (mar-ga-je'), n. One to 
 whom a mortgage is made or given. 
 
 mortgager (mar'ga-jer), mortgagor 
 (mar-ga-jar'), "n. ' One who conveys 
 property in pledge or mortgage. 
 
 mortification (mar-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 
 x. Mortifying. 2." Being mortified. 
 
 3. Death of one part of an animal 
 body. 4. Subjection of the passions 
 and appetites. 5. Extreme vexation. 
 
 Syn. Chagrin; shame; humiliation; 
 annoyance; disappointment. 
 
 mortify (mar'ti-fi). vt. 1. Destroy the 
 vital functions of. 2. Deaden; subdue 
 by severities. 3. Humble. [L. morti- 
 Jlco— mors, death, and facio, make.] 
 
 mortise (mar 'tis). I. n. Cavity cut into 
 a piece of timber to receive the tenon, 
 the piece made to fit it. II. vt. 1. Cut 
 a mortise in. 2. Join by a mortise 
 and tenon. [Fr. mortaise.] 
 
 mortmain (mart'man), n. Transfer 
 of property to "a corporation, which 
 is said to be a dead hand, because it 
 can never part with it again. [Fr. 
 mort, dead, and main, hand.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
mortuary 
 
 355 
 
 motto 
 
 Most 
 
 mortuary (mar'tu-ar-i). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to the burial of the dead. II. n. 
 1. Burial-place. 2. Gift claimed by 
 the minister of a parish on the death 
 of a parishioner. [LowL. mortuarium.] 
 
 mosaic (mo- 
 za'ik). I. n. 
 Kind of 
 work in 
 which de- 
 signs are 
 formed by 
 small pieces 
 of colored 
 marble, 
 glass, etc., 
 cemented on 
 a ground of 
 stucco,or in- 
 laid upon 
 metal. II. a. 
 Relating to 
 
 or composed of mosaic. [Fr. mosaique 
 — Gr. mouseios, belonging to the 
 Muses.] 
 
 Mosaic ( mo-za'ik ), a. Pertaining to 
 Moses, the Jewish law giver. 
 
 Moselle (mo-zel'), n. White wine from 
 the district of the Moselle, Germany. 
 
 Moslem(moz'lem). I. n. Mussulman or 
 Mohammedan. II. a. Of or belonging 
 to the Mohammedans. [Ar. muslim— 
 salama, submit 
 (to God). ] 
 
 mosque(mosk), 
 n. Mohamme- 
 dan place of 
 worship. [Sp. 
 mezquita — Ar. 
 masjid— sajada, 
 bend, adore.] 
 
 mosquito(mus- 
 ke'to), n. [pi. mosqui'toes.] Two- 
 winged insect, having a sharp pro- 
 boscis, with which it attacks men and 
 animals, sucking their blood. [Sp. 
 dim. of mosca, fly— L. musca.] 
 
 moss (mas ). I. n. Family of crypto- 
 gamic plant with a branching stem 
 and narrow, simple leaves. II. vt. 
 Cover with moss.— moss-rose (mas'- 
 roz), n. Variety of rose having" a 
 moss-like growth on the calyx. — 
 mossy, a. Overgrown or abounding 
 with moss. — moss'iness, n. [A. S. 
 meos.] 
 
 most ( most ). [superl. of more.] I. a. 
 Greatest ; excelling in number. II. adv. 
 In the highest degree. III. n. Greatest 
 number or quantity.— uiost'ly, adv. 
 [A. S. moest.] [note. [Fr.] 
 
 mot (mo),». 1. Witty remark. 2. Bugle 
 
 mote (mot), n. Particle of dust; spot 
 or speck; anything small. [A.S. mot.] 
 
 Mosque. 
 
 moth (math), n. 1. Family of insects 
 like butterflies, seen mostly at night. 
 2. Larva of this insect which gnaws 
 cloth. 3. That which eats away 
 gradually and silently. — moth- 
 eaten, a. Eaten or cut by moths. 
 
 mother (muth'ev). I. n. 1. Female 
 parent; matron. 2. That which has 
 produced anything. II. a. 1. Received 
 by birth, as it were from one's moth- 
 er; natural. 2. Acting the part of a 
 mother. 3. Originating. III. vt. Adopi 
 as a son or daughter.— moth'er-in- 
 law, n. Mother of one's husband or 
 wife.— moth'er-of-pearl, n. Inter- 
 nal layer of the shells of several mol- 
 luscs, esp. of thepearl-oyster. 
 
 mother ( mu£/i'er ), n. Dregs or sedl-1 
 ment, as of vinegar. [Akin to mud.] 
 
 motherhoo<I(muM/er-hod), n. 3. State 
 of being a mother. 2. Qualities or du- 
 ties of a mother. 
 
 motherly (muth'er-W), a. Pertaining 
 to or becoming a mother; tender.— 
 moth'erliness, n. 
 
 niothy (math'i), a. Full of moths. 
 
 motion (ni'o'shun), n. 1. Act or state 
 of moving. 2. Single movement; 
 change of posture.3. Gait. 4. Power of 
 motion. 5. Proposal made, esp. in an 
 assembly. 6. Oral request made to a 
 court for an order. II. vi. and vt. In- 
 dicate by a gesture. [L. motio—mo- 
 veo, move.] [motion. 
 
 motionless (mo'shun-les), a. Without 
 
 motive (mo'tiv). I. a. Causing motion. 
 
 II. n. Intent with which a thing is 
 
 done. [Fr. motif — L. moveo, move.] 
 
 Syn. Incentive; inducement; cause; 
 
 reason; design; purpose; stimulus. 
 
 motley (mot'li), a. 1. Consisting of 
 different colors. 2. Composed or vari- 
 ous elements. [O. Fr. mattele, clotted.] 
 
 motor (mo'tur), n. 1. Mover; that 
 which gives motion. 2. Apparatus for 
 converting the energy of steam, gas 
 watei*, electricity, etc., into motive 
 power, as an electric motor. £L.] 
 
 motorboat (mo'tur-bot), n. Boat pro- 
 pelled by electric or other motor. 
 
 motorcycle (mo'tiir-si-kl), n. Bicycle 
 propelled bv -motor. See atttocyot.,e. 
 
 motorist (mo'tur-ist), n. A chauffeur. 
 
 motorite(mo'tur-it),n. Explosive, fur- 
 nishing motive power for torpedoe-.. 
 
 motor m an (mo'tur-man), n. Driver 
 of an electric street car. 
 
 mottled (mot'ld), a. Marked with spots 
 of various colors, or shades of color. 
 
 motto (mot'o), n. [pi. mottoes (mof- 
 6z).] 1. Sentence or phrase expres- 
 sive of some guiding principle or 
 idea; maxim. 2. Phrase attached to 
 a device. [It.] 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, tail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mov9, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
mould 
 
 356 
 
 movement 
 
 mould. Same as mold. 
 moult. Same as molt. 
 mound (rnownd), n. Bank of earth or 
 stone; hillock. [A.S. mund, defense.] 
 mount (mownt). I. n. 1. Mountain. 2. 
 That upon which anything is fixed or 
 mounted. 3. That on which one 
 mounts; horse. II. vi. Project or rise 
 up; be of great elevation. III. vt. 
 Raise aloft; climb; get upon, as a 
 horse; put on horseback; put upon a 
 support or something that fits for 
 use; arrange or set in fitting order.— 
 mounter, n. [A.S. munt— L. mons, 
 mountain.] 
 mountain (mownt'in). I. n. 1. High 
 hill. 2. Anything very large. II. a. 
 Of or relating to a mountain; grow- 
 ing or dwelling on a mountain. — 
 mountain-ash, n. Rowan-tree, 
 with bunches of red-berries, common 
 on mountains. [Fr. montagne— Low 
 L. montanea—Lt.mons, montis.] 
 mountaineer ( mownt-in-er' ), n. 1. 
 Inhabitant of a mountainous region. 
 2. One who climbs mountains. 
 mountainous (mownt'in-us), a. 1. 
 Full of mountains. 2. Large as a 
 mountain; huge. 
 mountebank ( mownt'e-bank ), n. 
 Boastful pretender; quack; charla- 
 tan. [ It. montambanco — montare, 
 mount, and banco, bench.] 
 mounting- (mownt'ing), n. 1. Act of 
 mounting, as the setting of a gem; 
 rising on high, etc. 2. That which 
 sets something off to advantage, sup- 
 ports it, or fits it for use. 
 mourn (morn), vt. and vi. 1. Grieve. 2. 
 Wear mourning. — mourner, n. 
 [A. S. murnan, meornan.] 
 Syn. Lament. See deplore. 
 mournful (morn'fol), a. 1. Mourning. 
 2, Causing or expressing sorrow.— 
 mournfully, adv. — niourn'f ill- 
 ness, n. 
 mourninsf (morn'ing). I. a. Grieving; 
 lamenting. II. n. 1. Act of express- 
 ing grief. 2. Dress of mourners.— 
 moiirii'iRgly. adv. 
 mouse ( mows ), n. [pi. mice ( mis ).] 
 Little rodent animal found in houses 
 and in the fields. [A. S. mus, -pl.mys 
 —root mus, steal. Cf. Ger. mausen, 
 pilfer.] 
 mouse (mowz), vi. 1. Catch mice. 2. 
 Watch for slily ; prowl.— mou'ser, n. 
 moustache (mos-tash'). Same as 
 
 MUSTACHE. 
 
 mouth (mowth), n. [pi. mouths 
 (mouthz).] 1. Opening in an animal 
 by which its food enters. 2. Cavity 
 between lips and pharynx. 3. Open- [ 
 
 ing or entrance, 
 etc. 4. Instrument 
 er. [A. S. muth.] 
 
 1. Base of /SfV-r 
 brain cav- //*^* s ' 
 ity, bone. 2, "»<' 
 3 and 4. Su- S^ 
 petior, mid- ** * 
 die and in- 
 ferior turbi- 
 nate bones. 
 5. Opening 
 of lacrymal 
 duct. 6. 
 Hard palate. 
 Tongue. 8. Lar- 
 ynx. 9. wind 
 pipe. 10. Eso- 
 phagus. 11. Conti- 
 nuation of backbone. 
 12. Epiglottis, just 
 above the glottis, the 
 slit between the vo- 
 cal chords. 13. Uvu- 
 la. 14. Opening of 
 Eustachian tube. 
 
 is of a bottle, river, 
 of speaking; speak- 
 
 Vektical Section of 
 Human Mouth and 
 Adjoining Organs. 
 
 mouth (mowth), vt. and vt. 1. Utter 
 with a voice overloud or swelling. 2. 
 Make faces.— mouther, n. Affected 
 speaker. [mouth. 
 
 mouthed ( mowtht ), a. Having a 
 
 mouthful (mowth'fol), n. [pi. mouth'- 
 fuls.] As much as' fills the mouth; 
 small quantity. 
 
 mouthpiece (mowth'pes), n. 1. Piece 
 of a musical instrument for the 
 mouth. 2. Opening in a vessel 3. One 
 who speaks for others. 
 
 movable (mo'va-bl). I. a. 1. That may 
 be moved, lifted, etc.; not fixed. 2. 
 Changing from one time to another. 
 II. n. Piece of property, not part of a 
 real estate.— mo'vably, adv.— mo'- 
 vableness, movabil'ity, n. 
 
 move (mov). I. vt. 1. Cause to change 
 place or posture. 2. Set in motion; 
 impel. 3. Excite to action; persuade; 
 instigate; arouse; provoke. 4. Touch 
 the feelings of. 5. Propose or bring 
 before an assembly. II. vi. 1. Go from 
 one place to another; change place or 
 posture. 2. Begin to perform. 3. 
 Change residence. 4. Make a motion, 
 as in assembly. III. n. 1. Act of mov- 
 ing. 2. Act in carrying out a plan. 3. 
 Movement, esp. at chess, -mover, 
 n. [Fr. mouvoir—Li. moveo, move.] 
 
 movement (mov'ment), n. 1. Act or 
 manner of moving. 2. Change of posi- 
 tion. 3. Motion of the mind; emotion. 
 4. Wheelwork of a clock or watch. 5. 
 In mus. Motion of melody, or of parts; 
 pace. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
moving 
 
 357 
 
 multipartite 
 
 moving- (mo'ving), a. 1. Causing mo- 
 tion. 2. Changing position. 3. Affect- 
 ing the feelings; pathetic-mo'- 
 viugly, adv. 
 
 mow (mow), n. Pile of hay or grain 
 laid up in a barn, also the place where 
 stored. [A. S. muga, heap.] 
 
 mow (mo), vt. [mowed; mowed or 
 mown.] 1. Cut down, as grass or 
 grain. 2. Cut down in great numbers. 
 [A. S. mawan.] 
 
 mowed (mod),mown (m5n),a. 1. Cut 
 down. 2. Clear of grass or grain. 
 
 mower (rno'er), n. One who mows or 
 cuts grass. _ 
 
 mowing- (mo'ing), n. 1. Act of cutting 
 down. 2. Land from which grass is cut. 
 
 much (much). I. a. Great in quantity 
 or extent. II. adv. 1. To a great de- 
 gree. 2. Far; nearly; frequently. III. 
 n. 1. Great quantity. 2. Great thing. 
 [A. S.micel.] 
 
 mucilage (mu'si-laj), n. Solution of 
 sum. used as an adhesive. — muci- 
 laginous (mu-si-laj'in-us), a. 
 
 muck (muk), n. 1. Mass of decayed 
 vegetable matter. 2. Anythiug low 
 and filthy, -mtick'y, a. — muck- 
 iness,w. [Icel.myki. Dan. mo^dung.] 
 
 mucous (mu'kus), a. 1. Like mucus; 
 viscous. 2. Secreting mucus. 
 
 mucus (mu'kus), n. 1. Slimy fluid on 
 the interior canals of the body to 
 moisten and protect them. 2. Any 
 viscid animal fluid. 3. Gummy sub- 
 stance in certain plants. [L.] 
 
 mud (mud), n. Wet, soft earth; mire. 
 [Cf. Low Ger. murr, mud.] 
 
 muddle ( mud'l ). I. vt. 1 . Render 
 muddy or foul, as water. 2. Make a 
 mess of. 3. Confuse, especially with 
 liquor. II. n. Confused condition. 
 
 muddy (mud'i). I. a. 1. Foul with 
 mud; containing mud; covered with 
 mud. 2. Confused; stupid. II. vt. 1. 
 Dirty; cover with mud. 2. Render 
 dull. — mud'dily, adv. — m u d ' d i- 
 ness, n. [structure. 
 
 mudsill (mud'sil), n. Ground sill of a 
 
 muezzin (mu-ez'in), n. Attendant of 
 a minaret who cries out the hours of 
 prayer. [Ar.] 
 
 muff(muf), n. Warm, soft cover for 
 the hands in winter, usually of fur or 
 dressed skin. [Cf. Ger. muff.] 
 
 muff (muf). I. n. 1. Bungling per- 
 formance. 2. Stupid, silly fellow ; 
 bungler. II. vt. andw. Drop (a ball), 
 after it was caught. 
 
 muffin (muf'in), n. Light, spongy 
 cake. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 muffle (muf'l), vt. 1. Wrap up as with 
 a muff. 2. Cover up so as to render 
 sound dull. [Fr. moujler.] 
 
 muffler (muf'ler), n. Wrap for the 
 face and neck. 
 
 mufti (mufti), n. Doctor or official 
 expounder of Mohammedan law. [Ar.] 
 
 mug (mug), n. Kind of earthen or 
 metal drinking cup. [Ir. mugan.] 
 
 muggy (mug'i) , muggish (mug'ish), 
 a. Close and damp. [Icel. mugga, 
 dark, thick weather.] 
 
 mugwump ( mug'wump ), n. One 
 who acts independently of party in 
 politics ; independent voter. [From 
 N. A. Indianmugquomp, leader.] 
 
 mulatto (mu-lat'o), n. Offspring of 
 one black and one white parent. — 
 inula t tress, fern. [Sp. mulato—?nulo, 
 mule.] 
 
 mulberry (mul'ber-i), n. 1. Tree, on 
 the leaves of which silkworms feed. 
 2. Berry of the tree. [L. morus.] 
 
 mulch (mulch). I. n. Loose straw, 
 etc. , spread be t ween pi ants to keep the 
 soil moist. II. vt. Cover with mulch. 
 
 mulct (mulkt). I. n. Fine. II. vt. Fine, 
 
 — mulc'tuary, a. Imposing a fine. 
 
 [L. mulcta.] [amercement. 
 
 Syn. Penalty; forfeit; forfeiture; 
 
 mule (mul), n. 1. Offspring of a mare 
 and an ass. 2. Instrument for cotton- 
 spinning. 3. Obstinate person. [L. 
 mulus.] [drives mules. 
 
 muleteer (jnu-le-ter'), n. One who 
 
 mulish (mu'lish), a. Like a mule; 
 sullen; obstinate.— mu'lishly, adv. 
 — mu'lishness, n. 
 
 mull ( mul ), vt. Warm, spice and 
 sweeten (wine, ale, etc.). [fabric. 
 
 mull (mul), n. Thin, soft cotton 
 
 mullein, mullen (mul'en), n. Tall 
 herb with coarse, woolly leaves and 
 spikes of flowers. [A. S. moleg/i.] 
 
 mullet (mul'et), n. Fish nearly cylin- 
 drical in form, highly esteemed for 
 the table. [Fr. mutet—L,. mullus.] 
 
 mu 1 1 ion (mul'yun)^I. n. Upright di- 
 vision between the lights of windows, 
 etc., in a Gothic arch. II. vt. Divide 
 by mullions. 
 
 mult-, multi-, prefix.- Denoting' 
 many; manifold; frequent. [L.] 
 
 multifarious ( mul-ti-fa'ri-us ), a. 
 Having great diversity; manifold. -~ 
 multifa'riously, adv. [L. multi, 
 and varius, diverse.] 
 
 multiform (mul'ti-farm), a. Having 
 many forms. — multiformity, n. 
 
 multilateral ( mul-ti-lat'er-al ), a. 
 Having many sides. 
 
 multi lineal (mul-ti-lin'e-al), a. Hav- 
 • ing many lines. 
 |tan lilt i parous (mul-tip'a-rus), a. Pro* 
 
 1 ducing many young atone birth. [L. 
 
 —pareo, bear.] [ing many parts. 
 
 ) multipartite (mul-tip'ar-tit), a. Hav- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bfiru; oil, owl, then, - 
 
multiped 
 
 358 
 
 muscadel 
 
 multiped (mul'ti-ped), n. Insect hav- 
 ing many feet. 
 
 multiple ( mul'ti-pl). I. a. Having 
 many parts; repeated many times. 
 
 II. n. Number or quantity which con- 
 tains another an exact number of 
 times (without a remainder). [Fr.— 
 Li.—multi, andplico, foldj 
 
 multipliable (mul'ti-pli-a-bl), a. Ca- 
 pable of being multiplied.' 
 
 multiplicand ( mul'ti-pli-kand ), n. 
 Quantity to be multiplied by another*. 
 
 multiplication (mul-ti-pli-ka'shun), 
 n. 1. Act of multiplying. 2. Operation 
 by which a given number or quantity 
 is multiplied. 
 
 multiplicity ( mul-ti-plis'i-ti ), n. 1. 
 State of being multiplied or various. 
 2. Great number. 
 
 multiplier (mul'ti-pll-er), n. 1. One 
 who or that which multiplies or in- 
 creases. 2. Number or quantity by 
 which another is multiplied. 3. Device 
 to increase a power, as electricity, etc. 
 
 multiply (mul'ti-pli). I. vt. 1. Make 
 more numerous. 2. Repeat a number 
 or quantity as often as another num- 
 ber indicates. II. vi. Increase. [Fr. 
 
 See MULTIPLE.] 
 
 multitude ( mul'ti-tud ), n. Great 
 number of individuals; crowd.— 
 multitudinous ( mul-ti-tu'di-nus ), 
 n. Consisting of, or having the appear- 
 ance of, a multitude. [L. multitudo.] 
 
 mum (mum). I. a. Silent. II. n. Silence. 
 
 III. inter j. Be silent I [Imitative.] 
 mum (mum), n. Kind of sweet, thick 
 
 beer made in Brunswick, Germany. 
 
 mumble (mum'bl). I. vi. 1. Speak in- 
 distinctly ; mutter. 2. 
 Chew softly; eat with the 
 lips close. II. n. Utter in- 
 distinctly or imperfectly. 
 — mum'bler, n. [Imita- 
 tive word.) 
 
 mumm (mum), vt. Mask; 
 make diversion in dis- 
 guise .— mummer, n. 
 Masker; b.uffoon. — 
 mum'mery, n. Hypo- 
 critical parade. 
 
 Enummy (mum'i),7i. Dead 
 body preserved by the 
 Egyptian art of embalm- 
 ing. [Ar. and Pers. mu- 
 mayim, mummy, — Pers. 
 mum, wax.] 
 
 mumpish (mump'ish), a. 
 Dull; sullen. — mump- 
 ishly, adv. — mump'ishness, n. 
 
 mumps (mumps), n. 1. Swelling of 
 the glands of the neck, accompanied 
 with difficulty of speaking. 2. Fit of 
 sullenness. 
 
 munch (munch), vt. and vi. Chew with 
 shut mouth.— muncher (munch'er), 
 n. [From Fr. manger, eat.] 
 mundane (mun'dan), a. Belonging to 
 the earth; terrestrial.— mundane- 
 ly, adv. [ L. mundanus — mundus, 
 world.] 
 municipal (mu-nis'i-pal), a. Pertain- 
 ing to a corporation or' city.— muni- 
 cipality (mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti), n. Com- 
 munity under municipal jurisdiction. 
 [L. — municipium, free town — munia, 
 official duties, and capio, take.] 
 munificence (mu-nif'i-sens),7i. Boun- 
 tifulness. [L. munificentia — munus, 
 duty, present, and facio, make.] 
 
 Syn. Bounteousness; bounty; gener* 
 osity; liberality; benevolence. 
 munificent (mu-nif'i-sent), a. Gener« 
 
 ous.— munificently, adv. 
 muniment ( mu'niment ), n. That 
 which fortifies or defends; record for- 
 tifying a claim. [L. munimentum—mu- 
 nio, fortify,— mo enia, walls.] 
 munition (mu-nish'un), n. Materials 
 
 used in war. [L.] 
 mural ( mu'ral ), a. Pertaining to, or 
 like a wall; steep. [Li.—murue, wall.] 
 murder ( mur'der ). I. n. Killing a 
 person intentionally and from malice. 
 II. vt. 1. Commit murder. 2. Destroy; 
 m a n g 1 e. — mur'derer, n.- - mur'- 
 deress, n. fern. [A. S. morthor.] 
 murderous ( mur'der-us), a. Guilty 
 of murder; consisting in, or fond of, 
 murder.— mur'derously, acfw. 
 
 Syn. Bloody ; bloodthirsty ; sanguin- 
 ary. See cruel. 
 muriatic (mu-ri-at'i a. Pertaining 
 to, or obtained from, sea-salt; hydro- 
 chloric. [L.— muria, brine.] 
 murky (mur'ki), a. Gloomy; dark.— 
 inurk'ily, adv. — murk'iness, n. 
 [A.S. mure] 
 murmur ( mur'mur ). I. n. 1. Low, 
 indistinct sound, like that of running 
 water. 2. Complaint in a low, mutter- 
 ing voice. II. vi. Utter a murmur; 
 ,« grumble.— mur'murer, n. [L. from 
 
 the sound.] 
 murmurous fmur'mur-us), a. Attend- 
 ed with murmurs; exciting murmur. 
 murrain ( mur'in or mur'an), n. 1. 
 Cattle plaeue. 2. Food and mouth 
 disease. [0. Fr. morine, dead car- 
 cass,— L. morior, die.] 
 muscadel (mus'ka-del), muscadine 
 ( mus'ka-dm), muscat (mus'kat ), 
 muscatel ( mus'ka-tel ), n. 1. Rich, 
 spicy wine. 2. Grape producing it. 3. 
 Fragrant and delicious pear. [It. mo- 
 scatello, dim. of museato, smelling like 
 musk,— L. muscus, musk.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
muscle 
 
 359 
 
 mustard 
 
 
 muscle (mus'l), n. 1. Fleshy part in 
 au animal body the contraction of 
 which produces motion. 2. Physical 
 strength. [L. musculus, dim. of mus, 
 mouse, from its appearance as if 
 creeping under the skin.] 
 
 muscle, mussel (mus'l), n. Marine 
 bivalve shell-fish, used for food. [A. 
 S. muxle. Ger. muschel. Fr. moule. 
 All from L. musculus.] 
 
 Muscovite (mus'ko-vlt). I. n. Inhab- 
 itant of Muscovy or Russia. II. a. 
 Pertaining to Muscovy; Russian. 
 
 muscular ( mus'ku-lar), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to muscles. 2." Having strong, 
 well-developed muscles ; brawny. — 
 mus'cularly, adv. — muscular- 
 ity, n. State of being muscular. 
 
 muse (muz). I. vi. and vt. Study in 
 silence. II. n. 1. Deep thought. 2. Ab- 
 sence of mind.— musingly, adv. [Fr. 
 muser, sniff about, — museau, snout.] 
 Syn. Contemplate; meditate; con- 
 sider; ruminate; ponder. 
 
 Muse (muz), n. One of the nine classic 
 deities, patronesses of the liberal arts. 
 [Gr. mousa, prob.— mao, invent.] 
 
 museum (mu-ze'um), n. Collection 
 of natural, scientific, or other curiosi- 
 ties, or of works of art. [L.— Gr. 
 mouseion, temple of the Muses.] 
 
 mush (mush), n. Indian meal boiled 
 in water. [Ger. m««, pap, sauce.] 
 
 mush room 
 ( mush'rom ). 
 l.n. 1. Edible 
 fungus, wild 
 or cultivated 
 in rich soil and 
 in the dark. 2. 
 Any toadstool. 
 3. One who 
 rises rapidly 
 from a low 
 
 condition ; upstart. II. a. Of rapid 
 growth, and short duration. [Fr. 
 mousser on — mousse, moss.] 
 
 music (mu'zik), n. 1. Combination of 
 sounds pleasing to the ear; melody or 
 harmony. 2. Science which treats of 
 harmony. 3. Art of combining sounds 
 so as to please the ear. 4. Musical 
 composition. 5. Written or printed 
 notation of a musical composition. 
 [Gr. mousike ( techne, art ) — mousa, 
 Muse.] 
 
 musical(mu'zik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 or producing music. 2. Pleasing to 
 the ear; melodious. 3. Talented for 
 music— musically, adv.— mu'sic- 
 alness, n. 
 
 musician(mu-zish'an), n. One skilled 
 in music; performer of music. [Fr. 
 musicien.] 
 
 Mushroom bed. 
 
 Musk-ox. 
 
 mnsk (musk). I. n. 1. Strong perfume, 
 obtained from the male musk-deer. 
 2. Hornless deer, in Tibet and Ne- 
 paul, secreting musk in bags behind 
 the navel. II. vt. Perfume with musk. 
 musk-apple, — musk-melon, — 
 musk'-rose, etc., so called from 
 their musky odor. [Pers.] 
 
 muskalong-e (mus'ka-long), n. Large 
 American pickerel, 4—6 feet long. 
 [Ind. mas kmoje, long nose.] 
 
 musket (mus'ket), n. Former common 
 hand-gunof soldiers.— musketeer 
 (mus-ket-er'), n. Soldier armed with 
 a musket. — mus'kelry, n. 1. Mus- 
 kets. 2. Practice with muskets. [Fr. 
 movsquet.] 
 
 musk-ox (musk'- 
 oks), n. Small 
 animal of the 
 ox family in- 
 habitating 
 Arctic Ameri- 
 ca, the flesh of 
 Which has a 
 strong musky 
 smell. 
 
 musk-rat(musk'- 
 rat), n. N. Amer- 
 ican animal of the shrew family, 
 whose skin has a strong musky odor. 
 
 musky (musk'i), a. Having the odor 
 of musk.— musk'ily, adv.— musk- 
 iness, n. 
 
 muslin (muz'lin), n. Thin cotton 
 cloth. [Fr. mousseline— Mosul in Me- 
 sopotamia.] 
 
 musquito. Same as mosquito. 
 
 muss (mus). I. n. 1. Disturbance; 
 wrangle. 2. Confusion; disorder. II. 
 vt. Rumple; disarrange. 
 
 mussel (mus'l), n. Marine and fresh- 
 water bivalve mollusk. [A.S.] 
 
 Mussulman ( mus'ul-man ), n. [pi. 
 muss'ulmans (-manz).] ' Mohamme- 
 dan. [Ar. moslemuna pi. of moslem.] 
 
 must (must), vi. Be obliged physically 
 or morally. [A.S. mot, moste.] 
 
 mnst(must). I. n.l. Wine pressed from 
 the grape, but not fermented. 2. Mus- 
 tiness. II. vt. and vi. Make or turn 
 musty. [A.S. — L. mustum — mustus^ 
 new, fresh.] 
 
 mustache (mus-tash'), n. Beard upon 
 the upper lip. [Fr. moustache — Gr. 
 mustax, upper lip.] 
 
 mustang- (mus'tang), n. Ha If -wild 
 horse of the plains of Texas, Mexico, 
 etc. [Sp. musteno.] 
 
 mustard (mus'tard), n. 1. Plant w*th 
 a pungent taste. 2. Its seed groirad 
 and used as a condiment [O. Fr. 
 moustarde — L. mustum, must, orig. 
 used in preparing it.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
muster 
 
 360 
 
 mystify 
 
 muster (mus'ter). I. vt. and vi. Assem- 
 blers troops for duty or inspection; 
 gather. II. n. 1. Assembling of troops. 
 2. Inspection; register of troops mus- 
 tered; examination. 3. Display: show. 
 —Pass muster, pass inspection uncen- 
 sured. — mus'ter- roll, n. Register 
 of tbe officers and men in each com- 
 pany, troop, or regiment. [O. Fr. 
 rnostrer—Ij. monstro, show.] 
 
 musty (mus'ti), a. Mouldy; spoiled by 
 damp; sour; foul.— must'ily, adv.— 
 must'iness, %. 
 
 mutable (mu'ta-bl), a. Subject to 
 change.— mutability, mu'table- 
 ness,ft. [L. mutabilis—muto, change.] 
 Syn. Inconstant. See fickle. 
 
 mutation ( mu-ta'shun ), n. Change. 
 
 mute (mut). I. a. Incapable of speak- 
 ing; dumb; silent; unpronounced. II. 
 w.l.One who cannot or does not speak. 
 
 2. Letter which is not pronounced, as 
 I in calm. 3. Letter which cannot be 
 pronounced without the aid of a 
 vowel, as p, b, t, d, k, g. — mute'ly, 
 adv.— muteness, n. [L. mutus.] 
 
 mutilate (mu'ti-lat), vt. 1. Maim. 2. 
 Remove a material part of. — mu- 
 tilator, n. One who mutilates. — 
 mutila'tion, n. [L. mutilo—mutilus, 
 maimed.] ' , [of mutiny. 
 
 mutineer (mu-ti-ner'), n. One guilty 
 
 mutinous (mu'ti-nus), a. Disposed to 
 mutiny; seditious. — mu'tinously, 
 adv.— mu'tinousness, n. 
 
 mutiny (mu'ti-ni). I. vi. Rise against 
 authority, esp. in military or naval 
 service. II.' n. Concerted insurbordi- 
 nation. [Pr. muiiner—meute — L. mo- 
 tus, motion, rising.] [rebellion. 
 
 Syn. Insurrection; revolt; sedition; 
 
 mutter (mut'er). I. vt.&n&vi. Utter 
 words in a low voice ; murmur ; grum- 
 ble. II. n. Low utterance; growl. — 
 mut'terer, n. [Imitative of sound.] 
 
 mutton (mut'n), n. Flesh of sheep.— 
 mutton-chop, n. Slice of mutton 
 with a rib. _[Fi\ mouton.] 
 
 mutual (mu'tu-al), a. Reciprocal; 
 given and received.— mu'tually,adw. 
 —mutuality, n. [Fr. mutuel — L. 
 mutuus—muto, change, exchange.] 
 
 muzzle (muz'l). I. n. 1. Mouth and 
 nose of an animal ; snout. 2. Cage 
 for the mouth to prevent biting. 
 
 3. Mouth of a gun, etc. II. vt. 1. Put 
 a muzzle on; restrain from biting; 
 silence. [O. Fr. musel (Fr. museau) — 
 L. morsus, bite.] [A. S. min.] 
 
 my (mi), poss. a. Belonging to me. 
 
 mycology (mi-kol'o-ji), n. Science 
 treating of the fungi or mushrooms. 
 [Gr. mykes, fungus, and logos, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 mynheer (min-har'), n. Dutch title 
 corresponding to the English Mr. or 
 sir [D. mijnheer.] 
 
 myography (mi-og'ra-fi), n Descrip- 
 tion of muscles and their action. [Gr. 
 mus, muscl_e,_ and grapho, write.] 
 
 myopia (mi-o'pi-a), myopy (mi'o-pi), 
 n. Nearsightedness. — myopic, a. 
 [Gr. myo, close, and ops, eye.] 
 
 myriad (mir'i-ad), n. 1. 10,000. 2. 
 Any immense number. [Gr. myrias.] 
 
 myriapod (mir'i-a-pod ), n. Worm- 
 shaped articulate animal with many 
 jointed legs. [Gr. myrios, number- 
 less, and pous, foot.] 
 
 Myrmidon (mer'mi-don), n. 1. One 
 of a tribe of fierce warriors under 
 king Achilles. 2. One of a ruffianly 
 band under a daring leader. [Gr.] 
 
 myrrh (mer), n. Bitter, aromatic, 
 transparent gum, exuded from the 
 bark of a shrub in Arabia. [Gr. 
 myrrha—Av. murr—marra, be bitter.] 
 
 myrtle (rner'tl), n. Ever- 
 green shrub with beau- 
 tiful and fragr ant 
 leaves. [Gr. myrtos.] 
 
 myself (mi-self or mer 
 self), pron. I or me, 
 in person — used (1) for 
 the sake of emphasis 
 and (2) instead of me 
 with reflexive verbs. 
 
 mysterious (mis-te'ri- 
 us), a. Containing myste- 
 ry; obscure; incompre- 
 hensible. — myste'ri- 
 ©usly,acto.— myste'ri- 
 ousness, n. 
 
 mystery (mis'ter-i), n. 
 
 1. Anything very obscure. 2. That 
 which is beyond human comprehen' 
 sion. 3. Secret religious rite. [Gr. 
 mysterion — mystes, one initiated — 
 muo, close the eyes.] 
 
 mystery (mis'ter-i), n. Trade; handi- 
 craft. 2. Kind of rude drama of a 
 religious nature, performed by crafts- 
 men. [O. Pr. mestier, trade. (Fr. metier) 
 — L. ministerium.] 
 
 mystic (mis'tik), mystical (mis'tik- 
 al), a. 1. Relating to or containing 
 mystery. 2. Belonging to mysticism. 
 — mys'tically, adv. [See mystery.] 
 
 Mystic (mis'tik), n. One of a sect pro- 
 fessing belief in direct intercourse 
 with the Spirit of God. 
 
 mysticism (mis'ti-sizm), n. 1. Doc- 
 trine of the mystics 2 Obscurity. 
 
 mystify(mis'ti fi), vt. 1. Makeobscure 
 or unintelligible; involve in mystery. 
 
 2. Puzzle, hoodwink; fool..— mysti- 
 iica'tion, n. [ Fr. mystifier—Gv. mys- 
 tes, and lu.facio, make.] 
 
 Myrtle. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
myth 
 
 361 
 
 narcotic 
 
 rmyth (mith), n. Ancient fabulous le- 
 gend founded on a remote event or on 
 a phenomenon of nature generally 
 personified into a god or hero. 2. Per- 
 son or thing existing only in imagina- 
 tion. — mythic, myth'ical, a. — 
 myth'ically, adv. [Gr. mythos.] 
 
 mythologic (mith-o-loj'ik), mytho- 
 
 logical, a. Relating to mythology; 
 fabulous. — mytholog'ically, adv. 
 
 mythologist (mi-thol'o-jist), re. One 
 versed in, or who writes on, myths. 
 
 mythology (mi-thol'o-ji ), n. 1. Sys- 
 tem of myths; treatise regarding 
 myths. 2. Body of legends about the 
 gods of a people. 
 
 [jpSij n (en), n. Fourteenth letter of 
 
 Ikil the Ea S lisl1 alphabet. It has 
 
 |^ I two sounds, (1) as in noon and 
 
 lULII (2) as in sing. When final after 
 m or I, it is silent, as in con- 
 demn, kiln. 
 
 nab (nab), vt. [nab'bing; nabbed 
 (nabd).] Seize unexpectedly. [Dan 
 nappe, catch.] > 
 
 nabob (na'bob), n. 1. Viceroy or gov 
 ernor under the Mogul empire. 2. 
 Man of great wealth. [Hind, naiwab 
 — Ar. nauwab, governors.] \nacrum. 
 
 nacre (na'kr), n. Mother-of-pearl. [L. 
 
 nadir (na'der), n. Point of the heav- 
 ens directly opposite the zenith. [Ar.] 
 
 nag (nag), n. Horse, esp. a small or 
 bony one. [Dut. negge, small horse.] 
 
 nag- (nag), vt. and vi. Irritate with con- 
 tinuous fault-finding; scold or pester 
 continually. [A. S. gnagan, gnaw.] 
 
 Naiad (na'yad), n. Female deity, 
 fabled to preside over rivers and 
 springs; water nymph. [L. naias.] 
 
 naif. See naive. 
 
 nail (nal). I. n. 1. Horny scale at the 
 end of the human fingers and toes. 2. 
 Claw of a bird or other animal. 3. 
 Pointed spike of metal for fastening 
 wood, etc. 4. Measure of length (2}4 
 inches). II. vt. Fasten with nails. — 
 nail'er, n. — nail'ery, n. Place 
 where nails are made. [A. S. nagel.] 
 
 nainsook, (nan-spk'), n. Thick kind 
 of muslin. [From the valley of Nain- 
 sukh in India.] 
 
 naive (na'ev), a. 1. "With natural or 
 unaffected simplicity; artless; ingen- 
 uous. 2. Uncritical.— na'ively, adv. 
 — naivete (na-ev-ta'), n. [Fr. naif, 
 (fern, naive)— Li. nativus, innate.] 
 
 naked (na'ked), a. 1. Uncovered; not 
 clothed. 2. Unarmed. 3. Unprovided. 
 4. Unconcealed. 5. Mere.— na'kedly, 
 adv.— nakedness, n. [A. S. nacod.] 
 Syn. Nude; bare; unassisted; desti- 
 tute; unprotected; manifest; simple. 
 
 namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'bi), a. 
 Weakly sentimental or affectedly 
 pretty. 
 
 name (nam). I. n. 1. That by which a 
 person or thing is known or called; 
 designation. 2. Reputed character; 
 reputation; celebrity. 3. Authority; 
 behalf. II. vt. 1. Give a name to; 
 designate. 2. Speak of by name. 3. 
 Nominate. [A. S. nama.] 
 
 nameless (nam'les), a. Without a 
 name; undistinguished. 
 
 namely (nam'li), adv. Thatistosay; 
 to wit. (Often represented by viz.) 
 
 namesake(nam'sak),n. 1. One named 
 after another. 2. One of the same 
 name. 
 
 nankeen (nan-ken'), n. Yellow cotton 
 cloth first made at Nankin, in China. 
 2. In pi. Trousers made of nankeen. 
 
 nan (nap), I. n. Short sleep. II. vi. 
 [nap'ping ; napped.] Take a short 
 sleep; doze. [A. S. hnaeppian, nod.] 
 
 nap (nap), n. Woolly surface of cloth. 
 [A. S. hnoppa — root of knob.] 
 
 nape (nap), n. Projecting joint of the 
 neck behind; rear part of neck. 
 
 naphtha (nap'tha or naf'tha), n. In- 
 flammable liquid distilled from coal- 
 tar, petroleum, etc. [Gr.— Ar. naft.] 
 
 napiform ( na'pi-farm ), a. Turnip- 
 shaped. [L. napus, turnip.] 
 
 napkin (nap'kin), n. Small cloth for 
 wiping the mouth, hands, etc., at 
 table. [Dim. of Fr. nappe— L. nappa, 
 cloth.] - [ threadbare. 
 
 napless (nap'les), a. Without nap; 
 
 narcissns (nar-sis'us) 
 n. Genus of flower- 
 ing plants compris- 
 ing the daffodils, 
 jonquils, etc., hav- 
 ing narcotic proper- 
 ties. [Gr. narkissos 
 —narke, torpor.] 
 
 narcosis ( nar-k5'- 
 sis), n Stupor pro- 
 duced by a narcotic. 
 
 narcotic (nar-kof- 
 ik). I. a. Producing 
 torpor or sleep ; or, 
 in large doses, 
 death. II. n. Medicine producing 
 sleep or stupor. [Fr.— Gr. narke, tor- 
 por.] 
 
 Narcissus. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her, mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
nard 
 
 362 
 
 nauseate 
 
 nard (hard), n. 1. Aromatic plant; 
 spikenard. 2. Unguent prepared 
 from it. [Pers.J 
 
 narrate (nar-raf), vt. Tell ; recite , 
 give an account of.— narra'tion, n. 
 [L. narro — gnarus, knowing] 
 
 narrative (nar'a-tiv). I. a. Narrat- 
 ing; garrulous. II. n. Story. 
 Syn. Recital^ version. See history. 
 
 narrow (nar'o),. I. a. 1. Of little 
 breadth. 2. Limited. 3. Contracted 
 in mind; bigoted; not liberal; selfish. 
 4.Close;barely sufficient. 5. Accurate; 
 careful. II. n. (pi.) Narrow passage, 
 channel, or strait. III. vt. and vi. 
 Make or become narrow; contract.— 
 — nar'rowly, adv. — narrowness, 
 n. [A. S. nearu.] 
 
 narrow-minded (nar'6-mm'ded),a. 
 Of illiberal mind.— nar'- 
 row-mind'edness, n. 
 
 Narwhal. 
 
 narwhal (nar'hwal). n. Sea-unicorn, 
 a mammal of the whale family with 
 one projecting tusk up to 10 feet long. 
 [Dan. narhval.] 
 
 nasal (na'zal), I. a. 1. Belonging to 
 the nose. 2. Affected by or sounded 
 through the nose. II. n. Letter or 
 sound uttered through the nose. [Fr., 
 from L. nasus, nose ] 
 
 nascent (nas'ent), a. Beginning to 
 exist or grow. [L nascens.] 
 
 nasturtium (nals-tur'shi-um), w.Kind 
 of cress with a pungent taste and 
 smell, and bearing rich flowers. [L = 
 "nose tormenting,"— nasus, nose, and 
 torqueo, tortum, twist, torment.] 
 
 nasty (nas'ti), a. 1. Dirty. 2. Obscene. 
 3. Stormy. 4. Troublesome. 5. Hate- 
 ful.— nastily, adv.— nas'tiness, n. 
 [O. E. nasky — Sw. snasMg. Cf. Low 
 Ger. unnasch.] 
 
 Syn. Filthy; foul; nauseous; mean; 
 disagreeable; dishonorable. 
 
 natal (na'tal).a. Pertaining to birth. 
 [L. natalis.]_ [L.—nato, swim.] 
 
 natation (na-ta'shun), n. Swimming. 
 
 natatorium (na-ta-to-'ri-um),«.. Place 
 for swimming; swimming school. [L.] 
 
 natatory (na'ta-to-ri), a. 1. Used in 
 swimming. 2. Swimming. 
 
 nation (na'shun), n. 1. People of com- 
 mon descent, inhabiting a country 
 under the same goverment. 2. Race. 
 [L. nascor—natus, be born.] 
 
 national (nash'un-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to a nation. 2. Devoted to one's 
 own country. — nationality, n. 1. 
 
 Relationship to a particular nation. 
 2. Nation. 3. Separate existence as a 
 nation.— na'tionalize, vt. Make 
 national ; make a nation of. 
 
 native (na'tfv). I. a. 1. From or by 
 birth; produced by nature; original. 
 2. Inborn. 3. Not foreign. II. n. 1. 
 One born in a given place. 2. Original 
 inhabitant.— na'tively, adv.— na'- 
 tiveness, n. [L. nativus.] 
 
 nativity (na-tiv'i-ti), n. 1. Birth, espe- 
 cially of Christ. 2. Time, place, and 
 manner of birth. 3. Horoscope. 4. 
 Picture representing the birth of 
 Christ. [neat. 
 
 natty (nat'i), a. Trim; spruce. [Fron: 
 
 natural (nat'u-ral). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to, produced'by, or according bo, 
 nature. 2. Born out of wedlock. II. n. 
 
 1. Idiot. 2. In music, character which 
 removes the effect of a preceding 
 sharp or flat. — nat'urally, adv. — 
 naturalness, n. — Natural history, 
 study of animals, plants and minerals. 
 —Natural philosophy, physics. 
 
 Syn. Inborn; essential; indigenous; 
 regular; legitimate; native; not arti- 
 ficial; natal; innate; incident; nor- 
 mal; spontaneous; unaffected; unas- 
 sumed; affectionate; unregenerate. 
 
 naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), n. 1. Close 
 adherence to nature in art, without 
 the rudeness of realism. 2. Doctrine 
 deying all supernatural influence. 
 
 naturalist ( nat'u-rai-ist ), n. 1. One 
 who studies nature. 2. Believer in 
 naturalism. 
 
 naturalize (nat'u-ral-iz), vt. 1. Make 
 natural or familiar. 2. Invest (a for* 
 eigner) with the privileges of citizen- 
 ship. 3. Acclimatize; adopt.— natu- 
 ralization, n. 
 
 nature (na'tur), n. 1. Material world. 
 
 2. Creative energy of the material 
 universe. 3. Essential qualities; cons- 
 titution; character; natural disposi- 
 tion. 4. Conformity to that which is 
 natural. 5. Natural course. 6. Natu- 
 ralness. [L. natura, to be born.] 
 
 naught (nat). I. n. 1. Nothing. 2. Ci- 
 pher. II. adv. In no degree. III. a. Of 
 no value. [A.S. nath—naiviht—na, not, 
 and wihl, whit.] 
 
 naughty (nat'i), a. Bad; mischiev- 
 ous; perverse. — naughtily, adv. — 
 naughtiness, n. 
 
 nausea (na'she-a), n. Sickness of the 
 stomach, with a propensity to vomit; 
 loathing. [L. — Gr. nausia, sea-sick- 
 ness— naus, ship.] _ [or cause nausea. 
 
 nauseate (na'she-at), vi. and vt. Feel 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, pwl, then. 
 
nauseous 
 
 363 
 
 necromantic 
 
 nauseous ( na'shus ), a. Disgusting; 
 loathsome. — nauseously, adv. — 
 nau'seousuess, n. 
 
 nautical (na'tik-al), a. Pertaining to 
 ships, sailors, or navigation. [Gr. 
 nautikos—naus. ship.] 
 
 nautilus (na'ti-lus), n. [pi. nau'tiluses 
 or uau'tili.] Kind of shell-fish fur- 
 nished with a membrane which was 
 once believed to enable it to sail like 
 a ship. [L.] 
 
 naval (na'val), a. Pertaining to the 
 navy. [L. havalis—navis, ship.] 
 Syn. Nautical; maritime; marine. 
 
 nave (nav), n. Middle or body of a 
 church, distinct from the aisles or 
 wings. _ [L. navls, ship.] 
 
 nave (nav), n. Hub. [A.S. nafu, boss. J 
 
 navel (na'vl), n. Depression in the 
 center of the abdomen. [Dim. of 
 wave, hub.] 
 
 navigable (nav'i-ga-bl), a. That may 
 be traversed by ships. 
 
 navigate (nav'i-gat). I. vt. 1. Manage 
 a ship in sailing. 2. Sail on. II. vi. 
 Go in a vessel or ship ; sail.— naviga- 
 tion, re. Act, science, or art of sailing 
 ships.— navigator (nav'i-ga-tur), n. 
 1. One who navigates or sails. 2. Offi- 
 cer who directs the course of a ship. 
 [Li. navigo— tern's, ship, and ago, drive.] 
 
 navvy (nav'i), n. [Eng.] Labour on 
 canals, railways, etc. [Abbrev. from 
 
 NAVIGATOR.] 
 
 navy (na'vi), n. 1. Fleet of ships. 2. 
 Whole of theships-of-war of a nation. 
 3. Officers and men belonging to the 
 war-ships of a nation. [O. Pr.— Li. 
 navis, ship.] 
 
 nay (na).I. adv. 1. No. 2. Not only so 
 but; yet more. II. n. 1. Denial. 2. 
 Negative vote. [Icel. net, Dan. net; 
 cog. with no.] [2. Early Christian. 
 
 Xazarene (naz-a-ren'), n. 1. Christ. 
 
 neap (nep). I. a. Low, applied to the 
 lowest tides. II. n. Neap-tide. [A S. 
 nep, scant._ Dan. knap.] 
 
 neaped (nept), a. Left aground in the 
 neap-tide. 
 
 near (ner). I. a. 1. Nigh; not far dis- 
 tant. 2. Intimate; dear. 3. Close to 
 anything imitated. 4. On the left of a 
 team. 5. Direct. 6. Sting.v. II. adv.l. 
 At a little distance. 2. Almost. III. 
 prep. Close by. IV. vt. Approach.— 
 nearly, adv.— near'ness, n. [A. S. 
 near, nearer, comp. of neah, nigh. Now 
 used as a positive. 
 
 near-sighted (ner'-sit-ed) , a. Seeing 
 well only when near.— near-sight- 
 edness, n. 
 
 neat (net). I. a. Belonging to the bo- 
 vine genus. II. n. Ox or cow. [A. S.— 
 neotan, employ. Cf. Ger. nutz, profit.] 
 
 Spiral nebula 
 in Canes Venatores. 
 
 neat (net), a. 1. Clean. 2. Well-shaped. 
 3. Adroit. — neatly, adv. — neat- 
 ness, n. [Fr. net— L. nitidus, shining.] 
 Syn. Tidy; trim; finished; spruce; 
 nice; pure; cleanly. 
 
 neb (neb), n. Beak; nose; nib. [A. S. 
 nebb. Cf . Dut. sneb, and Ger. schnabel.] 
 
 nebula (neb'u- 
 la), n. Faint, 
 misty appear- 
 ance in the 
 heavens con- 
 sisting mostly 
 of a group of 
 stars.— neb'- 
 ula?, pi. [L.] 
 
 nebular (neb'- 
 u-lar), a. Per- 
 taining to 
 nebulas. 
 
 nebulose(neb'- 
 u-los), nebulous (neb'u-lus). a. Mis- 
 ty: hazy; vague. — nebulosity, n. 
 
 necessary (nes'es-sar-i.) I. a. 1. Un- 
 avoidable. 2. Indispensable; essen- 
 tial. 3. Not free. II. n. Requisite- 
 used chiefly inpl.— nec'essarily,adv. 
 [L. necessarius — ne, not, and cessus, 
 yielded.] [necessary. 2. Compel. 
 
 necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat), vt. 1. Make 
 
 necessitous ( ne-ses'i-tus ), a. Very 
 poor; destitute; pinching. 
 
 necessity ( ne-ses'i-ti ), n. 1. Quality 
 of being needed, or needy. 2. That 
 which is necessary. 3. Compulsion. 
 Syn. Need; exigency; want; indi- 
 gence; penury ; strait; extremity ; des- 
 titution; emergency; distress; fate. 
 
 neck (nek), ». 1. Part of an animal's 
 body between the head and trunk. ?.. 
 Long narrow part. [A.S. hnecca.] 
 
 neckerchief ( nek'er-chif ), n. Ker- 
 chief for the neck. 
 
 necklace (nek'las), n. Ornament of 
 beads or precious stones worn round 
 the neck. 
 
 necktie (nek'tl), n. Scarf or band 
 worn round the neck and tied in front. 
 
 necrology (nek-rol'o-ji), n. Register 
 of deaths. — necrol'ogist, n. [Gr 
 nekros, dead, and logos, list.] 
 
 necromancer ( nek'ro-man-ser ), n. 
 One who practices necromancy; sor- 
 cerer. 
 
 necromancy (nek'ro-man-si), n. 1. 
 Pretended art of revealing future 
 events by communication with the 
 dead. 2. Enchantment; magic. [Gr. 
 nekromanteia— nekros, dead and man- 
 teia, prophesying.] 
 
 necromantic (nek-ro-man'tik), a. 1. 
 Pertaining to necromancy. 2. Per- 
 formed by necromancy. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 - mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
necropolis 
 
 3G4 
 
 nepenthe 
 
 necropolis (nek-rop'o-lis), n. Ceme- 
 tery. [Gr. nekros,_dea,a, andpolis, city.] 
 
 necrosis (nek-ro'sis), n. 1. Death of 
 a small part of animal tissue. 2. Dis- 
 ease in plants showing in black spots 
 over decaying parts of the leaves. — 
 necrot'ic, a. Characterized by ne- 
 crosis. [Gr.] 
 
 nectar (nek'tar), n. 1. In Gr. myth. Fa- 
 bled drink of the Gods. 2. Any deli- 
 cious beverage; honey in flowers. [Gr.] 
 
 nectarine (nek'ta-rin). I. a. Sweet 
 as nectar. II. n. Variety of peach with 
 a smooth rind. [nectar. 
 
 nectarous ( nek'ta-rus ), a. Sweet as 
 
 nectary (nek'ta-ri), n. Part of a flower 
 whichsecretes honey. 
 
 nee <na), a. Born. (Used to introduce 
 the maiden name of a married 
 woman). [P'r.] 
 
 nce«l (ned). I. n. State that requires 
 reaef; want. II. vt. Have occasion 
 f<->r. [A. S. iiyd, nead.] 
 
 needful (ned'fol), a. 1. Full of need; 
 needy. 2. Necessary ; requisite. — 
 needfully, adv.— needfulness, n. 
 
 needle (ne'dl), n. 1. Small, sharp- 
 pointed steel instrument, with an eye 
 for a thread. 2. Anything like a need- 
 le, as the magnetized pointer of a 
 compass. [A.S. naedel.] 
 
 needle-gnu ( ne'dl -gun ), n. Gun or 
 rifle loaded at the breech with a car- 
 tridge which is exploded by the prick 
 of a needle. [need'lessly, adv. 
 
 needless (ned'les), a. Unnecessary.— 
 
 needs (nedz), adv. Of necessity; indis- 
 pensably- [A. S nedes, gen. of nead.] 
 
 needy (ne'di), a. Destitute; very poor. 
 — need'ily, adv — need'iness, n. 
 
 ne'er(nar), adv. Contraction of never. 
 
 nefarious ( ne-fa'ri-us ), a. Impious; 
 wicked in the extreme; villainous.— 
 nefa'riously, adv — nefa'rious- 
 ness, n. [L nefarius.] 
 
 negation (ne-ga'shun), n. 1. Denial. 
 2. Absence of anything affirmative; 
 emptiness. [L. negatio.] 
 
 negative(neg'a-tiv). I. a. 1 That de- 
 nies. 2. Implying absence. 3. That 
 stops or restrains. II. n. 1. Proposi- 
 tion by which something is denied. 
 2. In gram. Word that denies. 3. Veto. 
 4. Side which denies. 5. Picture in 
 which the lights and shades are 
 reversed. III. vt. 1. Prove the con- 
 trary. 2. Reject by vote; veto.— neg'- 
 atively, adv. — neg'ativeness, n. 
 [Li.—nego, deny.] 
 
 neglect (neg-lekf). I. vt. 1. Disregard. 
 
 2. Omit by carelessness. II. n. 1. Dis- 
 
 regard; slight. 2. Omission. [L. 
 
 negligo — nee, not, and lego, gather.] 
 
 Syn. Inattention; heedlessness. 
 
 neglectful (neg-lekt'fol), a. Careless; 
 accustomed to omit or neglect things; 
 slighting.— neglect' fully, adv. 
 
 negligee (neg-li-zha'), n. 1. Easy un- 
 dress. 2. Plain, loose house gown. 
 [Fr. neglige.] 
 
 negligence ( neg'li-jens ), n. Quality 
 of being negligent; habitual neglect; 
 carelessness; omission of duty. 
 
 negligent (neg'li-jent), a. Neglecting: 
 careless ; inattentive. — negligent- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 negotiable (ne-go'shi-a-bl), a. Trans- 
 ferable. — negotiabii'-ity, n. 
 
 negotiate (ne-go'shi-at). I. vi. Bar- 
 gain; hold intercourse for the pur- 
 pose of mutual arrangement. II. vt. 
 Arrange for by agreement. — nego- 
 tiator, n. — negotiation, n. [L. 
 negotiator — negotiiwi, business — nee, 
 not, and otium, leisure.] 
 
 negro (ne'gro), n. [fern, ne'gress.] 
 One of the black race in Africa. [Sp. 
 negro— L. niger, black.] 
 
 negus ( ne'gus ), \n. Punch made of 
 portwine, hot water, lemon juice, nut- 
 meg, and a little sugar. [Invented by 
 ColonelJSTegus about 1705.] 
 
 neigb(na). I.m.Utter the cry of a horse. 
 ll.'n. Cry of a horse. [A. S. hnaegan.] 
 
 neighbor (na'bur). I. n. Person who 
 dwells near another. II. vi. Live near. 
 III. vt. Be near to. [A. S. neahbur — 
 neah, near, and gebur, dweller.] 
 
 neighborhood ( na'bur-hod ), n. 1. 
 State of being neighbors. 2. Adjoin- 
 ing district; vicinity. 3. Neighbors. 
 Syn. Vicinity; proximity. 
 
 neighborly ( na'bur-li ), a. and adv. 
 Like a neighbor ; friendly ; social. 
 
 neither (ne'ther or nl'thev), a.,pron., 
 and con]. Not either. [A.S. naivlher— 
 nehwaether — na, no, and hwaether, 
 either.] [neck. [So. Afr. Dut.] 
 
 nek (nek), n. Mountain pass; corner; 
 
 Nemesis (nem'e-sis), n. 1. In Gr. myth. 
 Goddess of vengeance. 2. Retributive 
 justice. [Gr.— nemo, distribute.] 
 
 Neolithic (ne-o-lith'ik), a. Of the later 
 part of the " Stone age ", when stone 
 implements of higher finish were used 
 than in the Paleolithic, or first part. 
 
 neology (ne-ol'o-ji), n. 1, New word or 
 expression. 2. New doctrine. [Gr 1 
 
 neophyte ( ne'o-fit ), n. 1. New con- 
 vert. 2. Novice. [Gr. neos, new, and 
 phytos, grown.] 
 
 nepenthe ( ne-pen'the), nepenthes 
 (ne-pen'thez), n. 1. Drug that relieves 
 pain. 2. Magic potion bringing obliv- 
 ion. 3. Plant having a cup or pitcher 
 attached to tbe leaf, often filled with 
 a sweetish liquid; pitcher plant. [Gr. 
 — ne -pviv., and penthos, grief, sorrow.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
nephew 
 
 365 
 
 neurotomy 
 
 Neptune. 
 
 nephew ( nef'u. or nev'u ), n. [fern. 
 niece.] Son of a brother or sister. 
 [Fr. neveu—Li. nepos.] 
 
 nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. Undue fa- 
 voritism to one's relations. — nep- 
 otist, n. One who practices nepotism. 
 [L. nepos, nephew.] 
 
 Neptune ( nep'tun), 
 n. 1. In Rom. myth. 
 God of the sea. 2. 
 Outermost known 
 planet, discovered 
 in 1846, 2,800,000,- 
 000 miles distant 
 from the sun. 3. 
 Fig. The ocean. [L. 
 Neptunus.] 
 
 Nereid (ne're-id), n. 
 In Gr. myth. Sea- 
 nymph, one of the 
 daughters of the 
 sea-god Nereus, who attended Nep- 
 tune riding on sea-horses. 
 
 nerve (nerv). I. n. 1 Orig. tendon or 
 sinew. 2. One of the fibers which con- 
 vey sensation from all parts of the 
 body to the brain. 3. Physical 
 strength. 4. Firmness of mind; cour 
 age. 5. Assurance; impudence. II. vt, 
 Give strength or vigor to; encoumge 
 [L. nervus — root of snake. Cf. Ger 
 schnur, string.] [or strength, 
 
 nerveless (nerv'les), a- Without nerve 
 
 nervine (ner'vin). I. a. Acting on the 
 nerves; quieting nervous excitement. 
 II. n. Medicine that soothes the 
 nerves. [L. nervinus.] 
 
 nervous (ner'vus).a. 1. Strong; vig- 
 orous. 2. Pertaining to the nerves. 
 3. Having the nerves easily excited 
 or weak.— n^r'vously, adv. — ner'- 
 vousnefc. ' a.— Nervous system, brain, 
 spinal choid, and nerves collectively. 
 [Fr. nerveux — L. nervosus.] 
 
 nervy (ner'vi), a. Exhibiting nerve or 
 fortitude; courageous. 
 
 nescience ( nesh'ens ), n. Want of 
 knowledge. [L. nescientia — nescio, be 
 ignorant — ne, 
 not, and scio, 
 know ] 
 
 raest(nest). I. n. 1. 
 Place in which 
 the eggs of an 
 animal are laid 
 and hatched. 2. 
 Comfortable res- 
 idence. 3. Abode 
 of a large num- 
 ber, often in a 
 bad sense. 4. 
 Number of boxes 
 
 each inside the next larger. II. vi. 
 Build and occupy a nest.— Nest-egg. 1. 
 
 Nest. 
 
 Egg left in the nest to induce the hen 
 to lay more. 2. Something laid up as 
 a beginniug of a collection. [A. S.] 
 
 nestle (nes'l), vi. 1. Lie close or snug, 
 as in a nest. 2. Settle comfortably. 
 III. vt. Cherish, as a bird her young. 
 [A. S. nestlian.] 
 
 nestling- ( nest'ling ). I. a. Newly 
 hatched. II. n. Young bird in the nest. 
 
 net (net). I. n. 1. Instrument of twine 
 knotted into meshes for catching 
 birds, fishes, etc. 2. Anything like a 
 net; snare; difficulty. II. vt. [netf- 
 ing; nett'ed.] 1. Form as network. 2. 
 Take with a net. 3. Cover with net- 
 work. III. vi. Form network. [A. S.] 
 
 net (net). La. l.Pure; unadulterated. 
 2. Clear of all charges and deduc- 
 tions — opposed to gross. II. vt. [netf- 
 ing; nett'ed.] Produce as clear profit. 
 [See neat.] 
 
 nether (ne^A'er), a. Beneath another; 
 lower. — nethermost, a. Lowest. 
 [A. S. neothera.] 
 
 netting- (net'ing), n. 1. Act of form- 
 ing network. 2. Piece of network. 
 
 nettle (net'l). I. n. Common plant 
 covered with poisonous, stinging 
 hairs. II. vt. Fret as a nettle does 
 the skin; irritate. [AS. netele]. 
 
 nettlerash (net'1-rash), n. Kind of 
 fever characterized by a rash or erup- 
 tion on the skin like that caused by 
 the stings of a nettle. 
 
 network (net'wurk), n. Piece of work 
 or fabric formed like a net. 
 
 neural (nu'ral), a. Pertaining to the 
 nerves. [Gr.' neuron, nerve.] 
 
 neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a), n. Pain in the 
 nerves. [Gr. neuron, nerve, and algos, 
 pain.] [to neuralgia. 
 
 neuralgic (nu-ral'jik), a. Pertaining 
 
 neurasthenia ( nu-ras-the'ni-a), n. 
 Nervous debility. [Gr. neuron,' nerve, 
 and asthenia, weakness. 
 
 nenriJity(nu-ril'i-ti), n. Specific func- 
 tion of the nerves or nerve-fibers — 
 that of conducting nerve force 
 (stimuli). 
 
 neurology (nu-rol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 the nerves and their functions. 
 
 neurologist ( nu-rol-o-jist ), n. One 
 well versed in neurology. 
 
 neurosis (nu-ro'sis), n. Nervous dis- 
 ease or affection, as hysteria, neuralgia 
 etc. [Gr. neuron, nerve.] 
 
 neurotic (nu-rot'ik). I. a. Relating 
 to, or seated in, the nerves. II. n. 1. 
 Disease of the nerves. 2. Medicine 
 useful for diseases of the nerves. 
 
 neurotomy (nu-rot'om-i), n. Cutting 
 or dissection of a nerve. [Gr. neuron, 
 nerve, and tome, cutting.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil,_owl, then. ■ 
 
neuter 
 
 366 
 
 nictate 
 
 neuter (nu'ter). I. a. 1. Taking no 
 part with either side. 2. Neither mas- 
 culine nor feminine. 3. Intransitive. 
 4. Without stamens or pistils. 5. 
 Without sex. II. n. 1. One taking no 
 part in a contest. 2. Plant having 
 neither stamens nor pistils. 3. Sex- 
 less animal, as the working bee. [L. 
 — ne, not, and uter, either.] 
 
 neutral (nu'tral). I. a. 1. Being neu- 
 ter: indifferent; unbiased. 2. Neither 
 very good nor very bad. 3. Neither 
 acid nor alkaline. II. n. Person or 
 nation that takes no part in a con- 
 test. — neu'trally, adv. —neutral'- 
 ity, n. [L. neutralis— neuter, neither.] 
 
 neutralize ( nii'tral-iz ), vt. Render 
 neutral, indifferent or of no effect. 
 — neu'tralizer, n. — neutraliza'- 
 tion, n. 
 
 never (nev'er), adv. 1. Not ever; at no 
 time. 2. In no degree; not. [A.S. nae- 
 fre—ne, not, and aefre, ever.] 
 
 nevertheless (nev-er-iAe-les'), adv. 
 Not the less; in spite of that. 
 Syn. But; however; yet; still. 
 
 new ( nu ), a. 1. Having happened or 
 originated lately. 2. Not before known. 
 3. Not of an ancient family. 4. Reno- 
 vated. 5. Unaccustomed. — newly, 
 adv.— newness, n. [A.S. niwe, neowe.) 
 Syn. Fresh; recent; modern; novel; 
 strange; unusual; untried. 
 
 newel (nii'el), n. 1. Upright post from 
 which the .steps of a winding stair- 
 case radiate. 2. Large post at foot 
 or head of a staircase, supporting 
 the handrail. [O. Fr. nual—h nucalis, 
 like a nut— nux, nut.] 
 
 newfangled (nu-fang'ld), a. 1. Fond 
 of new things. 2. Newly devised. 
 [Eng. new, and A. S. fongol, disposed 
 to take.] 
 
 new-fashioned ( nii-fash'und ), a. 
 Newly fashioned ; lately come into 
 fashion. 
 
 Newfoundland (nu'f und-land), n. Va- 
 riety of large water-dog from New- 
 foundland. 
 
 news (nuz), n. 1. Something new. 2. 
 Recent account; fresh information of 
 something that has just happened.— 
 news-agent, n. Dealer in news- 
 papers, magazines, etc.— newsboy, 
 newsman, n. Boy or man who deli- 
 vers or sells newspapers. — news- 
 monger (nuz'mung-er), n. Gossip. 
 — news'paper, n. .Paper published 
 periodically for circulating news, etc. 
 
 New-Style (nii'-stil), n. Gregorian 
 (as opposed to the Julian) method of 
 reckoning the calendar. 
 
 newsy (nu'zi), a. Full of news. 
 
 newt (nut), n. Small amphibious ani- 
 mal similar to a lizard. [From M. E. 
 an ewt—A. S. eft, efeta. Cf. Low Ger. 
 efditz, lizard.] 
 
 New Year (nu'yer), New- Year's 
 day (nu'yerz-da), n. First day of the 
 year; January 1. 
 
 next (nekst). I. a. Nearest in place, 
 time, order, degree, rank, relation, 
 etc. II. adv. Nearest; immediately 
 after. [A. S. neahst, nyhst, superl. of 
 neah, near.] 
 
 nib (nib), n. Something small and 
 pointed; point, esp. of a pen.— nib- 
 bed (nibd), a. Having a nib. [Same 
 
 as NEB.] 
 
 nibble (nib'l), vt. and vi. Bite by 
 small nips; eat by bits. — nib'bler, 
 
 n. [Freq. of nip.] 
 
 nibliek (nib'lik), n. Golf club with a 
 cup-shaped iron head. 
 
 nice (nis), a. 1. Foolishly particular; 
 hard to please; fastidious. 2. Requir- 
 ing refinement of apprehension or 
 delicacy of treatment. 3. Exact. 4. 
 Delicate; dainty. 5. Agreeable; de- 
 lightful.— nice'ly, adv.— nice'ness, 
 n. — nicety (ni'se-ti), n. 1. Quality 
 of being nice. 2. Delicate manage- 
 ment; delicacy of perception. 3. Sub- 
 tlety; precision. 4. Fastidiousness; 
 squeamishness. — To a nicety, with 
 great exactness; to a turn. [O. Fr. 
 nice, foolish — L. nescius, ignorant.] 
 
 niche (nich). I. n. Recess in a wall for 
 a statue, etc. II. vt. Place in a niche. 
 [It. nicchia — L. mitulus, sea-shell.] 
 
 nick (nik). I. n. 1. Notch cut into 
 something. 2. Score or tally. 3. 
 Precise moment of time. II. vt. Cut 
 in notches. [Another form of notch.] 
 
 Nich (nik), n. Old Nick: devil. [A. S. 
 nicor, Water-spirit. See nix.] 
 
 nickel (nik'el), n. 1. Grayish-white 
 metal, very malleable and ductile. 2. 
 U. S. nickel coin, of the value of five 
 cents. [Sw. and Ger. — Sw. koppar- 
 nickel, lump of copper. Cf. Icel. hnikill, 
 lump.] [as knick-knack.] 
 
 nicknack (nik'nak), n. Trifle. [Same 
 
 nickname ( nik'nam ). I. n. Name 
 given in contempt or sportive famil- 
 iarity. II. vt. Give a nickname to. 
 [Corrupt, of Mid. Eng. an ekename, an 
 additional name. Cf. Sw. oeknamm. 
 Low Ger. oekelnam. See eke.] 
 
 nicotine (nik'o-tin or -ten), n. Poison- 
 ous volatile alkaloid base obtained 
 from the tobacco plant. [After Jean 
 Nicot, who sent the first tobacco to 
 France f romLisbon.] 
 
 nictate (nik'tat), nic'titate, wtf.Wink. 
 — nicta'tion, nictita'tion, n. [L. 
 nictare, nod, wink.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, f all, fare, above ; m§, met, her,; mite, mit; nOte, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. Men. ■ 
 
nidging 
 
 367 
 
 no 
 
 nidging (nij'ing), a. Insignificant. 
 
 nidorous (ni'do-rus),a. Steaming and 
 reeking,_as in cooking. [L.] 
 
 niece (nes), n. Daughter of a brother 
 or sister. [Fr. niece.'] 
 
 nidns (nl'dus), n. Nest. [Li.] 
 
 niello (ni-el'o),7i. Rich design in black 
 on silver ground, or conversely in 
 silver on black ground, the black con- 
 sisting of an alloy, with which the 
 grooves in the silver are filled. [It.— 
 L. nigellum, blackish.] 
 
 niggard (nig'ard). I. n. Miser. II. a. 
 Meanly avaricious. — nig'garaiy, 
 adv.— niggardliness, n. 
 
 nigger (uig'er), n. Negro. [A more En- 
 glish form xih&wnegro— L.mge?*,black.] 
 
 nigh (m). I. a. Near; not remote in 
 time, etc. ; close. II. adv. Near; almost. 
 III. prep. Near to. [A. S. neah.] 
 Syn. Adjacent; contiguous. 
 
 night (nit), n. 1. Time from sunset to 
 sunrise. 2. Darkness, intellectual or 
 moral; state of adversity; death. [A. 
 S. niht. prob.— Sans, nac, vanish.] 
 
 nightcap (nit'kap), n. 1. Cap worn at 
 night in bed. So nightdress, 
 nightgown, nightshirt. 2. Drink 
 taken at bedtime. [the night. 
 
 nightfall ( nit'f al ) , n. Beginning of 
 
 nightingale (ni't'in- 
 gal), n. Small bird 
 celebrated for its 
 singing at night. [A. 
 S. nihtegale — niht, 
 night, and galan, 
 sing. See yell.] 
 
 nightly (nit'li). I. a. 
 Done or happening 
 by night or every 
 night. II. By night; 
 every night. 
 
 nightmare (nit'mar), n- Dream ac- 
 companied with pressure on the 
 breast, and a feeling of powerlessness 
 of motion or speech. [A. S. niht, nigh, 
 and mara, incubus. ]_ 
 
 nightshade (nit'shad), n. Name of 
 several plants having narcotic prop- 
 erties. 
 
 nihilism (nl'hi-lizm ), n. 1. Belief in 
 nothing. 2. In Russia, the system of 
 socialists, seeking to overturn all the 
 existing institutions of society. [From 
 L. nihil, nothing.] [f esses nihilism.] 
 
 nihilist (ni'hi-list), n. One who pro- 
 nil ( nil ), n. Nothing. [L. contr. of 
 nihil, nothing.] [bus. 
 
 nimbed ( nimbd ), a. Having a nim- 
 
 niinble (nim'bl), a. Light and quick in 
 motion.— nimbly, adv.— nim'ble- 
 ness, n. [A.S. numol, quick at catch- 
 ing,— niman (Ger. nehmen), take.] 
 Syn. Agile; quick. See lively. 
 
 Nightingale. 
 
 nimbus (nim'bus), n. 1. Rain-cloud; 
 
 2. Circle or disk of light round the 
 
 heads of saints, etc. [L.] 
 nincompoop (nin'kum-pop), n. Fool. 
 
 [From L. non compos (mentis).] 
 nine ( nin ), a. and n. Eight and one. 
 
 [A. S. nigon.] [repeated. 
 
 ninefold (nm'fold), a. Nine times 
 ninepins (nin'pinz), n. Game in which 
 
 nine large wooden pins are set up to 
 
 be bowled at. [ten. [A.S. nigontyne.] 
 nineteen (nin-ten'),a. and n. Nine and 
 ninety (nin'ti), a. and n. Nine times 
 
 ten. [A.S. nigontig.\ [ninno, child.] 
 ninny (nin'i), n. Simpleton; fool. [It. 
 ninth (ninth). I. a. Last of nine; next 
 
 after the 8th. II. n. One of nine equal 
 
 parts. [A.S. nigotha.] [place. 
 
 ninthly ( ninth'li ), adv. In the ninth 
 nip (nip), n. Sip. [Ger. nippen, take 
 
 a sip.] 
 nip (nip). I. vt. [nip 'ping; nipped.] 1. 
 
 Pinch. 2. Cut off the edge, end, or 
 
 point, as with a pair of pincers. 3. 
 
 Check the growth or vigor of. II. n. 
 
 1. Pinch. 2. Cutting off the end. 3. 
 Blast; destuction by frost. — nip'- 
 pingly, adv.— [From root of knife. 
 Dut. knijpen. Ger. kneipen.] 
 
 nipper (nip'er), n. 1. He who or that 
 which nips. 2. One of the 4 fore-teeth 
 of a horse. 3. In pi. Small pincers. 
 
 nipple (nip'l), n. 1. Mammilla; teat. 
 
 2. Small projection with an orifice, 
 as the nipple of a gun. [A dim. of nib.] 
 
 nit (nit), n. Egg of a louse or other 
 small insect. [A. S. hnitu.] 
 
 niter, nitre ( ni'ter ),n. Nitrate of 
 potash. [Fr.— Gr. nitron— Ar. nitrun, 
 natrun.] 
 
 nitrate (ni'trat), n. Salt of nitric acid. 
 —Nitrate of silver, lunar caustic— ni'- 
 trated, a. Combined with nitric acid. 
 
 nitric (ni'trik), a. Pertaining to, con- 
 taining, or resembling niter. 
 
 nitrogen (ni'tro-jen ). n. Colorless,, 
 tasteless and odorless gas forming 
 nearly four-fifths of the atmospheric 
 air by volume .— nitrog'enons, a. 
 [Gr. nitron, and gennao, generate.] 
 
 nitro-glycerine (m-tro-glis'er-in) , n. 
 Explosive compound produced by the 
 action of nitric and sulphuric acids 
 on glycerine. 
 
 nitrous (ni'trus), a. Resembling or 
 containing niter. — Nitrous oxide, 
 laughing gas. 
 
 nix (niks), nixie (niks'i), n. Water 
 spirit, good or bad. [Ger. nix (fern. 
 nixe). ] [Short for none.] 
 
 no (no), a. Not any; not one; none. 
 
 no (no), adv. Word of refusal or de- 
 nial. [A. S. na, compounded of ne, 
 not, and a, ever.] 
 
 (ate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn: oil, owl, then. 
 
nob 
 
 368 
 
 nonconformist 
 
 nob (nob), n. Knob; bead. 
 
 nob (nob), n. Superior sort of person. 
 
 [A familiar contr. of nobleman.] 
 nobby (nob'i), a. Stylish ; elegant ; 
 
 swell. [Slang.] 
 nobility (no-bil'i-ti), n. 1. Superiority 
 
 in rank L character, etc. 2. Peerage. 
 noble (no'bl). I. a. 1. Exalted in rank, 
 
 or high birth. 2. High in excellence. 
 
 3. Generous. II. n. Person of exalted 
 rank; peer.— nobleman, n. — no- 
 bleness, n.— nobly, adv. [Fr.— L. 
 nobilis.] 
 
 Syn. Honorable ; lofty. See grand. 
 
 nobody (no'bod-i), n. 1. No person. 
 2. Personof no account. 
 
 noeent (no'sent), a. Harmful. 
 
 noctambulist (nok-tam'bu-list), n. 
 One who walks in his sleep. [Lt.—nox, 
 night, and ambulo, walk.] 
 
 nocturn (nok'turn), n. Religious ser- 
 vice at night. [L. noctumus—nox, 
 night.] 
 
 nocturnal (nok-tur'nal), a. Pertain- 
 ing to night; happening by night; 
 roaming at night. 
 
 nod (nod). I. vi. [nod'ding, nod'ded.] 
 
 1. Give a quick forward motion of 
 the head. 2. Let the head drop in 
 weariness. II. vt. 1. Incline. 2. Sig- 
 nify by a nod 3. Be drowsy. III. n. 
 Bending forward of the head quickly. 
 [Mid. Eng. nodden.] [See node.] 
 
 nodal (no'dal), a. Pertaining to nodes. 
 noddle (nod'l), n. Head. [O. Dut. 
 
 knodde,Jmoh.] 
 node (nod), n. 1. Knot; knob. 2. One 
 
 of the two points at which the orbit 
 
 of a planet intersects the ecliptic. 3. 
 
 Point where a curve intersects itself. 
 
 4. Joint of a stem or place where the 
 leaves grow out. [ L. nodus (for 
 gnodus) Allied to knot.] 
 
 nodose (no'dos), a. Having knots or 
 swelling joints; knotty. [lump. 
 
 nodule (nod'ul), n. Little knot or 
 
 noise (noiz). I. n. 1. Sound. 2. Over- 
 loud sound; din. 3. Loud talk; rumor. 
 II. vt. Spread by rumor. [O.Fr. noise.] 
 Syn. Clamor; clatter. 
 
 noiseless (noiz'les), a. Without noise; 
 silent,— noiselessly, adv.— noise'- 
 lessness, n. 
 
 noisome (noi'sum), a. 1. Unhealthy. 
 
 2. Disgusting.— noi'somely, adv. 
 Syn. Unwholesome; insalubrious; 
 
 noxious; offensive; destructive. 
 
 noisy (noi'zi), a. Making a loud noise 
 or sound ; clamorous ; turbulent. — 
 noisily, adv.— noi'siness, n. 
 
 nolle prosequi (nolle pros'e - kwi ). 
 Formal discontinuance of a legal 
 proceeding, either civil or criminal. 
 [L.=Refuse to prosecute.] 
 
 nomad(nom'ad), n. One of a tribe that 
 wanders about in quest of game, or of 
 pasture. [Gr. nomas— nomos, pasture.] 
 
 nomadic (no-mad'ik), a. Pertaining 
 to or resembling nomads ; wandering. 
 
 nomenclature ( no'men-kla-tur), n. 
 1. System of naming. 2. Technical 
 terms of a science. 
 
 nominal (nom'in-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to a name. 2. Existing only in name. 
 3. Formed from a noun.— nominal- 
 ly, adv. [L. nominalis—nomen, name.] 
 
 nominalism (nom'in-al-izm), n. Doc- 
 trine that general terms have no cor- 
 responding reality either in or out of 
 the mind, being mere words. 
 
 nominate (nom'in-at), vt. Name; ap- 
 point; propose by name. [L. nomino.] 
 
 nomination (nom-in-a'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of power or nominating. 2, State 
 of being nominated. 
 
 nominative(nom'in-a-tiv).I.a.l.Nam- 
 ing. 2. In gram. Applied to the case 
 of the subject. II. n. Case of the 
 subject. [who nominates. 
 
 nominator ( nomln-a-tur ), n. One 
 
 nominee (nom-in-e'), n. One nomin- 
 ated, or appointed. 
 
 non-. Not, a Latin word used as a 
 prefix, as in non-appear'ance, non-at- 
 tend'ance, non-compli' ance. 
 
 nonage (non'aj), n. State of being not 
 of age ; minority — non'ag-ed, a. 
 
 nonagenarian (non-a-je-na'ri-an), n. 
 One ninety years old." [d.— nonageni, 
 ninety each.] 
 
 nonce (nons), n. Present time or occa- 
 sion. [From for then ones. See once.] 
 
 nonchalance ( nang-sha-langs' ), n. 
 Coolness; indifference. [Fr.] 
 
 noncnalant(nang-sha-lang'), a. Care- 
 less; reckless; cool; indifferent. [Fr. 
 -non, not, and chaloir, get hot.] 
 
 non-commissioned (non-kom-mish'- 
 und), a. Not having a commission 
 (from the President), as an officer in 
 the army or navy below the rank of 
 lieutenant. 
 
 non-committal ( non-kom-mit'al ), 
 a. Unwilling to express an opinion; 
 not pledging to any course or view. 
 
 non compos mentis (non-kom'pos- 
 men'tis), n. Not of sound mind. [L.] 
 
 non-coiicurrenee(non-kon-kur'ens), 
 n. Dissent; refusal to agree. 
 
 non-conductor ( non-kon-duk'tur), 
 n. Substance which does not transmit 
 certain properties or conditions, as 
 heat or electricity; insulator. 
 
 nonconformist ( non-kon-farm'ist ), 
 n. One who does not conform; esp. 
 one who refused to conform to the 
 established church of England at the 
 restoration of Charles II. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
nonconformity 
 
 369 
 
 north-eastern 
 
 nonconformity (non-kon-farro'i-ti ), 
 n. 1. Want of conformity. 2. In En- 
 gland, refusal to unite with the estab- 
 lished church. 
 
 non-content (non'kon-tent or non- 
 kon-tent'), n. 1. One not content. 2. 
 In the British House of Lords, one 
 giving a negative vote. 
 
 nondescript (non'de-skript). I. a. 1. 
 Novel. 2. Odd; unclassifiable, II. n. 
 
 I. Anything not yet described or 
 classed. 2. Person or thing not easily 
 described or classed. [L. non. not, 
 and descriptus, described.] 
 
 none (nun), a. and pron.; sing, snidpl. 
 Not one; not any; not the smallest 
 part. [A.S. nan—ne, and an, one.] 
 
 nonentity (non-en'ti-ti), n. 1. Want 
 of entity or being. 2. Thing not exist- 
 ing. 3. Person or thing of no value. 
 
 nones (nonz), n. 1. In the Roman 
 calendar, the ninth day before the ides 
 —the 5th of Jan., Feb., April, June, 
 Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec, and the 7th of 
 the other months. 2. In R. C. Church, 
 season of prayer observed at noon 
 (formerly at 3 p. M., the ninth (nona) 
 hour). [L.— nonus, ninth— novem, nine.] 
 
 nonesuch (nun'such), n. Thing supe- 
 rior to all others. 
 
 nonfulfillment (non-fol-fil'ment), n. 
 Failure or neglect to fulfill, [ration. 
 
 nonillion ( no-nil'yun ), n. See numb- 
 
 non-juring (non-30'ring), a. Not 
 taking the oath of allegiance. 
 
 nonobservance (non-ob-zer'vans), n. 
 Failure or neglect to observe. 
 
 nonpareil (non-pa-rel'). I. n. 1. Per- 
 son or thing without an equal. 2. Un- 
 qualified excellence. 3. Small print- 
 ing type between minion and agate. 
 
 This line is printed in Nonpareil. 
 
 II. a. Without an equal; matchless. 
 [Fr.—non, not, and pareil, equal.] 
 
 nonpayment (non-pa'ment), n. Fail- 
 ure or neglect to pay. 
 
 nonplus(non'plus). I. n. State in which 
 no more can be done or said; great 
 difficulty. II. vt. [non'plusing or non'- 
 plussing; non'plused or non'plussed.] 
 Throw into complete perplexity; puz- 
 zle. [L. non, not, andpZws, more.] 
 
 non-resident (non-rez'i-dent), a. Not 
 residing in the place. 
 
 nonresistance (non-re-zis'tans), n. 
 Passive submission, as to injustice. 
 
 nonsense (non'sens), n. 1. Absurd talk 
 or actions. 2. Trifles. 
 
 Syn. Folly; absurdity; balderdash: 
 silliness; stuff; twaddle; trash. 
 
 nonsensical (non-sen'sik-al), a. With- 
 out sense; absurd.— nonsensical- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 nonsuit (non'siit). I. n. Withdrawal 
 of a suit at law, either voluntarily or 
 by the judgment of the court. II. vt. 
 Order that a plaintiff drop his suit. 
 
 noodle ( no'dl ), n. Simpleton; block- 
 head. [Colloq.] 
 
 noodle (no'dl), n. Dough formed in 
 strips, dried, and used in soups. [Ger. 
 nudel] [treat; corner. [Gael, nine] 
 
 nook (nok), n. Narrow secluded re- 
 noon (non). I. n. Mid-day; time when 
 the sun is in the meridian. II. a. 
 Belonging to mid-day; meridional. 
 [A. S. non-tid (noontide) — L. nona 
 (hora), ninth (hour). See nones.] 
 
 noonday (non'da), n. Mid-day. 
 
 noontide (non'tid), n. Time of noon; 
 mid-day. 
 
 noose (nos). I. n. Loop formed with a 
 running knot. II. vt. Tie or catch in 
 a noose. [O. Fr. nous, plur. of nou — 
 L. nodus, knot.] 
 
 nor (nar), conj. Particle marking the 
 second part of a negative proposi- 
 tion; correlative to neither or not. 
 [Contr. — noiher, a form of neither.] 
 
 noria (no'ri-a), n. Water-raising ma- 
 chine driven by the current of a 
 river, with travelling buckets ranged 
 round the rim of a wheel, submerged 
 below and discharging at tne great- 
 est point of elevation. [Sp.] 
 
 normal (nar m'al) , a. 1. According to 
 rule; regular. 2. Model; standard. 
 3. Perpendicular.— norin'ally, adv. 
 — Normal school, school for training 
 teachers. [L. normalis — norma, rule.] 
 
 Norman (nar'man). I. n. Native or 
 inhabitant "of Normandy. II. a. Per- 
 taining to the Normans or to Nor- 
 mandy. [The invading Northmen 
 from Scandinavia gave their name to 
 Normandy.] 
 
 Norse (nars). I. a. Pertaining to an- 
 cient Scandinavia. II. n. Language of 
 ancient Scandinavia. [Norw. Norsk 
 (=Northisk). from ^orth.] 
 
 north (narth), n. 1. One of the four 
 cardinal" points of the compass; op- 
 posed to south. 2. Region, district, 
 or part of country lying to the north. 
 —north-star, n. North polar star. 
 [A. S. north.'] 
 
 north-east (narth-esf). I. n. Point 
 between the north and east, equidis- 
 tant from each. II. a. Belonging to, 
 coming from or moving toward the 
 north-east. 
 
 north-easterly (narth-est'er-li), a. 
 Toward or coming from the north- 
 east. 
 
 north-eastern (narth-es'tern), a. Be- 
 longing to the north-east; being in 
 the north-east, or in that direction. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
north-oast ward 
 
 370 
 
 notify 
 
 north-eastward ( narth-est'ward ), 
 adv. Towards the north-east. 
 
 northerly (narW/er-li)., I. a. Being 
 toward the north; from the north. 
 II. adv. Toward or from the north. 
 
 northern (nar^'ern), a. Pertaining 
 to the north; "being in the north or in 
 direction towards it.— northerner, 
 n. One living in the north. 
 
 northernmost (nar^'er n-m 6 s t ) , 
 northmost (nar'th'mdst), a. Situ- 
 ate at the point furthest north. 
 
 northward (narth'ward), north'- 
 wardly (nartti'ward-ii). I. a. Being 
 toward the north. II. adv. {also 
 northwards), toward the north. 
 
 north-west (narth-wesf). I. n. Point 
 -it ween the north and west, equi- 
 distant from each. II. a. Pertaining 
 to or from the no$th-west. 
 
 north-westerly (narth-west'er-li), a. 
 Toward or from the'north-west. 
 
 north-western (narth-west'ern), a. 
 Pertaining to, or being in, the north- 
 west or in that direction. 
 
 Norwegian (nar-we'ji-an ). I. a. Per- 
 taining to Norway. II." n. Native of 
 Norway. 
 
 A, B and C. Su- 
 perior, middle 
 and inferior tur- 
 binate bones. D. 
 Upper jaw-bone. 
 E. Uvula, soft 
 palate. H. H. Net- 
 work of olfact- 
 ory nerves. I. Up- 
 per jaw branches 
 of the tripartite 
 nerve K. L. Tip 
 of the nose. M. Upper lip. N. Nasal bone. 
 
 nose (noz). I. n. l: Organ of smell. 2. 
 Power of smelling; sagacity. 3. Some- 
 thing resembliug a nose. II. vt. Smell; 
 trace or pry out. III. vi. Smell ; sniff; 
 pry. [A. S. nosu.] [horse. 
 
 nosebag (noz'bag), n. Feedbag for a 
 
 nosegay (noz'ga), n. Bunch of fragrant 
 flowers; posy; bouquet. 
 
 nosology (nos-ol'o-ji), n. Branch of 
 medicine which treats of the classifi- 
 cation and nomenclature of diseases. 
 —nosological, a.— nosol'ogist, n. 
 [ Gr. nosos, disease, and logos, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 nostril (nos'tril), n. One of the aper- 
 tures of the nose. [A. S. nosthyrl — 
 nos, for nosu, nose, and thyrel, door.] 
 
 nostrum (nos'trum), n. Medicine the 
 composition of which is kept secret; 
 quack or patent medicine. [L.=our 
 own.] 
 
 Exterior wall of 
 left nostril. 
 
 not (not), adv. "Word expressing de- 
 nial, negation, or refusal. [Same as 
 
 NAUGHT.] 
 
 notability (no-ta-bil'i-ti), n. 1. Being 
 notable. 2. Notable person or thing. 
 
 notable (no'ta-bl). I. a. 1. "Worthy of 
 being noted; remarkable; distin- 
 guished. 2. Plain. II. n. Person or 
 thing worthy of note.— no'tably, adv. 
 Syn. Memorable. See eminent. 
 
 notary (no'ta-ri), n. Officer authori- 
 zed to attest signatures in deeds, 
 contracts, etc, administer oaths, take 
 depositions, etc.— nota'rial, a. [L. 
 notarius.] 
 
 notation (no-ta'shun),"w. 1. Act or 
 practice of recording by marks or 
 symbols. 2. System of signs or sym- 
 bols. [Li. notatio — noto, mark.] 
 
 notch (noch). I. n. Nick cut in any- 
 thing. II. vt. Cut a nick in. [Se# 
 nick, notch.] 
 
 note (not). I. n. 1. That by which a 
 person or thing is known ; mark or 
 sign. 2. Brief explanation; short re- 
 mark; memorandum. 3. Short letter. 
 4. Diplomatic paper. 5. In mus. 
 Mark representing a sound, also the 
 sound itself. 6. Paper acknowledging 
 a debt and promising payment, as a 
 bank-note, or note of hand. 7. No- 
 tice, heed, observation. 8. Reputa- 
 tion; fame. II. vt. 1. Make a note of; 
 notice. 2. Mark; denote. 3. Record 
 in writing. [Pr. — L. nota—gno, root 
 of no sco, know.] 
 
 noted (no'ted), a. Well known; cele- 
 brated ; eminent.— no'tedly, adv. 
 
 noteworthy (uot'wnr-thi), a. Worthy 
 of note or notice. 
 
 nothing (nuth'ing). I. n. 1. No thing. 
 2. Non-existence; absence or negation 
 of being. 3. No part or degree. 4. 
 Of no value or use; trifle. 5. Cipher. 
 II. adv. In no degree; not at all.— 
 noth'ingness, n. 
 
 notice (no'tis). I. n. 1. Act of noting; 
 attention. 2. Information; warning. 
 3. Respectful treatment.!!.^. l.Mark; 
 see. 2. Attend to. 3. Make observations 
 upon. 4. Treat with civility. [Fr.— 
 L. notitia—nosco, know.] 
 
 Syn. Observation; heed; note; con- 
 sideration; regard notification; inti- 
 mation; advice; news; intelligence. 
 
 noticeable (no'tis-a-bl), a. Able to be 
 noticed; worthy of observation. — 
 no'ticeably, adv. 
 
 notification ( no-ti-fi-ka'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of notifying. 2. Notice given; 
 written notice. [See notify.] 
 
 notify (no'tMi), vt. Give notice or in* 
 formation to. [Fr. nctifler — L. notue, 
 known, and facio, make.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
notion 
 
 371 
 
 numerate 
 
 notion (no'shun), n. 1. Conception; 
 opinion; whim. 2. Intention; dis- 
 position. 3. Knick-knack ; small 
 novelty.— notional, a. [Fr. — L. notio 
 —nosco, know.] 
 
 notoriety (no-to-rl'e-ti), ». State of 
 being notorious; public exposure. 
 
 notorious (no-to'ri-us), a. Publicly 
 known (now used in a bad sense) ; 
 infamous. — notoriously, adv. — 
 notoriousness,?*. [Low L. notorius, 
 making known.] 
 
 notwithstanding* ( not-with-stand'- 
 iug). I. adv. and conj. Nevertheless; 
 however; yet. II. prep. In spite of. 
 
 nought (nat). I. n. Not anything; 
 nothing. II. adv. In no degree. — Set 
 at nought, despise. [Same as naught.] 
 
 noun (nown), n. In gram. Name of 
 anything; substantive. [O. Pr. non 
 (Pr. riom)— L. nomen. See name.] 
 
 nourish (nur'ish), vt. 1. Feed; make 
 grow ; briug up. 2. Support ; en- 
 courage. — nourishment , n. 1. Act 
 of nourishing or the state of being ' 
 nourished. 2. That which nourishes; 
 food. [Fr. nourrir—Lt. nutrio. ] 
 
 novel (nov'el). I. a. New; unusual; 
 strange. II. n. Fictitious tale; ro- 
 mance. [L. novus, new.] 
 
 novelette (nov-el-ef), n. Small novel. 
 
 novelist (nov'el-ist), n. Novel-writer. 
 
 novelty ( nov'el-ti ), n. 1. State of 
 being novel; newness. 2. Anything 
 new or strange. 
 
 November (no-vem'ber), n. Eleventh 
 month of the year. [Ninth month of 
 the old Roman year; L. novem. nine.] 
 
 novena (no-ve'na), n. (B. C.) Prayers 
 said for nine consecutive days . 
 
 novice (nov'is),w. 1. Onenewinany- 
 thing; beginner. 2. One newly receiv- 
 ed into a religious order or institu- 
 tion; probationer. [L. novus, new.] 
 
 novitiate (no-vish'i-at), n. 1. Stateor 
 period of being a novice. 2. Novice. 
 
 now (now). I. adv. 1. At the present, 
 time. 2. Recently. 3. At the time; 
 meanwhile; on the other hand. II. n. 
 Presenttime. [A.S.m/.] [sent time. 
 
 nowadays(now'a-daz), adv. Atthepre- 
 
 noway (no'wa), noways (no'waz), 
 adv. In no manner or degree. 
 
 nowhere (uo'whar), adv. In no place. 
 
 nowise (no'wiz), adv. In no degree. 
 
 noxious (nok'shus), a. Injurious; des- 
 tructive; poisonous; corrupting. — 
 nox/iously, adv. — nox'iousness, 
 n. [L. noxius—noxa, harm— noceo,hurt.] 
 
 nozzle (noz'l), n. Spout or projecting 
 mouth-piece. [Diminutive of nose.] 
 
 N-rays (en'raz), n. Radiant energy 
 emitted by active tissues. 
 
 nucleate (no'kle-at). I. vt. To form into 
 
 or around a nucleus. II. vi. To form 
 a nucleus; gather around a center. 
 — nucleated, a. Having a nucleus. 
 
 nucleus ( nu'kle-us ), n. [ pi. nuclei 
 (nu'kle-i) . Central mass ; kernel ; core. 
 
 nudation (nu-da'shun), n. Baring. 
 
 nude(nud) a. Naked; bare; undraped. 
 — nude'ly, adv. [L. nudus.] 
 
 nudge (nuj). I. n. Gentle push or jog. 
 II. vt. Push gently. [Akin to KNOCK.Cf. 
 Prov. Ger. fcnutschen, hue:, squeeze.] 
 
 nudity (nu'di-ti), n. 1. Nakedness. 2. 
 pi. Naked parts orfigures. 
 
 nugatory (nu'gato-rl), a. 1. Trifling; 
 vain; insignificant. 2. Of no power; 
 ineffectual. [L.—nugae, jokes, trifles.] 
 
 nugget (nug'et), n. Lump as of a 
 metal. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 nuisance (nu'sans), n. 1. That which 
 unlawfully annoys or harms. 2. That 
 which troubles or is offensive. [Fr. 
 — L. noceo, hurt.] [nullits, not any.] 
 
 null (nul), a. Of no force; void. [L. 
 
 nullify (nul'i-fi),^. [nullifying; null- 
 ified.] Render void or of no effect. [Fr. 
 nullifier— L. nullus, and facio, make.] 
 Syn. Revoke; cancel. See annul. 
 
 nullity (nul'i-ti), n. 1. State of being 
 null or void; nothingness. 2. That 
 which lacks force or efficacy. 
 
 numb (num). I. a. Deprived of sen- 
 sation or motion. II. vt. [numbing 
 (num'ing); numbed (numd'). ] Make 
 numb; deaden. — numbness, n. [A. 
 S. numen, pa. p. of niman, take away.] 
 
 number (num'ber). I. n. 1. That by 
 which things are counted or com- 
 puted. 2. Collection of things; more 
 tbanone. 3. Unit in counting; nu- 
 merical figure. 4. Metre, verse, esp. 
 in pi. 5. In gram. Difference in words 
 to express singular or plural.6.pZ. 4th 
 book of the Old Test, from its having 
 the census of the Israelites. II. vt. 
 
 1. Count. 2. Reckon as one of a mul- 
 titude. 3. Mark with a number. 4. 
 Amount to. [Fr. nombre—L,. numerus.] 
 
 numberless (num'ber-les), a. 1. With- 
 out number. 2. More than can be 
 counted. 
 
 numerable (nu'mer-a-bl), a. That 
 may be numbered or counted. [L. 
 numerabilis.]_ 
 
 nnmeral (nu'mer-al). I. a. Pertaining 
 to or consisting of" numbers. II. n. 
 Figure used to express a number, as 
 the Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, etc., 
 the Roman numerals: I V X L D M 
 etc. [L. numeralis— numerus.] 
 
 numerary (nu'mer-ar-i), a. Belong- 
 ing to a certain number. [Fr. mm- 
 meraire— Low L. numerarius.] 
 
 numerate (nu'mer-at), vt. 1. Number. 
 
 2. Point off and read, as figures. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
numeration 
 
 373 
 
 nymph 
 
 numeration (nu-mer-a/shun), n. 1. 
 Act of numbering. 2. Method of 
 reading numbers. According to the 
 English numeration, a billion is repre- 
 sented by a unit and 12 ciphers; ac- 
 cording to the French numeration, 
 followed in the U. S., Germany etc., 
 by a unit and 9 ciphers. A trillion has, 
 in Engl. 18 ciphers, in Fr. 12, and so 
 on:quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, 
 septillion, octillion, nonillion, etc. 
 
 English num. French num. 
 Ttiin™ 5 0ne million < One thousand 
 
 iillllon \ millions. \ millions. 
 
 Trim™ 5 One million ( One thousand 
 
 iriUlon I billions. \ billions. 
 
 Quadrillion . . j One million < One thousand 
 ^ ( trillions. ( trillions. 
 
 numerator (nu'mer-a-tiir), n. 1. One 
 who numbers. 2. Upper number of a 
 vulgar fraction, which expresses the 
 number of fractional parts taken. 
 
 numeric ( nu-mer'ik ), numerical, 
 a. Belonging to, or consisting in num- 
 ber.— numerically, adv. 
 
 numerous (nu'mer-us), a. Great in 
 number; many. — numerously, adv. 
 — nu'merousness, n. 
 
 numismatic (nu-mis-mat'ik), a. Per- 
 taining to money, coins, or medals. — 
 numismatics, n. Science of coins 
 and medals. [L. numisma—Gr. no- 
 misma, current coin— nomizo, use com- 
 monly— nomos, custom.] 
 
 nummary (num'a-ri), a. Pertaining to 
 coins. [L. nummarius — nummus, coin.] 
 
 numskull (num'skul), n. Blockhead. 
 
 nun (nun), n. Woman who devotes 
 herself to celibacy and seclusion in a 
 convent. [A. S. nunna—lu. nonna, nun.] 
 
 nuncio (nun'shi-o), n. Representative 
 of the Pope at a foreign court or seat 
 of government. [ It. — L. nuncius, 
 messenger.] 
 
 nuncupative (nun-kii'pa-tiv), nun- 
 cupatory (nun-ku'pa-to-ri). a. Oral; 
 verbal; not written. [K— nuncupate, 
 call by name.] [nuns. 
 
 nunnery ( nun'er-i ), n. Convent for 
 
 nuptial (nup'shai), a. Pertaining to 
 marriage. — nuptials, n. pi. Mar- 
 riage; wedding ceremony. [Fr. — L. 
 nuplialis — nuptiae, marriage— nubo, 
 nuptum, marry.] 
 
 nurse (niirs). I. n. 1. Woman who 
 nourishes an infant. 2. One who has 
 the care of infants or of the sick. II. 
 vt. 1. Tend, as an infant, or a sick per- 
 son. 2. Manage with care and econ- 
 omy. [O. Fr. nurrice (Fr. nourrice) — 
 L.. nutrix—nutrio, nourish.] 
 
 nursery(nur'ser-i), n. 1. Apartment for 
 young children. 2. Piece of ground 
 where trees, shrubs, etc., are reared. 
 
 nursling- (nurs'ling). n. Infant. 
 
 nurture (nur'tur). I. n. . 1. Act of nour- 
 ishing. 2. Nourishment. II. vt. 1. Nour- 
 ish. 2. Bring up. [Fr. nourriture.] 
 &yn. Nurse; cherish; tend. 
 
 nut ( nut ). I. n. 1. Fruit of certain 
 trees, consisting of a kernel in a hard 
 shell. 2. Small block of metal for 
 screwing on the end of a bolt. II. vi. 
 [nutt'ing ; nutt'ed. ] Gather nuts. 
 [A. S. hnutu.] 
 
 nutcracker (nut'krak-er), n. Instru- 
 ment for breaking open nuts. 
 
 nutgall (nut'gal), n. Nutlike gall, as 
 on oak leaves. 
 
 nutmeg- (nut'meg), n. Aromatic ker- 
 nel of an E. India tree. [Nut and O. 
 Fr. muge, musk.] 
 
 nutrient ( nu'tri-ent ). I. a. Nourish- 
 ing. II. n. Anything nourishing. [L. 
 — nutrio, nourish.] 
 
 nutriment ( nu'tri-ment ), n. That 
 which nourishes; food. — nutri- 
 ment' al, a. [L. nutrimentum—nutrio, 
 nourish.] 
 
 nutrition (nu-trish'un), n. Act of nour- 
 ishing. 2. Process of feeding, and pro- 
 moting growth of, bodies. 
 
 nutritious (nu- 
 trish'us),a. Nour- 
 ishing; promot- 
 ing growth. 
 
 nutritive 
 (nu'tri-tiv), 
 a. 1. Nour- 
 ishing. 2. 
 Pertaining 
 to nutrition. 
 
 nutty (nut'i), a. 
 1. Having the fla- 
 vor of nuts. 2. 
 Full of nuts. 
 
 nux vomica (nuks- 
 vom'ik-a), n. Seed 
 of an E. Indian tree, from which the 
 powerful poison known as strychnine 
 is obtained. [L. nux, nut, and vomicus 
 —vomo, vomit.] 
 
 nuzzle (nuz'l), 
 vi. Poke about 
 with the nose, 
 like a pig. 
 
 nylghau (nil'- 
 ga), n. Asiatic 
 kind of ante- 
 lope. [Pers.] 
 
 nymph (nimf), 
 n. 1. In ancient 
 myth. One of 
 the goddesses 
 who inhabited every region of the 
 earth and waters. 2. Pupa or chrysa- 
 lis of an insect. [ L. nympha — Gr. 
 nymphe, bride; veiled one. Cf. L. nupla.} 
 
 Nux Vomica. 
 
 Nylghau. 
 
 fat©, fat, task, far, fftU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
373 
 
 obligation 
 
 o (o), n. Fifteenth letter of the 
 English alphabet. It has six 
 sounds, as in go, move, son, not, 
 orb, wolf. 
 O (o), interj. 1. Exclamation of 
 wonder, pain, grief, etc. 2. Used in 
 solemn address or as expressive of a 
 desire or emotion, as "O men of 
 Athens; " "O, for an hour of ease." 
 oaf (of), n. Foolish child left by the 
 fairies in place of another ; dolt ; 
 idiot. [A form of elf.] 
 oak (ok), n. 1. Tree of many species. 
 2. Its timber, very hard and durable. 
 [A. S. ac; Icel. eik; Ger. eiche.] 
 oak apple (ok'apl), n. A spongy sub- 
 stance on the leaves of tne oak, 
 caused by insects, so called from its 
 likeness to a small apple, called also 
 
 OAKLEAF-GALIi. [of Oak. 
 
 oaken (o'kn), a. Consisting or made 
 
 oakum (6'kuni), n. Old ropes un- 
 twisted into loose hemp, used in 
 caulking the seams of ships. [A. S. 
 acumpa, combed out.] 
 
 oar (or). I. n. Light pole with a flat 
 end for rowing boats. II. vt. and vi. 
 Row. — oared (ord), a. Having 
 webbed feet. [A. S. ar.\ 
 
 oarsman (orz'man), n. One who rows 
 with an oar ; one skilled in rowing. 
 
 oasis (o'a-sis oro-a'sis), n. {pi. oases 
 (o'a-sez'or o-a'sez). Fertile spot in a 
 desert. [L*. — Gr. oasis; from Coptic 
 ouahe, a resting-place or dwelling.] 
 
 oat (ot), [oftener in pi. oats (ots)], n. 
 Well-known grass, the seeds of which 
 are much used as food. [A.S. ata, oat.] 
 
 oaten (o'tn), a. 1. Consisting of an oat 
 stem_or straw. 2. Made of oatmeal. 
 
 oath (oth), n. [pi. oaths (o^z).] 1. Sol- 
 emn statement with an appeal to 
 God as witness. 2. Profane impreca- 
 tion. [A. S.^ ath ; Ger. eid ; Icel. eidhr.] 
 
 oatmeal (ot'mel), n. Meal made of 
 oats. [tion, as in object. [L.] 
 
 ob-, prefix. Usually denotes opposi- 
 
 obcordate (ob-kar'dat), a. Heart- 
 shaped, as a clover leaf. 
 
 obdurate (ob'du-rat), n. Hardened in 
 feelings: stubborn. — ob'dnrately, 
 adv. — ob'durateness, obduracy, 
 ns. State of being obdurate; invinci- 
 ble hardness of heart. [L. obduratus— 
 ob, against, and duro, harden.] 
 
 Syn. Callous; hardened ; unbending; 
 impenitent jinsensible. See stubborn. 
 
 obedience (o-be'di-ens), n. State of 
 being obedient; dutifulness. 
 
 obedient (o-be'di-ent), a. Willing to 
 obey; dutiful. — obediently adv. 
 [Fr.— Li. obedio^\ 
 
 Obeisance (o-be'sans or 6-ba'), n. Bow; 
 act of reverence. ' [Fr. obeissance.] 
 
 obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. 1. Tall, four- 
 sided tapering pillar, cut off at the 
 top like a flat pyramid. 2. 
 In print. Dagger (t). [Gr. 
 obeliskos, dim. of obelos, belos, 
 dart.] _ 
 
 obese (o-bes'), a. Fat; fleshy. 
 
 — obese'ness, obesity 
 ( 6-bes'i-ti ), n. Abnormal 
 fatness. [L. obesus.] 
 
 obey (6-ba'), vt. 1. Yield obe- 
 dience ; do as told. 2. Be 
 ruled by. 3. Yield to. — 
 obey'er, n. [Fr. obeir — Ii. 
 obedio — ob, towards, and 
 audio, hear.] 
 
 obituary (o-bit'u-ar-i), I. a. 
 Relating to the death of a 
 person. II. n. Account of, 
 a deceased person or notice 
 of his death. 
 
 object (ob-jekf), vt. and vt. obelisk. 
 Offer in opposition; oppose. 
 
 — objector, n. [Li.— ob, against, and 
 jacio, throw.] 
 
 object (ob'jekt), n. 1. Thing perceived 
 or brought before the mind. 2. That 
 which is sought; end; motive. 3. That 
 on which action is or may be exerted. 
 
 object-glass (ob'jekt-glas), n. Glass 
 at the end of a telescope or microsco- 
 pe next the object. 
 
 objection(ob-jek'shun), n. 1. Act of ob- 
 jecting. 2. Anything opposed ; argu- 
 ment against. — objectionable, a. 
 
 objective (ob-jek'tiv), I. a. 1. Relat- 
 ing to an object. 2. Being exterior to 
 the mind, as opp. to subjective,' that 
 which is real or which exists in nature 
 in contrast with what is ideal or ex- 
 ists merely in the thought of the in- 
 dividual. 3. In grain. Belonging to 
 the case of the object. II. n. In gram. 
 Case of the object. — objectively, 
 adv. 
 
 objurgation ( ob-jur-ga'shun ) , n. 
 Blaming; reproof; reprehension. [Fr. 
 — L. ob, against, and jurgare, chide.] 
 
 objurgatory (ob-jur'ga-to-ri), a. Ex- 
 pressing blame or reproof. 
 
 •blate (ob-laf), a. Flattened at oppo- 
 site sides or poles; shaped like an or- 
 ange.— oblate^ness, n. [L. oblatus.] 
 
 oblation (ob-la'shun) , n. Offering in 
 worship or sacred service. [L. oblatio.] 
 
 obligate (ob'li-gat), vt. Bind to adutv. 
 moral or legal— obliga'tion, n. 1. 
 Act of obliging. 2. Binding force; 
 duty. 3. Indebtedness for a favor. 4. 
 Bond with penalty on failure.— obli- 
 gatory, a. Binding. [See oblige. 1 
 
 oblige (o-blij'), vt. 1. Constrain. £ 
 Bind by some favor rendered. 3. Do a 
 favor to. [L.— ob, and ligo, bind.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, movs, wojf; 
 mute, hut, burn ■ oil, owl. t hen. 
 
©foJisree 
 
 i74 
 
 obtrude 
 
 obligee (ob-li-je'), n. In law, person 
 to whom another is bound. 
 
 obliging ( o-bli'jing ), a. Courteous-, 
 civil; kind. 
 
 oblique (ob-lek'), a. 1. Notperpendic- 
 cular; not parallel. 2. Not straight- 
 forward.— obliquely, adv.— ob- 
 .lique'ness, obliquity ( ob-lik'-wi- 
 ' ti) , ns. [Fr.— L. ob, and liquis, bent, 
 slanting.] 
 
 obliterate (ob-lit'er-at), vt. Blot out; 
 wear out; destroy.— obliteration. 
 n. [L. — ob, over, and litera, letter.]' 
 
 oblivion (ob-liv'i-un) , n. Forgetting ; be- 
 iug forgotten. [L.— obliviscor, forget.] 
 
 oblivious (ob-liv'i-us), a. Forgetful; 
 causing f orgetf ulness. 
 
 oblong (ob'lang). I. a. Longer than 
 broad. II. n. Rectangle longer than 
 broad. [L. 0& L over, and longus, long.] 
 
 obloquy (ob'lo-kwi), n. Reproachful 
 language. [L.— ob, and Jogwo/sspeak.] 
 
 obnoxious (ob-nok'shus), a. 1. Liable 
 to hurt or punishment ; blameworthy. 
 2. Offensive. [L. obnoxius, hurtful.] 
 
 oboe. See hautboy. 
 
 obolus (ob'o-lus), n. Ancient Athenian 
 silver coin, w ortk three cents. 
 
 obscene ( ob-sen '), #• Offensive to 
 chastity ; indecent. — obscene'ly, 
 adv. — obscene 'ness, n. — obscen- 
 ity (ob-sen'i-ti), n. [Fr.—Li.obscenus.] 
 
 obscuration(ob'sku-ra'shun),7i.Actof 
 obscuring or state of being obscured. 
 
 obscure (ob-skur'). I. a. 1. Darkened. 
 2. Notdistinct. 3. Unknown; humble. 
 II. vt. 1. Darken. 2. Make less plain. 
 — obscure'ly, adv.— obscur'ity, n. 
 [L. obscurus, akin to Sa,ns,sku, cover.] 
 
 obsequies (ob'se-kwiz), n.pl. Funeral 
 rites and solemnities. [L. obsequiae.] 
 
 obsequious (ob-se'kwi-us) , a. Meanly 
 servile.— obsequiously, adv. 
 
 observable (ob-zer'va-bl), a. 1. That 
 may be observed. 2. Worthy of obser- 
 vation.— obser'vably, adv. 
 
 observance (ob'zer'- van s),n. 1. Act of 
 observing; performance. 2. Atten- 
 tion. 3. Rule ofpractice; rite. 
 
 observant (ob-zer'vant), a. Carefully 
 attentive.— observantly, adv 
 
 observation ( ob-zer-va'shun ), n» 1. 
 Act or habit of observing. 2. Act of 
 noting phenomena in nature. 3. Re- 
 mark; opinion. 
 
 observatory (ob-zer'va-to-ri) , n. Place 
 for making astronomical and phys- 
 ical observations. See cut. 
 
 observe (ob-zerv'). I. vt. 1. Regard 
 attentively. 2. Remark. 3. Comply 
 with; keep. II. vi. 1. Take notice. 2. 
 Comment.— obser'ver,w.[L.o6s(?/'vo.] 
 
 obsolescent (ob-so-les'ent), n. Going 
 out of use. [L.] 
 
 obsolete(ob'so-let), a. Gone out of use; 
 
 antiquated.— ob'soleteness, n. 
 obstacle (ob'sta-kl), n. Anything that 
 
 stands in the "way. [L. obstaculum— 
 
 ob, and sto, stand.] 
 Syn. Obstruction; check; difficulty; 
 
 impediment; hindrance. 
 obstetrics (ob-stet'riks), n. Science of 
 
 midwifery. [L.] 
 obstinate (ob'sti-nat), a. Blindly or 
 
 excessively firm. — ob'stinacy, n. 
 
 Stubbornness; fixedness that yields 
 
 with difficulty.— ob'stinately, adv. 
 
 [L. obslinatus—ob, and sto, stand.] 
 obstreperous ( ob-strep'er-us ), a. 
 
 Making a loud noise; clamorous; 
 
 Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wis. 
 Length of telescope 75 ft. ; focal length 62 
 ft. ; diameter of objective 40 inches. 
 
 noisy. — obstrep'erously, adv. [L. 
 —ob, and strepere, make a noise.] 
 obstruct (ob-strukt'), vt. Block up; 
 retard.— obstruc'tion, n. 1. Act of 
 
 obstructing. 2. That which obstructs. 
 — obstruct'! ve, a.— obstruct'! ve- 
 
 ly, adv. [L. ob, and struo, pile up.] 
 obtain (ob-tan'). I. vt. Get; procure 
 by effort ; gain. II. vi. l.Be established ; 
 continue in use; become held or pre- 
 valent. 2. Succeed.— obtain'able, a. 
 [L. obtineo—ob, and teneo, hold.] 
 obtrude (ob-trod'). I. vt. 1. Thrust in 
 upon when not wanted. 2. Urge upon 
 against the will of. II. vi. Thrust 
 
 fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
obtund 
 
 375 
 
 octodecimo 
 
 one's self or be thrust upon atten- 
 tion.— obtru'ding, a. — obtrn'sion, 
 n.— ©btru'sive a.— obtrusively. 
 
 adv. [L. — ob and tundo, beat.] 
 
 obt mid (ob-tund'), vL Blunt; quell. 
 
 obtuse (ob-tus'), a. 1. Not pointed; 
 blunt. 2. Stupid. 3. Inborn. Greater 
 than a right angle.— ©btuse'ly, adv. 
 — ©btuse'ness, n. [See obtund.] 
 
 obverse (ob-vers'), «• 1. Bearing the 
 face. 2. Having the base narrower 
 than the top. — ©bverse'ly, adv. [L. 
 — ob, towards, and verto, turn.] 
 
 obverse (ob'vers), n. Side of a coin 
 containing the head or principal 
 symbol.— Opposed to reverse. 
 
 obviate (ob'vi-at), vt. Remove or avoid, 
 as difficulties. [L.. obvio, meet — via, 
 way.] [evident. [L. obvius.] 
 
 obvious (ob'vi-us), a. Manifest; plain; 
 
 oc-, prefix. Form of ob- before words 
 beginning with c, as occur. 
 
 occasion (ok-ka'zhun). I. n, 1, Occur- 
 rence. 2. Opportunity. 3. Cause. 4. 
 Necessity. II. vt. Bring about.— occa- 
 sional, a. Occurring only at times; 
 casual. — occasionally j adv. [L. 
 occasio — oecido —ob, and cado, casum, 
 fall.] [requirement. 
 
 Syn. Incident; chance; use: need; 
 
 Occident ( ok'si-dent ), n. W^st, as 
 opposed to the orient or east, —.cci- 
 dent'al, a. Western. ["L. occidens, pr. 
 p. of oecido, fall or go down.] 
 
 occipital (ok-sip'it-al), a. Pertaining 
 to the back part of the head. 
 
 occiput (ok'si-put), n. Back part of 
 the head or skull. [L-— ob, and caput, 
 head.] [ob, and olaudo, shut in.] 
 
 occlude (ok-klod'), vt. Absorb. [L.— 
 
 occult (ok-kulf). I. a. Hidden; un- 
 known; mysterious. II. vt. Hide. — 
 ©ccult'ly, adv. — occult'ism, n. 
 System of pi'etended knowledge 
 about the mysteries of life.— ©ccult'- 
 ist, n. One who studies, or believes 
 in, occultism. [Fr. — L. occulto, hide.] 
 
 occultation (ok-kul-ta'shun), n. Ob- 
 scuration or concealment, esp. of a 
 heavenly body by another; eclipse. 
 
 occupancy ( ok'u-paH'Si ), n. Act of 
 occupying or of taking or holding 
 possession; possession; occupation. 
 
 occupant (ok'u-pant), n. ne who 
 takes or has possession. 
 
 occupation (ok-u-pashun), v. 1. Act 
 of occupying or takin r, possession. 2. 
 Employment; vocation. 
 
 Syn. Engagement; use; tenure; pro- 
 fession; occupancy; calling; trade. 
 
 occupier (ok'u-pi-er), n. Occupant. 
 
 occupy (ok'u-pi)), vt. 1. Seiz. or hold 
 possession of . 2. Cover; fill. 3. Employ; 
 busy. [L. occupo~ob, and capio, take.] 
 
 occur (ok-kur'), vi. [occur 'ring; occur- 
 red (ok-kurd'). ] 1. Come, or be pre- 
 sented, to a sense or the mind. 2. Hap- 
 pen; be found here and there. [Li. oc- 
 curro—ob, towards, and curro, run.] 
 
 occurrence(ok-kur'ens), n. 1. Happen- 
 ing. 2. Anything that occurs ; event. 
 
 ocean (6'shan). I. n. 1. Vast expanse 
 of salt water that covers the greater 
 part of the surface of the globe. 2. 
 Any one of its five great divisions, 
 Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic ana 
 Antarctic. 3. Immense expanse. [Gr 
 Okeanos, name of the supposed vast 
 river flowing round the world. ] 
 
 oceanic(o-she-an'ik), a. Pertaining to, 
 found or formed in, the ocean. 
 
 ocelot (6'se-lot), n. American leopard- 
 cat. [Mex. ocelote.} 
 
 ocher, ocbre (o'ker), n. Impure fer- 
 rugineous clay, used as a pigment in 
 making paint.— o'eberous, o'ebre- 
 ons, a. [Gr. ochros, pale yellow.] 
 
 oct-, ©eta-, octo-, prefix. Having 
 eight; consisting of eight. [L. octo— 
 Gr. okto, eight.] 
 
 o'clock, (o-klok'), n. Time of day, as 
 indicated by the clock. [Contr. from 
 "of the clock."] 
 
 octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. Plane figure 
 of eight sides and eight angles.— 
 ©ctag'onal, a. [Gr. okto, eight, and 
 gonia, angle.] 
 
 octabedron (ok-ta-he'dron), n. Solid 
 figure with eight equal sides, each of 
 which is an equilateral triangle.— 
 octahe'dral, a. [Gr. okto, and hedra, 
 base. ] 
 
 octangular (ok-tang'u-lar), a. Hav- 
 ing eight angles. [L. octo, eight, and 
 
 ANGULAR.] 
 
 octave (ok'tav). I. a. Consisting of 
 eight. II. n. 1. Eight. 2. That which 
 consists of eight. 3. In mus. Eighth 
 tone, or interval of twelve semitones; 
 any interval of equal length; the 
 whole diatonic scale itself. [L,.octavus, 
 eight.] 
 
 octavo (ok-ta'vo or -ta'v5). I. a. Hav- 
 ing eight leaves to the sheet. II. n. [pi. 
 octa'vos.] 1. Book having eight leaves 
 to the sheet, contracted 8 vo. 2. Size 
 of such a book, 6x9 inches. 
 
 octennial (ok-ten'i-al), a. Happening 
 in every eighth year; running eight 
 years. [tion. 
 
 octillion (ok-til'yun), n. See numera- 
 
 octo-, See oct-. 
 
 October (ok-to'tier), ft. Tenth month 
 of the year. [In the old Roman calen- 
 der the eighth nionth,^-0ctfo, eight.] 
 
 octodecimo (ok-to-des'i-mo), a. Hav- 
 ing eighteen leaves to the sheet, con- 
 tracted!8mo. [L. octodecim, eighteen.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. " 
 
octogenarian 
 
 376 
 
 officially 
 
 Octopus, crawling 
 and resting. 
 
 octogenarian ( ok-to-je-na'ri-an ) 
 One who is eighty 
 years old. 
 
 octopus (ok-to'-pus 
 or ok'to-pus), n. 
 Devilfish having 
 eight arms. [Pref. 
 octo-, and Gr. pons, 
 foot,] 
 
 octoroon ( ok-to- 
 ron'), n. Offspring 
 of a quadroon and 
 a white person. 
 
 octroi (ok-trwa'), n. 
 Tax on articles 
 brought into a city. 
 [Pr.] 
 
 octuple (okjtu-pl), a. Eightfold. 
 
 ocular (ok'u-lar). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the eye. 2. Received by actual 
 sight. II. n. Eye-piece, as of a micro- 
 scope. — oc'ularly s adv. [L. ocula- 
 rius—oculus,_eye.] [eye diseases.] 
 
 oculist (ok'u-list), n. One skilled in 
 
 odalisque (o'dal-isk),w. Female slave 
 in a Turkish harem. [Turk, odaliq.] 
 
 odd (od),a. 1. Not paired with another; 
 single. 2. Left over after a round 
 number has been taken. 3. Not exact- 
 ly divisible by two. 4. Strange. — 
 odd'ly, adv. — odd'ness, n [Icel. 
 oddi, point, tongue of land, triangle. 
 C. A. S. ord, point; Ger. ort, place.] 
 Syn. Unmatched. See quaint. 
 
 Odd Fellow (od'fel-o), n. One of a 
 secret benevolent society called The 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 oddity (od'i-ti), n. 1. State of being odd 
 or singular; strangeness. 2. Queer 
 person or thing. 
 
 ©dds(odz), n. 1. Difference in favor of 
 one against another. 2. More than an 
 even wager. 3. Advantage. 4. pi. 
 Scraps, miscellaneous pieces, as in 
 odds_ and ends. — At odds, at variance. 
 
 ode (od), n. 1. Poem written to be set to 
 music. 2_. Noble, dignified poem. [Gr.] 
 
 odious (o'di-us), a. Hateful; offensive; 
 repulsive. [See odium.] 
 
 odium (o'di-um),v2.. 1. Hatred. 2. Offen- 
 siveness. [L.] 
 
 odometer (o-dom'e-ter), n. Instrument 
 for measuring distances traversed. 
 
 odontology (o-don-tol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of the nature and growth of the teeth. 
 [Gr. odous, tooth, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 odor (o'dur), n. 1. Smell; perfume. 2. 
 Reputation. 
 
 odoriferous (o-dur-if'er-us),a. Diffus- 
 ing fragrance; perfumed.— odorif- 
 erously, adv. [L». odoriferus— odor, 
 and fero, bear.] [o'dorously, adv. 
 
 odorous (o'dur-us), a. Fragrant. — 
 
 cecumenical. See Ecumenical. 
 
 oedema (e-de'ma), n. Swelling caused 
 by water beneath the skin. [Gr.] 
 
 o'er (or). Contracted from over. 
 
 (Esophagus. See Esophagus. 
 
 of (ov), prep. 1. From; out from. 2. 
 Belonging to; relating to. [A. S. of.] 
 
 off (af). I. adv. 1. Away from; not on- 
 
 2. Not to take place. II. a. 1. Most 
 distant; on the opposed or further 
 side. 2. Free from work or duty, as an 
 off day. 3. Other than the usual or 
 regular. III. prep. Not on. IV. interj. 
 Away! departl [Same as of.] 
 
 offal (of'al), n. Part of an animal unfit 
 for use; refuse; anything worthless. 
 [off and fall.] 
 
 offence. Same as offense. 
 
 offend (of- fend'). I. vt. Displease; make 
 angry; affront. II. vi. Sin; cause anger. 
 — offend 'er, n. [L.. ob, against, and 
 fendo, strike.] 
 
 offense (of-fens') n, 1. Act of offend- 
 ing; affront; insult; outrage. 2. Crime; 
 misdemeanor; sin. 3. Umbrage. 
 
 offensive (of-fen'siv). I. a. 1. Causing 
 offense; displeasing. 2. Disgusting. 
 
 3. Used in attack. 4. Making the first 
 attack. II. n. 1. Act of tbe attacking 
 party. 2. Posture of one who attacks. 
 — offensively, adv.— offensive- 
 ness, n. [See offend.] 
 
 offer (of'er). I. vt. 1. Make a proposal 
 to; lay before; present to the mind. 
 2. Attempt. 3. Propose to give. 4. 
 Present in worship. II. vi. 1. Present 
 itself; be at hand, 2. Declare a willing- 
 ness. III. n. Act of offering. 2. First 
 advance. 3. That which is offered; 
 proposal made. [L. ofero — ob, to- 
 wards, and fero, bring.] 
 
 offering (ofer-ing), n. 1. Act of mak* 
 ing an offer. 2. That which is offered; 
 sacrifice. 
 
 offertory (of'er-to-ri), n. 1. Words 
 sung or spoken during mass, or while 
 a collection is made. 2. Offerings. 
 
 offhand (af 'hand), a. and adv. At once; 
 without preparation. 
 
 office (of'is), n. 1. Settled duty or em- 
 ployment. 2. Public position of trust 
 or profit. 3. Act of worship. 4. Place 
 for business. 5. Persons in an office. 
 [L. officium — ops, aid, wealth, and 
 facio, make. 
 
 officer (of'i-ser). I. n. 1. One who holds 
 an office, esp. in the army or navy. 2. 
 Constable ;policeman. II. vt. 1. Furnish 
 with officers. 2. Command, as officers. 
 
 official (pf-fish'al). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to an office. 2. Depending on the prop- 
 er office or authority. 3. Done by au- 
 thority; authoritative. II. n. One who 
 holds an office, esp. a civil office.-— 
 officially, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woif, 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
officiate 
 
 377 
 
 Olympiad 
 
 officiate (of-fish'i-at), vi. Perform offi- 
 cial duties. 
 
 officinal (of-fis'inal), a. Approved, as 
 medicine kept prepared by apothe- 
 caries. [Fr.— L. officina, workshop.] 
 
 officions (of-fish'us), «. Too forward 
 in offering services; intermeddling.— 
 officiously, adv. — offi'ciousness, 
 n. [L. officiosus.] 
 
 offing: (af'mg), n. Part of the sea with 
 deep water distant from the shore. 
 
 offish (af'ish), a. Distant in manner. 
 
 offscouring- (af'skowr-ing), n. Any- 
 thing that is rejected or despised. 
 
 offset (af 'set). I. n. 1. Sum or value 
 set off against another as an equival- 
 ent. 2. Young shoot or bulk. 3. Teu- 
 race on a hillside. 4. Horizontal led- 
 ge on the face of a wall. 5. In sur- 
 veying, perpendicular from the main 
 line to an outlying point. II. vt. In 
 accounts, place against as an equiv- 
 alent; balance. 
 
 offshoot (af 'shot) , n. That which shoots 
 off the parent stem; anything grow- 
 ing out of another. [dren; issue. 
 
 offspring' (af spring), n. Child; chil- 
 
 oft (aft), often (a,f'n),- adv. Frequent- 
 ly; "many times." [A. S.] 
 
 oftimes(af'timz), oftentimes (af'n- 
 timz), adv. Many times; frequently. 
 
 ogle (o'gl). I. vt. Look at fondly with 
 side glances. II. vi. Practice ogling. 
 [Cf. Ger. aeugeln.~\ 
 
 ogre (o'ger), n. Man-eating monster 
 or giant of fairy tales. — o'g-ress,/e/w. 
 — o'g-reish, a. Like an ogre in char- 
 acter or appearance. [Fr.— L. orcus, 
 lower world.] [sorrow, etc. 
 
 oh (o),in,terj. Denoting surprise, pain, 
 
 ohm (om), n. Unit of electrical resis- 
 tance: the resistance of a column of 
 quicksilver 1 sq. millimeter in sec- 
 tion and 106 centimeters in length. 
 [Prof. Ohm, German electrician.] 
 
 oil (oil). I. n. Greasy liquid of ani- 
 mal, mineral or vegetable origin. II. 
 vt. Smear or anoint with oil.— oil- 
 cake (oil'kak), n. Cake made of flax- 
 seed, rape-seed, cotton-seed, etc., 
 from which the oil has been pressed 
 out.— oilcloth (oil'klath),tt. Painted 
 floor-cloth.— oily (oil'i), a. 1. Con- 
 sisting of. containing, or having the 
 qualities of oil. 2. Greasy.— oil'i- 
 ness, n. [O. Fr. oile— L. oleum.] 
 
 ointment (oint'ment), n. 1. Anything 
 used in anointing. 2. Greasy sub- 
 stance applied to diseased or wounded 
 parts. [O. Fr. oignement—Lt. unguen- 
 tum—ungo, smear.] 
 
 okra (6'kra), n. Annual plant whose 
 mucilaginous seed pods are used for 
 soup; gumbo. 
 
 old (old), a. I. Advanced in years. 2. 
 Having been long in existence. 3. 
 Decayed by time or use. 4. Out of. 
 date; ancient. 5. Having the age or 
 duration of. 6. Long practiced. 7. 
 Long-time; familiar; used as a terra 
 of affection or cordiality. — old'- 
 ness, ?i. — Old style (often written 
 with a date O. S.), the mode of reck- 
 oning time before 1752, according to 
 the Julian calendar or year of 365J4 
 days. [A. S. eald, old.] 
 Syn. Aged ; former. See ancient. 
 
 olden (ol'dn), a. Old; ancient. 
 
 oleag-inous(o-le-aj'in-us) , a. Oily. [L.] 
 
 oleander ( o-le-an'der), n. Evergreen 
 poisonous shrub with beautiful flow- 
 ers. [Fr. corrup. of rhododendron.] 
 
 oleaster ( o-le-as'ter ), n. Wild olive. 
 [L.— olea, olive-tree— Gr. elaia, olive.] 
 
 oleiferons (o-le-if'er-us), a. Producing 
 oil, as seeds. [L. oleum, and fero, bear.j 
 
 oleograph (6'le-o-graf), n. Print in 
 oil-colors to imitate an oil-painting. 
 [L. oleum, oil, and Gr. grapho, write.] 
 
 oleomargarine ( o-le-o-mar'ga-rin ), 
 n. Substitute for butter, variously 
 prepared from beef-tallow, nut-oil, 
 cotton-seed oil, etc.; butterine. [L. 
 oleum, oil, and margarin.] 
 
 olfactory (ol-fak'to-ri), a. Pertaining 
 to or used in smelling. [L. olfacto, 
 smell.] 
 
 oligarch (ol'i-gark), n. Member of an 
 oligarchy. — oligrarch'al, oli- 
 gfarch'ical, a. Pertaining to an oli- 
 garchy.— ol'ig-archy, n. 1. State 
 governed by a few. 2. Set of few per- 
 sons who rule. [Gr.— oligoi, few, and 
 arche, rule.] 
 
 olla podrida (ol'ya-p5-dre'da ), n. 1. 
 Spanish kind of stew. 2. Incongruous 
 mixture, [Sp. = putrid pot.] 
 
 olio (6'li-o), n. 1. Dish of different sorts 
 of meat and vegetables boiled togeth- 
 er. 2. In music. Medley. 
 3. Literary miscellany. 
 [So. olla— L. olla, pot.] 
 
 olive (ol'iv), n. 1. Tree 
 cultivated around the 
 Mediterranean for its 
 oily fruit. 2. Its fruit. 
 3. Dull green color like 
 the unripe olive. [L. 
 oliva.] 
 
 Olympiad (o-lim'pi-ad) , 
 n. In ancient Greece, a 
 period of four years, 
 being the interval be- 
 tween the Olympic 
 games, used in reckon- 
 ing time (the date of the 1st Olympiad 
 is 776b. a). [G. olympias — Olympia, 
 a district in Elis in ancient Greece.] 
 
 Olive branch. 
 
 tfcte, f»t| task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mtt; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 
 
Olympian 
 
 378 
 
 opacity 
 
 Olympian (o-lim'pi-an), Olym'pic, 
 a. Pertaining to Olympia, where the 
 Olympic games were celebrated, or to 
 Mt. Olympus, tbe fabled seat of the 
 gods. 
 
 omega (6'meg-aoro-me'ga), n. 1. Last 
 letter of the Greek alphabet. 2. The 
 end. [Gr. o mega, the great or long O ] 
 
 omelet (om'e-let), n. Pancake chiefly 
 of eggs. [Pr. omelette.] 
 
 ©men(o'men), n. Sign of some future 
 event; foreboding. [L.] 
 
 ominous (om'in-us), a. Pertaining to 
 or containing an omen, foreboding 
 evil ; inauspicious. — ominously, 
 adv. [omitted. 
 
 omissible (5-mis'i-bl),a. That may be 
 
 omission ( 6-mish'un ), n. 1. Act of 
 omitting or neglecting. 2. That which 
 is omitted. [L. omissio.] 
 
 omit (o-mif), vt. [omit'ting;omit'ted.] 
 1. Leave out. 2. Neglect; fail. [L. 
 omitto—ob, away, and mitto, send.] 
 
 omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. [pi. om'ni- 
 buses.] Large four-wheeled vehicle 
 for conveying many passengers. [L. 
 = for all. Dative pi. of omnis, all.] 
 
 omnipotence (om-nip'o-tens), om- 
 ni potency (om-nip'o-ten-si), n. Un- 
 limited power. — omnipotent (om- 
 nip'o-tent), a. All-powerful. 
 
 omnipresence ( om-ni-prez'ens ), n. 
 Universal presence; ubiquity. 
 
 omnipresent ( om-ni-prez'ent), a. 
 Present everywhere. [L. omnis, all, 
 and present.] 
 
 omniscience ( om-nish'ens ), n. Un- 
 limited knowledge or wisdom. 
 
 omniscient ( om-nish'ent), a. All- 
 knowing; infinitely wise. — omnis- 
 ciently, adv. [L. omnis, all, and 
 sciens, knowing.] 
 
 omnivorous (om-niv'o-rus), a. 1. All- 
 devouring. 2. Feeding on both ani- 
 mal and vegetable food. [L.— omnis, 
 all, and voro, devour.] 
 
 on (on). I. prep. 1. In contact with the 
 upper part of. 2. To and towards the 
 surface of. 3. Upon or in contact 
 with. 4. Not off. 5. At, near, or 
 during. 6. In addition to. 7. Toward; 
 for. 8. At the peril of. 9. In conse- 
 quence of. 10. Immediately after. II. 
 adv. 1. Above, or next beyond. 2. 
 Forward; in succession. 3. In con- 
 tinuance. 4. Not off. 5. About the 
 body. III. inter j. Go on! proceed I 
 [A. S. an.] 
 
 once (wuns). I. adv. 1. One single 
 time. 2, At a former time. II. conj. 
 After. III. n. One time.-— At once, im- 
 mediately ; simultaneously. [A. S. 
 anes, gen. of an, one, used as an adv. 
 See nonce.] 
 
 on dit (ang-de'). They say. [Fr.] 
 
 one (wun), pron. Person spoken of in- 
 definitely as in the phrase one should 
 think. |" Merely a special use of the 
 numeral one.] 
 
 one (wun), a. 1. Single in number. 2. 
 Forming a whole: undivided. 3. The 
 same.-it ow«, of one mind. [A.S.an.] 
 
 oneness ( wun'nes ), n. Singleness; 
 unity. 
 
 onerous (on'er-us), a. Burdensome; 
 oppressive.— on'erously, adv. [L.— 
 onus, burden.] 
 
 onesided (wun'sl-ded), a. Limited to 
 one side; partial; incomplete.— one- 
 si'dedness, n. 
 
 onion (un'yun), n. 1. Common plant, 
 with edible bulbous root. 2. Its' 
 bulb. JFr. oignon—Li. unio—^unus, one.] 
 
 only (o'n'li). I. a. 1. Single; solitary. 
 2. This above all others. II. adv. In 
 one manner; for one purpose; singly; 
 simply; no more than; merely; bare- 
 ly. III. conj. Excepting that; but. 
 [A. S. anlic—an, one, and lie, like.] 
 
 onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-o-pe'ya), a. 
 1. Formation of a word with resem- 
 blance in sound to that of the thing 
 signified, as "click", *' cuckoo". 2. 
 Such a word itself. 3. Use of such a 
 word.— onomatopoet'ic, a. [Gr.— on- 
 oma, name, andpoieo, make.] [sault. 
 
 onset ( on'set ), n. Violent attack; as- 
 
 onslaugnt ( on'slat ), n. Furious at- 
 tack. [A.S. on, on',' and sleaht, stroke.! 
 
 onto (on'to), prep. Upon, on. 
 
 ontology (on-tol'o-ji), n. Science that 
 ti*eats of the principles of pure being. 
 — outolog>'ic, ©ntolog'ical, a. — 
 ontol'og'ist, n. One versed in ontol- 
 ogy. [Gr. on, ontos, being, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 onus (6'nus), n. Burden. [L.] 
 
 onward (on'ward). I. a. Advancing; 
 advanced. II. adv. Toward a point in 
 front; forward, 
 
 onwards (on'wardz), adv. Onward. 
 
 onyx ( on'iks ), n. 1. Agate formed of 
 layers of chalcedony of different 
 colors. 2 Variety of marble, resem- 
 bling onyx; Mexican onyx marble. 
 [L.— Gr. onyx, finger-nail, gem.] 
 
 oolite (o'o-lit), n. Kind of limestone, 
 composed of grains like the roe of a 
 fish. — ©olit'ic, a. [From Gr. oon, 
 egg, and lithos, stone.] 
 
 ooze (6z). I. n. 1. Soft mud. 2. Gentle 
 flow. II. vi. Percolate, as a liquid 
 through pores; leak out slowly. [A. 
 S. wase, mud.] 
 
 oozy (o'zi),a. Resembling ooze; slimy. 
 
 opacity ( o-pas'i-ti ), n. Opaqueness; 
 obscurity^ 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, buruj oil, owl, then. 
 
opal 
 
 379 
 
 opposition 
 
 opal (o'pal), n. Precious stone of a 
 milky hue, remarkable for its chang- 
 ing colors. [Li. opalusA 
 
 opalescent (o-pal-es'ent), a. Reflecting 
 a milky or pearly light from within. 
 
 opaque (o-pak'), a. Not transparent.— 
 opaque'mess, n. [L. opacus.] 
 
 ope (op), vt. and vi. Open. 
 
 open (o'pn). I. a. 1. Not shut. 2. Free 
 of access. 3. Free from trees. 4. Not 
 fenced. 5. Not drawn together. 6. Not 
 frozen up. 7. Free to be used, etc. ; 
 public. 8. Without reserve; frank; 
 easily understood. 9. Generous; lib- 
 eral. 10. Clear. 11. Unbalanced, as an 
 account. 12. Free to be discussed. 13. 
 Liable to attack; exposed. 14. Utter- 
 ed with the mouth wide open. IJ n. 
 Clear space, on land or water. III. vt. 
 
 1. Make open. 2. Bring to view. 3. 
 Explain. 4." Begin. IV. vi. 1. Become 
 open; unclose; be unclosed, 2. Begin 
 to appear; begin. — o'penly, adv.— 
 openness, o'pener, n. [A. S.] 
 
 opening' (op'ning), n. 1. Open place; 
 
 breach ; aperture ; opportunity. 2. 
 
 Beginning; first appearance. 
 opera (op'er-a), n. 1. Musical drama. 
 
 2. Theater' for exhibiting operas. 
 opera-foonffe(op'er-a-b6f), n. Comic 
 opera. [Fr. — It. opera-buff a. See 
 buffoon.] — opera-glass (op'er-a 
 glas), n. Small double telescope for 
 use at operas, theaters, etc. [It.— L.. 
 opera. See operate.] 
 
 operate (op'er-at). I. vi. 1. Act; exert 
 power or strength. 2. Take effect. 
 
 3. Perform surgical work II. vt. 1. 
 Effect. 2. Put into activity ; work. 
 ]L. operor — opera, work.] 
 
 operatic (op-er-at'ik), a. Pertaining 
 to or resembling the opera. 
 
 operation (op-er-a'shun), n. 1. Act 
 or process of operating. 2. Agency; 
 influence. 3. Method of working. 4. 
 Action or movement. 5. Surgical 
 performance. 
 
 operative (op'er-a-tiv). I. a. 1. Having 
 the power of operating or acting. 2. 
 Exerting force. 3. Producing effects. 
 II. n. Workman in a factory.— op- 
 eratively, adv._ 
 
 operator (op'er-a-tur), n. One who 
 or that which operates or produces 
 an effect. [opera. [It.] 
 
 operetta (op-er-et'a), n. Short, light 
 
 ophidian (of-id'i-ah). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to serpents.* II. n. Serpent; 
 snake. [Gr. ophis, serpent.] 
 
 ophthalmia ( of-thal'mi-a), oph- 
 thalmy (of'thal-mi), n. Inflamma- 
 tion of the eye. [Gr. ophthalmos, eye. 
 
 ophthalmic' (of-thal'mik), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the eye; ocular. 
 
 Opossum. 
 
 ophthalmoscope (of-thal'mo-skop), 
 n. Instrument for examining the in- 
 terior of the eye. [Gr. ovhthalmo8 % 
 eye, and skopeo, look at.] 
 
 opiate (o'pi-at). I. a. 1. Any medi- 
 cine that contains opium, and induces 
 sleep. 2. That which induces rest. 
 II. a. Inducing sleep; causing rest. 
 
 opine ( o-pin' ), vi. Judge; suppose. 
 [Fr. opiner — Li. opinor, think.] 
 
 opinion (o-pin'yun), n. 1. 
 Conviction on probable 
 evidence; estimation; no- 
 tion. 2. Judgment. 
 
 opinionated (o-pin'yun- 
 at-ed), a. Firmly adher- 
 ing to one's own opinions; 
 obstinate. 
 
 opium (o'pi-um), n. Nar- 
 cotic juice of the white 
 poppy [L. — Gr. opion, 
 dim. from opos,_sap.] 
 
 opodeldoc (op-o-del'dok), 
 a. Mixture of soap, alco- 
 hol, camphor, etc. 
 
 opossum (o-pos'um), n. 
 American quadruped 
 v, ILL a prehensile tail. The 
 female carries her young in a pouch. 
 
 opponent (op-po'nent). I. a. Opposing. 
 II. n. One who opposes, esp. in debate. 
 
 - Syn. Adversary; antagonist; foe; 
 pnemy. 
 
 opportune ( op-or-tun' ), a. Present 
 ;tt a proper time; convenient. — 
 opportunely, adv.— opportune'* 
 ness, n.— opportunist, n. Politi- 
 cian who waits for events before de- 
 claring his opinions. [L,.—ob, before, 
 near, and portus. harbor.] 
 
 opportunity (op-or-tu'ni-ti), n. Op- 
 portune or convenient time; favorablo 
 occasion. 
 
 opposable (op-po'za-bl), a. 1. That 
 can be resisted. 2. That may be placed 
 opposite, as ths thumb to the other 
 fingers. 
 
 oppose (op-p5z'),I. vt. 1. Place as an 
 obstacle. 2. Resist. 3. Check. 4. 
 Compete with. II. vi. Make objection. 
 [Fr.— Li. ob, and Fr. poser, place.] 
 
 opposite (op'o-zit). I. a. 1. Placed 
 over against; standing in front. 2. 
 Contrasted with. 3. Contrary. II. n. 
 
 1. That which is opposed or contrary. 
 
 2. Opponent. [L. oppositus.] 
 opposition (op-o-zish'un), n. 1. State 
 
 of being opposite or opposed. 2. Act 
 of opposing ; resistance. 3. That 
 which opposes ; obstacle. 4. Party 
 that opposes the existing administra- 
 tion or the party in power. 5. In 
 astron. Situation of heavenly bodies 
 when 180 degrees apart. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn, oil, owl, then. 
 
©ppositive 
 
 380 
 
 or ch est ration 
 
 ©ppositive (op-poz'-i-tiv), a. That may 
 be opposed. 
 
 oppress (op-pres'), vt. 1. Use severely; 
 treat harshly; burden. 2. Lie heavy 
 upon; constrain; prostrate; depress. 
 [Fr.— L. opprimo, oppressue — ob, 
 against, and premo, press.] 
 
 oppression (op-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
 of oppressing or being oppressed. 2. 
 Tyranny; injustice. 3. Dullness; de- 
 pression. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 oppressive (op-pres'iv), a. 1. Tending 
 to oppress; unjustly severe. 2. Heavy; 
 overpowering.— oppress'Ively, adv. 
 —oppressiveness, n. [oppresses. 
 
 oppressor (op-pres'ur), n. One who 
 
 opprobrious ( op-pro'bri-us ), a. 1. 
 Expressive of opprobrium; abusive. 
 2. Infamous; despised. 
 
 opprobrium ( op-pro'bri-um ), n. 1. 
 Scurrilous or abusive language; 
 abuse. 2. Disgrace; reproach; in- 
 famy. [L. ob, against, and probrum, 
 reproach.] 
 
 oppugn (op-pun'), vt. Oppose; resist; 
 combat. [L.— ob, against, and pugaa, 
 fight.] 
 
 optative (op'ta-tiv or op-ta'tiv). I. a. 
 Expressing desire. II. n. In gram. 
 Mood of the verb expressing wish. — 
 op'tatively, adv. [L.—opto, wish.] 
 
 optic (op'tik). I. a. Relating to sight, 
 or to optics. II. n. Eye.— ©p'tical, 
 a. Optic. [Fr. optique—Qr. optikos— 
 root of ops, face.] 
 
 optician (op-tish'an), n. 1. One skilled 
 in optics; oculist.' 2. One who makes 
 or sells optical instruments. 
 
 optics (op'tiks), n. Science of the na- 
 ture and laws of vision and light. 
 
 optimism (op'tim-izm), n. 1. Doctrine 
 that everything in the world is ar- 
 ranged for the best. 2. Tendency to 
 take the most hopeful view of mat- 
 ters,— opp. to pessimism. [L. optimus, 
 best.] [adheres to optimism. 
 
 optimist { op'tim-ist), n. One who 
 
 option (op'shun), n. Right of choos- 
 ing, choice. 2 Right to sell or buy at 
 a future time and at a fixed price. [L.] 
 
 optional (op'shun-al), a. Left to one's 
 option or choice.— ©p'tionally, adv. 
 
 opulence ( op'u-lens ), n. Means; 
 riches; wealth. [opes, wealth. 
 
 opulent (op'u-lent), a. Wealthy. [L. 
 
 opus (o'pus), n. Work. [L.] 
 
 ©r (ar), conj. Marking an alternative, 
 nnd sometimes opposition. [Short 
 for other, modern either.] 
 
 oracle (or'a-kl), n. 1. Answer given 
 by the god's. 2. Place where the an- 
 swers were given. 3. The deity sup- 
 posed to give them. 4. One famed for 
 wisdom. [L. oraculum — oro, speak.] 
 
 oracular (o-rak'u-lar), a. I. Delivering 
 oracles. 2. Resembling oracles as in 
 authority, obscurity, etc. ; prophetic. 
 
 oral (o'ral), a. Uttered by the mouth; 
 spoken. — o'rally, a. [L. — os, oris, 
 mouth.] [OUTANG. 
 
 orang ( o-rang' ), n. Abbr. of ojrang- 
 
 orange (or'anj). I. n. 1. Tree with a 
 delightful gold-colored fruit. 2. Its 
 fruit. 3. Color composed of red and 
 yellow. II. a. 1. Pertaining to an 
 orange. 2. Orange - colored. [Fr. — ^ 
 Pers. naranj.] 
 
 Orangeman (or'anj-man), n. Member 
 of a secret soeiety 'instituted in 
 Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestant- 
 ism, British sovereignty, law and 
 order, etc. So called from William of 
 Orange. 
 
 orang-outang ( o-rang'o-tang'), n. 
 Large anthropoid ape, found in Bor- 
 neo and Sumatra. [Malay, orang utau, 
 man of the woods-.] 
 
 oration (o-ra'shuri) , n. Elaborate pub- 
 lic speech. [Li.—oro, speak.] 
 
 orator (or'a-tur), n. 1. Public speaker; 
 man of eloquence. 2.. Spokesman. 
 3. Plaintiff; petitioner, —fern, ora- 
 tress, or'atrix. 
 
 oratorical (or-a-tor'ik-al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to oratory ;'_becomi'ng an orator. 
 
 oratorio (or-a-to'ri-o), n. Kind of mu- 
 sical drama," usually founded on a 
 Scriptural subject. [It.] 
 
 oratory (or'a-to-ri), n. 1. Art of speak- 
 ing in public; eloquence. 2. Apart- 
 ment or building for private worship. 
 
 orb (arb). I. n. 1. Circle; orbit. 2. 
 Sphere ; celestial body. II. vt. 1. 
 Surround. 2. Form into an orb. — 
 orbed (arbd), a. Round. [L. orbis.] 
 
 orbicular (ar-bik'u-lar), a. Spherical; 
 round. [From L. orbiculus, dim. of 
 or&is.] 
 
 orbiculate (ar-bik'u-lat ), ©rbicu- 
 lated (ar-bik'u-la-ted), a. Circular.— 
 orbicuia'tion, n. 
 
 orbit (ar'bit), n. 1. Path described by 
 a celestial body in the heavens. 2. 
 Bony cavity for the eyeball.— orbit- 
 al, a. [L. orbita— orbis, circle.] 
 
 orchard (arch'ard), n. Garden of fruit- 
 trees. [A. S. orceard, orlgeard — wort, 
 herb, and geard, garden.] 
 
 orchestra ( ar'kes-tra ), n. 1. In the 
 Greek theater, place where the chorus 
 danced. 2. Part of a theater for the 
 musicians. 3. Performers in an or- 
 chestra. 4. Parquet of a theater. — 
 orchestral (ar'kes-tral or ar-kes'-), 
 a. [Qr.—orcheomai, dance.] 
 
 orchestration ( ar-kes- tra'shun), n. 
 Arrangement of music for an orches- 
 tra; instrumentation. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
orchid 
 
 381 
 
 original 
 
 Orchid. 
 
 orchid(ar'kid), n Orchidaceous plant 
 
 orchidaceous (ar-ki-da'sh us), a. Re 
 lating to a large" na- 
 tural order of plants 
 with beautiful, fra- 
 grant flowers of 
 curious shape. [Gr. 
 orchis.] 
 
 orchis (ar'kis), n. 
 Genus of'orchidace- 
 ous plants JGr.] 
 
 ordain (ar-dau'), vt. 
 
 I. Appoint; decree; 
 order 2 Invest 
 with ministerial 
 functions. [ O. Fr. 
 ordener—L,. ordino.'] 
 
 ordeal ((ar'de-al), n. 1. Ancient form 
 of trial by lot, 'fire, water, etc. 2. Any 
 severe trial or examination. [A. S. or- 
 del. Ger. urteil, judgment.] 
 
 order (ar'der). I. n. 1. Regular arran- 
 gement; method. 2. Proper state. 3. 
 Rule, 4. Regular government; tran- 
 quility. 5 Command. 6. Class. 7. 
 Society of persons. 8. Religious fra- 
 ternity. 9. Scientific division of ob- 
 jects. 10. System of the parts of 
 columns. 11. pi. Christian ministry. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Arrange 2. Command. 3. 
 Give an order for. III. vi. Give com- 
 mands. [Fr. ordre— L. ordo.] 
 
 orderly (ar'der-li). I. a. In order; re- 
 gular; well regulated; quiet. II. adv. 
 Regularly ; methodically. III. n. 
 Soldier who attends on an officer, esp. 
 for carrying official messages. — or- 
 derliness, n. 
 
 ordinal (ar'din-al). I. a. Showing order 
 or succession. II. n. 1. Number noting 
 order. 2. Ritual for ordination. 
 
 ordinance (ar'din-ans),w. That which 
 is ordained by authority; local law. 
 
 ordinary (ar'din-ar-i), a. 1. According 
 to the common order. 2. Of common 
 rank; plain.— ordinarily, adv. 
 
 Syn. Regular; usual; inferior; cus- 
 tomary; commonplace; common. 
 
 ordinate (ar'din-at), a. In order ; regu- 
 lar.— or'di'nately, acfa;. [See ordain.] 
 
 ordination (ar-din-a'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of ordaining'.' 2. Established order. 
 [See ordain.] [From ordinance.] 
 
 ordnance ( ard'nans ), h. Artillery. 
 
 ordure ( ar'd'ur ), h. Excrement. [Fr. 
 — O. Fr. ord, foul — L. horridus.] 
 
 ore ( or ), n. Metal in its unreduced 
 state; metal mixed with earthy and 
 other substances. [ A. S. ora — or, 
 brass.] 
 
 oread (o're-ad), n. Mountain nymph. 
 
 organ ( ar'gan ), n. 1. Instrument or 
 means by which anything is done. 2. 
 That by which a natural function is 
 
 carried on. 3. Musical instrument 
 with pipes, bellows, and keys. 4. 
 Medium of communication. [Gr. or- 
 ganon, implement.] [muslin. 
 
 organdy ( ar'gan-di ), n. Very thin 
 
 organic (ar-'gan'ik), organ'ical, a. 
 1. Pertaining to an organ. 2. Consist- 
 ing of, or containing, organs. 3. 
 Produced by the organs. 4. Instru- 
 mental. — organically, adv. 
 
 organism (ar'gan-izm), n. 1. Organic 
 structure. "2. Living being. 
 
 organist (ar'gan- ist), n. One who plays, 
 on the organ. ' 
 
 organization ( ar-gan-i-za'shun ), n, 
 
 1. Act of organizing. '2. State of being 
 organized. 3.That which is organized; 
 organism. 
 
 organize ( ar'gan -Iz ), vt. 1. Supply 
 with organs." 2. Form, as an organiz- 
 ed body; arrange, [ment. 
 
 orgasm (ar'gazm), n. Extreme excite- 
 
 orgeat (ar'zhat), n- Sirup made of bar- 
 ley (or almonds), sugar and orange- 
 flower water. [Fr.— orge, barley.] 
 
 orgies (ar'jiz), n pi. 1. Ceremonies in 
 the worship of Bacchus, distinguished 
 by furious revelry. 2. Revelry. [Gr. 
 orgia, secret rites, — ergo, work.] 
 
 oriel ( o'ri-el ), n. Deep bay window. 
 [O. Fr. oriol.) 
 
 orient (o'ri-ent). I. a. 1. Rising, as the 
 sun. 2. Eastern. 3. Shining. II. n. 
 Part where the sun rises; the east, 
 esp, the countries of Asia. [L. Oi'iens, 
 pr. p. of orior, rise.] 
 
 oriental (o-ri-en'ta"l). I. a. Eastern; 
 pertaining to, in, or from, Asia. II. n. 
 Native of the east or Asia. 
 
 orientalism (o-ri-en-'tal-izm), n. Ori- 
 ental doctrine,custom,expression,etc. 
 
 orientalist (5-ri-en'tal-ist), n. 1. One 
 versed in the eastern languages. 2. 
 Oriental. 
 
 orientate (5'ri-en-tat), vt. and vi. 1. 
 Turn toward the east. 2. Take one's 
 bearings. 3. Place a body, as a crys- 
 tal, so as to show the true relations 
 of its parts. — orienta'tion, n. 
 
 orifice (or'i-fis), n. Mouth; opening. 
 [L. — os, mouth, and facto, make.] 
 
 origin (or'i-jin), n. 1. First existence. 
 
 2. That from which anything first 
 proceeds. [L. origo— orior, rise.] 
 
 Syn. Birth ; cause ; derivation ; rise. 
 original (o-rij'in-al). I. a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the origin; first in order or 
 existence. 2. Not copied; not trans- 
 lated; genuine. 3. Having the power 
 to originate, as thought. II. n. 1. 
 Origin. 2. First form; precise lan- 
 guage used by a writer; untranslated 
 tongue. 3. Eccentric person.— orig'- 
 inally, adv.— original'ity, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
originate 
 
 382 
 
 ostentations 
 
 originate ( o-rfcj'in-at ). I vt. Give 
 origin to; bring into existence. II. 
 vi Have origin, begin — ©rig'in- 
 ator, n [It. originare — L. origo.] 
 
 origination (5-rij-in-a'shun), n. 1. 
 A.ct of originating or of coming into 
 existence. 2. Mode of production. 
 
 oriole (or'i-ol), n 1. Golden thrush of 
 Europe. 2. American hang-nest bird. 
 [O. Fr. oriol — L. aureolus, golden — 
 aurum, gold ] [constellations. 
 
 Orion (o-ri 'onj, n. In astr. One of the 
 
 orison (or'i-zun), n. Prayer. [O. Fr. 
 — L. oratio-^oro, pray.] 
 
 ormolu (or-mo-16'), n. Brass made to 
 look like gold [Fr. = ground gold.] 
 
 ornament (ar'na-ment). I. n. Any- 
 thing that adds" grace or beauty. II. 
 vt. Adorn.— ornamental, a. Serving 
 to adorn or beautify.— ornament- 
 ally, adv. — ornamentation, n. 
 [Tu.—omo, adorn.] 
 
 Syn. Adorn; beautify; decorate; em- 
 bellish; exalt; garnish; grace; honor; 
 deck; bedizen. 
 
 ornate (ar-naf), a. Ornamented; dec- 
 orated.— ornately, adv.— ornate- 
 ness, n. [L. omalus, pa. p. of orno.] 
 
 ornithological (ar-ni-tho-loj'ik-al), 
 a. Pertaining to ornithology. 
 
 ornithology (ar-ni-thol'o-ji), n. Sci- 
 ence of birds. — ornithol'ogist, n 
 One versed in ornithology. [Gr. omits, 
 bird, and logos, science.] 
 
 orography (o-rog'ra-fi), n. Science 
 of mountains; orolo'gy. [Gr.] 
 
 orotund (o'ro-tund), a. Round, rich 
 and musical,— said of the voice. [L. 
 os, mouth, and rotundus, round.] 
 
 orphan (ar'fan) I. n. Child bereft of 
 father or "mother, or of both. II. a. 
 Bereft of parents. III. vt. Bereave of 
 parents. [Gr. orphanos.] 
 
 orphanage (ar'fan- a]), n. 1. State of 
 an orphan. 2." House for orphans. 
 
 orrery (or'er-i), n. Machine to illus- 
 trate the motions of the heavenly 
 bodies. [Earl of Orrery.} 
 
 orris (oris), n. Species of iris, the 
 dried root of which has a smell of 
 violets, used in perfumery. [Prob. a 
 corruption of iris.] 
 
 orthodox (ar'tho-doks), a. 1. Sound 
 in doctrine ;' believing the received or 
 established opinions, esp. in Beligion. 
 2. According to the received doctrine. 
 -orthodoxy, n. [Gr. orthos, right, 
 and doxa, opinion.] 
 
 orthoepy (ar'tho-e-pi or ar-tho'e-pi), 
 n. In gram. Correct pronunciation of 
 words. — orthoep'ical, a. — or'tho- 
 epist. n. One versed in orthoepy. 
 [Gr. orthos, right, and epos, word.] 
 
 orthographer (ar-thog'ra-fer),w. One 
 who spells words correctly. 
 
 orthographic (ar-tho-graf'ik), or* 
 thographical (ar-tho-graf'ik-al), a. 
 Pertaining or according to orthogra- 
 phy ; spelt correctly.— or t hog rap h'- 
 ieaily, adv. 
 
 orthography (ar-thog'ra-fi), n. Cor- 
 rect spelling; mode of spelling. [Gr 
 —orthos, right, and grapho, write.] 
 
 orthopedy (ar-thop'e-di), n. Cure of 
 bodily deformities. [Gr. orthos, right, 
 a,n<i pais, child.] 
 
 ortolan (ar'to-lan), n. European sing- 
 ing bird oonsidered a great delicacy. 
 [It. ortolano—Li.hortolanus.'] 
 
 oscillate (os'il-lat), vi. Move to and 
 fro ; fluctuate : vibrate. — oscilla- 
 tion, n.— os'ciliatory,a. Swinging. 
 [Li. oscillo, swing.] 
 
 ostensoriaam (os-ten-so'r i-u m), n. 
 Transparent receptacle in which con- 
 secrated host is presented for the con- 
 gregation's adoration. 
 
 oscnlate (os'ku-lat), vt. 1. Kiss. 2. 
 Touch as two curves that have a com- 
 mon curvature at the point of con- 
 tact.— oscula/tion, n. U^.—osculum, 
 kiss, dim. of os, mouth.] 
 
 oscwlatory (os'ku-la-to-ri), a. Of, f*r 
 pertaining to, kissing. 2. Having me 
 same curvature at point of contact. 
 
 osier (6'zher). I. n. Willow, especially 
 the water-willow. II. a. Made of 
 willow twigs. [Fr.] 
 
 osmium (oz'mi-um), n. Gray-colored 
 metal found with platinum. It is the 
 hardest metal and heaviest body 
 known, and is used in electric incan- 
 descent lamps. [L— Gr. osme, smell.] 
 
 osprey, ospray (os'pra),?*. Fishhawk 
 
 osseons(os'e-us), a. Bony; resembling, 
 or of, bone. [L. osseus—qs,ossis, bone.] 
 
 ossification ( os-si-n-ka'sbun ), n. 1. 
 Change or stateof being changed into 
 a bony substance. 2. Ossified mass. 
 
 ossify (os'i-fi). I. vt. [os'sifying; os'si- 
 fied.] Make into bone or into a bone- 
 like substance. II. vi. Become bone, 
 [L. ossifico — os, and facio, make.] 
 
 ostensible (os-ten'si-bl), a. Professed; 
 avowed; pretended; apparent; not 
 real.— ostensibly, adv. — ostensi- 
 bil'ity. n. [Li.—ostendo, show.] 
 
 ostentation (os-ten-ta'shun), n. Mak- 
 ing a display; ambitious display.— 
 osten'sive, «.— osten'sively, adv. 
 tiyn. Boasting; pompj parade. 
 
 ostentatious ( os-ten-ta'sbus ), a 1. 
 Given to show; fond of self -display; 
 pretentious. 2. Intended for display. 
 — ostenta'tiously , adv.— oste«ta'« 
 tiousness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then, 
 
osteology 
 
 333 
 
 outlast 
 
 osteology (os-te-ol'o-ji), n. That part 
 of anatomy which treats of the 
 bones.— osteol'oger, osteologist, 
 
 n. One versed in osteology. [Gr. 
 osteon, bone, and logos, science.] 
 
 osteopath (os'te-o-path), n. One who 
 practices osteopathy. — osteop- 
 athy, n. Treatment of diseases by 
 manipulation of bones, muscles, etc. 
 [Gr. osteon, bone, and pathos, disease.] 
 
 ostracism (os'tra-sizm), n. Banish- 
 ment by ostracizing. 
 
 ostracize (os'tra-fiz), vt. 1. Banish, as 
 in ancient Greece, by popular vote 
 written on sherds [Gr. ostrakizo — 
 ostrakon, shell.] 
 
 ostreophagist ( os-tr§-of'a-Jist ), n. 
 One that eats oysters. [Gr. ostreon, 
 oyster, an&phagein, eat.] 
 
 ostrich (os'trich), n. Largest of birds, 
 found in Africa, remarkable for its 
 speed in running, and prized for its 
 plumes. [O. P. ostruche — L. avis 
 struthio—Gr. struthion. bird.] 
 
 otalgia (o-tal'ji-a), n. Earache. [Gr.] 
 
 other (uth'er), a. and .prow. 1. Different; 
 not the same. 2. Additional. 3. Sec- 
 ond of two. [A. S. other. Ger. ander.\ 
 
 otherwise (ulh gr-wiz), adv. 1. In an- 
 other manner. 2. By other causes. 
 3. In other re- 
 spects. 
 
 otter (ot'er), n. 
 " --".rge kind of 
 weasel-like an- 
 imal living on 
 fish. [A.S. otor, 
 oter.] 
 
 otto (ot'o), ottar (ot'ar), attar (af- 
 ar), n. Fragrant oil obtained from 
 certain flowers, esp. the rose. [Ar. 
 'itr—atira, smell sweetly.] 
 
 Ottoman (ot'o-man). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the Turkish Empire, founded by 
 Othman (or Osman) in 1299. II. n. l. 
 Turk. 2. Low, stuffed seat without 
 back, first used in Turkey. [Pr.] 
 
 ought, n. Same as aught.. 
 
 ought (at), vi. 1. Be under moral 
 obligation. 2. Be proper or neces- 
 sary. [Prom owed, pa. t. of owe.] 
 
 ounce(owns), n. 4. Sixteenth part of a, 
 pound avoirdupois = 437% troy grs. 
 2. Twelfth part q| a pound troy=480 
 grs. [L. uncia, twelfth part.] 
 
 ounce (owns), n. Feline carnivorous 
 animal of Asia, allied to the leopard. 
 [Pr. once.] 
 
 our (owr), a. Pertaining or belonging 
 to us. [A. S. ure, gen. pi. of us.] [us. 
 
 ours (owrz), pron. poss. Belonging to 
 
 ourself (owr-self), pron. Myself, (in 
 the regal style).— ourselves(-selvz'), 
 pi. "We, not others; -us,] 
 
 Otter. 
 
 ousel, ouzel (o'zl), n. Kind of thrush. 
 [A. S. osle. Ger. amsel.] 
 
 oust (owst), vt. Eject; expel. [O. Fr. 
 oster (Fr. oter), remove.] [session. 
 
 ouster (ows'ter), n. Ejection; dispos- 
 
 out(owt). I. adv. 1. Without, not in. 
 2. To or beyond the limit in any sense, 
 as of concealment, time, existence, 
 supply, control, possession, truth, 
 accord, a game, strength, etc. 3. 
 Forth; in extension. — Out and away, 
 by far.— Out and out, completely; un- 
 qualified.— Out of, out from; prompted 
 by; from among; without; far from. 
 II. n. 1. Person not in office, generally 
 in pi. 2. Matter omitted in setting 
 up copy. III. inter j. Away I be gone I 
 [A. S. ute, ut. Ger. aus.] 
 
 outbid (owt-bid'), vt. Surpass by of 
 fering a higher price. 
 
 outbreak; (owt'brak), n. Breaking 
 out; eruption. [explosion. 
 
 outburst (owt'burst), n. Bursting out; 
 
 outcast (owt'kast). I. a. Exiled; in- 
 jected. II. n. Person banished; exile. 
 
 outcome (owt'kum), n. Issue; conse 
 quence. 
 
 outcrop (owt'krop), n. Exposure of 
 a stratum at the earth's surface. 
 
 outery(owt'kri), n. Loud cry of dis- 
 tress. 
 
 outdo (owt-do')_, vt. Surpass; excel. 
 
 outdoor (owt'dor or owt-dSr'), a. Out- 
 side the house ; in the open air. 
 
 outdoors (owt-dorz'), adv. Out of the 
 house; abroad. [to inner. 
 
 outer (owt'er), a. External:— opposed 
 
 outermost (owt'er-most), a. Furthest 
 out; most distant. 
 
 outface ( owt-fas'), vt. Stare out of 
 countenance; defeat by assurance. 
 
 outfit (owt'fit), n. Complete equip- 
 ment. 
 
 outflank (owt-flangk'), vt. Extend the 
 flank of one army beyond that of an- 
 other; turn the flank of. 
 
 outgeneral (owt-jen'er-alX, vt. Outdo 
 in generalship. [lay. 
 
 outgo (owt'go), n. Expenditure; out- 
 outgoing (owt'go-ing). I. n. 1. Act or 
 state of going out. 2. Expenditure. II. 
 a. Departing. 
 
 outgrow (owt-gro'). vt. 1. Grow be- 
 yond or surpass in growth. 2. Grow 
 out of. 
 
 outhouse (owt'hows), n. Small build- 
 ing outside a dwelling house. 
 
 outing (owt'ing), n. Act of going out; 
 pleasure excursion. 
 
 outlandish (owt-land'ish), a. 1. For- 
 eign; strange. 2. Rude; vulgar. [A.S. 
 utlendisc] [than. 
 
 outlast ( owt-last' ), vt. Last longer 
 
 fite, >*, frask, far, fall, fare, above i m% met, h€r; mite, mit> note, not, move, wolf; 
 -. mute. hut. burn, oil, owl, than. 
 
outlaw 
 
 884 
 
 over 
 
 otitlrcw (owt'la). I. n. 1. One de- 
 prived of the protection of the law. 2. 
 Robber or bandit. II. vt. Deprive of 
 the benefit of the law; deprive of 
 legal force. 
 
 outlawry ( owt'la-ri ), n. Putting or 
 being out of the protection of the law. 
 
 outlay (owt'la), n. Expenditure. 
 
 outlet (owt'let), n. Passage out. 
 
 outline (owt'lin). I. n. 1. Outer or ex- 
 terior line. 2. Sketch without shad- 
 ing; rough draft. II. vt. 1. Draw the 
 exterior line of. 2. Delineate; sketch. 
 
 outlive ( owt-liv' ), vt. Live beyond; 
 survive. 
 
 ©utlook(owt'lok),w. 1. Watch. 2. Pros- 
 pect. 2 Place' from Which one looks 
 out. 
 
 outlying- (owt'li-ing), a. Lying out or 
 beyond; on the exterior or frontier. 
 
 outmaneuver (owt-ma-no'ver ), vt. 
 Surpass in manouvring. [marching. 
 
 outmarch(owt-march'),fl£. Surpass in 
 
 outmost ( owt'most ), a. Outermost. 
 
 outnumber ( owt-hurn'ber ), vt. Ex- 
 ceed in number 
 
 outpost (owt'post), n. l.Post or sta- 
 tion beyond the main body of an 
 army. 2. Troops placed there. 
 
 outpour (owt-por'), vt. Pour out. 
 
 outpour (owt'por), n Violent outflow. 
 
 outpouring- (owt'por-ing),n. Pouring 
 out; abundant supply. 
 
 output (owt'pot), n. Quantity pro- 
 duced within a certain time. 
 
 outrage (owt'raj). I. n. Violence; ex- 
 cessive abuse; wanton mischief. II 
 vt. Treat with excessive abuse; injure 
 by violence. [Pr. — O. Fr. oultrage — 
 Low L. ultragium— ultra, beyond.] 
 Syn. Affront; insult. 
 
 outrageous (owt-ra'jus),' a. Violent, 
 furious; atrocious. — ontra'geous- 
 ly, adv.— outra'geousness, h. 
 
 outrank (owt-rangk'), vt. Exceed in 
 rank. 
 
 outre (o-tra'), a. Extravagant; over- 
 strained. [Fr. oatrer— outre— L,. ultra, 
 beyond.] [tend beyond. 
 
 outreach (owt-rech'), vt. Reach or ex- 
 outride (owt-rld'). ftf. Ride faster than. 
 
 outrider (owt'ri-der), n Servant on 
 horseback who attends a carriage. 
 
 outrigger (owt'rig-er), n. 1. Project- 
 ing spar for extending sails or any 
 part of the rigging. 2. Apparatus 
 fixed to a boat to increase the leverage 
 of the oar. 3. Boat with this appara- 
 tus. 4. Device fixed to side of a boat 
 to prevent upsetting. 
 
 outright (owt'rit), adv. 1. Immedia- 
 tely. 2. Completely. 
 
 outrival (owt-iTval), vt. To surpass. 
 
 outrun (owt-run')» Vt. Go beyond- in 
 
 running; exceed. 
 outsail (owt-sal'), vt. Sail faster than. 
 outset (owt'set), n. Beginning. 
 outshine ( owt-shm' ), vt. Excel in 
 
 shining. 
 outside (owt'sid). I. h. Surface; ex 
 
 terior; limit II. a. 1. On the outside 
 
 2. Superficial. [member or party 
 outsider ( owt'sl-der), n. One not a 
 oiitskirt (owt'skert),». Border; outer 
 
 edge. [bold of speech. 
 
 outspoken (owt'spo-ken), a. Frank or 
 
 outspread (owt-spred'), vt. Spread 
 out or over. 
 
 outstanding ( owt-stand'ing), a. 
 Standing out;unc011ected; remaining 
 unpaid. [or spread out; extend. 
 
 outstretch (owt-strech'), vt. Stretch 
 
 outstrip ( owt-strip' ), Vt. Outrun; 
 leave behind. 
 
 outvie ( owt-vi' ) , vt. Go beyond in 
 vying with; exceed; surpass. 
 
 outvote (owt-vof), vt. Defeat by a 
 greater number of votes. 
 
 outward (owt'ward). I. a. 1. Towards 
 the outside; external; exterior. II. 
 adv. (Also Out'wards.) 1. Toward 
 the exterior. 2. To a foreign port. 
 
 outwardly (owt'ward-li), adv. In an 
 outward manner; externally. 
 
 outweigh (owt-wa'), vt. Exceed in 
 weight or importance. 
 
 outwit (owt-wif), vt. [outwit'ting ; 
 outwit'ted.] Surpass in wit or in- 
 genuity ; defeat by superior cunning. 
 
 outwork (owt'wurk), n. Minor forti- 
 fication outside the principal wall. 
 
 ouzel. Same as ousbjj. 
 
 oval (6'val). I. a. Having the shape of 
 an egg. II. n. Anything oval; ellipse, 
 — o'vally, adv. [Fr. ovale— L. ovum, 
 egg.] 
 
 ovary (o'va-ri), n. Organ or part in 
 which an egg or seed is formed. — 
 ova'rian, a. [Low L. ovarid — L. 
 ovum, egg.] [Egg-shaped. 
 
 ovate (o'vat), ovated (6'va-ted), a. 
 
 ovation (o-va'shun), n. 1. In ancient 
 Rome, a lesser triumph. 2. Outburst 
 of popular applause. [L. ovatio—ovo, 
 shout.] 
 
 oven (uv'n), n. Arched cavity over 
 a fire for baking, heating, or drying; 
 any apparatus used for the same 
 purpose. [A. S. ofen.] 
 
 over (o'ver). I. prep, 1. Above. 2. Across. 
 
 3. About. 4. Through. II. adv. 1. 
 Above. 2. Across. 3. From one to 
 another. 4. Above in measure; too 
 much; to excess. 5. Completely. 6. 
 Again. 7. Ended. III. a. 1. Upper or 
 outer. 2. Beyond. 3 Past. [A.S.ofer.] 
 
 t&be, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolfj 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, • 
 
overact 
 
 385 
 
 oversee 
 
 overact (6- ver-akt'), vt. and vi. Act to 
 excess. 
 
 overalls (o'ver-alz), n Loose trousers 
 worn over others to protect them. 
 
 overarch (o-ver-arch'), vt Arch over. 
 
 overawe ( 6-ver-a' ), vt Restrain by 
 fear or superior influence 
 
 overbalance (o-ver-bal'ans) I vt. Ex- 
 ceed in weight, value, or importance. 
 IE. n. Excess of weight or value. 
 
 overbear (o-ver-bar' ), vt. Bear down 
 or overpower; overwhelm. 
 
 overbearing: (o- ver-b ar ' ing), a. 
 Haughty and dogmatical; imperious. 
 
 overboard (o'ver-bord),a<7f. Over the 
 board or side ;_ out of a ship. 
 
 overburden (o-ver-bur'dn), vt. Burden 
 overmuch. 
 
 overcast (6-ver-kasf), vt. Cloud ; cover 
 with gloom. 2. Sew over slightly. 
 
 overcharge (o-ver-ckarj'),t'£. 1. Load 
 with too great a charge. 2. Charge 
 too much.— overcharge, n. Exces- 
 sive load or burden ; excessive charge. 
 
 overcloud ( o-ver-klowd' ), vt. Cover 
 over with clouds.] 
 
 overcoat (o'ver-kot), n. Coat over all 
 tlie other dress; greatcoat; top-coat. 
 
 overcome (o-ver-kuui'), vt. and vi. Get 
 the better of: conquer, be victorious. 
 
 overdo (o-ver-db'), vt. and vi. 1. Do 
 rermuch. 2. Fatigue. 3. Exaggerate. 
 
 overdone (5-ver-dun'), a. 1. Overact- 
 ed. 2. Fatigued. 3. Cooked too much. 
 
 overdose (o'ver-dos], n. Too large a 
 dose. [much. 
 
 overdose (5-ver-dos'), vt. Dose over- 
 overdraw ( b-ver-dra' ), vt. 1. Draw 
 overmuch. 2. Draw beyond one's cred- 
 it. 3. Exaggerate. 
 
 overdue (6-ver-du'), a. 1. Beyond the 
 time at which it is due, or to be paid 
 2. Behind the time assigued._ 
 
 overestimate (o-ver-es'tim-at). I. vt. 
 Estimate too highly. II. n. Excessive 
 estimate 
 
 overflow (o-ver-flo') I vt. Flowo<rer; 
 flood; overwhelm; cover, as with 
 numbers II. vi._ Run over ; abound. 
 
 overflow (o'ver-flo) , n. 1. Flowing over 
 2. Inundation. 3. Superabundance. 
 
 ©verflowing(o-ver-fio'ing) I a. Flow- 
 ing over; abundant. II. n. Abundance; 
 copiousness_. 
 
 overgrow (o-ver-gro'). I. vt. Grow be- 
 yond; rise above; cover with growth. 
 II. vi Grow beyond the proper size. 
 
 overhand (o'ver-hand). I. a. Over and 
 over. II. n. Upper hand;mastery. 
 
 overhang ( o-ver-hang' ), vt. and vi. 
 Hang over; project over; impend. 
 
 Overhaul ( 6-ver-haT), vt. 1. Haul or 
 draw over, turn over for examina- 
 tion. 2. Overtake in a chase. 
 
 overhaul ( o'ver-hal ), n Hauling 
 over; examination"; repair. 
 
 overhead (6-ver-hed'), a Over the 
 head; aloft; in the zenith. 
 
 overhear (o-ver-ner'), vt. Hear what 
 was not intended to be heard; hear 
 by accident [issue 
 
 overissue (o'ver ish-u), n. Excessive 
 
 overissue (o-\er-ish*u), vt. Issue in 
 excess. 
 
 overjoy (o-ver joi'), vt. Fill with great 
 joy; transport with delight or glad- 
 ness, [transport. 
 
 overjoy (o'yer-joi), n. Joy to excess; 
 
 overland (o'ver-land), a. Entirely or 
 principally by land. 
 
 overlap (o-ver- lap'), vt. Lao over. 
 
 overlay (o-ver-la'), vt. 1. Sp'read over 
 2. Cover completely. 3. Overlie; 
 smother by lyingupon. 
 
 overleap (o-ver-lep'), vt. Leap over; 
 ignore. [upon. 
 
 overlie (o-yer-li') 1 vt Lie above or 
 
 overload (o-ver-lod'), vt. Load or fill 
 overmuch._ 
 
 overlook. (o-vevAo'k'),vt. 1. Look over; 
 be higher. 2. Inspect. 3. Neglect by 
 carelessness or inadvertence. 4. Pass 
 by indulgently; pardon. 5. Slight. 
 
 overmaster (o-ver-mas'ter), vt. Con- 
 quer; overpower. 
 
 overmatch (o-ver-mach'), vt. Be more 
 than a match for; defeat. [Too much, 
 
 overmuch (o-vet'-mucli'), a. and adv 
 
 overnice (o-ver-nis'), a. Fastidious. 
 
 overnight (over-nit'), adv During 
 the night. 
 
 overpass (5-ver-pas'), vt. Pass over 
 
 overpay (o-ver-pa'), vt. Pay too much. 
 
 overplus (6'yer-plus), n. Surplus. 
 
 overpower (o-ver-pow'erl , vt. Have oi 
 gain power over; subdue. 
 Syn. Overcome. See conquer. 
 
 overrate(o-ver-rat'),j>£. Rate too high. 
 
 overreach ( o-ver-rech' ). I. vt. 1. 
 Reach or extend beyond. 2. Cheat. II. 
 vi. Strike the hindfoot against the 
 forefoot, as a horse. 
 
 override (o-ver-rid'), vt. 1. Ride over; 
 trample down. 2. Annul; destroy. 3. 
 Ride too much. 
 
 overrule (o-ver -rol'), vt. 1. Influence 
 by greater power. 2. In law Super- 
 sede; reject. 
 
 overrun (o-ver-run') I. vt. 1. Run or 
 spread over; grow over 2. Spread 
 over and take possession of. 3 Print, 
 Carry over parts of Hues, columns, 
 etc., in corrections. II. vi. Run over. 
 2. Print. Extend beyond the proper 
 or desired_ length. 
 
 oversea (o_-ver-se_'), adv. Abroad. 
 
 oversee ( o-ver-se' ). vt. See or look 
 over; superintend. 
 
 tile, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mf, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, miive» woifj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
overseer 
 
 389 
 
 oxidize 
 
 Overshot wheel. 
 
 overseer ( o-ver-se'er ) , n. One who 
 oversees; superintendent. 
 
 overset ( 6-ver-set' ), vt. Turnover; 
 upset; overthrow. 
 
 overshadow ( o'ver-shad'6 ), vt. 1. 
 Throw a shadow over. 2. Shelter or 
 protect. [over another. 
 
 overshoe (o'ver-sho), n. Shoe worn 
 
 overshoot (o-ver-shof). I. vt. 1. Shoot 
 over or beyond, as a mark. 2. Pass 
 swiftly over. II. vi. Shoot or fly be- 
 yond the mark. 
 
 overshot (o'ver- 
 sho t), a. Having 
 the water fall- 
 ing from above, 
 as a wheel. 
 
 oversight(o*ver- 
 sit), n. 1. Super- 
 intendence. 2. 
 Failing to no- 
 tice ; mistake ; 
 omission. 
 
 oversleep (o-ver- 
 siep'), vi. Sleep too long. 
 
 overspread ( o-ver-spred' ). I. vt. 
 Spread over; scatter over. II. vi. Be 
 spread oven 
 
 overstate (o-ver-staf), vt. State over 
 or above; exaggerate. — overstate'- 
 ment, n- [yond the limits of. 
 
 overstay (_5-ver-sta'), vt. Remain be- 
 
 overstep(o-ver-step'), vt. Step beyond; 
 exceed. [much; fill too full. 
 
 overstock(o-ver-stok'), vt. Stock over- 
 overstrain ( o-ver-stran'), vt. and vi. 
 Strain or stretch too much. 
 
 •T>vert (6'vert),a. Open to view; public; 
 apparent.— o'vertly,acto. [Pr ouvert.] 
 
 overtake ( o-ver-tak' ), vt Come up 
 with; catch; come upon. 
 
 overtask (over-task'), vt Task over- 
 much; impose too heavy a task on. 
 
 overtax(o-ver-taks'),^^.Tax overmuch. 
 
 overthrow ( 6-ver-thro' ), vt. Throw 
 down; upset; demolish. 
 Syn. Ruin; prostrate. See conquek. 
 
 overthrow ( o'ver-thro ), n. Act of 
 overthrowing or state of being over- 
 thrown; ruin; defeat. 
 
 overtime (o'ver-tlm), n. Time beyond 
 regular hours; extra time. 
 
 overtop (o-ver-top'), vt Rise over the 
 top of; surpass; obscure. 
 
 overtrade(o-vei , -trad'), vi. Trade over- 
 much, beyond capital or demand. 
 
 overture (o'ver-tur), n. 1. Proposal. 
 2. In music. Piece introductory to an 
 opera or ballet. [Fr. ouverture.'] 
 
 overturn ( o-ver-turn'), vt. Throw 
 down; subvert; ruin. 
 
 overturn, (o'ver-turn), n. State of be- 
 ing overturned. [overmuch. 
 
 ■fts'ervalue (o-ver-val'u), vt. Value 
 
 overweening(5-ver-we'ning),a.Thmk 
 iug too highly; conceited; vain. 
 
 overweigh (o-ver-wa'), vt. Outweigh. 
 
 overweight (6'ver-wat), , n. Weight 
 beyond what is required or is just. 
 
 overwhelm (o-ver-hwelm'), vt. Over- 
 spread and crush by something heavy 
 or strong; immerse and bear down; 
 overcome. [See whelm.] 
 
 overwise ( o-ver-wiz' ), a. Wise over- 
 much; affectedly wise.— overwise'- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 overwork ( o-ver-wurk r ), vt. and vi. 
 Work overmuch or beyond the 
 strength; tire. 
 
 overwork (6'ver-wurk), n. Excess of 
 work; excessive labor. 
 
 overwrought ( over-rat' ), a. Ovei'- 
 worked; excited or worked on to ex- 
 cess, [form of an egg. 
 
 oviform ( 6'yi-farm ), a. Having the 
 
 oviparous (o-vip'a-rus), a Bringing 
 forth eggs. [L. ovum, egg, and pario. 
 bring forth.] 
 
 ovipositor ( o-vi-pos'i-ter ), n. Organ 
 of insects, etc., with which they de- 
 posit their eggs. 
 
 ovoid (o'void), a. Oval or egg shaped. 
 [L. ovum, egg, and Gr. eidos, form.] 
 
 ovum (o'vum), n. [pi. o'va.] 1. Egg. 2. 
 Germ formed within_the ovary. [L.] 
 
 owe(o),^. and vi 1. Be bound to pay, 
 give, or do. 2. Be obliged for. f A. S, 
 
 agan.] 
 
 owl (owl), n. Nocturnal carnivorous 
 bird, noted for its large eyes and hoot- 
 ing cry. [A.S. ule ] [Dim. of owl.] 
 
 ©w3et (owl'et), n. Small or young owl. 
 
 owlish (owl'ish), a Like an owl. 
 
 own (or\),vt. Grant; acknowledge. [A 
 S. unnan. Ger. gonnen, to grant.] 
 
 own (on), vt. Possess; have a rightful 
 title to. [A.S. agnian — agen, one's 
 own.] [A. S. agen. Ger. eigen.] 
 
 own (on), a. Belonging to; peculiar. 
 
 owner (o'rier) n. One who owns or 
 possesses.— own'crship, n. 
 
 ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen (oks'n).] 1. Ru- 
 minant quadruped of the bovine fanr 
 ily. 2. Male of the cow used as a 
 beast of draft. [A. S. oxa, pi. oxan.] 
 
 oxalic (oks-al'ik), a. Pertaining to or 
 obtained from sorrel. — Oxalic acid, 
 very poisonous acid, used for bleach- 
 ing straw, in dyeing, etc. 
 
 oxalis (oks'a-iis)>?i. Wood-sorrel. [Gr 
 —oxys, acid.l [process of oxidizing. 
 
 oxidation ( oks-i-da'shun ), n. Act or 
 
 oxide (oks'id), n. Compound of oxygen 
 and another element. 
 
 ozidizable (oks-i-di'za-bl), a. Capable 
 of being oxidized. 
 
 oxidize ( oks'i-dlz ), vt. Change into, 
 j or combine with, an oxide. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than, 
 
oxygen 
 
 387 
 
 pad 
 
 oxygen (oks'i-jen), n. Gas -without 
 taste, color, or smell, forming part of 
 the air, water, etc , and supporting 
 lii'e and combustion. [Lit. "that 
 which generates acids," from Gr. 
 oxys, acid, and gennao, generate.] 
 
 oxygenate (oks'i-jen-at), oxygenize 
 (oks'i-jen-iz), vt. and vi. Unite with 
 oxygen.— oxygena'tion, n. 
 
 oxygenous (oks ij'en us), a Pertain- 
 ing to. or obtained from, oxygen. 
 
 oxytone (oks'i ton), a. 1. Having an 
 acute sound. 2. Having the acute ac- 
 cent on the last syllable. LGr. oxys, 
 sharp, and tonos, tone, accent.] 
 
 oyer (o'yer), n. Hearing.— Oyer and ter- 
 
 miner: Name given in some States o\ 
 the U. S. to certain courts, usually 
 confined to hearing and determining 
 criminal cases [Norm. Fr oyer, (Fr. 
 ouir) — Li. audire, hear.] 
 
 oyez, oyes (o'yes), inter j. Hear ye 
 (Introductory call ot a public crier 
 for attention ) [Norm Fr.j 
 
 oyster (ois'ter), n. Edible bivalve sbel* 
 fish. [O. Fr. oistre — Lt ostrea—Gv. 
 ostreon.joystev.— osteon, bone.] , 
 
 ozone (o'zon), n. Name given to a 
 modification of oxygen, being one and 
 a half times as dense, showing in- 
 creased chemical activity and marked 
 by a peculiar smell. [Gr. ozo, smell] 
 
 HP» ( P© )>». Sixteenth letter of 
 the English alphabet. With h it 
 forms the digraph ph, which is 
 pronounced like /, and occurs 
 in words derived from the 
 Greek. As an initial before n, s, and 
 t, it is silent, as in pneumatics, 2jsalm, 
 ptomain. It is silent also in the words 
 raspberry, receipt, and corps. 
 
 pa (pa), n. Same as papa. 
 
 pabulum (pab'u-lum), n. That which 
 feeds or nourishes. [~Li.—pasco, feed.] 
 
 paca(pa'ka), n. So. American Guinea 
 pig. [Port.] 
 
 pace (pas). I. n. 1. Space left between 
 the feet in one step, measured from 
 heel to heel, and varying from 30 to 
 36 inches. 2. Step. 3. Gait; rate of 
 motion (of a manor beast). 4. Mode 
 of stepping in horses in which the 
 legs on the same side are lifted to- 
 gether; amble II- vt. 1. Measure by 
 steps 2 Cause to progress. 3. Regu- 
 late in motion. III. vi. 1. Walk; walk 
 slowly. 2. Amble.— pacer (pa'ser, n. 
 [Fr pas— L. passus, st6p.] 
 
 pachyderm (pak'i-derm), n. [pi. pach.'- 
 yderms or pachyderm'ata.J One of 
 an old order of non-ruminant, hoofed 
 mammals, distinguished for the thick- 
 ness of their skin, as the elephant. 
 [Gr.— pachys, thick, and derma'sMn.] 
 
 pachyderm ( pak'i-derm ), pachy- 
 derm'atons, a. Relating to a pachy- 
 derm; thick-skinned. 
 
 pacific (pa-sif'ik), a. Appeasing; mild; 
 tranquil.— pacifically, adv. 
 Syn. Conciliatory; peaceful; quiet. 
 
 pacification ( pas-if-i-ka'shun ), n. 
 Making peace between parties at vari- 
 ance. [See pacify.] 
 
 pacificator ( pa-sif'i-ka-tur ), paci- 
 fier ( pas'i-fi-er ), n. Peacemaker.— 
 pacificatory, a. 
 
 pacifico (pa-sif'i ko; Sp. pa-the'fi.-ko) 
 n. Peaceful person ; non-combatant 
 
 pacify (pas'i-fi), vt Make peaceful 
 appease; calm; soothe. [L. pacifico 
 —pax, peace, and facia, make.] 
 
 pack (pak). I. n. 1. Bundle. 2. Com- 
 plete set ot cards. 3. Number of 
 hounds hunting, or kept together. 4. 
 Number of persons combined for bad 
 purposes. 5. Any great number. 6. 
 Large area or held of broken ice. 7. 
 Wet sheet for closely wrapping up a 
 patient. II. vt. 1. Press together and 
 fasten up; make tight. 2. Place in 
 close order. 3. Select persons for 
 some unjust object. — packer, n. 
 [Celt, pac] 
 
 package (pak'aj), n. Something pack- 
 ed; bundle; bale. 
 
 packet (pak'et), n. 1. Small package. 
 2. Dispatch-boat ; vessel plying re- 
 gularly between ports. 
 
 packhorse (pak'hars), n. Horse used 
 to carry "goods. 
 
 packing (pak'ing), n 1. Act of putting 
 in packs or tying up for carriage. 2. 
 Material for packing. 
 
 packman (pak'man), n. Peddler or 
 man who carries a pack. 
 
 pack-saddle (pak'-sad'l), n. Saddle 
 for packs or burdens. 
 
 packthread (pak'thred), n. Coarse 
 thread used to sew or tie up packages. 
 
 pact (pakt), n Contract. [L. pactum— 
 paciscor, make a contract.] 
 
 pad (pad), n. Thiet on the high-road; 
 footpad. [Dut. pad, path.] 
 
 pad (pad). I. n. 1. Anything stuffed 
 with a soft material., as a soft saddle, 
 cushion, etc. 2 Package of paper for 
 writing upon. 3. Sheet of blotting- 
 paper; blotter. II. vt. [ pad 'ding; 
 pad'ded.] Stuff ; furnish with pads 
 or padding. 
 
 **te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute. hut. burn; oil. owl. then. 
 
padding 
 
 palatal 
 
 padding 1 (pad'ing), n. 1. Soft stuffing 
 01 a saddle, etc. 2. Superfluous mat- 
 ter introduced into a book or article 
 to make it of the desired length. 
 
 paddle(pad'l) L vi. 1. Dabble in water. 
 2- How. II. vt. Move with an oar or 
 paddle. III. n. 1. Short, broad, spoon- 
 shaped oar, used for moving canoes 
 2. Blade of an oar. 3. One of the 
 boards at the circumference of a pad- 
 dle-wheel. [For pattle, a freq. form 
 of pat, quick, light stroke.] 
 
 paddock (pad'uk), n. Enclosure for 
 pasture, attached or contiguous to a 
 stable. [A S.pearroc, park — sparran 
 (Ger. sperren), shut in.] [E. Indian.] 
 
 paddy ( pad'i ), n. Rice in the husk. 
 
 padlock (pad'lok). L n. Lock with a 
 link to pass through a staple or eye. 
 II. vt. Fasten with a padlock. [Ety- 
 mology unknown.] 
 
 padrone (padro'ne), n. 1. Patron, 
 master. 2. One who imports Italian 
 laborers_ and controls their earnings. 
 
 prean (pe'an), n. 1 Song in honor of 
 Apollo. 2. Song of triumph. [Gr. 
 Paian, an epithet ot Apollo.] 
 
 pagan (pa'gan). I. n. Heathen. II. a. 
 Heathen; heathenish. [L. paganus, 
 living out in the country; boorish; 
 unconverted.] [ism. 
 
 paganism ^pa'gan-izm), n Heathen- 
 
 paganize(pa 7 gan : iz), vt. Render pagan 
 or heathen; convert to paganism. 
 
 page (paj), n. Boy attending on a per- 
 son of distinction. [Fr.] 
 
 page (paj> I. n. One side of a leal, as 
 of a book. II. vt Number the pages 
 of. [Fr. — Li.pagina, thing fastened— 
 pango, fasten ] 
 
 pageant (paj'ant or pa'-), n. Showy 
 exhibition; spectacle; fleeting show. 
 —pageantry (paj'an-tri or pa,'-), n. 
 [Low L. pagina, stage.] 
 
 pagination (paj-i-na'- 
 shun), n. Paging of a 
 book; page number. 
 
 pagoda (pa-go'da), n. 
 Temple of 'an idol in 
 India. [Sp.— Pers. but- 
 kadah, idol-temple.] 
 
 paid (pad), a. Receiving ^j5 
 
 wages. [See pay.] 
 
 pail (pal), n. Open ves- 
 sel of wood, etc., for 
 holding or carrying 
 liquids. [O. Fr. paele— Pagoda. 
 L. patella, pan.] 
 
 pailful ( pal'fol), n. [pi. pailfuls.] As 
 much as fills a pail. 
 
 pain (pan). I. n. Bodily suffering; an- 
 guish, careful application; anxiety. 
 II. vt. Distress; grieve; hurt. [Fr. 
 peine— L. poena, penalty.] 
 
 painful ( pan'fol ), a. Full of pain; 
 causing pain; distressing. — pain'* 
 fully, adv.— pain'fulness, n. 
 
 painless (pan'les), a. Without pain.— 
 pain'lessly,acto._— painlessness, %. 
 
 painstaking ( panz'tak-ing ). I. a 
 Taking pains or care; diligent. II n. 
 Labor; diligence. 
 
 paint (pant). I. vt. 1. Color. 2. Re- 
 present in colors. 3. Describe. II. vi. 
 
 1. Practice painting. 2. Lay colors 
 on the face. III. n. Coloring substance; 
 pigment; rouge.— painter, n. [Fr. 
 pemdre—Li. pingo, pict-, paint.] 
 
 painter (pan'ter), n. Rope used to 
 fasten a boat. [ Mid. Eng. panther, 
 fowler's noose, through O. Fr.— L. 
 panther, hunting-net, —Gr. pantheros, 
 catching all— pan, neut. of pas, every, 
 and ther, wild beast.] 
 
 painting (pant'ing), n. 1. Act or em- 
 ployment of laying on colors, or of 
 representing objects by colors. 2. 
 Picture 
 
 pair (par). I. n. 1. Orig. Set of things 
 used together, as pair of stairs. 2. 
 Two things used or belonging togeth- 
 er. II. vt. Join in couples. III. vi. 1. 
 Be joined in couples. 2. Fit as a coun- 
 terpart.— Pair off. 1. Go off in pairs. 
 
 2. Make an arrangement with one of 
 an opposite opinion by which the 
 votes of both are withheld. [Fr. paire 
 —Lt.par, equal.] 
 
 pajamas (pa-ja'maz), pyjamas (pi- 
 ja'maz). n. pi. 1. Loose trousers worn 
 in India by either sex. 2. The same 
 with loose covering for the upper 
 part of the body also. [Hindoo.] 
 
 pal (pal), n. 1. Partner; mate; chum. 
 2. Companion in crime; accomplice. 
 [Gipsy. (Slang.)] 
 
 palace (pal 'as), n. Royal house; splen- 
 did house or building. [Fr. palais— L. 
 Palatium, the Roman emperor's resi- 
 dence on the Palatine Hill at Rome.] 
 
 paladin ( pal'a-din ), n. Knight of 
 Charlemagne's household ; knight- 
 errant. [Fr.] 
 
 palaeontology. See paleontology 
 
 palaeolithic (pa-le-o-lith'ik) , n. Se* 
 
 NEOLITHIC. 
 
 palanquin (pal-ang-ken'),ft. Carriage 
 f ->r one person, borne on the shoulders 
 of men. [Javanese, palanki.] 
 
 palatable (pal'at-a-bl), a. . Agreeable 
 to the palate or taste; savory.— pal- 
 atably, adv. 
 
 palatal (pal'at-al). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the palate. '2. Uttered by aid of 
 the palate. II. n. Letter pronoun' ed 
 chiefly by the aid of the palate, a» ch, 
 j, y, i, and e. 
 
 f&t«, fat, tsisk, far, ffjll, fare, above;. m9, met, b§r } mlte t mit; note, not, move, wo#V> 
 wite, nut. buru; oil, owl, then, 
 
palate 
 
 389 
 
 palmetto 
 
 palate (palat), n. 1. Roof 01 the 
 mouth. 2. Taste: relish.— palatine 
 
 (pal'a-tin), a. Of the palate. [O. Fr. 
 palat— Li. palatum.'] 
 
 palatial (pa-la'shal), a. Pertaining to 
 a palace; royal; magnificent. 
 
 palatine (pal'a-tin). I. a. 1. Belong- 
 ing to a palace. 2. Having royal rank. 
 II. n. One having royal privileges. 
 
 palaver (pal-a'ver), n. 1. Idle talk; 
 talk intended to deceive. 2. Confer- 
 ence, esp. with savages. [Port, pa- 
 lavra—lj. parabola, parable.] 
 
 pale (pal). I. n. 1 Narrow piece of 
 wood used in inclosing grounds. 2. 
 Anything that incloses ; inclosure ; 
 limit; district. II. vt Inclose with 
 stakes; encompass. [Fr.pal— Lt.palus, 
 stake.]_ 
 
 pale (pal). I. a. 1. Not ruddy or fresh 
 of color; wan. 2. Of a faint luster or 
 hue; dim. II. vt.ana vi. Make or turn 
 pale.— -pale'ly, adv. — paleness, n. 
 [Fr. — L. pallidus, pale.] 
 
 paleontology, palaeontology (pa- 
 le-on-tol'o-ji),7i. Science of the ancient 
 life ot the earth, or of its fossil re- 
 mains. — palseontolog'ical, a. — 
 palaeontologist, n. [Gr palaios, 
 ancient, on, ontos, being, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 Paleozoic ( pa-le-o-zo'ik ), a. Of the 
 oldest division of the geological se- 
 ries, comprising the Silurian, Devo- 
 nian, Carboniferous and Permian 
 
 palestra ( pa-les'tra), n. Gymnasium. 
 [Gr. — palaio, 
 wrestle.] ^ _^ 
 
 palette (pal'et), 
 n. Little board 
 on wh ic h a 
 painter mixes 
 his colors. [Fr.] 
 
 palfrey(pal'fri), 
 n. Saddle- 
 horse, esp. for a lady. [Fr. palefroi.] 
 
 palimpsest (pal'imp-sest), n. Parch- 
 ment which has been written upon 
 twice, the first writing having been 
 erased to make room for the second. 
 [Gr.— palm,a,ga,in,a,n& psestos, rubbed..] 
 
 palindrome (pal'in-drom), n. Word, 
 verse, or sentence that reads the 
 same either backward or forward, as 
 madam. [Gr.—palin, back, and dromos, 
 running.] [inclosure. 
 
 paling (pa'ling), n. Pales in general ; 
 
 palingenesis ( pal-in-jen'e-sis ), n. 
 Second birth; regeneration. [Gr.] 
 
 palisade(pal-i-sad').I.^.Fence of point- 
 ed stakes firmly fixed in the ground. 
 II. vt. Surround with a palisade. [Fr. 
 palissade—Li. palus, stake.] [wan. 
 
 palish (pa'lish), a. Somewhat pale or 
 
 Palette. 
 
 pall ( pal ), n. Cloth over a coffin.— 
 pallbearer, n. One of those who 
 attend the coffin at a funeral [L. 
 palla, mantle.] 
 
 pall (pal), vt. and vi. Make or become 
 vapid ;"lose, or rob of , strength, life, 
 spirit, or taste. [Wei. pallu, fail.] 
 
 Palladium(palla'di-um), n. 1. Statue 
 of Pallas, on the preservation of 
 which the safety of ancient Troy was 
 supposed to depend. 2. Any safeguard. 
 3. Rare metal found with platinum. 
 [Gr. palladion— Pallas, Minerva.] 
 
 pallet (pal'et), n. 1. Palette. 2. Shap- 
 ing tool used by potters. 3. Instru- 
 ment for spreading gold-leaf. 4. Pro- 
 jection on the escapement of a watch- 
 engaging the teeth of the wheel. 
 [From palette] 
 
 pallet(pal'et), n. Mattress or couch of 
 straw. [Fr. paillet—paille, straw.] 
 
 palliate (pal'i-at), vt. 1. Soften by 
 favorable representation. 2. Mitigate 
 without curing.— pallia'tion, n. [L. 
 palliatus, cloaked, — pallium, cloak.] 
 Syn. Cloak; cover; conceal; hide; 
 extenuate; ease; relieve. 
 
 palliative (pal'i-a-tiv). I. a. Serving 
 to palliate. II. n. That which palliates. 
 
 pallid (pal'id), a. Pale; having little 
 color; wan. [L. pallidus.'] 
 
 pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. Old game, in 
 which a ball was driven through an 
 iron ring with a mallet. [O. Fr. pale- 
 maille— It pallamaglio — O. Ger. palla, 
 ball, and It. maglio, mallet.] 
 
 pallor (pal'ur), n Paleness. [L.] 
 
 palm (pam). I. n. 1. Inner 
 part of the hand between 
 wrist and fingers. 2. Trop- 
 ical branchless tree of 
 many varieties, bearing 
 at the summit large 
 leaves. 3. Palmleaf 
 borne in token of 
 victory or rejoic- 
 ing. II. vt. 1. Con- 
 ceal in the palm of 
 the hand. 2. (with 
 off) Impose by 
 fraud. [Li. palma.] 
 
 palmar (pal'mar), 
 a. 1. Pertaining to Palms. 
 
 the palm of the Sago Oil. Cocoa, 
 hand. 2. Belong- 
 ing to the under side of a wing. 
 
 palmary (pal'ma-ri), a. Worthy of 
 the palm; excellent. 
 
 palmate (pal'mat), palmated (pal'- 
 ma'tad), a. 1 Shaped like the palm of 
 the hand. 2. Entirely webbed, as feeu 
 [L. palmatus — palma. See palm.] 
 
 palmetto (pal-met'o), n. Name for 
 several fan-palms. [Sp. — L. palma.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit, note, not, move, wolf; 
 . mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
palmist 
 
 390 
 
 panicle 
 
 palmist (pal'mist or pa'mist), n. One 
 who tells fortunes by the lines of 
 the palm of the hand.— pal'mistry, 
 n. 
 
 Palm-Sunday (pam'sun'da), n. Sun- 
 day before Easter, the day Christ en- 
 tered Jerusalem, when palm branches 
 were strewn in his way. 
 
 palmy (pam'i), a. 1. Bearing palms. 2. 
 Flourishing; victorious. 
 
 palpable ( pal'pa-bl ), a. That can be 
 touched or felt.; readily perceived ; 
 gross. — palpability, pal'pable- 
 ness, ns. — palpably, adv. [ L. 
 palpdbilis—palpo , touch.] 
 
 Syn. Tangible; evident; manifest; 
 glaring; obvious; unmistakable. 
 
 palpitate (pal'pi- tat), vi. Move often 
 and quickly; beat rapidly; throb.— 
 palpita'tion, n. [L. See palpable.] 
 
 palpus (pal'pus), n. Feeler. [L.] 
 
 palsy (pal'zi). I. n. Paralysis. II. vt. 
 [pal'sying; pal'sied. ] Affect with 
 palsy;' deprive of action or energy; 
 paralyze. [From paralysis ] 
 
 palter (pal'ter), vi. Trifle; dodge; 
 shuffle; equivocate. [From paltrv.] 
 
 paltry (pal'tri), a. Mean; vile; worth- 
 less.— pai'trily, adv. — pal'triness, 
 n. [Low Ger. poller, rag, sherd.] 
 
 pampas (pam'pas), n. 2)1- Vast plains 
 in S. America. ^Peruvian.] 
 
 pamper (pam'per), vt. 1. Feed luxu- 
 riously or to the full ; glut. 2. Gratify 
 to the full, indulge to excess.— pam'- 
 perer, n. [Low Ger. pampen—pampe, 
 pap made of meal.] 
 
 pamphlet (pam'flet), n. 1. Small 
 book consisting of one or more sheets 
 stitched together. 2. Short essay or 
 treatise. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 pampnleteer(pam-flet-er'), n. "Writer 
 of pamphlets. 
 
 pan (pan), n. Rounded hillock; skull. 
 [So. African Dutch.] 
 
 pan (pan). I. n. 1. Broad shallow vessel 
 for domestic use. 2. Part of a flint- 
 lock that holds the priming, 3. Skull. 
 4. Stratum of hard ground below the 
 soil. II. vt. and vi. 1. Wash, as gold 
 from dirt. 2 Yield (with out), as 
 gold or profit. [A. S. panne.] 
 
 pan-, panto-, prefix. All ; alto- 
 gether. [Gr. pas, pasa, pan, all.] 
 
 panacea (pan-a-se'a), n. All-healing 
 remedy ; universal medicine. [Gr. 
 panakeia—pas, pan, all, and aJceomai , 
 heal.] [ers, boiled to a pulp. [Sp.] 
 
 panada (pa-na'da), n. Bread or crack- 
 Panama (pan'a-ma or pa-na-ma'), n. 
 Fine hat of the'West Indies and South 
 America, plaited of the undeveloped 
 leaf of the screw-pine. [Panama,, ciiy 
 and Republic, Central America. 
 
 Pan-American (pan-a-mer'i-kan) , a. 
 Of all divisions of America collective- 
 ly. [Gr. pan, all,_and American.] 
 
 pancake (pan'kak), n. Thin cake of 
 eggs, flour, and milk fried in a pan. 
 
 pancreas (pan'kre-as), n. Gland sit- 
 uated under and behind the stomach, 
 secreting a saliva-like fluid which 
 enters the duodenum and assists di- 
 gestion in the intestines; sweetbread. 
 — pancreat'ie, a. Pertaining to the 
 pancreas. [Gr. pan, all, and kreas, 
 flesh.] 
 
 pandect (pan'dekt), n. 1. Treatise 
 containing the whole of a science. 2. 
 (P), pi. Digest of Roman civil law 
 made by command of the Emperor 
 Justinian. [Gr. pan, all, and dechomai, 
 receive.] 
 
 pandemonium (pan-de-mo'ni-um), n, 
 1. Abode of demons or evil spirits. 2. 
 Place or state of noisy disorder. [Lit. 
 "place of all the demons,"— Gr. pan, 
 all, and daimon, demon.] 
 
 pander (pan'der). I. n. One who pro- 
 cures for another the means of grati- 
 fying unlawful desires. II. vt. and 
 vi. Minister to the gratifying of. 
 [From Pandarus, in the story of 
 Troilus and Cressida.] 
 
 pane (pan), n. Plate of glass. [Fr. pan, 
 lappet, pane— L. pannus, cloth.] 
 
 panegyric (pan-e-jir'ik), n. Oration 
 or eulogy in praise of some person or 
 event. — panegyr'ie, panegyr'- 
 ical, a. Laudatory.— panegyr'ical- 
 ly, adv. [Gr. panegyrikos, fit for a na- 
 tional gathering— pan, all, and agyris, 
 gathering.] 
 
 panegyrize ( pan'e-jir-iz ), vt. Write 
 or pronounce a panegyric on; praise 
 highly. 
 
 panel (pan'el). I. n. 1. Inarch. Com- 
 partment with raised margins; board 
 with a surrounding frame. 2. Thin 
 board on which a picture is painted. 
 3. Schedule containing the names of 
 those summoned to serve as jurors; 
 jury. II. vt. Furnish with panels.— 
 paneling, n. Panel-work. [Low L. 
 panellus, dim. of L. pannus, cloth.] 
 
 pang ( pang), n. Violent momentary 
 pain; paroxysm of extreme sorrow; 
 throe. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 panic (pan'ik). I. n. Extreme or sudden 
 fright; outburst of terror. II. a. Of 
 the nature of a panic; extreme or 
 sudden; imaginary. [Gr. — Pan, the 
 gt>d of the woods, who was supposed 
 to cause sudden frights.] 
 
 panicle (pan'i-kl), n. In hot. Form of 
 inflorescence in which the cluster 
 is irregularly branched, as in oats. 
 [L. panicula, tuft.] 
 
 late, fat, task, far fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wol/' 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pannier 
 
 391 
 
 par 
 
 pannier (pan'yer), n. 1. One of two 
 
 baskets slung across a horse, for car- 
 rying light produce to market. 2. In 
 arch. Corbel. 3. Bustle for a woman's 
 skirt. [Fr. — L. panarium, bread- 
 basket.] [armed. 
 
 panoplied (pan'o-plid), a. Completely 
 
 panoply ( pan'o-pli ), n. Full suit of 
 armor. [Gr. — pan, all, and hopla, 
 arms.] 
 
 panorama ( pan-o-ra'ma or -ra'ma ), 
 n. 1. Complete view oh all sides." 2. 
 Picture representing a number of 
 scenes unrolled and made to pass be- 
 fore the spectator.— panoramic, a 
 [Gr. pan, all, and horama, view, sight, 
 — horao, see.] 
 
 pansy (pan'zi), n. Species of violet; 
 heart's-ease. [Fr. pensie, thought.] 
 
 pant ( pant ), vt. and vi. 1. Breathe 
 hard; gasp. 2. Throb. 3. Desire ar- 
 dently. [Imitative.] 
 
 pantag-raph. Same as pantograph. 
 
 pantaloon (pan-ta-lon'), n. 1. In pan- 
 tomines, a ridiculous character that 
 wears a garment consisting of trous- 
 ers and stockings in one piece; buf- 
 foon. 2. pi. Garment covering the 
 abdomen and the legs down to the 
 ankles; trousers, pants. [Fr. pan- 
 talon — It. pantalone — Pantaleone (Gr. 
 "all-lion"), patron saint of Venice.] 
 
 pantheism (pan'the-izm), n. Doc- 
 trine that nature or the universe is 
 Gbd. [Gr. pan, all, and theism.] 
 
 pantheist ( pan'the-ist ), n. Believer 
 in pantheism.— pantheistic, pan- 
 theistical, n. 
 
 pantheon (pan'the-on or -the'on), n. 
 
 1. Temple dedicated to all the gods. 
 
 2. Complete mythology. [Gr. pan, ail, 
 arid theos, god ] 
 
 panther (pan'ther), n. 1. Fierce, 
 spotted, carnivorous quadruped 
 found in Asia and Africa. 2. In Amer- j 
 ica, mountain-lion, jaguar, puma.[Fr. 
 panthlre — L. panthera — Gr. panther.] 
 
 pantograph 
 ( pan't5-graf ), 
 n. Instrument 
 for copying 
 drawings, esp. 
 on a different 
 scale from the 
 original. [ Gr. 
 pan, every- 
 thing, and graphein, write.] 
 
 pantomime (pan'to-mim), n. 1. One 
 who expresses his meaning by mute 
 action. 2. Representation or enter- 
 tainment in dumb-show. — panto- 
 mimic, pantomim'ical, a.— pan- 
 tomim'ically, adv. [Gr. pas, pan- 
 tos, all, and mimos, imitator.] 
 
 Pantograph. 
 
 pantoniimist ( pan'to-mi-mist ), n. 
 Actor in a pantomime. 
 
 pantry (pan'tri), n. Room or closet for 
 provisions. [Fr paneterie — Lt.panis, 
 bread.] 
 
 pants. Abbrev. from pantaloons. 
 
 pap (pap), n. 1. Soft food for infants. 
 2 Pulp of fruit. 3. Support or nour- 
 ishment. 4. Nipple; teat. [From the 
 first cries of infants.] 
 
 papa (pa-pa' or pa'pa), n. Father. [A 
 reduplication of one of the first utter- 
 ances of a child.] 
 
 papacy (pa'pa-si), n. Office or author- 
 ity of the Pope. 2. Popes collectively. 
 3. Roman Catholic religion. [Low L. 
 papatia—papa, father.] 
 
 papal(pa'pal), a. Belonging or relating 
 to the Pope, papacy, or the Roman 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 papaw (pa-pa'), n Tropical tree of the 
 genus cdrica, or its edible fruit. 2. 
 Same as pawpaw. 
 
 paper (pa'per). I. n. 1. Material made 
 in thin sheets from a pulp of rags, 
 straw, wood, etc. 2. Piece of paper. 3. 
 Document. 4. Newspaper. 5. Essay or 
 literary contribution, generally brief. 
 6. Paper-hangings. 7. Negotiable in- 
 strument. 8. Package contained in a 
 paper wrapping. II. a. Consisting or 
 made of paper. III. vt. Cover with 
 paper. [From papyrus.] 
 
 papering- (pa'per -ing),n. 1. Operation 
 of covering or hanging with paper. 
 2. Paper itself. 
 
 papier-mache ( pap-y a-ma-sha' ) , n. 
 Pulped paper, moulded into forms 
 and japanned. [Fr.=paper mashed.] 
 
 papilla (pa-pil'a), n. [pi. papill'ae.] 1. 
 One of the minute elevations on the 
 skin, esp. on the upper surface of the 
 tongue and on the tips of the fingers, in 
 which the nerves terminate 2. Nip- 
 ple-like protuberance.— pap'illary , 
 a. [L..] [O. Fr.= little butterfly.] 
 
 papillote (pap'i-lot), n. Curl paper. 
 
 papist (pa'pist), n. Roman Catholic. 
 — papist'ic, a. [Fr.] 
 
 papoose, pappoose ( pa-pos' ), n. N- 
 American Indian baby. ' 
 
 pappus ( pap'us ), n. Downy excre- 
 scence, as the seeds of the dandelion, 
 [Lt.=old man, gray hair.] 
 
 papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papy'ri.] 
 1. Egyptian reed, from the inner 
 rind (called byblos) of which the an- 
 cients made their paper. 2. Manu- 
 script on papyrus. [Gr. papyros.] 
 
 par (par), n. Equal value; equality of 
 nominal and market value; equality 
 of condition. — At par, at the face 
 value; at neither a discount nor a 
 premium. [L.par, equal.] 
 
 fate, fat, tank, far, fall, fare, above; m6, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf -, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
parable 
 
 892 
 
 paranoia 
 
 parable (par'a-bl), n. Fable or alle- 
 gory in which some fact or doctrine 
 is illustrated. [Gr. parabole—para, 
 beside, and ballo, throw.] 
 
 parabola (par-ab'o-la), n. Conic sec- 
 tion formed by the intersection of the 
 cone with a plane parallel to one of 
 its sides. [Gr. See parable.] 
 
 parabolic (par-a-bol'ik), parabol- 
 ical (par-a-bol'ik-al), a. Belonging 
 to, or of the form of, a parabola. 
 
 parachute ( par'a-shbt), n. Apparatus 
 resembling a huge umbrella for de- 
 scending safely from a balloon. [Fr. 
 —parer, guard against, and chute,fa,ll.] 
 
 paraclete (par'a-klet), n. Comforter; 
 Holy Spirit^ [Gr. parakletos.] 
 
 parade (par-ad'). I. n. 1. Arrangement 
 of troops for display or inspection. 2. 
 Place where such a display takes 
 place. 3. Public procession. 4. Pom- 
 pous display. II. vt. 1. Show off. 2. 
 Marshal in military order. III. vi. 1. 
 Walk about as if for show. 2. Pass in 
 military order. 3. March in proces- 
 sion, [Fr.— Sp. parada, place for mili- 
 tary exercise.] 
 Syn. Display; ostentation; show. 
 
 paradigm (par'a-dim), n. Illustration, 
 esp. in gram., example of the inflection 
 of a word. [Gr. paradeigma — para, 
 beside, and deiknymi, show.] 
 
 paradise (par'a-dis), n. 1. Garden of 
 Eden. 2. Heaven; any place or state 
 of blissful delights. — paradisiac 
 (par-a-dis'i-ak), paradisiacal (par- 
 a-di-si'a-kal)," a. — Bird of Paradise, 
 Eastern bird closely allied to the 
 crow, remarkable for the splendor of 
 its plumage. [Gr. paradeisos, park.] 
 
 paradox(par'a-doks), n. 1. That which 
 is contrary to received opinion. 2. 
 That which is apparently absurd but 
 really true. [Gr. para, contrary to, 
 and doxa, opinion.] 
 
 paradoxical (par-a-doks'ik-al), a. 1. 
 Of the nature of a paradox. 2. In- 
 clined to paradoxes. — paradoxic- 
 ally, adv. — paradox'icalness, n. 
 
 paraffiiie, paraffin ( par'a-fin ), n. 
 Wax-like substance, obtained from 
 coal-tar, petroleum, etc. [L.— parum, 
 too little, and affinis, allied, (because 
 of its chemical inactivity). ] 
 
 paragoge (par-a-go'je),n. Unmeaning 
 lengthening of "a word or syllable, as 
 tyrant for tyran, without-en for with- 
 out. [Gr.—paragein, prolong.] 
 
 paragon (par'a-gon) , n. Pattern of per- 
 fection, model" of excellence. [O. Fr.] 
 
 paragraph (par'a-graf). I. n. 1. Dis- 
 tinct part of a discourse or writing. 2. 
 Short article in a newspaper. 3. Mark 
 (!), used to denote the beginning of a 
 
 paragraph, or as a reference mark. 
 II. vt. 1. Mark in the margin. 2. 
 Form into paragraphs. 3. Mention 
 in a paragraph. — par'agrapher, n. 
 Writer of paragraphs or brief notices. 
 — paragraph'ic, paragraphical, 
 a. [Gr. — para, beside, and grapho, 
 write.] [ordered motor function. 
 
 parakinesis (par-a-ki-ne'sis), n. Dis- 
 
 parallax (par'a-laks), n. 1. Apparent 
 change in the position of 'an object 
 caused by change of position in tbe 
 observer. 2. In astr. Apparent differ- 
 ence in the position of a celestial ob- 
 ject, as observed from different points 
 of view.— parallactic, parallac- 
 tical, a. [ Gr. = deviation, — para, 
 beside, and allasso, change.] 
 
 parallel (par'al-lel). I. a. 1. Extend- 
 ed in the same direction and equidis- 
 tant in all parts. 2. With the same 
 direction or tendency; running in ac- 
 cordance with. 3. Resembling in all 
 essential points; like; similar. II. n. 
 1. Line always equidistant from an- 
 other. 2. Line marking latitude. 3. 
 Likeness. 4. Comparison. 5. Counter- 
 pare. 6. Trench dug parallel with the 
 outline of the fortress. 7. Mark (||), 
 denoting a reference. III. vt. 1. Place 
 so as to be parallel. 2. Correspond. 
 to. [Gr.— para, beside, and allelon.] 
 
 parallelepiped ( par-al-lel-e-pi'ped 
 or -pip'ed) parallelopiped, n. Reg- 
 ular solid bounded by six plane par- 
 allel surfaces. [Gr.— parallelos, and 
 epipedon, plane surface.] 
 
 parallelogram ( par-al-lel'o-gram ), 
 n. Plane four-sided figure, the opposite 
 sides of which are parallel and equal. 
 [Gr. parallelos, and gramma, line. J 
 
 paralogism (pa-ral'o-jism), n. Error 
 in reasoning. [Gr.] 
 
 paralysis (par-al'i-sis), n. Loss of the 
 power of motion or sensation in any 
 part of the body; palsy. [Gr.— para, 
 beside, and lyo, loosen.] 
 
 paralytic (par-a-lit'ik). I. a. Afflicted 
 with or inclined to paralysis. II. n. 
 One affected with paralysis. 
 
 paralyze (par'a-llz),v£. 1. Strike with 
 paralysis or palsy. 2. Make useless. 
 
 paramount (par'a-mownt), a. Supe- 
 rior to all others". [O. Fr. par amont, 
 by that which is at the top.] 
 Syn. Chief; principal; supreme. 
 
 paramour (par'a-m6r),%. Lover, (now 
 used in a bad sense). [Fr.=by love.} 
 
 paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. Form o\ 
 monomania" presenting systematized 
 delusions. — paranoi'ac, n. Person 
 affected with paranoia. [Gr —para^ 
 beside, wrong, and noein, think.] 
 
 gate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
parapet 
 
 803 
 
 park 
 
 parapet (par'a-pet), n. Rampart 
 breast-high ; breast-high wall on a 
 bridge, etc.— par apeted, a. Having 
 a parapet. [It.— parare, protect, and 
 peito, breast.] 
 
 paraphernalia (par-a-fer-nali-a), n. 
 pi. Ornaments of dress; trappings; 
 equipments. [la.parapherna—Gv.para, 
 beyond, and pherne, dowry.] 
 
 paraphrase (par'a-fraz). I. n.l. Say- 
 ing of the same thing in other words. 
 2. Explanation of a passage. 3. Loose 
 or free translation. "II. vt. Say the 
 same thing in other words; render 
 more fully ; interpret or translate 
 freely, ill. vi. Make a paraphrase. 
 [Gr.— para, beside, and phrazo, speak.] 
 
 paraphrastic ( par-a-fras'tik ), a. Of 
 the nature of a paraphrase.— para- 
 phras'tically, adv._ 
 
 paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a), n. Paral- 
 ysis of the lower half of the body. 
 [Gr.] 
 
 parasite (par'a-sit), n. 1. Hanger-on; 
 sycophant; toady. 2. Plant nourished 
 by the juices of another. 3. Animal 
 which lives on another. — parasitic 
 (par-a-sit'ik), parasitical, a. Like 
 a parasite; fawning; living on other 
 plants or animals.— parasit'ically, 
 adv.— parasitism, n. [Gr. parasilos 
 —para, beside, and sitos, food.] 
 
 parasol (par'a-sol), n. Small umbrella 
 used as a sunshade. [L. parare,^zxxj , 
 and sol, sun.] 
 
 parboil (par'boil), vt. Boil in part. 
 [ Orig. boil thoroughly — Fr. par, 
 through, mistaken for part.] 
 
 parbuckle (par'bukl), n. Double 
 sling made of a rope for moving a 
 cask on an inclined plane. 
 
 parcel (par'sel). I. n. 1. Portion; 
 quantity. 2. Package. II. vt. Divide 
 into portions. [Fr. parcelle—L,. parti- 
 cula, dim. of pars, part.] 
 
 parch (parch), vt. and vi. 1. Burn 
 slightly; scorch. 2. Become very dry; 
 shrivel. 
 
 parchment (parch'ment), n. Skin of 
 a sheep or goat, etc., prepared for 
 writing on. [Fr, parchemin—Iu. perga- 
 mena (c/i,arta. paper), from Gr. Perga- 
 mos, in Asia Minor, where it was in- 
 vented. ] 
 
 pard (pard), n. 1. Panther; leopard. 
 2. In poetry, any spotted animal. [Gr. 
 pardos.] 
 
 pardon (par'dn). I. vt. Forgive; ex- 
 
 . cuse ; remit the penalty of. II. n. 
 Forgiveness; remission of a penalty 
 or punishment.— par'doner, n. [L. 
 per-, for-, and dono, give.] 
 
 pardonable ( par'dn-a-bl ), a. That 
 may be pardoned; excusable. 
 
 pare (par), vt. 1. Cut or shave the 
 surface, rind, etc., off. 2. Diminish 
 by littles. [Fr. parer—lu.paro, prepare.] 
 
 paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. Medicine 
 that assuages pain ; tincture of opium. 
 [L — Gr. paregoreo, soothe, encour- 
 age.] 
 
 parent ( par'ent ), n. 1. Father or 
 mother. 2. That which produces; 
 cause. [L. parens— pario, beget.] 
 
 parentage ( par'en-taj ), n.l. Birth; 
 extraction ; descent. "2. State of being 
 a parent. 
 
 parental (pa-ren'tal), a. Pertaining 
 to or becoming parents; affectionate; 
 tender.— parentally, adv. 
 
 parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis), n. [pi. 
 paren'theses (-sez).] 1. "Word, phrase, 
 or sentence put in or inserted hi an- 
 other grammatically complete with- 
 out it. 2. One of the two marks ( ) 
 used to show this. [Gr.— para, beside, 
 en, in, and thesis, placing.] 
 
 parenthetic (par-en-thet'ik), paren- 
 thetical, a. Expressed in a paren- 
 thesis: using parentheses.— paren- 
 thetically, adv. [sis. [Gr.] 
 
 paresis (par'e-sis[, n. Motor paraly 
 
 parhelion (par-he'li-un), n. [pi. par- 
 he'lia.] Bright light sometimes seen 
 near the sun; mock sun. [Gr. para, 
 beside, near, and helios, sun.] 
 
 pariah (pa'ri-a),w. In Hindustan, one 
 who has lost his caste; an outcast. 
 [Tamil.] 
 
 Parian (pa'ri-an), a. Of Paros,island in 
 the Aegean Sea, where a fine white 
 marble is found. 
 
 parietal (pa-ri'et-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to walls. 2. in anai. Forming the sides 
 or walls. 3. In bot. Growing from 
 the inner lining or wall of another 
 organ. [L.— paries, wall.] 
 
 paring- (par'ing), n. That which is 
 pared off; rind. 
 
 parish (par'ish). I. n. 1. District un- 
 der one pastor. 2. Ecclesiastical dis- 
 trict having officers of its own and 
 supporting its own poor. 3. In Louis- 
 iana, county. II. a. Belonging or relat 
 ing to a parish; employed or sun- 
 ported by the parish. [Gr. paroilfa, 
 neighborhood,— para, near, and oi/cos, 
 dwelling.] 
 
 parishioner ( par-ish'un-er ), n. One 
 who belongs to or is connected with a 
 parish. 
 
 parity (par'i-ti), n. State of being 
 equaJ; resemblance; analogy. [ L. 
 paritas—par.] 
 
 park(park). I.n. 1 . Piece of ground en- 
 closed for recreation, ornament or as 
 a game preservation. 2. In mil. Space 
 in an encampment occupied by the 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mitj n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 route, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften, 
 
parlance 
 
 594 
 
 parsonage 
 
 artillery, wagons, horses, etc. II. vt. 
 
 I, Enclose in a park. 2. Bring together 
 in a body, as artillery. [A.S. pearroc. 
 See PADDOCK.] 
 
 parlance (par''.ans), n. Conversation; 
 idiom of conversation; phrase. [Fr. — 
 Variant, pr. p. of parler, speak.] 
 
 parley (par'li). I. vi. 1. Speak with an- 
 other ; confer. 2. Treat with an enemy. 
 
 II. n. 1. Talk. 2. Conference with an 
 enemy in war. [Fr. parler, speak— 
 Li. parabola — Gr. parabole, parable, 
 speech, word. See parable.] 
 
 parliament (par'li-ment)i n. 1. Meet- 
 ing for consultation. 2. Legislature of 
 the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, consisting of the sover- 
 eign, lords, and commons. [Fr. parle- 
 ment— parler, speak.] 
 
 parliamentarian ( par-li-men-ta'ri- 
 an), n. One versed in parliamentary 
 rules and usages. 
 
 parliamentary (par-li-men'ta-ri), a. 
 
 I. Pertaining to a parliament.' 2. Ac- 
 cording to rules of legislative bodies. 
 
 parlor (par'lur), n. 1. In England, 
 sitting-room. 2. In the U.S., drawing- 
 room. [Fr.parloir— parler, speak.] 
 
 parochial (par-6'ki-al), a. 1. Of or re- 
 lating to a parish. 2. Local. [L. See 
 
 PARISH.] 
 
 parody (par'o-di). I. n. Caricature of 
 a poem made by applying its words 
 and ideas with a burlesque effect. II. 
 vt. [par'odying; par'odied.] Apply in 
 parody. — parodist, n. One who 
 writes a parody. [Gr.— para, beside, 
 and ode, ode.] 
 
 parole (par-ol'). I. n. 1. Word of honor 
 (esp. by a prisoner of war, to fulfil 
 certain conditions). 2. Daily password 
 in camp or garrison. II. vt. Release on 
 parole. III. a. Given byword of mouth. 
 [Fr. — L. parabola, parable, speech, 
 saying. See parable. ]_ 
 
 paronomasia (par-o-no-ma'zhi-a), n. 
 Pun. [Gr. —para, and onama, name.] 
 
 paronymons ( par-on'i-mus ), a 1. 
 Of the same origin, as wise, wisdom, 2. 
 Of like sound, but different spelling 
 and meaning, as all and awl, heir and 
 air. 3. Derived with a slight change, 
 as peduncle — L. pedunculus. [Gr. — 
 para and onoma, name.] [Pr.] 
 
 paroquet ( par'o-ket ), n. Parrakeet. 
 
 parotid (par-of id). I. a. Near the ear. 
 
 II. n. Salivary gland near the ear, 
 discharging saliva (in man, opposite 
 the second molar tooth). 
 
 paroxysm (par'oks-izm), n. 1. Fit of 
 acute pain occurring at intervals. 2. 
 Fit of passion. 3. Sudden violent ac- 
 tion [Gr.— para, beyond, and oxys, 
 sharp.] 
 
 Australian zebra grass- 
 parrakeet. 
 
 paroxysmal (par-oks-iz'mal), a Per- 
 taining to or occurring in paroxysms. 
 
 paroxytone (par-oks'i-ton), n. Word 
 accented on the penult. [Gr.] 
 
 parquet, parquette (par-kef). I. n. 
 Floor space of a theater between the 
 orchestra and dress-circle. II. a. Made 
 of parquetry. [Fr. dim. of 
 pare, park.] 
 
 parrakeet (par'a-ket), 
 Small long-tailed parrot. 
 [Sp. periquito, dim. of 
 perico, parrot.l 
 
 parricidal ( par'i-sl- 
 dal), a. Pertaining to 
 or committing 
 parricide. 
 
 parricide(t)ar'- 
 ri-sid ), n. 1. 
 Murderer of a 
 father or moth- 
 er. 2. Murder 
 of a parent or 
 ancestor. [Fr.— L. parricidalox patri- 
 cida — pater, father, and caedo, slav.] 
 
 parrot (par'ut), n. Tropical climbing 
 bird, with brilliant plumage and a 
 hooked bill, some of them remarkable 
 for their faculty of imitating the Hu- 
 man voice. [From Fr. Perrot, dim.'of 
 
 P%€VV& I*Gt6r 1 
 
 parry ( par'i ). 'I. vt. [par'rying; par'- 
 ried.] Ward or keep off ; turn aside. II. 
 n. [pi. parries.] 1. Defensive move- 
 ment. 2. Brilliant attack or defense. 
 [Fr. parer—Li. paro, prepare.] 
 
 parse (pars), vt. and vi. Tell the parts 
 of speech of a sentence and their rela- 
 tions.— par's in g-, n. [L. pars, part."] 
 
 parsee <, par'se or par-se' ), n. One of 
 the adherents of the ancient Persian 
 religion, in India. [ Pers. Parsi, 
 Persian.] 
 
 parsimony (par'si-mo-ni), n. Exces- 
 sive economy.— parsiinonious(par- 
 si-mo'ni-us), a. Unduly economical or 
 frugal. — parsimo'niously, adv.— 
 parsimo'niousness, n. [L. parsi- 
 monia—parco, spare.] 
 
 Syn. Niggardliness ; penuriousness ; 
 sparingness ; stinginess ; closeness. 
 
 parsley (pars'li), n. Bright-green pot 
 herb. [Fr. persil — A.S. peter sil. From 
 Gr. petroselinon.] 
 
 parsnip (pars'nip), n. Plant with car- 
 rot-like root, poisonous in its wild 
 state, but edible when cultivated. 
 [Ij. pastinaca.] 
 
 parson (par'sn),?*. Priest; incumbent 
 of a parish; clergyman. [O. Fr. per' 
 sone, parson— L. persona, person.] 
 
 parsonage (par'sn-aj), n. Residence 
 of a clergyman. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
part 
 
 395 
 
 party 
 
 part (part). I. n. 1. Portion, quantity, 
 or number making up with others a 
 larger quantity or number. 2. Pro- 
 portional quantity. 3. Share; interest. 
 4. Side or party. 5. ActioD. 6. Char- 
 acter assigned to an actor in a play. 
 
 7. One of the melodies of a harmony. 
 
 8. pi. Qualities; talents. II. vt. 1. 
 Divide; make into parts. 2. Put or 
 keep asunder. III. vx. 1. Be or become 
 separated; be torn asunder; break. 
 2. (with with) Relinquish; let go. 3. 
 Depart; take leave. 4. Have a share. 
 — Part of speech, one of the classes of 
 words.— In good part, favorably. [Fr. 
 —L. pars, partis.] 
 
 Syn. Division; section; piece; con- 
 cern; fraction^ moiety; function. 
 
 partake (par-tak'), vt. and vi. Take or 
 have a part in; have something of the 
 properties, etc.— parta'ker, n. 
 
 parterre ( par-tar' ) , n. S y s t e m of 
 flower-plots in a garden. [Pr. — L. 
 per terrain, along the ground.] 
 
 partial (par'shai), a. 1. Relating to a 
 part only; not total or entire. 2. In- 
 clined to favor one party; having a 
 preference.— partially, adv. [Fr.— 
 Low L. partialis— L. pars, part.] 
 
 partiality (par-shi-al'it-i), n. 1. Quali- 
 ty of being partial or inclined to favor 
 one party or side. 2. Liking for one 
 thing more than others. 
 
 participant(par-tis'f-oant). I. a. Par- 
 ticipating: sharing. II. n. Partaker. 
 
 participate ( par-tis'i-pat ), vi. Par- 
 take; have a share. — participa- 
 tion, n. [L. par ticipo— pars, part,and 
 capio, take.] 
 
 participial (par-ti-sip'i-al), n. 1. Of 
 the nature of a participle. 2. Derived 
 from a participle. 
 
 participle (par'ti-si-pl), n. "Word par- 
 taking of the nature of both adjective 
 and verb. [L. participium—particeps, 
 sharing— pars, part and capio, take.] 
 
 particle (par'ti-kl), n. 1. Little part; 
 very small portion. 2. In physics. 
 Minutest part into which a body can 
 be divided. 3. In gram. Indeclinable 
 word, or one not to be used alone [Pr. 
 — L. particula, dim. of pars, partis. J 
 
 particular (par-tik'u-lar). I. a.l. Per- 
 taining to a single person or thing; 
 special. 2. Worthy of special atten- 
 tion. 3. Concerned with things single 
 or distinct; exact. 4. Giving details; 
 circumstantial. 5. Nice in taste. II. 
 n. 1. Distinct or minute part; single 
 point. 2. pi. Details. — In particular, 
 specially; distinctly.— particular- 
 ly, adv. [L. particular is.} 
 
 Syn. Specific; separate; individual; 
 distinguished; precise; peculiar. 
 
 particularity (par-tik-u-lar'i-ti), n. 
 1. Quality of being particular 2. Mi- 
 nuteness of detail. 3. Single act or 
 case. 4 Something peculiax*. 
 
 particularize (par-tik'u-lar-iz). I. vt. 
 Mention the particulars of; enumer- 
 ate in detail. II. vi. Mention, or at- 
 tend to, single things "or minute de- 
 tails. 
 
 parting- (part'ing). I. a. 1. Putting 
 apart; separating. 2. Departing. 3. 
 Given at parting, II. n. 1. Act of 
 parting. 2. Division. 3. In geol. Pis- 
 sure in strata. 
 
 partisan (par'ti-zan). I. n. Adherent 
 of a party or faction. II. a. Adhering 
 to a party.— partisanship, n. [Fr. 
 —It. partigiano~Lt. partior.] 
 
 partition (par-tish'un). I n. 1. Act 
 of parting or dividing. 2. State of 
 being divided. 3. Separate part. 4. 
 That which divides; wall between 
 apartments. 5. Place where separa- 
 tion is made. II. vt. 1. Divide into 
 shares. h z. Divide into parts by walls, 
 lines, etc. [Li. partitio— partior.] 
 
 partitive (par'ti-tiv).; I. a. >.Parting; 
 dividing ; distributive. II. n. In 
 gram. Word denoting a part or parti- 
 tion.— par'titively, adv. [degree. 
 
 partly (part'li), adv. In part; in some 
 
 partner (part'ner), n. Associate, esp. 
 in business.— partnership, n. 
 
 Syn. Coadjutor; confederate; com- 
 panion; comrade; partaker; partici- 
 pator; mate; assistant; friend; help- 
 mate. See COLLEAGUE. [PARTAKE. 
 
 partook ( par-tpk' ). Past tense of 
 
 partridge (par'trij), 
 n. European gallina- 
 ceous game bird. (In 
 U.S. the ruffed grouse 
 is often called par- 
 tridge.) [Fr. perdHx 
 — L. perdix, perdicis— 
 Gr. perdix. ] 
 
 parturient (par-tu'- 
 ri-ent), a. About to 
 bring forth; bringing 
 forth; fruitful. 
 
 parturition (par-tii- 
 rish'un ), n. Act of bringing forth. 
 [Pr.— L. parturitio —parturio.] 
 
 party (par'ti). I. n. 1. Organization 
 of persons to promote certain prin- 
 ciples or measures. 2. Company met 
 for a particular purpose; an assem- 
 bly. 3. One concerned in any affair. 
 4. Single individual spoken of. 5. 
 Inmil. Detachment. II. a. 1. Belonging 
 to a party. 2. Consisting of different 
 parties, parts, or things. [Fr. parti— 
 O. Fr. partir— L,. partior, divide, from 
 pars, part.] 
 
 Partridge. 
 
 fate, fat, tast, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 ■jiute, hut, burn; oil, owl, ihen. 
 
party-colored 
 
 396 
 
 passport 
 
 party-colored ( par-ti-kul'iird ), a. 
 Colored differently at different parts. 
 
 party-wall (par'ti-wal), n. Wall upon 
 the dividing line between two premi- 
 ses, which each owner has a right to 
 use for supporting his structure, etc. 
 
 parvenu (par've-no), n. Upstart; one 
 newly risen into notice or power. [Fr . ] 
 
 pasch (pask), n. Jewish Passover; 
 Christian Easter. — pasch-egg, n. 
 Easter egg. — paschal (pas'kal), a. 
 Pertaining to the Passover, or to 
 Easter. [Gr. pascha — Hebr. pesach, 
 pass over. ] 
 
 pasha, pacha (pa'sha or pash-a' ), n. 
 Title of Turkish officers who are gov- 
 ernors of provinces or hold high 
 naval and military commands. [Pers. 
 basha—padshah—pad, protecting, and 
 shah, king.] ["of a pasha. 
 
 pashalic (pa-sha'lik), n. Jurisdiction 
 
 pasquin ( pas'kwin ), n. Satire; lam- 
 poon.— pasquinade ( pas-kwin-ad' ), 
 I. n. Lampoon. II. vt. Attack by lam- 
 poons. [It. from the name of a witty 
 Roman, transferred to a mutilated 
 statue, on which satires were posted.] 
 
 pass (pas), vi. [pas 'sing ; passed or 
 past.] 1. Move from one place to an- 
 other. 2. Change from one state to 
 another. 3. Circulate; be regarded. 
 4. Go by; go unheeded or neglected; 
 elapse, as 3ime; move away; disap- 
 pear ; c o m e to an end. 5. Go 
 through inspection; be approved; be 
 tolerated. 6. Happen. 7. Fall, as by 
 inheritance. 8. Thrust, as with a 
 sword. 9. Decline to play a card, etc., 
 in one's turn. II. vt. 1. Go by, over, 
 beyond, through, etc. 2. Spend. 3. 
 Omit; disregard. 4. Surpass. 5. En- 
 act. 6. Cause to move; send; transfer. 
 
 7. Give forth. 8. Approve. 9. Give 
 circulation to. 10. Thrust.— Come to 
 pass, happen. [From L. passus, step.] 
 
 pass (pas), n. 1. That through which 
 one passes; narrow passage ; narrow 
 defile. 2. Passport. 3. State or con- 
 dition. 4. Thrust. 5. Movement of the 
 hand.— pass'booh, n. Book that pas- 
 ses between a trader and his customer 
 in which credit purchases are enter- 
 ed.— passkey, n. Key enabling one 
 to pass or enter a house; key for open- 
 ing several locks. — pass'word, n. 
 Private word enabling one to pass or 
 enter a camp, or by which a friend is 
 distinguished from a stranger. 
 
 passable (pas'a-bl), a. 1. That may be 
 passed, traveled, or navigated. 2. 
 That will bear inspection; tolerable. 
 
 8. That may be circulated. — pass'- 
 ableness, w.~pass'atoly, adv. 
 
 passage (pas'aj), n. 1. Act of passing. 
 
 2. Journey; course. 3. Time occupied 
 in passing. 5. Way; entrance; pass; 
 ford. 6. Enactment of a law. 7. Right 
 of passing. 8. Occurrence. 9. Single 
 clause or part of a book, etc. 10. Mi- 
 gratory habits. 11. Encounter. 12. 
 Movement of the bowels. 
 
 passe (pas-sa') , a. [fern, passee.] Past; 
 out of use; faded. [Fr.] 
 
 passenger (pas'en-jer ), n. One who 
 travels in some public conveyance. 
 [Fr. passager, with inserted n, as in 
 messenger, porringer, nightingale.] 
 
 passepartout (pas par-to'), n. 1. Pass 
 key. 2. Engraving of a frame, in which 
 that of any picture or page may be 
 inserted. 3. Light picture frame of 
 glass and cardboard. 
 
 passer ( pas'er ), n. One who passes. — 
 pass'er-by, n. One who passes by. 
 
 passing (pas'ing). I. a. 1. Goingby. 2. 
 Surpassing. II. adv. Exceedingly. 
 
 passion (pash'un), n. 1. Strong feeling 
 or agitation of mind, esp. rage. 2. Ar- 
 dent love. 3. Eager desire. 4. State of 
 the soul when receiving a strong im- 
 pression. 5. Endurance of an effect, 
 as opposed to action. 6. Sufferings, 
 esp. the death of Christ. [L. passio— 
 passus, pa. p. of patior, _suEer.] 
 
 passionate (pash'un-at), a. 1. Moved 
 by passion. 2. Easily moved to anger. 
 
 3. Intense.— pas'sionately, adv. 
 passion-flower (pash-un-flow'er), n. 
 
 Flower so called from a fancied resem- 
 blance to a crown of thorns, the em- 
 blem of Christ's sufferings. 
 
 passionless (pash'un-les), a. 1. Free 
 from passion. 2. TranquiL 
 
 passion-play (pash'un-pla), n. Relig- 
 ious drama representing the suffer- 
 ings of Christ. 
 
 passive (pas'iv), a. 1. Suffering; um*e- 
 sisting; not acting. 2. In gram. Ex- 
 pressing the suffering of an action. — 
 passively, adv.— pas'siveness, n. 
 — passiv'ity, n. 1. Passiveness; 
 inactivity. 2. In physics, tendency of 
 a body to preserve a given state, as 
 motion or rest; vis inertiae. 
 
 Syn. Unopposing; enduring; sub- 
 missive; patient. See inert. 
 
 passover (pas'o-ver), n. Annual feast 
 of the Jews, to celebrate the destroy- 
 ing angel's passing over the houses of 
 the Israelites when he slew the first- 
 born of the Egyptians. 
 
 passport (pas'port), n. 1. Written 
 warrant granting permission to trav- 
 el in a foreign country. 2. Permission 
 to pass in or out of port, or through 
 the gates. [Fr. —passer, pass, and 
 port, harbor.] 
 
 fate, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 -; mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
past 
 
 397 
 
 pathology 
 
 past (past) . I. pa. p. of pass and a. Gone 
 by; elapsed-, ended. II. prep. 1. Far- 
 ther than. 2. Out of reach of. 3. No 
 longer capable of. III. adv. By.— The 
 past, that which has passed, esp. time. 
 
 paste (past). I. n. 1. Dough prepared 
 for pies, etc. 2. Cement of flour and 
 water. 3. Anything mixed up to a 
 viscous consistency. 4. Kind of glass 
 for making artificial gems. II. vt. 
 Fasten with pas^te.— paste' board, n. 
 Stiff board made of sheets of paper 
 pasted together. [O. Fr. paste — Gr. 
 paste, salted mess of food.] 
 
 pastel (pas'tel), n. 1. Colored crayon. 
 2. Picture drawn with pastels. [Fr.— 
 L. pastillus, small loaf, dim. of pastus, 
 food— pasco, pastus, feed.] 
 
 pastern (pas'tern), n. Part of a horse's 
 foot from the fetlock to the hoof. [O. 
 Fv.pasturo?i— pas£w/'£,pasture, tether.] 
 
 pasteurize (pas'tur-iz or pas-tur'Iz), 
 vt. and vi. 1. Render immune to, or 
 cure, a disease, esp. hydrophobia, by 
 the inoculation of virus. 2. Sterilize. 
 [After Louis Pasteur, Fr. scientist.] 
 
 pastil (pas'til), pastille (pas-tel'), n. 
 
 1. Small cone of charcoal and aro- 
 matic substances, burnt to perfume a 
 room. 2. Small aromatic lozenge. 3. 
 Pastel. [Fr.— L. pastillus, small loaf; 
 doublet of PASTEL.] 
 
 pastime (pas'tim),7i.Thatwhichserves 
 
 to pass away the time; amusement. 
 
 Syn. Recreation; diversion; sport; 
 
 entertainment; play. [shepherd.] 
 
 pastor (pas'tur), n. Clergyman. [L.= 
 
 pastoral (pas' tur-al). I. a. 1. Relating 
 
 to shepherds or shepherd life; rustic. 
 
 2. Relating to the pastor of a church. 
 
 3. Addressed to the clergy of a diocese. 
 II. n. 1. Poem delineating country 
 life. 2. Letter of a pastor to his con- 
 gregation. 
 
 pastorate (pas'tur-at), pastorship 
 (pas'tur-ship), n. Office of a pastor. 
 
 pastorly ( pas'tiir-li), a. Becoming a 
 pastor. 
 
 pastry (pas'tri), n. 1. Articles of food, 
 chiefly of paste or dough; crust of 
 pies. 2. Act or art of making articles 
 of paste.— pas'trycook., n. One who 
 cooks or sells pastry. [From paste.] 
 
 pasturage (past'ur-aj), n. 1. Business 
 of feeding cattle. 2. 'Pasture. 
 
 pasture (pas'tur). I. n. 1. Grass for 
 grazing. 2. Ground covered with grass 
 for grazing. II. vt. Feed on pasture; 
 supply with grass. III. vi. Feed on 
 pasture; graze. [O. Fr.— L. pastura— 
 pasco, pastum, graze.] 
 
 pasty (pas'ti). I. a. Like paste. II. n. 
 l.Meat pie. 2.Pie covered with a crust. 
 
 pat (pat). I. n. Light, quick blow as 
 with the hand. II. vt. [patt'ing; patt'- 
 ed.] Strike gently ; tap. [From the 
 sound.] [Celt., as Ir. pait, lump.] 
 
 pat (pat), n. Small lump, as of butter. 
 
 pat (pat), ad. Fitly; at the right time 
 or place. [FromPAT, light blow.] 
 
 patadeon (pa-ta-da'on), n. Loose cloth 
 worn as a skirt by Philippine women. 
 
 patch (pacb). I. vt. 1. Mend with a 
 piece. 2. Repair clumsily. 3. Make up 
 of pieces. II. n. 1. Piece sewed or put 
 on. 2. Small piece of ground. [Etym. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 patchouli (pa-cho'li), n. Perfume dis- 
 tilled from the dried branches of an 
 Eastern shrub. [Tamil— patchei, gum, 
 and elei, leaf.] 
 
 patchwork (pach' wurk) , n. 1. "Work 
 formed of patches or pieces sewed to- 
 gether. 2. Thing patched up or 
 clumsily executed. [O. Fr.] 
 
 pate (pat), n. Head; top of the head. 
 
 patella (pa-tel'a), n. [pi. patellae (pa- 
 tel'e).] Knee-cap. [L. dim. of patina, 
 pan.] [in the Lord's Supper. 
 
 paten (pat'en), n. Plate for the bread 
 
 patent (pat'ent or pa'tent). I. a. 1. 
 Open; conspicuous; public. 2. (pat'- 
 ent) Protected by a patent. II. n. 
 Official document, conferring the sole 
 right for a term of years to the pro- 
 ceeds of an invention. III. vt. (paf- 
 tent) Grant or secure by patent. [Fr. 
 — L. patens.] [of being patented. 
 
 patentable (pat'en-ta-bl), a. Capable 
 
 patentee (pat-en-te'),/i. One who holds 
 a patent. 
 
 paternal (pa-ter'nal), a. 1. Fatherly; 
 showing the disposition of a father. 
 2. Hereditary. — paternally, adv. 
 [Fr. paternel— L. pater, father.] 
 
 paternity (pa-ter'ni-ti), n. 1. Relation 
 of a father to his offspring. 2. Origin- 
 ation; authorship. [L. pater nitas!] _ 
 
 paternoster ( pat-er-nos'ter or pa'- 
 ter-nos'ter), n. Lord's Prayer. [L. 
 = "Our Father." The first two words 
 of the Lord's Prayer inLatin.] 
 
 path (path), n. 1. Way; track; road. 2. 
 Course of action; conduct. [A.S.paeth, 
 path. Ger. pfad.] 
 
 pathetic (pa-thet'ik). La. Affecting the 
 tender emotions ; touching. II. n. 
 Style or manner fitted to excite emo- 
 tion.— pathetically, adv. [Gr. pa- 
 thetikos.] [path; untrodden. 
 
 pathless ( path'les ), a. Without a 
 
 pathology (pa-thol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of diseases. — pathol'og-ist, n. One 
 versed in pathology. — pathologic, 
 pathological, a. — patholog- 
 ically, adv. [Gr.— pathos, suffering, 
 and logos, discourse.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. , 
 
pathos 
 
 398 
 
 pave 
 
 pathos (pa'thos), n. That which ex- 
 cites the tender emotions, as pity, 
 sorrow, etc. [Gr. pathos, suffering, 
 passion.] [2. Course of action. 
 
 pathway (path'wa), n. 1. Footpath. 
 
 patience ( pa'shens ), n. Quality of 
 calmly enduring. [See patibnt. j 
 
 patient (pa'shent). I. a. 1. Sustaining 
 pain, etc., without repining. 2. Not 
 easily provoked. 3. Persevering. 4. 
 Expecting with calmness. II. n. 1. 
 One who bears or suffers. 2. Person 
 under medieal treatment.— pa'tient- 
 ly, adv. [L. patiens, -entts, pr. p. of 
 potior, hear.] 
 
 patois (pat-wa'), n. Provincial dialect. 
 [Ft.— O. Fr. patrols— L. patriensis, 
 native.] 
 
 patriarch (pa'tri-ark), n. 1. One who 
 governs his family or tribe by pater- 
 nal right. 2. In Eastern churches, a 
 dignitary superior to an archbishop. 
 —patriarchal ( pa-tri-ark'al ), pa- 
 triarchic(pa-tri-ark'ik), a. [Gr. patri- 
 archs — patria, lineage, and arohos, 
 ruler.] 
 
 patrician ( pa-trish'an ). I. n. Noble- 
 man in ancient Rome, being a descend- 
 ant of the first Roman senators; 
 nobleman. II. a. Pertaining to a patri- 
 cian or nobleman; noble. [L. patri- 
 cius— pater, father.] 
 
 patrimonial ( pat-ri-m5'ni-al ), a. 1. 
 Pertaining to a patrimony. 2. In- 
 herited from ancestors.— patrimo- 
 nial ly, adv. 
 
 patrimony (pat'ri-m5-ni), n. 1. Right 
 or estate inherited from a father or 
 one's ancestors. 2. In England, church 
 estate or revenue. [L. patrimonium.] 
 
 patriot (pa'tri-ut), n. One who loves 
 and serves his country. [Gr. patriotes, 
 fellow-countryman.] 
 
 patriotic ( pa-tri-ot'ik ), a. Like a pa- 
 triot, actuated by love of one's coun- 
 try.— patriotically, adv. 
 
 patriotism(pa'tri.ut J izm),w.Qualityof 
 being patriotic ;love of one's country. 
 
 patrol ( pa-trol' ). I. vt. and vi. 1. Go 
 the round's in a camp or garrison. 2. 
 Perambulate a certain beat, as a 
 policeman. II. n. 1. Marching round 
 of a guard in the night. 2. Guard 
 which makes a patrol. -patrol'man, 
 n. One who patrols; policeman. [Fr. 
 patrouiller, march in the mud.] 
 
 patron (pa'trun or pat'-), n. Protect- 
 or; one who patronizes or counte- 
 nances. — patroness ( pa'trun-es ), 
 fern. [L. pair onus— pater, father.] 
 
 patronage (pat'run-a5 or pa'-0, n. 1. 
 Support of a patron. 2. Guardianship. 
 3. Right of bestowing offices, privi- 
 legetsor(in England) church benefices. 
 
 patroness (pa'trun-es), fern, of pa* 
 
 TBON. 
 
 patronize (pat'run-Iz or pa'-), vt. Act 
 as patron toward ; support , assume 
 the air of a patron to ; trade with ; be 
 a customer of.— pat'ronizer, n.— 
 pat'ronizing-ly, adv. 
 
 patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik). I, a. De- 
 rived from the name of a father or 
 ancestor. II. n. Name taken from one's 
 father or ancestor. [Gr. pater, father, 
 and oraoraa, name.] 
 
 patten (pat'en), n. 1. Shoe with thick 
 wooden sole; clog. 2. Base of a pillar. 
 [Fr. patin, skate, clog.] 
 
 patter (pat'er). I. vi. Strike with a 
 quick succession of slight sounds, as 
 hail. II. n. Quick succession of slight 
 sounds. [A freq. of pat.] 
 
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 SWWa 
 
 _ S f s * s- r s s 
 
 s ss s s * 
 
 r///// 7/ > 
 
 S r, S. V JrJ^ 
 
 X_ X X. XX XXXV 
 
 X X X X V. 
 
 \\\\\\\\ 
 
 x x \N\" 
 
 , s s ? s s s s s 
 
 >• s s- > s * 
 
 ///////v s 
 
 S S S V S 
 
 Zoellner's pattern. 
 
 pattern ( pat'ern ), n. 1. Person or 
 thing to be copied ; model ; example 
 2. Style of ornamental work.— Zoeh- 
 ner's pattern, a curious optical illu- 
 sion, consisting of parallel lines, that 
 seem not parallel on account of slant- 
 ing intersecting lines. [Fr. patron.'] 
 
 patty (pat'i), n. Little pie. [Fr. pdt£.] 
 
 paucity (pa'sit-i)., n. Smallness of 
 number or "quantity. [L. paucitas — 
 pauci, few.] [ Paul. 
 
 Pauline (pa'lin), a. Of the Apostle 
 
 paunch (panch or panch), n. 1. Abdo- 
 men. 2. First and largest stomach of 
 a ruminant. [O. Fr. panche— Li.pantex.] 
 
 pauper (pa'per), n. One supported by- 
 charity or some public provision. [L.] 
 
 pauperism (pa'per- izm), n. State of 
 being a pauper. 
 
 pauperize (pa'per-iz), vt. Reduce to 
 pauperism. — pauperization, n. 
 
 pause (paz). I. n. 1. Temporary stop, 
 2. Cessation caused by doubt. 3. In 
 music, mark showing continuance of 
 a note or rest. II. vi. Make a pause. 
 [Gr. pausis,—pauo, cause to cease.] 
 Syn. Cessation; suspense; hesitation. 
 
 pave (pav), vt. 1. Lay with stone, etc., 
 so as to form a level surface forwalk- 
 ing or driving on. 2. Prepare, as a 
 way or passage. [Fr. paver— Ij. pavio, 
 beat down.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf, 
 mQte. hut. burn; oil. owl, then. 
 
paTcment 
 
 399 
 
 pear 
 
 pavement (pav'ment), n. 1. Paved 
 causeway or" floor. 2. That with which 
 anything is paved. [L. pavimentum.] 
 
 pavilion (pa-vil'yun), n. 1. Tent. 2. 
 Ornamental' building, often turreted 
 or domed. [Fr. pavilion — L. papilio, 
 butterfly ,_ ten t.l 
 
 pavior (pa'vi-ur), n. 1. One who paves. 
 2. Heavy instrument for driving pav- 
 ing stones. 
 
 paw(pa).I. n. 1. Foot of a quadruped 
 having claws. 2. Hand. II. vi. Draw 
 the forefoot along the ground like a 
 horse. III. vt. 1. Scrape with the 
 forefoot. 2. Handle with the paws. 
 [Wei. pawen.] 
 
 pawl (pal). I. n. Short pivoted "bar 
 engaging in a notch of a wheel and 
 thus preventing its turning back. II. 
 vt. Stop with a pawl. [Wei. pawl.] 
 
 pawn (pan). I. n. Something given 
 as security for the repayment of 
 money. II. vt. Give in pledge. [Fr. 
 pan—L. pannus, cloth. ] . 
 
 pawn (pan), n. Piece in chess. [0. Fr. 
 paon, foot-soldier.] 
 
 pawnbroker (pan'bro-ker),re. Broker 
 who lends money on pawns or pledges. 
 
 pawner (pa'ner), n. One who gives a 
 pawn or pledge as security for money 
 borrowed. 
 
 pawpaw (pa'pa), n. Shrub or tree of 
 central U.S.',' or its fruit. [Sp.papayo.] 
 
 pax ( paks ), n. 1. Small tablet repre- 
 senting some scene from the life of 
 Christ, used in the Catholic Church. 
 2. Kissof peace. — Paxvobiscum, peace 
 be with you. [L. = peace.] 
 
 pay (pa), vt. [pay'ing; paid.] 1. Sat- 
 isfy; make satisfaction. 2. Discharge 
 a debt. 3. Requite with what is deserv- 
 ed; reward; punish. 4. Be worth the 
 trouble; recompense. II. n. 1. That 
 wh&h satisfies; money given for serv- 
 ice; salary; wages. 2. Requital; re- 
 ward. — • Pay of, pay in full and dis- 
 charge. — Pay one in his own coin, 
 treat him as he has treated you.— Pay 
 out, cause to run out, as a cable; 
 slacken.— Pay the debt of nature, die. 
 [Fr. payer— "L. pacare, appease.] 
 
 pay (pa), vt. Cover with tar, as in 
 There's the devil to pay. [O. Fr. peter 
 — L. picare—pix, pitch.] 
 
 payable (pa' a-bl), a. 1. That may be 
 legally collected. 2. To be paid. 
 
 payee (pa-e'), n. One to whom money 
 is paid, or to be paid. 
 
 paymaster (pa'mas-ter), n. Officer or 
 agent who pays soldiers, employees, 
 etc. 
 
 payment (pa'ment), n. 1. Act of pay- 
 ing. 2. That which is paid; recom- 
 pense; reward. 
 
 pea (pe), n. [pi. peas (single seeds), and 
 pease (as a mass).] Common legu- 
 minous vegetable. [A. S. pisa — L. pi- 
 sum, pea.] 
 
 peace ( pes). I. n. 1. State of quiet; 
 freedom from disturbance; freedom 
 from war; friendliness. 2. Calm; rest; 
 harmony; silence. II. interj. Silence, 
 hist!— Hold one's peace, be silent. [O. 
 Fr. pais— la. pax, peace.] 
 
 peaceable (pes'a-bl), a. 1. Disposed 
 to peace. 2. Quiet; tranquil.— peace'- 
 ably, adv.— peace'ableness, n. 
 Syn. Undisturbed; serene; still. 
 
 peaceful (pes'fol). a. Peaceable; calm; 
 pacific— peacefully, adv. 
 
 peach ( pech ), n. Tree with delicious 
 fruit, containing a seed in a very hard 
 stone. — peach'blow, n. Beautiful 
 purple or pinkish glaze on Oriental 
 porcelain. — peach'y, adv. [Fr. pSche 
 — L. Persicum(malum), 
 Persian (apple).] 
 
 peach (pech), vt. and 
 vi. Accuse; inform 
 against; turn inform- 
 er. [From impeach.] 
 
 peacock (pe'kok ), n. 
 Large gallinaceous 
 bird remarkable for 
 the beauty of its 
 plumage.named from 
 its cry. —fern, pea'hen. 
 — peafowl, n, Pea- 
 cock or peahen. [Mid. 
 'Eng.pocok— A. S.~pawe 
 —Li.pavo, peacock.] 
 
 pea-jacket (pe-jak'- 
 et) , n. Coarse thick 
 jacket worn esp. by 
 seamen, [pea- — Dut. pij, coat of 
 coarse thick cloth, and jacket.] 
 
 peak (pek), n. 1. Pointed end of any- 
 thing. 2. Steep summit of a moun- 
 tain. 3. Upper outer corner of a sail 
 extended by a gaff or yard, also the 
 extremity of the gaff. 4. Narrow part 
 of a ship's hold, fore or aft. [Celt. 
 peac, sharp-pointed object.] [point. 
 
 peaked (pekt), a. Pointed; ending in a 
 
 peal (pel). I. n. 1. Loud sound, as of 
 thunder. 2. Set of bells tuned to 
 each other. 3. Changes rung upon 
 a set of bells. II. vi. and vt. Resound 
 like a bell; utter or give forth loud or 
 solemn sounds; celebrate. [Short for 
 appeal.] 
 
 peanut (pe'nut), n. 1. Trailing plant 
 which ripens its fruit, called peanut, 
 earth-nut, ground-nut, or goober, un- 
 der ground. 2. Fruit of the plant. 
 
 pear (par), n. Fruit of the pear-tree, 
 an orchard-tree of many varieties. 
 [A. S. pera ovperu—Li. pirurn, pear.] 
 
 Peacock. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fah, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn-, oil, owl, then. 
 
pearl 
 
 400 
 
 pedicel 
 
 pearl (perl). I. n. 1. Shining gem, 
 found in several shellfish, but most 
 in the mother-of-pearl oyster. 2. Any- 
 thing round and clear; anything very 
 precious; jewel. 3. In print. Size of 
 type intermediate between agate and 
 diamond. 
 
 This line is set in pearl type. 
 
 II. a. Made of, or belonging to, pearls. 
 [Fr. perle—Lt. pirula, dim. of pirum, 
 pear, or— L. pilula, dim. of pila, ball.] 
 
 pearl-ash (perl'-ash), n. Carbonate of 
 potash. 
 
 pearly (per'li), a. Containing or re- 
 sembling pearls; clear; pure; trans- 
 parent, [vincial. [From pert.] 
 
 peart (pert), a. Lively; chipper. Pro- 
 peasant (pez'ant), n. In Europe, one 
 whose occupation is rural labor. — 
 peasantry (pez'ant-ri), n. Peasants, 
 collectively. [O. "Fr. paisant— pais, 
 
 pease (pez), pi. of pea. [country-] 
 
 peat (pet), n. Decayed vegetable mat- 
 ter cut out of boggy places, dried for 
 f uel.— peat'y, a. [From A. S. betan, 
 make or mend a fire.] 
 
 pebble (peb'l). I. n. 1. Small round- 
 ish stone. 2. Transparent and color- 
 less rock-crystal. 3. Lens made of 
 rock-crystal. II. vt. Give (leather) 
 the appearance of being covered with 
 small prominences.— pebbly (peb'li). 
 a. Full of pebbles. [A. S. papol (-stan), 
 pebble (stone). Akin to L. papula, 
 pustule.]_ 
 
 pecan (pe-kan'), n. Tall hickory tree 
 of central and southern U. S., bearing 
 edible, smooth-shelled nuts. [Sp. 
 pacano, of American origin.] 
 
 peccable (pek'a-bl), a. Liable to sin. 
 — peccability, n. [L. peccabilis — 
 pecco, -atum, sin.] 
 
 peccadillo (pek-a-dil'o), n. [pi. pec- 
 cadillos.] Trifling sin; petty fault. 
 [Sp. pecadillo, dim. ofpecado—Jj. pec- 
 catum, sin.] 
 
 peccant (pek'ant), a. 1. Sinning; 
 transgressing ; guilty. 2. Morbid ; 
 offensive; bad.— pec'cantly, adv. — 
 peccancy, n. [L. peccans, pr. p. of 
 pecco, sin. J 
 
 peccary (pek'a-ri), n. Hog-like wild 
 quadruped of South America. [S. 
 American name.] 
 
 peck (pek), n. 1. Dry measure =2 gal- 
 lons, or M of a bushel. 2. Large quan- 
 tity, as of trouble. 
 
 peck (pek). I. vt. and vi. 1. Strike or 
 pick with the beak. 2. Pick up with the 
 beak. 3. Strike with anything point- 
 ed 4. Strike with repeated blows. II. 
 n. Sharp, quick stroke. — peckish, 
 <z. Hungry. [Later form of pick.] 
 
 pecker (pek'er), n. 1. One who pecks; 
 woodpecker. 2. Tool for pecking. 
 
 pecten (pek'ten), n. 1. CombY comb- 
 like part. 2. Pubic bone. 
 
 pectinal (pek'ti-nal).o. Pertaining to, 
 or like, a comb. 
 
 pectoral (pek'to-ral). I. a. Relating to 
 the breast or chest. II. n. 1. Pectoral 
 fin. 2. Medicine for the chest.— pec'- 
 torally, adv. [L,. pectoralis — pectus, 
 breast.] 
 
 peculate ( pek'u-lat ), vt. Embezzle; 
 steal.— peculation, n. — pecula- 
 tor, n. [ L. peculor—peculium, priv- 
 ate property.] _ 
 
 peculiar ( pe-ku'li-ar ), a. One's own; 
 appropriate; unusual; strange.— pe- 
 culiarly, adv. — peculiarity, n. 
 [L.—peculium, private property. 
 Syn. Individual. See particular. 
 
 pecuniary (pe-ku'ni-ar-i), a. Relating 
 to money.— pecuniarily, adv. [L. 
 pecuniarius—pecunia, money.] 
 
 pedagogic (ped-a-goj'ik), pedagog- 
 ical, a. Relating to teaching. 
 
 pedagogics (ped-a-goj'iks), pedago- 
 gy (ped'a-go-ji), n Science of teaching. 
 
 pedagogue (ped'a-gog), n. Teacher; 
 school-master. [Gr. paidagogos—pais, 
 boy, and ago, lead.] 
 
 pedal ( ped'al or pe'dal ). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to a foot. II. n. Lever moved by 
 the foot; treadle. III. vt. and vi. Op- 
 erate a pedal; use the pedals, as of a 
 bicycle. [L. pedalis—pes, foot.] 
 
 pedant(ped'ant), n. One making a vain 
 and useless display of learning. [It. 
 pedante, prob. — Gr. paideuo, instruct. 
 
 See PEDAGOGUE.] 
 
 pedantic (pe-dan'tik), pedant'ical, 
 
 a. Vainly displaying knowledge. 
 
 pedantry (ped'ant-ri), n. Vain and 
 useless display of learning. 
 
 pedate (ped'at), a. Palmate; having 
 divisions like toes. 
 
 peddle ( ped'l ), vt. and vi. 1. Travel 
 about with small-wares for sale. 2. Be 
 busy about trifles. — ped'dler, n. 
 [See PEDLAR.] 
 
 pedestal (ped'es-tal), n. Foot or base 
 of a pillar, etc. [Sp.— It,, piedestallo— 
 L. pes, foot, and It. stallo, place.] 
 
 pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an). I. a. Going 
 on foot; performed on foot. II. n. 
 One journey ing_ on foot; expert walk- 
 er. [L. pedestris—pes, pedis, foot.] 
 
 pedestrianism ( pe-des'tri-an-izm ), 
 n. Practice of a pedestrian. 
 
 pedicel ( ped'i-sel ), n. 1. Stem that 
 supports a single flower when there 
 are several on a peduncle. 2. Foot- 
 stalk or stem by which a leaf or fruit 
 is fixed on the tree. [Fr. pSdicelle—li. 
 pediculus, dim. of pes, foot.] 
 
 i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
 mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 rolf; 
 
pedigree 
 
 401 
 
 pen 
 
 pedigree (ped'i-gre), n, 1. Genealog- 
 ical tree; register of descent from an- 
 cestor. 2. Lineage, genealogy. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 pediment (ped'i-ment), n. Triangular 
 or circular ornament, which serves 
 as a decoration over gates, doors, etc. 
 — pediment'al, a.[Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 pedlar, pedler, peddler (ped'ler), 
 n. One who peddles; one who travels 
 about the country carrying commod- 
 ities for sale. — ped'lary, ped'lery, 
 n. 1. Pedlar's small wares. 2. Ped- 
 lar's employment. [Older form peddar 
 or pedder, one who carries wares in 
 aped, provincial E. for basket.] 
 
 pedobaptisin ( pe-do-bap'tizm ), n. 
 Baptism of infants. [Gr.] 
 
 pedometer (ped-om'et-er), n. Instru- 
 ment, somewhat like a watch, by 
 which the steps of a pedestrian are 
 registered and thus the distance cov- 
 ered is measured. [L. pes, foot, and 
 Gr. melron, measure.] 
 
 peduncle (pe-dung'kl), n. 1. Flower- 
 stalk supporting a cluster of flowers 
 or but a single flower. 2. Any similar 
 stem or stalk. — peduncular, pe- 
 dunculate, pedunculated, a. 
 [Low 'Lt.pedunculus— L. pes, foot.] 
 
 peek (pek), vi. Peep; look slyly. 
 [Form of peep.] 
 
 peek-a-boo (pek'-a-bo), n. Play to 
 amuse children, peeping from behind 
 something and crying boo! 
 
 peel (pel). I. vt. Strip off the skin or 
 bark; bare. II. vi. Come off, as the 
 skin. III. n. Skin, rind, or bark. [Fr. 
 peler, from L. pellis, skin.] 
 
 peel (pel), n. Baker's wooden shovel. 
 [Fr. pelle—L. pala, spade.] 
 
 peep (pep), vi. Chirp, or cry, as a 
 young chicken. [Imitative.] 
 
 peep (pep). I. vi. 1. Look through a 
 narrow space. 2. Look slyly or close- 
 ly. 3. Begin to appear. II. n. 1. Sly 
 look. 2. Beginning to appear. [Same 
 as the above word. Fr. piper, chirp 
 like a bird (said of a bird-catcher), 
 beguile, look out slyly.] 
 
 peeper (pe'p§r), n. 1. One that peeps. 
 
 2. Chicken just breaking the shell. 
 peer (per),n. 1. Equal. 2. Associate. 
 
 3. In Great Britan, a member of the 
 House of Lords. — fern, peer'ess. [O. 
 
 *Fr. (Fr. pair)— L. par, paris, equal J 
 
 peer (per), vi. Look narrowly; peep; 
 pry. [Low Ger. piren, draw the eye- 
 lids together.] 
 
 peerage (per'aj), n. 1. Rank or digni- 
 ty of a peer. 2. Body of peers. 
 
 peerless (per'les), a. Having no peer 
 or equal; matchless. — peer'lessly, 
 adv. — peer'lessness, n. 
 
 Pelican. 
 
 peevish (pe'vish), a Habitually fret- 
 ful; easily annoyed; hard to_please. 
 — pee'vishly, adv.— peev isliness, 
 
 n. [Etyin, doubtful.] 
 Syn. Cross ; querulous. See fretfui.. 
 peg (peg). I. n. 1. Wooden pin. 2. One 
 
 of the pins of a musical instrument. 
 
 II. vt. [pegg'iug; pegged.] Fasten 
 
 with a peg.— pegged, a. Fastened 
 
 or supplied with pegs. [Scand.] 
 pelage (pel'aj), n. Fur; hair. 
 pelagic (pe-laj'ik), a.Pertaining to the 
 
 deep sea. [Gr. pelagos, ocean.] 
 pelf (pelf), n. Riches ^ 
 
 ( in a bad sense ) ; 
 
 money. [O. Fr. pel- 
 
 fre, booty. Allied 
 
 to PILFER.] 
 
 pelican (pel'i-kan), 
 n. Large water- 
 fowl, having an 
 enormous bill, with 
 pouch on lower 
 mandible for stor- 
 ing fish. [Gr. peli- 
 kan—pelekus 1 axe.] 
 
 pelisse (pe-les'), n. Long outer robe, 
 orig. of fur, worn by ladies. [Fr.— L. 
 pellis, skin.] 
 
 pell (pel), n. 1. Skin; pelt; hide. 2. 
 Roll of parchment, fo. Fr. pel, (Fr. 
 peau)— Li. pellis, skin.] 
 
 pellet(pel'et), n. Little ball; small pill. 
 [Fr. pelote — L. pila, ball.] [film. 
 
 pellicle (pel'i-kl), n. Thin skin or 
 
 pell-mell (pel-mel'), adv. Mixed con- 
 fusedly; promiscuously. [O. Fr. pesle- 
 mesle ( Fr. pele-mile), "mixed with a 
 shovel."] 
 
 pellucid (pel-lo'sid), a. Perfectly 
 clear; transparent. — pellu'cidly, 
 adv.— pellu'cidness, n. [L. pelluci- 
 dus —per, perfectly, and lucidus, clear 
 — luceo, shine.] 
 
 pelt (pelt), n. Raw hide; hide with 
 the hair or wool on. 
 
 pelt (pelt). I. vt. Strike with pellets, 
 or with something thrown. II. n. 
 Blow from a pellet or from some- 
 thing thrown. [See pellet.] 
 
 peltry (pelt'ri), n. Skins of furred 
 animals; furs. 
 
 pelvis (pel'vis), n. Bones forming a 
 cavity for the support of the abdom- 
 inal viscera. [L. = basin.] 
 
 pemmican, pemican (pem'i-kan), 
 n. ( Orig. ) a N. American Indian 
 preparation, consisting of lean veni- 
 son, dried, pounded, and pressed into 
 cakes, now used in Arctic expeditions. 
 
 pen (pen). I. vt. [pen'ning; penned.] 
 Shut up; confine in a small enclos- 
 ure. II. n. Small enclosure. [A. S. 
 pennan, shut up.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pen 
 
 402 
 
 pcnnate 
 
 pen (pen). I. n. Instrument used for 
 writing with ink, formerly of the 
 feather of a bird, hut now of steel, 
 etc. II. vt. [pen 'ning; penned.] Write 
 with a pen. [L. penna, feather.] 
 
 penal (pe'nal ), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 punishment. 2. Incurring punish- 
 ment. 3. Used or inflicted as a pun- 
 ishment.— pe'nally, adv. [L. poenalis 
 —poena, punishment.] [ fine. 
 
 pens»lty (pen'al-ti), n. Punishment; 
 
 penance ( pen'ans ), n. Self-imposed 
 punishment; repentance; R. C. sacra- 
 ment, consisting of contrition, con- 
 fession, satisfaction and absolution. 
 
 Penates (pe-na'tez), n. pi. Ancient 
 Roman deities protecting homes. [L.] 
 
 pence (pens), n. Plural of penny. 
 
 penchant (pang-shang' or pen'chant), 
 ?i.Inclination;decided taste. [Fr. pr.p. 
 oipenc/ier, incline — ~L. pendeo, hang.] 
 
 pencil (pen'sil ). I. n. 1 . Small hair 
 brush for laying on colors. 2. Pointed 
 instrument for writing or drawing 
 without ink. 3. Collection of rays of 
 light converging to a point. II. vt. 
 Write, sketch, or mark with a pencil. 
 [O. Fr.piw^-L. penicillum, painter's 
 brush.] 
 
 penciled (pen'sild ), a. 1. Written 
 or marked with a pencil. 2. Having 
 pencils or rays; radiated. 3. In hot. 
 Marked with fine lines, as with a pen- 
 cil. 
 
 pend ( pend ), vi. Await adjustment; 
 be undecided. [L. pendeo, hang.] 
 
 pendant (pen'dant), n. 1. Anything 
 hanging, esp. for ornament. 2. Long- 
 narrow flag, at the head of the prin- 
 cipal mast in a ship. 3. Counter-part; 
 one of a pair, as of paintings. [Fr.— 
 pendant, pr. p. of pendre, hang— L. pen- 
 dens, -e?itis, pr.p. of pendeo, hang.] 
 
 pendency ( pen'den-si ), n. Hanging in 
 suspense; state of being undecided. 
 
 pendent (pen'dent), a. 1. Hanging. 2. 
 Projecting.— pend'entfty, adv. [I*. 
 pendens.] 
 
 pending: ( pen'ding ). I. a. Hanging; 
 remaining undecided: not terminat- 
 ed. II. prep. 1. During. 2. Until. [An- 
 glicized form of Fr. a pendant.} 
 
 pendulous ( pen'du-lus ), a. Hanging; 
 swinging. — pend'ulously, adv. — 
 pend'ulousness, pendulos'ity, 
 n. [ L. pendulus— pendeo, hang. ] 
 
 pendulum ( pen'du-lum ), n. Weight 
 so hung or suspended from a fixed 
 point as to swing freely. [L. neut. of 
 pendulus, hanging.] 
 
 penetrable ( pen'e-tra-bl ), a. 1. That 
 may be penetrated or pierced by an- 
 other body. 2. Capable of having the 
 mind affected.— penetrahil'ity, n. 
 
 penetrate (pen'e-tr at). I.vt. 1. Thrust 
 into the inside; pierce into. 2. Affect 
 the feelings. 3. Understand; find out. 
 II. w.Make way; pass inwards.— pen- 
 etrating", a. 1. Piercing; sharp. 2> 
 Discerning; subtle. [L. penetro.] 
 
 penetration (pen-e-tra"shun). ». 1. 
 Act of penetrating or entoring. 2 
 Acuteness; discernment. 
 
 Syn. Discrimination; insight; judg« 
 ment; sagacity; judiciousness. 
 
 penetrative(pen'e-tra-tiv), a. l.Tend 
 ing to penetrate; piercing. 2. Saga- 
 cious; affecting the mind. 
 
 penguin (pen'gwin), n. Short-winged 
 aquatic bird in the southern hemi- 
 sphere. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 peninsula (pen-in'su-la), n. Land so 
 nearly surrounded by water as to be 
 almost an island. [L.— paene, almost, 
 and insula, island.] 
 
 peninsular (pen-in'su-lar), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to a peninsula. 2. In the 
 form of a peninsula. 3. Inhabiting a 
 peninsula. — peninsular'ity, w. 1. 
 State of a peninsula. 2. Habiting a 
 peninsula. 3. Narrow-mindedness. 
 
 penitence ( pen'i-tens ), n. State of 
 being penitent; sorrow for sin. 
 Syn. See contrition. 
 
 penitent (pen'i-tent). I. a. Suffering 
 pain or sorrow for sin; contrite; re- 
 pentant. II. n. 1. One grieved for sin. 
 2. One under a sentence of penance.— 
 penitently, adv. [Fr.— L. poenitens, 
 — poeniteo, cause to repent,— poena, 
 punishment.] 
 
 penitential(pen-i-ten'shal),a.Per tam- 
 ing to, or expressive of, penitence. 
 
 penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri). I. a. 
 Relating to penance; penitential. II. 
 n. 1. Prison in which convicts sen- 
 tenced to penal servitude are confined. 
 2. One who does penance for sin. 
 
 penknife (pen'nif), n. Small pocket- 
 knife (orig. for making and mending 
 quill pens.) 
 
 penman (pen'man), n. 1. Man skilled 
 in the use of the pen. 2. Author. 
 
 penmanship (pen'man-ship), n. 1. 
 Art of writing. 2. Manner of writing; 
 handwriting. [skilled in writing. 
 
 penmasten* ( pen'mas-ter ), n. One 
 
 pen-name ( pen'nam ), n. Author's 
 assumed name; pseudonym, nom de 
 plume. 
 
 pennant (pen'aht), n. 1. Long nar- 
 row piece of bunting at the mast- 
 heads of war-ships ; streamer. 2. 
 Short rope to which a tackls is hooked. 
 [Fr. pennon— L. penna, wing, feather.] 
 
 pennate (pen'at), pennated (pen'- 
 a-ted), a. Winged. [L. pennatm— pen- 
 na, feather, wing.] 
 
 Tate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn: oil, owl, then. 
 
penniless 
 
 403 
 
 peony 
 
 penniless (pen'i-Jes), a. Without a 
 
 penny; without money ; poor. 
 penning (pen'ing), n. 1. Act or art of 
 
 writing. 8. Wording. 
 
 pennon (pen'un), n. Small flag, either- 
 pointed at the fly or of swallow-tail 
 form, and attached to the lance or 
 spear of a knight. [See pennant.] 
 
 penny (pen'i), n. 1. English bronze 
 coiu, of the value of four farthings, 
 or one twelfth of a shilling, equal to 
 two cents in U. S. money. — pi. pen- 
 nies (pen'iz), denoting the number 
 of coins, pence (pens), the amount of 
 pennies in value. 2. In U. S., cent. 
 3. In combination, pound; as in ten- 
 penny nails = 1000 nails to every 10 
 pounds. [A. S. pening, penig, of un- 
 certain origin.] 
 
 penny-a-liner ( pen'i-a-li'ner), n. 
 One who writes for a public journal 
 at so much a line ; writer for pay. 
 
 pennyroyal (pen'i-roi-al), n. Species 
 of mint. [L. puleium regium.] 
 
 pennyweight (pen'i-wat), n. Twenty- 
 four grains of troy weight. 
 
 penny-wise ( pen'i-wiz ), a Saving 
 trifling amounts at the risk of losing 
 larger ones. [See pound-foolish.] 
 
 pennyworth (pen'i- wurth), n. Pen- 
 ny's worth of anything; good bar- 
 gain. 
 
 penology ( pe-nol'o-ji ), n. Science 
 that treats of punishment and pre- 
 vention of crime, management of 
 prisons, etc. [L. poena, and -logy.] 
 
 pensile (pen'sil), a. Hanging ; sus- 
 pended. [Lt. pensilis—pencleo, hang.] 
 
 pension (pen'shun). I. n. 1. Stated 
 allowance to a person for past ser- 
 vices. 2. Boarding house or school. 
 II. vt. Grant a pension to. [L. pensio, 
 payment.] 
 
 pensionary (pen'shun-ar-i). I. a. 1. Re- 
 ceiving a pension. 2. Consisting of a 
 pension. II. n. One who receives a 
 pension. [receives a pension. 
 
 pensioner (pen'shun-er), n. One who 
 
 pensive (pen'siv), a. 1. Thoughtful; 
 reflecting. 2. Expressing thoughtful- 
 ness with sadness.— pen'sively, adv. 
 — pen'siveness, n. [Fr. — L. penso, 
 weigh.] 
 
 penstock (oen'stok), n. 1. Close con- 
 duit for supplying water to a mill, 
 etc., furnished with a flood gate. 2. 
 Barrel of the pump in which the pis- 
 ton plays, [pen, pipe, and stock.] 
 
 pensnm (pen'sum), n. Extra task im- 
 posed as a nunish men t. [L.] 
 
 pent, pa. £.~and pa. p of pen, shut up. 
 
 pentachord (peu'ta-kard), n. Musical 
 instrument with five strings. [Gr.— 
 pente, five, and chorale, string.] 
 
 pentacle (pen'ta-kl), n. 1. Five-point- 
 ed, starlike, geometrical figure. 2. 
 Medal or magic charm. 
 
 pentad (pen'tad), n. Five; set of five 
 things; period of five years. [Gr.] 
 
 pentagon(pen'ta-gon),7i. Plane figure 
 having five angles and five sides.— 
 pentagonal, a. [Gr. —pente, five, 
 and gonia, angle.] [as pentacle, 1. 
 
 pentagram ( pen'ta-grarn), n. Same 
 
 pentahedron ( pen-ta-he'dron ), n. 
 Solid figure having five equal bases 
 or sides.— pentahedral, a. Having 
 five equal sides. [Gr. pente, five, and 
 hedra, seat, base.] 
 
 pentameter ( pen-tam'e-ter ). I. n. 
 Verse of five measures or feet. II. a. 
 Having five feet. [G.— pente, five, and 
 metron, measure.] 
 
 Pentateuch(pen'ta-tuk), n. First five 
 books of the Old Testament. [Gr. 
 Pentateuchos —pente, five, and teuchos, 
 tool, book,— teucho, prepare.] 
 
 Pentecost (pen'te-kost), n. 1. Jewish 
 festival on the fiftieth day after the 
 Passover, in commemoration of the 
 giving of the Law. 2. Whitsuntide.— 
 Pentecostal (pen-te-kos'tal), a. [Gr. 
 pentekoste {hemera), fiftieth (day).] 
 
 penthouse (pent'hows), n. Shed pro- 
 jecting from, or adjoining, a main 
 building. [Fr. appentis — L. appendi- 
 cium, appendage.] 
 
 pentroof ( pent'rof ), n. Roof with a 
 slope on one side only. [Fr. pente, 
 slope —pendre, hang, and roof.] 
 
 penult (pe-nulf or pe'nult), penult- 
 ima ( pe-nul'ti-ma). n. Syllable last, 
 but one. [L. penultima— pcene, almost, 
 and ultimus, last.] 
 
 pennltimate ( pe-nul'ti-mat ). I. a. 
 Last but one. II. n. Penult. [See 
 penult.] 
 
 pennmbra(pe-num'bra),n. 1. Partial 
 shadow round the perfect shadow of 
 an eclipse. 2. Part of a picture where 
 the light and shade blend. [L. pcene, 
 almost, and umbra, shade.] 
 
 penurious (pe-nu'ri-us), a. l.Scanty.2. 
 Excessively economical. — penu'ri- 
 ously, adv. — penu'riousness, n. 
 Syn. Sordid._ See avaricious. 
 
 penury (pen'u-ri), n. Want; absence 
 of means or resources; poverty. [L- 
 penuria. Akin to Gv.peina, hunger.] 
 
 peon (pe'on), n. 1. Foot soldier; mes- 
 senger. 2. Day laborer; debtor com- 
 pelled to work for his indebtedness.— 
 peonage, ». Kind of servitude in 
 So. America. [Sp.] 
 
 peony (p§'o-ni), n. Plant having beau- 
 tiful large flowers. [O. Fr. pione (Fr, 
 pivoine)—Li. paeonia.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
people 
 
 404 
 
 percussive 
 
 Pepper. 
 
 people (pe'pl). I. n. 1. Persons gen- 
 erally. 2. Inhabitants. 3. Nation. 
 4. Populace. — pi. peoples ( pe'plz ), 
 races; tribes. II. vt. Stock with peo- 
 ple or inhabitants. [Fr. peuple — L. 
 populus.] 
 
 peplum ( pep'lum ), 
 n. [pi. pep'la.] An- 
 cient, large upper 
 woman's garment. 
 [Gr.] 
 
 pepper (pep'er). I. 
 n. l. Plant and its 
 fruit, with a hot, 
 pungent taste. 2. 
 Pepper-caster. 1 1. 
 vt. 1. Sprinkle with 
 pepper 2. Pelt. — 
 Pepper and salt, dot- 
 ted or speckled in 
 gray and black, or white, gray and 
 black. [A. S. pipor — L. piper — Gr. 
 peperi — Sans, pippala.] 
 
 peppercorn (pep'er-karn), n. Berry of 
 the pepper plant; something of little 
 value. Jof garden cress. 
 
 pepper-grass (pep'er-gras), n. Kind 
 
 peppermint(pep'er-mint), n. Species 
 of mint, aromatic and pungent; 
 essence or liquor distilled from the 
 plant. 
 
 peppery (pep'er-i), a. Possessing the 
 qualities of pepper; hot; pungent. 
 
 pepsin, pepsine (pep'sin), n. One of 
 the essential constituents of the gas- 
 tric juice, which aids in digestion. 
 [Fr. — Gr. pepsis, digestion, — pepto, 
 cook, digest.] 
 
 peptic (pep'tik), a. 1. Relating to, or 
 promoting, digestion. 2. Having a 
 good digestion. — peptic'ity, n. 
 Good digestion; eupepsia. [Gr.pepti- 
 kos— pepto, cook, digest.] 
 
 peptone (pep' ton), n. One of the albu- 
 minoids into which the nitrogenous 
 elements of food (albumin, casein, 
 etc.) are converted by the gastric and 
 pancreatic juiees. [Gr.] 
 
 per,- prefix. 1. Through; thoroughly; 
 by; to the end; bad. 2. In chemistry it 
 is used to denote that the compound 
 is the highest of a certain series. 
 
 per, prep. By means of; for each; by 
 the. [Li.] [By chance; perhaps. 
 
 peradventure (oer-ad-ven'tur), adv. 
 
 perambulate ( per-am'bu-lat ), vt. 
 Walk through or over; pass through 
 to survey. *» perambulation, n. 
 [L.— per, through, and ambulo, walk.] 
 
 perambulator (per-am'bfi-la-tur), n. 
 1. One who perambulates. 2. In- 
 strument for measuring distances on 
 roads. 3. Light carriage for a child. 
 4. Wheel chair. 
 
 percale (per-kal'), n. Fine cotton 
 goods, with linen finish. [Fr.] 
 
 perceivable (per-se'va-bl), a. Percep- 
 tible.— percei'vably, adv. 
 
 perceive ( per-sev' ), vt. Obtain knowl- 
 edge through the senses; understand. 
 — percei'ver, n. [L. perdpio — per, 
 perfectly, and capio, take.] 
 
 Syn. See; hear ; feel; know; observe; 
 apprehend. See discern. 
 
 per cent (per sent) By the hundred; 
 for or from each hundred. [L. per, by, 
 and centum, hundred.] 
 
 percentage (per-sen'taj), n, Kate or 
 proportion by the hundred. 
 
 perceptible (per-sep'ti-bl), a. That 
 can be perceived; that may be 
 known ; discernible.— percep'tibly, 
 adv.— perceptibility, n. 
 
 perception (per-sep'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of perceiving; discernment. 2. In phil. 
 Gaining knowledge from the action 
 of an object upon the mind. 
 
 perceptive ( per-sep'tiv ), a. Having 
 the power of perceiving or discern- 
 ing. — perceptivity, n. Quality of 
 being perceptive. 
 
 perch (perch), n. Common food fish 
 of many varieties. [Fr. perche — Gr. 
 perke—perkos, dark-colored, spotted.] 
 
 perch (perch). I. n. 1. Rod, pole, etc., 
 on which birds roost. 2. Elevated seat 
 or position. 3. Measure = 5 x /£ yds- II. 
 vi. Sit or roost on a perch; settle. III. 
 vt. Place, as on a perch. [Fr. perche— 
 I^.pertica, long staff, rod.] 
 
 perchance ( per-chans' ), adv. By 
 chance; perhaps. [Fr. par cas, from 
 lu.'per, by, and L. root of chance.] 
 
 percheron (per'she-ron), n. .Large, 
 stout horse, first bred in Perche, a 
 region of northern France. 
 
 percipient (r>er-sip'i-ent). I. a. Per- 
 ceiving; having the faculty of percep- 
 tion. II. n. One who perceives.— per- 
 cip'iency, n. 
 
 percolate ( per'ko-lat ) , vt. and vi. 
 Strain through; filter. — percola- 
 tion, n.^- percolator, n. Filtering 
 vessel. [L.—per, through, and colo, 
 strain.] [trary. [L.] 
 
 per contra (per con'tra ). On the con- 
 
 percursory(per-kur'so-ri), a.Cursory, 
 running over quickly or lightly. 
 
 percussion (per-kush'un), n. 1. Strik- 
 ing of one body against another; col- 
 lision. 2. Shock produced by collision. 
 
 3. Impression of sound on the ear. 
 
 4. In med. Tapping upon the body to 
 find the condition of an internal organ 
 by the sounds. [ L. percussio—per, 
 thoroughly,and quatio, shake, strike.] 
 
 percussive (per-kus'iv), a. I. Strik- 
 ing against. 2. Played by striking. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, ffteji. 
 
perdition 
 
 405 
 
 perianth 
 
 perdition (per-dish'un), n. 1. Utter 
 loss or ruiu. 2. Utter loss of hap- 
 piness in a future state. [L. perditio 
 — perdo, lose.] 
 
 peregrinate (per'e-grin-at), vi. Travel 
 about.— peregrination, w.-per'- 
 egrinator, n. One who travels 
 about. [Li. per, through, and ager, 
 land.] 
 
 per e nipt ( per-emt' ), vt. Destroy ; 
 quash; kill. [L.— perimo, take away 
 entirely.] 
 
 peremptory (per'em-to-ri), a. Pre- 
 cluding debate ; authoritative ; dog- 
 matical ; absolute.— peremptorily, 
 adv.— per'emptorlness, n. 
 
 peren'nial(per-en'i-al).I. a. 1. Lasting 
 through the year. 2. Perpetual. 3. 
 In bot. Lasting more than two years. 
 II. n. Plant that continues for many 
 years, though flowering annually. — 
 peren'nially, adv. [L. perennis — 
 per, through, and annus, year.] 
 
 perfect (per'fekt). I. a. 1. Done thor- 
 oughly or completely; completed; 
 not defective. 2. Unblemished. 3. 
 Possessing every moral excellence. 4. 
 Completely skilled or acquainted. 5. 
 In gram. Expressing an act com- 
 pleted. II. vt. (or per-fekt'). Make 
 perfect or complete; finish. — per- 
 feeter, n. [Fr.— L. perfectus, pa.p. of 
 perflcio—per, and J 'ado, do.] 
 
 perfectible ( per-fek'ti-bl ), a. That 
 may be made perfect.— perfectibil- 
 ity, n. Quality of being perfectible. 
 
 perfecting (per-fek'ting), a. Printing 
 on both sides. 
 
 perfection (per-fek'shun), n. 1. State 
 of being perfect. 2. Perfect quality 
 or acquirement. 
 
 perfectionist (per-f ek'shun-ist), n. 1. 
 One who pretends to be perfect. 2. 
 Enthusiast in religion or politics.— 
 perfec tionism, n. 
 
 perfective (per-fek'tiv), a. Tending 
 to make perfect. — perfec'tively, 
 adv. 
 
 perfectly (per'fekt-li), adv. In a per- 
 fect manner; completely; exactly. 
 
 perfectness (per'fekt-ness), n. State 
 or quality of being perfect; consum- 
 mate excellence. 
 
 perfervid ( per-fer'vid ), a. Very hot, 
 fervent, or ardent. [L.j 
 
 perficient (per-fish'ent). I. a. Actual ; 
 effectual. II. n. One who does a com- 
 plete or lasting work, as endowing 
 a charity. [L.] 
 
 perfidious (per-fid'i-us), a. Faithless; 
 unfaithful; violating trust or confi- 
 dence ; treacherous.— perfidiously, 
 adv.— perfid'iousness, n. 
 
 perGdy ( per'fi-di ), n. Faithlesness; 
 treachery. [L. perfidia—perfidus, faith- 
 less— per, away from, and. fides, faith.] 
 
 perflation ( per-fla'shun ), n. A.ct of 
 blowing through._ [L.] 
 
 perfoliate (per-f o'li-at), a. Having a 
 stem that seems to pass through the 
 leaf. [L.] [be perforated. 
 
 per for able (per'fo-ra-bl), a. That may 
 
 perforate(per'fo-rat),^.Bore through ; 
 pierce; make a hole through.— per- 
 foration, n. 1. Act of boring or 
 piercing through. 2. Hole through 
 anything. — perforator, n. Instru- 
 ment for perforating or boring. [L. 
 perforo—per, through, and foro, bore.] 
 
 perforce ( per-fors' ), adv. By force; 
 of necessity. [L. per, by, and jFokoe.j 
 
 perform (per-farm'), vt. and vi. 1. Do. 
 2. Carry out. 3. Act ; play. [Fr. parfour- 
 nir—par=L.per,a,nd.fournir, furnish.] 
 Syn. Achieve; consummate; accom- 
 plish; discharge; execute; represent; 
 effect; transact; fulfill; furnish. 
 
 perforinable (per-f arm' a-bl), a. Capa- 
 ble of being performed; practicable. 
 
 performance ( per-f arm'ans ), n. 1. 
 Act of performing; carrying out of 
 something. 2. Something done. 3. 
 Public execution or exhibition. 
 
 performer (per-farm'er), n. One who 
 performs, esp. one who makes a public 
 exhibition of his skill. 
 
 perfume (per'fum or per-fum'), n. 1. 
 Sweet-smelling scent; pleasant odor. 
 2. Anything which yields a pleasant 
 odor. II. vt. ( per-fum' ). Fill with a 
 pleasant odor; scent. [Fr. parfum — 
 Li. per, through,_and fumus, smoke.] 
 
 perfumer ( per-f u'mer ), n. 1. One who 
 or that which perfumes. 2. One who 
 trades in perfumes. 
 
 perfumery ( per-fu'mer-i ), n. 1. Per- 
 fumes in general. 2. Art of preparing 
 perfumes. 
 
 perfunctory (per-fungk'to-ri) a. Care- 
 lessly performed; negligent; slight.— 
 perfune'torily, adv. — perfunc'- 
 toriness, n. \_Lt.-per, through, and 
 fungi, do.] [through. [L.] 
 
 perfuse (per-f uz'), vt. Spread over or 
 
 perbaps ( per-haps' ), adv. It may be; 
 possibly. [L. per, by, and haps, pi. of 
 
 HAP.] 
 
 peri (pe'ri),7i. In Persian mythology, a 
 male or female elf, a descendant of fal- 
 len angels. [Pers. pari.~[ 
 jteri-, prefix. Around; about; near. [Gr.] 
 periantb ( per'i-anth ), n. Floral en- 
 velope of those plants in which the 
 calyx and corolla are not easily distin- 
 guished. [Gr. peri, around, about, and 
 anthos, flower.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fa.ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pericarditis 
 
 406 
 
 periwig- 
 
 In- 
 
 pericarditis (per-i-kar-di'tis), n. 
 fiammation of the pericardium. 
 
 pericardium ( per-i-kar'di-um ), n. 
 Membrane which surrounds the heart. 
 — pericardiac, pericardial, pe- 
 riear'dian t a. [ Late L. — Gr. peri- 
 kardion —pen, and kardia, heart. J 
 
 pericarp (per'i-karp), n. Seed-vessel 
 of a plant, as a nut, pea-pod, apple, 
 etc. — pericarp'ial, a. [Gr. peri, 
 around, and karpos, fruit J 
 
 pericranium ( per-i-kra'ni*um ), n. 
 Membrane that surrounds the crani- 
 um. [Gr. — peri, and kranion, skull.] 
 
 periculous (pe-rik'u-lus), a. Danger- 
 ous; hazardous. [L.] 
 
 peridrome (per'i-drom), n. Open gal- 
 lery, between the walls of a building 
 and the surrounding columns. [Gr.] 
 
 perigee ( per'i-je ), n. Point of the 
 moon's orbit nearest the earth, — 
 opposed to apogee. [From Gr. peri, 
 near, and ge, earth.] 
 
 perihelion! (per-i- 
 he'li-un), perihe- 
 liura (per-i-he'li- 
 um), n. Point of | 
 the orbit of a 
 planet or comet 
 nearest to the sun, 
 — opposed to aphe- 
 lion. [Qr.peri, and 
 helios, sun.] 
 
 peril (per'il). I. n. 
 ger; danger. II. vt. Expose to danger; 
 risk. [Pr. piril — L. periculum, dan- 
 ger, trial, experiment, — periri, try.] 
 
 perilous ( per'il-us ), a. Pull of peril; 
 dangerous.— perilously, adv. 
 
 perimeter (per-im'e-tSr), n. Circuit or 
 boundary of any plane figure, or sum 
 of all its sides.— perimeicrical, per- 
 taining to the perimeter. [Gr.—peri, 
 and metron, measure.] 
 
 perineum (per-i-ne'um), n. Region of 
 the body between the thighs. [Gr.] 
 
 period (pS'ri-ud), n. 1. Time in which 
 something is performed. 2. In astr. 
 Time occupied by a body in its revo- 
 
 , lution. 3. Stated and recurring inter- 
 val of time. 4. Series of years. 5. 
 Length of duration. 6. Time at which 
 anything ends. 7. Conclusion. 8. Mark 
 at the end of a sentence. 9. Complete 
 sentence. [ Pr. periode — Gr. peri, 
 around, a,n<ihodos, way.] 
 
 periodic (pe-ri-od'ik), periodical, a. 
 1. Pertaining to a period. 2. Happen- 
 ing by revolution. 3. Occurring at 
 regular intervals. 4. Pertaining to 
 periodicals.— periodically, adv. 
 
 periodical (pe-ri-od'ik-al), n. Maga- 
 zine or other publication which ap- 
 pears at regular periods. 
 
 €> 
 
 S, Sun i P, Perihe- 
 lion i A, Aphelion. 
 
 Exposure to dan- 
 
 periodicity (pe-ri-o-dis'it-i), n. State 
 of being periodic' 
 
 periosteum ( per-i-os'te-um ), n. Fi- 
 brous membrane surrounding the 
 bones. [Gr. peri, and osteon x bone.] 
 
 periotic (per-i-o'tik), a. Surrounding 
 the inner ear. [Gr. peri, and ot-, ear.] 
 
 peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik). I. a. 1. 
 Walking about. 2. Pertaining to the 
 philosophy of Aristotle, who taught 
 while walking up and down in the 
 Lyceum at Athens. II. n. 1. Pedes- 
 trian. 2. Adherent of the philosophy 
 of Aristotle. — peripatet'icism, n. 
 Philosophy of Aristotle. [Gr.— peri, 
 and pateo, walk.] 
 
 periphery (per-if'er-i), n. Circum- 
 ference of a circle or any figure.— 
 peripheral, a. [Gr. peri, and phero, 
 carry.] 
 
 periphrase (per'i-fraz ). I. n. (also) 
 periphrasis(per-if'ra-sis), 1. Round- 
 about way of speaking; circumlocu- 
 tion. 2. In rhet. Figure employed to 
 avoid a trite expression. II. vt. and vi. 
 Use circumlocution. [Gr. periphrasis 
 —peri, round, and phrasis, speaking.] 
 
 perish ( per'ish ), vi. 1. Pass away 
 completely. 2. Be destroyed, ruineu, 
 or lost. [M.E. perisshen—Fr. pirissa?it, 
 pr. p. of pSrir— L. perire, perish.] 
 Syn. Die; decay; waste away. . 
 
 perishable (per'ish-a-bl), a. That may 
 perish; subject to speedy decay. — 
 per'ishably, adv. — per'ishable- 
 ness, n. 
 
 perisoma ( pe-ri-so'ma ), n. Covering 
 of the body of an invertebrate ani- 
 mal. [Gr.] 
 
 perisperm (per'i-sperm), n. Albumen 
 stored up in a seed outside of the 
 embryo-cell. [Gr.] 
 
 peristaltic ( per-i-stal'tik ), a. Con- 
 tracting in waves running down the 
 alimentary canal (intestines). [Gr.— 
 peri, and stellein, compress, set.] 
 
 peristyle (per'i-stil), n. Range of col- 
 umns round a building or square. 
 [Gr.— peri, and stylos, column.] 
 
 peritoneum ( per-i-to-ne'um ), n. 
 Membrane lining the abdominal cav- 
 ity and enveloping the viscera. [Gr, 
 peri, and teino, stretch.] 
 
 peritonitis (per-i-to-m'tis), n. Inflam- 
 mation of the peritoneum. 
 
 perityphlitis (per-i-tif-li'tis), n. In- 
 flammation of the vermiform appen- 
 dix and its connective tissues. [Gr. 
 peri, and typhlos, blind, (caecum). ] 
 
 perivisceral (per-i-vis'e-ral), a. Sur- 
 rounding the viscera. [Gf. peri, and 
 L. viscera.] 
 
 periwig (per'i-wig), n. Wig. TO. Dut. 
 peruyk— Fr. perrugue, peruke.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, m 
 mute, hut. burn 
 
 et, her; mite, mit; note, cot, move, wort; 
 ; oil, owl, then. 
 
periwinkle 
 
 407 
 
 persecute 
 
 periwinkle (per'i-wingk-1), n. Creep- 
 ing evergreen plant. [A. S. pervincae, 
 from L. vincio, bind.] 
 
 periwinkle (per'i-wingk-1), n. Small 
 univalve mollusk. [Corrupted by con- 
 fusion with preceding noun. Prom 
 A.S. pinewincla, of doubtful meaning.] 
 
 perjure (per'jor ), vt. Make guilty of a 
 false oath, —perjurer, n. [L. per- 
 juro, forswear.] [jury. 
 
 perjured ( per'jord ), a. Guilty of per- 
 
 perjury (per'jo-ri), n. False swearing ; 
 act of willfully giving false evidence 
 on oath. [L. perjurium.] 
 
 perk (perk). I. a. Trim; spruce. II. 
 vt. Make smart or trim. III. vi. Hold 
 up the head with smartness. [W. 
 perc,pert, trim, smart. See pert.] 
 
 permanence ( per'ma-nens ), per'- 
 manency, n. State" or quality of 
 being permanent; continuance in the 
 same state; duration. 
 
 permanent (per'ma-nent), a. Lasting; 
 durable ; fixed. — permanently, 
 adv. [L. per, a,nd_maneo, continue.] 
 
 permeable (per'me-a-bl),a. That may 
 be permeated.— per'meably, adv.— 
 permeability, n. [L. permeabilis.] 
 
 permeate (per 'me- at), vt. Pass 
 through the pores of; penetrate and 
 pass through.— permea'tion, n. [L. 
 per, and meo, go ] 
 
 permissible ( per-mis'i-bl), a. That 
 may be permitted; allowable.— per- 
 missibly, ady. 
 
 permission (per-mish'un), n. 1. Act 
 of permitting. 2. Liberty granted; 
 allowance; leave. [Pr.— L. permissio.] 
 
 permissive (per-mis'iv), a. 1. Grant- 
 ing permission or liberty ; allowing. 
 'Z. Granted. — permis'siveiy, adv. 
 
 permit ( per-mit' ), vt. [ permit'ting; 
 permit'ted.] 1. Give leave to. 2. Con- 
 sent to. 3. Afford means. 
 
 Syn. Allow; admit; endure; suffer; 
 stand; tolerate; grant. 
 
 permit (per-mif or per'mit), n. Per- 
 mission; warrant; license. [L. per, 
 and mitto, send.] 
 
 permutable (per-mu'ta-bl), a. That 
 may be exchanged. [L. muto, change.] 
 
 permutation (per-mu-ta'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of changing one thing for an- 
 other. 2. In math. Arrangement of 
 things or letters in every possible 
 order. 
 
 pernicious (per-nish'us), a. Hurtful; 
 destructive; highly injurious.— per- 
 niciously, adv. — perni'cious- 
 ness, n. [L. per, completely, and 
 nex, necis, death by violence.] 
 
 pernickety (per-nik'e-ti), a. 1. Requir- 
 ing minute attention and painstaking 
 labor. 2. Pussy; precise in trifles. 
 
 perone (per'o-ne), n. Smaller bone of 
 the leg: fibula. [Gr.=pin.J 
 
 peroration (per-o-ra'sbun), n. 1. Con- 
 clusion of a speech. 2. Speech. [L. 
 [L.— per and oro, speak. 
 
 peroxid (per-oks'id), n. That oxid of 
 a given base which contains the larg- 
 est amount of oxygen. 
 
 perpendicular o 
 
 (per-pen-dik'u-lar). 
 I. a. 1. Exactly 
 upright. 2. In A 
 geom. At right an- c 
 
 gles to a given line D c B and A c u 
 or surface. II. n. being right angles, 
 Perpendicular the straight line u 
 line or plane. — C is perpendicular 
 perpendic'u- to ab. 
 larly, adv.— per- 
 
 pendicular'ity, n. [L. — per and 
 pendo, hang— pan, wall. See pane.] 
 
 perpetrate (per'pe-trat), vt. Perform; 
 commit (usually in a bad sense).— 
 per'petrator, n.— perpetra'tion, 
 n. [L. per, thoroughly, and patro, 
 perform— root of potent.] 
 
 perpetuable (per-pet'u-a-bl), a. That 
 may be made perpetual. 
 
 perpetual ( per-pet'u-al ), a. Never 
 ceasing. — perpet'uaily, adv. [L. 
 per, and peter e, strive, tend.] 
 
 Syn. Everlasting; endless; unceas- 
 ing; continual; continuous; constant. 
 
 perpetuate (per-p6t'u-at), vt. Make 
 perpetual; preserve from extinction 
 or oblivion.— perpetua'tion, n. 
 
 perpetuity (per-pe-tu'i-ti), n. 1. State 
 of being perpetual; endless duration. 
 2. Something perpetual. 
 
 perplex (per-pleks'), vt. 1. Make diffi- 
 cult to understand. 2. Embarrass; 
 puzzle. 3. Tease with suspense or 
 doubt. [L. perplexus, entangled, — 
 plecto, plait, braid.] 
 
 perplexity (per-pleks'i-ti), n, State 
 of being perplexed; intricacy; em- 
 barrassment; doubt. 
 
 perquisite (per'kwi-zit), n. 1. Allow- 
 ance granted beside the fixed wages or 
 salary. 2. Pee allowed an officer for 
 extra service. [L. — quaero, seek, ask.] 
 
 perron ( per'un ), n. Ornamental, ex^ 
 ternal flight of steps. [O. Fr. — L. 
 petra, stone.] [perukes or wigs. [Fr.] 
 
 perruquier (pe-ro-ki-a')» n. Maker of 
 
 perry (per'i), n. Pear cider. [Fr. poire".] 
 
 perscrute (per-skrbf), vt. Investigate 
 thoroughly. [L.] 
 
 persecute (per'se-kut), vt. 1. Pursue 
 so as to injure or annoy; harass. 2. 
 Annoy or punish, esp. for religious 
 or political opinions.— persecutor, 
 n. — per'secutrix, n. fern. [L. per, 
 thoroughly, and sequor, follow.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, . 
 
persecution 
 
 408 
 
 persuasion 
 
 persecution ( per-se-ku'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act or practice of persecuting. 2. 
 State of being persecuted. 
 
 perseverance (per-se-ver'ans), n. Act 
 or state of persevering. [L. perseve- 
 rantia— per, and severus, strict.] 
 
 persevere (per-se-ver'), vi. Persist; 
 pursue anything steadily. — perse- 
 ver'ingly, adv. 
 
 persiennes (per-si-en'), n. pi. Exterior 
 window blinds, made of thin wooden 
 slats, movable in a frame. [Fr.] 
 
 persimmon (per-sim'un ), n. 1. Tall 
 tree, bearing orange-red plum-like 
 fruit, very astringent when green, but 
 edible when ripe. 2. Its fruit; date- 
 plum. [Am. Ind.] 
 
 persist (per-sisf ), vi. Continue in a 
 course; persevere. — persist'ingly, 
 adv. [Li. per, through, and sisto, cause 
 to stand— sfo, stand.] 
 
 persistence (per-sis'tens), persist- 
 ency ( per-sis' ten-si ), n. Quality of 
 beiug persistent; perseverance ; obsti- 
 nacy; duration. 
 
 persistent (per-sis'tent), a. 1. Persist- 
 ing; tenacious. 2. Fixed. 3. In bot. 
 Remaining till or after the fruit is 
 ripe.— persist'ently, adv. 
 
 person(per'sun), n. 1. Character repre- 
 sented, as on the stage; character. 2. 
 Individual; living soul. 3* Outward 
 appearance, etc. ; body. 4. In gram. 
 Distinction in form, according as the 
 subject of the verb is" the person 
 speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.— 
 In person, by one's self, not by a 
 representative. [ L. persona, mask 
 used by players.] 
 
 personable (per'sun-a-bl), a. 1. Hav- 
 ing a well-formed body or person ; of 
 good appearance. 2. Qualified to main- 
 tain pleas in court, or to take any- 
 thing granted. 
 
 personage (per'sun-aj), n. 1. Person. 
 2. Character represented. 3. Individ- 
 ual of eminence. 
 
 persona grata (per-so'na gra'ta), n. 
 Person in favor or acceptable. [L.] 
 
 personal (per'sun-al), a. 1. Belonging 
 to a person; peculiar to a person or 
 his private concerns. 2. Pertaining to 
 the external appearance. 3. Done in 
 person. 4. Applying offensively to 
 one's character. 5. In gram. Denoting 
 the person. 
 
 personality (per-sun-al'i-ti), n. 1. 
 That which constitutes distinction of 
 person ; individuality. 2. Personal re- 
 mark or reflection. 
 
 personally (per'sun-al-i), adv. 1. In 
 a personal or direct manner; in per- 
 son. 2. Individually. 3. Concerning 
 one's self. 
 
 personalty ( per'sun-al-ti ), n. Per* 
 sonal estate; movable property. 
 
 personate ( per'sun-at ), vi. Assume 
 the character of; represent; describe. 
 — personation, per'sonator, ns< 
 
 personify (per-son'i-fi), vi. 1. Ascribe 
 to any inanimate object the qualities 
 of a person. 2. Impersonate; embody. 
 — personification, n. 
 
 personnel (per-sun-neV), n. Persona 
 constituting a body, as the army— opr 
 posed to matiriel, the stores, guns, etc. 
 
 perspective (per-spek'tiv). I. n. 1. 
 View ; vista. 2. Art of delineating 
 objects on a plane surface as they ap- 
 pear to the eye. 3. Picture in perspec- 
 tive. 4. Telescope; magnifying glass. 
 II. a. Pertaining, or according, to 
 perspective. [L. per, through, and 
 specio, look.] 
 
 perspectively (per-spek'tiv-li), adv, 
 According to the rules of perspective. 
 
 perspectograpny ( per-spek-tog'ra- 
 fi), n. 1. Science of perspective. 2. 
 
 I Art of drawing according to the rules 
 of perspective. 
 
 perspicacious ( per-spi-ka'shus ), a, 
 
 Of clear or acute understanding. — 
 
 perspica'ciousness, n. [L. perspi- 
 
 cax-perspicio, see through.] 
 
 /SVrc..Keen; pene; rating. See shrewd. 
 
 perspicacity ( per-spi-kas'i-ti ), n. 
 State of being perspicacious or acute 
 in discerning. 
 
 perspicuity(per-spi-ku'i-ti), n. Clear- 
 ness; freedom from obscurity. 
 
 perspicnous (per-spik'u-us), a. Clear 
 to the mind; not obscure or ambig- 
 uous. — perspicuously, adv. — 
 perspic'uousness, n. [L. perspi* 
 cuus—perspicio, see through.] 
 
 perspiration (per-spi-ra'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of perspiring. 2. That which is 
 perspired; sweat. 
 
 perspiratory ( per-spi'ra-to-ri ), a. 
 Pertaining to, or causing, perspira- 
 tion. 
 
 perspire (per-spir'), vi. and vt. Emit 
 through pores of the skin ; sweat. 
 [L.— per, and spiro, breathe, blow.] 
 
 persuade (per-swad'), vi. 1. Influence 
 successfully by argument, advice, ex- 
 postulation, etc. 2. Counsel; urge. 3. 
 Convince. — persuader, n. — per- 
 sua'dable, a. [L. per, and suadeo, 
 advise.] 
 
 persuasible (per-swa'si-bl), a. Capa- 
 ble of being persuaded. — persua'* 
 sibleness, persuasibil'ity, ns. 
 
 persuasion (per-swa'zhun), n. 1. Aci 
 of persuading. 2. State of being per- 
 suaded. 3. Settled opinion; creed. 4 
 Party adhering to a creed. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
persuasive 
 
 409 
 
 pestle 
 
 persuasive (per-swa/siv), a. Having 
 the power to persuade ; influencing 
 the mind or passions. — persua- 
 sively, adv. — persua'siveness, n. 
 
 pert (pert). I. a. Lively ; forward ; 
 saucy. II. n. Saucy person. — pert'- 
 ly, adv.— pert'ness, n. [A form of 
 
 PERK. ] 
 
 pertain (per-tan'), vi. Belong; relate; 
 refer. [O. Fr. partenir—~L. pertineo— 
 p^rand teneo, hold.] 
 
 pertinacious (per-ti-na'shus), a. Hol- 
 ding obstinately to an opinion or pur- 
 pose; dogged. — pertinaciously, 
 adv.— pertina'ciousness, n. [Fr. — 
 Li. pertinax. See tenacious.] 
 Syn. Firm. See stubborn. 
 
 pertinacity (per-ti-nas'i-ti), ^.Quality 
 of being unyielding; obstinacy. 
 
 pertinent (per'ti-nent), a. Pertaining 
 to a subject. — per'tinently, adv. — 
 pertinence, per'tinency, ns. 
 
 Syn. Relevant; apposite; appropri- 
 ate; fit; pat; material; suitable; apt 
 adapted; proper. 
 
 perturb (per- turb'), vt. Disturb great- 
 ly; agitate. [L. per, and turbo, dis 
 turb.] [may be disquieted 
 
 perturbable (per-tur'ba-bl), a. That 
 
 perturbation (per-tur-ba'shun), n 
 1. State of being perturbed; disquiet 
 of mind. 2. In astr. Deviation of a 
 heavenly body 
 from its nor- 
 mal orbit. 
 
 perulie(per'ok 
 or pe-rbk'), n. 
 Artificial cap 
 of hair; wig. 
 [Fr. perruque 
 — It. parrucca 
 (Sp. peluca) — 
 Li. pilus, hair.] 
 
 perusal (pe-rb'zal), n. Act of perus- 
 ing; examination; study. 
 
 peruse (pe-roz'), vt. Read attentively; 
 read over or through. — peru'ser, n. 
 [L. per and use.] 
 
 Peruvian (pe-ro'vi-an). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to Peru in S.' America. II. n. 
 Native of Peru. 
 
 pervade (per-vad'), vt. Go through; 
 penetrate; spread all over. [L. per, 
 and vado, go.] 
 
 pervasion (per-va'zhun), n. Passing 
 through the whole of a thing. 
 
 pervasive (per-va'siv), a. Tending, or 
 having power, to pervade. 
 
 perverse (per-vers'), a. Turned aside, 
 around or the wrong way; obstinate 
 in the wrong; stubborn; vexatious. — 
 perverse'ness, perversity, n. — 
 perversely, adv. 
 
 Perukes. 
 
 perversion (per-ver'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of perverting. 2. Diverting from the 
 true object. 3. Turning from the 
 truth or propriety. 4. Misapplication. 
 
 perversive (per-ver'siv), a. Having 
 power, or tending, to pervert or cor- 
 rupt. 
 
 pervert (per' vert), n. Apostate; one 
 who has forsaken his religion or 
 party. 
 
 pervert (per- vert'), vt. Turn from the 
 right course; change from its true 
 use; corrupt. — pervert'er, n. [L. 
 per "to the bad,'" and verto, turn.] 
 
 pervertible (per-ver'ti-bl), a. Able to 
 be perverted. 
 
 pervious (per'vi-us), a. Penetrable.— 
 per'viously, adv. — pervious- 
 ness, n. [L. pervius—per, and via, 
 away.] [noying. Colloquial. 
 
 pesky (pes'ki), a. Troublesome; an- 
 
 pessimism (pes'i-inizm), n. 1. Doc- 
 triue that this world is the worst 
 possible o>- that everything is ordered 
 for the worst. 2. Tendency to look 
 too much, or exclusively, on the dark 
 side of things or of life.— Opposed to 
 optimism. 
 
 pessimist (pes'i-mist), n. 1. One who 
 believes in the doctrine of pessimism. 
 2. One inclined to a dark view of 
 things or of life.— Opposed to optimist. 
 — pessimist'ic a. [From L. pessi- 
 mus, worst]. 
 
 pest (pest), /*. 1. Deadly epidemic dis- 
 ease; plague. 2. Anything destruct- 
 ive. [Fr. peste—Li. pestis, contagious 
 disease.] 
 
 pester (pes'ter), vt. Disturb; annoy. 
 [O. Fr. empestrer (Fr. empitrer) , en- 
 tangle, — Low L. pastorvum, the foot 
 shackle of a horse at pasture.] 
 
 pestbonse (pest'hows), n. House or 
 hospital for persons afflicted with 
 contagious disease. 
 
 pestiferous (pes-tif'er-us), a. Bear- 
 ing pestilence; pestilent; noxious; 
 annoying.— pestiferously, adv. [L. 
 pestis, and jero, bear.] 
 
 pestilence (pes'ti-lens), n. Contagious 
 deadly disease. 
 
 pestilent (pes'ti-lent), a. 1. Produ- 
 cing pestilence. 2. Hurtful to health 
 and life; mischievous; troublesome. 
 — pes'tilently, adv. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 pestilential (pes-ti-len'shal ), a. Of 
 the nature of pestilence; producing 
 pestilence; destructive.— pestilen'- 
 tially, adv. 
 
 pestle ( pes'l ). I. n. Instrument for 
 pounding anything in a mortar. II. 
 vt. Pound with a pestle. [O. Fr. pestel 
 — L. pistillum —pinso, pistum, pound.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn.; oil, owl, i hen. 
 
pet 
 
 410 
 
 phautastic 
 
 pet (pet). I. n. 1. Tame and fondled 
 animal. 2. Darling; favorite child. 3 
 
 dulged; favorite. [Celt, as Ir. peat, 
 Gael, peata.] [petalon, leaf.] 
 
 petal ( pet'al ), n. Corolla-leaf. [Gr. 
 
 petard ( pe-tard' ), n. Engine of war, 
 used to break down barriers, etc., by 
 explosion. \Yv.— peter, break wind, 
 explode.] 
 
 petary (pe'ta^ri), n. Peat bog. 
 
 petiole (pet'i-ol), n. Leaf-stalk. [Fr.— 
 L. petiolus, little foot.] 
 
 petit (pet'i), a. Petty; small; inferior. 
 — Petit jury, jury to try cases, as dis- 
 tinguished from grand jury. [Pr.] 
 
 petite (pe-tef), a. Small; little; tiny. 
 [Fr. fern, of petit.] 
 
 petition ( pe-tish'un ). I. n. Request; 
 prayer; supplication. II. vt. Present 
 a petition to; supplicate. [L. petitio 
 —peto, ask.] 
 
 petitionary (pe-tish'un-ar-i), a. Con- 
 taining a petition; supplicatory. 
 
 petitioner (pe-tish'un-er), n. One who 
 offers a petition or prayer. 
 
 petitioning ( pe-tish'un-ing ), n. Act 
 of presenting a petition; entreaty; 
 solicitation. 
 
 petrel (pet'rel), n. Small ocean bird, 
 which appears during flight to touch 
 the surface of the waves with its feet. 
 [Prob. so called in allusion to St. 
 Peter's walking on the sea.] 
 
 petrifaction (pet-ri-fak'shun), n. 1. 
 Turning or being turned into stone. 
 2. That which is made stone. 
 
 petrifactive (pet-ri-fak'tiv), petrif- 
 ic ( pe-trif'ik ), a. Having the power 
 to change into stone. 
 
 petrify ( pet'ri-fl). I. vt. [pet'rifying; 
 pet'ritied.] l.Turn into stone. 2. Make 
 callous. 3. Fix in amazement. II. vi. 
 Become stone, or hard like stone. [L. 
 petra, rock, and facio, make.] 
 
 petroleum (pe-tro'le-um), n. Liquid 
 inflammable substance issuing from 
 certain rocks; coal oil. [Lit. "rock 
 oil," — L. petra, rock and oleum, oil.] 
 
 petroleur (pa-tio-ler'), n. Incendiary. 
 —fern, petroleuse (pa-tro-lez'). [Fr.] 
 
 petrology (pet-rol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 rocks. [Gr.] 
 
 petticoat (pet'i-kot ), n. Loose under- 
 garment worn by females. 
 
 pettifogger (pet'i-fog-er), n. Lawyer 
 who practices only in petty or paltry 
 cases. [Petty, and prov. E. Jogger, 
 huckster, cheat.] 
 
 pettifoggery ( pet'i-fog-er-i) , n. 1. 
 Practice of a pettifogger. 2. Mean 
 tricks; quibbles. 
 
 pettish ( pet'ish ), a. Peevish ; fretful. 
 — pet'tishly? adv. -pet'tishness, n. 
 
 pettitoes ( pet'i- toz), n. pi. Feet of a 
 
 pig. [hidden; in reserve. [It.] 
 
 petto ( pet'6 ), n. Breast. — In petto, 
 petty (pet'i), a. Small; inconsiderable; 
 
 contemptible. — pet'tily, adv.— pet'- 
 
 tiness, n. [Fr. petit, of Celtic origin.] 
 petulance (pet'u-lans), pet'ulancy, 
 
 n. Peevishness ;_fr'etfulness. 
 petulant ( pet'u-lant ), a. Peevish; 
 
 fretful ; irritable.— pet'ulantly, adv. 
 
 [L. petulans, attacking frequently.] 
 Syn. Capricious. See peevish. 
 petunia ( pe-tu'ni-a ), n. Ornamental 
 
 plant with funnel-shaped corollas. 
 pew (pu), n. Inclosed seat for several 
 
 persons in a church. [ O. Fr. pui, 
 
 raised place.— L. podium, projecting 
 
 seat in the amphitheatre.— Gr. podion. 
 
 footstool.] [fly-catcher. [Imitative.] 
 pewee ( pe'we ), n. Small American 
 pewit (pe'wit), pewet (pe'wet), n. 
 
 Lapwing, a bird with a black head 
 
 and crest, common in moors. [From 
 
 its cry. Cf. Dut. piewit or kiewit. Ger 
 
 kiebitz.] 
 pewter (pu'ter), n. 1. Alloy of tin and 
 
 antimony with lead or with copper. 
 
 2. Vessels made of pewter. [O. Fr. 
 
 peutre.] 
 phaeton ( f a'e-tun ), n. Kind of open 
 
 pleasure-carriage on four wheels, 
 
 named after Phaeton, the fabled son 
 
 of Helios, the sun-god, whose chariot 
 
 he attempted to drive. 
 phalanges (fa-lan'jes), n. pi. Bones of 
 
 the fingers and toes. 
 phalangigrade ( fa-lan'ji-grad ), a. 
 
 Walkingjon thephalah- 
 
 ges, as a camel. 
 phalanx ( fal'angks or 
 
 fa'-), ft. [pi. phalanges.] 
 
 1. A mass of heavv 
 
 armed infantry drawn 
 
 up in ranks and files 
 
 close and deep. 2. Any 
 
 compact body of men. 
 
 [Gr.] 
 phs 
 
 antasm (fan'tazm), 
 n. [pi. phan'tasms, 
 phantas'mata.] 1. Fan- 
 cied vision; mental im- 
 age. 2. Specter; appari- 
 tion. [Gr. pkantasma— 
 phaino, shine.] Phalanges. 
 
 phantasmagoria 
 (f an-taz-ma-go'ri-a) , n. Exhibition of 
 dissolving views projected upon a flat 
 surface by a magic-lantern. [Gr. pkan- 
 tasma, appearance, and agora, assem- 
 bly.] [TASTIC, FANTASY. 
 
 phautastic, phan'tasy. See fan- 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 
 
phantom 
 
 411 
 
 Philomel 
 
 phantom ( fan'tum), a.l. .Phantasm; 
 
 apparition. 2. Delusion; illusion. 3. 
 
 Lay figure. 
 Pharisaic (far-i-sa'ik),pfaarisa'ical, 
 
 a. Pertaining to or like the Pharisees; 
 hypocritical.— pharisaically, adv. 
 — pharisa'icalness, n. 
 Pharisaism ( far'i-sa-izrn), phari- 
 
 seeism (far'i-se-izna), n. 1. Practice 
 and opinions of the Pharisees. 2. Strict 
 observance of outward forms in reli- 
 gion without the spirit of it. 3. 
 Hypocrisy. 
 
 Pharisee (far'i-se), n. One of a reli- 
 gious school among the Jews, marked 
 by their strict observance of the law 
 and of religious ordinances. [Gr. pha- 
 risaios — Heb. parash, separate.] 
 
 pharmaceutic (far-ma-su'tik), phar- 
 maceutical, a. Pertaining to the 
 ■ knowledge or art of pharmacy.— 
 pharmaceu'tically, adv. 
 
 pharmaceutics (far-ma-su'tiks), n. 
 Science of preparing medicines. 
 
 pharmaceutist (f ar-ma-su'tist), 
 pharmacist ( far'ma-sist ), n. One 
 who practices pharmacy. 
 
 pharmacopoeia (far-ma-ko-pe'ya), n. 
 Book containing directions for the 
 preparation of medicines. [Gr. phar- 
 makon, andpoieo, make.] 
 
 pharmacy (far'ma-si), n. Art of pre- 
 paring and mixing medicines. [Fr. 
 pharmacie—Gv. pharmdkon, drug.] 
 
 pharos (fa'ros), n. Lighthouse or bea- 
 con, so named from the famous light- 
 house on the island of Pharos in the 
 Bay of Alexandria, Egypt. 
 
 pharyngotomy ( f ar-ing-got'o-mi ) , 
 n. Cut into the pharynx. [Gv.—phar- 
 yngx and temno+cx\X,.~\ 
 
 pharynx (far'ingks), n. Cavity form- 
 ing the upper part of the gullet, be- 
 tween mouth and esophagus, — pha- 
 ryngeal, a. [Gr.] 
 
 phase (faz), phasis (fa'sis), n. [pi. 
 phas'es.] 1. Appearance. 2. Illumin- 
 ated surface exhibited by a planet. 3. 
 Particular state at any time of a phe- 
 nomenon which undergoes a periodic 
 change, as the moon. [Gr. phasis — 
 root pha-, shine.] 
 
 pheasant ( fez'ant ), n. 1. Gallina- 
 ceous bird highly valued as food. 2. 
 American ruffed grouse. [Pr. faisan 
 — Gr. Phasianos, of Phasis, a river 
 flowing into the Black Sea.] 
 
 phenix, phoenix (fe'niks), n. Fabu- 
 lous bird said to exist 500 years sin- 
 gle, to cremate itself, and to rise again 
 from its own ashes, — the emblem of 
 immortality. [Gr. phoinix.] 
 
 phenol (ie'rxol) , n. 1. Carbolic acid. 2. 
 Compound of benzene. 
 
 phenomenal (fen-om'en-al), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to a phenomenon. 2. Wonder- 
 ful.— phenomenally, adv. [ful. 
 Syn. Extraordinary. See wondeh- 
 
 phenomenon (fen-om'en-on), n. [pi. 
 phenom'ena.] 1. Something as it is 
 perceived (not necessarily as it really 
 is). 2. Observed result. 3. Remark- 
 able or unusual appearance. [ Gr. 
 2)liainoiiienon—phaino, sbow.] 
 
 pliial (fi'al), n. Small glass vessel or 
 bottle; vial. [Gr. phiale.] 
 
 philander (fi-lan'der), vi. Make love. 
 [Gr.— phileo, love and aner, man.] 
 
 philanthropic(fil-an-throp'ik),phil- 
 anthrop'ical, a. Loving mankind; 
 showing philanthropy; benevolent, — 
 philauth rop'ically, adv. 
 
 philanthropist (fil-an'thro-pist), n. 
 One who loves and wishes to serve 
 mankind. 
 
 philanthropy(fil-an'thro-pi), n. Love 
 of mankind; good-will towards all 
 men. [Gr. — philos, loving, and art,' 
 thropos, man.] <s 
 
 philatelist (fil-at'e-list), n. One who 
 collects postage-stamps. [Gr. phileo, 
 love, and teles, tax.] 
 
 philharmonic (fil-har-mon'ik ), a. 
 Loving harmony or music. [Gr. phi- 
 los, loving, and harmonia, harmony.] 
 
 philhellenist ( f i 1-h e l'e n-i s t ), n. 
 Friend of the Greeks. 
 
 philibeg-. See filibeg. 
 
 Philippic (fil-ip'ik), n. 1. One of the 
 orations of Demosthenes against 
 Philip of Macedonia.2.(l.c.)Discourse 
 full of bitter invective. [L.— Gr.] 
 
 Philistine (fi-lis'tin), n. 1. One of the 
 ancient inhabitants of south-western 
 Palestine, enemies of the Israelites. 
 2. Person without liberal ideas; un- 
 cultured person of sordid interests. 
 — Philis'tinism, n. 
 
 philogynist (fi-loj'i-nist), n. Lover 
 of women. [ Gr. phileo, love, and 
 gyne, woman.] 
 
 philomath (fil'o-math), n. Lover of 
 learnin g. [Gr . phileo , lo ve, and mathos, 
 learning.] [in philology. 
 
 philologist(til-ol'o-;jist), n. One versed 
 
 philology (nl-ol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 language; study of etymology, gram- 
 mar, rhetoric, and literary criticism. 
 — philolog'ic, philological, a.— 
 philolog'ically, adv. [Gr. philos, 
 loving, and logos, discourse, speech.] 
 
 philomel (fil'o-mel), philomela (hi- 
 o-me'la), n. Nightingale. [Gr. Philo- 
 mela, daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, fabled to have been changed 
 into a nightingale.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mQte. hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
philopena 
 
 412 
 
 photogravure 
 
 philopena (fil-o-pe'na), n. 1. Present 
 made as a forfeit in a game in which 
 two persons enter upon a playful 
 test. 2. The game. 3. Double kernel 
 in a nutshell giving occasion for the 
 game. 4. Salutation in the game. 
 
 pliiloprogenitiveness ( fil-o-pro- 
 jen'-i-tiv-nes), n. Instinctive love of 
 offspring; fondness for children. [Gr. 
 philos, loving, and L. progenies, prog- 
 eny.] 
 
 philosopher (fil-os'o-fer), n. 1. One 
 versed in or devoted to philosophy. 2. 
 One who acts calmly and rationally. 
 
 philosophic ( fil-o-sof'ik ), philo- 
 sophical, a. 1. Pertaining or accord- 
 ing to philosophy. 2. Skilled in or 
 given to philosophy. 3. Rational; 
 calm.— philosophically, adv. 
 
 philosophize (fll-os'o-flz), vi. Reason 
 like a philosopher. 
 
 philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. 1. Knowl- 
 edge of the causes of phenomena. 2. 
 Collection of general laws or princi- 
 ples belonging to a department of 
 knowledge. 3. Reasoning. 4. Partic- 
 ular philosophical system. [Gr. phi- 
 losophia— philos, loving, and sophia, 
 wisdom.] 
 
 philter, philtre (nTter), n. Charm 
 or spell to excite love. [Gr. phillron.] 
 
 phiz (fiz), n. Face. [Abbreviated — 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY.] 
 
 phlebotomy (fle-bot'o-mi), n. Act of 
 letting blood. [Gr. phleps, vein, and 
 tomos, cutting.] 
 
 phlegm (flem), n. 1. Thick, slimy 
 matter secreted in the throat, and 
 discharged by coughing. 2. Slug- 
 gishness; indifference. [Gr. phlegma, 
 flame, inflammation, humor.] 
 
 phlegmatic ( fleg-mat'ik ), phleg- 
 mat'ical, a. 1. Abounding in or gen- 
 erating phlegm. 2. Sluggish; not 
 easily excited.— phlegmat'ically, 
 adv. [Gr. phlegmatikos — phlegma.'] 
 
 phlox ( floks ), n. American garden 
 plant of many varieties, with showy 
 flowers. [Gr.=flame — phlego, burn.] 
 
 phoenix. Same as phenix. 
 
 phone ( fon ), n. Common abbrevia- 
 tion Of TELEPHONE. 
 
 phonetic (fo-net'ik), phonetlcal 
 (fo-net'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
 according to, the sound of the voice. 
 2. Representing the separate ele- 
 mentary sounds. 3. Vocal.— phonet- 
 ics, n. sing. Science of sounds, esp. 
 of the human voice. — phonetical- 
 ly, adv. [Gr. phonetikos—phone,sound..] 
 
 phonic ( fon'ik ), a. Pertaining to 
 sound. — phon'ics, n. Science of 
 so»nd ; acoustics. 
 
 phonograph (fo'no-graf), n. Instru- 
 ment by which articulate speech or 
 other sounds can be recorded and 
 mechanically reproduced at will from 
 the record, almost in the original 
 tones. [Gr. phone, sound, and grapho, 
 write.] 
 
 phonographer ( fo-nog'ra-fer ), n. 
 One versed in phonography. 
 
 phonography (fo-nog'ra-fl), n. 1. Art 
 of representing spoken sounds, each 
 by a distinct character. 2. Phonetic 
 shorthand. 3. Art of constructing or 
 using phonographs. — phono- 
 graphic, a. — phonograph'ical- 
 ly, adv. 
 
 phonology (fo-nol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 the elementary spoken sounds; pho- 
 netics. — phonolog'ical, a.— pho- 
 nologist, ra.One versed in phonology. 
 [Gr. phone,so\md,an(l logos, discourse.] 
 
 phonotype ( fo'no-tip ), n. Type or 
 sign representing a sound, [Gr. phone, 
 sound, and typos, type.] 
 
 phosphate ( fos'fat ), n. Salt formed 
 by the combination of phosphoric acid 
 with a base. 
 
 phosphoresce (fos-for-es'), vi. Shine 
 like phosphorus in the dark. 
 
 phosporescent ( fos-for-es'ent ), a. 
 Shining in the dark like phosphorus. 
 — phosphores'cence, n. 
 
 phosphoric (fos-for'ik), phosphor- 
 ous (fos'fur-us), a. Pertaining to or 
 obtained from phosphorus. 
 
 phosphorus (fos'fur-us), n. Yellowish 
 non-metallic substance, so inflamma- 
 ble that it must be kept under water. 
 It is slightly luminous in the dark. 
 [Gr. —p/ios, light, smdphoros, bearing.] 
 
 photo (fo'to), n. Abbreviated form of 
 
 PHOTOGRAPH. 
 
 photo-engraving(f5'to-en-gra'ving), 
 n. Producing by photographic means 
 a relief-block or plate for printing. 
 
 photograph (fo'to-graf). I. n. Pic- 
 ture produced by photography. II. vt. 
 and vi. Practice photography. 
 
 photographer (f5'tog'ra-fer), n. One 
 who practices photography. 
 
 photographic (fo-to-graf'ik), pho- 
 tographical ( fo-to-grat'ik-al ), a. 
 Pertaining to or done by photography. 
 —photographically, adv. 
 
 photography (fo-tog'ra-fi), n. Art of 
 producing pictures by the action of 
 light on chemically prepared surfaces. 
 [Gr. phos, photos, light, and grapho, 
 draw.] 
 
 photogravure (fo-to-gra-vur' ), 1. n. 
 Producing by the action of light and 
 by etching, a metal plate for printing. 
 
 ■ 2. Picture so produced. [Gr. phos, 
 light, and Fr. gravure, engraving.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
photolithograph 
 
 413 
 
 pibroch 
 
 photolithograph (fo-to-lith'o-graf), 
 n. Print from a stone prepared by 
 aid of photography. 
 
 photometer (fo-tom'et-er), n. Instru- 
 ment for measuring the intensity of 
 light. [Gr. phos, light, and metron, 
 measure.] 
 
 photophone (fo'to-fon), n. Appara- 
 tus for transmitting articulate speech 
 to a distance along a beam of light. 
 [Gr. phos, light, and phone, sound.] 
 
 photosphere (fo'to-sfer), n. Lumin- 
 ous envelope round the sun's globe, 
 which is the source of light. [Gr. 
 phos, light, and sphere.] 
 
 phragma (frag'ma), n. [pi. phrag'- 
 mata.] Partition; diaphragm. [Gr.] 
 
 phrase (fraz). I. n. 1. Part of a sen- 
 tence; short pithy expression; form 
 of speech. 2. In music, short clause 
 or portion of a sentence. II. vt. Ex- 
 press in words. [Fr.— Gr. phrasis — 
 phrazo, speak.] 
 
 phraseology ( fra-ze-ol'o-ji ), n. 1. 
 Style or manner of expression or use 
 of phrases; peculiarities of diction. 
 2. Collection of phrases. [Gr. phrasis, 
 phrase, and logos, science.] 
 Syn. Diction: style; language. 
 
 phrenitis (fre-ni'tis), n. 1. Inflam- 
 mation of the brain. 2. Delirium. 
 
 phrenologist (fren-ol'o-jist), n. One 
 who believes or is versed in phren- 
 ology. 
 
 phrenology (fren-ol'o-ji), n. Theory 
 of Gall and his followers, which con- 
 nects the mental faculties with cer- 
 tain parts of the brain, and professes 
 to discover the character from a sur- 
 face-examination of the skull.— 
 phrenological, a. — phrenolog- 
 ically, adv. [Gr. phren, mind, and 
 logos, science. ] 
 
 phthisic (tiz'ik), phthisis (thi'sis), 
 n. Consumption of the lungs. [Gr. 
 phthio, waste away.] 
 
 phthisical (tiz'ik-al), a. Pertaining 
 to or having phthisic; consumptive. 
 
 phylactery (fl-lak'ter-i), n. Among 
 the Jews, a slip of parchment inscrib- 
 ed with passages of Scripture, worn 
 on the left arm and forehead.— phy- 
 lacter'ic, phylacter'ical, a. [L. — 
 Gr. phylakterion—phylasso, guard.] 
 
 phylloxera (fil-loks'er-a), n. Genus of 
 insects destructive to" grape vines. 
 [Gr. phyllon, leaf, and zeros, dry, 
 withered.] 
 
 physic (fiz'ik). I. n. 1. Science of 
 medicine. 2. Art of healing. 3. Medi- 
 cine; cathartic. II. vt. [physicking; 
 physicked.] 1. Give medicine to. 2. 
 Purge. 3. Cure. [Gr. physike ( techne ), 
 natural (art). ] 
 
 physical (fiz'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to nature or natural objects. 2. Per- 
 taining to natural philosophy. 3. 
 Known to the senses.— phys'ically, 
 adv. [Gr. physifcos— physis, nature.] 
 
 physician (n-zish'au), n. One skilled 
 in the use of physic or the art of heal- 
 ing; one who prescribes remedies for 
 diseases. [physics. 
 
 physicist (fiz'i-sist), n. One versed in 
 
 physics (fiz'iks), n. Science of the 
 phenomena of nature and the general 
 properties of matter as affected by 
 energy; natural philosophy. It has 
 four branches: 1. Mechanics or dyna- 
 mics(forcein general.) 2. Gravitation. 
 3. Molecular physics (composition of 
 matter, cohesion, etc.) 4. Physics of 
 the ether (light, radiation, electri- 
 city, etc.) [Gv.—physis, nature.] 
 
 physiognomy ( fiz-i-og'no-mi ), n. 1. 
 Art of knowing a person's disposition 
 from the features. 2. Expression of 
 countenance. 3. Face. — physiog- 
 nom'ic, physiognom'ical, a. — 
 physiognoni'ically, adv. — phys- 
 iog'nomist, n. [Gr. physis, nature, 
 and gnomon, indicator.] 
 
 physiography (fiz-i-og'ra-fi), n. Phys- 
 ical geography. 
 
 physiology ( fiz-i-ol'o-ji ), n. Science 
 of the functions of living beings, — a 
 branch of biology. — physiolog'ic, 
 physiological, a. — physiolog'- 
 ically 9 adv.— physiologist, n. [Gr. 
 physis, nature, and logos, science.] 
 
 physique (fl-zek'), n. Physical struct- 
 ure or natural constitution of a per- 
 son. [FrJ 
 
 pi, pie (pi). I. n. Printing types jum- 
 bled together. II. vt. Mix up types 
 indiscriminately. [Origin uncertain.] 
 
 pia mater (pi'a-ma'ter), n. Membraue 
 immediately investing the brain and 
 spinal cord. [L. = tender mother.] 
 
 pianist (pi-a'nist), n. One who plays 
 on the niano, or one well skilled in it. 
 
 piano (pi-a'no), adv. Softly.— pianis'- 
 simo, adv. Very softly ._ [It.] 
 
 pianoforte (pi-a-no-for'ta), (generally 
 shortened to) piano ( pi-a'no ), n. 
 Musical instrument with wires struck 
 by little hammers moved by keys. [It. 
 piano, plain, and forte, strong.] 
 
 pianola (pi-a-no'la), n. A mechanical 
 device for playing the piano. 
 
 piazza (pi-az'a), n. 1. Place or square 
 surrounded by buildings. 2. Walk 
 under a roof supported by pillars. 
 [It.— L.platea, broad street.] 
 
 pibroch (pe'brokh), n. Martial music 
 of the Scottish bagpipe. [Gael. _?;«)- 
 baireachd, pipe-music— piobair, piper— 
 piob, pipe, bagpipe.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pica 
 
 414 
 
 P*S 
 
 pica, (pi'ka), n. Printing type, equal 
 to 12 points. [L.= magpie.] 
 
 This line is set in pica. 
 This line is set in small pica. 
 
 picador (pik-a-dor'), n. In bull-fight- 
 ing, a mounted lancer who first at- 
 tacks the bull, goading him to fury. 
 [Sp. = pricker.] 
 
 picayune(pik-a-un'),w. 1. Formerly,in 
 Louisiana, etc., the Spanish half -real 
 =6!£ cents. 2. Coin of little value,as a 
 five -cent nickel. [ Probably — Fr. 
 picaillon, farthing.] 
 
 piccalilli (pik'a-lil-li)» n. Pickle made 
 of various vegetables, chopped and 
 spiced.] [child, esp. of the negro race. 
 
 piccaninny (pik'a-nin-i), n. Baby or 
 
 pick(pik). I. vt. 1. Prick with a sharp- 
 pointed instrument. 2. Peck, as a 
 bird. 3. Open with a pointed instru- 
 ment, as a lock . 4. Pluck or gather, 
 as flowers etc. 5. Separate (from). 6. 
 Choose ; select. 7. Seek, as a quarrel. 
 8. Pilfer; take from. II. vi. 1. Do 
 anything nicely. 2. Eat by morsels. 
 III. n. 1. Sharp-pointed instrument. 
 2. Choice.— pick'er, n. [A.S. pycan.] 
 
 pickaninny. See piccaninny". 
 
 pickax, pickaxe (pik'aks), n. Pick- 
 ing tool used in digging. [Corr. of 
 M. E. pikois— O. Fr. plcois, pike.] 
 
 picked (pikt), a. Selected. 
 
 pickerel ( pik'er-el), n. 1. Species of 
 North-American pike. 2. Any young 
 fish of the pike family. 
 
 picket (pik'et). I. n. 1. Pointed stake 
 used in fortification. 2. Small outpost 
 or guard. II. vt. 1. Fortify or fence 
 with pointed stakes. 2. Fasten to a 
 stake, as a horse. 3. Post as a van- 
 guard. [Fr. piquet, dim. olpie, pike.] 
 
 pickle (pik'l). I. n. 1. Brine in which 
 substances are preserved. 2. Anything 
 so preserved. 3. Disagreable posi- 
 tion. II. vt. Season or preserve with 
 salt, vinegar, etc. [Dut. pekel, Ger. 
 poekel. Akin to Sc. pickle, grain (of 
 salt).] [for nicking locks. 
 
 picklock (pik'lok), n~. Instrument 
 
 pickpocket (pik'pok-et), n. One who 
 steals from other people's pockets. 
 
 picnic (pik'nik). I. n. Short excursion 
 into the country by a pleasure-party, 
 taking their own provisions. II. vi. 
 [pic'nicking ; pic'nicked.] Go on a 
 picnic. [Rhyming name, from E. pick, 
 eat by morsels.] 
 
 pictorial (pik-to'ri-al), a. 1. Relating 
 to pictures. 2. Illustrated by pictures- 
 — picto'rially, adv. 
 
 picture (pik'tur). I. n. 1. Represen- 
 tation, as a painting, photograph, 
 drawing etc. 2. Resemblance; image. 
 3. Vivid description in words. II. vt. 
 Paint; represent; describe vividly. 
 [ L. pictura— pingo,pictus, paint.] 
 
 picturesque (pik-tur-esk'), a. Like a 
 picture; fit to make a picture.— pic- 
 turesque'ly, adv.— picturesque^ 
 ness, n. [It. pittoresco.] 
 
 pie (pi), n. Magpie. [Fr.] 
 
 pie (pi), n. 1. Quantity of meat or 
 fruit baked in a crust of prepared 
 flour. 2. Same as pi. [Gael, pighe, pie.] 
 
 piebald (pi'bald), a. Of various colors 
 in patches. [For pie-balled,— pie (mag- 
 pie), and Wei. bal, white streak on a 
 horse's forehead.] 
 
 piece (pes). I. n. 1. Part of anything. 
 2. Single article. 3. Separate perfor- 
 mance. 4. Literary or artistic com- 
 position. 5. Gun. 6. Coin. 7. In- 
 stance; example. II. vt. Enlarge by 
 adding apiece; patch. III. vi. Unite; 
 join.— pie'cer, n. [O. Fr. piece — L. 
 petium, patch of ground,— pes, foot.] 
 
 piecemeal (pes'mel). I. a. Made of 
 pieces or parts; single. II. adv. In 
 pieces or fragments; by pieces; grad- 
 ually. [PiBCEand MEAL.] 
 
 piecework (pes'wurk), n. Work done 
 by the piece or job. 
 
 pied ( pid), a. Variegated like a mag- 
 pie ; marked with large spots of vari- 
 ous colors. [barb. 
 
 pie-plant (pi'plant), n. Garden rhu- 
 
 pier (per), n. 1. Mass of stone-work 
 between the openings of a building, 
 also that supporting an arch, bridge, 
 etc. 2. Mass of stone or wood-work 
 
 Projecting into the sea ; wharf. — 
 Her-glass, mirror covering the whole 
 or greater part of a pier between two 
 openings in the wall. [M. E. pere— 
 Fr. pierre, stone.] 
 
 pierce (pers), vt. and vi. 1. Make a 
 hole through. 2. Force a way into.— 
 pier'cer, n. [Fr. percer.] 
 
 Pietist (pi'e-tist), n. 1. One of a class 
 of religious reformers in Protestant 
 Germany.about 1,700. 2.(p.)Onewho 
 makes an undue display of piety. 
 
 piety (pi'et-i),?i.Dutifulness and vener- 
 ation; loving obedience. [Fr. pUU— 
 L. pietas.] [holiness. 
 
 Syn. Devotion: sanctity; godliness; 
 
 pig (pig). I. n. 1. Young swine. 2. 
 Oblong mass of unforged metal, as 
 first extracted from the ore, so called 
 because it is made to flow when 
 melted in channels called pigs, bran- 
 ching from a main channel called the 
 sow. II. vi. [pig'glng; pigged.] Live 
 like pigs. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
pigeon 
 
 41S 
 
 pimple 
 
 Fan-tail pigeon. 
 
 pig-eon (pij'un), n. "Well-known bird; 
 dove.— pigeon-English,H,.(Perhaps 
 from business En- 
 glish) . Jargon com- 
 posed of corrupted 
 English, Portugue- 
 se, Chinese, etc., used 
 by foreign merchants 
 in dealings with Chi- 
 namen. [Fr.— L. pi- 
 pio, young bird, — 
 pipio, chirp.] 
 
 pigeon-nole ( pij'un-hol). I. n. 1. 
 Hole or niche in which pigeons lodge 
 in a dovecot. 2. Division of a case for 
 papers, etc. II. vt. 1. Place in a 
 pigeon-hole; file away. 2. Put aside; 
 ignore. [pigs. 
 
 piggish (pig'ish), a. Behaving like 
 
 pig-iron (pig'-i'urn), n. iron in pigs 
 or rough bars. 
 
 pigment (pig'ment), n. 1. Any sub- 
 stance for coloring. 2. Substance 
 that gives color to parts of animals 
 and vegetables. [L. pigmentum—pingo, 
 
 pigmy. Same as pygmy. [paint.] 
 
 pigtail (pig'tal), n. Hair of the head 
 tied behind in the form of a pig's tail. 
 
 pike (pik), n. 1. Weapon 
 with a shaft and spear- g^^g^^i 
 head, formerly used by << ..... 
 foot soldiers. 2. Voracious 
 fresh-water fish (so called 
 from its pointed snout.) 
 3. Turnpike. [A. S. pic] 
 
 piked ( pikt ), a. Ending 
 in a point. 
 
 pilaster ( pi-las'ter ), n. 
 Square pillar or column, 
 usually set within a wall. 
 — pilas'tered, a. Fur- 
 nished with pilasters or 
 inserted pillars. [Fr. pi- 
 lastre—Lt. pila, pillar.] 
 
 pile (pil). I. n. 1. Heap; 
 mass. 2. Large building. 
 3. Form of electric bat- 
 tery. II. vt. Lay in a pile or heap; 
 heap up; amass. [Fr.— L. pila, ball.] 
 
 pile (pil). I. n. Large stake driven 
 into the earth to support founda- 
 tions or to form a dam. II. vt. Drive 
 piles into. [A. S. pit — L. pila, pillar.] 
 
 pile(pil), n. 1. Hairy surface. 2. Nap on 
 cloth. [L. pilus, hair.] [pila, ball.] 
 
 piles (pllz), n. pi. Hemorrhoids. [L. 
 
 pilfer (pil'fer), vt. and vi. Steal small 
 things; steal by petty theft. [O. Fr. 
 pel/re, booty.] 
 
 pilgrim(pil'grim),w. l.One who travels 
 to a distance to visit a saGred place. 2. 
 Wanderer. [Fr. pelerin (for pelegrin) 
 — Li. peregrinus, foreigner — pereger, 
 traveler— per, through, and a^er.land.] 
 
 Pilaster. 
 
 pilgrimage (pil'grim-aj), n. Journey 
 of a pilgrim; journey to a shrine or 
 other sacred place. 
 
 pill (pil), n. 1. Little ball of medicine. 
 2. Anything unpleasant that has to 
 be taken or accepted. [Fr. pilule — L. 
 pilula, dim. of pila, ball.] 
 
 pillage (pil'aj). I. n. 1. Act of plunder- 
 ing. 2. Plunder. II. vt. Plunder. — 
 pillager, n. [Fr.—piller, plunder.] 
 Syn. Depredation; robbery; pilfer- 
 ing; rapine; booty; spoils. 
 
 pillar (pil'ar), n. 1. Detached sup- 
 port, differing from a column in that 
 it is not necessarily cylindrical, or of 
 classical proportions. 2. Anything 
 that sustains. [O. Fr. piler (Fr. pilier) 
 —Low L. pilare— L. pila, pillar.] 
 
 pillared (pil' ard), a. 1. Supported by 
 a pillar or pillars. 2. Having the form 
 of a pillar. 
 
 pillion (pil'yun), n. Cushion behind 
 a saddle. [Gael, pillean, i>a,d—peaU, 
 skin.] 
 
 pillory (pil'ur-i). I. n. Wooden frame, 
 having holes through which the head 
 and hands of a criminal were put as 
 a punishment. II. vt. [ pill'orying; 
 pill'oried. ] Punish in the pillory. 
 [Fr. pilori.] 
 
 pillow (pil'o). I. n. 1. Cushion filled 
 with feathers for resting the head on. 
 2. Any cushion. II. vt. Lay on for sup- 
 port.— pillow-ease, n. Outer cover 
 ing for a pillow.— pillow-sham, n. 
 Ornamental cover iaid over a pillow, 
 when not used. [A. S. pyle.] [soft. 
 
 pillowy (pil'o-i), a. Like a pillow; 
 
 pilose (pi'los), a. Hairy; downy; pi- 
 lous. [L. —pilus, hair.] 
 
 pilot(pi'lut). I. n. 1. One who conducts 
 ships in and out of a harbor, along a 
 dangerous coast, etc. 2. Guide. II. 
 vt. Conduct as a pilot.— pi'lot-boat, 
 n.- Boat in which pilots cruise off 
 shore to meet incoming ships.— 
 pi'lot-bread, n. Ship-biscuit. — 
 pi'lot-engine,w. Engine sent ahead 
 to see that the track is clear. [ Dut. 
 
 ftiloot, — peilen, sound, and loot, (Ger. 
 oth, E. lead), sounding-lead.] 
 
 pilotage (pl'lut-aj), n. 1. Act of pilot- 
 ing. 2. Fee or wages of pilots. 
 
 pilons (pilus), a. Hairy; consisting 
 of hair; hair-like, pilose. 
 
 pirn en ta (pi-men'ta), pimento (pi- 
 men'to), n. 1. Jamaica pepper; all- 
 spice. 2. Evergreen tree producing 
 it. [Port.— L. pigmentum.] 
 
 pimple (pim'pl), n. Small swelling or 
 pointed prominence of the cuticle.— 
 pim'pled, pim'ply, a. Having 
 pimples. [A. S. pipel.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 
 
pin 
 
 416 
 
 piping- 
 
 pin (pin). I. n. 1. Sharp-pointed in- 
 strument, esp. for fastening articles 
 together. 2. Anything that holds parts 
 together. 3. Peg used in musical in- 
 strument for fastening the strings. 4. 
 Ornament attached with a pin, as 
 breastpin, scarf pin, etc. II. vt. [pin'- 
 ning; pinned.] 1. Fasten with a pin. 
 2. Hold fast, as if transfixed with a 
 pin. [L. pinna, penna, feather, peg.] 
 
 pinafore(pin' a-f or) , n. Loose co vering 
 of cotton or linen over a child's dress, 
 orig. pinned to its front. 
 
 pincers. Same as pinchers. 
 
 pinch (pinch ). I. vt. 1. Gripe hard; 
 squeeze; nip. 2, Distress; gripe. 3. 
 Straiten; put in straits; press. 4. Ar- 
 rest and imprison. (Slang). II. vi. 1. 
 Bear or press hard. 2. Live sparingly. 
 III. n. 1. Close compression with the 
 fingers. 2. What can he taken up by 
 the compressed fingers. 3. Gripe; 
 distress. — On a pinch, in case of an 
 emergency. [Fr. pincer.] 
 
 pinchbeck ( pinch'bek ), n. Yellow 
 alloy of five parts of copper to one of 
 zinc, resembling gold. [From the 
 inventor, Christopher Pinchbeck.] 
 
 pinched (pincht), a. 1. Nipped; squeez- 
 ed ; compressed. 2. In straits. 3. 
 Thin; peakish. [which pinches. 
 
 pincher (pin'cher), n. One who or that 
 
 pinchers (pin'cherz), pincers (piu'- 
 serz), n. Instrument for seizing any- 
 thing, esp. for drawing out nails, etc. 
 
 pincushion (pin'kosh-un), n. Case or 
 cushion for holding pins. 
 
 Pindaric (pin-dar'ik). I. a. After the 
 style of Pindar, a Greek lyric poet. 
 II. n. Pindaric ode; irregular ode. 
 
 pine (pin), n. Northern cone-bearing, 
 resinous tree, furnishing valuable 
 timber. [A. S. pin— Li. pinus (for pic- 
 nus), " pitch tree "—pix,picis, pitch.] 
 
 pine (pin), v$. Waste away under pain 
 or mental distress. [A. S. pinan, tor- 
 ment, frompin, pain— Ij. poena.] 
 
 pine-apple ( pm-ap'l ), n. Tropical 
 plant, and its delicious fruit, shaped 
 like a pine-cone. 
 
 pinery (prner-i), n. 1. Place where 
 pine-apples are raised. 2. Pine forest. 
 
 ping pong (ping pang), n. Table ten- 
 nis. [Imitative.] 
 
 pinion ( pin'yun ). I. n. 1. Wing. 2. 
 Joint of a wing most remote from the 
 body. 3. Smaller wheel with cogs 
 working into others. II. vt. 1. Confine 
 the wings of. 2. Cut off the pinion. 3. 
 Confine by binding the arms. [Fr. 
 pignon—Ju. pinna, wing.] 
 
 pink (pingk), vt. 1. Stab or pierce. 2. 
 Ornament with eyelet-holes, scallops, 
 etc. [A,S. pyngan— L. pungo, prick.] 
 
 pink (pingk). I. n. 1. Plant with beau- 
 tiful flowers. 2. Shade of light-red 
 coJor like that of. the flower. 3. That 
 which is supremely excellent; flower. 
 II. a. Of a color called pink. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 pin-money (pin'mun'i ), n. Money 
 allowed to a wife for private expenses. 
 
 pinnace (pin'as ), n. 1. Small vessel 
 with oars and sails. 2. Boat with eight 
 oars. [Fr. pinasse—L,. pinus, pine.] 
 
 pinnacle (pin'a-kl), n. High point 
 like aspire. [Fr.— L. pinna, feather.] 
 
 pinnate (pin'at), a. 1. In bot. Shaped 
 or arranged like a feather. 2. Inzool, 
 Furnished with fins. — pin'nately, 
 adv. [L. pinnatus— pinna, feather.] 
 
 pint (pint), n. Measure of capacity = 
 Vz quart or 4 gills. [Probably from 
 a mark upon a larger measure. Fr. 
 pinte— Sp. pinta, mark, pint,— L.pingo, 
 paint.] 
 
 pintle (pin'tl), n. 1. Long iron bolt. 
 2. Upright bolt or pin, as in a hinge, 
 or on a boat to hang the rudder on. 
 [Dim. of pin.] 
 
 pinworm (pin'wurm), n. Small worm 
 infesting the rectum, esp. of children. 
 
 piny (pi'ni), a. Full of pine-trees. 
 
 pioneer (pi-o-ner'). I. n. One who goes 
 before to prepare the way. II. vt. Act 
 as pioneer to. [Fr. pionnier — pion, 
 foot-soldier.] 
 
 pious (pi'us), a. 1. Having reverence 
 and love for the Deity. 2. Done under 
 the cloak of piety. — pi'ously, adv. 
 [Fr. pieux— L. pius.] 
 Syn. Devout; godly; reverential. 
 
 pip ( pip ), n. Disease of fowls, with 
 formation of phlegm in mouth and 
 throat. [Fr. pSpie, a corr. of L. pituita, 
 rheum.] [pin.] 
 
 pip (pip), n. Seed of fruit. [FromPiP- 
 
 pip (pip), n. Spot on cards. Corr. of 
 provincial Eng.jpicA—Fr. pique, spade.] 
 
 pipe (pip). I. n. 1. Musical instrument 
 consisting of a long tube. 2. Any 
 long tube. 3. Tube of clay, etc., with a 
 bowl at one end for smoking tobacco. 
 
 4. Cask containing about 126 gallons. 
 
 5. Peeping, whistle, or chirping of a 
 bird. II. vt. and vi. Play upon a pipe; 
 whistle; call with a pipe, as on board 
 ships. — pi'per, [A. S. pipe. Imita- 
 tative of sound.] _ 
 
 pipeclay (pip'kla), n. White clay 
 used for making tobacco pipes and 
 fine earthenware. [Fr.] 
 
 pipette (pi-pet'), n. Small tube or can. 
 
 piping (pi'ping) , a. 1. Playing on a 
 pipe. 2. Shrill. 3. Whistling; utter- 
 ing shrill cries. 4. Accompanied by 
 the sounds of the peaceful flute. 5. 
 Boiling; hissing. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owL then. 
 
pipkin 
 
 417 
 
 pithless 
 
 pipkin (pip'kin), n. Small earthen 
 pot, or jar. [Dim. of pipe.] 
 
 pippin (pip'in), n. Variety of apple. 
 [From O. Fr. pepin, apple-tree raised 
 from the seed.] 
 
 piquant (pe'kant), a. Stimulating to 
 the taste ; pungent ; racy. — pi'- 
 quantly. adv.— piquancy, n. [Fr. 
 pr. p. of piquer, prick. ] 
 
 pique(peq). I. n. Wounded pride ; spite. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Wound the pride of. 2. Offend. 
 
 3. Pride or value (one's self). [Fr.] 
 
 Syn. Resentment; grudge; vexation. 
 
 pique (p§-ka/) , n. Fabric with inwoven 
 pattern of small points. [Fr.] 
 
 piquet (pe-kef), n. Game at cards. 
 [Said to be named from inventor.] 
 
 piracy (pi'ra-si), n. 1. Robbery on the 
 high seas. 2. Infringement of copy- 
 right; literary theft. 
 
 pirate (pi'rat). I. n. 1. Robber or 
 plunderer on the high seas. 2. One 
 who appropriates the literary labors 
 of another without permission. II. 
 vt. and vi. Practice piracy. [Li.pirata 
 — Gr. peirates—peirao, attempt.] 
 
 piratical (pi-rat'ik-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to a pirate. 2. Practicing piracy. 
 — piratically, adv. 
 
 pirogue (pi-rog'),w. Canoe made from 
 a hollowed tree. [W. Jnd.] 
 
 pirouette (pir-6-ef). I. n. Whirling 
 or wheeling about, esp. in dancing. 
 II. vi. Execute a pirouette. [Fr. 1 
 
 piscatorial (pis'- 
 ka-to'ri-al), pis- 
 catory (pis'ka- 
 to-ri), a. Relat- 
 ing to fishes or 
 fishing. 
 
 Pisces (pis'ez), n. 
 Twelfth sign of 
 the zodiac. [L. 
 pi. of piscis.fish.] 
 
 pisciculture(pis' 
 i-kul-tur), n. 
 Rearing of fish by artificial methods. 
 [L. piscis, fish, and ctilture.] 
 
 pish (pish), inter). Exclamation of 
 contempt. 
 
 pistachio(pis-ta'shi-o) ,n. Nut growing 
 around the Mediterranean. [Gr.pista- 
 kion—Pers. pista.] 
 
 pistil (pis' til), n. Seed-bearing organ 
 in the center of a flower, so called 
 from its likeness to the pestle of a 
 mortar. [L. pistillum.] 
 
 pistol (pis'tul), n. Small hand-gun. 
 [Orig. a dagger, Fr. pistole— It. pistola, 
 said to be from Pistoja (orig. Pistola), 
 a town in Italy.] 
 
 pistole (pis-tol'), n. Spanish gold coin 
 worth about $3.85. [So called because 
 ■mailer than the crowns of France.] 
 
 Pisces. ($Q 
 
 piston (pis'tun), n. Short solid cylin- 
 der, fitting and moving fox-ward and 
 backward within another hollow one. 
 [Fr.— It. pistone. See pestle.] 
 
 pit(pit). I. n. 1. Hole in the earth : abyss. 
 
 2. Hole used as a trap for wild beasts. 
 
 3. Hollow of the stomach. 4. Inden- 
 tation left by smallpox. 5. Main floor 
 of a theater. 6. Inclosure for a fight, 
 as of dogs. 7. Shaft of a mine. 8. 
 Stone, as of a cherry. II. vt. [pitf' 
 in'g; pitt'ed] 1. Mark with pits of 
 little hollows. 2. Set in competition. 
 — Pit saw, saw for two men, one above 
 and one below. [A. S. pytt—la. puteus, 
 a well.] 
 
 pitapat (pit'a-pat), adv. With palpi- 
 tation or quick beating. [A repetition 
 of pat.] 
 
 pitch (pich). I. n. Black shining sub- 
 stance obtained by boiling down com- 
 mon tar. II. vt. Smear with pitch. 
 [A. S. pic— L. pix.] 
 
 pitch (pich). I. vt. 1. Throw. 2. Fix 
 or set in array. 3. Fix the tone. II. 
 vi. 1. Settle, as something pitched. 2. 
 Come to rest from flight. 3. Fall 
 headlong. 4. Fix the choice. 5. En- 
 camp. 6. Rise and fall, as a ship. 
 III. n. 1. Throw; cast. 2. Point or 
 degree of elevation or depression; 
 degree of slope. 3. In mus. Height or 
 a note. 4. In mech. Distance between 
 the centers of two teeth.— pitch'er, 
 n. One w r ho pitches. [A form of pick.] 
 
 pitched (picht), a. 1. Fully prepared 
 and planned, as a battle. 2. Sloped. 
 
 pitcher (pich'er), n. Large-mouthed 
 jug. [O. Fr. picker— root of bea.ker.] 
 
 pitcher-plant ( pich'er-plant ), n. 
 Tropical plant with vase-shaped 
 leaves holding water like pitchers. 
 
 pitchfork ( pich'fark ), n. Fork for 
 pitching hay, etc. " 
 
 pitchpipe(pich'pip), n. Small oipe 
 with which the voice or a tune is 
 pitched. 
 
 pitchy (pich'i), a. Having the qualities 
 of pitch; smeared with pitch; black 
 like pitch; dark; dismal. 
 
 piteous (pit'e-us), a. Pitiful. — pit- 
 eously, adv.— pit'eousness, n. 
 
 Syn. Miserable; woful; sorrowful; 
 doleful; sad; compassionate; paltry. 
 
 pitfall (pit'fal),?i. 1. Pit slightly cov- 
 ered, so that wild beasts may fall in 
 and be caught. 2. Any hidden snare. 
 
 pith (pith), n. 1. Soft substance in the 
 center of stems of plants, feathers, 
 etc. 2. Condensed substance; quint- 
 essence. [A. S. pitha. Akin to pit, 
 stone. ] 
 
 pithless (pith'les), a. Wanting pith, 
 force or energy. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pittiy 
 
 418 
 
 plan 
 
 pithy (pith'i), a. 1. Full of pith. 2« 
 
 Forcible; terse.— pithily, adv. 
 pitiable (pit'i-a-bl), a. Deserving pity ; 
 
 affecting.— pitiably, adv. 
 pitiful (pit'i-fol),a. 1. Compassionate. 
 
 2. Causing pity. 3. Despicable.— pit' - 
 
 i fully, adv.— pit'ifulness, n. 
 pitiless (pit'i-les), a. Without pity.— 
 
 pitilessly, adv.— pit'ilessness,, n. 
 pitman ( pit'- 
 
 man), n. 1. One 
 
 who works in a 
 
 pit, 2. Connect- 
 ing rod. 
 pittance (pit'- 
 
 ans), n. Small 
 
 portion, as of 
 
 food. [Fr. pi- 
 
 tance.] 
 pituitary (pif- 
 
 u-i-ta-ri)body, 
 
 small two-lob- 
 
 ed part of the 
 
 brain, back of 
 
 the nose; pitui- 
 tary gland. [Li. 
 
 pituita, mucus, 
 
 phlegm.] 
 
 Temporal lobes. 3. 3- 
 
 Brain viewed from 
 
 below. 
 Pituitary gland. 2, 2- 
 fontal lobes. 4, 4. 
 Cerebellum. 5. Medulla oblongata. (5. Pons 
 Varolii. 7. Corpus callo6um. 8. Optic nerve. 
 9. Olfactory track. 
 
 pity (pit'i). I. n. 1. Sympathy with a 
 sufferer. 2. Cause of commiseration. 
 II. vt. [pit'y-ing; pit'ied.] Commiser- 
 ate. [O. Fr. pite— Ij.pietas.] 
 
 pivot (piv'ut). I. n. Pin on which any- 
 thing turns. II. vt. and vi. Place, or 
 turn, on a pivot. [Fr.— It. piva, peg,— 
 Low L. pipa, pipe.] 
 
 pixy, pixie (piks'i), a. Fairy. 
 
 pizzicato (pit-si-ka'to), a. Plucked or 
 twanged with a finger. [It.] 
 
 placable (pla'ka-bl), a. That may be 
 appeased ; forgiving. — pla'cably, 
 adv." placabil'ity, pla'cableness, 
 ns. [L. placabilis—placo, appease.] 
 
 placard (pla-kard' or plak'ard). I. n. 
 Poster. II. vt. 1. Post placards upon. 
 2. Announce by posters. [Fr.] 
 
 placate (pla'kat), vt. Appease ; pacify ; 
 conciliate. [L,.—placeo, please.] 
 
 place ( plas). I. n. 1. Space; locality; 
 spot. 2. Existence. 3. Position. 4. 
 Stead. 5. Short street. II. vt. 1. Put 
 in place or condition. 2. Invest. 3. 
 Ascribe. [Fr.— L. platea, broad street.] 
 
 placer (plas'er),w. Deposit of valuable 
 mineral found in particles in alluvi- 
 um, beds of stream, etc. [Sp.] 
 
 placid (plas'id), a. Peaceful.— plac'- 
 idly, adv. — placidity, plac'id- 
 ness, ns. [L. placidus—placeo, please.] 
 
 placket (plak'et), n. 1. Pocket. 2. 
 Slit in a skirt. [O. Fr. placquette. 
 patch.] [—plat fond, flat bottom. J 
 
 plafond (pla-fond'j, n. Ceiling. [Fr. 
 
 plagiarism (pla'ji-a-rizm), n. 1. Act 
 or practice of plagiarizing. 2. What 
 is plagiarized [plagiarizes. 
 
 plagiarist (pla'ji-a-rist), n. One who 
 
 plagiarize (pla'ji-a-riz), vt. Take from 
 the writings of another without 
 acknowledgment. 
 
 plagiary (pla'ji-ar-i). I. n. Plagiarist. 
 II. a. Practicing literary theft. [Fr e 
 plagiaire— L. pta^iariws.man-stealer,— 
 plaga, net.]_ 
 
 plague (plag). I. n. 1. Great natural 
 evil. 2. Deadly epidemic or pestilence. 
 3. Anything troublesome. II. vt. 
 [pla'guing; pla'gued.] 1. Infest with 
 calamity. 2. Vex. [L.. plaga, blow.] 
 Syn. Tantalize. See trouble. 
 
 plaice (plas), ^.Flounder. [O.Fr.plais.] 
 
 placenta (pla-sen'ta), n. "Vascular 
 organ attaching the fetus to the 
 womb— placental, a. 
 
 plaid (plad or plad ). L n. 1. Loose 
 oater garment consisting of a rectan- 
 gular piece of checked woolen cloth, 
 chiefly worn by the Highlanders of 
 Scotland. 2. Goods of any quality or 
 material of a tartan or checked pat- 
 tern. II. a. Made of or resembling a 
 plaid; checkered with bars. [GaeL 
 plaide, blanket, contracted olpeallaid, 
 sheepskin.] 
 
 plaided(plad'ed), a. 1. Wearing a plaid. 
 2. Made of plaid; tartan. 
 
 plain (plan). I. a. Without elevations 
 or cover, ornaments, difficulty, etc. 
 II. n. Level land. — plainly , adv. 
 — plainness, n. [Fr.— L. planus.] 
 
 Syn. Even; flat; level; frank; art- 
 less; smooth; open; simple; sincere; 
 homely; uneducated; evident. 
 
 plaint (plant), n. Lamentation; com- 
 plaint. [O. Fr. pleinte — L. plango % 
 beat the breast in mourning.] 
 
 plaintiff (plan'tif), n. One who com- 
 mences a suit in law. [Fr. plaintif. 
 See plaint.] 
 
 plaintive ( plan'tiv ) a. Expressing 
 
 - sorrow; lamenting. — plain t'ively, 
 adv.— plaint'iveness, n. [Same as 
 
 PLAINTIFF.] 
 
 plait (plat). I. n. 1 .Fold; doubling. 2. 
 Braid. II. vt. 1. Fold; double in nar- 
 row folds. 2. Interweave; braid. [O. 
 Fr. ploit— L. plico, fold.] 
 
 plan (plan). I. n. 1. Drawing of a 
 building machine, etc. 2. Scheme. 3- 
 Method. II. vt. [plann'ing; planned.] 
 1. Make a sketch. 2. Form in design, 
 [Fr.— L. planus, flat.] 
 Syn. Diagram; plot. See scheme. 
 
 fStfi, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
planary 
 
 410 
 
 plate 
 
 planary (pla'na-ri), a. Lying in one 
 plane; flat. 
 
 planchette ( plan-shet' ), n. Small 
 heart-shaped board on three sup- 
 ports, two of which have castors, 
 while the_third has a leadpencil-point. 
 
 plane (plan). I. n. 1. Level surface. 2. 
 In geom. Even superficies. II. a. 1. 
 Plain; even; level. 2. Pertaining to. 
 lying in, or forming, a plane. III. vt. 
 Make level. [ Fr. — L. planus. See 
 plain, even.] 
 
 plane ( plan ). I. n. Carpenter's tool. 
 II. vt. Make a surface (as of wood) 
 level or smooth.— pla'uer,/;. 1. Plan- 
 ing-machine. 2. Wooden block used 
 to level the face of a form of type 
 before printing. 
 
 \^ ./ Mam V^_^-/ Eabtm Venus MercuRv 
 
 iZZTta Satubn Neorw«.e U«*nv» 
 
 The Plaxets. 
 
 The figures indicate the proportional 
 
 sizes approxitnatively. 
 
 planet (plan'et), n. One of the bodies in 
 the solar system which revolve round 
 the sun. [Gr. planetes, wanderer.] 
 
 planetarium ( plan-e-ta'ri-um ), n. 
 Machine showing the motions and 
 orbits of the planets. 
 
 planetary(plan'e-tar-i), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the planets. 2. Consisting of or 
 produced by planets. 3. Erratic; re- 
 volving. 
 
 planetoid (plan'et-oid), n. Very small 
 planet; asteroid. [Gr. planetes, and 
 eidos, form.] , 
 
 plane-tree (plan'tre), n. Tall tree of 
 many varieties. The American plane- 
 tree ( sycamore, buttonwood ) has 
 leaves like the maple's. [Pr. plane— L. 
 platanus—Gr. platanos—platys, broad.] 
 
 planimeter ( pla-nim'e-ter ), n. In- 
 strument for measuring a plane area. 
 
 planish (plan'ish), vt. Make smooth 
 by planing or hammering. 
 
 planisphere (plan'i-sfer), n. Projec- 
 tion of the celestial sphere on a plane. 
 
 plank (plangk). I. n. 1. Long, plain 
 piece of timber, thicker than a board. 
 
 2. One of the parts of a political pro- 
 gram (platform). II. vt.l. Cover with 
 planks. 2. Split and cook on a board. 
 
 3. Tag down. JL. planca, board.] 
 planner (plan'er), n. One who plans 
 
 or forms a plan; projector. 
 plano-concave ( pla-no-kon'kav ), a. 
 Plane on one side and concave on the 
 other. 
 
 plano-convex ( pla-no-kon'veks ), a. 
 Plane on one side and convex on the 
 
 other. 
 
 plant (plant). I. n. 1. Shoot, sprout, 
 or slip. 2. Herb, or any vegetable 
 growth smaller than a tree or shrub. 
 3. Tools, material and fixtures of a 
 trade or business. II. vt. 1. Put into 
 the ground for growth. 2. Furnish 
 with plants. 3. Set in tfhe mind. 4. 
 Establish. [A. S. planta — L,. i)lanta.] 
 
 plantain (plan'tan), n. 1. Tree of trop- 
 ical countries, with broad leaves. In 
 shape and fruit it resembles the ba- 
 nana closely. 2. "Weed with large 
 spreading leaves. [From the root of 
 
 PLANT.] 
 
 plantation (plan-ta'shun), n. 1. Place 
 planted. 2. Large farm or estate un- 
 der control of an overseer. 
 
 planter (plan'ter), n. 1. One who plants 
 or introduces. 2. Owner of a planta- 
 tion. 
 
 plantigrade (plan'ti-grad). I. a. That 
 walks on the sole of the foot. II. n. 
 Plantigrade animal, as man or bear. 
 [L. planta, sole, and gradior, walk.] 
 
 plaque (plak), n. Ornamental plate 
 of china or other ware upon which 
 pictures are painted. [Fr.] 
 
 plash(plash). I. n. 1. Dash of water. 2. 
 Puddle; shallow pool. II. vi. Splash.— 
 plash y, a. Abounding with plashes 
 or puddles; watery. [From thesound.] 
 
 plaster (plas'ter). I. n. 1. Something 
 that can be molded into figures. 2. 
 Composition of lime, water, and sand 
 for overlaying walls, etc. 3. In med. 
 External application spread on cloth, 
 etc. II. a. Made of plaster. III. vt. 1. 
 Cover with plaster. 2. Cover with a 
 plaster, as a wound. [A.S. plaster, O. 
 Fr. piastre — L. emplastrum. mold.] 
 
 plasterer ( plas'ter-er ), n. One who 
 plasters, or one who works in plaster. 
 
 plastering (plas'ter-ing), n. 1. Act of 
 covering with plaster. 2. Plaster work 
 of a building. 
 
 plastic (plas'tik), a. 1. Having power 
 to give form. 2. Capable of beinj 
 molded. [Gr. plastikos—plasso. mold.] 
 
 plasticity ( plas-tis'it-i ), n. State or 
 quality of being plastic. 
 
 plastron (plas'trun), n. 1. Breast 
 plate. 2. Lower shell, as of a tortoise. 
 
 plat (plat), n. Flat stretch of high 
 ground. [So. African Dutch.] 
 
 plat (plat), n. Piece of ground; piece 
 of groundlaid out. [A form of plot.] 
 
 plate ( plat ). I. n. I. Thin piece of 
 metal. 2. Wrought gold and silver. 3. 
 Household utensils in gold and sil- 
 ver, or covered (plated) with gold or 
 silver. 4. Flat dish. 5. Engraved plate 
 
 fi»>9, fftt, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fften. . 
 
plateau 
 
 420 
 
 pleasurable 
 
 of metal, stereotype, electrotype, 
 etc. 6. Horizontal timber in or on a 
 wall to receive the ends of other tim- 
 ber. 7. Inphotog. Sheet of glass with a 
 coating, sensitive to light. II. vt. 1. 
 Overlay with a coating of plate or 
 metal. 2. Beat into thin plates. — 
 plate-glass, n. Fine kind of glass, 
 cast in thick plates. [O. Fr. — Gr. 
 platys, broad.] 
 
 plateau ( pla-to'), n. [pi. plateaux. ] 
 Broad flat space on an elevated posi- 
 tion; table-land. [Fr.] 
 
 platen (plat'en), n. Slab; flat plate; 
 part of printing machine which sup- 
 ports the tympan. [Fr. platine.] 
 
 platform (plat'farm), n. 1. Raised 
 level scaffolding."' 2. Statement of 
 principles to which a body of men 
 declare their adhesion. [Fr. plate- 
 forme, thing of "flat form. ] 
 
 platina (plat'in-a), platinum (plaf- 
 in-um), n. "White precious metal, 
 very hard and ductile, but very infu- 
 sible. [Sp. platina— plata, silver.] 
 
 plating- (p 1 a'- 
 ting), ». 1. 
 Process of 
 overlaying 
 with a coating 
 of pi ate or 
 metal. 2. Thin 
 coating of 
 metal. 
 
 p 1 a t i tu d e 
 (plat'i-tud), n. 
 1. That which 
 exhibits dullness. 2. Trite remark; 
 truism. 
 
 Platonic (pla-ton'ik), a. 1. Relating to 
 PJato, the Greek philosopher, or his 
 philosophical opinions. 2. Pure and 
 passionless. — Platon'ically, adv. 
 
 Platonism (pla'ton-izm), n. Philoso- 
 phical opinions of Plato. — Pla'ton- 
 ist, n. Follower of Plato. 
 
 platoon (pla-ton'), n. 1. Body of sol- 
 diers in a hollow square. 2. Number 
 of recruits assembled for exercise. 3. 
 Subdivision of a company. [Fr. pelo- 
 ton, ball, group,— pelote— L. pila, ball.] 
 
 plattdeutsch(plot'doitsh), a. German 
 as SDOken along the coast of Ger- 
 many. [Ger. platt, flat, level, and 
 deutsch, German.] 
 
 flatter (plat'er), n. Large flat dish. 
 
 plaudit (pla'dit), n. Applause; praise 
 bestowed. [L. plaudite, praise ye!] 
 Syn. Acclamation; approval. 
 
 plausible (pla'zi-bl), a. Superficially 
 convincing; apparently right; spe- 
 cious. — plausibly, adv. — plan'- 
 sibleness, plausibil'ity, ns. [L. 
 plausibilis—plaudo, praise.] 
 
 Electric plating. 
 
 play (pla). I. vi. 1. Engage in exercise 
 or a game; sport. 2. Trifle. 3. Move 
 irregularly. 4. Operate. 5. Act in a 
 theater. 6. Perform on a musical in- 
 strument. 7. Practice a trick. 8. Act 
 a character. 9. Gamble. II. vt. 1. 
 Put in motion. 2. Perform upon. 3. 
 Perform. 4. Act a sportive part. 5. 
 Compete with. [A. S. plegan, play. 
 Ger. pflegen.] 
 
 play (pla), n. 1. Exercise for amuse- 
 ment; amusement. 2. Friendly con- 
 test. 3. Gaming. 4. Action or use. 5. 
 Manner of dealing, as fair-play. 6. 
 Dramatic composition. 7. Movement. 
 8. Room for motion; liberty of action. 
 — playfellow, play'mate, ns. 
 Fellow or mate in play or amuse- 
 ments. — play 'house, n. 1. Theater, 
 
 2. Structure for children to play in.— 
 play 'thing, n. Toy. 
 
 player (pla'er), n. One who plays ; 
 
 actor of plays or dramas; musician. 
 playful (pla'fol), a. Given to play; 
 
 sportive.— playfully, adv. — play'- 
 
 fulness, n. 
 playwright (pla'rit), n. "Writer or 
 
 adapter of plays for the stage. 
 playing-card (pla'ing-kard), n. One 
 
 of a set of fifty-two cards used in 
 
 playing games, [marketplace. [Sp.] 
 plaza (pla'za), n. Public square or 
 plea (pie), n. 1. Defendant's answer to 
 
 the plaintiff's declaration. 2. What* 
 
 ever is alleged in support of a cause. 
 
 3. Excuse; apology. 4. Urgent en- 
 treaty. [O. Fr. plait — Low. L. placi- 
 turn, pleasure, decision.] 
 
 plead (pled). I. vi.l. Enter a plea in a 
 lawsuit. 2. Argue in support of a 
 cause against another. 3. (with) 
 Seek to persuade. II. vt. 1. Discuss 
 by arguments. 2. Allege in pleading. 
 3. Offer in excuse. — plead'er, n. 
 [Fr. plaider — root of plea.] 
 
 pleading (ple'ding). I. a. Imploring. 
 II. n. (pi.) In taw. Statements of the 
 two parties in a law suit. 
 
 pleasant (plez'ant), a. Pleasing; 
 cheerful. — pleas'antly, adv. — 
 pleas'antness, n. [Fr. plaisant.] 
 
 Syn. Agreeable; pleasing; gratify* 
 ing; acceptable; charming; welcome 
 amiable; good-humored. See lively. 
 
 pleasantry (plez'ant-ri), n. Jocular- 
 ity; raillery. [Fr. plaisanterieJ] 
 
 please (plez). I. vt. 1. Delight. 2. 
 Satisfy. II. vi. Like; choose. [O. 
 Fr. plaisir— L. placeo, please.] 
 
 pleasing (ple'zing), a. Giving pleas- 
 ure; agreeable.— pleasingly, adv. 
 
 pleasurable (plezh'6r-a-bl), a. Giv- 
 ing pleasure; gratifying'.— pleas'ur- 
 ably, adv. — pleas'urableness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pleasure 
 
 421 
 
 plot 
 
 jileasore (plezh'or), n. 1. Agreeable 
 emotion ; gratification. 2. Amuse- 
 ment. 3. What the will prefers; pur- 
 pose; command; approbation. — 
 pleasure-boat, n. Boat used for 
 amusement. — pleasure-ground, 
 n. Ground laid out in an ornamental 
 manner. TFr. plaisir — Li. placeo.] 
 
 pleb (pleb), n. 1. The common people. 
 2. A freshman. 
 
 plebeian (ple-be'i-an). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the common people ; vulgar. II. n. 
 One of the common people. [L.] 
 
 plebiscite (pleb'i-set), n. Decree 
 passed by the votes of an entire na- 
 tion. [Fr. — L. plebiscitum, "decree of 
 the people," from plebs, the people, 
 and scitum,6.ecree,—scisco—scio, know.] 
 
 plectrum (plek'trum), n. Small in- 
 strument with which the strings of a 
 harp, etc., are twanged. [L.] 
 
 pledge (plej). I. n. 1. Security; surety. 
 2. Promise. 3. Good will, expressed 
 by drinking together. II. vt. 1. Give 
 as security. 2. Engage for by prom- 
 ise. 3. Drink to the health of. — 
 pledger, n. [Q. Fr. plege.] 
 
 Pleiads (ple'yads), Pleiades, (ple'- 
 ya-dez), n. pi. 1. In myth. Seven 
 daughters of Atlas and Pleione, after 
 death changed into stars. 2. In astr. 
 A group of seven stars in the shoul- 
 der of the constellation Taurus. 
 
 plenary (pie na-ri), a. Full ; entire ; 
 complete. [Low L. — L. plenus, full.] 
 
 plenipotentiary (p 1 e n - i - p-o -ten'- 
 sha-rl). I. a. With full powers. II. n. 
 Negotiator invested with full powers, 
 esp. a special ambassador. [L. plenus, 
 full, and pqtentia, power.] 
 
 plenist (ple'nist), n. One who denies 
 the possibility of a vacuum, holding 
 that all space is filled with matter of 
 some kind. [completeness. 
 
 plenitude ( plen'i-tud ), n. Fullness; 
 
 plenteous ( plen'te-us ), a. 1. Fully 
 sufficient. 2. Fruitful. 3. Rich. 
 
 Syn. Copious; abundant; bountiful; 
 abounding. See ample. 
 
 plentiful ( plen'ti-fol ), a. Copious ; 
 abundant; yielding abundance. 
 
 plenty (plen'ti). I. n. Full supply ; 
 abundance. II. a. Abundant; many. 
 [O. Fr. plente—L,. plenus, full.] 
 
 plenum (ple'num), n. 1. Space consid- 
 ered as in every part filled with mat- 
 ter. —Opposed to vacuum. 2. Enclosed 
 quantity of gas of greater than its 
 natural density. [L. = full.] 
 
 pleonasm (ple'o-nazm) , n. 1. Use of 
 more words than are necessary. 2. 
 Redundant expression.— pleonastic 
 (ple-o-nas'tik), a. Redundant. [Gr. ple- 
 onasmos—pleion, more, — pleos, full.] 
 
 plesiosaurus (ple-si-o-sa'rus), n. Fos- 
 sil reptile. [Gr. plesibs, near, and 
 sauros, lizard.] 
 
 Skeleton of Plesiosaurus. 
 
 plethora (pleth'o-ra), n. 1. Excessive 
 fullness of blood. 2. Over-fullness. — 
 plethor'ic, a. Having a full habit of 
 body, or the vessels too full of fluids. 
 [Gr. plethore, fullness— pleos, full.] 
 
 pleura (plo'ra), n. [pi. pleu'rae.] One 
 of two delicate serous membranes 
 which cover the lungs and line the 
 cavity of the chest. [Gr.=rib, side.] 
 
 pleurisy (plo'ri-si), n. Inflammation 
 of the pleura. [Gr. pleuritis ( nosos, 
 disease)— pleura. \ 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia (plo'ro-nu-mo'- 
 ni-a), n. Inflammation of the pleura 
 and lungs. [Gr. pleura, and pneumones, 
 the lungs.] 
 
 plexus ( pleks'us ), n. Network, as of 
 fibers, nerves, vessels, etc. — Solar 
 plexus, rxexmovls. of nerves and ganglia, 
 situated behind the stomach. 
 
 pliability (pli-a-bil'i-ti),pliableness 
 (pli'a-bl-nes), h. Quality of being plia- 
 ble or flexible. 
 
 pliable (pli'a-bl), a. 1. Easily bent or 
 folded; supple; flexible; tractable. 2. 
 Easily persuaded. 
 
 pliant (pli'ant), a. Bending easily; 
 flexible. 2, Tractable; easily persuad- 
 ed. — pli'antly, adv.— pliancy, n. • 
 
 pliers (pli'erz), n. pi. Pincers for seiz- 
 ing and bending. 
 
 plight (plit). I. n. 1. Dangerous or 
 uncomfortable condition. 2. Security; 
 pledge; engagement; promise. II. vt. 
 
 I. Pledge; give as security. 2. Be- 
 troth. [A.S. pliht, ris\z—plion, imperil. 
 Dut. pligt, Ger. pflicht, obligation.] 
 
 plinth (plinth), n. 1. Square mem- 
 ber forming the lowest part of the 
 base of a column or pedestal. 2. Pro- 
 jecting face at the bottom of a w r all. 
 [L. plintkus—Gv.plinthos, brick.] 
 
 Pliocene (pli'o-sen), n. Most recent 
 division of the Tertiary age. [Gr. 
 pleion, more, and Tcainos, new.] 
 
 plod ( plod ), vi. [plod'ding; plod'ded.] 
 Travel laboriously; trudge on stead- 
 ily; toil.— plodder, n. [Orig. "wade 
 through pools,'"— Ir. plod, pool.] 
 
 plot (plot). I. n. Small piece of ground. 
 
 II. vt. [plot'ting; plot'ted.] Make a 
 map or plan of. [A. S. plot, patch ol 
 land.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 
 
plot 
 
 422 
 
 pluperfect 
 
 plot (plot). I. n. 1. Scheme; conspir- 
 acy; stratagem. 2. Chain of inci- 
 dents in the story of a play, etc. II. 
 vi. [plowing; plott'ed.] Scheme; form 
 a scheme of mischief; conspire. III. 
 vt. Devise secretly. [Fr. com/plot 
 — L. complicitum — complico, fold to- 
 gether.] [conspirator. 
 
 plotter (plotter), n. One who plots; 
 
 plough, ploughable, etc. Same as 
 
 PLOW, PLOWABLE, etc. 
 
 plover (pluv'er), n. Kind of wading 
 bird. [Rain-bird, Pr. pluvier — L. plu- 
 via, rain.] 
 
 plow (plow). I. n. 1. Instrument for 
 turning the soil. 2. Tillage. II. vt. Turn 
 up with the plow; furrow. [Icel. plogr, 
 plow.] [being plowed; arable. 
 
 plowable (plow'a-bl), a. Capable of 
 
 plow'boy (plow'boi), n. Boy who 
 drives or guides horses in plowing. 
 
 plowman (plow'man), n. [pi. plow'- 
 men.] Man who plows; husbandman; 
 rustic. 
 
 plowshare (plow'shar), n. Part of a 
 plow which cuts the ground. [See 
 
 SHEAR.] 
 
 pluck (pluk), vt. 1. Pull away. 2. 
 Snatch. 3. Strip. [A. S. pluccian. Ger. 
 pjluecken.] 
 
 pluck (pluk), n. 1. Heart, liver, and 
 lungs of an animal, plucked out after 
 it is killed. 2. Courage; spirit. 3. 
 Act of plucking. 
 
 plucky (pluk'i), a. Having pluck or 
 spirit.— pluck'ily, adv.— pluck'i- 
 ness, n. 
 
 plug- (plug). I. n. 1. Something used 
 to stop a hole. 2. Piece of pressed 
 tobacco. 3. High silk hat (slang). 4. 
 Worthless horse (slang). II. vt. 
 [plug'ging; plug'ged. ] Stop with a 
 plug; drive plugs into. [Dut. plug, 
 peg. Ger. pflock.] 
 
 plum (plum), n. 1. Edible stone-fruit 
 of various colors. 3. Tree producing 
 it. 3. Raisin. [A.S. plume— L. prunumJ\ 
 
 plumage (plo'maj), n. All the feathers 
 of a bird. [Fr.— plume, feather.] 
 
 plumb ( plum ). 1. n. Mass of lead or 
 other material, hung on a string, to 
 show the perpendicular position. II. 
 a. Perpendicular. III. adv. Perpen- 
 dicularly. IV. vt. 1. Adjust by a plumb- 
 line. 2. Make perpendicular. 3. Sound 
 the depth of water by a plumb-line. 4. 
 Supply (a building) with plumbing. 
 [Pr. plomb — L. plumbum, lead.] 
 
 plumbago (plum-ba/go), n. 1. Graph- 
 ite; blacklead. 2. Genus of plants; 
 leadwort. [L.] 
 
 plumber (plum'er), n. One who sup- 
 plies or repairs plumbing. 
 
 plumbing ( plum'ing ), n. 1. Piping 
 and other apparatus for conveying 
 water, gas, etc., throughout a build- 
 ing. 2. Business of arranging and 
 fitting pipes for conducting water, 
 gas, etc. 
 
 pluuib-line(plum'lln),w. Line attach- 
 ed to a mass of lead, or other weight 
 to show the perpendicular; plummet. 
 
 plumb-rule (plum'rbl), n. Narrow 
 board with a straight line drawn 
 along the middle, and a plumb-line. 
 
 plume (plom). I. n. Feather or tuft of 
 feathers, worn as an ornament. II. vt. 
 1. Sort the feathers of, as a bird. 2. 
 Adorn with plumes. 3. Strin of feath- 
 ers. 4. Boast;vaunt,(used reflexively). 
 — plu'my,a. Feathery; covered with 
 feathers or plumes. [Fr.— L. pluma, 
 small soft feather.] 
 
 plummet ( plum'et ), n. Weight of a 
 plumb-line. [Fr. plombet, dim. of 
 plomb, lead.] 
 
 plumose (plo'mos), a. 1. Having 
 feathers. 2. Like a feather. 
 
 plump (plump). I. adv. Falling straight 
 downward. IL a. Downright; unqual- 
 ified. III. vt. and vi. Drop or fall sud- 
 denly, or heavily, or all at once. — 
 i>lump'ly,aeft;. [Imitation of sound.] 
 
 plump (plump), a. Fat and rounded. 
 -plumpness, n. [Dut. plomp, lum- 
 pish.] 
 
 plumule (plo'mul), n. 1. Downy 
 feather. 2. Bud of a young plant 
 between the cotyledons. 
 
 plunder ( plun'der ). I. vt. Seize the 
 property of , unlawfully. II. n. That 
 which is so seized.— plun'derer, n, 
 [Ger. pluendern — plunder, baggage. 
 Cf. Low Ger. pluennen, rags.] 
 Syn. Pillage. See bob. 
 
 plunge (plunj). I. vt. 1. Cast suddenly 
 into water or other fluid. 2. Force 
 suddenly ( into ). II. vi. 1. Sink sud- 
 denly into any fluid; dive. 2. Rush 
 headlong, as a horse; rush into dan- 
 ger; bet or speculate recklessly. III. n. 
 Act of plunging. [Fr. plonger (It. 
 piombare, fall like a plumb-line) — L. 
 
 ., lead.] 
 plunger (plun'jer), n. 1. One who or 
 
 that which plunges ; diver. 2. Long 
 solid cylinder used as a forcer in 
 pumps. 3. Venturesome speculator. 
 
 plunging (plun'jing). I. a. Rushing 
 headlong; pitching downward. II. n. 
 1. Putting or sinking under water, 
 or other fluid. 2 Act of a horse trying 
 to throw its rider. 
 
 pluperfect (plo'per-fekt), a. In gram. 
 Noting that an action happened be- 
 fore some period referred to. [L. plus- 
 quam-perfectum, more than finished. J 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aboye; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
plural 
 
 423 
 
 point 
 
 plural (plb'ral). I. a. Containing or 
 expressing more than one. II. n. In 
 gram. Form denoting more than one. 
 — plu'rally, adv. [Fr.— L. pluralis— 
 plus, more.] 
 
 plurality (plo-ral'i-ti), n. 1. State of 
 being plural. 2. Number consisting of 
 more than one. 3. Majority. — Plur- 
 ality of votes: Excess of votes cast 
 for any one of three or more candi- 
 dates over those east for any one of 
 the others. 
 
 plus (plus). I. a. 1. More by; in- 
 creased by. 2. More than nothing. 3. 
 Denoting more than nothing, as the 
 plus sign (+). II. n. Surplus; re- 
 mainder; profit. [L. plus, more.] 
 
 plush (plush), n. Variety of cloth 
 woven like velvet, but having its pile 
 (hairy surface) uncropped. [Fr. pel u- 
 che—Li. pilus, hair.] 
 
 Pluto (plo'to), n. In Roman mythology, 
 the god of the infernal regions,brother 
 of Jupiter and Neptune. 
 
 plutocracy (plo-tok'ra-si), n. Govern- 
 ment by the wealthy.— plutocrat 
 (plu r to-krat), n. One who has power 
 or influence through his wealth. [Gr. 
 
 floutokratia — ploutos, wealth, and 
 rateo, rule.] 
 
 Plutonian (plo-to'ni-an), Plutonic 
 (plo-ton'ik), «• 1- Infernal; dark. 2. 
 In geol. Formed by the agency of heat 
 at a depth below the surface of the 
 earth. [Gr. Ploutonios— Plouto n,Pluto, 
 the god of the nether world.] 
 
 pluvial (plo'vi-al), a. Pertaining to 
 rain;- rainy. [L. pluvialis—pluvia, 
 rain.] [pluv'ius. See pluvial.]. 
 
 pluvious (plo'vi-us), a. Rainy. [L. 
 
 ply (Pli)- L vt - !• Work at or use 
 steadily. 2. Urge. 3. Fold; bend. II. 
 vi. 1. Work or go steadily. 2. Make 
 regular passages between two ports. 
 III. n. Fold; bent; direction. [Fr. 
 plier, bend, fold,— L. plico, bend.] 
 
 pneumatic (nu-mat'ik), pneumat'- 
 ical.ff, 1. Relating to air; consisting 
 of air; moved by air or wind. 2. Per- 
 taining to pneumatics.— pneumat'- 
 ically, adv. [Gr. pneuma, wind, air,— 
 pneo, blow, breathe.] 
 
 pneumatics (nu-mat'iks), n. Science 
 which treats of the mechanical prop- 
 erties of air and other gases. 
 
 pneumatologist ( nu-mat-ol'o-jist ), 
 n. One versed in pneumatology. 
 
 pneumatology ( nu-mat-ol'o-ji ), n. 
 Science of air and other elastic fluids. 
 [Gr. pneuma, wind, and logos, science.] 
 
 pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a), n. Inflam- 
 mation of the lungs. [Gr. ivompneu- 
 mnn, lung— pneuma, air.] 
 
 pneumonic (uu-mon'ik), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the lungs. 
 
 poach (poch), vt. Cook eggs, breaking 
 them into boiling water. [Etymology 
 doubtful. ]_ 
 
 poach (poch), vt. and vi. 1. Intrude 
 on another's premises in order to steal 
 game. 2. Steal game.— poacher, n. 
 One who poaches or steals game. [Fr 
 pocher, pocket.] 
 
 pock (pok), n. Small elevation of the 
 skin containing matter, as in sma.'- 
 pox. — pock'mark, n. Mark, pit, oi 
 scar left by smallpox. [ A. S. poc, 
 pustule.] 
 
 pocket (pok'et). I. n. 1. Pouch or bag, 
 attached to a garment. 2. Cavity in a 
 rock containing gold, ore, coal, etc. 
 II. vt. 1. Put in the pocket. 2. Take 
 stealthily.— pock'et°book, n. Book 
 for holding money carried in the 
 pocket. [ Fr. pochette, dim. of poche, 
 pouch.] 
 
 poo" (pod). I. n. Covering of the seed of 
 plants, as the pea or bean. II. vi. 
 [podd'ing; podd'ed.] Produce pods. 
 [Allied to pad.] 
 
 poem(po'em), n. Composition in verse. 
 [Gr. poiema— poieo, do or make.] 
 
 poesy (po'e-si), n. 1. Art of composing 
 poems. 2. Poetry. 3. Posy. [Fr. poesie 
 —Li. poesio — Gr. poiesis —poieo, do or 
 make.] 
 
 poet (po'et), n. One skilled in making 
 poetry.— poetess, n. fern. [L. poeta 
 — Gr. poietes— poieo, do or make.] 
 
 poetaster (po'et-as-ter),?i. Writer ol 
 doggerel. [Freq. of poet.] 
 
 poetic (po-et'ik), poetical, a. 1. Per- 
 taining or suitable to poetry. 2. Ex- 
 pressed in poetry. 3. Marked by poetic 
 language. 4. Imaginative.— poetic- 
 ally, adv_. In a poetic manner. 
 
 poetry (po'et-ri), n. 1. Art of express- 
 ing in melodious words the creations 
 of feeling and imagination. 2. Utter- 
 ance in song. 3. Metrical composi- 
 tion. [O. Fr. poeterie.] 
 
 poi (poi), n. Fermented food from the 
 root of the taro. [Hawaiian], 
 
 poignant (poin'ant), a. 1. Penetrating. 
 
 2. Pointed. — poig-n'antly, adv. — 
 poignancy, n. [Fr. — O. Fr. sting.] 
 
 poinsettia (poin-set|i-a), n. Euphor- 
 bia puloherrima, a plant with scarlet 
 leaves and yellow flower; used for 
 decoration; Mexican flame ieaf. 
 
 point (point), n. 1. Sharp end. 2. 
 Mai'k made by a sharp instrument. 
 
 3. In geom. That which has neither 
 length, nor breadtli, nor thickness. 4. 
 Mark showing the divisions of a sen- 
 tence. 5. In mus. Dot at the right 
 hand of a note, to raise its \alue one- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
point 
 
 424 
 
 polemic 
 
 half. 6. In print. Unit of type meas- 
 urement, in U. S. =1/12! of a pica. 7. 
 Very small space. 8. Moment of 
 time. 9. Small affair. 10. Single 
 thing. 11. Single assertion. 12. Pre- 
 cise thing to be considered. 13. Any- 
 thing intended. 14. Exact place. 15. 
 Degree. 16. That which stings, as 
 the point of an epigram. 17. Lively 
 turn of thought. 18. That which 
 awakens attention. 19. Peculiarity. 
 20. Unit of count in a game. 21. 
 Needle point lace. II. a. Made with 
 the needle, said of lace. [Fr. (It. 
 punta)—Li. punctum—pungo, prick.] 
 
 point (point). I. vt. 1. Give a point 
 to; sharpen. 2. Aim. 3. Direct one's 
 attention. 4. Punctuate, as a sentence. 
 5. Fill the joints (of a wall) with mor- 
 tar and smoothe them with the point 
 of the trowel. II. vi. 1. Direct the 
 finger towards an object. 2. Show 
 game by looking, as a dog. 
 
 point-blank ( point-blangk ). I. a. 
 Aimed straight at the mark; direct. 
 II. adv. Directly. [Fr. point-Mane, 
 white spot (in the target).] 
 
 pointed ( point'ed ), a. 1. Having a 
 sharp point; sharp. 2. Direct; per- 
 sonal. 3. Keen; telling. 4. In arch. 
 Having arches sharply pointed; 
 Gothic— pointedly, adv. 
 
 pointer (poiut'er), 
 n. 1. One t who or 
 that which points. 
 
 2. Dog trained to 
 point out game. ^l&*p8§333S^ 
 
 3. Hint or secret •- -^^ 
 information; tip. Pointer. 
 {Slang.) 
 
 pointless (point'les), a. Having no 
 point; blunt; dull; wanting keenness 
 or smartness. 
 
 poise (poiz). I. vt. andm. 1. Balance; 
 make of equal weight. 2. Weigh. 3. 
 Be in doubt. II. n. 1. Weight; balance; 
 equilibrium. 2. That which balances; 
 regulating power. [O. Fr. poiser—L,. 
 penso, weigh.] 
 
 poison (poi'zn). I. n. 1. Substance 
 having injurious or deadly effects, as 
 on the human body, 2. Anything 
 malignant or infectious. II. vt. In- 
 fect or kill with poison.— poisoner, 
 n— poisonous, a. [Fr.— L. potio, 
 potion— pofo, drink.] [bag.] 
 
 rpoke (pok), n. Bag; pouch. [Ir. poc, 
 
 poke (pok). I. vt. Thrust or push 
 at, against, or into, with something 
 pointed. II. vi. Grope or feel. III. n. 1. 
 Act of pushing or thrusting; thrust. 
 2. Lazy person; dawdler. — poke- 
 bonnet, n. Bonnet with a projecting 
 yront. [Ir. poc, blow. Gael, puc, push.] 
 
 poker (po'ker), n. Game of betting on 
 cards. [Dan. pokker, devil. Cf. Ger. 
 poch, name of a game similar to pok- 
 er, and pocher, the card called joker.] 
 
 poker (po'ker), n. Iron rod for poking 
 or stirring a fire. 
 
 poking- (po'king), a. Drudging. 
 
 poky (po'ki), a. 1. Stupid; slow. 2. 
 Cramped ; stuffy. 3. Shabby. 
 
 pokeweed (pok'wed), n. North- Amer- 
 ican plant, bearing racemes of whit© 
 flowers and dark-purple berries. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 polar (po'lar), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
 situated near, either of the poles. 2. 
 Pertaining to the magnetic poles. — 
 Polar bear, large white bear of the 
 arctic regions, living on seals and fish. 
 
 polariscope (po-lar'i-skop), n. Optical 
 instrument for exhibiting the polar- 
 ization of light. 
 
 polarity ( po-lar'it-i ), n. Property 
 in certain bodies by which they ar- 
 range themselves in certain direct- 
 ions, or point, as it were, to given 
 poles. 
 
 polarization (po-la ri-za'shun), n. 1. 
 Particular modification (as of rays of 
 light by the action of certain media 
 or surfaces, so that they cannot be 
 reflected or refracted again in certain 
 directions). 2. State of having polarity. 
 
 polarize (po'la-rlz), vt. Give polarity 
 to.— po'larizer, n. That which polar- 
 izes or gives polarity. 
 
 pole (pol), n. 1. That on which any- 
 thing turns, as a pivot or axis. 2. One 
 of the ends of the axis of a sphere, 
 esp. of the earth. 3. In physics. One of 
 the two points of a body in which the 
 attractive or repulsive energy is con- 
 centrated, as a magnet.— pole-star, 
 n. Polaris; north star. [Fr.— L. polua 
 — Gr. polos— pelo, be in motion.] 
 
 pole (pol), n. 1. Long slender piece or 
 wood" or metal. 2. Instrument for 
 measuring. 3. Measure of length, 5% 
 yards ; in square measure, 30% square 
 yards. 4. Tall staff or piece of timber 
 erected as a telegraph pole,— pole'- 
 axe, n. Axe fixed on a pole. [A.S. pal 
 (Ger. pfahl)—lj. palus, stake.] [der. 
 
 Pole (pol), n. Native of Poland; Polan- 
 
 polecat (pol'kat), n. Weasel-like car- 
 nivorous mammal. 
 
 polemic (po-lem'ik). I. a. 1. Contro- 
 versial. 2. Disputatious; quarrelsome. 
 II. n. 1. Disputant. 2. Argument.— 
 polemical, a. — polemically, arfy. 
 — polem'ics, n. 1. Contest. 2. Science 
 of ecclesiastical controversy. 
 
 Syn. Disputative; pugnacious; con- 
 tentious. 
 
 ftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute. hut. bum; oil, owl, Men. 
 
police 
 
 425 
 
 polygon 
 
 police (po-les'), n. 1. System of regula- 
 tions of a city, town, or district, for 
 the preser va t ion of order and enforce- 
 ment of law. 2. (Short for police- 
 force), body of civil officers for pre- 
 serving order, etc. — policeman, n. 
 [Fr.— Gr. politeia, polity, —jiolis, city.] 
 
 policy (pol'i-si),/^ 1. System of official 
 administration. 2. Principle of man- 
 agement. 3. Prudence. [Fr. See 
 
 POLICE.] 
 
 policy (pol'i-si), n. 1. Writing con- 
 taining a contract of insurance. 2. 
 Gambling game in which bets are 
 made on certain numbers to be drawn. 
 I' Origin doubtful.] 
 
 Polish (po'lish). I. a. Relating to 
 Poland or its people. II. n. Language 
 of the Polanders. 
 
 polish (polish). I. vt. andm. 1. Make 
 or become smooth and glossy by rub- 
 bing. 2. Refine. II. n. Smoothness; 
 refinement.— pol'isher, n.{Fv.polir.] 
 
 polite (po-llf), a. Polished; smooth; 
 well-bred.— polite'ly,a^y.— polite'- 
 ness, n. [L. politus. See polish.] 
 
 Sijti. Refined; urbane; civil; court- 
 eous; courtly; gentle; obliging. 
 
 politic (pol'i-tik), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 polity or government. 2. Skilled in 
 political affairs. 3. Prudent; discreet; 
 sagacious.— pol'iticly, adv. [Fr. poli- 
 tique— Gr. polilikos— polites, citizen.] 
 
 political (po-lit'ik-al), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to polity or government. 2. Per- 
 taining to nations. 3. Derived from 
 government, 4. Pertaining to party 
 politics.— politically, adv. — Polit- 
 ical economy, science of laws which 
 treat of the production, distribution, 
 and consumption of products of ex- 
 changeable value. 
 
 politician (pol-i-tish'an ), n. One 
 versed in or devoted to politics. 
 
 politics (pol'i-tiks), n. 1. Art or science 
 of government. 2. Management of a 
 political party. 3. Political affairs. 
 I. Party connection or adherency. 
 
 polity (poi'i-ti), n. Constitution of the 
 government of a state; civil constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 polha (pol'ka), n. 1. Dance of Bohe- 
 mian origin. 2. Its tune. [Bohem. 
 pulka, balf, from the half-step preva- 
 lent in it.] 
 
 Poll (pol), n. Familiar name, often of 
 a parrot. [Contracted of Polly, a 
 form of Molly = Mary.] 
 
 poll (p51). I. n. 1. Head. 2. Register 
 of heads or persons. 3. Entry of the 
 names of electors who vote for civil 
 officers, such as members of Congress. 
 4. Election of officers. 5. Place where 
 
 votes are taken. II. vt. 1. Remove the 
 top; cut; clip; lop. 2. Enter one's name 
 in a register. 3. Bring to or vote at 
 the polls. 4. Receive at the polls. 5. 
 Ascertain the opinion of, as by taking 
 an informal vote. — poller, n. fO. 
 Dut. polle, bol, ball, top, Icel. kollr t 
 top, head.] 
 
 pollard (pol'ard), n. I. Tree polled 
 or with its top cut off. 2. Animal 
 that has cast or lost its horns. 
 
 polled (pold), a. 1. Without horns, as 
 a cow. 2. Lopped; cropped. 3. Bald. 
 
 pollen (pol'en), n. Fertilizing powder 
 contained in the anthers of flowers. 
 [L.=nne flour.] 
 
 polliwog (pol'i-wog), n. Tadpole. 
 
 pollock ( pol'uk ), n. Seafibh, allied, 
 to the cod. [or head on e:ich person. 
 
 poll-tax (pol'-taks), n. Tax by the pi dl 
 
 pollute ( pol-lbt' ), vt. Soil. — polln =• 
 
 -. tioii, polluter, ns. [L. luo, wash.] 
 Syn. Corrupt; defile; desecrate; dis- 
 hO!'Or;_profane; taint; ravish. 
 
 polo (po'lo) ; n. Ball game played on 
 horseback or skates. 
 
 polonaise (po-lo-naz'),w. 1. Woman's 
 dress showing petticoat in front. 2. 
 Stately Polish dance. [Fr.] 
 
 polonium (po-lo'ni-um), n. Metal, first 
 produced 1903 from the metal urani- 
 um. A primary element, which inter- 
 cepts electricity, and makes platinum 
 glow with a green light in the dark. 
 
 poltroon (pol-tron'), n. 1. Idle, lazy 
 fellow. 2. Coward. — poltroonery, 
 n. [Fr. poltron— It. poltro, bed,— Ger. 
 poUter, bolster.] 
 
 poly-, prefix. Denotes multitude oi 
 multiplication. [Gr. polys, much.] 
 
 polyandry (pol-i-an'dri), n. State oi 
 having more husbands than one. [Gr, 
 aner, man.] 
 
 polychrome (pol'i-krom), a. In many 
 colors: done in several colors at the 
 same time.— polychromatic, a. 
 
 polydactyl (pol-i-dak'til), a. Having 
 many, or more than the normal num- 
 ber of. fingers and toes. 
 
 polygamist (po-lig'a-mist), n.One who 
 practises or advocates polygamy. 
 
 polygamy (po-lig'a-mi), n. State of 
 having more than" one wife at the 
 same time.— polygamous, a. [Gr. 
 gamos, marriage, Cf. bigamy.] 
 
 polyglot (pol'i-glot). I. a. Having or 
 containing many languages. II. n. 
 Book in several languages. [Gr. glot- 
 ta, tongue, language.] 
 
 polygon (pol'i-gon), n. Figure ol 
 many angles, or with more than four. 
 — polygonal, polyg'onous, a. 
 [Gr. gorda, corner.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, cot, move, wolf; 
 gape, but, bui«u; oil, owl, then, 
 
polygraph 
 
 426 
 
 pood 
 
 polygraph (pol'i-graf), n. 1. Gelatine 
 copying-pad; instrument for multi- 
 plying writing. 2. Collection in one 
 Volume of different works, either by 
 different authors or on different sub- 
 jects. 
 
 polyhedron (pol-i-he'dron), n. Solid 
 body with many bases or sides. — 
 polyhe'dral, polyhe'drous, a. 
 [Gr. poly-, many, and hedra, base.] 
 
 polynomial (pol-i-no-mi-al), a. Con- 
 taining many names or terms, 
 
 polyp, polype (porip), polypus 
 (pol'i-pus), n. {pi. polypes (pol'ips), 
 polipi (pol'i-pi).] Aquatic animal of 
 the radiate kind, with many arms. 
 2. Tumor growing in the nose, etc. — 
 pol'ypous, a. [Gr. pous, foot.] 
 
 polyphonic (pol-i-fon'ik), a. Having 
 or consisting of many voices or 
 sounds. [Gr. 2 J ^one,sound.] 
 
 polypus. See polyp. 
 
 polysyllable (pol-i-sil'a-bl), n. Word 
 of mauy or more thau three syllables. 
 polysyllabic, polysyllab'ical,<z. 
 
 polytechnic ( pol-i-tek'nik ). I. a. 
 Comprehending many arts. II. n. 
 Technical school. [Gr. — techne, art.] 
 
 polytheism (pol'i-the-izm), n. Doc- 
 trine of a plurality of gods, —poly- 
 theistic, polytheist'ical, a. — 
 pol'ytheist, n. Believer in many 
 gods. [Gr. theos, god.] 
 
 pomace (pum'as), n. 1. Substance of 
 crushed apples or similar fruit. 2. 
 Refuse of fish, from which the oil has 
 beeu extracted. Used as fertilizer. 
 [Low L. pomacium — L. pomum, fruit. 
 
 pomade ( po-mad' ), pomatum (po- 
 ma'tum), n. Perfumed ointment for 
 dressing the hair. [Originally made 
 from apples. [Fr.— L. pomum, apple.] 
 
 pomegranate (pum'gran-at), n. Tree 
 bearing fruit like oranges; pulp con- 
 sisting of grains; also its fruit. [L. 
 pomum, apple, and granum, grain.] 
 
 pommel, pummel (pum'el). I. n. 
 Ball; knob on a sword hilt; high part 
 of a saddle bow. II. vt. Beat with 
 anything thick or heavy ; bruise. [O. 
 Fr. pomel— L. pomum, apple.] 
 
 pomology (p5-mol'o-ji),n. Scienceof 
 fruits and fruit culture. [L. pomum, 
 fruit, and Gr. logos, science.] 
 
 pomp (pomp), n. 1. Pageantry. 2. Os- 
 tentation. [Gr. pompe— pempo, send.] 
 
 pompadour ( pom'pa-dor ), n. 1. A 
 mode of dressing the hair. 2. Style 
 of dress cut square and low. 
 
 pompano (pom-pa'no), n. Fine sea 
 food-fish, about 18 inches long. 
 
 Pompeian (pom-pe'an), a. Relating 
 .to Pompeii in Italy.'— Pompeian red, 
 dark Venetian red. 
 
 pompous (pom'pus), a. 1. Displaying 
 pomp or grandeur. 2. Dignified. 3. 
 Boastful. — pomp'ously, adv. — 
 pomp'ousness, pompos'ity, ns. 
 
 Syn. Superb; grand; ostentatious; 
 grandiloquent; swelling; bombastic; 
 inflated; pretentious; magisterial. 
 
 poncho (pon'cho), n. Blanket with a 
 slit in the center. [Sp. American.] 
 
 pond (pond ), n. Small body of stand- 
 ing water. [From A. S.pyndan, shut.] 
 
 ponder (pon'der), vt. and vi. Weigh in 
 the mind ; meditate.— pon'derer, n. 
 [Li.—pondus, weight.] 
 
 ponderable (pon'der-a-bl), a. Having 
 sensible weigh t.--i>onderabirity,/i. 
 
 ponderous (pon'der-us), a. 1. Weigh- 
 ty; massive. 2. Forcible; important. 
 3. Heavy; dull; wanting in lightness 
 or spirit. — pon'derously, adv. — 
 pon'derousness, ponderos'ity, 
 n. Weight; heaviness. 
 
 pone (pon),w._l. Cornbread. 2. Loaf. 
 
 pongee (pon-je')i n. Kind of washing- 
 silk from China. [Chin, pun chih, 
 home made.] 
 
 poniard (pon'yard), n. Small dagger 
 for stabbing. [Fr. poignard—poing, 
 fist.] 
 
 pontilf (pon'tif), n. 1. Roman high- 
 priest. 2. Pope. [L. pontifex—pons, 
 bridge, and facio, make.] 
 
 pontine (pon-tif'ik), pontifical, I. 
 a. Of or belonging to a pontiff or the 
 Pope. II. n. Book of ecclesiastical 
 ceremonies. — pontificals, n. Dress 
 of a priest, a bishop, or the Pope. 
 [Fr.— L. pontiftcalis.] 
 
 pontificate (pon-tif'i-kat), n. 1. Dig- 
 nity of a pointiff or high-priest. 2. 
 Office and dignity or reign of a Pope. 
 [Fr.— Li. pontiftcatus.] 
 
 pontoon 
 (pon-ton')i 
 n. 1. Port- 
 able float- 
 ing vessel 
 used in 
 forming a 
 bridge for 
 the pas- 
 sage of an 
 army. 2 . 
 Bridge of 
 boats. [Fr. 
 ponton— L,. pons, bridge.] 
 
 pony (po'ni), n. 1. Small horse. 2. 
 Student's key to translation of les- 
 sons {College slang). 3. Small glass 
 of any beverage. 4. Anything small 
 of its kind. [Gael, ponaidh.] 
 
 pood (pod), n. Russian measure of 
 weight, equal to 40 Russian pounds, oi- 
 36 pcruuds avoirdupois. [Russ. pudu.] 
 
 Shetland pony. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
poodle 
 
 427 
 
 porker 
 
 Poodle. 
 
 poodle (po'dl), n. Dog with long curly 
 hair. [Ger. pudel.] 
 
 pooh (po), inter] . 
 Expressive o f 
 disdain. 
 
 \>ooh-pooh (po- 
 po), vt. and vi. 
 Express con- 
 tempt for or de- 
 rision at. 
 
 pool (pol). I. n. 
 1. Stakes, or the 
 receptacle for 
 thein in certain 
 games. 2. Vari- 
 ety of play at bil- 
 liards. 3. Com- 
 bination of interests to control mark- 
 et rates or trade, and share profits. 4. 
 Joint gambling enterprise. 5. Joint 
 stake in such enterprise. II. vt. andfi. 
 Enter into, or contribute to, a pool. 
 — pool-seller, n. One who sells 
 shares in a gambling enterprise. [Fr. 
 poule, hen (the stakes being compared 
 to eggs in a nest).] 
 
 poop (pop), n. Hinder part of a ship; 
 deck above the ordinary deck in the 
 after-part of a ship. [Fr. poupe—L,. 
 puppis, poop.] 
 
 poor (por), a. 1. "Without means. 2. 
 Wanting, as in appearance, spirit, 
 strength, value, fertility, fitness, or 
 the like. 3. Humble. 4. Deserving 
 pity.— poor'ly, adv.— poorness, n. 
 [O. Fr. poure (Fr. pauvre)—~L. pauper.] 
 Syn. Destitute; indigent; depressed ; 
 needy; shabby: unfavorable; meek. 
 
 poorhonse ( por'bows ), n. Public 
 dwelling for paupers. 
 
 poor-laws ( por'laz ), n. Laws relat- 
 ing to the support of the poor. 
 
 pop ( pop ). I. vi. [pop'ping; popped.] 
 1. Make a sharp, quick sound. 2. 
 Dart; move quickly. II. vt. 1. Thrust, 
 suddenly. 2. Bring suddenly to notice. 
 3. Explode with a sharp report. III. n. 
 Sharp, quick sound or report. IV. adv. 
 Suddenly.— pop-corn (pop'karn), n. 
 Small Indian corn, suitable for pop- 
 ping. — pop-gun, n. Toy pneumatic 
 pistol. [From the sound.] 
 
 Pope (pop), n. 1. Bishop of Rome, 
 head of, and in the R. Cath. Church 
 successor of St. Peter, vicar of Christ 
 and teacher of all the faithful. 2. (p) 
 Priest in the Greek Church. — po- 
 pish, a. [A. S. pape—Li. papa, father ] 
 
 popedom (pop'duin), n. Office, dignity, 
 or jurisdiction of the Pope. 
 
 popinjay (pop'in-ja), n. 1. Parrot. 2. 
 Mark, iu the shape of a parrot, put 
 on a pole to be shot at. 3. Fop or cox- 
 
 comb. [Fr. papegai— root pap, chatter, 
 and gau—Lt. gallus, cock.] 
 
 poplar (poplar), n. Tree common in 
 the northern hemisphere, of rapid 
 growth, and softwood. [O.Fr. poplier 
 — L. populus.] 
 
 poplin ( pop'lin ), n. Fabric made of 
 silk and worsted. [Fr. popeline. Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 poppy (pop'i), n. Plant having large 
 showy flowers, from one species of 
 which opium is obtained. [A.S. popig 
 — L. papaver.] 
 
 populace (pop'u-las),?i. Common peo- 
 ple. [Fr. — It. popolazzo— L. populus.] 
 
 popular (pop'u-lar), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the people. 2. Pleasing; to, or pre- 
 vailing among, the people or many 
 people.— popularly, adv. — popu- 
 larity (pop-u-lar'i-ti), n. [L. popu- 
 laris — pojiulus.] 
 
 popularize ( pop'u-la-riz ), vt. Make 
 popular or acceptable to the people. 
 
 populate (pop'u-iat), vt. People; fur- 
 nish with inhabitants. [L. populor.] 
 
 population (pop-u-la'shun), n. 1. A.ct 
 of populating. 2. Inhabitants of any 
 place. [inhabited. 
 
 populous (pop'u-lus), a. Numerously 
 
 porcelain (pars'lan), n. Fine kind of 
 earthenware," white, thin, and semi- 
 trausparent. [Fr. porcelaine—It. por- 
 cellana, the transparent Venus' shell 
 — L. porcella, a young sow (which the 
 shell was thought to resemble in 
 form) dim. of porcus, pig.] 
 
 porch (porch), n. 1. Covered way or 
 entrance. 2. Portico, at the entrance 
 of churches and other buildings. [Fr. 
 porche (It. portico)— Iu. portions, from 
 porta, gate.] 
 
 porcine (par'sin), a. Pertaining to or 
 like swine. "[L. porcinus — porcus, hog J 
 
 pore up ine 
 ( par'ku-pin ) , 
 n. "Rodent 
 quadruped , 
 covered with 
 spines or 
 quills. [O. Fr. 
 pore espm—Jj. 
 porcus, and 
 spina, spine.] 
 
 pore (por), n. 1. Minute orifice in the 
 skin for the perspiration. 2. Opening 
 between the molecules of a body. 
 [Gr. por os.] 
 
 pore (por) , vi. Look with steady atten- 
 tion on; study closely. [Low Ger. 
 purren, dig.] [kinds. 
 
 porgy (par'ji ), n. Sea fish of many 
 
 pork (pork), n. Flesh of swine. [Fr. 
 pore— L. porcus, hog.] 
 
 porker (pork'er), n. Pig fed for pork. 
 
 Porcupine. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
porous 
 
 468 
 
 pose 
 
 porous (por'us), a. Having pores.— 
 porously, adv. 
 
 porphyry ( par'fir-i ), n. Very hard, 
 variegated rock of a purple and white 
 color, used in sculpture. [ Gr. por- 
 phyrites—porphyra, purple.] 
 
 porpoise ( par' pus ), n. Gregarious 
 kind of whale, from 4 to 8 feet long, 
 caught for its oil and flesh. [O.Fr. por- 
 peis — L. porcus, hog, and piscis, fish.] 
 
 porridge (por'ij), n. 1. Food made by 
 slowly stirring oatmeal into boil- 
 ing water. 2. Kind of soup made by 
 boiling a vegetable to a pulp. [M. E. 
 'jorree (Fr. puree),— L. porrata, broth 
 made wiih leeks — L. porrum, leek. 
 The affix -idge (=age) arose through 
 confusion with pottage.] 
 
 port (port). I. n. 1. Bearing; demean- 
 or; carriage of thebody. 2. Left side 
 of a ship. II. vt. 1. Put (as the helm) 
 to the left side of a ship. 2. Hold, as a 
 musket, in a slanting direction up- 
 ward across the body. [Fr.— L. porto, 
 carry.] 
 
 port (port), n. Harbor; haven or safe 
 station for vessels. [A.S.— L. portus; 
 akin to porta, gate.] 
 
 port (port), n. 1. Gate or entrance. 2. 
 Porthole; lid of a porthole. [Fr. porte 
 — L. porta, gate.] 
 
 port (port), n. Dark purple wine. 
 {Oporto, city in Portugal.] 
 
 portable (port'a-bl), a. That may be 
 carried; not bulky or heavy.— port' - 
 ableness,ra. 
 
 portage (portfaj), n. 1. Act of carry- 
 ing; carriage. 2. Price of carriage. 
 3. Place where boats, etc., must be 
 carried overland from one navigable 
 water to another. 
 
 portal (port'al), n. 1. Entrance. 2. In 
 arch. Arch over a gate. [O. Fr. (Fr. 
 portail)— Low ~L.portale, porch.] 
 
 port-crayon (port-kra'un), n. Metal- 
 lic handle for holding a crayon. 
 
 portcullis ( port-kul'is ), n. Sliding 
 door of cross timbers -pointed with 
 iron, hung over a gateway, so as to 
 be let down in a moment to keep out 
 an enemy. [Fr. portecoulisse— porte, 
 gate, and L. colo, slide.] 
 
 Porte(port),w. Turkish government, so 
 called from the"HighGate," the chief 
 office of the Ottoman government. 
 
 porte-cochere ( port - k5 - shar' ), n. 
 Porch over a driveway at a door. [Fr.] 
 
 portemonnaie { port'mun-a ), n. 
 Pocketbook. [Fr.] 
 
 portend, (por-tend' or por-), vt. In- 
 dicate, as the future, by signs. [L. 
 pro, forth, and tendo, stretch.] 
 Syn. Anger; omen; betoken. 
 
 portent ( por'tent or por-tent'), a 
 That which portends or foreshows' 
 omen.— portentous (por-ten'tus), a 
 Serving to portend; ominous.— por- 
 tent'ously, adv. 
 
 porter (por'ter), n. One who waits at 
 the door to receive messages, etc.; 
 door-keeper.— fern, port'eress or port' 
 ress. 
 
 porter (pSr'ter), n. 1. One who carries 
 baggage, etc., for, or waits on, travel- 
 ers. 2. Dark brown malt liquor. 
 
 portfolio (por t-fo'li-o), n. 1. Portable 
 case for keeping loose papers, draw- 
 ings, etc. 2. Collection of such papers. 
 3. Office of a minister of state. [From 
 L. porto, carry, and folio, sheet oi 
 paper.] 
 
 porthole (p5rt'hol), n. Hole or open 
 ing in a ship's side for light and air, 
 or for pointing agun. 
 
 portico (por'ti-ko), n._ [pi. porticoes 
 or porticos, (por'ti-koz).] Range oi 
 columns in the front of a building. 
 [It.— L. portions.] [with a portico. 
 
 porticoed (por'ti-kod), a. Furnished 
 
 portiere (par-tyar'), n. Curtain for a 
 doorway. ' [Fr.] 
 
 portion (por'shun). I. n. 1. Part. 2. 
 Part allotted. 3. Part of an estate des- 
 cending to an heir. 4. Wife's fortune. 
 II. vt. 1. Divide into portions. 2. Allot 
 a share. 3. Furnish with a portion. 
 — por'tioned, a: Having a portion. 
 — portionless, a. Without a portion 
 or dowry. 
 
 Syn. Allotment; dividend; division; 
 share; parcel; quantity; fate. 
 
 portly (port'li), a. Having a dignified 
 bearing or mien; corpulent.— port- 
 liness, n. [See port, bearing.] 
 
 portmanteau(p5rt-man'to),ra.Bagfor 
 carrying apparel, etc., on journeys. 
 [Fr.— p<?rter,carry,and manteau, cloak.] 
 
 portrait (por'trat), n. 1. Likeness of 
 a person. 2. Description in words. 
 [See PORTRAY.] 
 
 portraiture ( por'tra-tur ), n. Paint- 
 ing or drawing of portraits, or de- 
 scribing in words. 
 
 portray (por-tra'), vt. 1. Paint or draw 
 the likeness of. 2. Describe in words. 
 — portray'er, n. [Fr. portraire—Lt. 
 pro, forth, and traho, draw.] 
 
 Portuguese ( por-chu-gez' ), n. sing. 
 andpZ. 1. Native or people of Portugal. 
 2. Language of the inhabitants of 
 Portugal. 
 
 pose (poz). I. n. Position; attitude. II. 
 vt. and vi. Put into or assume an un 
 natural or studied attitude. [Fr. poser, 
 place,— L. pausa, pause.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pose 
 
 429 
 
 posthumous 
 
 pose (poz), vt. Puzzle; perplex by 
 questions.- poser, n. 1. One who or 
 
 that which poses. 2. Puzzling ques- 
 tion. [M.E. apposen, a corr. of oppose.] 
 
 position (po-zish'un ), n. 1. Place; 
 situation. 2. Attitude. 3. Ground 
 taken in argument, or a dispute; prin- 
 ciple laid down. 4. Standing; social 
 rank. [Fr. — L. pono, positus, place.] 
 
 positive (poz'i-tiv). I. a. 1. Clearly 
 expressed. 2. Actual. 3. Not admit- 
 ting any doubt or qualification; deci- 
 sive. 4. Confident; certain. 5. In gram. 
 Noting the simple form of an adjec- 
 tive. 6. In math. To be added. 7. In 
 photogr. Showing the same shadows 
 and lights as the original. 8. Electro- 
 positive. 9. In chem. Basic; metallic; 
 not acid.. II. n. That which may be 
 affirmed; reality.— positively, adv. 
 — pos'itiveness, n. [Fr.— L. positi- 
 vus, fixed by agreement, from pono.] 
 
 positivism (poz'i-tiv-izrn),/i. System 
 of philosophy originated by Comte, a 
 French philosopher (1798-1857), 
 which, rejecting all inquiry into 
 causes, deals only with what is posi- 
 tive, simply seeking to discover the 
 laws of phenomena. [positivism. 
 
 positivist(poz'i-tiv-ist),/i. Believer in 
 
 posse eomitatus (pos'se kom-i-ta'- 
 tus), n. Body of citizens of a county 
 summoned by the sheriff to aid him 
 in the execution of the law. [L. = 
 power of the county.] 
 
 possess ( poz-zes' or pos-ses' ), vt. 1. 
 Have or hold as an owner. 2. Have 
 the control of. 3. Inform. 4. Seize. 5. 
 Enter into and influence. [L. possi- 
 deo, possessus.] 
 
 possession (poz-zesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
 possessing. 2. Thing possessed; prop- 
 erty. 3. State of being possessed, as 
 by an evil spirit. 
 
 possessive (poz-zes'iv). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to or denoting possession. II. n. 
 1. Possessive case; nouniu the posses- 
 sive case. 2. Pronominal adjective 
 indicating the possessor, as my, mine. 
 — possessively, adv. 
 
 possessor ( poz-zes'ur ), n. One who 
 possesses; owner; occupant. 
 
 possessory (poz-zes'o ri), a. Relating 
 to possession; having possession. 
 
 posset (pos'et), n. Hot milk curdled 
 with wine or acid. [Wei. posel, curdled 
 milk.] 
 
 possibility (pos-i-bil'i-ti), n. 1. State 
 of being possible. 2. That which is 
 possible ; contingency ; contingent 
 interest. 
 
 possible (pos'i-bl), a. That is able to 
 be or happen; that may be done; not 
 contrary to the nature of things.— 
 
 possibly, adv. [Fr. — L. possibilia 
 —jwssum, am able.] 
 
 possum. Same as opossum. 
 
 post(post). I. n. Piece of timber fixed in 
 an upright position, generally as a 
 support to somethiug else; pillar. II. 
 vt. 1. Placard. 2. Inform. [A. S. post 
 —Ij.postis, doorpost,— pono, place.] 
 
 post (post). I. n. 1. Fixed place, as a 
 military station. 2. Office. 3. An es- 
 tablished system of conveying letters. 
 II. vt. 1. Set or station. 2. Put in 
 the post office. 3. Transfer to a ledger. 
 HI. vi. Travel with post horse*, or 
 with speed. [Fr. poste — L. pono, post- 
 tus, place.] 
 
 postage(pos'taj), n. Money paid for con- 
 veyance of letters, etc., by post or 
 mail.— postage-stamp, n. Adhesive 
 stamp used in payment of postage. 
 
 postal (pos'tal), a. Belonging to the 
 mail service. — post'al-card, n. 
 Stamped card on which written or 
 printed message may be sent through 
 the mails. 
 
 post-boy (post'boi), n. Boy that rides 
 post horses,_or who carries letters. 
 
 postdate (post-dat'),^. Date after the 
 real time. [L. post, after, and date.] 
 
 post-diluvial (post-di-16'vi-al;, post- 
 dilu'vian, a. Being or happening 
 after the deluge. — post-dilu'vian, 
 n. One who has lived since the deluge. 
 [L. post, after, and diluvial, dilu- 
 vi an.] 
 
 poster (pos'ter), n. 1. Advertisement; 
 placard, intended to be placed or 
 posted in some public place. 2. One 
 who posts bills. _ 
 
 posterior (pos-te'ri-ur), a. 1. Coming 
 after; latei\ 2. Hind or hinder; situ- 
 ated behind. — poste'riors, n. pi. 
 Short for 'posterior parts'. [L.,comp. 
 of posterns, coming after,— post, after.] 
 
 posterity (pos-ter'it-i), n. Those com- 
 ing after; succeeding generations. 
 [Fr. See posterior.] 
 
 postern (pos'tern). I. n. Back door 
 or gate: small private door. II. a. 
 Back; private. [O. Fr. posteme— L. 
 See posterior.] 
 
 postgraduate (post-grad'u-at). I. a. 
 Relating to a course of study after 
 graduation. II. n. One studying after 
 graduating. 
 
 posthaste (post-hasf). I. n. Haste in 
 travelling. II. adv. With haste or 
 speed. 
 
 posthumous ( post'hu-mus ), a. 1. 
 Born after the father's death. 2. Pub- 
 lished after the death of the author.— 
 post'humonsly, adv. [L. postumus, 
 superl. of posterus, coming after,^ 
 post, after.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, theu. 
 
postillion 
 
 potion 
 
 postillion (pos-til'yun), n. One who 
 guides the horses drawing a vehicle, 
 riding on one of them. [Fr. postilion.] 
 
 postman (post'man), n. Letter-car- 
 rier. 
 
 postmark (post'mark). I. n. Mark or 
 stamp of a post office on a letter. II. 
 vt. Put a postmark on. 
 
 postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. Official 
 in charge of a post office. — post- 
 master-general, n. Chief officer of 
 the post office department. 
 
 post-meridian (post-me-rid'i-an), a. 
 In the afternoon. (Abbreviated p.m.). 
 [L. post, after, and meridian.] 
 
 post-mortem(post'mar'tem) , a. After 
 death. [L.] 
 
 post oflSce (post'-of'is), n. Office for 
 receiving, transmitting and deliver- 
 ing letters and other mail matter. 
 
 postpaid (post'pad), a. Having the 
 postage prepaid, as a letter. 
 
 postpone (post-p5n'), vt. Put off to a 
 
 later tim e.— postpone'meist, n. 
 
 Temporary delay. [L. postpono—post, 
 
 after, a,nd.pono, put.] 
 
 Syn. Defer; procrastinate; delay. 
 
 post-pranaial ( pbst-pran'di-al ), a. 
 Mter dinner. [L. post, after, and 
 prandium, repast.] 
 
 postscript (post'skript), n. 1. Part 
 added to a letter after the signature. 
 2. Addition to a book after it is finish- 
 ed. (Abbreviated P. S.) [L. post, after, 
 and scriptum, written.] 
 
 post-town ( post'-town ), u. Town 
 with a post office. 
 
 postulate (pos'tu-lat). I. vt. Assume 
 without proof; take for granted. II. 
 n. 1. Position assumed as self-evident. 
 2. In geom. Self-evident problem. [L. 
 —postul-o, -atus_, demand— posco, ask.] 
 
 posture ( pos'tur ). I. n. 1. Placing or 
 position of the body ; attitude. 2. 
 State or condition; disposition. II. 
 vL and vi. Place or pose in a partic- 
 ular manner. [Fr.— ~L.positura— pono, 
 positum, place.] 
 
 posy (po'zi), n. 1. Verse of poetry; 
 motto sent with a bouquet. 2. Bou- 
 quet. [Contracted from poesy.] 
 
 pot (pot). I. n. 1. Vessel for various pur- 
 poses, cooking, holding plants, or 
 liauids, etc. 2. Drinking vessel. 3. 
 
 Quantity in a pot. 4. Wicker trap 
 for catching lobsters, etc. II. vt. 
 [pott'ing; pott'ed.] 1. Preserve in 
 pots. 2. Put in pots. — Go to pot, go 
 to ruin, (orig. said of old metal, go 
 into the melting-pot.) [A. S. pott.] 
 
 potable (po'ta-bl). I. a.. Drinkable. II. 
 n. Something drinkable. [Fr. — L. 
 potabilis—poto, drink.] 
 
 potash (pot'ash), n. Powerful alkali, 
 obtained from the ashes of plants. 
 
 potassa (po-tas'a), n. Latinized form 
 
 Of POTASH. 
 
 potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. White 
 metallic base of potash, much used 
 in making glass and soap, and in 
 chemistry. [From potassa.] 
 
 potation (po-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 drinking. 2. Draught. 3. Beverage 
 [L. potatio—pot-o, -atus, drink.] • 
 
 potato (po-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes.] 1. 
 Tuber of a plant of the nightshade 
 family, almost universally cultivated 
 for food. 2. The plant itself.— Sweet 
 potato, plant of the mornin^-glo**^ 
 family, with edible tubers, native of 
 the tropics. [Sp. patata, batata, sweet 
 potato, orig. a Haytian word.] 
 
 potency (pd'ten-si), n. Power. 
 
 potent (po'tent), a. 1. Strong. 2. Hav- 
 ing great authority or influence.— po'» 
 tently, adv. [L. potens—potis, able.] 
 Syn. Efficient; influential; mighty; 
 efficacious; cogent.See strong. 
 
 potentate (po'ten-tat), n. One who is 
 potent; prince; sovereign. [Fr. po- 
 tentat— Low L. potentatus, pa. p. of 
 potento, exercise power.] 
 
 potential (po-ten'shal), a. 1. Existing 
 in possibility, not in reality. 2. In 
 gram. Expressing power, possibility, 
 liberty, or obligation (by the use of 
 can, may, must, should, etc.)— poten'- 
 tially, adv.— potentiality, n. 
 
 pother (poiA'er). I. n. Bustle; confu- 
 sion. II. vt. andm. Puzzle; perplex; 
 tease; make a fuss. [A variant of 
 
 POTTER.] 
 
 potherb (pot'herb or pot'erb), n. Herb 
 or vegetable prepared for the table 
 by boiling. 
 
 pothook (pot'hbk), n. 1. Hook on 
 which pots are hung over the fire. 2. 
 Letter or character formed like a pot- 
 hook; ill-formed or scrawled letter. 
 
 pothouse (pot'hows), n. Low drink- 
 ing house, (saloon). 
 
 pot-hunting- (pot'hun'ting), n. Hunt- 
 ing for profit only, regardless of game 
 laws and of true sport. 
 
 potion (p5'shun), n. Draught; liquid 
 medicine ; dose. [ L. potio — poto, 
 drink.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
pollack 
 
 431 
 
 power-machine 
 
 potluck (pot'luk), n. Whatever may 
 chance to be provided for dinner. 
 
 pot-pourri (po-po-re'), n. 1. Stew of 
 meat and vegetables. 2. Medley; mis- 
 cellaneous collection. [ Fr. transla- 
 tion of Sp. olla podrida.] 
 
 pot-roast (pot'rost), n. Beef cooked 
 in a closed pot with very little water. 
 
 potsherd (pot'sherd), n. Fragment of 
 a pot, [pot and A. S. sceard, shred — 
 seer an, divide.J 
 
 pottage (pot'aj), n. Thick soup of 
 meat or vegetables. [Fr. potage.} 
 
 potter (pot'er), n. One whose trade is 
 to make pots or earthenware. 
 
 potter (pot'er), vi. Be fussily engaged 
 about trifles.— pot'terer, n.~ [ Freq. 
 of provincial pote, push.] 
 
 pottle (pot'l), n. 1. Measure of four 
 pints. 2. Small basket for fruit. [Dim. 
 
 Of POT.] 
 
 pouch ( powch ). I. n. Pocket; bag. II. 
 vt. Put into a pouch. [Fr. poche.] 
 
 poulterer (pol'ter-er), n. One who 
 deals in fowls. 
 
 poultice (pol'tis). I. n. Soft composi- 
 tion of meal, bran, etc., applied to 
 sores; cataplasm. II. vt. Dress with 
 a poultice. [L. pultes, pi. of puis, pap, 
 porridge.] _ 
 
 poultry (pol'tri), n. Domestic fowls. 
 [O. Yv.pouleterie —poulet, fowl.] 
 
 pounce (pownt>). I. vi. Fall (upon) and 
 seize with the claws; dart suddenly 
 ( upon ). II. n. Hawk's claw. [Doub- 
 let of PUNCH.] 
 
 pounce (powns). I. n. 1. Fine powder 
 for preparing a surface for writing 
 on. 2. Colored powder sprinkled over 
 holes pricked in paper as a pattern. 
 — pounce-box, /i. Box with a perfo- 
 rated lid for sprinkling pounce. [Fr. 
 ponce, pumice— L. pumex.~\ 
 
 pound (pownd), n. 1. Weight of 12 
 oz. troy, or 16 oz. avoirdupois. 2. 
 English sovereign, or 20 shillings, 
 equal to about $4.86. [A.S. pund—Li. 
 pondo, by weight,— pendo, weigh.] 
 
 pound (pownd), vt. Shut up or con- 
 fine, as strayed animals are confined. 
 [A. S.pund, inclosure.] 
 
 pound (pownd), vt. Beat repeatedly; 
 bruise; bray with a pestle. [A. S. 
 punian, beat.] 
 
 poundcake (pownd'kak), n. Rich 
 sweet cake, ma.de of a pound each of 
 the principal ingredients. 
 
 pounder ( pownd'er ) , n. 1. One who 
 pounds. 2. Instrument for pound- 
 ing; pestle. 3. In composition with a 
 numeral: thing or person weighing a 
 specified number of pounds, as a 
 twelve-pounder. 
 
 Pouter pigeon. 
 
 pound-foolish ( pownd-fo'lish ) , a. 
 
 Neglecting large interests while 
 
 attending to trifles. 
 pour (por). I. vt. 1. Cause to flow; 
 
 send forth in profusion. 2. Give vent 
 
 to; utter. II. vi. Flow; issue forth; 
 
 rush. [Wei. bwrw, throw.] 
 pourparler (por-par'la), n. Prelimin- 
 ary conference, especially between 
 
 ministers of different states, with a 
 
 view to subsequent negotiations. [Fr.] 
 pousse-cafe ( pos-ka-fa' ), n. Cordial 
 
 served at dinner after the coffee, esp. 
 
 a composition of several cordials in 
 
 layers. 
 pout ( powt) . I. vt. and vi. Push out 
 
 the lips, in contempt or displeasure; 
 
 look sulky. II. n. 
 
 Fit of sullenness. 
 
 — pout'er, n. 1. 
 
 One who pouts. 2. 
 
 Variety of pigeon, 
 
 having its breast 
 
 inflated. [Wei. pw- 
 
 dw.] 
 poutingrCpowt'ing), 
 
 n. Childish sullen- 
 ness. 
 pouting-Iy (powf- 
 
 ing-li), adv. In a 
 
 pouting or sullen manner. 
 poverty (pov'er-ti), n. State of being 
 
 poor. [O. Fr. poverte — L. paupertas.] 
 Syn. Indigence; necessity; pauper- 
 ism; need; lack; want; penury. 
 powder (pow'der). I. n. 1. Substance 
 
 in fine particles. 2. Gunpowder. II. 
 
 vt. and vi. 1. Reduce, or crumble, to 
 
 powder. 2. Sprinkle with powder. 
 
 [Fr. poudre— L. pulvis, dust.] 
 powdered (pow'derd), a. 1. Reduced 
 
 to powder. 2. Sprinkled with powder. 
 po wdery(pow'der-i), a. Resembling, or 
 
 sprinkled with, powder; friable. 
 power(pow'er), n. 1. Strength; energy. 
 
 2. Faculty of the mind. 3. Agency; 
 
 moving force. 4. Rule; authority; 
 
 influence. 5. Ability; capacity. 6. 
 
 Influential nation. 7. Result of the 
 
 multiplication of a quantity by itself 
 
 a given number of times. 8. In optics. 
 
 Magnifying strength. [M.E. poer— O. 
 
 Fr. poer — Low L. pot-ere, be able, L. 
 
 posse (pot-esse).] 
 powerful (pow'er-fol), a. Having great 
 
 power; mighty;, intense; forcible; 
 
 efficacious. — pow'erfully, adv. — 
 
 pow'erfulness, n. [power. 
 
 powerless (pow'er-les), a. Without 
 power-machine (pow'er-ma-shen), n,. 
 
 Machine driven by a mechanical force, 
 
 not by hand, as a power-loom, a 
 
 power-press, etc. 
 
 Jtate^at, task, far, fall, fare, otove; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
powwow 
 
 432 
 
 preach 
 
 powwow (pow'wow). I. n. 1. Con- 
 jurer. 2. Noisy conjuration. 3. Up- 
 roarious conference. II. vi. 1. Con- 
 jure. 2. Hold a conference, esp. a 
 noisy one. 
 
 pox (poks), n. Disease characterized 
 by pocks. [See pock.] 
 
 practicability (prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti), n. 
 State or quality of being practicable. 
 
 practicable (prak'tik-a-bl), a. That 
 may be practised, done, used, or fol- 
 lowed.— prac'ticably, adv. 
 Syn. Feasible; possible; passable. 
 
 practical (prak'tik-al), a. 1. That can 
 be put in practice. '2. Useful. 3. Ap- 
 plying knowledge to some useful end. 
 4. Virtual. 5. Derived from practice. 
 — practically, adv. — practical- 
 ness, n. 
 
 practice (prak'tis), n. 1. Habit of 
 doing anything. 2. Frequent use. 3. 
 Performance. 4. Method. 5. Medical 
 treatment 6. Exercise of any profes- 
 sion. 7. Rule iu arithmetic. [O. Fr. 
 practiq ue— Gr. praktikos, lit for doing, 
 —prasso, praxo, do.] 
 
 practise, practice (prak'tis). I. vt. 
 
 1. Put in practice; do habitually. 
 
 2. Perform. 3. Exercise, as a profes- 
 sion. 4. Use ; exercise. II. vi. 1. 
 Have or form a habit. 2. Exercise 
 an employment or profession. 3. Try 
 artifices.— prac'ticer, n. 
 
 practitioner(prak-tish'un-er), n. One 
 who is engaged in the exercise of a 
 profession, esp. medicine or law. 
 [Older form practician— O. Fr. practi- 
 cien.] 
 
 praetor (pre'tur), n. Magistrate of an- 
 cient Rome, next in rank to the con- 
 suls.— praVtorship, n. [L. praetor, 
 for praeitor, leader, — prae, before, 
 and eo, itu?n, go.] 
 
 pragmatic ( prag-mat'ik ). I. a. 1. 
 Relating to communal affairs. 2. 
 Over-active; officious; meddlesome. 
 
 3. Practical; procuring happiness. 
 II. n. 1. Man of business. 2. Meddle- 
 some person. — pragmatically, a^v. 
 ^-pragmatism, n. 1. Busy imper- 
 tinence. 2. Treatment of historical 
 events with special reference to their 
 causes, results, etc.— Pragmatic Sanc- 
 tion, special decree issued by a sove- 
 reign, such as that of the Emperor 
 Charles VI. of Germany securing the 
 crown to Maria Theresa. [Gr.— prag- 
 ma, business, deed, — prasso, do.] 
 
 prairie (pra'ri), n. Extensive tract of 
 land, level or rolling, without trees, 
 and covered with tall coarse grass. 
 [Fr.— Low L. prataHa, meadow-land, 
 — L. pratum, meadow.] 
 
 Prairie-dog. 
 
 prairie-dog* (pra'ri-dog), n. Small 
 American rodent,- living in the 
 prairies. 
 
 prairie-hen (pra'ri- 
 hen), n. 1. Pinnated 
 grouse. 2. Sharp- 
 tailed grouse. 
 
 praise (praz). I. n. 
 1. Commendation. 2. 
 Tribute of gratitude; 
 glorifying, as in wor- 
 ship. 3. Reason of 
 praise. II. vt. 1. Ex- 
 press estimation of; < 
 commend. 2. Glori- 
 fy, as in worship. [O. 
 Fr. preis, — L. pre- 
 tium, price, value.] 
 
 Syn. Applaud; laud ; eulogize; extol; 
 magnify; celebrate; honor; bless; 
 worship. 
 
 praiseworthy (praz'wur thi), a. Com- 
 mendable.— praise'worthiness. n. 
 
 praline (pra'len), n. Almond or nut 
 browned in boiling sugar. [Fr ] 
 
 prance (prans), vi. 1. Strut about, in a 
 showy or warlike manner. 2. Caper 
 gaily, as a horse. [Another form of 
 
 PRANK.] 
 
 prank (prangk). I. vt. Display or 
 adorn showily. II. n. 1. Sportive 
 action. 2. Mischievous trick. [M. E. 
 pranken. Ger. prangen, make a show.] 
 
 prate ( prat ). I. vt. and vi. Talk idly; 
 tattle; be loquacious; speak without 
 meaning. II. n. Trifling talk.— pra'- 
 ter, n. [Low Ger. prat, idle talk.] 
 
 prattle (prat'l). I. vi. 1. Prate or talk 
 much and idly. 2. Utter child's talk. 
 II. n. 1. Empty talk. 2. Childish talk. 
 — prat'tler, n. [Freq. of prate.] 
 
 prawn (pran), n. Small crustacean 
 animal like the shrimp. [Etymology 
 unknown.] 
 
 praxis (praks'is), n. 1. Practice; dis- 
 cipline. 2. Example for exercise. 
 [Gr.— prasso, praxo, do.] 
 
 pray ( pra ). I. vt. and vi. [pray'ing; 
 prayed.] 1. Ask earnestly. 2. Petition 
 or supplicate God. II. Ellipsis for I 
 pray, introducing a question or 
 request. [O. Fr. preier—L,. precor] 
 Syn. Ask. See beseech. 
 
 prayer (prar), n. 1. Act of praying; 
 entreaty. 2. Words used in praying. 
 3. Formula of worship. 
 
 prayerful (prar'fol), a. Given to pray- 
 er; devotional.— pray er'fully, adv. 
 — prayer'fulness, n. 
 
 pre-, prefix. Denotes priority in time, 
 place, or rank. [L. prae, pre-, before.] 
 
 preach (prech), vt. 1. Pronounce a 
 public discourse on sacred subjects. 
 2. Discourse earnestly. 3. Give advice 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 

 preadamite 
 
 433 
 
 precocious 
 
 in an offensive or obtrusive manner. 
 — preacher, n. One who discourses 
 publicly on religious subjects; cler- 
 gyman. 2. One who inculcates a 
 lesson or lessons with earnestness. 
 [Fr. precher — L. praedico, proclaim.] 
 
 preadamite (pre-ad'a-mit). I. a. Ex- 
 isting before Adam's times. II. n. 
 One who lived before Adam. 
 
 preadmonition (pre-ad-mo-nish'un), 
 n. Previous warning. 
 
 preamble (pre'am-bl), n. Preface; in- 
 troduction. [Fr. priambule—lj. prae, 
 before, and ambulo, go.] 
 
 prebendary(preb'en-dar-i), n. Clergy- 
 man attached to a cathedral, with a 
 fixed stipend. 
 
 precarious (pre-ka'ri-us), a. 1. Un- 
 certain because depending on the will 
 of another; doubtful. 2. Held by a 
 doubtful tenure. — precariously, 
 adv.— preca'rionsiiess, n. [L. pre- 
 carius—precor, pray.] 
 
 precaution (pre-ka'shun), n. I. Cau- 
 tion or care beforehand. 2. Preven- 
 tive measure. 
 
 precautionary ( pre-ka'shun-ar-i ), 
 a. Containing or proceeding from pre- 
 caution. 
 
 precede (pre-sed'), vt. Go before in 
 time, rank, or importance. [Fr. prS- 
 cSder—L,. praecedo — prae, before, and 
 cedo, go.] 
 
 precedence ( pre-se'dens ), prece- 
 dency (pre-se'den-si), n. l. Going be- 
 fore in time. 2. Being before in rank. 
 3. Foremost place. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 Syn. Priority ; antecedence ; pree- 
 minence; superiority; supremacy. 
 
 precedent (pre-se'dent), a. Going be- 
 fore; anterior.— prece'dently, adv. 
 [Fr.— "L. praecedens, -entis, pr. p. of 
 praecedo.'] 
 
 precedent (pres'e-dent), n. 1. That 
 which may serve as an example or 
 rule in the future. 2. Parallel case 
 in the past 3. Judicial decision which 
 serves as a rule for subsequent decis- 
 ions in similar cases. [Lit. 'foregoing. '] 
 
 precedented (pres'e-dent-ed), a. Hav- 
 ing a precedent; warranted by an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 preceding- (pre-se'ding), a. Going be- 
 fore in time, rank, etc.; antecedent. 
 
 precentor (pre-sen'tur), n. Leader of 
 a choir. [L. — prae, fore, and cano, 
 sing.] 
 
 precept(pre'sept), n. 1. Rule of action ; 
 commandment; principle. 2. In law. 
 Written warrant of a magistrate. [L. 
 — prae, before, and capio, take.] 
 Syn. Mandate; law; direction. 
 
 preceptive (pre-sep'tiv), a. Directing 
 in moral conduct; didactic. 
 
 preceptor (pre-sep'tur), n. One who 
 delivers precepts; teacher; instruct- 
 or ; head of a school.— precepto'rial, 
 a.— preceptress, n. fern. 
 
 precession (pre-sesh'un), n. Act of 
 going before._ 
 
 precinct (pre'singkt), n. 1. Limit or 
 boundary of a place. 2. Territorial 
 district or division. 3. Limit of jur- 
 isdiction or authority. [Lt.prae, before, 
 and cingo, gird.] 
 
 precious (presh'us), a. 1. Of great 
 price or worth; costly. 2. Highly es- 
 teemed. 3. Worthless; contemptible 
 (in irony). — previously, adv. — 
 pre'eiousness, n. [O. Fr. precios— 
 L. pretiosus—pretium, price.] 
 
 precipice(pres'i-pis),w. 1. Very steep 
 place. 2. Edge of a cliff; situation of 
 extreme danger. [Fr. — L. praecipi- 
 tium—praeceps, praecipitis, headlong — 
 prae, before, and caput, head.] 
 
 precipitate ( pre-sip'i-tat ). I. vt. 1. 
 Throw headlong. 2. Hurry rashly; 
 hasten. 3. In chem. Throw to the bot- 
 tom, as a substance in a solution or 
 suspension. II. a. 1. Falling, flowing, 
 or rushing headlong. 2. Lacking deli- 
 beration; overhasty. III. n. In chem. 
 Substance precipitated. [ L. praeci- 
 pito—praeceps. [See precipice.] 
 
 precipitately ( pre-sip'i-tat-li ), adv. 
 In a precipitate manner; headlong. 
 
 precipitation (pre-sip-i-ta'shun), n. 
 1. Act of precipitating. 2. Matter 
 precipitated. 
 
 precipitous (pre-sip'i-tus), a. Like a 
 precipice; very steep. 2. Hasty; rash. 
 — precipitously, adv. — precip'- 
 itousness, n. [O. Fr. precipiteux — 
 L. praeceps._ See precipice.] 
 
 precise (pre-sis'), a.\. Definite; exact; 
 not vague. 2. Adhering too much to 
 rule. 3. Excessively nice.— precise'- 
 ly, preeise'ness, n. [Fr. precis— L. 
 praecisus, pa. p. of praecido, cut off.] 
 
 precision (pre-sizh'un), n. Quality of 
 being precise_; exactness ; accuracy. 
 
 preclude ( pre-klod'), vt. 1. Hinder by 
 anticipation. 2. Prevent from taking 
 place.enjoying, entering, etc. [L. prae- 
 cludo—prae, before, and ciaudQ, shut.] 
 
 preclusion (pre-klo'zhun), n. Act of 
 precluding or hindering; state of be- 
 ing precluded. 
 
 preclusive (pre-klo'siv), a. Tending 
 to preclude; hindering beforehand. — 
 preclu'sively, adv. 
 
 precocious (pre-ko'shus), a. Having 
 the mind developed very early; pre- 
 mature ; forward. — preco'ciously , 
 adv. — preco'ciousness, precoci- 
 ty, ns. [Li.— prae, before, and coquo, 
 cook, ripen.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
preconceive 
 
 434 
 
 prefect 
 
 preconceive (pre-kon-seV), vt. Con- 
 ceive,or form a notion of,beforehand. 
 
 preconception ( pre-kon-sep'shun ), 
 n. Previous opinion or idea. 
 
 preconcert (pre-kon-serf), vt Agree 
 upon or settle beforehand. 
 
 precursor (pre-kur'sur), n. Forerun- 
 ner; one who precedes arid indicates 
 the approach of another. [L.— prae, 
 before, and currq, run. See course.] 
 
 precursory ( pre-kur'so-ri), a. Fore- 
 running ; indicating something to 
 follow; introductory. 
 
 predaceous (pre-da'shus), a. Living 
 by prey; predatory. [It. predace—L*. 
 praeda, booty, prey.]_ 
 
 predatory (pred'a-to-ri), a. 1. Char- 
 acterized by plundering. 2. Rapa- 
 cious ; carnivorous. — pred'atorily , 
 adv. [D. praed-or, -atus, plunder, — 
 praeda, booty.] 
 
 predecessor (pre-de-ses'ur), n. One 
 who has preceded another in an office. 
 [L. prae, before, and decessor—decedo, 
 depart.] 
 
 pr edestinarian (pre-des-ti-na'ri-an ) . 
 I. a. Pertaining to predestination.' II. 
 n. One who holds the doctrine of 
 predestination. 
 
 predestinate (pre-des'ti-nat). I. vt. 
 1. Determine beforehand. 2. Preor- 
 dain by an unchangeable purpose. II. 
 a. Foreordained. [See predestine.] 
 
 predestination (pre-des'ti-na'sbun), 
 n. 1. Act of predestinating. 2. In 
 theol. Doctrine that God has from all 
 eternity immutably fixed whatever is 
 to happen. 
 
 predestine (pre-des'tin), vt. 1. Des- 
 tine or decree beforehand. 2. Fore- 
 ordain. [L.— prae, before, and destino, 
 destine.] [Determine beforehand. 
 
 predetermine ( pre-de-ter'min ), vt. 
 
 predicable (pred'i-ka-bl), a. That may 
 be predicated; attributable. 
 
 predicament (pre-dik'a-ment), n. 1. 
 In logic, class or category definitely 
 described. 2. Condition; unfortunate 
 or trying position. [Low L. predica- 
 mentum.] 
 
 predicate (pred'i-kat). I. vt. Affirm 
 one thing of another. II. n. In logic, 
 and gram. 1. That which is stated of 
 the subject. 2. Word or group of 
 words expressing what is affirmed of 
 the subject. [L. praedic-o, -atus, pro- 
 claim.] [of predicating; a-sertion. 
 
 predication (pred-i-ka^shun), n. Act 
 
 predicative ( pred'i-ka-tiv ), a. Ex- 
 pressing predication or affirmation. 
 
 predict (pre-dikf), vt. Declare or tell 
 beforehand; prophesy. [L. praedictus, 
 —prae, before, and dico, say.] 
 Syn. Foretell; presage; bode. 
 
 prediction (pre-dik'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of predicting. 2. That which is pre- 
 dicted or foretold. [ling; prophetic. 
 
 predictive (pre-dik'tiv), a. Foretel- 
 
 predilection ( pre-di-lek'shun ), n. 
 Favorable prepossession of mind ; 
 partiality. [L. prae, before, and dike- 
 tio, -onis, choice.] 
 
 predispose (pre-dis-poz') , vt. Dispose 
 or incline beforehand. 
 
 predisposition ( pre-dis-po-zish'un ) 
 n. State of being predisposed or pre 
 viously inclined. 
 
 predominant ( pre-dom'i-nant ), a. 
 Ruling ; ascendant. — predomin- 
 antly, adv.— predominance, 
 predominancy, ns. 
 
 Syn. Supreme; prevalent; control- 
 ling; reigning; sovereign; dominant. 
 
 predominate (pre-dom'i-nat). I. vt. 
 Dominate or rule over. II. vi. Be 
 dominant or surpassing in strength 
 or authority; prevail. 
 
 preeminence (pre-em'i-nens), n. State 
 of being preeminent ; superiority. 
 
 preeminent (pre-em'i-nent), a. Sur- 
 passing others. — preeminently, 
 adv. [L. prae, before, and eminent.] 
 
 preempt (pre-emf), vt. and vi. Es- 
 tablish a claim to or take up (land) by 
 preemption. — preemption, n. 
 Right or act of appropriating or pur- 
 chasing before others. [Lr. prae, 
 before, and emptio, buying,— emo, buy.] 
 
 preen (pren), vt. Oil and arrange, as 
 birds do their feathers. [Same as 
 
 PRUNE.] 
 
 preeisg-age ( pre-en-gaj' ), vt. Engage 
 by previous agreement or influence. 
 — preen gage'ment, n. 
 
 preestablish (pre-es-tab'lish), vt. Es- 
 tablish or settle beforehand. — pre- 
 estab'lisbinent, n. 
 
 preexilic ( pre-egz-il'ik ), a. Relating 
 to the time before the exile, esp. that 
 of the Jews to Babylon. 
 
 preexist (pre-egz-isf), vi. 1. Exist 
 before something else. 2. Exist in a 
 previous state. — preexist'ence, n. 
 
 preface (pref'as). I. n. Something 
 spoken or written as an introduction. 
 II. vt. Introduce with a preface. [Fr. 
 preface — L. praefatio — prae, before, 
 and/ari, speak.] 
 
 prefatory (pref'ato-ri), a. Pertain- 
 ing to a preface; introductory. — 
 pref 'atorily, adv. 
 
 prefect (pre'fekt),w. Commander; esp. 
 in France, the administrative head of 
 a department.— pre' fectare, pre'- 
 feetship, ns. [Fr. prefet — L. prae- 
 fectus, pa. p. of praeficio—prae, over, 
 and facio, make, place.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
proi'er 
 
 435 
 
 premonish 
 
 prefer (prefer'), vt. [preferring; pre- 
 ferred'.] 1. Esteem above another. 2. 
 Choose; select. 3. Promote; exalt. 4. 
 Offer, as a petition. [Fr. preferer — L. 
 praefero—prae, before, a,nd fero, bear.] 
 
 preferable (pref er-a-bl), a. More 
 desirable or excellent; of better qual- 
 ity— preferably, adv.— pref 'era- 
 bleness, n. [F.] 
 
 preference (pref'er-ens), n. 1. Act of 
 preferring. 2. State of being prefer- 
 red. 3. Tbat which is preferred. — 
 preferential ( pref-er-en'shal ), a. 
 Having or showing a preference. 
 
 preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. 1. Act 
 of preferring. 2. State of being 
 advanced. 3. Advancement to a higher 
 position ; promotion. 4. Superior- 
 place, [beforehand; foreshow. 
 
 prefigure (pre-ng'ur), vt. Represent 
 
 prefix (pre-nks'), vt. Put before, or at 
 the beginning. [L. prae, before, and 
 
 FIX.] 
 
 prefix (pre'fiks), n. Letter, syllable, 
 or word, put at the beginning of 
 another word. 
 
 pregnant (preg'nant), a. 1. With child 
 or young. 2= Fruitful ; abounding 
 with results. 3. Full of significance; 
 full of promise. —preg'nancy, n. — 
 preg'nantly, adv. [L.—prae, forth, 
 and genere, begetj [may be seized. 
 
 prehensible (pre-hen'si-bi), a. That 
 
 prehensile (pre-hen'sil), a. Adapted 
 for seizing or holding. [From L. pre- 
 hendo, seize.] 
 
 prehension" (pre-hen'shun), n. Act of 
 seizing or takinghold. [L. prehensio.] 
 
 prehistoric ( pre-his-tor'ik ), a. Re- 
 lating to a time before that treated of 
 in history. 
 
 prehuman(pre-hu'man), a. Belonging 
 to the time before the appearance of 
 man upon the earth. 
 
 preindicate (pre-in'di-kat), vt. Indi- 
 cate beforehand. 
 
 prejudge (pre-juj'), vt. Judge or de- 
 cide upon before hearing the whole 
 case; condemn unheard.— prejudge- 
 ment, n. 
 
 prejudicate ( pre-jo'di-kat ), vt. and 
 vi. Prejudge — prejudica'tion, n. 
 [Li. prae, before, and judico, judge.] 
 
 prejudicative ( pre-jo'di-ka-tiv ), a. 
 Forming a judgment or opinion be- 
 forehand. 
 
 prejudice (prej'6-dis). I. n. 1. Judg- 
 ment or opiniou formed beforehand 
 or without due examination; unrea- 
 sonable prepossession for or against 
 anything; bias. 2. Injury; wrong; dis- 
 advantage; mischief. II. vt. 1. Fill 
 with prejudice: prepossess; bias the 
 mind of . 2. Injure. [L. praejudicium.] 
 
 prej udicial (prej -6-d ish'al) , a. Disad- 
 vantageous; injurious; mischievous; 
 tending to obstruct.— prejudicial* 
 ly (prej-6-dish'al-i), adv. 
 
 prelacy (prel'a-s'i), n. 1. Office of a 
 prelate. 2. Order of bishops ; the 
 bishops collectively. 
 
 prelate (prel'at), n. Superior clergy- 
 man having authority over others, as 
 a bishop ; church dignitary. — prel'* 
 ateship, n. [Fr. prelat—Li. prelatus — 
 prae, before, and latus, borne.] 
 
 preliminary ( pre-lim'i-nar-i). I. a. 
 Introductory ; preparatory ; preced- 
 ing the main discourse or business. 
 II. n. That which precedes; introduc- 
 tion. — preliminarily, adv. [L.— 
 prae, before, and limen, threshold.] 
 
 prelude (prel'ud), n.l. Short piece of 
 music before a longer piece. 2. Pref- 
 ace. 3. Forerunner. [Fr.— Late L. 
 praeludium— L._prae,before, and ludere, 
 Dlav.J [introduction. 
 
 prelude ( pre-lod' ), vt. Precede, as an 
 
 prelusive { p r e - 1 6 ' s i v ), a. Of the 
 nature of a prelude; introductory. 
 
 premature (pre-ma-tur'), a. 1. Ma- 
 ture before the proper time. 2. Hap- 
 pening before the proper time; too 
 soon believed ;unauthenticated.-pre- 
 mature'ly, adv. — prematurity, 
 premature ness, ns. [L.—prae, be- 
 fore, and maturus, ripe.] 
 
 premeditate (pre-med'i-tat), vt. and 
 vi. Meditate upon beforehand; design 
 previously.— premeditation, n. 
 
 premier (pre'mi-er). I. a. First; chief; 
 ancient. II. n. First or chief minister 
 of state; secretary of state. [Fr. — L. 
 primarius, of the first rank.] 
 
 premise (prem'is), n. 1. Proposition 
 antecedently supposed or laid down. 2. 
 In logic. One of the two propositions 
 in a syllogism from which the conclu- 
 sion is drawn. 3. Property described 
 or matter set forth in the beginning 
 of a deed. 4. Building and its ad- 
 juncts. 
 
 premise (pre-miz'), vt. 1. Make an In- 
 troduction. 2. Lay down propositions 
 for subsequent reasonings. [Fr. — L. 
 (sententia) praimissa, (sentence) put be- 
 fore,— proz, before, and mitto, missus, 
 send.] 
 
 premium (pre'mi-um), n. 1. Reward; 
 prize; bounty. 2. Payment made for 
 insurance. 3. Difference in value 
 above the original price or par of 
 stock (opposed to discount). 4. Any- 
 thing offered as an incentive. [L. prae- 
 mium—prae, above, and emo, take, buy.] 
 
 premonisb (pre-mon'ish), vt. Admon- 
 ish or warn beforehand.— premoni'- 
 tion, n. [From L. moneo, warn.]- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aboTe; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6>e, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
premonitory 
 
 43f 
 
 presence 
 
 premonitory- ( pre-mon'i-to-ri ) s a. 
 Giving warning or notice beforehand. 
 — premon'itorily, adv^ 
 
 preoccupancy (pre-ok'u-paLi-si), n. 
 Act or right of occupying beforehand. 
 
 preoccupy ( pre-ok'u-pi ), n. 1. 
 Occupy, or take possession of, before 
 another. 2. Occupy the attention 
 beforehand or by prejudice. — pre- 
 occupa'ti©n,_7i. 
 
 preordain (pre-ar-dan'),fl£. Appoint, 
 or determine, beforehand. — preor- 
 dination, n. [hand. 
 
 prepaid (pre-pad'), «<• Paid before- 
 
 preparation (prep-a-ra'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of preparing. 2. Previous ar- 
 rangement. 3. State of being pre- 
 pared or made ready. 4. That which 
 is prepared or made ready. [Fr.— L. 
 praeparatio.] 
 
 preparative (pre-par'a-tiv). I. a. 1. 
 Having the power of ' preparing or 
 making ready. II. n. That which 
 prepares; preparation. 
 
 preparatory ( pre-par'a-to-ri ), a. 
 Tending or serving to prepare. 
 
 prepare (pre-par'), vt. and vi. 1. Fit 
 
 for a purpose. 2. Make or get ready 
 
 for use. [L.— prae,find paro, prepare.] 
 
 Syn. Ad.iust; adopt; qualify; equip; 
 
 arrange; provide; manufacture. 
 
 prepared ( pre-pard' ), a. 1. Made 
 ready. 2. Ready. — prepar'edly, 
 adv.— preparedness, n. 
 
 prepay (pre-pa') vt. Pay before or in 
 advance.— prepay'ment, n. 
 
 prepense(pre-pens'), a. Premeditated; 
 intentional. [Fr.— L. prae, before, and 
 pendo, pensum, weight.] 
 
 preponderant (pre-pon'der-ant), a. 
 Outweighing ; superior in weight, 
 power, or infiuencer— preponder- 
 antly, adv.— preponderance, n. 
 
 preponderate (pre-pon'der-at), vt. 1. 
 Outweigh. 2. Exceed in power or in- 
 fluence.— prepondera'tion, n. [L. 
 prae, before, and ponder '0, weigh, from 
 pondus, weight.] 
 
 preposition (prep-o-zish'un), n. Word 
 placed before a noun or pronoun to 
 show its relation to some other word 
 of the sentence.— preposi'tional, a. 
 
 JFr.— L. prae, before, an&pono, post- 
 um, put.] 
 
 prepossess (pre-poz-zes'), vt. 1. Pre- 
 occupy. 2. Bias; prejudice. 3. Im- 
 press favorably from the start. 
 
 prepossession (pre-poz-zesh'un), n. 
 1. Previous possession. 2. Precon- 
 ceived opinion. 
 
 preposterous (pre-pos'ter-us),a. Con- 
 trary to nature or reason; wrong; 
 absurd ; foolish.— prepos'terously, 
 adv. [Jj.prae,befove,a.nd.po8terus, after.] 
 
 prerequisite (pre-rek'wi-zit). I. a. 
 
 Required or necessary beforehand. 
 
 II. n. Something necessary for an end 
 
 proposed. 
 prerogative (pre-rog'a-tiv), n. Fx- 
 
 clusive or peculiar privilege. [Fr.— L. 
 
 prae, before, ajid rog-o, -alum, ask. ] 
 presage (pre'saj), n. Something that 
 
 indicates a future event.— pres'age- 
 
 ful, a. [Fr. presage— L. praesagium— 
 
 prae, before, and sagio, perceive. See 
 
 SAGACIOUS. ]_ 
 
 presage (pre-saj'), vt. Forebode; in- 
 dicate; predict.— presa'ger, n. 
 
 presbyopia (pres-bi-6'pi-a), n. Long- 
 sightedness due to old age. [Gr.—pres* 
 bys, old, and ops, eye.] 
 
 presbyter (pres'bi-ter), n. 1. One of 
 the second order of the ministry, be- 
 tween bishop and deacon. 2. Member 
 of a presbytery. [Gr. presbyteros, 
 comp. of presbys, old.] 
 
 presbyterial (pres-bi-te'ri-al), pres- 
 byterian (prez-bi-te'ri-ari ) , a. Per- 
 taining to or consisting of presbyters. 
 
 Presbyterian (pres-bi-te'ri-an). I. a. 
 Pertaining to Presbytery or that form 
 of church government in which all the 
 clergy are equal. — Opp. to Episco- 
 palian. II. n. Adherent of this form of 
 church government. . 
 
 Presbyterian ism (pres-bi-te'ri-an- 
 izm), n. Form of church government 
 of Presbyterians. 
 
 presbytery (pres'bi-ter-i),w. 1. Coun- 
 cil of presbyters or elders. 2. Court 
 consisting of the ministers and one 
 elder, a layman, from each Presby- 
 terian church in a certain district. 
 
 prescience (pre'Shi-ens), n. Knowl- 
 edge of events beforehand. [Fr.] 
 
 prescient (pre'shi-ent), a. Knowing 
 things beforehand. [L. praesciens, 
 pr. p. of praescio, foreknow.] 
 
 prescribe (pre-skrib'), vt. 1. Lay down 
 for direction. 2. In med. Give direc- 
 tion for, as a remedy to be used. — 
 prescri'ber, w. [L.— prae, before.and 
 scribo, write.] 
 
 prescript(pre'skript), n. Something 
 prescribed; direction. 
 
 prescription (pre-skrip'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of prescribing or directing. 2. In 
 med. Written direction for the pre- 
 paration of a medicine. 3. That which 
 is prescribed. . 4. In law, custom or 
 use, continued until it has the force 
 of law. [Fr.— L. praescriptio.] 
 
 prescriptive (prg-skrip'tiv), a. Con- 
 sisting in, or acquired by, custom or 
 immemorial use. [L.] 
 
 presence (prez'ens), n. 1. State of 
 being present (opp. of absence). 2. 
 Situation within sight; position face 
 
 fftte, fat, tasl^j far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mgye, w^lt} 
 mute, hut, burn; oij, oyrl, ihm, 
 
present 
 
 437 
 
 presumable 
 
 to face. 3. Person of a superior. 4. 
 Persons assembled before a great 
 person. 6. Mien ; personal appear- 
 ance. 6. Calmness; readiness, as of 
 mind. [Fr.—L. praesentia.] 
 
 present (prez'ent), I. a. 1. Being in a 
 certain place (opp. to absent.) 2. Now 
 under view or consideration. 3. Being 
 at this time; not past or future. 4. 
 Ready at hand. 5. Attentive ; not 
 absent-minded. 6. In gram. Denoting 
 time just now, or making a general 
 statement. II. n. Present time. — At 
 present, now. [Fr.—L. praesms—prue, 
 before, and sens, being.] 
 
 Present (pre-zenf), vt. 1. Set before; 
 introduce; exhibit to view; offer. 2. 
 Put into the possession of another; 
 make a gift of. 3. Lay before for con- 
 sideration. 4. Point, as a gun before 
 firing.— Present arms, hold the weapon 
 vertically in front of the body, as a 
 salute. — present'able, a. — pre- 
 senter, n. [Fr.—L. praesento.] 
 
 present (prez'ent), n. That which is 
 presented or given; gift. 
 
 Syn. Donation; benefaction; gra- 
 tuity; grant; largess. 
 
 presentation (prez-en-ta'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of presenting. 2. Representation. 
 [L. praesentatio.] 
 
 presentiment ( pre-sen'ti-ment ), n. 
 Conviction of something to happen; 
 foreboding. [O.Fr.— ~L. praesentire. See 
 sentiment.] [delay; after a little. 
 
 presently (prez'ent-li), adv. Without 
 
 presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. 1. 
 Act of presenting. 2. Thing presented 
 or represented. 3. In law, accusation 
 presented by a grand-jury ; indict- 
 ment, [may be preserved. 
 
 preservable (pre-zer'va-bl), a. That 
 
 preservation (prez-er-va'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of preserving by keeping safe. 2. 
 State of being protected. 3. Means of 
 security. 
 
 preservative ( pre-zer'va-tiv ) , pre- 
 servatory ( pre-zer'va-to-ri ). I. a. 
 Tending to preserve ; having the qual- 
 ity of preserving. II. n. That which 
 preserves; preventive of injury. 
 
 preserve (pre-zerv'). I. vt. Keep from 
 injury. 2. Season for preservation. 3. 
 Keep up, as appearances. II. n. 1. 
 That which is preserved, as fruit. 2. 
 Place for the protection of animals, 
 as game. — preser'ver, n. [Fr. pre- 
 server— L. prae, and servo, s&Ye.] 
 
 Syn. Defend; save; secure; retain; 
 maintain; protect; spare; shield. 
 
 preside ( pre-zid' ), vi. Direct or con- 
 trol, esp. at a meeting; superintend. 
 [Fr. prmder—L,. praesideo — prae, be- 
 fore, and sedeo, sit.] 
 
 presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. Office of 
 president, or his dignity, term oi' 
 office, jurisdiction, or residence. 
 
 president(prez'i-dent), n. 1. One who 
 presides over a meeting; chairman. 2. 
 Chief officer of a college, institution, 
 etc. 3. Officer elected to the supreme 
 executive of a province or nation. — 
 presidentship, n. [Fr. — L. prae- 
 sidens, -enlis, pr. p. of praesideo.] 
 
 presidential (prez-i-den'shal),a. Per- 
 taining to a president. 
 
 press (pres). I. vt.l. Squeeze or crush 
 strongly. 2. Drive with violence; urge. 
 3. Distress. 4. Inculcate with earnest- 
 ness. 5. Make smooth, as cloth or 
 paper. II. vi. 1. Exert pressure. 2. 
 Crowd forward or urge with violence. 
 — press'er, n. [Fr. presser—Li. pres- 
 sare—premere, pressus, squeeze.] 
 
 press (pres), n. 1. Instrument for 
 squeezing. 2. Printing machine. 3. 
 Art or business of printing and pub- 
 lishing. 4. Printed literature, esp. 
 the newspapers. 5. Act of urging for- 
 ward. 6. Urgency. 7. Crowd. 8. Closet 
 for holding articles.— Press of sail, as 
 much sail as can be carried. 
 
 press (pres), vt. Carry men off by vio- 
 lence to become soldiers or sailors.— 
 press'gang, n. Gang or body of 
 sailors under an officer empowered to 
 impress men into the navy.— press'- 
 money, n. Earnest-money. [Corr. 
 —prest-money, money paid to recruits 
 to hold themselves ready. O. Fr. prest, 
 ready.] 
 
 pressing" (pres'ing), a. 1. Urgent. 2. 
 Importunate. 3. Forcible. — press'- 
 ingly, adv. 
 
 pressman (pres'man), n. 1. One who 
 tends a press. 2. One who presses 
 clothes. 3. Member of a pressgang. 4 
 One impressed into the navy or army 
 
 pressure (presh'or), n. 1 Act of pres- 
 sing; squeezing. 2. State of being 
 pressed. 3. Impulse; constraining 
 force. 4. That which presses or afflicts; 
 difficulties. 5. Urgency 6. In physics, 
 action of force on something resist- 
 ing it. [O. Fr.—L. pressura —premo.] 
 
 prestidigitation ( pres-ti-dij'i-ta- 
 shun), n. Sleight of hand.— presti- 
 digitator, n. [Fr. corrupted — L. 
 praestigiae, jugglery, — praestinguo, 
 obscure.] 
 
 prestige (pres'tij ), n. Influence aris- 
 ing from past conduct or from repu- 
 tation. [Fr.—L. praestigium, illusion.] 
 
 presto ( pres' to ), adv. Quickly ; in 
 rapid tempo. [It.] _ 
 
 presumable ( pre-zu'ma-bl ), a. That 
 may be presumed. — presu'mably, 
 adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
presume 
 
 438 
 
 prickling- 
 
 presume ( pre-zum' ). I. vt. Take as 
 true without examination or proof; 
 take for granted. II. vi. Venture be- 
 yond what one has ground for; act 
 forwardly or without permission. 
 [Fr. presume?* — L. prae, before, and 
 sumo, take.] 
 
 presuming ( pre-zu'ming ), a. Unrea- 
 sonably bold.— presu'mingly, adv. 
 
 presumption (pre-zum'snun ), n. I. 
 Act of presuming; supposition. 2. 
 Strong probability. 3. Forward con- 
 duct. 
 
 presumptive (pre-zum'tiv), a. 
 Grounded on probable evidence. — 
 presump'iively, adv. 
 
 presumptuous (pre-zump'tu-us ), ja. 
 
 I. Full of presumption; bold and con- 
 fident. 2. Founded on presumption. 
 3. Willful. — presumptuously, 
 adv. — presump'tuousness, n. 
 
 presuppose (pre-sup-poz'), vt. Take 
 for granted ; assume.— presupposi- 
 tion, n. 
 
 pretend (pre-tend'). I. vt. l.Hold out 
 as a cloak for something else. 2. Offer 
 something feigned. 3. Affect to feel. 
 
 II. vi. 1. Put in a claim. 2. Make a 
 pretense ; feign. — pretend'er, n. 
 [Fr. pritendre — L. prae, before, and 
 zendo, stretcb.] 
 
 pretense, pretence (pr.e-tens'), n. 1. 
 Pretension; simulation. 2. Appear- 
 ance; show; pretext. 3. Assumption; 
 claim. 
 
 pretension (pre-ten'shun), n. Some- 
 thing pretended; false or fictitious 
 appearance; claim. 
 
 pretentious (pre- ten'shus), a. Marked 
 by or containing pretence; presump- 
 tuous; arrogant. 
 
 preter-, prseter-, prefix. Beyond, in 
 place, time or degree; in excess. [L. 
 praeter, beyond.] 
 
 preterit, preterite (pret'er-it). I. a. 
 Gone by; past; noting the past tense. 
 II. n. Past tense. [L. praeteritus — 
 praeter, beyond, andeo, itum, go.] 
 
 preternatural (pre-ter-nat'u-ral), a. 
 Beyond what is natural; extraordi- 
 nary, but not plainly miraculous.— 
 preternat'urally, adv._ 
 
 pretext ( pre'tekst or pre-tekst' ), n. 
 Ostensible motive; reason put for- 
 ward to conceal the real one ; pretence. 
 [!_,.— prae, before, and texo, weave.] 
 
 prettily (pret'i-li or prit'- ), adv. In a 
 pretty manner; pleasingly: neatly. 
 
 nretty (pret'i). I. a. Good-looking; 
 neat; considerable. II. adv. Moder- 
 ately; almost. [AS. praettig, tricky.] 
 Syn. Comely; elegant; handsome; 
 tasteful; pleasing; attractive; deli- 
 cately; beautiful; excellent; sufficient. 
 
 pretzel (pret'sel), n. Roll or cake, 
 baked in the form of a knot. [Ger.] 
 
 prevail (pre-val'), vi. 1. Have influ- 
 ence or effect. 2. Overcome; gain the 
 advantage. 3. Be in force; obtain. 
 [Fr. prevaloir— L. prae, before others, 
 and valeo, be powerful.] 
 
 prevailing- (pre- va 'ling), a. 1. Having 
 great power; efficacious. 2. Most 
 general. 
 
 prevalence ( prev'a-lens ), prev'a- 
 leney, n. Preponderance; superior- 
 ity ; influence; efficacy. 
 
 prevalent (prev'a-lent), a. 1. Prevail- 
 ing. 2. Having great power. 3. Vic- 
 torious. 4. Most common. — prev'- 
 alently, adv. 
 
 prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat), vi. Shift 
 about from side to side ; evade the 
 truth; quibble. — prevarica'tion, 
 n — prevar'icator, n. [L. varicus, 
 straddling.] 
 
 prevent (pre-venf), vt. 1- Hinder. 2. 
 Obviate.— prevent'able, a. — pre- 
 vention, n. — prevent'ive. I. a. 
 Tending to hinder. II. n. That which 
 prevents. [L.— prae, and venio. come.] 
 Syn. Check; impede; preclude; re- 
 strain; frustrate; bar; thwart. 
 
 previous (pre'vi-us), a. Going before 
 in time; former.— pre' viously, adv. 
 — pre'viousness, n. Priority in 
 time. [L. praevius—prae, before, and 
 via, way.] 
 
 prevision (pre-vizh'un), n. Foresight. 
 
 prey (pra). I. n. Booty; plunder; that 
 which is, or maybe, seized. II. vi. 1. 
 (upon) Plunder. 2. Seize and devour. 
 
 3. Waste or impair gradually. 4. 
 Weigh heavily.— Beast or bird of prey, 
 One that feeds on the flesh of other 
 animals. [O. Fr. praie — L. praeda, 
 booty.] 
 
 price (pris). I. n. That at which any 
 thing is prized, valued or bought; 
 excellence; recompense. II. vt. Set a 
 value on. — pricing, n. [ O. Fr. 
 pris— L. pretium, price.] 
 
 priceless(pris'les), a. 1. Beyond price; 
 invaluable. 2. Without value; worth- 
 less. 
 
 prick (prik). I. n. 1. Sharp point. 2. 
 Puncture. 3. Sting; remorse. II. vt. 
 
 I. Pierce; puncture. 2. Erect, as the 
 ears of an animal. 3. Fix by the point. 
 
 4. Put on by puncturing. 5. Hurt. — 
 prick'er, n. [A.S. pncu, point.] 
 
 prickle (prik'l), n. 1. Sharp point 
 growing from the bark of a plant, 
 rind of a fruit, etc. .2. Stingiug sen- 
 sation. 
 
 prickling- (prik'ling). I. a. Stinging. 
 
 II. n. Sensation of pain as if pricked 
 or hurt by prickles. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tali, fare, above; me, m 
 mute, hut, burn 
 
 et, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woJS> 
 ; oil, owl, then. 
 
prickly 
 
 439 
 
 princely 
 
 prickly (prik'li), a. 1. Full of prick- 
 les. 2. As if hurt by prickles.— prick- 
 liness, n. 
 
 prickly-pear (prik'li-par), n. Class 
 of plants generally covered with clus- 
 ters of strong hairs or prickles, and 
 bearing fruit like the pear. 
 
 pride ( pnd ). I. n. 1. Extreme self- 
 esteem. 2. Noble self-esteem. 3. That 
 of which one is proud. II. vt. (one's 
 self). Take pride; value. [A.S. pryte— 
 prut, proud. Cf. G-er. protz, snob.] 
 
 Syn. Conceit; haughtiness; vanity; 
 hauteur; arrogance; presumption. 
 
 priest (prest), n. One who officiates in 
 sacred offices. — priest'ess,/e»i.[A.S. 
 preost, contr. of_Gr. presbyter.] 
 
 priesthood (nrest'hod), n. 1. Office or 
 character of a priest. 2. Priestly or- 
 der. 
 
 priestly (prest'li), a. Pertaining to or 
 resembling a priest.— priest'liness, 
 n. 
 
 prig- (prig). I. n. 1. Pert fellow who 
 gives himself airs of superior wisdom. 
 
 2. Thief. II. vt. and vi. [prig'ging; 
 prigged.] 1. Dress up; deck; adorn; 
 primp ; prink ; prank. 2. Steal. 
 [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 prim (prim). I. a. Exact and precise 
 in manner; affectedly nice, II. vt. 
 [primm'ing; primmed.] 1. Deck with 
 great nicety. 2. Form with affected 
 preciseness.— prim'ly, adv.— prim'- 
 ness, n. [O. Fr. prim, fern, prime— Li. 
 primus, prima, first.] 
 
 primacy (pn'ma-si), n. Office or dig- 
 nity of a primate or archbishop. 
 
 prima-donna(pre-ma-don'a),w. First 
 or leading female in an opera. [It. — L. 
 prima domina.] 
 
 primal (pri'mal), a. First ; original. 
 
 primary (pri'ma-ri). I. a. 1. First; 
 original. 2. Chief. II. n. 1. That which 
 is highest in rank or importance. 2. 
 Party-meeting in an election-district, 
 ward, etc.,for nominating candidates. 
 
 3. Planet in relation to its satellite or 
 satellites.— pri'marily, adv. 
 
 primate (pri'mat), n. First or high- 
 est dignitary in a church; archbishop. 
 — pri'mateship, n. 
 
 prime (prim). I. a. First, in order of 
 time, rank, or importance; chief; ex- 
 cellent. II. n. 1. Beginning; dawn; 
 spring. 2. The best part. 3. Height 
 of perfection. [L. primus, first.] 
 
 prime (prim), vt. 1. Put in readiness; 
 prepare, as a firearm or pump. 2. 
 Lay on the first coating of color. 
 
 prime-minister (prlm-min'is-ter), n. 
 First or chief minister of state. [See 
 
 PREMIER.] 
 
 primer ( prim'er ), n. 1. First reading 
 book. 2. Elementary introduction to 
 any subject. 3. Either of two sizes of 
 type, great primer (18 points) and 
 long primer (10 points). 
 
 This is Long- Primer Type. 
 
 Great Primer Type 
 
 primeval (pri-me'val), a. Belonging 
 to the first ages; original; primitive. 
 [ L. primaevus— primus, first , and 
 aevum, age.] 
 
 priming- (pri'ming), n. 1. First coat- 
 ing of color. 2. That with which any- 
 thing is primed. 
 
 primitive (prim'i-tiv). I. a. 1. Be- 
 longing to the beginning, or to the 
 first times; original; ancient. 2. An- 
 tiquated; simple; old-fashioned. 3. 
 Not derived. II. n. Primitive word, 
 or one not derived from another. — 
 primitively, adv. — primitive- 
 ness, n. [Fr. — L. primitivus— primus, 
 
 primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tiir), n. 
 1; State of being born first of the 
 same parents. 2. Right of inheritance 
 of the eldest born. 
 
 primordial (pri-mar'di-al). I. a. First 
 in order; original; 'existing from the 
 beginning. II. n. First principle or 
 element. [L. primus, first, and orcto, 
 order. ] 
 
 primrose 
 (prim'roz),7i. 
 Early spring 
 flower, (not 
 of the rose 
 family). [O. 
 Fr. prime- 
 role— 1^. pri- 
 mula veris, 
 first of 
 spring.] 
 
 p r i n ce 
 (prins), n. 
 1. One of highest rank; sovereign. 2. 
 Son of a king or emperor; chief of any 
 body or class of men.— fern, princess 
 (prin'ses). [Fr.— L. princeps— primus, 
 first, and caput, head.] 
 
 princedom (prins'dum), n. Estate, 
 jurisdiction, sovereignty, or rank oi 
 a prince. 
 
 princely (prins'li). I. a. Princelike; 
 becoming a prince; grand; august; 
 regal. II. adv. In a princelike man- 
 ner.— prince'liness, n. 
 
 Primrose. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. . 
 
principal 
 
 440 
 
 privy 
 
 principal (prin'si-pal). I. a. Taking 
 the first place ; highest in character 
 or importance; chief. II. n. 1. Prin- 
 cipal person or thing. 2. Head, as of 
 a school or college. 3. One who takes 
 a leading part. 4. Money on whicb 
 interest is paid. 5. In arch. Main 
 beam or timber. 6. In law, perpe- 
 trator of a crime ; abettor. 7. In 
 music, organ stop. — principally, 
 adv. [L. principalis.] 
 
 principality (prin-si-pal'i-ti),w. Ter- 
 ritory of a prince or the country 
 which gives title to him. 
 
 principle (prin'si-pl). I. n. 1. Fund- 
 amental truth. 2. Law or doctrine 
 from which others are derived. 3. 
 Original faculty of the miud. 4. Law 
 of nature. 5. Settled rule of action. 
 
 6. In chem. Constituent part. II. vt. 
 Impress with principles. [~L. principi- 
 um, beginning— princeps. See prince.] 
 
 Syn. Rule; maxim; precept; truth. 
 
 8> rink (pringk), vi. and vt. 1. Dress up; 
 
 prank. 2. Put on airs; strut. [Form 
 
 Of PRANK.] 
 
 print (print). I. vt. 1. Mark by press- 
 ure. 2. Impress letters on paper, etc. 
 3. Publish. II. vi. 1. Practice the art 
 of printing. 2. Publish a book. III. 
 n. 1. Mark or character made by im- 
 pression. 2. Impression of types in 
 general. 3. Copy. 4 V Engraving. 5. 
 Newspaper. 6. Printed cloth ; calico. 
 
 7. That whicb impresses its form on 
 anything; cut, stamp or die. 8. In arch. 
 Plaster-cast in low relief. [O. Fr. em- 
 preint—imprimo —in, into, and premo, 
 press.] [esp. books, newspapers, etc. 
 
 printer (print'er), n. One who prints, 
 printing- (print'ing), n. Act, art, or 
 
 practice of printing. 
 prior (pri'ur). I. a. Coming before in 
 
 time. II. n. Head of a priory. —pri'- 
 
 oress, n. fern. [L..] 
 prlorate (pri'ur-at),priorship (pri'- 
 
 iir-ship), n. Government or office of a 
 
 prior. 
 priority (pri-or'i-ti), n. State of being 
 
 prior or first in time, place, or rank. 
 
 Syn. Preference. See precedence. 
 
 priory (pri'ur-i), n. Convent of either 
 
 sex, under a prior or prioress, and 
 
 next below an abbey. 
 prism (prizm), n. 1. In geom. Solid 
 
 whose ends are similar, equal and 
 
 parallel planes, and whose sides are 
 
 parallelograms. 2. In optics, solid 
 
 glass of triangular-shaped body. [L. 
 
 — Gr. prisma, sawed,— prizo, saw.] 
 prismatic (priz-mat'ik), prismat- 
 
 ical, a. Resembling or pertaining to 
 
 a prism; formed by a prism. — pris- 
 
 mat'ically, adv. 
 
 prismoid ( priz'moid ), n. Figure in 
 the form of a prism, [prism and Gr. 
 eidos, form.] 
 
 prison ( priz'n ), n. Building for the 
 confinement of criminals, etc.; jail; 
 any place of confinement. [Fr.— Li. 
 prensio, for prehensio, seizing, — pre- 
 hendo, seize.] 
 
 prisoner ( priz-'ner ), n. 1. One con- 
 fined in prison. 2. Captive. 
 
 pristine ( pris'tin ), a. As at first; 
 former; belonging to the beginning 
 or earliest time; ancient. [O. Fr. — 
 L.. pristinus.] [of I pray thee.] 
 
 prithee (prith'e), inter j '. Pray. [Corr. 
 
 privacy (pri'va-si), n. 1. State of be- 
 ing private or retired from company 
 or observation. 2. Place of seclusion; 
 retreat. 3. Retirement; secrecy. 
 
 private (pri'vat). I. a. 1. Not public; 
 concerning an individual person, com- 
 pany, etc.; personal. 2. Secluded; 
 solitary. 3. Secret. II. n. Common 
 soldier. — pri'vately, adv. — pri'» 
 vateness, n. [L. privatus, pa. p. of 
 privo, separate,— priyus, single.] 
 
 privateer ( pn-va-ter' ) . I. n. Armed 
 private vessel commissioned to seize 
 and plunder an enemy's ships. II. vi. 
 1. Cruise in a privateer. 2. Fit out 
 privateers. 
 
 privation (pri-va'shun), n. State of 
 being deprived of something, esp, of 
 what is necessary for comfort; desti- 
 tution; hardship; negation. [Fr.] 
 
 privative ( priv'a-tiv ). I. a. Causing 
 privation. 2. Consisting in the ab- 
 sence of something. 3. Implying nega- 
 tion ; giving negative meaning to a 
 word, as a in atheist. II. n. That 
 which exists only by the absence of 
 something else, as darkness by the 
 absence of light. 2. In logic, term 
 denoting the absence of a quality. 3. 
 In gram. Prefix denoting absence or 
 negation, as un-, a-, in-. — priv'a- 
 tively, adv. [L.] 
 
 privet (priv'et), n. European shrub 
 much used for hedges. [Etymology 
 unknown.] 
 
 privilege (priv'i-lej). I. n. Right not 
 general. II. vt. Grant a privilege to. 
 [Fr.— L. privus, single, and lex, law.] 
 Syn. Prerogative; benefit; immuni- 
 ty: advantage; exemtion; franchise. 
 
 privily (priv'i-li), adv. Secretly. 
 
 privity (priv'i-ti), n. Joint knowledge 
 of something private or confidential; 
 secret; secrecy. 
 
 privy ( priv'i ). I. a. 1. Private; per- 
 taining to one person, esp. a sover- 
 eign; for private uses. 2. Secret. 3. 
 Appropriated to retirement. 4. Admit- 
 ted to the knowledge of something 
 
 Hate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
prlx 
 
 441 
 
 procreate 
 
 secret. II. n. 1. In law, person having 
 an interest in an action. 2. Necessary- 
 house. [Fr. privS— L.. privatus. See 
 
 PRIVATE.] 
 
 prix (pre) : n. Premium or prize, esp. 
 at a French competition in art, horse- 
 race, etc. [Fr.] 
 
 prize (pnz) . I. n. 1. That which is taken 
 or gained by competition. 2. Anything 
 taken from an enemy in war. 3. That 
 which is won in a lottery. 4. Any- 
 thing offered for competition ; reward. 
 II. vt. Set a value on; value highly.— 
 prize-court,?*. Court for judging re- 
 garding prizes made on the high seas. 
 — prize-fighter, n. Boxer who fights 
 publicly for a prize.— prize-money, 
 n. Share in money or proceeds from 
 prizes taken from an enemy. [Fr. 
 prise— pris, taken.] [forward. [L.] 
 
 pro-, prefix. For ; fore ; in front ; forth ; 
 
 pro ( prd ) and con (abbreviated from 
 contra). For and against. [L.] 
 
 proa (pro'a), n. Small Malay sailing 
 vessel. [Malay prau.] 
 
 probability (prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. 1. Qual- 
 ity of being probable. 2. Appearance 
 of truth. 3. That which is probable. 
 
 probable (prob'a-bl) , a. Giving ground 
 for belief.— probably, adv. [Fr.— 
 L. probabilis—probo, prove.] 
 
 Syn. Likely; credible; presumable; 
 reasonable; plausible. 
 
 probate (pro'bat), n. 1. Proof that 
 the will of a person deceased is 
 indeed his lawful act. 2. Official copy 
 of a will, with the certificate of its 
 having been proved. 3. Right of juris- 
 diction of proving wills. [L. proba- 
 tion, proved.] 
 
 probation (pr5-ba'shun), n. 1. A.ct of 
 proving . proceeding to elicit, truth, 
 etc. ; trial. 2. Time of trial ; novitiate.— 
 proba'tional, probationary, a. 
 
 probationer (pr5-ba'shun-er), n. One 
 who is on probation or trial. 
 
 probative (pro'ba-tiv). probatory 
 (pro'ba-to-ri), a. Serving for proof or 
 trial ; relating to proof. 
 
 probe (prob). I. n. Instrument for 
 examining a wound, etc. 2. That 
 which tries or probes. II. vt. Ex- 
 amine with, or as with, a probe; ex- 
 amine thoroughly. [L. probo, prove.] 
 
 probity (prob'i-ti), n. Tried honesty ' 
 [L. probitas—probus, honest.] 
 Syn. Integrity. See honesty. 
 
 problem (prob'lem), n. 1. Matter dif- 
 ficult of settlement or solution. 2. In 
 geom. Proposition in which something 
 is required to be done. [Gr. problema 
 —pro, before, and hallo, throw.] 
 
 problematic (prob-lem-at'ik), prob- 
 lematical, a. Of the nature of a 
 problem ; questionable ; doubtful. — 
 problematically, adv. 
 
 proboscis (pro-bos'is), n. 1. Trunk of 
 some animals, as the elephant, for 
 conveying food to the mouth. 2. Any 
 similar protruding organ ; snout ; 
 sucker. [L.— Gr. proboskis, front- 
 feeder,— pro, in front,and bosko, feed.] 
 
 procedure ( pro-se'dur ), n. Act of 
 proceeding ;_ progress ; conduct. 
 
 proceed (pro-sed'), vi. Go forward ; 
 advance; issue; be produced; pros- 
 ecute. [Fr. proceder—Li. procedo—pro, 
 before, and cedo, go.] 
 
 proceeding (pro-se'ding), n. 1. Act 
 of going forth or forward; progress; 
 step; operation; transaction. 2. pi. 
 Steps in the prosecuting of an ac- 
 tion at law. 3. pi. Record of the trans- 
 actions of a society, etc. 
 
 proceeds (pro'sedz), n. pi. Money ob- 
 tained, as from the sale of goods, etc. 
 
 process (pros'es or pro'-), n. 1. Act or 
 state of going forward. 2. Operation. 
 3. Whole proceedings in an action or 
 prosecution. 4. Series of measures. 
 5. Projection on a bone. 6. Judicial 
 writ. [Fr. procte— L. processus.] 
 
 procession (pro-sesh'un), n. 1. Act 
 of proceeding. 2. Train of persons in 
 a formal march. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 processional (pro-sesh'un-al). I. a. 
 Pertaining to a procession. II. n. 
 Hymn sung during the solemn entry 
 of the clergy intothe church. 
 
 proclaim ( pro-klam' ), vt. Publish; 
 announce officially. — proclaim'er, 
 n. [Fr. proclamer—L,. proclamo—pro, 
 out, and clamo, cry.] 
 
 proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun), n. 
 1. Act of proclaiming. 2. Official no- 
 tice given to the public. 
 
 proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. Tendency; 
 inclination; aptitude. [L.— pro, for- 
 ward, and clivus, slope.] 
 
 proconsul(pro-kon'sul),n. Roman offi- 
 cer having the power of a consul with- 
 out his office. 2. Governor of a prov- 
 ince.— proconsular, a.— procon- 
 sulate, procon'sulship, n. [L ] 
 
 procrastinate ( pro-kras'ti-nat ), vt. 
 Put off till some future time; post- 
 pone. — procras'tinator, n.— pro- 
 crastination, n. Dilatoriness. [L. 
 —pro, and crastinus, of to-morrow.] 
 Syn. Protract. See delay. 
 
 procreate (pro'kre-at), vt. Generate; 
 propagate.— procreation (pro-kre- 
 a'shun), n. — procreative (pro'kre- 
 a-tiv), a. — pro'creativeness, n. 
 [L.. procre-o, -atus — pro, forth, and 
 creo, produce.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
Procrustean 
 
 442 
 
 proffer 
 
 Procrustean (pro-krus'te-an), a. Ob- 
 taining conformity by violence. 
 [From Procrustes, a fabled Greek 
 giant, who fitted the bodies of his vic- 
 tims to a bed by stretching them or 
 cutting off their feet.] 
 
 proctor (prok'tur), n. 1. Manager for 
 another. 2. Attorney in the admiralty 
 courts. 3. Official in the English uni- 
 versities who attends to the morals of 
 the students and enforces obedience 
 to university regulations. — proc'- 
 torship, n. [Contr. of procurator.] 
 
 procumbent ( pro-kum'bent ), a. 1. 
 Lying down or on the face. 2. In bot. 
 Trailing. [Li.pro, forward, and cumbo, 
 lie down.] [may be procured. 
 
 procurable (pro-kur'a-bl), a. That 
 
 procuration(prok-ur-a'shun),?i.l. Act 
 of procuring. 2. Act of managing an- 
 other's affairs. 3. Instrument giving 
 power to do this. 4. In the Church of 
 England, sum paid by incumbents to 
 the bishop or archdeacon on account 
 of visitations. 
 
 procurator (prok'ur-a-tur), n. 1. One 
 who takes care of, or attends to, a 
 thing for another. 2. Governor of a 
 province under the Roman emperors. 
 — proc'uratorship, n. [L. See 
 
 PROCURE.] 
 
 procure (pro-kiir'), vt. 1. Obtain. 2. 
 Cause. — procurement, n. [Fr. 
 procurer— L,. procuro, take care of.] 
 
 prod ( prod ). I. n. 1. Pointed instru- 
 ment or weapon. 2. Thrust or stab. 
 II. vt. Prick with a prod ; goad. 
 [Icel. broddr, spike.] 
 
 prodigal (prod'i-gal). I. a. Wasteful; 
 lavish; prof use.ll. n. One who is prof- 
 ligate; spendthrift. — prodigality 
 (prod-i-gal'i-ti), n. State or quality of 
 being prodigal; extravagance; profu- 
 sion. — prodigally, adv. [Fr.— L. 
 prodigo, drive away, squander, — pro, 
 forth, and ago, drive.] 
 
 prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. Something ex- 
 traordinary ; wonder.— prodigious, 
 (pro-dij'us), a. Like a prodigy; enor- 
 mous.— prodigiously, adv.— pro- 
 dig'iousness, n. [Fr. prodige — L. 
 prodigium, prophetic sign.] 
 
 Syn. Portent; prodromy; marvel; 
 sign; miracle. 
 
 prodromy (prod'ro-mi), n. Sign of a 
 future event; omen. — prodromic 
 (pro-drom'ik), a. Precursory; fore- 
 boding. [Gr.— prodromein, run before.] 
 
 produce (pro-dus'), vt. 1. Bring for- 
 ward. 2. Bear; yield; make; cause. 
 3. In geom. Extend. — produ'cer, n. 
 [L. pro, forward, and auco, lead.] 
 
 produce (prod'us), n. That which is 
 produced; product; proceeds. 
 
 producible (pro-du'si-bl), a. That may 
 be produced. 
 
 product (prod'ukt), n. 1. That which 
 is produced. 2. In arith. Result ol 
 numbers multiplied together. 
 
 production (pro-duk'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of producing. 2. That which is pro- 
 duced. 
 
 productive (pro-duk'tiv), a. Having 
 the power to produce. — product- 
 ively, adv — productiveness, n. 
 Syn. Efficient; generative; prolific; 
 fruitful; originative. See fertile. 
 
 proem (pro'em), n. Introduction; pre- 
 lude. — proemlal, a. [Wr.proeme— 
 Gr. prooimion — pro, and oimos, way.] 
 
 profanation (prof-a-na'shun), n. Act 
 of profaning; desecration. 
 
 profanatory (pro-fan'a-to-ri), a. Des- 
 ecrating ; tending to produce con- 
 tempt. 
 
 profane (pro-fan'), a. 1. Unholy; im. 
 pious. 2. Common; secular.— pro- 
 fanely, adv. — profane'ness, n. 
 [Fr.— L. pro [/ 'anus— pro, in front, out- 
 side of, and faiium, temple.] 
 
 profane (pro-fan'), vt. 1. Violate any- 
 thing holy; abuse anything sacred. 2. 
 Put to a wrong use. 3. Pollute; de- 
 base.— profa'ner, n. 
 
 profanity (pro-fan'i-ti), n. 1. Irrever- 
 ence. 2. That which is profane. 3. 
 Profane language. [L.] 
 
 profess (pro-fes'), vt. 1. Own freely. 
 2. Declare in strong terms. 3. An- 
 nounce publicly one's skill in. [Fr. 
 professer — L. professus—profiteor—pro, 
 publicly, and fateor, confess.] 
 
 professed (pro-fesf), a. Openly de- 
 clared; avowed; acknowledged. — 
 profess'edly,_ad#. 
 
 profession (pro-fesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
 professing. 2. Open declaration. 3. 
 Employment not mechanical and re- 
 quiring some degree of learning. 4. 
 Collective body of persons engaged in 
 a profession. 5. Entrance into a re- 
 ligious order. [Fr.] 
 
 professional (pro-fesh'un-al). I. a. 
 Pertaining to a profession. II. n. One 
 who makes his living by an art, as op- 
 posed to an amateur who practices It 
 merely for pastime. — profes'sion* 
 ally, adv. 
 
 professor (pro-fes'ur), n. 1. One who 
 professes. 2. One who publicly prac- 
 tices or teaches a branch of know- 
 ledge. (Colloq.) 3. Public and author- 
 ized teacher in a university. — pro- 
 fesso'rial,a. —professorship, v 
 
 proffer (prof'er). I. vt. Hold forth 
 offer for acceptance. II. n. Offer made, 
 proposal.— proff'erer, n. [Fr. pro 
 jerer—pro, forward, and fero, bear/ 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute. hut. burn: oil, owl, then. 
 
proficient 
 
 443 
 
 projector 
 
 proficient ( pro-fish'ent ) . I. a. Well 
 versed. II. n. Adept; expert.— pro- 
 ficiently, adv. -profi'cience, 
 proli'ciency, ns. [L. proflciens, pr. 
 p. of prolicere, make progress.] 
 
 profile (pro'fel or-i\\).l. n. 1. Outline. 
 2. Head in a side view. II. vt. Draw 
 in profile. [It. profilo, border, out- 
 line,— L. pro, and fil'um, thread, line.] 
 
 profit (profit). I. n. 1. Excess of value 
 received over expenditure. 2. Acces- 
 sion of good from exertion. 3. Advan- 
 tage. II. vt. Be of advantage to. III. 
 vi. 1. Gain advantage. 2. Be of advan- 
 tage. [Ft.— -L. proficio, progress.] 
 
 profitable (prof'it-a-bl), a. Yielding 
 profit.— profitably, adv.— profit- 
 ableness, n. [Pr.] 
 
 profitless (prof'it-les), a. Without any 
 profit, gain, or advantage. 
 
 prognostic(prog-nos'tik). I. n. Predic- 
 tion; indication. II. a. Foreshowing. 
 [Gr. —pro, and gignosko, knowj 
 
 prognosticate ( prog-nos'ti-kat), vt. 
 Foretell; presage. — prognostica- 
 tion, n. — prognos'ticator, n. Pre- 
 dictor of future events, especially 
 weather prophet. 
 
 program, programme (pro'gram), 
 n. Outline of a forthcoming proceed- 
 ing. [Gr.— pro, and grapho, write.] 
 
 progress (prog'res) , n. Advance; im- 
 provement. [L. progressus — progre- 
 dior, go forward.] 
 
 progress (pro-gres'), vi. Go forward; 
 make progress; advance; improve. 
 
 progression (pro-gresh'un), n. 1. Mo- 
 tion onward. 2. Increase or decrease 
 of numbers or magnitudes according 
 to a fixed law. — progres'sional, a. 
 
 Polar map projection. 
 
 profligate (prof'li-gat).I. a. Abandon- 
 ed to vice; prodigal. II. n. Oue 
 shamelessly dissolute. — prof 'li- 
 gately, adv.— prof ligacy, prof - 
 ligateness, ns. [Lt.= thrown down.] 
 
 pro forma (pro far'ma), a. As a mat- 
 ter of form. [L.]" 
 
 profound (pro-f ownd') . I. a. 1. Far 
 below the surface; very deep. 2. 
 Thorough. 3. Intense. 4. Low. II. n. 
 Sea or ocean, — profoundly, adv. 
 
 — profoundness, profundity, 
 Tis. [L. profundus— fundus, bottom.] 
 
 profuse (pro-f us'), a. 1. Abundant. 2. 
 Liberal to excess.— profusely, adv. 
 
 — profuse'ness, profusion, ns. 
 [L. prof undo— /undo, pour.] 
 
 Syn. Lavish; prodigal; bountiful. 
 
 prog (prog), vi. [prog'ging; progged.] 
 Prowl; go begging; search carelessly. 
 
 progenerate(pro-jen'e-rat), vt. Beget. 
 
 progenitor (pro-jen'i-tur ), n. Fore- 
 father. [L.— pro, and genitor, parent.] 
 
 progeny (proj'en-i). n. Offspring. 
 Syn. Descendants: children; lineage. 
 
 prognosis (prog-no'sis), n. Act or art 
 of foretelling the course of a disease 
 from the symptoms. 
 
 Mercator's map projection. 
 
 progressive (pro-gres'iv), a. Moving 
 forward; improving. — progress- 
 ively, adv.— progress'! veriess, n. 
 
 prohibit (pro-hib'it), vt. 1. Hinder. 2. 
 
 Prevent; forbid. — prohibitive, 
 
 prohibitory, as. That prohibits. 
 
 [L. prohibeo — pro, and habeo, hold.] 
 
 Syn. Forbid; interdict. See hinder. 
 
 prohibition ( pro-hi-bish'un ), n. 1. 
 Act of prohibiting. 2. Interdict. 3. 
 Forbidding by law the sale of alco- 
 holic liquors. — prohibi'tionist, n. 
 One who favors prohibition. 
 
 project (proj'ekt), n. Plan; scheme. 
 [Lt.projectum—pro, and jacio, throw.] 
 
 project (pro-jekf). L vt. 1. Contrive. 
 
 2. Throw forward. 3. Draw; exhibit. 
 II. vi. Shoot forward; jut out. 
 
 projectile (pro-jek'til). I. a. 1. Throw- 
 ing forward. 2. Impelled forward. 
 II. n. Body projected by force. 
 
 projection (pro-jek'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of projecting. 2. That whieh juts out. 
 
 3. Plan; scheme. 4. Delineation.— 
 Mercator's projection. See cut. 
 
 projector (pro-jek'tur), n. 1. One xho 
 projects or forms schemes. 2. That 
 which throws, as a mirror or camera. 
 
 fatp, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
prolate 
 
 444 
 
 proof 
 
 prolate ( pro-la t' ), vt. Drawl; drag. 
 [L.—prolatus, extended.] 
 
 proletarian (pro-le-ta'ri-an), a. Hav- 
 ing little or no propertyfplebeian.— 
 proletariat, n. Lowest, poorest 
 class. [L. proletarius.] 
 
 prolific (pro-lif'ik), a. Fruitful; pro- 
 ductive; fertile. [Fr. prolifique — L. 
 proles, offspring, and facio, make.] 
 
 prolix (pro-liks' or pro'liks), a. Tedi- 
 ous; lengthy; minute. — prolix'ity, 
 prolix'ness, ns. [ Hi.— pro, forward, 
 and -lixus,— liquor, flow.] 
 
 prolocutor (pro-lok'u-tur), n. Chair- 
 man of a convocation. [L. —pro, be- 
 fore, and loquor, locutus, speak.] 
 
 prologue (pro'log), n. Preface; intro- 
 ductory verses before a play. [Gr. 
 prologos — pro, before, and logos, 
 speech.] 
 
 prolong- (pro-Ian g'),vt. Lengthen out; 
 continue. [L. p'rolongo—pro, forwards, 
 and longus, long.] 
 
 prolongate (pro-lang'at), vt. Length- 
 en.— prolongation, n. 
 
 promenade ( prom-e-nad' or -nad' ), 
 
 1. n. 1. Walk for pleasure, show, or 
 exercise. 2. Place for walking. II. vi. 
 Walk. [Fr.— (se)promener, walk.] 
 
 Promethean (pro-me'the-an), a. Life- 
 giving, like the fire which (in the 
 Greek myth) Prometheus stole from 
 heaven; inspiring. 
 
 prominent ( prom'i-nent), a. 1. Pro- 
 jecting; conspicuous. 2. Eminent; dis- 
 tinguished.— prominently, adv. — 
 prom'inence, prominency, ns. 
 [Fr.— L. promineo, jut forth.] 
 Syn. Bulging; jutting; leading. 
 
 promiscuous (p r o- m i s ' k u - u s), a. 
 Mixed; confused; collected together 
 without order; indiscriminate. — 
 promiscuously, adv. — promis- 
 cuousness, n. [L. promiscuus— mis- 
 ceo, mix.] 
 
 promise ( prom'is ). I. n. 1. Engage- 
 ment to do, or not to do, something. 
 
 2. Expectation or that which affords 
 expectation. II. vt. and vi. I. Make 
 an engagement to do, or not to do, 
 something. 2. Afford reason to expect. 
 
 3. Engage to bestow. — prosn'iser, 
 promisor, ns. [Fr. promesse—li. pro- 
 missa—promitto, send forward.] 
 
 promising (prom'is-ing), a. Affording 
 
 ground for hope or expectation. — 
 
 promisingly, adv. 
 promissory (prom'is-o-ri), a. Contain- 
 
 taining a promise. — Promissory note, 
 
 written engagement to pay a certain 
 
 sum at a certain time. 
 promontory (prom'un-to-ri),w. High 
 
 cape; headland. [L. pro, forward, and, 
 
 mons, montis, mountain.] 
 
 promote (prS-mof), vt. 1. Advance; 
 further ; encourage. 2. Raise to a 
 higher position. — promo'ter, n. — 
 promo'tive, a. [L. promotus, pa. p. 
 of promoveo—pro, forward, and moveo, 
 move.] 
 
 promotion (pro-mo'shun), ft. Advance- 
 ment; encouragement; preferment. 
 
 prompt (promt). I. a. 1. Prepared; 
 ready. 2. Acting with alacrity. II, 
 vt. 1. Incite; move to action. 2. Assist 
 a speaker when at a loss for words; 
 suggest.— promp'ter, n.— prompt'* 
 ly, adv. — promptness, n. [ L. 
 prompius— promo, bring forward.] 
 
 Syn. Quick; willing; early; timely; 
 punctual; immediate. 
 
 promptitude (prom'ti-tiid), n. Readi- 
 ness; quickness of decision and ac- 
 tion. [Fr.] 
 
 promulgate (pro-mul'gat), vt. Pub- 
 lish; proclaim.— promulgation, n. 
 -promulgator,^. [L. promulgo.] 
 
 prone (pron), a. 1. Lying with the 
 lace downward, (opp. of supine). 2. 
 Bending forward ; running down- 
 ward. 3. Disposed ; inclined.— prone'- 
 ness, n. [L. pronus.] 
 
 prong ( prang ), n. Spike of a fork or 
 other similar instrument. [Wei. pro- 
 do, thrust.] 
 
 pronominal (pro-nom'i-nal), a. Be- 
 longing to, or of the nature of, a pro- 
 noun.— pronom'inally, adv. 
 
 pronoun (pro'nown), n. Word used 
 instead of a noun. 
 
 pronounce (pro-nowns'), vt. 1. Utter; 
 speak distinctly. 2. Utter formally 
 
 3. Declare. — pronoun'cer, n. [L. 
 pronuncio—pro , forth, and nuncio, an- 
 nounce.] 
 
 pronounceable (pro-nown'sa-bl), a. 
 Capable of being pronounced." 
 
 pronouncing(pro-nown'sing), a. Glv 
 ing pronunciation. 
 
 pronunciamento(pro-nun-si-a-men'- 
 to), n. Proclamation; formal' decla- 
 ration. [Sp. pronunciamiento.] 
 
 pronunciation ( pro-nun-si-a'shun )> 
 n. Act or mode of pronouncing; utter- 
 ance. 
 
 proof (prof). I. n. 1. Any process to dis- 
 cover or establish a truth. 2. That 
 which convinces; demonstration. 3. 
 State of having been tested; firmness. 
 
 4. Firmness of mind. 5. Certain 
 strength of alcoholic spirits. 6. In 
 print. Impression taken for correc- 
 tion; proof-sheet. 7. Early impres- 
 sion of an engraving. II. a. 1. Firm 
 in resisting. 2. Of a certain alcoholic 
 strength. 3. Used to prove or test. 
 [Fr. preuve — L. probo, prove.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, faU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
proof-spirit 
 
 445 
 
 proposition 
 
 proof-spirit, n. Alcoholic liquor 
 which contains 0,57 of its volume of 
 pure alcohol, and has a specific grav- 
 ity of 0.92. 
 
 prop (prop), l.n. Support; stay. II. 
 vt. [nrop'ping: propped.] Support by 
 placing something under or against; 
 sustain. [Low Ger. proppen, stuff. 
 Cf. Ger. pfropf, stopper.] 
 
 propaganda (prop-a-gan'da), n. In- 
 stitution for propagating a'doctrine, 
 or for proselyting; esp. a committee 
 of R. C. cardinals superintending for- 
 eign missions. 
 
 propagate (prop'a-gat). L vt. 1. Mul- 
 tiply by generation or successive pro- 
 duction ; extend; produce. 2. Impel 
 forward in space, as sound. 3. Extend 
 the knowledge of. II. vi. Be reproduced 
 or multiplied by generation, or by 
 new shoots.— propagative (prop'a- 
 ga-tiv), a. Having the power of prop- 
 agation. — prop'ag-ator, n.— prop- 
 3«ga'tion, n. [L. propago.] 
 
 proparoxytone ( pro pav-oks'i-ton ), 
 a. Having the accent on the ante- 
 penult. [Gr.] 
 
 propel (pro-pel'), vt. [propelling; pro- 
 pelied'.] Drive forward; urge onward. 
 [L.pro, forward, and pello, drive.] 
 
 propeller (pro-pel'er), n. 1. One who 
 or that which prouels. 2. Screw for 
 propelling a steamboat. 3. Vessel thus 
 propelled. 
 
 propense (pro-pens'), a. Inclined; 
 prone.— propensity, n. Disposition 
 [L.— pro, anApendeo, hang.] 
 Syn. Bias. See inclination. 
 
 proper (prop'er), a. 1. One's own. 2. 
 Naturally or essentially belonging to 
 one; peculiar. 3. Belonging to only 
 oue of a species (as a name). 4. Nat- 
 ural; suitable; correct; just; right; 
 becoming. 5. Comely; pretty. 6. Right- 
 ly or properly so called.— prop'erly, 
 adv. [Fr. propre—Lt. proprius.] 
 
 propertied ( prop'er- tid ), a. Having 
 property. 
 
 property ( prop'er- ti), n. 1. Peculiar 
 or essential quality; quality. 2. That 
 which is or may be owned. 3. Right 
 of possessing, employing, etc. ; owner- 
 ship. 4. pi. Articles required by actors 
 in play. — property-man, n. One 
 who has charge of the stage requi- 
 sites. [O. Fr. proprete.] 
 
 prophecy ( prof'e-si ), n. Declaration 
 of something to come; prediction. 
 [O. Fr. prophetie—Gr . propheteia.] 
 
 prophesy ( prof'e-si ), vt. [proph'esy- 
 iug;proph'esied.] 1. Foretell. 2. Speak 
 by divine inspiration, [s has been arbi- 
 trarily substituted for c, to disting- 
 uish the verb from the noun.] 
 
 prophet (prof'et), n. 1. One who pro- 
 claims or interprets the will of God. 
 2. One who predicts or foretells 
 events.— prophetess, n. fern. [Fr. 
 — Gr. propheses, one who speaks for 
 another,— pro, in behalf of, and phemi, 
 speak.] 
 
 prophetic ( pro-fet'ik ), prophet'- 
 ical, a. Containing prophecy; fore- 
 seeing or foretelling events. — pro- 
 phetically, adv. 
 
 prophylactic ( pro-fi-lak'tik ). I. a. 
 Protecting against disease. II. n. That 
 which protects against disease. [Gr. 
 —pro, before, and phylasso, guard.] 
 
 propinquity ( pro-ping'kwi-ti ), n. 
 Nearness in time, place, or blood ; 
 proximity. [L. propinquitas—propin- 
 quus, near.] 
 
 propionic (pro-pi-on'ik) acid. Color- 
 less liquid, part of sweat, with an 
 odor like acetic acid. 
 
 propitiable (pro-pish'i-a-bl), a. That 
 may be propitiated. 
 
 propitiate (pro-pish'i-at), vt. and vi. 
 Render favorable; conciliate. — pro- 
 pitiation, n— propitiatory (pro- 
 pish'i-a-to-ri), a. Having power to 
 propitiate. [L. propitio, propitiatum.] 
 
 propitious (pro-pish'us), a. Favor- 
 able; disposed to be gracious or mer- 
 ciful.— propi'tiously, adv. — pro- 
 pi'tiousness, n. [D. propitius—prope. 
 near.] [proposes. [L. proponens.] 
 
 proponent (pro-po'nent), n. One who 
 
 proportion ( pro-por'shun ). I. n. 1. 
 Relation of one thing to another in 
 regard to magnitude. 2. Mutual fit- 
 ness of parts; symmetrical arrange- 
 ment. 3. In math. Identity or equal- 
 ity of ratios. 4. Rule of three in 
 which three terms are given to find a 
 fourth. 5. Equal share. II. vt. 1. 
 Adjust. 2. Form symmetrically. [L. 
 pro, for, andjporiio, part.] £ 
 
 proportional (pro-por'shun-al). I. a. 
 
 I. Having a due proportion.' 2. Re- 
 lating to proportion. 3. In math. 
 Having the same or a constant ratio. 
 
 II. n. In math. Number or quantity 
 in a proportion.-propor'tionally* 
 adv. 
 
 proportionate (pro-por'shun-at), a. 
 Adjusted according to a proportion; 
 proportional. — proportionately , 
 adv. [offer; statement 
 
 proposal (pro-po'zal), n. Proposition; 
 
 propose (pro-poz'). I. vt. Offer for con- 
 sideration, etc. II. vi. Make a pro- 
 posal; make an offer of marriage. — 
 propo'ser, n. [Fr.]_ 
 
 proposition (prop-o-zish'un ), n. 1. 
 Offer of terms. 2. Act of stating any- 
 thing. 3. That which is stated. 4. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
propositi onal 
 
 446 
 
 prostrate 
 
 In gram, and logic, complete sentence, 
 or one which affirms or denies some- 
 thing. 5. In math. Theorem or prob- 
 lem to be demonstrated or solved. 
 
 propositions! (prop-6-zish'un-al), a. 
 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
 a proposition. 2. Considered as a 
 proposition. 
 
 propound (pro-pownd'), vt. Offer for 
 consideration. — propound'er, n. 
 [Orig. propone, from L. propono—pro, 
 forth, andpono, place.] 
 
 proprietary (pro-pri'e-tar-i), I. a. Be- 
 longing to a proprietor; pertaining to 
 property. II. n. Proprietor; owner. 
 
 — Proprietary medicine, patent med- 
 icine. 
 
 proprietor (pro-pri'e-ttir), n. Owner. 
 
 — proprietress, fern. — propri- 
 etorship, n. 
 
 propriety ( pro-pri'e-ti ), n. 1. State 
 
 of being proper or right; fitness; 
 
 accuracy. 2. Property; estate. [Pr. 
 
 — L. proprietas—proprius, one's own.] 
 propulsion (pro-pul'shun), n. Act of 
 
 propelling. 
 propulsive (pro-pul'siv), a. Tending 
 
 or having power to propel. 
 pro rata ( pr5 ra'ta ). In proportion; 
 
 proportionally.^ [L.] 
 prorate (pro-rat'), vt. and vi. Assess 
 
 prorata; divide proportionally. 
 prorogation (pro-ro-ga'shun), n. Act 
 
 of proroguing. 
 prorogue ( pro-rog' ), vt. Terminate 
 
 one session and continue to another. 
 
 — prorogation, n. [L. prorogo — 
 pro, forward, and rogo, ask.] 
 
 prosaic (pro-za'ik), prosa'ical, a. 1. 
 Pertaining to prose; like prose. 2. 
 Commonplace. — prosaically, adv. 
 
 proscenium (pro-se'ni-um), n. Front 
 part of the stage. [L.— Gr. proskenion 
 —pro, before, and Skene, stage.] 
 
 proscribe (pro-skrib') , vt. 1. Publish 
 the names of persons to be punished 
 by death; outlaw. 2. Banish. 3. Pro- 
 hibit. 4. Denounce, as a doctrine. — 
 proseri'ber, n. [L. —pro, publicly, 
 and scribo, write.] 
 
 proscription (pro-skrip'shun), n. Act 
 of proscribing. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 proscriptive (pro-skrip'tiv), a. Per- 
 taining to, or consisting in, proscrip- 
 tion. 
 
 prose (proz). I. n. Speech or writing 
 not arranged in poetical measures; 
 composition not in verse. II. a. 1. 
 Pertaining to prose; not poetical. 2. 
 Plain; dull. [ L. prosa — prorsus, 
 straightforward . ] 
 
 prosector ( pro-sek'tur ), n. One who 
 prepares a cadaver for anatomical 
 demonstration by a professor. 
 
 prosecute (pros'e-kut). I. vt. 1. Con* 
 tinue. 2. Pursue by law; take legal 
 action against. II. vi. Carry on a legal 
 prosecution. [L. prosequo.] 
 
 prosecution ( pros-e-ku'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of prosecuting. 2. Criminal suit. 
 3. Prosecutor, or prosecutors collect- 
 ively. — pros'ecutor, n. One who 
 prosecutes. — prosecutrix, n. fern. 
 
 proselyte (pros'e-lit ). 1. n. One who 
 has come over to a religion or opin- 
 ion; convert. II. vt. and vi. Make, or 
 endeavor to make, proselytes or con- 
 verts. [Gr. proselytos —pros, to, and 
 erchomai, elython, come.] 
 
 prosely tism ( pros'e-lit-izm ), n. Act 
 or practice of proselytizing or of mak- 
 ing converts. 
 
 proselytize (pros-e-lit-Iz'), vi. and vt. 
 Make proselytes; convert, [dullness. 
 
 prosiness(pro'zi-nes), n. Tediousness; 
 
 prosit (pro'zit), interj. To your healthl 
 [L. = May it do you good I] 
 
 prosody ( pros'o-di), n. That part of 
 grammar which treats of quantity, 
 accent, and the laws of verse or versi- 
 fication. [Gr. prosodia, song.] 
 
 prospect (pros'pekt), n. 1. View; ob- 
 ject of view; scene. 2. Expectation. 3. 
 Object of hope. 4. Position, as of the 
 front of a building, etc. [L.— pro, for- 
 ward, and specio, look.] 
 
 prospect ( pvo-spekt'), vt. and vi. 1. 
 Search for un worked deposits of ore. 
 
 / 2. Look forward. — prospector, n. 
 
 prospective (pro-spek'tiv), a. 1. Re- 
 lating to the future. 2. Being in ex- 
 pectation ; probable.— prospective- 
 ly, adv. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. Outline 
 of a plau or proposed undertaking. 
 
 prosper (pros'per), vt. and vi. Make or 
 be successful ; succeed. 
 
 prosperity (pros-per'i-ti), n. State of 
 being prosperous; success. 
 
 Syn. Good fortune; weal; welfare; 
 well-being; happiness; thrift. 
 
 prosperous (pros'per-us), a. 1. Favor- 
 able. 2. Successful.— prosperous- 
 ly, adv. [L.— pro, in accordance with, 
 and spes, hope.] 
 
 prostitute (pros'ti-tut). I. vt. Devote 
 to an improper purpose. II. a. Openly 
 devoted to lewdness. — prostitu- 
 tion, n. [L.] 
 
 prostrate (pros' trat). I. a. Lying at 
 length; prostrated. II. vt. 1. Throw 
 forwards on the ground; lay flat. 2, 
 Overthrow; sink totally.— prostra- 
 tion (pros-tra'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 throwing down or laying flat. 2. De- 
 jection. 3. Complete loss of strength. 
 [L. pro, forwards, and sterno, stratum, 
 throw on the ground.] 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. , 
 
prosy 
 
 447 
 
 proud 
 
 prosy (pro'zi) _a. Dull; tedious. 
 
 protasis (prot'a-sis), n. "If" clause of 
 a conditional senteuce,the main term 
 being called the apodosis. 
 
 Protean (pro'te-an or pro-te'an), a. 
 Readily assuming different shapes. 
 [From Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to 
 have the power of changing himself 
 into an endless variety of forms.] 
 
 protect (pro-tekf), vt. Shelter from 
 injury. [L.— pro, and tego, cover.] 
 Syn. Defend ; guard ; shield. 
 
 protection (pro-tek'shun), n. 1. De- 
 fence; preservation; security; guard. 
 2. System of fostering home indus- 
 tries by imposing import duties. — 
 protectionist, n. 
 
 protective (pro-tek'tiv), a. Affording 
 protection: defensive; sheltering. 
 
 protector (pro-tek'tur), n. One who 
 or that which protects from injury or 
 oppres.-ion; guardian; regent,— pro- 
 tect' ress, fern.— protectorship, n. 
 
 protectoral (pro-tek'tur-al), protec- 
 torial (pro-tek-to'ri-al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to a protector or regent^ 
 
 protectorate ( pro-tek'tor-at), n. 1. 
 Goverment by a protector, y. Author- 
 ity assumed by a superior power 
 over a weaker one, for the sake of pro- 
 tecting and_contrqlling it. 
 
 protege (pro-ta-zha'), n. One under the 
 protection of another.— protegee', n. 
 fern. [Fr.] 
 
 protein (pro'te-in), n. Hypothetical 
 nitrogenous substance,formerly sup- 
 posed to be an essential part of all 
 food. Tbe word is now correctly used 
 in compounds only, as protein-granu- 
 les. [Gf.—protos, first. ] 
 
 protest(pro-test'),^. andw. 1. Declare 
 openly; make a solemn declaration. 
 2. Make a formal objection. 3. Note 
 formally the non-acceptance or non- 
 payment, as of a promissory note or 
 bill of exchange.— protest'er, n. [L. 
 —pro, publicly, and testis, witness.] 
 Syn. Affirm; aver; attest; declare. 
 
 protest (pro'test), n. 1. Formal decla- 
 ration of dissent. 2. Attestation by a 
 notary-public of an unpaid or unac- 
 cepted bill.— protest'ant, n. One who 
 protests. 
 
 Protestant ( prot'es-tant ). I. a. Per- 
 taining to the faith of those who dis- 
 sent from the doctrines of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. II. n. 1. Orig. One 
 of those who, in 1529, protested 
 against an edict of Charles V and the 
 Diet of Spires. 2. Dissenter from the 
 doctrines of the R. C. Church. 
 
 Protestantism (prot'es-tant-izm), n. 
 1. Protestant religion. 2. State of be- 
 ing a Protestant. 
 
 protestation (prot-es-ta'shun), n. 1, 
 Solemn declaration. 2. Declaration 
 of dissent. 
 
 p rot borax (pro-tho'rax) , n. Anterior 
 division of the thorax in insects, bear- 
 ing the front pair of legs. 
 
 proto-, pre/fa. Used to express prior- 
 ity. [Gr. prqtos, first.] 
 
 protocol (pro'to-kol), n. 1. First copy 
 of a document. 2. Minutes of a diplo- 
 matic conference; rough draft of a 
 treaty. [Gr.—kolla, glue.] 
 
 protoplasm (pro'to-plazm), n. Homo- 
 geneous, structureless substance, 
 forming the physical basis of life, and 
 capable of growth and secretion. [Gr. 
 — plasma, form.]_ 
 
 prototype (pro'to-tip), n. Model after 
 which auy thing is copied; exemplar; 
 pattern. 
 
 protract (pro-trakf), vt. 1. Lengthen 
 in time; prolong. 2. Draw to a scale. 
 — protraction, n. [L. —pro, forth, 
 and traho, draw.] [ing; delaying. 
 
 protractiTe (pro-trak'tiv), a. Prolong. 
 
 protractor (pro-trak'tur), n. 1. One 
 who or that which protracts. 2. Math- 
 ematical instrument for laying down 
 angles on paper, used in surveying 
 etc. 3. Muscle which extends or draws 
 a part forward. — Opp. to retractor. 
 
 protrude(pro-trod'), vt. and vi. Thrust 
 forward or project. — protrusion 
 (pro-tro'zhun), n.— protrusive (pro- 
 tro'siv), a. Thrusting or impelling 
 forward. [L. protrudo.] 
 
 Changes of a sun-protuberance 
 within 15 minutes. 
 
 protuberance ( pro-tu'ber-ans ), n. 
 Anything pushed beyond the'surface. 
 Syn. Prominence^ projection. 
 
 protuberant (pr o-tu'ber-ant ), a. 
 Swelling out; prominent. 
 
 proud(prowd), a. 1. Having excessive 
 self-esteem ; arrogant; haughty. 2. 
 Having justifiable self esteem. 3. High- 
 spirited. 4. Giving ground for pride. 
 — proudly, adv. — proud-flesh. 
 n. Excrescence of flesh. [A. S. prut.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
prove 
 
 448 
 
 prudish 
 
 prove (prov). I. vt. 1. Try by experi- 
 ment or test or standard. 2. Try by 
 suffering. 3. Establish by evidence. 4. 
 Experience; suffer. II. vi. 1. Make 
 trial. 2. Be shown afterwards. — 
 pro'ver, n. [O. Fr. prover— L.probo.] 
 Syn. Test: demonstrate; show; con- 
 firm: justify; verify; substantiate; 
 enjoy; manifest; turnout. 
 
 proven (pro'vn), a. Same as proved. 
 
 provender (prov'en-der), n. Food for 
 beasts, as hay or corn ; fodder. [M. E. 
 provende — L. L. praebenda, daily al- 
 lowance of food.] 
 
 proverb(prov'erb), n. 1. Short familiar 
 sentence, forcibly expressing a truth 
 or moral lesson; adage. 2. By-word. 
 [L. pro, publicly, and verbum, word.] 
 
 proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to proverbs ; mentioned in or 
 resembling a proverb. 2. Widely 
 spoken of.— proverb'iallyjadv. 
 
 provide (pro-vid'). l.vt. 1. Make ready 
 beforehand; prepare. 2. Supply. II. 
 vi. 1. Procure supplies or means of 
 defence. 2. Take measures. 3. Bar- 
 gain previously.— provider, n. [L. 
 —pro, before, a,t\& video, see.] 
 
 provided (pro-vi 'ded), conj. On con- 
 dition that. 
 
 providence (prov'i-dens), n. 1. Time- 
 ly preparation. 2. Foresight and care 
 of God over all his creatures. 3. (P) 
 God. 4. Prudence in managing one's 
 affairs. [Fr.— L. providential 
 
 provident (prov'i-dent), a. Providing 
 
 for the future; cautious; prudent..— 
 
 prov'idently, adv. [L. providens.] 
 
 Syn. Economical; frugal; thrifty. 
 
 providential(prov-i-den'shal), a. Pro- 
 ceeding from divine providence. — 
 providen'tially, adv. 
 
 province (prov'ins), n. 1. Portion of 
 an empire or state. 2. Business; duty; 
 sphere; department of knowledge. 
 [Li. provincia, mark.] 
 
 provincial ( pro-viu'shal ). I. a. 1. 
 Relating to a province, used in a small 
 district only; countrified. 2. Local; 
 rude; unpolished. II. n. 1. Inhabitant 
 of a province or country district. 2. 
 In the RC. Church, superintendent of 
 the heads of the religious houses in a 
 province, — provin'cially, adv. 
 
 provincialism (pro-vin'shal-izm), n. 
 Mode of speech peculiar to a province ; 
 peculiarity of dialect. 
 
 provision (pro-vizh'un). I. n. 1. Act 
 of providing. 2. That which is provid- 
 ed or prepared. 3. Measures taken 
 beforehand; preparation. 4. Previous 
 agreement; condition. 5. Store of food; 
 provender. II. vt. Supply with provi- 
 sions or food. — provisional (pro- 
 
 vizh'un-al), a. Provided for an occa- 
 sion; temporary.— provisionally, 
 adv. [See provide.] 
 
 proviso (pro-vi'zo),?i. [pi. provisos 
 (pro-vi 'zoz .] Condition; stipulation. 
 [From the L. phrase proviso quod, it 
 being provided that. ] 
 
 provisory ( pro- vi'zur-i ), a. 1. Con- 
 taining a condition; conditional. 2. 
 Making temporary provision; tempo- 
 rary.— provi'sorily, adv. 
 
 provocation ( prov-o-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of provoking. 2. That which pro- 
 vokes. [See provoke.] 
 
 provocative(pro-vok'a-tiv). I. a.Tend- 
 ing to provoke or excite. II. n. Any- 
 thing tendingto provoke or stimulate, 
 
 provoke (pro-vok), vt. Excite to 
 action; excite with anger; offend — 
 provo kingly, adv. [Fr. provoquer 
 —L. pro, forth, a,nd voco, call.] 
 
 provost (prov'ust), n. Superintendent. 
 — provost-marshal ( pro-vo-mar'- 
 shal), n. Officer of the army or navy 
 with special powers for enforcing 
 discipline. [O. Fr. — L. praepositus — 
 prae, over, and pono, place.] 
 
 prow (prow), n. Forepart of a ship; 
 bow. [Fr. proue — Gr. prora — pro, 
 before.] [Fr. prouesse.] 
 
 prowess (prow'es), n. Bravery ; valor. 
 
 prowl (prowl), vi. Rove in search of 
 prey or plunder. — prowler, n. 
 [From rootofPREV.] 
 
 proximate (proks'i-mat), a. Nearest, 
 near and immediate.— proximate- 
 ly, adv. [L. proximus, next.] 
 
 proximity (proks-im'i-ti), n. Imme- 
 diate nearness. 
 
 proximo (proks'i-mo), a. In the next 
 month. [L. abl. of proximus.] 
 
 proxy (proks'i), n. 1. Agency of one 
 who acts for another. 2. One who 
 acts for another. 3. Writing by which 
 one is deputed. [From procuracy.] 
 
 pmde (prod), n. Woman of affected 
 modesty. [Fr.] 
 
 prndence (prb'dens), n. Quality of 
 being prudent ; wisdom applied to 
 practice; caution. [Fr.— Li.pradentia.] 
 
 prudent (pro'dent), a. 1. Provident; 
 cautious and wise. 2. Economical. 
 pru'dently, adv. [L. prudens, contr. 
 of providens, foreseeing.] 
 
 Syn. Careful; discreet; foreseeing; 
 sensible; sagacious ; judicious; frugal. 
 
 prudential (pro-den'shal), a. 1. Pro- 
 ceeding from or dictated by prudence. 
 2. Advisory. — pruden'tially, adv. 
 
 prudery (pro'der-i), n. Manners of a 
 prude. 
 
 prudish (pro'dish), a. Affectedly mod- 
 est or reserved; over-precise.— 
 prudishly, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, theu> 
 
prune 
 
 449 
 
 publication 
 
 prune (pron), vt. 1. Trim, as trees or 
 branches, by loppirig off superfluous 
 parts. 2. Trim or dress with the bill, 
 as a bird; preen.— pru'ner, n. [Pr. 
 provigner, propagate by slips,— L. pro- 
 pago. See propagate.] 
 
 prune (pron), n. Dried plum. [Fr.— L. 
 prunum— Gr. prounon.] 
 
 prunella (pro-nel'a), prunello (pro- 
 nel'o), n. Strong, "woollen stuff, used 
 for women's shoes. [ Prob.— prune, 
 plum color.] 
 
 prunelle (pro-nel'), n. Pine grade of 
 prune, with skin and stone removed. 
 
 prurience (pro'ri-ens), pru'rieucy, 
 n. Tendency; itching. 
 
 prurient (pro'ri-ent), a. Uneasy with 
 desire; sensual. [L. —prurio, itch.] 
 
 Prussian (prush'an). I. a. Of or per- 
 taining to Prussia. II. n. Native or 
 inhabitant of Prussia. 
 
 prussie (prus'ik), a. Related to Prus- 
 sian blue.— Prussic acid, hydrocyanic 
 acid. 
 
 pry (pri), vi. [pry'ing; pried.] Search 
 with impertinent curiosity. — pry- 
 ingly, adv. [Doublet of peer.] 
 §yn. Peer; pry; rubber. 
 
 psalm (sam), n. Sacred song. — The 
 Psalms, one of the books of the Old 
 Testament.— psalmist (sam'ist), n. 
 Composer of psalms. [Gr. psalmos— 
 psallo, twang.] 
 
 psalmotlic (sal-mod'ik), psalmod'i- 
 cal, a. Pertaining to psalmody. — 
 psalmodist (sal'mod-ist), n. Singer 
 of psalms. 
 
 psalmody (sal'mo-di), n. 1. Singing 
 of psalms. 2. Psalms collectively. 
 [Gr. psalmodia, singing to the harp.] 
 
 Psalter (sal'ter), n. Book o\ psalms, 
 esp. when separately printer. [O. Pr. 
 psaltier—Lt. psalterium.] 
 
 psaltery (sal'ter-i), n, r ? 
 
 Stringed instrument \ / 
 
 of the Jews. [Gr. psal- \ j 
 
 terion.] \ I 
 
 pseudo-, prefix. False ; \ / 
 
 fictitious ; spurious. ' ' 
 
 [Gr.] 
 
 pseudonym 
 
 a fictitious name. [Fr 
 
 — Gr. pseudes, false, Pseudoscopic 
 
 and onoma, narne.]^ illusion. 
 
 pseudoscope ( su'do- 
 skop), n. Stereoscope showing concave 
 parts convex, and vice versa. [Gr.] 
 
 pseudoscopic (su-do-skop'ik), a. Per- 
 taining to optical illusion, esp. in 
 judging relative distance and size. 
 
 See the cut representing two trape- 
 zoids that are exactly alike. 
 
 pshaw (sha)^ inter j. of contempt. 
 
 psyche (si'ke), n. In Greek mythology, 
 the human soul personified as a 
 female deity, beloved by Eros. [Gr.= 
 soul— psychein, breathe.] 
 
 psychic (si'kik), psychical (si'kik- 
 al), a. 1. Pertaining to the soul, or 
 living principle in man. 2. Pertaining 
 to the science of mind; opposed to 
 physical. 
 
 psychologic (si-ko-loj'ik), psycho- 
 logical, a. Pertaining to psychol- 
 ogy-— psychologically, adv. 
 
 psychology ( si-kol'o-ji ), n. Science 
 which classifies and analyses the 
 phenomena of the human mind. [Gr. 
 psyche, soul, and logos, treatise.] 
 
 ptarmigan ( tar'mi-gan ), n. Species 
 of grouse with feathered toes inhabit- 
 ing the tops of mountains. [Gael. 
 tarmachan.] 
 
 pterodactyl ( ter- 
 o-dak'til),n. Extinct 
 saurian with enor- 
 mous wings. [Gr. 
 pteron, wing, and 
 daktylos, finger.] 
 
 ptolemaic (tol-e- 
 ina'ik), a. Relating 
 to the astronomer 
 Ptolemy, who as- 
 sumed the earth to 
 be the center of the 
 universe. 
 
 ptomain, ptoma- 
 ine ( to'ma-in ), n. 
 Putrescent product 
 of animal origin and 
 of a basis of alka- 
 
 PterodactyL 
 
 loidal nature; cadaveric poison. [Gr. 
 ptoma, dead bodv.] 
 
 puberty (pu'ber-ti), n. Age of full de- 
 velopment : early manhood or woman- 
 hood. [L. pubertas.] 
 
 pubescent (pu-bes'ent), a. 1. Arriving 
 at puberty. 2. In hot. and zool. Cover- 
 ed with soft, short hair. [L.] 
 
 public (pub'lik). I. a. Of or belonging 
 to the people; general; common to 
 all; generally known. II. n. People. 
 — publicly, adv. [L. publicus— po- 
 putus, people.] 
 
 publican (pub'lik-an), n. 1. In Eng- 
 land, the keener of an inn or public- 
 house. 2. Originally, farmer-general of 
 the Roman public revenue; tax-col- 
 lector. [L.] 
 
 publication ( pub'li-ka'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of publishing or making public. 
 2. Act of printing and sending forth 
 to the public, as a book. 3. That which 
 is published. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf j 
 mete, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
public-bouse 
 
 450 
 
 pulpy 
 
 public-house(pub'lik-hows), n. House 
 open to the public; house of public 
 entertainment. ' 
 
 publicist (pub'li-sist) , n. One who 
 writes on, or is skilled in, public law, 
 or current political topics. 
 
 publicity (pub-lis'i-ti), n. Openness 
 to public knowledge; notoriety. 
 
 public-spirited (pub'lik-spir'it-ed ) , 
 a. With a regard to the public in- 
 terest. 
 
 publish (pub'lish), vt. 1. Make public; 
 reveal. 2. Print and offer for sale; put 
 into circulation. — publisher, n. 
 [Pr.— L. publico— publicus.] 
 Syn. Proclaim. See announce. 
 
 puck (puk), n. Goblin; mischievous 
 sprite. [Ir. puca, sprite.] 
 
 pucker (puk'er). I. vt. Gather into 
 folds; wrinkle. II. n. Nest of folds; 
 wriukle. [From poke, bag.] 
 
 pudding- ( pod'ing), n. l. Intestine 
 filled with meat; large sausage. 2. 
 Soft kind of food, of flour, milk, eggs, 
 etc. [Influenced by Fr. boudin, blood- 
 sausage. Ir. putog—pot, bag.] 
 
 puddle (pud'l). I. n. Small pool of 
 muddy water. II. vt. l.Make muddy. 2. 
 Convert into wrought iron by expel- 
 ling the oxygen and carbon through 
 stirring while in molten condition. 
 — pud'dler, n. [Celt, plod, pool.] 
 
 pudgy (puj'i), a. Short and fat. 
 
 puerile (pu'er-il), a. Of or pertaining 
 to a boy.— pu'erilely, arfn.-pner- 
 il'ity, n. 1. Quality of being puerile. 
 2. That which is puerile. 3. Childish 
 expression. [L. puerilis —puer, boy.] 
 Syn. Childish; trifling; silly. 
 
 puff (ouf). I. vi. 1. Blow in puffs or 
 whiffs. 2. Swell or fill with air. 3. 
 Breathe with vehemence. 4. Blow 
 at, in contempt. 5. Bustle about. II. 
 vt. 1. Drive with a puff. 2. Swell 
 with a wind. 3. Praise in exag- 
 gerated terms. III. n. 1. Sudden, 
 forcible breath ; sudden blast of wind ; 
 gust or whiff. 2. Fungous ball con- 
 taining dust ; anything light and 
 porous, or swollen and light. 3. Kind 
 of light pastry. 4. Exaggerated ex- 
 pression of praise.— puff'er, n— puff- 
 paste, rich dough for light, friable 
 pastry. [Imitative.] 
 
 puffery (puf'er-i), n. Puffing or ex- 
 travagant praise. 
 
 puffin (puf'in), n. Water-fowl having 
 a short, thick, many-colored beak. 
 
 puffy (puf'i), a. 1. Swollen. 2. Bom- 
 bastic. 3. Gusty. — puffily, adv.— 
 puffiness, n. 
 
 pug (pug), n. 1. Monkey. 2. Kind of 
 dog. — pug-nose, n. Short turned- 
 up nose ; snub-nose. [Corr. of puck.] 
 
 pugilism (pu'jil-izm), n. Art of box- 
 ing or fighting with the fists. — pu- 
 gilist, n. One who fights with his 
 fists.— pugilistic, a. [From L. pugil, 
 boxer.] 
 
 pugnacious (pug-na'shus), a. Com- 
 bative ; quarrelsome. — pugnaci- 
 ously, adv. — pugnacity, n. [L. 
 pugnax—pugno, fight.] 
 
 puisne (pu'ni), a. In law, inferior in 
 rank, as certain judges in England. 
 [O. Fr. irompuis, after, and ne, born.] 
 
 puissant (pu'is-ant), a. 1. Powerful. 
 2. Forcible. — pu'issantly, adv.— 
 pu'issance, n. [Fr.] 
 
 puhe (puk). I. vt. and vi. Vomit; 
 cause to vomit. II. n. 1. Vomiting. 
 2. Emetic. 3. Disgusting person. 
 
 pulchritude (purkri-tud),-w. Beauty; 
 grace, esp. of the soul. [L.] 
 
 pule (pul), vi. Cry, whimper, or 
 whine, like a child. — pu'ler, n. 
 [From Fr. piauler. Imitative.] 
 
 pull (pol). I. vt. and vi. Draw forcibly; 
 tear; pluck; row. II. n. 1. \.ct of 
 pulling. 2. Struggle ; contest. 3. 
 Handle, knob, etc. 4. Influence. [A. 
 S. pullian.] [disadvantage. 
 
 pullbach (pol'bak), n. Drawback; 
 
 pullet (pol'et), n. Young hen. [Fr. 
 poulette, dim. of poule, hen.] 
 
 pulley (pol'i), n. Apparatus consist* 
 ingof one or more 
 wheels turning 
 upon an axis, and 
 having a groove in 
 which a cord runs, 
 used for raising 
 weights.— pi. pull'- 
 eys. [A. S. pullian. 
 Fr. poulie.] 
 
 pulmonary (pnl'- 
 mo-nar'-i), a. Per- 
 taining to or af- 
 fecting the lungs. 
 [L. pulmo, lung.] 
 
 pulmonic (pul-mon'ik). I. a. Per- 
 taining to or affecting the lungs, II. 
 n. 1. Medicine for disease of the 
 lungs. 2. One affected by disease of 
 the lungs. 
 
 pulp (pulp), n. Soft fleshy part of 
 bodies; soft part of plants, esp. of 
 fruits; any soft mass. [L. pulpa.] 
 
 pulpit (pol'pitj, n. 1. Elevated place 
 in a church where the sermon is de- 
 livered. 2. Preachers in general; 
 preaching. [L. pulpitum, stage. Ety- 
 mology unknown.] 
 
 pulpous (pulp'us), a. Consisting of or 
 resembling pulp; soft.— pulp'ous- 
 ness, n. [pulp'iness, n. 
 
 pulpy (pulp'i), a. Like pulp; soft.— 
 
 Pulleys. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pulque 
 
 451 
 
 punish 
 
 pulque (pol'ke), n. Mexican ferment- 
 ed drink made from the juice of the 
 agave. 
 
 pulsate (pul'sat), vi. Throb; beat.— 
 pulsa'tion, n. [ L. pulso, freq. of 
 pello, drive.] 
 
 pulsator (pul-sa'tur), n. 1. Beater. 2. 
 Pulsometer. 3. Device used in dia- 
 mond minlug; shaker. 
 
 pulse (puis), n. 1. Beating of the heart 
 and the arteries. 2. Pulsation; vibra- 
 tion.— pulse-glass, two bulbs con- 
 nected by a tube, with which they 
 form right angles, all of glass, partly 
 filled with alcohol, and having the air 
 exhausted. If one bulb is grasped by 
 the hand, a lively ebullition takes 
 place at once in the other bulb. [Pr. 
 pouls — - L. pulsus — pello, pulsus. See 
 
 PULSATE.] 
 
 pulse (puis), n. 1. Edible seeds of 
 leguminous plants, as beans, peas, 
 etc. 2. Plant producing such seeds. 
 [L. puis, porridge.] 
 
 pulsinieter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. Instru- 
 ment for measuring the strength or 
 quickness of the pulse. 
 
 pulsometer (pul-soin'e-ter), n. Kind 
 of steam-condensing vacuum pump. 
 
 pul veraceous (p u 1 - v e r - a's he - u s) , 
 pulverulent ( pul-ver'6-lent ), a. 
 Dusty; powdery. 
 
 pulverize (pul'ver-iz), vt. Reduce to 
 dust or fine powder. — pulveriza- 
 tion, n._ [From L. pulvis, dust.] 
 
 puma (pu'ma), n. Carnivorous animal, 
 of the cat kind, plain reddish-brown ; 
 American lion; cougar. [Peruvian.] 
 
 pumice ( pum'is ), n. Hard, light, 
 spongy, volcanic mineral. — pumi- 
 ceous(pu-mish'e-us) , pum'iciform , 
 pum'icose, a. Resembling, or con- 
 sisting of, pumice. [A. S. pumic 
 (-stan), pumice (-stone) — 'L.pumex — 
 spumex—spuma, foam.] 
 
 pummel. Same as pommel. 
 
 pump (pump). I. n. Machine for rais- 
 ing or moving water or other fluids. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Raise with a pump. 2. Draw 
 out information by artful questions. 
 
 III. vi. Work a pump. [Ger. pumpe 
 (for plumpe) . Imitative.] 
 
 pump (pump), n. Thin-soled, low shoe 
 used in dancing. [Pr. pompe.] 
 
 pumpernickel ( pom'per-nik-1 ), n. 
 Dark brown bread made of unbolted 
 rye. [Ger.] 
 
 pumpkin (pump'kin or pung'kin), n. 
 Plant of gourd family with edible 
 fruit. [Fr. pompon— Gv.pepon, melon.] 
 
 pun (pun). I. vt. [pun'ning; punned.] 
 Play upon words similar in sound but 
 different in meaning. II. n. Play upon 
 words. [A. S. punian, pound, beat.] 
 
 punatoo (pun-a-to'), n. Preserve made 
 of the fruit of the palmyra palm, 
 [Ceylon.] 
 
 punch (punch), n. Beverage, origin- 
 ally of five ingredients, spirit, water, 
 sugar, lemon-juice, and spice. [Hind. 
 panch, five.] 
 
 punch (punch). I. vt. Prick or pierce 
 with something sharp; perforate with 
 a steel tool. II. n. Tool for stamping 
 or perforating; kind of awl. [Form 
 
 of PUNCHEON.] 
 
 punch (punch). I. vt. Strike, esp. by 
 thrusting out the fist. II. n. Stroke 
 or blow. [Prob. a corr. of punish.] 
 
 punch (punch), n. Short, humpback- 
 ed male figure in a puppet-show. [It. 
 pulcinello — L. pullas, young animal.] 
 
 puncheon (pun'chun), n. Steel tool 
 with one end for stamping or perfo- 
 rating metal plates. [O. Fr. poinson, 
 bodkin— L. punctio, puncture.] 
 
 puncheon (pun'chun), n. Cask; liquid 
 measure of from 72 to 120 gallons. 
 [O. Fr. poinson, cask.] 
 
 punctilio (pungk-tii'i-o),n. Nice point 
 in behavior or ceremony; nicety in 
 forms. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto—Iu. 
 punctum, point.] 
 
 punctilious (pungk-til'i-us), a. Very 
 exact in behavior or ceremony. — 
 punctiliously, adv. — punctil- 
 iousness, n. 
 
 punctual (pungk'tu-al), a. 1. Exact 
 in keeping time and appointments. 
 2. Done at the exact time. — punc- 
 tually, adv.— punctuality, n. [Fr. 
 ponctuel — L. punctum, point.] 
 
 punctuate (pungk'tu-at), vt. Mark 
 with points; divide sentences by cer- 
 tain marks.— punctuation, n. 
 
 puncture (pungk'tur). I. n. Small 
 hole made with a sharp point. II. vt. 
 Pierce with a pointed instrument. [L. 
 punctura—pungo . ] 
 
 punclit(pun'dit). n. Learned Brahman; 
 learned man. [Hind, pandit.] 
 
 pang (pung), n. Rude, low box-sleigh. 
 [New England. Cf. Low Ger. pung- 
 wagen, truck.] 
 
 pungent (pun'jent), a. 1. Pricking or 
 acrid to taste or smell. 2. Keen; sar- 
 castic— puii'gently, adv. — pun - 
 gency,n. [L. pungens—pungo, prick.] 
 
 Punic (pu'nik),o. Relating to the Car- 
 thaginians ; treacherous. 
 
 punish (pun'ish), vt. Exact a penalty; 
 cause loss or pain for a fault or crime. 
 pun'ishable,a.— punishment, n. 
 Loss or pain inflicted for a crime or 
 fault. [Fr. punir.punissant—Li. punire 
 —poena, penalty.] 
 Syn. Chasten; castigate; discipline. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
punitive 
 
 452 
 
 purple 
 
 punitive (pu'ni-tiv), a. Pertaining to 
 punishment. 
 
 punk (pungk), n. 1. Dry decayed 
 wood. 2. Kind of fungus used as tin- 
 der. 
 
 punkah (pung'ka), n. Large fan sus- 
 pended from the ceiling of a room. 
 [Hind, pankha.] 
 
 punster (pun'ster), n. One who puns 
 or is skilled in punning. 
 
 punt (punt). I. n. 1, Flat-bottomed 
 boat. 2. Act of punting a football. 
 II. vt. 1. Propel, as a boat, by push- 
 ing with a pole against the bottom of 
 a river. 2. Kick a dropped football 
 before it reaches the ground. [A. S. 
 — Li. ponto, pontoon.] 
 
 puny (pu'hi), a. [pu'nier; pu'niest.] 
 Small; feeble; inferior in size or 
 strength. [Doublet of puisne.] 
 
 pup, n. Same as puppy. 
 
 pupa(pu/pa), n [pi. 
 pupae (pu'p'e) or pu- 
 pes (pu'pes).] In- 
 sect inclosed in a 
 case before its de- 
 velopment; chrys- 
 alis. [L. pupa, girl, 
 doll, fern, of pupus, 
 boy.] 
 
 pupil (pu'pil), n. 1. 
 One under the care 
 of a tutor; scholar. 
 2. Circular opening 
 of the iris; black of 
 the eye. — pu'pil- 
 age, n. — nu'pil- 
 lary, a. [L. pupillus, dim. of pupus, 
 boy.] 
 
 puppet ( pup'et), n. 1. Small image 
 moved by wires. 2. One entirely un- 
 der the control of another. [O. Fr. 
 poupette, doll.] 
 
 puppy (pup'i), n. 1. Young dog; 
 whelp. 2. Impertinent, conceited 
 young man. — puppyism, n. [Fr. 
 poupge, doll.] 
 
 purblind (pur'blind), a. Dim-sighted; 
 near-sighted. — pur'blindness, n. 
 [For pure-blind, wholly blind.] 
 
 purchasable (pur'chas-a-bl), a. That 
 may be purchased. 
 
 purchase ( pur'chas ). I. vt. Obtain 
 by buying or labor, danger, etc. II. n. 
 1. Act of purchasing. 2. That which 
 is purchased. 3. Mechanical advant- 
 age in moving bodies.— purchaser, 
 n. [Fr. pourchasser, pursue.] 
 
 pure (pur), a. 1. Free from admixture; 
 not adulterated. 2. Free from guilt 
 or defilement.— purely, adv.— 
 pure'ness, n. [L. purus. ~\ 
 
 Syn. Clear; real; mere; innocent; 
 chaste; modest; guileless; spotless. 
 
 1. May-beetle. 2. Its 
 larva. 3- Its pupa. 
 
 purgation (pur-ga'shun), n. Purging; 
 clearing. [L. purgatio.] 
 
 purgative (piir'ga-tiv). I. a. Cleans^ 
 ing ; having the power of evacuating 
 the intestines. II. n. Medicine that 
 evacuates. [L. purgativus.] 
 
 purgatory (pur'ga-to-ri), ». Accord- 
 ing to R. Catholic and some eastern 
 religions, place or state in which souls 
 after death are purified from venial 
 sins.-purgatornal(pur-ga-to'ri-al),a. 
 Pertaining to purgatory. 
 
 purge (pur j ). I. vt. 1. Carry off what, 
 ever is impure or superfluous. 2. 
 Clear from guilt. 3. Evacuate, as the 
 bowels. 4. Clarify, as liquors. II. vi. 1. 
 Become pure by clarifying. 2. Have 
 frequent evacuations. [ L. purgo*- 
 purus, pure, and ago, make.] 
 
 purification (pur-i-fl-ka'shun),». Act 
 of purifying. [Lj.puriflcato.] 
 
 purificator (pur'i-fi ka-tar), n. Cloth 
 for cleansing before oblations and 
 after ablutions in the mass. 
 
 purificatory (pur-if'i-ka-t5-ri), a. 
 Tending to purify or cleanse. 
 
 purify (pur'i-fi), vt. [pur'ifying ; pur'i- 
 fled.] Make pure; free from unclean- 
 ness or guilt. II. vi. Become pure.— 
 purifier, n. One who or that which 
 makes pure. [F. purifier— L. purifico— 
 purus, pure, and facio. make.] 
 
 purist (pur'ist), n. One who is excess- 
 ively nice in the choice of words or 
 severe in literary criticism. 
 
 Puritan (piir'i-tan). I. ti. 1. One of a 
 religious party in the time of Eliza- 
 beth and the Stuarts marked by rigid 
 purity in doctrine and practice. 2. 
 Founders of colony of Massachusetts 
 Bay at Salem and Boston, 1628-30. 
 II. a. Pertaining to the Puritans.— 
 Puritahic(pur-i-tan'ik), Puritan- 
 ical, a. Like a Puritan; rigid; exact. 
 
 — Puritanism (pur'i-tan-izrn), n. 
 Notions or practice of Puritans. 
 
 purity (pur'i-ti), n. Being pure. 
 
 purl (purl). I. vi. Flow with a mur- 
 muring sound ; ripple ; eddy ; curl. 
 II. n. Soft murmuring sound, as of a 
 stream among stones. [Imitative.] 
 
 purlieu ( pur'lu), n. Borders; envi- 
 rons. [O. Fr. puralee, (translation of 
 L. perambulatio, survey).] 
 
 purloin (pur-loin'), vt. Steal; plagia- 
 rize. — purloin'er, n. [O. Fr. pur- 
 loignier, carry away, —it.prolongo.] 
 
 purple (pur'pl). I. n. 1. Color of 
 blended blue and red. 2. Purple cloth, 
 or robe, orig. worn only by royalty; 
 robe of honor. II. a. Red and blue 
 blended. [0. Fr. porpre— L. purpura 
 
 — Gr. porphyra, purple-fish.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
purport 
 
 453 
 
 putt 
 
 purport (pur'port). I. n. Design; sig- 
 nification. II. vt. Mean. [O. Pr. pur, 
 — L. pro, for, and Fr. porter, carry.] 
 
 purpose (pur'pus). I. n. 1. Intention. 
 — purposely, adv. With purpose; 
 intentionally [O. Fr. purposer, form 
 of proposer, propose.] 
 
 Syn. Aim; end; purport; determin- 
 ation; idea; plan. See design. 
 
 purposeless (pur'pus-les), a. Without 
 purpose or effect; aimless. 
 
 purr, pur (pur). I. vi. Utter a mur- 
 muring sound, as a cat. II. n. (also 
 purring). Low, murmuring sound 
 of a cat. [Imitative.] 
 
 purse (purs). I. n. 1. Small bag for 
 money. 2. Sum of money. 3. Treas- 
 ury. II. vt. 1. Put into a purse. 2. 
 Contract as the mouth of a purse ; 
 contract into folds. [O. Fr. horse 
 (Fr. bourse) — Low L. bursa — Or. 
 byrsa, skin, hide.] 
 
 purse-proud (piirs'prowd), a. Proud 
 of one's wealth; insolent from wealth 
 — purse-pride, n. 
 
 purser (pur'ser), n. Officer who has 
 charge of the provisions, clothing and 
 accounts of a ship; paymaster. — 
 pur'sership, n. 
 
 pursuance (pur-su'ans), n. Act of fol- 
 lowing out; process ; consequence. 
 
 pursuant (pur-su'ant), a. Consonant; 
 conformable; hi consequence. 
 
 pursue (pur-su'), vt. Follow in order 
 to overtake; chase; prosecute; seek; 
 be engaged in; continue.— pursu'er, 
 n. [O.Fr. porsuir—Li. prosequor—pro, 
 onwards, and seguor, follow.] 
 
 pursuit (pur-suf), n. 1. Act of pur- 
 suing, following, or going after. 2. 
 Endeavor to attain; occupation. 
 
 pursy (pur'si), a. Puffy; fat and shortr 
 winded.— pur'siness, n. [O. Fr. 
 pourcif.] 
 
 purulence (pu'ro-lens), purulency 
 (pu'ro-len-si^, n. Forming of pus. 
 
 purulent (pu'ro-lent), a. Consisting 
 of, full of, or resembling, pus or mat- 
 ter.— pu'rulently, adv. 
 
 purvey (ptlr-va'), vt. and vi. Provide, 
 esp. with conveniences ; procure. — 
 pur veyance (Diir-va'ans) , ».— pur- 
 veyor (pur-va'ur),n.[0. Fr. pourvoir 
 — L. provideo. See provide.] 
 
 purview (pur'vu), n. 1. Body or scope 
 of a law. 2. Field; sphere; scope. 
 [O. Fr. pourvieu, provided.] 
 
 pus (pus), n. Product of suppuration; 
 matter. [L.— root oiputeo, smell bad.] 
 
 pusb ( posh ). I. vt. and vi. 1. Press 
 against ; 'drive by pressure. 2. Press 
 forward; urge. 3. Press hard; crowd. 
 4. Advance persistently. [Fr. pons- 
 ser—Li. pulso, freq. of pello, drive.] 
 
 pushing (posh'ing), a. Enterprising; 
 vigorous. 
 
 pusillanimous ( pu-sil-an'i-mus), a. 
 Mean - spirited ; cowardly. — pusil- 
 lan'imously, adv. — pusillan'i- 
 mousness, pusillanimity, ns. 
 [h.— pusillus, very little, and animus, 
 mind.] 
 
 puss (pos), n. 1. Familiar name for a 
 cat. 2 . Bare, in sportsmen's language. 
 [Prob. imitative of a cat's spitting."] 
 
 pussy (pos'i), n. [pi. pussies.] Dim. 
 of puss. — pussy-cat, n. 1. Cat. 2. 
 Soft catkin of the willow.— pussy- 
 willow, n. Common Amer. willow. 
 
 pustule(pus'tul),?i. Small pimplecon- 
 taining pus. [L. puslula—pus.] 
 
 put(pot). I. ^.[put'ting; put.] 1. Drive 
 into action. 2. Throw suddenly. 3. 
 Lay, or deposit. 4. Bring into any 
 state. 5. Offer; propose. 6. Apply. 
 II. vi. Move; go; steer. III. n. 1. 
 Thrust; throw. 2. Game at cards. 3. 
 Contract by which one buys the privi- 
 ledge of "putting" (delivering) to an- 
 other certain stocks, etc., at a fixed 
 price and date. The opposite privilege 
 of demanding delivery is termed 
 "call."— Bepulto it, be bard pressed, 
 embarrassed. — Put back, hinder; de- 
 lay; restore; set to an earlier time, as 
 the hands of a clock.— Put by, turn 
 away; save up; store up. — Put o£, 
 push off from land; postpone.— Put 
 out, thrust out; drive out; destroy, as 
 eyes; hold forth, as hands; extin- 
 guish; publish; confuse; offend; ex- 
 pend; invest.— Put up, bear ; overlook ; 
 pack; restore to its ordinary place, as 
 a sword, when not in use. [A. S. 
 potian, thrust.] 
 
 putative (pu'ta-tiv), a. Commonly 
 supposed; reputed. [L. putativus.] 
 
 put log ( pot'iog ), n. Timber resting 
 with one end in a hole of the wall, and 
 supporting a fioor_ of a scaffold. 
 
 putrefaction ( pu-tre-f ak'shun ), n. 
 Act or process of putrefying; rotten- 
 ness; corruption. 
 
 putrefactive (pu-tre-fak'tiv), a. Per- 
 taining to, or causing, putrefaction. 
 
 putrefy (pu'tre-fl), vt. and vi. [pu'tre- 
 f ying ; pu'tretied.] Make or become pu- 
 trid or rotten; corrupt. [See putrid.] 
 
 putrescent ( pu-tres'ent ), a. Becom- 
 ing putrid^— putrescence, n. 
 
 putrid ( pu'trid ), a. In a state of pu- 
 trefaction. — putrid'ity, pu'trid- 
 ness, ns. [L. putridus—puter, rotten, 
 —puteo, smell offensively.] 
 
 putt ( put ). I. vi. In golf, strike when 
 the ball lies near the hole. II. n. 
 Stroke aiming at putting tbe ball in 
 a hole. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 t mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. - 
 
putter 
 
 pyx 
 
 putter (pot'er), n. 1. One who puts. 
 
 2. One who hauls coal underground. 
 
 3. In golf, short shafted club. 
 putter (put'ei-),«i. See potter. 
 puiti ( pot'i ), n. pi. Nude cupids, as 
 
 represented in paintings. [It. pi. of 
 putto, child.] 
 
 putty (put'i). I. n. Cement of whiting 
 and linseed-oil, used iu glazing win- 
 dows. W.vt. [put'tying; put'tied.] Fix 
 or fill up with putty. [O. Fr. potte, 
 that which is in a pot.] 
 
 puzzle (puz'l). I. n. Perplexity; some- 
 thing to try the ingenuity, as a riddle. 
 II. vt. Pose; perplex. III. vi. Be be- 
 wildered.— puzzler, n. [From Fr. 
 opposer, oppose.] 
 
 tiyn. Bewilder; confuse; confound; 
 nonplus; disconcert; entangle; abash. 
 
 pygmy (pig'mi), n. Dwarf; diminu- 
 tive thing.— pygmean (pig'me-an), 
 pyg'my, a. Like a pygmy; dwarfish. 
 [Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies, fabled to 
 be of the length of a pygmy=13 l A 
 inches (measured from the elbow to 
 the knuckles) — pygme, fist. Li.pugnus.] 
 
 pygopod ( prgo-pod ), a. Having the 
 legs inserted far back, as a grebe. 
 [Gr. pyge, rump, andpous, foot.] 
 
 pyjamas. Same as pajamas. 
 
 pyic (pi'ik), a. Pertaining to pus. [Gr. 
 —pyon, pus.] 
 
 pylon (pi'lon), n. Monumental en- 
 trance, in Egyptian architecture.[Gr.] 
 
 pyloric (pi-lor'ik), a. Pertaining to the 
 pylorus. 
 
 pylorus ( pl-lo'rus ), n. [pi. pylori.] 
 Lower orifice of the stomach. [Gr. = 
 gatekeeper.] [al pyre. 
 
 pyral(pi'ral), a. Pertaining to a funer- 
 
 pyramid (pir'- 
 a-mid ), n. 1. 
 Solid figure 
 on a triangu- 
 lar, square,or 
 polygonal 
 base, with tri- 
 angular sides 
 meeting in a 
 point. 2. pi. "The Pyramids" or great 
 monuments of Egypt. [Gr. pyramis.] 
 
 pyramidal (pi-ram'i-dal), pyrami- 
 dic (pir-a-mid'ik), pyramid' ical, 
 a. Having the form of a pyramid. 
 
 pyrargyrite(pi-rar'ji-rit), n. Kind of 
 ;ulver ore, compound of sulphide of 
 silver and antimony. 
 
 pyre (pir), n. Pile of wood, etc., on 
 which the dead are burned. [Gr. pyra, 
 — pyr, fire.] 
 
 pyretic (pi-ret'ik). I. a. Feverish. II. 
 n. Remedy for fever. [Gr.— pyr, fire.] 
 
 pyriform(pi'ri-farm), a. Pear-shaped. 
 CL. —pirum, pearl] 
 
 Pyramids, Egypt. 
 
 pyrite (pi'rit), n. Very hard, lustrous, 
 yellow mineral, used in manufactur- 
 ing sulphur and sulphuric acid. 
 
 pyrites (pir-i'tez), n. Native com- 
 pound of sulphur with other metals, 
 so called because it strikes fire when 
 struck against steel. — pyrit'ie, 
 pyrit'ical, a. [L.— Qr.jpyr, fire.] 
 
 pyro-, suffix. Denoting fire or heat. 
 Often it means: pertaining to, or ob- 
 tained from when subjected to 
 
 heat, as in pyro-acetic, pyro-citric, etc. 
 [Gr. pyr, fire.] 
 
 pyro-electricity (pi'ro-e-lek-tris'i-ti), 
 n. Electricity produced in a crystaliz- 
 ed body by change of temperature 
 alone. 
 
 pyrograph ( pi'ro-graf ), n. Instru- 
 ment for engraving on wood or leather 
 by means of a red-hot metallic point. 
 — pyrography (pi-rog'ra-fi),/i. Pro- 
 cess of reproducing designs on wood 
 by means of heated metallic rollers 
 or plates. [Gr. pyr, fire, and graphein, 
 write.] 
 
 pyrometer (pi-rorn'e-ter), n. Instru* 
 ment for measuring temperatures too 
 high to be measured by a mercury 
 thermometer, [watery rising. [Gr.] 
 
 pyrosis ( pi-ro'sis ), n. Water-brash ; 
 
 pyrotechnic (pir-o-tek'nik or pir'o-), 
 pyrotech'nical, a. Pertaining to 
 fireworks, 
 
 pyrotechnics (pir-o-tek'nik or pir'o-), 
 pyrotechny (pir'o-tek-ni), n. Art of 
 making fireworks. — pyrotechnist 
 (pir'o- tek-nist or pir'o-), n. [Gr. pyr, 
 fire, and tec/me, art.] 
 
 pyroxylic (pi-roks-il'ik), a. Made by 
 distilling wood. 
 
 Pyrrhonic (pi-ron'ik), a. Relating to 
 Pyrrho, a Greek philosopher, who 
 taught that skepticism is the founda- 
 tion of happiness. 
 
 python (pi'thon), n. Large serpent, 
 nearly allied to the boa. [Gr. python, 
 a great serpent slain near Delohi. by 
 Apollo.] 
 
 pythoness (pith'on-es), n. Priestess 
 of the oracle of Apollo at Pytho, the 
 oldest name of Delphi, in Greece. 
 
 pythonic (pi-thon'ik), a. Pretending 
 to foretell future events like the 
 Pythoness; oracular. 
 
 pythonism (pith'on-izm), n. Art of 
 predicting events by divination. — 
 py th'onist, n. 
 
 pyx (piks),w. 1. In the R. C. Church, 
 the sacred box in which the host is 
 kept after consecration. 2. At the 
 British Mint, the box containing 
 sample coins. [Gr. pyxis— pyxos (L. 
 buxus), box-tree, box-wood.] 
 
 fate, fat, 
 
 t, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
455 
 
 quagmire 
 
 Hq (ku), n. Seventeenth letter of 
 the English alphabet. Always 
 followed by u, and the two let- 
 ters are usually sounded like 
 kw, as in queer, but like k in a 
 few French words, as in coquette, etc. 
 
 quab (kwob), n. Unfledged bird ; any- 
 thing immature. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 quack (kwak). I. vi. 1. Cry like a 
 duck. 2. Boast. 3. Practice as a quack. 
 II. vt. Doctor by quackery. III. n. 1. 
 Cry of a duck. 2. Boastful pretender 
 to skill which he does not possess, 
 esp. medical skill; mountebank. IV. 
 a. Used by quacks. [Imitative.] 
 
 quackery (kwak'er-i), n. Pretensions 
 or practice of a quack, esp. in medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Quadragesima (kwod-ra-jes'i-ma), n. 
 Lent— quadragesimal, a. Belong- 
 ing to.or used in, Lent. [L.=40 (days).] 
 
 quadrangle ( kwod'rang-1 ), n. 1. 
 Square surrounded by buildings. 2. 
 In geom. Plane figure having four 
 equal sides and angles.— quadran- 
 gular (kwod-rang'u-lar ), a. Of the 
 form of a quadrangle.— quadrang- 
 ularly, adv. [Li.— quatuor, four, and 
 angulus, angle.] 
 
 quadrant (kwod'rant). n. 1. In geom. 
 Fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 
 90°. 2. Instrument consisting of the 
 quadrant of a . circle graduated in 
 degrees, used for taking altitudes.— 
 quadrantal (kwod-ran'tal), a. [L. 
 quadrans— quatuor, four.] 
 
 quadrat (kwod'rat), n. Piece of type 
 metal used in spacing. Abbreviated 
 quad. [See quadrate.] 
 
 quadrate (kwod'rat). I. a. 1. Squared; 
 having four equal sides and four right 
 angles. 2. Divisible into four equal 
 parts. 3. Balanced; exact; suited. II. 
 n. Square figure. III. vi. Square or 
 agree"; correspond. [D. quadratics, pa. 
 p. of quadro, make four-cornered.] 
 
 quadratic(kwod-rat'ik) , a. Pertaining 
 to, containing or denoting.a square. 
 
 quadrature ( kwod'r a- tur ), n. 1. 
 Squaring; esp. in geom., the finding, 
 exactly or approximately, of a square 
 that shall be equal to a given figure 
 of some other shape. 2. Position of 
 a heavenly body when 90° distant 
 from another. 
 
 quadrennial ( kwod-ren'i-al), a. 1. 
 Comprising four years. 2. Once in 
 four years.— quadren'nially, adv. 
 [L. quadrennis — quatuor, four, and 
 annus, year.] 
 
 quadriga ( kwod-ri'ga ) , n. Roman 
 two-wheeled car or chariot, drawn by 
 four horses harnessed all abreast. 
 [Li. — quatuor, four, and jugum, yoke.] 
 
 quadrilateral (kwod-ri-lat'er-al). I. 
 
 a. Having four sides. II. n. In' geom. 
 
 Plane figure having four sides. [L. 
 
 — quatuor, four, and latus, side.] 
 quadrille (ka-dril'), n. Dance made up 
 
 of sets of dancers containing four 
 
 couples each. [Fr.] 
 quadrillion (kwod-ril' yun), n. See 
 
 NUMERATION. 
 
 quadrinomial (kwod-ri-no'mi-al), a. 
 
 Consisting of four terms. [L. quatuor, 
 
 and nomen, name.] 
 quadroon (kwod-ron'), n. Offspring 
 
 of a mulatto and a white person. [Fr. 
 
 quarteron.] 
 
 Foot, Sole, 
 
 of a young gorilla. 
 
 Hand, 
 
 quadrumanous (kwod-ro'ma nus),c. 
 Having the feet formed very much 
 like hands, as monkeys, the great toes 
 being opposable like thumbs. 
 
 quadruped (kwod'ro-ped), n. Four- 
 footed animal. — quadrupedal 
 (kwod-ro'pe-dal), a. Having four feet. 
 [L..— quatuor, four, and pes, foot.] 
 
 quadruple (kwod'ro-pl). I. a. Four- 
 fold. II. n. Four times the quantity 
 or number. III. vt. Increase four- 
 fold. [L.] 
 
 quadruplet (kwod'ro-plet), n. One of 
 four born at a single birth. 
 
 quadruples (kwod'ro-pleks),a. Four- 
 fold; quadruple. [L.] 
 
 quadruplicate (kwod-ro'pli-kat). I. 
 a. Made fourfold. II. vt. Make four- 
 fold.— quadruplica'tion, n. [L.— 
 quatuor, four.and plico, fold.] 
 
 quaere ( kwe're ). Inquire, seel [L. 
 imperative of quaero.] 
 
 quaff (kwaf). I. vt. Drink in large 
 draughts. II. vi. Drink largely. — 
 quaffer, n. [Scot, queff, quaich, 
 drinking-cup.] 
 
 quagga (kwag'a), n. Quadruped of 
 South Africa, like the ass in form and 
 the zebra in color. [Hottentot.] 
 
 quaggy (kwag'i), a. Of the nature of 
 a quagmire. 
 
 quagmire (kwag'mir), n. "Wet, boggy 
 ground that yields under the feet. 
 [quake and MIRE.] 
 Syn. Fen ; swamp ; slough ; morass 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
quail 
 
 456 
 
 quarterly 
 
 Quail. 
 
 quail (kwal), vi. Cower; f ail in sph'it. 
 [A. S. cwelan, suffer, die. Cf. Ger. qual, 
 torment.]_ 
 
 quail (kwal), n. Mi- 
 gratory bird like 
 the partridge.f ound 
 in every country 
 from the Cape of 
 Good Hope to the 
 North Cape. [O. Fr. 
 quaille.] 
 
 quaint (kwant), a. 
 Neat; unusual; 
 odd ; whimsical. — 
 quaintly, adv. — 
 quaint/ness, n. [O. Fr. cointe — L. 
 cognitus, known.] 
 Syn. Curious; fanciful; antique. 
 
 quake ( kwak ). I. vi. Tremble, esp. 
 with cold and fear. II. n. Vibration. 
 — qua'kingly* adv. [A. S. cwacian.] 
 
 Quaker (kwa'ker),w. One of the Society 
 of Friends.— Quakerism, n. Tenets 
 of the Quakers. — quaker-gun, n. 
 Wooden gun mounted to deceive an 
 enemy. [maybe modified. 
 
 qualifiable ( kwol'i-fl-a-bl), a. That 
 
 qualification (kwol-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
 1. Quality that fits a person for a 
 place, etc. 2. Restriction ; mitigation. 
 
 qualify (kwol'i-fi), vt. and vi. 1. Make 
 or become suitable or capable. 2. 
 Limit; particularize; mitigate. — 
 — qualifier, n. [Fr. qualifier — L. 
 qualis, of what sort, and/acio, make.] 
 Syn. Fit; adapt; prepare. 
 
 qualitative (kwol'i-ta-tiv), a. 1. Relat- 
 ing to quality. 2. In chem. Determin- 
 ing the nature of components. 
 
 quality ( kwol'i-ti >. n. 1. Condition; 
 sort. 2. Property; peculiar power ; at- 
 tribute. 3. Acquisition; accomplish- 
 ment. 4. Character; rank. 5. Supe- 
 rior birth or character. [L. qualitas.] 
 
 qualm (kwam), n. 1. Sudden attack 
 of illness. 2. Scruple of conscience.— 
 qualmish, a. Affected with a dispo- 
 sition to vomit. [A.. S. cwealm, pesti- 
 lence, death. Cf. Ger. qualm, vapor.] 
 
 quandary ( kwon'da-ri ), n. State of 
 uncertainty. [Irel. vandraethi.] 
 
 quantitative ( kwon'ti-ta-tiv ), a. 1. 
 Relating to quantity. 2. Measurable 
 in quantity. 3. In chem. Determining 
 the relative proportions of compo- 
 nents. 
 
 quantity (kwon'ti-ti), n. 1. Amount; 
 bulk; size. 2. Determinate amount, 
 sum or bulk. 3. Large portion. 4. In 
 logic, extent of a conception. 5. In 
 gram. Measure of a syllable. 6. In 
 music, relative duration of a tone. 
 7. In math. Anything which can be 
 increased, divided, or measured. 
 
 quantum ( kwon'tum ), n. Quantity; 
 amount. [L.=how great, how much.] 
 
 quarantine (kwor'an-ten). I. n. (Orig. 
 forty) days during which a ship sus- 
 pected to be infected with a conta- 
 gious desease, is obliged to forbear 
 intercourse with the shore. II vt. 
 Prohibit from intercourse from fear 
 of infection. [L. quadraginta, forty.] 
 
 quarrel (kwor'el). I. n. Angry dis- 
 pute; breach of friendship; brawl. II. 
 vi. Dispute violently; fight; disagree. 
 Syn. Broil; wrangle; feud. 
 
 quarrelsome (kwor r el-sum), a. Dis- 
 posed to quarrel; brawling; easily 
 provoked.— quarrelsomeness, n. 
 
 quarry (kwor'i). I. n. Place where 
 stone is taken from the earth, for 
 building or other purposes. II. vt. 
 Dig or take from a quarry. [O. Fr. 
 quarriere, place where stones are 
 squared.] 
 
 quarry ( kwor'i ), n. Object of the 
 chase, as the game which a hawk or 
 hunter is pursuing or has killed. 
 
 quarryman (kwor'i-man), quarrier 
 (kwor'i-er), n. Man who works in a 
 quarry. 
 
 quart (kwart), n. 1. Fourth part of 
 a gallon, or two pints. 2. Vessel con- 
 taining two pints. [L. quartus, fourth.] 
 
 quartan ( kwar'tan ), a. Occurring 
 every fourth day,' as an intermittent 
 fever or ague. 
 
 quarter (kwar'ter). I. n. 1. Fourth 
 part; specifically, J4 of a year, dollar, 
 hundredweight, ton, moon's period, 
 slaughtered animal, etc. 2. Cardinal 
 point; region of a hemisphere. 3. Di- 
 vision of a town, etc. 4. Place of lodg- 
 ing, as for soldiers, esp. in pi. 5. 
 Mercy granted to a disabled antago- 
 nist. 6. Part of a ship's side between 
 the mainmast and the stern. II. vt. 
 
 1. Divide into four equal parts. 2. 
 Divide into parts or compartments. 3. 
 Furnish with quarters; lodge. [Fr. 
 quartier.] 
 
 quarter-day ( kwar'ter-da), n. Last 
 
 day of a quarter of a year on which 
 
 rent or interest is paid in England. 
 quarter-deck ( kwar'ter-dek ), n. 
 
 Part of the deck of a" ship abaft the 
 
 mainmast. 
 quartered-oak, n. Oak timber sawed 
 
 into quarters, so as to show the edge 
 
 grain 
 quarterly" (kwar'ter-li). I. a. 1. Con 
 
 sisting of or containing a fourth part. 
 
 2. Happening or done once in each 
 quarter of a year. II. adv. Once a 
 quarter. III. n. Periodical published 
 four times a year. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
quartermaster 
 
 457 
 
 questioi 
 
 quartermaster ( kwar'ter-mas-ter ), 
 n. 1. Officer who looks'af ter the quar- 
 ters of the soldiers, and attends to 
 the supplies. 2. Naval petty officer 
 who attends to the helm, signals, etc. 
 
 quartern (kwar'tern), n. 1. Fourth of 
 a pint; gill. 2. Fourth of a peck, or of 
 a stone. 3. Four-pound loaf of bread. 
 
 quarter-round, n. Echinus or ovolo. 
 
 quarter-sessions ( kwar'ter-sesh- 
 uns), n.pl. English county or borough 
 sessions of court held quarterly. 
 
 quarter-staff (kwar'ter-staf), n. Long 
 staff or weapon of defence, grasped at 
 a quarter of its length from the end 
 and at the middle. 
 
 quartette, quartet (kwar-tef), n. 
 
 1. Musical composition of four parts, 
 for voices or instruments. 2. Stanza 
 of four lines. 3. Four persons per- 
 forming together. 
 
 quarto (kwar'to). La. Having the sheet 
 folded into four leaves. II. n. [pi. 
 quartos (kwar'toz).] Book of a quarto 
 size. 
 
 quartJB(kwarts), n. Mineral composed 
 of pure silica, the origin of most of 
 the sea-sand; rock crystal.— quartz- 
 ose (kwarts'os), a. Of or like quartz. 
 [Ger. qu'arz.] 
 
 quash ( kwash ), vt. Crush; subdue; 
 extinguish suddenly and complete- 
 ly; annul ; make void. [L. quasso—qua- 
 tio, shake.] [L.] 
 
 quasi (kwa'si), a. In a manner; as if. 
 
 quassia (kwosh'i-a), n. So. American 
 tree, with bitter wood and bark. 
 
 quaternary- ( Kwa-ter'nar-i). I. a. 1. 
 Consisting of four; by fours. 2. More 
 recent than the upper tertiary. II. n. 
 Number four. [L. quarter nanus.] 
 
 quaternate (kwa-ter'nat), a. Consist- 
 ing of four ; succeeding by fours. [L. 
 quatemi, four each.] 
 
 quaternion (kwa-ter'ni-un), n. l.The 
 number four. 2. File of four soldiers. 
 [L. quaternio.] 
 
 quaternions ( kwa-ter'ni-uns ), n. 
 Kind of calculus or "method of math- 
 ematical investigation. 
 
 quatrain ( kwot'ran or ka'tran ), n. 
 Stanza of four lines rhyming altern- 
 ately. [Fr.] 
 
 quatrefoil (ka'ter-foil), n. Ornament- 
 al figure, being an opening in tracery 
 divided by cusps into four leaves. [L. 
 quatuor, four, and folium, leaf.] 
 
 quaver (kwa'ver). I. vi. 1. Shake. 2. 
 Sing or play with tremulous modula- 
 tions. II. n. 1. Vibration of the voice. 
 
 2. Note in music = p crotchet or Y B 
 of a semibreve. [Allied to quiver.] 
 
 quay (ke), n. Wharf for the loading or 
 unloading of vessels. [Fr. quai.] 
 
 quean (kwen), n. Saucy girl; hussy. 
 [Same as qtjeen.] 
 
 queasy (kwe'zi), a. 1. Sick; squeam- 
 ish; inclined to vomit. 2. Causing 
 nausea. 3. Fastidious. — queasily, 
 adv.— quea'siness, n. [Norw. kveis, 
 sickness after a debauch.] 
 
 queen (kwen), n. 1. Wife of a king. 2. 
 Female sovereign. 3. Best or chief of 
 her kind. — queenly, a. Like a 
 queen ; becoming or suitable to a 
 queen. —queen-bee, n. Fully de- 
 veloped female bee in a hive or nest.— 
 
 Queen. 
 
 HONEY BEES. 
 
 Worker. 
 
 Drone. 
 
 queen-dowager, widow of a king. 
 
 — queen-mother, mother of the 
 reigning king or queen. — queen- 
 regent, n. Queen who holds the 
 crown in her own right. — queen's ware, 
 n. English glazed earthenware of a 
 creamy color. [A. S. aoen, woman.] 
 
 queer (kwer), a. Odd ; singular; quaint. 
 — queer'ly, adv. — queer ness. n. 
 
 — The Queer, in U. S., counterfeit 
 money. [Ger. quer, oblique.] 
 
 Syn. Droll; whimsical; eccentric; 
 strange; curious; extraordinary. 
 
 quell (kwel), vt. Crush; subdue; allay. 
 quell'er, n. TA. S. cwellan, kill.] 
 
 quench (kwerich), vt. Put out; de- 
 stroy; check; allay— quench able, 
 a.— quenchless, a. [A. S. cwencan.] 
 
 i, acrimonious (kwer-i-mo'ni-us), a. 
 Complaining. [L.] [A. S. cweom.] 
 
 quern (kwern), n. Hand grain mill. 
 
 querist (kwe'rist), n. Questioner. 
 
 Querulous (kwer'o-lus), a. Complain- 
 ing; discontented. — querulously, 
 adv.— quer'ulousness, n. 
 
 query (kwe'ri). I. n. 1. Inquiry or 
 question. 2. Mark of interrogation (?)• 
 II. vt. 1. Inquire into; question; 
 doubt of. 2. Mark with a query. III. 
 vi. Question.— querist, n. [L. quaere, 
 imperative of quaero, inquire.] 
 
 quest (kwest), n. 1. Act of seeking; 
 search; pursuit. 2. Request or desire. 
 
 question (kwes'chun). I. n. 1 In- 
 quiry ; examination ; investigation. 
 2. Dispute; doubt. 3. Subject of dis- 
 cussion. II. vt. 1. Ask questions of; 
 examine by questions ; inquire of. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 — mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. * 
 
questionable 
 
 458 
 
 quinquennial 
 
 2. Regai'd as doubtful ; have no con- 
 fidence in. — questioner, n. [L. 
 quaestio—guaero, quaesitum, ask.] 
 
 questionable ( kwes'chun-a-bl ), a. 
 Doubtful; uncertain; suspicious. — 
 questionably, adv. — ques'tion- 
 ableness, n. 
 
 questor (kwest'ur), n. Roman magis- 
 trate who had charge of the money 
 affairs of the state; treasurer. — 
 quest'orship, w. [L. quaestor— quae- 
 sitor—quaero, ask.] 
 
 queue (ku), n. 1. Tail-like twist of 
 hair worn at the back of the head. 2. 
 Line of people waiting, as before the 
 box office of a theater. [See cue.] 
 
 quibble (kwib'l). I. n. Evasion; equiv- 
 ocation. II. vi. Evade a question by 
 a play upon words j cavil ; trifle in 
 argument.— quib'bler, n. 
 
 quick (kwik). I. a. 1. Living; moving. 
 2. Lively; ready. 3. Pregnant. II. 
 adv. Rapidly; soon. III. n. 1. Living 
 animal or plant. 2. Living flesh; sen- 
 sitive parts. — quick'ly, adv. — 
 quickness, n. [A. S. cwic, living.] 
 Syn. Speedy; rapid; nimble; sensi- 
 tive; sprightly; eager; prompt; brisk; 
 active. See lively. 
 
 quicken (kwik'n). I. vt. Make quidk 
 or alive; revive; sharpen. II. vi. Be- 
 come alive; move with activity. — 
 quick'ener, w. [A. S. cwician.) 
 
 quicklime (kwik'lim ), n. Recently 
 burnt lime, caustic or unslaked; car- 
 bonate of lime without its carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 quicksand (kwik'sand), n. Sand 
 readily yielding to pressure; any thing 
 treacherous. 
 
 quickset ( kwik'set ). I. n. Living 
 plant set to grow for a hedge, par- 
 ticularly the hawthorn. II. a. Cr r 
 sisting of living plants. 
 
 quicks igkted (kwik' si -ted), a. Hav- 
 ing quick or sharp sight; quick in 
 discernment. 
 
 quicksilver(kwik'sil-ver),%. Mercury, 
 so called from its great mobility and 
 its silver color. 
 
 quickstep (kwik'step), n. 1. March, 
 at rate of 3 M miles an hour, or 110 
 paces a minute. 2. Lively dance ; 
 music adapted to such dance. 
 
 quid (kwid), n. Something chewed or 
 kept in the mouth, esp. a piece of to- 
 bacco. [A corruption of cud.] 
 
 quiddity (kvvid'i-ti), n. 1. Essence of 
 a thing. 2. Trifling nicety ; cavil ; 
 captious question. [Low L. quidditas 
 — L. quid, what?] 
 
 quidnunc (kwid'nungk), n. One al- 
 ways on the lookout for news. [L.= 
 ♦'What now?"] 
 
 quiescence ( kwi-es'ens ), n. Rest ; 
 silence. 
 
 quiescent (kwi-es'ent) , a. Having or 
 making no sound: unagitated; silent. 
 — quiescently, adv. [L.—qwesco, 
 rest.] 
 
 quiet (kwi'et). I. a. At rest; calm. II. 
 n. Repose; peace. III. vt. Bring to 
 rest; stop motion; pacify; allay. — 
 quietly , adv. — quietness, qui- 
 etude, ns. [L. quietus— quiesco.] 
 
 Syn. Still ; smooth ; inoffensive ; not 
 showy; noiseless. See peaceable. 
 
 quietism (kwi'et-izm), n. 1. Rest ot 
 the mind; mental tranquillity; apa- 
 thy. 2. Doctrine that religion con- 
 sists in repose of the mind and pas- 
 sive contemplation of the Deity. — 
 qui'etist, n. One who believes in 
 quietism. 
 
 quietus (kwi-e'tus), n. Final settle- 
 ment or discharge. [L.=at rest.] 
 
 quill (kwil). I. n. 1. Feather of a goose 
 or other bird, used as a pen; pen; 
 anything like a quill. 2. Spine as 
 of a porcupine. 3. Reed on which 
 weavers wind their thread. 4. instru- 
 ment for striking the strings of cer- 
 tain instruments. 5. Tube of a mu- 
 sical instrument. II. vt. 1. Plait with 
 small round ridges like quills. 2. 
 Wind on a quill. — quill-driving', 
 n. Working with a pen; writing. [Fr. 
 
 f utile, peg, — M. H. Ger. Ml. Cf. Ger. 
 eil, wedge, and kegel, cone, ninepin.] 
 
 quillet(kwil'et), n. Trick in argument; 
 petty quibble. [A corr. of L. quidli- 
 bet, r ' what you will."] [bordering. 
 
 quilling* (kwil'ing), n.. Narrow fluted 
 
 quilt ( kwilt ). I. n. Bed-cover of two 
 cloths sewed together with something 
 soft between them. II. vt. Make into a 
 quilt; stitch together with something 
 soft between; stitch like a quilt. [O. 
 Fr. cuilte— L. culcita, cushion.] 
 
 quinary ( kwi'na-ri ), a. Consisting of 
 or arranged in fives. [L. quinarius 
 — quinque, five.] 
 
 quince (kwins), n. Fruit with an acid 
 taste, much used for preserves. [O. 
 Fr. coignasse — Gr. Cydonia, town in 
 Crete.] 
 
 quinine (kwi'nin or k win-en'), n. Al- 
 kaline substance, obtained from the 
 bark of the Cinchona tree, much used 
 in medicine in the treatment of fevers. 
 [Fr.— Peruvian kino, bark.l 
 
 quinquangular (kwin-kwang'u- 
 lar), a. Having five angles. [L. quin- 
 que, five, and angular.] 
 
 quinquennial (kwin-kwen'yal), a. 1. 
 Occurring once in five years. 2. Last- 
 ing five years. [L.— quinque, five, and 
 annus, year.] 
 
 UA&, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
quinsy 
 
 459 
 
 quote 
 
 quinsy (kwin'zi), n. Inflammatory 
 sore throat. [O. Pr. squinanae — Gr. 
 kynanche — kyon> dog, and ancho, 
 throttle.] 
 
 qui ntal(kwin-tal) . n. Hundredweight, 
 either 112 or 100 pounds. [Fr. and 
 Sp. quintal— Arab. quintar—Li. centum, 
 one hundred.] 
 
 quintessence (kwin-tes'ens), n. 1. 
 Pure essence of anything. 2. Solution 
 of an essential oil in spirit of wine. 
 
 . [Pr.— Li. quinta essentia, fifth essence.] 
 
 quintile (kwin'til), n. Aspect of the 
 planets when distant from each other 
 one fifth of the zodiac (72°). 
 
 quintillion ( kwin-til'yun), n. See 
 
 NUMERATION. 
 
 quintuple ( kwin'tu-pl ). I. a. Five- 
 fold; in music, having five crotchets 
 in a bar. II. vt. Make fivefold. [L. 
 quintuplex.] 
 
 quip (kwip), n. Sharp sarcastic turn; 
 jibe ; quick retort. [Wei. chwip, quick 
 turn.] 
 
 quire (kwir), n. Collection of paper 
 consisting of twenty-four sheets, each 
 having a single fold. [O. Fr. quaier 
 (Fr. cahier)—L>. quatuor, four.] 
 
 quirites ( kwir-i'tez), n. Romans in 
 their civic capacity. 
 
 quirk (kwerk), n. I. Quick turn; art- 
 ful evasion; quibble. 2. Taunt: re- 
 tort. 3. Slight conceit.— quirk'ish, 
 a. [Allied to quip.] 
 
 quit (kwit). I. vt. [ quit'ting; quit'- 
 ted.] 1. Release from obligation or 
 accusation; acquit. 2. Depart from; 
 give up. 3. Clear by full performance. 
 II. a. Set free; acquitted; released 
 from obligation.— Be quits, be even 
 with one. — Quit one's self, behave. 
 [Fr. quitter— Li. quietus, quiet.] 
 Syn. Relinquish. See abandon. 
 
 quitch-grrass(kwich-gras), n. Trouble- 
 some weed-grass,spreading by means 
 of rootstalks. [From quick.] 
 
 quitclaim (kwit'klam). I. 
 vt. Give up all title to. II. 
 n. Deed of release. 
 
 quite (kwit), adv. 1. Com- 
 pletely. 2. Considerably. 
 [Form of quit.] 
 
 quit-rent (kwit'-rent), n. 
 Rent on British manors 
 by which the tenants are 
 quit or discharged from 
 other service. 
 
 quittance (kwit'ans), n. 
 Discharge from a debt or 
 obligation. 
 
 quiver (kwiv'er), n. Case for arrows 
 [O.Fr. cuivre— O. H. Ger. kohhar (Ger 
 koecher).] 
 
 quiver (kwiv'er), vi. Shake with slight 
 and tremulous motion ; tremble . 
 shiver. [A. S. cwifer.] 
 
 quivered (kwiv'erd), a. 1. Furnished 
 with a quiver. 2. Sheathed, as in a 
 quiver. 
 
 qui vive (ke vev). Who goes there? 
 — On the qui vive, watchful, alert. [Fr. 
 =who lives.] 
 
 quixotic (kwiks-ot'ik), a. Like Don 
 Quixote, the knight-errant in the 
 novel of Cervantes; romantic to ab- 
 surdity.— quixotically, adv. 
 
 quixotism (kwiks'ot-izm), n. Roman- 
 tic and absurd notions, schemes, or 
 actions like those of Don Quixote. 
 
 quiz (kwiz). I. n. 1. Riddle or enigma. 
 2. One who quizzes another. 3. An 
 odd fellow. II. vt. [quizzing; quizzed.] 
 
 1. Puzzle; banter; make sport of. 2. 
 Examine narrowly and with an air 
 of mockery. III. vi. Practice derisive 
 joking. [Said to have originated in 
 a wager that a new word of no mean- 
 ing would be the talk and puzzle of 
 Dublin in twenty-four hours, when 
 the wagerer chalked the letters quiz 
 all over the town with the desired 
 effect.] [sportive ; bantering. 
 
 qnizzical (kwiz'i-kal), a. Teasing; 
 quoif (koif). I. n. Cap; hood. II. vt. 
 
 Cover or dress with a quoif. [Same 
 
 as con\] 
 quoin (kwoin or koin), n. 1. Wedge 
 
 used to support and steady a stone. 
 
 2. External angle, esp. of a building. 
 
 3. Wedge of wood or iron put under 
 the breech of heavy guns or the muz- 
 zle of siege mortars to raise them to 
 the proper level. 4. Wedge used to 
 fasten the types in the forms. [Same 
 as coin.] 
 
 quoit ( kwoit or koit ), n. Heavy flat 
 ring of iron for throwing at a distant 
 point in play. [O.Fr. coiter, drive.] 
 
 quondam (kwon'dam). a. Former. [L.] 
 
 quorum (kw5'rum),ra. Number of the 
 members of any body sufficient to 
 transact business. [L.=ofwhom.] 
 
 quota ( kwo'ta ), n. Part or share as- 
 signed to each. [It. — L. quot, how 
 many.] [quoted. 
 
 quotable (kwo'ta-bl), a. That may be 
 
 quotation (kwo-'ta'shun), n. 1. Quot- 
 ing. 2. That which is quoted. 3. Cur- 
 rent price. — Quotation marks, n. Signs 
 ( " " ) used to inclosed words quoted. 
 
 quote (kwot), vt. 1. Repeat the words 
 of. 2. Adduce for authority. 3. Give 
 the current price of. 4. Inclose within 
 quotation marks. [O. Fr. quoter, num- 
 ber.] 
 Syn. Cite; name; recite. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
quoth 
 
 460 
 
 rack 
 
 quoth (kwofch), vt. Say, says, or said 
 —used only in the 1st and 3rd persons 
 present and past, and always follow- 
 ed by its subject. [A. S. cwetfian, say.] 
 
 quotidian (kwd-tid'i-an). I. a. Occur- 
 ring daily. II. to. Anything returning 
 daily, especially a kiud of ague. [L. 
 —guot, asnianyas, and dies, day.] 
 
 quotient (kwo'shent), to. Number 
 which shows how often one number is 
 contained in another. [Fr. — L. quo- 
 tiens, how often.] 
 
 quotity (kwo'ti-ti), to. 1. Collection 
 considered as consisting of individ- 
 uals. 2. Number of individuals in a 
 collection. LLat. quot, how many.] 
 
 quotum (kwo'tum), to. Quota; share. 
 [L. neut. of quotus, of what number.] 
 
 quo warranto ( kwo war'an-to ), to. 
 Writ issuing against a person or cor- 
 poration to compel a showing of the 
 right by which any office, privilege, or 
 franchise is exercised or claimed. 
 [Lat.=by what warrant?] 
 
 Hr, (ar), to. Eighteenth letter of 
 the Euglish alphabet. A smooth 
 liquid or semi-vowel, produced 
 without the vibration of the tip 
 of the tongue, which it has in 
 French and German. If not followed 
 by a vowel (in the same or in the fol- 
 lowing word), it is pronounced very 
 lightly, in some localities ( London 
 etc.) as a neutral vowel sound. 
 rabate (ra-baf), vt. 1. Beat down ; 
 abate. 2. In falconi'y, recover a hawk 
 to the fist. [Fr. rabattre, beat down.] 
 rabbet (rab'et). I. to. Groove cut in 
 the edge of a plank so that another 
 may fit into it. II. vt. Groove a plank. 
 [Fr. raboter, plane.] 
 rabbi (rab'i or rab'i), rabbin (rab'in), 
 to. [pi. rabbis (rab'iz), rab'bins.] Jew- 
 ish title of an expounder of the law. 
 
 — rabbinic (rab-bin'ik), rabbin- 
 ical (rab-bin'ik-al), a. [Heb. rabi.] 
 
 rabbinism(rab'iri-izm), to. 1. Doctrine 
 or teaching of the rabbis. 2. Rabbinic 
 expression. 
 
 rabbinist (rab'in-ist), to. Adherer of 
 the traditions of the rabbis. 
 
 rabbit (rab'it), to. Small rodent bur- 
 rowing animal of the hare family. 
 [O. Fr. rabot.] 
 
 rabble (rab'i), to. 1. Disorderly, noisy 
 crowd; mob. 2. Lowest class of 
 people. [Dut. rabbelen, gabble.] 
 
 rabble (rab'i), vt. Stir and skim (melt- 
 ed iron) with a puddling-tool. 
 
 rabid (rab'id), a. Furious; extremely 
 fanatical; affected with rabies; mad. 
 
 — rab'i dly, adv. — rab'idness, to. 
 l~L— rabies, rage.] 
 
 rabies ( ra'bi-ez ), to. Disease (esp. of 
 dogs) from which hydrophobia is 
 communicated. [L.] 
 
 rabot ( ra'but ), to. Hardwood block 
 used in rubbing marble to prepare it 
 for polishing. [Fr. raboter, smooth.] 
 
 raca ( ra'ka ) , a. Worthless (term of 
 reproach used by the Jews). [Chal- 
 dee reka.] 
 
 Racoon. 
 
 raccoon, racoon (ra-k5n*), ». Car. 
 nivorous animal of No. America, val- 
 uable for its 
 fur. [A corr.of 
 Fr. raton, Aim. 
 of rat, rat.] 
 
 race (ras), to. 
 
 1. Family; de- 
 scendants of a 
 common a n- 
 cestor; breed; 
 variety; herd. 
 
 2. Mankind; human family. 3. 
 Peculiar flavor or strength. [Fr.^- 
 O. Ger. reiza, line. Ger. riss.] 
 
 race (ras). I. to. 1. Running; rapid 
 motion ; trial of speed ; progress; 
 course of action. 2. Rapid current; 
 canal to a water-wheel. II. vi. 1. Run 
 swiftly. 2. Contend in running. [A. 
 S. raes, rush, race. Ger. rasen, rage.] 
 
 race (ras), to. Root. — race-ginger, 
 to. Ginger in the root, or not pulveriz- 
 ed. [O. Fr. rais— L. radix, root.] 
 
 racecourse ( ras'kors ), to. Course or 
 path over which races are run. 
 
 racehorse ( ras'hars ), to. Horse bred 
 for racing. 
 
 raceme (ra-sem'), to. Flower cluster, 
 as in the currant. [L. racemus, bunch 
 of grapes.] 
 
 racemed (ra-semd'), a. Having race- 
 mes. 
 
 racer (ra'ser), to. 1. One who races; race- 
 horse. 2. American black snake. 
 
 rachitis (ra-ki'tis), to. 1. Inflammation 
 of the spine. 2. Rickets. [Gr. rachis, 
 ridge, spine.] 
 
 racfe(rak). I. to. 1. Instrument for rack- 
 ing or extending; engine for stretch- 
 ing the body in order to extort a con- 
 fession. 2. Framework on which ar- 
 ticles are arranged; grating above a 
 manger for hay. 3. Straight bar with 
 teeth to work with those of a wheel. 
 4. Extreme pain, anxiety, or doubt. 
 II. vt. Stretch forcibly; strain; tor- 
 ture. [A S. raecan, stretch.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
racK 
 
 461 
 
 rag-tag 
 
 rack (rak), n. Thin or broken clouds, 
 drifting across the sky. [Icel. rek, 
 drift.] 
 
 rack (r2kk),vt. Strain or draw off from 
 the lees, as wine. [O. Fr. raquer.] 
 
 racket ( rak'et ). I. n. 1. Frame of 
 wood covered with network, aud hav- 
 ing a handle— used in tennis. 2. Snow- 
 shoe. II. vt. Strike, as with a racket. 
 [Fr. raquelte—Ar. rahat, palm of the 
 hand.] [Gael, racaid— rac, cackle.] 
 
 racket (rak'et), n. Clattering noise. 
 
 rack-rent (rak'rent), n. Annual rent 
 stretched to the full value of the thing 
 rented or nearly so. [teller. [Fr.] 
 
 raconteur ( ra-kang-ttir' ), n. Story- 
 racoon. See raccoon. 
 
 racy (ra'si), a. 1. Having a strong flavor 
 showing origin. 2. Exciting the mind 
 by strongly characteristic thought or 
 language.— ra'cily, adv.— ra'ciness, 
 n. [From race, family.] 
 
 radial (ra'di-al), a. Pertaining to a ray 
 or radius. 
 
 radiance (ra'di-ans), radiancy, ns. 
 Quality of being radiant; brilliancy. 
 Syn. Brilliance; brightness; luster; 
 effulgence; refulgence; splendor. 
 
 radiant (ra'di-ant). I. a. Emitting 
 rays of light or heat; issuing in rays; 
 beaming with light; shining. II. n. 
 
 1. Luminous point from which light 
 emanates. 2. In geom. Straight line 
 from a point about which it is con- 
 ceived to revolve.— ra'diantly , adv. 
 [Li. radians— radius.] 
 
 radiate (ra'di-at). I. vi. Emit rays of 
 light; shine; proceed in direct lines 
 from a point or surface. II. vt. Send 
 out in rays. — radia'tion, n. — ra- 
 diator, n. 1. That which radiates. 
 
 2. Heating apparatus. [L. radio, 
 •atum.] 
 
 radical (rad'i-kal). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the root or origin; reaching to the 
 principle or foundation ; extreme ; 
 implanted by nature; not derived; 
 serving to originate. 2. Inbot. Pro- 
 ceeding immediately from the root. 
 
 3. (Eng. ponies.) Ultra-liberal, demo- 
 cratic. II. n. 1. Root ; primitive 
 word or letter. 2. One who advoca- 
 tes radical reform. 3. In chem. Base 
 of a compound. — radically, adv. — 
 rad'icalness, n. [See radix.] 
 
 radicalism (rad'i-kal-izm), n. Prin- 
 ciples or spirit of a radical. 
 
 radicate (rad'i-kat), vt. Plant firmly. 
 
 radicle (rad'i-kl), n. Part of a seed 
 which in growing becomes the root. 
 
 radish (rad'ish), n. Annual plant the 
 
 fmngent root of which is eaten raw. 
 Fr. radis—Jj. radix, root.] 
 
 radioactive (ra-di-6-ak'tiv) a. Emit- 
 ting Becquerel rays, as certain com- 
 pounds of uranium. [picture. 
 
 radiograph (ra-di-o-graf), n. X-ray 
 
 radiole ( ra'diol ), n. Bacteria-like 
 growth produced by action of radium 
 on sterilized bouillon. 
 
 radium (ra'di-um), n. Radioactive ele- 
 ment recently discovered in the oxide 
 of uranium. Rays reflected from it 
 are used in treating blindness. [L. 
 radio, radiate.] 
 
 radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii (ra'di-i).] 
 1. Straight line from the center to 
 the circumference of a circle. 2. Any- 
 thing like a radius. 3. In anat. Ex- 
 terior bone of the forearm. 4. In hot. 
 Ray of a flower. [L.] 
 
 radix(ra'diks), n. 1. Primitive word. 2. 
 Base of a system of logarithms. [L.] 
 
 raffle (raf'l). L n. Kind of lottery, in 
 which the winner takes the whole. II. 
 vi. Dispose of by a raffle. - raf'fler, 
 n. [Fr.rajler, sweep away,— Ger.rajfen, 
 seize.] 
 
 raft (raft), n. Pieces of timber fasten- 
 ed together for a support on the 
 water; planks conveyed by water. — 
 raftsman, n. One who guides a 
 raft. [Icel. raptr, rafter.] 
 
 rafter (raft'er). I. n. Inclined beam 
 supporting the roof of a house. II, 
 vt. Furnish with rafters. [ A. S. raefter.] 
 
 rag (rag), n. Fragment of cloth; any- 
 thing rent or worn out. [A. S. raggie, 
 rough.] 
 
 rag-time, n. Musical syncopation, as 
 in the so-called "negro melodies." 
 
 ragamuffin (rag-a-muf'in), n. 1. Low 
 disreputable person. 2. One in rags. 
 [Nameof a legendary demon.] 
 
 rage (raj). I. n. 1. Enthusiasm; rap- 
 ture. 2. Anger excited to fury. 3. 
 Fashion; fad. II. vi. 1. Be furious 
 with anger. 2. Exercise fury; ravage. 
 3. Prevail fatally, as a disease. 4. Be 
 violently agitated. [Fr. — L. rabies."] 
 Syn. Wrath; vehemence. See anger. 
 
 ragged (rag'ed), a. 1. Torn or worn 
 into rags. 2. Having a rough edge. 3. 
 Wearing ragged clothes. — rag'ged- 
 ly, adv.— rag'gedness, n. 
 
 raging (ra'jing), a. Acting with rage, 
 violence, or fury.— ra'gingly, adv. 
 
 ragout (ra-go'), n. 1. Stew of meat 
 with herbs; stew highly seasoned. 2. 
 Spicy mixture. [Fr.—ragouter, adapt 
 to the taste.] 
 
 ragstone (rag'ston), ragg (rag), n. 
 Impure, ragged, fractured limestone. 
 
 rag-tag (rag'tag), n. Ragged people; 
 rabble. (Often used with 'and bob- 
 tail' of the same meaning.) 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
ragwort 
 
 462 
 
 rampage 
 
 Rail-bird. 
 
 ragwort (rag'wurt), n. Large coarse 
 weed wini a yellow flower, [rag, and 
 A. S. wyrt, plant.] 
 
 raid (rad), n. Hostile or predatory in- 
 vasion. [Icel. reidh. See ride.] 
 
 rail (ral). I.n. 1. Bar 
 of timber or metal 
 extending from one 
 support to an- 
 other, as in fences, 
 staircases, etc. 2. 
 Barrier. 3. One of 
 the iron bars on 
 which railway cars 
 run. Third rail. 
 One which carries 
 current to motors on electric car. 4. 
 In arch. Horizontal part of a frame 
 and panel. II. vt. Inclose with rails. 
 
 rail (ral), vi. Brawl; use insolent lan- 
 guage.^ [Fr. railler.] 
 
 rail (ral), n. Genus of wading birds 
 with a harsh cry; rail-bird. [Fr. rale, 
 Ger. ralle. Imitative.] 
 
 railing (r a ling), n. 1. Fence of posts 
 and rails; balustrade. 2. Rails, or 
 material for rails. 
 
 raillery (ra- or ral'er-i), n. Mockery ; 
 banter ; good-humored irony. [Fr. 
 vaillerieA 
 
 railroad (ral'rod), railway (ral'wa), 
 n. Road or way laid with iron rails on 
 which cars run. 
 
 raiment (ra'ment), n. That in which 
 one is dressed; clothing in general* 
 [Contr.^f obs. Arraiment— array.] 
 
 rain (ran). I. n. Water from the 
 clouds. II. vi. Fall from the clouds; 
 drop like rain. III. vt. Pour like rain. 
 — rain-gauge, n. Instrument for 
 measuring the quantity of rain that 
 falls. — rain'y, a. Abounding with 
 rain; showery. [A. S. regn.] 
 
 rainbow (ran'bo), n. Brilliant-colored 
 arch seen when rain is falling oppo- 
 site the shining sun. 
 
 raise (raz), vt. 1. Cause to rise; exalt; 
 elevate; excite; set upright. 2. Origin- 
 ate; produce. 3. Recall from death. 
 4.Cause to swell, as dough. [Icel. reisa.] 
 Syn. Heighten; lift; heave; hoist; 
 erect; cause; grow; increase. 
 
 raisin (ra'zn), n. Dried ripe grape. 
 [Fr. — L. vccemus, bunch of grapes.] 
 
 rajah (ra'ja or ra'ja), ti. Native prince 
 in Hindustan. [Hind.] 
 
 rake (rak). I. n. Instrument with teeth 
 or pins for smoothing earth, collect- 
 ing hay, etc. II . vt. 1. Scrape with 
 something toothed. 2. Draw together; 
 gather with difficulty. 3. Level with a 
 rake. 4. Search diligently over. 5. 
 Pass over violently; fire into, as a 
 ship, lengthwise. [A. S. raca.] 
 
 rake (rak), n. Dissolute man; debau- 
 chee.— ra'kish, a.— ra'kishly, adv. 
 [Abbreviated from bakehell.] 
 rakehell (rak'hel). I. a. Dissolute. II. 
 
 n. Rake; wicked fellow. 
 rake (rak), n. 1. Projection of the stem 
 and stern of a ship beyond the extrem- 
 ities of the keel. 2. Inclination of a 
 mast from the perpendicular.— ra'- 
 kish, a. Having an inclination of the 
 masts. — ra'kishly, adv. [ Scand. 
 raka, reach. A. S. raecan.\ 
 rally (ral'i). I. vt. [rall'ying; rall'ied.] 
 
 1. Gather again. 2. Collect and ar- 
 range, as troops in confusion. 3. Re«- 
 cover. II. vi. 1. Reassemble, esp. 
 after confusion. 2. Recover wasted 
 strength. III. n. 1. Act of rallying; 
 recovery of order. 2. American po- 
 litical meeting. [Fr. rallier— L. re, 
 again, ad, to, and ligo, bind.] 
 
 rally (ral'i). I. vt. Attack with raillery; 
 banter. II. vi. Exercise raillery. 
 [Fr. railler. A variant of rail, vi.] 
 
 ram ( ram ). I. n. 1. Male sheep. 2. In 
 astr. Aries (L., the ram), one of the 
 signs of the zodiac. 3. Engine of war 
 for battering, with a head like that 
 of a ram. 4. Hydraulic engine, called 
 water-ram. 5. Ship of war armed 
 with a heavy iron beak for running 
 down a hostile vessel. II. vt. [ramm'- 
 ing; rammed.] 1. Thrust with vio- 
 lence, as a ram with its head. 2. Force 
 together. 3. Drive hard down. [A. S.] 
 
 ramble (ram'bl). I. vi. 1. Go from 
 place to place without object. 2. Be 
 desultory, as in discourse. II. n. Rov- 
 ing from place to place.— ram'bler,ft. 
 — ram'bling, a. Moving about irreg- 
 ularly; desultory. [Freq. of roam.] 
 Syn. Wander; stroll; range; roam; 
 rove; saunter; stray 
 
 ramie ( ram'e ), n. Grass cloth plant, 
 or its fiber. [Malay.] 
 
 ramification (ram-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Division or separation into branches. 
 
 2. Branch; division or subdivision. 
 
 3. In bot. Manner of producing 
 branches. 
 
 ramify (ram'i-fi). I. vt. Make or di- 
 vide into branches. II. vi. 1. Shoot 
 into branches. 2. Be divided or 
 spread out. [Fr. ramifler—Iu. ramus, 
 branch, and facio, make.] 
 
 rammer (ram'er), n. One that rams. 
 
 ramose (ra-mos'), ramous (ra'mus), 
 a. Branched as a stem or root. 
 
 ramp (ramp). I. vi. 1. Climb or creep, 
 as a plant. 2. Leap or bound. II. n. 
 Leap or bound. [Fr. ramper, clamber, 
 —root of Ger. raffen, snatch.] 
 
 rampage (ram'paj), n. Excited or 
 violent activity. [From ramp, leap ] 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, \v9lf; 
 — mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thsn. 
 
rampant 
 
 463 
 
 inid 
 
 rampant (ram'pant), a. 1. Ramping; 
 overgrowing usual bounds ; over- 
 leaping restraint. 2. In heraldry, stand- 
 ing on the hind legs.-ramp'anily, 
 adv.— ramp'ancy, n. State of being 
 rampant. [Pr., pr. p. of ramper, 
 creep; climb.] 
 
 rampart (rarn'part), n. 1. That which 
 defends from assault or danger. 2. 
 In fort. Mound or wall surrounding a 
 fortified place. [Fr. rempart—rempa- 
 rer, defend.] 
 
 ramrod (ram'rod), n. Rod used in 
 ramming down the charge in a gun. 
 
 ramshackle (ram'shak-l), a. Loose; 
 tumble-down. [Icel. ramsfJtkkr, dis- 
 torted.] 
 
 ran, pa. t. of bun. 
 
 ranch(ranch),n. 1. Stock-farm; farm. 
 2. Persons employed on a ranch. — 
 rancher, ranchman, ns. [West- 
 ern U. S.] 
 
 ranchero (ran-cha'ro), n. Overseer on 
 a ranch; ranchman. [Sp.] 
 
 rancho (ran'cho), n. 1. Hut for herds- 
 men. 2. Stock-farm. 
 
 rancid (ran'sid), a. Fetid or soured; 
 rank; offensive. — ran'cidly, adv. — 
 rancidness, rancidity, ns. [L. 
 rancid, putrid.] 
 
 Syn. Bitterness; malice; asperity; 
 animosity; rankling hate; gall. 
 
 rancor (rang'kiir), n. Deep-seated en- 
 mity; spite; virulence. — ran'cor- 
 ous, a. — ran'corously, adv. [L.] 
 
 random (ran'dum). I. n. Indetermin- 
 ate course; rush. II. a. Aimless; hap- 
 hazard. [O. Fr.randon, impetuosity.] 
 
 rang; (rang), pa. t. of ring. 
 
 range ( ranj ). I. vt. 1. Set in a row; 
 place in proper order. 2. Rove or pass 
 over. 3. Sail in a direction parallel to. 
 II. vi. 1. Be placed in order; lie in a 
 particular direction. 2. Rove at large; 
 sail or oass near. III. n. 1. Row; rank. 
 2. Class. 3. Wandering; room for pas- 
 sing to and fro; space occupied by 
 anything moving; distance to which 
 a shot is carried; capacity of mind; 
 extent of requirements. 4. Target 
 ground. 5. Loner cooking-stove. [Fr. 
 ranger— rang, rank. Cf. rank.] 
 
 ranger (ran'jer), n. 1. Rover. 2. Dog 
 that beats the ground, searching for 
 game. ?. Officer wbo superintends a 
 forest or park. 4. Mounted, ranging 
 soldier.— ran'gership, n. 
 
 ranine(ra'nin), a. Pertaining to or like 
 a frog. [L.— rana. frog.] 
 
 rank (rangk).I. n. 1. Row or line, esp. 
 of soldiers standing side by side. 2. 
 Class; order; grade; station. 3. High 
 social position. II. vt. 1. Place in a 
 line. 2. Range in a particular class. 
 
 III. vi. 1. Be placed in a rank. 2. Have 
 a certain degree of elevation or dis- 
 tinction. — The ranks, the order of 
 common soldiers. — Rank and file, 
 whole body of common soldiers. [Fr. 
 rang.] 
 
 rank (rangk), a. 1. Growing high and 
 luxuriantly ; coarse from excessive 
 growth. 2. Very fertile. 3. Strong 
 scented; strong tasted; rancid. — 
 rank'ly, adv. — rank'ness, n. [A. 
 S. ranc, fruitful, proud.] 
 
 rankle ( rang'kl ), vi. Be inflamed; 
 fester; be a source of disquietude or 
 excitement. [From rank.] 
 
 ransack ( ran'sak ),vt. Search thor- 
 oughly; plunder. [Icel. rannsaka — 
 rann, house, and sak, seek.] 
 
 ransom (ran'sum). I. n. 1. Price paid 
 for redemption from captivity or 
 punishment. 2. Release from captiv- 
 ity. II. vt. Redeem from captivity, 
 punishment, or ownership. — ran - 
 somer, n. [Fr. rancon — L. redemp- 
 tio, redemption.] 
 
 rant (rant). I. vi. Use extravagant or 
 violent language; be noisy in words. 
 II. n. Boisterous, empty declama- 
 tion. — rant'er, n. [O. Dut. ranten, 
 rave. Cf. Low Ger. ranzen.] 
 
 ranunculus (ra-nun'ku-lus) , n. Genus 
 of plants, including the crowfoot, 
 buttercup, etc. 
 
 rap (rap). I. n. Sharp blow; knock. 
 II. vt. and vi. [rap'ping; rapped.] 
 Strike with a quick blow; knock. 
 [Dan. rap. Imitative of the sound.] 
 
 rapacious '(ra-pa'shus ) ? a . Given to 
 plunder; ravenous; greedy of gain.— 
 rapaciously, adv. — rapacious- 
 ness, rapacity ( ra-pas'i-ti ), ns. 
 [L. rapax—rapio, seize.'] [cious. 
 
 Syn. _ Grasping; avaricious; vora- 
 
 rape (rap), n.l. Act of seizing by force. 
 2. Violation of the chastity of a 
 female._ [L. rapere, snatch.] 
 
 rape (rap), n. Plant nearly allied to 
 the turnip, cultivated for its herbage 
 and oil-producing seeds.— rapecake 
 (rap'kak), n. Cake made of the refuse, 
 after the oil has been expressed from 
 the rapeseed.— rape-oil (rap'oil), n. 
 Oil obtained from rapeseed. [L. ?-apa.] 
 
 Raphaelism ( raf'a-el-izm), n. Prin- 
 ciples of painting introduced by 
 Raphael, the Italian painter, 1483- 
 1520.— Raph'aelite,w. One who fol- 
 lows the principles of Raphael. 
 
 rapid (rap'id). I. a. Hurrying along; 
 very swift; speedy. II. n. Part of a 
 river where the current is more rapid 
 than usual (generally inpl.). — rap'< 
 U\ly 9 adv. — rap'idness, n. [L. ra 
 pidus— rapio.] 
 
 iate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, hers mite, mit; note, not, move, woif; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rapidity 
 
 464 
 
 rate 
 
 rapidity (ra-pid'i-ti), n. Quicknesss of 
 motion or 'utterance; swiftness; ve- 
 locity. 
 
 rapier (ra'pi-er), n. Light sword with 
 a straight, narrow blade (often four- 
 sided), used only in thrusting. [Fr. 
 rapier e.] 
 
 Rapier. 
 
 rapine (rap'in), n. Act of seizing and 
 carrying away forcibly ; plunder ; 
 violence. [Fr.— L. rapina—rapio, seize.] 
 
 rappee (ra-pe'), n. Moist, coarse kind 
 of snuff. [Fr. rape, rasped, grated — 
 raper, rasp. ] [2. Door-knocker. 
 
 rapper (rap'er) , n. 1. One who raps. 
 
 rapt (rapt), a. Raised to rapture ; 
 transported ; ravished* [L. rapere, 
 snatch.] 
 
 raptorial (rap-to'ri-al), a. Seizing by 
 violence, as a bird of prey. [L. raptor, 
 snatcher— rapere.] 
 
 rapture(rap'tur),ra. Extreme delight; 
 ecstasy.— rapturous, a. — raptu- 
 rously, adv. [Li.—rapio, seize.! 
 
 rare(rar), a. 1. Thin; not dense. 2. Not 
 frequent. 3. Excellent.— rare'ly, adv. 
 — rareness, n [Fr.— L. rarus.] 
 Syn. Unusual; scarce; incomparable. 
 
 rare (rar), a. Not thoroughly cooked. 
 [From M. E. rere — A. S. hrer, under- 
 done (used of eggs only) — hrer-aeg, 
 scrambled egg. Cf. Ger. ruehr-ei).] 
 
 rarebit (rar'bit), n. Welsh r. Cheese 
 melted with a little ale and poured 
 over hot toast. [For Welsh rabbit, 
 humorous term, as Norfolk capon for 
 red herring.] [show. 
 
 raree-show (rar'e-sh5). For rarity- 
 
 rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shun), n. Act 
 of rarefying; expansion of aeriform 
 bodies. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 rarefy (rar'e-fr). I. vt. 1. Make rare, 
 thin, or less dense. 2. Expand a body. 
 II. vi. Become thin and porous. 
 
 rarity (rar'i-ti), n. 1. State of being 
 rare. 2. Something curious or valued 
 for its scarcity. 
 
 rascal (ras'kal), n. Tricking, dishonest 
 fellow; knave; rogue. [O.Fr. rascaille, 
 scum of the people.] 
 
 rascality (ras-kal'i-ti),n. Mean trick- 
 ery or dishonesty; fraud. 
 
 rascally (ras'kal-i), a. Mean; vile; 
 worthless; base. 
 
 rase (raz), vt. 1. Scratch or blot out; 
 efface; cancel. 2. Level with the 
 ground; demolish. [Fr. raser— L. 
 rado, scrape.] 
 
 rasb (rash), a. Hasty; sudden; incau- 
 tious.— rashly, adv.— rashness, n. 
 
 [Dan. and Sw. rask. Ger. rasch, rapid.] 
 Syn. Foolhardy; adventurous. 
 
 rash (rash), n. Slight eruption on the 
 body. [O. Fr. rasche— L. rado, scrape.] 
 
 rasher (rash'er), n. Thin slice of fried 
 or boiled bacon. [Prob. so called 
 because rashly or quickly cooked.] 
 
 rasorial (ra-zo'ri-al) , a. Belonging to 
 an order of birds' which scrape the 
 ground for their food, as the hen. 
 [Low L. rasor, scraper.] 
 
 rasp (rasp). I. vt. Grate with a coarse 
 file. II. n. File.— rasper, n. [O. Fr. 
 rasper, — O. Ger. raspon, scrape to- 
 gether.] 
 
 raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. 1. Kind of 
 bramble, whose fruit has a rough 
 outside like a rasp! 2. Its fruit. 
 
 rasure (ra'zhor),' n. Act of scraping, 
 shaving, or erasing ; obliteration ; 
 erasure. [See rase.] 
 
 rat (rat). I. n. 1. Animal of the mouse 
 kind, but larger and more destructive. 
 2. Opprobrious term applied to non- 
 union workman. II. vi. [ratting; 
 ratt'ed.] 1. Desert one's party and 
 join their opponents for gain or 
 power. 2. Kill rats. [A. S. raet.] 
 
 ratable (ra'ta-bl), a. 1. That may be 
 rated or set' at a certain value. 2. 
 Subject to taxation. — ratabil'ity, 
 ra'tableness, n. — ratably, adv. 
 
 ratafia (rat-a-fe'a), n. Spirituous 
 liquor flavored with fruit. [Malay 
 araqtafia, from Ar. araq, and Malay 
 tafia, rum.] 
 
 ratch (rach), n. 1. Rack or bar with 
 teeth into which a click drops. 2. 
 Wheel which makes a clock strike. 
 [Form of rack.] 
 
 ratchet (rach'et), n. Bar acting on 
 the teeth of a rachet-wheel, permitt- 
 ing the wheel to rotate in one direc- 
 tion only; pawl.— ratebet-d rill, n. 
 Drill whose rotary movement is de- 
 rived from a rachet and pawl actua ted 
 by a lever. 
 
 r a t c h e t- w h eel 
 ( rach'et-hwel ), n. 
 Wheel having teeth 
 for a ratchet. 
 
 rate (rat). I. n. 1. 
 Ratio; proportion; 
 allowance. 2. Stand- 
 ard ; value ; price ; 
 class of a ship. S. 
 Movement, as fast 
 or slow. 4. Tax. II. vt. 1. Calculate; 
 estimate; settle the relative rank, 
 scale, or position of. ill. vi. 1. Make 
 an estimate. 2. Be placed in a certain 
 class. [L. reor, ratus, calculate.] 
 
 Ratchet-wheel. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woli; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rate 
 
 40 : 
 
 raven 
 
 rate (rat), vt. Tax one with a thing; 
 scold; chide. _ 
 
 ratepayer (rat'pa-er), n. One who is 
 assessed and pays a rate or tax. 
 
 rath, rathe (rath), a. Early, soon. 
 [A. S.hraedh.] 
 
 rather (v&th'ev), adv. 1. More will- 
 ingly; in preference. 2. More so than 
 otherwise. 3. On the contrary. 4. 
 Somewhat. [A. S. rathor, comp. of 
 obs. bath, early.] 
 
 ratification (rat-i-fi-ka'shun), n. Act 
 of ratifying or confirming ; confir- 
 mation. 
 
 ratify (rat'i-fi), vt. [ratifying ; rat'- 
 ifled.] Approve and sanction; settle. 
 [Pr. ratifter—Li. ratus, fixed by calcu- 
 lation, and facto, make.] 
 
 ratio (ra'shi-o), n. 1. Relation of one 
 thing to another. 2. Proportion of 
 relations. 3. Reason. [L.] 
 
 ratiocination ( rash-i-os-i-na'shun ), 
 n. Deducing conclusions from prem- 
 ises.— ratio'cinative,a^". [L.] 
 
 ration (ra'shun), n. Daily rate of pro- 
 visions ; allo'wance. [Fr.— L. ratio.] 
 
 rational ( rash'un-al ), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the reason; mental. 2. Endow- 
 ed with reason. 3. Agreeable to rea- 
 son: sane; intelligent; judicious. 4. 
 In arith. Noting a quantity which can 
 be exactly expressed by numbers, 
 (without the use of a radical sign). 
 [From ratio.] 
 
 rationale (rash-o-na'le), n. Account of 
 the principles of some opinion. 
 
 rationalism (rash'un-al-izm),n. Reli- 
 gious system or doctrines of a ration- 
 alist. 
 
 rationalist ( rash'un-al-ist ), n. One 
 guided in his opinions" solely by rea- 
 son; esp. one so guided in regard to 
 religion. — rationalistic (rash-un- 
 al-ist'ik), rationalist ical, a. Per- 
 taining to, or in accordance with, the 
 principles of rationalism. 
 
 rationality (rash-un-al'i-ti), n. Quality 
 of being rational; possession or due 
 exercise of reason; reasonableness. 
 
 rationalize (rash'un-al-iz) . I. vt. In- 
 terpret like a rationalist. II. vi. Rely 
 entirely on reason. 
 
 ratline, ratlin (rat'lin), rattling- 
 (rat'ling), n. One of the thin ropes 
 traversing the shrouds and forming 
 the steps of the rigging of ships. 
 [Prob. " rat-line," (for the rats to 
 climb by).] 
 
 ratsbane (rats'ban), n. Rat poison. 
 
 rattan (rat-tan'l, n. 1. Genus of palms 
 having a smooth, reed-like stem sev- 
 eral hundred of feet in length. 2. 
 Walking-stick made of rattan. 3. 
 Stems of this palm. [Malay rotan.] 
 
 ratteen (rat-ten'), n. Thick loose wool- 
 en stuff. [Fr. ratine. Origin unknown.] 
 
 ratten (rat'n), vt. Annoy by stealing 
 or spoiling tools, or similar tricks. 
 [Prom bat.] 
 
 ratter (rat'er), n. 1. One who catches 
 rats. 2. One who deserts his fellow- 
 workmen in a strike. 
 
 rattle (rat'l). I. vi. 1. Clatter. 2. Speak 
 eagerly and noisily. II. vt. 1. Cause 
 to make a rattle or clatter. 2. Stun 
 with noise. III. n. 1. Sharp noise 
 rapidly repeated ; clatter. 2. Loud 
 empty talk. 3. Toy or instrument for 
 rattling. [A. S. hratele. Ger. rasseln.] 
 
 Rattle-snake. 
 
 rattle-snake (rat'1-snak), n. Poison- 
 ous American snake having a number 
 of hard, bony rings, and a terminal 
 button, loosely jointed, at the end of 
 the tail, which make a rattling noise. 
 
 rattoon (rat-ton'). I. n. Sprout from a 
 sugar cane root after the first year. 
 II. vi. Have new shoots after the first 
 crop. [Sp. retono.] 
 
 rancous (ra'kus), a. Hoarse. 
 
 ravage (rav'aj). I. vt. Lay waste. II. n. 
 Devastation.— rav'ager, n.fFr. ravir 
 — L. rapio, carry off by force.] 
 Syn. Pillage; plunder; sack; ruin. 
 
 rave (rav), vi. Be rabid or mad; be 
 wild or raging, like a madman; talk 
 irrationally ; utter wild exclamations. 
 [O. Fr. rdver— L. rabies, madness.] 
 
 ravel (rav'el). I.' vt. 1. 
 Untwist; unweave. 2. 
 Confuse; entangle. II. 
 vi. Become untwisted. 
 [Dut. ravelen, talk con- 
 fusedly.] 
 
 ravelin (rav'lin), n. 
 Detached triangular 
 work with two em- 
 bankments, before the 
 counterscarp. [ Fr. ] 
 
 raven (ra'vn). I. n. Large kind of 
 crow. II. a. Black, like a raven. [A. 
 S. hraefn, so called from its cry.] 
 
 Raven. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, than. 
 
raven 
 
 466 
 
 realisms 
 
 raven (rav'n). I. vt. 1. Obtain by vio- 
 lence. 2. Devour with great eager- 
 ness or voracity. II. vi. Prey with 
 rapacity. III. n. Prey; plunder. — 
 ravening 1 (rav'n-ing), n. Eagerness 
 for plunder. — ravenous (rav'n-us), 
 a. Voracious; devouring with rapac- 
 ity; eager for prey or gratification.— 
 rav'enously, adv. — ravenous- 
 ness, n. [0 1 Fr. ravine, violence.] 
 
 ravine (ra-ven'), n. 1. Long deep hol- 
 low, worn by a torrent. 2. Deep, nar- 
 row mountain-pass. [Fr.— L. rapina, 
 violence.] 
 
 ravish (rav'ish), vt. 1. Seize or carry 
 away by force. 2. Violate. 3. Fill 
 with ecstasy.— rav'isher, re,-rav'- 
 ishment, n. [Fr. ravir.] 
 
 raw (ra), a. 1. Not altered from its 
 natural state; not cooked or dressed; 
 not prepared. 2. Not covered; sore; 
 abraded. 3. Bleak.— rawly, adv.— 
 rawness, n— rawboned(ra'bond), 
 a. With little flesh on the "bones ; 
 gaunt.— rawhide (ra'hid). I. a. Made 
 of untanned skin. II. n. Whip made 
 of twisted rawhide. [A. S. hreaw. 
 Ger. roh.] 
 
 ray (ra), n. 1. Line of light or heat pro- 
 ceeding from a point. 2. Radiating 
 part of anything. [Fv.raie— L. radius.] 
 
 ray (ra), n. Class of fishes including 
 the skate (see cut, under skate), 
 thornback and torpedo. [Fr. raie— L. 
 raia.] 
 
 rayah (ra'ya), n. Non-Mohammedan 
 subject of the Sultan of Turkey. [Ar. 
 raiyah, peasant— raya, pasture.] 
 
 rayon (ra'un), n. Beam; ray.— ray'- 
 onnant, a. Radiating. 
 
 raze (raz), vt. Lay or cut down level 
 with the ground; overthrow; destroy. 
 [A form of rase.] 
 
 razee (ra-ze'). I. vt. Cut down. II. n. 
 Warship reduced in size by cutting 
 away its upper deck or decks. 
 
 razor (ra'zur), n. 1. Knife for shavingi 
 2. Tusk, as of a wild boar.— razor- 
 back, n. 1. Hog with a sharply pro- 
 trudingbackbone. 2. Rorqual. 
 
 reach (rech). I. vt. 1. Stretch; extend. 
 2. Attain or obtain by stretching out 
 the hand. 3. Hand over. 4. Extend 
 to. 5. Arrive at; gain. II. vi. 1. Be ex- 
 tended so as to touch. 2. Sti'etch out 
 the hand. 3. (With for) Try to obtain. 
 4. Sail on the wind between two 
 tacks. III. n. 1. Act or power of 
 reaching; extent. 2. Extent of force; 
 penetration. 3. Straight portion of 
 a stream. [A. S. raecan. Ger. reichen.] 
 
 react (re-akt'), vt. and vi. Act again; 
 return an impulse; act mutually upon 
 each other. 
 
 reaction (re-ak'shun), n. 1. Action 
 back upon or resisting other action; 
 mutual action. 2. Backward tendency 
 from revolution, reform, or progress. 
 3. Depression following over-stimu- 
 lation. 
 
 reactionary ( re-ak'shun-ar-i ), a. 
 Characterized by, or favoring, reac- 
 tion. 
 
 read (red), vt. and vi. [reading; read 
 (red).] 1. Utter aloud written or 
 printed words. 2. Peruse. 3. Com- 
 prehend. 4. Study. 5. Lecture. 6. 
 Appear on reading ; have a (specified) 
 meaning. [A. S. rwdan, interpret. Cf . 
 Ger. rathen, advise.] [learned. 
 
 read ( red )_, a. Versed in books; 
 
 readable (re'da-bl), a. 1. That may 
 be read. 2. Worth reading; interest- 
 ing.— readably, adv. — read'able- 
 ness, n. [again or a second time. 
 
 readdress (re-ad -dres')i vt. Address 
 
 reader (re'der), n. 1. One who reads. 
 
 2. One who reads or corrects proofs. 
 
 3. One who reads much. 4. Reading- 
 book. 
 
 reading- (re'ding). I. a. Addicted to 
 reading. II. n. 1 . Act, practice or art of 
 reading; perusal. 2. Matter to be read. 
 3. Study of books. 4. Public or formal 
 recital. 5. Way in which a passage 
 reads; version. 6. Observations read 
 from an instrument. [again. 
 
 readjust (re-ad- just'), vt. Put in order 
 
 readmission (re-ad-mish'un), n. Act 
 of readmitting; state of being read- 
 mitted. 
 
 readmit (re-ad-mif), vt. Admit again. 
 
 ready (red'i). I. a. 1. Fully prepared. 
 2. Prepared in mind; willing. 3. Not 
 slow or awkward; dexterous; easy; 
 prompt; quick. 4. Present in hand; 
 at hand; near. 5. On the point. II. 
 adv. In a state of readiness or prep- 
 aration. — read'ily, adv. — read'i- 
 ness, n. [A. S. rcede. Cf. Ger. bereit, 
 ready.] 
 
 ready-made (red'i-mad), a. Made and 
 ready for use; not made to order. 
 
 reagent (re-a'jent), n. Substance that 
 reacts on and detects the presence of 
 other bodies; test. 
 
 real (re'al), a. 1. Actually existing; 
 not counterfeit or assumed; true. 2. 
 In law. Pertaining to land or houses. 
 [Low L. realis—lu. res, thing.] 
 Syn._ Actual. See genuine. 
 
 real (re'al), n. Spanish and Mexican 
 silver coin, worth about 1254c. [Sp.— 
 L. regalis, royal.] 
 
 realism ( re'al-izm ), n. 1. Doctrine 
 that classes exist as real things inde- 
 pendently of our conceptions.— Opp 
 of nominalism. 2. Doctrine that th 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf- 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
realist 
 
 467 
 
 rebuke 
 
 senses have a direct cognition of ob- 
 jects.— Opp. to idealism. 3. In art and 
 literature, representation of life as it 
 is, without omission of the ugly and 
 without additions for beauty's sake. 
 —Opp. to romanticism or idealism. 
 
 realist (re'al-ist), n. One who believes 
 in realism.— real is' tic, a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to realism. 2. Vivid; lifelike. 
 
 reality (re-al'i-ti), n. 1. Actual fact or 
 condition; not mere appearance. 2. 
 That which is real. [be realized. 
 
 realizable(re'al-iz-a-bl), a. That may 
 
 realize ( re'al-iz ), vt. 1. Make real; 
 bring into being ; act ; accomplish. 
 2. Feel strongly, or as real; compre- 
 hend completely. 3. Convert into real 
 property. 4. Get in cash. 5. Obtain, 
 as a possession. — realization, n. 
 
 really (re' al-i ), adv. In reality; ac- 
 tually; in truth. 
 
 realm (relm),rc. Regal or royal juris- 
 diction; kingdom; province; country. 
 [O. Fr. regime— -la. regalis, royal.] 
 
 realty (re'al-ti), n. 1. Permanent na- 
 ture of real estate. 2. Real estate. 
 
 ream (rem), vt. Enlarge, as a hole in 
 wood.— ream'er, rc. Instrument with 
 cutting edges. [Ger. raeumen, make 
 room.]_ 
 
 ream (rem), n. Quantity of paper con- 
 sisting of 20 quires or 480 sheets. 
 [O.Fr. raime— Sp. resma — Arab, rizmat, 
 bundle.] 
 
 reanimate (re-an'i-mat), vt. Restore 
 to life; infuse new life or spirit into; 
 revive.— reanlma'tion, n. 
 
 reap (rep), vt. 1. Cut down, as grain; 
 clear off a crop. 2. Receive as fruit or 
 consequence of action.— reap'er, n. 
 1. One who reaps. 2. Reaping-ma- 
 chine. [A. S. ripan, pluck. Cf . Ger. 
 raufen.] [again or a second time. 
 
 reappear ( re-ap-per' ) , a.Appear 
 
 rear (rer), n. 
 Back or hind- 
 most part of 
 an a r m y or 
 fleet.— rear- 
 ad'miral, n. 
 Officer, U. S., 
 next to the 
 admiral ; for- 
 eign, 2nd be- 
 low.— rear- 
 guard, n. 
 Troops which 
 
 protect tbe rear of an army. — rear- 
 ward, adv. At or toward the rear. 
 [O. Fr^ riere—Li. retro, behind.] 
 
 rear (rer). I. vt. 1. Raise. 2. Bring up 
 to maturity. 3. Educate. II. vi. Rise 
 on the hind-legs. [A.S. raeran, raise.] 
 
 rearmouse. See reremouse. 
 
 Rear-admiral's flag (blue). 
 
 reason (re'zn). I. n. 1. That which 
 supports or justifies an act, etc. 2. 
 Faculty of the mind by which man 
 draws conclusions, and determines 
 right and truth. 3. Exercise of reason : 
 right conduct. II. vi. 1. Exercise the 
 faculty of reason; deduce inference!! 
 from premises. 2. Argue. III. vt. 1^ 
 Examine; debate. 2. Persuade by rea- 
 soning.— rea'soner, n. — By reaso?. 
 of. On account of; in consequence of. 
 [Fr. raison—L. ratio.] 
 
 Syn. Cause ; motive ; ground ; proof , 
 excuse; judgment; sense. 
 
 reasonable (re'zun-a-bl), a. 1. Endow 
 ed with reason. 2. According to rea- 
 son. 3. Moderate.— reasonably, ado, 
 — reasonableness, n. 
 
 Syn. Rational; sane; wise; proper; 
 judicious; just; fair; tolerable. 
 
 reasoning (re'zun-ing), n. 1. Act of 
 reasoning. 2. That which is offered 
 in argument ;_ course of argument. 
 
 reassemble (re-as-sem'bl), vt. and vi. 
 Assemble or collect again. 
 
 reassert (re-as-serf), vt. A.ssert again. 
 
 reassure ( re-a-shor' ), vt 1. Assure 
 anew; give confidence to. 2. Insure 
 an insurer. — reassurance (re-a- 
 shor'ans), n. 1. Repeated assurance. 
 2. Second assurance against loss. 
 
 reave (rev'), vt. [rea'ving; reft.] Take 
 away by violence. [A. S. reafian, rob.] 
 
 rebate (re-baf). I. n. Deduction ; dim- 
 inution. II. vt. 1. Beat; blunt. 2. 
 Deduct from (as taxes.) — rebate'- 
 ment, n. [Fr. rebattre, beat back.] 
 
 rebel (reb'el). I.n. One who rebels. II. 
 a. Rebellious. [L. rebellis, making war 
 afresh,— re, again, and helium, war.] 
 
 rebel (re-beF), vi. [ rebelling; rebel- 
 led'. Renounce, or take up arms 
 against, authority; revolt. 
 
 rebellion (re-bel'yun), n. Act of re- 
 belling : open opposition to lawful 
 authority; revolt. [in rebellion. 
 
 rebellious (re-bel'yus), a. Engaged 
 
 reboise (re-boiz'), vt. Plant again with 
 trees, as a tract of land. [Fr. reboiser.] 
 
 rebound (re-bownd'). I. vi. Bound 
 or start back; be reverberated; re- 
 coil. II. vt. Drive back; reverberate. 
 III. n. Act of rebounding. 
 
 rebuff (re-buf). I. n. Beating back; 
 sudden resistance ; sudden check ; 
 defeat; unexpected refusal. II. vt. 
 Beat back; check; repel violently; 
 refuse. [It. ribuffo, reproof.] 
 
 rebuild (re^bild'), vt. Build again. 
 
 rebuke (re-buk' ). I. vt. Check with 
 reproof; chide: reprove. II. n. 1. Di- 
 rect reproof; reprimand. 2. Chastise- 
 ment. — rebn'ker, n. [O. Fr. rebau. 
 quer — re, back, and bouque, mouth.) 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, in 
 mute, hut, burn 
 
 et, her; mite, mit; note, not, move? wolf; 
 ; oil, owl, «&ei}. 
 
rebus 
 
 468 
 
 reciprocate 
 
 rebus (re'bus), n. [pi. re'buses.] Enig- 
 gmatical representation of a word or 
 phrase by pictures of things. [L.=by 
 things. ]_ 
 
 rebut (re-buf), vt. and vi. [rebut'ting; 
 rebut'ted.] 1. Refute. 2. In law. Op- 
 pose by argument.or proof. — rebut'- 
 tal, rebut'ter, n. Plaintiff's reply 
 to the defendant's rejoinder. [Fr. 
 rebuter — re, back, and O. Fr. bouter, 
 thrust.] 
 
 recalcitrant(re-kal'si-trant), a. Show- 
 ing opposition; refractory. [L. — re, 
 back, and ealcitro, kick.] 
 
 recalcitrate (re-kal'si-trat), vt. orvi. 
 Show resistance; kick. 
 
 recall (re-kal'). I. vt. 1. Call back; 
 command to return. 2. Revoke; take 
 back; cancel. 3. Call back to mind; 
 remember. II. n. Act of recalling or 
 revoking. 
 
 recant (re-kanf), v t. and vi. Withdraw 
 (a former declaration). — recanta- 
 tion, ». Declaration contradicting a 
 former one.— recant'er, n. [L..] 
 Sijn. Disavow ;_ retract; revoke. 
 
 recapitulate (re-ka-pit'u-lat), vt. Re- 
 peat the chief points of anything; 
 summarize.— recapitulation, n.— 
 recapit'ulatory, a. [L.— re, again, 
 and capitulum, dim_. of caput, head.] 
 
 recapture (re-kap'tur). I. vt. Capture 
 back or retake, esp. a prize from a 
 captor. II. n. 1. Act of retaking. 2. 
 Prize retaken. 
 
 recast ( re-kast' ), vt. Cast, throw or 
 mold again^ compute a second time. 
 
 recede (re-sed'), vt. and vi. Go or fall 
 back; retreat; give up a claim; cede 
 back. [Li.— re, and cedo, go, yield.] 
 
 Syn. Retire; return; retrograde; 
 withdraw; yield; desist. 
 
 receipt (re-set'). I. n. 1. Act of receiv- 
 ing. 2. Written acknowledgment of 
 anything received. 3. That which is 
 received. 4. Recipe. II. vt. 1. Give a 
 receipt (for). 2. Sign. [O. Fr. recete— 
 L. recipio.] 
 
 receivable (re-se'va-bl), a. That may 
 be received or is due. 
 
 receive (re-seV), vt. 1. Take what is 
 offered, etc.; accept. 2. Embrace with 
 the mind; assent to. 3. Allow; give 
 acceptance to. 4. Admit; welcome; 
 entertain. 5. Hold; contain. 6. In 
 taw. Take goods knowing them to be 
 stolen. 7. Hold a reception. [O. Fr. 
 recever — L. recipio — re, back, and 
 capio, take.] 
 
 receiver (re-se'ver), n. 1. One who re- 
 ceives, esp. one appointed to receive 
 public money, as taxes, or to manage 
 an estate, or a business during bank- 
 ruptcy, etc. 2. In chem. Vessel for re- 
 
 ceiving and condensing in distilla- 
 tion, or for containing gases. 3. The 
 glass vessel of an air-pump in whiclt 
 the vacuum is formed. 
 
 recension (re-sen'shun), n. 1. Act o£ 
 reviewing or revising; review, esp. 
 critical revisal of a text. 2. Text es- 
 tablished by critical revision. [L. re, 
 again, and censeo, value, estimate.] 
 
 recency (re'sen-si), n. Recentness. 
 
 recent (re'sent), a. 1. Of late origin 
 or occurrence. 2. Not long parted 
 from. 3. Fresh; modern. 4. In geol. 
 Subsequent to the existence of man. 
 — re'cently, adv.— recentness, n. 
 [Fr.— Li. recens.] 
 
 receptacle (re-sep'ta-kl), n. 1. That 
 into* which anything is received or 
 contained. 2. In bot. Basis of a flower. 
 [From RECEIVE.] 
 
 reception (re-sep'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 receiving; admission; state of being 
 received. 2. Manner of receiving ; 
 entertainment. 
 
 receptive (re-sep'tiv), a. Having 
 the quality of receiving or containing ; 
 capable of receiving impressions. 
 -receptiv'ity, n. 
 
 recess (re-ses'), n. 1. Withdrawing ; 
 retirement; state of being withdrawn; 
 seclusion. 2. Remission or suspen- 
 sion of business. 3. Part of a room 
 formed by a receding of the wall. 4. 
 Private abode. [See recede.] 
 
 recession (re-sesh'un), n. Ceding or 
 giving back.— reces'sional,n. Hymn 
 sung as the clergy leave the church. 
 
 rechauffe (ra-sho-fa'), n. Warmed-up 
 dish; literary rehash. [Fr.] 
 
 recherche ( re-sher-sha' ), a. Much 
 sought after; choice. [Fr.] 
 
 rechristen (re-kris'n), vt. Give anew 
 name to. 
 
 recidivation ( re-sid-i-va'shun ) , ». 
 Back-sliding; return to the same sin- 
 ful course. 
 
 recipe (res'i-pe), n. [pi. recipes (res'- 
 i-pez). ] Medical prescription ; for- 
 mula for the preparation of any com- 
 pound. [L.=takel (imperative of 
 recipio.) ] [ receives. 
 
 recipient (re-sip'i-ent), n. One who 
 
 reciprocal (re-sip'ro-kal). I. a. Acting 
 in return; mutually given and recei- 
 ved. II. n. 1. That which is recipro- 
 cal. 2. In math. Unity diviaed by the 
 quantity {y z is the r. of 3). — recip'- 
 rocally,a^v. Mutually; interchange- 
 ably. [L. reciprocus, returning.] 
 
 reciprocate (re-sip'ro-kat), vi. Give 
 and receive mutually; give or do in 
 response.-reciproca'tion, n. Inter- 
 change of acts; alternation. [L. red- 
 proco.J 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 — jmute, hut, burn; oil, owl, fAen. 
 
reciprocity 
 
 469 
 
 reconciliation 
 
 reciprocity ( res-i-pros'i-ti ) , n. 1. 
 Mutual obligations and benefits; 
 action and reaction. 2. In interna- 
 tional commerce, a mutual granting 
 of privileges by treaty. 
 
 recital (re-sl'tal), n. 1. Act of reciting; 
 rehearsal. 2. That which is recited. 
 Syn. Narration. See history. 
 
 recitation ( res-i-ta'shun ), n. 1. Act 
 of reciting. 2. Public reading; rehear- 
 sal. 3. Meeting of a class for oral ex- 
 amination. 
 
 recitative (res-i-ta-teV). I. a. Per- 
 taining to musical recitation; in the 
 style of recitation. II. n. 1. Language 
 delivered in the sounds of the musical 
 scale. 2. Piece of music for recitation. 
 
 recite (re-slf), vt. 1. Read aloud from 
 paper, or repeat from memory. 2. 
 Narrate; recapitulate.— reci'ter. n. 
 [Fr. — L. re, again, aud cito, call. J 
 
 reck (rek), vt. 1. Have a care for. 2. 
 Regard. [A. S. recan, care.] 
 
 reckless (rek'les), a. Extremely care- 
 less; heedless of consequences.— 
 recklessly, adv.— reck'lessness, 
 n. [son. 
 
 reckling (rek'ling), n. Reckless per- 
 
 reckon ( rek'n ). I. vt. 1. Count. 2. 
 Place in the number or rank of ; ac- 
 count; esteem; attribute; think. II. 
 vi. 1. Calculate. )£. Make up accounts; 
 settle.— reckoner, n. [A. S. qe-rece- 
 nian, explain. Cf . Ger. rechnen.) 
 
 reckoning (rek'n-ing), n. 1. Calcula- 
 tion; settlement of accounts. 2. 
 Charges for entertainment. 3. Calcu- 
 lation of the ship's position. 
 
 reclaim (re-klam'). I. vt. 1. Demand 
 the return of. 2. Regain ; bring back 
 from a wild or barbarous state, or 
 from error or vice; bring into a state 
 of cultivation; bring into the desired 
 condition; make tame or gentle; re- 
 form. II. vi. Cry out or exclaim.— 
 reclaim'able, a. — reclaim ably, 
 adv.— reclamation(rek-la-ma'shun), 
 n. Act of reclaiming; state of being 
 reclaimed. [Fr. — L. re, again, and 
 clamo, cry out.] 
 
 recline (re-klin'), vt. and vi. Lean or 
 bend backwards; lean to or on one 
 side ; repose. [L.— re, back, clino, bend.] 
 
 recluse (re-klos'). I. a. Secluded; re- 
 tired; solitary. II. n. One who lives 
 retired from the world; religious de- 
 votee living in a single cell. [Fr. — L. 
 — re, away, and claudo, shut.] 
 
 recognition ( rek-og-nish'un ) , a. 
 Act of recognizing; state of being 
 recognized ; acknowledgment. 
 
 recognizable(rek-og-ni'za-bl), a. That 
 may be recognized or acknowledged. 
 
 recognizance ( re-kog'ni-zans or re- 
 kon'i-zans), n. 1. Recognition ;avowal ; 
 profession. 2. Legal obligation enter- 
 ed into before a magistrate to do, or 
 not do, some particular act. 
 
 recognize (rek'og-niz), vt. 1. Know 
 again; recollect. 2. Agree to honor; 
 accept. 3. Acknowledge acquaintance 
 with, as by saluting. 4. Appreciate. 
 [Li.—cognosco, know. ] 
 
 recoil (re-koil'). I. vt. 1. Start back; 
 rebound; return. 2. Shrink. II. n. 
 Starting or springing back; rebound. 
 [Fr. reenter.] 
 
 recollect (rek-ol-lekf), vt. 1. Remem- 
 ber. 2. Compose (one's self). 
 
 recollection ( rek-ol-lek'shun ), n. 1, 
 Act or power of recollecting. 2. That 
 which is remembered. 
 
 Syn. Memory; remembrance; remi- 
 niscence ; retrospect ; commemoration. 
 
 recollect ( re-kol-lekt' ), vt. Collect 
 again. 
 
 recommence (re-kom-mens'), vt. Be- 
 gin again.— recommencement, n. 
 
 recommend (rek-om-mend'), vt. 1. 
 Commend to another. 2. Bestow 
 praise on. 3. Advise.— recommend'- 
 able, a. That may be recommended; 
 worthy of praise. — recommenda'- 
 tion, n. Act of recommending; act 
 of introducing with commendation.— 
 recommendatory a. That recom- 
 mends. 
 
 recommit (re-kom-mif), vt. Commit 
 again ; send back to a committee.— re - 
 commit uie nt, recommittal, n. 
 
 recompense (re k'om-pens). I. vt. Re- 
 turn an equivalent for anything; re- 
 ward. II. n. That which is returned 
 as an equivalent ; repayment ; com- 
 pensation; remuneration. [Fr. re"com- 
 penser. See compensate.] 
 
 Syn. Requite; repay; compensate; 
 remunerate; reward; reimburse; 
 indemnify. 
 
 recompose (re-kom-poz'), vi. 1. Com- 
 pose again or anew. 2. Soothe. 
 
 reconcilable (rek-on-slla-bl), a. That 
 may be reconciled; that may he made 
 to agree; consistent. 
 
 reconcile (rek'on-sil), vt. 1. Restore 
 to friendship or union; bring to agree- 
 ment; bring to contentment; pacify. 
 2. Make consistent; adjust or com- 
 pose.— rec'onciler, n. [Fr. reconcitier 
 — L. re, again, and concilio, -atum, call 
 together.] 
 
 reconciliation ( rek-on-sil-i-a'shun ), 
 reconcilement (rek'on-sil-ment), n. 
 Act of reconciling; state of being re- 
 conciled ; renewal of friendship • 
 atonement. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf) 
 mate, hat, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
recondite 
 
 470 
 
 recuperate 
 
 recondite (rek'on-dit or re-kon'dit), 
 a. Secret; profound. [L. — recondo, 
 put away.] 
 
 reconnaissance ( re-kon'a-sans ), n. 
 
 Act of reconnoitring; hasty survey; 
 
 . examination of a tract of country 
 
 with a view to military or engin eering 
 
 operations. [Fr. See recognizance.] 
 
 reconnoitre (rek-on-noi'ter), vt. Sur- 
 vey ; examine, esp. with a view to 
 military operations. [O. Fr. recon- 
 oistre—Lt. recognosco. See recognize.] 
 
 reconsider ( re-kon-sid'er ), vt. Con- 
 sider again; take up for new consider- 
 ation, —reconsideration, n. 
 
 reconstruct (re-kon-strukf), vt. Con- 
 struct again; build up anew. — re- 
 construction, n. _ 
 
 reconvey ( re-kon-va' ), vt. Transfer 
 back to a former owner or place. 
 
 record (re-kard') , vt. Preserve memory 
 of. [Fr. recorder— Li. cor, heart.] 
 Syn. Register; chronicle; enroll. 
 
 record ( rek'urd ), n. 1. Register. 2. 
 Formal writing of a fact or proceed- 
 ing; book of such writings. 
 
 recorder (re-kard'er),n. 1. One who re- 
 cords or registers. 2. Municipal mag- 
 istrate.— record'ership, n. 
 
 recount (re-kownt'),^. Count again. 
 
 recount (re-kownf), vt. 1. Tell over 
 again. 2. Narrate the particulars of; 
 detail. [Fr. raconter.] 
 
 recoup (re-kop'), vt. Get an equiva- 
 lent for; make good; indemnify. [Fr. 
 recouper, cut again.] 
 
 recourse (re-kors'), n. Going to for 
 aid or protection; resort. [Fr. recours 
 — L. curro, run.] 
 
 re-cover (re-kuv'er), vt. Cover again, 
 
 recover (re-kuv'er). I. vt. 1. Get pos- 
 session of again. 2. Make up for; 
 retrieve. 3. Cure; revive; bring back 
 to former state. 4. Obtain as compen- 
 sation for loss. II. vi. 1. Regain health 
 orformer state. 2. In law. Obtain judg- 
 ment.— recoverable, a. — recov- 
 ery, n. Act of recovering; restora- 
 tion. [Fr. recouvrer—Li. recuperare.] 
 
 recreancy (rek're-an-si), n. Quality 
 of a recreant; yielding,mean, coward- 
 ly spirit. 
 
 recreant (rek're-ant). I. a. 1. Cow- 
 ardly. 2. False;" apostate; renegade. 
 II. n. Mean-spirited wretch; apostate; 
 renegade. [O. Fr.] 
 
 recreate (re-kre-af), vt. Create again 
 or anew. — recreation, n. 
 
 recreate (rek're-at). I. vt. Revive; 
 reanimate ; cheer ; amuse ; refresh ; 
 delight. II. vi. Take recreation. — 
 recreation (rek-re-a'shun), n. Re- 
 freshment after toil, sorrow, etc; di- 
 version; amusement; sport. 
 
 recreative (rek're-at-iv), a. Serving 
 to recreate or refresh; giving relief 
 in weariness, etc. 
 
 recriminate (re-krim'in-at). I. vt. 
 Criminate or accuse in return. II. vi. 
 Charge an accuser with a similar 
 crime. — recrimination, n. — re- 
 criminative, recriminatory, a. 
 
 recruit (re-krof). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Obtain fresh supplies. 2. Recover in 
 health, etc. 3. Enlist, or supply with, 
 new soldiers. II. n. 1. Supply of any 
 want. 2. Newly enlisted soldier. — 
 recruit'er, recruit'ment, n. [L. 
 recresco, grow again.] 
 
 rectangle ( rekt'ang-1 ), n. Four-sided 
 figure with right angles. — rectan- 
 gled ( rekt-ang'ld ), a. Having right 
 angles. — rectangular ( rekt-ang- 
 u-lar ), a. Right-angled. [ L. rectus, 
 right, and angulus, angle.] 
 
 rectifiable (rek'ti-fi-a-bl), a. That 
 may be rectified or set right. 
 
 rectification (rek-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of rectifying or setting right. 2. 
 Process of refining a substance by 
 repeated distillation or sublimation. 
 
 rectifier (rek'ti-fi-er), n. 1. One who 
 rectifies. 2. One who refines a sub- 
 stance by repeated distillation. 
 
 rectify (rek'ti-fi),^. [rec'tifying; rec- 
 tified.] 1. Make straight or right. 
 2. Refine by distillation. [L.— rectus, 
 straight, and/acio, make.] 
 
 Syn. Adjust; correct; redress; bet- 
 ter; amend; reform. 
 
 rectilineal ( rek-ti-lin'e-al ), recti- 
 linear (rek-ti-lin'e-ar), a. Bounded by 
 straight lines; straight. [L.] 
 
 rectitude (rek'ti-tud), n. Upright- 
 ness; correctness of principle or prac- 
 tice; integrity. [Li. r&ctitudo.] 
 
 rector (rek'tur), n. 1. In the English 
 Church, a clergyman who has the 
 charge and care of a parish; pastor. 
 2. Head of a public school, university, 
 etc.— rectoral (rek'tur-al), rectori* 
 al (rek-to'ri-al ), a. — "rectorate^ 
 rectorship, ns. [L.. —rego, rectum, 
 rule.] 
 
 rectory (rek'to-rih n ~ Province, ap- 
 pointments or mansion of a rector. 
 
 rectum (rek'tum), n. Lowest part of 
 the large intestine. [From L. rectus. 
 straight.] 
 
 recumbent (re-kum'bent), a. Reclin 
 ing.— recum'bently, adv.— recuni'- 
 bence, recumbency, »s. [L.— 
 cumbo, lie down.] 
 
 recuperate (re-ku'per-at), vt. and vi. 
 Recover. — recu'perative, recu'- 
 peratory, a. Tending to recovery. 
 [L. recupero.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
recur 
 
 471 
 
 redshank 
 
 recur ( re-kur' ), vi. [recur'ring; re- 
 curred'.] 1. Return to the mind. 2. 
 Have recourse; resort. 3. Happen at 
 a stated interval. — recurrent (re- 
 kur'ent), a. Returning at intervals. 
 —recurrence, recur'rency, ns. 
 [£,.— re, back, and curro, run.] 
 
 recurvate ( re-kur'vat), vt. Curve or 
 bend back. 
 
 recusancy (re ku'zan-si), n. State of 
 being a recusant; nonconformity. 
 
 recusant ( re-ku'zant or rek'-). I. a. 
 Refusing to acknowledge the suprem- 
 acy of the sovereign in religious mat- 
 ters. II. n. Nonconformist; one who 
 refuses to acknowledge some prin- 
 ciple or party. [Fr.— L. recuso — re, 
 against, and causa, cause.] 
 
 red (red). I. a. [red'der, red'dest.] Of 
 a color like blood. II. n. One of the 
 primary colors, of several shades, as 
 scarlet, pink, etc. — red'ly, adv. — 
 redness, n. [A. S. read, red. M. E. 
 reed, from which the surnames Reed, 
 Read, etc., originate.] 
 
 redaction (re-dak'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 arranging in systematic order, esp. 
 literary materials. 2. Digest so 
 made. [Fr.] 
 
 redan (re-dan'), n. Simplest form of 
 fortification, consisting of two faces 
 which form a salient angle towards 
 the enemy, serving to cover a bridge 
 or causeway. [Fr. See redented.] 
 
 redbreast (red'brest), n. 1. Favorite 
 European song-bird. 2. American 
 thrush; robin. 
 
 red-deer (red'-der), n. Species of deer 
 which is reddish-brown in summer; 
 common stag. [Grow red; blush. 
 
 redden (red'n). I. vt. Make red. II. vi. 
 
 reddish (red'ish), a. Somewhat red; 
 moderately red. — red'dishness, n. 
 
 reddition(red-dish'un), n. 1. Giving 
 back; returning; surrender. 2. Ren- 
 dering of the sense; explanation. [Fr. 
 — L. reddo, restore.] [answer. 
 
 redditive (red'i-tiv), a. Returning an 
 
 reddle (red'l), n. Soft clay iron ore of 
 a reddish color; red clay. 
 
 redeem (re-dem'). vt. 1. Ransom; re- 
 lieve from captivity by a price ; res- 
 cue. 2. Atone for; compensate for. 3. 
 Perform, as a promise ; recover, as a 
 pledge. 4. Improve. [L. redimo—re, 
 back, and emo, buy.] 
 
 redeemable ^re-de'ma-bl ), a. That 
 may be redeemed. — redeemable- 
 ness, n. 
 
 redeemer (re-de'mer), n. One who re- 
 deems or ransoms. — The Redeemer, 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 redeliver (re-de-liv'er), vt. 1. Deliver 
 back or again. 2. Liberate a second 
 time.— redeliv'erance, n. — rede- 
 liv'ery, n. 
 
 redemption (re-dem'shun), n. Act of 
 redeeming or buying back; ransom; 
 release; deliverance. [See redeem.] 
 
 redemptive (re-dem'tiv), a. 1. Per 
 taining to redemption. 2. Serving ui 
 tending to redeem. 
 
 redemptory (re-dem 'to-ri), a. Serv- 
 ing to redeem; paid for ransom. 
 
 redented (re-dent'ed), a. Formed like 
 the teeth of a saw. 
 
 red-hand (red'-hand).red-hand'ed 
 a. With red or bloody hands; in tne 
 very act. 
 
 red-heat (red'-het), n. Heat amount- 
 ing to redness; violent excitement 
 
 red-hot (red'-hot), a. Heated to red- 
 ness; greatly excited. 
 
 redintegration, (re-din-te-gra'shun), 
 n. Restoration to integrity or tc a 
 whole or sound state ; renovation. [L.| 
 
 red-lead (red'-led), n. Red prepara- 
 tion of lead used in painting, etc. 
 
 red-letter (red'-let'er), a. 1. Having red 
 letters. 2. Auspicious or fortunate, 
 as a day. So called from the holidav s 
 or saints' days being indicated by 
 red lettters in the old calendars. 
 
 redolent ( red'o-lent ), a. Diffusing 
 fragrance.— redolence, red'olen- 
 cy, ns. [Li.—oleo, emit an odor.] 
 Syn. Fragrant; odorous; scented. 
 
 redouble (re-dub'l), vt. andvi. Double 
 again or repeatedly jincrease greatly; 
 multiply. 
 
 redoubt (re-do wt'), redout', n. Small 
 fortification inclosed on all sides. [Fi\ 
 redoute, reduit, retreat.] 
 
 redoubtable (re-dowt'a-bl), a. Ter- 
 rible to foes; valiant. [O. Fr.] 
 
 redound (re-downd'), vi. 1. Be sent 
 back by reaction; roll back; result. 2. 
 Rebound. [L. redundo—re, back, and 
 undo, surge. ]_ 
 
 redowa (red'o-a), n. Bohemian dance. 
 
 redraft (re-draff), n. Second draft or 
 copy; new bill of exchange which the 
 holder of a protested bill draws on 
 the drawer or indorsers, for the 
 amount of the bill, with costs and 
 charges. 
 
 redress (re-dres'). I. vt. Set right ; 
 relieve from; make amends to. II. n. 
 Relief ; reparation ; remedy.— redres- 
 sible (re-dres'i-bl), a. That may be 
 redressed. — redressive (re-dres'iv), 
 a. Affording redress. [Fr. redresaer.] 
 
 redshank (red'shank), n. Aquatic 
 bird of the snipe family, with legs of 
 a bright red color. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ndte, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. t 
 
red-tape 
 
 472 
 
 reference 
 
 red-tape(red-tap'). I. n. Red tape used 
 in public,and esp. government offices, 
 for tying up documents, etc. 2. Intri- 
 cate system of routine in government 
 offices; intricate, vexatious official 
 formality. II. a. Pertaining to offi- 
 cial formality. — red-ta'pism, n. — 
 red-ta'pist, n. Stickler for routine. 
 
 reduce ( re-dus ), vt. 1. Bring into a 
 lower state. 2.Subdue ; bring to terms. 
 8. Bring into a certain condition, as 
 by pulverizing, diluting, arranging, 
 etc. 4. Change quantities from one 
 denomination into another.— red «?'- 
 cable, a.— reduction, n. [L,.—re, and 
 duco, lead.] 
 
 Syn. Diminish; shorten; decrease; 
 lessen; conquer; degrade; impover- 
 ish: impair; weaken; classify. 
 
 redundance (re-dun'dans), redun- 
 dancy, ns. 1. Quality of being re- 
 dundant or superfluous. 2. That which 
 is redundant. 
 
 redundant (re-dun'dant), a. Exceed- 
 ing what is necessary ; superfluous in 
 words or images. — redun'dantly, 
 adv. [See redound.] 
 
 reduplicate (re-du'plik-at). I. vt. Du- 
 plicate or double again; multiply; 
 repeat. II. a. Doubled.— reduplica'- 
 t'aon, n. 
 
 re-echo (re-ek'o). I. vt. and vi. Echo 
 back; resound. II. n. Echo of an echo. 
 
 reed (red), n. 1. Kind of coarse grass, 
 common at the sides of rivers, lakes, 
 etc., used for thatching. 2. Musical 
 pipe anciently made of a reed. 3. 
 Vibrating tongue in a musical instru- 
 ment. 4. Part of a loom by which the 
 threads are separated.— reed'ed, a. 
 
 I. Covered with reeds. 2. Formed 
 with reed -like ridges or channels.— 
 reedy (red'i), a. l. Abounding with 
 reeds. 2. Resembling, or sounding as, 
 a reed. [A. S. hreqcT] 
 
 re-education ( re-ed-u-ka'shun ), n. 
 
 New education, after the first one has 
 
 been lost through disease, 
 reef (ref), n. Chain of rocks near the 
 
 surface of the water.— reel'y, a. Pull 
 
 of reefs. [Icel. rif.] 
 reef (ref). I. n. Portion of a sail. II. 
 
 vt. Reduce the exposed surface of a 
 
 sail. [Dut. rif, reef.] 
 reek (rek).I. n. Smoke; vapor; steam. 
 
 II. vi. Emit smoke, vapor or steam. 
 [A. S. rec. Icel. reykr. Ger. ranch. 
 Dut. rook, smoke.] 
 
 veeky (re'ki), a. Full of reek; smoky; 
 
 soiled with steam or smoke; foul. 
 reel (rel), n. Lively Scottish dance. 
 
 [Gael, righil] 
 reel (rel), vi. Stagger; vacillate ; be 
 
 dizzy. 
 
 Fishing reel. 
 
 reel (rel). I. n. Turning frame for 
 winding yarn, etc. II. vt. Wind on a 
 reel. [A. S.jeol, hreol.] 
 
 re-elect (re-e- 
 lekt'),^. Elect 
 again. — re- 
 election, n. 
 
 re-eligitol« 
 ( re-el'i-ji-bl ), 
 a. Capable of 
 re-election. — 
 re-eligtbil'- 
 ity, n. 
 
 re-embark (re-em-bark'), vt. Embark 
 or put on board again. — re-em- 
 barka'tion, n. 
 
 re-enact (re-en-akf), vt. Enact again. 
 — re-enactment, n. 
 
 re-enforce. Same as reinforce. 
 
 re-eug-age ( re-en-gaj' ), vt. Engage 
 again. 
 
 re-enter (re-en'ter), vt. and vi. 1. En 
 ter again or anew. 2. Cut deeper, as 
 the lines of an etched plate.— Re-enter- 
 ing angle, angle pointing inwards. 
 
 re-entry (re-en'tri), n. 1. New or 
 fresh entry. 2. Retaking possession, 
 as by a landlord for non-payment of 
 rent. 
 
 re-establisb(re-es-tab'lish), vt. Estab- 
 lish again.— re-estab'lishment, n. 
 
 reeve (rev), n. Female of the ruff. 
 
 reeve (rev), n. Steward; bailiff. [M. E. 
 reve— A.S. gerefa. Cf. Ger. graf.] 
 
 reeve (rev), vt. [ree'ving; reeved or 
 rove.] Pass the end of a rope through 
 any hole, as the channel of a block. 
 
 re-examine (re-egz-am'in), vt. Ex- 
 amine again or anew. [shape anew. 
 
 refashion (re-fash'un), vt. Fashion or 
 
 refection (re fek'shun), n. Refresh- 
 ment; meal; repast. [Fr.— L. re, again 
 and facio, make.] , 
 
 refectory (re-fek'to-ri), n. 1. Eating- 
 hall in a convent. 2. Any place where 
 meals or refreshments are taken. 
 
 refer (re-fer'). I. vt. [refer'ring; refer- 
 red'.] 3. Submit or direct to another 
 person or authority. 2. Assign; trace 
 back. II. vi. Have reference or re- 
 course; relate; allude.— ref 'erable, 
 refer'rible, as. [Fr. rif ever — L. re, 
 and fero, bear.] [attribute; impute. 
 Syn. Ascribe ; charge ; assign ; allude ; 
 
 referee (ref-er-e'), n. One to whom 
 anything is referred ; arbitrator ; 
 umpire; judge. 
 
 reference (ref'er-ens), n. 1. Act of 
 referring; submitting for information 
 or decision. 2. Relation; allusion. 3. 
 One who or that whfch is referred to. 
 4. In law. Act of submitting a dispute 
 for investigation or decision. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 „ mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
referendum 
 
 473 
 
 refractory 
 
 referendum ( ref-e-ren'dum ), n. 1. 
 Right of the people to pass on a meas- 
 ure already passed by the legislature. 
 2. Note by a diplomatic agent to his 
 government, asking for instructions. 
 
 refine (re-fin'). I. vt. Separate from 
 extraneous matter; reduce to a fine 
 or pure state; purify; clarify; polish; 
 make elegant. II. vi. 1. Become fine 
 or pure ; improve. 2. Make subtile 
 distinctions.— refined', a. Purified; 
 clarified; cultured; delicate. — refi'- 
 nedly , adv.-veii'ner^n. [Fr. raffiner. 
 
 refinement (re-fm'ment), n. 1. Act 
 of refining or state of being refined. 2. 
 That which is refined or elaborated 
 too much. [fining 
 
 refinery (re-fi'ner-i), n. Place for re- 
 refining- (re-fi'ning), n. Act or process 
 of refining or purifying, particularly 
 sugar or metals. [-refitment, ». 
 
 refit (re-fit'), vt. Fit or prepare again. 
 
 reflect ( re-fiekt' ). I. vt. Throw back 
 after striking upon a surface, as 
 light, etc. II. vi. 1. Be thrown back, 
 as light, heat, etc. 2. Revolve in the 
 mind; consider attentively or deeply; 
 
 - ponder. 3. Cast reproach or censure. 
 [Li.— re, and flecto, bend or turn.] 
 
 reflecting' (re-fiek'ting), a. 1. Throw- 
 ing back light, heat, etc. 2. Given to 
 reflection; thoughtful. 
 
 reflection (re-flek'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 reflecting. 2. Sending back of light, 
 heat, etc. 3. State of being reflected. 
 4. That which is reflected. 5. Attent- 
 ive consideration. 6. Reproach cast. 
 Syn. Turning; reflection; duplica- 
 tion ; contemplation ; meditation ; cog- 
 itation; rumination; deliberation. 
 
 reflective (re-flek'tiv), a. 1. Reflecting; 
 considering the operations of the 
 mind; exercising thought or reflec- 
 tion. 2. In gram. Reciprocal.— reflect- 
 ively, adv.— reflectiveness, n. 
 
 reflector (re-flekt'ur), n. One who or 
 that which reflects; mirror or polish- 
 ed reflecting surface. 
 
 reflex (re' fleks). I. a. 1. Bent or turned 
 back;reflected. Z.Inphysiology. Said of 
 certain movements which take place 
 independent of the will, being sent 
 from a nerve-center in answer to a 
 stimulus from the surface. 3. Inpaint. 
 Illuminated by light reflected from 
 another part of the same picture. II. 
 n. Reflection; light reflected from an 
 illuminated surface. 
 
 reflexible (re-fleks'i-bl), reflectible 
 (re-flek'ti-bl), a. That may be reflected 
 or thrown back.— reflexibil'ity, n. 
 
 reflexive ( re-fleks'iv ) , a. Reflective; 
 respecting the past; turning back on 
 itself.— reflex'ively, ad?. 
 
 refluent (ref'lo-ent), a. Flowing back, 
 ebbing. [L.— re, back, andJluo,jfluxum, 
 flow.] 
 
 reflux (re'fluks). I. a. Flowing or re- 
 turning back; reflex. II. n. Flowing 
 back; ebb. 
 
 reform (re-farm'). I. vt. 1. Form again 
 or anew. 2. Transform; make better; 
 remove that which is objectionable 
 from; repair or improve; reclaim. II. 
 vi. Become better; abandon evil; be 
 corrected or improved. III. n. Form- 
 ing anew; change; amendment; im- 
 provement. [L. re, again, and/ormo, 
 shape.] [of forming again. 
 
 reformation (re-far-ma'shun), n. Act 
 
 reformation (ref-ar-ma'shun), n. Act 
 of reforming; amendment; improve- 
 ment. — The Reformation, the great 
 religious change of the 16th century, 
 when the Protestants separated from 
 the R. Cath. Church. 
 
 reformative (re-farm'a-tiv), a. Form- 
 ing again or anew'; tending to produ- 
 ce reform. 
 
 reformatory (re-farm'a-t5-ri). I. a 
 Reforming; tending to produce re- 
 form. II. n. An institution for re- 
 claiming youths and children who 
 have been convicted of crime. 
 
 reformed (re-farmd'), a. 1. Formed 
 again or anew; changed ; amended; 
 improved. 2. Denoting the churches 
 formed after the Reformation, esp. 
 those that separated from Luther on 
 matters of doctrine and discipline; 
 Protestant. _ 
 
 reformer (re-farm'er), n. 1. One who 
 reforms. 2. One who advocates poli- 
 tical reform. 3. (R) One of tbose who 
 took part in the Reformation of the 
 16th century. 
 
 refract (re-frakf), vt. Break the nat- 
 ural course, or bend from a direct 
 line, as rays of light, etc. [Ij.—re, 
 back, and frango, break.] 
 
 refraction (re-frak'shun), 
 n. Act of re- 
 fracting; the 
 change in the 
 direction of a 
 ray of light, 
 heat, etc., 
 when it en- 
 ters a differ- 
 ent medium. _ 
 
 refractive (re-frak'tiv), a. Refract- 
 ing; pertaining to refraction. — re- 
 fract'iveness, n. 
 
 refractory (re-frak'to-ri), a. 1. Un- 
 ruly; obstinate. 2. Difficult of fusion 
 as metals, etc.— refract'orily, aUv. 
 — refractoriness, n. 
 Syn. Unmanageable; perverse. 
 
 Refraction. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
refrain 
 
 474 
 
 regenerate 
 
 refrain (re-fran'), n. Phrase or verse 
 recurring at the end of each division 
 of a poem; burden of a song. [Fr] 
 
 refrain (re-fran'). I. vt. Curb; restrain. 
 II. vi. Keep from action; forbear. 
 [Fr. refrener—Lt. refreno—re, and fre- 
 num, bridle.] 
 
 refrangible (re-fran'ji-bl), a. That 
 may be refracted or turned out of 
 a direct course, as rays of light, heat, 
 etc.— refrangibil'ity, n. 
 
 refresh ( re-fresh' ), vt. Make fresh 
 again; give new strength, spirit, etc., 
 to. — refresh'ment, n. 1. Act of 
 refreshing. 2. New strength or spirit 
 after exhaustion. 3. That which 
 refreshes, as food or rest. 
 
 Syn. Cheer; cool; enliven; reani- 
 mate; renovate; revive; restore. 
 
 refrigerant (re-frij'er-ant). I. a. Mak- 
 ing cold; cooling; refreshing. II. n. 
 That which cools. 
 
 refrigerate (re-frij'er-at), vt. Make 
 cold; cool; refresh. — refrigera'- 
 tion, n. [Ij.—frigero—frigus, cold.] 
 
 refrigerative ( re-frij'er-a-tiv), re- 
 frigeratory ( re-frij'er-a-to-rl ), a. 
 Cooling; refreshing. 
 
 refrigerator (re-frlj'er-a-tur ), re- 
 frigeratory, ns. Box, cupboard, or 
 room for preserving food by keeping 
 it at a low temperature; ice-safe. 
 
 reft (reft), pa. t. and pa. p. of reave. 
 
 refuge (ref'uj), n. 1. That which af- 
 fords shelter or protection; asylum; 
 retreat. 2. Resource; expedient. [Fr. 
 — L. re, back, and/woio, flee.] 
 
 refugee (ref-u-je'), n. One who flees 
 for refuge to another country, esp. 
 from religious or political persecu- 
 tion. 
 
 refulgence (re-ful'jens), reful'gen- 
 cy, ns. State of being refulgent; 
 brightness; brilliance. 
 
 refulgent ( re-ful'jent ), a. Casting a 
 flood of light; shining; brilliant. — 
 reful'gently, adv. [L. refulgens, pr. 
 p. of refulgeo—falgeo, shine.] 
 
 refund (re-fund'), vt. Repay; restore; 
 return what has been taken. [L.— 
 re, back, and /undo, pout.] 
 
 refusal (re-fu'zaj), n. 1. Denial of any- 
 thing requested. 2. Rejection. 3. Right 
 of taking, in preference toothers. 
 
 refuse ( re-luz' ). I. vt. 1. Reject. 2. 
 Deny, as a request, etc. II. vi. 1. De- 
 cline acceptance. 2. Not comply. [Fr. 
 refuser.] 
 
 refuse (ref us). I. a. Refused as worth- 
 less. II. n. That which is rejected or 
 left as worthless, dross. 
 
 refutable (re-fu'ta-bl), a. That may 
 be refuted or disproved. — refu'ta- 
 bly, adv.— refutabil'ity, n. 
 
 refutal (re-fu'tal), n. Refutation; dis- 
 proof; overthrowing. 
 
 refute (re-fuf), vt. Oppose; disprove. 
 — refutation, n. — ref u'tatory, a. 
 
 [L. refuto, repel,— root of futile.] 
 
 regain (re-gan'), vt. Gain back or 
 again; recover. 
 
 regal (re'gal), a. Belonging to a king; 
 kingly; royal.— re'gally, adv. [L.— - 
 rex, regis, king.] 
 
 regal ( re'gal ), or rigole (rig'ol), n. 
 Small portable organ used to support 
 treble voices. [Fr.— It. — L. regalis, 
 royal.] 
 
 regale (re-gal'). I. vt. 1. Entertain in 
 a sumptuous manner. 2. Refresh. 3. 
 Gratify. II. vi. Feast. III. n. Regal 
 or magnificent feast.— regale'ment, 
 n. [Fr. regaler. See gala.] 
 
 regalia (re-ga'li-a), n.pL 1. Ensigns 
 of royalty: crown, scepter, etc., esp. 
 those used at a coronation. 2. Rights 
 and privileges of a sovereign. 3. 
 Ornamental dress, badges, jewel, etc., 
 worn by freemasons, and other socie- 
 ties, or by high officers and dignitar- 
 ies. [L.=royal things. Neuter pi. of 
 regalis. .] 
 
 regality (re-gal'i-ti), n. Stateof being 
 regal; royalty; sovereignty. 
 
 regard (re-gard'). I. vt. 1. Observe 
 particularly ; hold in respect or affec- 
 tion; pay attention to. 2. Esteem; 
 consider. 3. Respect; relate to. II. 
 n. 1. Look; gaze. 2. Attention with 
 interest ; observation. 3. Respect ; 
 esteem. 4. Repute; estimation. 5. 
 Relation ; reference. — regard'er, n. 
 [Fr. regarder—re, and garder, keep, 
 look after.] 
 
 regardful (re-gard'fol), a. Full of re- 
 gard; taking notice; heedful; atten- 
 tive.— regard'fully, adv. 
 
 regardless(re-gard'les), a. Without re- 
 gard; negligent; heedless.— regard'- 
 lessly, adv. — regard'] essn ess, n. 
 
 regatta (re-gat'a), n. Race of yachts; 
 rowing or sailing match. [Orig. a 
 contest of the gondoliers at Venice. 
 It. riga, row.] 
 
 regelation (re-jel-a'shun), n. Act of 
 freezing anew. [L. re, again, and ge- 
 latio, freezing. See gelatine.] 
 
 regency (re'jen-?i), n. 1. Office, juris- 
 diction, or dominion of a regent. 2. 
 Body intrusted with vicarious govern- 
 ment. 3. Period undera regent. 
 
 regenerate (re-jen'er-at). I. vt. 1. 
 Generate or produce anew. 2. Renew 
 the heart and turn it to the love of 
 God. II. a. Regenerated; renewed.— 
 regen'erateness, regen'eracy, n. 
 — regenera'tion, n. — regen'era- 
 tive, a.— regen'eratively, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolj; 
 naSte, hut, burn; oil, owl, tfcen. 
 
regent 
 
 475 
 
 reichsstatlt 
 
 regent ( re'jent ). I. a. 1. Invested 
 with interim sovereign authority. 2. 
 Ruling; governing. II. n. 1. One in- 
 vested with interim authority; one 
 who rules for a sovereign. 2. In the 
 English universities a master of arts 
 under five years' standing, and a 
 doctor under two. 3. One of the board, 
 appointed by the Legislature, who 
 have the superintendence of all the 
 colleges, academies and schools of the 
 State of New York. — re'gentship, 
 n. [Li. regens, pr. p. of rego, rule.] 
 
 regicide (rej'i-sid), n. 1. Murderer of 
 a king. 2. Murder of a king. — regi- 
 ci'dal, a. [Fr. — L. rex, king, and 
 caedo, kill.] 
 
 regime (ra-zhem'), n. 1. Form of gov- 
 ernment; administration. 2. Mode of 
 ruling one's diet. [Fr.— L. regimen— 
 rego, rule.] 
 
 regimen ( rej'i-men ), n. 1. Orderly 
 government. 2. Any regulation for 
 gradually producing benefit. 3. In 
 med. Rule of diet. 4. Iu gram. Gov- 
 ernment of one word by another; 
 word governed. [L.] 
 
 regiment (rej'i-ment), n. Body of sol- 
 diers commanded by a colonel, and 
 consisting of a number of companies 
 or troops. 
 
 regimental (rej-i-men'tal), a. Relat- 
 ing to a regiment. — regimentals, 
 n. pi. Uniform. 
 
 region (re'jun), n. Portion of land; 
 country; district. [L. regio.] 
 
 register (rej'is-ter ). I. n. 1. Written 
 record, regularly kept. 2. Book con- 
 taining the record. 3. One who or that 
 which registers or records. 4. That 
 which regulates, as the damper of a 
 furnace. 5. Stop or range of pipes on 
 the organ, etc. ; compass of a voice or 
 of a musical instrument. 6. Perfect 
 match or coincidence of lines, as in 
 printing several colors one over the 
 other. II. vt. and vi. 1. Enter in a regis- 
 ter; enter one's name; record. 2. 
 Align perfectly. [Fr. — L. re, back, 
 and gero, carry.] 
 
 registrar ( rej'is-trar ), n. One who 
 keeps a register. — reg'istrarship, 
 n. Office of a registrar. 
 
 registration (rej-is-tra'shun), n. Act 
 of registering. 
 
 registry (rej'is-tri), n. 1. Act of regis- 
 tering. 2. Place where a register is 
 kept. 3. Facts recorded ; record. 
 
 regnancy (reg'nan-si), n. Reign; pre- 
 dominance. 
 
 regnant (reg'nant), a. Reigning; pre- 
 dominant. [L. regnans, pr. p. of regno, 
 rule.] 
 
 regress (re'gres). I. n. Return; power 
 of returning. II. vi. Go back; return 
 to a forpaer place or state. — regres- 
 sion (re-gresh'un), n.— regressive, 
 a. Going back; returning. [L. regret- 
 sus—re, and gradior, gresms, step.] 
 
 regret (re-gref). I. vt. [regret'ting; 
 regret'tud.] Grieve at; remember with 
 sorrow. II. n. Sorrow over a fact or 
 event in the past. — regret'ful, a. — 
 regret'fully, adv. [Fr. regretter — 
 Goth, gretan, weep. A. S. graetan.] 
 
 Syn. Compunction; contrition; con- 
 cern ; remorse ; repentance ; penitence. 
 
 regular (reg'u-lar). I. a. 1. According 
 to rule or custom; normal. 2. Insti- 
 tuted or conducted accordir g to estab- 
 ished forms. 3. In geom. Having all 
 the sides and angles equal. 4. Belong- 
 ing to the permanent army. II. n. i. 
 Soldier in the permanent army. 2. 
 Qualified member of a religious order. 
 — regularly, adv. — regularity, 
 n. [L. regularis—regula. rule.] 
 
 Syn. Uniform; orderly; symmetric- 
 al; methodical periodical; thorough. 
 
 regulate (reg'u-lat), vt. Make regular; 
 subject to rules; jm_t in good ordpv 
 
 regulation (reg-u-la'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of regulating. 2. State of being regu- 
 lated. 3. Rule or order prescribed; 
 precept; law. [to regulate. 
 
 regulative (reg'u^la-tiv), a. Tending 
 
 regulator (reg'u-la-tur), n. One who 
 or that which regulates; lever which 
 regulates the motion of a watch, etc. ; 
 anything that regulates motion. 
 
 regulus (reg'u-lus), n. Intermediate 
 and impure product in the smelting 
 of metallic ores. [L.=littleking.] 
 
 regurgitate (re-gur'ji-tat), vt. and vi. 
 Surge or carry back. [L. gurges, eddy, 
 gulf.] 
 
 rehabilitate (re-ha-bil'i-tat), vt. Re- 
 instate; restore to former privileges, 
 capacity, etc. [Fr,-L. re, again, and 
 habeo, have.] 
 
 rehearsal (re-her'sal), n. Act of re- 
 hearsing; recital; recital before) exhi- 
 bition in public. 
 
 rehearse (re-hers'),?^. 1. Repeat what 
 has already been said. 2. Narrate. 3. 
 Recite or practice privately, before a 
 public representation.—rehear'ser, 
 n. [O. Fr. rehercer — re, again, and 
 herce, harrow.] 
 
 Reichsrath ( rikhs'rat ), n. Austrian 
 parliament. [Ger.— reich, empire, and 
 rath, council.] 
 
 reichsstadt (rikhs'stat),n. City of the 
 German Empire, not subject to a sov- 
 ereign other than the emperor, as 
 Hamburg, Lubec and Bremen. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 # mute, hat, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Reichstag 
 
 476 
 
 relegate 
 
 Reichstag(rikhs'tag ), ^.German par- 
 liament. [Ger. — reich, empire, and 
 tag, day, diet.] 
 
 reign (ran). I. n. 1. Rule; dominion; 
 royal authority; supreme power; in- 
 fluence. 2. Time during which a sov- 
 ereign rules. II. vi. Rule; have sov- 
 ereign power; predominate. [Fr. 
 regne— L. regnum—rego, rule.] 
 Syn. Control; direct; govern. 
 
 reimburse ( re-im-burs' ), vt. Pay an 
 equivalent to, for loss or expense. — 
 reimbursement, n. [Pr. rembour- 
 ser—re_, and embourser, put in a purse.] 
 
 rein (ran). I. n. Strap of a bridle; in- 
 strument for curbirjg or governing; 
 government. II. vt. Govern with the 
 rein or bridle; restrain; control. — 
 §ive the reins to, leave unchecked. 
 [O. Pr. reine — L. retineo, hold back.] 
 
 reindeer 
 (ran'der), n. 
 Kind of 
 deer in the 
 north, valu- 
 able for do- 
 mestic uses. 
 [Lap. reino, 
 pasture, 
 a n d E n g. 
 deer.] 
 
 r e in for c e 
 (re-in-fors'), 
 vt. Strength- 
 en with new force or support.— rein- 
 forcement, n. 1. Act of reinforcing. 
 2. Additional force as assistance, esp. 
 of troops. [L. re, again, and enforce.] 
 
 reinless (ran'les), a. Without rein or 
 restraint. 
 
 reins(ranz), n.pl. 1. Kidneys. 2. Lower 
 part of the back, over the kidneys. 3. 
 (Formerly supposed) seat of the af- 
 fections andimpulses. [Pr.— L. renes.] 
 
 reinstate (re-in-staf), vt. Place in a 
 former state. — reinstate'ment, n. 
 
 reinvest (re-in-vesf), vt. Invest again 
 or a second time.— rein vest'ment,». 
 
 reinvigorate (re-in-vig'ur-at), vt. In- 
 vigorate again. [U.n. Second issue. 
 
 reissue (re-ish'o). I. vt. Issue again. 
 
 reiterate (re-it'er-at), vt. Repeat 
 again; repeat again and again. — 
 reit'erative, a. — reitera'tion, n. 
 
 reject (re-jekt'), vt. Throw away; not 
 
 receive.— rejec'tion, n. [Li.— re, and 
 
 jacio, throw.] [repel; rebuff. 
 
 Syn. Discard; refuse; repudiate; 
 
 rejoice (re-jois'). I. vi. Feel and express 
 joy. II. vt. Make joyful; gladden.— 
 rejoicingly, adv. With joy or 
 exultation. [Pr. rejouir — re, again, 
 and jouir, enjoy.] [please. 
 
 Syn. Delight; exult -.triumph; cheer; 
 
 Reindeer. 
 
 rejoin (re-join'). I. vt. Join again; 
 unite what is separated; meet again. 
 II. vi. Answer to a reply. 
 
 rejoinder (re-join'der), n. 1. Answer 
 to a reply. 2. In law. Defendant's an- 
 swer to a plaintiff's "replication." 
 
 rejuvenate (re-jo've-nat), vt. Make 
 young again. 
 
 rejuvenescent (re-jo-ve-nes'ent), a. 
 Growing young again.— rejuvenes'- 
 cence, n. 
 
 rekindle (re-kin'dl), vt. Kindle again; 
 set on fireor arouse anew. 
 
 relapse (re-laps'). I. vi. Return to a 
 former state or practice. II. n. Fall- 
 ing back into a former bad state. [L. 
 relabor, relapsus—re, back, and labor, 
 slide.] 
 
 relate (re-laf). I. vt. 1. Describe; tell. 
 
 2. Ally by connection or kindred. II. 
 vi. Have reference; refer.— rela'ted, 
 a. Allied or connected by kindred or 
 blood. — rela'tedness, n. Affinity. 
 [L. relatum^ carried back.] 
 
 relation (re-la'shun), w.l. Act of relat- 
 ing or telling; recital. 2. That which 
 is related. 3. Mutual connection be- 
 tween two things; resemblance. 4. 
 Connection by birth or marriage. — 
 relationship^ n. 
 
 relational (re-la'shun-al), a. Having 
 relation; having kindred. 
 
 relative (rel'a-tiv). I. a. 1. Having 
 relation; respecting. 2. Not absolute 
 or existing by itself; considered as 
 belonging to something else. 3. In 
 gram. Expressing relation; referring 
 to an antecedent. II. n. 1. One who or 
 that which has relation to another. 2. 
 In gram. Pronoun which relates to 
 something before, called the antece- 
 dent.— relatively, adv. — relativ- 
 ity, w._ 
 
 relax(re-laks'). l.vt. 1. Slacken. 2. Make 
 less severe. 3. Relieve from attention 
 or effort. 4. Divert. 5. Loosen, as the 
 bowels. 6. Make languid. II. vi. Be- 
 come less close or severe. — relaxa- 
 tion,^ [L. relaxo— laxus, loose.] 
 
 relay (re-la'), n. 1. Supply of horses 
 to relieve others on a journey. 2. Body 
 of men to take a turn at work; shift. 
 
 3. Anything kept on hand for relief 
 or fresh supply at intervals. [Pr. 
 relais. Doublet of release.] 
 
 release (re-ies' ). I. vt. Let loose; re- 
 lieve; let go, as a claim. II. n. Dis- 
 charge; acquittance; giving up of a 
 right or claim. [O. Fr. relaisser.] 
 Syn. Acquit; discharge; free, 
 
 relegate (rel'e-gat), vt. Consign; ex- 
 ile; remove (to a lower position).— 
 relegation, n. [L.— re, away, and 
 lego, send.] 
 
 fate fat, task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. * 
 
477 
 
 remembrance 
 
 relent (re-lent'), vi. Soften: grow less 
 severe; feel compassion. [Fr. ralentir.] 
 
 relentless (re-lent'les), a. Without 
 tenderness or compassion ; merciless. 
 — relentlessly, adv.— relent less- 
 ness, n. 
 
 relevance ( rel'e-vans ), relevancy 
 ( rel'e-van-si ), n. Pertinence; appli- 
 cability; obvious relation. 
 
 relevant (rel'e-vant),a. Bearing upon, 
 or applying to, the purpose; perti- 
 nent; related. [Fr.] 
 
 reliable (re-li'a-bl), a. That may be 
 relied upon; trusty.— reli'ably, adv. 
 — reliability, reliableness, ns. 
 
 reliance (re-li'ans), n. 1. Trust; con- 
 fidence. 2. Ground for confidence. 
 
 relic (rel'ik), n. 1. That which is left 
 after loss or decay of the rest. 2. 
 Corpse; in R. C. Church, the body or 
 other memorial of a saint. 3. Memo- 
 rial. [Fr. relique—~L. reliquiae.] 
 
 relict (rel'ikt), n. Widow. [L.relicta.] 
 
 reliction ( re-lik'shun ), n. Land left 
 dry by the recession of the sea. 
 
 relief (re-lef ). n. 1. Removal of evil. 
 2. Release from a post or duty. 3. 
 That which relieves or mitigates; aid. 
 4. In fine art. Projection of a sculp- 
 tured design from its ground. 
 
 relieve (re-lev'), vt. 1. Remove that 
 which weighs down or depresses, 
 from. 2. Lessen; ease. 3. Help. 4. Re- 
 lease. 5. In fine art. Set off by con- 
 trast. 6. In law. Redress; right. [Fr. 
 relever, raise again,— L. relevo.] 
 
 relievo (re-le'vo), n. See alto-relie- 
 vo, and BASS-RELIEF. 
 
 relight (re-Hf), vt. and vi. Light or 
 kindle anew; take fire again. 
 
 religieuse(re-le-zhi-uz'), n. Nun. [Fr.J 
 
 religion (re-lij'un), n. 1. Recognition 
 of and obedience to a Supreme Being. 
 2. Healthy moral development on a 
 spiritual basis. 3. System of faith in 
 and worship of a god or gods. [L. 
 religio,—re, back, and %o,bind.] 
 
 religionist (re-lij'un-ist), n. One at- 
 tached to a religion; zealot. 
 
 religious (re-lij'us), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to religion. 2. Concerned with or set 
 apart to religion; pious; godly. 3. In 
 R. C. Church, bound to a monastic 
 life. 4. Strict. — religiously, adv. 
 [L. religiosus.] 
 
 relinquish (re-ling'kwish), vt. Aban- 
 don; give up; renounce a claim to.— 
 relinquishment, n. [O. Fr. relin- 
 quir — L. relinquo.] 
 
 reliquary (re l'i-kwar-i), n. Small 
 chest or casket for holding relics. 
 [Fr. reliquaire.] 
 
 relique (re-lek), n. Relic. [Fr.] 
 
 relish (rel'ish). I. vt. 1. Like the taste 
 of. 2. Be pleased with, II. vi. Have an 
 agreeable taste; give pleasure. III. n. 
 1. Agreeable peculiar taste or qual- 
 ity/2. Enjoyable quality; power of 
 pleasing. 3. Inclination or taste for; 
 appetite. 4. Just enough to give a 
 flavor. 5. Condiment; side dish to 
 stimulate the appetite. [O. Fr. rele~ 
 cher, lick or taste again.] 
 
 reluctance (re-luk'tans ), relue'« 
 tancy, ns. Unwillingness.— reluc'- 
 tant, a. Unwilling; disinclined.— 
 reluc'tantly, adv. [L.— re, against, 
 and luctor, struggle.] 
 
 rely(re-li'),fl£. [rely'ing; relied'.] Rest; 
 repose; have full confidence in. 
 
 remain (re-man'), vi. 1. Stay; be left 
 behind; continue in the same place, 
 form, or condition. 2. Be left, after, 
 or out of, a greater number. — re- 
 mains', n. pi.' 1. Corpse. 2. Literary 
 productions of one dead. [L. remaneo.} 
 Syn. Abide; endure; last; stay; 
 tarry; wait. 
 
 remainder ( re-man'der ), n. That 
 which remains, or is left behind, after 
 the removal of a part; interest in an 
 estate to come into effect after a cer- 
 tain other event happens. [See 
 
 REMAIN.] 
 
 reinand ( re-mand' ), vt. Recommit; 
 send back. [L. remando.] 
 
 remark (re-mark'). I. vt. 1. Mark or 
 take notice of. 2. Express what one 
 thinks or sees. 3. Say. II. n. 1. Words 
 regarding anything. 2. Notice. [Fr. 
 remarquer. See mark.] 
 Syn. Comment; note; observation. 
 
 remarhable(re-mar'ka-bl), a. Deserv- 
 ing notice; that may excite admira- 
 tion or wonder.— remarh'ably, adv. 
 — remarh'ableness, n. [binary. 
 Syn. Strange; eminent. See extra or- 
 
 remediable (re-me'di-a-bl). a. That 
 may be remedied; curable. — reme'» 
 diably, adv.— reme'diableness, n. 
 
 remedial (re-me'di-al), a. Tending to 
 remedy or remove. 
 
 remediless (rem'e-di-les), a. Without 
 a remedy; incurable; irreparable. 
 
 remedy (rem'e-di). I. n. 1 Any medi- 
 cine, appliance, or particular treat- 
 ment that cures disease. 2. That 
 which counteracts any evil or repairs 
 any loss. II. vt. [rem'edying ; rem'- 
 edied.] Remove; counteract; repair. 
 [L. remedium.y 
 
 remember (re-mem"ber), vt. 1. Keep 
 in mind; bear in mind with gratitude 
 and reverence. 2. Attend to. [O. Fr. 
 remembrer—Li. rememoro, call to mind.] 
 remembrance ( re-mem'brans ), n. 1. 
 Memory. 2. That which server 10 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me. met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
remembrances* 
 
 478 
 
 rend 
 
 bring to, or keep in, mind; memorial. 
 3. Power of remembering. 4. Length 
 of time during which a thing can be 
 remembered. [Fr.] 
 
 remembrancer ( re-mem'bran-ser), n. 
 That which reminds; recorder. 
 
 remind (re-mmd'), vt. Make (one) 
 think of or remember. — remind'- 
 ful, a. 1. Reminding. 2. Remem- 
 bering. 
 
 reminiscence (rem-i-nis'ens), n. 1. 
 Recollection. 2. Account of what is 
 remembered. [L. reminiscentiae, rec- 
 ollections.] [Hog on the past. 
 
 reminiscent (rem-i-nis'ent), a. Dwel- 
 
 remiped (rem'i-pedj, a. Having oar- 
 shaped feet. 
 
 remiss (re-mis'), a. Not exact or dili- 
 gent; inattentive. — remissly, adv. 
 — remiss'ness, n. 
 Syn. Dilatory; negligent; slack. 
 
 remissible (re-mis' l-bl), a. That may 
 be pardoned.— remissibil'ity , n. 
 
 remission ( re-mish'un ), n. Abate- 
 ment; relinquishment of a claim; 
 pardon; remittance. 
 
 remissive (re-mis'iv), a. Forgiving. 
 
 remit ( re-mit' ), vt. and vi. remit' 
 liug; remit'ted.j 1. Relax. 2. Pardon. 
 3. Resign; give up; send back. 4.Trans- 
 mit, as money, etc. 5. Put again in 
 custody. — remitter, n. [L. remitto. 
 — re-, back, and mitto, send] 
 
 remittal (re-mit'al), n. Remitting;sur- 
 render. 
 
 remittance (re-mit'ans), n. 1. That 
 
 which is remitted; sum or thing sent. 
 
 2. Sending of money, etc. 
 
 « remittent (re-mit'ent), a. Increasing 
 
 and abating alternately, as a disease. 
 
 remnant (rem'nant), n. Remainder; 
 fragment. [0. 'Fr. remainant. See 
 remain.] lion anew. 
 
 remodel (re-mod'l), vt. Modei or fash- 
 
 remonetize ( re-mun'e-tiz ), vt. Make 
 again a standard or legal money of 
 account. 
 
 remonstrance (re-mon'strans ), n. 
 Strong statement of reasons against 
 an act; expostulation. 
 
 remonstrant ( re-mon'strant ). I. a. 
 Inclined to remonstrate. II. n. One 
 who remonstrates. 
 
 remonstrate (re-mon'strat), vL Set 
 forth strong reasons against a meas- 
 ure. [L. re, again, and monstro, point 
 out.] [Expostulatory. 
 
 remonstratiye (re-mon'stra-tiv), a. 
 
 remontant(re-mon'tant), a. Blooming 
 a second time in the season, as a rose. 
 
 remora(rem'o-ra),n. 1. Delay; hinder- 
 ance. 2. Fish which can adhere to a 
 ship or other fish by means of a suck- 
 ing-disk on its head. 
 
 remorse (re-mars'), n. 1. Gnawing pain 
 or anguish of guilt. 2. Pity. — re- 
 morse'fnl, a. — remorsefully, 
 
 adv.— remorse less, a.— remorse'- 
 
 lessly, adv.— reinorse'Iessness, 11, 
 
 [O. Fv.—Li.remordeo, bite again.] 
 
 remote (re-mof), a. 1. Far; distant. 
 2. Primary, as "a cause. 3. Not agree- 
 ing; not related.— remotely, adv.— 
 remoteness, n. [See remove.] 
 
 remold (re-mold ), vt. Mold or shape 
 anew. 
 
 remount (re-mownf). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Mount again. 2. Go back. II. n. 1. 
 Fresh horse. 2. Supply of fresh horses. 
 
 removable(re-mo'va-bf), a. That may 
 be removed.— removability, n. 
 
 removal (re-mo 'val), n. Act of taking 
 away; displacing; change of place. 
 
 remove(re-mov'). I. vt. Put from its 
 place; take away; withdraw. II. n, 1. 
 Indefinite distance; step in any scale 
 of gradation. 2. Dish to be changed 
 while the rest remain. [L. removeo, 
 move.] 
 
 removed (re-movd'), a. Separated (no- 
 ting a degree of distance in relation- 
 ship, character, etc). 
 
 remunerate (re-niu'ner-at),^. Render 
 an equivalent for a service; recom- 
 pense.— remuneration, n. Reward ; 
 requital. — remunerative, a. Lu- 
 crative; yielding due return. [L.~- 
 munus, muneris, service, gift.] 
 
 renaissance ( re-nas'ans or re-na- 
 songs). I. n. 1. Period (in the 15th 
 century) at which the revival of arts 
 and letters took place, marking the 
 transition from the middle ages to 
 the modern world. 2. Style of art 
 characteristic of that period. [Fr.= 
 new birth.] 
 
 renal (re'nal), a. Pertaining to the 
 reins or kidneys. [L. renalis.] 
 
 renard, reynard ( ren'ard ), %.Fox, 
 so called in fables and in poetry. 
 [Fr. — O. Ger. Reinhard, ReginharU 
 "strong in counsel."] 
 
 renascent ( re-nas'ent ), a. Rising 
 again into being. — renas'cence, n. 
 The same as renaissance. [L. renas- 
 cens, pr. p. of renascor—re, again, and 
 nascor, be born.] 
 
 rencounter (ren-kown'ter ). I. vt. 
 and vi. Meet unexpectedly ; clash ; 
 fight hand to hand. II. n. Meeting in 
 contest ; casual combat ; collision. 
 [Fr. rencontre— U. re-, against, and 
 
 root Of ENCOUNTER.] 
 
 rend (rend), vt. and vi. [rend'ing ; 
 
 rent. ] Tear or burst asunder with 
 
 force; tear away. [A.S. rendan, tear.] 
 
 Syn. Break; crack; rupture; split. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, kerj mite, mit; note, not» move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. then. 
 
render 
 
 479 
 
 repent 
 
 render (ren'der). L vt. 1. Give up; re- 
 turn; surrender. 2. Give; furnish, 
 as assistance. 3. Cause to be. 4. Trans- 
 late into another language. 5. Inter- 
 pret; represent; perform. 6. Try out; 
 clarify, as fat. II. n. 1. Surrender. 
 2. Payment. [Fr. rendre—L>. reddere.] 
 
 rendezvous (ren'de-vo or rang'-). I. 
 n. 1. Appointed place of meeting. 2. 
 Meeting by appointment. II. vi. As- 
 semble at any appointed place. [Fr. 
 rendez-vous, betake yourselves!] 
 
 rendible (ren'di-bl), a. Capable of 
 being rent, or yielded, or translated. 
 
 renegade ( ren'e-gad ) , reneg-ado 
 (ren-e-ga'do),;i. One faithless to prin- 
 ciple or party; apostate; deserter. 
 [Sp. renegado—Li. nego, deny.] 
 
 renew(re-nu').I. vt. 1. Make new again; 
 transform to new life; revive. 2. Be- 
 gin again; recommence. II. vi. 1. Be 
 made new. 2._ Begin again. 
 
 renewable (re-nu'a-bl), a. That may 
 be renewed. 
 
 renewal ( re-nu'al ), n. Renovation; 
 regeneration; restoration. 
 
 reniform (ren'i-farm), a. Having the 
 shape of the human kidney. .[From 
 L. ren, kidney.] 
 
 renitent (ren'i-tent), a. 1. Resisting 
 pressure by elasticity. 2. Persistently 
 opposing. [L.] 
 
 rennet (ren'et), n. Prepared inner 
 membrane of a calf's stomach, used 
 to curdle milk. [From A. S. rennan, 
 cause to run.] [pie. [Fr. rainette.] 
 
 rennet (ren'et), n. Sweet kind of ap- 
 
 renonnce (re-nowns'). I. vt. Disown; 
 reject publicly; forsake. II. vi. Ne- 
 glect to follow suit at cards. — re- 
 nounce'ment, n. [L. renuntio—re, 
 away, and nuntio, announce.] 
 Syn. Abjure; recant; disavow. 
 
 renovate ( ren'o-vat ), vt. Make new 
 again ; restore to the original state.— 
 renovation, n. — renovator, n. 
 [ L. — novus, new.] 
 
 renown (re-nown'). I. n. Great name; 
 celebrity. II. vt. 1. Make famous. 2. 
 (Whititf.) Spread one's self; swagger. 
 [Fr. renommer, make known, boast.] 
 
 renowned (re-nownd'), a. Famous. 
 Syn. Celebrated; noted; illustrious. 
 
 rent (rent), n. Fissure; break; tear. 
 
 rent (rent). I. n. Payment for use of 
 property held of another, esp. houses 
 and lands. II. vt. Hold or occupy by 
 paying rent; let for rent. III. vi. Be 
 let for rent. [Fr. rente — rendre, give 
 back.] 
 
 rent ( rent ),pa. t. and pa. p. of rend. 
 
 rental ( ren'tal ), n. 1. Rent-roll. 2. 
 rent. [ule of rents. 
 
 rent-roll (rent'rol), n. Rental; sched- 
 
 rennnciation (re-nun-si-a'shun). n. 
 
 Disowning; rejection; abandonment. 
 
 [See RENOUNCE.] 
 rep (rep), n. Ribbed fabric. 
 repair ( re-par' ). I. vi. Betake one's 
 
 self; go; resort. II. n. Retreat. [Fr. 
 
 repaire, haunt— L. repatrio, return to 
 
 one's country.] 
 repair (re-par'). I. vt. 1. Restore after 
 
 injury. 2. Make amends for. II. n. 
 
 1. Restoration after injury or decay. 
 
 2. Supply of loss. — repairer, n.~ 
 rep'arable, a.— rep'arably, adv.— 
 reparation, n. 1. Repair. Z. Sup- 
 ply of what is wasted. 3 Amends. 
 [Fr. reparer—L,. reparo.] 
 
 reparative (re-par'a-tiv). I. a. Amend- 
 ing defect or injury. II. n. 1. That 
 which restores to a good state. 2. 
 That which makes amends. 
 
 repartee (rep-ar-te'), n. Smart, ready, 
 and witty reply. [Fr. repartie.] 
 
 repast (re-pasf), n. 1. Meal. 2. Food 
 taken. [Low L. repastus.] 
 
 repay (re-pa'), vt. 1. Payback; make 
 return for; recompense. — repay'a- 
 ble, a.— repayment, n. 
 
 repeal (re-pel'). I. vt. Revoke by au- 
 thority, as a law; abrogate. II. n. 
 Revoking or annulling. — repeal'a- 
 ble, a.— repeal'er, n. [Fr. rappeler 
 — L. appello, 
 call.] 
 
 repeat (re- 
 pet' ). I. vt. 
 Do again or 
 speak again; 
 iterate; quote 
 from memo- 
 ry; rehearse. II. vi. 1. Strike the 
 hours, as a watch. 2. Recur : III. n. 
 In music. Mark (dots) directing a 
 part to be repeated. [Fr. repeter—Li. 
 peto, seek.] 
 
 repeatedly (re-pe'ted-li) , adv. Many 
 times repeated; again and again. 
 
 repeater (re-pe'ter), n. 1. One who or 
 that which repeats. 2. Watch that 
 strikes again the previous hour at the 
 touch of a spring. 3. Repeating fire- 
 arm. 4. One who votes more than 
 once in an election. 
 
 repel (re-pel'), vt. repelling; repel- 
 led'.] Drive back; repulse; check the 
 advance of. — repellent, a. — re- 
 pel'ler, n. [L,.—pello, drive.] 
 
 repent ( re-pent' ), vt. and vi. 1. Re- 
 gret or sorrow for what one has done 
 or left undone. 2. Change from past 
 evil. — repentance, n. Contrition 
 for sin. — repentant, a. Showing 
 sorrow for sin. [Fr. repentir—L,. poe- 
 ni'ere, cause to repent.] 
 
 ^m 
 
 Repeat mark. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf) 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
repercussion 
 
 480 
 
 reproach 
 
 repercussion (re-per-kush'un), n. 1. 
 Reverberation. 2. In mus. Frequent 
 repetition of the same sound. [L.] 
 
 repertoire (rep-er-twar'), n. Schedule 
 of plays or pieces ready for perfor- 
 mance. [Fr.] 
 
 repertory (rep'er-to-ri), n. Reposi- 
 tory; storeroom; repertoire. [L. re- 
 pertorium—reperio, find again.] 
 
 repetend (rep'e-tend) , n. That part 
 of a repeating decimal which recurs 
 continually, as 743 in 1,743743 . . — 
 
 repetition (rep-e-tish'un), n. 1. Act 
 of repeating. 2. Recital from memory. 
 —repetitious, a. 
 
 repine (re-pm'), vi. Fret one's self; 
 feel discontent; murmur. — repi'- 
 ning-ly, adv.— repi'ner, n. 
 
 replace (re-plas'), vt. 1. Put again In 
 a former place or condition. 2. Repay; 
 provide a substitute for. 3. Take the 
 place of.— replacement, n. 
 
 replenish ( re-plen'ish ), vt. 1. Fill 
 again. 2. Fill completely. — replen- 
 ishment, n. [O. Fr. replemr — L. 
 plenus, full.] 
 
 replete (re-plef), a. Completely filled. 
 — reple'tion, n. [L. repletus.] 
 
 replevin (re-plev'in), n. Action for 
 replevying. 
 
 replevy (re-plev'i), vt. In law. Recover 
 goods upon giving security. — re- 
 plev'iable, a. [O. Fr. replevir.] 
 
 replica (rep'li-ka), n. Copy of a picture 
 by the painter "of the original. [It.— 
 L. replieo, fold.] 
 
 replication (rep-li-ka'shun), n. 
 Plaintiff's answer to a plea. 
 
 reply (re-pli'). I. vt. and vi. [reply'ing; 
 replied'. ] Answer. II. n. Answer. 
 [L. replieo— re-, back, and plico, fold.] 
 
 report (re-port'). L vL 1. Bring back, 
 as an answer or account; give an ac- 
 count of; relate; circulate publicly. 
 2. Write down or take notes of, esp. 
 lor a newspaper. II. vi. 1. Make a 
 statement. 2. Present one's self, as 
 ready for duty, etc. 3. Write an ac- 
 count of occurrences. III. n. 1. State- 
 ment of facts; description; formal or 
 official statement, esp. of a judicial 
 ©pinion or decision. 2. Rumor. 3. 
 Smmd; noise.— report'er, «.„ 1. One 
 who reports, esp. for a newspaper. 2. 
 One who records law proceedings, 
 etc. [L. reporto—ve-, back, and porto, 
 earry.] 
 
 repose (re-p5z'). I. vt. 1. Lay at rest; 
 ©ompose. 2. Place in trust (with on 
 or in). II. vi. 1. Lie; rest; sleep. 2. 
 Rest in confidence (with on or upon). 
 III. n. 1. Lying at rest; sleep; quiet; 
 rest of mind. 2. That harmony which 
 gives rest to the eye. [Fr. reposer.] 
 
 reposit (re-poz'it), vt. Lodge, as for 
 safety.— repository, n. Place for 
 safe keeping. [again. 
 
 repossess (re-poz-zes'), vt. Possess 
 
 reprehend (rep-re-hend'), vt. Blame; 
 reprove. [L.— prehendo, lay hold of.] 
 
 reprehensible (rep-re-hen'si-bl), a. 
 Blamable.— reprehen'sibly, adv. 
 
 reprehension (rep-re-hen'shun), n 
 Reproof; censure. 
 
 reprehensive(rep-re-hen'siv), a. Con- 
 taining censure; given in reproof. 
 
 represent (re-pre-zenf), vt. Present 
 again. 
 
 represent(rep-re-zent'), vt. 1. Exhibit 
 the image of; serve as a sign of. 2. 
 Personate or act the part of ; stand in 
 the place of. 3. Bring before the 
 mind ; describe. [L.— re-, again, and 
 praesento, place before.] 
 
 representable (rep-re-zen'ta-bl ), a. 
 That maybe represented. 
 
 representation (rep-re-zen-t3'snun) 1 
 n. 1. Representing or being represent* 
 ed. 2. That which represents; image; 
 statement; dramatic performance. 3. 
 Part performed by a representative. 
 4. Body of representatives. 
 
 representative (rep-re-zen'ta-tiv), I. 
 a. l.Representing;showing a likeness. 
 2. Bearing the character or power of 
 others; typical. 3. Done by deputies, 
 or acting on behalf of the people. II. 
 n. 1. One who stands for another; 
 deputy; delegate; agent; substitute. 
 2. Member of lower house of Congress 
 or of a state legislature. [Fr.] 
 
 repress (re-pres'), vt. Check or re» 
 strain. — repression, n.— repress'- 
 ive, a.— repress'ively, adv. 
 Svn. Curb; crush; quell; subdue. 
 
 reprieve { re-prev* ). I. vt. Delay the 
 execution of (a criminal); give a res- 
 pite to. II. n. 1. Suspension of a crim- 
 inal sentence. 2. Interval of ease or 
 relief. [O. Fr. repruver — > L. reprobo, 
 reject. See reprove.] 
 
 reprimand (rep'ri-mand or -mand'). 
 
 1. n. Severe reproof. II. vt. Reprove 
 severely. [Fr.— L. reprimo, repress.] 
 
 Syn. Chide; censure; rebuke. 
 reprint (re-print'). I. vt. Print again. 
 
 2. Print a new impression of. II. n. 
 (re'print) Another impression, 
 
 reprisal ( re-pn'zal), n. 1. Retalia- 
 tion. 2. Seizure of goods from an 
 enemy by way of retaliation. [Fr. 
 repr&aiUe—L. reprendere, seize again.] 
 
 reproach (re-proch'). I. vt. Censure; 
 upbraid. II. n. 1. Act of reproaching. 
 2. Reproof mingled with contempt; 
 blame in opprobrious language. 3. 
 Disgrace. 4. Object of scorn. — re- 
 proachable (re-proch'a-bl), a.— re« 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
reprobate 
 
 481 
 
 research 
 
 proach fill, a. 1. Expressing cen- 
 sure. 2. Bringing reproach. — re- 
 proacb'fully, adv. [Fr. reprocher.] 
 Syn. Reprehension ;abuse ; discredit. 
 
 reprobate ( rep'ro-bat ). I. a. Con- 
 demned ; given over to sin ; d epraved ; 
 vile. IL n. Abandoned or profligate 
 person. III. vt. Disapprove; disown; 
 abandon to destruction.— reproba'- 
 tion. n. [Li. reprobatus. SeeREPROVE.] 
 
 reproduce (re-pro-dus'), vt. Produce 
 
 Jain; copy.— reproduction, n. — 
 productive, a. 
 roof (re-prof), n. Rebuke; censure. 
 
 reprovable (re-pr&'va-bl), a. Blama- 
 ble, reprehensible. 
 
 reprove (re-prbv'), vt. Chide; censure. 
 — reprover, n. [Fr. reprouver— L. 
 reprobo.] 
 
 reptile (rep'til). I. a. Moving on the 
 belly or with very short legs; grovel- 
 ing; low. II. n. 1. Animal that crawls 
 on its belly or with short legs. 2. 
 Groveling, low person— reptilian, 
 a. [L. reptilis—repo, creep.] 
 
 republic (re-pub'lik), n. 1. Common- 
 wealth. 2. Form of government with- 
 out a monarch, in which the supreme 
 power i3 vested in representatives 
 elected by the people. [Fr. republique 
 — Li. res publica,_comm.on weal.] 
 
 republican (re-pub'lik-an). I. a. Be- 
 longing to a republic; agreeable to 
 the principles of a republic. II. n. One 
 who advocates a republican form of 
 government. 2. Member of one of the 
 two great American political parties. 
 — republicanism, ». 
 
 repudiate ( re-pu'di-at ), vt. Reject; 
 disclaim; disavow. Specifically, deny 
 and refuse to pay a just debt.— re- 
 pudiation, repu'diator, ns. [L, 
 repudio—pudere.pe ashamed.] 
 
 repugnance (re-pug'nans), n. Aver- 
 sion; reluctance. 
 
 repugnant (re-pug'nant), a. Hostile; 
 adverse; distasteful; offensive. — re- 
 pugnantly, adv. [L. repugno—^re, 
 against, and pugno, fight.] 
 
 repulse (re-puls'). I. vt. Drive back; 
 repel; beat off. II. n. 1. State of being 
 repulsed or driven back. 2. Act of re- 
 pelling; refusal. [L. repulsus, pa. p. of 
 repello, drive back.] 
 
 repulsion (re-pul'shun), n. 1. Acts of 
 repulsing or state of being repelled. 
 2. Repugnance; disgust. 3. Power by 
 which bodiesrepel each other. 
 
 repulsive (re-pul'siv), a. Repelling; 
 disgusting ; forbidding. — r e p u 1' - 
 sively, adv. — repul'siveness, n. 
 
 repurchase (re-pur'cbas). I. vt. Buy 
 back or again. II. n. 1. Act of buying 
 again. 2. That which is bought again. 
 
 reputable ( rep'u-ta-bl ), a. In good 
 repute or esteem; honorable.— rep'- 
 utably, adv.— rep^utableness, n. 
 
 reputation (rep-u-ta'shun ), n. Esti- 
 mation; character as established in 
 public opinion; credit; fame. [See 
 
 REPUTE.] 
 
 repute ( re-put'). I. vt. Account; esti- 
 mate; hold. II. n. Estimate; estab- 
 lished opinion; character. [L. reputo, 
 think over.] 
 
 reputedly (re- pu'ted-li), adv. In com- 
 mon repute or estimation. 
 
 request (re-kwestf). I. vt. Ask for; 
 entreat; desire. II. n. 1. Petition; 
 prayer. 2. Desire; demand. 3. That 
 which is requested. 4. State ot being 
 desired. [L,. requisition, pa.p. of requiro 
 —quaero, seek.] 
 
 requiem (re'kwi-em), n. l.Hymn or 
 mass sung for the repose of the dead. 
 2. Musical composition in honor of 
 the dead. [L. ace. of requies, from the 
 L. words Bequiem aeternam dona eis, 
 Domine, "Give eternal rest to them, 
 O Lord!"] 
 
 require (re-kwir'), vt. 1. Ask; demand. 
 2.Need; exact. 3. Direct. [L. requiro:] 
 
 requirement ( re-kwlr'ment ) , n, 1. 
 Act of requiring. 2. That which is 
 required; claim; demand. 
 
 requisite (rek'wi-zit). I. a. Needful; 
 indispensable. II. n. That which is 
 required. 
 
 requisition ( rek-wi-zish'un ) , n. 1. 
 Act of requiring; application; de- 
 mand. 2. Written request or invita- 
 tion. 3. Demand made by authority. 
 [L. requisition 
 
 requital (r3-kwi'tal), n. Act of requit- 
 ing; payment in return; recompense. 
 
 requite (re-kwif), vt. Give back so as 
 to be quits; repay. [From quit.] 
 Syn. Recompense; reward; punish. 
 
 reredos(rer'dos),?i. Wall of a church or 
 ornamental screen behind the altar. 
 [Fr. arrtire, behind, and dos, back.] 
 
 reremouse (rer'mows), n. Bat. [A.S. 
 ftrererrms — hreran, flutter, and mus, 
 mouse.] 
 
 rescind (re-sind'), vt. Cut off; annul; 
 repeal. [L.— scindo, cut.] 
 
 rescission (re-sizh'un), n. Act of re. 
 scinding.— rescissory, a. 
 
 rescript (re'skript), n. Official answer 
 of a pope or an emperor to a legal 
 question; edict; decree. [L. — scrip- 
 turn, writtenj 
 
 rescue (res'ku). I. vt. Free from dan- 
 ger or violence; deliver. II. n. Act 
 of rescuing; deliverance. [O. Fr. re- 
 scourre—'Li. excutere, shake out] 
 
 research (re-serch'j, n. 1. Careful 
 search; scrutiny. 2. Deep learning. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, alove; ine, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, kut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
resemblance 
 
 482 
 
 respect 
 
 resemblance (re-zem'blans ), n. 1. 
 Similitude; likeness; similarity. 2. 
 That which is similar. 
 
 resemble (re-zem'bl), vt. Be similar 
 to; have the likeness of. [Fr. ressem- 
 bler—sembler, seem.] 
 
 resent (re-zent'), vt. and vi. 1. Take 
 ill; be indignant at. 2. Express in- 
 dignation.— resent'fnl, a. Full of, or 
 prone to, resentment.--resent'f ully , 
 fl^-resent'meiit,w. 1. Act of re- 
 senting. 2. Anger. [F. ressentir, feel.] 
 Syn. Displeasure; indignation. 
 
 reservation (rez-er- va'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of reserving or keeping back. 2. Some- 
 thing withheld. 3. Clause, proviso, 
 or limitation by which something is 
 reserved. 4. Public land reserved in 
 the U. S. for certain purposes. 
 
 reserve (re-zerv'). I. vt. 1. Keep back. 
 2. Keep for future or other use. II. 
 n. 1. That which is kept for future 
 use. 2. Part of an army or a fleet re- 
 served to assist in case of need. 3. 
 That which is kept back in the mind ; 
 mental concealment. 4. Absence of 
 freedom in words or actions ; caution. 
 [L.— servo, save, keep.] 
 
 reserved (re-zervd'), a. Characterized 
 by reserve ; not f reeor frank in words 
 or behavior; shy; cold. — reserved" 
 ly, adv. — reser'vedness, n. 
 
 reservoir ( rez'er-vwar), n. 1. Place 
 where anything is reserved or kept in 
 store. 2. Place where water is collect- 
 ed and stored for use. [Fr.] 
 
 reset (re-set'), vt. Set again or anew. 
 
 reside(re-zid'),w. Dwell permanently; 
 abide; live; inhere. [L. sedeo, sit.] 
 
 residence ( rez'i-dens ), n. 1. Act of 
 residing or of dwelling in a place. 2. 
 Place where one resides. 
 
 residency ( rez'i-den-si ), n. 1. Resi- 
 dence. 2. Official dwelling of a govern- 
 ment officer in India. 
 
 resident (rez'i-dent). L a. Dwelling in 
 a place. II. n. 1. One who resides. 2. 
 Public minister at a foreign court— 
 residential, a. — residentiary, 
 a. and n. [residue. 
 
 residual (re-'Zid'u-alK a. Remaining as 
 
 residuary (re-zid'u-ar-i), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the residue. 2. Receiving the 
 remainder. 
 
 residue ( rez'i-du ), n. That which is 
 left behind after a part is taken away ; 
 remainder. VL. residuum— resideo, re- 
 main behind.] 
 
 residuum (re-zid'u-um), n. Residue; 
 that which is left after any process of 
 purification. [L.] 
 
 resign ( re-zin' ), vt. Yield up to an» 
 other; submit, —resignation (rez- 
 ig-na'shun), n. 1. Act of resigning or 
 
 giving up. 2. State of being resigned 
 or quietly submissive; acquiescence; 
 patience. [L. resigno, unseal, annul, 
 give back.] 
 
 resilient ( re-zil'i-ent }, a. Springing 
 back; rebounding.— resilience, re» 
 sil'iency, ns. [Li.—salio, leap.] 
 
 resin ( rez'in ), n. Inflammable sub- 
 stance, which exudes from trees.— 
 resinous, a. — res'inousness, n. 
 [Fr. resine — fe. resina.] 
 
 resist (re-zist'j! vi. and vt. Make oppo- 
 sition (to) ; strive against.— resist'- 
 anee,n. Act of resisting; opposition. 
 — resist'ible, a. — resist! bly, adv. 
 — resistibil'ity, n. [L. — sisto. stand.] 
 Syn. Withstand; obstruct: baffle. 
 
 resistless (re-zist'les), a. Irresistible. 
 
 resolute ( rez'o-lot ), a. Constant in 
 pursuing a purpose.— res'olntely, 
 adv.— res'oluteness, n. [vering. 
 Syn. Determined; steadfast; perse- 
 resolution (rez-o-16'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of resolving; analysis; solution. 2. 
 State of being resolved. 3. Fixed de- 
 termination ; steadiness. 4. 'That 
 which is resolved; formal proposal 
 in a public assembly. 
 
 resolvable (re-zolv'a-bl), a. Capable of 
 being resolved to its briginalelements. 
 
 resolve (re-zolv'). I. vt. and vi. 1. Sepa- 
 rate into parts; analyze. 2. Free from 
 doubt or difficulty; explain. 3. Decide. 
 4. Fix by resolution or formal' decla- 
 ration. 5. In math. Solve. 6. In med. 
 Disperse, as a tumor. II. n. Anything 
 resolved or determined ; fixed pur- 
 pose. [L. resolvo — solvo, loose.] 
 
 resonant (rez'o-nant), a. Returning 
 
 , sound ; resounding. — resonance, 
 n. [Li. — sono, sound.] 
 
 resorcine (re-zar'sin) , n. A colorless, 
 odorless crystalline compound (C e H 6 
 O2) used in medicine, and as a base of 
 certain purple-red coloring-matters. 
 
 resort (re-zarf). I. vi. Go; betake one's 
 self; have recourse; apply. II. n. 1. 
 Act of resorting. 2. Place much fre- 
 quented; haunt. 3. Resource. [Fr. 
 ressortir—L,. sortiri, cast lots, obtain.] 
 
 resound (re-zownd'), vt. and vi. Echo; 
 be echoed; ring. 2. Celebrate with 
 sound, 3. Be much mentioned. 
 
 resource (re-sors'), n. 1. Source of 
 help; expedient. 2. pi. Means of rais- 
 ing money; means of any kind. [Fr. 
 ressource—Li. resurgere, rise again.] 
 
 respect (re-spekf). I. vt. 1. Esteem; 
 honor. 2. Relate to. II. n. 1. Esteem- 
 ing highly; regard; expression of es 
 teem. 2. Deportment arising from 
 esteem. 3. Relation; reference. [L. 
 respieio, respectum, look back.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. > 
 
respectable 
 
 483 
 
 resurgent 
 
 respectable ( re-spek'ta-bl ), a. 1. 
 Worthy of respect or regard; not 
 mean or despicable. 2. Moderate in 
 «xcellence or number. — respect'* 
 ably, adv. — respectability, n. 
 
 respectful (re-spekG'iol >, a. Full of 
 respect; marked by civility. — re- 
 spectfully, adv. 
 
 respective (re-spek'tiv), a. 1. Having 
 reference to; relative. 2. Relating to 
 a particular person or thing; parti- 
 cular.— respectively , adv. Each his 
 own: as relating to each. 
 
 resperse(re-spers'), vt. Sprinkle; scat- 
 ter. — resper'sion, n. [piration. 
 
 respirable (re-spi'ra-bl), a. Fit for res- 
 respiration (res-pi-ra'shun),?i. Func- 
 tion or act of breathing. 
 
 respirator (res'pi-ra-tur),w. Network 
 of fine wire for breathing through. 
 
 respiratory (re-spi'ra-to-ri), a. Per- 
 taining to,, or serving for, respiration. 
 
 respire (re-spir'). I. vi. 1. Breathe. 2. 
 Take rest. II. vt. Breathe out. [L.— 
 spiro, breathe.] 
 
 respite (res'pit). I. n. 1. Temporary 
 cessation; pause; interval of rest. 2. 
 In law. Temporary suspension of the 
 execution of a criminal. II. vt. Grant 
 a respite to. [O.Fr. respit-~L. respectus.] 
 
 resplendent (re-splen'dent), a. Very 
 splendid; very bright. — resplen- 
 dently, adv.— resplen'dence, re- 
 splen'dency, ns. [ L. — splendeo, 
 shine.] 
 
 respond (re-spond'), vi. 1. Answer; 
 reply. 2. Correspond; suit. [L. — 
 spondeo, promise.] 
 
 respondent (re-spond'ent). I. a. An- 
 swering; corresponding to expecta- 
 tion. II. n. One who answers, esp. in 
 a law suit ;one who refutes objections. 
 
 response ( re-spons' ), n. Reply; an- 
 swer. [See RESPOND.] 
 
 responsibility (re-spon-si-bil'i-ti), n. 
 1. State of being responsible. 2. What 
 one is responsible for. 
 
 responsible (re-spon'si-bl), a. 1. Lia- 
 ble to be called to account; answer- 
 able. 2. Capable of discharging duty. 
 —responsibly, adv. 
 
 responsive(ve-spon'siv), a. 1. Inclined 
 to respond. 2. Answering. 3. Corres- 
 pondent.— respon'sively, adv. 
 
 rest (rest). I. n.l. Cessation from mo- 
 tion, labor, or disturbance; peace; 
 quiet. 2. Sleep; death. 3. Place of rest; 
 that on which anything rests. 4. In mu- 
 sic. Interval of silence ; its mark. II. vi. 
 
 1. Cease from action or labor; be still. 
 
 2. Repose; be supported. 3. Stand 
 firm; be fixed. 4. Sleep; be dead. 5. 
 Lean; trust. III. vt. 1. Lay at rest. 
 2. Place on a support; lean. [A. S.] 
 
 rest (rest). I. n. That which remains 
 after the separation of a part ; re- 
 mainder; others. II. vi. Remain. [Fr. 
 reste— L. resto.] 
 
 restaurant (res'to-rant), n. Eating 
 house. [Fr.— restaurer, restore.] 
 
 restitution (res-ti-tu'shun), n. Restor- 
 ing what was lost or taken away; 
 amends. [L.— restituo, setup again.] 
 
 restive (res'tiv), a. 1. Unwilling to go 
 forward; obstinate; refractory. 2. 
 Restless. — rest'ively, adv.— rest'- 
 iveness, n. [O. Fr. restif.] 
 
 restless (rest'les), a. 1. In continual 
 motion; uneasy. 2. Passed in un- 
 quietness. 3. Seeking change or ac- 
 tion; unsettled; turbulent. — rest'- 
 lessly, adv. — restlessness, n. 
 [From best, cessation_from motion.] 
 
 restoration (res-to-ra'shun ), n. 1. 
 Restoring; replacement ; recovery ; 
 revival; reparation. 2. That which 
 is restored. 
 
 restorative (re-stor'a-tiv). I. a. Tend- 
 ing to restore, esp. to strength and 
 vigor. II, n. Medicine that restores. 
 — restor'atiyely, adv. 
 
 restore (re-stor'), vt. Store again. 
 
 restore (re-stor'), vt. 1. Repair; re- 
 place; return; bring back to its for- 
 mer state; revive; cure. — restor'er, 
 n. [Fr. restaurer— Li. restauro.] 
 
 restrain (re-stran'), vt. 1. Hold back; 
 check; hinder. 2. Limit. [O. Fr. re- 
 straindre—Lt. stringo, bind.] 
 
 restraint (re-stranf), n. 1. Act of re- 
 straining. 2. State of being restrain- 
 ed. 3. That which restrains. 
 
 restrict (re-strikf), vt Limit; confine; 
 repress. — restriction ( re-strik'- 
 shun), n. Limitation; confinement; 
 restraint. — restrictive, a. [From 
 
 root Of RESTRAIN.] 
 
 result (re-zuif). I. vi. 1. Issue (in). 
 2. Follow as a consequence. II. n. 1. 
 Consequence; effect. 2. Decision; reso- 
 lution. [Fr. See resilient.] 
 Syn. Eventj conclusion; issue. 
 
 resultant (re-zul'tant). I. a. Result- 
 ing from combination.il. n. In vhysics. 
 Force compounded of two or more 
 forces. 
 
 resumable (re-zu'ma-bl), a. Liable to 
 be taken back again or taken up again. 
 
 resume ( ra-zo-ma' ), n. Recapitula- 
 tion. [Fr.]_ 
 
 resume (re-zum ; ), vt. 1. Take back. 
 2. Take up again. 3. Begin again after 
 interruption.— resump'tion, n. [L. 
 resumo.) 
 
 resurgent ( re-sur'jent ), a. Rising 
 again, or from the dead. [L. re, again, 
 and surge, surrectum, rise.] 
 
 f|kte, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
resurrect 
 
 484 
 
 retrievable 
 
 resurrect ( rez-ur-rekt' ) , vt. 1. Raise 
 from the dead. 2. Bring again into 
 public view or notice. [Collog. Formed 
 
 from RESURRECTION.] 
 
 resurrection (rez-ur-rek'shun), n. 1. 
 Rising again from the dead. 2. Life 
 hereafter. 3. Exhumation of a body 
 from the grave. [Fr. — L. resurgere. 
 
 See RESURGENT.] 
 
 resuscitate ( re-sus'i-tat ), vt. and vi. 
 
 Revive; revivify; come to life again. 
 — resuscitation n. — resus'cita- 
 
 tive, a. _ [L.} 
 
 retail (re-tal'), vt. 1. Sell in small 
 parts; deal out in small portions. 2. 
 Tell in broken parts, or at second- 
 hand. — retail'er, n. [Fr. retainer, 
 cut again.] [quantities. 
 
 retail (rental), n. Sale of goods in small 
 
 retain (re-tan'), vt. 1. Keep in posses- 
 sion; continue to hold; detain. 2. 
 Employ by a fee paid.— retainable, 
 a. — retainer (re-ta'ner), n. 1. One 
 who retains. 3. One who is retained 
 or kept in service; dependant. 2. Fee 
 paid to a lawyer to defend a cause. 
 [Fr.— L. retineo.] 
 
 retaliate (re-tal'i-at), vt. and vi. Re- 
 turn like for like; repay.— retalia- 
 tion, n. Return of like for like; ret- 
 ribution. — retal'iative, retalia- 
 tory, a. Returning like for like. [L. 
 retalio— talis, of such a kind.] 
 
 retard(re-tard'),^. Keep back; hinder; 
 delay.— retarda'tion, n. [L. retardo 
 —tardus, slow.] 
 
 retch (rech), vi. Try to vomit; strain. 
 [A. S. ftraec<m,_hawk,— hraca, throat.] 
 
 retention f re-ten'shun ), n. Act or 
 power of retaining. 
 
 retentive (re-ten'tiv), a. Having pow- 
 er to retain. — reten'tively, adv.— 
 reten'tiveness, n. 
 
 retirary (re'shi-ar-i), a. 1. Netlike. 2. 
 Constructing a web to catch prey. 3. 
 Provided with a net. [L. retiarius, 
 gladiator who fights with a net (rete).] 
 
 reticent (ret'i-sent), a. Concealing by 
 silence; reserved in speech. — reti- 
 cence, ret'icency, n. [L. — taceo, 
 am silent.] _ 
 
 reticular (re-tik'u-lar), a. Having the 
 form of network; formed with inter- 
 stices. 
 
 reticulate(re-tik'u-lat), reticulated 
 (re-tik'u-lat-ed), a. Netted; having 
 the form or structure of a net; hav- 
 ing veins crossing like network. — 
 reticulation, n. 
 
 reticule (ret'i-kul), reticle (ret'i-kl), 
 n. Little network bag; lady's work- 
 bag. [L. reticulum, dim. of rete, net.] 
 
 eetiform (ret'i-farm), a. Having the 
 form or structure of a net. 
 
 retina (ret'i-na), a. Innermost coating 
 of the back part of the eye, consist- 
 ing of a fine net work of optic nerves. 
 — re final, a. Pertaining to the 
 retina. [FromL. rete, net.] 
 
 retinue (ret'i-nu), n. Body of retain- 
 ers who follow a person of rank; 
 suite. [From root of retain, hire.] 
 
 retire (re-tir'). I. vi. Retreat; recede; 
 draw back; go to bed. II. vt. 1. With- 
 draw; pay and withdraw; as a bond. 
 2. Cause to retire. [Fr. retirer.] 
 
 retirement (re-tir'ment), n. 1. With 
 drawal. 2. Solitude; privacy. 
 
 retort (re-tart'). I. 
 vt. Throw " back ; 
 return. II. vi. Make 
 a sharp reply. III. 
 
 n. 1. Ready and Retort (A) and ru- 
 
 sharp reply ; witty ceiver <;©). 
 
 answers- 2. Vessel 
 used in distillation, properly a spiral 
 tube. [L. retortum, pa. p. of retorgueo, 
 twist back.] 
 
 retoucu (re-tuch'). I. vt. Improve, as 
 a picture, by new touches. II. n. 1. 
 Reapplication of the artist's hand to 
 a work. 2. Finish and correction. 
 
 retrace (re-tras'), vt. 1. Trace back; 
 go back by the same course. 2. Renew 
 the outline of. 
 
 retract U'e-trakt'), vt. and vi. Draw or 
 take back.— retractile, a. That may 
 be retracted.— retrac'tion, w.-re- 
 tract'ive, a. Retracting.— retract'- 
 ively, adv. [ L. — traho, tractum, 
 draw.] 
 Syn. Recall; rescind; revoke. 
 
 retreat (re- tret'). I. n. 1. Drawing 
 back or retracing one's steps. 2. Re- 
 tirement; place of privacy. 3. Refuge; 
 place of safety. 4. Act of retiring in 
 order from the enemy, or from an, 
 advanced position. 5. Signal for re- 
 tiring from an engagement or to 
 quarters. II. vi. 1. Draw back. 2. 
 Retire, esp. to a place of shelter or 
 security. [O. Fr. retret (Fr. retraite) 
 — L. retractus, pa. p. of retraho.] 
 
 retrench (re-trench'), vt. and vi. Cut 
 down; render less; curtail; live at 
 less expense ; economize.— retrench'- 
 ment, n. 1. Cutting down. 2. In fort. 
 Work within another for prolonging 
 the defence. [O. Fr. retrencher.] 
 
 retribution (ret-ri-bu'sbun), n. Re- 
 payment; suitable return; reward or 
 punishment. [L.— remand tribuo ,give.] 
 
 retributive (re-trib'u-tiv) , retribu* 
 tory (re-trib'u-to-ri), a. Repaying; 
 rewarding or punishing suitably. 
 
 retrievable (re-tre'va-bl), a. That 
 may be recovered. — retrie'vably, 
 adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
retrieve 
 
 485 
 
 reversionary 
 
 retrieve (re-trev'),^. Recover; recall; 
 bring back to a former state; repair. 
 
 ■retrie'val 
 
 -retriever (re- 
 
 tre'ver), n. Kind of dog trained to find 
 and fetch game that has been shot. 
 [Fr. re-, again, and trouver, find.] 
 
 retro-, prefix. Back; backward. [L.] 
 
 retroactive (re-tro-ak'tiv), a. Acting 
 backward or inopposition. 
 
 retrocession(re-tro-sesh'un), n. Going 
 back ; giving back. [L.— cedo, go.] 
 
 retrograde(ret'ro-grad or re'), I. a. 1. 
 Going backward. 2. Going from west 
 to east. 3. Falling from better to 
 worse. II. vi. Go backward.— retro- 
 grada'tion, n. [L. retro, backward, 
 and gradior, gressus, go.] 
 
 retrogression ( re - tro - gresh'un ), n. 
 Going backward; decline in quality 
 or merit. — retrogressive, a. — re- 
 trogres'sively, adv. [See retro- 
 grade.] 
 
 retrospect (ret'ro-spekt or re'). I.vi. 
 Look back. II. n. Looking back; con- 
 templation of the past.— retrospec- 
 tion, n. — retrospect'ive, a .— re- 
 trospects -vely, adv. [L. retrospectus, 
 — specio, look.] 
 
 return (re-turn'). I. vi. l.Come back 
 to the same place or state. 2. Answer ; 
 retort. II. vt. 1. Bring or send back. 
 2. Give back; repay; give back in 
 reply. 3. Report; give an account. 
 IIL n. 1. Act of going back. 2. Revo- 
 lution; periodic renewal. 3. Act of 
 bringing or sending back. 4. Restitu- 
 tion; repayment. 5. Profit on capital 
 or labor. 6. Reply. 7. Report or ac- 
 count, esp. official. [Fr. retourner.} 
 
 returnable ( re-tur'na-bl ) a. 1. That 
 may be returned or' restored. 2. In 
 law. To be returned or rendered. 
 
 reunion (re-u'ni-un), n. 1. Jnion after 
 separation. 2. Assembly. [Fr. reunion.'] 
 
 reunite (re-u-nlf), vt. and vi. l.Join 
 after separation. 2. Reconcile. 
 
 reveal tre-veT), vt. Make known; dis- 
 close. [L. revelo, unveil.] 
 Syn. Manifest; divulge; unveil. 
 
 reveille(rev-e-le' or ra-val'ya),w. Sound 
 of the drum or bugle at day-break to 
 awaken soldiers. [Imperative of Fr. 
 riveiller, awake,— root of vigil.] 
 
 revel (rev'el). I. vi. Feast in a riotous 
 or noisy manner; carouse. II. v.- Riot- 
 tousor tumultuous feast; carousal.— 
 rev'eler, n. [O. Fr. reveler— L. rebel- 
 tare, rebel.] 
 
 revelation (rev-e-la'shun ), n. 1. Act 
 of making known. 2. That which is 
 revealed. 3. That which is revealed by 
 God to man; the Bible. 4. [R] The 
 Apocalypse or last book of the New 
 Testament, [See reveal.] 
 
 revelry (rev'el-ri), n. Riotous ornois^ 
 festivity. 
 
 revenge (rg-venj'). I. vt. Punish or 
 injure in return; avenge. II. n. 1. Act 
 of revenging, 2. Injury inflicted in 
 return. 3. Passion for retaliation. - 
 revenger, n. [O.Fr. revenger— L. re-. 
 in return, aridvindico, lay claim to.} 
 
 revengeful (re-veuj'fol), a. Full of a 
 desire to inflict injury in return; vin- 
 dictive.— revenge'fully, adv. 
 
 revenue (rev'en-u), n. 1. Receipts or 
 rents from any source; income. 2. In- 
 come of astate._[Fr.=returned.l 
 
 reverberate (re-ver'ber-at). I. vt. 1. 
 Send back, as sound; echo; reflect. 
 2. Drive from side to side, as flame. 
 II. vi. Echo; resound; bound back; 
 be repelled.— reverbera'tion, n. — 
 rever'beratory, a. [L. — verbero^ 
 beat.] 
 
 revere (re-ver'), vt. Regard with re- 
 spectful awe; venerate. [L. revereor.] 
 
 reverence (re v'er-ens). I. n. 1. Respect- 
 ful awe; veneration. 2. Act of rever- 
 ing or obeisance; bow or courtesy. 3. 
 Title of the clergy. II. vt. Regard 
 with reverence; venerate. 
 
 reverend (rev'er-end), a. 1. Worthy 
 of reverence. 2. [R] Title of the 
 clergy. [L. reverendus. See revere.] 
 
 reverent (rev'er-ent), a. Showing rev- 
 erence; submissive; humble. — rev'» 
 erently, adv. 
 
 reverential (rev-er-en'shal), a. Pro- 
 ceeding from reverence; respectful.— 
 reveren'tially, adv. 
 
 reverie, revery (rev'er-i), n. Irreg 
 ular train of thoughts in meditation \ 
 day-dream._ [Fr.— river, dream.] 
 
 reversal (re-ver'sal, n. Act of revers- 
 ing; overthrowing; annulling. 
 
 reverse (re-vers'). I. vt. Place in the 
 contrary order or position; change 
 to the opposite. II. n. 1. That which 
 is reserved; opposite. 2. Back, esp. 
 of a coin. 3. Change; misfortune. III. 
 a. Turned backward; contrary; hav- 
 ing an opposite direction. [L. rever- 
 sus, pa. p. of reverto, turn back.] 
 
 Syn. Turn; overturn; submit; over- 
 throw ; annul ;_repeal; undo ; subvert. 
 
 reversible (re-ver 'si-bl), a. That may 
 be reversed; finished on both side^, 
 
 reversion (re-ver'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 reverting or returning. 2. That which 
 reverts or returns. 3. Return of future 
 possession of any property after 
 some particular event; right to futu- 
 re possession. 4. Atavism. [L. re- 
 versio.] 
 
 reversionary ( re-ver'shun-ar-i ), a, 
 Relating to a reversion; to be enjoyed 
 in succession. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
revert 
 
 486 
 
 Rhenish 
 
 revert (re-vert')- I. vt. Turn or drive 
 back; reverse. II. vi. 1. Return; fall 
 back. 2. Return to the original owner 
 or his heir. [L. reverto.] 
 
 revertible (re-ver'ti-bl), a. That may 
 revert or be reverted. 
 
 revery. Same as reverie. 
 
 revest (re-vest'). I. vi. Return to a 
 former owner. II. vt. 1. Reclothe. 2. 
 Invest; re-invest 3. Take possession 
 of again. 
 
 review ( re-vu' ). I. vt. Re-examine; 
 revise; examine critically; inspect, 
 as a body of troops. II. n. 1. Viewing 
 again; reconsideration. 2. Examina- 
 tion of a cause in a higher court, 
 which has already been adjudicated 
 in a lower. 3. Careful or critical ex- 
 amination. 4. Critique. 5. Periodi- 
 cal with critiques of books, etc. 6. In- 
 spection of a body of troops or a num- 
 ber of ships. — reviewer, n. 1. In- 
 spector. 2. Writer in a Review. [Fr. 
 revue, pa. p. of revoir— L. re-, again, 
 and video, see.] 
 
 revile (re-vil'), vt. Reproach ; calum- 
 niate.— rev'iler, n. [L. re, and root 
 of vtle.] _ [cate again; reclaim. 
 
 revindicate (re- vin'di-kat), ztf.Vindi- 
 
 revisal (re-vi'zal), revision (re-vizh'- 
 un), n. Review; re-examination. 
 
 revise (ie-viz'). I. vt. Review and 
 amend ; read and correct a second 
 proof. II. n. 1. Review. 2. Second 
 proof-sheet.— revi'ser, n. [Fr. revi- 
 ser— Ij. re-, back, and viso. look at at- 
 tentively.] 
 
 revisit (re-viz'it), vt. Visit again. 
 
 revival (re-vi'val), n. 1. Recovery from 
 languor, neglect, depression, etc. 2. 
 Renewed performance, as of a play. 
 3. Renewed interest in or attention 
 to. 4. Time of religious awakening. 
 — revi'valist, n. One who promotes 
 religious_ revivals.— revi'valism, n. 
 
 revive (re-viv'). I. vi. 1. Return to life, 
 vigor, or fame. 2. Recover from neg- 
 lect, oblivion, or depression. II. vt. 
 1. Restore to life again. 2. Reawaken 
 in the mind. 3. Recover from neglect 
 or depression. 4. Bring again into 
 public notice, as a play.— revi'ver, 
 n. [L. re, again, and vivo, live.] 
 
 reviviffy^e-viv'i-fi),^. Restore to life; 
 purify, — re vivifica'tion, n. 
 
 revocable (rev'6-ka-bl), a. That may 
 be revoked. — rev'ocableness, re- 
 vocabil'ity, n. — rev'ocably, adv. 
 
 revocation (rev-o-ka'shun), n. Recall- 
 ing; repeal; reversal. 
 
 revoke (re-vok'), vt. 1. Annul by re- 
 calling; repeal; reverse. 2. Neglect 
 to follow suit (at cards). [L. revoco— 
 re, back, and voco, call.] 
 
 revolt (re- volt' or re- volt') I. vi. 1. 
 Renounce allegiance. 2. Be grossly 
 offended ; feel nausea. II. vt. 1. Cause 
 to rise in revolt. 2. Shock. III. n. 
 Rebellion. — revolt'er, n. [Fr.— It 
 rivolta—ri, against, and volta, turning 
 — L. volvere, turn.] 
 revolting- (re-volt'ing), a. Causing a 
 turning away from; shocking. — re- 
 volt'ingly, adv. [ward. 
 
 revolute (rev'o-lot), a. Rolled back- 
 re volution (re v-o-16'shun ), n. 1. Act 
 or revolving; motion roand a center. 
 
 2. Course which brings back to the 
 same point or state; space measured 
 by a revolving body. 3. Complete 
 change. 4. Overthrow of one gov- 
 ernment, and founding of another. 5. 
 Attempt at overthrowing the govern- 
 ment; revolt.— revolutionary, a. 
 — revolutionist, n. 
 
 revolutionize (rev-o-los'hun-Iz), vt. 
 Cause an entire change of. 
 
 revolve (re-volv'). I. vi. 1. Roll round 
 on an axis. 2. Move around a center. 
 II. vt. 1. Cause to turn. 2. Consider. 
 [L. revolvo, revolutum—volvo, roll.] 
 
 revolver (re- vol'ver), n. 1. That which 
 revolves. 2. Firearm which, by means 
 of a revolving barrel, can fire more 
 than once without reloading. 
 
 revulsion (re-vul'shun), n. 1. Taking 
 away. 2. Diverting of a disease from 
 one part to another. 3. Sudden and 
 complete change, esp. of feelings. [L. 
 —revello, revulsum, tear away.] 
 
 revulsive (re-vul'siv), a. Tending to 
 revulsion. 
 
 reward (re- ward'). I. n. That which is 
 given in return for good or evil; 
 recompense ; retribution ; fruit of 
 labor. II. vt. Give in return: requite, 
 whether good or evil; recompense. 
 
 [Doublet OfREGARD.] [NARD. 
 
 reynard (ra'nard), n. Fox. See re- 
 rhapsodist (rap'so-dist), n. 1. One 
 
 who recites or sings rhapsodies. 2. 
 
 One who composes verses extempore. 
 
 3. One who speaks or writes disjoin- 
 tedly. 
 
 rhapsody (rap'so-di), n. 1. Any wild 
 unconnected composition. 2. Part of 
 an epic poem for recitation at one 
 time.— rhapsod'ic, rhapsod'ical, 
 a. — rhapsod'ically, adv. [Fr. — 
 Gr. rhapsodia, stringing together of 
 songs, — rhapto, sew, and ode, song.] 
 
 rhea (re'a),n. So. American ostrich. 
 [From Gr. Rhea, the wife of Saturn.] 
 
 rhea (re'a), n. Ramie-plant. [Assa- 
 mese.] 
 
 Rhenish (ren'ish), a. Pertaining to 
 the river Rhine. [L. Bhenus.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rneostat 
 
 487 
 
 rickets 
 
 Rheostat. 
 
 rheostat (re'o-stat), n. Instrument for 
 regulating the strength of an electric 
 current; resist- 
 an c e coil. 
 [Gr. rein, flow, 
 and statos, 
 stopping.] 
 
 rheotome (re'- 
 o-tom ), n. In- 
 strument for 
 interrupting 
 an electric 
 current peri- 
 odically. [Gr. 
 rein, flow, and 
 tomos, cutting.] 
 
 rhetoric (ret'o-rik), n. 1. Art of 
 speaking with propriety, elegance, 
 and force ; art of composition. 2. 
 Artificial eloquence. — rhetorical 
 (re-tor'ik-al), a. rhetorically, adv. 
 [Gr. rhetorike — rheo, speak.] 
 
 rhetorician (ret-o-rish'an), n. One 
 who teaches the art of rhetoric; 
 orator. 
 
 rheum (rom), n. Mucous discharge as 
 from the lungs or nostrils, caused by 
 a cold.— rheuin'y, a. [Gr. rheuma — 
 rheo, flow.] 
 
 rheumatic (ro-mat'ik), rheumat'- 
 ical, a. Pertaining to, or affected 
 with, rheumatism. 
 
 rheumatism (ro'ma-tizm) , n. Painful 
 inflammatory affection of the joints 
 or muscles, so named from a notion 
 that the pain was caused by rheum or 
 humor, flowing through the part 
 affected. 
 
 rhinoceros (ri- 
 nos'er-os), n. 
 Very large ani- 
 mal having a 
 very thick skin, 
 and one or two 
 horns on the 
 nose. [Gr.— . hin, 
 nose, and keras, horn.] 
 
 rhinoplasty (n'no-plas-ti), a. The 
 forming of an artificial nose, general- 
 ly from the s_kin of the forehead. [Gr.] 
 
 rhodium ( ro'di-um ), n. White metal 
 of the platinum group. 
 
 rhododendron (ro-do-den'drun), n. 
 Genus of plants having evergreen 
 leaves, and large beautiful flowers 
 like roses. [Gr. rhodon, rose, and 
 dendron, tree.] 
 
 rhomb (romb), rhombus (rom'bus), 
 ns. Quadrilateral figure having its 
 sides parallel and equal, but its angles 
 not right angles. — rhom'bic, a. 
 Shaped like a rhomb.— rhom'boid, 
 n. Quadrilateral figure having only 
 its opposite sides and angles equal. 
 
 Rhinoceros. 
 
 — rhomboid al, a. Having the shape 
 of a rhomboid. [Gr. rhombos—rhemoo, 
 spin round.] 
 
 rhubarb (ro'barb), n. Plant, the stalks 
 of which are much used in cooking 
 (pieplant), and the root in medicine. 
 [From Yx.reon (—Rha or Volga river) 
 barbaron (foreign).] 
 
 rhumb-line (rum'lm), n. Line which 
 cuts all the meridians at the same 
 angle. It always approaches the pole, 
 but never reaches it, being constantly 
 directed toward the same point of the 
 compass. On Mercator's projection it 
 becomes a straight line. 
 
 rhyme (rim). I. n. 1. Correspondence 
 of sounds at the ends of verses. 2. 
 Poetry having such correspondence. 
 II. vi. 1. Correspond in sound. 2. Make 
 rhymes or verses. III. vt. Put into 
 rhyme.— rhymer, rhymester, ns. 
 [A. S. rim, number.] 
 
 rhythm (rithm), n. 1. Regular recur- 
 rence of accents. 2. Movement in mu- 
 sical time. 3. Harmony of proportion. 
 — rhythmic (rith'mik), rhyth'- 
 mical, a. [Gr. rhythmos—rheo, flow.] 
 
 rib (rib). I. n. 1. One of the bones 
 which encircle the chest. 2. Anything 
 like a rib in form or use. II. vt. [ribb'- 
 ing; ribbed.] 1. Furnish or inclose 
 with ribs. 2. Form with rising lines. 
 [A. S.] 
 
 ribald (rib'ald). I. n. Loose, low char- 
 acter. II. a. Low; base; mean.— rib- 
 aldry (rib'ald-ri), n. Obscenity; low 
 and vulgar scurrility. [O. Fr. — O. 
 Ger. ribe, strumpet.] 
 
 ribbon (rib'un). I. n. Fillet or strip of 
 silk; narrow strip. II. vt. Adorn with 
 ribbons. [O. Fr. riban — Dut. ring- 
 band, necktie.] 
 
 rice (ris), n. Useful and extensively 
 cultivated kind of grain. [Fr. riz—Gv. 
 oryza—Av. rozz, rice.] 
 
 rice-paper ( ris'pa-per ), n. 1. Paper 
 made from the straw of rice. 2. 
 Paper-like material, cut by the 
 Chinese from the pith of a plant. 
 
 rich (rich), a. 1. Abounding in posses- 
 sions ; wealthy. 2. Valuable. 3. Sumpt- 
 uous. 4. Fertile. 5. Full of agreeable 
 or nutritive qualities. 6. Bright, as a 
 color. 7. Full of harmonious sounds. 
 8. Full of beauty. — rich'ness, n. 
 [A. S. rice, rule (as in bishopric).] 
 
 riches (rich'ez), n. pi. Wealth; plenty; 
 opulence; abundance. [O.Fr. richesse.] 
 
 rick, (rik), n. Stack, pile or heap, as 
 of hay. [A. S. hricce.] 
 
 rickets (rik'ets), n. Disease of chil- 
 dren, characterized by softness and 
 curvature of the bones; rachitis, 
 [From Prov. E. (iv)rick, twist.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, atove; nie, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woif; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rtckety 
 
 488 
 
 righteous 
 
 richety (rik'et-i), a. 1. Affected with 
 rickets. 2. Feeble; tottering. 
 
 ricfcrach (rik'rak), n. Openwork 
 trimming of zigzag braid. 
 
 ricochet. I. n. (rik-o-sha' or -shet') Re- 
 bound along the ground, as of a ball 
 fired at a low elevation; skipping of 
 a flat stone on the surface of water. 
 Il.vi. (rik-o-shef), [ricochett'ing; ric- 
 ochett'ed.] Skip in rebounds along 
 the ground. [Fr.] 
 
 rid (rid). I. vt. [rid'ding;rid.] Free; 
 deliver; disencumber. II. a. [pa. p.) 
 Free; relieved. [A. S. hreddan, snatch 
 away. Ger. retten.] 
 
 ridable, rideatole (ri'da-bl), a. 1. Ca- 
 pable of being ridden, as a horse. 2. 
 Passable on horseback, as a river. 
 
 riddance (rid'ans), n. Ridding; free- 
 ing; escape. 
 
 ridden (rid'n), pa. p. of bide. 
 
 riddle (rid'i). I. n. Obscure descrip- 
 tion of something which the hearer is 
 asked to name; puzzling question ; 
 enigma. II. vi. Make riddles; speak 
 obscurely. III. vt. Solve ; unriddle. 
 [A. S. raedels—raedan, guess, counsel. 
 Ger. raetsel.] 
 
 riddle (rid'l). I. n. Large sieve for 
 sand, gravel, etc. II. vt. 1. Separate 
 with a riddle. 2. Make full of holes 
 like a riddle. [A. S. hriddel—hridrian, 
 sift. Ger. reitern.] 
 
 ride (rid). I. vi. [ri'ding; rode; rid'den.] 
 1. Be carried, as on horseback or in 
 a carriage. 2. Practice riding. 3. 
 Float, as a ship at anchor, il. vt. Rest 
 on, so as to be carried. III. n. 1. Act 
 of riding. 2. Excursion on horseback 
 or in a vehicle. 3. Course passed over 
 in riding. [A. S. ridan. Ger. reiten.] 
 
 rider (ri'der), n. 1. One who rides. 2. 
 Addition to a document after its com- 
 pletion, on a separate piece of paper; 
 additional clause added to a bill 
 before it is passed. 
 
 ridge (rij). I. n. 1. Back or top of the 
 back. 2. Anything like a back, as a 
 long range of hills; extended protu- 
 berance. 3. Earth thrown up by the 
 plow between the furrows.— ridge'- 
 pole, n. Upper horizontal timber of a 
 roof. II. vt.Yovxa into ridges; wrinkle. 
 — ridgy, a. Having, or rising in 
 ridges. [A. S. hrycg. Ger. ruecken.] 
 
 ridicule (rid'i-kul). I. n. Good-nat- 
 ured wit exposing one to laughter. II. 
 vi. Laugh at; expose to merriment. 
 [L. ridiculum, jest,— video, laugh.] 
 
 Syn. Banter; mockery; derision; 
 raillery; satire; sarcasm; irony. 
 
 ridiculous (ri-dik'u-lus), a. Deserving 
 or exciting ridicule.— ridie'ulous- 
 ly, adv.— ridic'ulousness, n. 
 
 riding (ri'ding). I. a. 1. Used fe>/ 
 riding or traveling. 2. Suitable for 
 riding on, as a horse. II. n. Road for 
 riding on. —Riding-habit, riding-skirt, 
 long upper garment worn by ladies 
 when riding. 
 
 rife (rif), a. Abundant; abounding. 
 — rife'ly, adv.— rife'ness, n. [A. S. 
 rif. Low Ger. riew, liberal.] 
 
 riff-raff (rif'raf), n. 1. Sweepings; 
 refuse. 2. Rabble; mob. [O. Fr. rif 
 et raf, everything.] 
 
 rifle (ri'fl), vt. Carry off by force; 
 strip; rob. — ri'fler, n. [Fr. rifler, 
 rafter, ransack. See baffle.] 
 
 rifle (ri'fl). I. vt. Groove spirally, as 
 a gun-barrel. II. n. Musket with a 
 barrel spirally grooved.— rifleman 
 (ri'fl-man), n. Man armed with a rifle. 
 [From'Ger. riefeln, channel.] « 
 
 rift (rift). I. n. Opening; cleft; fissure. 
 II. vt. Rive; cleave. III. vi. Split; 
 burst open. [From bive.] 
 
 rig (rig). I. vt. [rig'ging; rigged.] 1. 
 Clothe; dress; put on. 2. Fit with 
 sails and tackling. II. n. 1. Dress; odd 
 style of clothing. 2. Style of masts 
 and sails. [Norw. rigga, bind up.] 
 
 rigging (rig'ing), n. 1. Tackle; 2. 
 System of cordage which supports a 
 ship's masts and extends the sails. 
 
 right (rit). I. a. 1. Straight; most 
 direct. 2. Upright; erect. 3. Accord- 
 ing to truth and justice; according 
 to law; true; correct; just; fit; 
 proper; exact. 4. Most convenient; 
 well performed ; most dexterous, as 
 the hand. 5. On the right hand; on 
 the right hand of one looking towards 
 the mouth of a river. 6. In math. 
 Upright from a base containing 
 90 degrees. II. adv. 1. In a 
 straight or direct line. 2. In a 
 right manner; according 
 to truth and justice; cor- 
 rectly. 3. Very ; in a 
 
 great degree. III. n. 1. Right angle. 
 That which is right or 
 correct; truth; justice; virtue; free- 
 dom from error. 2. What one has a 
 just claim to; privilege; property. 3. 
 Right side, opposite to left. IV. vt. 
 1. Make right or straight. 2. Set up- 
 right. 3. Do justice to; relieve from 
 wrong. V. vi. Recover the proper 
 position.— right'ly, adv. — right - 
 ness, n. [A. S. riht, ryht. Ger. recht. 
 L. rectus — rego, guide.] 
 
 righteous (ri'chus or rit'yus), a. 1. 
 
 Free from guilt or sin.— right' eons* 
 
 ly, adv. Justly. — right'eousness, 
 
 n. [A. S. rihtivis—riht, and wis, way.] 
 
 Syn. Just; rightful; upright. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, iah, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rightful 
 
 489 
 
 rise 
 
 rightful (rlt'fol), a. Having right; ac- 
 cording to justice. — right' fully, 
 adv.— rightfulness, n. 
 
 rigid (rij'id), a. 1. Not easily bent; 
 siiff. 2. Severe; strict. — rig'idly, 
 adv.— rig'idness, n. — rigid'ity, n. 
 
 [L. rigidus—rigeo, be stiff with cold.] 
 
 rigmarole (rig'ina-rol), n. 1. Repeti- 
 tion of foolish words. 2. Long story. 
 [A corr. of ragman-roll, a document 
 with a long list of names, or with 
 numerous seals pendent.] 
 
 rigor (rig'ur), n. 1. Quality of being 
 rigid or severe. 2. Stiffness of opinion 
 or temper; strictness. 3. Severity, 
 as of life or climate. 4. In med. Sense 
 of chilliness attended by a shivering. 
 — Rigor mortis, rigidity of the human 
 body caused by death. [L] 
 
 rigorous (rig'ur-us), a. 1. Exercising 
 rigor; allowing no abatement; scru- 
 pulously accurate. 2. Severe.— rig'- 
 orously, adv. — rig,-'orousness, n. 
 
 Rigsdag (rigs'dog), n. Parliament of 
 Denmark, consisting of two houses. 
 
 Riksdag (reks'dog), n. National 
 Legislature of Sweden, comprising 
 two houses. [Anger. 
 
 rile (ril), I. vt. Roil; make muddy. 2. 
 
 rill (ril). I. n. Small murmuring brook. 
 II. vi. Flow in small streams. [Cf. 
 Ger. rille, small groove.] 
 
 rily (ri'li), a. Roily; turbid. [Collog.] 
 
 rim (rim). I. n. Raised margin; bor- 
 der; brim. II. vt. [rim'ming; rim- 
 med.] Put a rim to. [A. S. rima.] 
 
 rime (rim). I. n. Rhyme. II. vt. Make 
 rhymes or into rhymes. 
 
 rime (rim), n. Hoar-frost; frozen dew. 
 — rimy, a. [A. S. hrim. Ger. reif.] 
 
 rind (rmd), n. External covering as 
 the skin of fruit, the bark of trees. 
 
 rinderpest (rin'der-pest), n. Malig- 
 nant and contagious disease of cat- 
 tle. [Ger.=cattle-plague.] 
 
 ring (ring). I. n. 1. Circle. 2. Small 
 hoop, usually of metal, worn as an 
 ornament. 3. Circular area for races, 
 etc. ; arena. 4. Circular group of per- 
 sons; clique for selfish purpose in 
 politics. 5. Prize ring; occupation of 
 the pugilist. II. vt. 1. Encircle. 2. 
 Fit with a ring. 3. Cut off a strip of 
 barK around, as a tree. [A. S. firing.] 
 
 ring (ring). I. vi. [rang, rung; rung.] 
 
 1. Sound as a bell when struck; tinkle. 
 
 2. Practice the art of ringing bells. 
 
 3. Continue to sound. 4. Be filled with 
 report. II. vt. 1. Cause to sound, as a 
 metal. 2. Produce by ringing. III. n. 
 Sound, esp. of metals ; sound of 
 many voices; chime of many bells. 
 [A. S. hringan.] 
 
 Ringdove. 
 
 ringdove (ring'-duv), n. European 
 wood-pigeon, so called from two 
 white crescents on the neck. 
 
 ringleader (ring'- 
 
 le'der), n. Head 
 or a riotous 
 body. [Orig. lead- 
 er in the ring of 
 a dance.] 
 
 ringlet(ring'-let) , 
 n. 1. Small ring. 
 2. Curl, esp. of 
 hair. 
 
 riugworm(ring'wurm),?i. Skin disease 
 in which itchy pimples appear in 
 rings, caused by a vegetable parasite. 
 
 rink (ringk), n. Area where a race is 
 run, or games are played.— ska'ting- 
 rink, a. Place artificially prepared 
 for skating. [From ring.] 
 
 rinse (rius), vt. Cleanse with clean 
 water. [Icel. hreinsa. Ger. rem, pure.] 
 
 riot (ri'ot). I. n. 1. Uproar; tumult; 
 disturbance of the peace. 2. Excessive 
 feasting; luxury. II. vi. 1. Brawl; 
 raise an uproar. 2. Run to excess in 
 feasting, behavior, etc. — ri'oter, n. 
 — riotous, a. Seditious; tumultu- 
 ous; luxurious; wanton.— riotous- 
 ly, adv. — ri'otousness, n. [Fr. 
 riotte. Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 rip (rip). I. vt. [rip'ping; ripped.] 1. 
 Divide by cutting or tearing; cut 
 open. 2. Takeout by cutting or tear- 
 ing. II. n. Tear; rent; place torn. — 
 rip-saw, n. Saw in which the teeth 
 are more inclined lengthwise (rake), 
 and less laterally (set), than in a 
 cross-cut saw. Used for sawing with 
 the fiber. [A. S. rypan.] 
 
 riparian ( ri-pa'ri-au ), a. Belonging 
 to a river-bank. [L.— ripa, river-bank.] 
 
 ripe (rip), a. Ready for harvest; 
 
 arrived at perfection ; fit for use; 
 
 mature; finished. — ripe'ly, adv. — 
 
 ripe'ness, n. [A.S. ripe. Ger. reif.] 
 
 Syn. See Mature. 
 
 ripen (ri'pen). I. vi. Grow ripe; ap- 
 proach or reach perfection. II. vt. 
 Make ripe; bring to perfection. 
 
 ripple (rip'l). I. n. Little waves on 
 the surface of running water; little 
 wave. II. vt. Cause a ripple in. III. 
 vi. Curl on the surface, as running 
 water. [From rumple.] 
 
 ripple (rip'l). I. vt. Remove the seeds 
 from stalks of flax by drawing them 
 through an iron comb. II. n. Comb 
 for rippling. [From root of raffle.] 
 
 riprap (rip'rap), n. Broken or small 
 stones used for a foundation on soft 
 bottom. [From riffraff.] 
 
 rise (tiz). I. vi. [rose; risen (riz'ri).] 
 1. Move from a lower to a higher 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
risible 
 
 490 
 
 rochet 
 
 position; ascend. 2. Grow upward; 
 swell in quantity, extent, rank or 
 value. 3. Take an upright position; 
 leave ine place of rest. 4. Tower up; 
 appear above the horizon ; appear; 
 break forth; have its source. 5. Be- 
 come excited or hostile; break forth 
 into commotion or insurrection. 6. 
 Close a session. 7. Ascend from the 
 grave. II. n. 1. Act of rising. 2. 
 Ascent. 3. Degree of elevation. 4. 
 Steep. 5. Origin. 6. Increase; ad- 
 vance. 7. In mus. Elevation of the 
 voice. [A. S. risan. Ger. veisen] 
 
 risible (riz'i-bl), a. Laughable; amus- 
 ing.— ris'ibly, adv.— risibility, n. 
 [L. risibilis, from video, visum, laugh.] 
 
 rising (ri'zing), n. 1. Act of rising. 
 
 2. Resurrection. 3. Tumor. 
 
 risk (risk). I. n. Hazard; chance of 
 loss or injury. II. vt. 1. Expose to 
 hazard. 2. Venture. 3. Incur the 
 peril of. [Fr. visque, Sp. visco, steep 
 rock,— L. reseco, cut off.] 
 
 rissole ( ris'ol ), n. Fish or meat 
 minced, mixed with bread crumbs 
 and eggs, and fried in a thin puff 
 paste in sausage form. [Fr.— vissolev, 
 fry brown.] 
 
 rite (rit), n. Religious or solemn cere- 
 mony. [Fr. vite— L. Vitus.] 
 
 ritual (rit'u-al). I. a. Consisting of, or 
 prescribing, rites. II. n. 1. Manner of 
 performing divine service, or a book 
 containing it. 2. The body of rites 
 employed.— rit'ually, adv. 
 
 ritualism (rit'u-al-izm), n. 1. System 
 of rituals. 2. The observance of them. 
 
 3. Tendency to increase ceremonial 
 in religious worship. 
 
 ritualist (rit'u-al-ist),w. 1. One skilled 
 in or devoted to a ritual. 2. One in 
 favor of ritualism.— ritualistic, a. 
 
 rival (ri'val). I. n. One pursuing the 
 same object as another. II. a. 1. Hav- 
 ing the same claims. 2. Standing in 
 competition. III. vt. Stand in competi- 
 tion with. [Fr.— L. vivalis, one whose 
 land borders on the same brook.] 
 
 rivalry (n'val-ri), n. Strife after the 
 same object with another, [tention. 
 Syn. Emulation; competition; con- 
 rive (riv), vt. and vi. [rived; riv'en.] 
 Tear asunder; split. [Icel. vifa.] 
 
 river(riv'er), n. Large running stream 
 of water. [Fr. vividre—LiOW L. vipavia, 
 shore district.] 
 
 rivet (riv'et). I. n. Bolt of metal fas- 
 tened by being hammered at both 
 ends. II. vt. Fasten with a rivet; make 
 firm or immovable. [O. F.] 
 
 rivulet (riv'u-let), n. Small stream; 
 brook. [It. vivoletto.] 
 
 roach ( roch ), n. 1. European fresh- 
 water fish of a silvery color with red 
 fins. 2. American chub. [Dut. vocfo 
 Ger. voche.] 
 
 road ( rod ), n. 1. Highway. 2. Open 
 way for passengers and traffic. 3. 
 Place where ships ride at anchor.— 
 road'stead ( rod'sted ), roads, ns. 
 [A. S. vad, riding.] 
 
 roadster (rod's ter), n. 1. Vessel riding 
 at anchor in a road. 2. Horse fitted 
 for traveling. 
 
 roadway ( rod'wa), n. That part of a 
 road or street which is traveled by 
 carriages. 
 
 roam (rom). I. vi. Rove about; ram- 
 ble. II. vt. Wander over.— roam'er, 
 n. Wanderer. [O Fr. vomiev, one who 
 makes a pilgrimage to Rome.] 
 
 roan (ron). 1. a. 1. Having a bay or 
 dark color, with spots of gray and 
 white. 2. Of a mixed color, with a 
 decided shade of red. II. n. 1. Roan 
 color. 2. Roan horse. 3. Sheepskin 
 leather made in imitation of morocco. 
 [O. Fr— It. vovano— L. vufus, red.] 
 
 roan-tree (ron'-tre), rowan-tree 
 (ro'an-tre), ns. Mountain-ash. 
 
 roar'(ror). I. vi. Cry, as a beast; cry 
 aloud; bawl; bellow. II. n. 1. Full, 
 loud sound. 2. Cry of a beast. 3. Out- 
 cry of mirth. [ A. S. vavian, Ger. 
 voehven, cry as a stag.] 
 
 roast (rost). I. vt. 1. Cook by dry 
 heat. 2. Parch. 3. Heat to excess. 4. 
 Expose one to scathing ridicule. II. n. 
 That which is roasted. [O. Fr. vostiv— 
 O. Ger. vostan. Ger. voesten.] 
 
 rob (rob), vt. [rob'bing; robbed.] 1. 
 Take away from by force. 2. Deprive. 
 — rob'ber, n. One who robs. — rob- 
 bery, n. Theft aggravated by vio- 
 lence. [O. Fr. vober— Ger. vauben.] 
 
 Syn. Plunder; steal; thieve; poach; 
 pillage; despoil; fleece. 
 
 robe (rob). I. n. 1. Gown or outer gar- 
 ment. 2. Dress of dignity or state ; 
 rich dress. 3. Wrap used outdoors, 
 as a lapvobe, steamev-vobe. II. vt. Dress, 
 as with a robe ; clothe. [Fr.] 
 
 robin ( rob'in ), robin-redbreast 
 ( rob'in-red'brest ), n. 1. European 
 small singing bird with a reddish 
 breast. 2. American migratory 
 thrush. [A familiar form of Robert.] 
 
 robust (ro-busf), a. 1. Of great 
 strength or vigor. 2. Requiring 
 strength.--robust'ly,adfl.--robus#- 
 ness, n. [Fr. — L. vobustus—vobuv, 
 oak.] [sian folk tales. [Pers. vukh.] 
 
 roc (rok), n. Enormous bird in Per- 
 
 rochet (roch'et), n. Surplice with nar- 
 row sleeves, worn by bishops. [Fr.j 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; npte, not, mov% wolfs 
 mute, hut, pijrw} oil, owl, theu, 
 
rock 
 
 491 
 
 rolling 
 
 rock (rok), n. 1. Large mass of stone. 
 
 2. In geol. Natural deposit forming 
 part of the earth's crust. 3. Striped 
 bass. [Gael, roc.) 
 
 rock (rok), n. Distaff. [Ger. rocken.] 
 rock (rok), vt. and vi. Move backward 
 
 and forward; totter. [A. S roccian. 
 
 Ger. ruecken, rnove.l 
 rocker (rok'er), n. Curved support on 
 
 which a cradle or rocking chair rocks. 
 rockery (rok'er-i), n. Same as rook- 
 
 WOEK. 
 
 rocket (rok'et), n. Firework which is 
 projected through the air, used for 
 making signals in war,and for saving 
 life at sea by conveying a line over a 
 stranded vessel. [It. rocchetta, distaff.] 
 
 rocksalt (rok'salt), n. Salt found in 
 rock-like masses in the earth. 
 
 rock work (rok'wurk), n. 1. Masonry 
 in imitation of masses of rock. 2. Pile 
 of earth covered with stones, with 
 plants growing between. 
 
 rocky (rok'i), a. 1. Full of rocks. 2. 
 Resembling a rock; hard; unfeeling. 
 
 3. Shaky; dizzy.— roek'iness, n. 
 rococo (ro-ko'ko), n. Term applied to 
 
 a degenerated style of architecture 
 prevailing in the 18th century, mark- 
 ed by a meaningless muliplication of 
 fantastic scrolls. [Fr.] 
 
 rod (rod), n. 1. Long twig; slender 
 stick; anything long and slender. 2. 
 Instrument of correction; emblem of 
 power or authority. 3. Pole or perch 
 (5V4 yards). [A. S.] 
 
 rode (rod'), pa. t. of ride. 
 
 rodent (ro'dent). I. a. Gnawing. II. n. 
 Gnawing animal, as a rat or hare. [L. 
 rodens,rodentis,-pr. p. of rodo. gnaw.] 
 
 rodomontade (rod-o-mon-tad'). I. n. 
 Vain boasting, like that of Bodomonte 
 in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto. II. 
 vi. Boast or bluster. 
 
 roe (ro), n. Eggs or spawn of fishes. 
 [IceL hrogn. Ger. rogen.] 
 
 roe(ro), n. 1. Species of 
 deer, smaller than the 
 fallow-deer. 2. Female 
 deer. — roe'bnck, n. 
 Male of the roe, hav- 
 ing usually one front 
 prong to its antlers 
 and two hinder ones. 
 [A. S. rah. Ger. reh.] 
 
 Roentgen rays(runt'- 
 gen raz). Form of ra- 
 diant energy emana- 
 ting from an electrically excited vac- 
 uum tube, possessing the power of 
 penetrating objects impervious to 
 sun-light and of affecting sensitized 
 
 filates similarly to light ; X-rays. 
 Discovered by Prof. Roentgen.] 
 
 Roebuck. 
 
 rogation ( ro-ga'shun ), n. Asking; 
 supplicatio n.— Rogation- Bays, the 
 three days before the festival of As- 
 cension^ [L.— rogo, ask.] 
 
 rogne (rog ), n. 1. Dishonest person; 
 knave. 2. Mischievous person; wag.— 
 rogaery ( ro'ger-i ), n. 1. Knavish 
 tricks ;_fraud. 2. Waggery. — rogu- 
 ish ( ro'erish \ a. 1. Knavish. 2. Wag- 
 gish.— roguishly, adv.— ro'guish- 
 ness, n. [Fr. — Bret, rok, arrogant.] 
 
 roil (roil), vt. 1. Make turbid by stir- 
 ring. 2. Vex; rifle.— roil'y, a. Muddy; 
 turbid. 
 
 roister (rois'ter), vi. Bluster; swag- 
 ge; bully.— roisterer, n. [Fr. riis- 
 tre, rude fellow,— L. rusticus, rustic] 
 
 role (rol), n. 1. Part performed by an 
 actor in a play. 2. Important part 
 played in public life. [Fr. rdle.] 
 
 roll (rol). I. vi. 1. Turn like awheel; 
 turn on an axis. 2. Be formed into a 
 roll or cylinder. 3. Move, as waves, 
 be tossed about; move tumultuously. 
 
 4. Wallow; rock. 5. Spread by press- 
 ure of a roller. 6. Sound as a drum 
 beaten rapidly. II. vt. 1. Cause to 
 roll. 2. Turn on an axis. 3. Wrap 
 round on itself ; inwrap. 4. Drive 
 forward. 5. Move upon wheels. 6. 
 Press with a roller. 7. Beat rapidly, 
 as a drum. III. n. 1. Act of rolling. 
 2. That which rolls; roller. 3. That 
 which is rolled; paper, etc., wound 
 into a circular form. 4. Document. 
 
 5. Register; list of names. 6. Kind 
 of fancy bread. 7. Continued sound 
 of a drum. [O. F. roeller—~L. rotula, lit- 
 tle wheel —rota, wheel.] 
 
 roll-call (rol'kal), n. Calling of the 
 roll or list of names, as in the army. 
 
 roller (rcTler), n. 1. That which rolls. 
 2. Cylinder used for rolling, grind- 
 ing, etc. 3. Long broad bandage. 4. 
 pi. Heavy, long wave. 
 
 rollicking (rol'ik-ing), a. Careless, 
 swaggering. 
 
 rolling (ro'ling), a. 1. Moving on 
 wheels. 2. Used in rolling. -roll ing- 
 mill, n. Establishment where metal 
 is rolled into bars, 
 sheets, etc.— roll'- 
 ing-pin,n.. Cylin- 
 drical instrument 
 for spreading 
 paste.— roll ing- 
 press, n. Press of 
 two cylinders for 
 rolling or calen- 
 dering cloth. — 
 rolling - stock, 
 n. Engines, cars, 
 etc., of a railway.— roll-top desk, 
 n. Writing desk the top of which 
 
 Roll-top desk. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
Romaic 
 
 492 
 
 rorqual 
 
 slides in grooves for opening and 
 closing; cylinder desk. 
 
 Romaic (ro-ma'ik), n. Modern Greek; 
 language of the descendants of the 
 Eastern Romans. [Fr. Romaique — 
 modern Gr. RomaiJcos.] 
 
 Roman (ro'man). I. (Z. 1. Pertaining 
 to Rome or to the Romans. 2. In 
 print. Noting the letters commonly- 
 used, as opposed to Italics. 3. Written 
 in letters used by the Romans (as 
 IV), not in figures (as 4). II. Native 
 or citizen of Rome. [L. Romanus — 
 Roma, Rome.] 
 
 Roman Catholic (ro'man kath'ol-ik). 
 I. a. Denoting the Christians who 
 reeognize,and submit to the spiritual 
 supremacy of the Pope of Rome. II. 
 n,. Member of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Romance (r5-mans'). I. n. 1. Dialects 
 in S. Europe which sprung from a 
 corruption of the Roman or Latin 
 language. 2. (1. c.) Tale written in 
 these dialects. 3. Any fictitious and 
 wonderful tale. II. a. Belonging to 
 the dialects called Romance. III. [r] 
 vi. Write or tell romances ; talk 
 extravagantly. — romaia'eer, n, [O. 
 Fr. romans — L. Romanicus, Roman.] 
 
 Romanesque (r5-man-esk'), W.Roman, 
 romance: 1. In arch. Round-vaulted, 
 inferior style adopted in the later 
 Roman empire. 2. Dialect of Langue- 
 doc and other districts of the south 
 of France. [FrJ 
 
 Romanism ( ro'man-izm ), n. Doc- 
 trine, policy, and' customs of the 
 Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 romantic (ro-man'tic), a. Pertaining 
 to or resembling romance ; not formal 
 or classical. — roman'tieally, adv. 
 Syn. Sentimental; extravagant; im- 
 aginative; passionate; fantastic. 
 
 romanticism (ro-man'ti-sizm), n. In 
 literature, the revolt from a classical 
 to a medieval style, or to romance. 
 
 Romany (rom'a-ni). I. a. Pertaining 
 to the gypsies. ' II. n. Gypsy. [From 
 Gypsy Romani—rom, man.] 
 
 romp (romp). I. vi. 1. Play noisily. 2. 
 Skip about in play. II. n. 1. Girl who 
 romps. 2. Rude frolic. — romp'ish, a. 
 Fond of romping or noisy play. — 
 romp'isnly, adv.— romp'isnness, 
 n. [From ramp, leap.] 
 
 rood (r8d), n. 1. Fourth part of an 
 acre, 2. Figure of Christ on the cross. 
 [Same as bod.] 
 
 roof (rof). I. n. 1. Top covering of a 
 house or building. 2. Vault or arch, 
 or the inner side of it. II. vt. Cover 
 with a roof; shelter. [A. S. hrof.} 
 
 roofing- (ro'fing), n. 1. Covering with a 
 roof. 2. Materials for a roof, 3. Roof. 
 
 roofless (rof'les), a. Without a roof; 
 having no house or home; unsheltered. 
 
 rook (rok), n. 1. Small kind of crow. 
 2. Sharper; cheat, —rookery (rok'- 
 er-i), n. 1. Group of trees in which 
 rooks build their nests. 2. Group of 
 dilapidated buildings. 3. Large,dilapi- 
 dated building with many occu- 
 pants. [A. S. hroc] 
 
 rook (rok), n. Castle (piece used in 
 playing chess.) [Fr. roc — Pers. rokh.] 
 
 room (rom), n. 1. Unoccupied space. 
 
 2. Chamber. 3. Extent of place. 4. 
 Freedom to act; fit occasion. 5. Place 
 of another; stead.— roomy, a. Hav- 
 ing ample room; wide; spacious. — 
 roomily, adv. — roominess, n. 
 [A. S. rum. Ger. raum.] 
 
 roost (rost). I. n. 1. Pole or support 
 on which a bird rests at night. 2. 
 Number of fowls resting together. II. 
 vi. Sit or sleep on a roost; perch. [A. 
 S. hrost.] [domestic fowl; cock. 
 
 rooster ( ro'ster ), n. Male bird of the 
 root (rot or rot). I. n. 1. Part of a plant 
 which is in the earth,and which draws 
 up sap from the soil. 2. Edible root. 
 
 3. Anything like a root; bottom. 4. 
 Word from which others are derived; 
 radical. 5. Cause or occasion. 6. In 
 math. Factor of a quantity which mul- 
 tiplied bv itself produces that quan- 
 tity. 7. Value of the unknown quan- 
 tity in an equation. II. vi. Take root 
 and begin to grow; be firmly estab- 
 lished. III. vt. Plant in the earth; 
 implant deeply. [A. S. wrot. Icel. 
 vrot. Ger. wurz.] 
 
 root ( rot ), vt. and vi. Turn up the 
 earth with the snout, as swine do. 
 [A. S. wrotan — wrot, snout (Ger. rues- 
 sel).] [root; radicle. 
 
 rootlet (rot'let or rot'let), n. Littt'e 
 
 rope (rop). "I. n. 1. Thick twisted cord. 
 2. String of things (as onions) formed 
 by braiding them together. II. vi. Ex- 
 tend into a thread, as by a glutinous 
 quality, in. vt. Fasten, divide off, or 
 draw in, entice, with a rope, or as 
 with a rope.— ro'py,«.— ro'pily, adv. 
 — ro'piness, n. [A. S. rap. Low Ger, 
 reep. Ger. reif.~\ _ 
 
 rope-dancer (rop'dan-ser), n. Acrobat 
 who performs on a rope. 
 
 roper (ro'per), n. Maker of ropes. 
 
 ropery (ro'per-i), n. Place where ropes 
 are made. 
 
 rope walk (rop* wak), n. Long narrow 
 shed used for the spinning of ropes. 
 
 rorqual (rar'kwal), n. Genus of whales 
 of the largest size, having a long, 
 sharp dorsal fin; razorback. [Norw.-] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rosaceous 
 
 493 
 
 rough*shod 
 
 Rose, 
 American Beauty 
 
 rosaeeous(ro-za'shus), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the rose family. 2. Having the pet- 
 als arranged like those of the rose. 
 [I*, rosaceus.] 
 
 rosary (ro'za-ri), n. 1. Chaplet; gar- 
 land. 2. String of heads on which R. 
 Catholics count their prayers. [L. 
 roaai$urn.] 
 
 rose (roz), n. 1. 
 Plant of many 
 species with a 
 beautiful flow- 
 ed 2. Rosette. 
 3. Perforated 
 nozzle of a pipe, 
 etc. 4. Pink, the 
 color of the rose. 
 —rosea! ( ro'ze- 
 al)>«. Like a rose 
 in smell or color. 
 —roseate (ro'ze 
 at), «. Rosy; full 
 of roses; bloom- 
 ing ; red. [A. S. rose— L. rosa.] 
 
 ro»e,#a..p. of rise. 
 
 rosemary ( roz'mar - i ), rosmarin 
 OxSsfma-ren), ns. Small fragrant ever- 
 green shrub of a pungent taste. [L. 
 ros marimis, sea-dew, sea-spray.] 
 
 rosette (ro-zef), n. 1. Imitation of a 
 rose by means of a ribbon. 2. In arch. 
 Circular ornament arranged in con- 
 centric groups. [Fr. dim. of rose.] 
 
 rose-water (roz-wa'ter). I. n. Toilet 
 water scented with roses. II. a. Af- 
 fectedly delicate. 
 
 rose-window (roz-win'd5^. n. Circu- 
 lar window with much tracery branch- 
 ing from the center. 
 
 rosewood (roz' wod), n. Wood of cer- 
 tain trees, having a faint fragrance 
 like that of roses. 
 
 rosin (roz'in). I. n. A solid left after 
 distilling off the oil from crude tur- 
 pentine; colophony. II. vt. Rub or 
 cover with rosin.— ros'iny, a. Like 
 or containing rosin. [Form of resin.] 
 
 roster (ros'ter), n. 1. List of persons 
 liable, in rotation, to a certain duty. 
 2. List of officers, as of a division. 
 [Dut. rooster, gridiron, list. The con- 
 nection is in the gratelike appearance 
 of the network of lines on the paper.] 
 
 rostral (ros'tral), a. Like a rostrum 
 or beak. [Beaked. 
 
 rostrate (ros'trat), ros'trated, a. 
 
 rostriform (ros'tri-farm), a. Having 
 the shape of a beak. 
 
 rostrum (ros'trum), n. In ancient 
 Rome, platform for public speakers 
 in the Forum, adorned with the beaks 
 or heads of ships taken in war. [L.] 
 
 rosy (ro'zi), a. Like a rose; blooming; 
 blushing; red.— ro'siuess, n. 
 
 rot (rot). I. vi.[ rot'ting: rot'ted.] 
 Putrefy; become decomposed. H. vt. 
 Cause to decay; bring to corruption. 
 III. n. 1. Decay; putrefaction. 2. Dis- 
 ease of the potato. 3. Decay which 
 attacks timber (dry-rot). 4. Fatal 
 distemper in sheep; glanders. [A. S. 
 rotian.] 
 
 rotary (ro'ta-ri), a. Turning like a 
 wheel; rotatory. [L.— rota, wheel.] 
 
 rotate (ro'tat), vt. and vi. Turn round 
 like a wheel, cause to turn. — rota'- 
 tion,«.l. Turning round like awheel. 
 2. Series or succession, as of crops.— 
 rotatory (ro'ta-to-ri), a. 1. Turn- 
 ing round like a' wheel; going in a 
 circle. 2. Following in succession. 
 [L. roto, rotatus—rota, wheel.] 
 
 rote (rot), n. Mechanical repetition ©J 
 words without much attention to the 
 meaning. [From root of route, roa^3 
 
 rotten (rot'n), a. Putrefied; decom- 
 posed ; unsound ; treacherous ; eor« 
 rupt.— rot'tenness, n. 
 
 rottenstone(rot'n-ston), n. Soft stone 
 used in a state of powder to polish 
 soft metals and glass; tripoli. 
 
 rotnnd(ro-tund'), a. Round; spherical. 
 — rotnnd'ness, rotundity, ns. [L 
 rotundus — rota, wheel. See rotar* - .] 
 
 rotunda (ro-tun'da), rotund© (ro- 
 tun'do), a. 1. Round building. 2. Cir- 
 cular hall. [It.] 
 
 rouble. Same as ruble. 
 
 roue (ro-a'), ^"Fashionable profligate 
 [Fr.=broken on the wheel.] 
 
 rou^e (rozh). I. n. Red paint used to 
 color the cheeks or lips. EL vt. Color 
 with rouge. [Fr.— L. rubeus, red.] 
 
 rouge-et-noir ( rbzh'a-nwar' ), n. 
 Game of chance at cards; trente-et 
 quarante. [Fr.=red and black.] 
 
 rough (ruf), a. 1. Not smooth; uneven; 
 uncut; unpolished; boisterous; tern 
 pestuous ; violent; harsh ; severe. 2. 
 Rude; coarse; disordered in appear- 
 ance.— roughly, atfy.—rough'ness* 
 n. [A.S. ruh, rough. Ger. rauch, rank.] 
 
 rough (ruf ), vt. 1. Make rough. 2. 
 Break in a horse. — Rough it, undergo 
 hardship, and put up with inconven- 
 iences. 
 
 roughen (ruf'n). I. vt. Make rough. 
 II. vi. Become rough. 
 
 rough-rider (ruf'-ri'der ), n. 1. One 
 who rides rough or untrained horses: 
 horse-breaker. 2. Name applied to 
 members of 1st Regiment tj. S. V. 
 Cavalry, organized for the war with 
 Spain, 1898. 
 
 rough-shod (ruf'shod), a. With shoes 
 armed with calks or points. -- Bide 
 rough-shod over, disregard or violate 
 recklessly. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare^ above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
roulette 
 
 494 
 
 roulette (ro-lef), n. 1. Little ball or 
 roller. 2. Game of chance played with 
 a small ball on a revolving disk with 
 red and black spaces. [Fr.— rouler, 
 roll.] 
 
 round (rownd). I. a. 1. Circular; glob- 
 ular; cylindrical. 2. Whole; complete; 
 plump. 8. Large. 4. Uttered with a 
 full sound. 5. Uttered with rounded 
 lips. 6. Open; direct and plain.— In 
 round numbers, in even tens, hund- 
 reds, etc. II. adv. 1. In a round man- 
 ner. 2. On all sides. 3. From one side 
 or party to another; circularly. III. 
 prep. Around; on every side of; all 
 over. IV. n. 1. That which is round; 
 circle or globe. 2. Series of actions; 
 time of such series; turn; routine; 
 revolution; cycle; accustomed walk. 
 3. Step of a ladder. 4. Song or dance 
 having a frequent return to the same 
 point. 5. Orig. Volley or general dis- 
 charge of firearms; now, single car- 
 tridge. 6. Part between rump and leg, 
 as of beef. V. vt 1. Make round. 2. 
 Surround. 3. Go around. 4. Complete; 
 make full and flowing. VI. vi. 1. 
 Grow or become round or full. 2. Go 
 round. — roundly, adv. — round'- 
 ness, n. [O. Fr. roond—L,.rotundus.] 
 
 roundabout (rownd'a-bowt). I. a. 1. 
 Encircling. 2. Circuitous ; indirect. 
 II. n. 1. Horizontal revolving wheel on 
 which children ride; merry-go-round. 
 2. Jacket which fits the body closely. 
 
 roundel (rown'del), n. 1. Anything 
 of a round form or figure; circle. 2. 
 Roundelay. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. ron- 
 deau), dim. of rond, round.] 
 
 roundelay (rown'de-la), n. Song or 
 dance in which parts are repeated. 
 
 ronndhand (rownd'hand), n. Hand- 
 writing having well rounded letters. 
 
 Roundbead (rownd'hed), n. Member 
 of the Puritan party during the 
 English civil war, so called because 
 they had their hair closely cut, while 
 the Cavaliers wore theirs in long 
 ringlets. 
 
 roundhouse ( rownd'hows ) , n. 1. 
 Cabin on the after-part of the quarter- 
 deck. 2. Building for locomotives, 
 constructed around a turntable. 
 
 roundrobin (rownd-rob'in), n. Peti- 
 tion with the signatures in fcke form 
 of a circle or round ribbon, so as not 
 to show who signed first. 
 
 round-up (rownd'up), n. Driving or 
 herding together, as of cattle. 
 
 rouse (rowz), vt. andw. 1. Raise up; 
 stir up; awaken. 2. Excite; become 
 excited; put into action. 3. Startle, 
 or start, as an animal. [Prob. from 
 the root of bush.] 
 
 rouse (rowz), n. Carousal. [From Ger. 
 rausch, drunkenness, or short for ca- 
 rouse.] 
 
 rout(rowt). I. n. 1. Tumultuous crowd; 
 confusion; large evening party. 2. 
 Disorder of defeated troops. II. vt. 
 Put to disorderly flight. [O. Fr.route— 
 L. ruptus—rumpo, break.] 
 Syn. Discomfit. See conquer. 
 
 route (rot), n. Course to be traversed ; 
 a line of march; road; track. [Fr.— 
 Tu.rupta (via), beaten path.] 
 
 routine (ro-ten'), n. Course of duties; 
 regular course of action. [Fr.] 
 
 rove (rov), vt. and vi. Wander over; 
 ramble; range. — rover, n. [Dut. 
 roven, rob.] 
 
 row (ro), n. Line; persons or things in 
 a line. [A. S. rawa. Ger. reihe.] 
 
 row (ro). I. vt. 1. Impel with an oar. 
 2. Transport by rowing. II. vi. 1. 
 Work with the oar. 2. Be moved by 
 oars. III. n. Excursion in a rowing- 
 boat.— rower, n. [A. S. rowan.] 
 
 row (row), n. Noisy squabble; uproar. 
 [Prob.— rout, rabble.] 
 
 rowdy (row'di). I. a. Noisy; turbulent. 
 II. n. Ruffian.— row'dy ism, n. 
 
 rowel (row'el), n. 1. Little wheel in a 
 spur, set with sharp points. 2. Little 
 flat wheel or ring on horses' bits. 
 [Fr. rouelle—LiOYf L. rotella, dim of L. 
 rota, wheel.] [Stubble-field. 
 
 rowen ( row'en ), n. 1. Aftermath. 2. 
 
 rowloefe (ro'lok or rul'uk), n. Con- 
 trivance on the gunwale of a boat, to 
 hold the oar in rowing. 
 
 royal (roi'al). I. a. 1. Regal; kingly; 
 magnificent. 2. Enjoying the favor 
 or patronage of the sovereign. II. n. 
 Large kind of paper. 2. Sail above 
 the topgallant sail. 3. One of the sol- 
 diers of the 1st British regiment of 
 foot. 4. One of the tines of a stag's 
 antler.— roy'ally, adv. [Fr.— L. rega- 
 lis. See regal.] 
 
 royalism (roi'ai-izm), n. Attachment 
 to kingly government. [royalism. 
 
 royalist ( roi'al -is t ), n. Adherent of 
 
 royalty (roi'al-ti), n. 1. Kingship; 
 character, state, or office of a king; 
 majesty. 2. Person of the king or 
 sovereign. 3. In England, the fixed 
 sum paid to the crown or other pro- 
 prietor, as on the produce ot a mine, 
 etc. 4. InU. S., a sum paid by the 
 manufacturer to the owner of a pa- 
 tent, copyright or other property. 
 
 roysterous (roi'ster-us), a. Roister- 
 ing; drunken; riotous. 
 
 rub (rub). 1. vt. [rub'bing; rubbed.] 
 1. Move something over the surface 
 of, with pressure or friction. 2. Clean; 
 polish; wipe; scour; erase or beat 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fan, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 suite, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
rnbadnb 
 
 495 
 
 out. 3. Touch hard. II. vi. Move along 
 with pressure; grate; fret. III. n. 
 1. Act of rubbing. 2. That which rubs. 
 3. Collision; obstruction; difficulty; 
 pinch. [Gael.] 
 
 rubadub (rub'a-dub), n. Sound of a 
 drum when beaten; rataplan. [Imita- 
 tive.] 
 
 rubarb. Same as rhttrarb. 
 
 rubasse (rb-bas'), n. Variety of rock- 
 crystal with bright red specks. [Fr.— 
 Li. rubeus, red.] [torted rhythm. [It.] 
 
 rubato (ro-ba'to), a. Inmusic, in dis- 
 
 iiibber (rub'er), n. 1. Caoutchouc. 2. 
 One who or thatw%ich rubs; coarse 
 file; eraser. 3. Decisive game of a 
 series. 4. Overshoe made of India rub- 
 ber (caoutchouc.) 
 
 rubbish (rub'ish), n. 1. Waste matter; 
 debris. 2. Nonsense. 
 
 rubble (rub'l), n. 1. Upper fragmen- 
 tary decomposed matter of a mass of 
 rock. 2. Small, undressed stones, or 
 broken bricks, used in coarse masonry . 
 
 rubella (ro-bel'a), n. Disease with 
 rose-colored wandering eruption; 
 German measles. [From L. rubellus, 
 reddish.] 
 
 rubescent (ro-bes'ent), a. Tending to 
 a red color. [L. rubesco, grow red — 
 ruber, red.] 
 
 rubicund (ro'bi-kund), a. Inclining to 
 redness; ruddy. — rubicun'dity, n. 
 
 rubification (ro-bi-fi-ka'shun), n. Act 
 of making red._ [L.] 
 
 rubifjo (ro-bi'go), n. Reddish rust on 
 plants, composed of a parasitic fun- 
 gus; mildew.— rubiginous (rb-bij'i- 
 nus), a. 1. Affected by rubigo. 2. 
 Rusty. [L.=rust.] 
 
 rub- iron (rub'i'ern), n. Wheelguard; 
 wheelguard- pi ate. 
 
 ruble(ro'bl), n. Russian monetary unit, 
 divided in 100 copecks, worth about 
 73 cents, gold standard. Silver rubles 
 are worth less, and paper rubles still 
 less. [Russ. rubl, piece cut off.] 
 
 rubric (ro'brik), n. 1. Part of a docu- 
 ment written in red color, as the title 
 of a statute. 2. Directions for the 
 service, in Prayer-books, formerly in 
 red letters. 3. Ecclesiastical injunc- 
 tion. 4. Flourish after a signature. 
 [L. rubrica, red chalk.] 
 
 ruby (ro'bi). I. n. 1. Redness. 2. Pre- 
 cious stone of a red color. II. a. Red. 
 [Fr. rubis— L. rubeus— ruber, red.] 
 
 ruche (rosh),». Fluffy trimming. [Fr.] 
 
 ruck (ruk), n. 1. Common manner or 
 run. 2. Rubbish. (Colloq.) 
 
 nictation ( ruk-ta'shun), n. Eructa- 
 tion; belching. 
 
 rudas (ro'das), n. Fowl-mouthed hag. 
 
 rudder ( rud'er ), n. Instrument by 
 which a ship is steered, which origin- 
 ally was an oar working at the stern. 
 TA. S. rother. Ger. ruder, oar.] 
 
 ruddy (rud'i ), a. (rud'dier; ruddiest.] 
 Of the red color of the skin in high 
 health. — rud'dily, adv. — rud'di- 
 ness, n. [From root of bed.] 
 
 rude(rod), ^-Uncultivated; coarse; not 
 in good taste.— rude'ly. adv.— rude'- 
 ness, n. [Fr.— L. rudis.] 
 
 Syn. Rough; raw; unpolished; vul- 
 gar; uncouth; harsh; severe; inclem- 
 ent; boisterous. See impertinent. 
 
 rudiment (rb'di-ment), n. Anything 
 iu its rude or first state; first prin- 
 ciple ; element.— rudinient'al, rud- 
 iment'ary. a. 1. Elementary ; unde- 
 veloped. 2. Having no function. 
 
 rue (ro), n. Plant used in medicine, 
 having a bitter taste and strong 
 smell. [Fr. rue— L. ruta.] 
 
 rue (rb). I. vt. [rue'ing ; rued.] Be 
 sorry for; lament. II. n. Regret; bit- 
 terness.-rue'ful, a.— rue'f ully, adv. 
 —ruefulness, n. [A. S. hreowan— 
 hreow, sorrow. Ger. reue.] 
 
 rue-bargain (ro'bar-gan), n. Forfeit 
 on withdrawing from a bargain. 
 
 Ruedesheimer ( rb'des-hi-mer ), n. 
 Rhine wine, growing near Bingen,and 
 considered as inferior to Johannis- 
 berger only. 
 
 ruff(ruf). I. n. 1. Ornament of frills, 
 formerly worn round the neck. 2. 
 Anything plaited. 3. Species of wad- 
 ing bird, the male of which has the 
 neck surrounded in the breeding sea- 
 son with a ruff of long feathers, (fern. 
 reeve.) II. vt. 1 Ruffle. 2. Trump 
 at whist instead of following suit. 
 [Form of rough.] 
 
 ruffian (ruf'i-an). I. n. Brutal, boiste- 
 rous fellow; robber; murderer. II. a. 
 Brutal; boisterous.— ruffianism, n. 
 Conduct of a ruffian.— ruffianly, a. 
 [Fr. ruflen, panderer.] 
 
 ruffle (ruf'l). I. vt. 1. Make like a ruff; 
 wrinkle; form into plaits; form with 
 ruffles. 2. Disorder; agitate. II. vi. 1. 
 Grow rough. 2. Flutter. III. n. 1. 
 Plaited edge or trimming on an arti- 
 cle of dress; frill. 2. Agitation. 3. 
 Low roll of the drum. [From ruff.] 
 
 rufiler (ruf'ler), n. Swaggerer; bully. 
 
 rufous (ro'fus),a. 1. Reddish; brown- 
 ish-red. 2. Having reddish hair. [L. 
 rufus.] 
 
 rug- (rug), n. Coarse, rough woolen 
 cloth or coverlet; soft, woolly mat. 
 [Cf. Sw. rugg, shaggy hair.] 
 
 ruga (ro'ga), n. [pi. rugae (rb'Je)- ] 
 Crease; wrinkle; corrugation.— ru'- 
 gate, a. Corrugated; wrinkled. [L.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. ■ 
 
ruggei! 
 
 496 
 
 runaway 
 
 rugged (rug'ed), a. 1. Uneven ;shaggy. 
 2. Stormy. 3. Grating to the ear. 4. 
 Vigorous.— rug'gedly, adv. — rag'« 
 gedness, n. [See rug.] 
 Syn. Robust; rough; austere. 
 
 rugose (ro'gos), rugous (ro'gus), a. 
 Wrinkled; full of wrinkles. [L. rugo- 
 s us— ruga, wrinkle.] 
 
 Rutsmliorff coil (rom'karf coil), n. 
 induction coil, constructed by H. D. 
 Ruhmkorff. 
 
 ruin (ro'in). I. n. 1. Destruction; over- 
 
 ' throw. 2. That which destroys. 3. Re- 
 mains of a building demolished or 
 decayed (usually in pi.) II. vt. 1. De- 
 molish ; defeat. 2. Impoverish. — 
 rnina'tion, n. Destruction.— ruin- 
 ous (ro'in-us), a. 1. Fallen to ruins; 
 decayed. 2. Pernicious; causing ruin. 
 — ruinously, adv. [L. ruina — ruo, 
 tumbledown.] 
 
 reliable ( ro'la-bl ), a. i. Capable of 
 being governed. 2. Allowable. 
 
 rule (rol). I. n. 1. Government; con- 
 trol. 2. Principle; regulation; stand- 
 ard. 3. Determinate method for a 
 mathematical operation. 4. Instru- 
 ment used as guide in drawing lines. 
 II. vt. 1. Govern; manage. 2. Settle 
 or establish by decision. 3. Mark with 
 straight lines. III. vi. 1. Exercise 
 power; decide. 2. Stand or range, as 
 prices. [O. Fr. reule (Fr. rlgle) — L. 
 regula—rego, keep straight, rule.] 
 
 ruler ( ro'ler), n. 1. Sovereign; gov- 
 ernor. 2. Instrument used as guide in 
 drawing lines. [vailing. 
 
 ruling (ro'ling), a. Predominant; pre- 
 
 rnra ( rum ), n. Spirit distilled from 
 the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, 
 or from molasses. [W. Indian word.] 
 
 rum (rum), a. Odd; queer. [Slang.] 
 
 rumble (rum' bl), n. Seat for servants 
 behind a carriage. [Ety. doubtful.] 
 
 rumble (rum'bl). I. vi. Make a con- 
 fused noise from rolling heavily. II. 
 n.. Low, heavy, continued sound. 
 jiFrom the sound.] 
 
 rumen (ro'men), n. 1. First stomach 
 Ipaunch) of a ruminant. 2. Cud. [L. 
 =gullet.] 
 
 ruinguinption (rum-gump'shun) , n. 
 Rude common sense ; rumblegump- 
 tion. [Prov. Engl, and Scot.] 
 
 ruminant (ro'mi-nant). I. a. Chew- 
 ing the cud. II. n. Animal that chews 
 the cud, as the ox, sheep, etc. (See 
 eat on this page.) 
 
 ruminate (ro'mi-nat), vt. and vi. 1. 
 GJiew the cud. 2. Meditate.— rumi- 
 na'tion,». 1. Act or process of chew- 
 ing the cud. (The food is brought 
 r3k to the mouth by a kind of hiccup. ) 
 Meditation. [It.— rumen, gullet.] 
 
 •ummage ( rum'aj ). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
 
 Search narrowly by turning things 
 over. 2. Clear a ship's hold of goods. 
 II. n. Careful search. [For rodmdge, 
 making room.] 
 
 Paunch. Honeycomb. Maniplies. Rennet-bug. 
 
 THIS STOMACHS OF A RUMINANT (sheep). 
 
 After passing through the first stomach, the 
 paunch, into the second, the food is returned 
 to the mouth to be chewed again. Then it i8 
 swallowed into the third stomach, the mani- 
 plies, and is finally digested in the fourth. 
 
 rumor (r5'mur). I. n^ Flying report; 
 current talk. 11. vi. Report; circulate 
 by report. [Li. = noise.] 
 
 rump (rump), n. 1. Hinder end of an 
 animal; buttocks. 2. Fag-fend. [Icel. 
 rumpr. Cf. Ger. rumpf, trunk.] 
 
 rumple (rum'pl). I. vt. Crush out of 
 shape; Wrinkle. II. n. Fold; wrinkle. 
 [A.S. hrympelle.] [wrangle. [Colloq] 
 
 rumpus (rum'pus), n. Disturbance; 
 
 run (run). I. vi. [riin'ning; ran; run.] 
 1. Move swiftly; pass quickly on the 
 ground. 2. Flee. 3. Go, as ships, etc.; 
 have course in any direction. 4. Flow. 
 5. Dart. 6. Turn. 7. Extend. 8. Pierce. 
 9. Melt. 10. Be busied. 11. Become. 
 12. Be in force. 13. Discharge matter, 
 as a sore. 14. Press, esp. for imme- 
 diate payment. II. vi. 1. Cause to 
 move swiftly. 2. Force fpward; push. 
 3.Cause to pass. 4. Fuse. 5. Discharge, 
 as a sore. 6. Pursue in thought. 7. 
 Incur. III. n. 1. Act of running. 2. 
 Course. 3. Flow. 4. Discharge from 
 a sore. 5. Distance run or sailed. 6. 
 Trip by trainmen from one division 
 of a railroad to the next ; voyage. 7. 
 Continued series. 8. General recep- 
 tion. 9. Prevalence. 10. Popular 
 clamor. 11. Unusual pressure, as on 
 a bank, for withdrawing deposits. 12. 
 Number of copies printed at one time. 
 [A. S. rennan.] 
 
 runagate (run'a-gat), n. Vagabond; 
 runaway; renegade. [A corr. of rene- 
 gade.] 
 
 runaway (run'a-wa). I. n. 1. One who 
 runs away from danger or restraint; 
 fugitive. 2. Truant. II. a. Fleeing 
 from danger or restraint; done by or 
 in flight. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
rundle 
 
 497 
 
 rypeck 
 
 rundle, rundel (run'dl),w. Round or 
 rung of a ladder. [A variation of 
 
 ROUNDEL.] 
 
 rone (rem), n. One of the characters 
 forming the earliest alphabet of the 
 Teutonic nations. — rune'craft, n. 
 Skill in deciphering runic charac- 
 ters. [A. S. run, secret.] 
 
 rang' (rung), pa. t. and pa. p. of ring. 
 
 rang (rung), n. Round or step of a 
 ladder. [A. S. hrung, rod, bar.] 
 
 runic (rb'nik), a. Relating to runes, to 
 the ancient Teutonic nations, or to 
 their language. 
 
 runner (run'er), n. 1. One who or that 
 which runs; racer ; messenger. 2. 
 Rooting stem that runs along the 
 ground, 3. Moving stone of a mill. 4. 
 Rope to increase the power of a tackle. 
 5. Part on which a skate or sleigh 
 glides. 
 
 running -trap (run'ing-trap), n. XT- 
 shaped depressed section of a pipe, 
 which remains always full of liquid 
 and prevents the passage of gases. 
 
 runology ( ro-nol'o-ji ), n. Study of 
 runes. 
 
 runt (runt), n. Dwarfed being. [Scot.] 
 
 rupee ( rb-pe' ), n. E. Indian silver 
 coin, nominally worth about 50 cents. 
 [Hind, rupiyah— Sans, rupya, silver.] 
 
 Rupert's drop ( ro'perts drop ), n. 
 Small glass bulb cooled quickly when 
 made. The slightest jar will cause it 
 to fly into pieces. [So called because 
 Prince Rupert brought the first to 
 England.] 
 
 rupture (rup'tur). I. n. 1. Act of 
 breaking or state of being broken. 2. 
 Breach of the peace. 3. Protrusion of 
 any of the viscera; hernia. II. vt. 
 Break; burst; part by violence. III. 
 vi. Suffer a breach. [L. ruptura — 
 rumpo, ruptum, break.] 
 Sy». Breach; disruption; fracture. 
 
 rural (rb'ral), a. Of or belonging to 
 the country; suiting the country; 
 rustic; pertaining to agriculture.— 
 ru'rally, adv.— ruralize (rb'ral-iz), 
 vt. and vi. Render or become rural. 
 [L. ruralis —rus, ruris country.] 
 
 ruse (roz), n. 1. Turning or doubling, 
 as of animals to get away from dogs. 
 2. Trick; fraud; artifice; stratagem. 
 [Fr. ruser, turn,— L. recusare, decline.] 
 
 rush (rush). I. vi. 1. Move with rust- 
 ling noise, as the wind. 2. Move for- 
 ward violently. II. n. 1. Rushing or 
 driving forward. 2. Great activity. 
 [A. S. hriscan, make a noise. Ger. 
 rauschen.] 
 
 rush (rush), n. Plant with a round 
 stem and no leaves, common on wet 
 ground, and used for bottoming 
 
 chairs, etc.— rush-light, n. Candle 
 made by dipping a rush pith In tal- 
 low. [A. S. risce— L. ruscum.] 
 
 rusk (rusk), n. Kind of ligiit soft cake 
 or sweet biscuit. [Sp. rosea, screw.] 
 
 russet (rus'et). I. a. 1. Rusty; reddish- 
 brown. 2. Coarse; rustic. II. n. 1. 
 Coarse homespun dress. 2. Kind of 
 apple; russeting.— rus'sety,«. [Dim. 
 of Fr. rousse — L. russus, red.] 
 
 russeting (rus'et-ing). n. Apple of a 
 russet color and rough skin. 
 
 Russian (rush'an). I. a. Pertaining to 
 Russia, its inhabitants, or their lan- 
 guage. II. n. 1. Inhabitant of Russia. 
 2. Language of Russia. 
 
 rust (rust). I. n. 1. Reddish-brown 
 coating on iron exposed to moisture. 
 
 2. Disease of cereals and grasses, 
 showing itself in brown or orange 
 spots on the leaves, caused by small 
 fungi. II. vi. 1. Become rusty. 2. Be- 
 come dull by inaction. III. vt. 1. Make 
 lusty. 2. Impair by time and inacti- 
 vity. [A. S. Ger. rost.] 
 
 rustic (rus'tik), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 the country ; rural. 2. Rude ; awkward. 
 
 3. Simple; coarse; made of rough 
 limbs and roots.— rus'tically, adv. 
 [L. rusticus — rus, country.] 
 
 rusticate (rus'ti-kat). I. vt. 1. Send 
 into the country. 2. Banish for a time 
 from a town or college. II. vi. Live 
 in the country.— rustication, n. 
 
 rusticity (rus-tis'i-ti), n. Rustic man- 
 ners. [Fr. rusticity.] 
 
 rustle(rus'l). I. to. 1. Make a soft, whis- 
 pering sound, as silk, straw, etc. 2. 
 Move with a rustling sound. 3. Stir 
 about or work with energy and per- 
 severance; hustle. II. n. Quick suc- 
 cession of small sounds, as that of dry 
 leaves; rustling. [A.S. hristlan.] 
 
 rustling (rus'ling), n. Quick succes- 
 sion of small sounds, as of dry leaves. 
 
 rusty (rus'ti), a. I. Covered with rust. 
 2. Impaired by inactivity; dull.— 
 rust'ily, adv.— rust'iness, n. 
 
 rut (rut). I. n. Track left by a wheel. 
 II. vt. [rut'ting; rut'ted.] Form ruts 
 in. [Fr. route. See route.] [nip. 
 
 rutahaga(rb-ta-ba'ga), n. Swedish tur- 
 
 rnthless ( rbth'les ), a. Without pity; 
 insensible to misery; cruel. — ruth- 
 lessly, adv. — ruth'lessness, n. 
 [Obs. ruth, jpity— rue, v.] 
 
 rye (ri),». Cereal grassallied to wheat. 
 [A. S. ryge. Ger. roggen.] 
 
 ryegrass (ri'gras). n. Variety of grass 
 like rye, cultivated for pasture and 
 fodder. [Ar. raaya, pasture.] 
 
 ryot (ri'ut), n. Hindu peasant. [From 
 
 rypeck (ri'pek), n. Pole used to moor 
 a punt while fishing. 
 
 fate, tat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t/ien. 
 
498 
 
 sacrilege 
 
 Pjjjffl s (es), n. Nineteenth letter of the 
 I^H alphabet, having two sounds: 
 g^J hissing as in miss, and buzzing 
 °^^| as in. rose (roz). 
 
 Sabaoth (sa-ba'oth), n. pi. Ar- 
 mies; hosts. [Heb. tzebaoth, pi. of 
 tzaba, army, —tzaba, go forth.] 
 
 Sabbatarian (sab-a-ta'ri-an). I. n. 1. 
 One who observes the seventh day of 
 the week as the Sabbath. 2. Very strict 
 observer of the Sabbath. II. a. Per- 
 taining to the Sabbath or to Sabba- 
 tarians. — sabbata'rianisni, n. 
 
 Sabbath (sab'ath), n. 1. Among the 
 Jews, the seventh day of the week, set 
 apart for rest from work. 2. Among 
 Christians, the first day of the week, 
 made sacred in memory of the resur- 
 rection of Christ. 3. Among the ancient 
 Jews, the seventh year, when the land 
 was left fallow. [Heb. Shabbath, rest.] 
 
 Sabbatic (sab-at'ik), Sabbat'ical, a. 
 Pertaining to or resembling the Sab- 
 bath; enjoy ing,_or bringing, rest. 
 
 saber, sabre (sa'ber). I. n. Heavy one- 
 edged sword, slighty curved towards 
 the point, used by cavalry. II. vt. 
 Wound or kill with a saber.— sa'ber- 
 tooth,%. Fossil tiger with very long 
 canine teeth. [Fr. sabre.] 
 
 Sabianism (sa'bi-an-izm), Sabaism 
 (sa'ba-izm), n. Ancient Chaldean reli- 
 gion/consisting principally in star- 
 worship. [Heb. tzaba, army, host.] 
 
 sable(sa'bl).I. n. 1. Animal of the wea- 
 sel kind found in N. Europe and N. 
 Asia, valuable for its glossy black fur. 
 2. Its fur. II. a. 1. The color of the 
 sable's fur; dark. 2. Made of the fur 
 of the sable. [O.Fr.— Russ. sobol.] 
 
 sabre- tache ( sa'bet-tash ), n. Orna- 
 mental leather case worn by hussars, 
 suspended from the sword-belt. [Pr. 
 —sabre, and Ger. tasche, pouch.] 
 
 sac (sak), n. Sack or bag for a liquid. 
 [Fr. form of sack, bag.] 
 
 saccharine (sak'a-rin), a. Pertaining 
 to, or having the quality of, or pro- 
 ducing, sugar. [Fr. saccharin— L. sac- 
 charum, sugar.] 
 
 saccfaarometer (sak-a-rom'e-ter ), n. 
 Instrument for measuring the quan- 
 tity of saccharine matter in a liquid. 
 [Gr. sakcharon, sugar, and metron, 
 measure.] 
 
 sacerdotal (sas-er-do'tal), a. Priestly. 
 — sacerdo' tally, adv. — sacerdo- 
 talism (sas-er-do'tal-izm), n. Spirit 
 of the priesthood ; devotion to priestly 
 interests. [L.— sacerdo s, priest.] 
 
 sachem ( sa'chem ), n. Head in civil 
 affairs of a N. American Indian tribe, 
 the chief being leader in war; saga- 
 more. 
 
 sachet (sa-sha'), n. Small ornamental 
 bag containing perfume in the form 
 of powder ; scent-bag. [Fr., dim. of 
 sac, bag.] 
 
 sack (sak). I. n. 1. Large bag of coarse 
 cloth, for holding grain, flour, etc. 2. 
 Contents of a sack. 3. Loose upper 
 garment or cloak. II. vt. Put into a 
 sack. [A. S. sac] 
 
 sack (sak). I. vt. Plunder; ravage. II. 
 n. Plunder or devastation of a town; 
 ravage. [Fr.— sac, bag.] 
 
 sack (sak),'%. Old name of dry Spanish 
 wines, as sherry. [O. E. seek— Fr. sec, 
 dry.] 
 
 sackbut (sak'but), n. Medieval kind of 
 trombone. [ Fr. saquebute , of uncer- 
 tain origin.] 
 
 sackcloth (sak'klath) , n. 1. Cloth for 
 sacks. 2. Coarse ci'oth formerly worn 
 in mourning or penance. 
 
 sacking (sak'ing), n. 1. Cloth of 
 which sacks are made. 2. Coarse 
 cloth or canvas that supports a bed. 
 
 sacking- (sak'ing), n. Storming and 
 pillaging of a town. 
 
 sacque (sak), n. Woman's coat; sack. 
 
 sacrament(sak'ra-ment),n.. 1. Solemn 
 religious rite in the Christian Church ; 
 esp. the Lord's Supper. 2. One of the 
 seven "outward signs of inward 
 grace" by which, in the R. Cath. 
 Church, grace is conveyed to the 
 soul— Baptism, Confirmation, Euchar- 
 ist, Penance, Matrimony, Extreme 
 Unction, and Holy Orders. — sacra- 
 mental, a.— sacrament'ally, adv. 
 [L. sacramentum, sacred thing.] 
 
 sacred (sa'kred), a. 1. Dedicated to 
 religion or God. 2. Proceeding from 
 God. 3. Entitled to respect or venera- 
 tion; inviolable. — sa'credly, adv.— 
 sa'credness, n. [M. E. pa. p. i-sacred 
 — sacren, make holy, — L. sacer, holy.] 
 Syn. Holy; hallowed; consecrated. 
 
 sacrifice(sak'ri-fizor -Us). I. vt. 1. Offer 
 up, esp. on the altar of a divinity. 2. 
 Destroy or give up for something else. 
 3. Kill. II. vi. Make offerings to God. 
 III. n. 1. Act of sacrificing. 2. That 
 which is sacrificed. 3. Voluntary loss 
 for some purpose. — sae'rifieer, n. 
 [L. sacriflco — sacer, sacred, and facio, 
 make.] 
 
 sacrificial(sak-ri-fish'al), a. Relating 
 to or consisting in sacrifice; perform- 
 ing sacrifice. [L. sacriflcialis.] 
 
 sacrileg-e (sak'ri-lej), n. Profanation 
 of a sacred place or thing.— sacrile- 
 gious (sak-ri-le'jus ), a. Violating 
 sacred things. — sacrilegiously, 
 adv.— sacrile'giousness, n. [L. sa- 
 crilegium — sacer, sacred, and lego. 
 steal.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sacristan 
 
 499 
 
 sail 
 
 Saddle. 
 
 sacristan (sak'ris -tan), n. Officer in 
 a church in charge of the sacred ves- 
 sels, etc. ; sexton. [Low Li.sacristanus.] 
 
 sacristy (sak'ris-ti), n. Room in a 
 church where the sacred utensils, 
 vestments, etc., are kept ; vestry, 
 [Low Li. sacristia.] 
 
 sacrum ( sa'krum ), n. [pi. sa'cra.] 
 Triangular bone of the spine above 
 the coccyx. [L.] 
 
 sad (sad), a. Tsad'der; sad'dest. 1 l. 
 Cast down; gloomy. 2. Causing grief. 
 —sadly, adv. -sadness, n. [A. S. 
 sad, sated, weary. Ger. satt.] [ful. 
 
 Syn. Calamitous; gloomy; sorrow- 
 sadden (sad'n). I. vt. Make sad. II. vt. 
 Grow sad. 
 
 saddle ( sad'l ). I. n. 1. 
 Seat or pad for a rider, 
 generally of leather, for 
 a horse's back. 2. Any- 
 thing like a saddle, as 
 a saddle of mutton (the 
 two loins undivided). 
 II. vt. 1. Put a saddle 
 on. 2. Load. [A. S. 
 sadel.] 
 
 saddler (sad'ler), n. 
 Maker of saddles.— 
 saddlery, n. 1. Occu- 
 pation of a saddler. 2. 
 Materials for saddles. 3. Articles sold 
 by a saddler. 
 
 Sadducean ( sad-u-se'an ), a. 
 relating to theSadducees. 
 
 Sadducee(sad'u-se),«. One of a Jewish 
 party who denied the resurrection, 
 the existence of spirits, and a future 
 state. — Sadduceeism (sad'u-se- 
 izm), n. [Gr. Saddoukaios. Heb. Ze- 
 dukim.] [flat iron. TSad, heavy.] 
 
 sad-iron (sad'i'urn), n. Smoothing or 
 
 saengerfest (seng'er-fest), n. Singing 
 festival. [Ger.] 
 
 safe (saf). I. a. 1. Unharmed. 2. Free 
 from danger or injury; secure; secur- 
 ing from danger or injury. 3. No 
 longer dangerous. II. n. 1. Chest or 
 closet for money, generally of iron. 
 2. Chest or cupboard for provisions. 
 — safely, adv. — safe'ness, n. [Fr. 
 sauf— L. salvus, whole.] 
 
 safe-conduct (saf-kon'dukt), n. Pass- 
 port, or guard, granted to a person, 
 to enable him to travel with safety. 
 
 safeguard ( saf'gard ), n. He who or 
 that which guards or renders safe; 
 protection. 
 
 safety ( saf'ti ), n. 1. Freedom from 
 danger or loss. 2. Close custody. 3. 
 Safety-bicycle.— safety- bicycle, n. 
 Bicycle having low wheels of equal 
 diameter.— safety-fuse, n. Water- 
 proof woven tube inclosing an inflam- 
 
 Of or 
 
 mable substance which burns at a 
 regular rate. — safety-lamp, n. 
 
 Lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, to 
 prevent explosion of gases.— safety » 
 in at oli, n. Match which will light 
 only on being rubbed on a specially 
 prepared substance. — safety- 
 valve, n. Valve in the top of a steam- 
 boiler, which lets out the steam when 
 the pressure becomes too great for 
 safety. 
 
 saffron (saf'run). I. n. 1. Bulbous plant 
 of the crocus kind with deep-yellow 
 flowers. 2. Coloring substance pre- 
 pared from its flowers. II. a. Having 
 the color of saffron; deep yellow. 
 [Fr. saf ran— At. zafaran] 
 
 sag (sag). I. vi, and vt. [sag'ging ; 
 sagged.] 1. Sink or settle in the mid- 
 dle. 2. Give way from a vertical line. 
 II. n. Dip; droop; bending. 
 
 saga (sa'ga), n. Scandinavian legend. 
 [Icel. saga. Ger. sage. From root of 
 
 SAY.] 
 
 sagacious (sa-ga'shus), a. Quick in 
 
 perception or thought ; discerning 
 
 and judicious; wise.— saga'ciously, 
 
 adv.— saga'ciousness, n. [L. sagax.) 
 
 Syn. Keen. See shrewd. 
 
 sagacity (sa-gas'i-ti), n. Acute, prac- 
 tical judgment; shrewdness. 
 
 sagamore (sag'a-mor), n. Indian 
 chief ;_sachem. 
 
 sage (saj), n. Aromatic garden herb, so 
 called from its supposed healing 
 virtue. [Fr. sauge — L. salvia — salvus 
 healing.] 
 
 sage (saj). I. a. Discriminating; wise; 
 well-judged. II. n. Wise man. — 
 sage'ly, adv. — sage'ness, n. [Fr. 
 — L. sapius, wise] v 
 
 sagittal (saj'it-al), a. Of or like an 
 arrow. [L. sagitta, 
 arrow.] 
 
 Sagittarius (saj-i-ta/- 
 ri-us), n. Archer, one 
 of the signs of the , 
 zodiac. [L. — sagitta, 
 arrow.] 
 
 sago (sa'go), n. Gran- 
 ulate d starch pro- 
 duced from the pith 
 of several palms in 
 the E. India Islands, 
 etc., used for food, 
 for the sago-palm.] 
 
 sahib (sa'ib), n. Title of respect used 
 by natives of India and Persia in 
 addressing or alluding to Europeans. 
 [Hind, and Ar. = master.] 
 
 said (sed). I. #a. t. and pa. p. of sat. 
 II. a._Aforesaid; above-mentioned. 
 
 sail (sal). I. n. 1. Sheet of canvas, 
 etc., spread to catch the wind, by 
 
 Sagittarius. £ 
 [Papuan name 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above-, me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, w#fr 
 mute, but, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
sailcloth 
 
 500 
 
 sally 
 
 which a ship is driven forward. 2. 
 Ship or ships. 3. Trip in a vessel. 
 II. vi. 1. Be moved by sails. 2. Go by 
 water. 3. Begin a voyage. 4. Glide 
 or float smoothly along. III. vt. 1. 
 Navigate. 2. Pass in a ship. 3. Fly 
 throneh. TA. S. segel.} [for sails. 
 
 sailcloth (sal'klath), n. Strong cloth 
 
 sailer ( sa'ler ), n. He who or that 
 which sails. 
 
 sailing- (sa'ling), n. 1. Act of sailing. 
 2. Motion of a vessel on water. 3. 
 Aft of directing a ship's cottrse. 
 
 sailor (sa'liir), n. One who sails in, or 
 navigates, a sbip; seaman. 
 
 sainfoin (san'foin), n. Leguminous 
 fodder-plant; esparsette. [Fr. — sain, 
 wholesome, and Join, hay.] 
 
 saint (sant), n. 1. Sanctified or holy 
 person. 2. One eminent for goodness 
 or piety. 3. One of the blessed in 
 heaven. 4. One canonized by the R. 
 Cath. Church. — saint'like, saiiit'- 
 ly, a. — saint'liness, n. [Pr. — L. 
 sanctus, holy.] 
 
 sainted (sant'ed), a. 1. Made a saint. 
 2. Holy; sacred. 3. Gone to heaven. 
 
 sake (sak), n. Cause; account; regard. 
 [A. S. sacu, contention, affair— sacan, 
 strive. Ger. sache, affair, thing.] 
 
 sakieh (sak'i-e), sakia (sak'i-a) y n. 
 Wheel used in Egypt for raising water 
 for irrigation purposes. 
 
 salaam, salam (sa-lam'), n. Word of 
 salutation in the Orient, among Mo- 
 hammedans. TAr. salam, peace. 1 
 
 salable, saleable (sa'la-bl), a. That 
 may be sold; in good demand.— sa' • 
 lableness, n— sa'lably, adv. 
 Syn. Merchantable; marketable. 
 
 salacious ( sal-a'shus ), a. Lustful ; 
 lecherous. [L. salax—salio, leap.] 
 
 salad (sal'ad), n. 1. Raw herbs cut up 
 and seasoned with salt, vinegar, etc. 
 2. Any dish, as of chicken, similarly 
 prepared. [Pr. salade— It. salato, 
 salted.] 
 
 salamander (sal'a- 
 man-der),w. Amphi- 
 bious reptile allied 
 to the lizard, once 
 supposed able to 
 live in fire. — sala- 
 man'drine, a. [Gr. salamandra.] 
 
 sal-ammoniac (sal-am-mo'ni-ak), n. 
 Chloride of ammonium, a salt of a 
 sharp, acrid taste. [Prom L. sal, salt, 
 and ammoniac] [salary. 
 
 salaried ( sal'a-rid ), a. Receiving a 
 
 salary (sal'a-rij. I- n. Recompense for 
 services; wages. II. vt. Attach a salary 
 to; pay a salary to. [L. salarium, 
 money given to Roman soldiers for 
 salt— sal, salt.] 
 
 Salamander, 
 
 sale (sal), n. 1. Act of selling; exchange 
 of anything for money. 2. Power or 
 opportunity of selling; demand. 3. 
 Public showing of goods to sell; offer- 
 ing of goods at a reduced price. 4. 
 Auction. [Icel. and O. Ger. sala. See 
 
 SELL.] 
 
 salep (sal'ep), n. Dried tubers of the 
 Orchis mascula; drug prepared from 
 them. [Ar.] 
 
 saleratus (sal-e-ra'tus), n. Carbonate 
 of soda. [Prom L. sal, salt, and aera- 
 tus, aeratedj [goods. 
 
 salesman (salz'man), n. Man who sells 
 
 Saliau (sa'li-an), a. Of, or pertaining 
 to, the Salii (priests of Mars) in an- 
 cient Rome. 
 
 Salic (sal'ik), a. According or pertain- 
 ing to a law of the Salii, a tribe of 
 Pranks, excluding women from inher- 
 itance, or succession to the throne. 
 
 salicylic (sal-i-sil'ik) acid, n. Anti- 
 septic acid, made by carbonic acid 
 acting on sodium carbolate. [Prom 
 salicin, a substance obtained from 
 willow bark. L. salix, willow.] 
 
 salient (sa'li-ent), a. 1. Leaping or 
 springing. 2. Projecting outwards, as 
 an angle. 3. Conspicuous; striking; 
 prominent. 4. In geom, Denoting any 
 angle less than two right angles. — 
 sa'liently, adv. [L. saliens.] 
 
 saline (sa'iln or sal-in'). I. &. Consist- 
 ing of, or containing, salt; partaking 
 of the qualities of salt. II. n. Salt- 
 spring.— saline'ness, n. [L. salinus 
 —sal, salt.] 
 
 salino meter (sal-i-nom'et-ef), n. Ap- 
 paratus for indicating the density of 
 brine, in the boilers. of marine steam- 
 engines, etc. [Saline, and Gr. me- 
 tron, measure.] 
 
 saliva (sa-li'va), n. Fluid secreted by 
 the salivary glands, and serving to 
 moisten the mouth and tongue; it 
 contains a digestive ferment. [L.] 
 
 salival (sa-11'val), salivary ( sal'i- 
 var-i), a. Pertaining to, secreting, of 
 containing, saliva. 
 
 salivate ( sal'i-vat ), vt. Produce an 
 abnormal amount of saliva.— sali- 
 va' t ion, n._ Abnormal flow of saliva. 
 
 sallow (sal'o), n. Tree or low shrub of 
 the willow kind. [A. S. sealh.] 
 
 sallow (sal'o), a. Of a yellowish color, 
 bro wnish-yello w, unhealthy-looking. 
 sal'lowness, n. [A. S. salu.] 
 
 sally (sal'i). I. n. 1. Rushing or burst- 
 ing forth. 2. Sudden rushing forth of 
 troops to attack besiegers. 3. Excur- 
 sion. 4. Outburst of fancy, wit, etc. 
 5. Levity; wildgayety; eseapade. H. 
 vi. Rush out suddenly. [Pr. MMMe— 
 L. salio, leap.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mbve, wolf; 
 mGte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sally-Its in* 
 
 501 
 
 Samaritan 
 
 sally-lunn ( sal'li-lun ), n. Kind of 
 sweet bun or tea-cake, larger than a 
 muffin. It i3 toasted and eaten hot 
 with butter. [From Salty Lunn, a 
 young woman who sold such buns 
 in the streets of Bath, England, at 
 the end of the eighteenth century.] 
 
 sally-port (sal'i-port), n. Port, gate, 
 or passage by which a garrison may 
 make a sally. 
 
 salmagundi ( sal-ma-gun'di ), n. 1. 
 Mixture of chopped meat and other 
 ingredients. 2. Medley ; mixture. 
 [Fr. salmigondis. Etymol. unknown.] 
 
 salmon (sam'un), n. 1. Well-known 
 fish, living mostly in the sea, but 
 ascending rivers to spawn. 2. Orange 
 pink color. — salm'on-trout, n. 
 Trout like the salmon, but smaller 
 and thicker in proportion. [L. salmo, 
 p&vh.—salio, leap.] 
 
 salon (sa-lang'), n. 1. Apartment for 
 the reception of company. 2. Fash- 
 ionable assembly. 3. Exhibition of 
 paintings. [Fr.j 
 
 saloon (sa-16n'), n. 1. Spacious and 
 elegant apartment for the reception 
 of company, etc. 2. Main cabin. 3. 
 Grog shop ; barroom. [Fr. salon— 
 saMe—O. Ger. sal, dwelling.] 
 
 saloop (sa-16p'), n. Sassafras tea, with 
 sugar and milk. 
 
 salsify ( sal'si-fl. ), n. Biennial plant 
 with an edible root like the parsnip; 
 oyster plant. [Fr. salsifis— It. sasse- 
 fHea, goat's beard.] 
 
 salt (salt). I. n. 1. Compound of chlo- 
 rine and sodium, found either in the 
 earth or obtained by evaporation 
 from sea-water. 2. Anything like 
 salt; seasoning; piquancy; flavor; 
 savor; wit. 3. In chem. Combination 
 of an acid with a base. 4. Old sailor. 
 IL a. Containing salt; tasting of salt. 
 2. Overflowed with or growing in 
 salt water. 3. Pungent. III. vt. 
 Sprinkle, impregnate, preserve or 
 season with salt, as, to salt fish, beef 
 or pork.— -Salt an invoice, account, etc., 
 put on the extreme value. — Salt a 
 mine, sprinkle a few grains of gold 
 over an unproductive hole, to obtain 
 a high price for it from an inexperi- 
 enced person.— salt'ish, a. Somewhat 
 salt.— Attic salt, piquancy; wit. — Old 
 saW.experienced sailor.— salt'ly, adv. 
 — salt ness, n. [A. S. sealt, salt.] 
 
 saltant (sal'tant), a. Leaping; danc- 
 ing. [L. saltans.) 
 
 saltation (sal-ta'shun), n. Leaping or 
 jumping movement; palpitation. [L.] 
 
 saltatory (sal' ta-to-ri), a. 1. Leaping; 
 dancing. 2. Having the power of, or 
 need in, leaping or dancing. 
 
 saltcellar (salt'sel-a,r), n. Small ves- 
 sel for holding salt.' (Cellar from Fr. 
 salilre, vessel for salt.) 
 
 saltpan (salt'pan), n. 1. Pan in which 
 salt is obtained by evaporation. 2. 
 Salt works. 
 
 saltpetre, saltpeter ( sa^t-pe'ter ), 
 n. Salt consisting of nitric acid and 
 potash; niter. [Eng. salt, Gr. pelra, 
 rock.] 
 
 salt-rbeum (salt-rom), n. Vague and 
 indefinite popular name applied to 
 many non-febrile cutaneous erup- 
 tions common among adults. 
 
 salts (salts), n.pl. Epsom-salt or other 
 salt used as a medicine. — Smelling 
 salts, preparation used as a stimulant 
 and restorative in case of faintness. 
 
 saluhrious(sa-lo'bri-us), a. Healthful; 
 favorable to'hea 1 1 h. — salu'bri- 
 onsly, adv. — salubrity , n. [L.— 
 salus, health.] 
 
 salutary (sal'u-tari), a. Promoting 
 health or safety; beneficial.— sal'u- 
 tariness, n. [L. salus, health.] 
 Syn. Advantageous; wholesome. 
 
 salutation (sal-u-ta'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of saluting. 2. That which is said in 
 saluting. 
 
 salute (sa-16f). I. vt. 1. Address with 
 kind wishes. 2. Greet with a kiss, 
 bow, etc. 3. Honor by a discharge of 
 cannon, striking colors, etc. IT. n. 
 
 1. Act of saluting or greeting. 2. 
 Salutation. [L. saluto.] 
 
 salvage (sal'va;)), n. 1. Saving a ship 
 or goods from danger, as from the 
 sea, fire, an enemy, or the like. 2. 
 Compensation to those by whom 
 ships or goods have been saved. 3. 
 That portion of the property which 
 is saved. [Low L. satvagium, from L. 
 salvus, safe.] 
 
 salvation (sal-va'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 saving; preservation. 2. Saving of 
 man from eternal misery. 
 
 salve (sal've), int. Hail. [L.] 
 
 salve (sav), n. Ointment; anything 
 to cure sores; palliative. [A.S. sealfi] 
 
 salver (sal'ver), n. Tray on which 
 anything is presented. [Sp. salvilla.] 
 
 salvo (sal'vo), n. Exception; reserva- 
 tion. [L. salvo jure, the right being 
 reserved.] 
 
 salvo (sal'v5), n. [pi. salvos (sal'voz).] 
 Military or naval salute with guns. 
 
 2. Simultaneous discharge of artil- 
 lery. [Fr. salve.] 
 
 sal-volatile ( sal-vol'a-til ), n. Solu- 
 tion of carbonate of ammonia. [L. 
 =volatilesalt.] 
 
 Samaritan ( sa-mar'i-tan ), n. 1. Na- 
 tive or inhabitant of' Samaria. 2. 
 Language of Samaria, a dialect of the 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 i but, burnt oil, owl, then. 
 
same 
 
 502 
 
 sanguine 
 
 Chaldean. 3. Charitable or benevolent 
 person, in allusion to the character of 
 the "good Samaritan" in the parable. 
 — Samar'itanism, n. Charitable- 
 ness; philanthropy. 
 
 same (sam), a. 1. Identical. 2. Of the 
 like kind or degree; similar. 3. Men- 
 tioned before.— same'ness,w. [A.S.] 
 
 samite (sa'mit or sam'it), n. Kind of 
 silk stuff. [O. Fr.— Low L. examitum, 
 — Gr. hex, six, and mitos, thread.] 
 
 samovar (sam'ovar), n. Copper urn 
 in which water is kept boiling for 
 making tea, used in Russia, Siberia, 
 etc. [Russ. samovaru, tea-urn.] 
 
 samp ( samp ), n. 1. Hominy. 2. Por- 
 ridge made of hominy. [N. Am. Ind.] 
 
 samphia-e ( sam'fir or sam'fer ), n. 
 Herb found chiefly on rocky cliffs 
 near the sea, used in pickles and 
 salads. [From Fr. I'herbe de Saint 
 Pierre (Peter).] 
 
 sample (sam'pl). I. n. Specimen; part 
 to show the quality of the whole. II. 
 vt. 1. Make up samples of. 2. Try or 
 test. [O. Fr. essample — L. exemplum. 
 Doublet EXAMPLE.] 
 
 sampler ( sam'pler ), n. 1. One who 
 makes up samples. 2. One who tests 
 by samples. 3. Pattern of work; 
 ornamental piece of needle-work. 
 
 sample-room (sam'pl-rom), n. 1. 
 Room where samples are kept and 
 shown. 2. Place where liquor is sold 
 by the glass; barroom; saloon. 
 
 sanable (san'a-bl),a. Curable.— sana- 
 bil'ity, n. [L. sanabilis—sano, heal.] 
 
 sanative (san'a-tiv), n. Tending to 
 heal; healing. — san'ativeness, n. 
 
 sanatorium (san-a-to'ri-um), n. Place 
 for restoring to health; health-sta- 
 tion; hospital. Also: sanatarium. 
 
 sanatory ( san'a-to-ri ), a. Healing; 
 conducive to health. 
 
 sanctanimity (sangk-ta-nim'i-ti), n. 
 Holiness of mind. [L. sanctus, holy, 
 and animus, mind.] 
 
 sanctify (sangk'ti-fi), vt. [sanc'tifying; 
 sanc'tifled.] 1. Make sacred or holy. 
 2. Set apart to sacred use. 3. Purify 
 and exalt, as by God's grace; free 
 from sin or evil. 4. Make the means 
 of holiness. — sanctifica'tion, n. — 
 sanc'tifier, n. |"L. sanctiflco— sanctus, 
 sacred, and faci'o, make.] 
 
 sanctimonious ( sangk-ti-mo'ni-us), 
 a. Pretending sanctity; hypocritical- 
 ly devout; affecting holiness.— sanc- 
 timony, n. — sanctimo'niously, 
 adv.— sanctimo'nionsness, n. [L.] 
 
 sanction (sangk'shun). I. n. Act of 
 ratifying; confirmation; support. II. 
 vt. Give validity to; authorize ; coun- 
 tenance; approve. [L.] 
 
 Sprinkle 
 
 Sandals. 
 
 sanctity (sangk'ti-ti), n. 1. Purity; 
 godliness. 2. Inviolability. 
 
 sanctuary (sangk'tu-ar-i), n. Sacred 
 place. 2 Inviolable asylum; refuge. 
 
 sanctum (sangk'tum), n. 1. Sacred 
 place. 2. Private room. [L. == holy.] 
 
 sand (sand). I. n. 1. Fine grains of 
 crushed or worn rock. 2, pi. Land 
 covered with sand; jsandy beach. 
 Grit ; endurance, 
 with sand. [A.S.] 
 
 sandal (san'dal), 
 n. 1. Sole bound 
 to the foot by 
 straps. 2. Loose 
 slipper. [Gr. san- 
 daion,-proiD. from 
 Pers. sandal, kind of shoe.] 
 
 sandalwood (san'dal- wod), n. Wood 
 remarkable for its fragrance, brought 
 from the E. Indies and islands of the 
 Pacific. [Ar. sandal.] 
 
 sand -bag- (sand'bag). I. n. Bag filled 
 with sand. II. vt. Attack and beat 
 with a sand-bag.— sand bagger, n. 
 
 sandpaper(sand'pa-per). 
 I. n. Paper eovered with 
 a kind of sand. II. vt. 
 Rub with sandpaper. 
 
 sandpiper (sand'pi-per), 
 n. Wading bird of the 
 snipe family, distin- 
 guished by its clear, pip- 
 ing note. [Starfish. 
 
 sandstar (sand'star), n. 
 
 sandstone (sand'ston), 
 n. Stone composed of 
 consolidated sand. 
 
 sandwich (sand' wich) ,n. 
 Two slices of bread with 
 ham, etc., between, said to be named 
 after an Earl of Sandwich. II. vt. Ar- 
 range in the form of a sandwich; 
 insert (between). 
 
 sandy (sand'i), a. 1. Consisting of, or 
 covered with, sand. 2. Resembling 
 sand; loose. 3. Of the color of sand.— 
 sand'iness, n. 
 
 sane (san), a. 1. Sound in mind. 2. 
 Not disordered in intellect; rational. 
 — sane'ness, n. [L. sanus.] 
 
 sang, pa. t. of sing. 
 
 sangaree ( sang-ga-re' ), n. Diluted 
 wine, spiced and sweetened. [W.Ind.] 
 
 sang-froid(sang'f rwa), n. Indifference. 
 [Fr.^cold blood.] 
 
 sanguinary (sang'win-ar-i), a. 1. 
 Bloody; attended with much blood- 
 shed. 2. Bloodthirsty. 
 
 sanguine (sang'win), a. 1. Abound- 
 ing with blood; ardent. 2. Hopeful 
 confident. — san'guinely, adv. - 
 san'guineness, n. [L. sanguineus— 
 sanguis, blood.] 
 
 Sandstar. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tAea, 
 
sanguineous 
 
 503 
 
 sarsaparilla 
 
 sanguineous ( sang-win'e-us ), a. 1. 
 Abounding with blood. 2. Resembling, 
 or constituting, blood. 
 
 Sanhedrim (san'he-drim), n. Highest 
 council of the Jews, consisting ol 
 seventy members with tbe high- 
 priest. [Heb. sanhedrin — Gr. syne- 
 drion—syn, together, tt&hedra, seat.] 
 
 sanitarium (san-i-tar'i-uru),». Health 
 station; hospital. 
 
 sanitary (san'i-tar-i), a. Pertaining to 
 health; tending or designed to pro- 
 mote health. [Prom sanity.] 
 
 sanitation (san-i-ta'shun), n. 1. Mak- 
 ing sanitary. 2. Science of rendering 
 sanitary. 
 
 sanity (san'i-ti), n. State of being 
 sane; soundness of mind or body. 
 [Li. sanitas] 
 
 Sanscrit. See Sanskrit. 
 
 sank (sank), pa. t. of sink. 
 
 sansculotte ( sans-ku-lot' ), n. 1. In 
 the first French revolution, a mem- 
 ber of the extreme party. 2. Ragged 
 fellow. 3. Communist; anarchist. 
 
 Sanskrit (sans'krit), n. Ancient lan- 
 guage of the Hindus in which the 
 literature of India is written. (As in 
 Europe Latin was used as a learned 
 tongue). [Sans. =perfect,— sam, with, 
 and krita, done.] 
 
 sap (sar>), n. 1. Vital juice of plants. 
 2. Vital fluid of animals; blood. 3. 
 Sapwood. [A. S. saep. Ger. soft.] 
 
 sap (sap). I. vt. [sap'ping; sapped.] 
 Destroy by digging underneath; un- 
 dermine. II. n. Approach to a for- 
 tification, dug under cover.— sap'per, 
 n. One who saps. [Fr. saper, from 
 LowL. sappa, pick.] 
 
 sapid (sap'id), a. Savory.— sapidity, 
 w. [L. sapidus—sapio, taste.] 
 
 sapient (sa'pi-ent), a. Wise; discern- 
 ing. — sapience, n. — sa'piently, 
 adv. [L,.—sapio, taste; know.] 
 Syn Sagacious; sage; knowing. 
 
 sapless (sap'les), a. Dry; not juicy. 
 
 sapling- (sap'ling), n. Young tree, so 
 called from being full of sap. 
 
 saponaceous (sap- o -na'sh us), a. 
 Soapy: soap-like. [Fr. saponaee—~L. 
 sapo, soap.] 
 
 sapphire (saf'ir or saf'ir), n. Blue 
 precious stone, next in hardness to 
 the diamond. [Ar. saflr.] 
 
 sappy ( sap'i ), a. 1. Abounding with 
 sap ; juicy. 2. Immature ; silly. — 
 sap'piness, n. 
 
 sap-wood(sap-wod), n. External part 
 of wood, newly formed under the 
 bark; alburnum. 
 
 saraband (sar'a-band), n. Slow Span- 
 ish dance. [Pers. serbend, song.] 
 
 Saracen (sar'a-sen), n. Name applied 
 in the Middle Ages to the Mohamme- 
 dans.— Saracenic, a. [L. Sarace^us 
 — Ar. sharkeyn, eastern people.] 
 
 sarcasm (sar'kazm), n. Satirical re- 
 mark in scorn or contempt; cutting 
 wit. [Gr. sarkazo, tear flesh.] 
 
 sarcastic (sar-kas'tik), sarcas'tical, 
 a. Containing sarcasm.— sarcastic- 
 ally, adv. 
 
 sarcenet (siirs'net), n. Very thin silk 
 fabric. [O. Fr. from Low L. saracena- 
 tus, Saracen cloth.] 
 
 sarcocarp (sar'ko-karp), n. Fleshy 
 part of a drupe; mesocarp. 
 
 sarcology (sar-kol'o-ji), n. Branch of 
 anatomy which treats of the fleshy 
 parts of the body. [Gr. — sarx, sarkos, 
 flesh.] [Feeding on flesh. 
 
 sarcophagous (sar-kof'a-gus), a. 
 
 sarcophagus (sar kof'a-gus), [pi. 
 sarcophagi.] n. 1. Kind of lime-stone 
 used by the Greeks for coffins, and so 
 called because it was thought to con 
 sume the flesh of corpses. 2. Stone 
 receptacle for a corpse. [Gr. sarx, 
 flesh, and phago, eat.] 
 
 White marble sarcophagus of Queen Louise 
 of Prus&ia. 
 
 sardine (sar-den'), n. Small fish of the 
 herring family, boiled and packed in 
 oil. [From the island of Sardinia.] 
 
 sardine (sar'din), sardius (sar'di- 
 us). I. n. Name of the cornelian 
 stone. II. adv. Relating to the sar- 
 dius. [Fr. sardoine.] 
 
 sardonic (sar-don'ik), a. 1. Forced, 
 heartless. 2. Bitter, sarcastic. [From 
 Gr. sardonios, a plant of Sardinia 
 said to screw up the face of the eater.] 
 
 sardonyx (sar'don-iks), n. Reddish- 
 yellow variety of chalcedony. [Gr.] 
 
 sarment(sar'ment), n. Runner, as of 
 the strawberry plant. [L.j 
 
 sarsaparilla(sar-sa-pa-ril'a), n. Twin- 
 ing shrub like the bramble, fouucl 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sash 
 
 504 
 
 chief! v in Mexico, used in medicine. 
 [Sp. zarzaparilla—zarza, bramble, and 
 partita, vine.] 
 
 *»ush (sash), n. Band or scarf worn 
 over the shoulder, or as a belt. 
 [Pers. shash.] 
 
 gash (sash), n. Case or frame for panes 
 of glass. [Fr. chdsse, chase, — L. capsa.] 
 
 sassaf ras(sas'a-fras),?j. Kind of laurel, 
 the root of which, esp. its bark, is 
 much used in medicine. So called 
 because formerly believed to break 
 or disolve stone in the bladder. [Fr. 
 — L. saxifraga — saxum, stone, and 
 frango, break.] 
 
 sat, pa. t._ and pa. p. of sit. 
 
 Satan (sa'tan), n. Devil; chief of the 
 fallen angels. — Satanic (sa-tan'ik), 
 satan ical, a. Pertaining to, or like 
 Satan; devilish. [Heb. satan, enemy.] 
 
 satchel (sach'el), n. Hand-bag. [Dim. 
 of sack.] [glut. [A. S. saed.] 
 
 sate ( sat ), vt. Satisfy or give enough ; 
 
 sateen ( sa-ten' ), n. Woolen or cotton 
 fabric with a glossy surface. [Fr.j 
 
 satellite (sat'el-lit), n. 1. Obsequious 
 follower. 2. Body which revolves 
 round a planet. [L. satelles.] 
 
 satiable (sa'shi-a-bl), a. That maybe 
 satiated._ 
 
 satiate (sa'shi-at). I. vt. Satisfy; grat- 
 ify. II. a. Glutted; sated. — satia- 
 tion, n. [L. satio — satis, enough.] 
 
 Sya. Glut; gorge; surfeit 
 aliety ( sa-ti'e-ti 
 satiated: surfeit. 
 
 State of being 
 
 satin (sat'in), n. Closely woven glossy 
 silk cloth.— satin'ity, n. Quality of 
 being smooth and glossy. — sat'in- 
 wood, n. Ornamental wood from E. 
 and W. Indies, having a texture like 
 satin.— sat'iny,a. Like, or composed 
 of, satin. [Fr.— Li.seta, hair.] 
 
 satinet (safi-net), n. 1. Thin species 
 of satin. 2. Cloth with a cotton warp 
 and woolen weft. 
 
 satire ( sat'ir or safer ), n. 1. Species 
 of poetry, exposing and turning to 
 ridicule, vice or folly. 2. Severity of 
 remark; ridicule; sarcasm. [L. satira 
 —satura (lanx), dish full of various 
 kind of fruit; medley.] 
 
 satiric (sa-tir'ik), satirical, a. Per- 
 taining to, or conveying, satire; sar- 
 castic; abusive.— satir'ically, adv. 
 
 satirist(sat'ir-ist),7i. Writer of satire. 
 
 satirize (sat'ir-iz), vt. Make the object 
 of satire; expose to ridicule. 
 
 satisfaction ( sat-is-fak'shun ), n. 1. 
 State of being satisfied ; gratification ; 
 comfort. 2. That which satisfies; 
 amends; atonement; payment ; con- 
 viction. 
 
 satisfactory ( sat-is-fak'tur-i >, a. 1. 
 Satisfying; sufficient; giving content. 
 2. Making amends or payment; aton- 
 ing— satisfactorily, adv.— satis- 
 fac'toriness, n. 
 
 satisfy ( sat'is-fi ), vi. 1. Give enough 
 to; supply fully; please fully. 2. Dis- 
 charge. 3. Free from doubt; convince. 
 [O. Fr. satisfier—Li. satis, enough, and 
 faeio, make.] 
 
 satrap (sa'trap or safrap),w. Persian 
 viceroy, or ruler of one of the greater 
 provinces. — sat'rapy, n. Govern- 
 ment or district of a satrap. [Pers.] 
 
 saturable ( saf u-ra-bl ), a. That may 
 be saturated. 
 
 saturate (saf u-rat), vt. 1. Soak fully; 
 fill to excess. 2. Unite with till no more 
 can be received. — saturation, n. 
 [L.—satur, full.] 
 
 Saturday (saf ur-da ), n. Seventh or 
 last day of the week. [A. S. Saeter- 
 <laeg, Saetem-daeg, day of Saturn,— L. 
 Satumus.] 
 
 Saturn (saf urn), n. 1. Ancient Roman 
 god of agriculture (father of Jupiter), 
 who ruled during the golden age. 2. 
 One of the planets. — SatUrnian (sa- 
 tur'ni-an),«. 1. Pertaining to Saturn, 
 or the golden age; happy ; pure; peace- 
 ful. — Saturnine (safur-niu), a. 
 Grave; gloomy; phlegmatic, (because 
 born under the planet Saturn). [L. 
 Saturnus—sero, satum, sow.] 
 
 The planet Saturn. 
 
 revelry. — Saturna'lian, a. 
 
 satyr (safer or sa'ter), n. Silvan deity, 
 represented as part man and part 
 goat.— satyr'ic, a. [Gr. satyros.] 
 
 sauce (sas). I. n. 1. Liquid seasoning 
 for food; relish. 2. Dish of garden 
 vegetable or cooked fruit eaten with 
 other food. II. vt. 1. Put sauce in as a 
 relish; make poignant. 2. Treat with 
 bitter or pert language.— saucebox, 
 n. Saucy child. — sauce 'pan, n. 
 Cooking pot with a long handle and a 
 cover. [Fr.— L. salsum, salted.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; pe, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woJf; 
 taute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
saucer 
 
 505 
 
 scabbard 
 
 saucer (sa'ser), n. Shallow dish to hold 
 a tea or coffee cup. 
 
 saucy (sa'si), a. [sau'cier, sau'ciest.] 
 Insolent; impudent.— saucily, adv. 
 — sau'ciness, n. [From satjce.] 
 
 sauer-l<.raut ( sowr'-krowt ), n. Cab- 
 bage cub fine, pressed into a cask, 
 with alternate layers of salt, and suf- 
 fered to ferment. [Ger.— sauer, sour, 
 and kraut, herb, cabbage.] 
 
 sau It (so or so), n. Rapid in some 
 rivers in N. America. [O. Fr. (Fr. 
 saut),— I- saltus, leap.] 
 
 saunter tean'ter or san'ter). I. vi. 
 Wander about idly; loiter. II. n. 1. 
 Sauntering. 2. Place for sauntering. 
 — saun'terer, n. [Ety. doubtful.] 
 
 saurian (sa'ri-an). I. n. Reptile or ani- 
 mal covered with scales, as the lizard. 
 II. a. Pertaining to, or of the nature 
 of, a saurian. [Gr. sauros, lizard.] 
 
 sausage (sa'saj), n. Minced meat, en- 
 closed in a skin. [O. Fr. saucisse— root 
 of SAUCE.] 
 
 Sauterne ( sd-tern'), n. White wine 
 produced at Sauterne, in France. 
 
 savage (sav'aD). I. a. Untamed; unciv- 
 ilized; fierce. II. n. 1. Human being 
 in a wild state. 2. Brutal person.— 
 sav'agely, adv.— sav'ageness, 
 savagery, ns. [Fr. sauvage—Q. Fr. 
 salvage — L. silvaticus — silva, wood.] 
 Syn. Wild; rude; brutal; brutish. 
 
 savanna, savannab (sa-van'a), n. 
 Prairie. [American Indian.] 
 
 savant (sa-vang'), n. Man of science 
 or of learning. [Fr.] 
 
 save (sav). I. vt. 1. Bring safe out of 
 evil or danger; rescue. 2. Keep from 
 being spent or lost; reserve. 3. Deliver 
 from sin; bring into a state of spirit- 
 ual life. 4. Spare. — (God) save the 
 mark! Ironical exclamation, meaning 
 that an idea or word is wide off the 
 mark, but expressing the opposite. 
 II. vi. Be economical. III. prep. Ex- 
 cept. — sa'ver, n. [Fr. sauver — L. 
 salvo. See safe.] 
 
 Baveloy (sav'e-loi), n. Sausage made 
 of meat, orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelas 
 —cervelle, brains.] 
 
 saving (sa'ving). I. a. 1. Disposed to 
 save or be economical. 2. Incurring 
 no loss. 3. Preserving from wrong. 
 4. Securing salvation. II. prep. 1. 
 Except. 2. With due respect to. — 
 savingly, adv.— sa'vingness, n. 
 
 saving (sa'ving), n. 1. That which is 
 saved. 2. Economy in expenditure. 
 — savings-bank, n. Bank in which 
 saviags are deposited at interest. 
 
 savior, saviour (sa'vi-ur), n. One 
 who saves from evil. — The Saviour, 
 Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of men. 
 
 savor (sa'vtir). I. n. 1. Flavor; taste. 
 2. Odor; scent. 3. Reputation. II. 
 vi. Have a particular taste or smell; 
 partake of the nature (of).— sa'vory. 
 a.— sa'vorily, adv.— sa'vorincss. 
 n. [Fr. saveur— L. sapor— sapio, taste]. 
 
 savory (sa'vur-i), n. Aromatic kitchen 
 herb. [O. Fr. savoree — sadree — L. 
 satureia, savory.] 
 
 savoy (sa-voi')j n. Cabbage with curled 
 leaves, orig. from Savoy, in France. 
 
 savvy (sav'i). I.vt. Understand; know. 
 II. n. Knowledge. [Slang. From the 
 Spanish sabe (sa-va').] 
 
 saw (sa), pa. t. of see. 
 
 saw (sa). I. n. Instrument for cutting, 
 formed of a thin blade, band, or disc 
 of steel, with a toothed edge. II. vt. 
 and vi. [sawed; sawed or sawn.] Cut 
 with a saw; use a saw; be cut with a 
 saw. [A. S. saga. Ger. saege.] 
 
 saw (sa), n. Saying; proverb. [A. S. 
 sagu—sagian, secgan, say.] 
 
 sawdust (sa'dust), n. Dust, or small 
 pieces of wood, etc., made in sawing. 
 
 sawfish (sa'fish), n. Fish allied to the 
 shark, so" called from the saw-like 
 form of its snout. 
 
 sawmill (&a'mil), n. Mill for sawing 
 timber, stone, etc. [sawed. 
 
 sawpit (sa'pit), n. Pit where wood is 
 
 sawyer (sa'yer), n. One who saws. 
 
 saxifrage (saks'i-f raj), n. Genus of al- 
 pine plants formerly believed to dis- 
 solve stone in the bladder. [Fr. — L. 
 saxum, stone, and frango, break.] 
 
 Saxon (saks'un). I. n. 1. One of a peo- 
 ple of N. Germany who conquered 
 England in the 5th and 6th centuries. 
 2. Language of the Saxons. 3. One of 
 the presf at people of Saxony, in 
 Germany. II. a. Pertaining to the 
 Saxons, '.heir language, country, or 
 architecture. [A.S. Seaxe—seax, O.Ger. 
 sahs, knife, short sword.] [idom. 
 
 Saxonism ( saks'un-izm ), n. Saxon 
 
 say (sa). I. vt. and vi. [say'ing; said 
 (sed).] 1. Utter in words; speak. 2. 
 Declare; assert; state. 3. Recite; re- 
 peat. 4. Assume; suppose. II. n. Some- 
 thing said; remark; speech. [A. S. 
 sagian, secgan. Ger. sagen.] 
 
 saying (sa'ing), n. 1. Something said; 
 expression; maxim; phrase. 
 
 sbirro (zber'ro),w. (pi. sbirri, (zber're) 
 Italian police-officer. [It.] 
 
 scab (skab), n. 1. Crust over a sore, 
 2. Disease of sheep, resembling the 
 mange. 3. One who takes up the work 
 abandoned by a striker.— scab'by, a. 
 [A. S. scaeb.] 
 
 scabbard (skab'ard), n. Case in whict, 
 the blade of a sword is kept. [O. Fr. 
 escauber.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; m6, met, her ; mite, mit; note, not, move, Wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
scabbed 
 
 506 
 
 scapement 
 
 scabbed ( skabd or skab'ed ), a. 1. 
 Affected or covered with scabs; 
 diseased with the scab. 2. Mean; vile; 
 paltry.— scab' bed n ess, n. 
 
 scabies (ska'bi-ez), n. The itch, con- 
 tagious skin disease, due to parasitic 
 mites. — scal>ious, a. 1. Itchy. 2. 
 Consisting of scabs or scurf. 
 
 scaffold (skaf'o)d). I. n. 1. Temporary 
 platform for exhibiting or for sup- 
 porting something. 2. Platform for 
 the execution of a criminal. II. vt. 
 Furnish with a scaffold. [O. Fr. escha- 
 fault— root of catafalque.] 
 
 scaffolding (skaf'cld-ing), n. 1. Scaf- 
 fold. 2. Material for scaffolds. 
 
 scalable (ska'la-bl), a. That may be 
 scaled or climoed. 
 
 scalawag (skal'a-wag), n. 1. Value- 
 less domestic animal. 2. Worthless 
 fellow; scamp. [From Scallovmy, in 
 Shetland.] 
 
 scald(skald). I. vt. l.Burn or clean with 
 steam or hot liquid. 2. Cook slightly 
 by boiling a very short time. II. n. 
 Burn caused by hot liquid. [O. Fr. 
 eschalder—Li. excaldo—calidus, hot.] 
 
 scald, skald (skald or skald), n. One 
 of the ancient Scandinavian poets or 
 bards. Jlcel. and Sw. skald, poet.]. 
 
 scale (skal). I. n. 1. Ladder; series of 
 steps. 2. Graduated measure. 3. In 
 music. Series of all the tones- 4. 
 Order of a numeral system. 5. Grada- 
 tion. 6. Proportion. II. vt. Mount, as 
 by a ladder; ascend. [L. scala, ladder.] 
 
 scale (skal). I. n. 1. One of the small, 
 thin plates on a fish or reptile. 2. Thin 
 layer. II. vt. 1. Clear of scales. 2. Peel 
 off in thin layers. 3 . Cut down ; reduce, 
 as wages. III. vi. Come off in thin 
 layers. [A. S. scealu, scale of a fish. 
 Ger. schale, shell.] 
 
 scale (skal), n. 1. Dish of a balance; 
 balance (instrument for weighing) — 
 chiefly in pi. 2. pi. .Libra, one of the 
 signs of the zodiac. [ A. S. scalu, 
 balance.] 
 
 Scaled (skiad), a. Having scales. 
 
 scalene (ska-len'). I. a. Having three 
 unequal sides. II. n. Scalene triangle. 
 [Gr. skalenos, uneven.] 
 
 scall (skal), n. Scab; scaly eruption. 
 (A. S. seal, scale.] 
 
 scallop (skol'up). I. n. 1. Bivalvu- 
 lar shell-fish, having the edge of its 
 shell in the form of a series of curves. 
 2. One of a series of curves in the 
 edge of anything. 3. Lace band or 
 collar, scalloped round the edges. II. 
 vt. Cut the edge or border into scal- 
 lops or curves. [O. Fr. escalope— Ger. 
 schale, shell.] 
 
 scalp (skalp). I. n. Skin of the head on 
 
 which the hair grows. II. vt. 1. 
 
 Cut the scalp from. 2. Sell at less than 
 
 regular rates. [M. E. scalp, top of the 
 
 head,— root of skull.] 
 scalpel ( skalp'el ), n. Small surgical 
 
 knife. [L. scalpellum—scalpo, cut.] 
 scaly (ska'li), a. Covered witn scales; 
 
 like scales; formed of scales.— sca'- 
 
 liness, n. 
 scaminony (skam'o-ni), n. Cathartic 
 
 gum-resin obtained from a species of 
 
 convolvulus. [Gr. skamonia.] 
 scamp (skamp). I. n. Rogue; rascal; 
 
 mean fellow. II. vt. Do dishonestly s 
 
 without thoroughness. [From O. Fr. 
 
 escamper, run away.] 
 scamper ( skam'per J, vi. Run away. 
 
 [O. BY. escamper — L. ex, out of, and 
 
 campus, field.] 
 scan (skan), vt. [scan'ning; scanned.] 
 
 1. Count the feet or measures i.n a 
 verse. 2. Examine carefully; scruti- 
 nize. [Fr. scander — L. scando, climb.] 
 
 scandal (skan'dal), n. 1. Something 
 said which is false and injurious to 
 reputation; opprobrious censure. 2. 
 Disgrace; offense.— scan'dalize, vt. 
 Give offense to.— scan'dalous, a. 1. 
 Giving offense. 2. Openly vile. 3. De- 
 famatory. — scan'dalously, adv. — 
 scan'dalonsness, n. [Fr. scandale 
 — Gr. skandalon, snare.] 
 
 Scandinavian (skan-di-na'vi-an). I. 
 a. 1. Of Scandinavia, comprisingNor- 
 way, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and 
 adjacent Islands. 2. Inhabitant of 
 Scandinavia. [Latinized form.] 
 
 scansion (skan'shun), n. Scanning. 
 
 scansorial ( skan-so'ri-al ), a. Climb- 
 ing; formed for climbing. [From L. 
 scando, scansum. See scan.] 
 
 scant (skant), a. 1. Not full or plenti- 
 ful; scarcely sufficient; deficient. 2. 
 Parsimonious. [Icel. skammt, short.] 
 Syn. Short; slender; meager; insuf- 
 ficient; sparing; niggardly. 
 
 scantling' (skant'ling), n. 1. Patterp. 
 
 2. Measurement. 3. Piece of timber 
 less than five inches sq. in section. 
 [Fr. Schantillon, sample.] 
 
 scanty (skant'i), a. Scant.— scant'* 
 ily, adv.— scantiness, n. 
 
 scapegoat (skap'got), n. 1. Goat on 
 which, once a year, the Jewish high- 
 priest confessed the sins of the peo- 
 ple, and which was then allowed to 
 escape into the wilderness. 2. One 
 made to suffer for another's offense, 
 [escape and goat.]_ 
 
 scapegrace (skap'gvas), n. Graceless, 
 reckless fellow. [ Lit. one who has 
 escaped grace.] 
 
 scapement. Same as escapement. 
 
 fate, fat* task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, net, move, wolf; 
 mdte. hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
scapula 
 
 507 
 
 sceptic 
 
 scapula(skap'u-la), n. Shoulder blade. 
 — scapular, a. [L.J 
 
 scapular (skap 'u-1 a r), 
 scapulary ( skap'u- 
 lar-i), n. Ornament 
 worn by some R. Cath. 
 orders, consisting of 
 two woolen bands, one 
 of which crosses the 
 shoulders, and the 
 other the breast. 
 
 scar (skar). I. n. 1. Mark 
 left by a wound or sore ; 
 cioatrix. 2. Any mark 
 or blemish. II.vi. [scar'- 
 ring; scarred. ] Mark 
 with a scar. [Fr. escarr 
 scab.] [Icel. sker, rock in the sea.] 
 
 scar (skar), n. Precipitousbankorrock. 
 
 scaramouch (skar'a-mowch), n. Buf- 
 foon; bragging, cowardly fellow. 
 [From Scaramucceia, a certain Italian 
 clown.] 
 
 scarce ( skars ), a. Not plentiful; not 
 equal to the demand; rare; uot com- 
 mon. — searce'ly, scarce, advs. — 
 scarceness, scar'City, ns. [O. Fr. 
 escars—lu. excerpere, pick but.] 
 
 scare (skar)- I- vt. Strike with sudden 
 terror. II. n. Fright, esp. from slight 
 cause. [Icel. skjarr, shy, timid.] 
 
 Syn. Alarm; affright; appall; ter- 
 rify; daunt; frighteu; startle. 
 
 scarecrow (skar'kro), n. 1. Anything 
 set up to scare away birds; vain 
 cause of terror. 2. Person in rags. 
 
 scarf (skarf), n. [pi. scarfs.] Light 
 piece of dress worn loosely on the 
 shoulders or about the neck; light 
 kerchief for the neck. [Fr. echarpe.] 
 
 scarf (skarf). I. n. Joint to unite two 
 pieces of timber. II. vt. Join two 
 pieces of timber endwise, so that they 
 may be used as one. — scarfing-, n. 
 [Sw. skarf, seam, joint.] 
 
 scarfskin (skarf 'skin) , n. Scurf or sur- 
 face skin; outer skin. 
 
 scarify (skar'i-fi), vt. [scarifying; 
 scarified.] Scratch or slightly cut 
 the skin; make small cuts with a lan- 
 cet, so as to draw blood.— scarifica'- 
 tion, n. [Qv.skariphos, etching tool.] 
 
 scarlatina ( skar_-la-te'na ), scarlet- 
 fever (skar-let-fe'ver), ri. Contagious 
 fever, known by a scarlet rash. 
 
 scarlet (skar'let). I. n. 1. Bright-red 
 color. 2. Scarlet cloth. II. a. Of the 
 color called scarlet. [O. Fr. egcarlate 
 (Fr. ecarlate). through Low L. scarla- 
 lum— Pers. sakirlat.] 
 
 scarp (skarp), n. 1. Interior slope of the 
 ditch nearest the parapet; escarpe. 
 2. Steep slope. [Fr. escarpe— It. Scarpa 
 — O. Ger. scarp, sharp. Ger. scharf.] 
 
 scarpines (skar'pinz), n. pi. Instru- 
 ment of torture resembling the boot. 
 [Fr. escarpins, pumps.] 
 scary (skar'i), a. Subject to a scare; 
 
 easily frightened. 
 scat ( skat ). I. interj. Be gone; II. vt. 
 Scare away; drive away. [From cs 
 (a hiss) and cat.] 
 scathe (ska^A). I. n. Damage; injury. 
 II. vt. Injure. [A. S. sceatha, injure. 
 Ger. schaden.] [age or injury. 
 
 scathless (skath'les), a. Without dam- 
 scatter (skat'er). I. vt. 1. Disperse in 
 all directions. 2. Throw loosely about; 
 strew; sprinkle. II. vi. Be dispersed 
 or dissipated. [A. S. scateran. See 
 
 SHATTER ] 
 
 scavenger (skav'en-jer ), n. One who 
 cleans the streets, removes filth, etc. 
 [O. F. scawageour, inspector.] 
 
 scenario ( she-na'ri-o), n. Skeleton 
 libretto, outlining the plot and the 
 several appearances of the charac- 
 ters. [It.] 
 
 scene (sen), n. l.(orw/.) Stage. 2. Place 
 of action, occurrence, or exhibition. 
 3. Separate part or a play, smaller 
 than an act. 4. Number of objects 
 presented to the view at once; specta- 
 cle; view. 5. Landscape; scenery; 
 large picture. 6. Display of strong 
 feeling between two or more persons; 
 feeling exhibited for effect. [L. scena 
 — Gr. skene, booth, stage.] 
 
 scenery (se'ner-i), w. 1. Painted repre- 
 sentation on a stage. 2. General 
 aspect of a landscape. 
 
 scenic (sen'ik or se'nik), a. Pertaining 
 to scenery; theatrical. 
 
 scenog-raphy (se-nog'ra-fi) n. Art oi 
 perspective; representation in per- 
 spective. — scenographic (se-no- 
 graf'ik), a. Drawn in perspective. — 
 scenograph'ically, adv. 
 
 scent (sent). 1. vt. 1. Discern by the 
 sense of smell. 2. Perfume. II. n. 1. 
 Odor. 2. Sense of smell. 3. Chase fol- 
 lowed by the scent; course of pursuit. 
 [Fr. sentir, smell.] 
 
 Scepter of Charlemagne. 
 
 scepter, sceptre (sep'ter), n. 1. Staff 
 or baton borne by sovereigns as an 
 emblem of authority. 2. Royal 
 power. — sceptered, sceptred 
 
 (sep'trd), a. Bearing a scepter. [Gr. 
 skeptron, staff.] 
 sceptic. See skeptic. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
schedule 
 
 508 
 
 scire facias 
 
 schedule (sked'ul). I. n. Paper con- 
 taining writing; list: inventory. II. 
 vt. Place in a schedule or list. [O. Fr. 
 schedule — L. schedula, strip of papy- 
 
 scheik« Same as sheik. [rus. 
 
 scheme (skem). I. n. 1. Something 
 contrived to be done. 2. Combina- 
 tion of things by design. 3. Illustra- 
 tive diagram. II. vi. and vi. Plan; 
 eontri ve.— sche'mer, n.~ sche'- 
 mingr,a.Intriguing. [Gr. schema, form.] 
 8yn. Device; design; plan; system; 
 plot; contrivance; purpose; outline. 
 
 scherzando (sker-tsan'do), adv. Play- 
 ful, sportive. [It. — Ger. scherz, jest.] 
 
 S«hiedain(ske-dam'), n. Holland gin. 
 ^Schiedam, city of Holland.] 
 
 schism ( sizm ), n. Separation in a 
 church, from diversity of opinion; 
 division.— schismat'ic,schism«t'= 
 ieal, a. [Gr. schisma — schizo, split.] 
 
 S4}&ist(shist), n. Kind of rock, splitting 
 into thin layers ; slate-rock.— schist- 
 ic, schist'ous, schistose (sbist- 
 os'), a. Like schist; having a slaty 
 structure. [Gr. schisios—scMzo, split.] 
 
 sehmelze (shmel'tse), n. Term for 
 several kinds of colored glass, used in 
 Windows. [Ger.=enamel. See smelt.] 
 
 schnapps (shnaps), a. 1. Schiedam, 
 or Holland gin. 2. Any kind of spiritu- 
 ous liquor. [Ger.=dram; gin; liquor.] 
 
 scholar (skol'ar),«.. 1. Pupil; student. 
 2. Man of learning.— scholarly , a. 
 fL. scholaris—schola, school.] 
 
 scholarship (skol'ar-ship),?*. 1. Char- 
 acter of a scholar. 2. Learning. 3. 
 Maintenance of a scholar. 
 
 scholastic (sko-las'tik). I. a. 1. Per- 
 taining to a scholar or to schools. 2. 
 Pertaining to the schoolmen of the 
 Middle Ages. 3. Pedantic; formal; 
 excessively subtile. II. n. One who 
 adheres to the method or subtleties of 
 the schools of the middle ages. [Fr.] 
 
 scholiast(sko'li-ast), n. Writer of scho- 
 Wa.^-scfaoliast'ie,a. [See scholium.] 
 
 scholium (sko'li-urn), n. [pi. scho'lia, 
 scho'liums.] 1. Marginal note of the 
 old critics on the ancient classics. 2. 
 In math. Explanation added to a 
 problem. [Gr. scholion, short note.] 
 
 school(skol). I. n. 1. Place for instruc- 
 tion; institution of learning, esp. for 
 children. 2. Pupils of a school. 3. 
 Exercises for instruction. 4. Disciples 
 of a teacher; those who hold a com- 
 mon doctrine. II. vt. 1. Educate in a 
 school; instruct. 2. Admonish. [L. 
 sehola — Gr. schole, leisure, lecture, 
 sehool.] 
 
 schoolmaster (skol'mas-ter), n. Mas- 
 ter or teacher of a school; pedagogue. 
 — fern, school'mistress. 
 
 schooner (sko'ner), n. Sharp-built, 
 swift-sailing vessel, generally two- 
 masted, rigged 
 with fore-and-aft 
 sails. [Properly 
 scooner— A. S. scu- 
 nian, skip.] 
 
 schottisehe (shof- 
 esh), n. Dance sim- 
 ilar to polka. [Ger. • 
 = Scotch.] 
 
 sciatic (si-at'ik), 
 sciatica!, a. Per- 
 tainiiag to, or Schooner, 
 
 affecting, the hip. 
 
 [Low L. sciaticus — Gr. ischion, hip- 
 joint.] 
 
 sciatica (si-at'i-ka) , n. Neuritis or neu- 
 ralgic affection of the sciatic nerve. 
 
 science ( si'ens ), n. 1. Systematized 
 knowledge. 2. Pursuit of knowledge 
 pr truth for its own sake. 3. That 
 which refers to abstract principles, as 
 distinguished from art. [ Fr. — L. 
 scientia—scio, know.] 
 
 scientifie(si-en-tif'ik),scientifical, 
 a. 1. According to, or versed in, 
 science. 2. Having systematic knowl- 
 edge.— scientifically, adv. 
 
 scientist (si'en-tist), n. Person who 
 studies science, esp. natural science; 
 scientific investigator. 
 
 scilicet (sil'i-set), adv. To wit (abbrev. 
 soil, sc or ss). [L.— scire licet, you may 
 know.] 
 
 scimitar (sim'i-tar), n. Curved sword, 
 sometimes broadest at the point end, 
 used by the Turks and Persians. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 scintilla (sin-til'a), n. 1. Spark. 2. 
 Least particle. [L\] 
 
 scintillate (sin'til-lat), vi. 1. Throw 
 out sparks. 2. Sparkle; twinkle.— 
 scintilla'tion, n. 
 
 sciolism (si'ol-izm), n. Superficial 
 knowledge. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius, 
 knowing,— scio, know.] 
 
 sciolist (si'ol-ist), n. One who knows 
 many things superficially; pretender 
 to science. 
 
 scion (si'un), n. 1. Cutting or twig for 
 grafting. 2. Young member of a fam- 
 ily; descendant. [Fr.— L. sectio, cut- 
 ting— seco, cut.] 
 
 scioptic ( si-op'tik ), a. Pertaining to 
 the camera obscm-a.— sciop'tics, n. 
 Art of exhibiting images Of objects, 
 received through a lense, in a darken- 
 ed room. [Gr. sMa, shadow.and optic] 
 
 scire facias (si're fa'shi-as), n. Writ 
 to enforce either execution or annul- 
 ment of a judgment or the like. [L. 
 =make to know!] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, f&re, above; uie, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
scirrhous 
 
 509 
 
 Scotticism 
 
 scirrhous (skir'us or sir'-), a. Hard- 
 ened; proceeding from scirrhus. 
 
 scirrhus (skir'rus or sir'), n. 1. Hard- 
 ened gland, forming a tumor. 2. 
 Hardening, esp. that preceding can- 
 cer. [Gr. skiros, hard.] 
 
 scissors (siz'iirz) , n. pi. Cutting instru- 
 ment consisting of two blades fasten- 
 ed at the middle. Often called a pair 
 of scissors. [O. Fr. cisoires — L. caedo, 
 caesum. cut.] [Slavonic. 
 
 Sclav, Sclavonian, etc. See slav, 
 
 sclerosis (skle-ro'sis),?i. Hardening of 
 a tissue. [Gr.] 
 
 sclerotal (sklg-rot'al). I. n. An ossifi- 
 cation in the eyeball of the owl. 
 
 II. a. Like, or pertaining to, a scle- 
 rotal. [From Gr. skleros, hard.] 
 
 sclerotica (skle-rot'i-ka), n. Opaque, 
 white, inelastic front coat Of the eye. 
 
 scoff (skaf ). I. vt. Mock; treat with 
 scorn. II. vi. Show contempt or scorn. 
 
 III. n. 1. Expression of scorn or con- 
 tempt. 2. Object of derision.— scoff- 
 er, n. [Dan. skuffe, delude. Low Ger. 
 beschuppen, cheat.] 
 
 scold (skold). I. vt. and vi. Chide in a 
 
 loud and violent manner. II. n. Rude, 
 
 clamorous woman. — scolder, n. 
 
 [Low Ger. schelden. Ger. schelten.] 
 
 Syn. Vituperate; censure; blame. 
 
 scollop. Same as scallop. 
 
 sconce (skons), n. 1. Bulwark; small 
 fort. 2. Shelter; hut; chimney seat. 
 3. Helmet. 4. Head; skull. [Dut. 
 schans. Ger. schanze.] 
 
 sconce (skons ), n. 1. Socket for the 
 candle. 2. Ornamental hanging or 
 wall candle-stick. [O. Fr. esconse-fLi. 
 absconsa, sconsa, dark-lantern.] 
 
 scoop (skop). I. vt. 1. Lift up, as water, 
 with something hollow; empty with 
 a ladle. 2. Make hollow; dig out. 3. 
 Secure and publish a piece of news in 
 advance of rivals. II. n. 1. Large hol- 
 low shovel or ladle. 2. Place hollowed 
 out. 3. Sweeping stroke. 4. Publica- 
 tion of a piece of news by a newspaper 
 in advance of rival papers. [Dan. 
 skuffe. Ger. schueppe. See shovel.] 
 
 scoot (skot), vi. Run. [Collog.] 
 
 scope (skop), n. 1. Space. 2. Room or 
 opportunity. 3 End before the mind; 
 intention. [Gr. skopos— skopeo, look.] 
 
 scopolamine (sko-pol'a-min), n. New 
 alkaloid from a plant similar to the 
 Atropia Belladonna, or deadly night- 
 shade, used as an anesthetic. 
 
 scorbutic (skar-bu'tik), scorbn'tic- 
 al, a. Pertaining to scurvy. 
 
 scorch (skarch), vt. and vi- 1. Burn 
 slightly. 2". Affect painfully with heat. 
 3. Ride recklessly fast, as on a bicy- 
 cle. [O. Fr. escurchier, flay, skin.] 
 
 score (skor). I. n. 1. Mark or notch 
 for keeping count; line drawn; fur- 
 row. 2. Number twenty, once repre 
 sented by a larger notch. 3. Reckon- 
 ing; account; reason. 4. Draught of a 
 musical composition with all the 
 parts, or its transcript. 5. Number of 
 points gained in a game. II. vt. I. 
 Mark with notches or lines. 2. Furrow ; 
 cut into but not through. 3. Charge. 
 4. Succeed in making or winning, as 
 a victory. —scor'er, n. 1. One wh» 
 or that which scores or notches. 2. 
 One who keeps the score. [A. S. seor, 
 notch.] 
 
 scoria (sko'ri-a), n. Dross or slag left 
 from metal or" ores after being under 
 fire. — scoriae (sko'ri-e), n. pi. Vol- 
 canic ashes. [Gr. skoria, refuse, offal. J 
 
 scorn (skarn). I. n. 1. Lofty con- 
 tempt. 2. Object of contempt. II. vt. 
 Hold in contempt; refuse.— Laugh to 
 scorn, deride.— Think scorn, despise.— 
 scorn'er, n. 1. One who scorns. 2. 
 One who scoffs at religion. — scorn- 
 ful, a. Contemptuous. — scorn ful- 
 ly . adv. [O. Fr. escarner — O. H. G. 
 skirnon, mock.] 
 
 Syn. Contemn ; disdain; slight; 
 insult; mock; spurn. 
 
 scorpion (skar'- 
 pi-un), n. 1. In- 
 sect with claws 
 like the lobster, 
 and armed with 
 a poisonous 
 sting in, its 
 jointed tail. 2. 
 One of the signs of the zodiac (Scor- 
 pio). 3. Whip with points like a scor- 
 pion's tail. [Gr. skorpios.] 
 
 scot (skot), n. Contribution; payment; 
 tax. — scot-free (skot'fre), a. Free 
 from scot or payment; untaxed; un- 
 hurt; safe. — Scot and lot, parish tax 
 assessed according to the lot or abil- 
 ity of the payer. [A. S. scot — sceotan, 
 shoot, or throw in, as contribution. 
 Ger. schosz.] [A. S. Scotta.] 
 
 Scot ( skot) , n. Native of Scotland. 
 
 Scotch (skoch), Scottish (skot'ish), 
 Scots(skots), a. Relating to Scotland, 
 its people, or language. — Scotch- 
 man, Scots'man, ns. Native of 
 Scotland. [ly. [Etym. doubtful..] 
 
 scotch (skoch), v;!. Cut or wouud slight- 
 scotch (skoch). I. vt. Prop up; block; 
 put on the brake; scote. II. n. Wedge, 
 prop or bar to keep a log or the like 
 from rolling or moving. [O.Fr. ascoter.] 
 
 scoter( sko'ter ), n. Species of marine 
 duck with dark plumage, also called 
 the scurf duck. [idiom. 
 
 Scotticism ( skot'i-sizm ), n. Scotch 
 
 Scorpio 
 
 fate, fat, t&dk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
scoundrel 
 
 510 
 
 screw 
 
 scoundrel (skown'drel), n. Worthless, 
 low fellow; rascal; man without prin- 
 ciple. — scoun'drelism, n. [From 
 A. S. scunian, shun, disgust.] 
 
 scour(skowr),«i. 1. Clean by rubbing 
 with something rougb. 2. Cleanso 
 from grease, dirt, etc. 3. Purge. 4. 
 Pass quickly over. — scourer, n. 
 [O.F. escurer. L. Ger. schueern. Low L. 
 scurare, sweep.] 
 
 scourge (skurj ). I. n. 1. Whip made 
 of leather thongs. 2. Instrument of 
 punishment. 3. Punishment; means 
 of punishment. II. vt.Whip severely; 
 punish in order to correct. — scourg'- 
 er,ra. [O.Fr. escourgee—Jj. (scutica)exco- 
 riata, (whi-p) made of strips of leather.] 
 
 scout ( skowt ). I. n. One sent out to 
 bring in tidings, observe the enemy, 
 etc. II. vi. and vt. Reconnoiter; ex- 
 plore; observe. [O. Fr. escouter — L. 
 auscultare, listen.] 
 
 scout (skowt), vt. Sneer at; reject 
 with disdain. [Icei. skuti, taunt.] 
 
 scow ( skow ), n. Large flat-bottomed 
 boat; pram. [Dut. schouw, punt.] 
 
 scowl (skowl). I. v*. Wrinkle the brows 
 in displeasure; look sour, angry, or 
 gloomy. II. n. Wrinkling of the brows 
 when displeased; look of sullenness, 
 or anger. [A. S. sceol, squint. Dut. 
 schuilen. Low Ger. schulen.] 
 
 scrabble ( skrab'l ), vi. 1. Scrawl. 2. 
 Scramble ; struggle. [Freq. of scrape.] 
 
 scrag (skrag), n. 1. Anything thin or 
 lean and rough. 2. Bony part of the 
 neck.— scragged (skrag'ed), scrag- 
 gy (skrag'i), a. Lean and rough; un- 
 
 • even ; rugged.— s crag'gedness, 
 scrag'giness, ns.— serag'gily, adv. 
 [Cf. Sw. skrukka, shrink.] 
 
 scramble (skram'bl). I. vi. 1. Struggle 
 with hand and feet to seize something 
 before others. 2. Move on all-fours. II. 
 n. Struggle; clambering.— Scrambled 
 eggs, eggs beaten, mixed with milk 
 and cooked in a pan under constant 
 scraping. — scram'bler, n. [Prov. 
 E. scramb, rake together with the 
 hands.] 
 
 scrap ( skrap ), n. 1. Small piece. 2. 
 Unconnected extract. — scrap- 
 book, n. Blank book for pasting in 
 extracts, prints, etc. [From scrape.] 
 
 scrape ( skrap ). I. vt. 1. Rub with 
 someting sharp. 2. Collect by drawing 
 a sharp edge over. 3. Collect by labor- 
 ious effort and save penuriously. 4. 
 Move a foot backward. — Scrape an 
 acquaintance, manage by strategy to 
 become acquainted. II. n. Perplexing 
 situation ; difficulty. [Icel. skrapa. 
 From the sound.] 
 
 scraper (skra'per), n. Instrument o\ 
 fixture used for scraping, as the soles, 
 of shoes. [scraped off. 
 
 scraping(skra'ping), n. That which is 
 scratch ( skrach ). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Rub or mark the surf ace with some- 
 thing pointed, as the nails; tear or 
 dig with the claws. 2. Draw or write 
 hastily. 3. Erase; efface; withdraw, 
 as the name of a horse at a race. 4. 
 Score accidentally, in any game. II. n. 
 
 1. Mark or tear made by scratching. 
 
 2. Slight wound. 3. Line in a prize- 
 ring up to which boxers are led.— 
 Come up to the scratch, meet the oppo- 
 nent. 4. Lucky shot at billiards.— 
 scratcb'er, n. 1. One who or that 
 which scratches. 2. Bird which 
 scratches for food, as a hen. [Cf. 
 Ger. kratzen.] 
 
 scrawl (skral). I. vt. and vi. Write 
 irregularly, or hastily. II. n. Irregu- 
 gular or hasty writing.— scrawl'er, 
 n. [From scrabble.] 
 
 scrawny ( skra'ni ), a. Lean; raw- 
 boned; wasted.' [Corr. of sraggy.] 
 
 screak (skrek). I. vi. 1. Scream; 
 screech. 2. Creak. II. n. 1. Screech. 
 2. Creaking._ [From the sound.] 
 
 scream (skrem). I. vi. Cry out with a 
 shrill cry, as in fear or pain; shriek. 
 II. n. Shrill, sudden cry. [Cf. Dan. 
 skriege. Imitative.] 
 
 screech (skrech). I. 
 vi. Shriek; utter a 
 harsh, shrill, and 
 sudden cry. II. n. 
 Harsh, shrill cry. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 s c r e e c h - owl 
 ( skrech'-owl ), n. 
 Kind of owl, so call- 
 ed from its screech- 
 ing cry. 
 
 screed (skred), n. 1. 
 Shred; strip, esp. of 
 mortar, serving as a 
 gauge for the plas- 
 terer. 2. Harangue; 
 tirade. [Var. of shred.] 
 
 screen (skren). I. n. 1. 
 shelters from danger or observation. 
 2. Partition in churches. 3. Coarse 
 riddle for sifting coal, etc. II. vt. 1. 
 Shelter or conceal. 2. Pass through 
 a coarse riddle. [O. Fr. escren.} 
 
 screw (skro). I. n. 1. Cylinder with a 
 spiral groove or ridge on either its 
 outer or inner surface, used as a fast- 
 ening and as a mechanical power. 2. 
 Screw-propeller. 3. Extortioner. 4. 
 Worn-out horse. II. vt. Apply a screw 
 to; turn, as a screw; press with a 
 screw. 2. Twist. 3. Oppress by ex- 
 
 Screech-owl. 
 
 That which 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, metfher; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf •. 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
screw-driver 
 
 511 
 
 sculpture 
 
 tortion. 4. Force; squeeze. [O. Fr. 
 escrou — L. scrobis, ditch, internal 
 screw, Low Ger. schruve, screw.] 
 
 screw-driver (skro'-dn 'ver), n. In- 
 strument lor turning screws. 
 
 screw-propeller (skro'-pro-pel'er), 
 n. 1. Spiral-bladed wheel at the stern 
 of a steam-vessel for propelling it. 
 2. Steamer so propelled. 
 
 scribble (skrib'l), vt. and vi. Write 
 carelessly: fill with worthless writing. 
 — scrib'bler, n. [O. Fr. escrivailler.] 
 
 scribe (skrib), n. 1. "Writer. 2. Public 
 writer. 3. Clerk; amanuensis; secre- 
 tary. 4. Among the ancient Jews, 
 expounder of the Mosaic law. II. vt. 
 1. Write; mark; score. 2. Fit closely, 
 as in joinery. [L. scriba—scribo, write.] 
 
 scrimmage (skrim'aj), n. Skirmish; 
 general fight; tussle; confused close 
 contest, as in football. [Corr. of 
 
 SKIRMISH.] 
 
 scrimp (skrimp). I. vt. and vi. 1. Make 
 too small or short; pinch; be sparing. 
 
 . II. a. Short; scanty. [A. S. scrimpan, 
 shrink. Ger. krimpen; schru?npfen,.'\ 
 
 scrip (skrip), n. 1. That which is 
 written. 2. Piece of paper containing 
 writing. 3. Certificate of shares in a 
 joint-stock company, subscribed or 
 allotted. [L. scriptum, pa. p. of scribo.] 
 
 scrip (skrip), n. Small bag or wallet. 
 [Icel. skreppa. Akin to scarf.] 
 
 script (skript), n. 1. Written letters; 
 handwriting. 2. Type like written 
 letters. [L. scriptum — scribo, write.] 
 
 scriptural (skrip'tur-al), a. Con- 
 tained in, or according; to, Scripture; 
 biblical. — script'nrally, adv. — 
 script'uralness, n. 
 
 scripture (skrip'tur). n. 1. Sacred 
 writing. 2. (Scripture, or the Script- 
 ures,) the Bible. 3. A text from the 
 Bible. [L. scriptur a— scribo, write.] 
 
 scrivener (skriv'en-er), n. 1. Scribe; 
 writer; copyist. 2. One who draws up 
 contracts; notary. 3. Money-broker. 
 [O. Fr. escrivain — L. scriba, scribe.] 
 
 scrofula ( skrof'u-la ), n. Constitu- 
 tional tubercular disease of the gland- 
 ular and bony tissues; struma; kings 
 evil. [Li. scrofulae, swellings.] 
 
 scrofulous (skrof'u-lus), a. Pertain- 
 ing to, resembling, or affected with, 
 scrofula. 
 
 scroll (skrol), n. 1. Roll of paper or 
 parchment; writing in the form of a 
 roll. 2. Schedule; list. 3. Spiral orna- 
 ment; volute of the Ionic and Corin- 
 thian capitals. [O. Fr. escrol.'] 
 
 scrub (skrub). I. vt. and vi. [scrub- 
 bing; scrubbed.] Rub hard, esp. with 
 something rough. II. n. 1. One who 
 works hard and lives meanly. 2. Worn- 
 
 out brush. 3. Low underwood. III. a. 
 Of inferior breed or stunted growth; 
 lacking proper training, as a crew.— 
 scrub'ber, n— scrubby, a. 1. La- 
 borious; penurious; mean. 2. Small; 
 stunted in growth. [Dan. skrubbe.] 
 
 scruff ( skruf ), n. Nape of the neck. 
 [Formerly scuft. Cf. Ger. schopf.) 
 
 scrumptious (skrump'sbus), a.Fine; 
 delightful; particular. [Slang.] 
 
 scruncb (skrunch),t;£. and vi. Crunch. 
 
 scruple (skro'pl). I. n. 1. Small weight 
 (20 graius, or y 3 drachm). 2. Very 
 small quantity. 3. Reluctance to 
 decide or act, as from motives of con- 
 science. II. vi. Hesitate from con- 
 scientious doubt. [L. scrvpidus, dim, 
 of scrupus, sharp stone, anxiety.] 
 
 scrupulous(skro'pu-lus),a. 1. Having 
 doubts. 2. Conscientious.— scrupu- 
 lously, adv. — scrn'pulousness. 
 scrupulosity, ns. [L. scrupulosus.^ 
 Syn. Hesitating; exact; precise. 
 
 scrutin de liste (skro-tang' de list), 
 n. Voting for all the representatives 
 of a large district, instead of only for 
 one representative of a subdivision. 
 [Fr.] [minutely or closely. 
 
 scrutinize (skro'ti-niz), vt. Examine 
 
 scrutiny ( skro'ti-ni ), n. Careful or 
 minute inquiry ; critical examination. 
 TL. scrutor, search even to the rags- 
 scud (skud). I. vi. [scud'ding; scud'- 
 ded.] 1. Run quickly. 2. Run before 
 the wind in a gale. II. n. 1. Act of mov- 
 ing quickly. 2. Loose clouds driven 
 swiftly along. [Dan. skyde, shoot.] 
 
 scuffle (skuf'i). I. vi. Struggle closely; 
 fight confusedly. II. n. Struggle at 
 close quarters ; confused contest. 
 [A. S. scufan, shove.] 
 
 sculduggery (skul-dug'er-i), n. Con- 
 temptible, underhanded rascality. 
 
 scull (skul). I. n. 1. Short, light oar. 
 2. Small boat; cock-boat. II. vt. 1. 
 Impel by sculls. 2. Propel by working 
 an oar diagonally at the stern, with- 
 out raising the blade from the water. 
 — scuffing 1 , n.— scull'er, n. 1. One 
 who sculls. 2. Small boat rowed with 
 two sculls by one man. [See Skull.] 
 
 scullery (skul'er-i), n. Place for wash- 
 ing dishes. [O. Fr. esculier — L. scu- 
 tella, salver, dish.] [ant. 
 
 scullion (skul'yun), n. Kitchen serv- 
 
 sculpin, skulpiu ( skui'pin ), n. 1. 
 Salt water fish with spines. 2. Mean 
 fellow, [figures.— sculptress, /m. 
 
 sculptor (skulp'tur)_, n. One who carves 
 
 sculpture (skulp'tur). I. n. 1. Art oi 
 carving figures in wood, stone, etc. 
 2. Carved-work. II. vt. Carve; form, 
 as a piece of sculpture. — sculp'4ur« 
 al, a. [L. sculptura — sculpo, carve.] 
 
 f-ite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, r-'j^e, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl. then. 
 
512 
 
 sea-island 
 
 scum (skum). I. n. 1. Foam; froth; 
 extraneous matter rising to the sur- 
 face of liquids, esp. when lboiled or 
 fermented. 2. Refuse. II. vt. [scUmm'- 
 ing; scummed.] Take the scum from; 
 skim. III. vi. Form a scum.-scom'- 
 mer, n. [Dan. skum. Ger. schaum.] 
 
 scunner (skun'er), vt. and vi. Affect 
 with nausea ; become nauseated. 
 [A. S. scunian, shun.] 
 
 seup (skup), n. Food fish of the Atlan- 
 tic coast, U. S. ; porgy. [From Indian 
 name.] [vt. Swing. [Out. schop.] 
 
 scup (skup). I. n. Swing. II. vi. and 
 
 scupper (skup'er), n. 1. Opening in 
 the side of a ship for carrying off 
 water from the deck. 2. Gutter lead- 
 ing to the opening. [O. Fr. escupir— 
 L. ex-spuere, spit out.] 
 
 scuppernong (skup'er-nong), n. 
 Cultivated fox-grape of the southern 
 U. S. and of Mexico. [Am. Indian.] 
 
 scurf (skiirf), n. Crust or flaky matter 
 formed on the skin; dandruff; any- 
 thing adhering to the surface. — 
 scurfy, a — scurf iness, n. 
 
 seur rile (sktir'il) , a. Clownish ; gross- 
 ly opprobrious ; low.— scurril'ity , n. 
 Vulgar abuse; indecent language. — 
 scur'rilous, a. Using, or contain- 
 ing, low, indecent language. 
 
 scnrry (skur'i), I. vi. Move hastily; 
 scamper. II. n. 1. Hurry; bustle; flur- 
 rv. 2. Scrub race. 
 
 scurvily (sktir'vi-li), adv. In a scurvy 
 manner; meanly; basely. 
 
 seurviness (skuv'vi-nes), n. State of 
 being scurvy; meanness. 
 
 scurvy (skur'vi). I. n. Disease of sail- 
 ors and others deprived of fresh pro- 
 visions and vegetable food. Bleeding 
 gums and prostration are among the 
 symptoms. II. a. Scurfy; covered 
 ©r affected by scurf or scabs; scabby; 
 diseased with scurvy; offensive; mean 
 ©r malicious, as a trick. [Prob. corr. 
 
 from SCORBUTE.] 
 
 scurvy-grass (skur'vi-gras) , n. North- 
 ern and Arctic plant, antiscorbutic 
 and eaten as a salad. [From scurvy- 
 cress.] [Wei. cwt.] 
 
 scut(skut), ft. Short tail, as of a rabbit. 
 
 scutate (sku'tat], a. 1. Shaped like a 
 round shield. 2. Protected by large 
 scales. [L. scutum, shield.] 
 
 scutch (skuck), vi. Dress by beating; 
 swingle, as flax, to remove the woody 
 parts of the stalks; 
 
 scutcheon. Same as escutcheon. 
 
 seutellated (sku'te-la-ted), a. Divided 
 into surfaces like little plates. [L. 
 scutellum, dim. of scutum, shield.] 
 
 scutiform ( sku'ti-farm ), a. Having 
 the form of a shield. [L. scutum, shield.] 
 
 scuttle ( skut'l ), n. Hod; vessel foi 
 holding coal. [A. S. scutel— L. scutella, 
 salver.] 
 
 scuttle (skut'l). I, n. 1. Opening or 
 hatchway of a ship. 2. Hole through 
 the hatches or in the side or bottom ot 
 a ship. 3. Square hole in the roof of a 
 house; lid covering the hole. II. vt. 
 Cut holes through any part of a ship; 
 sink a ship by cutting holes in it. 
 [O. Fr. escoutille, hatch way <— O. Ger. 
 scoz. Ger. schoosz, bosom, lap.] 
 
 scuttle (skut'l). I. vi. Run with haste; 
 hurry. II. n. Quick run. [From scud.] 
 
 scutum (sku'tum), n. i. Oblong shield 
 of the heavy-armed Roman legion- 
 aries. 2. Knee-pan. 3. Second and lar- 
 gest section of the Upper surface of 
 the thoracic segment of an insect; any 
 shield-like plate. [L.] 
 
 scye (si), n. Hole in a garment to 
 which the_sleeve is sewed. 
 
 scythe (srth). I. n. Kind of sickle; 
 instrument with a curved blade for 
 mowing. II. vt. Cut with a scythe"; 
 mow. [A. S. sithe. Low Ger. sets' ] 
 
 se-, prefix. Apart; away; [L.] 
 
 Sea (se), n. 1. Great mass of salt water 
 covering the greater part of the 
 earth's surface. 2. Any great expanse 
 of water less than an ocean. 3. The 
 ocean. 4. Swell of the sea in a tem- 
 
 {>est; wave* — At sea. 1. Away from 
 and; on the ocean; 2. Uncertain; in 
 error; wrong. — Half -seas over, half- 
 drunk.— High seas, open ocean. — Go 
 to sea, become a sailor. [A. S.sae.j 
 
 Sea-anemone (se'-a-nem'o-ne), n. 
 Polyp, found on rocks on the seacoast. 
 
 seaboard(se'bord), n. Border or shore 
 of the sea. 
 
 seacoast (-e'kost), n. Coast or shore 
 of the sea; landadjacent to the sea. 
 
 sea-elephant(se'-el'e-fant), n. Animal 
 of the seal family, with a proboscis 
 like an elephant. 
 
 seafaring (se'far-ing) , a. Following 
 the life of, or belonging to, a seaman. 
 
 sea-gage (se'ga;}), n. 1. Depth a vessel 
 sinks in the water. 2. Instrument 
 for measuring the depth of the sea. 
 
 sea-girt (se'gert), a. Girt or surround- 
 ed by the sea_; 
 
 sea-going (se'-go'ing), a. Sailing on 
 the deep sea, as opposed to coast or 
 river (vessels). [sea. 
 
 sea-green (se'gren), a. Green like the 
 
 sea-horse (se'hars), n. 1. Walrus 2. 
 Hippopotamus or river-horse. 3. Hip- 
 pocampus. 
 
 sea-island(se'-i'land),a. Term applied 
 to a fine long-stapled variety of cot- 
 ton grown on the islands off the coast 
 of South Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, m5ve 
 wolf ; mQte, httt, burn f oil, owl, *ften. 
 
seakale 
 
 513 
 
 sebaceous 
 
 seakale (se'kal), n. Kind of cabbage 
 found on sandy shores of the sea. 
 
 sea-king (se'king), n. Leader of early- 
 Scandinavian piratical expeditions. 
 
 seal(sel;. I. n. 1. Engraved stamp for 
 impressing the wax which closes a 
 letter, etc. 2. Wax or other substance 
 io impressed, 3 That which makes 
 fast or secure; that which authenti- 
 cates or ratifies; assurance. 4. Dram 
 trap. II. vt. 1. Fasten with a seal; 
 mark with a stamp; set a seal to. 2. 
 Make fast ; confirm ; keep secure. 
 [A. S. sigle. — L. sigillum, dim. of sig- 
 num, mark.] 
 
 seal (sel), n. Marine animal valuable 
 for its skin, fur and oil. [A. S. seolh.] 
 
 sealing-wax (se'ling-waks), n. Resin- 
 ous compound for sealing letters, etc. 
 
 sea-lion (se'-li-un), n. Large seal, the 
 male haying a mane. 
 
 seam (sem). I. n. 1. Line formed by 
 the sewing together of two pieces. 2. 
 Line of union; joint; suture. 3. Veiu 
 or stratum of metal, ore, coal, etc. 4. 
 Thin layer between thicker strata. 
 II. vt. 1. Unite by a seam; make a 
 seam in. 2. Scar; line. [A. S. seam— 
 seowian, sew.] 
 
 seaman (se'man), n. Man who assists 
 in the navigation of ships at sea, 
 sailor; mariner, —seamanship, n. 
 Art of navigating ships at sea. 
 
 seamark (se'mark). n. Object on land 
 serving as a guide to those at sea; 
 beacon. 
 
 seamew ( se'mu ), n. Species of gull. 
 
 seamless { sem'les ), a. Without a 
 seam; woven throughout. 
 
 seamstress (sern'stres ), n. Woman 
 who sews. [From seam; doublet 
 
 SEMPSTRESS.] 
 
 seamy (se'mi), a. 1. Having a seam or 
 seams. 2. Less presentable ; less 
 pleasing. 
 
 sean (sen)^ n. Drag-net. [See seine.] 
 
 seance (sa'angs ), n. 1. Sitting, as of 
 some public body. 2. Meeting of Spir- 
 itualists for purposes of alleged 
 "communication" through mediums. 
 CFr. — L. sedeo, sit.] 
 
 sea niece ( se'pes ), n. Picture repre- 
 senting a scene at sea. 
 
 seaport (se'port), n. 1. Harbor on the 
 seashore. 2. Town near such a harbor. 
 
 sear, sere (ser). I. vt. Dry up; burn to 
 dryness on the surface; scorch; cau- 
 terize; render callous or insensible. 
 II. a. Dry; withered. [A. S. searian. 
 Cf. Ger. veraehren, injure.] 
 
 search ( serch ). I. vt. Look round to 
 find ; seek ; examine ; inspect ; explore ; 
 put to the test. II. vi. Seek; hunt; 
 make inquiry. III. n. Act of seeking 
 
 or looking for; pursuit.— searcher. 
 n. [O.Fv.cercher—'L. circare, go about.] 
 Syn. Examination; investigation; 
 inquiry; scrutiny; quest. 
 
 search-lig-ht (sercb'lit), n. Powerful 
 light fitted with reflectors. 
 
 search-warrant (serch-wor'ant), n. 
 Warrant authorizing a constable, 
 etc., to enter the premises of a person 
 suspected of secreting stolen goods. 
 
 seared ( serd ), a. Dried up; burned. 
 
 searoom (se'rom), n. Space at sea for 
 a ship to maneuver or drive about 
 without running agrouud or ashore. 
 
 seasalt (se'salt), n. Common salt ob 
 tained from sea-water by evaporation 
 
 sea-serpent (se'-ser-pent ), n. Fabu 
 lous sea-monster. [to the sea 
 
 seashore (se'shor), n. Land adjacent 
 
 sea-sick (se'-sik), a. Affected with sea 
 sickness.— sea'-sickness, n. Nerv 
 ous affection attended with nausea 
 and convulsive vomiting, produced by 
 the motion of a vessel at sea. [sea. 
 
 seaside (se'sid), n. Land beside the 
 
 season (se'zn). I. n. 1. One of the four 
 periods of the year. 2. Usual or proper 
 time; any particular time. II. vt. 1. 
 Mature. 2. Prepare for use; accustom. 
 3. Fit for the taste; give relish to. 4 
 Mingle. 5. Moderate. III. vi. 1. Be- 
 come seasoned or matured ; grow fit 
 for use; become inured. 2. Become 
 dry and hard.— sea'soner, n. [Fr, 
 saison—Jj. sata>,_seedtime.] 
 
 seasonable ( se'zn-a-bl ), a. Happen- 
 ing in due season; occurring in good, 
 suitable, or proper time ; timely; 
 opportune. — seasonably, adv. — 
 sea'sonableness, n. 
 
 seasoning (se'zn-ing) , n. 1 . That which 
 is added to food to give it greater 
 relish. 2. Act or process by which 
 anything is seasoned. 
 
 seat (set). I. n. 1. That on which one 
 sits; chair, bench, etc. 2. Place where 
 one sits; site; station; location. 3. 
 Post of authority. 4. Right to sit IL 
 vt. 1. Place on a seat; cause to sit 
 down. 2. Place in any situation, site, 
 etc.; establish; fix; assign or fuimish 
 a seat to. 3. Put a seat or bottom in, 
 as a chair. [A.S. scete—sitan, sit.] 
 
 sea-urchin(se'-ur'chin), n. Sea-hedge 
 hog. [So called from its spines.] 
 
 seaward (se'ward). I. a. Being near or 
 looking towards the sea. II. adv 
 Towards or in the direction of the sea, 
 
 seaweed (se'wed), n. Plant of the sea. 
 
 seaworthy (se'wur-ZM), a. Fit for sail- 
 ing on the sea. — sea'worthiness. n 
 
 sebaceous (se-ba'shus). a. Resembling, 
 secreting, or pertaining to, fat. [L, 
 sebum, tallow.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
secant 
 
 514 
 
 sector 
 
 secant (se'kant). I. a. Cutting; divid- 
 ing into two parts. II. n. 1. Line that 
 cuts another. 2. (See cut) 
 Straight line from the A 
 
 center of a circle (D) to 
 one extremity (B) of an 
 arc (BC), produced till it 
 meets the tangent (CA) 
 to the other extremity 
 (Q. [L. se cans— seco, cut.] 
 
 secede (se-sed'), vi. Sepa- 
 rate one's self; with- 
 draw from fellowship or 
 association. — sece'der, 
 n. [Li. — se, away, and Secant. (II, 2) 
 cedo, go.] 
 
 secession (se-sesh'un), n. Act of seced- 
 ing; withdrawal; departure. 
 
 seckel (sek'l), n. Small juicy pear. 
 
 seclude (se-klod'), vt. 1. Keep apart; 
 withdraw into solitude. 2. Exclude. 
 [L. se, apart, and claudo, shut.] 
 
 seclusion (se-klo'zhun), n. 1. Shutting 
 out ; being secluded. 2. Secluded place. 
 Syn. Separation; retirement; pri- 
 vacy; solitude; solitariness. 
 
 second (sek'und). I. a. 1. Immediately 
 following the first; next in position; 
 another; other. 2. Inferior. II, n. 1. 
 One who or that which follows or is 
 second. 2. One who attends another 
 in a duel or a prize-fight; supporter. 
 8. 60th part of a minute of time, or of 
 a degree. III. vt. 1. Follow; act as 
 second. 2. Assist; encourage. 3. Sup- 
 
 f)ort the mover of a question or reso- 
 ution. — seconder (sek'un-der), n. 
 One who seconds or supports. [Fr.— 
 L. secundus—sequor, follow.] 
 
 secondary (sek'un-dar-i). I. a. 1. Com- 
 ing after the first; second in position; 
 inferior; subordinate. 2. Deputed. 3. 
 Dependent. II. n. Subordinate; dele- 
 gate; deputy. — see'ondarily, adv. 
 
 second-hand (sek'und-hand ), a. Re- 
 ceived from another; not new; used 
 by another. [second place. 
 
 secondly (sek'und-li ), adv. In the 
 
 second-sight (sek'und-sit), n. Power 
 of seeing things future or distant. 
 
 secrecy (se'kre-si), n. 1. State of be- 
 ing secret. 2. Retirement; privacy. 3. 
 Ability to keep a secret. 4. Secretive- 
 ness. 5. Secret; article concealed. 
 
 secret ( se'kret ). I. a. 1. Concealed 
 from notice; removed from sight; un- 
 revealed. 2. Secluded. 3. Keeping 
 secrets. II. n. 1. That which is con- 
 cealed or unknown. 2. Privacy.— se'- 
 cretly, adv.— secretness, n. [L. se- 
 cretus—se, apart, and cerno, separate.] 
 Syn. Concealed; private; unseen; 
 obscure; recondite; latent; clandes- 
 tine; retired; reserved. See hidden. 
 
 Secretary-bird. 
 
 secretary (sek're-tar-i), n. 1. One em- 
 ployed to write for another. 2. Public 
 officer intrusted with the affairs of a 
 department of government. 3. Writ- 
 ing-desk. — secretarial, a. — sec- 
 retaryship, n. 
 [From SECBET.] 
 
 secretary-bird, 
 n. S o. African 
 bird with long 
 legs, and a crest 
 of feathers re- 
 sembling pens 
 stuck over the 
 ears. 
 
 see r ete (se-kref) , 
 vt. 1. Hide; con- 
 ceal. 2. Produce 
 from the circu- 
 lating fluids, as from the blood in 
 animals, or the sap in vegetables. 
 [Li. secerno.] 
 
 secretion ( se-kre'shun ), n. 1. Act of 
 secreting or separating from a circu- 
 lating fiuid._2. That which is secreted. 
 
 secretive (se-kre'tiv), a. 1. Tending to 
 or causing secretion. 2. Given to 
 secrecy or to having secrets. — se» 
 cre'ti xely 9 _adv^- secre'tiveness. n. 
 
 secretory (se-kre'to-ri),a. Performing 
 the office of secretion. 
 
 sect (sekt), n. 1. Body of people who 
 unite in holding some particular 
 views, esp. in religion and philosophy. 
 2. Those who dissent from an estab- 
 lished church. [Fr. secte — L. secta, 
 way (cut through),— seco, cut.] 
 
 sectarian (sek-ta'ri-an). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing, or peculiar to, a sect. II. n. One of 
 a sect. — sectarianism, n. Quality 
 or character of a sectarian; devotion 
 to a sect. 
 
 sectary (sek'tar-i), n. One of a sect. 
 
 sectile (ysek'tii ), a. That may be cut 
 with a knife. [L.— seco, cut.] 
 
 section (sek'shun), n. 1. Act of cutting. 
 2. Division; portion. 3. Plan of any 
 object cut through, as it were, to show 
 its interior. 4. Line formed by the in- 
 tersection of two surfaces. 5. Surface 
 formed when a solid is cut by a plane, 
 6. Square mile or 640 acres of land; 
 l-36th of a township. (U. S.) 
 
 sectional (sek'shun-al), a. Pertaining 
 to a section or distinct part. — sec- 
 tionalism, ?i. Local patriotism; pro- 
 vincialism.— sec'tionally, adv. 
 
 sector (sek'tiir), n. 1. That which cuts. 
 2. That which is cut off. 3. Portion o* 
 a circle between two radii and the in^ 
 tercepted arc. 4. Mathematical in 
 strument for finding a fourth propor- 
 tional. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; n5te, not, mo"v«, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 
 
secular 
 
 515 
 
 seeming 
 
 secular (sek'u-lar). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to an age or generation. 2. Coming 
 only once in a century. 3. Pertaining 
 to the present world, or to things not 
 spiritual. 4. Not bound by monastic 
 rules. II. n. 1. Laymau. 2. Ecclesiastic 
 not bound by monastic rules.— sec- 
 ularly, adv. [L. secularis—seculwn, 
 age, generationj 
 
 secularist (sek'u-lar-ist), n. One who 
 discards religious belief and worship, 
 esp. in education and civil affairs.— 
 secularism, n. 
 
 secular ity(sek-u-lar'i-ti), n. State of 
 being secular orworldly; worldliuess. 
 
 secularize (sek'u-lar-Iz), vt. Make sec- 
 ular; convert from spiritual to com- 
 mon use.— secularization, n. 
 
 securable (se-kur'a-bl), a. That may 
 be secured. 
 
 secure (se-kur'). I. a. Free from fear, 
 care or danger. II. vt. 1. Make safe, 
 certain, or fast. 2. Get possession of; 
 obtain.— secure'Iy, adv. — secure' - 
 ness, 7i.[L. se,without,and cura, care.] 
 Syn. Safe ;_ confident; incautious. 
 
 security (se-kur'i-ti), n. 1. State of 
 being secure. 2. That which secures; 
 protection. 3. pi. Bonds or certif- 
 icates in evidence of debt or property. 
 Syn. Assurance; safety; careless- 
 ness; pledge; ease; shelter. 
 
 sedan (se-dan'), n. Covered chair for 
 one, carried by two men. [Invented 
 at Sedan, in France.] 
 
 sedate (se-daf), a. Quiet; serene; seri- 
 ous.— sedate'ly, adv.— sedate' ness, 
 n. [L. sedatussedo, seat, compose.] 
 
 sedative (sed'a-tiv). I. a. Tending to 
 make sedate or composed ; moderat- 
 ing; assuaging pain. II. n. Medicine 
 that allays irritation or pain. 
 
 sedentary (sed'en-tar-i), a. 1. Sitting 
 much; remaining in one place. 2. Re- 
 quiring much sitting. 3. Inactive.— 
 sed'entarily, adv. — sed'entari- 
 ness, n. [L. sedentarius—sedeo, sit.] 
 
 sedae (sej), n. Kind of coarse grass 
 growing in swamps and rivers. — 
 sedgy ( sej'i ), a. Overgrown with 
 sedge. FA. S seen, flag—root of saio, cut.] 
 
 sediment (sed'i-ment), n. That which 
 settles at bottom of a liquid; dregs. 
 — sediinent'ary, a. Pertaining to, 
 consisting of, or formed by, sediment. 
 [Li. sedimentum—sedeo, sit, settle.] 
 
 sedition (se-dish'un), n. Insurrection; 
 stirring up of a factious commotion. 
 —seditions ( se-dish'us ). a. Of the 
 nature of, or tending to excite, sedi- 
 tion; turbulent.— seditiously, adv. 
 — sedi'tiousness, n. [L.— se, apart, 
 and eo, itum, go.] 
 
 seduce (se-dus'), vt. Draw aside from 
 rectitude; entice; corrupt. — sedu*- 
 cer, seduce'ment, ns. [L. seduco 
 —se, aside, and duco, lead.] 
 
 seduction (se-duk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 enticing from virtue. 2. Art of flat- 
 tery and deception. 
 
 seductive (se-duk'tiv). a. Alluring; 
 tempting.— seduc'tively, adv. 
 
 sedulity (se-du'li-ti), n. Diligent appli- 
 cation; unremitting attention. 
 
 sedulous (sed'u-lus), a. Diligent; con- 
 stant; assiduous. — sed'ulously, 
 adv.— sed'ulousness, n. [L. sedulus, 
 sitting fast, persistent, — sedeo, sit.] 
 
 see (se), n. Seat, court, or jurisdiction 
 of a bishop, archbishop, or the pope. 
 [O. Fr. se— L. sedes—sedeo, sit.] 
 
 see(se). I. vt. [saw; seen.] 1. Perceive 
 by the eye. 2. Observe. 3. Discover; 
 experience. 4. Visit. 5. Escort; look 
 after. II. vi. 1. Use the eyes; have 
 vision. 2. Discern; understand ; notice. 
 3. Give attention. III. interj. Look 1 
 behold !— se'er, n. — See to, look after. 
 [A. S. seon, sehvan. Ger. sehen.] 
 
 seed ( sed ). I. %. 1. Thing sown. 2. 
 Substance produced by plants and 
 animals from which new plants and 
 animals are generated. 3. First prin- 
 ciple; original. 4. Descendants. II. vi. 
 1. Produce seed. 2. Shed seed. 3. Sow 
 seed. III. vt. Sow. [A.S. saed— sawan, 
 sow.] [seed; ovule. 
 
 seedbud ( sed'bud ), n. Germ in the 
 
 seedcake (sed'kak), n. Sweet cake con- 
 taining aromatic seeds. 
 
 seedling* (sed'iing), n. Plant reared 
 from the seed. 
 
 seedlobe (sed'lob), n. Lobe or leaf of 
 a plant which nourishes the growing 
 point or seed. 
 
 seedsman (seds'man); n. [pi. seeds'- 
 men.] 1. One who deals in seeds. 2. 
 Sower. [ing. 
 
 seedtime (sed'tkn), n. Season for sow- 
 seedy (se'di ), a. 1. Abounding with 
 seed; run to seed. 2. Having the fla- 
 vor of seeds (said of brandy). 3. Worn 
 out; shabby.— seed'ily, adv.— seed - 
 iness, n. [conj. Since. 
 
 seeing (se'ing). I. n. Sight; vision. II. 
 
 seek(sek), vt. and vi. [seek'ing;sought.] 
 Go in search of; look for; try to find 
 or gain; ask for; solicit.— seeker, n. 
 [ A. S. se"ca> u . Ger. suchen. See sake.] 
 
 seem (sent). I. vi. Appear; look. II. vt. 
 Beht.— seem'er, n. [Icel. saema, be- 
 fit. Ger. ziemen. From root of same.] 
 
 seeming (se'ming). I. a. Apparent; 
 specious. II. n. Appearance; sem- 
 blance.— seemingly, adv.— seem'- 
 ingness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, movei 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
seemly 
 
 516 
 
 sell 
 
 seemly (sem'li). I. a. Becoming; suit- 
 able; decent. II. adv. In a decent or 
 suitable manner. — seem'liness, n. 
 
 seen (sen), pa. p. of see. 
 
 seep (sep), vi. Percolate; trickle.— 
 seepage, n. Water which slowly 
 drains away, esp. the water which in 
 irrigated land returns to the main 
 chaunel through the ground. 
 
 seer (ser), n. One Who foresees events; 
 prophet. _ 
 
 seesaw (se'sa). I. n. 1. Motion to and 
 fro, as in the act of sawing. 2. Play 
 among children, in which two seated 
 at opposite ends of a board supported 
 in the center move alternately up and 
 down. II. a. Moving up and down, or 
 to and fro. III. vi. Move backwards 
 and forwards. [ Prob. a reduplica- 
 tion of saw.] _ 
 
 seersucker (ser'suk-er),n. Thin linen 
 or silk fabric, having a craped or 
 puckered appearance. [East Ind.] 
 
 seethe (seth).I. vt. Boil; cook in hot 
 liquid. II. vi. Be boiling ; be hot. 
 [A. S. seothan, steam. Ger. sieden.] 
 
 segment (seg'ment). I. n. 1. Part cut 
 ©ff ; portion. 2. Part of a circle cut off 
 by a straight line. 3. Part of a sphere 
 cut off by a plane. II. vt. and vi. 
 Separate or divide into segments. 
 [L.—seco, cut.] 
 
 segregate ( seg're-gat ), vt. and vi. 
 Separate from others. — segrega- 
 tion, n. [L. segrego — se, apart, and 
 grex, gregis,_ flock.] 
 
 Seidlitz (sid'lits), n. 1. Saline water 
 from Seidlitz in Bohemia. 2. Saline 
 aperient powder. Also, Sedlitz. 
 
 seignior (sen'yur) , ?&. 1. Title of honor 
 in Southern Europe to superiors. 2. 
 Lord oiamanor.-Sroftd seignior, the 
 Sultan of Turkey.— seignorial (se- 
 nyo'ri-al). [Fr. seigneur — L. senior, 
 senex, old. Doublet sire.] 
 
 seigniorage(sen'yur- aj) ,w. 1. Percent- 
 age taken from bullion to pay for the 
 minting of the coins from it. 2. Royal- 
 ty on patents, copyright, etc. 
 
 seine (san or sen), n. Large net for 
 catching fish. [Pr. — L. sagena — Gr. 
 sagene.] 
 
 seismal (sis'mal), seismic (sis'mik), 
 a. Belonging to, or caused by, an 
 earthquake. 
 
 seismology (sls-mol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of earthquakes. [Gr. seismos, earth- 
 quake, and logos.] 
 
 seismometer (sls-mom'et-er), n. In- 
 strument for obtaining data for the 
 study of earthquakes; seismograph. 
 
 seize (sez), vt. 1. Take possession of 
 ferciblv; take hold of; grasp; appre- 
 hend. 2. Take by legal authority. 3. 
 
 Invade suddenly.— sei'zer, n.— sel- 
 
 3 able, a. |Fr. saisir.] 
 
 seizin (se'zin), n. 1. Legal possession. 
 2. Act of taking possession. 3. Thing 
 possessed^ [Fr. saisine— saisir, seize.] 
 
 seiznre (se'shor), n. 1. Act of seizing; 
 capture; grasp. 2. Thing seized. 
 
 selah (se'la), n. In the Psalms, a word 
 denoting a pause in the musical per- 
 formance of the song. [Heb.] 
 
 seldom ( sel'dum ), adv. Rarely; not 
 often. [A. S. seldum. Ger. selten,.] 
 
 select (se-lekf). I. vt. Pick out from a 
 number by preference; choose; cull. 
 II. a. Picked out; nicely chosen; 
 choice. III. n. That which is selected 
 (usually in the plural).— select'ness, 
 n. [L. seligo — se, apart, and lego, 
 gather.] 
 
 selection (se-lek'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 selecting. 2. Things selected.— Natural 
 selection, that process in nature by 
 which plants and animals best fitted 
 for the conditions in which they are 
 placed, survive, propagate.and spread, 
 while the less fitted die out and disap- 
 pear; survival of the fittest. 
 
 selective ( se-lek'tiv), a. Selecting; 
 tending to select. 
 
 selectman (se-lekt'man), n. In New 
 England, one of a board of town offi- 
 cers who manage some affairs of the 
 town. 
 
 selenium (sel-e'ni-um), n. Elementary 
 substance allied to sulphur. [From 
 Gr. stlene, moon.] 
 
 selenography (sel-en-og'ra-fl). n. De- 
 scription of the moon. [Gr. selene,, 
 moon, and grapho> write.] 
 
 self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)] 1. 
 One's own person. 2. One's personal 
 interest ; selfishness. — self-act'- 
 ing, a. Automatic; acting without 
 human aid. — self-denial, n. Ne- 
 glect of one's own appetites or 
 desires.— self-ev'ident, a. Evident 
 of itself, without proof.— self-exist'- 
 ent, a. Independent of any cause or 
 other being.— self-exist'ence, n.— 
 
 I self-posses'sion, n. Calmness ; com- 
 posure.— self-right eous, a. Right- 
 eous in one's own estimation; Phari- 
 saic— selfsame, a. Very same; iden- 
 tical.— self-suffi'cient, a. Confident 
 in one'sown sufficiency; overbearing; 
 haughty, — self-suflfi'ciency, n. — 
 self-willed(self-wild'), a. Obstinate. 
 
 selfish (selfish), a. Regarding one's 
 own self; void of regard to others.— 
 selfishly, adv.— self ishness, n. 
 
 seil(sel). I. vt. [sell'ing; sold.] I. Trans- 
 fer (property) to another for an equiv- 
 alent. 2. Betray for money. 3. Cheat; 
 impose upon. II. vi. 1. Have cofn- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit ; n6te, not, mSve, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
seltzer 
 
 517 
 
 sensationalism 
 
 Semaphore. 
 
 merce. 2. Be sold. III. n. Imposition, 
 cheat; hoax. [Colloq.]— sell'er, n. [A. 
 S. sellan, give. Cf. Low Ger. seller, 
 dealer.] 
 
 seltzer (selt'zer), n. Mineral water 
 brought from Nieder Sellers, a village 
 of Nassau, in Germany. 
 
 selvage (sel' vaj), selvedge (sel'vej), 
 n. Edge of a fabric, so woven that it 
 does not ravel. [Self and Edge.] 
 
 selves (seivz),|M. of self. 
 
 semaphore (sem'a-for), 
 n. Apparatus for signal- 
 ing at a distance, fey os- 
 cillating arms or flags 
 by day-light and lan- 
 terns by night. — sem- 
 apho r'ie, semap nor' - 
 leal, a. [Gr. serna, sign, 
 zn&phero, bear.] 
 
 semblance (sem'blans), 
 n. Resemblance ; like- 
 ness; appearance; fig- 
 ure. [Fr.—sembler, seem.] 
 
 semen ( se'men ), n. {pi. 
 semina (sem'i-na).] Seed ; 
 sperm. [L.]_ 
 
 semester (se-mes'ter), n. 
 Term of half a year. [L.— s^c.six, and 
 mensis, month.] 
 
 semi-, prefix. Half. [L.] 
 
 semiannual (sem-i-an'u-al), a. Half- 
 yearly, —semiannually, acta. Once 
 every six months. [note. 
 
 semibreve ( sem'i-brev ), n. Whole 
 
 semicircle ( sem'i-ser-kl ), n. Half a 
 circle.— semicircular, a. 
 
 semicolon (sem'i-ko-lon),/i. Punctua- 
 tion mark ( ; ) showing a division 
 greater than the comma. [fluid. 
 
 semillui<l(sem-i-fl6'id), a. Imperfectly 
 
 semimonthly ( sem-i-munth'lj ), a. 
 Occurring or issued twice a month. 
 
 seminal (sem'in-al), a. Pertaining to 
 seed; germinal; "original; radical. 
 
 seminar {sem'in-ar), n. 1. A semin- 
 ary course. 2. Advanced students 
 studying by means of real research, 
 writing of theses, etc. Gr. seminar. 
 
 seminary ( sem'in-ar-i ), n. 1. Seed- 
 plot. 2. Place of higher education, 
 esp. for the ministry or pedagogy. 
 
 semination ( sem-i-na'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of sowing. 2. Dispersion of seed. 
 
 semiquaver (sem'i-kwa-ver), n. Mu- 
 sical note, half the length of a quaver. 
 
 Semitic (sem-it'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 the family of languages that includes 
 Hebrew and Arabic. {Shem, Gen. x, 21.] 
 
 semitone (sem'i-ton), n. Half a tone. 
 
 semivowel (sem-i-vow'el ), n. Half- 
 vowel; sound partaking ot the nature 
 of both a consonant and a vowel, as I, 
 r. or w, y, and m, n. 
 
 seroolina(sem-o-le'na), n. Particles of 
 fine hard wheat which do not pass 
 into flour in milling. [From It.semola 
 — L. simila, finest wheat flour.] 
 
 sempiternal(sem-pi-ter'nal), a. Ever- 
 lasting; endless. [L. sempiter 'n us— sem- 
 per, ever, and ceternus, eternal.] 
 
 sempster ( sem'ster ), sempstress 
 (sem'stres), n. Woman who sews.[See 
 Seamstress.] 
 
 senary (sen'ar-i), a. Containing six or 
 belonging to six. [L,.—seni, six each.] 
 
 senate (sen'at), n. Legislative or de- 
 liberative body; esp. the upper house 
 of a national or state legislature. [L. 
 senatus— senex, senis, old man.] 
 
 senator (sen'a-tur), n. Member of a 
 senate.— senato'rial, a. — senato'- 
 rially, adv.— sen'atorship, n. 
 
 send (send). I. vt. [send'ing; sent.] 1. 
 Cause to go; cause to be conveyed; 
 despatch; commission. 2. Throw; 
 emit. 3. Diffuse. 4. Bestow; inflict. II. 
 vi. Despatch a message or messenger. 
 III. n. 1. That which is sent or given, 
 as in 'Godsend'. 2 Large broad wave; 
 impulse of a large wave.— send'er, n. 
 [A.S. sendan.] [fabric. [O. Pr.] 
 
 semlal (sen'dal), n. Thin silk or linen 
 
 senescent ( se-nes'ent ), a. Growing 
 old, aging. [L.] 
 
 seneschal (sen'esh-al), n. Steward; 
 majordomo.— sen'eschalship,??.[L. 
 siniscalcus— Goth, sini, old, and skalk, 
 servant.] 
 
 senile(se'nil or nil), a. Pertaining to 
 old age; infirm. — senil'ity, n. [L. 
 senilis — senex, old man.] 
 
 senior (se'ni-ur), I. a. 1. Older. 2. Older 
 in office. II. n. 1. One older than an- 
 other. 2. One older in office. 3. Aged 
 person. 4. Student in last year of his 
 college course.-— seniority (se-nior 1 - 
 i-ti), n. [L., comp. of senex.] 
 
 senna (sen'a), n. Dried, purgative 
 leaves of several species of cassia. 
 [Ar. sena.] [ed from sevennight.] 
 
 sennight (sen'it), n. Week. [Contract- 
 
 seiior (se-nyor'), n. Gentleman; Mr. ; 
 Sir. — sefiora (se-nyo'ra), n. fern. 
 Madam; lady; Mrs.. — seflorita (se- 
 nyo-re'ta), n. fern. Young lady; Miss. 
 [Sp.— L. senior, older.] 
 
 sensation (sen-sa'shun), n. 1. Percep- 
 tion by the senses. 2. State of excited 
 feeling. 3. That which causes general 
 excitement.— sensa'tional, a. 
 
 sensationalism (sen-sa'shun-al-izm), 
 n. 1. Doctrine that our ideas originate 
 solely in sensation, and that there are 
 no innate ideas. 2. Practice of excit- 
 ing the reader or hearer, or of grati- 
 fying vulgar curiosity.— sensation- 
 alist, n. Believer in sensationalism. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far. fftll. fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, (/ten. 
 
sense 
 
 518 
 
 sepia 
 
 sense (sens), n. 1. Faculty t>y which 
 impressions are perceived, as sight, 
 hearing, smell, taste and touch. 2. Per- 
 ception through theintellect. 3.Po\ver 
 or soundness of judgment. 4. Opinion. 
 5. Meaning. [L. — sentio, perceive.] 
 Syn. Feeling; sensation; reason; 
 discernment; understanding; convic- 
 tion; signification; import. 
 
 senseless ( sens'les ), a. 1. Without 
 sense. 2. Incapable of feeling; foolish. 
 — senselessly, adv. — senseless- 
 ness, n. 
 
 sensibility (sen-si-bil'i-ti), n. 1. State 
 or quality of being sensible. 2. Capac- 
 ity or acuteness of feeling; suscepti- 
 bility; delicacy. 3. Actual feeling. 
 
 sensible (sen'si-bl), a. 1. Capable of 
 being perceived by the senses or by 
 the mind. 2. Capable of being affected ; 
 
 - easily affected; delicate. 3. Intelli- 
 gent; judicious. 4. Cognizant; aware. 
 — sen'sibleness, n— sen'sibly, adv. 
 
 sensitive(sen'si-tiv), a. 1. Having sense 
 or feeling; pertaining to sensation. 2. 
 Very susceptible to sensations; easily 
 affected.— sen'sitively, adv.— sen'- 
 sitiveuess, sensitiv'ity, ns.— Sen- 
 sitive plant, species of plant, the leaves 
 of which close when touched. 
 
 sensorial (sen-so'ri-al), a. Pertaining 
 to thesensorium. 
 
 sensorium (sen-so'ri-um ), sensory 
 (sen'sur-i), n. Organ which receives 
 the impressions made on the senses; 
 seat of sensation; nervous system. 
 
 sensual (sen'sho-aD, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
 affecting, or derived from, the senses, 
 as distinct from the mind; not intel- 
 lectual or spiritual. 2. Given to the 
 pleasures of sense; voluptuous: lewd. 
 3. Worldly ; carnal. — sen'sually, 
 fldt).-sen'sualness,». [L. sensualist 
 
 sensualism (sen'sho-al-izm ), n. 1. 
 Sensual appetite or indulgence. 2. 
 Doctrine that all ideas are derived 
 originally, and merely transformed, 
 from the senses. 
 
 sensualist ( sen'sh6-al-ist ) , n. 1. One 
 given to sensualism or sensual indul- 
 gence. 2. Believer in the doctrine of 
 sensualism. 
 
 sensuality (sen-sho-al'i-ti), n. Indul- 
 gence in sensual pleasure; luxurious- 
 ness. 
 
 sensualize(sen'sho-al-Iz), itf.Make sen- 
 sual ; debase by carnal gratification. 
 
 sensuous (sen'sho-us), a.'l. Pertaining 
 to the senses. 2. Connected with sen- 
 sible objects. 3. Full of passion. 
 
 sent. Imp. and pa. p. of send. 
 
 sentence (sen'tens). I. n. 1. Opinion; 
 2. Judgment, esp. one pronounced on 
 a criminal by a court or judge. 3. 
 
 Maxim; axiom 4. Group of words con- 
 taining a complete thought. II vt. 
 Pronounce judgment on; condemn. 
 [Fr. L. sententta— sentio, feel, think.] 
 
 seut*jntial(sen-ten'shal), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to a sentence. 2. Comprising sent- 
 ences.— senten'tially, adv. 
 
 sententious ( sen-ten'shus ), a. 1. 
 Abounding withsentences or maxims. 
 2. Short and pithy in expression; 
 bombastic; affected in speech.— sen- 
 ten'tiously, adv. — senten'tious- 
 ness, n. 
 
 sentient(sen'shi-ent), a. 1. Having the 
 faculty of perception and sensation. 
 2. Very sensitive.— sen'tience, n. 
 
 seutiment(sen'ti-ment),w. 1. Thought 
 occasioned by feeling. 2. Opinion; 
 judgment. 3. Sensibility; feeling. 4. 
 Thought expressed in words; maxim; 
 toast. [Fr. sentement—Iu. sentio, feel.] 
 
 sentimental (sen-ti-men'tal), a. 1. 
 Abounding in reflections or'emotions. 
 y. Having an excess of sentiment or 
 feeling ; affectedly tender. — senti- 
 ment' ally, adv. 
 
 sentimentalism(sen-ti-men'tal-izrn), 
 sentimentality(sen-ti-men-tal'i-ti). 
 ns. 1. Quality of being sentimental. 2. 
 Affectation of fine feeling. 
 
 sentimentalist ( sen-ti-men'tal-ist )» 
 n. One who affects fine feeling. ' 
 
 sentinel (sen'ti-nel), n. One who keeps 
 watch, pacing to and fro; sentry. [Fr. 
 sentinelled [of sentinel.] 
 
 sentry (s en' tri), n. Sentinel. [A corr. 
 
 sepal (se'pal or sep'al), n. Calyx-leaf. 
 [From L. root of separate.] 
 
 separable (sep'a-ra-bl), a. That may 
 be separated or disjoined.— separa- 
 bly, adv.— separability, n. 
 
 separate (sep'a -rat). I. vt. and vi. Di- 
 vide; part; withdraw. II. a. 1. Sepa- 
 rated; divided. 2. Apart from another; 
 distinct.— separately , adv. [ L. sepa- 
 ro, separatus—se, aside, and paro, put.] 
 
 separation (sep-a-ra'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of separating or disjoining. 2. State 
 of being separate. 3. Disunion. 4. 
 Limited divorce. 
 
 separatism (sep'a-ra-tizm), n. Act of 
 withdrawing from an established 
 church. 
 
 separatist (sep'a-ra-tist), n. One who 
 withdraws, esp. fro"m an established 
 church; dissenter. 
 
 separator ( sep 'a-ra-tur ), n. 1. One 
 who separates. 2. Machine or imple- 
 ment that separates, as cream from 
 milk, chaff from wheat, etc. 
 
 sepia (se'pi-a), n. Fine brown pigment 
 prepared from the "ink" of the cuttle- 
 fish; Indian or China ink. [ Gr. =■ 
 cuttle-fish.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sepoy 
 
 619 
 
 sergeant 
 
 Sepoy. 
 
 sepoy ( sg'poi ), n. Native soldier, 
 whether Hindu or Mohammedan, in 
 the British army in India. 
 [Prom Hind, sipahi, sol- 
 dier,— Pers. sipah, army. 
 Cf. Fr. spahi.] 
 
 seppuku (sep-ok'6), n. 
 Hari-kari. [Jap.'=cut the 
 abdomen.] 
 
 sepsis (sep'sis), n. Putre- 
 faction; decomposition; 
 septicemia. [Gr.] 
 
 September ( sep-tem'- 
 ber), n. Ninth mouth of 
 the year. [L. — septem, 
 seven. September was 
 the seventh month of the 
 old Roman year, which 
 begau in March.] 
 
 septenary (sep'ten- ar-i). 
 I. a. 1. Consisting of 
 seven. 2. Lasting seven years. II. n. 
 Group of seven things. [L. septena- 
 rius — septem, seven.] 
 
 septennial (sep-ten'i-al), a. 1. Lasting 
 seven years. 2.Happening every seven 
 years. — septen'nially, adv. [L.— 
 septem, seven, and annus, year.] 
 
 Septentrion (sep-ten'tri-un), n. 1. 
 Great Bear. 2. (s) Northern regions. 
 [L. — septem, seven, and trio, plow 
 oxen.] 
 
 septic (sep'tik). I. a. Promoting putre- 
 faction. II. n. Substance that pro- 
 motes putrefaction. [Gr. septikos— 
 sepo, make putrid.] 
 
 septicemia (sep-ti-se'mi-a), n. Bac- 
 terial sepsis, [septic and Gr. aima, 
 blood.] [meration. 
 
 septillion (sep-til'-yun), n. See nu- 
 
 septuagenarian ( sep-tu-a-jen-a'ri- 
 an), n. Person seventy years old. 
 
 septuagenary(sep-tu-aj'en-ar-i). I. a. 
 Consisting of seventy. II. n. One 70 
 years old. [L. septuagenarius — septua- 
 geni, seventy each.] 
 
 septuagesima (sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma), n. 
 Third Sunday before Lent (seventieth 
 day before Easter). [L. septuagesimus, 
 seventieth.] 
 
 septuagesimal (sep-tu-a-jes'i-mal), 
 a. Consisting of seventy; counted'by 
 seventies. 
 
 Septnagint(sep'tu-a-jint), n. A Greek 
 version of the Old Testament, said to 
 have been made by seventy transla- 
 tors at Alexandria about 300 years 
 B. c. [L. septuaginta, seventy.] 
 
 septum (sep'tum), n. Partition wall 
 separating two cavities or cells. [L. 
 —sepire, hedge in.] [Fr.] 
 
 septuple (sep'tu-pl), a. Sevenfold. 
 
 sepulcher, sepulchre (sep'ul-ker ), 
 n. Tomb. — sepulchral, a. 1. Per- 
 
 taining to graves, or monuments 
 erected for the dead. 2. Deep, hollow, 
 as tone. [burial. 
 
 sepulture (sep'ul-tur), n. Interment; 
 
 sequel ( se'kwel ), n. That which fol- 
 lows; continuation; succeeding part; 
 result; consequence. [L. sequela.] 
 
 sequence (se'kwens), n. 1. State of 
 being sequent or following. 2. Order 
 of succession. 3. That which follows; 
 consequence; result. [ceeding. 
 
 sequent(se'kwent), a. Following; suc- 
 
 sequester (se-kwes'ter). I. vt. 1. Sepa- 
 rate. 2. Withdraw from society. 3. 
 Set apart. 4. Place anything contested 
 into the hands of a third person till 
 the dispute is settled. 5. Seize and 
 confiscate. II. vi. Renounce any in- 
 terest in the estate of a husband. [L. 
 —sequester, trustee.] 
 
 sequestrate ( se-kwes'trat ), vt. S e- 
 quester. — sequestration, se- 
 questrator, ns. 
 
 sequin (se'kwin), n. Gold Venetian 
 coin of the 13th century, worth about 
 $2.25. [Fr.— It. zechino — zecca, mint, 
 — Ar. sekkah, die.] 
 
 sequoia (se-kwoi'a), n. Gigantic tree 
 of California; redwood. [Am. Ind.] 
 
 seraglio (se-ral'yo), n. 1. Palace of 
 the Turkish Sultan. 2. Harem. [It. 
 serraglio, inclosure,— serrare, lockup, 
 shut in.] 
 
 seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs (ser'- 
 afs) , seraphim (ser'a-fim).] Angel of 
 the highest rank.— seraphic(se-raf - 
 ik), seraph'ical, a. Angelic; pure; 
 sublime.— seraph'ically, adv. 
 
 sere. Same as sear. 
 
 serenade (ser-e-nad'). I. n. 1. Even- 
 ing music in the open air. 2. Music 
 performed by a gentleman under a 
 lady's window at night. II. vt. Enter- 
 tain witha serenade. [Fr.] 
 
 serene (se-ren'), a. Calm; unclouded 
 — serene'ly, adv.— serenity (se-ren'- 
 i-ti), n. Clearness. [L. serenus, clear.) 
 8yn. Bright; clear; undisturbed. 
 
 serf (serf), n. Slave attached to the 
 soil and sold with it.— serf dom, n. 
 Condition of a serf. [L. servus.] 
 
 serge (serj), n. Cloth of twilled worst- 
 ed or silk. [Fr.— L. serica, silk, — Seres, 
 Latin name of the people of China.] 
 
 sergeant (sar'jent), n. 1. Non-commis- 
 sioned officer next above a corporal. 
 2. In England, lawyer of hieh rank. 
 — ser'geant-at-arms, n. Officer of 
 a legislative body for keeping order, 
 etc. — sergeant-major, n. Highest 
 non - commissioned officer. — ser'- 
 g-eancy, ser'geantship, ns. [Fr. 
 sergent — L. serviens. Doublet of ser- 
 vant.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
serial 
 
 520 
 
 set 
 
 [Lt.—sero, 
 (se-ri- 
 
 
 ;C'«c 
 
 Series winding of 
 dynamo. 
 
 serial (se'ri-al). I. a. 1. Pertaining to, 
 or consisting of, a series. 2. Appear- 
 ing periodically. II. n. Composition 
 appearing in successive parts, as in a 
 period ical.-se'rially, adv. In a series 
 or in regular order. 
 
 seriate ( se'ri-at ), a. Arranged in a 
 series; serial.— se'riately, adv. 
 
 seriatim (se-ri-a'tim), adv. Seriately; 
 one after another. 
 
 [L - ] , V- \ 
 series (se'rez), n. 
 
 [pi. series.] 1. Suc- 
 cession of things 
 connected by some 
 likeness; sequence; 
 order. 2. Progres- 
 sion of quantities L'NItJ IS! 
 according to a cer- <-*- -\V/ — ' 
 tain law. 
 join.] 
 
 serio- comic 
 o-kom'ik), a. Both 
 serious and comical. 
 — serio - comic- 
 ally, adv. 
 
 serious (se'ri-us), a. 1. 
 Solemn; grave. 2. In earnest. 3. Im- 
 portant. 4. Dangerous.— seriously, 
 adv. — seriousness, n. [L. serius.] 
 
 sermon (ser'rnun), n. Discourse on a 
 text of Scripture.— sermonette(ser- 
 mun-et'), n. Short sermon. — . ser'- 
 monize, vi. Preach. [L. sermo — 
 sero, compose.] 
 
 serous (se'rus), a. Resembling serum; 
 thin; watery.— seros'ity, n. 
 
 serpent (ser'pent),ra. 1. Reptile which 
 moves by means of its ribs and scales. 
 2. Person subtile or malicious. 3. 
 [S] One of the constellations. 4. Bass 
 Wind-instrument, so-called from its 
 form. [L. serpens— serpo, creep.] 
 
 serpentine (ser'pen-tln). I. a. Repem- 
 fcling a serpent; winding; spiral; 
 crooked. II. n. Mineral of a green, 
 fclack.or red color, sometimes spotted 
 like a serpent's skin. 
 
 serrate (ser'at), ser'rated,a. Notch- 
 ed like a saw. — serra'tion, n. [L. 
 serratus—serra, saw.] 
 
 serried (ser' id), a. Crowded ; pressed 
 together. [From obsolete serry — Fr. 
 serrer.] 
 
 serum (se'rum), n. 1. Watery part, as 
 of curdled milk, blood, etc. 2. Chyle; 
 lymph. [L. = whet.] 
 
 servant(ser'vant), n. One who is in the 
 service of another; domestic; slave. 
 [Fr., pr. p. of servir, serve.] 
 
 serve (serv), vt. and vi. 1. Be a servant 
 (to) ; work for and obey. 2. Discharge 
 the duties of an office. 3. Attend; 
 wait. 4. Bring forward; distribute. 
 
 5. Be sufficient. 6. Operate; take the 
 place. 7. Deliver; bring to notice.— 
 server, n. 1. One who serves. 2. 
 Salver. [L. servio.] 
 
 Syn. Minister to; benefit; satisfy; 
 suit; arrange; answer. See aid. 
 
 service (ser 'vis), n. 1. Condition or 
 occupation of a servant; perform- 
 ance of work for another. 2. Duty 
 required in any office; military or 
 naval duty. 3. Office of devotion; 
 worship. 4. Labor, assistance, or 
 kindness to another; benefit. 5. Pro- 
 fession of respect. 6. Set of dishes 
 at table. [Fr.— L. servitium.] 
 
 serviceable (serv'is-a-bl), a. 1. Able 
 or willing to serve; diligent. 2. Advan- 
 tageous; useful. 3. Durable; strong; 
 wearing well.— ser'viceably, adv.— 
 ser'viceableness, n. 
 
 serviette (ser-vi-ef), n. Napkin. [Fr.] 
 
 servile ( ser-vil), a. Pertaining to a 
 slave or servant; meanly submissive. 
 
 — ser'vilely, adv. — servil'ity, n. 
 servitor ( ser'vi-tur ), n. One who 
 
 serves; servant; follower or adherent. 
 
 — servitude (ser'vi-tud), n. Slavery; 
 bondage; state of slavish depend- 
 ence. [L.] 
 
 sesame (ses'a-me), sesamum (ses'a- 
 mum), n. Annual herb of Southern 
 Asia, whose seed yields a valuable 
 oil.— Open sesame, charm that gives 
 ready admittance. 
 
 sesamoid (ses'a-moid), a. Like a ses- 
 ame seed. ( Used of nodular ossifi- 
 cation, as the kneepan, or in the joints 
 of the great toe, the thumb, etc.) 
 
 sessile (ses'il), a. Without a stalk. 
 
 session (sesh'un), n. 1. Sitting of a 
 court or public body. 2. Period of 
 time between first meeting and last 
 adjournment. [L. sessio — sedeo, sit.] 
 
 sesspool. Same as cesspool. 
 
 set (set). I. vt. [set'ting; set.] 1. Make 
 to sit; place; fix. 2. Put in a condi- 
 tion. 3. Render motionless. 4. Deter- 
 mine beforehand. 5. Obstruct. 6. 
 Plant. 7. Arrange, as the teeth of a 
 saw so as to cut narrow or wide. 8. 
 Assign, as a price. 9. Put in order 
 for use; compose, as type. 10. Sharp- 
 en. 11. Spread, as sails. 12. Pitch, 
 as a tune. 13. Adapt music to. 14. 
 Adorn with something fixed; stud. 
 II. vi. 1. Sink below the horizon; 
 decline. 2. Plant. 3. Become fixed; 
 strike root. 4. Congeal. 5. Have a 
 certain direction in motion ; flow; 
 tend. 6. Point out game. 7. Apply 
 (one's self). 8. Fit. — Set aside, put 
 away; omit; 1'eject. — Set at naught, 
 despise. — Set by, value. — Set forth. 
 1. Exhibit; publish. 2. Set off to 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf,- 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
set 
 
 521 
 
 sexennial 
 
 advantage. 3. Set out on a journey. 
 — Set in, put in the way ; begin. — Set 
 off. 1. Adorn. 2. Place against, as an 
 equivalent.— Set to, affix. [A.S. setlan.] 
 
 set (set). I. a. 1. Fixed; rigid; firm. 
 2. Determined. 3. Regular; estab- 
 lished. II. n. 1. Settiug; descent; 
 eud. 2. Number of things used to- 
 gether as of books, dishes, etc. 3. 
 Number of persons associated; 
 group; clique. 
 
 setaceous ( se-ta'shus), a. Bristly; 
 bristlelike. [L. — seta, bristle.] 
 
 set-off (set'af), n. 1. Claim set up 
 against another; counterbalance. 2. 
 Contrast; ornament. 
 
 seton (Se'tun), ,i. 1. Twist of silk or 
 the like, introduced under the skin, 
 to maintain an artificial discharge. 
 2. The discharge itself. [Fr. seton — 
 l^.seta, bristle.] 
 
 setose (se'toz), setous (se'tus), a. 
 Bristly. [L. setosus.] [back. 
 
 settee (set-te'), n. Long seat with a 
 
 setter (set'er), n. 1. One who sets, ns 
 words to music. 2. Dog which 
 crouches when it scents the game. 
 
 setting- (set'ing), n. 1. Act of setting. 
 
 2. Direction of a current of wind. 3. 
 Hardening of plaster. 4. That which 
 holds, as the mounting of a jewel. 
 
 settle (set'l). I. vt. 1. Place m a fixed 
 state; fix; establish in a situation or 
 business. 2. Render quiet, clear, etc.; 
 compose. 3. Decide; free from un- 
 certainty. 4. Fix by gift or legal act. 
 5. Adjust; liquidate; pay. 6. Colon- 
 ize. II. vi. 1. Become fixed or station- 
 ary. 2. Fix one's residence. 3. Grow 
 calm or clear. 4. Sink by its own 
 weight. 5. Adjust differences or 
 accounts. [A.S. setlan,] 
 Syn. Regulate. See adjust. 
 
 settle (set'l), n. Long bench with a 
 high back; settee. [A.S. setl. Ger. 
 sessel.] 
 
 settlement (set'1-ment ), n. Act of 
 settling; state of being settled; pay- 
 ment; arrangement ; colony newly 
 settled; sum settled on a woman at 
 her marriage. [colonist. 
 
 settler ( set'ler ), n. One who settles; 
 
 set-to (set-to'), n. Fight; contest. 
 
 seven (sev'u), a. and n. Six and one, 
 — sevenfold, a. Folded seven times ; 
 multiplied seven times. [A.S. seofon.] 
 
 sever ( sev'er ), vt. and vi. Separate 
 with violence; cut apart; divide. [Fr. 
 sevrer— L. separo. Doublet separate.] 
 
 several (sev'er-al), a. 1. Distinct; par- 
 ticular. 2. Different; various; divers. 
 
 3. Consisting of a number; more than 
 two; sundry. — sev'erally, adv. 
 [O. Fr.— L. separalis.] 
 
 severalty ( sev'er-al-ti ), n. State of 
 separation from others. — Estate in 
 severalty, estate which the tenant 
 holds in his own right without being 
 joined in interest with any other 
 person. [separation. 
 
 severance (sev'er-ans), n. Severing; 
 
 severe (se-ver'), a. 1. Serious; grave. 
 2. Searching; hard to bear.— severe'- 
 ly, adv. — severe'ness, severity 
 (se-ver'i-ti), ns. [Fr. sivere—li. severus.] 
 Syn. Rigid; exact; tart; cutting: 
 cruel. See austere and strict. 
 
 Sevres ware (savr war), n. Porce- 
 lain ware, unsurpassed for artistic 
 design and brilliancy of coloring, 
 manufactured at Sevres, in France. 
 
 sew (so). I. vt. Join or fasten together 
 with aneedleand thread. II, vi. Prac- 
 tice sewing. — sewer, n. [A. S. seo- 
 wian.] [by sewer*. 
 
 sewage (sffaj ), n. Refuse carried off 
 
 sewer ( su'er ), n. Underground pas- 
 sage I or draining of water and filth. 
 [O. Fr. essuei* — L. ex, out, and sucus, 
 moisture.] 
 
 sewerage(su'er-aj), n. 1. Whole sewers 
 of a city; drainage by sewers. 2. Con- 
 struction of sewers. 3. Sewage. 
 
 sewing (so'ing), n. 1. Act of sewing. 
 2. Whatis sew- 
 ed; needle- 
 work, 
 
 sewing -_m a- 
 chine (so'ing- 
 ma-shen), n. 
 Ma chine for 
 sewing or 
 stitching. 
 
 sex(seks),n.Dis- 
 tinc tion be- 
 tween male 
 and female. 
 [ Fr. sexe — L. 
 sexus, — seco, 
 cut, distinguish.] 
 
 sexagenarian (seks-a-jen-a'ri-an), n. 
 Person sixty years old. 
 
 sexagenary (seks-aj'en-ar-i or seks'- 
 a-jen-ar-i). I. a. Designating the num- 
 ber sixty. II. n. 1. Sexagenarian. 2. 
 Something containing sixty. [L. 
 sexaginta, sixty,— sex, six.] 
 
 Sexagesiina(seks-a-jes'i-ma) n. Sec- 
 ond Sunday before'Lent, being about 
 the sixtieth day before Easter. [L. 
 sexagesimus, sixtieth.] 
 
 sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), a. 1. 
 Pertaining to the number sixty. 2. 
 Proceeding by sixties. 
 
 sexennial (seks-en'yal), a. 1. Lasting 
 six years. 2. Happening ouce in six 
 years.— sexen'iiially, adv. [L. sex, 
 six, and annus, year.] 
 
 Se wing-Machine. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, aboTe; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sexfici 
 
 522 
 
 shaker 
 
 sexfid (seks'fid), sexlfid (seks'I-fid), 
 a. Six-cleft; liaving six parts, as a 
 calyx with six sepals. [L. sex, six, and 
 findo, cleave.] 
 
 sextant (seks'tant), n. Sixth part of 
 a circle. 2. Optical instrument hav- 
 ing an arc = the sixth part of a circle, 
 and used for measuring angular dis- 
 tances, esp. in finding the latitude 
 and longitude at sea. [L. sextans.] 
 
 scxtile (seks'til), a. In astrol. Denot- 
 ing the aspect or position of two 
 planets when distant from each other 
 60 degrees. [Fr.] [meration. 
 
 sextillion (seks-til'yun), n. See nu- 
 
 sexto(seks't5),w. (pi. sextos (seks'toz). 
 Book formed by folding each sheet 
 into six leaves. [L.] 
 
 &exto-decimo (seks-to-des'j-mo), n. 
 Book, pamphlet, or the like, folded so 
 that each sheet makes sixteen leaves; 
 size of the book thus folded. (Usually 
 written: 16mo, 16°.) [L. sextus deci- 
 ?nus, sixteenth.] 
 
 sexton (seks'tun), n. 1. Officer who 
 has charge of a church. 2. One who 
 digs graves, etc. — sex'tonship, n. 
 
 [A CO IT. Of SACRISTAN.] 
 
 sextuple (seks'tu-pl), a. Six-fold; hav- 
 ing six parts. [Fr.j 
 
 sexnal (seks'u-al), a. Pertaining to 
 sex; distinguishing, or founded on, 
 the sex.— sex'ually, a^.-sexnal'- 
 ity, rt. 
 
 Sforzando (sfor-tsan'do), a. Forced; 
 with special energy. (Abbreviated: 
 sf, or sfz, or marked: > or a), [it.] 
 
 shabby (shab'i), a. 1. Threadbare; 
 worn; in rags. 2. Having a look of 
 poverty. 3. Mean; low; paltry.— 
 shabbily, adv. — shab'biness, n. 
 —shabby-genteel', a. Retaining in 
 present shabbiness traces of former 
 gentility; aping gentility but really 
 shabby. [Fromscabby. Ger. schaebig.) 
 Syn. Seedy; mean; base; scurvy. 
 
 shackle (shak'l). I. n. 
 Fetter; gyve; hand- 
 cuff; everything that 
 hinders free action. 
 ll.vt. Fetter; restraiu. 
 — shackle-bar, n. 
 Coupling bar or link 
 on the pilot of a loco- 
 motive. [A. S. sceacul, 
 shackle.] 
 
 shad (shad), n. [pi. 
 shad.] Food fish of 
 vhe herring family, 
 about two feet long. 
 It ascends rivers to 
 deposit its spawn. [A 
 
 shaddock (shad'ok), n 
 
 S. sceadda.] 
 Citrus decu- 
 
 mana; tree with a large orange-like 
 
 fruit, often weighing 15 pounds. The 
 grape-fruit is a variety of it. [First 
 brought from the East by Capt. Shad- 
 dock.] 
 
 shade (shad'). I. n. 1. Partial dark- 
 ness; interception of light; obscur- 
 ity. 2. Shady place. 3. Protection; 
 shelter; screen. 4. Degree of color; 
 very minute change. 5. Dark part of 
 a picture. 6. Soul separated from the 
 body; ghost. II. vt. 1. Screen from 
 light or heat. 2. Shelter. 3. Mark 
 with gradations of color. 4. Darken; 
 dim.— sha'der, n. [A. S. scead.] 
 
 shadow (shad'6). I.n. 1. Shade caused 
 by an object. 2. Shade; darkness. 3. 
 Shelter; security; favor. 4. Dark part 
 of a picture. 5. Reflected image; faint 
 representation; trace. 6. Inseparable 
 companion. II. vt. 1. Shade; cloud; 
 darken. 2. Represent faintly. 3. Fol- 
 low unobserved. — shadowless, a. 
 
 — shad'owy, a. 1. Full of shade; 
 dark; obscure. 2. Typical. 3. Unsub- 
 stantial. [Doublet of SHADE.] 
 
 shady (sha'di), a. 1. Affording shade. 
 
 2. Sheltered from light or heat. 3. 
 
 Equivocal; dubious.— sha'dily, adv. 
 
 —sha'di n ess, n. 
 shaft (shaft), n. 1. Anything long and 
 
 straight, as the stem of an arrow. 2. 
 
 Part of a column between the base 
 
 and capital. 3. Stem of a feather. 
 
 4. Entrance to a mine. 5. One of the 
 
 thills of a vehicle ; pole of a carriage. 
 
 — shafted, a. Having a shaft or 
 handle. [A. S. sceaft.] 
 
 shag* (bhag), n. 1. That which is rough 
 or bushy. 2. Woolly hair. 3. Cloth 
 with a rough nap. 4. Kind of tobacco 
 cut into shreds.— shagr'gy, a. Cov- 
 ered with rough hair or wool ; rough ; 
 rugged.— shag'glness, n. [A. S. 
 sceacga, head of hair.] 
 
 shagreen (sha-gren'), n. 1. Species 
 of leather prepared without tanning, 
 from horse, ass, and camel skin. 2. 
 Skin of a shark, seal, etc., used for 
 polishing. [Persia. -[Pers.] 
 
 shah (sha)_, n. Title of the monarch of 
 
 shake (shak). I. vt. [sha'king; shook; 
 sha'ken.] 1. Move with quick, short 
 motions. 2. Agitate. 3. Make to trem- 
 ble. 4. Threaten to overthrow. 5. 
 Cause to waver; make afraid. 6. Give 
 a tremulous note to. II. vi. Be agi- 
 tated; tremble; shiver; lose firmness. 
 III. n. 1. Rapid tremulous motion. 
 2. Trembling or shivering. 3. Con- 
 cussion. 4. Rent in timber, rock, etc, 
 [A. S. scacan. - Ger. schaukeln.] 
 
 shaker ( sha'ker ), n. 1. Person or 
 thing that shakes or agitates. 2. (S) 
 Member of a religious sect founded 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abdve; m€, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
shaky 
 
 628 
 
 shark 
 
 about 1750, so called from the agita- 
 tions which form part of their cere- 
 monial, but calling themselves the 
 United Society of Believers in Christ's 
 Second Appearing. 
 
 shaky (sha'ki), a. 1. In a shaking 
 condition; feeble; unsteady. 2. Full 
 of cracks or clefts.— sbaliiness, n. 
 
 shale (shal), n. Rock of a slaty struc- 
 ture, often found in or between coal 
 strata. [Doubletof scale and shell.] 
 
 shall (shal), v. aux. [should (shod).] 
 Be under obligations. (Used in the 
 future tense of the verb.) [A. S. sceal, 
 be obliged. Ger. soil.] 
 
 shalloon (shal-lon'), n. Light kind of 
 woolen stuff, first made at Chdlons, in 
 France. 
 
 shallop (shal'op), n. Large schooner- 
 rigged boat with two masts. [Fr. 
 chaloupe. Dut. sloep. Doublet sloop.] 
 
 shallot (shal-lot'), n. Kind of onion 
 with a flavor like that of garlic. 
 [O. Fr. eschalote.] 
 
 shallow (sbal'o). I. n. Flat place over 
 which the water is not deep; shoal. 
 II. a. 1. Not deep. 2. Not profound; 
 not wise; trifling. — shallowness, 
 n. [Conn, with shoal, and perhaps 
 with SHELF.] 
 
 shalt (shalt), 2d pers. sing, of shall. 
 
 sham (sham). I. n. Pretense; that 
 which deceives expectation; impos- 
 ture. II. a. Pretended; false. III. 
 vt. and vi. [shamming; shammed.] 1. 
 Pretend ; feign. 2. Impose upon. 
 [From root of shame.] 
 
 shamble (sham'bl), vi. Walk with an 
 awkward, unsteady gait. — sham'* 
 bling-, a. 
 
 shambles (sham'blz), n.pl. 1. Butch- 
 er's stalls. 2. Slaughter-house. [A.S. 
 6camel, bench. Ger. schemel.] 
 
 shame(sham). I. n. 1. Feeling caused 
 by the exposure of that which ought 
 to be concealed, or by a conscious- 
 ness of guilt. 2. The cause of shame; 
 dishonor. II. vt. 1. Make ashamed; 
 cause to blush; cover with reproach 
 or disgrace. [A. S. scamu, modesty. 
 Ger. scham.] 
 
 shamefaced (sham'fast), a. Very 
 modest or bashful; easily confused. 
 — shamefacedly, adv. — shame* 
 facedness,n. Modesty. [A. S. sceam- 
 .fast—scamu, and fcest, fast, very.] 
 
 shameful (sham'fol), a. 1. Bringing 
 shame; disgraceful. 2. Raising shame 
 in others; indecent.— shame' fully, 
 adv.— shame'fulness, n. 
 
 shauieless(sham'les), a. 1. Immodest; 
 audacious. 2. Indecent. — shame* 
 lessly, adv.— shame'lessness, n. 
 Syn. Unblushing; impudent ; brazen. 
 
 shammy (sham'i), shamoy(sbam'oi), 
 Leather orig. prepared from the skirt 
 of the chamois. [Corr. of chamois.] 
 
 shampoo (sham-po'). I. vt. 1. Knead 
 the body, in connection with a hot 
 bath. 2. Wash thoroughly with soap 
 and water, as the head. II. Act of 
 shampooing. — sham po o'er, n. 
 [Hind, tshampna, squeeze.] 
 
 shamrock (sham'rok), n. Species of 
 clover, or sorrel, national emblem of 
 Ireland. [It sea?nrog.] 
 
 shandygaff (shan'di-gaf), ?i. Beer and 
 ginger-ale mixed. 
 
 shang-hai (shang-hi'). I. n. A kind of 
 long-legged chicken. II. vt. Drug and 
 bring aboard ship, for money. 
 
 shank (shangk), n. 1. Leg below the 
 knee to the foot. 2. Long part of any 
 instrument. [A. S. sceanca. Ger. schin- 
 ken. schenkel.] 
 
 shanty (shan'ti), n. Rude dwelling; 
 hut. [Ir. sean, old and tig, house.] 
 
 shape ( shap ). I. vt. Form; fashion; 
 adapt to a purpose; regulate; direct; 
 conceive. II. n. Form ; figure ; external 
 appearance; particular nature. — 
 shape'less, a. Having no shape, re- 
 gular form or symmetry. — shape'* 
 lessness, n.— shapely (shap'll), a. 
 Having shape or regular form; sym- 
 metrical. — shape'liness, n. [A.S. 
 sceapian, scapan. Ger. schaffen.] 
 
 shard (shard), n. 1. Fragment of an 
 earthen vessel or of any brittle sub- 
 stance; potsherd. 2. Shell of an egg 
 or of a snail; hard wing-case of a 
 beetle. — shard'ed, shard'y, a, 
 Formed by a shard furnished with 
 shards. [A. S. sceran, shear.] 
 
 share (shar). I. n. Part; portion; di- 
 vidend ; one of a number of equal por- 
 tions of anything. II. vt. 1. Divide 
 into parts. 2. Partake with others. 
 III. vi. Have a par t ;receive a dividend. 
 — shar'er, n. — share'holder, n. 
 One who owns a share in a joint fund 
 or property. [A. S. — sceran, shear.] 
 
 share (shar), n. Iron blade of a plow. 
 [A. S. scear —sceran, cut.] 
 
 shark (shark). I. n. 1. Large voracious 
 fish with cartilaginous skeleton. 2, 
 Sharper; cheat. II. vi. Live by one's 
 wits; swindle. [Etym. doubtful; perh. 
 — Gr. karcharos, having sharp teeth.] 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; m§, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
sharp 
 
 524 
 
 sheer 
 
 sharp (sharp). I. a. 1. Having a thin, 
 cutting edge or fine point. 2. Peaked 
 or ridged. 3. Affecting the senses as if 
 pointed or cutting; severe; keen. 4. 
 Of keen or quick perception. 5. Pun- 
 gent ; biting; sarcastic. 6. Eager ; 
 fierce; impetuous. 7. Shrill. II. n. 1. 
 Acute sound. 2. Note raised a semi- 
 tone; character g, directing this. 3. 
 Shrewdly dishonest man. 4. Sharpie 
 III. adv. 1. Precisely; exactly. 2. 
 Eagerly.— sharp'ly, adv. — sharp- 
 ness, n. [A. S. sceurp. Ger. scharf.] 
 
 sharpen ( sharp' en ), vt. and vi. Make 
 or become sharp. [swindler. 
 
 sharper(sharp'er), n. Trickster ; cheat; 
 
 sharpie, sharpy (shar'pi), n. Long, 
 sharp, flat-bottomed boat, used by 
 oystermen. 
 
 sharp-shooter ( sharp'shot-er ), n. 
 One skilled in the use of a rifle; 
 marksman. 
 
 sharp-sighted (sharp'si-ted), a. Hav- 
 ing acute sight; shrewd; discerning. 
 
 sharp-witted (sharp'wit-ed),a. Acute, 
 sagacious. 
 
 shatter (shatter), vt. 1. Break or dash 
 to pieces; crack. 2. Disorder; render 
 unsound.— shat'tery , a. Brittle. 
 
 [Doublet Of SCATTER.] 
 
 shave (shav), vt. [shaved; sha'ven or 
 shaved.] 1. Cut off the hair with a 
 razor. 2. Pare closely; make smooth 
 by paring. 3. Cut in thin slices. 4. 
 Skim along the surface. 5. Strip.— 
 sha'ver, n. 1. One who shaves; bar- 
 ber. 2. Sharp dealer. 3. Youngster; 
 lad. [A. S. scafan, Ger. schaben.] 
 
 shaving (sha'ving ), n. 1. Act of shav- 
 ing. 2. What is shaved or pared off. 
 
 sUhawl (shal), n. Cloth of wool, cotton, 
 silk, or hair, used by women as a 
 covering for the shoulders. [Per. shal.] 
 
 shawm (sham), n. Ancient musical 
 wind instrument, replaced by the 
 bassoon L [ O. Fr. ehalemie — L. eala- 
 
 shay (sha), n. Chaise. [mus, reed.] 
 
 she (she), pron. fern. The female pre- 
 viously mentioned. [A. S. seo.'\ _ 
 
 sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves (staevz).] 
 Bundle of stalks of grain ; any bundle 
 or collection. [A.S. sceaf. Gev.schieben, 
 shove.] 
 
 shear (sher), vt. Clip with shears, etc. 
 — shearer, n. [A. S. sceran. Ger. 
 scheren]. [once sheared. 
 
 shearling (sher'ling), n. Sheep only 
 
 shears (sherz), n. pi. 1. Instrument 
 for sheaving or cutting, consisting of 
 two pivoted blades that meet each 
 other; anything like shears. 2. Appa- 
 ratus for raising heavy weights, con- 
 sisting of upright spars fastened 
 
 together at the top and furnished 
 with tackle. 
 
 sheath (sheth), re. 1. Case for a sword, 
 etc.; scabbard. 2. Auy thin defensive 
 covering, as the membrane covering 
 a stem or branch, or the wiogcase of 
 an insect. [A. S. scaeth. Ger. scheideJ] 
 
 sheathe (sheth), vt. 1. Put into a 
 sheath. 2. Cover with a sheath or 
 case; inclose in a lining. 
 
 sheathing , (she^'ing),?i. I That which 
 sheathes. 2. Material for covering, 
 encasing, etc. 
 
 sheave (shev), n. 1. Grooved wheel in 
 a block, etc., on which a rope works; 
 wheel of a pulley. 2. Slice, as of bread. 
 3. Sliding scutcheon for covering a 
 keyhole. [O. Dut. sciajve. Ger. scheibe.] 
 
 sheave (shev), vt. Bring together into 
 sheaves. 
 
 sheave-hole ( shev'hol ), n. Channel 
 cut in a mast, yard, or other timber, 
 in which to fix a sheave. 
 
 shed (shed) vt. [shed'ding; shed.] 
 Throw off; pom; spill; let fall.— 
 shed'der, n. [A. S. sceadan. Ger. 
 scheiden.] 
 
 shed (shed), vt. Part, separate. [A. S. 
 scade, division, parting of the hair. 
 Ger. scheitel. See watershed.] 
 
 shed (shed), n. Light structure usual- 
 ly of wood, for shade or shelter; hut. 
 
 sheen (shen). I. n. Brightness or splen- 
 dor. II. a. Beautiful; shining. III. vi. 
 Glitter; shine. 
 [A.S. scione. Ger. 
 schoen.] 
 
 sheep ( shep ), n. 
 sing, and pi. 1. 
 Ruminant ani- 
 mal covered with 
 wool. 2. Leather 
 made from sheep- 
 skin. [A.S. sceap. 
 Dut schaap. Ger. 
 schaf.] 
 
 sheepeote (shep'kot), sheep fold 
 (shep' fold), ns. Inclosure for sheep. 
 
 sheepish (she'pish), a. Like a sheep; 
 bashful; foolishly diffident.— sheep'- 
 ishly. adv.— sheep'ishness, n. 
 
 sheepskin (shep'skin), n. 1. Skin of 
 sheep. 2. Leather made from it. 3. 
 Diploma engrossed on sheep-skin 
 parchment. [Uolloq.] 
 
 sheer (sher). I. a. 1. Pure; unmin- 
 gled; clear; downright. 2. Perpendi- 
 cular. II. adv. Clear; quite; straight. 
 [Icel. skaerr, bright.- Ger. schier.] 
 
 sheer (sher). I. vi. Deviate; swerve; 
 turn aside. II. n. 1. Deviation from 
 the straight line. 2. Longitudinal 
 curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides. 
 [Dut. and Ger. SGheren, withdraw.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
sheers 
 
 525 
 
 shimmer 
 
 sheers. Same as shears, 2. 
 
 sheet (shet). I. n. 1. Large, thin piece 
 of anything, as of cloth in a bed, of 
 paper, or a sail. 2. Rope fastened to 
 the leeward corner of a sail to extend 
 it to the wind. II. vt. 1. Cover with or 
 as with a sheet. 2. Furnish with 
 sheets. 3. Expand. [A. S. sceat, scet, 
 —sceotan, shoot, extend. Ger. schote.] 
 
 sheet-anchor (shet-ang'kur), n. Lar- 
 gest anchor of a ship, thrown out in 
 extreme danger; chief support; best 
 refuge. [bed-sheets. 
 
 sheeting (ske'ting), n. Cloth used for 
 
 sheet-lightning- ( shet-ht'ning ), n. 
 Lightning appearing in sheets, or 
 having abroad appearance. 
 
 sheik (shek or shak), n. Chief of an 
 Arab family, village or tribe. [Ar. 
 = elder.] 
 
 shekel (shek'l),w. Ancient weight and 
 ooin among the Jews. [Heb. —shakal, 
 weigh.] [large duck. 
 
 sheldrake (shel'drak), n. Kind of 
 
 shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves (shelvz).] 
 1. Board fixed on a wall, etc., for lay- 
 ing things on. 2. Flat layer of rocks; 
 ledge; shoal; sandbank.— shelf y, a. 
 JA. S. scylfe. 
 
 shell(shel).I. n. 1. Hard covering as of 
 an animal, fruit, egg, etc. 2. Any hol- 
 low framework. 3. Light rowboat. 4. 
 Metallic cartridge case ; bomb. II. vt. 
 1. Break or strip off the shell. 2. Take 
 out of the shell. 3. Throw shells or 
 bombs upon; bombard. III. vi. Fall 
 oM like a shell; cast the shell; fall out 
 of the pod. [A. S. scell. Ger. schale.] 
 
 shell-bark (shel'bark), n. Species of 
 hickory having loose, peeling bark. 
 
 shellac (shel'lak or -lak'), n. Lac pre- 
 pared in thin plates. [See lac] 
 
 shellfish (shel'fish), n. Aquatic ani- 
 mal with an external shell. 
 
 shellproof (shel'prof), a. Proof 
 agaiDst bombs. 
 
 shelter (shel'ter). I. n. 1. That which 
 shields or protects; refuge; retreat; 
 harbor. 2. One who protects; guar- 
 dian. 3. Protection. II. vt. Cover or 
 shield; defend; conceal. III. vi. Take 
 shelter. [A.S. scildtruma, a covering 
 composedof shields; line of soldiers.] 
 Syn. Asylum; covert; security. 
 
 sheltie (shel'ti), n. Shetland pony. 
 
 shelve (shelv). I. vt. 1. Furnish with 
 shelves. 2. Place on a shelf. 3. Put 
 aside. II. vi. Slope like a shelf. 
 
 sbelvy (shel'vi), a. Full of shelves or 
 shoals; shallow. [Heb.] 
 
 Sheol (she'ol), n: Grave; hell; pit. 
 
 shepherd (shep'erd), n. 1. Man em- 
 ployed in tending sheep in the pas- 
 ture. 2. Pastor. [A. S. scedp-hirde.] 
 
 shepherdess (shep'er-des), n. Woman 
 that tends sheep; rural lass. 
 
 sherbet (sher'bet), n. 1. Drink of 
 fruit-juice, sweetened and flavored. 
 2. Flavored water ice. [Arab, shariba, 
 drink.] [ment. 
 
 sherd (sherd), n. Shred; shard; f rag- 
 sheriff (sher'if), n. Highest officer in 
 a shire or county. — sheriffalty, n. 
 Office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. [A.S. 
 scirgerefa — scir, shire, and gerefa, 
 governor. See reeve.] 
 
 sherry (sher'i), n. Strong dry Spanish 
 wine. — sherry-cobbler. See cob- 
 bler. [From Xeres, a town in Spain.] 
 
 shew (sho). Same as show. 
 
 shibboleth (shib'bo-leth), n. Watch- 
 word of a party. [Heb. word, used as 
 a test by the Gileadites to detect the 
 Ephraimites, who could not pro- 
 nounce the sh.] 
 
 shield (sheld). I. n. 1. 
 Broad plate worn for 
 defense on the left arm; 
 defense; person who 
 protects. 2. Escutcheon. 
 II. vt. Defend. [A. S. 
 scyld. Ger. schild. J 
 
 shift (shift). I. vt. and vi. 
 1. Change ; put out of 
 the way. 2. Dress in 
 fresh clothes. 3. Resort 
 to expedients for some 
 purpose. 4. Manage ; 
 contrive. II. n. 1. Change; 
 contrivance; artifice; 
 evasion. 2. Set of 
 workmen, changing off 
 with another set; turn 
 at woi'k. 3. Something often changed; 
 chemise. — Makeshift, find ways and 
 means. — shift'er, n. — shifty, a. 
 Full of expedients; tricky. [A. S. 
 sciftan, divide, order. Cf. Low Ger. 
 schicht.] 
 
 shiftless (shift'les), a. Destitute of 
 expedients; incapable; thriftless. 
 
 shillalah (shil-la/la), shillaly (shil- 
 la'li), n. Oak or blackthorn sapling; 
 cudgel. [From an Irish wood, Shil- 
 lelagh, famous for its oaks.] 
 
 shilling- (shil'ing), n. English silver 
 coin (=12 pence); worth about twen- 
 ty-five cents. [ A. S. settling,— scill, 
 sound, ring. Cf. Ger. schall.] 
 
 shily (shi'li). Same as shyly. 
 
 shilly-shally (shil'i-shal-i). I. vi. Act 
 irresolutely; trifle; vacillate. II. adv. 
 In an irresolute manner. [From shall 
 1, shall If ] 
 
 shimmer ( shim'er ). I vi. Gleam 
 faintly; glisten. II. n. Faint light; 
 gleam. [A. S. scymrian, shine.] 
 
 Shield. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
shin 
 
 526 
 
 shock 
 
 shin (shin). I. n. Large bone of the 
 leg, below the knee, or the forepart of 
 it. II. vt. and vi. [shinn'ing; shinn'ed.] 
 1. Use the shins m climbing. 2. Walk. 
 3. Kick on the shins. [A. S. scina.] 
 
 shindy (shin'di), n. 1. Game of shin- 
 ny. 2. Rumpus. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 shine (shin). I. vi. [shi'ning; shone.] 
 
 1. Beam with steady radiance ; glit- 
 ter. 2. Be bright or beautiful. 3. Be 
 eminent. II. vt. Polish. III. n. 1. 
 Brightness; splendor. 2. Fair weath- 
 er. 3. Polish. 4. Liking; fancy. [A. S. 
 scinan. Ger. scheinen.] 
 
 shingle (shing'l). I. n. 1. Wood 
 sawed or split' thin, used instead of 
 slates or tiles, for covering houses. 
 
 2, Coarse gravel on a shore. II. vt. 
 
 1. Cover or roof with shingles. 2. 
 Trim, as the hair. [M. E. ehindel — L. 
 scindo, split.l 
 
 shingles (shing'lz), n. Eruptive dis- 
 ease with often spreads round the 
 body like a belt. |L. cingulum, belt.] 
 
 shingling (shing'ling), n. 1. Cover- 
 ing with shingles. 2. Shingles. 3. 
 Squeezing the iron in the process of 
 puddling; blooming. 
 
 shining (shi'ning). I. a. Scattering 
 light ; bright ; resplendent ; conspic- 
 uous: splendid. II. n. Effusion or 
 clearness of light; brightness; lustre. 
 Syn. Brilliant; sparkling; radiant. 
 
 Shinto (shin'to), n. Japanese indigen- 
 ous religion. Shin'toism, n. 
 
 shiny (shi'ni), a. Shining; diffusing 
 light; bright; splendid; unclouded. 
 
 ship (ship). I. n. Vessel having three 
 masts with tops and yards to each; 
 any large vessel. II. vt. [shipping; 
 shipped.] 1. Put on board a ship. 2. 
 Send or convey by ship. 3. Send or 
 transport by any conveyance, on land 
 or water. 4. Engage for service on 
 board. 5. Receive on board. 6. Fix in 
 Its place. III. vi. 1. Engage for ser- 
 vice on shipboard. 2. Embark. — 
 shijVper, n. — ship'board. I. n. 
 Side or deck of a ship. II. adv. Upon 
 or within a ship. [A. S. scip.] 
 
 ship-chandler (ship'chaad'ler), n. 
 Dealer in cordage, canvas, and other 
 furniture and provisions for ships. 
 
 shipmate(ship'mat), n. Fellow sailor. 
 
 shipment ( ship'ment ), n. 1. Act of 
 putting on board ship; embarkation. 
 
 2. That which is shipped. 
 shipping (ship'ing), n. 1. Voyage. 2. 
 
 Act of sending freight. 3. Ships col- 
 lectively; tonnage. 
 
 shipshape ( ship'shap ), a. and adv. 
 Orderly; trim; proper. 
 
 ship way ( ship'wa ), n. Support on 
 which a ship is built. 
 
 shipworm ( ship'wurm ), n. Kind of 
 bivalve mollusc, so named from its 
 boring into the bottoms of ships. 
 
 Ship-worm boring through the wood. 
 
 shipwreck (ship'rek). I. n. I. Wreck 
 or destruction of a ship. 2. Destruc- 
 tion; ruin. II. vt. Destroy on the sea. 
 
 shipwright (ship'nt) , n. Shipbuilder. 
 
 shipyard fship'yard), n. Place where 
 ships are t»uilt or repaired. 
 
 shire (shir or sher; in compounds, in 
 Engl, sher, in U. S. shir or sher). 
 n. Division of land; country. [A- S. 
 scir, division— sceran, cut.] 
 
 shirk (sherk). I. vt. Avoid; slink away 
 from. II. n. One who avoids his duty. 
 [From shark, shift for a living.] 
 
 shirr (sher). I. n. 1. Fulling produced 
 by parallel gathering-threads. 2. 
 Elastic cord inserted between two 
 pieces of cloth. II. vt. Gather. 
 
 shirred (sherd ), a. 1. Puckered or 
 gathered into a shirr. 2. Broken into 
 a saucer and baked, or poached in 
 cream, as eggs. 
 
 shirt ( shert ), n. Short garment worn 
 next the body. [ A. S. sceort, short. 
 Cf. Ger. schurz, apron.] [shirts. 
 
 shirting (shert'ing ), n. Cloth for 
 
 shire (shiv), n. Thin disk, as of cork; 
 scale. [See sheave, n.] 
 
 shiver (shiv'er). I. n. Splinter; one of 
 the small pieces into which a brittle 
 thing breaks by sudden violence. II. 
 vt. and vi. Shatter; fall into shivers. 
 [From root of sheave.] 
 
 shiver (shiv'er). I. vi. Shake; trem- 
 ble; shudder. II. vt. Cause to shake 
 in the wind, as pails. [Imitative.] 
 
 shivery ( shiv'ei-i ), a. 1. Trembling. 
 2. Brittle. 
 
 shoal (shol). I. n. Great multitude, as 
 of fishes swimming together. II. vi. 
 Crowd ; gather in shoals. [A.'S. scolu 
 — L. schola,_ school.] 
 
 shoal ( shol ). I. n. Place where the 
 water is not deep; sandbank. II. a. 
 Shallow. III. vi. 1. Grow shallow. % 
 Come upon shallows. — shoal'y, a 
 Full of shoals, not deep. — shoal i* 
 ness, n. [From shallow.] 
 
 shoat (shot), n. Young hog; shote. 
 
 shock (shok), n. 1. Violent shake or 
 onset; concussion; collision. 2. Vio- 
 lent effect on the mind or nerves. II. 
 vt. 1. Shake by violence. 2. Startle the 
 mind or nerves; offend; disgust; dis- 
 may. [Fr. choc—O. Ger. schoc, shock.T 
 
 f&te, fat, taak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 route, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
shock 
 
 527 
 
 shovel 
 
 shock ( shok ), n. Pile of sheaves of 
 grain. [Ger. schock, heap, threescore.] 
 
 shocking- (shok'ing), a. Highly offens- 
 ive.— shockingly, adv. 
 
 shod (shod), pa. t. and -pa. p. of shoe. 
 
 shoddy (shod'i), n. 1. Waste thrown 
 off in spinning wool. 2. Fabric woven 
 from such waste, entirely or partly. 
 [From shed, throw off.] 
 
 shoe(sho).I. n. 1. Covering for the foot. 
 2. Rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an 
 animal to keep it from injury. 3. Any- 
 thing in form or use like a shoe. II. 
 vt. [shoeing: shod.] 1. Furnish with 
 shoes. 2. Cover at the lower end; tip. 
 [A. S. sco. Ger. schuh.] 
 
 shoeblack (sho'blak), n. One who 
 blacks and claans shoes or boots. 
 
 shoehorn (sho'harn), n. Curved piece 
 of horn or metal used in putting on 
 a shoe. 
 
 shone(shon), pa. t. and pa. p. of shine. 
 
 shook (shok), pa. t. of shake. 
 
 shoon (shon), n. Old plural of shoe. 
 [A. S. sceon.] 
 
 shoot (shot). I. vt. [shoot'ing; shot.] 1. 
 Dart. 2. Let fly with force. 3. Dis- 
 charge from a bow or gun. 4. Strike 
 with a shot or other missile dis- 
 charged from a weapon. 6. Thrust 
 forward. 6. Send forth new parts, as 
 a plant. II. vi. 1. Perform the act of 
 shooting. 2. Be driven along. 3. Fly, 
 as an arrow. 4. Jut out. 5. Germi- 
 nate. 6. Advance. III. n. 1. Act of 
 shooting. 2. Young branch.— shoot' - 
 er, n. [A. S. sceotan. Dut. schieten. 
 Ger. schiessen.] 
 
 Shooting-star ( sh 6'ting-star), n. 
 1. Meteor. 2. American cowslip. 
 
 shop (shop). I. n. 1. Building in w r hich 
 goods are sold at retail. 2. Place 
 where mechanics work. II. vi. [shopp'- 
 ing; shopped.] Visit shops for the 
 purpose of buying. [A. S. sceoppa, 
 storehouse. Ger. schuppen.} 
 
 shop-lifting (shop'lift-ing). n. Steal- 
 ing from a shop.— shop-lifter, n. 
 
 shore (shor), n. 
 Coast ; land ad- 
 jacent to the sea, 
 a river or a lake. 
 [A. S. scor e— 
 seer an, shear, 
 divide.] 
 
 shore (sh5r). I. 
 n. Prop or sup- 
 port for the side 
 of a building, or 
 
 to keep a vessel in dock steady on the 
 slips. II. vt. Prop.— shor'er, n. [M.E. 
 schore, stick of wood,— A. S. sceran, 
 cut off.] 
 
 Shores. 
 
 shoreless (shor'les), a. Unlimited 
 
 extent. 
 
 shorn (sharn),pa. p. of shear. 
 
 short (shart). I. a. 1. Not long in 
 time or space. 2. Near at hand. 3. In- 
 sufficient; scanty; narrow. 4. Abrupt. 
 5. Brittle. II. adv. Not long. III. n. 
 
 1. Brief account. 2. Deficit. 3. pi. 
 Bran and coarse part of meal mixed. 
 4. pi. Sales of futures. 5. pi. Breeches; 
 short-clothes. — shortness, n. — In 
 short, in a few words. [A. S. sceort— 
 root of skirt. Ger. kurz.] 
 
 shortcoming (shart'kum-ing), n. 1. 
 Neglect of, or failure in, duty. 2. 
 Falling off of the usual quality, 
 quantity, etc. 
 
 shorten (shar'tn), vt. and vi. 1. Make 
 shorter. 2. Deprive. 3. Make brittle, as 
 pastry, by adding butter, lard, etc. 
 
 shorthand ( shart'hand ), n. System 
 of writing, much more rapid than the 
 ordinary longhand; stenography. 
 
 short-lived (shart'livd), a. 1. Living 
 or lasting only for a short time. 
 
 shortly (shart'li), adv. 1. In a short 
 time; quickly; soon. 2. In a brief 
 manner. 
 
 short-sighted ( shart'sl-ted ), a. Un- 
 able to see far. 2. Lacking discern- 
 ment.— short'sight-edness, n. 
 
 short-winded ( shart-win'ded ), a. 
 Affected with shortness of breath. 
 
 shot, pa. t. and pa. p. of shoot. 
 
 shot (shot). I. n. 1. Act of shooting. 2. 
 Missile; small globules of lead; solid 
 projectile. 3. Flight of a missile; dis- 
 tance it. flies. 4. Marksman. II. vt. 
 [shot'ting; shot'ted.] Load with shot. 
 
 shot (shot), a. Of a changeable color. 
 
 should (shod), pa. t. of shatj,. 
 
 shonlder (shol'der). I. n. 1. Joint 
 which connects the human armor the 
 foreleg of a quadruped with the body. 
 
 2. Flesh about the shoulder; upper 
 joint of the foreleg of an animal, cut 
 for market. 3. Prominence; abrupt 
 projection. II. vt. 1. Push with 
 the shoulder. 2. Take upon the 
 shoulder; assume the burden of.— 
 shoulder-blade, n. Broad, flat 
 bone of the shoulder; scapula. — 
 shoul'der-strap, n. Strap worn 
 over the shoulder as a support, or as 
 a badge of rank. [A. S. sculdor.] 
 
 shout (showt). I. n. Loud and sudden 
 
 outcry. II. vi. Utter a shout. III. vt. 
 
 Utter with a shout; cry.— shout'er, 
 
 n. [Etymology unknown.] 
 shove (shuv). I. vt. and vi. Push. II. 
 
 n. Act of shoving; push. [A. S. sceo- 
 
 fan. Ger. schieben.] 
 shovel (shuv'l). I. n. Instrument with 
 
 a broad blade.and a handle for lifting. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
show 
 
 528 
 
 shuck. 
 
 II. vt. [shov'eling; shov'eled.] 1. Lift 
 up and throw with a shovel. 2. Gather 
 in large quantities. [A. S. scofl. Ger. 
 schaufel.]_ 
 
 show (sho). I. vt. [show'ing; showed; 
 shown or showed. ] 1. Present to 
 view; display. 2. Enable to perceive 
 or know; inform; teach; guide. 3. 
 Prove; explain. 4. Bestow; manifest; 
 give. II. Vi. Appear; look. III. n. 1. 
 Act of showing; display. 2. Sight; 
 spectacle; parade. 3. Appearance; 
 plausibility. 4. Pretence; pretext. 
 — show'er, n. [ A. S. sceawian, look, 
 see. Ger. schauen.] 
 
 showbread (sho'bred), n. Among the 
 Jews, the twelve loaves of bread pre- 
 sented before the Lord in the sanctu- 
 ary every Sabbath. 
 
 shower (show'er). I. n. 1. Fall of rain 
 ©r hail, of short duration. 2. Copious 
 rapid supply. II. vt. 1. Wet with 
 rain; sprinkle. 2. Bestow liberally. 
 IJI. vi. Rain in showers. [A. S. scur. 
 Cifer. schauer.] 
 
 showy (sho'i), a. Making a show; cut- 
 ting a dash; ostentatious; gay. — 
 Showily, a^.-show'iness, n. 
 
 shrank (shrangk),pa. t. of shrink. 
 
 shrapnel (shrap'nel), n. Shell filled 
 With musket-balls, called after its 
 inventor, Col. Shrapnel. 
 
 shred (shred). I. n. Long, narrow 
 piece cut or torn off; strip or frag- 
 ment. II. vt. Cut or tear into shreds. 
 [A. S. screade; Ger. schrot.] 
 
 shrew (shro), n. 1. Shrewmouse. 2. 
 Brawling, troublesome woman; scold. 
 [A. S. screawa, biter.] 
 
 shrewd (shrSd), a. Of an acute judg- 
 ment ; cunning; artful; wily.— 
 shrewdly, adc.-shrewd'ness, n. 
 [From beshrewed, accursed.] [sharp. 
 Syn. Sagacious; subtle ; astute ; 
 
 shrewish (shro'ish), a. Like a shrew; 
 peevish ; clamorous. — shrew'ish- 
 ly, adv.— shrewishness, n. 
 
 shrewmouse (shro'mows), n. Harm- 
 less burrowing little animal like the 
 mouse. [See shrew.] 
 
 shriek (shrek). I. vi. Utter a shriek; 
 scream. II. n. Shrill outcry of terror 
 or anguish. [Imitative.] [sheriff. 
 
 shrievalty (shre'val-ti), n. Office of a 
 
 shrift(shrif t), n. Confession to a priest. 
 — Short shrift, punishment very soon 
 after condemnation. [From shrive.] 
 
 shrike (shrik), n. Bird which preys 
 on insects and small birds, impaling 
 its prey on thorns; butcher bird, 
 [{from shriek.] 
 
 shrill ( shril ), a. Piercing; sharp. — 
 Shril'ly, adv.— shrillness, n. [Cf. 
 <Ser. schrill.] 
 
 shrimp (shrimp), n. Small shellfish, 
 somewhat resembling the lobster, 
 about two inches long,much esteemed 
 as food. [Allied to scrimp.] 
 
 shrine (shrm). I. n. Place in which 
 sacred things are deposited; sacred 
 place. II. vt. Enshrine. [A. S. serin.'] 
 
 shrink (shringk). I. vi. [shrinking; 
 shrank or shrunk; shrunk or shrunk- 
 en.] 1. Contract; wither; shrivel; 
 wrinkle. 2. Recoil, as from fear, dis- 
 gust, etc. II. vt. Cause to shrink or 
 contract. III. n. 1. Contraction. 2. 
 Withdrawal; recoil. — shrink'age, 
 n. 1. Contraction. 2. Loss in bulk or 
 value. [A. S. scrincan. Cf . Ger. schraen- 
 Tcen, cause to shrink.] 
 
 shrive (shriv). I. vt. [shri'ving; shrove 
 or shrived; shriVen.] Hear confes- 
 sion of; impose a penance on; grant 
 absolution. II. vi. Receive confession ; 
 make confession. [A. S. scrifan, — L. 
 scribo, write.] 
 
 shrivel (shriv'l), vi. and vt. Contract 
 into wrinkles. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 shroud (shrowd). 
 
 I. n. 1. Dress of 
 the dead. 2. That 
 Which clothes or 
 covers. 3. pi. Set 
 of ropes from the 
 mast-heads to a 
 ship's sides, to 
 support the masts. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Inclose in 
 a shroud. 2. Cover; 
 hide; shelter. [A.S. 
 scrud, clothing.] 
 
 shrove (shrov), pa. 
 t. of SHRIVE. 
 
 Shrovetide ( shrov'- tid), n. Time at 
 which confession used to be made, 
 immediately before Lent. — Shrove- 
 Tues'day, n. Day before Ash- 
 Wednesday. [A.S. scraf. See shrive.] 
 
 shrub (shrub), n. Woody plant with 
 several stems from the same root. — 
 shrub'bery, n. Collection of 
 shrubs.— shrub'by, a. Consisting or 
 full of shrubs ; like a shrub. [A. S. 
 scrobb.] 
 
 shrub (shrub), n. Drink of fruit juiee, 
 spirit, sugar, and water. [A corr. of 
 
 SHERBET.] 
 
 shrug: (shrug). I. vt. [shrug'ging; 
 shrugged.] Draw up; contract. II vi. 
 Draw up the shoulders. III. n. Draw- 
 ing up of the shoulders. [Sw. skrukka, 
 hump.] 
 
 s Sir usik, pa. t. and pa. p. of shrink. 
 
 shuck(shuk). I. n. Husk ; pod ; shell. II 
 vt. Remove the husk or husks from. 
 — Not worth shucks, worth nothing. 
 
 Shrouds. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
shudder 
 
 529 
 
 sieve 
 
 shudder ( shud'er ). I. vi. Tremble 
 from fear or horror. II. n. Trem- 
 bling. [Dut. schuddern.] 
 
 shuttle (sbuf'l).- I. vt. Shove a little; 
 push back and forth ; change the rela- 
 tive positions of; confuse. II. vi. 1. 
 Change the order of cards in a pack. 
 2. Shift ground. 3, Evade fair ques- 
 tions. 4. Move by dragging the feet 
 along the ground. III. n. 1 Act of 
 shuffling. 2. Evasion ; artifice. — 
 shuffler, n. [Prom root of shovel,.] 
 Syn. Juggle; equivocate; quibble. 
 
 shun(.shun),^. [shun'ning; shunned.] 
 Avoid; keep clear of; eschew. [A. S. 
 scwnian. See schooner.] 
 
 shunt (shunt). I. vt. Turn aside: 
 switch. II. n. 1. Act of turning aside, 
 or using a shunt. 2. Switch.— 
 shunting, n. [ From shun.] 
 
 shut (shut), vt. and vi. [shutting; 
 shut.] 1. Close, as a door. 2. Bar out; 
 exclude. 3. Contract. [A. S. scyttan ] 
 
 shutter (shut'er), n. 1. One who or 
 that which shuts. 2. Close cover for 
 window or aperture. 
 
 shuttle ( shut'l ), n. 1. Instrument 
 used for shooting the thread of the 
 woof in weaving. 2. Similar instru- 
 ment in a sewing machine. [A. S. 
 scytel—sceotan, shoot.] 
 
 shuttlecock ( shut'1-kok), n. Cork 
 stuck with feathers, driven with a 
 battledore, in game of the same name. 
 
 shy (shi). I. a. 1. Timid; coy; reserved; 
 cautious. 2. Scant; short. II. vi. 1. 
 Start aside, as a horse from fear. 2. 
 Fling; jerk; toss, as a stone. III. n. 
 Fling; trial.— shy'ly, shi'ly, adv.— 
 shy'ness, n. [A. S. sceoh. Ger. scheu.] 
 Syn. Bashful; diffident; suspicious. 
 
 shyster (shi'ster), n. Person who re- 
 sorts to low tricks; esp. a tricky 
 lawyer. [Etym. doubtful.] [scale. 
 
 si (se), n. Seventh note in the musical 
 
 sibilant (sib'i-lant). I. a. Hissing. II. 
 n. Sibilant letter, as s, z, sh and zh. 
 [L. sibilo, hiss.] 
 
 sibilation (sib-i-la'shun), n. Hissing 
 sound; hiss. [sibylla. 
 
 sibyl ( sib'il ), n. Prophetess. [ Gr. 
 
 sibylline (sib'il-m or -in), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to, uttered, or written by, 
 sibyls. 2. Prophetical. 
 
 sic (sik), adv. So written or printed. 
 Used in parenthesis, to assert that 
 the quotation is accurate. [L.=so.] 
 
 sick (sik), a. 1. Diseased; ill. 2. In- 
 clined to vomit. 3. Disgusted — sick- 
 ness, n. [A. S. sio'). Ger. siech.] 
 Syn. Ailing; morbid; surfeited. 
 
 sicken (sik'n). I. vt. 1. Make sick. 2- 
 Disgust. II. vi. 1. Become sick or weak. 
 2. Become disgusted. 
 
 sickish(sik'ish), a. Somewhat sick.— 
 sick'isbly, adv.— sick'ishness, n. 
 
 sickle ( sik'l ), n. Hooked instrument 
 for cutting grain. [A. S. sicel — L. 
 secula—seco, cut.] 
 
 sickly (sik'li), a. 1. Inclined to sick- 
 ness ; unhealthy ; somewhat sick; 
 weak; languid. 2. Producing disease, 
 — sickliness, n. 
 
 side (sid). I. n. 1. Edge, border. 2. 
 Surface of a solid; part of a thing as 
 seen by the eye. 3. Region; part; esp. 
 the part of an animal between the hip 
 and shoulder. 4. Part, party, interest, 
 or opinion, opposed to another, as 
 left and right; faction. 5. Line of des- 
 cent. II. a. 1. Being on or toward the 
 side; lateral. 2. Indirect. III. vi. Em- 
 brace the opinion or cause of one 
 party against another. [A.S.] 
 
 sideartns (sid'armz), n. pi. Weapon 
 worn on the side,_as a sword. 
 
 sideboard (sid'bord), n. Piece of fur- 
 niture in a dining-room for holding 
 dishes, etc. [side; sloping. 
 
 sideling (sid'ling), a. Inclining to a 
 
 sidelong (sid'lang). I. a. Oblique; not 
 straight; lateral. II. adv. In the di- 
 rection of the_ side; obliquely. 
 
 sidereal (si-de're-al), a. 1. Relating to 
 a star or stars; starry. 2. Measured 
 by the apparent motion of the stars. 
 [L. sidus, sideris, star.] [women. 
 
 side-saddle (sid'-sadl), n. Saddle for 
 
 sidewalk (sid'wak), n. Walk for foot 
 passengers on "either side of the 
 street. 
 
 sideways (sid'waz), sidewise (sid'- 
 wiz), adv. Toward or on one side; in- 
 clining; laterally. 
 
 siding ( si'ding), n. 1. Short line of 
 track on which railroad cars are 
 shunted or switched off from the main 
 line. 2. Covering cf the outside wall 
 of a frame building. [most. 
 
 sidle (si'dl), vi. Go or move side-fore- 
 siege (sej), n. 1. Setting of an army 
 round or before a fortified place to 
 take it by force. 2. Continued endeav- 
 or to gain possession. [Fr. siege — L. 
 sedes, se&i—sedeo, sit.] 
 
 sienna ( si-en'a ), n. Fine orange-red 
 pigment used in painting. [From 
 Sienna, in Italy.] 
 
 sierra (se-er'ra), n. Ridge of moun- 
 tains or crags. [Sp. — L. serra, saw.] 
 
 siesta (si-es'ta). n. Nap at midday. 
 [Sp.— E. sexta ; (hora), the sixth (hour) 
 after sunrise.] 
 
 sieve (siv), n. Vessel with a bottom 
 of woven hair or wire, or perforated, 
 used to separate the fine part of any- 
 thing from the coarse. [A. S. si;,*.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
sift 
 
 530 
 
 silk 
 
 sift (sift), vt. Separate with or as with 
 a sieve ; examine closely.— sift'er, n. 
 [A. S. sift an.] 
 
 sigh (si). I. vi. Inhale and respire 
 with a long, deep, and audible breath- 
 ing, as in grief; sound like sighing. 
 II. vt. Express by sighs. III. n. Long, 
 deep, audible respiration. [A. S. 
 sican; from the sound.] 
 
 sight (sit). I. n. 1. Act of seeing; view; 
 2. Faculty of seeing. 3. That which 
 is seen; a spectacle; space within 
 vision. 4. Examination. 5. Small 
 opening for looking through at ob- 
 jects. 6. Piece of metal on a gun to 
 guide the eye in taking aim. 7. Large 
 quantity. II. vt. Catch sight of. [A. 
 S. ge-siht. Ger. gesicht.] 
 
 sighted (si'ted), a. Having sight. 
 
 sightless (sit'les), a. Wanting sight; 
 blind. — sightlessly, adv.— sight'- 
 lessness. n. 
 
 sightly (s'lt'li), a. Pleasing to the 
 sight or eye.— sightliness, n. 
 
 Sign (sin). I. n. 1. That by which a 
 thing is known or represented ; mark ; 
 token; symptom; proof. 2. Word; 
 gesture, or mark, intended to signify 
 something else. 3. Remarkable event; 
 miracle. 4. Something set up as a 
 notice in a public place. 5. Mark 
 showing the relation of quantities, 
 as — and +. 6. One of the twelve parts 
 of the zodiac. II. vt. 1. Represent or 
 make known by a sign. 2. Attach a 
 signature to; convey by signing 
 (away). [L. signum, sign.] 
 
 Byn. Indication; type; omen; pre- 
 sage; emblem; manifestation. 
 
 signal (sig'nal). I. n. 1. Sign for giving 
 notice, generally ajt a distance; token. 
 2. Notice. II. vt. and vi. Make signals 
 (to); convey by signals; be a sign; 
 signify. III. a. Constituting a sign; 
 remarkable; striking; eminent. — 
 signaling, n.— sig'nally, adv. [Fr.] 
 
 signalize (sig'nal-iz),«tf. Render note- 
 worthy; indicate. 2. Make signals. 
 
 signatory (sig'na-to-ri). I. n. One who 
 has signed. II. a. Bound by signature 
 and seal, as parties to a treaty. 
 
 signature (sig'na-tur), n. 1. Sign; 
 mark. 2. Name of a person written 
 by himself. 3. Flats and sharps after 
 the clef to show the key. [Fr.] 
 
 signboard (sm'bord), n. Board with a 
 notice concerning a man's trade. 
 
 signet (sig'net), n. Private seal. [Fr.] 
 
 significant (sig-nif'i-kant), a. 1. Ex- 
 pressive; suggestive; standing as a 
 sign. 2. Important. — signifi- 
 cantly, adv.— significance, n. 1. 
 That which is signified; meaning. 2. 
 Importance; moment. 
 
 signification (sig-ni-fi-ka'shun), n. 
 
 1. Act of signifying. 2. That which 
 is signified; meaning. [nificant. 
 
 significative (sig-nif'i-ka-tiv), a. Sig- 
 
 signify (sig'ni-fi), vt. [sig'nifying; 
 
 sig'nified.] 1. Mean; indicate; show; 
 
 2. Have consequence; Import; mat- 
 ter. [L. significo — signum, and facio, 
 make.] 
 
 sign-nianual (sin-man'u-al), n. Sig- 
 nature of a sovereign, usually only 
 the initial with R. for Rex (L.=king), 
 or Regina_(L.=queen). [Signor. 
 
 Signior (sen'yiir), n. English form of 
 
 Signor (sen'yur), n. Sir; gentleman; 
 Mr. — Signora (sen-yo'ra), re.Madam; 
 lady; Mrs.— Signorina (sen-yo-re'- 
 na), n. Miss. (It). 
 
 signpost (sin'post), n. Post on which 
 a sign is hung; direction- post. 
 
 silence (si'lens). I. n. 1. State of being 
 silent. 2. Absence of sound or speech; 
 muteness. 3. Cessation of agitation; 
 calmness. 4. Oblivion. II. vt. Cattse 
 to.be silent; hush; still; put to rest; 
 stop. III. interj. Be silent! 
 
 silent (si'lent), a. 1. Free from noise 
 
 or sound. 2. Not speaking. 3. Taci 
 
 turn. 4. Not pronounced, as k in 
 
 know.— silently, adv. [L. silens.] 
 
 8yn. Quiet- dumb; mute; unuttered. 
 
 silex (si'leks), n. Silica, found in 
 nature, as flint, quartz, rock-crystal, 
 etc. [L. silex, flint.] 
 
 silhouette (sil'o-et or 
 -et')i n. Shadow-out- 
 line of the human fig- 
 ure or profile. [From 
 Silhouette, a French 
 minister of finance in 
 1759, after whom ev- 
 erything cheap was 
 named, from his ex- 
 cessive economy. 
 
 silica(sil'i-ka), n. Pure 
 silex or flint, the most 
 abundant solid con- 
 stituent of our globe. 
 
 silicate(sil'i-kat), n. Salt of silicic acid, 
 
 siliceous, silicions ( si-li sh'u s), 
 silicic (si-lis'ik), as. Pertaining to, 
 containing, or resembling 
 silex or flint. 
 
 silio.ua (sil'i-kwa), silique 
 (si-lek'), n. Seed" vessel or 
 pod of a cruciferous plant. 
 [L. and Fr.J 
 
 silfc (silk). I. n. 1. Delicate, 
 soft thread, produced by 
 certain caterpillars in form- 
 ing cocoons. 2. Thread or 
 cloth woven from it. 3. 
 Anything resembling silk. 
 II. a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, 
 
 Silhouette of 
 Benj. Franklin. 
 
 Siliqua. 
 
 iate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woii!; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
sill 
 
 531 
 
 sine 
 
 Bilk. — silk'en, a. 1. Made of silk. 2. 
 Resembling silk ; soft ; delicate. — 
 silk-worm (silk'wurm), n. Cater- 
 pillar which produces silk. — silky 
 (silk'i), a. Like silk in texture; soft; 
 smooth and glossy. — silk'iness, n. 
 [A. S. seolc — Lt. sericum— Seres, name 
 of the people of China.] 
 
 sill (sil) , n. Timber or stone at the foot 
 of a door or a window ; threshold. 
 [A.S. syll.] 
 
 sillabub (sil'a-bub), n. Wine or cider 
 mixed with milk and sweetened. 
 
 silly ( sil'i ), a. 1. Foolish; witless. 2. 
 Imprudent. 3. Absurd; stupid. — 
 sil'lily, adv.— silliness, n. [Orig. 
 eeeley — A. S.saelig, blissful.] 
 
 silo (sl'io), n. Pit for storing green 
 fodder. [Fr.— L. sirus, pit.] 
 
 silt (silt). I. n. Sediment, as sand, mud, 
 etc., left by water. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Choke with silt. 2. Percolate. [Low 
 Ger. sielen, strain.] 
 
 Silurian (si-16'ri-an) , a. Belonging to 
 Siluria, the country of the Silures, the 
 ancient inhabitants of part of Wales 
 and England; applied to the strata 
 below the old red sandstone. 
 
 silvan, sylvau (sil'van), a. Pertain- 
 ing to woods; woody; inhabiting 
 woods. [L. silva, forest.] 
 
 silver ( sil'ver ). I. n. 1. Soft white 
 metal, capable of a high polish. 2. 
 Money made of silver. 3. Anything 
 having the appearance of silver. II. a. 
 1. Made of silver. 2. Resembling sil- 
 ver. III. vt. 1. Cover with silver. 2. 
 Make like silver. — silvering, n. 
 Operation of covering with silver.— 
 sil'ver smith, n. One who works in 
 silver.— sil'very, a. 1. Covered with 
 silver. 2. Resembling silver, 3. Sound- 
 ing like silver. [A. S. silfer, seolfer.] 
 
 simian (sim'i-an). I. a. Pertaining to 
 or resembling an ape or monkey; 
 monkey-like. II. n. Ape or monkey. 
 [From L. simius, ape.] 
 
 similar ( sim'i-lar ), a. Resembling; 
 nearly corresponding; alike in shape. 
 — similarly, adv.— similarity, n. 
 [L. similis.] 
 
 simile (sim'i-le), n. 1. Similitude. 2. 
 Iu rhet. Illustrating comparison. 
 
 similitude (si-mil'i-tud), ft. 1. Resem- 
 blance. 2. Comparison; simile. 
 
 simioid, siinious. a. Same as simian. 
 
 simmer (sini'er), vi. Boil very gently. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 simony ( sim'on i ), n. Crime of buy- 
 ing or selling ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ment; so named from Simon Magus 
 who thought to purchase the gift of 
 the Holy Spirit with money, Acts viii. 
 — simoniac ( si-mo'ni-ak ), n. One 
 
 guilty of simony.— simoniacal (sim« 
 o-ni'ak-al), a. 
 
 simoom (si-mom'), simoon (si-mon'k 
 ns. Destructive hot wind in Northern 
 Africa and Arabia. [ Ar. samum — 
 serum, poison.] 
 
 simper (sim'per). I. vi. Smile in a silly 
 or affected manner, smirk. II. n. Silly 
 or affected smile. 
 
 simple (sim'pl). I. a. 1. Single; un- 
 divided; not compounded; element- 
 ary; homogeneous. 2. Open; unaf- 
 fected ; undesigning; true; clear; 
 straightforward. 3. Artless; guile- 
 less; unsuspecting; credulous. 4. Not 
 cunning; weak in intellect; silly. 5. 
 Plain; not adorned; not luxurious. 
 II. n. 1. Something not mixed or 
 compounded. 2. Medicinal herb. 3. 
 Simpleton. — sim'pleness, n. — • 
 simplicity, n. — simply, adv. 1. 
 In a simple manner. 2. Merely; solely. 
 [L. simptus, simplex, onefold.] 
 Syn. Mere; sincere; frank; humble. 
 
 simpleton ( sim'pl-tun), n. Weak or 
 foolish person. 
 
 simplify (sim'pli-fi) .vt. Make simple or 
 less difficult. — simplification, n. 
 
 simulate ( sim'u-lat ), vt. Imitate; 
 counterfeit ; pretend.— simulation, 
 n. — sim'ulator, n. [L. simulo — 
 similis, like.] 
 
 simultaneous (si-mul-ta'ne-us or 
 sim-), a. Acting, existing, or happen- 
 ing at the same time.— si mult a'- 
 neously, adv. [M. L. simultimsimul^ 
 at the same time.] 
 
 sin (sin). I. n. 1. Willful violation of 
 a divine law; transgression. 2. Wick- 
 edness; iniquity. II. vi. [ sin'ni'og; 
 sinned.] Violate or neglect the laws 
 of morality or religion; do wrong. 
 [A. S. synn.] 
 
 sinapism ( sin'a-pizm), n. Mustard 
 plaster. [Gr. sihapi, mustard.] 
 
 since (sins). I. adv. 1. From that time 
 till now. 2. Past; ago. II. prep. 1. 
 After. 2. From the time of. II. conj. 
 Seeing that; because; considering. 
 [A. S. sith-than, after that.] 
 
 sincere (sin-ser'), a. 1. The same in 
 reality as in appearance; unfeigned; 
 genuine. 2. Frank; honest; true. — 
 sincerely, adv. — sincerity (sin- 
 sei'i-ti). n. [L. sincerus.] [fected. 
 Syn. Upright; honest; real; unaf- 
 
 sinciput (sin'si-put), n. Forepart of 
 the head. [L. — semi, half, and caput, 
 head. ] 
 
 sine (sin), n. Straight line drawn from 
 one extremity of an arc perpendi- 
 cular to the diameter that passes 
 through the other extremity. [L. 
 sinus, curve.] 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not. move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sine 
 
 532 
 
 siren 
 
 sine (sl'ne), prep. Without,— Sine die, 
 for an indefinite time. — Sine qua non, 
 necessary, indispensable. [L.] 
 
 Sinecure (si'ne-kur), n. Office with 
 salary but without work.— si'necur- 
 ist, n. One who holds a sinecure. 
 [Li. sine, without, and ciira, care.] 
 
 ?inew (sin'u). I. n. 1. That which 
 joins a muscle to a bone; tendon. 2. 
 That which supplies vigor; muscle; 
 nerve. II. vt. Bind as by sinews; 
 strengthen.— sin'ewy, a. 1. Consist- 
 ing of, belonging to, having or resem- 
 bling, sinews. 2. Strong; vigorous. 
 [A. S. sinu, Ger. sehne.\ 
 
 sinful (sin'fol), a. Full of, or tainted 
 with, sin; iniquitous; wicked ; de- 
 praved ; criminal ; unholy. — sin'- 
 fully, adv.— sin 'fulness, n. 
 
 sing ( sing ). I. #£. and vi. [sing'ing; 
 sang or sung; sung.] 1. Utter melo- 
 dious sounds; chant. 2. Relate or 
 celebrate in verse.— Sing small, adopt 
 a humble tone. — sing'er, n. [A. S. 
 singan.] 
 
 singe (sin;j). I. vt. [singe'ing; singed.] 
 Burn on the surface; scorch. II. n. 
 Slight burn. [A. S.—setigan, the cau- 
 sative of sing, from the singing noise 
 of burning hair.] 
 
 single ( sing'l ). I. a. 1. One only; 
 individual, separate. 2. Alone; un- 
 married; not combined with others; 
 unmixed. 3. Meant for one person 
 only. 4. Straightforward; sincere. II. 
 vt. 1. Separate; make single. 2. (with 
 out) Choose. — sin'gle-handed, a. 
 Having only one hand ; unassisted. — 
 single-hearted, a. Sincere; with- 
 out duplicity.— sin'gle-mind'ed, a. 
 Upright , guileless ; unswerving. 
 [L. smgulus.] 
 
 singleness ( sing'1-nes ), n. 1. State 
 of being single or alone. 2. Freedom 
 from deceit. [2. Alone; only. 
 
 singly (sing'li), adv. 1. One by one. 
 
 singsong (sing'sang). I, n. 1. Bad 
 singing. 2. Drawling. II. a. Monot- 
 onous. 
 
 singular (sing'u-lar). I. a. 1. Alone. 
 2. In gram. Denoting one person or 
 thing. 3. Standing alone; unique; 
 rare; strange; odd. II. n. In gram. 
 Singular number.— singularity , n. 
 — sin'gularly, adv. [L. singularis] 
 Syn. Extraordinary; unusual; un- 
 common; peculiar; particular. 
 
 sinister (sin'is-ter), a. 1. Oh the left 
 hand. 2. Unfair; dishonest. 3. Inaus- 
 picious; evil. [L..] 
 
 sinistral (sin'is-tral), a. 1. Belonging 
 or inclining to the left; reversed. 2. 
 Having both eyes on the left side.— 
 sin'istrally, adv. 
 
 sini^trous (sin'is-trus), a. 1. On the 
 left side. 2. Wrong; absurd; perversa. 
 — sin'istrously, adv. 
 
 sink (singk). I. vt. tsink'ing; sank or 
 sunk; sunken.] 1. Fall to the bottom, 
 down or below the surface; descend 
 lower. 2. Enter deeply; be impressed. 
 3. Be overwhelmed; fail in strength. 
 II. vt. 1. Cause to sink; put under 
 water; suppress; cause to decline or 
 fall; plunge into destruction. 2. Make 
 by digging or delving. III. n. 1. Drain 
 to carry off dirty water. 2. Low re- 
 sort; dive.— sinR'er, n. [A.S. sencan] 
 
 sinless (sin'les),a. Without sin; inno- 
 cent ; pure ; perfect. — sin'lessly, 
 adv.— sin'lessness, n. 
 
 sinner (sin'er), n. 1. One who sins. 2. 
 Unregenerate person. 
 
 sinter (sin'ter), n. Rock precipitated in 
 a crystalline form from mineral 
 waters. [Ger.— root of cinder.] 
 
 sinuate (sin'u-at). I. a. Sinuous; with 
 a waved margin. II. vi. Bend in and 
 out— sinua'tion,%. [Li. si?iuo, bend J 
 
 sinuous ( sin'u-us ), sinuose (sin'u- 
 os), a. Bending iu and out; winding; 
 undulating. — sinuously, adv. — 
 sinuosity, n. [L. sinuosus.] 
 
 sinus (si'nus), n. 1. Bend; fold. 2. Bay 
 of the sea; recess in the shore. 3. In 
 anat. Cavity wider in the interior than 
 at the entrance. 4. In med. Cavity 
 containing pus. [L. sinus, bending, 
 curve.] 
 
 sip (sip). I. vt. [sip'ping; sipped.] Drink 
 in small quantities. II. n. 1. Taking 
 of a liquor with the lips. 2. Small 
 draught taken with the lips. [A. S. 
 supan, sip. Cf. Ger. saufen. Root of 
 
 SUP.] 
 
 siphon (si'fun), n. 
 1. Bent tube for 
 drawing liquids 
 from one vessel 
 into another. M. 
 Tubular organ, as 
 in molluscs. 3. Si- 
 phon-bottle. [Gr. 
 siphon.'] 
 
 sippet ( sip'et ), n. 
 Small sop; small 
 piece of bread, toasted or fried. 
 
 sir (ser), n. 1. Title of respect used in 
 addressing a man. 2. [S] Title of an 
 English knight or baronet. [O. Fr. 
 sire — Li. senior, elder.] 
 
 sire (sir). I. n. 1. Title of address used 
 to a lord or king. 2. Father. 3. Male 
 parent of a beast, esp. of a horse. 4. 
 pi. Ancestors. II. Beget, used of ani- 
 mals. [See sir.] 
 
 siren(si'ren). I. n. 1. Oneof certain fab- 
 ulous nymphs who enticed mariners 
 
 Siphon. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ndte, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
II 10 
 A — Iris 
 L, 2, 3, 4 and 9, 10, 11, 12, 
 Anterior ciliary arteries. 
 5, Ciliary muscle. 6, Iris. 
 7, Ciliary artery. 8, Pupil. 
 
 '4 13 12 
 
 B — Pancreas. 1, Lower end of Esopha- 
 gus. 2, Upper part of stomach. 3. Left 
 (20, Right) suprarenal capsule. 4, Splenic 
 vessel. 5, Left (18, Right) gastro-epiploic 
 artery. 6, Pancreas. 7, Jejunum. 8, Sup. 
 (11, Inf.) mesenteric artery. 9, Left (16, 
 Right) Kidney. 10-14, Spermatic vessels. 
 12, Aorta. 13, Vena cava inf. 15, Duode- 
 num. 17, Sup. mesenteric vein. 19, Pyloric 
 orifice. 21, Hepatic artery. 22, Cystic 
 duct. 23, Hepatic duct. 24. Portal vein. 
 25, Gastric vessels. 
 
 C— Retina. 
 1, Arteria centralis ret- 
 ina?. 2, Retina. 3, Chor- 
 oid. 4, Sclerotic. 5, Up- 
 per temporal branch 
 arteria centralis retina?. 
 
 (1) D 
 
 (1) Spinal Cord. 1, Ventral 
 median (4, Dorso-median; 5, 
 Dorso-lateral) fissures. 2, Ven- 
 tral (3, Dorsal) roots. 6, Dor- 
 sal (8, Lateral ; 9, Ventral) 
 horns. 7, Reticular forma- 
 tion. 10,"-Dorsal (11, Ventral) 
 columns. 12-13, Cauda equi- 
 na. 14, Filum terminale. 
 (2) Spinal Column. 
 
 1, 7 Cervical vertebrae. 
 
 2, 12 Dorsal. 3, 5 Lumbar. 
 4, Sacrum. 5, Coccyx. 
 
 E— Kidney. 1, Renal artery. 2, 
 Renal vein. 3, Cavity of Pelvis. 
 4, Infundis. 5, Ureter. 6, Calyx. 
 7-11, Columns of Bertin. 8-10, 
 Medullary pyramids. 9, Cortex. 
 
 F — Sympathetic Nerve. 
 1, Pulmonary vein. 2, Carot- 
 id artery. 3, Heart. 4, Dia- 
 phragm. 5, Stomach. 6, 
 Transverse colon. 7, Solar 
 plexus. 8, Small intestines. 
 9, Bladder. 10, Vena cava 
 Inf. 11, Common iliac ar- 
 tery. 12, Hypogastric plex- 
 us. The sympathetic nerve 
 consists of two gangliated 
 cords running parallel with 
 the spinal cord. 
 
 H — The Heart. 
 Pulmonary artery. 2, Aorta. 
 
 Gland. 
 
 3-5, Pulmonary veins. 4. Left auricle. 
 5, Left ventricle. 
 The heart has two auricles and two 
 ventricles, through which the blood 
 passes. It enters the right a., is forced 
 through to right v., then through pul- 
 monary artery to lungs, from thence 
 through pulmonary veins through left 
 auricle to left ventricle and aorta to 
 the system and back to right auricle. 
 
 The Heart. 
 
 ORGANS AND PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY. 
 
A — A, Sternum. B, Dorsal ver- 
 tebras. 1 to 12, Costce or ribs. 1 to 
 7, True or sternal ribs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 
 12, False or asternal ribs 11 and 
 12, Floating ribs. (In all 24 ribs.) 
 
 D— 1, Frontal. 2, Nasal. 3, Sphenoid. 4, 
 Lachrymal. 5, Zygoma. 6, Malar. 7, Sup. 
 maxillary. 8, Inf. maxillary. 9, Pterygoid 
 process. 10, Styloid process. 11, Ex. audi- 
 tory meatus. 12, Occipital. 13, Mastoid 
 process. 14, Lambdoid suture. 15, Tempo- 
 ral. 16, Squamous suture. 17, Parietal. 18, 
 Inf. temporal ridge. 19, Sup. temporal ridge. 
 20, Sagittal suture. 21, Coronal suture. 
 
 1, Cranium (see skull) 
 
 2, Clavicle. 
 
 3, Humerus. 
 
 4, Radius. 5, Ulna. 
 
 6, Ribs (which see). 
 
 7, Spinal column. 
 
 8, Pelvis (which see, 
 
 9, Hand (which see). 
 10, Femur. 11, Tibia. 
 
 12, Fibula. 
 
 13, Foot (which see). 
 
 13—1, Auricularis ant. 2, Frontalis. 3, Orbi- 
 cularis palpebrarum. 4. Pyramidalis nasi. 5, 
 Levator labii sup. alaeque nasi. 6, Levator 
 labii proprius. 7, Compressor naris. 8, Leva- 
 tor anguli oris. 9, Zygomaticus minor. 10, 
 Zygomaticus major. 11, Orbicularis oris. 12, 
 Masseter. 13, Depressor anguli oris. 14, De- 
 pressor labii inf. 15, Risorius. 16, Platysma. 
 17, Trapezius. 18, Scalenus posterior. 19, 
 Levator scapuli. 20, Sterno mastoid. 21, Sple- 
 nius. 22, Auricularis posterior. 23, Occipita- 
 lis, 24, Auricularis superior. 
 
 F— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, first, second, third, fourth 
 and fifth metacarpal bones. A, B, C, first, 
 second and third phalanx on each finger. 
 6, Trapezium: 7, Trapezoid. 8, Os mag- 
 num. 9, Unciform. 10, Pisiform. 11. Cu- 
 neiform 12, Semi-lunar. 13, Scaphoid. 
 14, Radius. 15, Ulna. 
 
 © — I to 5, first, second, third, fourth and 
 fifth metatarsal. 6, Inferior cuneiform. 7, 
 Middle cuneiform. 8, External cuneiform. 9, 
 Cuboid. 10, Navicular. 11, Astragalus. 12, 
 Calcaneum. A, B, first and second phalanges. 
 C, Distal phalange. * 
 
 I 
 
 1, Ilium. 
 
 2, Ischium. 
 
 3, Os pubis. 
 
 4, Coccyx. 
 
 5, Sacrum. 
 
 BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY AND MUSCLES OF THE HEAD. 
 
 A, Bones of thorax. B, Skeleton. C, Vertebrae. D, Skull. E, Muscles of head and 
 
 face. F, Bones of hand and wrist. G, Bones of the foot. H, Teeth. I, Pelvis. 
 
Sirii 
 
 635 
 
 sketch 
 
 to destruction by sweet musle. 2. 
 Enticing, wicked woman. 3. Amphi- 
 bious animal with only one pair of 
 feet. 4. Fog-horn. 5. Acoustical in- 
 strument. II. a. Pertaining to or 
 like a siren; fascinating. [Gr, seiren.] 
 
 Sirius (sir'i-us), n. Dogstar. [Gr. sei- 
 rios, scorching.] 
 
 sirloin (ser'loin),n. Loin of beef. [Fr. 
 surlonge— sur, above, and longe, loin.] 
 
 sirname (ser'nam), n. Surname. 
 
 sirocco (si-rok'o), n. Hot, oppressive 
 wind from the south-east, in S. Italy 
 and adjoining parts. [It. Hrocco — 
 Ar. shorug.] 
 
 sirrah (sir 'a), n. Sir, used in anger or 
 contempt. [Modified form of sir.] 
 
 sirup, syrup (ser'up), n. 1. Solution 
 of sugar and water, simple, flavored 
 or medicated. 2. Juice of fruit, etc., 
 boiled with sugar. [Fr. strop. Ar. 
 sharub, sirup. See sherbet.] 
 
 siskin (sis'kin), n. Small finch resem- 
 bling the green canary. [Dan. sisgen. 
 Sw. siska.] 
 
 sister (sis'ter), n. Female born of the 
 same parents. 2. Female closely al- 
 lied to or associated with another. — 
 sister-in-law, n. Husband or wife's 
 sister, or a brother's wife. — sis'ter- 
 like, sis'terly, a. Like or becom- 
 ing a sister; kind; affectionate. [A. S. 
 sweoster.] 
 
 sisterhood (sis'ter-hod), n. 1. State 
 of being a sister; duty of a sister. 
 
 2. Society of females. 
 
 sit (sit). I. vi. [sifting; sat.] 1. Rest 
 on the haunches. 2. Perch, as birds. 
 
 3. Rest; remain. 4. Brood. 5. Occupy 
 a seat, esp. officially; be officially en- 
 gaged; hold a session. 6. Blow from 
 a certain direction, as the wind. 7. 
 Fit. II. vt. 1. Keep the seat upon. 2. 
 Seat (one's self).— sit'ter, n.—Sit up, 
 rise from a lying to a sitting position. 
 [A. S. sittan.] [situs.] 
 
 site (sit), n. Situation; location. [L. 
 
 sith (sith), adv., prep, and conj. Since. 
 [See since.] 
 
 sitting (sit'ing), n. 1. State of resting 
 on a seat. 2. Seat. 3. Act or time of 
 sitting. 4. Official meeting to transact 
 business; session. 5. Uninterrupted 
 application to anything for a time. 6. 
 Brooding on eggs. 
 
 situate ( sit'u-at ), sit'uated, a. 1. 
 Permanently fixed. 2. Placed with res- 
 pect to other objects; circumstanced. 
 3. Residing. [L. situs, site, situation.] 
 
 situation ( sit-u-a'shun ), n. 1. Place 
 where anything is situated; position. 
 2. Temporary state; condition. 3. 
 Office; employment. 
 
 sitz-bath (sits'bath), n. 1. Bar 1 * a* a 
 sitting posture. 2. Tub or ocher vessel 
 for bathing in a sitting attitude. [Gar. 
 sitzen, sit, and Eng. bath.] 
 
 six(siks),a. and ft. Five and one. [A.S.j 
 
 sixfold (siks'fold), a. Folded or multi- 
 plied six times, [coin = 12 cents U.S. 
 
 sixpence (siks'pens), n. EDglisb silver 
 
 sixth (siksth). I. a. 1. Last of six. 2. 
 Ordinal of six. II. n. 1. Sixth part. 
 2. In music. Interval of four tones and 
 a semitone, or six intervals. [A. S. 
 sixta.] [AS. .rixtig.] 
 
 sixty (siks'ti), a. and n. Six times ten. 
 
 size ( siz ). I. n. Extent of volume or 
 surface ; bulk ; magnitude. II. vi. 
 Arrange according to size. — Size up, 
 estimate; judge. [Contr. of assize.] 
 
 size (siz). I. n. Kind of weak glue, used 
 as varnish; sizing; gluey substance. 
 II. vt. Cover with size. [It. sisa.] 
 
 sizy (si'zi), a. Size -like.- glutinous; 
 viscous. — si ziness, n. 
 
 sizz (siz), vi. Hiss; sizzle. 
 
 sizzle (siz'l). I. vi. Make a hissing 
 sound from heat. II. n. Hissing or 
 sputtering sound. 
 
 skate (skat). I. n. Frame with a steel 
 runner under it for gliding on ice. II. 
 vi. Glide on skates. — skater, n.— 
 ska'ting, n. [Dut. schaats.\ 
 
 skate (skat), n. Large flat fish belong- 
 ing to the Ray family, with spikes or 
 thorns onthe back. [Icel. skata. skate.] 
 
 skean (sken), n. Dagger. [Gail, sgian, 
 
 skee. Same as ski. [kuife.] 
 
 skedaddle (ske-dad'l), vi. Run away, 
 as if in panic. (Volloq., U. S.) 
 
 skein (skan), n. Knot or number of 
 knots of thread or yarn. [O. Fr. es- 
 caigne.] 
 
 skeleton (skel'e-tun), n. 1. Bones of 
 an animal separated from the flesh 
 and preserved in their natural posi- 
 tion. 2. Framework or outline of 
 
 , anything. — skeleton-key, n. Key 
 
 ■ for picking locks, without the inner 
 bits. [Gr. skeletos, dried.] 
 
 skeptic (skep'tik), n. 1. One who is in 
 doubt. 2. One who doubts the exist- 
 ence of God or the truths of revela- 
 tion; infidel; unbeliever.— skep'iic^ 
 skep'tical, a.— skeptically, adv. 
 [L. skeptomai, look about, consider.] 
 
 skepticism(skep'ti-sizm),7?,. 1. Doubt. 
 2. Doctrine that no facts con be cer- 
 tainly known. 3. Doubt of the exist- 
 ence of God or the truth of revelation. 
 
 sketch (skech). I. n. First draft; out- 
 line. II. vt. Make a rough draft of, 
 draw the outline of; give the princi- 
 pal points of. [Dut. schets — It. schizzo 
 — L. schedius, hastily done.] [pian. 
 Syn. Delineation; draught; design; 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, hev; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf? 
 mute, hut, burnt oil, owl, tAen. 
 
sketchy 
 
 o36 
 
 Sky-rocket 
 
 sketchy (skech'i), a. Containing a 
 sketch or outline; incomplete.— 
 sketch'ily, adv. — sketch'iness n. 
 
 »kew (sku).I. a. Oblique; not at right 
 angles. II. adv. Awry; obliquely. 
 [Allied to shun.] 
 
 skewer (sku'er). I. n. Pin of wood or 
 iron for keeping meat in form while 
 roasting. II. vt. Fasten with skewers. 
 [Sw. skiff er, splint of wood.] 
 
 ski (ske), n. Wooden runner, about 
 eight feet long, used as a substitute 
 for a snowshoe and skate. [Dan. 
 Allied to skid.] [ture; radiograph. 
 
 skiagraph (ski'a-graf), n. X-ray pic- 
 skid (skid). I. n. 1. Piece of timber 
 hung against a ship's side to protect 
 it from injury. 2. Sliding wedge or 
 drag to check the wheel of a wagon 
 on a steep place. 3. Slab put below a 
 1 gun to keep it off the ground. II. vt. 
 [skidd'ing; skidd'ed.] Check; protect, 
 or support with a skid. III. vi. Slide 
 without turning. [A. S. scid, piece 
 split off.] [Doublet of ship.] 
 
 skiff (skif), n. Small light row boat. 
 
 skill ( skil ), n. Practical knowledge; 
 dexterity in practice. [Icel. skil, dis- 
 cernment; skilja, separate.] [art. 
 Syn. Dexterity; adroitness: ability; 
 
 skilled (skild), a. Skillful; expert. 
 
 skillet (skil'et), n. Small metal vessel 
 with a long handle, used for boiling 
 water, stewing meat, etc. [O. Pr. 
 escuellette—Li. scutella, dish.] 
 
 skillful (skil'fol). a. Having or display- 
 ing skill; dexterous. — skill'fully, 
 adv.— skill'fulness, n. 
 
 skim (skim), vt. and vi. [skim'ming; 
 skimmed.] 1. Clear off scum. 2. Take 
 off by skimming. 3. Lightly brush the 
 surf ace of ; glide along near a surface. 
 — skim'mer, n. Utensil for skim- 
 ming milk. — skim-milk, n. Milk 
 from whicb the cream has been taken. 
 [Doublet of scum.] 
 
 skimp(skimp). l.vt. Supply meagerly. 
 II. a. Scanty; hardly sufficient. 
 
 skin (skin). Ifn. 1. Membranous outer 
 covering of an animal body. 2. Hide 
 or pelt. 3. Bark or rind of plants, hull 
 of fruits, etc. II. vt. [skinning; skin- 
 ned.] 1. Cover with skin; cover the 
 surface of. 2. Strip the skin from; 
 peel. 3. Cheat; strip. III. vi. Be cov- 
 ered with a skin.— skin'ner,^. [A.S. 
 scinn. Cf. Ger. schinn, dandruff.] 
 
 skin-deep (skin'-dep), a. As deep as 
 the skin only; superficial. 
 
 skinflint ( skin'flint ), n. Very nig- 
 gardly person. 
 
 skinny ( skin'i ), a. Consisting mostly 
 of skin, or of skin only; wanting flesh. 
 — skiu'niness, n. 
 
 skip (skip). I. vi. [skip'ping; skipped.] 
 
 1. Leap; bound lightly and joyfully 
 
 2. Pass over. II. vt. 1. Leap over. 2. 
 Omit. III. n. 1. Light or short leap; 
 bound. 2. Omission of a part. — 
 skip'per, n. 1. One who or that 
 which skips; dancer; butterfly of 
 jerky flight; cheese-maggot; locust; 
 click-beetle, etc. [Etyniol. doubtful.] 
 
 skipjack (skip' jak), n. 1. Shallow; 
 impertinent fellow. 2. Toy made of 
 a wishbone. 3". Leaping fish. 4. Click- 
 beetle. 5. Plat boat used on Florida 
 coasts, [chant-ship. [Dut. schipper .} 
 
 skipper(skip'er), n. Master of a mer- 
 
 skirmish (sker'mish). I. n. Irregular 
 fight between two small parties; con- 
 test. II. vi. Fight in small parties or 
 lightly.— skirmisher, n. [Fr. escar- 
 mouche— It. schermire, fence, fight.] 
 
 skirt (skert). I. n. 1. Part of a gar- 
 ment below the waist. 2. Petticoat. 
 
 3. Edge; border; margin. II. vt. 1. 
 Cover with a skirt. 2. Border; form 
 the edge of; move along the edge of. 
 [A doublet of shirt.] 
 
 skit (skit), vi. Leap aside; caper. 
 skittish (skit'ish), a. 1. Unsteady; 
 
 lightheaded. 2. Easily frightened. — 
 
 skit'tishly, adv. — skit'tishness, 
 
 n. [From skit.] 
 skittles (skit'lz), n. pi. Game in which 
 
 wooden pins are knocked down with 
 
 a wooden ball; ninepins; tenpins. 
 
 [From root of skittish.] 
 skulk (skulk), vi. 1. Sneak out of the 
 
 way. 2. Lurk.— skulk'er, n. [Dan. 
 
 skulke, sneak.] 
 skull (skul), n. Bony 
 
 case that encloses 
 
 the brain; cranium; 
 
 bones in the head. 
 
 [Dan. skal, shell.] 
 skullcap (skul'kap) , 
 
 n. Cap which fits 
 
 the head closely. 
 skunk (skungk), n. 
 
 Small N. American 
 
 carnivorous qua- 
 druped allied to the weasel, which 
 
 defends itself by emitting a most 
 
 offensive fluid. [Am. Indian seganku.} 
 sky (ski), n. 1. Apparent canopy over 
 
 our beads; firmament; heavens. 2. 
 
 Weather. [Icel. sky, cloud.] 
 skylark (ski'lark), n. Species of lark 
 
 that mounts high and sings on the 
 
 wing.— sky'larking, n. 1. Running 
 
 about the rigging of a ship in sport. 
 
 2. Frolicking. 
 skylight (ski'lit), n. Window in a 
 
 roof, ceiling or ship's deck. 
 sky-rocket (ski'-rok-et), n. Rocket 
 
 that ascends high and burns as it flies. 
 
 Human skull. 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
skysail 
 
 537 
 
 slave 
 
 skysail (ski'sal), n. Sail above the 
 royal. 
 
 sky-scraper (ski'-skra-per), n. 1. 
 Skysail of a triangular shape. 2. Very 
 high building. [sky. 
 
 skyward (ski'ward), adv. Toward ihe 
 
 slab (slab), n. 1. Thin piece of stone, 
 having plane surfaces. 2. Outer piece 
 sawed from a log. [Dan. sleip, slip- 
 pery.] 
 
 slabber (slab'er). I. vi. Slaver; drivel; 
 drool. II. vt. Eat hastily; soil with 
 saliva. III. n. Saliva. — slab'berer, 
 n. [From the sound, as of a dog lap- 
 ping water.] 
 
 slack (slak). I. a. 1. Lax or loose; not 
 firmly extended or drawn out. 2. Not 
 holding fast; weak; not eager or dili- 
 gent; inattentive. 3. Not violent or 
 rapid; slow. II. n. 1. Part of rope etc., 
 hanging loose. 2. Slack period.— 
 slack ly, adv.— slackness, n. [A. 
 S. sleac] 
 
 slack (slak), slacken (slak'n). I. vi. 
 
 I. Become loose or less tight. 2. Be 
 remiss. 3. Abate; become slower; fail 
 or flag. II. vt. 1. Make less tight; 
 loosen; relax. 2. Remit. 3. Abate. 4. 
 Withhold; use less liberally; check. 
 5. Slake, as lime. 
 
 slack (slak), n. Coal-dust; screenings. 
 
 slag- (slag), n. 1. Vitrified cinders from 
 smelting works, etc. ; dross. 2. Scorias 
 of a volcano. [Low Ger. slagge.] 
 
 slain (slan),pa. p. of slay. 
 
 slake (slak). I. vt. 1. Quench. 2. Disin- 
 tegrateby rinsing with water; slack. 
 
 II. vi. Become disintegrated or ex- 
 tinct. [Form of slack.] 
 
 slam (slam). I. vt. and vi. [slam'ming; 
 slammed.] Shut with violence and 
 noise. II. n. 1. Act of slamming. 2. 
 Sound made by slamming. [From 
 the sound.] 
 
 slander (slan'der). I. n. False and 
 malicious report; defamation; cal- 
 umny. II. vt. Calumniate. — slan- 
 derer n.— slan'derons, a. 1. Given 
 to or containing slander. 2. Calum- 
 nious.— slan' deronsly, adv. [Fr. 
 esclandre, disgrace.] 
 
 Syn. Malign; vilify; asperse; de- 
 fame; disparage; traduce; libel. 
 
 slang (slang), n. Low or inelegant, 
 unauthorized language. [Etymology 
 doubtful.] 
 
 slant (slant). I. a. Sloping; oblique; 
 inclined from a direct line. II. n. 
 Slope. III. vt. Turn in a sloping 
 direction. IV. vi. Slope. [Sw. slinta, 
 slide.] 
 
 slantly (slant'li), slantwise (slanf- 
 wiz), adv. In a sloping, oblique, or 
 inclined manner. 
 
 slap (slap). I. n. Blow with the open 
 
 hand or anything flat. II. vt. [slapp'- 
 
 ing; slapped.] Give a slap to. III. 
 
 adv. With a slap; suddenly ; violently. 
 
 [From the sound.] 
 slapdash (slap'dash), adv. 1. In a 
 
 bold, careless way. 2. With a slap; 
 
 all at once. [cake. 
 
 slapjack (slap'jak), n. Kind of pan- 
 slash (slash). I. vt and vi. 1. Cut by 
 
 striking with violence and at random. 
 
 2. Make long cuts. II. n. 1. Long cut; 
 | cut at random. 2. Cut in cloth to 
 1 show colors through the opening. 
 
 [From root of slice.] 
 slat (slat), n. Thin, narrow strip, as 
 
 of wood. [O. Fr. esclat, splinter.^ 
 slate (slat). I. n 
 
 Well - known 
 
 stone which 
 
 splits into 
 
 thin plates. 
 
 2. Piece of 
 slate for roof- 
 ing or for 
 writing on. 
 
 3. List of po- 
 litical candi- 
 dates, as of a 
 party, (U. S.) 
 II. vt. 1. Cov- 
 er with slate. 
 
 2. Nominate 
 as a candidate. (TJ. S.) — sla'ter, n. 
 [O. Fr. esclat, — O. Ger. sMeizan, Ger. 
 schleiszen, split.] 
 
 slate-pencil (slat'-pen-sil), n. Pencil 
 of soft slate, or for writing on slate. 
 
 slating (sla'ting), n. 1. Act of cover- 
 ing with slates. 2. Covering of slates. 
 
 3. Materials for slating, 
 slattern (slat'ern), n. Woman negli- 
 gent of her dress; untidy woman.— 
 slatternly , a. and adv. 
 
 slaty (sla'ti), a. Resembling slate; 
 having the nature or properties of 
 slate. 
 
 slaughter ( sla'ter ). I. n. Slaying: 
 killing ; great destruction of life ; 
 butchery; havoc. II. vt. 1. Slay; kill 
 for the market. 2. Destroy in large 
 numbers ; massacre. — slaughter- 
 er, n. [A. S. sleaht, slaughter; battle.] 
 Syn. Massacre; murder; carnage. 
 
 slaughterhouse (sla'ter-hows), n. 
 House where beasts are slaughtered 
 or killed for the market. 
 
 Slav, Slave (slav), n. Name of the 
 peoples inhabiting East Europe. — 
 Slav'ic,a. [Polish, slowo, speaking.] 
 
 slave (slav). I. n. 1. Captive in servi- 
 tude; one in bondage; serf. 2. One 
 who labors like a slave; drudge. 3. 
 One wholly under the will of another. 
 
 Slate under the micro- 
 scope. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, faro, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
slaver 
 
 538 
 
 slight 
 
 II. vi. Work like a slave; drudge. 
 [Orig. Slav made captive by the Teu- 
 tons. [Fr. esclave— Ger. sclave — slav.] 
 Syn. Bondman ; vassal ; thrall. 
 
 slaver (sla'ver), n. Ship employed in 
 the slave-trade. 
 
 slaver (slav'er). I. n. Saliva running 
 from the mouth. II. vi. Let the saliva 
 run out from the mouth. III. vt. Wet 
 with saliva. — slav'erer, n, [Form 
 
 Of SLABBER.] 
 
 slavery (sla' ver-i), n. 1. State of being a 
 
 slave. 2. Institution of holding slaves. 
 
 Slavic ( slav'ik), a. and n. Same as 
 
 SLAVONIC. _ 
 
 slavish (sla'vish), a. Of or belonging 
 to slaves; servile; laborious.— sla'- 
 vishly, adv.— sla'vishness, n. 
 
 Slavonic ( sla-von'ik ), Sclavonic 
 
 (skla-von'ik ), Slavonian (sla-vo'ni- 
 an) , Sclavonian (skla-vo'ni-an). 
 
 1. a. Of or belonging to the Slavs,' or 
 their language. II. n. Slav, or Slav 
 language. 
 
 slaw (sla), n. Sliced cabbage, used as 
 
 a salad.^" [Dut. ste-Fr. salade.] 
 slay (sla), vt. [slay'ing; slew; slain.] 
 
 Kill; put to death.— slay'er, n. [A.S. 
 
 slean, strike.] 
 Syn. Murder: slaughter; butcher. 
 sleazy ( sle'zi), a. Wanting firmness 
 
 of texture; thin; flimsy. [Ger. schleis- 
 
 sig, threadbare.] 
 sledfsled), sledge (slej), ns. Carriage 
 
 made for sliding upon snow; sleigh. 
 
 [Low Ger. sleden—A. S. slidan, slide.] 
 sledge (slej), n. Large heavy hammer 
 
 used chiefly by blacksmiths. [A. S. 
 
 slecge— slean, strike.] 
 sleek (slek). I. a. 1. Smooth; glossy. 
 
 2. Soft; not rough. II. adv. Neatly. 
 
 — sleeh'ly, adv. — sleek'ness, n. 
 [Icel. slikr, smeoth.] 
 
 sleep (slep)-. I. vi. [sleeping; slept.] 
 1. Slumber. 2. Rest; be motionless or 
 inactive. 3. Remain unnoticed. 4. 
 Live thoughtlessly. 5. Be dead; rest 
 in the grave. II. n. State of one who 
 or that which sleeps; slumber; rest; 
 death. — sleeper, n. 1. One who 
 sleeps. 2. Sleeping car.— sleep'less, 
 a. Without sleep; unable to sleep.— 
 
 — sleep'lessly , adv. — sleep'less- 
 . ness, n. [A.S. slaepan— root, slap, lax..] 
 
 Syn. Repose; nap; doze; drowse. 
 
 sleeper (sle'per), n. Horizontal timber 
 supporting a weight, rails, etc. [Norw. 
 sleip, slippery, smooth.] 
 
 sleep-walker (slep'wak-er), n. One 
 who walks while asleep; somnambu- 
 list. — sleep-walking, n. 
 
 sleepy (sle'pi), a. Inclined to sleep; 
 drowsy; dull. — sleepily , adv. — 
 sleepiness, n. 
 
 sleet ( slet). I. n. Rain mingled with 
 snow or hail. II. vi. Hail or snow with 
 rain mingled.— sleet'y, a. [Low Ger. 
 slote, grain of hail. Ger. schlosze.] 
 
 sleeve ( slev ). I. n. 1. Part of a gar- 
 ment which covers the arm. 2. Tube 
 that fits over another tube. II. vt. 
 Furnish with sleeves. [A. S. slefe— 
 slupan, slip.] 
 
 sleigh (sla), n. Same as sled. 
 
 sleight (slit), n. 1. Cunning; dexter- 
 ity. 2. Artful trick. — sleight-of- 
 hand, n. Legerdemain. [Icel. sloegth, 
 cunning.] 
 
 slender (slen'der), a. 1. Thin; narrow; 
 slim. 2.Feeble inconsiderable; slight; 
 spare; frugal. — slen'derly, adv. — 
 slen'derness, n. [O. Dut. slinder.] 
 
 slept (slept), pa. t. and pa. p. of sleep. 
 
 sleuth-hound (sloth'hownd), n. Dog 
 that tracks game by the scent; blood- 
 hound. 2. Detective. [Icel. sloth, trail, 
 scent.] . [slough. 
 
 slew (slo), n. Narrow, shallow creek; 
 
 slew (slo), pa. t. of slat. 
 
 slice (slis). I. ttf.Cut into thin pieces. 
 II. n. 1. Thin broad piece. 2. Broad, 
 thin knife; slicer. [O. Fr. esclisse — 
 O. Ger. sleizan, split. See slit] 
 
 slicer ( sli'ser ), n. One who or that 
 which slices; broad, flat knife. 
 
 slick. Same as sleek. 
 
 slid (slid), pa. t. and pa. p. of slide. 
 
 slidden (slid'n), pa. p. of slide. 
 
 slide ( slid ). I. vt. and vi. [sli'ding; 
 slid ; slid or slidd'en.] Slip; glide; pass 
 along smoothly II. n. 1. Smooth 
 movement. 2. Fall of a mass of earth 
 or rock. 3. Smooth declivity. 4. Slider. 
 5. In music. Two notes sliding into 
 each other.— slider, n. [A. S. slidan, 
 slide.] 
 
 slide - valve 
 (slid'valv), n. 
 Flat faced 
 valve alter- 
 nately open- 
 ing and clos- 
 ing the ports 
 in front of 
 and behind 
 
 Slide-valve. 
 
 the piston-head, in a steamchest. 
 
 sliding-scale (sli'ding-skal), n. Scale 
 of duties or wages varying according 
 to the value or market prices. 
 
 slight ( slit). I. a. 1. Weak; slender. 
 2. Of little value; trifling; small. 3. 
 Not decided. II. vt. 1. Disregard as 
 of little value. 2. Treat with disre- 
 spect or intentional neglect. III. n. 
 Neglect; disregard ; disrespect; indig- 
 ity. — slight'ingly, adv. [Low Ger. 
 sligt. Ger. schiicht, plain, smooth.] 
 
 fate, fftt, task; far, IftH, fare, atovej m6, met, hSrj mite, mitj upte, HOt, OM»ve, wolf ; 
 mute, but, bSrui oil, owl, ttteo. 
 
slily 
 
 539 
 
 slow 
 
 slily (sli'li), adv. See sly 
 
 slim (slim), a. [slim'mer: slim'mest ] 
 Weak; slender; slight. [Ln\v Ger. slim. 
 Ger. schlimm, crooked; wrong; sore.] 
 
 slime (slimj, n. Glutinous mud; vis- 
 cous substance.— sli'my, a.— sli'mi- 
 uess, n. [A. S. slim. Ger. schleim.] 
 
 sling- (sling). I. n. 1. Instrument 
 consisting of a strap and two cords, 
 for throwing stones by whirling it. 
 2. Throw. 3. Hanging bandage for a 
 wounded limb. 4. Rope with hooks, 
 used in hoisting and lowering weights. 
 II. vt. [sling'inc; slung.] 1. Throw 
 with a sling; hurl; cast. 2. Hang so 
 as to swing. 3. Move or swing by 
 means of a rope. — sling'er, n. [A. S. 
 slingan, turn.] 
 
 slink (slingk), vi. [slinking; slunk.] 
 Crawl away; sneak. [A. S. slincan.] 
 
 slip (slip). I. vi. [slip'ping; slipped.] 
 
 I. Slide; glide along. 2. Move out of 
 place. 3. Escape. 4. Err; make a 
 mistake. 5. Slink; move furtively. II. 
 vt. 1. Cause to slide. 2. Convey 
 secretly. 3. Omit. 4. Throw off. 5. 
 Let loose. 6. Escape from. 7. Part 
 from the branch or stem. III. n. 1. 
 Act of slipping. 2. That on or from 
 which anything may slip. 3. Error; 
 blunder. 4. Escape. 5. Twig. 6. Strip. 
 7. Leash. 8. Space for a vessel, between 
 two wharves. [A. S. slipan.] 
 
 slip-knot (slip'-not), n. Knot which 
 
 slips along the rope or line around 
 
 Avhich it is made. 
 slipper (slip'er), n. Loose shoe easily 
 
 slipped on.— slippered (slip'erd), a. 
 
 Wearing slippers, 
 slippery (slip'er-i), a. 1. Smooth; not 
 
 affording firm footing or hold. 2. Apt 
 
 to slip away. 3. Unstable; uncertain ; 
 
 untrustworthy; dishonest. — slip'- 
 
 periness, n. 
 slipshod (slip'shod), a. Wearing 
 
 shoes down at the heel; slovenly ; slat- 
 
 ternlv. 
 slit (slit). I. vt. [slit'ting;.slit.] 1. Cut 
 
 lengthwise; split. 2. Cut into strips. 
 
 II. n. Long narrow opening. [A. S. 
 slitan.] 
 
 sliver (sliv'er). I. n. 1. Long, narrow. 
 
 irregular strip torn off. 2. Strand of 
 
 cotton, etc. II. vt. and vi. Cut or tear 
 
 in long, narrow pieces. 
 slobber. Same as slabber. 
 sloe (slo), n. Small sour wild plum. 
 
 the fruit of the blackthorn. [A. S.sla.] 
 slogan (slo'gan), n. War-cry among 
 
 the ancient Highlanders of Scotland. 
 
 [Gael, sluagh-ghairm, army-cry.] 
 sloop (slop), n. Broad, one-masted 
 
 fore-and-aft-rigged vessel. [Dut. sleep.] 
 
 slop (slop). I. n. 1. Water carelessly 
 spilled; puddle. 2. Mean liquor or 
 liquid food. 3. pi. Dirty water. II. vt. 
 [slop'ping; slopped.] Soil by letting 
 a liquid fall upon. [Imitative of the 
 sound.] 
 
 slope (slop). I. n. 1. Incline dowy 
 which a thing may slip. 2. Direction 
 downward. II. vt. Form with a slope, 
 or obliquely. III. vi. Be inclined. IV. 
 a. Sloping; slanting. [A. S slupan, 
 slip.] [slop'piness, n. 
 
 sloppy ( slop'i ), a. Wet; muddy.— 
 
 slops (slops). n. pi. Ready-made clo- 
 thing, etc. [From slip.] [slush.] 
 
 slosh (slosh), vi. Flounder. [ Var. of 
 
 slot (slot), n. 1. Broad, flat, wooden 
 bar; slat. 2. Long, narrow opening; 
 slit. — Slot machine. Automatic vend- 
 ing or gambling device, operated by 
 dropping a coin in a slot. [Low Ger. 
 slot, lock.] [sloth. See sleuth.] 
 
 slot (slot),_w. Track of a deer. [Icel. 
 
 sloth (sloth 
 or sloth), n. 
 
 1. Laziness; 
 sluggishness. 
 
 2. Slow-mov- 
 ing So. Amer- 
 ican quadru- 
 ped which 
 lives on 
 trees. [A. S. 
 sl&wth— slaw, 
 slow.] 
 
 slothfnl (sloth'fol or sloth'-), a. Given 
 to sloth; inactive; lazy. — sloth - 
 fully, adv.— sloth'fnllness, n. 
 
 slouch (slowch). I. n. 1. Hanging 
 clown loosely; drooping attitude. 2. 
 Clownish, ungainly gait. 3. Clown; 
 useless fellow. II. vi. 1. Hang down. 
 2. Have a clownish look or gait. III. 
 vt. Depress.— slouch'y, a. Inclined 
 to slouch; careless; awkward. 
 
 slough (slow), n. Deep mud; bog. 
 
 slough (sluf). I. n. 1. Cast-off skin of 
 a serpent. 2. Dead part which separ- 
 ates from a sore. II. vi. 1. Come away 
 as a slough. 2. Be in the state of 
 sloughing. [O.Ger. sluch, Ger. schlauch, 
 cast-off skin of the serpent.] [miry. 
 
 sloug-hy (slow'i). a. Full of sloughs; 
 
 sloughy (sluf'i), a. Of the nature of 
 or like slough. 
 
 sloven (sluv'n), n. Person habitually 
 careless of dress. — slov'enly. a.— 
 slov'enliness, n. [Low Ger. sluf — 
 A. S. slupan. slip. Ger. schlumpe.] 
 
 slow (slo), a. 1. Not swift. 2. Late; 
 
 behind in time. 3. Notreadv. 4. Not 
 
 progressive. 5. Dull.— slow'ly, adv. 
 
 — slowness, n. [A. S. slaw, slow.] 
 
 Syn. Sluggish; inactive; dilatory. 
 
 £»te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 7Qlf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Slow-worm 
 
 540 
 
 smell 
 
 slow-worm (slo'-wurm), n. Species 
 of lizard without feet; blind-worm. 
 
 sloyd, sloid (sloid), n. Swedish sys- 
 tem of elemeutary manual training. 
 [S\v. slojd, skill.] 
 
 sludge (sluj), n. slush. 
 
 slue (slo), vt. and vi. Turn about an 
 axis. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 slue (slo), n. Heap; lot; slew. (Slang.) 
 
 slug- (slug), n. 1. Heavy, lazy fellow. 
 2. Snail without a shell; fat larva. 
 [Prom root of slack.] 
 
 slug (slug). I. 7i. Heavy, roundish piece 
 of metal for firing from a gun. II. vi. 
 Strike heavily, as with a slug. 
 
 sluggard (slug'ard), n. One habitually 
 idle or inactive. 
 
 sluggish (slug'ish), a. 1. Habitually 
 
 lazy; slothful; having little motion. 2. 
 
 Having little or no power-. — slug- 
 
 gisb ly , adv.— sluggishness, n. 
 
 Syn. Inert; indolent; idle; slow. 
 
 sluice ( slos ), n. 1. Sliding gate for 
 regulating the flow of water. 2. Stream 
 which flows through it. 3. That 
 through which anything flows ;source 
 of supply. [Dut. sluis — O. Fr. escluse 
 — L. excludo, exclude.] 
 
 slum (slum). I. n. Low street or neigh- 
 borhood. II. vi. Visit the slums of a 
 city. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 slumber (slum'ber). I. vi. 1. Sleep 
 lightly; sleep. 2. Be in the state of 
 negligence or inactivity. II. n. Light 
 sleep; repose. — slum'berer, n. — 
 slum'berous, a. Inviting or causing 
 slumber; sleepy. [A. S. slumerian.~] 
 
 slump (slump). I. vi. Fall or sink sud- 
 denly, as into water or mud. II. n. 1. 
 Noise of such fall. 2. Sudden fall, 
 as of prices. [From the sound.] 
 
 slung, pa. t. and pa. p. of sling. 
 
 slungshot ( slung'shot ), n. Weapon 
 consisting of a ball and a short strap. 
 slunk, pa. t. and pa. p. of slink. 
 slur (slur). I. vt. [slur'ring; slurred.] 
 l.Soil; contaminate. 2. Disparage; as- 
 perse. 3. Pass over lightly; pronounce 
 indistinctly. 4. Conceal. 5. Sing or 
 play in a gliding manner. II. n. 1. 
 Stain; slight reproach; disparage- 
 ment. 2. In mus. Mark (\^s or / — \) 
 showing that notes are to be sung 
 to the same syllable. [Low Ger. slur- 
 en, drag.] 
 slush (slush). I. n. 1. Liquid mud; 
 melting snow. 2. Lubricating grease. 
 3. Mixture of lime and white lead for 
 painting the bright parts of machin- 
 ery. II. vt. 1, Apply slush to. 2. Wash 
 roughly. 3. Fill up the joints between 
 stones and bricks.— slush'y, a. 
 slut (slut), n. Female dog. [Dan. slutte.] 
 
 sly (sli), a. Dexterous in doing without 
 being observed ;cunning ; wily ; secret ; 
 done with artful dexterity.— sly'ly 
 or sli'ly, adv. — sly'ness, n. [Icel. 
 slaegr. Ger. schlau.] 
 smack (smak). I. n. 1. Taste; flavor; 
 pleasing taste. 2. Small quantity. 3. 
 Loud kiss; any similar sound. 4. 
 Slap; smart blow. II. vi. 1. Make a 
 noise with the lips, as after tasting. 2. 
 Have a taste or quality. [A. S. smaec. 
 From the sound made by the lips.] 
 smack (smak), n. Small vessel used 
 chiefly in the coasting and fishing 
 trade. [Dut. smak.] 
 small (smal). I. a. 1. Little in quan- 
 tity or degree; minute. 2. Unimport- 
 ant; of little worth or ability. 3. 
 Gentle ; fine ; weak. 4. Narrow- 
 minded ; mean ; selfish. 5. Marked 
 by a small figure, as the hours after 
 midnight. 6. Light; trifling, as talk. 
 II. n. Small or narrow part.— small'- 
 ness, n. [A. S. smoel. Ger. sch?nal.] 
 small-arms, n. pi. Portable fire- 
 arms, as rifles, pistol, etc. 
 smallpox (smal'poks), n. Contagious, 
 feverish disease, characterized by 
 eruptions on the skin. [Mistaken form 
 of POCK.] 
 smalt (smalt), n. Glass melted, tinged 
 blue by cobalt, and pulverized when 
 cold. [ Low L. smaltum — O. Ger. 
 smalzjan, melt.] 
 smart (smart). I. n. Quick, stinging 
 pain in body or mind. II. vi. Feel a 
 smart; suffer. III. a. Causing a 
 smart ; pricking ; severe ; sharp ; 
 acute ; vigorous ; clever ; witty. — 
 smartly, adv. — smart'ness, n. 
 [Dut. smerte. Ger. schmerz, pain.] 
 Syn. Poignant; quick; brisk; dashy. 
 smash (smash). I. vt. Break in pieces 
 violently; crush. II. n. Destruction; 
 collapse. — smash-up, n. Railroad 
 collision.— smash'er, n. [Imitative 
 of the sound.] 
 smatter (smat'er), vi. 1. Talk super- 
 ficially. 2. Have a superficial knowl- 
 edge. — smat'terer, n. — smat'ter- 
 ing, n. Superficial knowledge. [Ci\ 
 Ger. schmettern, rattle; blow.] 
 smear (smer). I. vt. Overspread witli 
 anything sticky or oily; daub. II. n. 
 Stain; blot. [A. S. smerian.] 
 smell (smel). I. vi. [smelling; smelled 
 or smelt. ] 1. Affect the olfactory 
 nerves; have odor. 2. Use the sense 
 of smell. II. vt. Perceive by the nose. 
 III. n. 1. Quality of bodies which 
 affect the nose; odor; scent; perfume 
 2. Sense which perceives this quality 
 [Cf. Low Ger. smellen, smoke.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit-, note, not, move, wolf; 
 mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
smelling-bottle 
 
 541 
 
 siiuiKh 
 
 smelling-bottle (smel'ing-bot'l), n. 
 Bottle containing a smelling sub- 
 stance for stimulating tho nose and 
 reviving the spirits. 
 
 smelt (smelt), n. 
 Small food fish. 
 [A. S.] 
 
 smelt (smelt), vt. 
 Melt ore in order 
 to separate the 
 metal.— smelt- 
 er, n. -smelt- 
 ery, n. Place for 
 smelting. [Dut. 
 smelt en. Ger. 
 schmelzen.] 
 
 smew (smu), n. 
 Species of duck 
 or diver; whiie- 
 nun ; vare-wid- 
 g e o n ; s m e e. 
 [Etymology un- 
 known.] 
 
 sinilax(smi'laks), 
 w.Delicate climb- 
 ing plant with 
 evergreen leaves 
 
 Smelting-Furnace. 
 1. Crucible; hearth. 2. 
 Masonry. 3. Opening 
 for charging. 4. 
 
 and greenish Boshes. 5. Throat. (5 
 flowers. [G-r.] Fire brick lining. 7 
 
 Smile (Smil). I.Vl. Blast tube; twyer. 
 
 1. Express pleas- 
 ure by the countenance. 2. Express 
 slight contempt. 3. Be favorable. II. 
 n. 1. Act of smiling. 2. Expression 
 of the features in smiling. 3. Favor. 
 [Dan. smile. Sw. smila.] 
 
 smirch (smerch), vt. Besmear, dirty. 
 
 [From M. E. smeren, smear.] 
 smirk (smerk). I.vi.. Smile affectedly; 
 
 look affectedly soft. II. n. Affected 
 
 smile. [A. S. smercian.] 
 smite (srnit), vt. [smi'ting; smote; 
 
 smit'ten.] 1. Strike with the fist, hand, 
 
 or weapon; kill; overthrow. 2. Affect 
 
 with feeling; afflict. — smi'ter, n. 
 
 [A. S. smitan. Ger. schmeiszen.] 
 smith (smith;, n. 1. One who forges 
 
 with the hammer: worker in metals. 
 
 2. One who makes anythiog. [A. S. 
 See smite.] 
 
 smithereens (smi^-er-enz')- smith- 
 ers (smi^'erz), n. pi. Small pieces; 
 bits. (Collog) 
 
 Sinithery (smith'er-i), n. 1. Workshop 
 of a smith. 2. Work done by a smith. 
 
 smithy ( smith! ), n. Workshop of a 
 smith. 
 
 smitten (smit'n), pa. p. of smite. 
 
 smock ( sniok ), n. Woman's shift; 
 chemise. [A. S. smoc—smeogan. snug- 
 gle, fit close.] 
 
 smock-frock (smok'frok), n. Loose 
 shirt-like garment of coarse linen 
 worn over the other clothes. 
 
 smoke ( smok ). I. n. Visible vapor 
 from a burning body. II. vi. 1. Emit 
 smoke. 2. Draw in and puff out the 
 smoke of tobacco. III. vt. 1. Apply 
 smoke to; dry. scent, or cure, etc., by 
 smoke. 2. Inhale the smoke of ; use in 
 smoking. 3. Try to expel by smoking. 
 — smokejack (sm6k';jak),7i. Device 
 for turning a roasting-spit by means 
 of a wheel moved by the upward cur- 
 rent in the smokestack. [A.S. smoca.] 
 
 smoker (smo*ker), n. One who smokes 
 tobacco. 2. One wh o dries by smoking. 
 3. Smoking chimney. 4. Smoking car. 
 
 smoke-stack (smok'stak), n. Chim- 
 ney; pipe carrying off smoke. 
 
 smoky (smo'ki ), a. 1. Giving out 
 smoke. 2. Like smoke. 3. Filled with 
 smoke. 4. Tarnished with smoke. — 
 smo'kily, adv. — smo'kiness, n, 
 
 smolder. Same as smoulder. 
 
 smooth ( smbtk ). I. a. 1. Having an 
 even surface; not rough; evenly 
 spread; glossy. 2. Gently flowing; 
 easy; regular ;unobstructed. 3. Bland; 
 mild. II. vt. Make smooth. III. n. 
 Smooth part. — smoothly, adv. — 
 smooth'ness, n. fA.S. smoethe. Low 
 Ger. smoedig. Ger. geschmeidig, pliable.] 
 Syn. Polished; sleek; voluble. 
 
 smote (smot), pa. t. of smite. 
 
 smother (smu^A'er). I. vt. 1. Suffocate 
 by excluding the air. 2. Conceal. 3. 
 Stew in a closed dish, mostly with 
 onions. II. vi. 1. Be suffocated or 
 suppressed. 2. Smoulder. III. n. Suf- 
 focating, dense smoke; thick floating 
 dust. [A. S. smorian.] 
 
 smoulder (smol'der), vi. Burn slowly 
 or without vent. [Low Ger. smoelen!] 
 
 smudge ( srnuj ). I. n. 1. Suffocating 
 smoke. 2. Smoldering fire to drive off 
 mosquitos. 3. Smutch; stain. II. vt. 
 
 1. Suffocate with a smoldering fire. 
 
 2. Stain; smear. [From smutch.] 
 smug (smug), a. 1. Neat; prim; spruce. 
 
 2. Affectedly smart. [Low Ger. smuck. 
 Ger. schmuck.] 
 
 smnggle ( smug'l ). vi. 1. Import or 
 export with out paying thelegal duty. 
 2. Convey secretly.— smng'gler, n. 
 1. One who smuggles. 2. Vessel used 
 in smuggling.— smuggling, n. 
 [Low Ger. smuggeln.] 
 
 smut (smut). I. n. 1. Spot of dirt, soot, 
 etc.; foul matter, as soot. 2. Disease 
 of corn by which the ear becomes a 
 soot-like powder. 3. Obscene lan- 
 guage. II. vt. [smut'ting; smut'ted.] 
 Soil with smut; blacken. III. vi. 1. 
 Gather smut. 2. Be turned into smut. 
 [Low Ger. smuts. ] 
 
 smutch (smuch). I. n. Dirty mark. II. 
 ( vt. Blacken, as with soot. [From smut.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute- hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
smutty 
 
 542 
 
 snow-bliudness 
 
 smutty (smut'i),a. Stained with smut. 
 — smuttily, adv.— smut'tiness, n. 
 
 snack (snak), n. 1. Share. 2. Slight, 
 hasty meal. [A form of snatch.] 
 
 snafile (snaf'l), n. Bridle which crosses 
 the nose and has a slender mouth-bit 
 without branches. [Dut. snavel, nose 
 of a beast; beak. Ger. schnabel.] 
 
 snag (snag), n. 1. Sharp protuber- 
 ance; short branch; projecting tooth. 
 2. Stump or tree in navigable water 
 endangering ships.— snag'g-ed, 
 snag gy, a. Full of snags. [.Gael, 
 and jr. snaigh, prune.] 
 
 snail(snal), n. Slimy creeping mollusk, 
 with or without a shell. [A. S. snegl.] 
 
 snake (snak), n. Serpent. [A. S. snaca 
 —snican, creep.] 
 
 snakeroot (snak'rot), n. Name of 
 numerous plants having a root of a 
 snake-like appearance, and regarded 
 as a remedy for snake bites. 
 
 snap (s n a p). I. vt. and vi. [snap'- 
 ping ; snapped.] 1. Break short or at 
 once; crack. 2. Bite, or catch at, sud- 
 denly. II. n. 1. Act of snapping, or 
 the noise made by it. 2. Small catch 
 or lock. 3. Period of extreme weather. 
 4. Thin, brittle cake. 5. Vigor; dash. 
 6. Pleasant position. [Icel. snapa.] 
 
 snapdragon (snap'drag-un ), n. 1. 
 Garden flower; lion's mouth. 2. Play 
 in which raisins are snatched from 
 burning brandy; raisin so taken. 
 
 snapper (snap'er), n. 1. One who 
 snaps. 2. End of a whip-lash. 3. Snap- 
 ping turtle or beetle. 4. Rose-colored 
 food fish of the Florida coast. 
 
 snappish (snap'ish). a. 1. Inclined to 
 snap; eager to bite. 2. Sharp in reply. 
 — snap'pisnness, n. 
 
 snap-snot (snap'shot), n. Kodak pic- 
 ture taken instantaneously. 
 
 snare (snar). I. n. 1. Running noose for 
 catching an animal. 2. Trap; that by 
 which any one is entrapped. 3. Cord 
 across lower end of a drum. II. vt. 
 Catch.— snar'er, n — snar'y, a. 
 
 snarl (snarl), vi. 1. Growl as a surly 
 dog. 2. Speak in a surly manner.— 
 snarl'er, n. [Imitative.] 
 
 snatch (snach). I. vt. and vi. Seize 
 quickly; take without permission; 
 seize and carry away; try to seize. 
 II. n. 1. Hasty seizing. 2. Short time 
 of exertion. 3. Small piece or frag- 
 ment. [Dut. snakJcen. See snack.] 
 Syn. Catch; grab; grasp; snap. 
 
 snath (snath), n. Handle of a scythe. 
 
 sneak (snek). I. vt. 1. Move privately 
 or meanly. 2. Behave meanly. II. n. 
 Mean, servile fellow.— sneaking, a. 
 sneak'ingly, adv. [A. S. snican.] 
 
 sneer (sner). I. vi. Show contempt by 
 the expression of the face; speak with 
 contempt. II. n. Indirect expression 
 of contempt.— sneer'er, n- sneer'- 
 ing-, a. — sneer'ingly, adv. [Imit.] 
 Syn. Deride; gibe. See jeer. 
 
 sneeze (snez). 1. vi. Eject air rapidly 
 and audibly through the nose. II. n. 
 Sueezing. (A. S. fneosan.] [Imit.] 
 
 snicker (snik'er), vt. and vi. Giggle. 
 
 sniff (sniff). I. vt. and vi. 1. Snuff or 
 draw in air sharply through the nose. 
 2. Scent. II. n. 1. Act of sniffing, 
 2. Scent obtained by sniffing. 
 
 snip (snip), I. vt. [snip'ping; snipped.] 
 
 I. Cut off at once with scissors. 2. 
 Cut off the nib of. II. n. 1. Single cut 
 with scissors. 2. Clip or small shred. 
 [Dut, snippen.] 
 
 snipe (snip), n. Bird which frequents 
 marshy places. [Icel. snipa.] 
 
 snivel (sniv'l). I.vi. [sniv'eling; sniv'- 
 eled.] 1. Run at the nose. 2. Cry 
 with snuffling; affect a tearful regret. 
 
 II. n. 1. Mucus flowing from the 
 nose; snot. 2. Hypocritical weeping. 
 — sniv'eling, a — sniv'eler, n. 
 [A. S. snofel, mucus.] 
 
 snob (snob), n. One who apes his 
 superiors and is insolent towards bis 
 inferiors. — snob'bisb, a.-snob'- 
 bishness, n. — snob'bishly, adv. 
 [Icel. snapr, dunce.] 
 
 snood (snod), n. Fillet which binds a 
 maiden's hair. [A. S. snod.] 
 
 snooze (snoz). I. vi. Dose; slumber. 
 II. n. Quiet nap. [From snore.] 
 
 snore ( snor ). I. vi. Breathe roughly 
 and hoarsely through the nose in 
 sleep. II. n. Noisy nasal breathing 
 in sleep. — snor'er, n. [Imitative.] 
 
 snort (snart), vi. Force the air with 
 violence "and noise through the nos- 
 trils, as horses. — snort'ing, n — 
 snort'er, n. [From snork, imitative 
 of the sound.] 
 
 snout (snowt), n. Projecting nose of 
 a beast, as of a swine. [Low Ger. 
 snut. Ger. schnauze.] 
 
 snow (sno). I. n. Frozen moisture 
 which falls from the atmosphere in 
 light, white flakes. II. vi. Fall in 
 snow. [A.S. snaw. Ger. schnee.] 
 
 snowball (sno'bal). I. n. Round mass 
 of snow pressed or rolled together. 
 II. vt. and vi. Throw or pelt with 
 snowballs. — snowball tree, n. 
 Guelder rose. 
 
 snowbird (sno'berd), n. Small bird 
 that appears in the time of snow. 
 
 snow-blindness ( sno-blind'nes ), n. 
 Blindness caused by the reflection of 
 light from snow. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
snow-bound 
 
 543 
 
 socialize 
 
 Snowdrop 
 Line upon a 
 
 snow-bound (snS'bownd), a. Shut in 
 or blocked by snow. 
 
 snow-bunting* ( sno'bun-ting ), n. 
 Arctic bird of the bunting family. 
 
 snowdrift (sno'drift), n. Bank of snow 
 drifted together by 
 wind. 
 
 snowdrop (sno'- 
 drop), n. Bulbous- 
 rooted plant with 
 b e a u t i f u 1 white 
 flowers, which often 
 come fortb before 
 the snow has disap- 
 peared. 
 
 sniowflake(sno'fiak), 
 n. Small feather> 
 mass of falling snow. 
 
 snowline (suo'lm), n. 
 mountain that marks the limit of 
 perpetual snow. 
 
 snowplow (sno'plow), n. Machine for 
 clearing roads and railways from 
 snow. 
 
 snowsboe (sno'sho), n. Broad frame 
 worn to prevent sinking in the snow. 
 
 snowy (sno'i), a. Abounding or cov- 
 ered with snow ; white like snow; 
 pure; spotless. 
 
 snub(snub). I.vt. [snubT)ing; snubbed.] 
 Check; reprimand; slight. II. n. Re- 
 buke.— snub-nose, n. Short or flat 
 nose. [Dan. snub'oe, nip (off). Icel. 
 snubba, chide] 
 
 snuff (snuf). I. n. 1. Powdered tobacco 
 or other substance for snuffing. 2. 
 Charred part of a candle-wick. II. vi. 
 Draw in air violently and noisily 
 through the nose; sniff. III. vt. 1. 
 Draw into the nose; smell. 2. Take off 
 the snuff of a candle. [Dut. snuffen.] 
 
 snuffer (snuf 'ev),n. l.One who snuffs. 
 2. pi. Instrument for taking the snuff 
 off a candle. 
 
 snuffle ( snuf'l ). I. vi. Breathe hard 
 through the nose. II. n. 1. Snuffling; 
 nasal twang; cant. 2. pi. Nasal ca- 
 tarrh. (Colloq.) [Freq. of snuff.] 
 
 snuffy (snuf'i), a. Soiled with, or 
 smelling of, snuff. 
 
 snug (snug), a. 1. Lying close and 
 warm, or safe. 2. Comfortable; com- 
 pact; trim. 3. Not exposed to notice. 
 — Snug up, snuggle.— snugly, adv.— 
 snug'ness, n. [Icel. snoggr, smooth.] 
 
 snuggle (snug'l), vt. and vi. Move to 
 get close, for comfort and warmth; 
 cuddle; nestle. 
 
 so (so), adv. and conj. 1. In this man- 
 ner or degree; thus; for this reason; 
 en these terms; therefore; etc. 2. In 
 §4 high degree. 3. Provided that; in 
 -■ \se that. 4. In order that. [A. S. 
 ya— root of L. suus, one's own.] 
 
 soak (sok). I. vt. 1. Steep in a fluid- 
 wet thoroughly; drench. 2. Draw it 
 by the pores. II. vi. 1. Be steeped in 
 a liquid. 2. Enter into pores.— soak'- 
 er, n. [A. S. socian.] 
 
 soap (sop). I. n. Compound of oils ot 
 fat with soda or potash, used in wash- 
 ing. II. vt. Rub or wash with soap.— 
 soapy ( so'pi ), a. 1. Like soap. 2 
 Covered with soap.— soap'iness, n 
 [A. S. sape.) 
 
 soap-bubble ( sop'bub'l ), n. Inflated 
 filmy sphere of soapy, soft water. 
 
 soapstone (sop'ston), n. Soft kind of 
 magnesian rock having a soapy feel 
 a variety of steatite; talc. 
 
 soar(sor). I. vi. 1. Mount into the air; 
 fly aloft. 2. Rise in imagination; 
 aspire. II. n. Towering flight. [O. Fr. 
 s'essorer—Li. exaurare, expose to air.] 
 
 sob (sob). I. vi. [sob'bing; sobbed.] 
 Sigh in a convulsive manner, with 
 tears. II. n. Short, convulsive sigh 
 [A. S. seofian and sobbian.] 
 
 sober (so'ber]. I. a. 1. Not drunk. 2 
 Temperate, esp. in the use of liquors 
 3. Not excited or passionate; self 
 possessed. 4. Sedate; grave. II. vt. and 
 vi. Make or become sober — so'berly, 
 adv. — so'berness, n. [L. sobrius.] 
 Syn. Moderate; staid; steady; ser- 
 ious; calm; somber; quiet. 
 
 sobriety (so-bri'e-ti), n. State or habit 
 of being sober. [L. sobrietas.] 
 
 sobriquet (so-bri-ka/), n. Nickname 
 assumed name. [Fr.] 
 
 sociability (so-sha-bil'-i-ti). n. Qual 
 ity of being sociable; good-fellowship 
 
 sociable (so'sha-bl). I. a. 1. Inclined 
 to society; fit for company; compan 
 ionable; communicative. 2. Affording 
 opportunities for intercourse. II. n. 
 1. Informal social meeting. 2. Phae 
 ton with two seats facing each other. 
 — so'ciably, adv. — so'ciableness, 
 n. [L. sociabilis.] 
 
 social (so'shal), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 companionship. 2. Relating to men 
 united in a society, or to the public 
 body. 3. Inclined to friendly inter- 
 course; convivial. 4. Consisting in 
 mutual converse.— so'cially, adv.— 
 sociality, so'cialuess, ns. [ L 
 socialis—socius, companion.] 
 
 socialism ( so'shal-izm ), n. Name 
 given to theories " for regenerating 
 society by a more equal distribution 
 of property, and esp. by substituting 
 the principle of association for that 
 of competition. — socialist, n. Ad- 
 herent of socialism. 
 
 socialize (so'shal-iz), vt. Reduce to a 
 social state; render social. 
 
 fate, /at, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
society 
 
 544 
 
 solemn 
 
 society (sd-si'e-ti), n. 1. Fellowship; 
 company. 2. Number of persons asso- 
 ciated for a common interest. 3. Com- 
 munity; partnership. 4. Civilized 
 body of mankind. 5. Upper class of a 
 community. [L. societas—socius, com- 
 panion.] 
 
 sociology (so-shi-ol'o-ji), n. Social 
 science; philosophy of human society, 
 including ethics, politics, political 
 economy, etc.— sociological, a. [L. 
 socius, and Gr. logos, science.] 
 
 sock (sok), n. 1. Half-stocking. 2. 
 Comedy. [Orig. low-heeled light shoe, 
 worn by actors of comedy. [L. soccus.] 
 
 sockdologer ( sok-dol'o-jer ), n. 1. 
 Knockdown argument or blow. 2. Big 
 thing. [Corr. of doxology, sung at the 
 end of the service.] 
 
 socket (sok'et), n. Hollow into which 
 something is inserted. [From root of 
 
 SOCK.] 
 
 Socratic (so-krat'ik), Socrat'ical,a. 
 
 Pertaining to Socrates, a celebrated 
 
 Greek philosopher, to his philosophy, 
 
 or to his manner of teaching, which 
 
 was by a series of questions leading 
 
 to the desired result. 
 sod (sod). I. n. Surface of earth grown 
 
 with grass, etc.; turf; sward. II. vt. 
 
 Cover with sod. [Low Ger. sode, peat.] 
 soda (so'da), n. Carbonate of sodium. 
 
 — soda-water, n. Water charged 
 
 with carbonic acid. 
 sodality (so-dal'i-ti), n. Fraternity or 
 
 society. [L. aodalis, mate.] 
 sodden (sod'n), p. a. Saturated; soggy. 
 
 [Low Ger. sod, well.] [turfy. 
 
 soddy (sod'i) , a. Covered with sod; 
 sodium ( so'di-um ), n. Silver-white 
 
 metal,_the base of soda; natrium. 
 sofa (so' fa), rc. Long upholstered seat, 
 
 with back and arms. [Ar. suffa.] 
 soffit ( sofit ), n. Underside, as of an 
 
 arch, ceiling, etc. [It. sojitto—li. suf- 
 
 fixus, fixed below.] 
 soft (saft). I. a. 1. Easily yielding to 
 
 pressure; easily cut or acted upon; 
 
 malleable. 2. Not rough to the touch; 
 
 smooth. 3. Pleasing or soothing to 
 
 the senses. 4. Easily yielding to influ- 
 ence; mild; gentle; effeminate; easy. 
 
 5. Free from lime, magnesia or salt, 
 
 as rain-water. 6. Not intoxicating. 7. 
 
 Pronounced as a sibilant, as g in gin. 
 
 II. adv. Gently; quietly. — soft'ly, 
 
 adv.— soft'ness, n. [A. S. sefte, Ger. 
 
 sacht.] 
 soften ( saf'n ), vt. and vi. Make or 
 
 become soft or softer.— soft'ener, n. 
 soggy (sog'i), a. Saturated; damp and 
 
 heavy ; soaked with water. [Formed 
 
 from soak.] 
 
 soi-disant ( swa-de-zang' ), a. Self- 
 styled; would be; pretended. [Fr.l 
 
 soil (soil), n. 1. Ground; mold on the 
 surface of the earth which nourishes 
 plants. 2.Ccantry. [L.solum.Fr.seuiL] 
 
 soil (soil). I. n. Dirt; foulness; spot; 
 stain. II. vt. Make dirty; stain. III. 
 vi. Take a soil; tarnish. [Fr. souille, 
 wallowing-place— L. sus, pig.] 
 
 soiree (swa-ra'), n. Evening party, 
 [Fr.— soir, evening,— L. serus, late.] 
 
 sojourn ( so'jurn or so-jurn' ). I. vt. 
 Dwell for a time; tarry. II. n. Tem- 
 porary residence. — sojourner, n. 
 [Fr. sejoumer — L. sub, under, and 
 diurrio, stay.] 
 
 Sol (sol), n. The sun. [L.] [scale. [It.] 
 
 sol (sol), n. Fifth note of the diatonic 
 
 solace (solas). I. n. Consolation; com- 
 fort in distress; relief. II. vt. 1. Com- 
 fort; cheer. 2. Allay. [L. solatium.] 
 
 solar (solar), a. 1. Pertaining to the 
 sun. 2. Measured by the progress of 
 the sun. 3. Produced by the sun. [L. 
 Solaris/] 
 
 sold (sold), pa.t. pa.p. of sell. 
 
 solder (sod'er or sol-der). I. vt. Unite 
 two metallic surfaces by a fusible 
 metallic cement. II. n. Metallic ce- 
 ment for uniting metals. [O. Fr. soli- 
 der—Li. solidare, make solid.] 
 
 soldier (sol'jer). I. n. 1. Man engaged 
 in military service. 2. Private, as dis- 
 tinguished from an officer. 3. Man of 
 much military experience or of great 
 valor. II. vi. 1. Serve as a soldier. 2. 
 Pretend to work while actually shirk- 
 ing. — sol'dierlike, sol'dierly, a. 
 Like a soldier; martial; brave. [O. 
 Fr. soldier— L. soldum, pay.] 
 
 soldiery (sol'jer-i), n. Soldiers collect- 
 ively; military. 
 
 sole (sol). I. n. 1. Under side of the 
 foot. 2. Bottom of a boot or shoe. 3. 
 Bottom o f 
 anything. 4. 
 Flat kind of 
 fish. II. vt. 
 Furnish with 
 
 a sole. [A.S.] 
 sole (sol), a. 
 
 Sole. 
 
 1. Being or 
 acting with- 
 out another. 2. Unmarried. — sole'- 
 ness, n. [L. solus.] [solitary. 
 
 Syn. Alone: single; individual; only; 
 
 solecism (sol'e-sizm), n. 1. Breach of 
 the rules of srntax. 2. Absurdity; 
 of propriety. [Gr. soloikismos.] 
 
 solecist (sol'e-sist), n. One who com- 
 mits solecisms. 
 
 solely (sol'li), adv. Alone; only; singly. 
 
 solemn (sol'em), a. 1. Attended with 
 religious ceremonies, pomp or grav- 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
solemnity 
 
 545 
 
 solvable 
 
 ity; sacred. 2. Impressing with, se- 
 riousness; awful; devout. 3. Having 
 the appearance of gravity; affectedly 
 grave. 4. Attended with an appeal 
 to God, as an oath.— solemnly , adv. 
 — soleiunness, n. [Fr. solennel — 
 L. solemnis, annual.] [pressive. 
 
 Syn. Cei-emonious ; dignified ; im- 
 
 solemnity (sol-era'ni-ti), n. 1. Solemn 
 or religious ceremony; dignified for- 
 mality. 2. Formal dignity; awe; 
 seriousness. 
 
 solemnize (sol'em-niz), vt. 1. Perform 
 religiously or solemnly. 2. Celebrate. 
 
 3. Render grave. — sol'emnizer, n. 
 — solemniza'tion, n. 
 
 sol-fa (sol'fa'), vi. [sol-fa'ing; sol-fad'.] 
 Sing the notes of the scale, do, re, 
 mi, fa, sol, la, ti, in solmization. [%.% ] 
 
 solfeggio (sol-fej'i-o), n. Exercise on 
 the notes of the scale sol-fa. 
 
 solicit (so-lis'it), vt. 1. Ask earnestly; 
 petition. 2. Seek; plead. 3. Incite; 
 arouse. [Fr. See solicitous.] 
 
 Syn. Entreat; beseech; summon ; 
 invite; advocate; try to obtain. 
 
 solicitant (so-lis'it-ant), n. One who 
 solicits. 
 
 solicitation (so-lis'i-ta'shun), n. So- 
 liciting; earnest request; invitation. 
 
 solicitor (so-lis'i-tur), n. 1. One who 
 solicits. 2. One who is legally quali- 
 fied to act for another in a court of 
 law.— solicitor-general, n. 1. In 
 England, the second law-officer of the 
 crown. 2. In the U. S., the second 
 officer of the Department of Justice. 
 
 solicitous(so-lis'it-us), a. 1. Earnestly 
 asking or desiring. 2. Anxious; con- 
 cerned ; apprehensive.— solic'itous- 
 ly, adv. [L. sollicitus, agitated,— sol- 
 lus, whole, and cietus, moved.] 
 
 solicitude (so-lis'i-tud), n. Anxiety 
 or uneasiness of mind. 
 
 solid (sol'id). I. a. 1. Having the parts 
 firmly adhering; hard; compact. 2. 
 Full of matter.; not hollow. 3."Strong. 
 
 4. Having lengtn, breadth and thick- 
 ness (opp. to surface); cubic. 4. Sub- 
 stantial ; weighty. II. n. 1. Sub- 
 stance having the parts firmly adher- 
 ing together. 2. Firm, compact bod; 
 (opposed to fluid). — sol'idly, adv. — 
 sol'idness. n. [L. solidus.] 
 
 Syn. Firm; dense; sound; valid; 
 
 real; true; just; important; grave. 
 solidarity (sol-i-dar'i-ti), n. Oneness 
 
 of interests; community. [Fr. soli- 
 
 darite.] 
 solidify (s5-lid'i-fl), vt. and vi. Make 
 
 or become solid or compact; harden. 
 
 — solidifica'tion, n. [Fr. solidijier— 
 
 L. solidus and/aao, make.] 
 
 solidity (so-lid'i-ti), n. 1. State of be- 
 ing solid; fullness of matter. 2. 
 Strength or firmness, moral or physi- 
 cal; soundness. 3. In geom. Solid cou- 
 tent of a body; volume. 
 
 solidnngulate (sol-i-dung'-ii-lat), n. 
 Quadruped, such as the horse, the foot 
 of which terminates in a single toe 
 encased in a single undivided hoof. 
 [L. solidus, solid, d.n& ungula, hoof.] 
 
 soliloquize (so-lil'o-kwiz), vi. Speak 
 to one's-self ;_utter a soliloquy. 
 
 soliloquy (so-lil'o-kwi), n. Speech to 
 one's self; monologue of a person. [L. 
 solus, alone, and loqui, speak.] 
 
 soliped (sol'i-ped), n. Animal with a 
 single or uncloven hoof on each foot; 
 solidungulate. [L. solus, alone and 
 pes, foot.] 
 
 solitaire (sol-i-tar'), n. 1. Recluse; 
 one who lives alone. 2. Game played 
 by one person. 3. Gem set by itself, 
 as a diamond. 
 
 solitary (sol'i-tar-i), I. a. 1. Being the 
 sole person; alone; lonely. 2. Living 
 alone. 3. Remote from society ; re- 
 tired; gloomy. 4. Single ;sole; alone. 
 II. n. One who lives alone; recluse; 
 hermit.— sol'itarily,a^i;.— sol'itar- 
 iness, n. [L. solitarius— solus, alone.] 
 
 solitude (sol'i-tud), n. 1. Being alone; 
 lonely life; want of company. 2. 
 Lonely place; desert. [L. soUtudo.] 
 
 solmization (sol-mi-za'shun), n. Sol- 
 faing; solfeggio; recital of the notes 
 of the diatonic scale. 
 
 solo (s-o'lo), n. [pi. so'los or soli (so'le).] 
 Musical piece performed by only one 
 voice or instrument. — soloist, n. 
 
 Solon (so'lon), n. Famous Athenian 
 lawmaker, B. C. 638. 2. A legislator. 
 
 solstice (sol'stis), n. 1. Point in the 
 ecliptic where the sun is farthest 
 north or south from the equator, and 
 seems to stand still. 2. Time about 
 which the sun reaches either of these 
 two points: June 21. and Dec. 23. 
 [Fr.— L. solstitium — sol, the sun, an<i 
 sisto, make to stand,— sto, stand.] 
 
 solstitial (sol-stish'al), a. Pertaining 
 to, or happening at, a solstice. 
 
 soluble (sol'u-bl), a. Capable of being 
 dissolved in a fluid.— solubil'ity, n , 
 [L. solubilis. See solve.] 
 
 solution (so-16'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 solving or dissolving. 2. Separating 
 of the parts of any body. 3. Prepara- 
 tion resulting from dissolving a solid 
 in a liquid. 4. Explanation; removal 
 of a doubt; construction or solving of 
 a problem. [L. solutio—solvo, loosen.] 
 
 solvable (sol'va-bl), a. 1. Capable of 
 being solyed or explained. 2. Capable 
 of being paid— solvability, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
solve 
 
 546 
 
 sophist 
 
 solve (solv), vt. 1. Clear up; explain 
 (a riddle). 2. Bring to a desired result 
 (a problem).— sol'ver, n. [L. solvo — 
 se, apart, and luo, loosen.] 
 
 solvent (sol'vent), I. a. 1. Having 
 power to solve or dissolve. 2. Able 
 to pay all debts. II. n. Anything that 
 dissolves another. — sol'veney, w. 
 [L. solvens.] 
 
 somber, sombre (som'ber), a. 1. 
 Dull; gloomy. 2. Melancholy.— som'- 
 berness, n. [ Fr. sombre — L. sub, 
 under, and umbra, shade.] 
 
 sombrero (som-bra'ro), n. Broad- 
 brimmed felt hat, commonly worn in 
 Mexico. [Sp.] 
 
 some (sum). I. a. 1. An indefinite 
 number or quantity of. 2. A certain ; 
 one. II. pron. Certain unspecified per- 
 sons or things. III. adv. To some 
 extent; about. [A. S. sum. See same.] 
 
 somebody (sum'bod-i), n.l. Some or 
 any person. 2. Person of importance. 
 
 somehow (sum'how), adv. In some 
 way or other; by some means. 
 
 somersault (sum'er-salt), somerset 
 (sum'er-set), n. Leap in which a per- 
 son turns his heels over his head. 
 [Fr. soubresaut — L. supra, over, and 
 saltus, leap.] 
 
 somethiiig(sum'thing). I. n. 1. An in- 
 definite thing or event. 2. Portion; 
 indefinite quantity. II. adv. In some 
 degree. 
 
 sometime (sum'tim). I. adv. 1. At a 
 time not fixed, past or future. 2. At 
 one time or other. II. a. Former. 
 
 sometimes(sum'timz), adv. At certain 
 times; now and then; occasionally. 
 
 somewhat (sum'hwot). I. n. Unfixed 
 quantity or degree. II. adv. In some 
 degree. 
 
 somewhere (sum'hwar), adv. la some 
 unspecified place; in one place or 
 another. 
 
 somnambulate (som-nam'bii-lat), vi. 
 Walk in sleep. — somnambula'- 
 tion, n. [Li.— somnus, sleep, and am- 
 bulo, walk.] 
 
 somnambulism (som-nam'bu-lizm), 
 n. Practice of walking in sleep or 
 somnolence. — somnambulist, n. 
 One subject to somnambulism. 
 
 somniferous (som-nif'er-us), a. Bring- 
 ing or causing sleep. [L. somnus, 
 sleep, and/m>, bring.] 
 
 somniloquist ( sora-nil'okwist ), n. 
 One who talks in his sleep. 
 
 somnolent (som'no-lent), a. Sleepy 
 or inclined to sleep. — som'nolence, 
 somnolency, n. 1. Sleepiness; in- 
 clination to sleep. 2. State interme- 
 diate between waking and sleeping. 
 [Li. somnolentus.] 
 
 somnolism(som'no-lizm),n. 1. State 
 of being in mesmeric sleep. 2. Doc- 
 trine of mesmeric sleep. 
 
 son (sun), n. 1. Male offspring. 2. Male 
 descendant. 3. Native or inhabitant. 
 [A. S. sunu.] 
 
 sonant ( so'nant). I. a. 1. Sounding. 
 2. Produced by the voice; vocal. II. 
 n. Sonant letter. [L. sonans.] 
 
 sonata (so-na'ta), n. Musical compo- 
 sition for one or more instruments, 
 consisting of three or more move- 
 ments. [It.— L. sono, sound.] 
 
 song (sang), n. 1. That which is sung. 
 2. Short poem or ballad. 3. Melody to 
 which it is adapted. 4. Poem, or poet- 
 ry in general. 5. Notes of birds. 6. 
 Mere trifle. [A. S.— root of sing.] 
 
 songster (sang'ster), n. Singer; one 
 skilled in singing ; esp. a bird that 
 sings.— songstress, n. fern. [A. S. 
 sangestre, female singer.] 
 
 son-in-law ( sun'-in-la ), n. Husband 
 of one's daughter. 
 
 sonnet (son'et), n. 1. Poem in fourteen 
 lines, in 4 stanzas, 2 of 4, and 2 of 3 
 lines each, the rhymes varying accord- 
 ing to rules — sonneteer (son-et-er'), 
 n. Composer of sonnets. [It. sonetto.] 
 
 sonorous ( so-no'rus ), a. 1. Sound- 
 ing when struck. 2. Giving a clear, 
 loud sound; high sounding.— sono'- 
 rously, adv. — sonorousness, n. 
 [L. sonorus.] [acter of a son. 
 
 sonship (sun'ship), n. State or char- 
 soon (son), adv. 1. Immediately; in a 
 short time; without delay; early. 2 
 Readily; easily. [A.S. sona.] 
 
 soot (sot or sot), n. Black substance 
 condensed from smoke. [A. S. sot.] 
 
 sooth (soth). I. n. Truth; reality. II. 
 a. True; pleasing. [A. S. soth.] 
 
 soothe (soth), vt. 1. Please with soft 
 words; flatter. 2. Soften; assuage; 
 calm; refresh. — soothingly, adv. 
 [A. S. gesodhian, confirm, soothe.] 
 
 soothsay (soth'sa), vi. Foretell. — 
 soothsayer, n.— soothsaying, n* 
 
 sooty ( sot'i or so'ti), a. Producing, 
 consisting of, containing, like, or 
 soiled by, soot. — soot'iness, n. 
 [A S. sotig.] 
 
 sop (sop). I. n. 1. 'Anything dipped or 
 soaked, and to be eaten. 2. Anything 
 given to satisfy. II. vt. [sop'ping; 
 sopped.] Steep or soak in a liquid. 
 [A. S. — supan, sip.] 
 
 sophist (sof'ist), n. 1. One of a class of 
 public teachers in the fifth century 
 B. c, in Greece 2. Captious or falla- 
 cious reasoner. — sophistry, n. 
 Specious, fallacious reasoning. [Gr, 
 sophistes—sophos, wise.] 
 
 iate, fat, task, far, 
 
 fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sophism 
 
 547 
 
 sound 
 
 sophism (sof'izm), n. Specious fallacy. 
 sophistic (so-fis'tik), sophistical, 
 
 a. 1. Pertaining to a sophist or to 
 sophistry. 2. Fallaciously subtle.— so- 
 phist'ically, adv. [Gr. sophistikos.] 
 
 sophisticate (so-fis'ti-kat),^. Render 
 sophistical, or unsound; corrupt by 
 mixture ; adulterate.— sophistica- 
 tion, n. 
 
 sophomore (sof'5-mor), n. American 
 student in his second year at college. 
 
 sopor (so'por), n. Deep sleep; lethargy. 
 [L.] 
 
 soporiferons (sop-o-rif'er-us or so-), 
 n. Causing sleep; sleepy. [L.— sopor, 
 sleep, and /en?, bring.] 
 
 soporific(sop-o-rif'ik or so-). I. a. Caus- 
 ing sleep. II. n. Anything that causes 
 sleep. [Pr. soporiiique.] [dyne. 
 
 Syn. Somniferous ; narcotic; ano- 
 
 soprano(so-pra'no). n. [pi. sopra'nos 
 or sopra'ni (ne).] 1. Highest kind of 
 female voice ; treble. 2. Soprano 
 singer. 3. Voice-part for such a voice. 
 [It.— L. supra, above.] 
 
 sorcerer (sar'ser-er), n. One who prac- 
 tices sorcery; enchanter; magician. — 
 sor'ceress, n. fern. [Fr. sorcier — 
 Low L. sortiarius — L. sors, lot.] 
 
 sorcery (sar'ser-i), n. Divination by 
 the assistance of evil spirits; enchant- 
 ment, [craft; black art. 
 Syn. Necromancy; magic; witch- 
 sordid (sar'did), a. "Vile; mean: avari- 
 cious. — sordidly, adv. — sor'did- 
 ness, n. [L. sordidus, dirty.} 
 
 sore(sor). I. n. 1. Wound; ulcer; boil. 
 2. Grief; affliction. II. a. 1. Wounded. 
 2. Tender; susceptible of pain; easily 
 grieved. 3. Severe. III. adv. In a sore 
 manner; grievously.— sorely, adv. — 
 sore'ness, n. [A. S. sar. Ger. sehr.] 
 
 sorghum (sar'gum), n. 1. Chinese sug- 
 ar cane. 2. Syrup made from its juice. 
 
 sorrel (sor'el) , n. Plan t of a sour taste, 
 allied to the clover. [Fr. surelle— Ger. 
 sauer. A. S. sur, sour.] 
 
 sorrel ( sor'el ). I. a. Reddish-brown. 
 II. n. Reddish^brown color. [Fr. saure.] 
 
 sororicide(so-ror'i-sid),/i. 1. Murder 
 of a sister. 2. Murderer of a sister. 
 [Li.— soror, sister, and caedo, kill.] 
 
 sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. Woman's club; 
 sisterhood. _[N. L.— soror, sister.] 
 
 sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. Compound pulpy 
 fruit, as the pineapple. [Gr. soros. heap.] 
 
 sorrow (sor'o). I. n. Pain of mind; 
 grief; affliction. II. vi. Be sad; grieve. 
 [A. S. sorg, sorh,_ca,re.] 
 
 sorrowful (sor'o-fol), a. Causing 
 or expressing sorrow — sor'rowful- 
 ly, adv.— sor'rowfulness, n. 
 
 Syn. Distressing; grievous; doleful; 
 regretful; mourning; dismal; Bad. 
 
 sorry (sor'i), a. 1. Grieved for some- 
 thing past. 2. Melancholy. 3. Poor; 
 worthless.— sor'rily , adv.— sor'ri- 
 
 ness, n. [A. S. sarig—sare, sore.] 
 
 sort (sart). I. n. 1. Number of persons 
 or things having like qualities; class; 
 kind; manner. II. vt. 1. Separate into 
 classes. 2. Select. III. vi. 1. Be joined 
 with others of the same sort; asso- 
 ciate. 2. Suit. — sorter, n.— Out of 
 sorts. Not having some sorts of type; 
 out of order; disturbed. [Fr. sorte-- 
 L. sors, lot.] [tion. 
 
 Syn. Species; order; rank; condi- 
 
 sortie (sar'te), n. Sally of troops from 
 a besieged place to attack the besieg- 
 ers. [Fr. — sortir, go out.] 
 
 so-so (so'so), a. Passable; indifferent; 
 middling. 
 
 sotjsot), n. One stupefied by habitual 
 drinking.— sottish, a.— sot'tishly, 
 ady.-sot'tishness, n. _ [Fr.] 
 
 sotto voce(sot-to-vo'cha), adv. With a 
 softened voice; in an undertone. [It.] 
 
 son (so), n. French copper coin = one- 
 twentieth of a franc, or about one 
 cent. [Fr.] 
 
 soubrette (so-bref), n. 1. Chamber- 
 maid; lady's maid. 2. Actress who 
 plays pert parts. [Fr.] 
 
 souchong (so-choug'), n. Fine kind 
 of black tea. 
 
 sough (sow or suf). I. vi. Whistle or 
 sigh, as the wind. II. n. Sighing of 
 the wind. [From the sound.] 
 
 sought(sat), pa. t. and pa. p. of seek. 
 
 soul (sol)',' n. 1. That part of man 
 which thinks, feels, desires, etc. 2. 
 Indwelling spirit. 3. Life; essence ; 
 internal power. 4. Human being; per- 
 son. [A.S. sawol. Ger. seele.] 
 
 soulless (sol'ies), a. Without a soul 
 or conscience; mean; spiritless. 
 
 sound (sownd). I. a. 1. Safe; whole; 
 entire; perfect. 2. Healthy; strong. 
 3. Correct; orthodox: 4. Profound, 
 undisturbed. 5. Heavy ; solid. 6. 
 Valid; logic; legal. II. adv. Soundly; 
 deeply. — soundly, adv. — sound'- 
 ness, n. [A.S. sund, gesund, healthy.] 
 
 sound (sownd), n. Narrow passage of 
 water;' strait. [A. S. sund — swumd — 
 swimma, swim.] 
 
 sound (sownd), n. Air bladder of fish. 
 [Cf. Icel. sundmagi, swimming-maw; 
 bladder.] 
 
 sound (sownd). I. vi. 1. Make a noise; 
 produce a sound. 2. Appear; seem. 3 
 Be spread. II. vt. 1. Cause to make a 
 noise. 2. Utter audibly. 3. Direct by 
 an audible signal. 4. Publish or pro- 
 claim by voice. 5. Examine by per- 
 cussion or auscultation. III. n. 1. Im- 
 pression produced on the ear by the 
 
 rite, fat, task, far, (all, fare, above; me, met, h$v, mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sound 
 
 548 
 
 span 
 
 vibrations of air ; noise. 2. Note; tone. 
 3. Report. 4. Empty or meaningless 
 noise. 5. Hearing-distance; ear-shot. 
 [M.E. sounen—O. Fr. souner—U. sono, 
 sound.] 
 
 sound (sownd). I. vt. and vi. 1. Meas- 
 ure the depth of, esD. with a line and 
 plummet. 2. Probe"; try to discover a 
 man's secret wishes, etc. ; test. II. n. 
 Instrument for exploring an inner 
 cavity of the body ; probe. [Fr. sonder.] 
 
 sounding (sownd'ing), n. 1. Ascer- 
 taining the depth of water. 2. Depth 
 of water ascertained by the sounding- 
 line. 
 
 soup (sop), n. Liquid food obtained by 
 boiling meat, vegetables, etc., with 
 seasoning. [Pr. soupe — Ger. suppe, 
 so up. Allied to sip and sup.] 
 
 sour (sowr). La. 1. Having a pungent, 
 acid taste. 2. Turned, as milk; rancid. 
 3. Crabbed or peevish in temper. II. vi. 
 and vt. 1. Become or make acid. 2. 
 Become or make cross or discon- 
 tented.— sourly, adv. -sourness, 
 n. [A. S.sur, sour.] 
 
 source (sors), n. 1. That from which 
 anything rises or originates; origin. 
 2. Spring from which a stream flows. 
 [Fr. — L. surgo, rise.] 
 
 8yn. Commencement; derivation; 
 foundation; spring; fountain; cause. 
 
 sourcrout. Same as sauerkrout. 
 
 souse (sows). I. n. Ears, feet, etc., of 
 swine pickled. II. vt. 1. Steep in pickle. 
 2. Plunge into water or other liquid ; 
 drench. III. vi. Pall on suddenly; 
 swoop. IV. adv. With sudden vio- 
 lence. [Form of sauce.] 
 
 south (sowth). I. n. 1. Direction in 
 which the sun appears at noon to the 
 people north of the Tropic of Cancer. 
 2. Any land opposite the north. II. a. 
 Lying towards the south. III. adv. 
 Towards the south. [A. S. sudfi, akin 
 to SUN.] 
 
 southeast (sowth-esf). I. n. Direc- 
 tion equally distant from the south 
 and east. II. a. Pertaining to, di : 
 rected toward, or coming from, the 
 southeast. — southeast' erly, 
 southeast' ern, as. 
 
 southerly (suth'er-\i), southern 
 (suth'ern), a. [superl. southernmost, 
 southmost (sowth'most).] Pertaining 
 to, situated in, or proceeding from or 
 towards, the south. [the south. 
 
 southward (sowth'ward), adv. Toward 
 
 southwest (sowth- west'). I. n. Direc- 
 tion equally distant from south and 
 west. II. a. Pertaining to, proceed- 
 ing; from or toward, or lying in the 
 direction of the southwest.— south- 
 west'erly, southwestern, as. 
 
 south wester ( sow-wes'ter ), n. 1. 
 Storm or gale from the southwest. 2. 
 Painted canvas hat with a broad flap 
 behind for the neck. 
 
 souvenir ( s6-ve-ner' ), n. Remem- 
 brancer; keepsake ; memento. [Fr.] 
 
 sovereign (sov'er-in or suv-). I. a. 1. 
 Supreme. 2. Possessing supreme 
 power or dominion. 3. Superior to 
 all others. II. n. 1. Supreme ruler; 
 monarch. 2. English gold coin = 
 $4.86, gold standard; pound. [Fr. 
 souverain — Low L. superanus — L. 
 super, above.] 
 
 sovereignty (sov'er-in- ti), n. 1. Su- 
 preme power; dominion. 2. Sover- 
 eign state. 
 
 sow (sow), n. 1. Female hog. 2. Oblong 
 piece of metal larger than a pig. 
 [A.S.jsw, sugu— Skt. root su. generate.] 
 
 sow (so). I. vt. [sow'ing; sowed; sown 
 or sowed.] 1. Scatter as seed; seed; 
 plant by strewing. 2. Scatter seed 
 over. II. vi. Scatter seed for growth. 
 
 — sow'er, n. [A.S. sawan. Ger. sceen.] 
 soy (soi), n. Sauce prepared in China 
 
 and Japan from a kind of beans. 
 
 spa (spa), n. Place where there is a 
 mineral spring of water. [From Spa, 
 a famous watering-place in Belgium.] 
 
 space (spas), n. 1. Extension as dis- 
 tinct from substance; largeness. 2. 
 Room; place. 3. Distance between 
 objects. 4. Quantity of time; distance 
 between two points of time; inter- 
 val. 5. Interval between lines or 
 words in books; blank type. II. vt. 
 Make intervals between. [Fr. espace 
 — L. spatium.] 
 
 spacious(spa'shus),a. Large in extent; 
 roomy ; wide. — spaciously, adv. 
 
 — spaciousness, n. [Pr. spacieux.] 
 spade (spad). I. n. 1. Broad blade of 
 
 iron with a handle, used for digging. 
 2. Playing card, showing black figures 
 resembling a pointed spade. II. vt. 
 Dig with a spade. [A. S. spadu. Ger. 
 spat en.] 
 
 spadix (spa'diks).w. [pi. spa'dixes or 
 spadices (spa-di'sez).] Spike-like form 
 of inflorescense, mostly inclosed in a 
 spathe. (See cut under inflores- 
 cence.) [L.] 
 
 spaghetti (spa-get'i), n. Macaroni in 
 the form of tubes or sticks, larger 
 than vermicelli. [It.] 
 
 spahee, spahi (spa'he), n. Moham- 
 medan cavalryman. [See sepoy.] 
 
 spake (spak). Old pa. t. of speak. 
 
 span (span), pa. t. of spin. 
 
 span (span). I. n. 1. Space from the 
 end of the thumb to the end of the 
 little finger when the fingers are 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
span 
 
 649 
 
 spay 
 
 Spandrel. 
 
 extended; nine inches. 2. Spread of 
 an arch between its abutments. 3. 
 Space of t.ime. II. vt. [spann'ing; 
 spanned.] 1. Measure by spans; 
 measure. 2. Stretch across; embrace. 
 [A. S. spann, connect.] 
 
 span (span), n. Pair of matched horses 
 harnessed side by side. [Dut.] 
 
 spandrel (span'- 
 drel), n. Triaugu- ■ 
 lar space between 
 two arches and the 
 molding above. 
 
 spangle ( spang'l ). 
 I. n. Small, thin 
 plate or boss of 
 shining metal ; any- 
 thing sparkling. II. 
 vt. Adorn with span- 
 gles. [A. S. spange, 
 clasn.] 
 
 Spaniard (span'- 
 yard), n. Native of 
 Spain. 
 
 spaniel ( span'yel ), n. Kind of dog, 
 usually liver and white colored, and 
 with large pendent ears, once sup- 
 posed to be of Spanish origin. [O.Fr. 
 espagneul, Spanish.] 
 
 Spanish (span'ish). I. a. Of or pertain- 
 ing to Spain. II. n. Language of Spain. 
 —Spanish jly. shining green beetle, 
 used for raising blisters. — Spanish 
 main, Caribbean sea. 
 
 spank (spangk). I. vt. Strike with 
 the open hand on the buttocks. II. vi. 
 Move quickly, as a spirited horse. III. 
 n. Blow with the open hand. — 
 spanking, a. Dashing; free-going. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 spanker (spang'ker), n. After-sail of 
 a ship or bark. 
 
 spar (spar), n. Large pole, as a mast, 
 yard, boom, gaff. etc. [Dut.] 
 
 spar (spar), n. Nonmetailic, lustrous, 
 crystalline mineral. [A. S. spaer 
 {-stan), gypsum.] 
 
 spar (spar), vi. [spar'ring; sparred.] 
 1. Box with the fists ; fight with 
 showy action. 2. Make the motions of 
 boxing. 3. Bandy words ; dispute. 
 [O. Fr. esparer, kick.] 
 
 spare (spar). I. vt. and vi. l.Usefru 
 gaily or savingly. 2. Withhold; for 
 bear; omit. 3. Show mercy to; pre 
 serve, as from danger, pain, destruc 
 tion, distress, toil, etc. 4. Dispense 
 with; give up. II. a. 1. Sparing; fru 
 gal. 2. Scanty; lean. 3. Superfluous 
 not needed. — spare'ness, n. [A. S 
 spartan.] [small amount of meat, 
 
 sparerifo (spar'rib), n. Rib with a 
 
 sparing 1 ( spar'ing ), a. 1. Scarce; 
 scanty. 2. Forbearing. 3. Saving. 
 
 spark (spark). I. n. 1. Roysterer; gay 
 fellow. 2. Lover; gallant. II. vi. Court. 
 
 spark (spark), n. 1. Small particle of 
 fire shot off from a body. 2. Small 
 shining body or light. 3. Feeble point 
 of fire in or on a cold mass; germ of 
 vitality. [A. S. spearca.] 
 
 sparkle (spar'kl). I. n. Little spark; 
 lustre. II. vi. Emit sparks; shine; 
 glitter. [Dim. or spark.] 
 
 sparrow (spar'o), n. Common small 
 bird. [A. S. spearwa.] _ 
 
 sparrow-hawk (spar'o- 
 hak), n. Small species 
 of hawk. 
 
 sparry (spar'i), a. Con- 
 sisting of or like spar. 
 
 sparse (spars), a. Thinly 
 scattered. — sparse'ly, 
 adv. — sparse'ness, n. 
 [ L. sparsum, pa. p. of 
 spargo, scatter.] 
 
 Spartan (spar'tan). I. a. 
 Of or pertaining to 
 Sparta in Greece ; hardy; fearless. 
 II. n. 1. Native of Sparta. 2. Person 
 of fortitude. 
 
 spasm (spazm), n. Violent and invol- 
 untary contraction of the muscles. 
 [Gr. spasmos—spao, draw.] 
 
 spasmodic (spaz-mod'ik). I. a. 1. Re- 
 lating to or consisting in spasms; 
 convulsive. 2. Temporary ; intermit- 
 tent; soon exhausted. II. n. Medicine 
 for removing spasms. — spasmod- 
 ical, a. [fish. [From spit.] 
 
 spat (spat), n. Spawn or young of shell- 
 spat (spat),poU. of spit. 
 
 spat (spat). I. vt. andm. Give a light 
 resounding blow; quarrel lightly. II. 
 n. Light blow; dispute. 
 
 spathe (spa^), n. Involucre around a 
 spadix. TGr.] [to space. 
 
 spatial (spa'shal), a. Of or pertaining 
 
 spatter (spat'er). vt. Splash out upon; 
 scatter about; sprinkle. [Freq. from 
 spat, pa. t. of SPIT.] 
 
 spatter-dashes (spat'er-dash'ez), n. 
 pi. Coverings for the legs; gaiters. 
 
 spatula (spat'u-la), spattle (spat'l), 
 n. Broad kind of knife for, spreading 
 plasters, paint, etc. — spat'ulate, a. 
 Shaped like a spatula, as a racket. 
 
 spavin (spav'in), n. Disease of horses 
 affecting the hock-joint, a swelling of 
 the bone. — spavined, a. Affected 
 with spavin. [O. Fr. espavent.] 
 
 spawn (span). I. n. 1. Eggs of zzi 
 frogs, shellfish, etc. 2. See'd o± mush- 
 rooms, etc.; any offspring. II>vt. and 
 vi. Produce or deposit, as fishes and 
 frogs do their eggs; bring forth. 
 [Etym. doubtful.] [ovaries of. 
 
 spay (spa), vt. Destroy or remove the 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mite j hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
speait 
 
 550 
 
 Speculation 
 
 Megaphone, 
 speaking-trumpet. 
 
 speak (spek), vt. and vi. [speak'ing; 
 spoue or spake; spo'ken. J Utter 
 words; talk; converse; pronounce; 
 address; express by signs. [A. S. spe- 
 can (for sprecan). Ger. sprechen.] 
 
 speaker (spe'ker ), n. 1. One who 
 speaks. 2. The person who presides 
 in a deliberative or legislative body, 
 as the House of Representatives* ; 
 chairman. 3. Collection of pieces 
 for rhetorical exercises.— speaker- 
 ship, n. 
 
 speaking;- 
 t r_n in p e t 
 (spe'king-trum- 
 pet), n. Instru- 
 ment used for 
 intensifying 
 the sound of 
 the voice, so as 
 to convey it a 
 greater dis- 
 tance; megaphone. 
 
 spear (sper). I. n. 1. Long weapon 
 used in war and huuting, made of a 
 pole pointed with iron. 2. Lance with 
 barbed prongs used for catching fish. 
 3. Spike of grass, wheat, etc. II. vt. 
 Pierce or kill with a spear. [A. S. 
 spere.) [with a spear. 
 
 spearman (sper'man), n. Man armed 
 
 spearmint (sper'mint), n. Species of 
 mint having spear-shaped leaves. 
 
 special (spesh'al), a. 1. Of a species 
 or sort; particular. 2. Confined to a 
 particular subject.— spe'cially, adv. 
 Syn. Peculiar; distinctive; excep- 
 tional; extraordinary; uncommon; 
 designed for the purpose; specific. 
 
 specialist (spesh'al-ist), n. One who 
 devotes himself to a special subject. 
 
 speciality (spesh-i-al'i-ti), n. 1. Spec- 
 ial or particular mark of a person or 
 thing. 2. Special occupation or object 
 of attention. [Fr.— L.[ 
 
 specialize (spesh'al-iz), vt. State in 
 detail.— specialization, n. 
 
 specialty (soesh'al-ti), n. 1. Some- 
 thing special. 2. Special contract. 3. 
 That for which a person is distin- 
 guished. 4. Special occupation or 
 pursuit. 5. Article to which a dealer 
 pays special attention. 
 
 specie (spe'she), n. Coin; gold, silver, 
 nickel, copper, etc., used as a circu- 
 lating medium. [See species.] 
 
 species (spe'shez), n. Group of individ- 
 uals having common characteristics, 
 —subordinate to -a genus. [L. specio, 
 look.] 
 
 specific (spe-sif'ik), a. 1 Pertaining 
 to or constituting a species. 2. That 
 specifies; precise. II. n. Remedy for a 
 
 particular disease.— specif'ical, o. 
 
 —specifically , adv. [ate. 
 
 Syn. Particular; limited; appropri- 
 
 specification (spes-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
 1. Act of specifying. 2. Statement of 
 particulars. 3. Item specified. 
 
 specify (spes'i-fi), vt. Make special; 
 mention particularly. [Low L. speci- 
 fieo—L,. species, and jacio, make.] 
 
 specimen (spes'i-men), n. Portion of 
 anything, or one of a number, to 
 show kind and quality of the whole. 
 Syn. Sample; pattern; model. 
 
 specious (spe'shus, a. That looks 
 well at first sight; showy; plausible. 
 — speciously, adv. — spe'cious- 
 n ess, n. 
 
 speck (spek). I. n. 1. Small spot; 
 blemish. 2. Very small particle. II. 
 vt. Spot. [A.S. specca.] 
 
 speckle (spek'l). I. n. Little speck or 
 spot different in substance or color 
 from its surroundings. II. vt. Mark 
 with speckles. 
 
 spectacle ( spek'ta-kl ), n. 1. Sight; 
 show; exhibition. '2. pi. Glasses to 
 assist the sight.— spectac'ular, a.— 
 spectacled, a. Wearing spectacles. 
 [L. spectaculum—specto, look at.] 
 
 spectator ( spek-ta'tur ), n. One who 
 looks on.— spectatress, fern. 
 
 Syn. Looker-on ; bystander ; eye- 
 witness; beholder; observer. 
 
 specter, spectre (spek'ter),ra. Ghost. 
 [L. spectrum, vision.] 
 
 spectral (spek'tral), a. 1. Relating to, 
 or like a specter. 2. Relating to the 
 spectrum. 
 
 spectroscope (spek'tro-skop), n. In- 
 strument for forming and examining 
 spectra of luminous bodies, so as to 
 determine their composition. [Spec- 
 trum, and Gr. skopeo, look at.] 
 
 spectrum (spek'trum), n. [pi. spec'- 
 tra.] I. Image of something seen, con- 
 tinued after the eyes are closed. 2, 
 Band of light showing colors, or lines 
 and bands, seen when a beam of light 
 from any source (as the sun or an 
 ignited vapor), passes through a 
 prism and is reflected from a diffrac- 
 tion-grating. (See colored plate). [L.] 
 
 specular (spek'u-lar), a. Resembling 
 a speculum; having a smooth reflect- 
 ing surface. [L.J 
 
 speculate (spek'u-lat), vi. 1. Look at 
 or into with the mind; consider; theo- 
 rize. 2. Traffic for profit upon an 
 uncertainty.— spec'ulator, n. [L.— 
 speculor— specio. lookj 
 
 speculation ( spek-u-la'shun ), n. 1. 
 Mental view; contemplation; mere 
 theory. 2. Buying: goods, etc., in ex- 
 pectation of a rise in the market price. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fEre, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mule, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
speculative 
 
 551 
 
 spicy 
 
 speculative(spek'u-la-tiv),a. 1. Given 
 to speculation or theory; ideal. 2. 
 Pertaining to speculation in business, 
 etc.— speculatively, adv. 
 
 speculum (spek'u-luin), n. [pi. spec'- 
 cula.] 1. Reflector usually made of 
 polished metal. 2. In surgery. Instru- 
 ment for bringing into view parts 
 otherwise hidden. [L.=looking-glass.] 
 
 sped (s")*>f , ^,_pa. t. and pa. p. of speed. 
 
 speech (spech), n. 1. That which is 
 spoken; language. 2. Power of speak- 
 ing. 3. Oration; formal discourse; 
 declaration of thoughts. 4. Mention. 
 [A. S. spcec, sprwc. See speak.] 
 
 speechless ( spech'les ), a. Destitute, 
 or temporarily deprived, of the power 
 of speech.— speechlessness, n. 
 
 speed (sped). I. n. 1. Quickness; veloc- 
 ity. 2. Success. II. vi. [speed'ing; sped.] 
 
 1. Move or act quickly. 2. Succeed: 
 fare. III. vt. 1. Dispatch quickly. 
 
 2. Hasten, as to a conclusion. 3. Ex- 
 pedite; aid. [A. S. sped. Ger. sputen.] 
 
 Syn. Swiftness; rapidity; celerity. 
 
 speedy ( spe'di), a. Quick; nimble. — 
 speed'ily, adv.— speed'iness, n. 
 
 speiss (spis), n. Residue of nickel, 
 arsenic, iron, etc., found in crucibles 
 in which cobalt glass has been 
 melted. [Ger. speise, bell metal.] 
 
 spell (spel), n. Set of words supposed 
 to possess magic power. [A. S. spell, 
 narrative; speech.] 
 
 spell (spel). I. vt. [spel'ling; spelled, 
 or spelt.] 1. Name, write, or print the 
 proper letters of. 2. Temporarily 
 take another's place at work. II. vi. 
 Form words with the proper letters. 
 III. n. 1. Turn at work. 2. Short 
 period. [O. Ger. spellon, do by turns. 
 Cf. Ger. spielen, pi ay J 
 
 spellbinder (spel'bm-der), n. Magi- 
 cian; one who charms, esp. by speech. 
 
 spellbound (spel'bo w nd), a. En- 
 chanted; under magic influence. 
 
 spelling (spel'ing), n. 1. Act of spell- 
 ing or naming the letters of words. 
 2. Orthography.— spel'ling-hee, n. 
 Competition in spelling.— spel'ling- 
 book, n. Book for teaching to spell. 
 
 spelt (spelt), n. Kind of grain; also 
 called German wheat. [ A. S. — L. 
 spelta.] [ter.] 
 
 spelter (spel'ter), n. TAwr. [See pew- 
 
 spencer (spen'ser), n. Short jacket 
 worn by men or women. [Named 
 after a Lord Spencer.) 
 
 spencer (spen'ser), n. Fore-and-aft 
 sail abaft the fore and main masts. 
 [Named after the inventor.] 
 
 Spencerian (spen-se'ri-an), a. Per- 
 taining to the English' philosopher 
 Herbert Spencer, or to his philosophy. 
 
 spend (spend). I. vt. [spend'ing; spent.] 
 
 1. Expend or weigh out. 2. Give for 
 any purpose. 3. Consume; waste. 4. 
 Pass, as time. II. vi. 1. Make ex- 
 penses. 2. Vanish; be dissipated.— 
 spend'er, n. [A.S. aspendan — L. ex- 
 pendo.] [igal. 
 
 spendthrift (spend'thrift), n. Prod- 
 
 spent(spent),po. t. and pa. p. of spend. 
 
 sperm (sperm), spermaceti (sper- 
 ma-se'ti or -set'i), n. Waxy matter 
 from the bead of the sperm-whale. 
 [L. sperma, seed, and cetus, whale.] 
 
 spermatic (sper-mat'ik), spermat'- 
 ical, a. Seminal, [the sperm-whale. 
 
 sperm-oil (sperm'-oil), n._ Oil from 
 
 sperm-whale (sperm'-hwal), n. Spec- 
 ies of whale from which sperm or 
 spermaceti is obtained. 
 
 spew, spue (spu), vt. and vi. Vomit; 
 eject withloathing. [A. S. spiwan.] 
 
 sphere (sfer), n. 1. Ball; globe; orb. 
 
 2. Circuit of motion; field of influ- 
 ence, action or duty; province. 3. 
 Rank; social position.— spher'al, a. 
 [Gr. sphaira.] 
 
 spheric (sfer'ik), spherical, a. Per- 
 taining to or like a sphere.— spher'- 
 ically, adv. 
 
 sphericity (sfer-is'i-ti), n. Quality or 
 state of being spherical; roundness. 
 
 spheroid (sfer'oid), n. Body or figure 
 having the form of a sphere, but not 
 quite round. — spheroid'al. a. 
 
 spherule (sfer'ol),^. Little sphere; 
 globule. 
 
 sphincter (sflngk'ter), n. Muscle that 
 contracts or shuts an orifice or open- 
 ing which it surrounds. [Gr. — sphing- 
 go, bind tight.] 
 
 sphinx (sfingks), 
 n. 1. Monster with 
 the head of a wo- 
 man and the body 
 of a lioness. 2. 
 Enigmatical per- 
 son. [Gr.] 
 
 spice (spis). I. n. 1." 
 
 Aromatic vege- Grecian sphinx, 
 table used for sea- 
 soning food. 2. Small quantity. 3. 
 That which gives piquancy. II. vt. 
 Season with spice. [O. Fr. espice — 
 L. species, special kind.] 
 
 spick and span new. As new as a 
 spike (nail) just made and a chip 
 (Cf. Ger. spahn) just split. 
 
 spicula (spik'u-la), n. [pi. spiculae 
 (spik'u-le).] Small spike found in 
 
 . plants; dart. (See cut p. 554). fL.] 
 
 spicy ( spi'si ), a. 1. Abounding with, 
 or producing, spices. 2. Fragrant; 
 pungent. 3. Pointed; racy.— spicily, 
 adv.— spi'ciness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
SpMef 
 
 552 
 
 spiritism 
 
 Spider. 
 
 spider (spi'der), n. Small apterous in- 
 vertebrate animal remarkable for 
 spinning 
 webs to take 
 its prey. 
 [Dan. spinder.] 
 
 spigot fspig'- 
 ut), n. Peg or 
 plug for stop- 
 ping a small 
 hole in a 
 cask; plug of 
 a faucet. 
 [Gael. spiocaid.\ 
 
 spike (spik). I. n. 1. Large nail. 2. Ear 
 of grain. 3. Cluster of flowers, sessile 
 or issuing dir^'.Hy from an undivided 
 axis. II. vt. Set or plug with spikes. 
 [L. spica, spicus, sharp point.] 
 
 spikelet (spik'let), n. Little spike. 
 
 spikenard (spik'nardi. n. 1. Highly 
 aromatic oil* obtained from an Indian 
 plant, the Nardus, with spike-shaped 
 blossoms. 2. The plant itself. 3. Name 
 given to various fragrant essential 
 oils. [L. sjiica nardi.Yl 
 
 spiky (spi'ki), a. 1. Furnished with 
 spikes. 2. Having a sharp point. 
 
 spile (spil), n. 1. Spout, trough. 2. 
 Peg used to stop a hole ; spigot. 
 [Dut. spijl.] 
 
 spill (spil). I. vt. [spil'ling; spilled or 
 spilt.] 1. Allow to run out of a vessel. 
 2. Shed, as blood. 3. Waste. II. vi. 1. 
 Be shed. 2. Be allowed to fall; be 
 wasted. — spill'er, n. [A. S. - spillan, 
 destroy.] 
 
 spill (spil). n. 1. Small peg or pin to 
 stop a hole ; spile. 2. S trip of paper or 
 wood for lighting a lamp. [Dut. spil. 
 Ger. spille.] 
 
 spin (spin). I. vt. and vi. [spin'ning; 
 spun.] 1. Draw out and twist into 
 threads. 2. Draw out a thread as 
 spiders do. 3. Draw out tediously. 4. 
 Whirl rapidly. II. n. Short run. — 
 spin'ner, n. [A. S. spinnan.] 
 
 spinach, spinage (spin'aj), n. Herb 
 used as a vegetable. [O. Fr. espinache 
 — Ar. isfanaj.] [backbone. 
 
 spinal (spi'nal), a. Pertaining to the 
 
 spindle (spin'dl), n. 1. Pin from 
 which the thread is spun or twisted. 
 2. Pin on which anything turns. 3. 
 Fusee of a watch. [A. S. spinl.] 
 
 spine (spin), n. 1. Thorn. 2. Thin, 
 pointed spike, esp. in fishes. 3. Back- 
 bone of an animal. [O. Fr. espine—Li. 
 spina, thorn.] 
 
 spinet ( spin'et or spin-et'), n. Old- 
 fashioned keyed instrument like the 
 harpsichord. [It. spinetta, dim. of spina 
 — L. spina, thorn, so called from the 
 pointed quills used in playing on it.) 
 
 spinning- (spin'ing), a. Used in spin- 
 ning, [a. Full of spiues ; thorny. 
 spinose (spi'nos), spinous (spi'nus), 
 
 spinster (spin'ster), n. Elderly unmar- 
 ried woman. [Lit. woman who spins.] 
 
 spiny(spi'ni), a. Full of spines; thorny; 
 troublesome.— spi'niness, n. 
 
 spiraele (spir'a-kl ), n. 1. Breathing- 
 hole, as of the whale. 2. Minute pas- 
 sage. \Xa. spir aculum— spir o, breathe.] 
 
 spiral (spi'ral). I. a. 1. Pertaining to 
 or like a spire. 2. Winding like the 
 thread of a screw. II. n. Spiral line; 
 curve which continually recedes from 
 a center about which it revolves; 
 screw.— spi'rally, adv. 
 
 spire ( spir), n. 1. Winding line like 
 the threads of a screw; curl; wreath. 
 2. Tapering body; steeple. [L. spir a.] 
 
 spirit (spirit). I. n. 1. Vital force; 
 soul. 2. Disembodied soul; ghost; 
 sprite. 3. Mental disposition; enthu- 
 siasm; ardor. 4. Real meaning; in- 
 tention. 5. Very lively person. 6. 
 Person. 7. Intellectual and moral 
 condition. 8. Any volatile, inflam- 
 mable liquid obtained by distillation, 
 as alcohol, brandy, etc. — The Spi?-it, 
 the Holy Spirit, third person in the 
 Trinity. II. vt. Take away suddenly 
 or secretly. [L. spiritus, breath.] 
 
 Syn. Lite ; essence ; apparition ; 
 spectre; energy; morale; enterprise. 
 
 Upper part of Spinal Cord and Brain. 
 Sectional View. 
 1. Spinal cord. 2. One of the cervical ver- 
 tebrae. 3. One of the neural spines. 4. Lower 
 brain or cerebellum. 5. Cerebrum. 
 
 spirited (spir'it-ed), a. Full of spirit, 
 life, or fire; animated.— spiritedly, 
 adv.— spir'itedness, n. 
 
 spiritism (spir'it-izm), n. See under 
 
 SPIRITUALISM. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl r t hen. > 
 
spiritless 
 
 553 
 
 spoke 
 
 spiritless ( spir'it-les ), a. Without 
 spirit, cheerfulness, or courage; de- 
 jected; dead.— spiritlessly, n. 
 
 spiritual (spir'it-u-al), a. 1. Consist- 
 ing of spirit; having the nature of a 
 spirit; not material. 2. Pertaining to 
 the soul; holy; divine; not carnal. 
 3. Relating to the church; not lay or 
 temporal.— spir'itually, adv. 
 
 spiritualism (spir'it-u-al-izm), n. 1. 
 Philosophical doctriue that nothing 
 is real but soul or spirit. 2. Doctrine 
 that spirit has real existence apart 
 from matter. 3. Belief that certain 
 peculiar phenomena ( as rapping, 
 table-turning, etc.) are directly due 
 to the influence of departed spirits, 
 invoked by a "medium." 
 
 spiritualist (spir'it-u-al-ist), n. Ad- 
 herer of spiritualism. 
 
 spirituality (spir-it-u-al'i-ti), n. 1. 
 State of being spiritual. 2. State of a 
 mind turned to holy things only. 3. 
 Something pertaining to the church 
 or spiritual matters. [spiritual. 
 
 spiritualize (spir'it-u-al-Iz), v t. Make 
 
 spirituous(spir'it-u-us), a. 1. Possess- 
 ing the qualities of spirit. 2. Con- 
 taining alcohol; intoxicating. 
 
 spirt (spert). Same as spurt. 
 
 spiry (sprr'i), a. 1. Of a spiral form; 
 wreathed. 2. Tapering like a spire 
 orapyramid. 3. Abounding inspires. 
 
 spit (spit). I. n. 1. Iron rod on which 
 meat is roasted. 2. Long, narrow 
 peninsula. II. vt. [spit'ting; spit'ted.] 
 Pierce with a spit. [A. S. spitu.] 
 
 spit (spit). I. vt. [spit'ting; spit, spat; 
 spit.] Throw out from the mouth ; 
 eject with violence. [A.S. spittan, spit.] 
 
 spite (spit). I. n. Active ill-will or 
 hatred. II. vt. Vex; thwart. — In spite 
 of, spite of, notwithstanding. [Short 
 for despite.] 
 
 Syn. Malice; malevolence; rancor ; 
 pique; grudge; animosity; malignity. 
 
 spiteful (spiff pi), a. Desirous to vex 
 or injure; malignant.— spite'f ally, 
 arito.— spite'f illness, n. 
 
 spittle (spit'l).w. Moist matter thrown 
 from the mouth: saliva. 
 
 spittoon (spit-ton'), n. Vessel for 
 receiving spittle; cuspidor. 
 
 spitzdog (spits'dog), n. Breed of dog 
 with long hair, mostly pur? white, 
 erect ears, and pointed nose. [Ger 
 spitz.] 
 
 splash ( splash ). I. vt. Spatter with 
 water or mud. II. vi. Dash about 
 water or any liquid. III. n. 1. Water 
 or mud thrown on anything. 2. Noise 
 of splashing. [Imitative like plash.] 
 
 splashy (splash'i), adv. Wet and mud- 
 dy; full of dirty water. 
 
 splay (spla). I. vi. 1. In arch. Slope; 
 slant. 2. Dislocate, as the shoulder- 
 bone. II. a. Spread out, as in splay- 
 foot. [Abb. of DISPLAY.] 
 
 spleen ( splen ), n. 1. Spongy body 
 near the large extremity of the stom- 
 ach; milt. 2. Ill-humor; melancholy. 
 [L.— Gr. splen.] [L.] 
 
 splendent ( splen'dent ), a. Shining. 
 
 splendid (splen'did), a. Possessing 
 splendor. — splendidly, adv. [L. 
 splendidus—splendeo, shine.] 
 
 Syn. Shining; bright; magnificent; 
 showy; sumptuous; famous; illus- 
 trious, [magnificence; glory. 
 
 splendor (splen'dur), n. Brilliance; 
 
 splenetic (sple net'ik or splen'e-tik). 
 
 1. a. Affected with spleen; peevish; 
 melancholy. II. n. Splenetic person.— 
 splenet'ically, adv. [spleen. 
 
 splenic (splen'ik), a. Pertaing to the 
 
 splenitis ( sple-ni'tis), n. Inflamma- 
 tion of the spleen. 
 
 splice (splis). I. vt. Unite two ends of 
 a rope, or the ends of two pieces of 
 rope, timber, etc., so as to make one 
 continuous piece. II. n. 1. Act of spli- 
 cing. 2. Joint made by splicing. 
 [Form of split.] 
 
 splint (splint). I. n. 1. Small piece of 
 wood split off. 2. In med. Thin piece 
 of wood, etc., for confining a broken 
 or injured limb. 3. Hard excrescence 
 on the shank-bone of a horse. II. vt. 
 Confine with splints. [Prom split.] 
 
 splinter (splin'ter). I. /*. Thin, sharp 
 piece of wood or other substance split 
 off. II. vt. and vi. Cut or break into 
 splinters. 
 
 splintery (splin'ter-i), a. 1. Made of 
 or like splinters. 2. Apt to splinter. 
 
 split (split). I. vt. and vi. [split'ting; 
 split.] 1. Cleave lengthwise. 2. Tear 
 asunder violently. 3. Divide; throw 
 into discord. II. n. 1. Break; division; 
 schism. 2. Crack; rent lengthwise. 3. 
 Piece or portion split off; half. [Ger. 
 splitter.] 
 
 splurge (splurj). I. n. Boisterous or ' 
 ostentatious demonstration or effort. 
 II. vi. Make an ostentatious display. 
 
 splutter (splut'er). Same as sputter. 
 
 spoil (spoil). I. vt. 1. Take by force. 2. 
 Plunder. 3. Make unfit for use; cor- 
 rupt; ruin. II. vi. X- Practice robbery. 
 
 2. Become unfit for use; decay. III. 
 n. 1. That which is taken by force; 
 plunder; esp. in U. S., public office or 
 other unjust preferment as reward 
 for partisan service. 2. Pillagre; rob- 
 bery. 3. Waste. [ O. Fr. despoiller — L. 
 despoliare—spohum, booty.] 
 
 spoke (spok), pa. t. of speak. 
 
 tite, fat. task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
spoke 
 
 554 
 
 spousal 
 
 spoke (spok), n. One of the bars from 
 the nave to the rim of a wheel. [A. S. 
 spaca. Ger. speiche.] 
 
 spoken (spo'kn) pa. p. of speak. 
 
 spokeshave (spok'shav), n. Plane for 
 dressing the spokes of wheels. 
 
 spokesman (spoks'man), n. One who 
 speaks for another, or others. 
 
 spoliate (spo'li-at), vt. and vi. Rob; 
 piuud er, pillage. —spoliation,^ [L. J 
 
 spondaic (spon-da'ik), a. Pertaining 
 to or consisting of spondees. 
 
 spondee (spon'de), n. Foot of two 
 long syllables. [Gr. spondeios.] 
 
 sponge (spunj). I. n. 1. Porous frame- 
 work of an animal, found attached 
 to rocks, etc., under water, remark- 
 able for its power of sucking up water. 
 2. An instrument for cleaning cannon 
 after a discharge. 3. Heel of a horse's 
 shoe. 4. Anything like a sponge, as 
 bread-dough before kneading, etc., 
 5. One who lives upon others; para- 
 site. II. vt. 1. Wipe with a sponge. 2. 
 Wipe out with a sponge; destroy. 
 HI. vi. 1. Suck in, as a sponge. 2. 
 Make a living by mean tricks, or as 
 a parasite. [Gr.— root of fungus.] 
 
 ►ongecake ( spunj 'kak ) 
 light cake. 
 
 Very 
 
 A 
 
 Sponge-spicules. 
 
 spon ae- 
 spicule 
 
 (spunj'- 
 spik-ul ), 
 n. Chalky 
 or silice- 
 ous little 
 spike or 
 needle, 
 as found 
 in sponges. 
 
 spongy (spun'ji) 
 a. Soft and porous : wet and soft; 
 capable of imbibing fluids. — sg>on'- 
 g'iness, n. 
 
 spousal (spon'sal), a. Pertaining to a 
 betrothal, a marriage, or a spouse. 
 [L.— sponsus, betrothal.] 
 
 sponson ( spon'sun ), n. Curved pro- 
 jection from the hull of a warship, 
 for admitting of a gun to be trained 
 fore or aft. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 sponsor (spon'sur), n. One who prom- 
 ises solemnly for another; surety; 
 god-father or god-mother. — spon- 
 sorship, n. [Li.—spondeo, promise.] 
 
 sponsorial(spon-so'ri-al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to a sponsor, or sponsorship. 
 
 spontaneity (spon-ta-ne'i-ti),?i. State 
 or quality of being spontaneous. 
 
 spontaneous ( spori-ta'ue-us ), a. 1. 
 Voluntary; actingby its own impulse 
 or natura'l law. 2. Produced of itself 
 or without interference. — sponta- 
 
 neously, adv. [L —sponte, of one's 
 own accord.] 
 
 spool (spol). I. n. Hollow cylinder for 
 winding yarn upon. II. vt. Wind on 
 spools. [Low Ger.] 
 
 spoon (spon). I. n. Instrument for 
 
 . supping liquids. II. vi. Be spoony; 
 court in a silly manner. [A. S. spon. 
 Ger. span, chip.] 
 
 spoon-bill (spon'-bil), n. Bird of the 
 genus Platalea belonging to the heron 
 family. [Prom the shape of the bill.] 
 
 spooney, spoony (spo'ni), a. Silly; 
 weakly affectionate. 
 
 spoor(spor), n. Track or trail of an ani- 
 mal, esp. when hunted as game. [Dut ) 
 
 sporadic .( spo-rad'ik ), a. Scattered ; 
 occurring singly. [Gr.— speiro, sow.] 
 
 spore (spoi), n. 1. Minute grain whicii 
 serves as a seed in fiowerless plants 
 like the fern. 2. Germ; source of be- 
 ing. [Gr. sporos, a sowing, seed — 
 speiro, sow.] 
 
 sporran (spor'an), n. Ornamental 
 pouch worn in front of the kilt by the 
 Scotch Highlanders. [Gael, sporan.] 
 
 sport (sport). I. vi. 1. Play; frolic; jest. 
 2. Practice field diversions or bet- 
 ting. 3. Trifle. II. vt. 1. Amuse. 2. 
 Represent playfully. 3. Exhibit; 
 wear. III. n. 1. That which amuses 
 or makes merry. 2. Contemptuous 
 mirth ; derision. 3. Anything for play- 
 ing with; toy; idle jingle. 4. Field 
 diversion, as hunting, etc. 5. Sporting 
 man ; gambler. — Make sport of, 
 deride ; mock at. [Short for disport.] 
 Syn. Prank; mirth; gamboling; rec- 
 reation; hilarity; jollity; merriment. 
 
 sportive (spdr'tiv), a. Inclined to 
 sport; playful; merry. — sport'- 
 iveiy, adv.— sport'iveness, n. 
 
 sportsman (sports'man) n. One who 
 practices, or one skilled in, held sports. 
 — sports'mansnip, n. 
 
 spot (spot). I. n. 1. Mark made by wet 
 matter; blot; discolored place; small 
 part of a different color. 2. Small ex- 
 tent of space; particular place. 3. 
 Stain on character or reputation. II. 
 vt. [spotting; spott'ed.] 1. Mark with 
 drops of wet; stain; discolor. 2. Taint; 
 tarnish, as reputation. 3. Detect in 
 the act. III. vi. Be liable to become 
 spotted. [Prob. from root of spit.] 
 
 spotless (spot'les), a. Without a spot; 
 untainted; pure. —spotlessly, adv. 
 — spot'lessness, n. 
 
 spotter (spot'er), n. One who spots, 
 or detects persons in the act of com- 
 mitting offenses. 
 
 spousal (spow'zal), a. Pertaining to a 
 spouse, or to 'marriage ; nuptial; 
 matrimonial. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
spouse 
 
 555 
 
 spruce 
 
 spouse (spowz), n. Husband or wife. 
 [O. Fr. espous, Fr. 4poux, fern. Spouse, 
 — L. spondeo, promise.] 
 
 spout (spowt). I. vt. Throw out as from 
 a pipe. II. vi. 1. Issue with violence, as 
 from a pipe. 2. Speak grandilo- 
 quently. III. n. 1. Projecting mouth 
 of a vessel from which a stream iss ues. 
 
 2. Pipe for conducting a liquid. [Dut. 
 spuiten. From root ot spit.] 
 
 sprain (spran). I. vt. Overstrain the 
 muscles of a joint. II. n. Excessive 
 straining of the muscles of a joint. 
 [O. Fr. espreindre — L. exprimere.] 
 
 sprang*, pa. t. of spring. 
 
 sprat (sprat), n. Sea-fish like the her- 
 ring, but much smaller. [Ger. sprotte.] 
 
 sprawl (spral), vt. and vi. 1. Toss or 
 kick about the limbs. 2. Stretch the 
 body carelessly when lying. 3. Stran- 
 gle; spread ungracefully.— sprawl- 
 er, n. [Dan. spraelle.] 
 
 spray (spra). I. n. 1. Small particles 
 of water driven by the wind, as from 
 the top of waves, etc. 2. Any liquid 
 sprayed or dispersed in small parti- 
 cles. 3. Atomizer. II. vt. and vi. Scat- 
 ter liquid in form of minute drops; 
 moisten with spray. [A. S. spregan, 
 pour.] [Doublet sprig.] 
 
 spray (spra), n. Small shoot of a tree. 
 
 spread (spred). I. vt. and vi. [spread'- 
 ing; spread.] 1. Scatter abroad, or in 
 ail directions. 2. Stretch; extend. 3. 
 Circulate, as news. 4. Diffuse; propa- 
 gate; strew. 5. Set with provisions, 
 as a table. II. n. 1. Extent; compass; 
 expansion of parts. 2. Cloth used as 
 a cover. [A.S. spraedan. Ger. spreiten.] 
 
 spree (spre), n. 1. Merry frolic. 2. 
 Drunken frolic. [Icel. spraekr, lively.] 
 
 sprig- (sprig). I. n. 1. Small shoot or 
 twig. 2. Youth; boy. II. vt. [ sprig'- 
 ging ; sprigged. ] Embroider withrepre- 
 sentatlons of twigs. [A. S. spree] 
 
 sprightly ( sprit'li ), a. Full of life; 
 lively; brisk. — sprigbt'liness, n. 
 [From spright, a corr. of spirit.] 
 
 Syn. Vivacious; gay; brisk; anima- 
 ted; spirited; vigorous; sprightlike. 
 
 spring (spring). I. vi. [springing; 
 sprang or sprung; sprung.] 1. Bound; 
 leap; rush hastily. 2. Move suddenly 
 by elastic force. 3. Start up suddenly; 
 break forth to appear; issue; come 
 into existence. 4. Bend; warp. II. vt. 
 1. Cause to spring up; start. 2. Pro- 
 duce quickly; contrive as a surprise. 
 
 3. Explode as a mine : open, as a leak ; 
 crack, as a mast. III. n. 1. Leap. 2. 
 Flying back with elastic force. 3. 
 Elastic power. 4. Elastic body. 5. 
 Any active power; cause; origin; 
 source. 6. Outflow of water from the 
 
 earth. 7. Time when plants begin , ; 
 spring up and grow; vernal seasc-; 
 the first of the four seasons of the 
 year. [A. S. springan.] 
 
 springbok (spring'- 
 bok), n. Sort of 
 South African ga- 
 zel, larger than a 
 roebuck. [Dut.] 
 
 springe(sprinj).I.n. 
 Snare witli a spring- 
 noose; gin. II. vi. 
 Catch in a spiinge. 
 
 springer(spring'er), 
 n. Kind of dog allied 
 to the spaniel, useful for springing or 
 flushing game in copses. 
 
 spring-tide (spring'-tid), n. 1. Tide 
 which rises higher than ordinary 
 tides, after new and full moon. 2. 
 Season of spring. 
 
 springy (spring'i), a. 1. Elastic; 
 nimble. 2. Abounding with springs 
 or fountains. — spring'iness, n. 
 
 sprinkle (spring'kl;. I. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Scatter in small drops or particles. 
 2. Scatter on. 3. Baptize with a few 
 drops of water; purify. 4. Rain in 
 scattering drops. — sprinkling, n. 
 Small quantity sprinkled. — sprink- 
 ler, n. [A. S. sprengan, the causative 
 
 of SPRING.] 
 
 sprint (sprint). I. vi. Run fast. II. n. 
 
 Fast run. — sprint'er, n. Foot race 
 
 runner, 
 sprit (sprit), n. Spar set diagonally to 
 
 extend a fore-and-aft sail. [ A. S. 
 
 spreot, pole.] 
 sprite (sprit), n. Elf; fairy; goblin; 
 
 spirit; ghost. [A corr. of spirit.] 
 sprocket (sprok'et), n. Projection on 
 
 a wheel, capstan, etc., for engaging a 
 
 chain.— sprocket-wheel, n. Wheel 
 
 having sprockets. 
 sprout (sprowt). I. n. 1. Young shoot. 
 
 2. pi. Young shoots from 
 
 old cabbages. II. vt. and 
 
 vi. Begin to grow; push 
 
 out new shoots; cause to 
 
 sprout. [ A. S. spreotan. 
 
 Ger. sprieszen.] 
 spruce (spros). I. a. Neat; 
 
 smart; dandified; smug. 
 
 IT. vt. Trim or dress with 
 
 affected or finical neat- 
 ness; prink. — spruce'- 
 
 ly, adv. — spruce ness, 
 
 n. [From spruce leather, 
 
 a fine leather of Prussia.] 
 Syn. Smart : jaunty ; 
 
 foppish; finical. 
 spruce (spros). spruce-fir (spros'- 
 
 fer), n. Name of several species of con- 
 iferous trees. [Ger. sprosse, sprout.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, fax, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, bunt; oil, owl, then.. 
 
spruce-beer 
 
 556 
 
 square 
 
 spruce-beer ( spros'-ber ), n. Fer- 
 mented liquor made from the sprouts 
 of the spruce-far. 
 
 sprung*, pa. t. aud pa. p. of spring. 
 
 spry (spn), a. Nimble; active. [Sw. 
 sprygg.] 
 
 spud (spud), n. Narrow spade with a 
 short handle. [ From the root of 
 
 spue. Same as spew, [spade.] 
 
 spume ( spurn ). I. n. Scum thrown 
 up by liquids; foam. II. vi. Throw up 
 scum; foam. — spu'iuous, spumy 
 (spu'mi), a. [L. spuma—spuo.] 
 
 spun, pa. c and pa. p 1 of spin. 
 
 spun-gold (spun'-g51d), n. Flattened 
 gold, or gilded silver- wire, wound on a 
 thread of yellow silk. 
 
 spunk ( spungk), n. 1. Touchwood; 
 tinder; punk. 2. Quick, ardent tem- 
 per; mettle; spirit; pluck. [Gael. 
 spong—Li. spongia, sponge.] 
 
 sgmnkie (spung'ki), n. 1. Small flame 
 <>r fiery spark. 2. Ignis fatuus; wiJl- 
 o'-tbe-wisp. 3. Person of irritable tem- 
 per. [Scotch.] 
 
 spunky (spung'ki), a. 1. Spirited; 
 iiery; plucky. 2. Irritable; touchy. 
 
 spun-silver (spun'-sil-ver), n. Flat- 
 tened silver wire wound round a 
 thread of coarse silk. 
 
 spur (spur). I. n. 1. Instrument on a 
 horseman's heels, with sharp points 
 for goading the horse. 2. That which 
 goads or instigates ; incitement ; 
 stimulus. 3. Something projecting. 4. 
 Hard projection on a cock's leg. 5. 
 Small range of mountains extending 
 laterally from a larger range. II. vt. 
 [spurr'ing; spurred.] 1. Urge on with 
 spurs; urge onward; impel. 2. Put 
 spurs on. III. vi. Press forward; 
 travel in great haste. [A. S. spura.] 
 
 spnrg-e (spurj), n. Class of acrid 
 plants with a milky juice used for 
 taking off warts. [ O. Fr. espurge — L. 
 expurgare.\ 
 
 spurious ( spu'ri-us ), a. Not genuine; 
 false. — spuriously, adv. — spn- 
 riousness, n. [L. spurius.] 
 
 Syn. Counterfeit; fictitious; forged. 
 
 spurn (spurn), vt. Drive away as 
 with the foot; kick; reject with dis- 
 dain. [A. S. spurnan —root of spur.] 
 
 spurt (spurt). I. vt. and vi. Spout or 
 gush out in a sudden stream, as 
 water. II. n. 1. Sudden or violent 
 gush of a liquid jet. 2. Sudden and 
 short effort. [A. S. spryttan. Ger. 
 spritzen.] 
 
 sputter (sput'er). I. vi. 1. Spit in 
 small drops, as in rapid speaking. 2. 
 Speak rapidly and indistinctly. II. 
 vi. 1. Throw out with haste and 
 noise. 2. Utter hastily and indis- 
 
 tinctly. III. n. Act of sputtering; 
 noise made by sputtering. [Akin to 
 splutter.] 
 sputum (spu'tum), n. Spittle. [L.] 
 spy (spi). n. 1. One sent into an ene- 
 my's country or camp to find out 
 their strength, etc. 2. One who keeps 
 a watch on others. 3. One who se- 
 cretly conveys information. II. vt. 
 and vi. 1. See; discover, generally at 
 a distance. 2. Discover by close 
 search ; inspect secretly. [O. Fr. espie 
 —Li. specio, look.] [scope. 
 
 spyglass (spi'glas), n. Small tele- 
 squab (skwob), a. 1. Short and stout; 
 plump ; bulky. 2. Unfledged ; un- 
 feathered, as a squab pigeon. — Phila- 
 delphia squab, young pigeon. 
 squabbish ( skwob'ish ), squabby 
 
 (skwob'i), a. Thick; fat; heavy. 
 squabble (skwob'i). I. vi. Dispute 
 noisily; wrangle. II. n. Noisy, petty 
 quarrel ; brawl.— squabbler, n. [Sw. 
 skvabbel. Low Ger. kabbeln, quarrel.] 
 squad (skwod), n. 1. Small body of 
 men assembled for drill. 2. Any small 
 body of persons. [See squadron.] 
 squadron (skwod'run), n. 1. Body of 
 cavalry, consisting of two troops. 2. 
 Section of a fleet, commanded by a 
 flag-officer. [Orig. a square of troops. 
 Fr. escadron. See square.] 
 squalid (skwol'id), a. Filthy, foul; 
 extremely dirty. — squal'idly, adv. 
 — squal'idness, n. [L. squalidus.] 
 squall (skwal). 1. vi. Cry out violently. 
 II. n. 1. Loud cry or scream. 2. Vio- 
 lent gust of wind. [Icel. sqvala, shriek.] 
 squally (skwal'i), a. Abounding or 
 disturbed with gusts of wind; gusty, 
 squalor (skwa'lur),7i. Filthiness. [L.] 
 squander (skwon'der), vt. Spend lav- 
 ishly, wastef ully. — squanderer, n. 
 Syn. Waste; dissipate; scatter. 
 square (skwar). I. a. 1. Having four 
 equal sides and angles. 2. Forming a 
 right angle. 3. Having a straight 
 front or an outline formed by straight 
 lines. 4. Fair; just; honest. 5. Ex- 
 actly suitable; fitting. 6. Leaving no 
 balance; even. 7. Substantial, as a 
 square meal. 8. At right angles with a 
 vessel's keel. II. n. 1. That which is 
 square; square figure. 2. Four-sided 
 space inclosed by or covered with 
 houses. 3. Square body of troops. 4. 
 Length of the side of any figure 
 squared. 5. Instrument for measur- 
 ing right angles. 6. Product of a quan- 
 tity multiplied by itself. III. vt. 1. 
 Form like a square; form with four 
 equal sides and angles. 2. Multiply 
 by itself. 3. Place at right angles with 
 the keel. 4. Adjust; settle; balance. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
squash 
 
 557 
 
 staff 
 
 -squareness, n. [O. Fr. e&quarre 
 — L. esquadra/e, make square,— quad- 
 rus—quattuox \ four.] 
 
 squash (skwosh). I. vi. Beat or press 
 into pulp; crush flat. II. n. 1. Sudden 
 fall or shock of soft bodies. 2. Any- 
 thing soft and easily crushed ; any- 
 thing soft or unripe. [O. Fr. escachier 
 — L. excoactare, force.] 
 
 squash(skwosb). n. Plant of the genus 
 Cucurbita, and its fruit, cultivated as 
 an article of food. — squash'-bug, 
 n. Ill-smelling insect destructive to 
 squash and pumpkin plants. [Amer- 
 ican Indian askutasouash.l 
 
 squat (skwot), vi. [squat'ting; squat'- 
 ted. 1. Sit down upon the hams or 
 heels; cower, as an animal. 2. Settle 
 on public or new land without title. 
 — squatter, n. 1. In U. S., settler on 
 new land without title. 2. In Austra- 
 lia, one who leases pasture land from 
 the government. [O. Fr. esquatir.] 
 
 squaw ( skwa), n. American Indian 
 woman, or wife. 
 
 squawk (skwak). I. vi. Utter a harsh 
 outcry, as a frightened duck. II. n. 
 Squall or harsh outcry. [Imitative.] 
 
 squeak (skwek). I. vi. Utter a shrill 
 and usually short cry. II. n. Sudden, 
 shrill cry. [Imitative.] 
 
 squeal (skwel), vi. 1. Utter a shrill 
 and prolonged sound. 2. Turn in- 
 former; peach. [Imitative.] 
 
 squeamish (skwe'mish), a. 1. Sickish 
 at the stomach. 2. Easily disgusted or 
 offended; over-nice in questions of 
 propriety ; finical ; fastidious.— 
 squea'mishly, acta.— squea'mish- 
 n ess, n. [O. Eng. sivemig, dizzy.] 
 
 Syn. Dainty; qualmish; straitlaced; 
 scrupulous; particular. 
 
 squeeze (skwez). I. vt. and vi. 1. Crush 
 or press between two bodies. 2. Em- 
 brace closely. 8. Force or pass 
 through a small hole; cause to pass. 
 II. n. Act of squeezing; grasp; hug. 
 [A. S. civisan. Ger. quetschen.] 
 
 squelch (skwelch),^. Crush; subdue; 
 suppress. 
 
 squib (skwib), n. 1. Fizzling fire- 
 cracker. 2. Short satirical writing. 
 [M. E. squippen, dart, dash.] 
 
 squid (skwid), n. 1. Cuttlefish. 2. 
 Artificial bait or weighted hook used 
 in angling. 
 
 squil&ee (skwil'je), n. Instrument 
 edged with India rubber or leather 
 for scraping water from the deck of 
 a ship; squeegee. 
 
 squill (skwil), n. Genus of plants 
 allied to the lily, an African species 
 of which is used in medicine. [Fr. 
 — Gr. skilla.] 
 
 squill (skwil), n. 1. Kind of shrimp 
 2. Mantis. [L.] 
 
 squint (skwiut). I. a. Looking oblique- 
 ly; distorted. II. vi. 1. Look oblique- 
 ly. 2. Have the vision distorted. IIL 
 vt. Cause to squint. IV. n. 1. Non- 
 coincidence of the optical axes. 2. 
 Distortion of vision. 
 
 squire (skwir), n. Short for esquire. 
 
 squirm (skwerm). L vi. Wriggle; 
 writhe. II. n. Wriggling or writhing 
 motion. 
 
 squirrel (skwer'el), n. 
 Nimble rodent ani- 
 mal with a bushy 
 tail. [O. Fr. esquirel 
 (Fr. ecureuil) — Gr. 
 skiouros—skia, shade, 
 and our a, tail.] 
 
 squirt (skwert). I. vt. 
 Throw water in a 
 stream from a nar- 
 row opening. II. n. 
 1. Small instrument 
 for squirting. 2. 
 Small, quick stream. [ Low Ger, 
 swirtjen.] 
 
 stab (stab). I. vt. aud vi. [stab'bing; 
 stabbed. ] Wound with a pointed 
 weapon. II. n. Thrust with a pointed 
 weapon; treacherous injury. [Gael. 
 stob, pointed stick. See staff.] 
 
 stability (sta-bil'i-ti), n. Firmness: 
 steadiness; immovability. [F.— L.] 
 
 stable (sta'bl), a. Firmly established; 
 not easily overthrown. — sta'bly, 
 adv. — sta'bleness, n. [ L. stabilis — 
 sto, stand. 
 
 Syn. Fixed; firm; steady; steadfast; 
 constant; durable; permanent. 
 
 stable (sta'bl). I. n. Buildingfor horses 
 and cattle. II. vt. Put or keep in a sta- 
 ble. III. vi. Dwell in a stable. [ O. Fr. 
 estable. (Fr. etable) — ~Lt. stabulum—sto, 
 stand.] 
 
 stabling (sta'bling), n. 1. Act of put* 
 ting into a stable. 2. Accommodation 
 for horses and cattle. 
 
 staccato (stak-ka'to), a. Inmus. Giv- 
 ing a clear distinct, sound to each note. 
 [It. staccare, for distaceare, separate.] 
 
 stack (stak).I. n. Large pile of hay, 
 grain in the sheaf, etc. 2. Number of 
 chimneys standing together. 3. Single 
 tall chimney; smoke-stack. II. vt. 
 Pile tip in a_stack. [Dan. stak.] 
 
 stadium (sta'di-um), n. [pi. sta'dia.] 
 Greek measure of 125 paces, equal to 
 606 feet 9 inches English. 2. Greek 
 course for foot-races 3. Stage or 
 period of a isease. [Gr. stadion. ] 
 
 staff (staf), n. [pi. staffs or staves.] 1. 
 Stick carried for support or defence; 
 a prop. 2. Long piece of wood; pole; 
 
 fate, fat, task ; far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute. hut. burn; oil. owl. then. 
 
stag 1 
 
 558 
 
 stallion 
 
 flagstaff. 3. Long handle of an instru- 
 ment. 4. Stick or ensign of authority. 
 5. [pi. staffs.] The five lines and 
 spaces for music; stanza. 6. Establish- 
 ment of general officers aiding ihe 
 commander in chief; any simila: 
 establishment, as the editors of a 
 newspaper, teachers of a school etc. 
 [A. S. stcef. Ger. stab.] 
 
 stag- (stag), n. Male deer. —stag' - 
 beetle, n. Beetle the male of which 
 has mandibles like stag's horns. — 
 stag'-party, n. Party attended by 
 men only. [Colloq.] [Icel. steggr, male 
 animal L — stig, mount.] 
 
 stage(staj). I. n. 1. Elevated platform, 
 esp. in a theater. 2. Theater; theat- 
 rical representations. 3. Any place of 
 exhibition or performance. 4. Place 
 of rest on a journey or road. 5. Dis- 
 tance between places. 6. Stage coach., 
 II. vt. 1. Exhibit on a stage. 2. Put on 
 the stage. [ O. Fr. estage, Fr. itage, 
 story of a house.] 
 
 stagecoach (staj'koch), n. Coach that 
 runs regularly with passengers from 
 stage to stage. ' [on the stage. 
 
 stage-player (staj'-pla-er),w. Player 
 
 stager (sta'jer), n. 1. Player. 2. Oue 
 who has lived long; man of experi- 
 ence. (Often used with old.) 
 
 stagger (stag'er). I. vi. 1. Reel from 
 side to side. 2. Begin to give way. 3. 
 Begin to doubt; hesitate. II. vt. 1. 
 Cause to reel. 2. Cause to doubt or 
 hesitate. 3. Shock. [Icel. stakra, tot- 
 ter.] 
 
 staggers (stag'erz), n. Disease of 
 horses, causing them to reel and fall 
 suddenly. 
 
 staghonmd (stag'hownd), n. Hound 
 used in hunting the stag or deer. 
 
 staging (sta'jing), n. Scaffold for 
 workmen in building. 
 
 stagnant (stag'nant), a. 1. Not flow- 
 ing; motionless; dull. 2. Impure from 
 being motionless. — stag'nantly, 
 adv. [L. stagnans. See stagnate.] 
 Syn. Inert; sluggish; torpid. 
 
 stagnate (stag'nat), vi. Cease to flow; 
 become dull or motionless. — stag- 
 nation n. [L. stagnum, pool.] 
 
 staid (stad), a. Steady; sober; grave. 
 — staid'ly, adv. — staid'ness, n. 
 [From stay.] [of stay. 
 
 staid, stayed (stad), pa. t. a,ndpa.p. 
 
 stain (stan). I. vt. 1. Tinge; color; 
 dye; esp. a solid, as wood, glass, etc. 
 2. Discolor; spot; tarnish. 3. Mark 
 with guilt or infamy; bring reproach 
 on. II. n. 1. Discoloration; spot. 2. 
 Taint of guilt; cause of reproach; 
 shame. [Short for distain.] 
 Syn. Paint; soil; sully; disgrace. 
 
 Stalactites and 
 stalagmites. 
 
 stainless (stan'les), a. "Without, or 
 free from, stain. 
 
 stair (star), n. 1. One step for ascend- 
 ing to a higher level. 2. Series of such 
 steps. C pi. Flight of steps. — stair- 
 case, star'way, ns. Flight of stairs 
 with balusters, etc.. [ A. S. stceger — 
 stigan, ascend. Ger. steigen.] 
 
 stake (stak). I. n. 1. Strong stick or 
 post, pointed at one end. 2. Post to 
 which an animal is tied, or to which 
 a martyr was tied to be burned. 3. 
 Martyrdom. 4. Anything pledged in a 
 wager. II. vt. 1. Fasten, or pierce 
 with a stake. 2. Mark the bounds of 
 with stakes. 3. Wager; hazard. [A 
 S. staca] 
 
 stalactic(sta-lak'tik), 
 stalactitic, (sta- 
 lak-tit'ik), a. Having 
 the form or proper- 
 ties of a stalactite. 
 
 stalactite (sta-lak'- 
 tit), n. Cone of car- 
 bonate of lime, hang- 
 ing like an icicle, in 
 a cavern, formed by 
 the dripping of water 
 containing carbon- 
 ate of lime. [ Gr. stal- 
 azo, drip.] 
 
 stalagmite (sta-lag'mit), n. Cone of 
 carbonate of lime on the floor of a 
 cavern, formed by the dripping of 
 water from the roof.— stalagmit'ic, 
 a. [Gr.— stalazo, drip.] 
 
 stale (stal), a. 1. Tainted; vapid or 
 tasteless from age; no longer fresh; 
 trite. 2. Not new. 3. Worn out by 
 age; decayed.— stale'ness, n. [Ety- 
 mology doubtful.] 
 
 stalk (stak), n. 1. Stem of a plant. 2. 
 Stem on which a flower or fruit. 
 grows. 3. Stem of a quill. 4. Slender 
 shaft or handle. [An extension of 
 A. S. stel. IceL stil/cer. Ger. stiel.] 
 
 stalk (stak). L vi. 1. Walk with long, 
 slow steps. 2. Walk behind a stalk- 
 ing-horse. 3. Pursue game by ap- 
 proaching behind covers. II. vt. Ap- 
 proach secretly in order to kill, as 
 deer. — stalfc'er, n. [A. S. stealcian, 
 walk stealthily.] 
 
 stalking-horse (stak'ing-hars), n. 1. 
 Horse behind which a hunter hides. 
 2. Mask; pretence. 
 
 stall (stal). I. n. 1. Division of a 
 stable for a single animal. 2. Booth 
 or stand where articles are exposed 
 for sale. II. Put or keep in a stall. 
 [A. S. steall.] [tened in a stable. 
 
 stall-fed (stal'fed), vt. Fed and fat- 
 stallion (stal'yun), '.%. Male horse. 
 [Fr. estalon — O. Ger. stall, stable.} 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
stalwart 
 
 559 
 
 star 
 
 Stamens of 
 1. Cardoon thistle. %■ 
 Flower of tuli~tree. 3- 
 Rice. 4. Whortleberry- 
 5. Glade mallow. 6. 
 Hippocratea. 7. Thyme. 
 8. Leek. 9- Spanish 
 broom. 10. Hellebore. 
 
 stalwart (stal'wart). I. a. Stout; 
 strong; sturdy. II. re. Intense par- 
 tisan. [ A. S. 
 staelwyrthe, 
 trustworthy.] 
 
 stamen ( s t a'- 
 nieu), re. 1. [pi. 
 sta'niens.] Or- 
 gan of a flower 
 which produces 
 the pollen. 2. 
 [pi. stamina 
 (stam'i-na) .] 
 Main support; 
 power of en- 
 durance. [Gr.j 
 
 stammer(stam'- 
 er). I. vi. a.n6.vt. 
 Halt in speech; 
 falter; stutter; 
 utter with hesi- 
 tation. II. re. 
 
 Hesitation in speech; defective utter- 
 ance. — stani'merer, re.— stani'mer- 
 ing, n. — stam'mering-ly, adv. 
 [A. S. stamor.] 
 
 stamp (stamp). I. vi. Plant the foot 
 flrmly down. II. vt. 1. Strike with the 
 •sole of the foot, by thrusting it down. 
 2. Impress with some mark or figure; 
 imprint. 3. Coin; form. 4. Affix an 
 adhesive stamp to. 5. Crush, as ores. 
 III. re. 1. Act of stamping. 2. Mark 
 made by pressing. 3. Instrument for 
 making impressions. 4. Small piece 
 of paper to toe attached to a paper, 
 letter, document or article, in order 
 to show that a duty, tax or charge 
 has toeen paid. 5. Cast; form; char- 
 acter. 6. Heavy hammer worked by 
 machinery for crushing metal ores.— 
 stamper, n.-stamp'ing;, re. [Low 
 Ger. sta?npen.] 
 
 stampede ( stam-ped' ). I. re. Sudden 
 fright seizing on large toodies of 
 horses, cattle, etc., causing them to 
 run away; flight, caused by panic. II. 
 vt. Cause to start off in a panic. [Sp. 
 estampida.] 
 
 stanch (stanch), staunch (stanch). 
 
 I. vt. Stop the flowing of, as blood. 
 
 II. vi. Cease to flow. III. a. Constant; 
 trusty: zealous; sound; firm.— 
 stanch'Iy. adv. — stanch'ness, re. 
 [O Fr. estanchier—~L. stagno, stagnate.] 
 
 stanchion (stan'shun), re. Upright 
 beam used as support; pillar; post. 
 [O. Fr. estangon.] 
 
 stand (stand). I. vi. [standing; stood.) 
 1. Be fixed in an upright position. 2. 
 Occupy a certain position. 3. Be at 
 rest. 4- Be in a particular state, posi- 
 tion or rank. 5. Remain fixed or firm. 
 6. Endure. 7. Offer one's self as a can- 
 
 didate. II. vt. 1. Set upright. 2. En- 
 dure; sustain; bear; resist. III. re. 1. 
 Place where one remains for any pur- 
 pose. 2. Platform for spectators. 3. 
 Something on which anything rests; 
 small table. 4. Stop ; difficulty. 5. Com- 
 plete set, as of arms, —stand-by, re. 
 1. Supporter. 2. Reliable support. 
 — stand'er,re — standstill, re. Stop 
 — Stand against, resist. — Stand by, 
 support. [A. S. standan.~\ 
 
 standard ( stand'arrl) . I. n. 1. That 
 which stands or is fixed, as a rule or 
 model. 2. Upright post of a truss. 3. 
 Staff with a flag; flag. II. a. 1. Accord- 
 ing to, or serving as, a standard. 2. 
 Having a fixed or recognized value. 
 [O.Fr. estendard—Li. extender e, stretch 
 out.] 
 
 standing (stand'ing). I. a. 1. Esfcab- 
 ished; permanent. 2. Stagnant. 3. 
 Being erect. II. re. 1. Continuance; 
 existence. 2. Place to stand in. 3. 
 Position in society; rank; reputation. 
 
 standish (stand'ish),re. Standing dish 
 for pen and ink. [stand and dish.] 
 
 stand'point (stand'point), re. Point, 
 of view. [halt. 
 
 standstill (stand'stil), re. Stop; pause; 
 
 stanhope ( stan'hop, ), r>. Light two- 
 w heeled carriage without a top. 
 [From Mr. Stanhope, its contriver.] 
 
 Stannary (stan'a-ri) I. a. Of or relat- 
 ing to tin mines or works. II. re. Tin 
 mine. [L. stannum, tin.] 
 
 stannic (stan'ik), a. Pertaining to, or 
 procured from, tin.] 
 
 stanEa(stan'za), re. 1. In poetry. Series 
 of lines or verses connected with and 
 adjusted to each other. 2. Division of 
 a poem containing every variation of 
 measure in the poem. [It. stanza, 
 stop, — Li._stans, pr. p. of slo, stand.] 
 
 stapes (sta'pez), re. Stirrup-shaped 
 bone in the ear. See labykinth. [M. 
 L. = stirrup.] 
 
 staple (sta'pl). I. re. 1. Principal pro- 
 duction or industry of a district or 
 country. 2. Principal element. 3. 
 Thread of textile fabric. 4. Unmanu- 
 factured material. 5. Loop of iron 
 for holding a pin, bolt, etc. II. a. 1. 
 Established in commerce. 2. Regu- 
 larly produced for market. [A. S 
 stapul and staff el, prop: table.] 
 
 stapler (sta'pler), re. 1. Dea^r. 2 
 Wool sorter. 
 
 star (star). I. re. 1. One of the bright 
 bodies in the heavens (excepting sun 
 and moon). 2. Representation of a 
 star. 3. Person of brilliant or attrac- 
 tive qualities, esp. an actor or actress. 
 4. Asterisk. 5. Anything resembling 
 a star. II. vi. 1. Shine, as a star; 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, ff.re, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 
 
starboard 
 
 500 
 
 stateroom 
 
 attract attention. 2. Appear as a 
 leading actor or actress.— Stars and 
 stripes, American flag. [A.S. steorra.] 
 
 starboard ( star'bord ). I. n. Right- 
 hand side of a ship, looking toward 
 the bow. II. a. Pertaining to or lying 
 on the right side of a ship. [A.S. steor- 
 bord — steor, rudder, and bord, side.] 
 
 starcb (starch). I. a. Strong; stiff; 
 precise. II. n. 1. Glistening white 
 vegetable powder, forming when Wet 
 a sort of gum much used as food, 
 for stiffening cloth, etc. 2. Stiffness; 
 formal maimer. III. vt. Stiffen with 
 starch.— starcta'er, n. — starcb'ed, 
 a. Stiffened with starch; stiff; formal. 
 — starcb'ed ly, adv. — starch'ed- 
 ness, n.— starcb'y, a. Consisting 
 of or like starch; stiff; nrecise. [A.S. 
 =strength,— stearc, strong, stark.] 
 
 Star Cbamber (star'-cham-ber), n. 1. 
 Formerly an English court of civil 
 and criminal jurisdiction at West- 
 minster. 2. Any tribunal that proceeds 
 unfairly or arbitrarily. 
 
 stare (star). I. vi. Look with a fixed 
 gaze, as in horror, astonishment, etc. 
 II. vt. Influence by gazing. III. n. 
 Fixed look. [A. S. starian. Cf. Ger. 
 starr, rigid. See stern.] 
 
 starOsb (star'fish), 
 n. Marine animal 
 usually in the form 
 of a tive-rayed star. 
 
 star-gazer ( star'- 
 ga-zei), in. One who 
 gazes at the stars; 
 astrologer; astron- 
 omer. 
 
 stark (stark). I. a. 
 1. Stiff; rigid. 2. 
 Absolute ; entire ; 
 utter. II. adv. Ab- 
 solutely; completely.— starkly, adv. 
 [A. S. stearc, strong.] 
 
 starling (starling), n. 1. European 
 bird, easily tamed. 2. A somewhat 
 similar American bird. [Ger. staar.] 
 
 starling- (star'ling), n. Ringorinclos- 
 ure of piles to keep out the water; 
 cofferdam. [Dan. stoer, pole.] 
 
 starred (stard), a. Adorned or studded 
 with stars. 
 
 starry (star'i), a. 1. Abounding or 
 adorned with stars. 2. Consisting of 
 or proceeding from the stars; stellar. 
 3. Like or shining like the stars. — 
 star'riness, n. 
 
 start (start). I. vi. 1. Move suddenly, 
 as if by a twitch or involuntary 
 shrinking; wince. 2. Begin. 3. Be- 
 come loose. II. vt. 1. Cause to move 
 suddenly. 2. Disturb suddenly; rouse 
 suddenly from concealment. 3. Set 
 
 Starfish. 
 
 i«i motion; call forth; invent or dis- 
 cover. 4. Move suddenly from its 
 place; loosen. 5. Empty; pour out. 
 III. n. 1. Sudden motion of the body. 
 
 2. Sudden rousing to action; unex- 
 pected movement; sally; sudden fit. 
 
 3. First motion from a point or place; 
 outset. [Icel. sterta. Low Ger. storten, 
 plunge. Ger. stuerzen.] 
 
 startle (star'tl). I.vi. 1. Start or move 
 suddenly. 2. Feel sudden alarm. II. 
 
 , vt. Excite suddenly; shock; frighten. 
 III. n. Sudden alarm or surprise. 
 [Extension of start.] 
 
 starvation (star-va'shun), n. Act of 
 starving; state of being starved. 
 
 starve (starv). I.vi. 1. Die of hunger. 
 2. Suffer extreme hunger or want. 3. 
 Be in want of anything necessary. 
 II. vt. 1. Kill with hunger; destroy 
 by want. 2. Deprive of strength; dis- 
 able. [A. S. steorfan, die,] 
 
 starveling- (starv'ling). I. a. Perish- 
 ing from hunger; lean; weak. II. n. 
 Pininganimal or plant. 
 
 state(stat). I. n. 1. Condition or circum- 
 stances of a being or thing at any 
 given time. 2. Royal or gorgeous 
 pomp; appearance of greatness. 3. 
 Estate; body of men forming a divi- 
 sion of the government. 4. People 
 united into one body politic; com- 
 monwealth. In U. S., one of the fed- 
 erated commonwealths composing 
 the Union. 5. Power wielded by the 
 government of a country ; civil 
 power, often as contrasted with the 
 church. II. a. Public; relating to the 
 body politic. [O. Fr. estat— L. status.] 
 
 state (sta,t),vt. 1. Set; settle; establish. 
 2. Express the particulars of; set 
 down in detail or in gross. 
 
 stated (sta'ted), n. 1. Settled; estab- 
 lished; fixed; regular. 2. Named.— 
 sta'tedly, adv^ [a state. (U. S.) 
 
 Statebouse (stat'hows), n. Capitol of 
 
 stately (stat'li) a. Showing state or 
 dignity; majestic; grand.— state'li- 
 ness, n. 
 
 statement (stat'ment), n. 1. Act of 
 stating. 2. That which is stated; nar- 
 rative; recital. 
 
 State-paper (stat'-pa-per), n. Official 
 document relating to affairs of state. 
 
 State-prison ( stat'-priz'n ), n. 1. 
 Penitentiary. 2. Prison for political 
 offenders. — State-prisoner, n. 1. 
 Prisoner confined for offences against 
 the State. 2. Penitentiary convict. 
 
 stateroom ( stat'rom ), n. 1. Stately 
 room in a palace or mansion. 2. 
 Sleeping apartment in a passenger- 
 steamer or sleeping-car. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; *^te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; ii, owl, then. 
 
statesman 
 
 561 
 
 steal 
 
 Frictional electric ma- 
 chine, producing stat- 
 ical electricity. 
 
 statesman (stats'man), n. One skilled 
 in government and public affairs. — 
 states'manlike, a.— statesman- 
 ship, n. 
 
 static (stat'ik), 
 statical, a. 1. 
 
 Pertaining to 
 statics. 2. Per- 
 taining to bod- 
 ies at rest or in 
 equilibrium. 3. 
 Acting by mere 
 weight.— Static- 
 al electricity, 
 electricity pro- 
 duced by fric- 
 tion and analo- 
 gous means, 
 
 the phenomena of which are mostly 
 statical. 
 
 statics (stat'iks), n. Science which 
 treats of the action of force in main- 
 taining rest^ [Gr.] 
 
 station ( sta'shun ). I. n. 1. Place 
 where a person or thing stands. 2. 
 Post assigned; position; office; situ- 
 ation. 3. State; rank; condition in 
 life. 4. Place where railway trains 
 come to a stand. 5. District or branch 
 post-office. II. vt. Assign a station 
 to; appoint to a post, place, or office. 
 [Li. statio — stq, stand.] 
 
 stationary(sta'shun-ar-i), a. 1. Stand- 
 ing; fixed; settled. 2. Acting from or 
 in a fixed position (as an engine). 3. 
 Not progressing or retrogressing ; not 
 improving. 
 
 stationer ( sta'shun-er ), n. One who 
 sells articles used in writing. [Orig. 
 a bookseller, from occupying a stall 
 or station in a market place.] — sta- 
 tionery, n. Articles sold by station- 
 ers, [tician. 
 
 statist (sta'tist), n. Statesman; poli- 
 
 statistic (sta-tis'tik), statistical, a. 
 Pertaining to or containing statistics. 
 statistically, adv. 
 
 statistician ( stat-is-tish'an), n. One 
 skilled in the science of statistics. 
 
 statistics ( sta-tis'tiks ), n. 1. Collec- 
 tion of facts and figures regarding 
 the condition of a people, class, etc. 
 2. Science which treats of the collec- 
 tion and arraugement of statistics. 
 [From state.] 
 
 statuary ( stat'u-ar-i ), n. 1. Art of 
 carving statues. 2. Statue or a col- 
 lection of statues. 3. One who makes, 
 or deals in,_statues. [L. statuarius.] 
 
 statue (stat'u), n. Likeness of a living 
 being carved out of some solid sub- 
 stance; image. [L. statua—sto.] 
 
 statuesque ( stat-u-esk'), a. Like a 
 statue. [Pr.] 
 
 statuette (stat-u-et'], n. Small statue. 
 
 stature (stat'ur), n. Height. [L. sta- 
 tural [rank. [L.] 
 
 status ( sra'tus ), n. State; condition; 
 
 statutable ( stat'u-ta-bl ), a. 1. Made 
 by statute. 2. According to statute. 
 — stat'utably, adv. 
 
 statute ( stat'ut), n. 1. Law enacted 
 by the legislature (as distinguished 
 from a customary law). 2. Act of a 
 corporation or its founders, intended 
 as a permanent rule or law. [L. sta- 
 tutum, ordained.] 
 
 statutory (stat'u-to-ri), a. Enacted by 
 statute; depending on statute for its 
 authority. 
 
 staunch. See stanch. 
 
 stave (stav). I. n. 1. One of the pieces 
 of which a cask or pail is made. 2. 
 Staff or part of apiece of music. 3. 
 Stanza. II. vt. [ stav'iug; staved or 
 stove.] 1. Break a stave or the staves 
 of; burst. 2. Drive off, as with a staff; 
 delay. 3. Furnish with staves. [ By- 
 form of stab and staff.] 
 
 staves (stavz), n. PI. of staff. 
 
 stay (»ta). I. vi. [stay'lng; staid or 
 stayed.] 1. Remain; abide; continue 
 in a place or state; wait. 2. Cease 
 acting. 3. Trust; rely; insist. II. vt. 
 
 1. Cause to stand; stop; restrain; 
 end 2. Delay. 3. Prevent from fall- 
 ing; prop; support. III. n. 1. Con- 
 tinuance in a place; abode for a time. 
 
 2. Stop; stand-still. 3. Prop; sup- 
 port. 4. Large strong rope running 
 from the head of one mast to another 
 mast or to the side of the ship. [O. Fr. 
 esteir — L. stare, stand.] 
 
 stead (sted), n. Place which another 
 had or might have. [A.S. stede— root 
 
 of STAND.] 
 
 steadfast(sted'fast), a. 1. Firmly fixed 
 or established. 2. Firm; constant; 
 resolute; steady.— steadfastly, adv. 
 — stead'fastness, n. 
 
 steady (sted'i). I. a. [stead'ier; stead'- 
 iest.] 1. Firm in standing or in place; 
 fixed; stable. 2. Constant; resolute; 
 consistent. 3. Regular; uniform. II. 
 vt. and vi. [stead'ying; stead'ied. ] 
 Make or become steady; make or 
 keep firm.— steadily, adv.— stead'- 
 iness, n : [See stead.] 
 
 steak (stak), n. Slice pf meat (esp. 
 beef) broiled, or for broiling. [Icel. 
 steik, steikja, broil.] 
 
 steal (stel). I. vt. [steal'ing; stole; 
 stolen.] l.Take by theft, or felon- 
 iously. 2. Move or get surreptitiously. 
 
 3. Gain or win by address or by grad- 
 ual means. II. vi. 1. Practice theft. 
 2. Pass secretly; slip in or out unper- 
 ceived.— steal'er, n. [A.S. stelan.] 
 
 fate, £at, tatsk, far, tall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
stealth 
 
 562 
 
 SteilOj£Jfa£>h 
 
 stealth (steltb), n, 1. Act of stealing. 
 2. Secret manner of bringing any- 
 thing to pass. —stealth'y, a. 
 stealth'ily, adv. — stealth'iness, n. 
 
 Steam (stem). I. n. I. Vapor into 
 which water is changed when heated 
 to the boiling-point; water in the gas- 
 eous state. 2. Mist formed by con- 
 densed vapor. 3. Any exhalation. II. 
 vi. 1. Rise or pass off in steam or 
 vapor. 2. Move by steam. III. vt. Ex- 
 pose to steam. [A. S. Cf. Dut. stoo?n.] 
 
 steamboat (stem'bot), steamship, 
 steam'-vessel, ns. Boat, ship, or 
 vessel propelled by steam. 
 
 steam-engine (stem'-en'jin), n. Ma- 
 chine with changes heat into motion 
 through the medium of steam. . 
 
 steamer (ste'mer), n. 1. Vessel moved 
 by steam. 2. Vessel in which articles 
 are steamed. 
 
 steamy ( ste'mi ), a. Consisting of or 
 like steam; full of steam or vapor. 
 
 Stearine ( ste'a-rin ), n. Solid sub- 
 stance of beef and mutton suet. [Gr. 
 stear, suet.]_ [— stear, fat. 
 
 steatite (ste'a-tit), n. Soapstone. [Gr. 
 
 steed (sted), n. Spirited horse. [A. S. 
 
 Steel Cstel). I. n. 1. Iron combined with 
 a small portion of carbon. 2. Instru- 
 ment of steel. 3. Instrument of steel 
 for sharpening knives on. II. a. Made 
 of steel. III. vt. 1. Overlay or edge 
 with steel. 2. Harden ; make obdurate. 
 [A. S. style. Ger. stahl.] 
 
 b*eel square (stel'skwar), n. Square 
 made of steel, on which are stamped 
 hgures.lines and scales for measuring. 
 
 steelyard (stir- 
 yard),^. Weigh- 
 ing machine, 
 
 in which a sin- ^-^-t^t ' , , , , , ,. t t , 
 gle weight is "A M 
 
 moved along a () \J 
 
 graduated 
 beam. Steelyard. 
 
 steep (step). I. 
 a. 1. Rising or descending with great 
 inclination; precipitous. 2. Excess- 
 ive; difficult. (Colloq.) II. n. Preci- 
 pitous place; precipice. — steep'ly, 
 adv.— steep'ness, n.— steep'en, vi. 
 
 steep (step). I. vt. Dip or soak in a 
 liquid ; imbue. II. n. Something 
 steeped or used in steeping ; fertiliz- 
 ing liquid for seed. [Low Ger. stippen.] 
 
 steeple (ste'pl), n. Tower of a church 
 or. building, ending in a point. — 
 steep'leehase, n. Race over all ob- 
 stacles, direct toward a distant 
 object, orig. a steeple. 
 
 steer (ster), n. Young ox, from 2 to 
 4 years old. [A. S. steor. Ger. slier.] 
 
 steer (ster). I. vt. 1. Direct with the. 
 helm. 2. Guide; govern. II. vi. 1. 
 Direct a ship in its course. 2. Be di- 
 rected. [A. _S. speoran. Ger. steuern,.] 
 
 steerage (ster'aj ), n. 1. Act or prac- 
 tice of steering. 2. Effect of a rudder 
 on a ship. 3. Apartment in the fore 
 part of a ship for passengers paying 
 a low rate of fare. [steers a ship. 
 
 steersman ( sterz'man ), n. Man who 
 
 steeve (stev), vi. Project from the 
 bows at an angle instead of horizon- 
 tally ; said of a bowsprit. [Dut. stevig, 
 stiff, firm.]_ 
 
 steeve ( stev), a. Firm; compacted; 
 not easily bent. — steeve'ly, adv. 
 [ Scotch. Akin to stife.] 
 
 stegnosis (steg-no'sis), n. Constipa- 
 tion. [Gr.] [render costive. [Gr.j 
 
 stegnotic (steg-not'ik), a. Tending to 
 
 stein (stin), n. Earthenware beer- 
 mug. [Ger. = stone.] 
 
 steinbock (stin'bok), n. German 
 name of the ibex. [Ger.=stone-buck.] 
 
 stela ( ste'la ), stele ( ste'le ), n. 1. 
 Small column without base or capital, 
 serving as a monument, a milestone, 
 and the like. 2. Sepulchral slab or 
 column. [Gr. stele,— sta-. stand.] 
 
 stellar (stel'ar), a. Relating to the 
 stars; starry .JL. stellaris— stella, star.] 
 
 stellate (stel'at), stellated, a. Like 
 a star; radiated. 
 
 stellular (stel'u-lar), a. 1. Formed 
 like little stars. '2. Spangled with 
 little stars. [ From L. stellula, little 
 star.] [star. 
 
 steliulate (stel'u-lat), a. Like a little 
 
 stem (stem). I. n. 1. Part of a tree be- 
 tween the ground and the branches; 
 little branch supporting the flower 
 or fruit. 2. Race or family; branch 
 of a family. 3. Part of a derived or 
 inflected word to which the endings, 
 prefixes, etc. are added; base. 4. 
 Curved piece of timber or metal, to 
 which the sides of a ship are joined at 
 the foremost end. II. vt. 1. Remove 
 stems, as from fruits. 2. Stop; check. 
 3. Resist; make progress against. 4. 
 Cut with the stem of a vessel; dash 
 against; steer. [A. S. stenc] 
 
 steneh ( stench ), n. Offensive odor. 
 
 stencil (sten'sii). I. n. Plate of metal, 
 etc., with a pattern cut out, which is 
 impressed upon a surface by drawing 
 a brush with color over it. ll.vt. Print 
 or paint by means of a stencil.— 
 sten'ciler, n. [Ejym. doubtful.] 
 
 stenograph (sten'o -graf), n. 1. Char- 
 acter, or memorandum, in short- 
 hand. 2. Machine for typewriting in 
 shorthand. — stenographer, ste- 
 nographist, ns. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then.. 
 
stenography 
 
 563 
 
 sternum 
 
 stenography ( sten-og'ra-fi ), n. Art 
 of writing very quickly by means of 
 abbreviations, or short signs for whole 
 words; shorthand. — stenograph'- 
 ic, stenograph'ical, as. [ Gr. ste- 
 nos, narrow, and grapho, write.] 
 
 stenophyllons (ste-nof'il-us or sten- 
 o-fil'us), a. Having narrow leaves. [Gr. 
 stenos, narrow, and phyllon, leaf.] 
 
 stenter (sten'ter). I. n. Machine for 
 givingan elastic finish, to muslin, etc., 
 by manipulating it over a current of 
 hot air. II. vt. Operate with such a 
 machine on, as muslin. 
 
 stentorian ( sten-to'ri-an ), a. Very 
 loud or powerful, like the voice of 
 Stentor,a, herald mentioned by Homer. 
 
 step ( step ). I. n. 1. Distance crossed 
 by the foot in walking or running; 
 pace. 2. One remove in ascending or 
 descending a stair. 3. One of the rests 
 for the foot on a stair case; round of 
 a ladder. 4 Foot print. 5. Manner of 
 walking. 6. Action ;measure. 7. pi. Self- 
 supporting, portable ladder with flat 
 steps. II. vi. [step'ping; stepped.] Ad- 
 vance or retire by pacing; walk. III. 
 vt. 1. Set, as a foot. 2. Fix the foot of 
 a mast, etc. [A.S. staepe. Ger. stapfe.] 
 
 step-, prefix. Denoting relation by 
 marriage of a parent, as in step- 
 mother. [A. S. steop, bereft. Orig. used 
 of children only.] 
 
 steppe (step), n. One of the vast 
 uncultivated plains in the S. E. of 
 Europe and in Asia. [Russ. stepj.] 
 
 stepping-stone (step'ing-ston), n. 
 1. Stone to raise the feet above the 
 water or mud. 2. Means of advance- 
 ment. 
 
 -ster. Termination as in maltster, 
 gamester, spinster, songster, denot- 
 ing occupation. Orig. the sign of the 
 feminine gender, corresponding to 
 the masculine -er. In the XIV. cen- 
 tury it gave way to the Norman end- 
 ing -ess._ 
 
 stere (ster or star), n. Unit of solid 
 metric measure, equal to a cubic 
 meter. [Fr.— Gr. stereos, solid.] 
 
 stereo-, prefix. Solid; firm. [Gr.] 
 
 stereo (ster'e-o), n. Abbreviation of 
 
 STEREOTYPE. 
 
 stereographic ( s t e r-e-o-g raf'ik), 
 stereograph'ical, as. Pertaining 
 to stereography; made according to 
 stereography; delineated on a plane. 
 — storeograph'ieally, adv. 
 
 stereography (ster-e-og'ra-fi), n. 1. 
 Art of showing solids on a plane. 2. 
 
 . Branch of solid geometry treating of 
 all regularly defined solids. [Gr. 
 stereos, solid, and grapho, write.l 
 
 Stereoscope. 
 
 stereopticon ( ster-e-op'ti-kon ), n. 
 Double magic lantern producing dis- 
 solving views. 
 
 stereoscope 
 
 (ster'e-o-skop), 
 
 n. Optical 
 
 contrivance 
 
 by which two 
 
 flat pictures of 
 
 the same object 
 
 are seen as one 
 
 and as having 
 
 an appearance 
 
 of solidity and 
 
 reality. — stereoscop'ic, stereo- 
 
 scop'ical, as. — ster'eoscopy, n. 
 
 [Gr. stereos, solid J andskopeo, see.] 
 
 stereotype (ster'e-o-tip). I. n. 1. Solid 
 metallic plate for printing, cast from 
 an impression of movable types, 
 taken on some plastic substance. 2. 
 Art of making or printing with such 
 plates. II. a. Pertaining to or done 
 with stereotypes. III. vt. 1. Casta ster- 
 eotype plate of. 2. Prepare for print- 
 ing by means of sterotype plates. 3. 
 Fix or establish firmly or unchange- 
 ably.— ster'eotyper, n. [Gr. stereos, 
 solid, and type.] 
 
 sterile (ster' il), a. Unfruitful; barren; 
 destitute of ideas or sentiment.— 
 steril'ity, n. Unfruitfulness. [L.] 
 
 sterilize (ster'il-iz), vt. I. Deprive of 
 fertility. 2. Render free from bac- 
 teria as by boiling. 
 
 sterling(ster'ling). I.e. 1. Ofthefixed 
 or standard national value. Said of 
 English money, as a pound sterling, 
 a penny sterling 2. According to a 
 fixed standard; having a fixed and 
 oermanent value; genuine; pure; oi 
 excellent quality. II. n. English 
 coin. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 stern (stern), a. 1. Severe of counten- 
 ance or feeling. 2. Steadfast. 3. 
 Gloomy. — stern'ly, adv. — stern'- 
 ness, n. [A.S. sterne,— root of stare.] 
 Syn. Austere; unrelenting; pitiless; 
 harsh; gloomy. See severe. 
 
 stern (stern), n. Hindpart of a vessel. 
 — stern'post, n. Aftermost timber 
 of a ship that supports the rudder. 
 [Icel. stjorn, steering.] 
 
 sternal (ster'nal). a. Pertaining to 
 the sternum. 
 
 slernalgia (ster-nal'ji-a), n. 1. Pain 
 about the sternum or breast-bone. 2. 
 Angina pectoris. [Gr. sternon, breast- 
 bone, and algos, pain.] [astern. 
 
 sternmost (stern' most), a. Furthest 
 
 sternsheets (stern'shets), n. Part of a 
 boat between the stern and the row- 
 ers. [Gr. sternon.] 
 
 sternum (ster'num), n. Breast-bone, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mftte, hut, burn: oil, owl, then, 
 
sternutation 
 
 564 
 
 stile 
 
 sternutation ( ster-nu-ta'shun ), n. 
 Act of sneezing. [L.]_ 
 
 stern-way (stern'-wa), n. Movement 
 of a ship backward, or with stern fore- 
 most. — Fetch stem-way, acquire mo- 
 tion astern. 
 
 stertorous(ster'to-rus),a. Snoring. — 
 ster'torously, adv. [L. sterto, snore.] 
 
 rftet (stet), n. Word written upon proofs 
 to signify that something which has 
 been deleted is to remain. Often used 
 as a verb ; as, the passage was stetted. 
 [L. - let it stand.] 
 
 stethometer (ste-thom'et-er ), n. In- 
 strument for measuring the external 
 movement in the walls of the chest 
 during ordinary or tidal respiration. 
 TGr. stethos, breast, and metron, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 stethoscope (steth'o- 
 skop), n. Instrument 
 used by medical men 
 for distinguishing 
 sound within the 
 thorax and other cav- 
 ities of the body. — 
 stethoscop'ic, a. — 
 stethoscoplcally , 
 adv. [ Gr. stethos, 
 breast, and skopeo, 
 view; examine.] 
 
 stevedore(ste've-dor), 
 n. One who loads or 
 unloads vessels; long- 
 shoreman. [S-p.estivador, wool-packer.] 
 
 stew ( stu ). I. vt. and vi. Boil slowly 
 with little moisture. II. n. 1. Meat 
 stewed. 2. Fuss; worry. [O. Fr. estu- 
 ver. Fr. Stuve,_stove.] 
 
 steward ( stu'ard ), n. 1. One who 
 manages the domestic concerns of a 
 family or institution. 2. One who 
 superintends another's affairs, esp. an 
 estate or farm. 3. Waiter on a ship.- 
 stew'ardess, n. fern. — steward- 
 ship, n. 1. Office of a steward. 2. 
 Management. 
 
 stibium (stib'i-um), n. Antimony. 
 
 stick (stik), n. 1. Verse. 2. .Line in the 
 Scriptures. 3. Row of trees. [Gr. 
 stichos, line.] 
 
 stick(stik). I. n. 1. Piece of wood of in- 
 definite size and shape, generally long 
 and rather slender; rod; wand; staff; 
 walking-stick. 2. Anything shaped 
 like a stick, as a stick of sealing-wax. 
 3. Instrument in which types are 
 composed in words, and the words 
 arranged to the required length of the 
 lines ; composing-stick. 4. Thrust 
 with a pointed instrument ; stab. II. 
 vt. [sticking; stuck.] l.Stab; thrust 
 in. 2. Fasten by piercing; fix in. 3. 
 Set with something pointed. 4. Cause 
 
 Stethoscopes for 
 one and two ears. 
 
 to adhere; affix; attach. 5. Cause to 
 stop; puzzle. [Slang.) 6. Cheat; im- 
 pose upon. (Slang.) 7. Beat, as in a 
 game, for a stake.— Be stuck on, be 
 in love with. — Stuck up, conceited 
 proud. III. vi. 1. Hold to ; adhere. 2. Be 
 hindered or stopped. 3. Be embar- 
 rassed or puzzled; hesitate. [A. S. 
 siician.] 
 
 stickle (stik'l), vi. 1. Interpose be- 
 tween combatants. 2. Contend obsti- 
 nately. — stickler, n. 1. Second or 
 umpire, in a duel. 2. Unreasonable 
 and obstinate contender, esp. for 
 something trifling. 
 
 stickleback ( stik'1-bak), n. Small 
 river-fish, so called from the spines 
 on its back. [A. S. sticel. Ger. stachel.] 
 
 sticky (stik'i), a. That sticks or ad- 
 heres; adhesive; glutinous.— sticki- 
 ness, n. 
 
 stiff (stif), a. 1. Not easily bent; rigid; 
 tense. 2. Not liquid; neither hard nor 
 soft. 3. Not easily overcome; obsti- 
 nate. 4. Not natural and easy; con- 
 strained; formal. —stiffly, adv.— 
 stiff 'ness, n. [A. S. stif.] 
 
 stiff (stif), n. 1. Negotiable paper; 
 forged paper. 2. Dead body; corpse. 
 {Slang.) 
 
 stiffen ( stif'n ), vt. and vi. Make or 
 become stiff,stiffer, or more obstinate. 
 
 stiff-necked (stif-nekt), a. Obsti- 
 nate; contumacious; stubborn. 
 
 stifle (sti'fl). I. vt. 1. Stop the breath 
 of, by foul air or other means; suffo- 
 cate. 2. Extinguish; suppress the 
 sound of; deaden. II. vi. Suffocate; 
 perish by suffocation or strangula- 
 tion. [Icel. stifla, stop, dam up.] 
 
 stifle (sti'fl), n. 1. Joint of the hind 
 leg of a horse between the hip and the 
 hock, and corresponding to the knee 
 in man. 2. Disease in the knee-pan of 
 a horse or other animal.— stifle- 
 bone, n. Bone in the leg of a horse, 
 corresponding to the knee-pan in 
 man. [From stiff.] 
 
 stigma (stig'ma), n. [pi. stig'mas or 
 stig'mata.] 1. Brand; mark of infamy. 
 2. Top of a pistil. [Gr. = prick.] 
 
 stigmata (stig'ma- ta), n. Latin plural 
 
 Of STIGMA. 
 
 stigmatic ( stig-mat'ik ), stigmat- 
 
 ical, as. 1. Marked or branded with a 
 
 stigma. 2. Giving infamy or reproach. 
 
 — stigmat'ically, adv. 
 stigmatize ( stig'ma- tiz), vt. Brand; 
 
 put the mark of infamy on. 
 stile (stil), n. Step or set of steps for 
 
 climbing over a wall or fence. [A. S. 
 
 stigel— stigan, mount.] 
 stile (stil), n. Pin of a sun dial; style 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, f«all, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 <9lt; 
 
stiieiio 
 
 665 
 
 stoceado 
 
 stiletto (sti-let'o). I. n. [pi. stilet'tos.] 
 
 1. Small dagger. 2. Pointed instru- 
 ment for making eyelet holes. II. vt. 
 Stab. [ It. dim. of stilo, dagger,— L. 
 stilus. See styld.] 
 
 still (stil). I. a. 1. Silent. 2. Motion- 
 less. 3. Calm. 4. Not effervescing. II. 
 vt. 1. Quiet; silence. 2. Appease; 
 satisfy.III.aeto.l. Always; constantly. 
 
 2. To this moment; yet; now. 3. Iu 
 the future as till now. 4. Again, as in 
 still louder; yet. 5. Nevertheless. — 
 stillness, n. [A.S.stille.] [serene. 
 
 Syn. Quiet; noiseless; undisturbed; 
 
 Still. 
 i. Alembic, with head (3) and beak (4). 2. 
 Heater. 5, 9. Worm. 6. Cooler. 7. Cold 
 water funnel, reaching to bottom of cooler. 
 8, 8- Drain for warm water at surface. 
 
 still (stil). I. vt. Cause to fall by drops; 
 distil. II. n. Apparatus for distilling 
 liquids; large retort. [L. stilla, drop.] 
 
 still-born (stil'-barn), a. Dead when 
 born. 
 
 still-life (stil'-lif),n. Class of pictures 
 representing inanimate objects, as 
 dead game, fruit etc. 
 
 stilly (stil'i). I. a. Still; calm; quiet. 
 II. adv. Silently; gently. 
 
 stilt (stilt). I. n. High support of 
 wood with rest for the foot, used in 
 walking. II. vt. 1. Raise on stilts. 2. 
 Elevate by unnatural means.— 
 stilted (stilt'ed), a. Inflated; bom- 
 bastic. [Dut. stelte.] 
 
 stimulant (stim'u-lant). I. a. Stimu- 
 lating; increasing or exciting vital 
 action. II. n. 1. Anything that stim- 
 ulates or excites. 2. Stimulating med- 
 icine; esp. one containing alcohol. 
 [See stimulus.] 
 
 stimulate (stim'u-lat), vt. Rouse to 
 action; excite.— stimulation, n. 
 
 Syn. Incite; prick; goad; animate; 
 rouse ; irritate; incense; urge; spur; 
 impel; instigate; provoke; kindle; 
 whet. 
 
 stimulative (stim'u-la-tiv). I. a. 
 Tending to stimulate. II. n. That 
 which stimulates or excites. 
 
 stimulus (stim'u-lus), n. [pi. stim'uli.] 
 Goad; anything that rouses to action; 
 stimulant. [L. (for stigmulus) — Gr. 
 slizo, prick.] 
 
 sting (sting). I. vt. 1. Stick anything 
 sharp into. 2. Pain acutely. II. n. L. 
 Sharp-pointed weapon of some ani- 
 mals. 2. Thrust of a sting into the 
 flesh. 3. Anything that causes acute 
 pain. [A. S.] 
 
 stingy (stin'ji), a. Niggardly; ava- 
 ricious. — stin'gily, adv. — stin gi- 
 ness, n. [Possibly from stint.] 
 
 stink (stingk). I. vi. [stinking; stunk.] 
 Emit a strong, offensive odor. II. n. 
 Disagreeable odor. [A. S. stincan.] 
 
 stint (stint). I.vt. 1. .Limit; restrain; 
 confine to a scanty allowance. 2. As 
 sign a certain task to. II. n. 1. Limit; 
 restraint. 2. Proportion or task allot- 
 ted. [A.S. astyntan. See stunt.] 
 
 stipe (stip), n. Stalk; stem; frond; 
 trunk, etc. [L. stipes.] 
 
 stipend (sti'pend), n. Salary paid 
 for services. [ L. stipendium — stips, 
 gift, and pendeo. weigh out.] 
 
 stipendiary (sti-pen'di-ar-i). I. a. Re- 
 ceiving stipend. II. n. One who per- 
 forms services for a salary. 
 
 stipple (stip'l),ttf. Make dots (instead 
 of lines) in engraving. 
 
 stipulate ( stip'u-lat ), vi. Contract; 
 insert as a condition. — stip'ulator, 
 n. [ L. stipulor — O. L. stipulus, firm. ] 
 
 stipulation (stip-u-la'shun), n. Act 
 of stipulating; contract; condition. 
 
 stir (ster)- I. vt. [stir'ring stirred.] 
 1. Change the place of. 2. Agitate. 
 3. Rouse to action. II. vt. Move ones 
 self to action; be active. III. n. Tti- 
 mult; bustle. — stir'rer, n. [A.S. 
 styrian. Ger. stoeren.} 
 
 stirrup (ster' up or stir'up), n. Ring or 
 hoop suspended from the saddle, for 
 a horseman's foot while mounting or 
 riding. [A.S. stigerap — stigan, mount, 
 and rap, rope.] 
 
 stitch (stich). I. n. 1. Single pass of 
 a needle and thread. 2. Loop of 
 thread made by one pass of the 
 needle. 3. Acute pain. II. vt. and vi. 
 Sew in a manner to show a regular 
 line of stitches; sew. [A. S.stice, stitch. 
 Cf. Ger. sticken, embroider.] 
 
 stithy (stil'i), n. 1. Anvil. 2. Smithy; 
 forge. [Icel. stethi.] 
 
 stiver (sti'ver), n. 1. Dutch coin, 
 worth two cents. 2. Anything of 
 little value. [Dut. stuiver.] 
 
 stoat(stot),w. Kind of weasel in its sum- 
 mer pelage. It is called the ermine 
 when in its winter dress. TEtymology 
 doubtful.] [fencing. [It. stoccata.] 
 
 stoccado (stok-ka'do), n. Thrust in 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut. burn; oil, owl. Men. 
 
stock 
 
 566 
 
 stony 
 
 stock (stok). I. n. 1. Trunk of a tree 
 or plant. 2. Part to which others 
 are attached. 3. Lineage; family. 4. 
 Fund; capital. 5. Shares of a public 
 debt; shares of capital in railroad 
 and other corporations. 6. Store. 7. 
 Cattle. 8. Kind of stiff neckcloth. 9. 
 pi. Instrument in which the legs of 
 petty offenders were formerly con- 
 fined. 10. The frame for a ship while 
 building. 11. Stock -gillyflower. 12. 
 Liquid preparation containing the 
 juices of meat and vegetables, etc., 
 and used in making soups, gravy, etc. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Store. 2. Supply with stock. 
 
 III. a. Constantly uyed. [A. S. stocc] 
 Syn. Capital; store; fund; supply. 
 
 Stockade (stok-kad'j. I. ^.Breastwork 
 formed of stakes fixed in the ground. 
 II. vt. Surround or fortify with a 
 stockade. [Fr. estocade — estoc—Ger. 
 stock, stick.] 
 
 stockbroker(stok'bro-ker), ^.Broker 
 who deals in stocks or shares. 
 
 Stock company, n. 1. Company or 
 corporation whose shares are held by 
 individuals. 2. Company of actors and 
 actresses regularly engaged at a 
 local or home theater. [wild pigeon. 
 
 stockdove ( stok'duv) , n. Species of 
 
 stock-exchange ( stok'-eks-chanj' ), 
 n. Place where stocks are bought and 
 sold. 
 
 stockfish (stok'fish), n. General term 
 for cod, ling, tusk, and other fish used 
 in a dried state. 
 
 stockholder (stok'hol-der), n. One 
 who holds stocks in a company, or, in 
 England, in the public funds.- 
 
 stockinet (stok-in-ef), n. Elastic knit 
 fabric, of which stockings, undergar- 
 ments, etc., are made. 
 
 stocking' (stok'ing), n. Close-fitting 
 covering for the foot and leg. 
 
 stock-jobbing ( stok'-job-ing ), n. 
 Speculating in stock. — stock' -job- 
 ber, n. 
 
 stock-market ( stok'-mar-ket ), n. 
 Traffic in stocks or shares; demand 
 for stocks. [stock or post. 
 
 stock-still ( stok'-stil ), a. Still as a 
 
 stock-yard (stok'-yard), n. Yard with 
 pens, sheds, etc., for the temporary 
 keeping and disposition of cattle, 
 swine, sheep and other live stock. 
 
 stocky (stok'i), a. Thick and firm; 
 stout; stumpy. 
 
 Stoic (sto'ik). I. n. 1. Disciple of the 
 ancient philosopher Zeno, who taught 
 under a porch at Athens. 2. One 
 indifferent to pleasure or pain. II. a. 
 1. Pertaining to the Stoics. 2. Indif- 
 ferent to pain or pleasure. — Sto'ic- 
 al, a.— stoically, adv.— stoical- 
 
 Human stomach. 
 
 ness, n.— Sto'icism, n. [Gr. Stoikos 
 — stoa, porch; colonnade.] 
 
 stoke (stok), vi. and «i. Tend a fire. 
 — sto'ker, n. [D. stoken, poke with a 
 
 stole (stol), pa. t. of steal,. [stick.] 
 
 stole (stol),?i. 1. Long garment reach- 
 ing to the feet. 2. Long narrow. scarf 
 with fringed ends worn by a pries . 
 [A. S.— Gr. stole, robe.] 
 
 stolen (sto'ln), pa. p. of steal. 
 
 stolid ( stol'id ), a. Dull; impassive; 
 stupid; foolish.— stolidity, n. [L 
 stolidus.] 
 
 stomach 
 ( stum'ak). 
 
 I. n.l. Sack- 
 like cavity 
 in man or 
 in any ani- 
 mal for the 
 digestion 
 of food. 2. 
 Appetite. II. 
 vt. Brook or put up with. [Gr. sto- 
 machos— stoma, mouth.] 
 
 stomacher (stum'a-ker), n. Woman's 
 ornament or covering for the breast. 
 
 stomachic (sto-mak'ik), stomach- 
 ical, a. 1. Pertaining to the stom- 
 ach. 2. Strengthening, or promoting 
 the action of, the stomach. 
 
 stone (ston). I. n. 1. Hard mass of 
 earthy or mineral matter. 2. Pre- 
 cious stone or gem. 3. Tombstone. 4. 
 Concretion formed in the bladder. 5. 
 Hard shell containing the seed of 
 some fruits. 6. Standard British 
 weight of 14 lbs. avoirdupois. 7. Tor- 
 por and insensibility. — Philosopher's 
 stone, imagined mineral, the touch of 
 which would turn anything into gold. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Pelt with stones. 2. Free 
 from stones. 3. Wall with stones.— 
 stone'blind, a. As blind as a stone; 
 perfectly blind. [A. S. start, stone.] 
 
 stonechat (ston'chat), stonechat- 
 ter (ston'cbat-er), n. Bird, allied to 
 the robin, so called from its chatter- 
 ing and perching on large stones. 
 
 stonecutter (ston'kut-er), n. One who 
 cuts or hews stone. 
 
 stone-fruit (ston'-frot), n. Fruit with 
 its seed inclosed in a stone or hard 
 kernel; drupe. 
 
 stone's-cast (stonz'-kast) , stone's- 
 throw (stonz'thro), n. Distance a 
 stone may be thrown by the hand. 
 
 stone-ware (ston'war), n. Coarse pot- 
 ter's ware made from a composition 
 of clay and flint. 
 
 stony (sto'ni), a. 1. Made of or re- 
 sembling stone. 2. Abounding with 
 stones. 3. Hard; inflexible; pitiless; 
 obdurate. 
 
 fate, fat, 
 
 t, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
stood 
 
 667 
 
 stove 
 
 stood (stod), pa. t. and pa. p. of stand. 
 [A. S. stod.] 
 
 stool(stol), n. 1. Seat without a back. 
 2. Seat used in evacuating the bow- 
 els. 3. Fecal evacuation. [A.S. stol.] 
 
 stool-pigeon (stol'-pij-un), n. 1. Pig- 
 eon used as a decoy. 2. Person who 
 acts as a decoy. 
 
 stoop (stop). I. vi. 1. Bend the body; 
 lean forward. 2. Descend from rank 
 or dignity; submit; condescend. 3. 
 Swoop down on the wing, as a bird 
 of prey. II. vt. Cause to incline 
 downward. III. n. 1. Act of stooping. 
 2. Inclination forward. 3. Swoop. 
 [A. S. stupian.] 
 
 stoop (stop), n. Vessel of liquor, as 
 of wine or ale. [A. S. stoppa, staup, 
 cup. Cf. Dut. stoop, measure of about 
 two quarts.] 
 
 stoop (stop), n. Porch with a balus- 
 trade and seats on the sides, but not 
 roofed. [Dut. stoep. Akin to step.] 
 
 Stop (stop). I.vt. [stop'piug; stopped.] 
 1. Stuff; close up. 2. Obstruct; render 
 impassable. 3. Hinder; intercept; 
 restrain. II. vi. 1. Cease from motion 
 or action; leave off; be at an end. 2. 
 Stay; tarry ;put up. III. n. 1. Stopping 
 or being stopped. 2. Hindrance; ob- 
 stacle; piece which stops a door or 
 a window. 3. Device for stopping 
 action. 4. One of the vent-holes in a 
 wind instrument; place on the wire 
 of a stringed instrument, by the 
 pressing of which certain notes are 
 produced. 5. Mark (.) used in punc- 
 tuation. [From root of Ger. stopfen.] 
 
 stopcock (stop'kok), n. Short pipe 
 in a cask, etc., opened and closed by a 
 cock or key. 
 
 stopgap (stop'gap), n. That which 
 fills a gap, pause, or want; temporary 
 makeshift. 
 
 stoppage (stop'a.i), n. 1. Stopping or 
 arresting progress or motion. 2. De- 
 duction made from pay. 
 
 stopper (stop'er). I. n. 1. One who 
 stops. 2. That which closes a vent or 
 hole, as the cork or glass mouth- 
 piece for a bottle. 3. Short rope for 
 making something fast. II. vt. Close 
 with a stopper. 
 
 stopple (stop'l). I. n. That which 
 stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; 
 cork; plug. II. vt. Close with a 
 stopple. 
 
 storage (stSr'aj), n. 1. Placing in a 
 store. 2. Safe keeping of goods in a 
 store. 3. Price paid or charged for 
 keeping goods in a store. — Storage 
 battery, secondary battery for accum- 
 ulating electricity. 
 
 Stork. 
 
 storax (sto'raks), n. Fragrant gum 
 resin produced by the tree styrax, 
 [Gr. siyrax.] 
 
 store (stor) . I. n. 1. Quantity gathered 
 abundance; provisions. 2. Store- 
 house. 3. In U. S., place where goods 
 are sold. II. vt. 1. Gather in quan 
 tities. 2. Supply. 3. Place in a ware 
 house. [ O. Fr. estoire — L. instauro, 
 make; M. L. provide.] 
 
 storehouse (stor'hows), n. House foi 
 storing goods; repository; treasury, 
 
 storied ( sto'rid ), a. 1. Told or cele 
 brated in a story. 2. Having a history, 
 
 3. Having stories. 
 
 storiette (sto-ri-ef), n. Short story 
 [Of recent coinage. Cf. novellette, from 
 novel.] 
 
 stork (stark), n. Wading 
 bird nearly allied to the 
 heron. — stork's-b ill, 
 n. Kind of geranium, 
 with the seed pod like the 
 bill of a stork. 
 
 storm (starm). I. n. 1. Vio- 
 lent commotion of the air 
 with rain, etc. ; tempest. 
 2. Violent agitation of so- 
 ciety; commotion ; tu- 
 mult. 3. Assault on a fort- 
 ified place. II. vi. 1. Raise 
 a tempest. 2. Blow with 
 violence. 3. Be in a vio- 
 lent passion. IJI.vt. Attack by open 
 force; assault. "A. S.] 
 
 stormy (starm'i), a. 1. Having many 
 storms; agitated with furious winds; 
 boisterous. 2. Violent; passionate. — 
 storm'iness, n. 
 
 storthing (stor'ting), n. Legislative 
 assembly of Norway. [ Dan. stor, 
 great, and thing, diet.] 
 
 story (sto'ri), n. 1. Narrative of inci- 
 dents. 2. Tale; anecdote. 3. Ficti- 
 tious narrative; novel. 4. Falsehood. 
 [Short form of history.] 
 
 story (sto'ri), n. Division of a house on 
 the same floor or level; floor. [O. Fr. 
 estoree, building, — L. instaurare. Se& 
 store.] 
 
 stout (stowt). I. a. 1. Brave; proud. 
 2. Firm; stubborn. 3. Strong; solid. 
 
 4. Bulky. II. n. Name for porter. — 
 stoutly, adv. — stoutness, n. [A. 
 
 5. stolt. Ger. stolz, bold, proud.] 
 Syn. Bold; valiant; haughty; reso- 
 lute, sturdy; hardy; doughty; sub- 
 stantial; thick; corpulent. 
 
 stove (stov). I. n. Apparatus with a 
 fire for warming a room, cooking, 
 etc. II. vi. Heat or keep warm. [O. 
 Ger. stupa, heated room. Ger. siube, 
 room.] 
 
 stove (stov), pa. t. and pa. p. of stav/s. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t/ien. 
 
stow 
 
 668 
 
 stratify 
 
 stow (st5), vt. 1. Place; arrange com- 
 pactly. 2. Fill by packing things in. 
 -stowage ( sto'aj ), n. [A. S. stowi- 
 gan Ger. stauen.] 
 
 strabismus ( stra-bis'mus ), n. Non- 
 coincidence of the optic axes of the 
 eyes; squint [Qv.—strabos, twisted.] 
 
 straddle (strad'l). I. vi. 1. Stride or 
 part the legs wide. 2. Stand or walk 
 with the legs far apart. II. vt. Stand 
 or sit astride of. III. n. Act of strid- 
 ing. [Freq.— root of stride.] 
 
 straggle (strag'l), vi. 1. Wander from 
 the course; ramble. 2. Stretch beyond 
 proper limits. 3. Be dispersed. — 
 strag'gler,_n. [Freq. from stray.] 
 
 straight (strat). I. a. 1. Direct; being 
 in a right line; not crooked; nearest. 
 
 2. Upright; honest. II. adv. 1. Im- 
 mediately. 2. Directly.— straight- 
 ly, adv. — straight'ness, n. [A. S. 
 streht, pa. p. of streccan, stretch.] 
 
 straighten(stra'tn), vt. Make straight. 
 
 straightforward (strat-far'ward), a. 
 Going forward in a straight course; 
 honest; open; downright.- straight- 
 forwardly, adv. 
 
 straightway (strat' wa), adv. Imme- 
 diately; without loss of time. 
 
 strain (stran). I. vt. 1. Stretch; exert 
 to the utmost. 2. Injure by overtask- 
 ing. 3. Constrain; make uneasy or 
 unnatural. 4. Filter. II. vi. 1. Make 
 violent efforts. 2. Pass through a 
 filter. III. n. 1. Act of straining; vio- 
 lent effort; injury inflicted by strain- 
 ing. 2. Note; sound; song; style. — 
 strain'er, n. [O. Fr. straindre — L. 
 stringo, stretch tight.] 
 
 strain (stran), n. Race; stock; gener- 
 ation; descent. [A. S. strynd, stock, 
 —strynan, beget.] 
 
 strait (strat). I. a. 1. Difficult; dis- 
 tressful. 2. Strict; rigorous. 3. Nar- 
 row; tight. II. n. 1. Narrow pass, 
 specifically in the ocean between two 
 portions of land. 2. Difficulty; dis- 
 tress; poverty.— strait'ness, n. [O. 
 ,Fr. estreit (Fr. etroit) ,— L. str ictus, pa. 
 p. of stringo, _draw tight.] 
 
 straiten (stra'tn), vt. 1. Make strait 
 or narrow; confine. 2. Draw tight. 
 
 3. Distress; put into difficulties. 
 straitlaeed (strat'last), a. Rigid or 
 
 narrow in opinion. 
 strake (strak), n. 1. Streak; strip; 
 
 long rut or crack. 2. Tire of a wheel. 
 
 3. Continuous line of planks from 
 
 stem to stern of a ship. 
 strand (strand). I. n. Beach of the 
 
 sea or of a lake; shore. II. vt. Run 
 
 aground. III. vi. Drift or be driven 
 
 ashore. [A. S.] 
 
 strand (strand). I. n. One of the 
 
 strings or twists that compose a rope. 
 II. vt. 1. Break a strand. 2. Twist 
 into a strand. [O. Ger. streno (Ger. 
 straefin), rope.] 
 
 strange (stranj), a. I. Foreign. 2. 
 Not formerly known, heard or seen. 
 3. Causing surprise or curiosity; 
 marvelous ; unusual ; odd. 4. Be- 
 longing to another. — strangely, 
 adv. — strange'ness, n. [O. Fr. es- 
 trange (Fr. itrange) — L. extraneous- 
 extra, beyond.J 
 
 stranger (stran'jer), n. 1. Foreigner - 
 2. One unknown or unacquainted. 3. 
 Guest; visitor. 4. Outsider. [O. Fr. 
 estrangier. See strange.] 
 
 strangle (strang'l). I. vt. Draw tight 
 the throat of, so aS to prevent breath- 
 ing and destroy life; choke; hinder 
 from emergence or appearance; sup- 
 press. II. vi. Be choked or strangled. 
 — strang'ler, n. [L. strangulo— Gr. 
 straggo, draw tight/] 
 
 strangulated (strang'u-la-ted), a. 
 Having the circulation stopped by 
 compression. 
 
 strangulation ( strang'u-la'shun), n. 
 1. Strangling. 2. Compression of the 
 throat and partial suffocation. 
 
 strangury (strang'u-ri), a. Painful 
 retention of, or difficulty in discharg- 
 ing, water. [Gr.] 
 
 strap (strap). I. n. 1. Narrow strip of 
 cloth or leather. 2. Razor strop. 3. 
 Iron plate secured by screw-bolts, for 
 connecting two or more timbers. II. 
 vt. [strapping; strapped.] 1. Beat or 
 bind with a strap. 2. Strop. — strap - 
 ping, a. Tall and strong. [A.S.stropp.] 
 
 strata (stra'ta), pi. of stratum. 
 
 stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. Artifice, 
 esp. in war; plan for deceiving an 
 enemy or gaining an advantage. [Gr. 
 strategem a — strategos, general — 
 stratos, army, and ago, lead.] 
 
 strategic (stra-te'jikor-tej'ik), stra- 
 tegical, as. Pertaining to or done 
 by strategy. — strategically, adv. 
 
 strategist (strat'e-jist), n. One skilled 
 in strategy. 
 
 strategy (strat'e-ji), n. 1. Art of con- 
 ducting a campaign and manoeuv- 
 ring an army; generalship. 2. Use of 
 a stratagem. 
 
 strath (strath), n. Extensive valley 
 through which a river runs. [Scotch.] 
 
 stratiform (strat'i-farm), a. Formed 
 in or like strata. 
 
 stratify (strat'i-fl), vt. Form or lay in 
 strata or layers. — stratification, 
 n. [ Fr. stratifler — L. stratum and 
 facio, make.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thea. 
 
stratum 
 
 569 
 
 stride 
 
 Stratum (stra'tum), n. [pi. strata, 
 (stra'ta).j Bed of earth or rock, 
 formed by natural causes, [h.—stemo, 
 stratum, spread out.] 
 
 CLOUD FORMATIONS. 
 
 1. Stratus. 2. Cirrus. 
 
 3. Nimbus. 4. Cumulus. 
 
 stratus (stra'tus), n. Form of cloud 
 in horizontal layers. [See stratum.] 
 
 straw ( stra ), n. 1. Stalk on which 
 grain grows. 2. Quantity of same 
 when thrashed. 3. Anything worth- 
 less. [A. S. stream — root of strew.] 
 
 strawberry (stra'ber-i), n. Plant and 
 its edible fruit. [straw. 
 
 strawy (stra'i), a. Made of or like 
 
 Stray (stra). i. vi. 1. Wander; go from 
 the inclosure, company, or proper 
 limits. 2. Err; rove; deviate from 
 duty or rectitude. II. n. Domestic 
 animal that has strayed or is lost. 
 [O. Fr. estraier—Li. stratarius, wander- 
 ing,— strata,_ street.] 
 
 streak (strek). I. n. 1. Line or long 
 mark. 2. Peculiar mark made by a 
 substance, as ore, when rubbed on a 
 rough hard surface, as of unglazed 
 porcelain. 3. Trait of character; vein. 
 4. Strake. II. vt. Form streaks in; 
 mark with streaks. — streaky, a. 
 Marked with streaks; striped. [A. S. 
 stric. Ger. stHch— root of strike.] 
 
 stream (strem). I. n. 1. Current of 
 water, air or light, etc. 2. Anything 
 forcible, flowing, and continuous. 3. 
 Drift; tendency. II. vi. 1. Flow in a 
 stream; pour out abundantly; over- 
 flow with. 2. Stretch in a long line; 
 float out; wave. III. vt. Cause to flow 
 in a stream; float out; wave. [A. S. 
 stream.] [tide; drift; course. 
 
 Syn. River; brook; current; flow; 
 
 streamer (strem'er), n. 1. Long, nar- 
 row flag flowingin the wind; pennant. 
 2. Luminous beam shooting upward 
 from the horizon. 
 
 streamlet(strem'let),7i. Little stream. 
 
 streamy (strem'i), a. 1. Abounding 
 with streams. 2. Flowing in a stream. 
 
 street (stret), n. Road in a city lined 
 with houses, wider than a lane. [A. S- 
 straet — L. strata {via), paved (way).] 
 
 strength (strength), n. 1. Quality of 
 being strong ; active or passive power ; 
 force; vigor. 2. Solidity; toughness; 
 power to resist. 3. Intensity; bright- 
 ness. 4. Support; security; validity. 
 5. Potency of liquors; amount of 
 alcohol contained. [A. S. strengthu— 
 strung, strong.] 
 
 Syn. Conclusiveness; authority; 
 hardness; firmness; impregnability; 
 spirit; excellence. 
 
 strengthen (streng'thn). I. vt. Make 
 
 strong or stronger. II. vi. Become 
 
 stronger. [age; fortify. 
 
 Syn. Confirm ; invigorate; encour- 
 
 streuuous (stren'u-us),«. 1. Eagerly 
 active; energetic ; vigorous ; urgent 
 zealous; bold. 2. Necessitating exer- 
 tion.— stren'nously, adv. — stren'- 
 uosity, stren'uousness, n. [L 
 strenuus.] [as songstress. 
 
 -stress, fern, suffix. Denoting agency; 
 
 stress (stres), n. 1. Force ; pressure; 
 urgency; strain. 2. Violence, as of the 
 weather. [Short for distress.] 
 
 stretch (strech). I. vt. 1. Extend; 
 draw out; expand; reach out. 2. 
 Exaggerate; carry further than is 
 right. II. vi. Be extended; extend 
 without breaking. III. n. 1. Act of 
 sketching. 2. Reach; extension. 3. 
 State of being stretched. 4. Utmost 
 extent of meaning. 5. Course; part of 
 the way; turn; shift. [A. S. streccan.] 
 
 stretcher ( strech'er), n. 1. Anything 
 used for stretching. 2. Frame for 
 carrying the sick or dead ; littar. 3. 
 Footboard for a rower. 4. Brick laid 
 the long way. 5. Tie-timber in a frame. 
 
 strew (stro), vt. [strew'ing; strewed 
 or strewn.] Spread by scattering; 
 scatter loosely. [A. S. streowian.] 
 
 striated (stri'a-ted), a. Marked with 
 small parallel channels. — st ria'« 
 tion, n. [L. stria, furrow.] 
 
 stricken (strik'n), pa. p. of strike. — 
 Stricken in years, very old. 
 
 strict (strikt), a. 1. Exact; extremely 
 nice. 2. Severe. — strictly, adv. — 
 strictness, n. [L. strictus — stringo, 
 draw tight.] 
 
 Syn. Tight; taut; precise; rigorous; 
 accurate; close; nice; punctilious, 
 
 stricture (strik'tur), n. 1. Morbid con- 
 traction of a passage of the body. 2. 
 Unfavorable criticism. 
 
 stride (strid). I.vi. [stri'ding; strode; 
 strid'den.] 1. Walk with long steps. 
 2. Straddle. II. vt. 1. Pass over at a 
 step. 2. Bestride. III. n. Long step. 
 [A. S. bestridan, stretch.] 
 
 fate, fat, tank, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, tften. 
 
strident 
 
 structure 
 
 strident (strl'dent), a. Creaking; 
 grating; harsh. [L. stridens.] 
 
 strife (strif), n. Contention for superi- 
 ority; emulation. [See strive.] 
 
 Syn. Contest; conflict; struggle; 
 fight; quarrel; battle; war. 
 
 strike (strik). I. vt. [■stri'king; struck; 
 struck or strick'en.] 1. Give a blow 
 to; hit with force; dash against. 2. 
 Stamp; coin. 3. Cause to sound. 4. 
 Let down, as a sail or flag. 5. Affect 
 strongly; affect with alarm or sur- 
 prise. 6. Make, as a compact or agree- 
 ment. 7. Hit upon; find. II. vi. 1. 
 Give a quick blow; dash. 2. Sound; 
 indicate the time by sounds. 3. Touch ; 
 run aground. 4. Pass quickly; dart. 
 5. Lower the flag in token of respect 
 or surrender. 6. Give up work in order 
 to exact some advantage from the 
 employer. III. n. 1. Act of striking for 
 higher wages. 2. Sudden discovery; 
 lucky stroke or venture.— stri'ker, 
 n. — Strike off. 1. Erase from an 
 account. 2. Print.— Strike out, in base- 
 ball, be put out of play for failing to 
 hit the ball. [A. S. strican.] 
 
 striking- (stri'king), a. Prominent; 
 surprising; impressive. -stri- 
 kingly, adv. 
 
 string- (string). I. n. 1. Small cord or 
 strip for tying. 2. Nerve; tendon. 3. 
 Chord of a musical instrument. 4. 
 Cord on which things are filed. 5. 
 Series of things. II. vt. [stringing; 
 strung.] 1. Supply with strings. 2. 
 Put in tune. 3. Put on a string. 4. 
 Make tense or firm. 5. Take the 
 strings off. [A. S. streng.] 
 
 stringed (stringd),a. Having strings. 
 
 stringent ( strin'jent ), a. 1. Binding 
 strongly; urgent. 2. Constrained; 
 tight. — strin'gency, n— striu'- 
 gently, adv. [See strict.] 
 
 stringer ( string'er ), n. Horizontal 
 beam connecting two uprights. 
 
 stringy (string'i), a. 1. Consisting of 
 small threads; fibrous. 2. Viscid; 
 ropy.— string'iness, n. 
 
 strip (strip). I. vt. [strip'ping; strip- 
 ped.] 1. Pull off in strips or stripes; 
 tear off. 2. Deprive of a covering; 
 skin; make bare; expose. 3. Plunder: 
 II. vi. Undress. III. n. Long narrow 
 piece. [A. S. strypan.] 
 
 st ripe (strip). I. n. 1. Blow, as one made 
 with a lash, rod, etc. 2. Discolored 
 mark made by a lash or rod. 3. Long 
 narrow division of a different color 
 from the ground. 4.Kindor character. 
 II. vt, I. Make stripes upon, 2. Form 
 with lines of different colors. [From 
 root of strip.] [of STRIP. 
 
 stripling(strip'ling),n. Youth. [Dim. 
 
 strive (striv), vi. [ stri'ving; strove,- 
 striv'en.] 1. Make efforts ; labor hard. 
 2. Struggle; contend. 3. Compete; 
 vie. — stri'ver, n. [O. Fr. estriver — 
 root of Ger. streben.] 
 
 strobile (strob'il), n. 
 Cone, as of a pine. 
 
 stroke (strok). I. n. 1. 
 Blow. 2. Sudden attack; 
 calamity. 3. Sound of a 
 clock. 4. Dash in writing 
 or drawing. 5. Sweep of 
 an oar in rowing. 6. 
 Movement of a piston of 
 a steam-engine. 7. 
 Strong effort. 8. Act ; 
 performance. 9. Act of 
 stroking. II. vt. Rub 
 gently in one direction. — stro'ker, 
 n. [From A. S. strac, pa. t. of strican, 
 strike.] 
 
 strokcsman (stroks'man), n. After- 
 most rower, whose stroke leads. 
 
 stroll (strol). I. vi. Ramble idly or 
 leisurely; wander on foot. II. n. Leis- 
 urely walk; wandering on foot. — 
 stroll'er, n. [Etymology unknown.] 
 
 strong (Strang), a. 1. Having physical 
 power. 2. Hale; healthy; able to en- 
 dure; solid. 3. Well fortified. 4. Hav- 
 ing wealth or resources. 5. Moviug 
 with rapidity; impetuous. 6. Valid; 
 forcible; affecting the senses, or the 
 mind, forcibly. 7. Containing a large 
 proportion of something, esp. alco- 
 hol; intoxicating. 8. Bright; intense. 
 — strongly, adv. [ A. S. Strang, — 
 root of STRING.] 
 
 Syn. Vigorous; robust; stout; solid; 
 powerful; firm; sound ;_violent. 
 
 stronghold ( strang'hold ), n. Fast- 
 ness; fortified place; fortress. 
 
 strop (strop). I. n. Strip of leather, or 
 of wood covered with leather, etc., 
 for sharpening razors. II. vt. [strop'- 
 ping; stropped.] Sharpen on a strop. 
 [Older form of strap.] 
 
 strophe (stro'fe), n. In the ancient 
 drama, the song sung by the chorus 
 while moving towards one side of the 
 orchestra, to which its reverse, the 
 antistrophe, answers. — stro'phic, a. 
 [Gr. strepho, turn.] 
 
 Stroud (strowd), n. Kind of coarse 
 blanket, worn byN. Amer. Indians. 
 
 strove, pa.t. of strive. 
 
 strow (stro), vt. [pa. p. strowed or 
 strown.] Same as strew. [strike. 
 
 struck (struk), pa.t. and pa. p. of 
 
 structure (struk'tur), n. 1. Manner 
 of building; construction. 2. Build- 
 ing. 3. Arrangement of parts or part- 
 icles in a substance or body.—8truc'» 
 tural, a. [L. stractura—struo, build.] 
 
 fstt. fftt, tswjfj far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, herj mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf; 
 isijte, but, buru} oil, owl, Men, 
 
straggle 
 
 571 
 
 stumble 
 
 straggle (strug'l). I. vi. 1. Make great 
 efforts with contortions of the body. 
 2. Make great exertions. 3. Contend; 
 labor in pain. II. n. 1. Violent effort 
 with contortions of the body. 2. Great 
 labor. 3. Contention; fight. 4. Agony. 
 [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 strum (strum), vt. [strum'ming; 
 strummed.] Play on ( as a musical 
 instrument) in a coarse, noisy man- 
 ner. [From the sound.] 
 
 struma (stro'ma), n. 1. Swelling in a 
 plant. 2. Scrofula. 3. Goiter. [L.] 
 
 strumpet ( strum'pet), n. Dissolute 
 woman. [string. 
 
 strung (strung), pa. t. and pa. p. of 
 
 strut (strut). I. vi. [strutting ; strut- 
 ted.] Walk in a pompous manner. II. 
 n. Proud step or walk. [Ger. strot- 
 zen, be swollen or puffed up.] 
 
 strychnia (strik'ni-a), strychnine 
 (strik'niu), ns. Poisonous vegetable 
 alkaloid, a powerful neurotic stimu- 
 lant. [Gr. strychn os, nightshade.] 
 
 strychnic (strik'nik), a. Of, pertain- 
 ing to, obtained from, or containing, 
 strychnine. 
 
 stub (stub). I. n. 1. Stump left after 
 a tree is cut down. 2. Short remain- 
 ing piece. 3. Anything stumpy. II. vt. 
 [stub'bing; stubbed.] 1. Remove 
 stubs or roots from soil. 2. Strike the 
 toes against a stump or other object. 
 [A. S. styb.] 
 
 stubbed (stubd), a. Short and thick 
 like a stub or stump; blunt; obtuse. — 
 stub'bedness, n. 
 
 stubble (stub'bl.t, n. Stubs of corn and 
 other grain, left when the stalk is 
 cut. [Dim. of stub.] 
 
 stubborn (stub'burn), a. Immovably 
 fixed in opinion; unreasonably firm; 
 obstinate. — stubbornly, adv. — 
 stubbornness, n. [ From stub.] 
 Syn. Obdurate; headstrong; intract- 
 able; uuyieiding; uncompromising: 
 inflexible'; refractory; stiff; steady. 
 
 stubby (stub'i>, a. 1. Abounding with 
 stubs. 2. Short and thick; stubbed. 
 
 stucco (stuk'o). I. n. 1. Plaster of 
 lime and fine sand, etc., used for 
 decorations, etc. 2. Work done in 
 stucco. II. vt. I. Face or overlay with 
 stucco. 2. Form in stucco. [It. — O. 
 Ger. stucchi, crust.] 
 
 stuck (stuk), pa. t. and pa. p. of stick. 
 
 stuck-up ( stuk'-up), a. Haughty; 
 insolent; overbearing; snobbish. 
 
 Stud (stud), n. 1. Collection of breed- 
 ing horses and mares. 2. The place 
 where thev are kept. 3. Collection of 
 fine horses. [A.S. stocl] 
 
 Stud (stud). I. n. 1. Nail with a large 
 head. 2. Removable, ornamental but- 
 
 ton. 3. Upright beam or scantling. II. 
 vt. [stud ding; stud'ded.] Set or adorn 
 with studs, knobs, or other prominent 
 objects. [A.S. studu, post, nail.] 
 
 studding- ( stud'ing), n. 1. Studs or 
 joists collectively. 2. Material for 
 studs or joists. 
 
 student ( stu'dent ), n. 1. One whc 
 studies; learner; scholar. 2. One de* 
 devoted to learn- 
 ing, esp. to 
 books. 
 
 st u elfish 
 (stud'fish), 
 n. Ameri- 
 can kind of studfish. 
 minnow. 
 
 studhorse (stud'hars), n. Breeding 
 horse; stallion. 
 
 studied ( stud'id ), a. 1. Qualified by, 
 I or versed in, study; learned. 2. Plan- 
 ned with deliberation; premeditated. 
 
 studio (stu'di-o), n, [pi. stu'dios.J 
 Workshop of an artist. [It.] 
 
 studious (stu'di-us), a. 1. Given to 
 study; thoughtful; diligent. 2. Care- 
 ful (withof). 3. Studied; deliberately 
 planned.— stu'diously, adv. — stu'« 
 diousness, n. 
 
 study (stud'i). I. vt. Apply the mind 
 to; try to learn thoroughly. II. n. 1. 
 Setting of the mind upon a subject; 
 absorbed attention. 2. Application to 
 books, etc. 3. Object of attentive con- 
 sideration; branch of learning. 4. 
 Room devoted to study. [O.Fr. estu- 
 dier, Fr. etudier—L. studeo, be eager.] 
 
 stuff (stuf). I. n. 1. Material of which 
 anything is made. 2. Textile fabrics, 
 cloth, esp. woolen. 3. Worthless mat- 
 ter. II. vt. 1. Fill by crowding. 2. Fill 
 very full. 3. Press in; crowd. 4. Fill 
 with seasoning, etc., as a fowl. 5. 
 Fill the skin of a dead animal, so as 
 to "reproduce its living form. III. vi 
 Feed gluttonously. — stuffing-, n. 
 That with which anvthingis, or is to 
 be, filled or stuffed. [O. Fr. estoffe. Fr. 
 etoire—'Li. stuppa, coarse part of flax.] 
 
 stultify (stul'ti-fl), vt. Make a fool of; 
 destroy the force of one's argument 
 by self-contradiction. — stultifica- 
 tion, n. [ L. stultus, foolish, and 
 facio, make.] 
 
 stum (stum), n. Unfermented grape- 
 juice; must; new wine. [Dut. stom, 
 mute, still.] 
 
 stumble (stum'bl). I. vi. 1. Strike 
 the feet against something and come 
 near falling; trip in walkiDg. 2. (with 
 upon) Find by accident. 3. Fall into 
 crime or error. IT. n. 1. Trip in walk 
 ing or running. 2. Blunder; fall into 
 sin. [From root of stammer.] 
 
 fate, fatj task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, thea, 
 
stumbling-block 
 
 572 
 
 styptic 
 
 stumbling-block (stum'bling-blok), 
 n. Obstruction; caused error. 
 
 stump (stump). I. n. 1. Part of a tree 
 left in the ground after the trunk is 
 cut down. 2. Part of a body remain- 
 ing after a part is cut off or destroyed. 
 3. One of the three sticks forming a 
 wicket in cricket. 4. Stub. II. vt. 1. 
 Reduce to a stump. 2. Cut off a part 
 of. 3. Knock down the wicket in 
 cricket when the batsman is out of 
 his ground. 4. Bring to a halt; non- 
 plus. 5. Make a canvas of, as a stump- 
 speaker. III. vi. Make stump-speeches. 
 [Dut. stomp.] 
 
 stump-speaker (stump-spe'ker), n. 
 Political speaker who travels from 
 place to place during an election 
 campaign. 
 
 stump-speech (stump-spech'), n. 
 Speech made from a stump or tem- 
 porary platform; speech made by a 
 stump-speaker. 
 
 stun (stun), vt. [stun'ning; stunned.] 
 1. Stupefy with a loud noise, or with 
 a blow. 2. S urprise completely ; amaze. 
 [A. S. stunian.] 
 
 stung(stung),pa. t. and pa. p. of sting. 
 
 stunk (stungk). pa. p. of stink. 
 
 stunt ( stunt). I. vt. 1. Hinder from 
 growth. 2. Check in growth. II. n. 1. 
 Task allotted to one ; short perform- 
 ance, as on the stage. 2. Any short or 
 stunted thing. [A. S. stunt, blunt, 
 stupid. See stint.] 
 
 stupa (stu'pa), stupe (stup), n. Flan- 
 nel, flax, or other such articles wrung 
 out of hot water, plain or medicated, 
 and applied to a sore. [L. stupa, tow.] 
 
 stupe(stup), vt. Apply a stupa ; foment. 
 
 stupefaction ( stii-pe-f ak'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of making stupid or senseless. 2. 
 Insensibility; stupidity. 
 
 stupefactive (stu-pe-fak'tiv),o. Caus- 
 ing stupefaction. 
 
 stupefy (stu'pe-fi), vt. Deprive of sen- 
 sibility; make stupid. [L. stupeo, 
 am struck senseless, and/acio, make.] 
 
 stupendous (stu-pen'dus), a. Of won- 
 derful magnitude; amazing. — stu- 
 pendously, adv. — stupen'dous- 
 ness, n. [D. stupendus.] 
 
 stupid (stu'pid), a. 1. Insensible. 2. 
 Deficient or dull in understanding. 3. 
 Formed or done without reason or 
 judgment. — stu'pidly, adv. — stu- 
 pid'ity, stu'pidness, ns. [L. stu- 
 pidus.] [skillful. 
 
 Syn. Sluggish; obtuse; foolish; un- 
 
 stupor(stu'pur), n. 1. Suspension of 
 feeling ; lethargy. 2. Insensibility, 
 intellectual or moral. 
 
 sturdy (stur'di), a. 1. Resolute; firm; 
 forcible. 2. Strong; robust; stout.— 
 stur'dily, adv. — stur'diness, n 
 
 [O. Fr. estourdi, astonished.] 
 
 Sturgeon. 
 
 sturgeon (stiir'jun), n. Large cartilag- 
 inous fish yielding caviare and isin- 
 glass, and used for food. [Fr. estur- 
 geon. Ger. steer.] 
 
 stutter (stut'er). I. vi. Hesitate in 
 speaking; stammer. II. n. Act of stut- 
 tering; hesitation in speaking. — 
 stutterer, ».-9tnt'terine, a.— 
 stut'tering-ly, adv. [Ger. stoUem.] 
 
 sty (stl), n. Small inflamed tumor on 
 the eyelid. [A.S. stigend, swelling up, 
 —stigan, rise.] 
 
 sty (sti), n. Inclosure for swine; 
 extremely filthy place. [A. S. stige, 
 high place.] 
 
 Stygian (stij'i-an), a. In Greek myth. 
 Relating to Styx, the river of Hades, 
 over which departed souls were said 
 to be ferried; infernal. 
 
 style (stil). I. n. 1. Anything long and 
 pointed, esp. a pointed tool for en* 
 graving or writing. 2. Manner of 
 writing; mode of expressing thought 
 in language. 3. Characteristic or 
 peculiar mode of expression and ex- 
 ecution ( in the fine arts ). 4. Title; 
 mode of address. 5. Manner; form; 
 fashion. 6. Pin of a dial. 7. Middle 
 portion of the pistil, between the 
 ovary and the stigma. — New Style, 
 modern mode of reckoning the years, 
 introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 
 1582, and adopted in England in 
 1751: every year divisible by 4 is a 
 leap-year, unless it is also divisible 
 by 100, but not by 400. II. vt. Entitle- 
 name ; designate. See old style 
 [L. stilus.] 
 
 Stylish (sti'lish), a. Displaying, or pre- 
 tending to, style; fashionable. — sty'- 
 lishly, adv. — sty'lishness, n. 
 
 stylograph (sti'16-graf), n. Pen with 
 a conical point and an ink reservoir 
 feeding it. 
 
 stylus (sti'lus), n. Pointed instru- 
 ment, esp. for writing in duplicate; 
 style. 
 
 styptic (stip'tik). I. a. That contracts, 
 or stops bleeding. II. n. Application 
 which checks the flow of blood. [Gr. 
 —stypho, contract.] 
 
 (ate, Cat, task, far, fall 'are, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 , hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Styx 
 
 673 
 
 submission 
 
 Styx (stiks), n. See stfgian. 
 
 suasion (swa'zhun), n. Act of persuad- 
 ing or advisiug; advice. [ L. suasio — 
 suadeo, advise.] 
 
 snasive (swa'siv), a. Persuasive.— 
 sua'sively , adv.— sua'siveness, n. 
 
 suave ( swavor swav ), a. Pleasant; 
 bland, —suavely, adv. —suavity 
 (swa'vi-tl), n. [ L. suavis, sweet. ] 
 
 snb-,preflx. Under; less; secret. [L,.] 
 
 subacid (sub-as'id). a. Slightly acid. 
 
 subaltern (sub-al'tern or sub'al-tern). 
 
 I. a. Inferior; subordinate. II. n. 
 Subordinate; commissioned officer in 
 the army under the rank of captain. 
 [L. sub, under, and alter, another.] 
 
 subaltern ate (sub-al-ter'nat ), a. 1. 
 Succeeding by turns. 2. Subordinate. 
 — subalterna'tion, n. 
 
 subaqueous (sub-a'kwe-us), a. Lying 
 under water. 
 
 subconscious (sub-kon'shus), a. 1. 
 Feebly conscious. 2. Occurring in the 
 mind, but not in consciousness. 
 
 subcutaneous (sub-ku-ta'ne-us), a. 
 Situated under the skin. 
 
 subdivide (sub-di-vid'), vt. and vi. 
 Divide into smaller divisions. 
 
 subdivision ( sub-di-vizh'un ) , n. 1. 
 Act of subdividing. 2. Part made by 
 subdividing. 
 
 subdual(sub-du'al), n. Act of subduing. 
 
 subdue (sub-du'), vt. [subdu'ing; sub- 
 dued'.] 1. Conquer; render submis- 
 sive. 2. Soften; tone down.— subdu'- 
 able, a. — subdu'er, n. [O. Fr. sub- 
 duzer—L,. sub, under, and ducere, lead.] 
 Syn. Overpower; vanquish; defeat; 
 reduce; overcome; surmount. 
 
 subfamily (sub'fam-i-li),n. Sub-divi- 
 sion of a family. [of a genus. 
 
 subgenus (sub-je'nus), n. Sub-division 
 
 subjacent ( sub-ja'sent ), a. Lying 
 under or below; being in a lower situ- 
 ation. [L.— sub, under, andjaceo, lie.] 
 
 subject (sub'jekt). I. a. 1. Under the 
 power of another. 2. Liable; exposed. 
 
 II. n. 1. One under the power of an- 
 other; one under allegiance to a sov- 
 ereign. 2.That on which any operation 
 is performed; that which is treated 
 or handled. 3. That of which anything 
 is said; topic. [ L. subjectus — sub, 
 under, andjacio, throw.] 
 
 subject ( sub-jekt' ), vt. 1. Make sub- 
 ject or subordinate; bring under. 2. 
 Expose; make liable. 3. Cause to 
 undergo.— subjec'tion, n. 
 
 subjective(sub-jek'tiv). a. 1. Relating 
 to the subject. 2. Derived from one's 
 own consciousness or feelings. 3. Per- 
 taining to the mind. — Opposed to 
 objective.— subjectively, adv.— sub- 
 ject'iveness, subjectivity, ns. 
 
 subjoin (sub-join'), vt. Add at the end 
 or afterward; affix; append. 
 
 subjugate (sub'jo-gai), vt. Bring un 
 der control; conquer.— subjugator, 
 n.— subjugation, /i. [L. sub, under, 
 and jugum, yoke.] 
 
 subjunctive (sub-jungk'tiv). 1. a. 1. 
 Subjoined; added to something. 2. 
 Denoting that form of a verb wbich 
 refers to something not as a fact, but 
 as in the mind of somebody. In ' sup- 
 port her, lest she fall . the speaker ex- 
 presses his fear that she may fall. II. 
 n. Subjunctive mood. [L. sub, under, 
 and jungo, join. See Join.] 
 
 sublease (sub-les'), n. Lease by one 
 tenant to another. 
 
 sublet (sub-let'), vt. Let or lease, as a 
 lessee to another tenant. 
 
 sublieutenant ( sub-lu-ten'ant ), n, 
 Lowest commissioned officer.* 
 
 sublimate (sub'lim-ai). I. vt. 1. Evap- 
 orate by heat and consolidateby cold 
 2. Refine, exalt. II. 'n. Product of 
 sub lima ti on.— sublimation, n. 
 
 sublime (sub-lim'). I. a. l.High; lofty. 
 2. Majestic; awakening feelings of 
 awe or veneration. II. n. 1. That 
 which is sublime, lofty, or grand, in 
 thought or style. 2. Emotion pro- 
 duced by sublime objects. III. vt. Sub- 
 limate. IV. vi. Be sublimated; evap- 
 orate without melting, as ice. — sub- 
 limely, adv. [L. sublimis] 
 
 subliminal (sub-lim'i-nal), a. Pertain- 
 ing to subconsciousness. 
 
 sublimity (sub-lim'i-ti), n. Loftiness. 
 Syn. Grandeur; elevation; nobility; 
 excellence; magnificence; climax. 
 
 sublunar (sub-16'nar ). sublunary 
 ( sub'16-nar-i ), a. Under the moon; 
 earthly; belonging to this world. 
 
 submarine 
 (s ub-ma- 
 ren'),a. In or 
 under the 
 sea. — Sub- 
 marineboat, 
 vessel capa- 
 ble of trav- 
 eling below 
 the surface 
 of the water for a considerable time. 
 
 submerge (sub-merj'), submerse 
 (sub-mers'), vt. and vi. Plunge under 
 water; overflow with water; drown. 
 — submergence, submersion, 
 
 submersed (sub-mersf), a. Being or 
 growing underwater; submerged. 
 
 submission (sub-mish'un), n. 1. Act 
 of submitting or yielding; acknowl- 
 edgment of inferiority or of a fault, 
 2. Humble behavior ; resignation. 
 
 Snbmarine boat. 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mQte, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
Submissive 
 
 574 
 
 subtile 
 
 submissive (sub-mis'iv), a. Willing 
 to submit; yielding; humble; obe- 
 dient.— submis'sively, adv.— sub- 
 mis'siveness, n. 
 
 submit ( sub-mit' ), vt. and vi. [sub- 
 mit'ting; submit'ted.] 1. Refer to the 
 judgment of another. 2. Surrender. 
 [L.— sub, under, and mitto, send.] 
 
 subordinate ( sub - ar'din - at ). I. a. 
 .Lower in order, rank, nature, power, 
 etc. II. n. One in a lower order or 
 rank; inferior. III. vt. 1. Place in a 
 lower order; consider of less value. 
 2. Make subject.— subor'dinately. 
 adv.— subordination, n. 1. Act of 
 subordinating. 2. State of being 
 subordinate. 3. Discipline ; obedi- 
 ence. [L. sub, under, and ordo, order.] 
 
 Suborn ( sub-aru' ), vt. 1. Procure 
 privately or indirectly. 2. Cause to 
 commit perjury.— subornation, n. 
 
 - suborn'er, n. [L,.—sub, under, and 
 o^no. supply.] 
 
 subpoena (sub-pe'na). I. n. Writ com- 
 manding the attendance of a person 
 in court as a witness, under a pen- 
 alty. II. vt. Serve with a writ of 
 subpoena. [L. sub, under, and poena, 
 ■punishment.] 
 
 (Subscribe (sub-skrlb'), r ot. and vL 1. 
 Write, as a name, -underneath. 2. 
 Give consent to something written, 
 or attest, by writing one's name un- 
 derneath; sign one's name. —sub- 
 scriber, n. [ L.— sub, under, and 
 scribo, write.] 
 
 subscription (sub-skrip'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of subscribing. 2. Name sub- 
 scribed. 3. Paper with signatures. 4. 
 Consent by signature. 5. Sum sub- 
 scribed, [vision. 
 
 subsection (sub-sek'shun), n. Subdi- 
 
 subsequent (sub'se-kwent), a. Fol- 
 lowing; coming after.— sub'se- 
 ^quently, adv. [L,.—seguor, follow.] 
 
 subserve (sub-serv'), vt. Serve subor- 
 dinately or instrumentally; help. 
 
 subservient (sub-ser'vi-ent), a. Serv- 
 ing to promote; subject; submissive. 
 
 — subser'viency, n. — subservi- 
 ently, adv. 
 
 subside (sub-sid'), vi. 1. Settle down; 
 fall to the bottom. 2. Pall into a state 
 of quiet; decrease. — subsidence, 
 subsi'deney, ns. [L. sub, down, and 
 sido, sit.] 
 
 subsidiary (sub-sid'i-ar-i). I. a. Fur- 
 nishing help, or additional supplies; 
 aiding. II. n. One who or that which 
 aids or supplies; assistant. 
 
 subsidize (sub'si-diz), vt. 1. Furnish 
 with a subsidy. 2. Aid with a grant 
 from the public treasury. 
 
 subsidy ( sub's i-di ), n. Assistance; 
 pecuniary aid, esp. by one state to 
 another in war, or in enterprises of 
 great and semi-public importance, as 
 railroads, steamship lines, etc. [_L. sub- 
 sidium, orig. troops stationed behind 
 in reserve,— sub, under, and side, sit.] 
 
 subsist (sub-sisf), vi. 1. Have exist- 
 ence; continue to be. 2. Have the 
 means of living. — subsistence, n. 
 
 1. Existence; real being. 2. Means of 
 supporting life; livelihood. — sub* 
 sist'ent, a. 1. Having real being, 2-. 
 Inherent. [L. sub, under, and sisio, 
 stand.] 
 
 subsoil (sub'soil), n. Stratum of earth 
 
 which lies immediately beneath the 
 
 surface soil. 
 substance (sub'stans), n. 1. That in 
 
 which qualities or attributes exist; 
 
 that which underlies all appearance. 
 
 2. Essential part; body; matter; so- 
 lidity. 3. Property; wealth. [L. sub- 
 stantia— substo, stand under.] 
 
 substantial (sub-stan'shal), a. 1. Bo 
 longing to or having substance; act- 
 ually existing; real. 2. Solid; ma 
 terial; strong. 3. Having property or 
 estate.— substantially, adv.— sub« 
 stantial'ity, n— substan'tiais, n. 
 pi. Essential parts. 
 
 substantiate (sub-stan'shi-ar), vt. 1. 
 Make substantial or real. 2. Prove, 
 
 substantive ( sub'stan-tiv). I. a. 1. 
 Expressing existence. 2. Of real, in- 
 dependent importance. II. n. Part of 
 speech denoting the name of any 
 thing.— substantively, adv. 
 
 substitute (sub'sti-tut). I. vt. Put in 
 place of another. II. n. One who or 
 that which is put in place of another 
 —substitution, n. [L. sub, under, 
 and statuo, set; place.] 
 
 substratum (sub-stra'tum), n. 1, Stra- 
 tum or layer below another. 2. Sub 
 stance in which qualities exist. 
 
 substructure ( sub-struk'tur ), ro 
 Under structure; foundation. 
 
 subtend (sub-tend'), vt. 1. Extend 
 under; be opposite to. 2. In botany \ 
 enclose in its axil, as aleaf. 
 
 subterfuge { sub'ter-fuj ), n. That to 
 which one resorts for escape or con 
 cealment; evasion. [L.—subter. secret- 
 ly, an&fugio, flee.] 
 
 subterranean (sub-ter-ra'ne-an), 
 subterraneous ( snb-ter-ra'ne-us ), 
 a. Under the ground. [L. sub, under, 
 and terra, earth.] 
 
 subtile ( sub'til or sut'l), a. 1. Deli- 
 cately constructed; fine; thin; rare. 
 2. Subtle; penetrating.— subtilely, 
 adv. — subtileness, n. [L. sublilis-. 
 finely woven,— sub, and tela, web.] 
 
 tifo, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil* owl, then.. 
 
subtilize 
 
 575 
 
 suction 
 
 subtilize (sub'til-lz). I. vt. Make sub- 
 tile, thin, or rare; spin into niceties. 
 II. vi. Make nice distinctions. 
 
 subtilty (sub'til-ti), n. State or qual- 
 ity of being subtile: fineness; extreme 
 acuteness; cunning; trickery. 
 
 subtle (sut'l), a. Subtile in a fig. sense. 
 — subtleness, re. — subtlety, n.— 
 subt'ly, adv. [From subtile.] 
 
 Syn. Refined ; elusive; insinuating; 
 sly ; artful; cunningly devised. 
 
 subtract (sub-trakf), vt. Take away a 
 part from the rest; take one number 
 or quantity from another to find their 
 difference. — subtraction, n. [L. 
 sub, under, and traho, draw away.] 
 
 subtractive (sub-trak'tiv), a. 1. Sub- 
 tracting. 2. Tending to subtract or 
 lessen; having the minus (— ) sign. 
 
 subtropical ( sub-trop'i-kal ), a. Ap- 
 proaching the tropical zone. 
 
 subtrahend (sub'tra-hend), n. Sum or 
 number to be subtracted. 
 
 suburb (sub'urb), n. suburbs, n. pi. 
 District which is near, but beyond the 
 limits of a city; outlying parts of a 
 city. [L,.— sub. and urbs, city.] 
 
 suburban (sub-ur'ban), I. a. Situated 
 or living in a suburb or the suburbs. 
 II. n. Person living in a suburb. [L.] 
 
 subvention (sub-ven'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of coming to relief ; support. 2. Gov- 
 ernment aid or subsidy. [ D. sub, 
 under, and venio, ventum, come.] 
 
 subversion (sub-ver'shun), n. Entire 
 overthrow; ruin. \Ju.subversio.] 
 
 subversive (sub-ver'siv), a. Tending 
 to subvert, overthrow or destroy. 
 
 subvert ( sub-vert'), vt. Overthrow 
 from the foundation; ruin utterly; 
 cc rrupt. — subvert' er, n. [L. sub, 
 under, and verto, versum, turn.] 
 
 subway (sub'wa), n. Arched way un- 
 derneath a street, for traffic or for 
 water pipes, telegraph wii^es,_etc. 
 
 suceetlaneous ( suk-se-da'ne-us), a. 
 Acting as a substitute. [L.] 
 
 succeed (suk-sed'). I. vt. and vi. 1. Fol- 
 low; take the place of; he successor 
 to. 2. Obtain one's wish or accom- 
 plish what is attempted; end with 
 advantage. [L. sub, and cedo, go.] 
 
 success (suk-ses'), n. 1. Prosperous 
 termination of any undertaking. 2. 
 One who or that which succeeds. [L. 
 successus — succedo.] 
 
 successful (suk-ses' fol), a. 1. Having 
 the desired effect or termination. 2. 
 Prosperous.— successfully, adv. 
 
 succession (suk-sesh'un), n. 1. Act 
 of succeeding or following after. 2. 
 Series of persons or things following 
 each other in time or place. 3. Series 
 of descendants. 4. Rotation, as of 
 
 crops. 5. Right to take possession.- 
 succcssional (suk-sesh'un-al), a 
 Existing in a regular succession [Li.} 
 
 successive (suk-ses'iv), a. Following 
 in succession or in order.— success' 
 ively, adv. 
 
 successor (suk-ses'ur), n. One whc 
 comes after; one who takes the place 
 of another. [L.] 
 
 succinct (suk-singkf), a. Short; con- 
 cise.— suecinct'ly, acb.— succinct'- 
 ness, n. [L. succinctus, girded up 
 sub and cingo, gird.] 
 
 succor (suk'ur). I. vt. Assist; relieve 
 II. n. Aid; relief. — suc'corer, n 
 [Li. subcurro, run up to.] 
 
 succotash (suk'o-tash), n. Mess of 
 Indian corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.} 
 
 succulent (suk'u-lent), a. Full of 
 juice or moisture.— suc'culence, n. 
 
 — suc'cwlen *5y, adv. [L. succulentus 
 succus, juice.] 
 
 succumb ( suk-kum' ), vi. Sink un- 
 der; yield. 2. Die. [L. sub, under 
 and cumbo, lie down.] 
 
 such (such), a. 1. Of the like kind; of 
 the character mentioned. 2. Denot- 
 ing a particular person or thing, as 
 in suchand such.— Such like. such. [A.S 
 swelc, swilc—swa, so, andlic, lik.] 
 
 such (suk). I. vt. 1. Draw in with the 
 mouth. 2. Drawfrom with the mouth 
 3. Imbibe; absorb. II. vi. 1. Draw 
 with the mouth. 2. Draw milk from 
 thebreastor udder; suckle; draw iD 
 air or liquid. III. n. 1. Act of suck 
 ing. 2. Milk drawnfrom the breast 
 
 — suck'er, w. 1. Re 
 who or that which 
 sucks. 2. Shoot of a 
 plant from the roots 
 or lower part of the 4 
 stem. 3. Fish of the 
 carp family. 4. Nick- 
 name for one living 
 in Illinois. 5. Spouger; 
 parasite. [A.S.sugart.] 
 
 suckle (suk'l), vt. Give 
 suck to; nurse at the 
 breast. [Dim. of suck.] 
 
 suckling (suk'liug), n. 
 Young child or ani- 
 mal being suckled. 
 
 sucrose (su'kros), n. 
 Cane-sugar, or sugar 
 of similar composi- 
 tion. [Fr. sucre, sugar.] 
 
 1. Plunger-valve. 2. 
 
 Plunger, piston. 3- Barrel. 4. Spout. 5 
 
 Head. 6. Lower valve. 7. Induction pipe. 
 
 suction (suk'shun), n. Act or power of 
 sucking, or drawing, as fluids, by ex- 
 hausting the air. — suction pump, 
 
 Suction pump. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wcif; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than. 
 
sudatory 
 
 576 
 
 sulk 
 
 n. machine for bringing a liquid to a 
 higher level by exhausting the air in 
 a tube. 
 
 sudatory (su'da-to-ri). I. a. Sweating. 
 II. n. Sweating-bath. [L. sudatorius 
 —sudo, sweat.] 
 
 sudden (sud'enj, a. Unexpected; 
 hasty; abrupt. —sud'denly, adv.— 
 said'denness, n. \0. Fr. sudain—Jj. 
 subitus, — sub, and eo, go.] 
 
 sudorific (su-dur-if'ik). I. a. Causing 
 sweat. II. n. Medicine producing 
 perspiration. [L. sudor, sweat, and 
 facio, make.] 
 
 suds ( sudz ), n. pi. Frothy, soapy 
 water. [ From. A. S. seothan, seethe.] 
 
 sue (su), v. [su'ing; sued.] I. vt. Prose- 
 cute at law. II. vi. Make legal claim; 
 plead; entreat; woo. [O. Fr. suir— L. 
 sequor, follow.] 
 
 suet (su'et), n. Fatty tissue, particu- 
 larly that about the kidneys.— 
 su'ety, a. [O. Fr. seu — L.. sebum, fat.] 
 
 suffer (suf'er), ?;*. 1. Undergo; feel. 2. 
 Bear up under. 3. Permit. II. vi. Feel 
 pain or punishment; sustain loss; be 
 injured.— sufferer, n. [L. suffero— 
 sub, under, and/ero, bear.] 
 
 Syn. Endure; sustain; experience; 
 tolerate; allow; stand; bear. 
 
 snfleraMe (suf'er-a-bl), a. That may 
 be suffered; allowable. 
 
 sufferance (sufer-aus), n. State of 
 suffering; endurance; misery; sub- 
 mission; toleration; permission. 
 
 suffering- ( suf 'er-ing ) , n. Distress ; 
 loss; injury. 
 
 suffice (suf-fis'). I. vi. Be enough; be 
 equal to the end in view. II. vt. Sat- 
 isfy. [ L. sufficio, take the place of, 
 meet the need of.] 
 
 sufficiency (suf-fish'en-si), n. 1. State 
 of being sufficient. 2. Competence. 3. 
 Ability. 4. Conceit; self-sufficiency. 
 
 sufficient (suf-fish'ent),«. 1. Enough; 
 
 equal to the end or purpose; ample. 2. 
 
 Competent; qualified. — suffi'- 
 
 cientfiy, adv. [full. 
 
 Syn. Satisfactory; adequate; fit; 
 
 suffix (suf'iks), n. Particle (letter or 
 syllable) added to the end of a word. 
 
 suffix (suf-fiks'), vt. Add to the end of 
 a word. [L. sub, and figo, fix.] 
 
 suffocate (suf'o-kat), vt. Choke by 
 stopping the breath; stifle; asphyxi- 
 ate.— suffoca'tion, n. [L. suffoco — 
 sub, and fauces, throat.] 
 
 suffragan (suf'ra-gan). I. a. Assist- 
 ing. II. n. Assistant bishop. [L. suffra- 
 gans, voting in favor of.] 
 
 suffrage (suf 'raj), n. 1. Vote; formal 
 approval. 2. Right to vote. 3. Attest- 
 ation. 4. Intercessory prayer. [L. 
 suffragium—suffragor, vote for.] 
 
 Sugar-cane. 
 
 suffuse (suf-fuz'), vt. Underspread, 
 cover.— suffu'sion, n. [See fusion.] 
 
 sugar (shog'ar), 
 I. n. Sweet 
 crystalline 
 substance ob- 
 tained from 
 ^ sugar cane, 
 sorghum, 
 sugar - beet, 
 rock maple, 
 etc. IL vt. 1. 
 Sweaten, sea- 
 son, coat, or 
 sprinkle,with 
 sugar. 2.Make 
 pleasant. III. 
 vi. Boil down 
 maple syrup 
 to the proper 
 consistency 
 for crystalliz- > 
 ing.— sugar- 
 cane,w.Peren- 
 nial plant yielding sugar. [Fr. sucre-* 
 Low L. zucara — Arab. soKkar.] 
 
 suggest (sud-jesf or sug-jest'), vt. In- 
 troduce indirectly to the thoughts; 
 hint. — suggestion, n. 1. Act of 
 suggesting. 2. Hint. 3. In hypnotism, 
 means by which a belief or impulse 
 is insinuated into the mind of a sub- 
 ject or patient. 4. Idea thus sug- 
 gested.— sug-gest'ive, a. Containing 
 a suggestion or hin t. — suggestive- 
 ly, adv. [L. sub, and gero, carry.] 
 
 suicidal (su-i-si'dal), a. Pertaining to, 
 or partaking of, the crime of suicide. 
 — suicidally, adv. 
 
 suicide (su'i-sld), n. 1. One who dies 
 by his own hand. 2. Self-murder. [L, 
 sui, of himself, and ca&do, kill.] 
 
 suit (sut). I. n. 1. Act of suing. 2. 
 Action at law. 3. Petition. 4. Num- 
 ber of things of the same kind or 
 made to be used together, as clothes, 
 rooms, cards, etc. 5. Courtship. II. 
 vt. 1. Fit. 2. Befit. 3. Please. IIL 
 vi. Agree; correspond. 
 
 suitable (sii'ta-bl), a. That suits; fit* 
 ting; agreeable. — sui t'aMy, adv. 
 — suitability, suitableness, ris. 
 
 suite (swet), n. 1. Train of attend- 
 ants. 2. Regular set, esp. of rooms; 
 suit. [Fr. See sub.] 
 
 suitor (su'tur), n. One who sues in 
 love or in law ; petitioner; wooer. 
 
 sulcate (sul'kat), suleated (sul'ka- 
 ted), as. Grooved with regular fur- 
 rows. [Li. sulcus, furrow.l 
 
 sulk (sulk), vi. Be sullen.— sulks, ». 
 Fit of sullenness. 
 
 Cette, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, rait; cote, not, move,- wolf} 
 mate, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sulky 
 
 577 
 
 sunbeam 
 
 sulky (sulk'i). I. a. Silently sullen; 
 morose. II. n. Light two-wheeled car- 
 riage for one person. — suLk'iness, 
 n. [O. Fr. soltif, solitary.] 
 
 sullen (sul'en), a. 1. Gloomily angry 
 and silent. 2. Malignant. 3. Dark; 
 dull. -— sullenly, adv. — sul'len- 
 ness,?i.[O.Fr. solain—L,. solus, alone.] 
 8yn. Sulky; cross ;sour; intractable; 
 ill-natured; ill humored; fretful; pee- 
 vish; petulant; dismal; gloomy. 
 
 sully (sul'i). I. vt. and vi. Soil; spot. 
 II. n. Stain; tarnish. [ See soil, v.] 
 
 sulphate (sul'fat), n. Salt formed by 
 sulphuric acid with a base. 
 
 sulphid (sul'fid), sulphide (sul'fld), 
 ns. Same as stjlphuret. 
 
 sulphite (sul'fit), n. Salt formed by 
 sulphurous acid. 
 
 sulphur (sul'fur), n. Yellow mineral 
 substance, very brittle, fusible, and 
 inflammable; brimstone. [L.] 
 
 sulphurate (sul'fu-rat), vt. Combine 
 with, or subject to action of, sulphur. 
 
 sulphureous ( sul-fu're-us ), a. Con- 
 sisting of, containing, or having the 
 qualities of, sulphur. 
 
 sulphuret ( sul'fu-ret ), n. Combina- 
 tion of sulphur with an alkali, earth, 
 or metal. 
 
 sulphuric ( sul-fu'rik , a. Pertaining 
 to, or obtained from, sulphur. — Sul- 
 phuric acid, vitriol or oil of vitriol, 
 composed of 1 part of sulphur and 3 
 parts of oxygen. 
 
 sulphurous (sul'fur-us), a. Pertain- 
 ing to, resembling, or containing, sul- 
 phur ; denoting the pungent acid 
 given out when sulphur is burned. 
 
 sultan (sul'tan), n. I. Sovereign of a 
 Mohammedan dominion, esp. of the 
 Turkish or Ottoman empire. — sui- 
 tanship, n. [Ar. sultan, power, 
 prince— salita, be 
 strong.] 
 
 sultana (sul-ta/- 
 na), n. Queen or 
 wife of a sultan. 
 2. Small kind of 
 raisin. 3. Marsh 
 bird, of "W. Indies 
 and So. U. S. 
 
 sultanate (sul'ta-na'O, 
 n. Reign or dominion of a sultan. 
 
 sultry (sul'tri), a. Sweltering; very 
 hot and oppressive; close. — sultri- 
 ness, n. [From sweltry.] 
 
 sum (sum). I. n. 1. Aggregate amount 
 of two or more things or quantities 
 taken together; whole of anythiug. 2. 
 Problem in arithmetic. 3. Substance 
 or result of reasoning; summary. 4. 
 Heigh t ; completion. II. vt. [sum'ming ; 
 summed.] 1. Collect into one amount 
 
 Sultana bird. 
 
 or whole. 2. Bring into a few words. £L. 
 summa — smmnus, supremus, highest.] 
 
 sumac, sumach ( su'mak or gho'- 
 mak),ra. Shrub, the dried and pow- 
 dered leaves of some species of which 
 are used in tanning, dyeing, and mak- 
 ing varnish. [Ar. sumag.] 
 
 summarize (sum'ar-Iz), vt. Present 
 in a summary or briefly. 
 
 summary (sum'ar-i). I. a. 1. Summed 
 up; condensed; brief; compendious. 
 2. Done quickly, and without cere- 
 mony. II. n. Condensed statement; 
 compendium. — sunVmariiy, adv. 
 
 summation (sum-maVhun), n. 1. Act 
 of forming a total amount. 2. Ag- 
 gregate. 
 
 summer (sum'er). I. n. Second and 
 warmest season of the year — June, 
 July, August. II. vi. Pass the sum- 
 mer. [A. S. sumor.] 
 
 summer-complaint ( sum'er-kum- 
 plant), n. Diarrhoea occurring in the 
 summer, esp. in infants. 
 
 summer-garden (sum'er-gar-dn), n. 
 Open air refreshment resort. 
 
 summer-house (sum'er-hows), n. 1. 
 House in a garden used in summer. 
 2. House for summer residence. 
 
 summerset. Same as somersault. 
 
 summit (sum'it), n. Highest point or 
 degree. [D. summitas. See sum.] 
 
 summon (sum'un), vt. 1. Call with 
 authority. 2. Command to appear, 
 esp. in court. 3. Rouse to exertion. — 
 sum'moner, n. [L. summoneo — sub, 
 secretly, and moneo, warn.] 
 
 summons (sum'unz), n. 1. Author- 
 itative call. 2. Call to appear, esp. in 
 court. 
 
 s u m p t e r (sum'ter), n. Pack horse 
 [O. Fr. sommetier, pack horse.— L. 
 sagma, saddle.] 
 
 sumptuary ( sum'tu-ar-i ), a. Pertain- 
 ing to, or regulatiug, expenses, as in 
 sumptuary laws. [Li. sumptuarius— 
 sumo, take; spend.]_ 
 
 sumptuous ( sum'tu-us ), a. Costly; 
 magnificent. — sumptuously r adv. 
 — sump'tu- 
 ousness, n. 
 
 sun (sun). I. n. 1. 
 Body which is 
 the source of 
 light and heat 
 to our planet. 
 2. Sunshine. II. 
 vt. [sun'ning; 
 sunned. ] Ex- 
 pose to the 
 sun's rays. [A. 
 S. sunne.] 
 
 sunbeam (sun'- 
 bem), n. Ray or beam of the sun. 
 
 Telescopic view 
 
 of a portion of the 
 
 6un's surface. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
sunburned 
 
 578 
 
 superexcellent 
 
 sunburned (sun'burnd), sunburnt, 
 (sun'biirnt), a. Burned or discolored 
 by the sun. 
 
 sunburst (sun'burst), n. Brooch set 
 with diamonds radiating from a 
 center. 
 
 Sunday (sun'da). I. n. First day of the 
 week, so called in honor of the sun ; 
 Christian Sabbath; Lord's Day. II. 
 a. Pertaining to, or observed on, the 
 Lord's Day. 
 
 sunder (sun'der), vt. Separate; divide. 
 [A. S. sundrian. Ger. sondern.] 
 
 sun-dial (sun'di-al), n. Instrument to 
 show the time of day, by means of the 
 shadow of a style on a plate or dial. 
 
 sun-dog (sun'dog), n. Luminous spot 
 occasionally seen a few degrees from 
 the sun. 
 
 sundown (sun'down), h. Sunset. 
 
 sundries ( sun'dris ), n. pi. Various 
 unclassified small articles or ac- 
 counts. 
 
 sundry (sun'dri), a. More than one or 
 two; several; divers. [A. S.' syndrig.] 
 
 sunfisn (sun'fish), n. 
 Flat fish having a 
 nearly circular form. 
 
 sunflower (sun'flow- 
 er), n. Plant whose 
 flowei is a large disc 
 wHh yellow petals 
 like rays, and which 
 turns toward the sun. 
 
 sung {sung), pa. t. and 
 pa. p. of SING. 
 
 sunk (sungk), sunk- 
 en ( sungk'n ), pa. p. of sink. 
 
 sunless (sun'les),a. Without the sun; 
 deprived of the sun or its rays ;shaded. 
 
 sunsa (sun), n. East Indian material 
 similar to hemp; Madras hemp. 
 
 sunn a, sunnah (sun'a), n. Tradition- 
 ary portion of the Mohammedan law. 
 [Ar.*= tradition.] 
 
 gunny Csun'i), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
 coming from, or like the sun. 2. 
 Exposed to, warmed, or colored by 
 the sun's rays.— sun'niness, n. 
 
 sunrise (smm z )» n. 1. First appear- 
 ance of the sun above the horizon. 2. 
 Time of this rising. 3. The east. 
 
 sunset (sun'set), n. 1. Going down of 
 the sun. 2. The west. 
 
 sunshine ( sun'shm ), n. 1. Shining 
 light of the sun. 2. Place on which it 
 shines. 3. Warmth ; brightness ; cheer- 
 fulness.— sun'shiny, a. 1. Bright 
 with sunshine. 2. Pleasant; cheery. 
 
 sunstroke ( sun'strok ), n. Sudden 
 and often fatal prostration caused by 
 exposure to the sun or its heat. 
 
 sunstrucfa.(sun'struk), a. Prostrated 
 by the sun's heat. 
 
 Sunfish. 
 
 sup(sup). 1.0£.[sup'ping; supped.] Takj 
 into the mouth, with the lips, as a 
 liquid. II. m". 1. Eat the evening meal. 
 2. Sip. [A. S. supan.] 
 
 snpe (sup), super (snper), n. Abbr. 
 of supernumerary, used mostly in 
 reference to a supernumerary actor. 
 [Colloq.] [L.] 
 
 super-, prefix. Over; above; beyond. 
 
 superabound ( su-per-a-bownd'), vi. 
 Abound exceedingly; be more than 
 enough. 
 
 superabundant (su-per-a-bun'dant), 
 a. Abundant to excess; more than 
 enough ; c o p i o u s.— superabun'- 
 dantly,ac£y.-superabun'dance, n. 
 
 superadd (super-ad' ), vt. Add over 
 and above.— superaddi'tion, n. 
 
 superadvenient ( su-per-ad-ve'ni- 
 ent), a. Coming to the increase or 
 assistance of something. 
 
 superannuate (su-per-an'u-at). vt. 
 1. Impair or disqualify by old age and 
 infirmity. 2. Allow to retire from serv- 
 ice on a pension, on account of old age 
 or infirmity .— superannuation , n. 
 
 superb (su-perb'), a. Proud; magni- 
 ficent; grand; stately.— superb'ly, 
 adv. [L. superbus— super, above] 
 
 supercargo (su-per-kar'g5), n. Officer 
 in a merchant-ship tending to all the 
 commercial transactions while on a 
 voyage. [Above the eyebrow. 
 
 superciliary (_su-per-sil'i-ar-i ), a. 
 
 supercilious (su-per-sil'i-us), a. Dis- 
 dainful; haughty; dictatorial; over- 
 bearing. — supeicil'iousgy, adv.— 
 superciliousness, n. [L. supercili- 
 osus — supercilium, eyebrow, — super, 
 above, and 
 cilium, eye- 
 lid.] 
 
 su perco- 
 lumnia- 
 tion ( su- 
 per-ko-lum- 
 ni-a'shun ), 
 n. The plac- 
 ing of one 
 row of col- 
 umns above 
 another. 
 
 supereminent (su-per-em'i-nent), a. 
 Eminent in a superior degree ; excel- 
 lent beyond others. — superem'i> 
 nently,a*».— superem'inence, n. 
 
 supererogation (su-per-er- o-g a'- 
 shun), n. Doing more than duty re- 
 quires. — supererogatory, a. [L. 
 super, above, and erogo, pay out.] 
 
 superexcellent (su-per-eks'el-ent), a. 
 Excellent in an uncommon degree.— 
 | superex'cellence, n. 
 
 Supercolumniation. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
superficial 
 
 579 
 
 supervise 
 
 superficial (su-per-fish'al), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to, or being on," the surface. 
 2. Shallow ; slight ; containing or 
 reaching only what is apparent and 
 simple ; not learned or profound, 
 — superfi'cially, adv. — superfi'- 
 cialness, superficiality, (su-per- 
 nsh-i-al'i-ti), ns. [See superficies.] 
 
 superficies (su-per-fish'ez), n. Sur- 
 face. [Li. super, above, and fades, 
 face.] [ordinary. 
 
 superfine (su'per-fln), a. Finer than 
 
 superfluity ( su-per-fio'i-ti ), n. 1. 
 Larger quantity than required. 2. 
 State of being superfluous. 
 
 superfluous (su-per'fio-us), a. More 
 
 than enough.— superfluously, adv. 
 
 [Li.superfiuus, — super, and fiuo. flow.] 
 
 Syn. Excessive ; superabundant ; 
 
 unnecessary; useless; needless. 
 
 superhuman (su-per-hu'man), a. 1. 
 Above what is human ; gigantic ; 
 enormous. 2. Divine. [above. 
 
 superimpose(su-per-irn-poz'), vt. Lay 
 
 superincumbent ( su-per-in-kum'- 
 bent), a. Lying above. 
 
 superinduce ( su-per-in-dus' ), vt. 
 Bring in, over and above something 
 else. 
 
 superintend ( su-per-in-tend' ), vt. 
 Have the oversight, or charge of; con- 
 trol. - superintendence, n.— su- 
 perintendent. I. a. Superintend- 
 ing. II. n. One wbo superintends; 
 overseer. [L. super, above, -diidiniendo. 
 
 See INTEND.] 
 
 superior (su-pe'ri-iir). I. a. 1. Higher 
 in place, rank, or excellence. 2. Be- 
 yond the influence of. II. n. 1. One 
 higher in rank than others, 2. Chief 
 cf a monastery, abbey, etc. [Li. comp. 
 of superus, high.] 
 
 superiority (su-pe-ri-or'i-ti), n. Qual- 
 ity or state of being superior ; pre-em- 
 inence; advantage. 
 
 Syn. Preponderance; odds; predom- 
 inancy; excellence; ascendancy. 
 
 superlative(su-per'la-tiv).i. a. 1. Car- 
 ried above others or to the highest 
 degree; superior to all others; most 
 eminent. 2. In gram. Expressing the 
 highest degree of a quality. II. n. 
 In gram. Form of the highest de- 
 gree of adjectives and adverbs. — su- 
 perlatively, adv. [L. superlatus, pa. 
 p. of superfero, — super, above, and 
 fero, carry.] 
 
 supernal (su-per'nal), a. Relating to 
 thingsabove; celestial. [L.supernus.] 
 
 supernatural (su-per-nat'u-ral), a. 1. 
 Being beyond the laws, or exceeding 
 the powers, of nature. 2. Miraculous. 
 
 supernumerary (^u-per-nu'rner-ar-i). 
 I. «, Over and above llae number 
 
 stated, or whichis usual or necessary, 
 II. n. 1. Person or thing beyond the 
 usual, necessary, or stated number. 
 2. Substitute. [L. supernumeraries— 
 super, over, and numerus, number.] 
 
 superpose (su-per-poz'), vt. Place over 
 or upon ; lay two congruent geometri- 
 cal figures upon each other, so that all 
 lines coincide. — superposition, n. 
 
 superscribe (su-per-skrib'), vt. and 
 vi. Write or engrave over, on the out- 
 side or top. [ L. super, and scribo, 
 write.] 
 
 superscription (su-per-skrip'shun), 
 n. 1. Act of superscribing. 2. That 
 which is written or engraved above or 
 on the outside. 
 
 supersede (su-per-sed' ), vt. 1. Make 
 useless by superior power. 2. Come 
 in the room of; replace. 3. Suspend. 
 [L. super, above,_and sedeo_, sit.] 
 
 supersedeas ( su-per-se'de-as), n. In 
 law. Writ having in general the effect 
 of a command to stay, on good cause 
 shown, some ordinary proceedings. 
 [L. 2dpers. sing.pres. subj. of superse- 
 deo. See supersede.] 
 
 supersensible (su-per-sen'si-bl ), a. 
 Beyond i he reach of the senses. 
 
 supersensitive (su-per-sen'si-tiv), a. 
 Morbidly sensitive. 
 
 supersensnal ( su-per-sen'shb-al ), a. 
 Beyond the reach of the senses. 
 
 superserviceable ( su-per-ser'vis-a- 
 bl), a. Over serviceable; over offi- 
 cious, [of setting aside. 
 
 supersession (su-per-sesh'un), n. Act 
 
 superstition ( su-per-stish'un), n, 1. 
 Irrational reverence or fear. 2. Exces- 
 sive exactness in religious opinions 
 or practice. 3. False worship or relig- 
 ion. 4. Ignorant and irrational belief 
 in supernatural agency. [L.— super 
 and sto, st and, from the idea of "stand- 
 ing and wondering over a thing."] 
 
 superstitious (su-per-stish'us), a 1. 
 Pertaining to or proceeding from 
 superstition. 2. Addicted to super- 
 stition. — supersti'tiously, adv. 
 
 superstructure (su-per-struk'tur), n. 
 Structure above or on some thing else; 
 anything erected on a foundation. 
 
 supervene (sii-per-ven'), vi. Occur, or 
 come, in addition; take place, close- 
 ly following. — supervention, n. 
 Act of supervening. [L. super, and 
 venio, come.] 
 
 snpervisal (su-per-vi'zal), supervi- 
 sion (su-per-vizh'un), ns. A c t o f 
 supervising; inspection; control. 
 
 supervise ( su-per-viz' ), vt. Oversee; 
 <uperimerd. [L. super, ovqv, zntivideo, 
 visum, Ste,] 
 
 tite, fftt, tft3fc, f&r, tall, fare, above; uiS, met, her; mite, mit; D6te } Dot, move, woif; 
 mute, h\jt, b§r«; oil, owl, *te*L 
 
supervisor 
 
 580 
 
 suprarenal 
 
 supervisor ( su-per-vi'zur ), n. One 
 
 who supervises; ovei'seer. 
 supine (su-pln'), a. 1. Lying on the 
 
 back; leaning. 2. Negligent; indolent. 
 
 supine (su'pm), n. Latin noun form 
 of the verb, ending in um and u. [L. 
 supinum.] 
 
 supper (sup'er), n. Meal taken at the 
 close of the day. [Fr. souper. See sup.] 
 
 supplant (sup-planf), vt. 1. Displace 
 by stratagem; take the place of. 2. 
 Undermine. — supplant'er, n. [L. 
 supplanto, trip up one's heels, —sub, 
 and planta, sole of the foot.] 
 
 supple (sup'l). I. a. 1. Pliant; lithe. 2. 
 Yielding to the humor of others; 
 fawning. II. vt. and vi. Make, or be- 
 come , pliable, soft or compliant. — 
 suppleness, n. [Fr. souple—L. sup- 
 lex, bending the knees,— sub, under, 
 andplico, fold.] 
 
 supplement (sup'le-ment). I. n. That 
 which supplies or fills up; any addi- 
 tion by which defects are supplied. 
 II. vt. Supply or fill up; add to.— sup- 
 plement' al, supplementary, as. 
 [See supply.] 
 
 suppliant (sup'li-ant). I. a. Suppli- 
 cating; asking earnestly; entreating. 
 II. n. Humble petitioner. — sup' - 
 pliantly, adv. [L. supphco.] 
 
 supplicant (sup'li-kant). I. a. Suppli- 
 cating; asking submissively. II. n. 
 One who supplicates. [L. supplicans .] 
 
 supplicate (sup'li-kat), vt. Entreat 
 earnestly; address in prayer, -sup- 
 plication, n. — sup'plicatory, a. 
 [L. supplier), -atum—supplex, kneeling 
 down,— sub, under, ?m6.plico, fold.] 
 Syn. Beseech; invoke; appeal to. 
 
 supply (sup-pli'),?^. 1. Fill up, esp. a 
 deficiency; add what is wanted; fur- 
 nish. 2. Fill a vacant place; serve 
 instead of. [O. Fr. supployer—~L. sup- 
 pleo—sub, &ndpleo, fill.] 
 
 supply (sup-pli'), n. 1. Act of supply- 
 ing. 2. That which is supplied, or 
 supplies a want. 3. (Generally in pi.) 
 Amount of food or money provided. 
 
 support (sup-p5rf). I. vt. 1. Bear up; 
 sustain. 2. Endure. 3. Assist; patro- 
 nize; defend. 4. Actor assume a part 
 or character. 5. Supply with means 
 of living. 6. Corroborate: make 
 good. II. n. 1. Act of supporting or 
 upholding. 2. That which supports, 
 sustains, or maintains. 3. Mainte- 
 nance; assistance. — support'er, n. 
 [Li.—sub, an&porto, bear.] 
 
 Syn. Uphold; carry; maintain; 
 second; help; represent; nourish; 
 substantiate; verify. 
 
 supportable ( sup-port'a-bl ), a. 1. 
 Capable of being supported or main- 
 
 tained. 2. Endurable.— support'a- 
 t>ly, adv. [may be supposed. 
 
 supposable ( sup-po'za-bl ), a. That 
 
 suppose (sup-poz'), vt. 1. Assume as 
 true; imagine as existing. 2. Imply; 
 require necessarily.— suppo'ser, n. 
 [Fr. — L. sub, atid Fr. pose?', place.] 
 
 supposition(sup-po-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
 ,of supposing. 2. Thing supposed; 
 assumption; hypothesis.. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 supposititious (sup-poz-i-tish'us), a. 
 Put by trick in the place of another; 
 spurious; imaginary. 
 
 suppositive ( sup-poz'i-tiv ) . I. a. 1. 
 Supposed. 2. Implying supposition. 
 II. n. Word denoting or implying 
 supposition, as if, granted, provided, 
 etc.— suppos'itively, adv. With, by, 
 or upon, supposition. 
 
 suppository ( sup-poz'i-t5-ri ), n. 1. 
 Medicine in the form of a cone or 
 cylinder introduced into a duct of the 
 body, where it dissolves. 2. Plug to 
 hold back hemorrhoidal protrusions. 
 
 suppress (sup-pres'), vt. 1. Put down ; 
 crush. 2. Keep in; retain; conceal. 3. 
 Stop.— suppress'or, n. [L, suppres- 
 sum, pa. p. of supprimo — sub, and 
 premo, press.] 
 
 Syn. Subdue; overcome; repress; 
 restrain; smother; stifle; swallow. 
 
 suppression(sup-presh'un), n. Act of 
 suppressing; stoppage; concealment. 
 
 suppressive ( sup-pres'iv ), a. Tend- 
 ing to suppress ;_subduing. 
 
 suppurate (sup'u-rat), vt. Gather pus 
 or matter.— suppuration,?}. 1. Sup- 
 purating. 2. Pus. [See pus.] 
 
 suppurative (sup'u-ra-tiv). I. a. Tend- 
 ing to suppurate; promoting suppu- 
 ration. II. n. Medicine that promotes 
 suppuration. [L.] 
 
 supra-, prefix. Above; over; beyond. 
 
 supraiunar (su-pra-lo'nar ), a. 1. 
 Beyond the moon. 2. Very lofty; of 
 very great height. [L. supra, and 
 luna, the moon.] 
 
 supramaxillary (su-pra-maks'il-ar- 
 i). I. a. Pertaining to the upper jaw. 
 II. n. Upper jawbone. [See cut under 
 
 TOOTH.] 
 
 supramundane (su-pra-mun'dan), a. 
 Being or situated above our world; 
 celestial. [L. — supra, and mundus, 
 the world.] 
 
 supra-orbital (su-pra-ar'bit-al), a. In 
 anat. Being above the orbit of the 
 eye.— Supra-orbital artery, artery sent 
 off by the ophthalmic artery, along 
 the superior wall of the orbit. 
 
 suprarenal (su-pra-re'nal), a. Situat- 
 ed above the kidneys. [L. supra, over, 
 and ren, kidney.] 
 
 fats, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
supremacy 
 
 581 
 
 surround 
 
 supremacy (suprem a-si), n. State 
 of being supreme. [Coined from su- 
 preme,] 
 
 supreme (sii-prem'), a. Highest; great- 
 est; most excellent. — supremely, 
 adv. [L. supremus, super 1. of superus, 
 high,— super, above.] [— L. super.] 
 
 sur-, prefix. Over; upon; beyond. [Fr. 
 
 Alirali (so'ra), surab silk, n. Soft 
 twilled silk stuff for women's gar- 
 ments. [FromSurat, in India.] 
 
 surcease (sur-ses'). I. vi. Cease. II. vt. 
 Cause to cease. III. n. Cessation. [Fr. 
 sursis, pa. p. of sur-seoir, leave off. 
 Doublet SUPERSEDE.] 
 
 surcharge(suL-charj').I. vt. Overload; 
 overcharge. II. n. Excessive load. 
 
 surcingle (siir'sing-1), ri. Belt; girdle, 
 esp. for a horse. [O. Fr. sur 's angle— L. 
 super, over, and cingulum, belt.] 
 
 surd (surd). I. a. 1. In algebra. Involv- 
 ing surds. 2. Produced by breath (not 
 the voice), as k, t, p, /, etc. II. n. In 
 alg. Quantity inexpressible by ra- 
 tional numbers, or which has no 
 root. [L. surdus, deaf.] 
 
 sure (shor), a. Secure; confident be- 
 yond doubt; fit to be depended on. — 
 sure, sure'ly, advs. [ Fr. sur — L. 
 securus. Doublet secure.] 
 
 surety (shor'ti), n. 1. State of being 
 sure; certainty. 2. He who or that 
 which makes sure. 3. Security 
 against loss. 4. One who becomes.. 
 bound for another.— suretyship, ft. 
 [Doublet SECURITY.] 
 
 surf (surf), n. Foam made by the dash- 
 ing of waves. — surf 'y, a. [Etymol. 
 doubtful.] 
 
 surface (sur'f as), n. Exterior part of 
 anything ; outward appearance.— sur- 
 face-chucli, n. Face-plate chuck 
 in a lathe to which an object is fixed 
 for turning. —surface-road, n. 
 Railroad on the surface of the ground 
 as distinguished from an elevated 
 or underground railroad. [O. Fr.] 
 
 surfeit (sur'fit). I. vt. Fill to satiety and 
 disgust. II. n. Excess in eating and 
 drinking; sickness or satiety caused 
 by overfullness. — sur'feiting, n. 
 Eating overmuch ; gluttony. [Fr. sur- 
 fait, overdone,— L. super, and factum.] 
 
 surge (surj). I. n. Rising or swelling 
 of a large wave. II. vi. Rise high; 
 swell. [L. surgo, rise.] 
 
 Surgeon (sur'jun), n. One who manu- 
 ally treats injuries or diseases by 
 operating upon them. [O. Fr. serur- 
 gien. Fr. chirurgie — Gr. cheir, hand, 
 and ergon, work.] 
 
 Surgery (sur'jer-i), n. 1. Treatment of 
 a disease by mauual operations. 2. 
 Place for surgical operations. 
 
 surgical (sur'jik-al), a. Pertaining to 
 surgeons or to surgery; done by sur 
 gery. — surgically, adv. [waves. 
 
 surgy (sur'ji), a. Full of surges oi 
 
 surloin. Same as sirloin. 
 
 surly (siir'li), a. Morose; uncivil: 
 churlish. — sur'lily, adv. — surli- 
 ness, n. [From A. S. sur, sour, and 
 lie. lice, like.] 
 
 surmise (siir-miz'). I. n. Suspicion; 
 conjecture. II. vt. Imagine; suspect. 
 [O. Fr. surmise, accusation.] 
 
 surmount (stir-mown t'), vt. Mount 
 above; surpass. — surmountable, 
 a. That may be surmounted. [Fr.— sur 
 (Li. super), and monter. See mount.] 
 
 surname (sur'nam). I. n. Additional 
 name; name or appellation added to 
 the baptismal or Christian name ; 
 family name. II. vt. Name or call bj 
 an appellation added to the origina; 
 name; give a surname to. 
 
 surnominal(sur-nom'in-al), a. Relat- 
 ing to surnames. 
 
 surpass (stir-pas'), vt. Pass beyond - 
 exceed; excel. — surpass'afole, a. 
 That may be surpassed or excelled 
 [Fi*. surpasser.] 
 
 surplice ( sur'plis ), n. White outer 
 garment worn by the clergy. [Fr, 
 surplis — LiOw L. superpellichum, over- 
 garment. See pelisse.] 
 
 surplus (sur'plus), n. Excess above 
 what is required. [Fr.] 
 
 surplusage (sur'plus- aj), n. Excess; 
 matter not needed. 
 
 surprise (sur-priz'). I. n. 1. Act of 
 taking unawares. 2. Emotion caused 
 by anything sudden; amazement. 3. 
 That which causes the emotion of 
 surprise. II. vt. 1. Come upon sud 
 denly or unawares. 2. Strike with 
 wonder or astonishment ; confuse. 
 
 LFr. —surpris, pa. p. oi sur prendre — 
 i. super, a"nd prehendo, take, catch.] 
 
 surprising (sur-pri'zing), a. Exciting 
 surprise; wonderful; unexpected. — 
 sarpri'singly, adv. 
 
 surrender (sur-ren'der). I. vt. Render 
 or deliver over; resign. II. vi. Yield 
 up one's self to another. III. n. Act 
 of yielding. [O. Fr. surrendre. See 
 render,! 
 
 surreptitious ( sur-rep-tish'us ), a. 
 Done by stealth or fraud. — surrep- 
 titiously, adv. [L. — surripio, sur> 
 reptum—sub, and rapio, seize.] 
 
 surrogate (sur'ro-gat), n. 1. Substi- 
 tute. 2. Probate judge who presides 
 over the settlement of estates, wills. 
 etc. [L. surrogo—sub, in the place of, 
 and rogo, ask.] [pass; encircle 
 
 surround ( sur-rownd' ), vt. Encom 
 
 i, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; Dote, not, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, bum; oil, owl, th&n. 
 
SiirtOstt 
 
 582 
 
 swagger 
 
 »«rtout (sur-to'),?i. Close-bodied frock- 
 coat. [Fr.=over all.] 
 
 surveillance { sur-val'lans or -ans), 
 n. Supervision; inspection. [Fr.sur- 
 veiller—lu. vigilare. See vigil..] 
 
 survey (sur-va'), vt. Look over; view 
 at large; inspect; examine; measure 
 and estimate, as land. [O. Fr. surveoir 
 — L. super, over, and viaere, see.] 
 
 survey ( sur'va ), n. 1. General view. 
 
 2. Examination. 3. Measuring of land 
 with determination of the contour of 
 the surface, etc. 
 
 surveyor (sur-va'ur), n. 1. Overseer; 
 examiner. 2. Measurer of land. 3. 
 Public officer who does, and keeps 
 records of, surveying in counties, 
 states, etc.— survey'orship, n. 
 
 survival (sur-vi'val), n. A surviving or 
 living after. 
 
 survive (sur-viv'). I. vt. Exist longer 
 than; outlive II. vi. Remain alive. [Fr. 
 — L. super, beyond, and vivere, live.] 
 
 survivor ( sur-vi'viir ), n. One who 
 survives or lives after another.— sur- 
 vivorship, n. 
 
 susceptibility (sus-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 
 Quality of being susceptible. 
 
 susceptible (sus-sep'ti-bl), a. 1. Capa- 
 ble of receiving; impressible. 2. Sen- 
 sitive.— susceptibly, adv. [Fr.— L. 
 suscipio, susceplum, take up.] 
 
 susceptive ( sus-sep'tiv), a. Capable 
 of receiving or admitting. 
 
 suspect (sus-pekf). I. vt. 1. Mistrust; 
 doubt; surmise. 2. Imagine to be 
 guilty. II. n. One suspected of a crime. 
 [L. suspicio, suspectum, look at secretly, 
 — sub, and specio, look at.] 
 
 suspend (suspend'), vt. 1. Hang one 
 thing beneath another. 2. Make to 
 depend on. 3. Make to stop for a time; 
 delay. 4. Debar.— suspender, n. 1. 
 One who or that which suspends. 2. 
 One of a pair of straps for supporting 
 trousers. [L.— sub, and pendo, hang.] 
 
 suspense (sus-pens'), n. 1. State of 
 being suspended. 2. Act of withholding 
 judgment. 3. Uncertainty; indeci- 
 sion. 4. Stop betwixt two opposites. 
 
 suspension (sus-pen'shun), n. 1. Act 
 of suspending. 2. Interruption; delay. 
 
 3. Temporary privation of office or 
 privilege. 4. Conditional withhold- 
 ing, —suspension-bridge, Bridge 
 supported by chains or wire cables, 
 which pass over high piers. 
 
 suspensory ( sus-pen'sor-i). I. a. 1. 
 That suspends. 2. Doubtful. II. n. 
 That which suspends. 
 
 suspicion (sus-pish'un), n. Act of sus- 
 pecting; imagining of something 
 without evidence or on slender evi- 
 dence; mistrust. 
 
 suspicious (sus-pish'us), a. 1. Fulloi 
 suspicion. 2. Showing suspicion. 3 
 Inclined to suspect. 4. Liable to sus- 
 picion.— suspiciously, acta, — sus- 
 piciousness, n. 
 
 sustain (sus-tan'), vt. 1. Hold up; en 
 dure; prolong; maintain; relieve. 2. 
 Prove; sanction.— sustain'er $ ». [L. 
 sustineo—sub, and teneo, hold.] 
 
 sustainable (sas«ta'na-bl), a. That 
 may be sustained. 
 
 sustenance ( sus'te-nans ), n. That 
 which sustains; maintenance; pro 
 visions. 
 
 sustentation ( sus-ten-ta'shun ) , n. 
 That which sustains; support. 
 
 sutler (sufler), n. Person who follows 
 an army and sells provisions, etc. to 
 the soldiers; camp hawker. [Q. Dut. 
 soeteler small trader. Cf. Ger. sudler, 
 dabbler ] 
 
 suttee(sut-te'), n. 1. In India, the sacri 
 fice of a widow on the funeral pile of 
 her husband. 2. Widow so sacrificed 
 [Sans. cuddM,_ voluntary sacrifice.] 
 
 su sural (su'tur-al), a. Relating to a 
 suture. 
 
 suture (su'tur), n. 1. A sewing together 
 of a wound. 2. Seam uniting the 
 bones of the skull. 3. Seam at the 
 union of two margins in a plant. [L. 
 sutura—suo, sew.] [by, sutures. 
 
 sutured (su' turd), a. Having, or united 
 
 suzerain ( soze-ran ), n. Feudal lord; 
 supreme or paramount ruler. — su- 
 zerainty, n. Dominion of a suze- 
 rain; paramount authority. [Fr. sus 
 —Late L. susum, for sursum=sub-ver- 
 sum, above.] 
 
 swab (swob). I. n. 1„ Mop for cleaning 
 or drying floors or decks. 2. Instru- 
 ment for cleaning a gun after dis 
 charge. 3. Bit of sponge Oh the end of 
 a handle for cleaning the mouth. II. 
 vt. [swabb'ing; swabbed.] Clean or 
 dry with a swab. — swabber, n. 1. 
 One who uses a swab. 2. Officer who 
 sees that the ship is kept clean. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 swaddle (swod'l), vt. Swathe or bind 
 tight with clothes, as aninfant. [A.S. 
 sice^Z.swaddling-baud. See sw athe.J 
 
 swaddling-band ( swod'ling-band ), 
 swad'dling-cloth, ns. Ban d or 
 cloth formerly used for swaddling an 
 infant. 
 
 swag (swag). I. vt. Sway; sag. II. n. 
 1. Swaying motion. 2. Bundle; booty. 
 (Slang.) [driving it into a mold. 
 
 swage (swaj), vt. Shape, as iron, by 
 
 swagger (swag'er). I. vi. 1. Sway or 
 swingthe body in bluster. 2.Bragnois- 
 ily; bluster. II. n. Insolent manner.— 
 swag'gerer, n. [From swag.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. ■ 
 
swain 
 
 583 
 
 Swedenborgian 
 
 Ssvallow. 
 
 swain (swan), n. 1. Young man. 2. 
 Country lover. _ [A. S. sivan, servant.] 
 
 swallow (swol'o), 
 n. Migratory bird 
 with long wings, 
 which seizes its 
 insect food on the 
 wing. [A. S. swa- 
 lewe.] 
 
 swallow (swol'o), 
 vt. 1. Receive 
 through the gul- 
 let into the stom- 
 ach. 2. Ingulf; 
 consume; absorb; 
 
 exhaust. 3. Take back: recant. 4. 
 Tolerate; put up with. [A.S. swelgan, 
 swallow. Cf. Ger. schwelgen. ] 
 
 swam (swam), pa. t. of swim. 
 
 swamp ( swomp ). I. n. Low ground 
 saturated with water. II. vt. 1. Sink 
 in. or as in a swamp. 2, Overset, or 
 cause to fill with water, as a boat. 
 — swampy , a. Consisting of swamp ; 
 wet and spongy, [A.S. swamm, sponge.] 
 
 swan (swon), n. 
 Large, long- 
 necked, web- 
 footed bird 
 larger than 
 the goose. 
 
 — swans'- 
 down. n. 
 
 1. Small 
 soft feathers 
 
 of the swan. 2. Thick fluffy fabric of 
 wool and cotton or silk. — swan'. 
 skin, n. Thick soft flannel. [A. S] 
 
 swap (swop), n. Same as swop. 
 
 sward (sward). I. n. Grassy surface of 
 land; green turf. II. vt. Cover with 
 s w a r d.— swarded, sward'y, as. 
 Covered with sward. [A. S. sweard. 
 Ger. schwarce, thick, tough skin.] 
 
 sware (swar),po. t. of swear. 
 
 swarm (swarm). I. n. 1. Large body 
 or cluster of insects or other small 
 animals, esp. of bees. 2. Great num- 
 ber; throng. II. vi. 1. Gather as bees 
 do, esp. when leaving a hive. 2. Ap- 
 pear in a crowd; throng; abound. 3. 
 Breed multitudes. [A. S. swearm.] 
 
 swarthy (swar'thi), a. Of blackish com- 
 plexion; dark-skinned.— swar'thily, 
 adv.— swar'thiness, n. [A. S. sweart. 
 Ger. schwarz, black.] [Climb. 
 
 swarve (swavv). I. vi. Swerve. II. vt. 
 
 swash (swosh). I. vi. andt'£. 1. Flow 
 or dash noisily; splash; spill; swish. 
 
 2. Bluster; swagger. II. n. Dirty 
 water; narrow channel through sand. 
 
 — swash-buckler, n. Swaggerer; 
 braggadocio; bully. 
 
 Swan. 
 
 % 
 
 SWASH-Fjl,ATE. 
 
 1. Swash-plate. 2. 
 Axis. 3. Friction 
 wheel. 4. Shaft. 
 5. Guide. 
 
 swash-plate ( swosh'plat ), n. Flat 
 disc liAtd at an angle on a revolving 
 axis. It gives an 
 up and down mo- 
 tion to a friction 
 wheel, the descent 
 being effected by 
 gravity or a spring 
 
 swath (swath), n. 1. 
 Line of grass or 
 grain cut by the 
 scythe. 2. Sweep of 
 a scythe. [A. S, 
 siccethe. Ger. schwa- 
 den.] 
 
 swathe (swaffi). I. 
 vt. Bind with a 
 band or bandage. 
 II. n. Bandage. 
 [A.S. swathu, band.] 
 
 sway(swa). I. vt. and 
 vi. 1 . Wield with the 
 hand. 2. Incline to 
 one side, or first to one side and then 
 to the other. 3. Influence by power 
 or moral force. II. n. 1. Sweep of a 
 weapon. 2. That which moves with 
 power; preponderance; power. [Dan. 
 svaie. Akin to swing.] 
 
 swear (swar). I. vi. [swear'ing; swore; 
 sworn.] 1. Affirm, calling God to wit 
 ness. 2. Give evidence on oath. 3. 
 Utter the name of God or of sacred 
 things profanely. II. vt. 1. Affirm, 
 calling God to witness. 2. Admin- 
 ister an oath to. 3. Declare 
 on oath. — swear'er, n. 
 [A. S. swerian. Ger. schiooe- 
 ren.] 
 
 sweat (swet). I. n. 1. Moist- 
 ure from the skin; perspir- 
 ation. 2. Labor; drudgery. 
 II. vi. 1. Give out sweat or 
 moisture. 2. Toil. III. vt. 
 1. Give out, as sweat. 2. 
 Cause to sweat. — sweat- 
 gland, n. One of the innu- 
 merable glands in the skin, 
 secreting the moisture 
 which exudes through the Sweat- 
 pores. [A. S. swat.] gland 
 
 1, 2, 3. Layers of skin. 4. Swer.t duct 
 5. Sweat gland. 6. Subcutaneous fat. 7. 
 Sweat pore. 
 
 sweaty (swet'i), a. 1. Wet with per 
 spiration ; consisting of sweat. 2 
 Laborious. — sweat'iness, n. 
 
 Swede (swed), n. Native of Sweden. 
 
 Swedenborgian (swe-den-bar'ji-an) 
 n. One who holds the doctrine's of th-: 
 New Jerusalem Church as taught oj 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish 
 noble, born at Stockholm in 1689. 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, i/ien. 
 
Swedenborgianism 
 
 584 
 
 swill 
 
 Swedenborgianism (swe-den-bar'ji- 
 an-izm), n. Doctrines and practice of 
 the Swedenbqrgians. 
 
 Swedish (swe'dish).-I. a. Pertaining 
 to Sweden. II. n. Language of the 
 Swedes. 
 
 Sweep (swep). I. vt. [sweeping; swept.] 
 1. Wipe or rub over with a brush or 
 broom. 2. Carry along or off by a 
 long, brushing stroke or force. 3. 
 Carry with pomp. 4. Pass rapidly 
 over. II. vi. 1. Pass swiftly and for- 
 cibly. 2. Pass with pomp. 3. Move 
 with a long reach. III. n. 1. Act of 
 sweeping. 2. Extent of a stroke, or 
 of anything turning or in motion. 3. 
 Direction of a curve. 4. Chimney- 
 sweeper. 5. Pole supported by a high 
 post on which it turns, used for rais- 
 ing water from a well.— sweep'er, n. 
 [A. S. swapan. Low Ger. swepen. Ger. 
 schweifen.] 
 
 *weepings(swep'ingz),H,.p£- "Whatever 
 is collected by sweeping; rubbish. 
 
 sweepstakes ( swep'staks ), n. 1. All 
 the money or other things staked at 
 a horse-race, or in gaming, all going 
 to the winner. 2. Race for all the 
 stakes. 3. A winning of all the money 
 at stake. 
 
 sweet ( swet ). I. a. 1. Of a pleasant 
 taste like sugar. 2. Pleasing to any 
 one of the five senses. 3. Not sour, 
 foul, or rancid. 4. Not salty, as water. 
 5. Pleasing to the mind; lovable. II. 
 n. 1. Sweet substance. 2. pi. Sweet- 
 meats. — sweetly , adv. — sweet' - 
 ness, n. [A. S. swete.] 
 
 sweetbread (swet'bred), n. 1. Pan- 
 creas of an animal (stomach sweet- 
 bread), used for food. 2. Thymus 
 gland (neck sweetbread), used for 
 food. 
 
 sweet-brier (swet'bri-er), n. Thorny 
 shrub of the rose kind, the leaves of 
 which smell sweet. 
 
 sweet-corn (swet'karn), n. Variety 
 of maize of sweet taste. 
 
 sweeten (swe'tn) vt. and vi. Make or 
 become sweet, wholesome, fertile, or 
 pure.— sweet'ener, n. 
 
 sweetening (swe'tn-ing), n. 1. Act of 
 sweetening. 2. That which sweetens. 
 
 sweet-flag ( swet'-flag ), n. Aromatic 
 plant with sword-shaped leaves; also 
 called calamus. [person beloved. 
 
 sweetheart ( swet'hart ), n. Lover; 
 
 sweetish (swe'tish), a. Somewhat 
 sweet to taste. — sweet'ishness, n. 
 
 sweetmeat (swet'met), n. Confec- 
 tions made wholly or chiefly of sugar. 
 
 gweet-pea(swet'-pe) , n. Pea cultivated 
 for the fragrance and beauty of its 
 blossoms. 
 
 weet-potato vine. 
 
 sweet-potato ( swet'po-ta'to ), n. 
 Creeping plant having tubers resem- 
 bling the potato. 
 
 sweet - william 
 
 (swet-wil'yam), n. 
 Species of pink of 
 many colors and 
 varieties. 
 
 swell (swel). I. vi. 
 [swelled; swelled 
 or swollen 
 (swoln).] 1. Grow 
 larger; expand. 2. 
 Rise into waves; 
 heave. 3. Grow 
 louder. 4. Be bom- 
 bastic; strut; become elated, arro- 
 gant. II. vt. 1. Increase the size of. 
 2. Aggravate. 3. Increase the sound 
 of. 4. Raise to arrogance. III. n. 1. 
 Act of swelling. 2. Increase in size or 
 sound. 3. Gradual rise of ground. 4. 
 Wave; waves or tides of the sea, esp. 
 after a storm. 5. Strutting foppish 
 fellow; dandy. IV. a. Handsome; 
 showy. (Slang). [A. S. swellan.] 
 
 swelldom (swel'dum), ». The fashion* 
 able world. 
 
 swelling ( swel'ing ). I. a. Inflated, 
 pompous; haughty. II. n. 1. Protu- 
 berance; tumor. 2. Rising, as of pas- 
 sion. 3. Inflation by pride. 
 
 swelter (swel'ter), vi. Be faint or op- 
 pressed with heat. [A.S. sweltan, die.] 
 
 swept (swept), pa. t. and pa. p. of 
 
 SWEEP. 
 
 swerve (swerv), vi. Turn; depart from 
 any line, duty, or custom. [A. S. swectr* 
 fan. Dut. swerven. Akin to warp.] 
 
 swift(swift), n. 1. Bird bearing an out- 
 ward resemblance to the swallows, 
 but differing much from them in var- 
 ious structural points. The American 
 swift is commonly called the chim- 
 ney swallow. 2. Newt or eft, a species 
 of lizard. 3. Small prairie wolf of 
 western U. S. 
 
 swift (swift), a. and adv. 1. Moving 
 with great speed. 2. Ready; prompt; 
 coming suddenly or without delay. 3. 
 Of short continuance; rapidly pass- 
 ing.— swift'Iy, adv. — swiftness, n. 
 [A. S. Cf. Ger. schweifen.] 
 Syn. Fleet; rapid; speedy; quick. 
 
 swig (swig). I. n. Large draught, as 
 of liquor. II. vt. [swig'ging; swigged.] 
 Drink by large draughts; drink off 
 greedily; gulp. (Golloq.) 
 
 swill (swil). I. vt. or vi. Drink greed- 
 ily or largely. II. n. 1. Large draught 
 of liquor. 2. Liquid mixture given 
 to swine.— swill'er, n. [A.S. Sicilian.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, f&r, fall,, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Hvs'an 
 
 585 
 
 Sybarite 
 
 swim (swim). I. vi. [ swim'ming; 
 swam; swam or swum.] 1. Float. 2. 
 Move on or in water by natural 
 means, as a fish, duck, etc. 3. Be 
 borne along by a current. 4. Be dizzy. 
 6. Be drenched or overflown. II. vt. 
 
 1. Pass by swimming. 2. Make to 
 swim or float. III. n. 1 Act of swim- 
 ming; any motion like swimming. 2, 
 Air bladder of a fish.— In the swim, in 
 the current of fashionable society. 
 [A. S. swimman.] 
 
 swimmer (swim'er), to. 1. One who 
 swims- 2. Web-footed aquatic bird. 
 
 swimmingly (swim'ing-li), adv. In a 
 gliding manner, as if swimming ; 
 smoothly; successfully. 
 
 swindle (swin'dl). I. vt. Cheat under 
 the pretence of fair dealing. II. n. Act 
 of defrauding. [From Ger. schwind- 
 lev, dishonest promoter; cheat.] 
 
 swindler (swin'dler), to. Oue who de- 
 frauds by imposition; cheat; rogue. 
 [From swindle.] 
 
 swine (swm), n. sing, and pi. Any ani- 
 mal of the hog kind. [A. S. swin. 
 G-er. schwein.] 
 
 swine-bread (swin'bred), n. Truffle. 
 
 swineherd (swm'herd), to. Herd or 
 keeper of swine. 
 
 swine-oat (swin'ot), to. Kind of oats 
 cultivated for the use of pigs. 
 
 swine-pox (swin'-poks), to. Variety 
 of the chicken-pox. 
 
 swing- (swing). I. vi. [swinging; 
 swung.] 1. Sway; move to and fro, as 
 a body hanging in air; vibrate. 2. 
 Practice swinging. 3. Turn round at 
 anchor. 4. Be hanged. II. vt. 1. Move 
 to and fro; cause to wave or vibrate. 
 
 2. Whirl; brandish. III. to. 1. Act of 
 swinging; motion to and fro; waving 
 motion. 2. Anything suspended for 
 swinging in. 3. Sweep or compass of 
 a swinging body. 4. Power of any- 
 thing swinging. 5. Free course. [A. 
 S. swingan.] 
 
 swinge (swinj), vt. 1. Beat soundly. 
 2. Forge; weld. [A. S. swengan, shake'.] 
 
 swingle-tree ( swing'1-tre ), single- 
 tree ( sing'1-tre ), to. Cross-piece of a 
 carriage, plow etc., to which the 
 traces of a harnessed horse are fixed. 
 [From swing.] 
 
 swinish (swl'nish), a. Like or befitting 
 swine; gross; brutal.— swinishly, 
 adv.— swi'uishness, to. 
 
 swipe (swip). t vt. and vi. 1. Strike 
 with a sweeping blow. 2. Purloin; 
 carry off. II. to. 1. Sweeping stroke 
 or blow, as with the full swing of the 
 arms in golf. 2. Sweep used in draw- 
 ing water from a well. [A. S. swipian, 
 move swiftly.] 
 
 swirl (swerl). I. vi. Sweep along with 
 a whirling motion. II. to. Whirling 
 motion as of water. [Imitative.] 
 
 swish (swish). I. to. Rushing or rus- 
 tling sound as of the swashing of 
 waves on the shore or the swinging of 
 a switch through the air. II. vi. and 
 vt. Move or cause to move with such 
 a sound. [Imitative.] 
 
 Swiss (swis). I. a. Of or belonging to 
 Switzerland. II. n. 1. Native of Swit- 
 zerland. 2. Language of Switzerland. 
 
 switch (swich). I. to. 1. Small flexible 
 twig. 2. Lock of false hair. 3 Mov- 
 able rail and its appendages usee 1 for 
 transferring a car or train from one 
 track to another; shunt of any kind. 
 II. vt. 1. Strike with a switch. 2. 
 Shunt. [Low Ger. zwukse, swutsche.] 
 
 switchback (swich'bak). I a. Of au 
 alternate motion. II. to, Railway 
 curving back and forth, or ascending 
 by momentum. 
 
 switchboard (swich'bSrd), n. Device 
 for controlling an electric current. 
 
 swivel (swiv'l). to. 1 Something fixed in 
 another body so as to turn around in 
 it. 2. Ring or link that turns on a pin. 
 3. Small cannon turning on a swivel. 
 
 swollen (swol'n), pa. p. of swell. 
 
 swoon (swon). I. vi. Faint; fall into a 
 fainting-fit. II. to. Fainting-fit. [A.S.] 
 
 swoop (swop). I. vt. 1. Sweep down 
 upon and catch. 2. Catch while on 
 the wing. II. vi. Descend with a 
 sweep. III. n. Seizing, as of a bird on 
 its prey. [Form of sweep.] 
 
 swop (swop). I. vt. [swop'ping; swop 
 ped.] Exchange; barter. II. n. Ex- 
 change. 
 
 sword (sord), to. 1. Offensive weapon 
 with a long blade for cutting or 
 thrusting. 2. Destruction by war. 
 
 sword-bayonet ( s5rd'-ba'on-et ), to. 
 Bayonet shaped like a sword. 
 
 swordcane ( sord'kan ), to. Cane con- 
 taining a sword. 
 
 sword fish 
 (sord'fish), 
 to. Large 
 sea-fish 
 having the 
 upper jaw 
 elongated 
 so as to resemble a sword. 
 
 swordsman (sordz'man),7i. Man skill- 
 ed in the use of the sword. —swords'* 
 manship, to. 
 
 swore, sworn. See swear. 
 
 swum (swum),pa. t. a,ndpa.p.oi swim. 
 
 Sybarite (sib'a-rit), to. One devoted to 
 luxury.— sybaritic, sybarit'ical, 
 as. [From Sybaris, a Greek town in 
 ancient Italy.] 
 
 Swordfish. 
 
 tats, fat, teak, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, but, burn ■. oil, owl, then, 
 
sycamine 
 
 586 
 
 symposium 
 
 Leaves of Egyptian 
 Sycamore. 
 
 sycamine (sik'a-mln) , n. Black mul- 
 berry tree. 
 
 sycamore ( sik'a- 
 mor), n. 1. Fig- 
 mulberry, growing 
 in Egypt and other 
 Eastern countries. 
 2. In England, large 
 maple. 3. InAmer 
 ica, plane-tree, esp. 
 the buttonwood. 
 [Gr. sykomoros—sy- 
 kon, fig, and moron, 
 black mulberry.] 
 
 sycophancy (sik'o-fan-si), n. Behav- 
 ior of a sycophant ; mean tale- bearing ; 
 obsequious flattery; base servility. 
 
 sycophant (sik'o-fant), n. Tale-bear- 
 er; servile flatterer; parasite.— syco- 
 phant'ic,sycophant'ish, as. [Gr. 
 sycophantes.] 
 
 syenite ( si'en-it ), n. Rock composed 
 of hornblende and mica, similar to 
 granite. [From Syene, in Egypt.] 
 
 syllabic (sil-lab'ik), syllab'ical, as. 
 Relating to, or consisting of, a sylla- 
 ble or syllables.— syllab'ically, adv. 
 
 syllabicate ( sil-lab'i-kat ), vt. Form 
 into syllables. — syllabication, n. 
 
 syllabify ( sil-lab'i-fi), vt. Form into 
 syllables. — syllabification, n. 
 [From syllable, and L. facio, make.] 
 
 syllable isil'a-bl),w. Letter, or several 
 letters taken together, forming one 
 sound ; word, or part of a word, utter- 
 ed by a single effort of the voice. 
 [Gr. syllabe—syn, and lab-, take.] 
 
 syllabub. Same as sillabub. 
 
 syllabus(sil'a-bus),w. 1. Abstract ;com- 
 pendium. 2. 'Table of contents. [L.] 
 
 syllogism (sil'o-jizm), n. Logical 
 form of every argument, consisting of 
 three propositions, of which the first 
 two are called the premises, and the 
 last which follows from them, the 
 conclusion. [Gr.— syn, together, and 
 logizomai, reckon.] 
 
 syllogistic (sil-o-jis'tik), syllogis- 
 tical (sil-o-jis'tik-al), as. Pertaining 
 to, or in the form of, a syllogism. — 
 syl!o«is'tically, adv. [gisms. 
 
 syllogize(sil'o-jiz), vi. Reason by syllo- 
 
 sylph(silf), n. 1. Imaginary being in- 
 habiting the air, of graceful form and 
 light and nimble movement. 2. Sylph- 
 like girl or woman. [ Fr. sylphe. Cf. 
 Gr. silphe, kind of moth.] [of sylph.] 
 
 sylpbi<l(silf'id), n. Little sylph. [Dim. 
 
 sylph-lihe (silf'lik), a. Like a sylph; 
 light and graceful in form and move- 
 sylvan. Same as silvan. [ment. 
 
 symbol (sim'bul), n.l. Representation 
 of an idea by an object. 2. Object rep- 
 resenting an idea; letter representing 
 
 a mathematical quantity, operation, 
 etc. 3. Creed; compendium of doc- 
 trine.-symboric, symbolical, as. 
 Emblematic; figurative; typical.— 
 symbolically, adv. [Gv.—symbalio, 
 put together, compare, infer,— syn, to- 
 gether and ballo, throw.] 
 Syn. Emblem; type; sign; token. 
 
 symbolism (sim'bul-izm), n. 1. Rep- 
 resentation by symbols. 2. System of 
 symbols. 
 
 symbolize (sim'bul-lz). I. vi. 1. Be 
 symbolical.. 2. Resemble in qualities; 
 agree. II. vt. 1. .Represent by sym- 
 bols. 2. Make emblematic— sym'bol- 
 izer, sym'bolisft, n. 
 
 syuabology (sim-bol'o-ji), n. Art of 
 expressing by symbols. 
 
 symmetrical (sim-met'rik-al), a. 1. 
 Having symmetry or due proportion 
 in its parts;, harmonious. 2. Com- 
 posed of two parts corresponding to 
 each other; regular.— symmetric- 
 ally, adv. With symmetry. 
 
 symmetrize ( sim'e-triz ), vt. Make 
 symmetrical. 
 
 symmetry (sim'e-tri), n. State of one 
 part being proportionate to another; 
 harmony of parts. [ Gr. — syn, to- 
 gether, and metron, measure.] 
 
 sympathetic (sim-pa-thet'ik), sym- 
 pathet'ical, as. 1.' Pertaining to 
 sympathy. 2. Having common feel- 
 ing with another; capable of compas- 
 sion. 3. Harmonious.— sympathet'- 
 ically, adv. 
 
 sympathize (sim'pa-thlz), vi. Have 
 sympathy; feel with or for another; 
 agree. 
 
 sympathy (sim'pa-thi), n. 1. Feeling 
 with another; agreement of inclina- 
 tion, feeling, or sensation. 2. Com 
 passion; pity. 3. Related state; influ- 
 ence producing an analogous state in* 
 another body. [Gr. — syn, with, and 
 root of pathos.] [tion; harmony. 
 Syn. Fellow-feeling; commisera- 
 
 symphonious (sim-f 6'ni-us ), a. 
 Agreeing in sound; harmonious. 
 
 symphonist ( sim'fo-nist )> n. Com- 
 poser of symphonies. 
 
 symphony (sim'fo : ni), n. 1. Harmony 
 of sound. 2. Elaborate composition 
 for a full orchestra, generally in 
 three movements. [ Gr. —syn, to- 
 gether, and phone, sound.] 
 
 symposium ( sim-po'zi-um ), n. 1. 
 Banquet; feast. 2. Magazine discus- 
 sion in which several authors write 
 on the same subject in the same 
 number, and usually in reply one to 
 another ; collection of opinions or 
 comments. [ Gr. symposion—syn, to- 
 gether, and posis, a drinking.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; roe, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, buru; oil, owl, then. 
 
symptom 
 
 687 
 
 systole 
 
 symptom ( sim'tum ), n. 1. Tbat 
 which attends and indicates the ex- 
 istence of something else. 2. That 
 which indicates disease. [ Gr.— syn, 
 together, and pipto, fall.] 
 
 symptomatic (sim-tum-at'ik), a. 1. 
 Pertaining to symptoms. 2. Indica- 
 ting the existence of something else. 
 3. In med. Proceeding from some 
 prior disorder. — symptomatica!, 
 a.— symptomatlcally, adv. 
 
 syn°, prefix. With; together. Before I 
 it becomes syl, and before b, p and 
 m, it becomes sym. _ [Gr.] 
 
 synreresis ( sin-er'e-sis ),n. Pronoun- 
 cing of two vowels together. Opp. to 
 diaeresis. [Gr.— syn, andhaireo, take.] 
 
 synagogue (sin'a-gog), n. 1. Assem- 
 bly of Jews for worship. 2. Jewish 
 place of worship. [Gr. synagoge—syn, 
 and ago. lead.] 
 
 synchronal (sing'kro-nal), synchro- 
 nous (sing'kro-nus), a. 1. Happen- 
 ing or being at the same time; sim- 
 ultaneous. 2. Lasting for the same 
 time. [Gr. syn, and cfirqnos, time.] 
 
 synchronism (sing'kro-nizm), n. 1. 
 Concurrence of events in time. 2. 
 Tabular arrangement of contempo- 
 rary events, etc., in history. [Gr.] 
 
 syncopate (sing'ko-pat), vt. Contract, 
 as a word, by taking away letters 
 from the middle.— syncopa'tion, n. 
 
 syncope (sing'ko-pe), n. 1. Omission 
 of letters from the middle of a word, 
 as ne'er for never. 2. Painting-fit. 3. 
 Sudden pause. [L. — Gr. sygkope — 
 syn and kopto, cut.] 
 
 syndic (sin'dik), n. 1. Magistrate; 
 advocate; government official. 2. One 
 chosen to transact business for 
 others. [Gr.— syn and dike, justice.] 
 
 syndicate (sin'di-kat), n. 1. Body of 
 syndics; council. 2. Office of a syn- 
 dic. 3. Body of men chosen to watch 
 the interests of a company, or to 
 manage a bankrupt's property. 4. 
 Combination of capitalists for the 
 promotion of some enterprise; trust. 
 
 Synecdoche (sin-ek'do-ke), n. Figure 
 of speech by which a part is made to 
 stand for the w T hole, or the whole for a 
 part. — synecdoch'ical, a. Ex- 
 pressed by, or implying, synecdoche. 
 [Gr.— syn, and ekdechomai, receive.] 
 
 syneresis. See synreresis. 
 
 synod (sin'od), n. 1. Ecclesiastical 
 council. 2. Among Presbyterians, a 
 church court consisting of several 
 presbyteries. — synod'ic, synod'i- 
 cal, as.— synodlcally, adv. [Gr. 
 synodos—syn and hodos, way.] 
 
 synonym, synonyme (sin'o-nim), a. 
 Word having, exactly or nearly, the 
 
 same meaning with another. — sy ib- 
 onymous (sin-on'i-mus), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to synonyms. 2. Having the 
 same meaning. — synonymously, 
 adv. — synonymy ( sin-on i-uii), n. 
 1. Quality of being synonymous. 2. 
 Rhetorical figure of amplification. 
 [Gr.— syn, and onoma, name.] 
 
 synopsis (sin-op'sis), n. [pi. synop'- 
 ses (ses).] Review; a summing up 
 [Gr. syn, and opsis, view.] 
 
 synoptic (sin-op'tik), synop'tical, as. 
 Affording a general view oi the whole. 
 
 synovia (sin-o'vi-a), n. Fluid secreted 
 in the cavity of joints to lubricate 
 them.— sino'vial, a. [From Gr. syn 
 and L. ovum, egg.] 
 
 syntactic (sin-tak'tik), syny tacti- 
 cal, as. Pertaining to syntax; ac- 
 cording to the rules of syntax. — 
 syntactically^ adv. 
 
 syntax (sin' taks), n. Ingram. Correct 
 construction of, and arrangement of 
 words in, sentences. [Gr. — syn and 
 tasso, put in order.] « 
 
 synthesis_(sin'the-sis), n. 1. [ pi. syn'- 
 theses (-sez).] Composition; making 
 a whole out of parts. 2. Combina- 
 tion of separate elements of thought 
 into a whole; reasoning from prin 
 ciples previously established to a 
 conclusion. Opp. to analysis. 3. In 
 gram. The uniting of ideas into a 
 sentence. [Gr. syn and thesis, placing.] 
 
 synthetic (sin-thet'ik), synthetic- 
 al, as. 1. Pertaining to synthesis. 2. 
 Consisting in synthesis or composi- 
 tion.— synthetically, adv. [ren. 
 
 syphon, syren. Same as siphon, si- 
 
 syringa (si-ring'a;, n. 1. Mock- 
 orange. 2. Lilac. [Gr. syrinx, reed.] 
 
 syringe (sir'inj). I. n. Tube with a 
 piston, or rubber ball, by which 
 liquids are sucked up and ejected. II. 
 vt. Inject or clean with a syringe. 
 [Gr. syringx, reed.] 
 
 syrup. Same as sirup. 
 
 system ( sis'tem ), n. 1. Assemblage 
 of bodies as a connected whole ; organ- 
 ism. 2. Method; plan; order. 3. Full 1 
 and connected view of some depart- 
 ment of knowledge. 4. The universe. 
 [Gr. — syn, and histemi, place.] 
 
 systematic (sis'te-mat'ik), system- 
 atical, as. 1. Pertaining to or con- 
 sisting of system. 2. Formed or done 
 according to system ; methodical.— 
 systematically, adv. 
 
 systematize f sis' te-ma-tlz), vt. Reduce 
 to a system.— sys'tematizer, n. 
 
 systole (sis'to-le),?i. 1. Contraction of 
 the heart for expelling the blood. 2. 
 Shortening of a long syllable. [Gr.— 
 
 . syn, and stello, set.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, nut, burn; oil, owl, (Aon, 
 
588 
 
 tackle 
 
 Tabard. 
 
 t (te), n. Twentieth letter of the 
 English alphabet. In the arts it 
 is used as an adjective prefix, 
 as a T square, used for drawing; 
 a T rail, etc.— To a T, exactly. 
 
 tab ( tab ), n. 1. Latchet of a shoe. 2. 
 End of a lace. 3. Tag. 4. (Oolloq.) 
 Tally; check; account. 
 
 tabard (tab' ard), n. Ancient 
 garment, open at the 
 sides, with wide sleeves, 
 reaching to the elbows, 
 worn over the body ar- 
 mor, and generally em- 
 blazoned with the arms 
 of the wearer or of his 
 lord. [Fr. — Low L. tabar- 
 rus, cloak.] 
 
 tabaret ( tab-a-ret' ), n. 
 Stout satin-striped silk, 
 used for furniture. 
 
 tabbinet (tab'i-net), n. 
 Delicate kind of tabby, 
 resembling damask, used 
 for window-curtains. 
 
 tabby(tab'i). I. n. 1. Coarse 
 kind of waved or watered silk. 2. 
 Artificial stone, a mixture of shells, 
 gravel, stones, and water. 3. Brindled 
 cat; any cat. 4. Old maid; gossip. II. 
 a. Brindled; diversified in color. III. 
 vt. Water, or cause to look wavy. 
 [Fr. tabis — Ar. atabi.] 
 
 tabernacle ( ta b'er-na-kl) , n. 1. 
 Lightly constructed temporary hab- 
 itation; tent; pavilion. 2. Movable 
 building, used by the Israelites in the 
 wilderness. [L. tabernaculum, tent, 
 dim. of taberna, tavern,— root of tabula, 
 table.] _ 
 
 tabes (ta'bez), ^..Wasting away of the 
 body ; atrophy ; emaciation.— tabetic 
 (ta-bet'ik), tabid, a. Affected with 
 tabes. [L.— tabeo, melt away.] 
 
 tablature(tab'la-tur), n. 1. Painting, 
 esp. on a wall or ceiling. 2. Ancient 
 mode of writing music by letters etc. 
 [F. — L. tabula, board.] 
 
 table (ta'bl). l.n. 1. Smooth, flat slab 
 or board, with legs, used as an article 
 of furniture. 2. Supply of food; en- 
 tertainment. 3. Company at a table. 
 4. Board for backgammon or check- 
 ers. 5. Surface on which something 
 is written or engraved ; that which is 
 cut or written; inscription. 6. Con- 
 densed statement; syllabus; index. 
 II. vt. 1. Make into a table or cata- 
 logue. 2. Lay on the table; postpone 
 consideration of. [Fr. table— L. tabula, 
 board.] 
 
 tableau (ta-blo'o/- E. tab'lo), n. [pi. 
 tableaux (tablo'), or tableaus (ta- 
 bloz').] Living picture. [Fr.] 
 
 table-d'hote (ta'bl-dot), n. Meal for 
 several persons at the same hour and 
 at fixed prices. [Fr. = table of the 
 host.] 
 
 table-land (ta'bl-land), n. Extensive 
 elevated land; plateau. 
 
 tablet (tab'let), n. 1. Small table or 
 fiat surface. 2. Something fiat on 
 which to write, paint, etc.; writing- 
 pad. 3. Confection or medicine in the 
 form of a small flat disk. [Dim. of 
 
 TABLE.] 
 
 table-turning* ( ta'bl-turn-ing), n. 
 Movements of tables or other objects, 
 attributed by spiritualists to the 
 agency of spirits. 
 
 taboo ( ta-bo' ) . I. n. 1. Institution 
 among the Polynesians by which cer- 
 tain things are consecrated. 2. Pro- 
 hibition; interdict. II. vt. Forbid 
 approach to, or the use of. 
 
 tabor (ta'bur). I. n. Small drum played 
 with one stick. II. vt. Play on a tabor; 
 beat lightly and often. [Fr. tambour 
 — Pers. tambur, kind of zither.] 
 
 tabouret (tab'o-ret), tabret (tab'ret), 
 ns. Small tabor. 
 
 tabular (tab'u-lar), a. Of the form of, 
 or pertaining to L a table. 
 
 tabulate (tab'u-lat), «£. 1. Arrange in, 
 or reduce to, tables or synopses. 2. 
 Shape with a flat surface. 
 
 tace (ta'se).w. In music. Direction that 
 a voice, instrument or part is to be 
 silent for a certain specified time. 
 [L. = be silent!] [L.=is silent] 
 
 tacet(ta'set),v. Inmusic. Same asTACE. 
 
 tachometer (ta-kom'et-er), n. Instru- 
 ment for measuring velocity. [Gr. 
 tachos, speed, and metron, measure.] 
 
 tacit (tas'it), a. Implied, but not 
 expressed by words.— tacitly, adv. 
 [L. tacitus, silent.] 
 
 taciturn ( tas'i-turn ), a. Habitually 
 silent; not fond of talking. — tac- 
 iturnity, n. — taciturnly, adv. 
 [L. tacitumus.] [reserved; mute. 
 
 Syn. Uncommunicative; reticent; 
 
 tack (tak). I. n. 1. Short, sharp nail, 
 with a broad head. 2. Rope to fasten 
 the corner of a sail. 3. Course of a 
 ship in reference to the position of 
 her sails. 11. vt. Fasten, esp. in a slight 
 manner, as by tacks. III. vi. Change 
 the course of a ship by shifting the 
 position of the sails. [Low Ger. tak- 
 ken, sharp point.] 
 
 tackle (tak'l). I. n. 1. Ropes, rigging, 
 etc., of a ship. 2. Tools; weapons; 
 angler's outfit. 3. Ropes, pulleys, etc., 
 for raising heavy weights. 4. One who 
 tackles, as in foot-ball. II. vt. 1. Pro- 
 vide with tackle. 2. Attach; hitch. 3. 
 Seize; attack. [Dut. takel.] 
 
 fate, Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 - mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
tackling- 
 
 589 
 
 tale 
 
 tackling (tak'ling), n. 1. Furniture 
 or apparatus belonging to the masts, 
 yards, etc., of a ship. 2. Harness for 
 drawing a carriage; tackle. 
 
 tact (takt), n. 1. Touch; feeling. 2. Pe- 
 culiar skill or faculty based on nice 
 perception and a knowledge of hu- 
 man nature. 3. Stroke in beating 
 time in music. [Fr.— L. tactus, touch.] 
 
 tactician(tak-tish'an), n. One skilled 
 in tactics. 
 
 tactics (tak'tiks), n. 1. Science or art 
 of maneuvering military or naval 
 forces in the presence of the enemy. 
 2. Method of proceeding. [Gr. taktike, 
 {tedfine, art), —tasso, taxo, arrange.] 
 
 tactile (tak'til), a. That may be 
 touched or felt. [L.. tango, touch. See 
 tact.] [touch. 
 
 taction (tak'shun), n. Act of touching, 
 
 tactual (tak'tu-al), ol Relating to, or 
 derived from, tlie sense of touch. 
 
 Tadpoles of toad. 
 1. Eggs. 2. Single egg. 3. Young tadpoles 
 hanging to a plant. 4.-9. Successive stages 
 of development. 
 
 tadpole ( tad'pol ), n. Young toad, or 
 frog; polliwog. [A. S. todie, toad, and 
 poll, head.] 
 
 tael (tal), n. 1. Chinese ounce. 2. Unit 
 of Chinese monetary system. Value 
 varies, about = $1.05 U. S. gold. 
 
 taffcrel (taf'er-el), taffrail (taf'ral), 
 n. Upper part of a ship's stern tim- 
 bers. [Dut L tafereel, panel.] 
 
 taffeta (taf'e-ta), taffety (taf'e-ti), n. 
 1. Silk fabric plainly woven. 2. Thin 
 glossy silk stuff, having a wavy luster. 
 [It. taffeta — Pers. taftah, woven.] 
 
 taffy (taf'i), n. 1. Sweetmeat made of 
 molasses boiled down. 2. ( Colloq. ) 
 Flattery. 
 
 tag (tag). I. n. 1. Point of metal at 
 the eDd of a string. 2. Any small 
 thing tacked or attached to another. 
 3. Rabble; ravel. II. vt. [tag'ging; 
 tagged.] 1. Fit a tag to. 2. Tack «or 
 fasten to. — tag'rag, n. Rabble. 
 [Weaker form of tack.] 
 
 tag (tag). I. n. Game in which the per- 
 son gains who tags or touches an- 
 other. II. vt. Touch, as in the game of 
 tag; follow closely. 
 
 tail (tal), n. 1. Appendage at the end 
 of the backbone of an animal, as in 
 quadrupeds, birds, and fishes. 2. 
 Anything resembling a tail in appear- 
 ance, position, etc., as a catkin, train 
 of a comet, train of attendants, part 
 opposed to the head, etc. [A.S. tcegel.] 
 
 tail (tal), n. Estate which is limited 
 to certain heirs. [Fr. taille, cutting. 
 
 See ENTA.1L.] 
 
 tailor (ta'liir). I. n. One who cuts out 
 and makes men's clothes. — tai'Ior- 
 ess. fern. II. vi. Work as a tailor. — 
 tailoring, n. Business or work of 
 a tailor. [Fr. tail- 
 leur—tailler, cut.] 
 
 tailor-bird (ta'- 
 lur-berd), n. Bird 
 that constructs 
 its nest at the 
 extremity of a 
 twig, taking one 
 large or two 
 small leaves and 
 sewing their edges to- 
 gether, using its bill 
 as a needle and vege- 
 table fiber as thread. 
 
 taint (tant). I. vt. Im- 
 pregnate with any- 
 thing noxious; infect; 
 stain. II. vi. Be affected 
 with something cor- 
 rupting, III. n. 1. Infection; corrup- 
 tion. 2. Spot; moral blemish. [O. Fr. 
 taint, Fr. teint, pa. p. of teindre, dye, — 
 L. tmgo, tinctum, wet. See tinge.] 
 
 Syn. Pollute; vitiate; defile; con- 
 taminate; corrupt; stain; sully; in- 
 fect; pervert. 
 
 take (tak). I. vt. [ta'king; ta'ken.] 1. 
 Lay hold of; get into one's posses- 
 sion ; catch ; capture ; choose. 2, 
 Receive; allow; endure; understand; 
 agree to; become affected with. II. 
 vi. 1. Have the intended effect. 2. 
 Gain reception; please. 3. Be favor- 
 ably disposed. 4. Have recourse to. 
 -taker, n. [Icel. taka.] 
 
 taking (ta'king), a. Captivating; 
 alluring.— takingly, adv. 
 
 talc (talk), n. Mineral occurring in 
 thin flakes, of a white or green color, 
 and a soapy feel. — talck'y, talc- 
 ons, as. Containing, consisting of, 
 or like talc. [Fr.— Ar. talag.] 
 
 tale (tal), n. 1. Narrative; story; 
 fable. 2. Number; reckoning. [A. S 
 tal. Ger. zahl.] 
 
 Tailor-bird 
 and its nest. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
tale-bearer 
 
 iOO 
 
 tamin 
 
 tale-bearer (tal'bar-er), n. One who 
 maliciously bears or tells tales. 
 
 tale-bearing (tal'bar-ing. I. a. Given 
 to telling tales, or officiously spread- 
 ing scandal. II. n. Act of telling 
 secrets. 
 
 talent (tal'ent), n. 1. Ancient weight 
 or sum of money = $1,650 to $1,925. 
 2. Faculty; natural or special apti- 
 tude. [ L. talentum — Gr. talanton, 
 weight,— tlao, bear, weigh.] 
 
 talented ( tal'ent-ed ), a. Possessing 
 talents or mental gifts. 
 
 tales (ta'lez), n. pi. 1. Persons in court 
 from whom selections are made to 
 supply the place of jurors who are ou 
 the panel, but fail to appear. 2. Plead- 
 ing or writ for the purpose of supply- 
 ing the place of jurors. [From first 
 word of the Latin phrase tales de cir- 
 eumstantibuSj, such of the bystanders.] 
 
 talesman (ta'lez-man or talz'man), n. 
 Person summoned to act as a juror 
 from among thebystanders at court. 
 
 talipes ( tal'i-pez ), n. Club-foot; 
 deformed foot. [L.] 
 
 talisman ( tal'is-man ), n. [pi. tal'is- 
 mans ] Charm engraved on metal or 
 
 ' stone, to which wonderful effects are 
 ascribed; something that produces 
 extraordinary effects. — talisman'- 
 ic, a. [Ar. telsam — Late Gr. telesma, 
 consecration] 
 
 talk ( tak ), vi. 1. Speak; converse; 
 confer.'"2. Prattle; chatter. 3. Utter 
 words, as a parrot, or a mechanical 
 contrivance. II. vt. 1. Express in 
 words; enunciate. 2. Discuss; dis- 
 course about. 3. Use as one's lan- 
 guage. 4. Accomplish or affect by 
 speaking. III. n. 1. Familiar conver- 
 sation. 2. That which is uaered in 
 familiar intercourse. 3. Subject of 
 discourse. 4. Rumor. — talk'er, n. 
 [Icel. tala, talk. Akin to tell.] 
 
 talkative (tak'a-tiv), a. Given to 
 much talking;' prating.— talk'ative- 
 ly, adv.— talkativeness, n. 
 
 Syn. Loquacious; garrulous; com- 
 municative. 
 
 tall (tal), a. 1. Seemly; brave. 2. High; 
 long "3. Extravagant; great.— tall' - 
 ness, n. [Etymology doubtful.] 
 
 taHitb (tal'ith), n. Mantel or scarf, 
 worn by Jews, at prayer. [Heb.] 
 
 tallow (tal'6). I. n. 1. Fat of animals 
 melted. 2. Any coarse, hard fat. II. 
 vt. Grease with tallow. [Ger. talg.] 
 
 tally (tal'i). I. n. [pi. tal'lies.] 1. One 
 of two sticks notched alike to keep 
 account by. 2. Anything correspond- 
 ing to another as duplicate. II. vt. 
 Score with notches. III. vi. Corre- 
 spond; suit. [F. taille, cutting.] 
 
 tally-bo ( tal'i-ho ). I. interj. Hunts- 
 man's cry betokening that a fox has 
 been started. II. n. In the U. S. Four- 
 in-hand pleasure coach. 
 
 Tally-ho. 
 
 Talmud (tal'mud), n. Body of Hebrew 
 laws, comprising the written law 
 (Mishnah) and the traditions and 
 comments (Gemara) of the Jewisb 
 doctors.— Talmud'ic, Talmud'ic* 
 a!, as. [Heb. = instruction.] 
 
 talon (tal'un), n. 1. Claw of a bird of 
 prey. 2. Cards remaining in the pack 
 after dealing. [Fr. — L. talus, heel.] 
 
 tamable ( ta'ma-bl ), a. Capable of 
 being tamed.— ta'mableness, n. 
 
 tamandua(ta-man'du-a), n. So. Amer- 
 ican ant-bear. [Native name.] 
 
 tamarack (tam'a-rak), n. 1. American 
 larch, furnishing heavy strong tim- 
 ber; hackmatack. 2. Black or ridge- 
 pole pine of the Pacific coast. 
 
 tamarind ( tam'a-rind), n. E.Indian 
 tree, with a sweet, pulpy fruit in pods, 
 much used as food and in medicine. 
 [Ar. tamr hindi, Hindu date.] 
 
 tamarisk (tam'ar-isk), n. Shrub with 
 small whiie or pink flowers. [L. 
 tamariscus.] 
 
 tambour (tam'bor). I. n. 1. Small, 
 shallow drum. 2. Circular frame for 
 embroidering 3. Rich kind of gold 
 and silver embroidery. II. vt. Em- 
 broider on a tambour. [Fr. — root of 
 
 TABOUR.] 
 
 tambourine (tarn- 
 
 bo-ren'), n. Shallow 
 drum with one skin 
 and bells, and played 
 on with the hand. 
 [Fr. tambourin, dim. 
 of tambour.] 
 
 tame (tarn). I. a. 1. Having lost native 
 wildness and shyness; domesticated. 
 2. Gentle. 3. Spiritless; without 
 vigor; dull. II. vt. Reduce to a do- 
 mestic state; make gentle; civilize.— 
 tamely, adv. — tame'ness, n. [A. 
 S. tarn. Ger. zahm.] 
 
 tanjin (tam'in), tamis (tarn' is), 
 tammy (tam'i), ns. Strainer of hair 
 or cloth. LFr.] 
 
 Tambourine. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Tamil 
 
 591 
 
 tantra 
 
 Tamil (tam'il), n. 1. One of a race of 
 Ceylon and Southern India, belong- 
 ing to the Dravidian people. 2. Lan- 
 guage of the race. 
 
 tamp (tamp), vt. 1. Plug up, as a hole 
 drilled in a rock for blasting, after 
 the explosive has been introduced. 2. 
 Force or beat down by repeated light 
 strokes. [From same root as tap.] 
 
 tamper ( tani'per ), vi. 1. Try little ex- 
 periments without necessity. 2. 
 Meddle. 3. Practice secretly and un- 
 fairly. [A by-form of temper.] 
 
 tamping: (tam'ping), n. Material used 
 as packing in ramming down a 
 charge in a blast-hole. 
 
 tampion (tam'pi-un), n. Plug for the 
 mouth of a cannon, when not in use. 
 rSee tap.] 
 
 tam-tam. See tom-tom. 
 
 tan (tan). I. n. 1. Bark bruised and 
 broken for tanning. 2. Yellowish 
 brown color. II. vt. [tan'ning; tan- 
 ned.] 1. Convert skins and hides into 
 leather by steeping in vegetable solu- 
 tions containing tannin. 2. Make 
 brown or tawny. 3. Thrash. III. vi. 
 Become tanned. [Fr. Cf. Ger. tanne, 
 fir. Bret, tann, oak.] 
 
 tanager (tan'a-jer), n. Brilliant col- 
 ored singing bird of many species. 
 
 tandem ( tan'dem ). L a. Harnessed 
 siugly one before the other. II. n. 1. 
 Team of horses so harnessed. 2. Bi- 
 cycle for two or more riders one 
 behind another. [Originated in uni- 
 versity slang, in a play on the L. 
 adv. tandem, at length. 1 
 
 tang- (tang), n. Strong or offensive 
 taste, esp. of something extraneous. 
 [Low Ger. tanger, biting.] 
 
 tang- (tang), n. Tapering part of a 
 knife or tool which goes into the haft. 
 [By-form of tong. See tongs.] 
 
 tangency (tan'jen-si), n. State of be- 
 ing tangent; contact or touching. 
 
 tangent (tan'jent), n. Line which 
 touches a curve, and which when pro- 
 duced does not cut it. — tangen- 
 tial, a. 
 
 tangerine (tan-jer-en'), n. Variety of 
 Chinese seedless orange. [Fr. — Tan- 
 ger, Tangiers.] 
 
 tanghin (tan'gin), n. Deadly poison 
 obtained from the seeds of Tanghi- 
 nia venenifera, a tree of Madagascar. 
 [Native name in Madagascar.] 
 
 tangible (tan'ji-bl), a. 1. Perceptible 
 to the touch. 2. Capable of being pos- 
 sessed or realized. — tan'gibly, adv. 
 — tangibility, n. [L. tangibilis — 
 tango.'] 
 
 tangle ( tang'I ). I. n. 1. Knot of 
 things united confusedly. 2. Edible 
 
 seaweed. II. vt. 1. Unite together 
 confusedly; interweave. 2. Iusnare. 
 [Goth, tagl, hair. Ger. tang, seaweed.] 
 
 tangnm (tan'gum), n. Variety of pie- 
 bald horse found in Thibet. 
 
 tanistry(tan'ist-ri), n. Mode of tenure 
 that prevailed among various Celtic 
 tribes, according to which the tanist 
 or holder of honors or lands held 
 them only for life, and his successor 
 was fixed by election. 
 
 tank (tangk), n. Large basin; cistern; 
 reservoir. [O. Fr. estanc—L,. stagnum, 
 pool.] 
 
 tankard itang'kard), n. Large vessel 
 for holding liquors; drinking vessel 
 with a lid. [Etymology unknown.] 
 
 tanner (tan'er), n. One who tans. — 
 tann'ery, n. Place for tanning. 
 
 tannic (tan'ik), a. Of, or from, tan. 
 
 tannin (tan'in), n. Astringent vege- 
 table substance found largely in oak- 
 bark or gall-nuts, in tea, coffee, etc., 
 of great use in tanning; tannic acid. 
 [Fr. tanin.] 
 
 tansy (tan'zi), n. 1. Bitter, aromatic 
 plant with rayless yellow flowers. 2. 
 Formerly, a pudding flavored with 
 tansy juice. [Fr. tanaisie — Gv. atha- 
 nasia, immortality.] 
 
 tantalize (tan'ta-liz), vt. Torment by 
 presenting something to excite desire, 
 but keeping it out of reach. [Tanta- 
 lus, a mythical Phrygian king, was 
 made to stand up to his chin in water, 
 with brauches of fruit hung over his 
 head, the water receding when he 
 wished to drink, and the fruit when 
 he desired to eat.] 
 
 tantalns (tan' ta-lus), 
 n. Voracious genus 
 of wading birds of 
 the heron family, in- 
 cluding the wood- 
 ibis of America. 
 
 tantamount (tantf- 
 a-mownt), a. Equi- 
 valent, in value, 
 force, effect, or sig- 
 nification .[Fr. tant 
 —h.tantus, so much, 
 and Eng. amount.] 
 
 tantivy (tan-tiv'i). I. 
 adv. Swiftly. II. n. 
 1. Rapid, violent gallop. 2. Adherent 
 of the court in time of Charles II. 
 III. vi. Hurry off. [From the notes of 
 a hunting-horn.] 
 
 tantra (tan'tra), n. Section of certain 
 Sanskrit sacred works of the wor- 
 shipers of the female energy of Siva. 
 Each tantra has the form of a dia- 
 logue between Siva and his wife. 
 [Sans.— tan, believe.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf , 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
tantrum 
 
 59*2 
 
 tarnish 
 
 tantrum ( tan'trum), n. Fit or burst 
 ©f ill-humor. [Wei. tant, burst of pas- 
 sion.] 
 
 tan-yard ( tan'yard ), n. Enclosure 
 where the tanning of leather is car- 
 ried on. 
 
 tap (tap). I. n. Gentle blow or touch. 
 II. vt. [tap'ping; tapped. ] 1. Strike 
 with something small; touch gently; 
 rasp; pat. 2. Put a thickness of leather 
 on. [Ger. tappen, grope; strike.] 
 
 tap (tap). I. n. 1. Faucet or short 
 pipe through which liquor is drawn. 
 2. Place where liquor is drawn. 3. 
 Boring tool; reamer. II. vt. [ tap'- 
 ping; tapped.] Pierce, so as to let out 
 fluid ; open a cask and draw off liquor. 
 [A. S. tappan.] 
 
 tape (tap), n. Narrow band of woven- 
 work, used for strings, etc. — tape- 
 line, n. Instrument for measuring, 
 often made of steel ribbon, from 20 
 to 50 feet long,— tape-measure, n. 
 Piece of tape for measuring, from 
 one yard to two yards in length. 
 
 taper (ta'per). I. n. Small wax-candle 
 or light. II. a. Narrowed towards one 
 end. III. vi. and vt. Become, or make, 
 gradually smaller towards one end. 
 
 tapestry (tap'es-tri), n. "Woven hang- 
 ings of wool and silk .—Tapestry car- 
 pet, two-ply carpet, the warp or weft 
 being printed before weaving so as to 
 produce a figure in the cloth. [Fr. 
 tapis serie. See tapis.] 
 
 tapeworm (tap'wurm), n. Worm often 
 ot great length, found in the intes- 
 tines. The "head" is really the whole 
 worm, the other parts being genera- 
 tive buds, issuing from the head one 
 after the other. 
 
 tapioca (tap-i-o'ka), n. Glutinous and 
 granular substance obtained from 
 the roots of the cassava plant of 
 Brazil. [Brazilian.] 
 
 tapir (ta'per), n. Thick-skinned, short- 
 necked animal, having a short, flex- 
 ible proboscis, found in Sumatra and 
 South America. [Brazilian.] 
 
 tapis (ta'pis), n. Tapestry; cover of a 
 council table. — On the tapis, under 
 consideration. [ Gr. tapes, figured 
 cloth.] 
 
 tappet (tap'et), n. Small projecting 
 lever giving intermittent motion to a 
 part of a machine. 
 
 taproom (tap'rom), n. Room where 
 beer or liquor is served. 
 
 taproot (tap'rot), n. Root striking 
 directly downward without dividing, 
 and tapering, as that of the carrot. 
 
 tapster (tap'ster), n. One who taps or 
 draws off liquor. 
 
 Tarantula. 
 
 tar (tar). I. n. 1. Thick, dark-colored, 
 viscid product obtained by the de- 
 structive distillation of organic sub- 
 stances and bituminous minerals, as 
 wood, coal, peat, etc. 2. Sailor. II. 
 vt. [tar'ring; tarred.] Smear with 
 tar. — Tar and feather, pour heated 
 tar over, and then cover with feathers. 
 [A. S. teru. Dut. teer. Akin to tree.] 
 
 tarantula 
 (tar-an'tu-la), 
 n. Poisonous 
 large spi- 
 der. [It. tar- 
 antola — L. 
 Tarentum, a 
 town in S. 
 Italy.] 
 
 taraxacum 
 (tar-aks'a- 
 kum),7i. Root 
 of the dande- 
 lion, used in 
 medicine. 
 
 [Botanical word, coined— Gr. taraxis, 
 trouble, and akeomai, cure.] 
 
 tarboosh (tar-bosh'), n. Red cap of 
 felt or cloth, often with a tassel, w©ra 
 by the Turks, etc. [Ar.] 
 
 tardy (tar'di), a. 1. Slow. 2. Late; 
 dilatory; out of season. — tai-'dily, 
 adv.— tar'diness, n. [Fr. tardif — 
 L. tardus, slow.3 
 
 tare (tar), n. Plant, like the vetch, 
 sometimes cultivated for fodder, 
 [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 tare (tar), n. 1. Weight of the vessel 
 or package in which goods are con- 
 tained. 2. Allowance made for it. 
 LFr.— It. tara—Ar. tarah, throw away.] 
 
 target (tar'get), n. 1. Small buckler 
 or shield. 2. Mark or butt to shoot 
 at. [O. Fr. targe, shield.] 
 
 targ-eteer (tar-get-er'), n. One armed 
 with a target._ 
 
 tarheel (tar'hel), n. Inhabitant of the 
 pine-barrens of N. Carolina, or of that 
 State. 
 
 tariff (tar'if), n. 1. List of goods with 
 the duties or customs to be paid for 
 thesame. 2. Any system of rates. [Ar. 
 tarif, information.] 
 
 tarlatan (tar'la-tan), n. Gauzy cotton 
 fabric, used in ladies' dresses. [Per- 
 haps—Milanese tarlantanna, linsey- 
 woolsey.] 
 
 tarn (tarn), n. Small mountain lake 
 or pool, especially one which has no 
 visible feeders. [Icel. tjorn.] 
 
 tarnish (tar'nish). I. vt. 1. Spoil by 
 exposure to the air, etc. 2. Dimmish 
 the lustre or purity of. II. vi. Become 
 dull; lose luster. [Fr. ternir, (pr. p. 
 ternissant) — O. Ger. tarni, covered.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; une, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, miive, wolf; 
 RiQte. hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
laro 
 
 593 
 
 tattoo 
 
 taro (ta'ro or ta'ro), n. Stemless plant 
 with tuberous starchy roots from 
 which poi is made. 
 
 tarpaulin (tar-pa'lin), tarpaulins 
 
 (tar-pa'liug ), ns. 1. Water-proof 
 cover of coarse canvas. 2. Sailor's 
 broad brimmed water-proof hat. 3. 
 Sailor. [From tar, and t?»t.t..i 
 
 tarry (tar'i), a. Consisting of, covered 
 with, or like tar. 
 
 tarry (tar'i), vi. 1. Be tardy or slow. 2. 
 .Loiter; stay; delay. [O. Fr. targier — 
 L. tardus, slow.] 
 
 tarsal (tar'sal), a. 1. Pertaining to the 
 tarsus or instep. 2. Pertaining to, 
 the tarsi of the eyelids. 
 
 tarsus (tar'sus), n. [pi. tarsi (tar'si).] 
 1. All the bones between the tibia and 
 the metatarsus. 2. Insect's foot. 3. 
 Small plate or cartilage along the 
 edge of the eyelid. 
 
 tart (tart), a. 1. Sharp or sour to the 
 taste. 2. Sharp; severe. —tart'ly, 
 adv. — tart'ness, n. [A. S. teart — 
 tearan, tear.] 
 
 tart (tart), n. Small pie, containing 
 fruit or jelly. [Fr. tarte, tourte—L,. 
 tortus, twisted.] 
 
 tartan (tar'tan). I. n. Woolen stuff, 
 checked with various colors, worn in 
 the Scottish Highlands. II. a. Woven 
 in a tartan pattern. [Fr. tiretaine, 
 linsey-woolsey.] 
 
 tartan (tar'tan), n. Small one-masted 
 vessel of the Mediterranean. 
 
 tartar (tar'tar), w. l.Salt which forms 
 on the insides of casks containing 
 wine (when pure, called cream of tar- 
 tar). 2. Concretion which sometimes 
 forms on the teeth. [Fr. tartfre— Low 
 L. tartarum—Ar. dourd.] 
 
 Tartar ( tar'tar ), Tatar (ta'tar), n. 
 Native of Tar'tary.- Catch a Tartar,la,y 
 hold of or encounter a person who 
 proves too strong for the assailant. 
 [Pers. Tatar.] 
 
 tartaric (tar-tar'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 or obtained from, tartar. 
 
 tartarus (tar'ta-rus), n. {In ancient 
 myth.) "Lower world; place of pun- 
 ishment for the wicked. [Gr. tartaros.] 
 
 tartish (tar'tish), a. Somewhat tart. 
 
 tartrate (tar'trat), n. Salt of tartaric 
 acid. 
 
 tasimeter (ta-zim'e-ter), n. Instru- 
 ment invented by Mr. Edison for 
 measuring extremely slight varia- 
 tions of pressure, and by means of 
 them other variations, as of tempera- 
 ture, moisture, etc. — tasimet'ric, 
 a. [Gr. — tasis, tension, and metron, 
 measure.] 
 
 task (task). I. n. 1. Set amount of work, 
 esp. of study, imposed by another. 
 
 2. Work; drudgery. II. vt. 1. Impose 
 a task on; burden with severe work. 
 
 2. Charge; accuse. — task'er, n. — 
 Take to task, reprove. [O. Fr. tasgue— 
 Low L. tasca — L. taxo, rate, tax.] 
 
 taskmaster (task'mas-ter), n. Master 
 who imposes a task; one whose office 
 is to assign tasks. 
 
 tassel (tas'el), n. Ornament consisting 
 of a bunch of fringe hanging from a 
 roundish moid.— tasselled (tas'eld), 
 a. Adorned with tassels. TO. Fr. tas- 
 sel — L. taxillus, dim. of talus, die.] 
 
 tastable (tast'a-bl), a. That may be 
 tasted._ 
 
 taste (tast). I. vt. 1. Try or perceive by 
 the touch of the tongue or palate. 2: 
 Try by eating a little; eat a little" of. 
 
 3. Partake of; experience. II. vi. 1. 
 Take food. 2. Have a flavor. III. n. 
 1. Act of tasting; gustation. 2. Sen- 
 sation caused by a substance on the 
 tongue. 3. Sense by which we per- 
 ceive the flavor of a thing. 4. Quality, 
 flavor, or savor. 5. Small portion; 
 specimen; bit. 6. Intellectual relish 
 or discernment. 7. Faculty by which 
 the mind perceives the beautiful; 
 nice perception. 8. Choice; predilec- 
 tion.— tas'ter, n. [O. Fr. taster (Fr. 
 tdter), — L. taxo, touch.] 
 
 Syn. Smack; sensibility; judgment; 
 relish; sample; liking. 
 
 tasteful (tast'fol), a. 1. Having a 
 high relish. 2. Showing good taste.— 
 taste'fully, adv.— taste'fulness, n. 
 
 tasteless (tast'ies), a. Without taste; 
 insipid.— tastelessly, adv.— taste'- 
 lessness, n. 
 
 tasty (tas'ti), a. 1. Having a good taste 
 or nice perception of excellence. 2. 
 Conforming with good taste; elegant. 
 — tas'tlly, adv. 
 
 Tatar. See tartar. 
 
 tatter ( tat'er ), n. Torn piece; loose 
 hanging rag. [lce\. tetr, torn garment.] 
 
 tatterdemalion (tat-er-de-ma'li-un), 
 n. Ragged fellow. [From tatter.] 
 
 tatting- (tat'ing), n. Knotted kind of 
 lace. [From Hind, tatta, mat.] 
 
 tattle ( tat'l ). I. n Trifling talk or 
 chat. II. vi. 1. Prate; chatter. 2. Tell 
 tales or secrets.— tattler, n. [Low 
 Ger. tateln.] 
 
 tattoo ( tat-to'), n. Beat of drum or 
 bugle-call to warn soldiers to repair 
 to their quarters. [Dut. tap toe, close 
 tbe tap! Cf. Ger. zapfenstreich.] 
 
 tattoo (tat-to'). I. vt. Mark perma- 
 nently (as the skin) with figures, by 
 pricking in color ing matter. II. n. 
 Indelible marks made by pricking 
 coloring matter into the skin. [Poly- 
 nesian.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
taught 
 
 594 
 
 tearless 
 
 Taurus 
 
 [Plural 
 
 taught (tat), pa. t. and pa. p. of teach. 
 
 tauut(taritor tant).I. vt. Reproach with 
 cutting words'; censure sarcastically ; 
 tease spitefully; twit insultingly. II. 
 n. Upbraiding; sarcastic words; bit- 
 ter reproach ; insulting invective. — 
 taunt'er, n. — tauiit'iugly, adv. 
 [Fr. tauter, try, provoke.] 
 
 Syn. Ridicule; de- 
 ride; chaff; mock; 
 flout. 
 
 taurus ( ta'rus ), n. 
 The Bull, one of the 
 signs of the Zodiac. 
 — tau'riue, a. [Gr. 
 tauros.] 
 
 taut(tat), a. 1. Stretch- 
 ed out; not slack. 
 2. Prepared against 
 emergency. [From 
 root of TIGHT.] 
 
 fan tog 1 ( ta-tog'), n. 
 Large food fish 
 found on the coast 
 of New England; black-fish 
 of taut, the Indian name.] 
 
 tautology ( ta-tol'o-ji), n. Needless 
 and faulty repetition of the same 
 thing in different words. [Gr. tautos, 
 the same, and logos, word.] 
 
 tavern (tav'ern), n. Licensed house 
 for the sale of liquors with accommo- 
 dation for travelers; inn. [Fr. tav- 
 erne— Li. taberna, hut.] 
 
 taw (ta), vt. Dress with alum and 
 make into white leather, as the skins 
 of sheep and kids. [A. S. tawian, 
 prepare.] 
 
 «aw (ta), n. 1. Large marble to be 
 played with. 2. Game at marbles. 
 
 tawdry (ta'dri), a. 1. (Formerly), fine, 
 showy, elegant. 2. Showy without 
 taste or elegance. — taw'driness, n. 
 [Corr. from St. Audrey, the name of a 
 cheap fair.] 
 
 tawny (ta'ni), a. The color of tanned 
 things; yellowish brown. — taw'ni- 
 ness, n. [Dut. tanig. Fr. tanne".] 
 
 tax (taks). I. n. 1. Rate imposed on 
 property or persons for the benefit of 
 
 * the state. 2. Anything imposed; bur- 
 densome duty. II. vt. 1. Lay a tax 
 on. 2'. Burden. 3. Accuse. — taxa'- 
 tion, n. [Fr. taxe — L. taxo, — tango, 
 touch.] 
 
 Syn. Toll ; assessment ; charge ; rate ; 
 contribution; tribute; impost. 
 
 taxable ( taks'a-bl ), a. Capable of 
 being, or liable "to be, taxed. 
 
 taxidermy (taks'i-der-mi), n. Art of 
 preparing and stuffing the skins of 
 animals.-tax'idermist,n. [Fr.-Gr. 
 taxis, arrangement, and derma, skin.] 
 
 tea (te), n. 1. Dried leaves of a shrub 
 in China, Japan and Ceylon. 2. Infu- 
 sion of the leaves in boiling water. 3. 
 Any vegetable infusion. 4. Supper. 
 [So. Chinese te, the common form 
 being tscha-] 
 
 teach (tech). I.vt. [teach'ing; taught.] 
 
 I . Show : poin t out ; impart the knowl- 
 edge of. 2. Impart knowledge to; 
 
 V, guide the studies 
 of ; instruct. 3. 
 Accustom; train. 
 
 II. vi. Practice 
 giving instruc- 
 tion.— teacher, 
 n. [ A. S. tce,can, 
 show. Ger. zeigen.] 
 
 teachable (tech'- 
 
 a-bl), a. Capable 
 
 of being taught; 
 
 apt or willing to 
 
 learn. — teach'- Branch of Teak-tree. 
 
 ableness, n. 
 teak (tek), n. Tree in the E. Indies 
 
 and Africa, remarkable for its hard 
 
 and durable wood. [Malabar telcka.] 
 teal I, tel ), n. 
 
 Web- footed 
 
 waterfowl 
 
 allied to the 
 
 duck, but 
 
 smaller. [Dut. 
 
 teling.] 
 team ( tern ), 
 
 n. 1. Number 
 
 of animals 
 
 moving to- 
 
 gether. 2. 
 
 Two or more 
 
 oxen or other animals harnessed to 
 
 the same vehicle. 3. Number of per- 
 sons associated for the performance 
 
 of a definite piece of work, etc. [A. S. 
 
 team, offspring. See tkbm.] 
 teamster (tem'ster) , n. One who drives 
 
 a team. 
 tear (ter), n. Drop of the limpid fluid 
 
 secreted by the lachrymal gland, and 
 
 appearing in the eye or flowing from 
 
 it. [A. S. tceher, tear. Ger. zmhre.] 
 tear (tar). I. vt. [tear'ing; tore; torn.] 
 
 1. Draw asunder or separate with vio- 
 lence. 2. Make a violent rent in; 
 
 lacerate. 3. Sunder; rend. II. vi. 1. 
 
 Move or act with violence; rage. 2. 
 
 Be rent. III. n. Something torn; rent. 
 
 — tear'er, n. [A. S. teran. Ger. zeh- 
 
 ren. Gr. dero, flay.] 
 tearful (ter'fol), a. Abounding with 
 
 or shedding tears; weeping. — tear'- 
 
 fully, Gofv. — tear'fulness, n. 
 tearless (ter'les), a. Without tears,; 
 
 unfeeling. 
 
 Teal. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
tease 
 
 595 
 
 tegmentum 
 
 Teasel. 
 
 teas© (tez). I. vt. 1. Comb or card, as 
 wool. 2. Scratch, as cloth; raise a 
 nap on. 3. Vex wita importunity, 
 jests," etc. ; torment ; irritate. II. n. 
 
 1. A teasing. 2. One who teases. 
 [A. S. tcesan, pluck, tease.] 
 
 Syn. Annoy; badger; bother; molest; 
 
 pester; plague; worry. 
 teasel, teazel (te'zl). I. 
 
 n. I. Plant with large 
 
 heads or burs, employed 
 
 in dressing woolen 
 
 cloth. 2. Bur of the 
 
 plant. J I. vt. Subject 
 
 to the action of teasels 
 
 in the dressing of wool- 
 en cloth; raise a nap 
 
 on by the action of the 
 
 teasel. [A. S. tcesl, teasel, 
 
 — tcesan. pluck, tease. 
 
 See tbasb.J 
 teazeler, teazler (te'zler), ns. One 
 
 who uses the teasel for raising a nap 
 
 on cloth. 
 teat(tet), n. Nipple of the female 
 
 breast or udder [A. S. tit. Ger. zilze.] 
 teazle (te'zl). Same as tkasbl. [tute. 
 Tech (tek), n. Short for Technical Insti- 
 technie (tek'nik), technical (tek'ni- 
 
 kal), as. 1. Pertaining to the useful 
 
 arts. 2. Belonging to a particular art 
 
 or profession. — technically, adv. 
 
 [Or. techne, a,vt,—teko, produce.] 
 technicality ( tek-ni-kal'i-ti ), n. 1. 
 
 State or quality of being technical. 
 
 2. That which is technical, or peculiar 
 to a trade, profession, etc. 
 
 technics (tek'niks), npl. 1. Doctrine 
 of arts in general. 2. Branches that 
 relate to the arts; details of mechan 
 ical performance. _ 
 
 technique ( tek-nek' ), n. Technical 
 skill in tbe fine arts. [Fv,~\ 
 
 technography (tek-nog'ra-fi), n. De- 
 scriptive technology. 
 
 technology ( tek-nol'o-ji ), n. Sys- 
 tematic and scientific knowledge < f 
 the industrial arts.— technologist, 
 ii.— technological, a. [Gr. techne. 
 and logos, discourse.] 
 
 techy (tech'i), a. Peevish; irritable.— 
 tech'ily, adv. — tech'iness, n. [O. 
 Pr. tache, blemish.] [on children. 
 
 tecnology (tek-nol'o-ji), n. A treatise 
 
 tectonic (tek-ton'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 building or construction. [Gr. teJcton- 
 ikos—tekton, builder.] 
 
 tectonics (tek-ton'iks), n. sing or pi. 
 Science of the art by which imple- 
 ments, vessels, dwellings, and other 
 edifices are constructed. 
 
 tecnm (te'kum), n. Fibrous produce 
 of a palm-leaf resembling green wool, 
 imported from Brazil. 
 
 ted (ted), vt. Spread to the air after 
 being reaped or mown; turn (as new- 
 mowed grass) from the swath and 
 scatter for drying.— tedder (ted'er), 
 n. 1. One who teds. 2. Machine that 
 spreads grass or hay for the purpose 
 of drying. [Mid. Eng. teden, spread.] 
 
 TeDeum (tede'um), n. Latin hymn of 
 praise beginning " Te Deum lauda- 
 mus," (we praise thee, God), ascribed 
 to St. Ambrose and St. Augustine. 
 
 tedious (te'di-us), a. Wearisome; tire- 
 some.— te'diously, adv.— te'dious- 
 ness, n. [L. tcediosus.] 
 Syn. Fatiguing; irksome; slow. 
 
 tedium (te'di-um), n. Wearisomeness. 
 [Li. tcedium—tcedet, it wearies.] 
 
 tee (te). I. n. 1. Mark set up in play- 
 ing at quoits. 2. Mark made in the 
 ice, in the game of curling, towards 
 which the st mes are pushed. 3. Nod- 
 ule of earth from which a ball is 
 struck off at the hole in the play of 
 golf. II. vt. In golf-playing, place (a 
 ball) on the tee preparatory to striking 
 off. [Scotch. Cf. Icel. tja, point out.] 
 
 teem (tern), vi. Bring forth; bear; be 
 full or prolific. [A. S. tyman, produce.] 
 
 teens (tenz), n. pi. Years of one's age 
 from thirteen to nineteen. 
 
 teeter (te'ter). I. n. A see-saw. II. vt. 
 and vi. To move up and down. 
 
 teeth, n.pl. of tooth. 
 
 teethe {ieth),_vi. To cut teeth. 
 
 teething (te^'ing), n. First growth 
 of teeth; process by which teeth grow 
 through the gums; dentition. 
 
 teetotaler (te-to'tal-er),n. One pledged 
 to entire abstinence from intoxicating 
 drink.— teeto'tal, a. 1. Total (em- 
 phatically). 2. Pertaining to the cause 
 of total abstinence. 3. Pledged to 
 total abstinence. — tecto'talism, n. 
 [From T. = total, the letter T being 
 used to signify "total abstinence" 
 opposite a name on a pledge signed 
 at Hector, N. Y., in 1818.] 
 
 tee-rtotnin (te to'tum), n. Small four- 
 sided top u-ed by children in a game 
 or chance. [Named from T, for totum ] 
 
 tesr, tegg (teg), n. 1. Female fallow- 
 deer; doe in the second year. 2. 
 Young sheep, older than a lamb. 
 
 tegmen (teg'men), tegumen (teg'u- 
 men), n. [pi.jbegmina (teg'mi-na), teg- 
 umina (teg-u'mi-na).] Covering; esp. 
 the inner skin which covers the seed. 
 
 tegmentum (teg-men'tum), tegn- 
 inentura ( teg-u-men'tum ), ns. [pi. 
 tegmenta ( teg-men'ta ), tegumenta 
 (teg-u-men'ta).] 1. Scaly coat which 
 covers the leaf -buds of deciduous 
 trees. 2. One of these scales. [L — 
 tego, cover.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, thon. 
 
tegaexfn 
 
 596 
 
 teller 
 
 tegnexin (te-gek'sin), n. Large lizard 
 of Brazil and Guiana, over five feet 
 long, said to give notice of the ap- 
 proach of an alligator by hissing. 
 tegument (teg'u-inent), n. Integu- 
 ment; covering; skin. [L. tegumen- 
 tum—tego, cover. ] 
 tehee (te'he'). I. n. A laugh. II. vi. To 
 
 titter; laugh contemptuously. 
 telamon (tel'a-mon), n. Figure of a 
 man, serving as a column or pilaster. 
 telautograph (tel-a'to-graf), n. Tele- 
 graph that reproduces hand-writing 
 or drawing at a distance. [Gr.— tele, 
 at a distance, autos, self, and grapho, 
 write.] [ing badger. 
 
 teledu (teVe-do), n. East Indian stink- 
 telega (te-la'ga), n. The common 
 Russian farmer's vehicle, without 
 
 springe 
 >le 
 
 telegram (tel'e-gram), n. Message 
 sent, by telegrapn. [Gr. tele, far, and 
 gramma— grapho , write.] 
 
 telegraph (tal'e-g 1 af), I. n. Apparatus 
 for giving signals from a distance, 
 through the 
 medium of 
 a wire, esp. 
 by means of 
 electricity 
 II. vt. Con- 
 vey, inform, 
 instruct or 
 announce by Telegraph sounder and key. 
 telegraph.— 
 telegraph'ie,a.— teleg'raphist,w.. 
 
 telegraphoplione ( tel'e-gra-fo-fon ), 
 n. Apparai us for producing a phono- 
 graphic record at a distance, or for 
 reproducing its sounds at a distance. 
 
 telegraphy ( tel-eg'ra-fi or te-leg'- ), 
 n. Science or art of making or using 
 telegraphs. 
 
 telekinesis (tel-e-ki-ne'sis), n. Pro- 
 duction of motion in another body 
 without contact. — telekiuet'ic, a. 
 [Gr. tele, far, and kinesis, movement.] 
 
 telemeter (te-lem'et-er), n. 1. Instru- 
 ment for determining distance, as 
 from the gun to the object fired at. 
 2. Electrical apparatus for recording 
 at a distance.— telem'etry, n. Art 
 of using a telemeter. [Gr. tele, far, 
 and metron, measure.] 
 
 telengiscope ( te-len'ji-skop ), n. In- 
 strument which combines the powers 
 of the telescope and of the micro- 
 scope. [Gr. tele, at a distance, engys, 
 near, and skopeo, view.] 
 
 teleological (tel-e-o-loj'ik-al), a. Per- 
 taining to teleology. — ideologic- 
 ally, adv. 
 
 teleologist ( tel-e-ol'o-jist ), n. One 
 versed in teleology; one who investi- 
 
 gates the final cause or purpose of 
 phenomena, or the end lor which each 
 has been produced. 
 
 teleology (tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. Science or 
 doctrine of final causes; doctrine that 
 everything was created for, and 
 adapted to, a purpose. [Gr. telos, 
 purpose, and logos, doctrine.] 
 
 teleost (tel'e-ost), a. Having a skeleton 
 of well-developed bones, as ordinary 
 fishes. [Gr. teleios, complete, and 
 osteon, bone.] 
 
 telepathy (tel-ep'a-thi), n. Transfer- 
 ence of mental impressious without 
 visible agen- 
 cy- |K 
 
 telephone 
 (tel'e-fon ), n\ 
 Instrument 
 transmitting 
 sound, esp. 
 of the voice, 
 by means of 
 electricity. — 
 telephon'- < 
 ic, a.-tel-. tiL JLis&:'= - i; L 
 eph'onist, Telephone receiver (in sec- 
 n. — tele ph- tion) and transmitter. 
 ony (te-lef'o- 
 
 ni), n. The act or art of telephoning. 
 [Gr. tele, at a distance, and phone, 
 sound.] 
 
 teleophyte (tel'e-o-fit), n. Plant whose 
 cells are arranged in tissues, as a 
 tree. [Gr. teleios, complete, and 
 phyton, plant.] 
 
 telescope (tel'e-skop). I. n. 1. Optical 
 instrument which makes distant ob- 
 jects appear nearer and larger. 2. 
 Valise composed of two cases, one 
 fitting into the other. II. vt. and vi. 
 Drive or run together in the manner 
 of the joints of a telescope. [Gr. tele, 
 far, and skopeo, see.] 
 
 telescopic ( tel-e-skop'ik ), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to, performed by, or like, a 
 telescope. 2. Seen only by rr»eans of a 
 telescope. — tel<>scop'ically, adv. 
 
 telesm (tel'ezm), n. Talisman. [Late 
 Gr. telesma, consecration.] 
 
 telespectroscope (t e 1-e-s pek'tro- 
 skop), n. An astronomical telescope 
 with a spectrosco-oe attached. 
 
 tell (tel). I. vt. [tell'ing; told.] 1. Num- 
 ber; count. 2. Utter; narrate. 3. Dis- 
 close. 4. Dis-ern. 5. Explain. 6. In- 
 form. 7. Order; bid. 8. Assure. II. 
 vi. 1. Talk; blab. 2. Produce, or take, 
 effect. [A. S. tellan, Ger. zaehlen.) 
 
 tell-clock (tel'klok), n. One who sits 
 and counts the hours; idler. 
 
 teller (tel'er), n. 1. One who tells or 
 counts. 2. Clerk whose duty it is to 
 receive and pay money. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far , fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then- 
 
telling 
 
 597 
 
 temporal 
 
 telling- (tel'ing), a. Striking; effective. 
 — teli'iugty ,adv. So as to be effective. 
 
 telltale (tel'tal). I. a. 1. Telling tales. 
 2. Officiously or heedlessly revealing; 
 blabbing. 3. Indicating. II. n. 1. One 
 who tells what is supposed to remain 
 secret. 2. One who tells what pru- 
 dence should suppress ; tattler. 3. In- 
 dicator. 4. Name of grallatorial 
 bird common in America; tattler. 
 
 tellurian (tel-lo'ri-an). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to the earth. II. n. Inhabitant of 
 the earth. [L. tellus, earth, and -ian.] 
 
 telluric (tel-16'rik), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 the earth. 2. Of, containing, or de- 
 rived from, tellurium. 
 
 tellurion (tel-16'ri-un), n. Instrument 
 to show the causes of the succession 
 of night and day, and the seasons; 
 kind of orrery. 
 
 tellurium (tel-16'ri-um), n. Element, 
 by some classed as a metal, biittle 
 and crystalline, chiefly found in a 
 gold ore, associated with selenium. 
 
 tellurous (tel'6-rus), a. Pertaining to, 
 or derived from, tellurium. 
 
 telpherage (tel'fer-aj), n. System of 
 electric transportation by means of 
 carriages suspended from electric 
 cables. [Gr. tele, afar, and vhero, bear.] 
 
 telson (tel'sun), n. In zool., the last seg- 
 ment, as the long tail of a horseshoe- 
 crab, the middle flipper of a crawfish's 
 tail-fin, or the sting of a scorpion. [Gr. 
 telson, limit.] 
 
 temerity ( te-mer'i-ti ), n. Unreason- 
 able contempt for danger. [E temeri- 
 tas—temere r hy chance, rashly.] 
 
 Syn. Rashness; foolhardiness; pre- 
 cipitancy ; venturesomeness ; bold- 
 ness; daring: audacity; recklessness. 
 
 temiak (tem'i-ak), n. Seal-skin jumper 
 worn by Eskimos. 
 
 temper (tem'per). I. vt. 1. Modify by 
 mixture. 2. Adjust; fit. 3. Moisten 
 and knead, as clay. 4. Moderate; soft- 
 en. 5. Bring to a proper degree of 
 hardness and elasticity, as a metal. 
 Steel is tempered by being repeatedly 
 heated to a certain temperature and 
 cooled quickly. For razors the tempe- 
 rature is 450°, for axes 510 Q , for 
 table knives 530 Q , for hand saws 600°. 
 II. n. 1. Due mixture or balance of dif- 
 ferent or contrary qualities or ingre- 
 dients. 2. State of a metal as to hard- 
 ness, etc. 3. Constitution of the body. 
 4. State of mind; humor; mood. 5. 
 Passion; irritation. 6. Calmness; 
 moderation. [A. S. temprian — E. tem- 
 'per o, combine properly.] 
 
 tempera ( tem'pe-ra ), n. Manner of 
 using solid pigments in painting; dis- 
 temper. 
 
 temperament ( tem'per-a-ment ), n. 
 
 1. Condition arising from mixture or 
 blending. 2. Peculiar nature control- 
 ling one's thoughts and actions. 
 
 temperance (tem'per-ans), n. 1. Mod- 
 eration. 2. Act of tempering or mix- 
 ing. 3. Abstinence from intoxicating 
 liquors. [L. temperantia.\ 
 
 temperate (tem'per-at), a. 1. Moderate 
 inde^iee of any quality, esp. in the 
 appetites and passions. 2. Calm; self- 
 contained. 3. Not very cold or very 
 hot, applied to climate.— temper- 
 ately, adv. — tem'perateness, n. 
 
 temperative (tem'pev-a-tiv), a. Hav- 
 ing the power to temper. 
 
 temperature ( tem'ijer-a-tur ), n. 1. 
 Mixture; temper; constitution. 2. 
 Moderation. 3. Inteusity of the sen- 
 sible heat of a body.— The absolute 
 zero of temperatui e is computed at— 
 273° C. at which all molecular action 
 ceases. [L. temperatura.] 
 
 tempest (tem'pest), n. 1. Wind rush- 
 ing with great velocity, usually with 
 rain or snow; violent storm. 2. Any 
 violent commotion. [O. Fr. tempeste— 
 L. tempestas, weather,— tempus, time.] 
 
 tempestuous (tem-pes'tu-us), a. Very 
 stormy; turbulent.— tempest'uous- 
 ly, adv.— tempest nonsness, n. 
 
 templar (tem'plar), n. 1. Student or 
 lawyer living in the Temple, Londou. 
 
 2. (T.) One of a religious military 
 order first established at Jerusalem 
 in favor of pilgrims traveling to the 
 Holy Land.— (Jood Templar, one of a 
 society pledged by certain rites to tee- 
 totalism. — Knights Templars, branch 
 of the order of Freemasons in the 
 U. S, [L. templum, temple.] 
 
 temple (tem'pl). I. n. 1. Edifice erected 
 to a deity or for religious purpose. 2. 
 Place of worship. II. vt. 1. Build a 
 temple for. 2. Inclose in a temple. [L. 
 templum, space marked out.] 
 
 temple ( tem'pl ), n. Flat region on 
 either side of the head above the 
 cheekbone. [O. Fr. temple— ~L. tempus.] 
 
 templet (tem'plet), n. 1. Pattern or 
 mold used by masons, machinists, 
 smiths, shipwrights, etc. 2. Short 
 piece of timber in a wall to sustain a 
 girder or joist. [Fr. templet, stretcher. 
 — L. templum, small timber.] 
 
 templiu-oil (tem'plin-oil), n. Oil of 
 pine-cones. 
 
 tempo (tem'po), n. 1. Rate of move- 
 ment or degree of quickness with 
 which a piece of music is to be ex- 
 ecuted; time. 2. The characteristic 
 movement of a dance. [It. = time.] 
 
 temporal (tem'po ral), a. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to the temples. 2. Pertaining to 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
temporally 
 
 503 
 
 tender-loin 
 
 time. 3. Worldly; secular. 4. In 
 gram. Pertaining to a tense.— Tem- 
 poral power, rule of an ecclesiastic in 
 secular matters.— tem'porally, adv. 
 [Fr.— L. tempus, time.] 
 
 temporally (tem'po-ral-ti), tempo- 
 rality, ns. 1. Laity. " 2. pi. Secular- 
 possessions; revenues of an ecclesi- 
 astic, proceeding from lands, etc., 
 under civil jurisdiction. 
 
 temporary ( tem'po -ra-ri ), a. For a 
 time only; transient.— temporari- 
 ly, adv.— tem'porariness, n. 
 
 temporize (tern'po-riz), vi. 1. Comply 
 with the time or occasion; yield to 
 circumstances; humor the opinion of 
 another. 2. Dilly-dally; procrastinate. 
 — tem'porizer, n. Time-server. 
 
 tempt (tern t),vt. 1. Try to persuade, esp. 
 to do evil; eniice. 2. Provoke; act 
 presumptuously toward. — tempt'- 
 able, a. Accessible to temptation.— 
 tempta'tion, n.— tempter, n. 1. 
 One who tempts. 2. The devil.— 
 temptress, n. /m.-tempt'ing, a. 
 Adapted to tempt or entice. — tempt'- 
 ingly, adv. [O. Fr. tempter (Fr. tenter) 
 — L. tento, handle.] 
 
 Syn. Bait; bribe; decoy; inveigle; 
 lure; induce; attract; invite; dispose. 
 
 temse (terns), re. Sieve; bolter. [Middle 
 Li. tamisium. Fr. tamis.~\ 
 
 temuleiit (tem'u-lent), a. 1. Given to 
 drink. 2. Extremely drunk. 
 
 ten (ten). I. a. Twice five. II. n. Figure 
 denoting ten units, as 10 orx. [A. S. 
 ten, tyn. Ger. zehn.] 
 
 tenable (ten'a-bl), a. Capable of being 
 retained, kept or defended. — ten'- 
 ableness, tenabil'ity, n. [Fr. ten- 
 able— tenir—L,. teneo, hold.] 
 
 tenacious (te-na'shus), a. 1. Holding 
 fast; apt to stick; stubborn. 2. 
 Retentive, as a good memory. 3. 
 Strongly adhesive, or cohesive.— 
 tenaciously, adv. — tena'cious- 
 ness, n. [L. tenax—teneo, hold.] 
 
 tenacity (te-nas'i-ti), n. Quality of 
 being tenacious. [L. tenacitas—tenax.] 
 
 tenaculum (te-nak'u-lum), n. Sur- 
 gical hooked instrument for seizing 
 and drawing out bleeding arteries. 
 
 tenancy (ten'an-si), n. 1. Holding of 
 land or property. 2. Time during 
 which a tenement is held or occupied. 
 
 tenant (ten'ant) . I. n. One who holds 
 or possesses land or property under 
 another; one who has possession of 
 anyplace; occupant. II. vt. Hold as 
 a tenant. [Fr. tenant— L. tenens, pa. 
 p. of teneo, hold.] 
 
 tenantable ( ten'ant- a-bl), a. Fit to be 
 tenanted ; in a state of repair suitable 
 for a tenant. 
 
 tenantless (ten'ant-les), a. Without 
 
 a tenant. 
 tenantry (ten'ant-ri), n. 1. Tenancy. 
 
 2. Body of tenants on an estate. 
 tench (tench), n. Fresh-water fish, of 
 
 the carp family, very tenacious of life. 
 [O. Fr. tenche. Fr. tanche—Lt. tinea.} 
 tend (tend), vt. and vi. 1. Wait upon as 
 assistant or protector; attend. 2. 
 Take care of.— tend'ance, n. 1. Ex- 
 pectancy. 2. Persons in attendance. 
 
 3. Care. [From attend.] 
 
 tend (tend), vi. 1. Aim at; move: be 
 directed. 2. Be apt to operate; trend. 
 3. Contribute; serve; conduce. [Fr. 
 tendre — L. tendo, aim]. 
 Syn. Incline; lean; verge. 
 
 tendency (ten'den-si), ra. Inclination 
 to move in some direction; drift. 
 [Fr. tendance.] 
 Syn. Propensity; bearing; direction, 
 
 tender (ten'der), n. 1. One who tend-;. 
 2. Small vessel that attends a larger 
 one with stores, etc. 3. Car attacind 
 to locomotives, carrying a supply of 
 fuel and water. 4. Small water reter- 
 voir, attached to a mop. 
 
 tender (ten'der). I. vt. Offer; present 
 for acceptance. II. n. 1. Offer or pro- 
 posal, esp. of some service. 2. Thing 
 offered.— Legal tender currency , curren- 
 cy which cannot be lawfully refused 
 in payment: In U S., all the gold 
 coins not below a certain weight; the 
 silver dollar of 412V£ grains; silver 
 coins smaller in value than one dollar, 
 up to ten dollars; nickels and pennies 
 up to 25 cents in one payment.— 
 tenderee',re. One to whom an offer is 
 made.— tenderer, n. One who offers. 
 [Fr. tendre — E. tender e, extend.] 
 
 tender (ten'der). I. a. 1. Soft; delicate; 
 easily impressed or injured; not 
 hardy or hard; fragile; weak. 2. 
 Easily moved to pity, love, etc. 3. 
 Careful not to injure (followed by of); 
 unwilling to cause pain. 4. Apt td 
 cause pain; ticklish. 5. Expressive of 
 the softer passions, as love and pity. 
 II. n. Tender regard; affection.— ten- 
 derly, adv.— ten'derness, n. [Fr. 
 tendre— E. tener, thin.] 
 
 tenderfoot (ten'der-fot), n. New-com- 
 er, esp. in a mining district or pioneer 
 region; novice; greenhorn. (Colloq.) 
 
 tender-hearted (ten-der-har'ted), a. 
 Having great susceptibility; full of 
 feeling. 
 
 tenderling (ten'der-ling),w. 1. Effemin- 
 ate person. 2. One of the first horns 
 of a deer. 
 
 tender-loin (ten'der-loin), n. Part of 
 the loin of beef, pork, etc., tenderer 
 than the rest. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tendinous 
 
 599 
 
 tenuiroster 
 
 tendinous (ten'di-nus), a. 1. Having 
 a tendon; full of tendons. 2. Of, or 
 pertaining to, tendons; forming, or 
 formed by, tendons. 
 
 tendon (ten'dun), n. Strong band or 
 cord of fibres by which a muscle is 
 attached to a bone; sinew .—Tendon of 
 Achilles, the tendon which connects 
 the calf of the leg with the heel. [Pr. 
 — L. tendo, stretch.] 
 
 tendril (ten'dril). I. n. Slender, spiral 
 shoot of a plant by which it attaches 
 itself for support. II. a. Clasping; 
 climbing. [From Fr. tendre, tender.] 
 
 teudsome ( tend'sum ), a. Requiring 
 much attendance._ 
 
 tenebrae (ten'e-bre), n. pi. In the Bom. 
 Cath. Gh. Name of the matins and 
 lauds of the following day, usually 
 sung on the afternoon or evening of 
 Wednesday, Thurday and Friday of 
 Holy Week, during which 14 or 15 
 candles are extinguished, symbolizing 
 Christ's passion, death and resurrec- 
 tion. [L. = darkness.] 
 
 tenebrific (ten-e-brif'ik), a. Produc- 
 ing darkness. [gloomy. 
 
 tenebrous (ten'e-brus), o. Dark; 
 
 tenement (ten'e-ment), n. 1. Anything 
 held or that may be held by a tenant. 
 2. Dwelling or part of it, used by one 
 family.— tenement'al, a. 
 
 tenement-nouse (ten'e-ment-hows), 
 n. House or block of buildings divided 
 ,into dwellings occupied by separate 
 families. 
 
 tenet (ten'et), n. Any opinion, prin- 
 ciple or doctrine which a person, or 
 sect, etc., maintains as true. [L.= he 
 holds.] 
 
 tenfold (ten'fold), a. and adv. Ten 
 times folded; ten times as much or as 
 many, [ten and fold.] 
 
 tennis ( ten'ls ), n. Game in which a 
 ball is kept in motion by rackets. 
 Lawn tennis and ping-pong are mod- 
 ifications of_ this game. 
 
 tenology (te-nol'o-ji), n. The anatomy 
 of tendons. [Gr. tenon, sinew.] 
 
 tenon (ten'un). I. n. Projection at the 
 end of a piece of wood inserted into 
 a corresponding socket or mortise in 
 another. II. vt. Fit with, or join by, 
 tenons. [Fr. tenir, hold.] 
 
 tenor (ten'ur) n. 1. Prevailing course; 
 general purport. 2. True intent. 3. 
 Higher of the two kinds of voices usu- 
 ally belonging to adult males. 4. One 
 who sings tenor. [It. tenor, holding 
 on, — teneo, hold. 
 
 tenotomy (te-not'c-mi), n. The sur- 
 gical dividing of a tendon.— tenot'- 
 omize,v£. Divide a tendon or the tend- 
 ons of. [Gr. tenon, sinew, and temno,cut.] 
 
 tenpenny nail (ten'pen-i-nal),n. Kind 
 of nail, 1,000 of which weigh 10 
 pounds. [Penny corr. from pound.] 
 
 tenpins (ten'pinz), n. Game of bowl- 
 ing played with ten wooded pins in a 
 long alley. 
 
 tenrec(ten'rek), 
 n. Hedgehog of 
 Madagascar. 
 
 tense (ten s),n. 
 Form of a verb 
 indicating the 
 time of the ac- 
 tion. LO. Fr. Tenrec ' 
 
 tens, (Fr. temps)— "L. tempus , time.] 
 
 tense (tens), a. Strained to stiffness; 
 rigid.— tensely, adv.— tenseness, 
 n. [L. tensus, stretched. See tend.] 
 
 tensile (ten'sil), a. 1. Of or pertaining 
 to tension. 2. Capable of being 
 stretched. 3. Producing tones by 
 means of stretched strings. 
 
 tension (ten'shun), n. 1. Act of stretch- 
 ing. 2. State of being stretched or 
 strained. 3. Strain; effort; stress; 
 physical, mental, or mechanical. 4. In 
 electr. Difference of potential. [L.] 
 
 tensity (ten'si-ti), n. Tenseness. 
 
 tensor (ten'siir), n. Muscle that tight- 
 ens a part. 
 
 tent (tent). I. n. Portable lodge or 
 shelter, as of canvas, stretched on 
 poles. II. vi. Pitch one's tent; live 
 in a tent.— tent'bed, n. Bed with 
 curtains hanging from a central point 
 overhead. [Fr. tente—L,. tendo, stretch.] 
 
 tent (tent). I. n. 1. Plug or roll of lint 
 or the like, used to keep open a wound 
 or other opening. 2. Probe. II. vt. 
 Try; probe. [Doublet of tempt.] 
 
 tentacle ( ten'ta-kl ), n. Threadlike 
 organ of certain insects for feeling or 
 motion; feeler. — tentacular, a. [Fr. 
 tentacule—L,. tento, feel.] 
 
 tentative (ten'ta-tiv), a. Trying; ex- 
 perimental. TFr.— L. tento, handle. ] 
 
 tented (ten'ted), a. Covered witb tents. 
 
 tenter (ten'ter). I. n. 1. Machine or 
 frame with hooks, for extending cloth. 
 2. Tenter-hook. 3. One of the bristles 
 on a fly's foot; tentacle. II. vt. Stretch 
 on hooks. III. vi. Bear being stretched 
 on hooks, as woolen cloth.— Be oil 
 tenter-hooks, be in suspense or anxiety. 
 
 tenth (tenth). I. a. Last of ten: next 
 in order after the ninth. II. n. One of 
 ten equal parts. [place. 
 
 tenthly (tenth'li), adv. In the tenth 
 
 tenuity (ten-u'i-ti), n. 1. Thinness; 
 slenderness; rarity. 2. Poverty: 
 plainness. [L. ienuitas — tenuis, thin.] 
 
 tenuiroster (ten-u-i-ros'ter), n. Bird 
 with a slender bill, as a humming- 
 bird.— tenuiros'tral, a. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tennis 
 
 600 
 
 terrace 
 
 tenuis (ten'u-is), n. [pi. tenues.] In 
 gram. One of the three surd mutes, 
 k, p, t, or theirGreek equivalents. 
 
 tenuous { ten'u-us ), a. Thin; small; 
 rare; subtile.— ten'uousness, n. 
 
 tenure (ten'ur), n. Manner or right of 
 holding, esp. land or tenements. [Pr. 
 tenure— Li. teneo, hold.] 
 
 teonoma (te-on'o-ma), n. Large, bushy- 
 tailed rat in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 tepee (te'pe),ra. Wig warn. [Am. Indian.] 
 
 tepefy (tep'e-fi), vt. and vi. Make or be- 
 come tepid.— tepefac'tion, n. [L. tep- 
 efacio-tepeo, am warm, and/acio, make.] 
 
 tepbrite (tef'rit), n. A volcanic rock 
 of many varieties. [Gr. tephros, ash- 
 colored.] 
 
 tepid (tep'id), a. Lukewarm.— tepid' - 
 ity, tep'idness, ns. [L. tepedus— 
 tepeo, am warm.] 
 
 terapbim (ter'a-fim), n. pi. Images or 
 household gods, consulted as oracles 
 by the ancient Jews. [Heb.] 
 
 teratical (te-rat'i-kal), a. Marvelous; 
 incredible; prodigious. [Gr. — teras, 
 sign; wonder; monster.] 
 
 teratology (ter-a-tol'o-ji), n. 1. Science 
 of vegetable or animal monstrosities. 
 2. Exaggerated description. 
 
 terce (ters), n. Same as tierce. 
 
 tercentenary (ter-sen'te-nar-i). I. a. 
 Including, or pertaining to, a period 
 of 300 years. II. n. 300th anniversary. 
 
 terebic (te-reb'ik), a. Pertaining to, or 
 obtained from, turpentine. 
 
 terebinth ( ter'e-binth ), n. Turpen- 
 tine-tree.— terebintb'ine, a. [Gr.] 
 
 terebrate (ter'e-brat). I. vt. and vi. To 
 perforate; bore; be a bore. II. a. Pro- 
 vided with a borer. 
 
 teredo (te-re'do), n. Ship-worm, very 
 destructive by boring into wood and 
 through the sheathing of submarine 
 cables. See cut under shipworm. 
 [Gr. teredon — teiro, wear away.] 
 
 terete (te-ref), a. Slightly tapering or 
 cylindrical, and slender. [L. teres.] 
 
 tergiverse ( ter 'ji- vers), vi. To turn 
 one's back; practice evasion.— ter- 
 giversation, n. 1. Shuffling or 
 shifting; subterfuge. 2. Fickleness 
 of conduct or opinion. [L. tergum, the 
 back, and versor, turn ] 
 
 tergum (ter'gum), n. Back. [L.] 
 
 term (term). I. n. 1. Limit. 2. Limited 
 period, as a session of a court. 3. 
 That by which a thought is ex- 
 pressed; word; expression. 4. (gen, 
 in pi.) Condition; arrangement. 5. 
 In alg. Member of a compound quan- 
 tity. II. vt. Apply a term to; name. 
 [Fr. terme— L. terminus, boundary.] 
 
 Syn. Expression; phrase; word; 
 stipulation; condition; duration. 
 
 termagant (ter'ma-gant), n. Boister- 
 ous, bold woman; virago; scold.— 
 ter'magancy, n, Turbulence. [Ter- 
 magant, an imaginary Mohammedan 
 god, represented in the old plays as 
 of a most violent character.] 
 
 terminable ( ter'mi-na-bl ), a. That 
 may cease or be limited. 
 
 terminal (ter'mi'nal). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing to, or growing' at, the end or ex- 
 tremity. II. n. 1. End; extremity. 2. 
 Clamping-screw at each end of an 
 electric battery, to which the circuit 
 wire is connected. 3. Charge for hand- 
 ling of freight at stations. [See term.] 
 
 terminate (ter'mi-nat). I. vt. and vi. 
 Set a limit to; finish; be limited; 
 close; end. II. a. That may come to 
 an end; limited. [See term.] 
 
 termination (ter-mi-na'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of terminating or ending. 2. 
 Limit; end; result. 3. Ending of words 
 as varied by their signification. 
 
 ter minati ve (ter 'mi-na- tiv) , a. Tend ing 
 to terminate or determine; absolute. 
 
 terminology ( ter-min-ol'o-ji ), n. 1. 
 Doctrine of terms. 2. Terms used in 
 any art, science, etc. [L. terminus, and 
 Gr. logos, discourse.] 
 
 terminus (ter 'min-us),n. [pi. ter'mini.] 
 1. End or extreme point. 2. One of 
 the extreme points of a railway. [L] 
 
 termite (ter'mit), n. Very destruct- 
 ive white ant in tropical countries. 
 [L. termes, termit-, ant.] 
 
 tern (tern). I. n. A set of three. II. a. 
 Arranged in threes.— ter'nal, a. Con- 
 sisting of three; threefold. [Fr. terne 
 — L. terni, three each.] 
 
 tern ( tern ), n. Long-winged, aquatic 
 fowl allied to the gull. [Dan. terne. 
 Icel. therna.] 
 
 ternary (ter'na-ri). 
 
 1. a. Proceeding 
 by, or consisting 
 of, threes. II. n. 
 Number three. [L. 
 temarius — terni, 
 three each, — tres, 
 three.] 
 
 ternate (ter'nat), a. Threefold; ar- 
 ranged in threes. [See ternary.] 
 
 terne-plate (tern'plat), n. An inferior 
 kind of tin-plate, the tin of which is 
 alloyed with lead. 
 
 fernery ( ter'ner-i ), n. Place where 
 terns breed or congregate. 
 
 terrace (ter'as). I. n. 1. Raised level 
 bank of earth; any raised flat place. 
 
 2. Flat roof of a house. 3. Balcony; 
 open gallery. 4. Short street or 
 range of houses. II. vt. Form into, or 
 furnish with, terraces. [Fr. terrasse— 
 It. terazzo— L. terra, earth.] 
 
 Tern. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
terra-cotta 
 
 601 
 
 testable 
 
 Diamond-backed 
 terrapin. 
 
 terra-cotta ( ter-a-kot'a ), n. Compo- 
 sition of clay and' sand used for stat- 
 ues, pottery, building material, etc., 
 hardened like bricks by fire. [It.— L. 
 terra cocta, baked earth.] [L.] 
 
 terra firma (ter-a-fer'ma). Dry land. 
 
 terrage (ter'aj), n. The earth required 
 for a plant in the house. 
 
 terrain (ter-ran'), n. Tract of land ; dis- 
 trict. [Fr.— It. terreno — L. terrenus, 
 consisting of earth.] 
 
 terra nean (ter-ra'ne-an), a. 1. Belong- 
 ing to the earth. 2. Being in the earth. 
 
 terrapin (ter'- 
 
 a-pin),n. Name 
 given to sever- 
 al species of 
 fresh- water 
 and tide-water 
 tortoises. [Am. 
 Indian. 
 
 terraqoeons 
 (ter-ra'kwe-us), 
 a. Consisting of 
 land andwater. [Coined from L. terra, 
 earth, and aqua, water.] 
 
 terrarinm (ter-ra'ri-um), n. [pi. ter- 
 rariums or terraria.] Place where 
 land animals are kept for observation. 
 [Modeled after aquarium, from L. 
 terra, earth.] 
 
 terreen (ter-ren'), n. See tureen. 
 
 terrene (ter-ren'), «• Pertaining to the 
 earth; earthy; earthly. [L. terrenus— 
 terra, the earth.] 
 
 terrestrial (ter-res'tri-al), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to or existing on the earth. 2. 
 Earthly; worldly. 3. Representing the 
 earth. 4. Living on the ground. [L. 
 terrestris— terra, the earth.] 
 
 terrestrify (ter-res'tri-fi), vt. Reduce 
 to earth or an earthly condition. 
 
 terrible (ter'i-bl), a. Fitted to excite 
 terror or awe; awful; dreadful.— 
 terribly, adv.— ter'ribleness, n. 
 [L. terribilis—terreo, frighten.] 
 
 terricolous (ter-rik'o-lus), a. Inhabit- 
 ing the ground; not aquatic or aerial. 
 [— Li. terra, earth, and colere, dwell.] 
 
 terridam (ter'i-dam), n. Kind of cotton 
 cloth,first made in East India. [E.Ind.] 
 
 terrier (ter'i-er), n. Small dog, remark- 
 able for the sagacity and courage with 
 whieh it pursues burrowing animals, 
 rats, etc. [Fr. terrier— terre, the earth.] 
 
 terrific (ter-rif'ik), a. Creating ter- 
 ror: fitted to terrify; dreadful. 
 
 terrify (ter'i-fi), vt. Cause terror in; 
 frighten greatly; alarm. [L. terreo, 
 and facio, make.] 
 
 terrigenous ( ter-rij'e-nus ), a. Pro- 
 duced by an earth, as aluminum, by 
 clay. [ — L. terrigena— terra, earth, and 
 -genus, born.] 
 
 terrine ( ter-ren' ), n. 1. An earthen- 
 ware jar, sold with its contents. 2. 
 Tureen. [Fr.] 
 
 territorial (ter-i-to'ri-al), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to territory. 2". Limited to a 
 district.— territorially, adv. 
 
 territory (ter'i-to-ri), n. l. Extent of 
 land around or belonging to a city or 
 state; domain. 2. [T] In the United 
 States, an organized portion of the 
 country not yet admitted as a State 
 in the Union, and still under a provi- 
 sional government. [L. territorium — 
 terra, earth, land.] 
 
 terror ( ter'ur ), n. 1. Extreme fear. 
 2. Object of fear or dread. [L. terror 
 —terreo, frighten.] 
 
 terrorism ( ter'ur-izm ), n. 1. State 
 of terror. 2. State which impresses 
 terror. 3. Organized system of intim- 
 idation. 
 
 terrorist (ter'ur-ist), n. One who fav- 
 ors or practises terrorizing methods. 
 
 terrorize (ter'ur-iz), vt. 1. Fill with 
 terror. 2. Control by terror.— terror- 
 iza'tion, n. 
 
 terry (ter'i), n. Fabric like velvet, but 
 with the loops uncut. 
 
 terse ( ters ), a. Compact or concise, 
 with smoothness or elegance; neat.— 
 tersely, adv.— terse'ness, n. [L. 
 tersus—terqeo, tersum, scour.] 
 
 tertian ( ter'shi-an ). I. a. Occurring 
 every third day. II. n. Ague or fever 
 with paroxysms every third day. [L. 
 tertianus—tertius, third — tres, three.] 
 
 tertiary ( ter'shi-ar-i ). I. a. 1. Of the 
 third degree, order, or formation. 2. 
 Pertaining to the series of sedimen- 
 tary rocks or strata lying above the 
 chalk and other secondary strata, and 
 abounding in organic remains. II. n. 
 One who is third in order, esp. (T) in 
 geol., the formation above the Meso- 
 zoic. [L. tertiariuj—tertiu8.] 
 
 tesselate (tes'el-at), vt. Form into 
 squares or lay with checkered work. 
 — tessela'tion, n. [L.—tessella— tes- 
 sera, square piece,— Gr. tessara, four.] 
 
 tessera (tes'e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae.] 
 Small cubic piece of stoue used in 
 making mosaics. [L.] 
 
 test (test). I. n. 1. Formerly, pot in 
 which metals were tried and refined. 
 2. Any critical trial. 3. Means of 
 trial. 4. In chem. Anything used to 
 distinguish substances or detect their 
 presence; reagent. 5. Standard; dis- 
 tinction; proof. 6. Shell of an animal, 
 as the elam or snail. II. vt. 1. Put 
 to proof. 2. Examine critically. [O. 
 Fr. test—1,. testa, earthen pot.] 
 
 testable ( tes'ta-bl ), a. Capable of 
 being given by will. [L. testabilis.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
testaceous 
 
 602 
 
 text 
 
 testaceous (tes-ta'shus), a. Consist- 
 ing of, or having, a hard shell. [L. 
 testaceus— testa, baked clay.] 
 
 testament (tes'ta-ment), n. 1. That 
 which testifies, or in which an attes- 
 tation is made. 2. Solemn declara- 
 tion in writing of one's will; will. 3. 
 One of the two great divisions of the 
 Bible. [Li. testor, am a witness.] 
 
 testamentary ( tes-ta-men'ta-ri ), a. 
 
 1. Pertaining to a testament or will. 
 
 2. Bequeathed or done by will. 
 testate (tes'tat), a. Having made and 
 
 left a will. [L. testatus.} 
 
 testator (tes-ta/tur), n. One who makes 
 or leaves a will.— testa'trix, fern. [L.] 
 
 tester ( tes'ter ), n. 1. Flat canopy, esp. 
 over the head of a bed. 2. Helmet. 
 [O. Fr. teste (Fr. tite), head.] 
 
 tester ( tes'ter ), n. English sixpence. 
 |0. F. teston — teste ( Fr. tite ), head. 
 From the head on the coin.] 
 
 testes. See testis. 
 
 testify (tes'ti-fi), vt. andfli. Bear wit- 
 ness ; give testimony ; make a solemn 
 declaration ; protest or declare a 
 charge (with against ).— tes'tiffler, n. 
 — testification, n. [iu. testiflcor — 
 testis, witness, and facio, make.] 
 
 testimonial(tes-ti-mo'ni-al). I. a. Con- 
 taining testimony. II. %.' 1. Writing 
 or certificate bearing testimony to 
 one's character or abilities. 2. Gift 
 presented as a token of respect. — 
 testimonialize, vt. To present with 
 a testimonial. 
 
 testimony ( tes'ti-m5-ni), n. 1. Evi- 
 dence; proof. 2. Declaration to prove 
 some fact. [L. testimonium ] 
 
 testis (tes'tis). n. [pi. testes (tes'tez).] 1. 
 Testicle. 2. Anything likened to a 
 testicle; as the testes of the brain. [L.] 
 
 testy ( tes'ti), a. Easily irritated; fret- 
 ful; peevish.— tes'tily, adv. — tes'ti- 
 ness,?i.Irascibiiity; petulance. [From 
 O. F. teste (Fr. tite), head.] 
 
 Syn. Choleric ; cross ; captious ; was- 
 pish; snappish; touchy; peppery. 
 
 testudinal ( tes-tu'di-nal ), a. Of, or 
 like, a tortoise. [L. testudo,_ tortoise.] 
 
 testrodinarious (tes-tu-di-na'ri-us), a. 
 Mottled in color like tortoise-shell. 
 
 tetanus (tet'a-nus), n. A disease caused 
 by a bacillus and characterized by a 
 violent spasm of the voluntary mus- 
 cles; lockjaw.— tetan'ic, a. Pertain- 
 ing to or producing tetanus. — tet'- 
 anize, vt. To affect with tetanic 
 spasms. [Gr. tetanos, stretched.] 
 
 tetany ( tet'a-ni ), n. A disease accom- 
 panied by spasms of the muscles of 
 ^the arms. [See tetanus.] 
 
 tete-a-tete ( tat'a-tat ). I. adv. Face to 
 face in familiar conversation II. a. 
 
 Confidential. III. n. 1. Private inter- 
 view. 2. Sofa designed for two persons 
 sitting face to face. [Fr. =head to head.] 
 
 tether (teth'ev). I. n. Rope or chain for 
 tying a beast to a stake. II. vt. Confine 
 with a tether. [Low Ger. tider. Icel. 
 tiodhr. Conn, with tie.] 
 
 tetract (tet'rakt), a. Having four rays. 
 [From Gr. tetra, four, and aktis, ray.] 
 
 tetrad (tet'rad), n. 1. The number four. 
 2. A group of four. 3. In chem. An 
 element one atom of which is equival- 
 ent, in saturating power, to four 
 atoms of hydrogen. 
 
 tetradactyl (tet-ra-dak'til), a. Having 
 four fingers or toes. [From Gr. tetra, 
 four, and daktylos, finger.] 
 
 tetragenous (tet-raj'e-nus), a. Split- 
 ting into four. [From Gr. tetra, four, 
 and genesthai, be born.] 
 
 tetrag-on ( tet'ra-gon ), n. Figure of 
 four angles. — tetragonal, «• [Gr. 
 tetra, four, and gonia, _a,ngle.] 
 
 tetrahedral (tet-ra-he'dral), a. Having 
 four sides ; bounded by four triangles. 
 
 tetrahedron (tet-ra-he'dron), n. Solid 
 figure inclosed by four triangles. 
 [Gr. tetra, four, and hedra, seat, base.] 
 
 tetrarch ( tet'rark or te'- ), n. Ruler of 
 the fourth part of a Roman province. 
 — tet'rarchate, tet'rarchy, ns. 
 Office or dominion of a tetrarch. [Gr. 
 —tetra, four, and arches, ruler.] 
 
 tetrasyllable (tet-r a-sil-lab'ik), a. 
 Consisting of four syllables. 
 
 tetrasyllable (tet'ra-sil-a-bl), n. Word 
 of four syllables. 
 
 tetric (tet'rik), a. Peevish; crabbed. — 
 tet'rical, tet'ricous, a. — tetri'- 
 city, tet'ricalness, n. 
 
 tetter (tet'er). I. n. Popular name for 
 several eruptive diseases of the skin. 
 II. vt. To affect with tetter, or as with 
 tetter. [A. S. teter.] 
 
 tetty (tet'i), a. Irritable; techy. 
 
 Teuton (tu'ton), n. 1. One of an ancient 
 German tribe. 2. One of the race com- 
 prising the Germans, Dutch, English, 
 Scandinavians, etc., distinguished 
 from the Latin, Celtic or Slav race. 
 
 Teutonic (tu-ton'ik), a. Belonging to 
 the Teutons or their language. [L. 
 Teuto— root of A. S. theod, people.] 
 
 Teutonism (tu'ton-ism), n. 1. Teutonic 
 or Germanic peculiarity, spirit, etc. 
 2. German idiom. [on ; bustle. 
 
 tew (tu), vt. and vi. Beat; haul; lead 
 
 text (tekst), n. 1. Original words of 
 an author. 2. That on which a com- 
 ment is written, or a sermon preach- 
 ed, etc. 3. Main body of matter in a 
 book, as distinguished from the notes, 
 illustrations, etc. 4. Kind of writing 
 or type. [L. textus—texo, weave.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
text-book 
 
 603 
 
 theatric 
 
 text-book (tekst'-bok), n. Schoolbook. 
 [Orig. a book with wide spaces for 
 comments on the text.] 
 
 textile (teks'til). I. a. 1. Woven. 2. 
 Capable of being woven. 3. Pertain- 
 ing to weaving. II. n. 1. Woven fabric. 
 
 2. Material for weaving. [L. textilis— 
 texo, weave.] 
 
 textual (teks'tu-al), a. 1. Pertaining 
 
 to, or contained in, the text. 2. Serving 
 
 for a text.— text'ually, adv. 
 textualist (teks'tu-al-ist), n. 1. One 
 
 ready in citing Scripture texts. 2. 
 
 One who adheres to the text.— text'u- 
 
 alism,%. Strict adherence to the text. 
 texture (teks'tur). I. n. 1. Anything 
 
 woven; web. 2. Manner of weaving 
 
 or connecting; arrangement of inter- 
 woven parts; structure. II. vt. To form 
 
 a texture of or with. [L. textura— texo.] 
 -th, suffix. 
 
 Used to 
 
 form: 1. 
 
 Abstract 
 
 nouns 
 
 from ad- 
 
 jective 
 
 or verb 
 
 stems , 
 
 as filth 
 
 from 
 
 foul. 2. 
 
 Ordinals 
 
 from 
 
 Cardinals, 
 
 as sixth 
 
 from six. 
 
 3. Tbe 3d 
 pers. sing, as doth. 
 
 thalamus (ihal'a-mus), n. 1. Private 
 room; chamber. 2. Place where a 
 nerve emerges from the brain. [Gr.] 
 
 thaiassography (thal-as-sog'ra-fi), n. 
 Science of the phenomena of the ocean. 
 [Gr. thalassa, sea, and grapho, write.] 
 
 thallium (thal'i-um), n. A rare, bluish- 
 white, very soft metal, used in making 
 glass of great density and brilliancy. 
 
 thallus (thal'us), n. A plant body not 
 differentiated into root, stem or leaves. 
 
 thaler ( ta'ler ), n. Former German 
 monetary unit and silver coin worth 
 about 73 cts. [Ger. See dollar.] 
 
 than (than), conj. and adv. Compared 
 with. [A. S. thonne, Ger. denn.] 
 
 thanatopsis (than-a-top'sis), n. A con- 
 templation of death. [From G. than- 
 atos, death, and opsis, view.] 
 
 thane (than), n. Dignitary under the 
 Anglo-Saxons and Danes, of the rank 
 of a baron.— thane'dom, n. [A. S. 
 thegn, servant, nobleman. O. Ger. 
 degen, soldier, servant, — root of A. S. 
 th'ihan and Ger. (ge-) deihen, thrive. 
 
 Prussian Thaler of 1868. 
 Reverse. Actual size. 
 
 thank ( thangk ). I. vt. Express grati- 
 tude for a favor. II. n. [usually in pi. J 
 Expression of gratitude for favor 
 received. [A. S. thank,— root of think.] 
 
 thankful (thangk'fol), a. Sensible of 
 kindness received and ready to ack- 
 nowledge it; grateful. -thankfully, 
 adv.— thankfulness, n 
 
 thankless ( thangk'les ), a. 1. Not 
 expressing thanks for favors. 2. Not 
 gaining thanks ; not deserving thanks. 
 
 thank-offering (thangk-of'er-ing), n. 
 Offering made to express thanks. 
 
 thanksgiving ( thanks'giv-ing ), n. 1. 
 Act of giving thanks. 2. Public ack- 
 nowledgment of divine goodness. — 
 Thanksgiving day, a. Day set 
 apart for this. [Deserving thanks. 
 
 thankworthy ( thangk'wur-^i ), a. 
 
 that (th&t). I. pron. demons, and rel. As 
 a demons, (pi. those) it points out a 
 person or thing; the former or more 
 distant thing; not this but the other. 
 As a rel., who or which. II. conj. Used 
 to introduce a clause; because; for; 
 in order that. III. adv. So. [A. S. thaet, 
 neuter of article the. Ger. daz, d&zs.] 
 
 thatch (thach). I. vt. Cover, as a roof, 
 with straw, reeds, etc. II. n. Straw 
 etc. used to cover the roofs of build- 
 ings and stacks.— thatch'er, n. — 
 thatch'ing, n. 1. Act or art of cov- 
 ering with thatch. 2. Material used 
 for thatching. 
 
 thaumaturgy '(tha'ma-tur-ji), n. Art 
 of working wonders or miracles. — 
 thaumaturge, n. Worker of mira- 
 cles.— thaumatur'gical, a. [Gr. — 
 thauma, wonder, and ergon, work.] 
 
 thaw (tha). I. vt. andw. 1. Melt or grow 
 liquid, as ice. 2. Become so warm as 
 to melt ice. 3. Cause to melt. II. n. 
 
 1. Melting of ice or sdow by heat. 2. 
 Change of weather which causes it.— 
 thaw'y,o. Thawing; inclined to thaw. 
 [A. S. thawan.] 
 
 the ( the or, when emphatic, the), defi- 
 nite article, used to denote a particular 
 person or thing; also to denote a 
 species. [A. S.] 
 
 the ( the ), adv. Used before compara- 
 tives, as " the more the better." [A. 
 S. thi, by that much, instrumental case 
 of the, demons, pron.] 
 
 theater, theatre (the'a-ter), n. 1. 
 Place where public representations, 
 chiefly dramatic or musical, are seeu. 
 
 2. Any place rising by steps like the 
 seats of a theater. 3. Scene of action. 
 4. Drama; stage. [Gr. theatron—thea- 
 omai, see.] 
 
 theatric (the-at'rik), theat'rical, as. 
 1. Relating or suitable to a theater or 
 to actors. 2. Pompous; stilted. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
theatricals 
 
 604 
 
 theorize 
 
 theatricals (the-at'ri-kalz), n. pi. Dra- 
 matic performances. 
 theca (the'ka), n. Box. [Gr. theke.] 
 thee (the), pron. Objective of thou. 
 
 [A. S. the, dative and accus. of thu.] 
 theft (theft), n. 1. Act of stealing. 2. 
 
 Thing stolen; loss by stealing. [A. S. 
 
 theofth.]_ 
 theic (the'ik), n. One who drinks tea 
 
 to excess. [tea. [Fr.— the, tea.] 
 
 theine (thein), n. Active principle of 
 their (i/iar), poss. a. Of, or belonging 
 
 to, them. [A. S. thara, gen. pi. of the 
 
 definite article.] 
 theirs (th&vz), poss. pron. Of, or belong- 
 
 ing to, them. [From their.] 
 
 theism (the'ism), n. Creed of a theist. 
 
 theist (the'ist), n. One who believes in 
 a God who rules the world and sus- 
 tains a personal relation to man.— 
 theist'ic, theist'ical, as. (Only the 
 Mosaic, Christian and Mohammedan 
 religions are theistic, all others are 
 polytheistic or pantheistic.) 
 
 them (them.), pron. Objective case of 
 they. [A. S. tham, dative pi. of the 
 definite article.] 
 
 theme (them), n. 1. Subject or topic of 
 discussion, or on which a person 
 speaks or writes. 2. Essay. 3. Stem of 
 a derivative word. {Wv. theme— L. thema 
 — Gr. tithemi, set. See thesis.] 
 
 Themis (the'mis), n. The Greek god- 
 dess of justice and law, carrying 
 scales in one hand and a horn of 
 plenty in the other. 
 
 themselves (ZAem-selvz), pron. PI. of 
 himself, herself, and itself. 
 
 then (then). I. adv. 1. At that time. 2. 
 Afterward; immediately. 3. At an- 
 other time; at the other time stated; 
 again. 4. In that case; therefore. II. 
 conj.. In that case. III. a. Being 
 at that time. [A. S. From than.] 
 
 thenar (thenar), a. Pertaining to the 
 palm of the band, sole of the foot, or 
 prominence on the palm at the base 
 of the thumb. [Gr.] 
 
 thence (thens), adv. 1. From tbat time 
 or place. 2. For that reason. [M. E. 
 thenne — A. S. thanon.\ 
 
 thenceforth (taens'forth), adv. From 
 that time forth or forward. 
 
 thenceforward (taens-far'ward), adv. 
 From that time forward or onward. 
 
 theocracy (the-ok'ra-si), n. 1. Govern- 
 ment in which the chiefs of the 
 state are considered the immediate 
 ministers of God or of the gods. 2. 
 State thus governed. — the'ocrat, n. 
 Ruler in a theocracy; member of 
 a theocracy; believer in theocracy.— 
 theocratic, theocrat'ical, as. [Gr. 
 —theos, God, and krateo, rule.] 
 
 theodicy (the-od'i-si), n. Justification 
 of the physical and moral evils in this 
 world, and of God's dealings with 
 man. [Gr.- theos, God, and dike, justice.] 
 
 theodolite (the- 
 od'-o-lit),/i. Instru- 
 ment used in land 
 surveying for 
 measuring angles. 
 — theodolit'ic, 
 a. Pertaining to, 
 or made by means 
 of, a theodolite. 
 [ Corr. from the 
 
 ALIDADE.] 
 
 theogony (the- 
 og'o-ni), n. Gene- 
 alogy of the hea- 
 then gods. [Gr.— 
 theos, God, and 
 gone, race.] 
 
 theologian (the 6- 
 lo'ji-an), n. One 
 versed in theo- 
 logy; professor of 
 divinity _ Theodolite. 
 
 theolog-ic (the-o- 
 loj'-ik), theological, as. Pertaining 
 to theology or divinity.— theolog- 
 ically, adv. 
 
 theologist ( the-ol'o-jist), n. Student 
 of theology; theologian. 
 
 theologize (the-ol'o-jiz). I. vt. Render 
 theological. II. vi. Theorize or spec- 
 ulate upon theological subjects. 
 
 theology ( the-ol'o-ji), n. Science 
 which treats of God, and of man's 
 relation to Him; system of religious 
 truths. [Gr. — theos, God, and logos, 
 treatise.] 
 
 theomachy (the-om'a-ki), n. A fight 
 against or among the gods.— theom'- 
 achist, n. One who fights against 
 the gods or God. [Gr.— theos, God, and 
 mache, fight.] 
 
 theophany(the-of'a-ni), n. A personal 
 manifestation of a god to man. [From 
 Gr. theos, god, a,nd.phaino, show.] 
 
 theorem (the'6-rem), n. A universal 
 proposition that can be demonstrated. 
 — theoremat'ic, a. [Gr. theorema, a 
 principle observed, — theoreo, view.] 
 
 theoretic (the-o-ret'ik), theoretic'al, 
 as. 1. Pertaining to theory ; specula- 
 tive, 2. Not practical.— theoretic- 
 ally, adv. 
 
 theoria (the-o'ri-a), n. 1. Philosophic 
 reasoning. 2. Joyful, grateful reve- 
 rence in perceiving beauty, [theory. 
 
 theorist (the'o-rist), n. One given to 
 
 theorize (the'o-riz), vi. Form a theory; 
 form opinions solely by theories; 
 speculate. — the'orizer, n. — the- 
 orization (the-o-ri-za'shun), n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 
 
theory 
 
 605 
 
 Thespian 
 
 theory (the'o-ri), n 1. Mental contem- 
 plation; hypothesis, 2. Exposition 
 of the abstract principles of a science 
 or art. 3. Speculation as opposed to 
 practice. 4, In music, the science of 
 composition, as distinguished from 
 the art of playing. [L..— Gr. theoria. 
 See theorem. ]_ 
 
 theosophy (the-os'o-fi), n. Philosophy 
 purporting to be based upon know- 
 ledge obtained by direct intercourse 
 with God. — theosoph'ical, a.— 
 theos'ophist, n.' L [Gv. theos, God, and 
 sophos, wise.] 
 
 theofeehny (the'o-tek-ni), n. Method 
 of introducing deities into an epic 
 poem. 
 
 therapeutic (ther-a-pu'tik), a. Per- 
 taining to the healing art; curative. 
 [Gr. therapeuo, take care of; serve.] 
 
 therapeutics (ther-a pu'tiks), n. That 
 part of medicine concerned with the 
 composition, application and mode of 
 operation of the remedies. 
 therapy (ther'a-pi), n. The treatment 
 of disease. 
 
 there (th&r),adv. 1. In that place ; at that 
 time; in that relation. 2. To or into 
 that place. — thereabout' or 
 -abouts', adv. About or near that 
 place, number, quality, or degree. — 
 thereafter, adv. After or according 
 to that.— thereat', adv. 1. At that 
 place or occurrence. 2. On that ac- 
 count. — thereby', adv. By that 
 means ; in consequence of that. — 
 there'fore, adv. For that or this 
 reason. — therefrom', adv. From that 
 or this.— therein', adv. In that or 
 this place, time, thing or respect.— 
 thereof (th&r-oY), adv. Of that or 
 this.— thereon', adv. On that or this. 
 —thereto', thereunto', adv. To 
 that or this. — thereupon', adv. 1. 
 Thereon. 2. Upon, or in consequence 
 of that or this. 3. Immediately. — 
 therewith', adv. With that or this. 
 —therewithal', adv. 1. With that. 
 2. At the same time. 3. In addition 
 to that. [A. S. thar or thcer, there.] 
 
 theriacal ( tbe-ri'a-kal ), a. Medicinal. 
 [From Gr. iAeria^os/antidote against 
 bites of wild beast,— ther, wild beast.] 
 
 thermal ( ther'mal ), a. Pertaining to 
 heat; warm. [Gr. thermos, hot.] 
 
 thermic ( ther'mik ), a. Of or pertain- 
 ing to heat. 
 
 thermodynamics (ther'mo-di-nam'- 
 iks), n. Branch of physics which treats 
 of heat as a mechanical agent. 
 
 thermo-electricity (the r'm o-e-1 e k- 
 t r i s'i-t i), n. Electricity developed by 
 the unequal heating of two or more 
 bars of dissimiiar metals. 
 
 Thermometers. 
 
 R= Reaumur. 
 
 C = Celsius, centigrade. 
 
 F = Fahrenheit. 
 
 thermogenesis (ther-mo-jen'e-sis), n 
 Production of heat, esp. in the human 
 body by physiological processes 
 [From Gr. therme, heat, and genesis, 
 production.] 
 
 thermograph «/R\^~i/SN^ri^i\-, 
 (ther'mo-graf), 
 n. Self - regis- 
 tering ther- 
 mometer. [Gr. 
 ther me, heat, 
 and gr'apho, 
 write.] 
 
 thermometer 
 ( ther-mom'e- 
 ter), n. Instru- 
 ment by which 
 the tempera- 
 tures of bodies 
 are ascertain- 
 ed. [Gr.— ther- 
 mos, warm, and 
 met r on, mea- 
 sure.] 
 
 thermometric 
 (ther-mo-mef- 
 rik), thermo- 
 met'rical, as. 
 Pertaining to, 
 or made with, 
 a thermome- 
 ter.— thermo- 
 met'rically, 
 adv. 
 
 thermometry 
 (ther -mom' et- 
 ri), n. The art 
 of measuring heat. 
 
 thermo-pile(ther'mo-pil), n. Thermo- 
 electric batteiy used as a very delicate 
 thermometer. [Gr. therme, heat, and 
 
 PILE.] 
 
 thermoscope (ther'mo-skop), n. 
 Instrument indicating changes in 
 temperature withoutmeasuring them. 
 
 thermostat ( ther'mo-stat ), n. Self- 
 acting apparatus for regulating tem- 
 perature. 
 
 thesaurus (the-sa'rus), n. Treasury or 
 repository, esp. "of words; lexicon. 
 [Gr. thesaurus — tithemi, place.] 
 
 these (thez), pron. PL of this. 
 
 thesis (the'sis), n. [pi. theses (the'sez).] 
 1. Proposition; that which is set down 
 for argument. 2. Subject for a school 
 exercise. 3. Essay ; dissertation. 4. In 
 prosody, that part of a foot which 
 receives the ictus or metrical stress. 
 5. (Incorrectly) Unaccented part of a 
 foot. [Gr.— tithemi, set. See theme ] 
 
 Thespian (thes'pi-an). I. a. Of. or rela- 
 ting to, dramatic art; dramatic. II. n. 
 Actnr. [From Thespis, a%reek dram- 
 atist, B. c. 535.] 
 
 Freezing 
 point. 
 
 R .. 
 
 c o .. 
 
 F 32 . 
 
 Boiling 
 point. 
 ... 80 
 ... 100 
 . . 212 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
theurgic 
 
 606 
 
 third 
 
 theurgic ( the-ur'jik ), theur'gical, 
 
 as. Pertaining to theurgy or the power 
 of performing supernatural things.— 
 Theurgic hymns, songs of incantation. 
 
 theurgy (the'ur-ji), n. Phenomena or 
 working of divine or supernatural 
 agency in human affairs. — theurgist 
 (the'ur-jist), n. One who pretends to, 
 or is addicted to, theurgy. [Gr. the- 
 ourgia—theos, a god, and ergon, work.] 
 
 thew (thu), n. Muscle; sinew. [From 
 A. S. theaw, custom, hearing.] 
 
 they (thai), pers. pron. PL of he, she, or 
 it. [From A. S. tha, nom. pi. of the 
 definite article.] 
 
 thick, (thik). I. a. 1. Speaking of the 3rd 
 dimension, other than long and wide; 
 not thin. 2. Dense; imperfectly fluid. 
 3. Not transparent or clear; misty; 
 indistinct. 4. Dull. 5. Crowded; 
 closely set; compact; abundant; fre- 
 quent; in quick succession. II. adv. 
 1. Closely; frequently; fast. 2. To a 
 great depth. III. n. Part where, or 
 time when, anything is thickest. — 
 Through thick and thin, steadfastly 
 through every difficulty.— thick'ly, 
 adv. — thickness, n. [A. S. thicce, 
 thick. Ger. dick.] 
 
 thicken (thik'n), • vt. and vi. Make or 
 become thick or close. [A. S. thiccian.] 
 
 thicket (thik'et), n. Collection of 
 trees or shrubs closely set; dense 
 wood or copse. 
 
 thickheaded (thik'hed-ed), a. Hav- 
 ing a thick head or skull; stupid. 
 
 thickssh (thik'ish), a. Somewhat thick. 
 
 thick-set (thik'set). I. a. 1. Dense. 2. 
 Abounding. 3. Short and stout. II. n. 
 1. A thick hedge. 2. Dense underwood. 
 3. A kind of fustian or cotton velvet. 
 
 thief ( thef ), n. [pi. thieves (thevz).] 
 One who steals or is guilty of theft. 
 [A. S. theof, thef.} 
 
 thieve (thev), vi. and vt. Practice theft; 
 steal. [A. S. theoflan.] [thieving. 
 
 thievery (the'ver-i), n. Practice of 
 
 thievish ( the'vish ), a. Given to, or 
 like, theft or stealing; acting by 
 stealth; dishonest; furtive. — thie'- 
 vishly, adv.— tbie'vishness, n. 
 
 thig(thig), vt. [thig'ging; thigged.] Beg; 
 ask supplies from neighbors.— 
 thig'ger, n. [Icel. thiggja.] 
 
 thigh (thi), n. Thick, fleshy part of the 
 leg from the knee to the hip; femur. 
 [A. S. theoh.] 
 
 thill (thil), n. One of the pair of shafts 
 of a cart, gig or other carriage. 
 
 thill'er, thill-horse, n. Horse which 
 goes between the shafts and supports 
 them.— thill- jack, n. Tool for con- 
 necting the thills to the clips of the 
 axle— thill-thrag, n. Leathern loop, 
 
 descending from the harness saddle 
 and holding the shaft. [AS. thill. Cf. 
 Ger. diele, plank.] 
 
 thimble (thim'bl), n. 1. Metal protec- 
 tion for the finger, used in sewing. 2. 
 A sleeve, skein or tube, to fit over an- 
 other. [A. S. thymal — thyma, thumb.] 
 
 thimbleberry (thim'bl-ber-i), n. 
 Raspberry. 
 
 thimbleful (thim'bl-fol), n. As much 
 as a thimble will hold ; very small 
 quantity. 
 
 thimble-rig (thim'bl-rig). I. n. 
 Sleight-of-hand trick in which the 
 performer conceals a pea or sma^ 
 ball under one of three thimble-like 
 cups. II. vi. Cheat by such means.— 
 thim'bleriggcr, n. 
 
 thin (thin). I. a. 1. Having little thick- 
 ness; slim; lean. 2. Freely fluid; of 
 little viscosity. 3. Not dense, close or 
 crowded. 4. Not full; faint and shrill. 
 5. Transparent; easily seen through. 
 II. adv. Not thickly or closely; in a 
 scattered state. III. vt. and vi. [thin'- 
 ning; thinned.] Make or become thin- 
 ner or thin, r— thin'Sy, adv. — thin'- 
 ncss, n. [A. S. thyn.} 
 
 thine (thm), poss. a. Belonging to thee. 
 [A. S. thin; Ger. dein.] 
 
 thing ( thing ),n. 1 . Inanimate object; 
 any object of human thought. 2. An 
 event. 3. In pi. Belongings, as clothes, 
 etc.-the thing, tb e proper proceeding 
 or result; what is required by custom 
 or fashion. [A. S. thing, cause; council.] 
 
 thingumbob (tliing'um-bob), thing'- 
 ummy, n. Indefinite name for any 
 person or tbing. 
 
 think (thin gk). I. vt. [ think' ing; 
 thought.] 1. Exercise the mind; re- 
 volve ideas in the mind. 2. Judge; 
 form or hold as an opinion. 3. Con- 
 sider; purpose; design. II. vt. 1. Im- 
 agine. 2. Believe. III. n. Thought.— 
 thinh'able, a. Capable of being 
 thought; conceivable. — think'er, n. 
 [A. S. thencan, thyncan.] 
 
 thinking ( think'ing ), n. 1. Mental 
 performance of a person who thinks. 
 2. Manner or substance of thought; 
 opinion. 3. Mental faculty; mind. 
 
 thinnish (thin'ish), a. Somewhat thin. 
 
 thin-skinned (thin'skind), a. 1. Hav- 
 ing a thin skin. 2. Easily offended; 
 over-sensitive. 
 
 thio-acid •( thi-o-as'id ), n. An acid in 
 which sulphur has been substituted 
 for oxygen. [From Gr. theion, sulphur.] 
 
 third ( therd ). I. a. Last of three. II. 
 n. 1. One of three equal parts. 2. In 
 music. Interval containing three dis- 
 tinct sounds. 3. Unit of time, equal to 
 one sixtieth of a second. [A.S. thridda.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then, 
 
thirdly 
 
 607 
 
 thorp 
 
 thirdly (therd'li) ,adv. In the third place. 
 
 third-rate (t her d'r at), a. 1. Of the 
 third order. 2. Of a decidedly inferior 
 rank or quality. 
 
 thirst (t her st). I. n. 1. Uneasiness 
 caused by want of drink; craving for 
 drink. 2. Eager desire for anything. 
 II. vi. 1. Feel thirst. 2. Desire vehe- 
 mently.— thirsty (thers'ti), a. 1. Suf- 
 fering from thirst. 2. Dry. — thirst'- 
 ily, adv. — thirst'iiiess, n. [A. S. 
 thurst,thyrst,— root of dry. Ger. durst.] 
 
 thirteen (ther'ten), a. and n. Three and 
 ten.— thir 'teener, n. The thirteenth 
 one of any number of things, as of a 
 suit of cards. [of thirteen, 
 
 thirteenth (ther'tenth), a. and n. Last 
 
 thirtieth (thir'ti-eth), a. and n. Last 
 of thirty. [ten. [A. S. thritig.] 
 
 thirty ( ther'ti ), a. and n. Three times 
 
 thirty-two-mo (ther-ti-to'mo), n. The 
 size of a book, when a sheet of paper 
 is folded in thirty-two equal parts; 
 32mo. 
 
 this ( this), demons, pron. [pi. these 
 (thez).] Denoting a person or thing 
 near, just mentioned, or about to be 
 mentioned. [A. S. this.] 
 
 thistle (this'l), n. Common name of 
 several prickly plants. — thistly 
 (this'li), a. Overgrown with thistles. 
 [A. S. thistel, Ger. distel.] 
 
 thistle-finch ( this'l-finch ), n. One of 
 several species of finches, which feed 
 largely on the seeds of the thistle. 
 
 thither (thith'er). I. adv. 1. To that 
 place. 2. To that end or result. II. a. 
 Further; opposite.— thitherto', adv. 
 Up to that time or place; so far.— 
 thitherward ( Wiita'er-ward ), adv. 
 Toward that place. [A. S. thider.] 
 
 thole (thol), n. Pin inserted into the 
 gunwale of a boat to serve as a ful- 
 crum for the oar in rowing— thole- 
 pin (thSl'pin), n. Thole. [A. S. thol. 
 Low Ger. dolle.] 
 
 tholns (tho'lus), n. Around building; 
 dome; cupola; rotunda. [Gr. tholos.] 
 
 thong (thang). I. n. Strap of leather. 
 II. vi. Strike as with a thong. [A. S. 
 thwang. Akin to Ger. zwang, force.] 
 
 thoracic (tho-ras'ik), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the thorax or breast. 2. Having a 
 thorax. 3. Having the legs or ventral 
 fins in a thoracic position. 
 
 thoral (tho'ral), a. Nuptial. 
 
 thorax (tho'raks), n. Part of the body 
 between the neck and abdomen. [Gr.] 
 
 thorium (tho'ri-um), n. A very heavy 
 metal resembling nickel in color, and 
 tin in properties. It burns with a 
 bright flame, when heated in air. 
 
 thorn (tharn), n. 1. Sharp, woody spine 
 on the stem of a plant. 2. Plant hav- 
 
 ing thorns. 3. Anything prickly or 
 troublesome. 4. The Anglo-Saxon 
 letter equivalent to th. [A. S.] 
 
 thorn-apple (tharn'apl), n. 1. Haw 
 tree or its fruit. 2. Ill-smelling poison- 
 ous weed; jimson-weed. 
 
 thornback (tharn'- 
 bak), n. Voracious 
 kind of skate or ray. 
 about two feet long; 
 thornback ray. 
 
 thornbill (tharn'bil), 
 n. Large, gorgeous 
 humming-bird of 
 Peru, with a beard- 
 pendent and a short.sharp 
 bill. <> 
 
 thorntail ( tharn'tal ), n. 
 Beautiful humming-bird 
 of Peru and Colombia. 
 
 thorny (tharn'i), a. Full " ' , 
 
 of thorns ; prickly ; trouble- Thorn-back, 
 some. 
 
 thorough ( thur'o ). I. a. Passing 
 through or to the end; complete; en- 
 tire. II. n. Passage; channel.— thor'* 
 ong-hly, adv.— thor'omg'hiaesg, n. 
 [A. S. thurh.] 
 
 thorough-bass (thur'o-bas), n. Bass 
 part all through a piece, with figures 
 to indicate the successive chords of 
 the harmony. 
 
 thorough-holt (thur'd-b51t), n. Bolt 
 the screw-end of which projects and 
 is secured by a nut. 
 
 thorough-brace (t h u r' o-b r a s), n. 
 Leather band hanging on a front and 
 a rear C-spring, and supporting the 
 body of a carriage. 
 
 thoroughbred ( thur'6-bred ). I. a. 
 
 1. Bred from the best blood,as a horse. 
 
 2. Having the qualities produced by 
 pure breeding ; graceful, n. n. Animal 
 of pure descent. 
 
 thoroughfare (thur'o-far), n. Public 
 
 way or street; place of travel. 
 thorough-going (thur'o-go-ing), a. 
 
 1. Going through or to 
 
 the end. 2. Going a 1 1 
 
 lengths; out-and-out. 
 thorough-paced (thur'- 
 
 o-past), a. 1. Thorough- 
 ly or perfectly paced or 
 
 trained. 2. Complete; 
 
 consummate. 
 thorough-wort (thur'- 
 
 6-wurt), n. Popular 
 
 name of a composite 
 
 plant of N. America, 
 
 valued for its medical 
 
 uses; boneset; Indian 
 
 thorp, thorpe (tharp), n. Hamlet. 
 [A. S. Cf. Ger. dor/1] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m6ve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
those 
 
 threeply 
 
 those {thoz), pron. PL of that. [A. S. 
 thas, old pi. of thes, this. See this.] 
 
 thou (thow), pron. Sec. per 8. sing. Per- 
 son addressed. (Superseded by "you," 
 except in poetry and in addressing the 
 Deity.) [A. S. thu. Ger. du.\ 
 
 though ( tho ). I. conj. Admitting or 
 allowing that; even if. II. adv. Never- 
 theless; however; for all that. [A. S. 
 theah. Ger. doch.] 
 
 fho u gh t (that), pa. t. 2,xxdpa.p. of think. 
 
 thought (that), n. 1. Act of thinking; 
 reasoning; deliberation. 2. That which 
 one thinks; idea; fancy; considera- 
 tion; opinion. 3. Care. 4. Small 
 amount. [A. S. ge-thoht.] 
 
 Syn. Reflection; cogitation; delib- 
 eration; meditation; notion; design; 
 conception ; solicitude ; concern ; trifle. 
 
 thoughtful (that'fol), a. 1. Employed 
 in meditation. "2. Attentive; consid- 
 erate. — thought' f u 1 1 y , adv. — 
 thought/fulness, n. [attentive. 
 Syn. Contemplative; wary. See 
 
 thoughtless (that'les), a. 1. Without 
 thought or care ; careless; inattentive. 
 2. Stupid; dull. — though t'lessly, 
 adv. thoughtlessness, n. 
 
 Syn. Heedless; remiss; negligent; 
 regardless; inconsiderate; giddy. 
 
 thought-wave (that'wav), n. An 
 undulation of an assumed medium of 
 thought - transference, supposed to 
 explain the phenomena of telepathy. 
 
 thousand ( thow'zand ). I. a. 1. Ten 
 hundred. 2. Any large number. II. n. 
 1. Number ten hundred. 2. Any large 
 number. [A. S. thusend. Ger. tausend.] 
 
 thousandfold ( thow'zand-fold ), a. 
 Folded a thousand times; multiplied 
 by a thousand. 
 
 thousand-legs ( thow'zand-legz ), n. 
 A worm with a large number of legs ; 
 myriapod; milleped. 
 
 Thousand-legs. 
 
 thousandth (thow'zandth). I. a. Last 
 of a thousand or of any great number. 
 II. n. 1. One of a thousand or of any 
 great number. 2. One of a thousand 
 equal parts. 
 
 thrack ( thrak ), vt. Load ; burden. 
 [From A. S. thryccan, press, oppress.] 
 
 thraldom, thralldom (thral'dum), 
 n. Slavery; bondage. [See thrall.] 
 
 thrall (thral). I. n. 1. Slave; serf. 2. 
 Slavery; servitude. 3. Shelf for tubs 
 or barrels. II. vt. Enslave; deprive 
 of liberty. [A. S. Cf. Icel. thrcell, run- 
 ner, attendant.] 
 
 thrash (thrash), thresh (thresh). I. 
 vt. 1. Beat out (grain from the straw). 
 2. Beat soundly. II. vi. 1. Perform 
 the act of thrashing. 2. Drudge; toil; 
 beat about. [A. S. threscan, thrash.] 
 
 thrasher (thrash'er), thresher 
 (thresh'er), n. 1. One who or machine 
 which thrashes grain. 2. Species of 
 shark, so-called from its using its 
 its long tail-fin as a weapon of attack. 
 — Brown thrasher, American singing 
 bird of the thrush family. 
 
 thrashing (thrashing), n. 1. Act of 
 beating out grain from the straw. 2. 
 Sound beating or drubbing. 
 
 thraw (thra), vt. and vi. Twist; distort; 
 thwart; writhe; squirm. 
 
 thread (thred). I. n. 1. Very thin line 
 of any substance twisted and drawn 
 out. 2. Anything resembling a com- 
 pound cord. 3. Prominent spiral part 
 of a screw. 4. Something continued 
 in long course. 5. Main idea running 
 through a discourse. II. vt. 1. Pass a 
 thread through the eye of (as a needle). 
 2. Pass or pierce through, as a narrow 
 way. 3. Furnish with a thread, as a 
 screw or bolt. [A. S. thraed—thrawan, 
 wind. Cf. Ger. draht ] 
 
 threadbare (thred'bar), a. 1. Worn 
 to the naked thread; having the nap 
 worn off. 2. Used till its novelty or 
 interest is gone; hackneyed. 3. Wear- 
 ing threadbare clothes ; shabby. 
 
 thread-cell (thred'sel).w. In a jellyfish, 
 one of the cavities containing a coiled 
 elastic thread that springs out and 
 stings, when the animal is irritated. 
 
 thready (thred'i), a. 1. Like thread; 
 slender. 2. Containing, or consisting 
 of, thread. 
 
 threat (thret), n. Declaration of an 
 intention to inflict punishment or 
 other evil upon another; menace. 
 [A. S. threat, crowd; trouble. Akin to 
 D. verdrieten, vex.] 
 
 threaten (thret'n), vt. and vi. 1. De- 
 clare the intention of inflicting harm 
 upon. 2. Terrrfy by menaces. 3. Pre- 
 sent the appearance of coming evil, or 
 of something unpleasant. 4. Give 
 ominous indication off portend. 5. 
 Be a menace (to). 6. Hold out as a 
 punishment. 
 
 three (thre), a. and n. Two and one. 
 [A. S. and Icel. thri. Ger. drei.] 
 
 three«decfcer (thre'dek-er), n. 1. A 
 vessel of war carrying guns on three 
 decks. 2. Piece of furniture with three 
 tiers. 
 
 threef old(thre'fold),a. and adv. Folded 
 or repeated thrice; consisting of three. 
 
 threeply (thre'pli), a. Having three 
 folds, three webs or three strands. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
threescore 
 
 609 
 
 through 
 
 threescore (thre'skor), a. Three times 
 a score; sixth. 
 
 three-way (thre'wa), a. Having or 
 controling three passages, as a stop- 
 cock or valve. 
 
 thremmatology (threi^-a-tol'o-ji), n. 
 The methodical selection in breeding 
 animals and plants. [From Gr. thr em- 
 ma, nursling.] 
 
 threnody (thren'6-di), n. S o n g or 
 poem of lamentation ; dirge.-threno'- 
 dial, a. Of or pertaining to a thre- 
 nody ; elegiac. — thren'odist, n. 
 "Writer of threnodies or dirges. [Gr. 
 —threnos, lamentation, and ode, ode.] 
 
 thresh (thresh). Same as thrash. 
 
 threshold (thresh'old), n. Piece of 
 wood or stone under the door of a 
 house; doorsill; entrance. [A. S. 
 threscaid. Of doubtful origin.] 
 
 threw (thro), pa. t. of throw, [much. 
 
 thrice (thris), adv. Three times; very 
 
 thrift (thrift), n. 1. State of thriving. 
 
 2. Frugality. 3. Prosperity; increase | 
 of wealth: gain. 4. Plant of several 
 species, as the sea pink, a garden 
 plant. [See thrive.] 
 
 Syn. Success; gain; industry; for- 
 tune; economy; good husbandry. 
 
 thrift-box (thrift'boks), n. Small box 
 for keeping savings. 
 
 thriftless (thrift'les), a. 1. Extrava- 
 gant; without thrift. 2. Not thriving; 
 unprofitable. — thriftlessly, adv. 
 — thrift'lessness, n. 
 
 thrifty (thrift!), a. l. Showing thrift 
 
 k or economy. 2. Thriving by economy. 
 
 — thriftily, adv.— thrift'iness, n. 
 
 Syn. Economical; saving; sparing; 
 
 frugal; careful; thriving; prosperous. 
 
 thrill (thril). I. vt. and vi. 1. Pierce; 
 bore. 2. Affect, or feel, strongly, with 
 a tingling sensation. 3. Quiver; vi- 
 brate; make quiver. II. n. Thrilling 
 sensation; irresistible force. [A. S. 
 thyrlian, bore a hole. Ger. drillen.] 
 
 thrive (thriv), vi. [thri'ving; throve 
 or thrived; thriven.] 1. Prosper; be 
 successful. 2. Increase in goods; grow 
 rich. 3. Grow vigorously. 4. Flour- 
 ish. [Icel. thrifa, grasp.] 
 
 thrivingly (thri'ving-li), adv. In a 
 thriving manner; prosperously. 
 
 thrivinguess (thri'ving-ness), n. Con- 
 dition of one who thrives; prosperity. 
 
 throat ( throt ), n. 1. Forepart of the 
 neck, in which are the gullet and 
 wind-pipe. 2. Passage from the mouth 
 to the lungs and stomach; pharynx. 
 
 3. Entrance; narrow passage. [A. S. 
 throte. O. H. Ger. drozze.) 
 
 throaty (thro'ti), a. 1. Uttered back in 
 the throat; guttural. 2. Having a 
 large throat; voracious. 
 
 Throne 
 
 throb (throb). I. vi. [throb'bing; 
 throbbed.] Palpitate, as the heart or 
 pulse, with more than usual force. II. 
 n. Strong pulsation. [Ety. doubtful.] 
 
 throe (thro). I. n. Suffering; pain; 
 agony. II. vt. and vi. To put or be in 
 agony. [A. S. threa, suffering. Cf. M. 
 H. Ger. dro, threat.] 
 
 thrombus (throm'bus), n. Small tu- 
 mor, caused by escape of blood from 
 a vein into cellular tissue. — throm- 
 bo'sis, n. Coagulation of blood in 
 the living body. [Gr. 
 thrombos, clot.] 
 
 throual (thro'nal), a. 
 Of or pertaining to a 
 throne. 
 
 throne (thron). I. n. 1. 
 Elevated and orna- 
 mental chair of state 
 used by a sovereign. 2. 
 Sovereign power and 
 dignity. H. vt. 1. En- 
 throne. 2. Place as on 
 a throne; exalt. III. 
 vi. Sit on a throne; sit 
 in state, as a king. [Gr. 
 thronos, chair.] 
 
 throneless (thron'les), a. Without a 
 throne; deposed. 
 
 throng (thrang). I. n. Large number 
 of people crowded or moving to- 
 gether. II. vt. and vi. Crowd into or 
 upon ; come in multitudes. [A. S. thrang 
 — thringan, press. Ger. gedraenge.] 
 
 throstle (thros'l), n. 1. Song-thrush ; 
 mavis. 2. Machine for spinning wool, 
 cotton, etc. [A. S. Dim. of thrush. 
 Cf. Dan. and Ger. drossel.) 
 
 throttle (throt'l). I. n. 1. Throat; 
 windpipe. 2. Throttle-valve. II. vt. 
 and vi. 1. Stop the breath of by com- 
 pressing the throat; strangle; choke; 
 suffocate; breathe hard. 2. Obstruct 
 by a throttle-valve, as a steam pipe. — 
 throt'tler, n. One who or that which 
 throttles. [Dim. of throat.] 
 
 throttle-lever ( throt'l-le'ver ), n. 
 Hand-lever by which the throttle- 
 valve is worked. 
 
 throttle-valve (throt'l- valv), n. Valve 
 which regulates the supoly of steam 
 to the cylinder of an engine. 
 
 through (thro). I. prep. 1. From end to 
 end of; from side to side of; between 
 the sides of. 2. Among. 3. By way of. 
 4. By means of; in consequence of. 
 n. adv. 1. From one end or side to 
 the other; from beginning to end. 2. 
 To the end or purpose. III. a. 1. Un- 
 obstructed. 2. That passes without 
 interruption or change, as a train. 3. 
 That entitles to transportation to the 
 end. [A. S. thurh. Ger. durch.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, f&r, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolj; 
 mate, hot, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
through-lighted 
 
 610 
 
 thunderbolt 
 
 through-lighted (thro'li-ted),a. Hav- 
 ing windows on opposite sides. 
 
 throughout ( thro-owt' ). I. prep. 
 Through to the outside ; in every 
 part of. II. adv. Everywhere. 
 
 through-stone ( thro'ston ), n. A 
 stone placed so as to show on both 
 faces of the wall. 
 
 throve (throv),i?a. t. of thrive. 
 
 throw (thro). I. vt. and vi. [throwing; 
 threw; thrown.] 1. Hurl; fling; pro- 
 pel; send. 2. Wind or twist together, 
 as silk threads, in a direction contrary 
 to the twist of the singles. 3. Form 
 on a wheel, as pottery. 4. Cast (dice). 
 5. Put off. 6. Put on or spread care- 
 lessly. 7. Cast down in wrestling. 8. 
 Produce, as young, said of rabbits, 
 etc. 9. Sell, as a race, by allowing 
 another to win unnecessarily. II. n. 
 
 1. Act of throwing; cast, esp. of dice. 
 
 2. Distance to which anything is 
 thrown; extent of motion of a part 
 of a machine. 3. Implement for giv- 
 ing a rapid, rotary motion, as to a 
 potter's wheel.— Throw over, desert; 
 abandon.— Throw up, give up; eject 
 from the stomach. — thrower^ n. 
 [A. S. thrawan, whirl.] 
 
 throw-crank (thro-krangk), n. Crank 
 which serves to convert rotary into 
 reciprocating motion. 
 
 th rowing-table ( thro'ing-ta-bl ), n. 
 Potter's wheel, also called throwing- 
 engine and throwing-mill. 
 
 throwster (thro'ster), n. One who 
 twists silk threads together. 
 
 thrum (thrum). I. n. 1. End of weaver's 
 thread. 2. Coarse yarn. II. vt. [thrum'- 
 ming; thrummed.] 1. Furnish with 
 thrums; fringe. 2. Insert short pieces 
 of rope-yarn in (a mat or piece of can- 
 vas). [Ger. trumm, stub.] 
 
 thrum (thrum), vt. a*d vi. [thrum'- 
 ming; thrummed.] Play rudely or 
 monotonously with the fingers on an 
 instrument, the table, etc. 
 
 thrummy (thrum'i), a. Made of or 
 like thrums; shaggy. 
 
 thrush (thrush), n. 
 1. Little European 
 singing bird. 2. 
 Warbler, or similar 
 bird, of many spe- 
 cies and countries. 
 [See THROSTLE.] 
 
 thrush ( thrush ), n. 
 1. Inflammatory and suppurating 
 affection in the feet of horses. 2. Dis- 
 ease of the mouth and throat, occur- 
 ring chiefly in early infancy. [Dan. 
 troeske — root of thirst.] 
 
 thrust (thrust). I. vt. and vi. Push; 
 force; jam; urge; impel; intrude; stab. 
 
 Song thrush. 
 
 II. n. Forceful push or impulse; pres- 
 sure: assault; stab.— Thrust upon, 
 force or inflict upon. [Icel. thrysta, 
 press.] [in. 
 
 Syn. Drive; shove; pierce; squeeze 
 
 thud (thud), n. 1. Sound, as that of a 
 heavy stone striking the ground. 2. 
 Blow causing a dull sound. [Imita- 
 tive. Cf. A. S. thoden, noise.] 
 
 thug (thug), n. 1. Member of a frater- 
 nity of robbers and assassins formerly 
 prevalent in India. 2. Ruffian; ban- 
 dit. [Hind, thugna, deceive, rob.] 
 
 thuggee (thug'e), n. Profession and 
 practise of thugs. Also called thuggee- 
 ism, thuggery, thuggism. 
 
 Thule (thu'le), n. Name given by the 
 ancients to the most northern coun- 
 try with which they were acquainted. 
 The Romans spoke of it as ultima 
 Thule, the farthest Thule. 
 
 thulite (thu'lit), n. A rare rock of a 
 peach blossom color,f ound in Norway. 
 
 thumb (thum). I. n. Short, thick first 
 digit of the hand. II. vt. 1. Handle 
 awkwardly. 2. Soil or wear off with 
 the thumb or fingers. [A. S. thuma.] 
 
 thumbed (thumd), a. 1. Having 
 thumbs. 2. Marked with thumb- 
 marks, as a book. 
 
 thumb-piece (thum'pes), n. A pro- 
 jection on any piece of mechanism, 
 intended to be worked by the thumb. 
 
 thumb-screw (thum'skro), n. 1. In- 
 strument of torture 
 for compressing the 
 thumb. 2. Screw 
 with a head easily 
 turned by thumb and 
 forefinger. 
 
 thumb-stall (thum'- 
 stal), n. A. case or pad 
 to protect the thumb. 
 
 thump (thump). I. n. 
 Heavy blow. II. vt. 
 Beat with something 
 heavy. lll.vi. Give a dull, heavy sound. 
 — thumper, n. [From the sound.] 
 
 thunder (thun'der). I. n. 1. Noise 
 made by a discharge of atmospheric 
 electricity. 2. Any similar noise. 3. 
 Startling announcement or awful 
 threat. II. vi. 1. Make thunder. 2. 
 Sound as thunder. 3. Make alarming 
 denunciations, lll.vt. 1. Give out with 
 noise and terror. 2. Utter as a threat 
 or denunciation. — thun'derer, n.— 
 thundery, thunderous, as. [A. 
 S. thunor. Ger. donner. From the 
 sound.] 
 
 thunderbolt ( thun'der-bolt ), n. 1. 
 Flash of lightning. 2. Dreadful threat 
 of censure by some high authority. 
 3. Tapering stone found in the ground, 
 
 Thumb-screw. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
than der-clap 
 
 611 
 
 ticker 
 
 and formerly supposed to have been 
 the substance fallen from heaven with 
 the flash of lightniug. 
 
 thunder-clap ( thun'der-klap), n. A 
 loud discharge of atmospheric elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 thunder-cloud (thun'der-klowd), n. 
 A cloud that produces thunder and 
 lightning, — generally a dense, dark 
 cumulus, from 2000 to 12,000 feet 
 high, moving from 1500 to 4000 feet 
 above the ground. 
 
 thunder-head (thun'der-hed ), n. A 
 small, round cumulus of brilliant 
 whiteness, which swells and turns 
 black as it slowly rises from the 
 horizon. 
 
 thunderstruck ( thuu'der-struk), a. 
 
 I. Struck or injured by lightning. 2. 
 Astonished; struck dumb. 
 
 thurible (thu'ri-bl), n. Metal censer 
 for burning frankincense. [L. thuri- 
 buium—thut, frankincense.] 
 
 thurifer ( thu'ri-fer ), n. An acolyte 
 who carries a censer. 
 
 Thursday (thurz'da), n. Fifth day of 
 the week, so called after Thor, the old 
 Saxon god of thunder. [A. S. thunres 
 daeg—thuner, thunder, and daeg, day.] 
 
 thus (thus), adv. 1. In this or that man- 
 ner. 2. To this degree or extent. 3. 
 From this cause.— Thus far, to this 
 point or degree.— Thus much, as much 
 as this. [A. S. this.] 
 
 thusness (thus'nes), n. The state of 
 being thus. (Humorous). 
 
 thwack (t h w a k). I. vt. Strike with 
 something blunt and heavy; whack. 
 
 II. n. Heavy blow.— thwnck'er, n. 
 1. One that thwacks. 2. Wooden tool 
 used for baa ting half -dried pan- tiles 
 into shape. [Imitative.] 
 
 thwart (thwart). I. a. Transverse; 
 crosswise. II. vt. Cross; oppose; de- 
 feat. III. n. Bench for rowers placed 
 athwart the boat. — thwart ly. adv. 
 Heel, thvert, across. A. S. thtveorh.] 
 
 thy (thl), pron. Of, or pertaining to, 
 thee. [Short, for thine.] 
 
 thylacine (thil'a-sin), n. The zebra- 
 wolf of Tasmania. 
 
 thyme (tim), n. Aromatic kitchen herb. 
 [L. thy?7ium—Gr. thymos, fragrant.] 
 
 thymus (thi'mus), n. One of the two 
 glands, seemingly useless, behind the 
 breast-bone near the root of the neck 
 (called sweet-bread in veal and lamb.) 
 [Gr. thymos, from its fanciful resem- 
 blance to a bunch of thyme.] 
 
 thymy ( ti'mi ), n. Abounding with 
 thyme; fragrant. 
 
 thyroid (thi'roid), a. Shield-shaped.— 
 Thyroid cartilage, the largest cartilage 
 of the larynx, forming the so-called 
 
 Adam's apple.— Thyro id gland, large, 
 vascular body on the larynx and upper 
 part, of trachea,— the seat of the dis- 
 ease knows as goiter. [Gr.— thyra, door, 
 and eidos, shape.] 
 
 thyro tomy (thi- 
 rot'o-mi), n. A cut- 
 ting into the thy- 
 roid cartilage. 
 
 thyrsus (thur'sus), 
 n. Staff tipped 
 with a pine-cone. 
 [Gr. thyrsos, stalk.] 
 
 thyself (Mi-self), 
 pron. Thou or thee, 
 in person— used for 
 emphasis. 
 
 tiao(ti-a'o),ra. String 
 of Chinese money. 
 
 tiara (ti-it'ra), n. 1. 
 High ornamental 
 headdress of the 
 ancient Persians. 
 
 2. Phrygian con- Jubilee tiara of Pope 
 ical cap, falling Leo xin. 
 over the brow. 
 
 3. Any similar head dress, especially 
 the pope's triple crown. 3. The 
 papal dignity.— tia'raed, a. Wear- 
 ing a tiara. [Gr.J 
 
 tibia (tib'i-a), n. 1. Large shin-bone. 2. 
 
 Ancient kind of flute. 3. Fourth joint 
 
 of leg of an insect.— tibial. I. a. Of 
 
 or pertaining to the tibia. II. n. 1. A 
 
 muscle or artery, etc., connected with 
 
 the tibia. 2. Fifth joint of a spider's 
 
 leg. [L.] 
 tic ( tik ), n. Convulsive twitching of 
 
 certain muscles, esp. of the face.— 
 
 tic-douloureux (tik-do-16-ro'), n. 
 
 Neuralgia of the face [Fr.] 
 tick (tik) n. L arge 
 
 mite infesting dogs, 
 
 sheep, etc. [Dut. 
 
 teetc] 
 tick (tik), n. Case or 
 
 cover in which 
 
 feathers, etc., are 
 
 put for bedding.— 
 
 tick eu, ticking, 
 
 ns. Cloth of which 
 
 a tick is made. [Dut. 
 
 tijk. Ger. zieche. All 
 
 ftomGr. theke,c&se.] 
 tick (tik). I. vi. Make 
 
 a small, quick noise; beat, as a watch. 
 
 II. vt. 1. Set a dot against; checkoff. 
 
 2. Mark by regular clicking. III. n. 
 
 1. Slight.sharp sound. 2. Slight mark; 
 
 dot. [Imitative.] 
 tick (tik). I. vi. Run upon score; get 
 
 or give credit. II. n. Credit; trust. 
 
 [From ticket.] [indicator. 
 
 ticker (tik'er), n. 1. A watch. 2. Stock 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, (Aon. 
 
ticket 
 
 612 
 
 tilde 
 
 ticket (tik'et). I. n. 1. Small piece of 
 paper, card-board, or the like, with 
 something written or printed on it, 
 and serving as a notice, acknowledg- 
 ment, etc.; label; certificate of right 
 to enter or participate; list of candi- 
 dates; ballot, etc.— The ticket, the right 
 or correct thing. — Ticket-of -leave, con- 
 ditional and partial freedom, granted 
 to a convict. II. vt. 1. Put a ticket 
 on. 2. Furnish with a ticket. [O. Fr. 
 esticquette, Fr. Stiquette — root of stick.] 
 
 tickle (tik'l), vt. 1. Touch lightly and 
 cause to laugh. 2. Gratify.— tick'ler, 
 n. [Of. Low G-er. ketteln.] 
 
 ticklisk (tik'lish), a. 1. Easily tickled; 
 easily affected. 2. Nice; dubious; 
 difficult; critical.— tick'lisbness, n. 
 
 tick-tack (tik'tak), n. 1. A pulsating 
 sound, like that of a watch. 2. A 
 device for tapping at a door or window 
 from a distance, by pulling a string. 
 
 tick-tock (tik'tok), n. The slow beat- 
 ing of a tall clock. 
 
 tidal (ti'dal), a. Pertaining to tides; 
 flowing and ebbing periodically. — 
 Tidal-air, the air which passes in and 
 out of the human lungs in respiration, 
 about 25 cubic in. at each breathing. 
 
 tidbit (tid'bit), n. Delicate morsel. 
 
 tide (tid). I. n. 1. Time; season. 2. 
 Regular rising and falling of the sea. 
 3. Course; current; stream. II. vt. 
 Drive with the stream. III. vi. Work 
 in or out of a river or harbor with 
 the tide. — Tide over, carry through 
 or over. [A. S., Ger. zeit, time.] 
 
 tidegrange (tld'gaj), n. Instrument for 
 registering the state of the tide con- 
 tinuously. 
 
 tide-gate (tld'gat), n. Gate used to re- 
 tain the water when the ebb sets in. 
 
 tideless (tid'les), a. Having no tides. 
 
 tidemill (tid'mil), n. 1. Mill moved by 
 tide water. 2. Mill for clearing lands 
 of tide- water. 
 
 tide-rode (tid'rod),a. Riding at anchor, 
 with the head to tide, not to wind. 
 
 tide-waiter (tid'wa-ter), n. Custom- 
 house officer. [which the tide sets. 
 
 tide-way (tld'wa),w. Way or channel in 
 
 tidings (ti'dingz), n. pi. News. [Lit. 
 'Things that betide'.-^[A. S. tidan, 
 happen. Cf. Ger. zeitung.) [vice. 
 
 Syrt. Intelligence; information; ad- 
 tidy (ti'di). I. a. Neat; in good order. 
 II. n. Cover for chairs; child's pina- 
 fore, etc. III. vt. Make neat; put in 
 order.— ti'dily, adv.— ti'diness 9 n. 
 [Lit. 'Timely',— A. S. tid, time.] 
 
 tie (ti). I. vt. 1. Bind; fastened with a 
 cord; knot. 2. Unite. 3. Constrain. 4. 
 {music) Unite notes with a tie. II. vi. 
 Score equally. III. n. 1. Knot. 2. 
 
 Bond. 3. Necktie. 4. Equality of 
 numbers, as of votes, or of "points" 
 in a game. 5. (music) Curved line 
 drawn over two or more notes on the 
 same degree of the stave, signifying 
 that the second note is not to be 
 sounded separately, but is to sustain 
 the first. 6. Sleeper for supporting 
 rails of a railroad. 7. Low shoe, fast- 
 ened with lace. [A. S. tian, tegan, tie.] 
 
 tie-beam (ti'bem) ^.Horizontal timber 
 holding together two rafters to pre- 
 vent over-pressure against the walls. 
 
 tier (ter). I. n. Rank; one of several 
 rows placed one above another. II. vt. 
 To pile up or build in tiers. [A. S.] 
 
 tierce (ters), n. 1. Cask containing one 
 third of a pipe, that is 42 gallons. 2. 
 Cask, as of sugar or .rice, intermedi- 
 ate between a barrel and a hogshead. 
 3. Sequence of three cards of the 
 same color. 4. Third in music. 5. 
 Thrust in fencing. [Fr.— L. tertia 
 {pars), third (part).] [sawing brick. 
 
 tier-saw (ter'sa), n. Stiff saw used for 
 
 tiff (tif ). I. n. Fit of peevishness ; slight 
 quarrel. II. vi. To be peevish; quarrel. 
 
 tiffany (tif'a-ni) n.[pl. tiffanies] Gauze; 
 thin silk. [Corrupted from theophany 
 (=epiphany) in the sense of 'holiday'.] 
 
 tiffin ( tif'in ), n. Luncheon. [Anglo- 
 Indian]. 
 
 tiger (ti'ger), 
 n. 1. Fierce 
 animal of the 
 cat kind, near- 
 ly as large as 
 a lion. 2. [Col- 
 
 &/a, 8 J »—"'«-■ 
 
 three cheers. 3. Fierce, bloodthirsty 
 person. 4. Swaggerer; bully. — ti'- 
 gress, fern. — ti'ger-ish, ti'grish, 
 
 as. Like a tiger in disposition.— Ameri- 
 can tiger, -puma,; mountain lion; jag- 
 uar. [L. figris.] 
 
 tight (titi), a. 1. Close; compact. 2. 
 Not leaky. 3. Fitting closely. 4. Not 
 loose; taut. 5. Stringent; scant, as 
 money. 6. Drunk.— tightly, adv.— 
 tightness, n. [Akin to thick. Cf. 
 Ger. dicht, close.] 
 
 tighten (ti'tn), vt. and vi. Make or 
 become tight or tighter. 
 
 tight-rope (tit'rop), n. Rope tensely 
 stretched, on which an acrobat per- 
 forms, [ments, esp. for the legs. 
 
 tights (tits), n. pi. Close-fitting gar- 
 
 tigrine (ti'grin), a. Striped like a tiger. 
 
 tilbnry (til'ber-i), n. Kind of gig. 
 
 tilde (til'de), n. A diacritic mark (~) 
 used variously: In this book to mark 
 the mixed sound of e and u before r, 
 in Spanish the n followed by y, etc. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tile 
 
 613 
 
 tin 
 
 tile (til). I. n. 1. Piece of baked clay 
 used for covering roofs, floors, etc. 2. 
 Small fiat square of marble, etc., for 
 flooring or the like. 3. (Collog.) Silk 
 hat. II. vt. 1. Cover with tiles. 2. Bind 
 to secrecy.— ti'ler, n.— tiling, n. [A. 
 S. tigol—Ju. tegula — tego, cover.] 
 
 tiling (tiling), n. 1. Roof of tiles. 2. 
 Operation of putting on tiles. 
 
 till (til), n. Money drawer in a desk or 
 counter. [A. S. tilian, tell, count.] 
 
 till(til). I. prep. To the time of. II. conj. 
 1. To the time when. 2. To the degree 
 that. [A. S. til; root of Ger. ziel, aim.] 
 
 till (til), vt. Prepare (the ground) to 
 receive the seed; cultivate. — tiller, 
 n. [A. S. tilian, aim, strive.] 
 
 tillable (til'a-bl), a. Fit for the plow. 
 
 tillage ( til'aj ), n. 1. Act or practice of 
 tilling; husbandry. 2. A place tilled. 
 Syn. Agriculture; cultivation. 
 
 tiller (til'er), a. 1. Lever for turning a 
 rudder. 2. Money-drawer; till. 
 
 tiller ( til'er ). I. n. A shoot from the 
 root or the bottom of the stalk of a 
 plant. II. vi. Put forth such shoots. 
 
 tillet ( til'et ), n. Linden-tree. [L. tilia.] 
 
 ti-lman (til'man), n. One who tills the 
 earth. [sense. 
 
 tilly-vally ( til'i-val'i ), interjec. Non- 
 
 tilmns ( til'mus ), n. A picking at the 
 bed clothes. 
 
 tilt (tilt). I. n. Canvas covering of a 
 boat. II. vt. Cover with an awning. 
 [A. S. teld—teldan, cover. Ger. zelt.] 
 
 tilt (tilt). I. vi. 1. Thrust or fight with a 
 lance. 2. Fall into a sloping posture. 
 II. vt. 1. Point or thrust with, as a 
 lance. 2. Slant; raise one end of. III. 
 n. 1. Thrust. 2. In the middle ages, an 
 exercise in which combatants rode 
 against each 
 other with 
 lances. 3. Incli- 
 nation forward. 
 —full tilt , 
 straight and 
 with full force. 
 — tilt'er, n. [A. 
 S. tealt, totter- 
 ing.] 
 
 tilth (tilth), n. 
 Cultivation; 
 cultivated land. 
 
 t i It - hammer 
 (tilt'ham-er ), n. 
 Heavy hammer 
 lifted by means 
 of cogs on a 
 wheel, used for 
 light forging. 
 
 timbal (tim'bal), 
 
 timbale (tang-bal'). n. Pastry of vari- 
 ous shapes, to be filled. 
 
 n. Kettledrum. 
 
 timber ( t ini' ber ). I. n. 1. Wood for 
 building purposes. 2. Trunk of a tree. 
 3. Standing trees; woods. II. vt. Fur- 
 nish with timber or beams. [ A. S. 
 timber, wood. Cf. Ger. zimmer.] 
 
 timbre ( tim'ber ), n. Tone or character 
 of a musical sound. fFr.J 
 
 timbrel (tim'brel), n. Ancient musical 
 instrument like a tambourine. 
 
 time dim). I. n. 1. System of fixing an 
 event by reference to an earlier, later 
 or accompanying, other event. 2. Du- 
 ration: period; era; age. 3. Space of 
 time at one's disposal. 4. Season; pro- 
 per time; particular point of time. 5. 
 Musical measure. 6. Condition of the 
 world"s affairs. 7. Recurrent instance ; 
 repetition (as in many a time, or six 
 times six).— At times, occasionally. — In 
 time, time enough, in good season; suf- 
 ficiently early. — Time being, present 
 time. II. vt. 1. Do at the proper season. 
 2. Regulate as to time. 3. (In music), 
 measure. 4. Note the time of. [A. S. 
 tima. Cf. Icel. timi, Celt, tim, and tide.] 
 
 time-honored ( tlm'on-urd ), a. Ven- 
 erable on account of antiquity. 
 
 time-keeper (tim'ke-per), n. 1. Clock, 
 watch, or the like for marking time. 
 2. One who keeps the time of workmen. 
 
 timely (tim'li). I. a. In good season. II. 
 adv. Early; soon. — timeliness, n. 
 
 timepiece (tim/pes), n. Watch; clock. 
 
 time-server (trm'ser-ver), n. One who 
 meanly suits his opinions to the 
 wishes of those in power. 
 
 time-table ( tim'ta-bl ), n. List show- 
 ing the times at which trains arrive 
 and depart, etc. [time. 
 
 timeworn (tim' worn), a. Decayed by 
 
 timid ( tim'id ), a. Wanting courage ; 
 easily frightened.— timidly, adv.— 
 tim'idness, timidity, ns. [L. tim- 
 idus—timeo, fear.] 
 
 Syn. Afraid ; cowardly ; faint-heart- 
 ed; fearful; timorous; shrinking; shy. 
 
 timist (ti'mist), n. Musical performer, 
 considered as to his power to observe 
 rhythm and meter. 
 
 timoeracy ( ti-mok'ra-si), n. Form of 
 government, in which a certain 
 amount of property is required as a 
 qualification for office. [Gr. timokra- 
 tia,—time, honor, and kratein, rule.] 
 
 timorous ( tim'ur-us ), a. 1. Timid. 2. 
 Indicating fear.— timorously, adv. 
 — tim'oronsness, n. [der grass. 
 
 timothy (tim'o-thi), n. Valuable fod- 
 
 tin ( tin ). I. n. 1. Silvery -white, non- 
 elastic, easily fusible and malleable 
 metal. 2. Can or pot made of tin or iron 
 covered with tin. II. a. Made of tin. 
 III. vt. [tin'ning; tinned (tind).] Cover 
 or overlay with tin or tinfoil. [A. S.J 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tinct 
 
 614 
 
 tire 
 
 tinct (tingkt). I. n. Tincture. II. a. 
 Tinged. [ing or producing color. 
 
 tinctorial (tingk'to-ri-al), a. Impart- 
 
 tincture (tingk'-tur). I. n. 1. Tinge 
 or shade of color; 
 tint. 2. Slight fla- 
 vor or taste added 
 to anything. 3. 
 (med.) Solution of 
 any substance in 
 or by means of 
 spirit of wine. 4. 
 In heraldry, one of 
 the devices used 
 to represent col- 
 ors, metal and 
 furs. See cut. II. 
 vt. Stain; tinge; 
 flavor; impreg- 
 nate. [L. tinctura 
 —root of TINGE.] 
 
 Heraldic tinctures. 
 
 1. Purple. 2. Green. 3. Tawny. 4. Sable. 
 5. Silver. 6. Gold. 7. Blue. 8. Red. 
 
 tinder (tin'der), n. Anything used for 
 kindling fire from a spark, esp. char- 
 red linen.— tin'dery, a. Like tinder; 
 easily inflamed. [ A. S. tender. Ger. 
 zunder.] 
 
 time (tin), n. Spike or prong of a fork 
 or harrow, etc. — timed, a. Furnished 
 with spikes. [Icel. tindr, tooth.] 
 
 tinfoil (tin'f oil). I. n. Tin in thin leaves, 
 used to keep drugs, candy, etc., from 
 moisture or the air. II. vt. Wrap in 
 tinfoil; fix tinfoil upon, as a look- 
 ing-glass. 
 
 ting-. Same as tinkle, n. 
 
 tinge (tin 3). I. vt. 1. Tint or color. 2. 
 Give in some degree the qualities of 
 a substance to. II.j"w. Small amount of 
 color or taste infused into another 
 substance. [L. tingo, tinctum, dye.] 
 
 tingle ( ting'] ). I. vi. 1. Feel a thrill- 
 ing sensation or pain, as in hearing 
 a shrill sound. 2. Tinkle; jingle. II. 
 n. Same as tinkle. [Imitative.] 
 
 tink (tingk). I. n. Sharp, shrill sound. 
 II. vi. Produce or emit a sharp, jing- 
 ling sound. [Imitative.] 
 
 tinker (ting'kgr). I. n. Mender of ket- 
 tles, etc. ; botcher. II. vt. and vi. Mend; 
 be busy patching, occupy oneself; 
 tamper. [From tink.] 
 
 tinkle ( ting' kl ). I. vi. Make small, 
 sharp sounds; clink; jingle. II. n. 
 1. Sharp, clinking sound. 2. Jingling 
 noise. [Imitative.] [in, tinware. 
 
 tinman(tin'man), n. Maker of, or dealer 
 
 tinned (tind), a. 1. Covered with tin. 2. 
 Preserved in her metically sealed tins. 
 
 tinner (tin'er), n. 1. .One who works in 
 a tinshop or tin-mine. 2. Tinman. 
 
 tinnitus (tin'i-tus), n. A ringing in the 
 ears. [L.] [coated with tin. 
 
 tin-plate ( t i n ' p 1 a t ), n. Sheet- iron 
 
 tinsel (tin'sel). I. n. 1. Glittering, thin 
 metal used as an ornament. 2. Any- 
 thing showy but of little value. II. 
 vt. Adorn with or as with tinsel. [Fr. 
 etincelle, spark,— L. scintilla.] 
 
 tint (tint). I. n. 1. Variety of a princi- 
 pal color, esp. a more luminous, light- 
 er one. 2. In engraving, a uniform, 
 shading by means of parallel lines. 
 II. vt. Give a slight coloring to. [From 
 
 root Of TINGE.] 
 
 tintamar ( tint-a-mar' ), n. Uproar; 
 
 disturbance; confused noise. 
 tinter (tin'ter), n. 1. Person who tints. 
 2. Tool or device for tinting. 
 
 tintinnabulation ( tiu-tin-ab-u-la'- 
 shun), n. Tinkling sound, [li.tintin- 
 nabulum, bell,— tintinnare. Imitative.] 
 
 tiny (ti'ni), a. Very small. [Prob. from 
 Ger. baby language tein, for klein, 
 small.] 
 
 tip (tip). I. n. Point; end; end-piece. 
 II. vt. [tip'ping; tipped.] Form a point 
 to; cover the end of. [Dut. tip. Ger. 
 zipfel.] 
 
 tip (tip). I. vt. and vi. 1.. Strike lightly; 
 touch. 2. Lower one end; cant; lean; 
 tilt. 3. Furnish with private infor- 
 mation. 4. Give a gratuity to. II. n. 
 1. Tap or light stroke. 2. Private 
 hint or information. 3. Gratuity. 
 [Ger. tippen.] 
 
 tippet (tip'et), n. Cape or scarf. 
 
 tipple (tip'l), vt. and vi. 1. Drink in 
 small sips. 2. Drink strong liquors 
 habitually. — tip'pler, n. [Norw. 
 tipla.] 
 
 tipstaff* (tip'staf), n. 1. Staff tipped 
 with metal; a constable's badge. 2. 
 Officer who carries it; constable. 
 
 tipster ( tip'ster), n. One who fur- 
 nishes tips. 
 
 tipsy (tip'si), a. Partly intoxicated.— 
 tip'sily, adv.— tip'simess, n. [From 
 stem of tipple.] [point turned up. 
 
 tip-tilted (tip'til-ted), a. Having the 
 
 tiptoe (tip'to). I. n. End of the toe. II. 
 vi. Walk on tiptoe. III. adv. On tiptoe. 
 
 tip-top (tip'top), a. First rate. 
 
 tirade (ti-rad'), n. Strain of censure or 
 reproof; long declamation. [ Fr. — 
 tirer, draw.] 
 
 tia*e (tir), n. Hoop or band around a 
 wheel.— Pneumatic tire, tire made of a 
 rubber tube, inflated with compressed 
 air. [From tie.] 
 
 tire(trr). I. vt. 1. Harass; vex. 2. Ex- 
 haust the strength of; weary. II. vi. 
 Become weary. [A. S. teorian, be tired] 
 
 tire (tir). I. n. Apparatus; dress. II. 
 vi. To attire; prepare; equip. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tired 
 
 615 
 
 toady 
 
 tired(tird),a. Wearied.— tired n ess, «. 
 
 tireless (tlr'les), a. Without a tire,' as 
 a wheel. [unwearying ; untiring. 
 
 tireless (tir'les), a. Not becoming tired; 
 
 tiresome (tir'sum), a. That tires; 
 fatiguing ; tedious. — tir e'somely , 
 adv.— tiresomeness, n. 
 
 tiro. See tyro. 
 
 tissne (tish'o). I. n. 1. Distinct struc- 
 ture of body cells and fibers. 2. Any 
 textile fibers of which goods are com- 
 posed. 3. Connected series. II. vt. 
 Interweave; form as tissue. — Tissue 
 paper, very thin, gauze-like paper. 
 [So-called because placed between the 
 foldsof the fine sil kfabr ice ailed <m«e.] 
 
 tit (tit), n. Anything small; small 
 horse; one of various small birds, 
 flcel. tittr, twittering little bird.] 
 
 Titan (ti'tan), Titanic (ti-tan'ik), a. 1. 
 Relating to the Titans, giants of my- 
 thology. 2. (1. c.) Enormous in size 
 or strength. 
 
 titanium (ti-ta'ni-um), n. A metal not 
 found native, but present in many 
 iron ores. 
 
 titbit (tit'bit), n. Choice morsel; tidbit. 
 
 tit for tat. Blow for blow. [Orig. tip 
 for tap.] 
 
 tithable (ti'^a-bl), a. Assessable for 
 tithes, as property or persons. 
 
 tithe {llth). I. n. Tenth part; the 1/10 
 of the produce of land and stock, 
 allotted to the clergy. II. vt. Tax to 
 a 1/10. [A. S. teotha, tenth.] [tithes. 
 
 tither (ti'thev), n. One who collects 
 
 tithing- {xA' thing), n. Old Saxon dis- 
 t r i c t containing ten householders, 
 each responsible for the behavior of 
 the rest. [See tithe.] 
 
 tithonic (ti-thon'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 those rays of light which produce 
 chemical action; actinic. [From Gr. 
 Tithonos, the consort of Aurora, the 
 deity of the morning red.] 
 
 titillate (tit'iljat), vt. Tickle.— titilla- 
 tion (tit-il-la'shun), n. 1. Tickling. 
 2. Pleasant feeling. 
 
 titivate (tit'i-vat), vt. and vi. Dress 
 up; spruce up. 
 
 titlark (tit'lark), n. Singing bird with 
 a greenish back and head, found in 
 marshes. [E. tit and lark.] 
 
 title (ti'tl). I. n. 1. Inscription set over 
 or at the beginning of a thing. 2. Name 
 of distinction. 3. That which gives a 
 just right to possession. 4. Document 
 that proves a right. 5. Panel on the 
 back of a book with the name of the 
 book. n. vt. Name. [O. Fr.— L. titulus.[ 
 
 titled (ti'tld), a. Having a title. 
 
 title-deed (ti'tl-ded), n. Document 
 that proves a right to exclusive pos- 
 session. 
 
 Titmouse 
 Longtailed. 
 
 Crested. 
 
 title-pag-e ( ti'tl-paj ), n. Page of a 
 book giving its title and usually the 
 author's name. 
 
 titling (tit- 
 ling), n. / 7 
 Hedge- 
 sparrow. 
 
 titmonse 
 (tit'mows), 
 n. [pi. tit- 
 mice (tif- 
 m i s ), re.] 
 Small, act- 
 ive, perch- 
 ing bird, feeding on insects; tomtit. 
 [tit, and A. S. mase. Cf. Ger. meise, 
 small bird.] 
 
 titration (ti-tra'shun), n. A process of 
 ascertaining the quantity of an ingre- 
 dient present in a mass by fixing the 
 quantity of a liquid necessary to bring 
 about a change, generally of color. 
 
 titter (tit'er). I. vi. Laugh with the 
 tongue striking the teeth; giggle. II. 
 n. Restrained laugh. [Imitative] 
 
 tittle (tit'l), n. Small particle; iota. 
 [Dim. of tit.] 
 
 tittle-tattle (tit'l-tat'l), n. Idle talk. 
 
 tittnp (tit'up). I. vi. Act restlessly; 
 prance. H. n. A curveting ; gay action. 
 
 titular (tit'u-lar). I. a. 1. Existing in 
 name only. 2. Having the title with- 
 out the duties of an office. II. n. 1. One 
 who holds a title. 2. One whose name 
 is used as a title; patron saint.— tit'n- 
 larly, adv. _ 
 
 titulary (tit'u-lar-i). I. a. Consisting in, 
 or pertaining to, a title. II. n. One 
 having the title of an office, whether 
 he performs its duties or not. 
 
 tmesis ( tme'sis), n. Separation of the 
 parts of a compound word; diacope. 
 [Gr.—temno, cut.] 
 
 to (to). I. prep. 1. In the direction of; as 
 far as ; for ; unto ; upon ; compared with ; 
 against; in accordance with; in ac- 
 companiment or connection with ; 
 concerning. 2. To connects verbs with 
 their indirect objects, and adjectives 
 and nouns with limiting nouns or 
 pronouns. II. conj. To connects two 
 verbs. In this sense it is called the 
 " sign " of the infinitive.— To and fro, 
 backwards and forwards. [A. S.] 
 
 toad (tod), n. Amphibious reptile, like 
 the frog. See cut under tadpole. 
 [A. S. tade.] [sycophant. 
 
 toadeater (tod'e-ter), n. Fawning 
 
 toadstool ( tod'stol ), n. Poisonous 
 kind of mushroom. 
 
 toady (to'di). I. n. Mean hanger-on and 
 flatterer. H. vt. Fawn as a sycophaut 
 upon.— toadyism, n. Practice of a 
 toady. [Short for toadeater.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
to-and-iro 
 
 tolerable 
 
 to-and-fro (t5'and-fro). I. a. Forward 
 and backward. II. n. 1. Motion alter- 
 nating forward and backward. 2. Dis- 
 cussion. 
 
 toast (tost). I. vi. 1. Dry and scorch at 
 the fire. 2. Warm thoroughly. II. n. 
 Bread toasted. [O.Fr. toster,—h. tostus, 
 roasted.] 
 
 toast (tost). I. vt. Drink to the health 
 of. II. n. 1. Person or thing named 
 whose health is to be drunk. 2. Senti- 
 ment spoken at such an occasion. 
 [From the toast formerly put in 
 liquor.] [which toasts. 
 
 toaster (tost'er), n. One who or that 
 
 toastniaster (tost'mas-ter), n. Presi- 
 dent at a banquet who announces the 
 
 tobacco (to-bak'o), n. Narcotic plant, 
 a native of America, whose dried 
 leaves are used for smoking, chew- 
 ing, and in snuff.— tobacco- worm, 
 
 n. Larva of a moth, which feeds on 
 the leaves of the growing tobacco. 
 [Sp. tabaco, from the Indian name for 
 the pipe.] 
 
 tobacconist (to-bak'o-nist), it. One 
 who sells or manufactures tobacco. 
 
 toboggan (to-bog'an). I. n. Kind of 
 sled used for sliding down inclines 
 covered with snow or ice. II. vi. Slide 
 down-hill on a toboggan.— tobog'- 
 ganing, n. Art or practice of sliding 
 on toboggans. [From Indian odabagan, 
 sled.] 
 
 toby (to'bi), n. Mug in shape of a man 
 with a three-cornered hat. [From the 
 name Toby.] 
 
 tocology, tokology (to-kol'o-ji), n. 
 That part of medicine which treats of 
 childbirth ; obstetrics. [Gr. — tokos, 
 birth, and logos, knowledge.] 
 
 tocsin (tok'sin), n. Alarm bell. [From 
 O. F. toquer (Fr. toucher), touch, ring, 
 and sein, sign, bell.] 
 
 today, to-day (to-da'), n. The pres- 
 ent day. II. adv. On this day. [To, 
 prep., and day.] 
 
 toddle (tod'l), vi. Walk with short, 
 feeble steps, as a child.— toddling, 
 a. [By-form of totter.] 
 
 toddy (tod'i), n. 1. Fermented juice of 
 various palms of the East Indies. 2. 
 Mixture of whiskey, sugar, and hot 
 water. — tod'dy-stick, n. Stick used 
 in making toddy and similar drinks. 
 [From Hindoo tari — Pers. tar, palm.] 
 
 to-do (to-do'), n. Fuss; commotion. 
 
 toe (to). 'I. n. 1. One of the small mem- 
 bers at the point of the foot. 2. Front 
 of a hoof, foot or shoe. 3. Toelike 
 projection. II. vt. 1. Touch with the 
 toes. 2. Furnish toes to; mend the 
 toe of. III. vi. Place or move the toe. 
 
 Toggle-joint. 
 
 2.] 
 
 —toed (tod), a. 1. Having toes. 2. 
 Fastened by nails driven in obliquely, 
 as the edge of a board to the surface 
 of another board.— [A. S. ta. Ger. zehe.} 
 
 toffee, tofte (tof'i), n. Taffy. 
 
 tog (tog). I. n. Usually in pi. Garments. 
 II. vt. Dress. [Fr. togue—lu. toga, robe.] 
 
 toga ( to'ga ), n. Loose outer garment 
 of the ancient Roman citizen. — 
 to'gaed,a. Robed in a toga ; stately; 
 classical. [L. — tego, cover.] 
 
 together (t o - g e t h ' e r), adv. 1. In the 
 same place, time, or company. 2. In 
 or into union. 3. In concert. [A. S. 
 togcedere—to, and gaderian, gather. 
 
 toggery (tog'er-i), n. Garments; 
 clothes. \Colloq.\ 
 
 toggle (tog'l), ». 1. Small wooden pin 
 tapering towards both ends. 2. Tog- 
 gle-joint. 
 
 toggle-iron ( tog'1-i-urn ), n. Movable 
 blade near the point of a whaler's 
 harpoon, serving instead of a fixed 
 barb. 
 
 toggle-joint 
 (tog'l-joint), n. 
 Elbow or knee- 
 joint. 
 
 tohu bohu ( to'- 
 ho bo'ho), n. Cha- 
 os. [ Fr. — the Heb. in Gen. i, 
 
 toil (toil), n. Net; snare. [Fr. toile, web, 
 — L. tela—texo, weave.] 
 
 toil (toil). ,1. vi. Labor; work with 
 fatigue. II. n. Fatiguing labor.— toil'- 
 er, n. [O. Fr. toiler, entangle, — toile, 
 web, snare.] 
 
 Syn. Drudgery; exertion ; efforts ; 
 travail; task; occupation; pains. 
 
 toilet, toillette( toilet), n. 1. Dress- 
 ing- table. 2. Mode or operation of 
 dressing. 3. Dress and make-up. 4. 
 Water closet. [ Fr. toilette, dim. of 
 toile, cloth.] 
 
 toilsome (toil'sum), a. Bringing fa- 
 tigue; wearisome. — toil'somely, 
 adv.— toil'someness, n. 
 
 toise ( toiz ), n. Old French measure of 
 length, = 6.39 English feet. 
 
 toison ( toi'zun ), n. Fleece of a sheep. 
 [F. — L. tonsus, shorn.] 
 
 Tokay (to-ka'), n. Rich, aromatic wine 
 produced at Tokay, Hungary. 
 
 token ( to'kn ), n. 1. Something repre- 
 senting a thing or event; sign. 2. Me- 
 morial of friendship or love.— By the 
 same token, which reminds me. [A. S. 
 tacen, sign. Ger. zeichen.] 
 
 tokology. See tocology. 
 
 told (told), pa. t. and pa. p. of tell. 
 
 tolerable ( tol'er-a-bl ), a. 1. That may 
 be endured; bearable. 2. Moderately 
 good ; passable; indifferent.— tol'era- 
 bteness, n.— tolerably, adv. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fgll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tolerance 
 
 617 
 
 tongned 
 
 tolerance (tol'er-ans), n. The spirit of 
 toleration for offensive persons or dif- 
 ferent opinions. 
 
 tolerant (t o 1 ' e r - a n t), a. Indulgent ; 
 favoring toleration. 
 
 tolerate ( tol'er-at ), vt. Endure; allow 
 
 by not hindering. [ L. — tollo, bear. ] 
 
 Syn. Abide; bear (with); put up 
 
 wi th ; brook ; permit ; allow ; consent to. 
 
 toleration (tol-er-a'shun), n. 1. Allow- 
 ance of what is not approved. 2. 
 Liberty given to a minority to hold 
 and express their own political or 
 religious opinions. 
 
 toll (to i;), n. 1. Tax for the liberty of 
 passing over a bridge, selling goods 
 in a market, etc. 2. Portion of grain 
 taken by a miller for grinding. [A. S., 
 Ger. zoll. Akin to tell, count.] 
 
 toll ( 1 5 1 ). I. vt. and vi. Sound slowly 
 
 „ and with single strokes at intervals. 
 II. n. Sound of a bell when tolling. 
 [Imitative.] 
 
 toll- bait (tol'bat), n. Chopped bait 
 thrown overboard to attract fish. 
 
 toll-oar (tol'bar), n. Beam or gate 
 across a road, to prevent passage 
 without payment of toll. 
 
 tollbridge (tol'brij), n. Bridge where 
 toll is taken. [is taken. 
 
 tollgate (tol'gat), n. Gate where toll 
 
 tolling (tol'ing), n. 1. The use of toll- 
 bait to lure fish. 2. A method of de- 
 coying ducks by having a dog run up 
 and down the shore. 
 
 toln (to'lu), n. Balsam obtained from a 
 tree near Tolu, U. S. Colombia. 
 
 torn (torn), n. Used in composition with 
 the name of a small animal, a male, 
 as in tom-c&t, tom-tuv'key. 
 
 Tomahawk. 
 
 tomahawk (tom'a-hak). I. n. Light 
 war-hatchet of the N". American In- 
 dians, either wielded or thrown. II. 
 vt. Cut or kill with a tomahawk.— 
 Bury the tomahawk, make peace. — Dig 
 up the tomahawk, go to war. [The In- 
 dian name sljghtly modified.] 
 
 tomato (to-ma'to or to-ma'to), n. Plant 
 of the nightshade family, native in S. 
 America, cultivated for its fleshy 
 fruit; love-apple. [Sp. from the native 
 American.] 
 
 tomb (torn), n. 1. Vault in the earth, 
 in which a dead body is placed. 2. 
 Mausoleum. [Fr. tombe,—Gv. tymbos, 
 mound.] 
 
 tombac (tom'bak), n. An alloy of copper 
 and zinc. [Malay tambaga, copper.] 
 
 tombola (tom'bo-la), n. Lottery in 
 
 which fancy articles are the prizes. 
 
 [It.— tombolare, to tumble, fall.] [girl. 
 
 i tomboy (tom'boi), n. Wild, romping 
 
 tombstone (tom'ston), n. Stone erect- 
 ed over a tomb to preserve the mem- 
 ory of the dead. 
 
 tomcat (tom'kat), n. Male cat, esp. 
 when full grown, [tom, a common 
 male name, and cat.] 
 
 tome (torn), n. Volume; part of a book. 
 [Gr. tomos—temno, cut.] 
 
 tomentose (to-men'tos), a. Covered 
 with matted or downy, fine hairs. [L. 
 tomenlum, stuffing for pillows.] 
 
 tomfool (tom'fol), n. Trifling fellow. 
 — tom'foolery, n. Foolish trifling; 
 nonsense; absurd knicknacks. 
 
 tomorrow, to-morrow (to-mor'6). 
 I. n. The day after this. II. 'adv. On 
 the morrow, [to, prep, and morrow.] 
 
 tompion (tom'pi-un), n. 1. Lithog- 
 rapher's inking-pad. 2. Tampion. 
 
 tomtit (tom'tit), n. Titmouse; wren. 
 
 tomtom (tom'tom). L n. 1 . Drum used 
 by East Indians. 2. Gong. II. vi. 
 Sound a drum. [Imitative.] 
 
 ton (tun), n. Measure of weight = 20 
 cwt. = 2,240 lbs. avoirdupois (long 
 ton), or 2,000 lbs. (short ton). [A. 
 S. tunne, cask.] [ton. [Fr.] 
 
 ton (tang), n. Fashion; style. See bon 
 
 toncio (ton'do), n. Plate with a rim 
 very wide in proportion to the center. 
 [It. rotondo, round.] 
 
 tone (ton), I. n. 1. Character of a 
 sound. 2. Musical sound. 3. Inflec- 
 tion of the voice. 4. Harmony of the 
 colors of a painting 5. Character; 
 style. 6. State of mind; mood. 7. 
 Healthy state of the body. II. vt. 1. 
 Utter with an affected tone. 2. Give 
 tone or quality to. — Tone down, 
 weaken; soften.— Tone up, strengthen. 
 [L— Gr. tonos, sound,— teino, stretch. 1 
 
 tongs (tangz), n. pi. Instrument, con- 
 sisting of two jointed pieces of metal, 
 used for holding things, esp. hot 
 metals or coals ; pair of tongs. [A. S. 
 tange. Gr. zange, tongs.] 
 
 tongne (tung). I. n. 1. Fleshy organ 
 in the mouth, used in tasting, swal- 
 lowing, and speech. 2. Power of 
 speech. 3. Speech; discourse; lang- 
 uage. 4. Anything like a tongue in 
 shape, as the catch of a buckle, the 
 pointer of a balance, a point of land. 
 IP. vt. 1. Utter. 2. Chide. 3. Modu- 
 late by using the tongue. 4. Unite by 
 tongue and groove, as boards. III. vt. 
 1. Talk. 2. Use the tongue in forming 
 notes, as on the flute. [A. S. tunge. Ger. 
 zunge. O. L. dingua. L. lingua.] 
 
 tougue<l(tungd), a. Having a tongue. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mlt; note, not, move, wolf; 
 jmjte, tut, burn ; oil, qwI, fftea, 
 
tongue-tied 
 
 618 
 
 toplofty 
 
 tongue-tied (tung'-tid), a. 1. Having 
 an impediment, as if the tongue were 
 tied. 2. Unable to speek freely ; com- 
 pelled to keep silence. 
 
 tonic (ton'ik). I. a. 1. Relating to tones. 
 2. Giving vigor to the system. II. n. 
 Medicine which gives strength. 
 
 tonicity (to-nis'i-ti), n. State of healthy 
 tension (partial contraction), as in 
 muscles while at rest. 
 
 tonight, to-night (to-nit'). I. n. This 
 night. II. adv. On this night. 
 
 tonnage (tun'aj), n. 1. Weight in tons 
 of goods in a' ship; cubical capacity 
 of a ship. 2. Duty on ships, estimated 
 per ton. 3. All the ships collectively. 
 
 tonneau (ton-no'), n. 1. Body of an 
 automobile. 2. Large touring car. 
 
 tonons (to'nus), a. Abounding in tone. 
 
 tonsil (ton'sil), n. One of the two 
 almond-shaped glands at the root of 
 the tongue.— tonsilitis (ton-sil-i'tis), 
 n. Inflammation of the tonsils.— ton- 
 silot'omy, n. Operation of removing 
 the tonsils, entirely or partly. [L. ton- 
 sillar stake, dim. of tonsa, oar.] 
 
 tonsorial (ton-so'ri-al), a. Pertaining 
 to a barber, or to shearing. * 
 
 tonsure (ton'shor), n. 1. Act of clip- 
 ping the hair, or of shaving the head. 
 2. Bare place on the head, worn by 
 priests. [L. tonsura.] 
 
 tontine (ton-ten'), n. Life-annuity 
 increasing as the subscribers die. 
 [From Tonti of Naples, the inventor.] 
 
 too (to), adv. 1. More than enough; 
 over. 2. Likewise. [Same as to, prep.) 
 
 took (tok), pa. t. and obs. pa. p. of 
 
 TAKE. 
 
 tool (tol). I. n. Instrument; implement. 
 
 II. vt. Shape or finish with a tool. [A. 
 
 S. tol, tool— root of do.] 
 toot (tot), vt. and vi. Sound or blow, 
 
 as a horn. [Imitative.] 
 
 Teeth of Man, Left Upper Jaw. 
 
 1, 2, Incisors. 3. Canine. 4, 5, B'icuspids. 
 
 6, 7, 8, Molars. 
 
 tooth (toth). I. n. \pl. teeth.] 1. One of 
 the bony prominences in the jaws, 
 used in biting and chewing. 2. Any- 
 thing tooth-like; prong; cog. II. vt. 1. 
 Furnish with teeth. 2. Cut into teeth ; 
 indent. [A. S. toth.] 
 
 toothache (toth'ak), n. Pain in a 
 tooth. [tooth-like projections. 
 
 toothed (totht), a. Having teeth or 
 
 toothpick (toth'pik), n. Instrument 
 for picking out anything between the 
 teeth. [the taste. 
 
 toothsome (toth' sum), a. Pleasant to 
 
 top (top). I. n. 1. Highest part of any- 
 thing. 2. Upper end or surface. 3. 
 Highest rank; utmost degree. 4. 
 Small platform at the bead of the 
 lower mast. II. vi. [top'ping; topped.] 
 Be eminent; tower; rise above all 
 others. III. vt. 1. Cover on the top; 
 tip. 2. Rise above; surpass; rise to 
 the top of. 3. Take off the top of. [A. S. 
 Ger. zopf.] 
 
 top (top), n. 1. Child's pear-shaped toy, 
 set whirling round on its point. 2. 
 Ropemaker's conical implement, the 
 groves in which guide the strands to 
 be twisted. [O. Dut. top. Cf. Ger. topf.] 
 
 topaz (to'paz), n. Precious stone, gen- 
 erally yellowish. [Gr.J 
 
 top-hoot (top'bot), n. Boot with a 
 high leg, often appearing as if folded 
 over at the top. 
 
 topcoat (top'kot), n. Overcoat. 
 
 top-dressing (top'dres-ing), n. Ma- 
 nure laid on the surface of land. 
 
 tope (top), vi. Drink liquor or beer 
 frequently or to excess.— toper (to'- 
 per), n. Drunkard. [From Fr. toper, 
 cover a wager,— top, agreed.] 
 
 topgallant (top'gal-ant), a. Applied 
 to the mast and sail next above the 
 topmast and topsail, and below the 
 royal mast. 
 
 top-heavy (top'-hev-i), a. Having the 
 upper part too heavy for the lower. 
 
 Topaet (to'fet), n. Place near Jerusa- 
 lem, which as the site of the revolting 
 Moloch worship, had been allowed to 
 be used as a place of burning the 
 refuse of the city, and from which a 
 smoke was constantly rising. It was 
 symbolical of the place of torment. 
 
 topiary (to'pi-ar-i), a. Relating to trees 
 and shrubbery cut into fantastic 
 shapes. [L.— Gr. topos, place.] 
 
 topic (top'ik), n. Subject of discourse 
 or argument. [Gr. ta topika (the gen- 
 eral principles of argument— topos, 
 place), title of work by Aristotle.] 
 
 topical (top'i-kal) a. 1. Pertaining to 
 a place; local. 2. Relating to a topic 
 or subject.— top'ically, adv. With 
 reference to a particular place or 
 topic. 
 
 topknot (top'not), n. 1. Knot or crest 
 worn or growing on the head. 2. 
 Small fish of the turbot kind. 
 
 toplofty (top'laf-ti), n. Pretentious; 
 bombastic. [Cblloq. U. S.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, ittQve, wolf} 
 
 mite, but, h«ra ; oil, pwl, Men. 
 
topmast 
 
 619 
 
 tortoise 
 
 topmast (top'mast), n. Second mast, 
 immediately above the lower mast. 
 
 topmost (top'most), a. Highest. 
 
 topography (to-pog'r a-f i), n. 1. De- 
 tailed account of the superficial feat- 
 ures of a tract of country. 2. Art of 
 describing places. 3. The features of a 
 locality. — topographer, n. One 
 who describes a particular place. — 
 topographical (top-o-graf'ikal), a. 
 [Gr.—topos, place, andgrap/io, describe ] 
 
 topology ( to-pol'o-ji ), n. Method of 
 associating ideas with places, to assist 
 the memory. [Gr. — topos, place, and 
 logos, word.] 
 
 toponomy (t 5 - p o n ' o - m i) , n. Local 
 names in a district or country. [Gr.— 
 topos, place, and onoma, name.] 
 
 topophone (top'o-fon), n. Instrument 
 for ascertaining the direction from 
 which a sound proceeds. [Gr.— topos, 
 place, and. phone, sound.] 
 
 topping- (top'ing). I. n. 1. Act of one 
 who tops. 2. Upper part. 3. Cut off 
 top. II. a. 1. Overtopping; distin- 
 guished. 2. Pretentious; arrogant. 
 
 topple ( top'l ), vt. and vi. Fall, tumble 
 or throw, down. [Oi'ig. Fall top fore- 
 most. FromTOP.] 
 
 topsail (top'sal), n. Sail across the top- 
 mast, next above the lowest sail. 
 
 tops-and-bottoms (top s'a n d-b o t'- 
 ums), n.pl. Halves of rolls, browned in 
 an oven; zwieback. 
 
 topsyturvy I top-si-tur'vi ), adv. Bot- 
 tom upwards; upside down. [Origin 
 doubtful, probably, — top, and M. E. 
 terved, upset. [toe, hat.] 
 
 toque ( tok ), n. Cap; bonnet. [Wei. 
 
 torah (to'ra), n. Book of law. [Heb, " 
 
 toran (to'ran). n. 
 Gateway to a Bud- 
 dhist temple, con- 
 sisting of two pil- 
 lars and two or 
 three cross pieces; 
 torii. [Hind.] 
 
 torch ( t a r c h ), n. 
 Light formed of 
 twisted tow dip- 
 ped in pitch, wax 
 or the like; flam- Toran. 
 
 beau. [ Fr. torche 
 — L. tortum, pa. p.' of torqueo, twist.] 
 
 tore (tor), pa. t.oi tear. 
 
 toreador (to-ra-a-dor'), n. Bullfighter. 
 [Sp.— L. taurus, bull.] 
 
 toreutic (to-ro'tik), a. Resembling, 
 or pertainiug to, relief work, in 
 ivory or metal; embossed. [Gr. tp- 
 reuo, emboss.] 
 
 torment (t ar' men t), n. 1. Torture; 
 anguish. 2.' That which causes pain. 
 [L. — torqueo, twist.] 
 
 torment (tar-ment'),«f, 1. Torture; 
 put to extreme pain, physical or men- 
 tal. 2. Afflict. 3. Vex. 
 
 tormentiugly ( tar-men' ting-li), adv 
 In a tormenting manner. 
 
 tormentor ( tar-men'tur ), n. One who 
 or that which'torments. 
 
 torn (torn), pa. p_. of tear. 
 
 tornado ( tar-na'do ), n. Violent hurri- 
 cane, frequent in tropical countries; 
 small cyclone._ [Sp.- tornar, turn.] 
 
 torpedo (tar-pe'do), n. 1. Species of eel 
 having the power of giving an elec- 
 tric stiock; cramp-fi^h. 2. Submarine 
 apparatus for destroying shipping 
 by explosion. 3. Any detonating cart- 
 ridge or pellet.— torpedo-boat, n. 
 High speed steam vessel designed for 
 launching torpedoes. 
 
 torpescent (tar-pes'ent), a. Becoming 
 torpid or numb.— torpes'cence, n. 
 
 torpid (tar'pid), a. 1. Having lost power 
 of motion and feeling. 2. Sluggish.— 
 tor'pidly, adv.— tor'pidness, tor- 
 pid'ity,ns. [L. torpidus—torpeo, am 
 stiff.] [Inactivity. 
 
 torpor ( tar'pur ), n. 1. Numbness. 2. 
 
 torque (tark), n. 1. Necklace of metal 
 rings interlaced. 2. The extra power 
 required in a dynamo to overcome the 
 counterforce of the magnetism set up 
 by the current in the revolving arma- 
 ture. 3. The extra power similarly 
 required in an electric motor. [ L. 
 torques— torqueo, twist.] 
 
 torrefy(t o r ' e - f i), vt. Scorch; parch. 
 [L. torreo, dry, burn.] [L. torrens.] 
 
 torrent ( tor'ent ), n. Rushing stream. 
 
 Torricellian (to r-i-sel'i-an), a. Per- 
 taining to Torricelli, who in 1643 
 discovered the principle of the mer- 
 cury barometer. 
 
 torrid (tor'id), a. 1. Parching; violently 
 hot. 2. Dried with heat. — Torrid zone, 
 hot belt of the earth, included between 
 the two tropics. 
 
 torsion ( t a r ' s h u n ), n. 1. Twisting ; 
 turning. 2. Force with which a thread 
 or wire tends to return when twisted. 
 [L. torsio— torqueo, twist.] 
 
 torso (tar'so), n. \pl. tor'sos.] Trunk 
 of a statue without head or limbs. 
 [It.— L. thyrus, stalk.] 
 
 tort(tart),w. Injury; civil wrong.— tor'- 
 tious, a. [Fr.— L. tortum, crooked " 
 
 tortile (tar'til), [a. 
 Twisted ;" coiled. 
 [L.] 
 
 tortoise (tar'tis), 
 n. Amphibious 
 reptile encased 
 between two 
 strong shells. [O. 
 tus, twisted.] 
 
 Chicken tortoise. 
 
 Fr. tortis — L. tor- 
 
 f ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tortuous 
 
 620 
 
 tout 
 
 tortuous (tav'tu-us), a. Twisted; wind- 
 ing; deceitful.— tortuos'ity,tor'tu- 
 
 ousness, ns. — tortuously, adv. 
 [ Prom L. torqueo, tortum, twist.] 
 
 torture (tar'tur). I. n. 1. A putting to 
 the rack or severe pain, to extort a 
 confession, or as a punishment. 2. 
 Extreme pain; anguish of body or 
 mind. II. vt. 1. Put to the rack. 2. Pain; 
 vex.— torturer, n — torturous, a. 
 Causing torture; suffering extremely. 
 [Late Li. tortura — torqueo, twist.] 
 
 torus (to'rus), n. 1. Semicircular mould- 
 ing at the base of columns. 2. In a 
 flower, receptacle on which the car- 
 pels stand. [L.] 
 
 Tory (to'ri), n. 1. A Conservative in 
 English politics. 2. During the war 
 of the Revolution, a supporter of the 
 crown against the colonies.— To'ry- 
 ism, n. [Prom Ir. toiridhe, pursuer.] 
 
 toss (tos). I. vt. 1. Throw upward. 2. 
 Cause to rise and fall; agitate. II. vi. 
 Be tossed; tumble about. III. n. Act 
 of throwing upward.— toss'er, n.— 
 Toss up, throw a coin into the air and 
 decide something by the side on which 
 it falls. [Wei. tosiaw, jerk.] 
 
 tot (tot), n. Small child. 
 
 total (to-tal). I. a. "Whole; complete; 
 undivided". II. n. Entire amount- 
 totally, adv. [Prom L. totus, whole.] 
 
 totality (to-tal'i-ti), n. 1. State of being 
 total._ 2. Whole sum. [back. 
 
 tote (tot),_tf£. Carry on the shoulders or 
 
 totem (to'tem), n. Among the North 
 American Indians, image, as of an 
 animal, adopted as an emblem of a 
 family. — to'temism, n. 1. System of 
 distinguishing clans or families by 
 totems. 2. The superstitions con- 
 nected with totems. 
 
 totter (tot'er), vi. Shake as if about to 
 fall; stagger; sway. 
 
 tottle (tot'l), vi. To walk unsteadily. 
 
 toucan (to'- 
 kan), n. So. 
 A meric a n 
 bird with a 
 very large, 
 light bill. 
 [Pr. — Bra- 
 zilian.] 
 
 touch (touch). 
 I. vt. 1. Come 
 in contact 
 with. 2. Per- 
 ceive by feel- 
 ing. 3. Reach. 
 4. Relate to. 5. Handle or treat gently 
 or slightly. 6. Influence. II. vi. 1. Be 
 in contact. 2. (upon) Refer slightly. 
 III. n. 1. Contact. 2. Movement on a 
 musical instrument. 3. Sense of feel- 
 
 Toucan. 
 
 ing. 4. Affection; emotion. 5. Small 
 quantity. 6. {music) Resistance of the 
 keys of an instrument to the fingers. 
 [ Fr. toucher (It. toccare), from Ger. 
 zucken, move, draw.] 
 
 touch-down (touch 'down), n. In foot- 
 ball, touching the ball to the ground 
 behind the opponents' goal line. 
 
 touchhole (tuch'hol), n. Small hole 
 of a cannon through which the fire is 
 communicated to the charge. 
 
 touching (tuch'ing). I. a. Affecting; 
 pathetic. II. prep. Concerning — 
 touch'ingly, adv. 
 
 touchstone (tuch'ston), n. 1. Kind of 
 basalt used for testing gold or silver 
 by the streak left upon the stone when 
 rubbed against the metal. 2. Any 
 test or criterion. 
 
 touchwood (tuch'wod), n. Decayed 
 wood used as tinder. 
 
 touchy (tuch'i), a. Irritable; peevish; 
 apt to take fire; irascible; techy. 
 
 tough (tuf). I. a. 1. Not easily broken, 
 torn or separated. 2. Able to endure 
 hardship. 3. Severe; difficult. 4. Vi- 
 cious. II. n. Bully; rowdy.— tough - 
 ly, adv.— toughness, n. [A. S. toh.] 
 
 toughen (tuf'n), vt. and vt. Make or 
 become tough or tougher. 
 
 toupet (t5-pa'), toupee (to-pe'), ns. 
 Small wig; tuft. [Pr.] 
 
 tour (tor). I. n. 1. Turn; circle. 2. 
 Going round ; journey in a circuit; pro- 
 longed journey. II. vi. and vt. Make 
 a journey (through). — tourist, n. 
 One whomakes a journey for pleasure, 
 stopping at many places for sight- 
 seeing. 
 
 tourmaline (tor'ma-lin), n. Beautiful 
 mineral of many colors, used for 
 jewelry. [Prom Tourmali in Ceylon.] 
 
 tournament (tor'na-ment), tour- 
 ney (tor'ni), n. 1. Mock fight ou horse- 
 back. 2. Any series of contests or 
 games of skill. [O. Pr. tourniement.} 
 
 tourniquet (tor'ni-ket), n. Bandage 
 tightened by turning a screw, to check 
 a flow of blood, used chiefly in ampu- 
 tations. [Pr.— tourner, turn.] 
 
 tournure (tor-nur'), n. 1. Contour; 
 shape. 2. Back drapery of a gown; 
 bustle. [rumple. [Cf. Ger. zausen.) 
 
 to use (towz), vt. Pull; tear; tease; 
 
 tousle (tow'zl), vt. 1. Pull about rough- 
 ly. 2. Put into disorder; dishevel; 
 rumple. [Dim. of tottse.] 
 
 tout (towt). I. vi. Look out for trade 
 in an obtrusive way; spy. II. n. 1. 
 One who goes about soliciting trade, 
 as for an inn; touter. 2. One who 
 secretly watches horses at trial-races 
 and sells the information thus gained. 
 tout'er, n.— [Prom toot.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tout-ensemble 
 
 121 
 
 tractile 
 
 tout-ensemble (to-tang-sang'bl), n. 
 General effect. [Pr.=all together.] 
 
 tow (to). I. vt. Pull a vessel through 
 the water with a rope. II. n. 1. Tow- 
 line. 2. Towing. 3. Vessel towed. [A. 
 S. teohan, teon, draw.] 
 
 tow (to), n. Coarse part of flax or hemp. 
 [Icel. to, tuft of wool for spinning.] 
 
 towage (to'aj), n. 1. Act of towing. 2. 
 Pay for towing. 
 
 toward (to'ard), towards (to'ardz). 
 
 1. prep. 1. In the direction of. 2. With 
 a tendency to. 3. Near. II. adv. 1. 
 Nearly. 2. In a state of preparation. 
 [A. S. toweard.] 
 
 toward (to'ward), towardly (to'ward- 
 li), a. 1. Coming near. 2. Ready to 
 do or learn; apt; promising. 3. For- 
 ward; bold. — to'wardness, to'- 
 wardliness, ns. 
 
 towboat (to'bot), n. Boat that is towed, 
 or one towing other vessels, 
 
 towel (tow'el), n. Cloth for wiping. [Fr. 
 touaille — O. Ger. twehele, towel. Ger. 
 quehle. Cf. A. S. thweal, bath.] [towels. 
 
 towelling- (tow'el-ing), n. Cloth for 
 
 tower (tow'er). I. n. 1. Lofty building, 
 usually much higher than wide. 2. 
 Fortress. II. vi. Rise into the air; be 
 lofty.— tow'ered, a. Having towers. 
 — tow'ering, a. 1. Very high. 2. Vio- 
 lent. — tow'ery, a. Having towers; 
 lofty.— [A. S. tur, tor. Ger. thurm. Fr. 
 tour. All— L. turris, tower.] 
 
 towline (to'lin),7i. Line used in towing. 
 
 town ( town ), n. 1. Place larger than a 
 village. 2. City. 3. Inhabitants of a 
 town. 4. Township. [A. S. tun, fence. 
 Cf. Ger. zaun, fence.] 
 
 townclerk ( town'klerk ), n. One who 
 keeps the records of a town. 
 
 towncrier ( town'krier ), n. One who 
 gives public notices in a town. 
 
 townhall ( town'hal ), n. Public build- 
 ing for the official business of a town. 
 
 town-meeting- (town'me-ting), n. In 
 New England and some other States, 
 i primary meeting of the voters for 
 the consideration of local matters. 
 
 township ( town'ship ), n. 1. Territory 
 or district of a town. 2. In American 
 land measure, six miles square = 
 thirty-six square miles or sections = 
 23,040 acres. 
 
 townsman ( townz'man ), n. 1. Inhab- 
 itant or fellow-inhabitant of a town. 
 
 2. In New England, selectman. 
 towpath (to'path), 7i. Path for men 
 
 and beasts towing boats. 
 toxansemia, toxanemia (toks-a-ne'- 
 
 mi-a), 7i. Anasmia caused by poison. 
 toxic (toks'ik), a. 1. Poisonous. 2. Tox- 
 
 icological. [Gr. toxicon, poison for the 
 
 arrow, — toxon, bow.] 
 
 toxicology (toks-i-kol'o-ji), n. Science 
 of poisons and their antidotes, and of 
 the effects of excessive doses of medi- 
 cine.— toxicol'ogist, n. — toxico- 
 log'ical, a. 
 
 toxin, toxine (toks'in), n. Poisonous 
 substance in animals, generated in 
 the process of 'tissue transformation. 
 
 toy ( toi). I. 7i. 1. Child's plaything. 2. 
 Trifle; play; caress; fable: whim. II. 
 vi. Trifle ; play.— toyman ( toi'man ), 
 n. One who makes or sells toys. [Dut. 
 tuig, material, speeltuig, plaything.] 
 
 trace (tras). I. n. 1. Mark left; footprint. 
 
 2. Minute quantity. 3. pi. Straps by 
 which a vehicle is drawn. II. vt. 1. 
 Follow by tracks or footsteps. 2. 
 Sketch; draw; map out.— tra'cer, n. 
 [Fr.— L. tractus, pa. p. of traho, draw.] 
 
 Syn. Sign; token; vestige; foot- 
 mark; traii ; remnant; remains. 
 
 traceable ( tra'sa-bl ), a. That may be 
 traced. — trace'ableness, n. — 
 trace'ably, adv. 
 
 tracery ( ira'ser-i ), n. Ornamental 
 work in flowing outline. 
 
 trachea (tra'ke-a), n. [pi. tra'cheas.] 
 Wind pipe formed of rings of gristle.— 
 tracheal, a. L.— Gr. trachys, rough.] 
 
 tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot'o-mi), n. Op- 
 eration of cutting into the trachea. 
 [tbachea, and Gr. temno, cut.] 
 
 trachyte (trak'it). n. A rough volcanic 
 rock. [Fr. — Gr. trachytes, roughness.] 
 
 tracing ( tra'sing ), n. 1. Act of one 
 who traces. 2. Copy produced by 
 means of tracing paper.— tracing- 
 paper, n. Thin transparent paper 
 for tracing drawings, engravings etc. 
 
 track (trak). I. vt. 1. Follow by marks 
 or footsteps. 2. Make tracks upon. 
 
 3. Tow. II. n. 1. Mark left. 2. Foot- 
 print. 3. Beaten path . 4. Two paral- 
 lel lines of rails on railways.— traclt'- 
 less, a. 1. Without a path. 2. Untrod- 
 den. [From Dut. trekken, move.] 
 
 trackage (trak'aj), n. 1. The total 
 length of all the' tracks. 2. A towiug, 
 as of a boat on a canal. 
 
 tracker (trak'er), n. 1. One who tracks. 
 2. One who tows a boat on a canal or 
 river. 
 
 track-scale (trak'skal),7i. Scale which 
 weighs a section of a track with the 
 load standing on it. 
 
 tract (trakt), n. 1. Something drawn 
 out or extended. 2. Region. 3. Short 
 treatise. [L.— traho, draw.] 
 
 tractable (trak'ta-bl), a. Easily drawn, 
 managed or taught; docile.— tract'- 
 ableness, tractabil'ity, ns. — 
 tractably, adv. [L. tracto, freq. of 
 traho, draw.] [drawn out; ductile. 
 
 tractile (trak'til), a. That may be 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; not6, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
traction 
 
 622 
 
 training: 
 
 traction ( trak'shun ), n. 1. Act of 
 drawing or state of being drawn. 2. 
 Moving heavy 
 bodies along a 
 track. — trac- 
 tion-engine, 
 steam engine 
 which propels 
 itself on com- 
 mon roads. — 
 tractio n- 
 
 wheel, wheel , 
 
 Whose friction faction engine, 
 
 on the ground or rail is the direct 
 agent of progression. 
 
 tractive (trak'tiv), a. Drawing, [draws. 
 
 tractor ( trak'tur ), n. That which 
 
 trade (trad). I. n. 1. Buying and sell- 
 ing; commerce. 2. Occupation. 3. 
 Men engaged in the same occupation. 
 II. vt. and vi. Buy and sell; barter.— 
 tra'der, n. [A. S. trod, path.] 
 
 Syn. Vocation; employment; pro- 
 fession; calling^ dealing; traffic. 
 
 trademark (trad'mark), n. Distinct- 
 ive device warranting goods for sale 
 as the production of a certain firm. 
 
 tradesman (tradz'man), n. 1. Store- 
 keeper. 2. Mechanic— trades' wom- 
 an, n. fern. 
 
 trade-union (trad'u-ni-un), n. Union 
 among workmen of the same trade 
 to maintain their rights and to bet- 
 ter their condition. 
 
 tradewinds ( trad'windz ), n. Winds 
 in and near the torrid zone, blowing 
 always in the same direction. 
 
 tradition (tra-dish'un ), n. 1. Oral 
 banding down of opinions or prac- 
 tices to posterity. 2. Belief or custom 
 as handed down. — tradi'tional, 
 traditionary, as. Delivered by 
 tradition.— traditionally , tradi- 
 
 . tionarily, advs.— tradi'tionist, n. 
 One who adheres to tradition. [L. tra- 
 ditio, delivery, — trado — trans, over, 
 and do, give.] 
 
 tradnce ( tra'dus ), vt. Expose to con- 
 tempt or disgrace.— tradnce'ment, 
 n. Defamation. — tradu'cer, n. [L. 
 traduco— trans and duco, lead.] 
 
 Syn. Calumniate; defame; vilify; 
 asperse; expose; misrepresent. 
 
 tradncianism( tra du'shi-an-izm ), n. 
 Doctrine that both body and soul of 
 the individual are propagated; op- 
 posed to creationism, according to 
 which each soul is a new creation. 
 
 traffic (t r a f ' i k). I. n. 1. Commerce; 
 trade. 2. Business done on a railway, 
 etc. II. vi. [trafficking; trafficked.] 
 To carry on commerce; deal. III. vt. 
 Exchange. — trafficker, n. [ Fr. 
 traftc,— L. trans, and facer e, make.] 
 
 tragacanth (trag'a-kanth), n. A gum 
 much used in pharmacy . [Gr.] 
 
 tragedian ( tra-je'di-an ), n. Actor of 
 tragedy. [of tragedy. [Fr.] 
 
 tragedienne (tra-je-di-en'), n. Actress 
 
 tragedy (tr aj'e-di), n. 1. Drama in 
 which the action and language are 
 elevated, and the catastrophe sad. 
 2. Any fatal or dreadful event. [Gr. 
 tragodia.] 
 
 tragic (traj'ik), tragical, a. Pertain- 
 ing to tragedy; sorrowful; calami- 
 tous.— tragically, adv. 
 
 tragi-comedy 
 (traj'i-kom'e-di), n. 
 Dramatic piece in 
 which grave and 
 comic scenes are 
 blended. — tragi- 
 comic, tragi- 
 comical, as. — 
 trag'i-com'ically, 
 adv. 
 
 tragus (tra'gus), n. 
 1. Lobe in front of 
 the orifice of the 
 human ear. 2. Cor- 
 responding part in 
 animals, in some Left Human Eae. 
 cases serving as a 2 TraKUS 2 An 
 valve. [Gr. tragos, titragus* '3. Lobe, 
 goatee, so called be- 4. Helix. 5. Anti- 
 cause Of the hair on helix. 6. Fossa of 
 it.] the Antihelix. 7. 
 
 trail (tral). I. Vt. 1. Concha. 
 Drag along the 
 ground. 2. Hunt by tracking. II. vi. 1. 
 Be drawn out in length. 2. Follow. 
 III. n. Track followed by the hunter ; 
 road. [O. Fr. trailler,—L,. traho, draw.] 
 
 train(tran). I. vt. 1. Draw along. 2. 
 Educate; discipline; tame for use, as 
 animals; cause to grow in certain 
 shape, as the branches of a tree; pre- 
 pare for athletic feats or a race. 3. 
 Bring to bear; aim. II. vi. 1. Exercise; 
 discipline; be drilled. 2. Consort (with). 
 III. n. 1. That which is drawn along 
 after someting else, as the part of a 
 dress which trails on the ground, a 
 retinue of attendants, cars drawn by 
 an engine, etc. 2. Line of gunpowder 
 to fire a charge. 3. Process ; course ; 
 series; string; file. — train'er, n. 
 [Fr. trainer, — L. traho, draw.] 
 
 train-bearer (tra n'-b a r-er), n. One 
 who holds upthe train of a robe. 
 
 training (tra'ning), n. 1. Practical 
 education in an art or trade or the 
 like. 2. The condition of one so edu- 
 cated. 3 The process of causing 
 trees to grow in a desired shape.— 
 train'ing-snip, n. A ship for train- 
 ing boys to be seamen. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
train-oil 
 
 623 
 
 transept 
 
 train-oil (tran'oil), n. Whale oil ex- 
 tracted from the blubber by boiling. 
 [Ger. tran, fish-oil.] 
 
 trainway (tran'wa), n. Platform 
 hinged to a wharf and forming a 
 bridge to a boat. 
 
 trait (trat), n. 1. Touch. 2. Distin- 
 guishing feature. [Fr.— L. tractum, 
 pa. p. of traho, draw.] 
 
 traitor (tra'tur), n. One who betrays 
 a trust, esp. one who aids the enemy 
 of his country ; one guilty of treason. 
 — trait'ress, n. fern. [Fr. tratire — L. 
 traditor — trado, give up.] 
 
 traitorous (tra'tur-us), a. 1. Like a 
 traitor ; guilty of treason. 2. Im- 
 plying, or characterized by, treason. 
 — trai'torously, adv. 
 
 Syn. Treacherous; faithless; per- 
 fidious; unfaithful; treasonable. 
 
 traject (tra-jekf), vt. Throw across or 
 through.— traject'ory, n. Curve de- 
 scribed by a flying body, as a planet 
 or a projectile. [From L. trajicio,— 
 trans and jacio, throw.] [ference. 
 
 traject (traj'ekt), n. 1. Ferry. 2. Trans- 
 
 tra'latition (tral-a-tisk'un), n. A de- 
 parture from the literal meaning of 
 words; metaphor.— tralati'tions, a. 
 
 tram (tram), n. 1. Rail of a tramway. 
 2. Small car running on rails. — 
 tram'road, tramway, ns. Street 
 railroad. [Icel. tramn, beam.] 
 
 trammel (tram'el). I. n. 1. Net used 
 in fowling or fishing. 2. Anything 
 that confines or impedes. 3. Imple- 
 ment in a fireplace on which to hang 
 a pot. 4. A grooved cross and beam 
 compass for drawing ellipses. II. vt. 1. 
 Shackle; confine. 2. Train slavishly. 
 [Fr. tramail, net,— Low L. tremaculum 
 — L. tres, three, and macula, mesh.] 
 
 tramontane (tra-mon'tan), a. Lying 
 beyond the mountains (the Alps), 
 from Rome; outlandish; barbarous. 
 [L. — trans and mons, mountain.] 
 
 tramp (tramp). I. vt. Tread; stamp. 
 II. vi. Walk; go on foot. III. n. 1. 
 Foot journey. 2. Act of tramping; 
 tread. 3. Homeless vagabond. 4. 
 Freight vessel that does not sail in 
 any regular line. [Imitative.] 
 
 trample (tram 'pi), vt. Tread under 
 foot.— tramp'ler, n. [From tramp.] 
 
 tramway (tram'wa), n. 1. Originally, 
 a track made of trams of wood or 
 flat stones. 2. Railroad. 
 
 tram- wheel (tram'hwel), n. Flanged, 
 metallic wheel, as used on railroads. 
 
 trance (trans). I. n. State in which 
 the soul is said to be absent from the 
 body, or wrapt in visions. II. vt. En- 
 trance; enchant. [Fr. transe—transir, 
 be chilled,— L. transire, go across ; die.] 
 
 trangram (trang'ram), n. Gimcrack. 
 
 tranquil (trang'kwil), a. Quiet; undis- 
 turbed. — tran'quilly, adv. — tran- 
 quillity ( trang-kwil'i-ti ), tran- 
 quilness, ns. [L. tranguillus.] 
 
 Sy?i. Calm; peaceful; still; placid; 
 serene; composed; collected. 
 
 tranquilizer tranquillize (trang'- 
 
 kwil-iz), vt. Make tranquil. [soothe. 
 
 Syn. Appease; calm; pacify; still; 
 
 trans-, prefix. Beyond; across. [L.]. 
 
 transact (trans-akf). I. vt. Perform; 
 carry through; manage. II. vi. Deal; 
 negotiate. — transact'or, n. [ L. — 
 trans and ago, carry on. See ACT.] 
 
 transaction ( trans-ak'shun ), n. 1. 
 Act of transacting. 2. Management. 
 3. Affair; business or thing done. 4. 
 pi. Reports of learned societies. 
 
 transalpine (trans-al'pin), a. Beyond 
 the Alps (in regard to Rome). [L. 
 transalpinus.] 
 
 transandine (trans-an'din), a. To or 
 on the other side of the Andes. 
 
 transatlantic ( trans-at-lan'tik ), a. 
 Situated beyond, or plying across, 
 the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 transcalent ( trans-ka'lent ), a. Per- 
 mitting the passage of heat. 
 
 transcend (tran-send'), vt. Rise above; 
 surpass ; exceed. [ L. — trans and 
 scando, climb.] 
 
 transcendent(tran-sen'dent),a. 1. Su- 
 perior in excellence. 2. Lying beyond 
 human experience. — transcend - 
 ently, adv. — transcendence, n. 
 
 transcendental (tran-sen-den'tal). I. 
 
 0. 1. Surpassing others. 2. Concerned 
 with what is independent of experi- 
 ence; metaphysical. 3. Extravagant; 
 vague. I. n. A transcendent concep- 
 tion, as one, thing, something, good, 
 true. — transcendent'ally, adv. — 
 transcendent'alism, n. 1. Inves- 
 tigation of what is a priori in human 
 knowledge, or independent of exper- 
 ience. 2. That which is vague and 
 illusive in philosophy.— transcend- 
 ent'alist, n. Follower of a transcen- 
 dental philosopher. 
 
 transcribe (tran-skrib')i vt. Write over 
 
 from one book into another; copy. — 
 
 transcriber, n. [copy. 
 
 transcript (tran'skript), n. Written 
 
 transcription ( tran-skrip'shun ), n. 
 
 1. Act of copying. 2. Copy. 3. Arrange- 
 ment of a musical composition for an 
 instrument or voice for which it was 
 not originally intended. 
 
 transept (tran'sept), n. 1. Cross-aisle 
 of a church, at right angles to the 
 nave. 2. Either half, north or south, 
 of this cross-aisle. [L. — trans and sep- 
 tum, inclosure.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
transfer 
 
 624 
 
 transmittal 
 
 transfer (trans-fer'), vt. [transferring; 
 transferred'.] 1. Convey to another 
 place; carry. 2. Make over the posses- 
 sion of; give. 3. Convey by means of 
 transfer paper, as a design to the 
 lithographic stone. 4. Cut out (as 
 lace) and sew on a new piece of fabric, 
 — transferrer, n. [ L. trans and 
 fero, carry.] 
 
 Syn. Transport; remove; sell; give. 
 
 transfer (trans'fer), 74. 1. Conveyance. 
 2. That which is transferred. 3. 
 Ticket giving transportation on a 
 connecting line. — transference, 74. 
 
 transferable (trans-fer'a-bl), a. That 
 may be transferred from one place or 
 person to another.— transferabil- 
 ity, n. 
 
 transferee (trans-fer-e'), n. Person to 
 whom a thing is transferred. 
 
 transfiguration ( t r a n s-fi g-u-r a'- 
 sbun), n. 1. Change of form. 2. (cap) 
 Supernatural change in the appear- 
 ance of Christ, described in Matt. 
 xvii., and commemorated on Aug. 6. 
 
 transfigure (trans-fig'ur), vt. Change 
 the form of; elevate and glorify. 
 
 transfission (t r a n s-fi s h'u n), 74. A 
 cleaving; transverse fission. 
 
 transfix (trans-fiks'), vt. 1. Pierce; im- 
 pale. 2. Fasten by something sharp 
 thrust through.— transfix'ion, n. 1. 
 A piercing or being pierced. 2. Method 
 of amputating by piercing the limb 
 with a knife and cutting outward. 
 [L. trans and Fix.] 
 
 transform (trans-farm'). I. vt. 
 Change the shape, substance, or dis- 
 position of. II. vi. Be changed.— 
 transformation, n. 1. Change in 
 form, nature or condition. 2. In math. 
 Change to an expression of different 
 form, but of the same value. 
 
 Syn. Convert; transmute; meta- 
 morphose. 
 
 transfuse ( trans -fuz' ), vt. 1. Pour 
 into another vessel. 2. Cause to pass 
 (blood) from the arteries of one person 
 to those of another. 3. Cause to be 
 imbibed.— transfu'sion,74.— trans- 
 fn'sionist, n. One who is skilled, or 
 believes, in transfusion. [L. trans and 
 fundo,fusum, pour.] 
 
 transgress (trans-gres'). I. vt. 1. Pass- 
 beyond (a limit). 2. Break, as a law. 
 II. m. Sin.— transgres'sion,?4. Viola- 
 tion of a law; trespass; offense.— 
 transgressor, n. [L. trans and 
 gradior, gressus, step.] 
 
 tranship, trans-ship (trans-ship'), 
 vt. Transfer to another ship.— trans- 
 shipment, 74. 
 
 transient (tran'shent). I. a. 1. Pass- 
 ing; of short duration. 2. Hasty. II. 
 
 74. 1. One who or that which is tempo- 
 rary. 2. Temporary guest.— tran- 
 siently, adv.— tran'sientness, 74. 
 
 [L. transiens— trans and eo, go.] 
 
 transisthmian ( trans-ist'mi-an ), a. 
 Extending across an isthmus, as that 
 of Panama or of Suez. 
 
 transit (tran'sit). I. 74. 1. Passing over 
 or through. 2. Conveyance. 3. Pass- 
 age of a heavenly body over the meri- 
 dian of a place, or over the sun's disk. 
 4. Surveyors' instrument for measur- 
 ing horizontal angles. II. vt. Pass 
 over the disk of. 
 
 transition (tran-sizh'un), n. Passage 
 from one place or state to another; 
 change.— transitional, a. Contain- 
 ing or denoting transition. 
 
 transitive (tran'si-tiv), a. 1. Passing 
 over. 2. Denoting a verb which has 
 an object. — tran'sitively, adv. — 
 tran'sitiveness, n. [See tbansient.] 
 
 transitory (tran'si-t5-ri), a. Lasting 
 for a short time; speedily vanishing; 
 short-lived ; transient.— tran'sitori- 
 ly, adv.— tran'sitoriness, 74. Short 
 duration ; evanescence. 
 
 translatable (trans-la'ta-bl), a. That 
 may be rendered into another lan- 
 guage, or expressed in other words. 
 
 translate (trans-laf), vt. 1. Remove 
 to another place. 2. Render into an- 
 other language; explain. 3. Convey 
 to heaven alive; put intoecstacy. 4. 
 Retransmit (a telegraphic message) 
 over another line.— translation, 74. 
 — translator, 74. [L. trans and. fero, 
 latum, carry.] 
 
 transliterate (t r a n s-1 i t'e r-a t), vt. 
 Transcribe in a different alphabet. 
 
 translucent (trans-16'sent), a. Allow- 
 ing light to pass, but not transpar- 
 ent.— transln'cently, a^.-trans- 
 lu'cence, translu'eency, ns. [L. 
 trans and luceo, shine, — lux, light.] 
 
 translnnar (trans-16'nar), a. Being 
 beyond the moon. Opposed to sublunar. 
 
 transmarine (trans-ma-ren'), a. Be- 
 yond the sea. 
 
 transmigrate (trans'mi-grat), vi. 1. 
 Migrate to another country. 2. Pass 
 into another body or state. — trans- 
 migration, 74.— trans'migrator, 
 74. — transmi'gratory, a. 
 
 transmissible (trans-mis'i-bl), a. 1. 
 That may be passed from one to an- 
 other; mailable. 2. Capable of being 
 transmitted through any body or sub- 
 stance.— transmissibil'ity, 74. 
 
 transmission (t r a n s-m i s h'u n) , 74. 
 1 Transference. 2. Heredity. 3. Power 
 of a bodv to let light, etc., pass through. 
 
 transmittal (trans-mit'al), 74. Act of 
 transmitting. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
transmit 
 
 625 
 
 trap 
 
 transmit (trans-mif), vt. [transmit' - 
 ting; transmit'ted. J Allow to pass 
 through.— transmitter, n. One who 
 or that which transmits, e^p. the 
 sending instrument in the telegraph 
 and telephone. [L. trans and mitto, 
 send.] 
 
 transmogrify ( trans-mog'ri-fi ), vt. 
 Transform. ( Humorous for modify. ) 
 
 transmntable ( t r a n s-m u't a-b 1 ), a. 
 That may he changed into a different 
 form, nature, or substance, -trans- 
 mutably, adv. — transmu'table- 
 ness, transmutabil'ity, ns. 
 
 transmute (trans-muf), vt. Change to 
 another form or substance.— trans- 
 mnta'tion, n. Transformation. — 
 transmuta'tionist, n. 1. Formerly, 
 one who believed that a base metal 
 could be changed into a precious one. 
 2. One who believes that a species of 
 animal or plant can be gradually mo- 
 dified. [L. trans and muto, change.] 
 
 transoceanic (trans-o-she-an'ik), a. 1. 
 Being on the other side of the ocean. 
 2. Crossing the ocean, as in flight. 
 
 transom ( t r a n' - 
 sum), 72-. 1. Cross 
 beam, esp. the hor- 
 izontal mullion or 
 cross-bar of a win- 
 dow. 2. Lintel over 
 a door. 3. Tran- 
 som-window. 4. In 
 ships, one of the 
 beams across the 
 sternpost,strength- 
 ening the afterpart. — transom- 
 window, n. 1. Window divided into 
 two parts by a transom. 2. Window 
 over the lintel of a door. [L. trans 
 and sumo, take.] 
 
 transpadane (trans-pa-dan'), a. Situ- 
 ated beyond the river Po, in Italy. 
 [From trans, across, and Padus, Po.] 
 
 transpanamic(tr an's-pan-am'ik) ,a. Si- 
 tuated beyond the isthmus of Panama. 
 
 transparency ( trans-par'en-si ), n. 1. 
 Quality of being transparent. 2. That 
 which is transparent. 3. Picture on 
 semi-transparent material seen by 
 means of light shining through. 
 
 transparent (trans-par'ent), a. 1. 
 Transmitting light. 2. Easily intelli- 
 gible. — transparently, adv. — 
 transpar'entness, n. [L. trans and 
 pareo, appear.] [translucent; clear. 
 Syn. Diaphanous; lucid; pellucid; 
 
 transpierce ( trans-pers' ), vt. Pierce 
 through; permeate. 
 
 transpire ( tran-spir' ). I. vt. Breathe 
 or pass through the pores of the skin. 
 II. vi. 1. Exhale. 2. Become public. 3. 
 (erroneously for) Occur. — transpi- 
 
 Transom-window. 
 
 ra'tion, n. 1. Exhalation through 
 the skin. 2. Passing of a gas through 
 fine orifices. [ L. trans and spiro, 
 breathe.] 
 
 transplace (trans-plas'), vt. 1. Re- 
 move; put into a new place. 2. Cause 
 to exchange places. 
 
 transplant (trans-plant'), vt. Remove 
 and plant in another place.— trans- 
 planter, n. 1. A hinged, double 
 garden trowel for moving small 
 plants with a ball of earth. 2. A 
 machine for moving trees. — trans- 
 planta'tion,ra. Act of transplanting 
 a living plant, or of removing living 
 tissue to another part of the body. 
 
 transport ( trans-port' ), vt. 1. Carry 
 from one place to another. 2. Carry 
 beyond the sea; banish. 3. Carry away 
 by violence of passion or pleasure.— 
 transpor fable, a.— transporta- 
 tion, n. [L. trans, and porto, carry.] 
 
 transport (trans'port), n. 1. Carriage 
 from one place to another. 2. Vessel 
 for conveyance. 3. Conveyance of 
 troops and their necessaries by land 
 or sea. 4. Ecstasy; rapture. 
 
 transposal (trans-pS'zal), n. Change 
 of place or order. 
 
 transpose (trans-poz'), vt. 1. Put one 
 in the place of the other. 2. Change, 
 as the order of words, or the key in 
 music.-transposi'tion, n. 1. Change 
 in the order or position of two things. 
 2. Inalg. The bringing over of any 
 term or terms from one side of an 
 equation to the other. — transposi- 
 tional, transpos'itive, a. Con- 
 sisting in, or made by, transposition. 
 [L. trans and Fr. poser^ (see pose, n.)] 
 
 transshape (trans-shap'), vt. Change 
 into another form. 
 
 trans-ship. See tranship. 
 
 transubstantiate (tran-sub-stan'shi- 
 at), vt. To change from one substance 
 to another. — transubstantia'tion, 
 n. Change into another substance, esp. 
 of the bread and wine into Christ's 
 body and blood. [From L. trans, over, 
 and substantia, substance.] 
 
 transude ( tran-sud' ), vi. To ooze 
 through, as through pores. — tran- 
 
 jT suda'tion,w.[FromL. trans, through, 
 and sudare, sweat.] 
 
 transverse (trans-vers'), trans- 
 ver'sal, a. Lying across, —trans- 
 versely, adv. [L. trans, and verto, 
 turn.[ 
 
 trap (trap), n. Volcanic rock lying in 
 steps or terraces. [Sw. trappa, stairs.] 
 
 trap (trap). I. vt. [trap'ping; trapped.] 
 Drape gaily; adorn. II. n. (mostly in 
 pi.) Horse-cloth; belongings. [Fr. 
 drap— Low L. drappus, cloth.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mo*ve, 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
 roll; 
 
trap 
 
 626 
 
 tread-mill 
 
 Traps in Waste- 
 • pipes. 
 
 1. Slattern. 2. 
 To gad about. 
 1. Swinging bar 
 
 trap ( trap ). I. n. 1. Instrument for 
 snaring animals. 2. Ambush; strata- 
 gem. 3. Device for 
 tossing into the air 
 objects to be shot 
 at. 4. Contrivance 
 for hindering the 
 passage of foul air 
 from a waste-pipe, 
 etc. II. vt. [ trap' 
 ping; trapped.] 1. 
 Catch in a trap; in. 
 snare. 2. Furnish 
 With a trap.— trap'- 
 per, n. [A. S. trappe 
 —root of TRAMP.] 
 
 trap-door(trap'dor), 
 n. Door in a floor. 
 
 trapes ( traps). I. n 
 Long tramp. IL vi. 
 
 trapeze (tra-pez'), n. 
 for gymnastic exercises. 2. Trapezium. 
 
 trapezium (tra-pe'zi-um), n. 1. Plane 
 figure having four unequal sides, no 
 two of which are parallel. 2. A bone 
 of the wrist. [Gr. trapezion, dim. of 
 trapeza,ta,ble,—tetra-peza, four-legged.] 
 
 trapezoid (trap'e-zoid), n. 1. Plane 
 four-sided figure, having two opposite 
 sides parallel. 2. A bone of the wrist. 
 
 trapping's ( trap'ingz ), n. pi. Gay 
 clothes; ornaments, esp. those put on 
 horses. [See trap, adorn.] 
 
 Trappist (trap'ist), n. One of a R. C. 
 monastic order with extremely aus- 
 tere rules, among which almost per- 
 petual silence is the most notable. 
 
 trash (trash). l.vt. Crop; strip of 
 leaves or branches. II. n. Refuse; 
 matter unfit for food. — trasn'y, a. 
 Worthless. [Icel. tros, broken t twigs.] 
 
 trass (tras), n. Volcanic earth used as 
 a hydraulic cement. (A form of ter- 
 race, prob. through the Dutch.] 
 
 trauma ( tra'ma ), n. 1. Accidental 
 wound. 2. Condition of the body 
 caused by violence, as a wound. 3. 
 Violence causing bodily injury. — 
 traumatica. Pertaining to wounds. 
 — traumatism, n. Morbid condi- 
 tion caused by wounds or bruises. 
 [Gr. trauma, wound.] 
 
 travail (trav'al). I.n. Excessive labor ; 
 toil; labor in childbirth. II. vi. .La- 
 bor. [Pr.] [It.trave— L. £ra&s, beam.] 
 
 trave (trav), n. Cross beam in a ceiling. 
 
 travel ( trav'el ). I. vi. 1. Walk. 2. 
 Journey ; pass ; move. II. vt. Journey 
 over. III. n. 1. Act of passing from 
 place to place; journey. 2. Length of 
 stroke. 3. (pi.) Account of a journey. 
 —traveler trav'el-er), n. 1. One who 
 travels. 2. Ring that slides along a 
 rope or spar. [Prom travail.] 
 
 traversable (tr a v'er-sa-bl), a. That 
 may be traversed or denied. 
 
 traverse (trav'ers). I. a. Lying across. 
 II. n. 1. Anything laid or built across. 
 2. Something that crosses or ob- 
 structs. 3. A gallery connecting two 
 sides, as in a church. 4. Inlaw. Plea 
 containing a denial of some fact 
 alleged by an opponent. III. vt. 1. 
 Cross. 2. Thwart. 3. Survey. 4. In 
 law. Deny what an opponent has 
 alleged. IV. vi. 1. In fencing. Oppose 
 a movement. 2. Direct a gun to the 
 right or left; swivel.— trav'erser, n. 
 [L. trans, and verto, turn.] 
 
 travertin (trav'er-tin), n. Rock formed 
 by calcareous deposit from spring- 
 water, in Italy, much used for build- 
 ing. 
 
 travesty (trav'es-ti). I. n. Burlesque 
 imitation. II. vt. [ trav'estied. ] Turn 
 into burlesque. [ Pr. travestir, dis- 
 guise,— L. trans and vestio, clothe.] 
 
 trawl ( t r a 1 ). I. vi. Pish with a trawl. 
 
 II. n. 1. Bag-net with wide mouth, 
 dragged along the bottom after a 
 boat. 2. Buoyed fishing line with 
 many hooks. [A form of trail.] 
 
 trawler (tral'er), n. 1. One who trawls. 
 2. Small fishing vessel with a trawl 
 net. [sel ; salver. [A form of trough.] 
 
 tray (tra), n. Shallow, trough-like ves- 
 
 treacmeroras(trech'er-us),a. 1. Betray- 
 ing a trust. 2. Marked by perfidy. 3. 
 Deceptive.— treacherously, adv.— 
 treach'erousness, n. 
 Syn. Faithless; perfidious; false. 
 
 treachery ( trech'er-i ), n. Faithless- 
 ness. [O. Fr. trecherie, trickery.] 
 
 treacle ( tre'kl ), n, i. Formerly, anti- 
 dote to the poison of a snake. 2. Mo- 
 lasses obtained in refining sugar. 3. 
 Syrup, as of inspissated birch-sap. 
 [O. Fr. triacle — Gr. theriaka, antidote 
 against bites, — therion, wild beast.] 
 
 tread (tred). I. vi. [treading; trod; trod 
 or trod'den.] 1. Set the foot. 2. Walk; 
 go. II. vt. 1. Walk on; press with the 
 foot. 2. Trample in contempt; subdue. 
 
 III. n. 1. Pressure with the foot; step. 
 2. Manner of stepping. 3. One of the 
 horizontal parts of a stairs. 4. Part 
 (of the wheel) bearing on the rail. 5. 
 Part (of the rail) on which the wheel 
 bears.— tread'er, n. [A. S. tredan.] 
 
 treadle (tred'l). I. n. Part of machine 
 which the foot treads on and moves, 
 as on a sewing-machine. II. vi. To 
 operate a treadle or treadles. 
 
 tread-mill ( tred'mil ), n. Mill worked 
 by stepping from one to the other of 
 the steps of a cylindrical wheel, used 
 chiefly as an instrument of prison 
 discipline. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, nut; n5te, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tread-wheel 
 
 627 
 
 trend 
 
 tread-wheel ( tred'hwel ), n. Wheel 
 kept in motion by the weight of a 
 walking animal, as a dog, and used 
 for mechanical purposes. 
 
 treason (tre'zu), n. 1. Betraying of the 
 government, or an attempt to over- 
 throw it. 2. Treachery; disloyalty. 
 [O. Fr. traison, ( Fr. irahison ) — L. 
 trado, give up, betray.] 
 
 treasonable (tre'zn-a-bl), a. Pertain- 
 ing to, consisting of, or involving, 
 treason.— treasonably, adv. 
 
 treasure (trezh'or). I. n. 1. "Wealth 
 stored up. 2. Abundance. 3. Thing 
 much valued. II. vt. 1. Hoard up. 2. 
 Value greatly. [Fv .tresor-Gv.thesauros.] 
 
 treasurer (trezh'6r-er), n. 1. One who 
 has the care of a treasury or of col- 
 lected funds. 2. Officer of the Treasury 
 Department, who receives the money 
 of the United States, and disburses it 
 only upon warrants from the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury.— treasurer- 
 ship, n.— treasure-trove (trezh'- 
 or-trov), n. Treasure or money found 
 in the earth, owner being unknown. 
 [treasure and O. Fr. trove, found.] 
 
 treasury (trezh'6r-i), n. 1. Place for 
 depositing treasure or funds. 2. De- 
 partment of a government which has 
 charge o_f the finances. 
 
 treat (tret). I. vt. 1. Handle; use. 2. 
 Discourse on. 3. Entertain, as with 
 food or drink, etc. 4. Manage, as a 
 disease or patient. II. vi. 1. Argue. 2. 
 Negotiate. 3. Pay for the drinks, etc. 
 III. n. 1. Entertainment. 2. Pleasure. 
 3. Something paid for in compliment 
 to another. 4. Turn to treat. — To 
 stand treat (to),to pay for the entertain- 
 ment of (another). [Fr. traiter—L. 
 tractare, handle.] 
 
 treatable (tre'ta-bl), a. 1. Tractable. 
 2. Moderate.— treat'ably, adv. 
 
 treatise (tre'tis), n. Written composi- 
 tion ; essay. 
 
 treatment (tret'ment), n. Manner of 
 managing or using; behavior. 
 
 treaty (tre'ti), n. Formal agreement 
 between independent states. 
 
 treble (treb'l). I. a. 1. Triple; threefold. 
 2. In music. High in pitch; soprano. 
 II. n. Soprano. III. vt. and vi. In- 
 crease to three times as much. — 
 treb'ly, adv. [O. Fr. Form of triple.] 
 
 treble-tree (treb'1-tre), n. Triple 
 whiffletree, for three horses abreast. 
 
 tree (tre) I. n. 1. Plant having a single 
 trunk, woody, branched, and of a 
 large size. 2. Anything like a tree. 
 \\.vt:\. Drive into a tree; corner. 2. 
 Shape on a wooden model or tree. III. 
 vi. 1. Take refuge in a tree. 2. Take the 
 form of a tree. [A. S. treow,tvee', wood.] 
 
 tree-frog (tre'frog), n. A frog that 
 lives in trees; tree-toad. 
 
 treenail (tre'nal), n. Long wooden pin 
 (of locust, oak or teak) to fasten the 
 planks of a ship to the timbers. 
 
 trefoil ( tre'foil ), n. 1. Three-leaved 
 plant, as clover. 2. In arch. Orna- 
 ment like a trefoil. [From O. Fr. trifoil 
 — L. tri and folium, leaf.] 
 
 Trefoils. 
 
 trehala (tre-ha'la), ». Edible cocoon 
 of an insect in Persia; Turkish manna. 
 
 trek (trek). I. vi. 1. Draw a wagon. 2. 
 Travel ; migrate. II. n. 1. A drawing; 
 traction. 2. Journey; migration. [S. 
 African Dutch.J [D ] 
 
 trekschuit (irek'skoit), n. Canal boat. 
 
 trellis (trel'is), n. Lattice work for 
 supporting plants, etc.— trel'lised, 
 a. Having or formed as a trellis. [Fr. 
 treillis—'L. trichila, arbor.] 
 
 tremble (trem'bl). I. vi. 1. Shake, as 
 from fear, cold, or weakness. 2. 
 Waver, as sound. II. n. State of 
 trembling.— trembler, n. — trem- 
 blingly, adv. [Fr. trembler— L. 
 tremulus, trembling,— tremo, shake.] 
 Syn. Quake; quiver ; shudder; totter. 
 
 tremendous (tre-men'dus), a. That 
 astonishes or terrifies by its force 
 or greatness; dreadful. — tremen'- 
 dously, adv. [L. tremendus.] 
 
 Syn. Awful; frightful; terrible; for- 
 midable; terrific; horrible. 
 
 tremolo (trem'o-lo), n. Tremulous or 
 fluttering effect in music. [It.] 
 
 trcaior (trem'ur or tre'rnur), n. Trem- 
 bling; shaking; quivering. [L.] 
 
 tremulous (trem'u-lus), a. 1. Affected 
 with fear; quivering. 2. Lacking 
 resolution ; wavering. — trem'ulous- 
 ly, adv. — trem'ulousness, n. 
 
 trench (trench). I. vt. Cut or dig (a 
 ditch); dig deeply with the spade or 
 plow. II. vi. Encroach. III. n. Ditch. 
 [O. Fr. trencher (Fr. trancher), cut.] 
 
 trenchant (trench'ant), a. Cutting; 
 sharp; severe; biting. 
 
 trencher (trench'er), n. 1. Large 
 wooden plate. 2. Slice of bread, used 
 for a plate. 3. Food; pleasure of the 
 table. — trencher-friend, n. Par- 
 asite; sponger. [Fr. tranchoir.] 
 
 trend (trend). I. vi. Tend; run; go in a 
 particular direction. II. n. Tendency. 
 [Prob. from tend.] 
 
 fftte, fat, t4sk, far, f$ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note., pot, m9ye, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, ftea. 
 
trepan 
 
 628 
 
 tricentenary 
 
 trepan (tre-pan'). I. n. 1. Small cy- 
 lindrical saw used in perforating the 
 skull. 2. Bpring tool for sinking 
 wells. II. vt. [trepan'ning; trepanned'] 
 Remove (a circular piece of the skull) 
 with a trepan, in order to relieve the 
 brain from pressure or irritation. 
 — trepana'tion, n. [Gr. trypanon, 
 auger.] 
 
 trepang (tre-pang'), n. Sea cucumber 
 or sea slug, eaten by the Chinese; 
 beche de mer. [Malay tr-ipang.] 
 
 trepbine (tre-fm'). I. n. Improved 
 form of trepan. II. vt. Perforate with 
 the trephine. [Dim. of tpepan.J 
 
 trepM (trep'id), a. Trembling from 
 terror. — trepidation, n. 1. State 
 of confused hurry. 2. Involuntary 
 trembling. [L.— trepido, am excited.] 
 
 trespass (tres'pas). I. vi. 1. Pass over 
 a limit. 2. Enter unlawfully upon 
 another's land. 3. Cause inconve- 
 nience by importunity; intrude; sin. 
 II. n. Act of trespassing; injury; 
 offense; sin. — tres'passer, n. [O. Fr. 
 trespasser — L. trans and passus, step.] 
 Syn. Encroach; infringe; obtrude; 
 trench; transgress; exceed; break. 
 
 tress (tres). I. n. Curl or braid of hair. 
 II. vt. Adorn with tresses; arrange in 
 tresses. [Fr. tresse — Gr. treis, three.] 
 
 trestle (tres'l),n. 1. Movable scaffold or 
 support. 2. In bridges, frame- work 
 supporting string-pieces, etc. 3. pi. 
 Props of a ship under construction.— 
 trest'leworlc, n. Series of trestles 
 and connecting frames, serving as a 
 viaduct. [O. Fr. trestel — lt. transtrum, 
 beam.] 
 
 tret (tret), n. Allowance, formerly made 
 to purchasers, of 4 lbs. on every 104 
 lbs., for waste. [Fr. trait— O. Fr. traire 
 — L. trahere, draw.] 
 
 trevat (trev'at), n. Instrument for cut- 
 ting the pile threads of velvet. 
 
 tri-. prefix. Three; treble. [Gr. and L.] 
 
 triable (tri'a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
 tried or tested. 2. Subject to legal trial. 
 
 triad (tri'ad), n. Union of three. [Gr.] 
 
 trial (trl'al), n. 1. Act of trying ; exam- 
 ination by a test. 2. State of being 
 tried; suffering; application; temp- 
 tation. 3. Judicial examination. 
 Syn. Experiment; essay; attempt. 
 
 trialogue (tri'a-log), n. Discourse by 
 three speakers. [— Gr. treis, three, and 
 logos, discourse.] 
 
 triangle ( trl'ang-l ), n. 1. Plane fig- 
 ure with three angles and three sides. 
 2. In music. Instrument of steel 
 in the form of a triangle. — tri'- 
 angled, triang'nlar, as. Having 
 three angles. — triang'ularly, adv. 
 [L.—tri, and angulus, angle.] 
 
 triangulate ( tri-ang'u-lat ), vt. 1. 
 Make triangular. 2. Survey by means 
 of triangles.— triangula'tion, n. 
 
 triapsidal ( tri-ap'si-dal ), a. Having 
 three apses, as most Greek churches. 
 
 Triassic (tri-as'ik), a. and n. The lower 
 of the three great geological divisions 
 of fossiliferous rocks which consti- 
 tute the Mesozoic series ( Triassic, 
 Jurassic, Cretaceous). 
 
 tribasic ( tri-ba'sik), a. Having three 
 hydrogen atoms replaceable by equiv- 
 alents of a base. 
 
 tribble (trib'l), n. Frame with hori- 
 zontal wires on which sheets of paper 
 are hung to dry. 
 
 tribe (trib), n. 1. Race or family from 
 the same ancestor. 2. Class; group. 
 — tribal, a. Pertaining to, or char- 
 acteristic of, a tribe. [Li. tribus, third 
 part, division.] 
 
 triblet (trib'let), n. Mandrel used in 
 making pipe, nuts, etc. — trib'let- 
 tubes, n. pi. Thin brass tubes, sli- 
 ding on each other. 
 
 tribrach (tri'brak), n. Foot of three 
 short syllables. [Gr. tri, and brachys, 
 short.] 
 
 tribulation (trib-u-la'shun), n. 1. Se- 
 vere affliction. 2. Cause of suffering. 
 [L. tribulatio, — tribulum, sledge for 
 rubbing out grain,— tero, grind.] 
 
 tribunal ( tri-bu'nal ), n. 1. Judge's 
 bench. 2. Court of justice. [L.] 
 
 tribune (trib'un), n. 1. Magistrate 
 elected by the Roman plebeians to de- 
 fend their rights; champion of the 
 people. 2. Raised platform from which 
 speeches were delivered.— trib'une- 
 ship,?i.— tribuni'tious, tribuni'- 
 ,tian,tribuni'tial, appertaining to, 
 or characteristic of, a tribune. [Ii, 
 tribunus, representative of a tribe.], 
 
 tributary (trib'u-tar-i). I. a. 1. Pay- 
 ing tribute. 2. Yielding supplies. 3. 
 Paid in tribute. II. n. 1. One who pays 
 tribute. 2. Stream flowing into an- 
 other. 
 
 tribute (trib'ut), n. 1. Fixed amount 
 paid at certain intervals by one nation 
 to another for peace or protection. 2. 
 Personal contribution, as of money, 
 homage, etc. [L.— tribuo, assign.give.j 
 
 trice (tris), n. Instant. [S-p.tris, noise 
 of breaking glass.] 
 
 trice (tris), vt. Naut. Raise or lash with 
 a rope. [Low Ger. trissen, wind up.] 
 
 tricenniai (tri-sen'yal), <t. 1. Pertain- 
 ing to thirty years. 2. Occurring every 
 thirty years. [D. tricennium, thirty 
 years.] 
 
 tricentenary (tri-sen'te n-ar-i), n. 
 Space of three hundred years. [L. 
 trecenti, three hundred.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; ngte, n6t. m8ve, wolf; 
 mute, but, b5n» ; pil, owl, then< 
 
triceps 
 
 629 
 
 trigonometry 
 
 triceps ( tri'seps ). I. a. Having three 
 
 heads. II. n. Three-headed muscle. 
 trichina ( tri-ki'na ), n. [pi. trichi'nae.] 
 
 Parasitic worm, 
 
 which in its mature 
 
 state infests the in- 
 testinal canal, and 
 
 in its larval state 
 
 the muscular tissue 
 
 of man and certain 
 
 animals, esp. the 
 
 hog. — tricbi nons 
 
 (trik'i-nus), tricbi* 
 
 nosed (trik'i-n5zd), 
 
 a. Affected with 
 
 trichinosis. [Gr. tri- 
 
 chinos, small like a Trichina Spiralis. 
 
 hair— trix, hair.] (Highly magnified) 
 
 1. Female ready to give birth to thousands of 
 embryos. 2. Cyst in which a larva remains 
 coiled until it enters another body. 
 
 • trichiniasis ( trik-i-ni'a-sis), trichi- 
 nosis (trik-i-no'sis), n. Disease caused 
 bythe presence of trichinae in the body. 
 
 trichogen ( trik'o-jen ), n. Substance 
 which promotes the growth of hair. 
 
 trichogenous ( tri-koj ' en- us), a. 
 Promoting the growth of hair. 
 
 trieholog-y (tri-kol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 the anatomy, diseases, etc., of the 
 hair. [From Gr. thrix, hair, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 trichopathy (tri-kop'a-thi), n. Treat- 
 ment of the diseases of the hair. [From 
 Gr. thrix, hair, and pathos, suffering.] 
 
 trichromatic ( tri-kro-mat'ik ), a. 1. 
 Characterized by three colors. 2. Hav- 
 ing the three fundamental color-sen- 
 sations (red, green and purple), [tree] 
 
 trick (trik), vt. Dress ; decorate. [Celt. 
 
 triels (trik). I. n. 1. Fraud; stratagem. 
 2. Clever contrivance to puzzle or 
 amuse. 3. Particular habit or manner. 
 4. Cards falling to a winner at one 
 turn. II. vt. Deceive; cheat.— trick'- 
 er, trickster, ns. [ O. Fr. trecher, 
 beguile. Dut. trekken, draw.] 
 
 trickery ( trik'er-i ), n. 1. Practice of 
 playing tricks. 2. Artifice. [tricks. 
 
 trickish ( trik'ish ), a. Addicted to 
 
 trickle ( trik'l ). I. vi. Flow in drops. 
 II. vt. Pour in a small, slow stream. 
 [Scot, trinkle.] 
 
 trick-track ( trik'trak ), n. A game 
 similar to backgammon. 
 
 tricky (trik'i), a. Given to tricks; art- 
 ful; deceptive; knavish. 
 
 tricolor (tri'kul-ur). La. Of three 
 colors. II. n. National flag of France, 
 of three colors, red, white, and blue, 
 in vertical stripes. [Fr. tricolore.] 
 
 tricot (tre-ko'), n. Woven fabric, 
 resembling knitted work. [Fr.] 
 
 tricuspid (tri-kus'pid), a. Having three 
 cusps or points, as the valve in the 
 right ventricle of the heart. 
 
 tricycle ( tri'sik-1 ), n. Velocipede with 
 three wheels. 
 
 trident (tri'dent), n. 1. Three-pronged 
 fish-spear ; scepter of Neptune, the 
 sea-god. 2. Any three-pronged instru- 
 ment. [Fr. — tri-, and L. dens, tooth.] 
 
 tridentate (t r i- d e n't at), a. Three- 
 pronged; tridental. [See trident.] 
 
 Tridt li tine (tri-den'tin). I. a. Pertain- 
 ing or conforming to the Council of 
 Trent (in Tyrol, 1545-63). II. n. A 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 tridimensional (tri-di-men'shun-al), 
 a. Having three dimensions, length, 
 width and thickness. 
 
 triennial (tri-en'yal), a. 1. Containing 
 three years. 2. Happening every thiid 
 year.— trien'nially, adv. [Tri, and 
 L. annus, year.] 
 
 trifid(tri'fid),a. Dividedintothreeparts. 
 [From L. tres, three, Aiidfindere, cleave.] 
 
 trifle (tri'fl). I.vt. and vi. 1. Act or talk 
 lightly; indulge in silly amusements. 
 2. Waste; spend idly. II. n. Anything 
 of little value.— tri'fler, n. [O. Fr. 
 trufle, jest.J • 
 
 trifliug(tri'fling), a. Of small import- 
 ance; trivial.— trrjttingly, adv. 
 
 trifoliate (tri-fo'li-at), a. Three-leaved. 
 [Tri, and Li.folium, leaf.] [forms. 
 
 triform (tri'farm), a. Having three 
 
 trifurcate (tri-fu.r'kat),a. Having three 
 prongs. [L. -furca, fork.] 
 
 trig (trig). I. a. Spruce; trim; neat. 
 II. vt. Dress. [A doublet of true.] 
 
 trig (trig), Mi [trig'ging; trigged.] Ob- 
 struct; check; stop, as a wheel. [Wei. 
 trigo, stay.] 
 
 trigamy (trig'a-mi), a. State or offense 
 of having three wives at the same 
 time. [From Gr. trigamia,—treis, three, 
 and gamos, marriage.] 
 
 trigger (trig'er), n. 1. Catch which re- 
 leases the hammer of a gun in firing. 
 2. Catch to hold a wheel on an in- 
 cline. [Dut. trekker— trekken, pull.] 
 
 triglot (tri'glot), a. Composed in three 
 languages. 
 
 triglyph (tri'glif), n. Three-groved 
 tablet at equal distances along the 
 frieze in Doiic architecture. [Gr. tri, 
 and glypho, hollow out.] 
 
 trigon ( tri'gon ), n. 1. Triangle. 2. 
 Combination of t hree.— trigonal 
 (trig'o-nal), a. Triangular. 
 
 trigonometry ( trig-o-uom'e-tri), n, 
 Branch of mathematics which treats 
 of the relations between the sides and 
 angels of triangles.— trigonomet- 
 rical) a. [Gr. — trigonon, triangle, and 
 metron, measure.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, tften. 
 
trig ©nil in 
 
 630 
 
 trip 
 
 trig-on si m (tri-go'num), n. Triangular 
 space. [Gr.] 
 
 trig-rap li (tri'graf), n. Three letters 
 representing one single sound. [Gr. 
 —tri, and grapho, write.] [equal sides. 
 
 trihedral (tri-hejdral), a. Having three 
 
 trihedron (tri-he'di-'on), n. Figure hav- 
 ing three equal bases or sides. [Gr. 
 tri, and hedra, seat, base.] 
 
 trilabe (tri'lab), n. Three-pronged in- 
 strument for seizing small bodies in 
 a cavity. [From Gr. treis, three, and 
 lab-, take.] 
 
 trilateral ( tri-lat'er-al ), a. Having 
 three sides.— trilat'erally, adv. [L. 
 tri, and latus, side.] 
 
 triliteral(tri-lit'er-al), a. 1. Consisting 
 of three letters. "2. Having three 
 consonants in each root, as the Semit- 
 ic languages. 
 
 trilith (tri'- 
 lith), n. Mon- 
 ument con- 
 sisting of 2 
 large rough 
 stone pillars 
 and a lintel. 
 [Gr. tri, and 
 lithos, stone. 
 
 trill (tril). I 
 v t . and v i . 
 
 I. Utter or 
 sound with 
 a tremulous 
 vibration. 2. 
 n. Quaver; tremulous vibration. 
 [Imitative.] 
 
 trilling (tril'ing), n. One of three chil- 
 dren, born at the same birth. 
 
 trillion (tril'yun), n. In the U. S., a 
 thousand billions, or a million mil- 
 lions ;in England, a million of mil- 
 lions of millions. See numeration. 
 
 trilobate ( tri-lo'bat or tri'16-bat ), a. 
 Having three lobes. [See trilobite.] 
 
 trilobite(tri'lo-bit), n. One of an order 
 of fossil crustacea. [Gr. tri, and 
 lobos, lobe.] 
 
 trilogy (t r i 1' o - j i), n. Series of three 
 dramas or narratives, related as parts 
 of one great historical piece. [ Gr. 
 tri, and logos, speech.] 
 
 trim (trim). I. a. In good order ; nice. 
 
 II. vt. [trim'ming; trimmed.] 1. Put 
 in due order; dress; decorate. 2. Clip; 
 reduce to proper form. 3. Arrange for 
 sailing; adjust (a cargo) as to distri- 
 bution of weight. IH. vi. Fluctuate 
 between opposing parties so as to 
 please both. IV. n. 1. Dress; orna- 
 ments. 2. State of a ship as to sailing 
 qualities. 3. Condition; preparation. 
 — trim'ly, adv.— trim'ness, n. [A. 
 S. trum, firm.] 
 
 Trilith, 
 near Stonehenge, Eng. 
 
 trimester (tri-mes'ter),». Term of 
 three months. — trimes'tral, tri- 
 mes'trial, a. Quarterly. [ L. tri, 
 three, and mensis, month.] 
 
 trimeter (trim'e-ter), n. Verse consist- 
 ing of three measures. -trimet'rical, 
 a. [ Gr. — tri, and metron, measure. ] 
 
 trimmer ( trim'er ), n. One who trims. 
 
 trimming (trim'ing), n. 1. That which 
 ornaments or perfects. 2. Act of one 
 who trims. 3. A sharp scolding or 
 thrashing. 
 
 trinal(tri'nal), a. Threefold. [L. trinus.\ 
 
 tr indie ( trih'dl ),n. 1. Long thin wax 
 taper rolled in a coil. 2. Bookbinder's 
 tool for flattening the back of a book 
 before cutting. [Variety of trundle.] 
 
 trine (trin). I. a. Same as trinal. II. 
 n. Aspect of planets 120 c apart. 
 
 tringle ( tring'l ), n. 1. Curtain-rod on 
 which rings may slide. 2. Strip of wood. 
 
 Trinitarian (trin-i-ta'ri-an). I. a. Per- 
 taining to the Trinity, or to the doc-* 
 trine of the Trinity. II. n. One who 
 holds the doctrine of the Trinity. — 
 Trinita'rianism, n. The tenets of 
 Trinitarians. 
 
 Trinity (trin'i-ti), n. 1. The three per- 
 sons of the Godhead. 2. (1. c.) Union of 
 three in one. [L. trinitas.] 
 
 Trinity-Sunday ( trin'i-ti-sun'da), n. 
 Sunday next after Whitsunday. 
 
 trinket (tring'ket). I. n. 1. Small orna- 
 ment for the person. 2. Small fancy 
 article. II. vi. To intrigue; traffic. 
 [O. Fr. trenquet, small knife.] 
 
 tr inkle ( tring'kl), vi. Trickle; flow. 
 
 trinodal (tri-no'dal ), a. Having three 
 joints, as the fingers. [D. tri-, three, 
 and nodus, knot.] 
 
 trinomial (tri-no'mi-al). I. a. 1. In 
 math. Consisting of three terms con- 
 nected by the sign + or — . 2. In zool., 
 etc. Consisting of three words, as a 
 technical name. II. n. 1. Trinomial 
 quantity. 2. Technical name consist- 
 ing of three words. [Tri, and L. nomen, 
 name.] 
 
 trio(tri'o. It. tre'6), n. 1. Set of three. 
 2. Composition for three performers. 
 
 triolet (t r e ' o - 1 e t), n. Poem of eight 
 short lines on two rimes, and a pecu- 
 liar construction. 
 
 trip (trip). I. vi. [trip'ping; tripped.] 
 1. Move with short, light steps. 2. 
 Stumble and fall; err. II. vt. 1. Cause 
 to stumble by striking one's feet from 
 under him; overthrow by taking 
 away support. 2. Free; release, as an 
 anchor from the bottom. III. n. 1. 
 Light, short step. 2. Short or quick 
 journey. 3. False step; mistake. 4. 
 Catch by which an antagonist is 
 thrown. [Imitative. Cf. Ger. trippeln.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute l hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tripartite 
 
 631 
 
 trochaic 
 
 tripartite ( trip'ar-tit ), a. 1. Having 
 three parts or parties. 2. Made in 
 three copies.— triparti'tion,ft. Di- 
 vision into three. 
 
 tripe (trip), n. Large part of the stom- 
 ach of ruminating animals, prepared 
 for food.— Plain tripe, of the first stom- 
 ach.— Honeycomb tripe, of the second 
 stomach. [Fr.] 
 
 tripedal (trip'e-dal), a. Having three 
 feet. [Tri, and Ti.pes, foot.] 
 
 triphammer. Same as tilthammeb. 
 
 triphthong' (trif'thang or trip'thang), 
 n. Three vowels forming one sound, 
 as eau in beau, eye, and ieu in adieu. [Tri, 
 and Gr. phthongos, sound.] 
 
 triple (trip'l). I. a. 1. Threefold. 2. 
 Three times repeated. II. vt. and vi. 
 Make or become threefold or thrice 
 as large.— triply, adv. [L. triplus.} 
 
 triplet (triplet), a. 1. Three of a kind 
 united; as three lines rhyming to- 
 gether; group of three notes occupy- 
 ing the time of two. 2. One of three 
 children ho in at one birth. 
 
 triplicate (trip'li-kat). I. a. Threefold ; 
 made thrice as much. II. n. Third 
 copy or thing corresponding to two 
 others of the same kind.— triplica'- 
 tion, n. [Tri, and L. plico, fold.] 
 
 tripodi (tri'pod), n. Anything on three 
 feet or legs, as a stool, stand, vase, 
 caldron, etc.— trip'odal, a. Having 
 or forming three feet.— trip'ody, n. 
 In prosody, group of three feet. [Gr. 
 tripous.] 
 
 tripoli (trip'o-li), n. Mineral used as 
 polishing-powder; rottenstone. [From 
 the city of Tripoli in Africa.] 
 
 tripper (trip'er), n. 1. One who trips. 
 2. Excursionist; tourist. 3. Driver 
 or conductor paid by the trip. 
 
 trippingly (trip'ing-li), adv. With a 
 light, quick step; nimbly. 
 
 tripsis (trip'sis), n. 1. Act of pulveriz- 
 ing. 2. Process of shampooing. [Gr.= 
 rubbing.] 
 
 triptych (trip'tik), n. 1. A picture in 
 three parts side by side. 2. Three 
 writing tablets, hinged together. [Gr. 
 tri, three, and ptyche, fold.] 
 
 trireme (tri'r em), n, Ancient Greek 
 warship with three rows of oars on a 
 side. [L. triremis—tri, and remus, oar.] 
 
 trisect (tri-sekf), vi. Cut into three 
 (equal) parts. — trisec'tion, n. [L. 
 tri, and seco, sectum, cut.] 
 
 trisyllabic ( tris-il-lab'ik ), trisyl- 
 lal> ical, a. Consisting of three syl- 
 lables. [Word of three syllables. 
 
 trisyllable ( tris-il'a-bl or tri- ), n. 
 
 trite (tnt), a. Worn out by use; hack- 
 neyed. — tritely, adv.— triteness, 
 n. [L. tritus, pa. p. of tero, rub.] 
 
 Triton. 
 
 Triton (tri'ton). n. 1. In myth. Marine 
 demi-god, one of the trumpeters of 
 Neptune. 2. 
 Genus of mol- 
 luscs with a 
 wreathed uni- 
 valve shell. 
 [Gr. Triton.} 
 
 tr itura b 1 e 
 (tri t'u-ra-bl), 
 a. That may be 
 reduced to a 
 fine powder. 
 
 triturate (trif- 
 u-rat). I. vt. Grind to a powder; chew 
 to a pulp. II. n. Medicine consisting 
 of some active substance rubbed up 
 with sugar of milk.— trituration, 
 n. [Late L. trituro, — L. tero, rub.] 
 
 triturium(trl-tu'ri-um), n. [pi. tbitu'- 
 bia.] Vessel for separating liquors of 
 different densities. [L.—tritura, a 
 threshing.] 
 
 trinmph (tri'umf). I. n. 1. In ancient 
 Rome, a solemn procession in honor 
 of a victorious general. 2. Joy over 
 success. 3. Victory, n. vi. 1. Cele- 
 brate a victory with pomp. 2. Rejoice 
 over a victory. 3. Obtain victory; 
 succeed. — trinmph'al, trinmph'* 
 ant, as. 1. Rejoicing over a victory. 
 2. Victorious. — triumph'antly, 
 adv. [L. triumphus. Origin unknown.] 
 
 triumvir [tri-um'ver), n. [pi. trium'- 
 viri (vi-ri), or trium'virs.] In ancient 
 Rome, one of three men in the same 
 public office. — trium'virate, n. 1. 
 Association of three men in office. 2. 
 Government by three persons. [L.] 
 
 triune (tri'un), a. Being three in one. 
 [L. tri and unus, one.] 
 
 trivalent (tri'va-lent or triv'a-lent), a. 
 Equivalent (in' combining or displa- 
 cing power) to three monad atoms.— 
 triv'alence, n. 
 
 trivalve (tn'valv), tri'valTed, tri- 
 val'vular, a. Having three valves. 
 
 trivet (triv'et), n. Stool or other thing 
 supported on three feet. — Right as a 
 trivet, standing firm; perfectly right. 
 [L. tripes.] 
 
 trivial (triv'i-al, a. Common; of little 
 importance. — trivially, adv.— tri- 
 viality, trivlalness, n. [L,. — tri- 
 vium, place where three ways meet.] 
 
 Syn. Triflling; childish; frivolous; 
 insignificant; ridiculous; shallow. 
 
 triweelily (tri-wek'li), a. 1. Occur- 
 ring once in three weeks. 2. Less 
 correctly, occurring three times a 
 week. 
 
 trochaic (tro-ka'ik), I. a. Consisting 
 of trochees. II. n. Trochaic verse. — 
 troc'ha ical. a. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
trochal 
 
 632 
 
 troubadour 
 
 trochal (tro'kal), a. Wheel-shaped; 
 round; encircling; revolving. [From 
 Gr. trochos, wheel.] 
 
 troche (tro'ke, troch or trok), n. Medi- 
 cated lozenge or tablet. [Gr. trochos, 
 wheel, disc] 
 
 trochee (tro'ke), n. Metrical foot of 
 one long and one short syllable. [Gr. 
 — trochos, running.] 
 
 trochilus (trok'i-lus), n. 1. A plover- 
 like Egyptian bird. 2. One of several 
 species of humming-bird. [Gr:] 
 
 trochlear (trok'le-ar). I. a. Pulley-like; 
 forming a loop or slide. II. n. A troch- 
 lear muscle or nerve. 
 
 trochoid (tro'koid), a. Top-shaped; 
 revolving. [tread. 
 
 trod, trodden, pa, t. and pa. p. of 
 
 troglodyte ( trog'lo-dit ), n. Cave- 
 dweller.— troglodyt'ic, a. [Gr. tro- 
 gle, cave, and dyo, enter.] 
 
 Trojan (tro'jau). I. a. Pertaining to 
 ancient Troy. II. n. 1. Inhabitant 
 of ancient Troy. 2. One who fights 
 or works with determination. 
 
 troll (trol). I. vt. 1. Move circularly. 
 2. Sing the parts in succession, as of 
 a catch or round. II. vi. l. Roll; move 
 or run about. 2. Sing a catch. 3. Fish, 
 esp. for pike, by working the bait up 
 and down. 4. Fish by trailing a 
 line along the surface, behind a boat. 
 III. n. 1. A going round ; repetition. 2. 
 Fishing-reel. 3. Artificial bait. 4. 
 Song, the parts of which are sung in 
 succession; round. — troll'er, n. 
 fPerh. — Fr. trdler, lead about,— Celt, 
 root seen in Wei. trolis, twist, roll.] 
 
 trolley (trol'i), n. Truck or pulley run- 
 ning on an overhead wire, and serv- 
 ing as a connection to transmit an 
 electric current to the motor of a 
 street car, etc. 
 
 trollop (trol'up), n. 1. Loose, hanging 
 rag. 2. Slovenly woman.— trol'lo- 
 ping, trol'Iopish, a. Slovenly. 
 
 trombone (trom'bon), n. Deep-toned 
 brass musical wind instrument of the 
 trumpet kind. [It. tromba, trumpet.] 
 
 trompe(tromp), n. Apparatus in which 
 falling water creates an air blast. [Fr.J 
 
 troop (trop). I. n. 1. Collection of 
 people. 2. (In pi.) Soldiers. 3. Small 
 body of cavalry corresponding to a 
 company of infantry. II. vi. 1. Col- 
 lect in numbers. 2. March in a com- 
 
 pany, or in haste. [ Fr. troupe, prob. 
 — L. turba, crowd.] 
 
 trooper (tro'per), n. Cavalry soldier. 
 
 trope (trop), n. Figure' of speech, as 
 calling a shrewd man a fox. (Meta- 
 phor, metonymy, synecdoche and 
 irony.) [Gr. tropos— trepo, turn.] 
 
 trophi (tro'fi), n. pi. Mouth-parts, as 
 in insects.— tropbesy (trof'e-si), n. 
 [pi. trophesies.] Morbid state result- 
 ing from defective nerve-force nutri- 
 tion.— trophic(trof'ik), a. Pertaining 
 to nutrition. [From Gr. trophe, nour- 
 ishment] [trophies. 
 
 trophied (tro'fid), a. Adorned with 
 
 trophy (tro'fi), n. I. Memorial of a 
 victory, erected on or near the field 
 of battle. 2. Anything taken from 
 an enemy and preserved as ©, memo- 
 rial of victory. 3. Architectural orna- 
 ment showing a group of weapons; 
 anything commemorating a victory. 
 [Pr. trophte — Gr. tropaion— trepo, turn 
 to flight.] 
 
 tropic (trop'ik). I. n. 1. One of the 
 two circles on the celestial sphere, 
 23° 28' distant on each side from the 
 equator, where the sun seems to turn, 
 after reaching its greatest declina- 
 tion north or south. 2. One of two 
 circles ( tropic of Cancer on the 
 north, tropic of Capricorn on the 
 south) on the terrestrial globe, cor- 
 responding to these. 3. pi. Region 
 lying between the tropics. II. a. Trop- 
 ical. — trop'ical, a. 1. Pertaining 
 to, or being within the tropics. 2. 
 (See trope) Figurative.— tropical- 
 ly, adv. [Gr. tropikos, 
 relating to a turning.] 
 
 tropic-bird (trop'ik- 
 berd), n. Beautiful na- 
 tatorial bird of the 
 tropic regions. 
 
 trot (trot). I. vi. [trof- 
 ting; trot'ted]. 1. Go 
 faster than a walk and 
 slower than a run. 2. 
 Run, as a horse, lifting 
 one fore-foot and the hind-foot of the 
 opposite side at the same time. II. 
 vt. 1. Ride at a trot. 2. Use a "pony" 
 for (a lesson). III. «-. Pace of a horse 
 or other quadruped when trotting. — 
 trotter, n. 1. One who or which 
 trots. 2. Foot. [Pr. trotter.] 
 
 troth (trath, troth, or troth), n. I. 
 Faith; fidelity; veracity. 2. Betroth- 
 al. [See truth.] 
 
 trottoir (troc-war'), n. Sidewalk. [Fr.J 
 
 troubadour (tro'ba-dor), n. One of a 
 class of minstrels from the 11th to 
 13th century, chiefly in Provence, 
 France. [Fr.— root of trope.] 
 
 Tropic 
 Bird. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w<jlt; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, fften. 
 
trouble 
 
 633 
 
 truism 
 
 trouble (trub'l). I. vt. 1. Put into a con- 
 fused state. 2. Put to some incon- 
 venience or exertion. II. vi. 1. Be- 
 come turbid. 2. Take trouble. III. 
 n. 1. Disturbance; affliction; uneasi- 
 ness. 2. That which disturbs or afflicts. 
 — tronb'ler, n. [F. troubler. O. Fr. 
 tourbler—turba, crowd tumult.] 
 
 Syn. Agitate; disturb; annoy; dis- 
 tress; molest; afflict; harass; grieve; 
 inconvenience; embarrass; vex. 
 
 trouble-mirth (trub'l-merth), n. One 
 who spoils other people's enjoyment. 
 
 tronblesome(trub'lsum), troublous 
 (trub'lus), a. Causing inconvenience; 
 vexatious.— troub'lesoineness, n. 
 
 trough (traf), n. 1. Long, hollow vessel 
 for water," etc. ; long tray. 2. Long 
 narrow channel. [A. S. trog.] 
 
 trounce ( trowns ), vt. Beat severely. 
 fO. Fr. tr 'oncer, cut.] 
 
 troupe ( t r 6 p ), n. A company, esp. of 
 performers. [Fr.] J making trousers. 
 
 trousering (trow'zer-ing),?i. Cloth for 
 
 trousers (tro w'zjerz), n. pi. Long 
 breeches ; pantaloons. [ O. Fr. trous- 
 ses. See truss.] 
 
 trousse (tros), n. Tools in a case, esp. 
 a surgeon's. [Fr. = bundle.] 
 
 trousseau ( tro-so' ), n. Bride's outfit 
 in dresses and other garment. [Fr.— 
 trousse, bundle.] 
 
 trout (trowt), 
 n. Common 
 name for nu- 
 merous varie- 
 ties of fresh- 
 water fish of 
 the salmon 
 family. [Fr. truite. A.S. truht-lt.tructa.] 
 
 trover (tro' ver),n. 1. The gaining pos- 
 session of goods. 2. Action at law for 
 wrongful taking or detention of 
 goods. [O. Fr. trover, find.] 
 
 trow (tro), vt. and vi. Hold as true; 
 believe. [A. S. treowian. Ger. trauen.) 
 
 trowel (trow'el), n. Tool used in spread- 
 ing mortar and in gardening. [Fr. 
 truelle — L. trulla, ladle. ] 
 
 troy, troy-weight (troi'-wat), n. 
 System of weight used for gold, silver 
 and precious stones. The troy pound 
 has 12 ounces, the ounce 20 penny- 
 weights, and the pennyweight 24 
 grains. The avoirdupois, or pound 
 of commerce, equals 7000 grains troy. 
 
 truant (tro'ant).I'. n. 1. Idler. %. Child 
 who without excuse stays away from 
 school. II. «. Wandering from duty; 
 idle.-^tru'ancy, tru antship, ns. 
 [ O. Fr. truand, vagabond. ] 
 
 truce (tros), n. Temporary suspension 
 of hostilities. [ M. E. trewes, pi. of 
 trewe, faith. See true. ] 
 
 Brook trout. 
 
 truck (truk). I. vt. Exchange; barter; 
 swap; peddle. II. vi. Traffic by ex- 
 change. III. n. 1. Exchange of goods; 
 barter. 2. Small commodities, esp. 
 garden produce. 3. Rubbish.— truck- 
 system, n. Practice of paying work- 
 men in goods instead of money. [Fr. 
 troquer, barter. ] 
 
 truck (truk), n. 1. Wheel. 2. Platform 
 on wheels, conveying heavy articles. 
 
 „ 3. Wooden cap on top of a mast or 
 flagstaff. [ Gr. trochoe, wheel. ] 
 
 truckage ( truk'aj ), n. 1. Practice or 
 exchanging goods. 2. Charge for car- 
 rying articles on a truck. 
 
 trucker (truk'er), truckster (truk'- 
 ster), n. 1. One who trafflcks by ex- 
 change of goods. 2. One who raises 
 and peddles garden vegetables. 
 
 truckle (truk'l). I. vi. 1. Sleep in a 
 truckle-bed. 2. Yield meanly to the 
 demands of another. II. vt. Move on 
 rollers; trundle. — truck'ler, n. — 
 truckling, n. [ From truck. ] 
 
 truckle (truk'l), n. 1. Small wheel. 2. 
 Trundle-bed. —truckle-bed, n. 
 Trundle-bed. [Dim. of truck.] 
 
 truckman (truk'man), n. 1. Driver of 
 a truck. 2. Dea]er'in truck. 
 
 truculent (truk'u-lent or tro'-), a. Very 
 fierce; barbarous; cruel. — trucu- 
 lently, adv.— truc'ulence, n. [L. 
 truculentus — trux, fierce.] 
 
 trudge (truj). I. vi. Walk with effort; 
 travel laboriously on foot. II. n. Tire- 
 some walk. [Orig. doubtful.] 
 
 true(trS). 1. a. 1. Agreeing with fact; 
 conformable to nature, reason, rule 
 or law. 2. Faithfully adhering to 
 friends, to a promise, etc. 3. Genu- 
 ine; real; rightful. 4. Sure; uner- 
 ring. II. vt Make true; adjust; make 
 exactly square, level, etc. — true'- 
 ness, n. [A. S. treowe. Ger. treu.] 
 
 Syn. Correct; exact; certain; trust- 
 worthy; straight; trusty; reliable; 
 unwavering; loyal; pure; actual. 
 
 true-blue (tro'blo), n. One faithful to 
 the principles of a body. 
 
 truffle (truf'l), 
 
 n. Fungus 
 growing un- 
 der ground 
 and used in 
 fine cookery- 
 
 — truffled,- 
 a. Cooked 
 with truffles. 
 [O. Fr. truffle 
 
 — L. tuber.] 
 truism ( tro'- 
 
 izm), n. Self- 
 evident or undenied truth. 
 Syn. Axiom; maxim; aphorism 
 
 Truffle, and a small piece 
 iu cross section. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abore; me, met, hSr; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 / — =He, hut, bSrn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
trull 
 
 634 truth 
 
 trull (trul), n. 1. Vagrant woman of 
 loose habits. 2. Girl; lass. 
 
 truly (tro'li), adv. According to truth; 
 in fact; honestly, [trompe, trumpet.] 
 
 trump (trump), n. Trumpet. [O. Fr. 
 
 tramp (trump), n. 1. One of the suit 
 of cards which takes any other. 2. 
 One upon whom one may depend; 
 good fellow. 3. Trumpet. II. vi. and vt. 
 Play a trump card (upon).— Trump up, 
 manufacture ; forge. [From triumph.] 
 
 trumpery (trum'per-i). I. n. 1. False- 
 hood ; boastful or empty talk. 2. 
 Showy, worthless things. II. a.Worth- 
 less. [Fr. tromperie—tromper, deceive.] 
 
 trumpet 
 
 Trumpet 
 
 tone, used chiefly in war and in mili- 
 tary music. II. vt. Publish by trum- 
 pet; proclaim; sound the praises of. 
 III. vi. Sound a trumpet; emit a 
 trumpet-like cry. — trumpet-call, 
 %. 1. Call by the sound of a trumpet. 
 2. Any loud, commanding summons. 
 
 trumpet-creeper (trum'pet-kre'per), 
 n. A hardy, woody climbing vine with 
 long, tubular flowers; ism mpet- vine. 
 
 trumpet-tong-ued (trum'pet-tungd), 
 a. Having a loud voice. 
 
 truncate (trung'kat). I. vt. Cut off: 
 lop. II. a. Truncated. — trunca'- 
 tion, n. 1. Truncating. 2. Truncated 
 part; replacement of an edge by a 
 crystalline face. [L. trunco, maim.] 
 
 truncheon (trun'shun). I. n. 1. Trunk; 
 shaft. 2. Club; staff of authority. II. 
 vt. Beat with a club. [Fr. tronchon.] 
 
 trundle (trun'dl). I. n. 1. 
 Anything round; wheel. 
 2. Truck. 3. Trundling. 
 II. vt. and vi. Roll, as on 
 wheels. — trun'dle-be<3, 
 n. Liow bed on wheels, that 
 may be pushed under a 
 common bed, for the use 
 of attendants or children. 
 [A. S. trendel. Low Ger. 
 Iruenneln. ] 
 
 trunk (trungk), n. 1. Main 
 stock of a tree. 2. Body of 
 an animal apart from the 
 limbs. 3. Ma in body of any- Trunk-hose, 
 thing. 4. Proboscis of an 
 elephant. 5. Chest for clothes. — 
 trnnked, a. Having a trunk. — 
 trunk-hose, n. Short, wide 
 breeches, gathered in above or just 
 below the knees. — trunk-line, n. 
 
 Main line of a railway from which 
 branch-lines diverge. [ Fr. tronc — L. 
 truncus, maimed.] 
 
 trunnion ( trun'yun ), n. One of the 
 knobs on each side of a gun by which 
 it rests on the carriage. [Fr. trognon 
 — tronc, stump.] 
 
 truss (trus). I. n. 1. Bundle, 2. Timbers, 
 iron- work, etc., fastened together for 
 supporting a roof, bridge, etc. 3. 
 Bandage used in ruptures. II. vt. 1. 
 Bind up; pack close; skewer. 2. Fur- 
 nish with a truss. [Fr. trousse—O. Fr. 
 trosser—Lt. torsus, twisted.] 
 
 truss-beam ( trus'bem ), n. Wooden 
 beam reinforced, as by a tie-rod. 
 
 trust (trust). I. n. 1. Confidence in 
 the truth of anything. 2. Resting on 
 the integrity, friendship, etc., of 
 another. 3. Credit, esp. sale on 
 promise to pay. 4. He or that which 
 i3 the ground of confidence. 5. That 
 which is given or received in confi- 
 dence; charge; office. 6. Estate man- 
 aged for another. 7. Combination of 
 several corporations for the. purpose 
 of economizing expenses, regulating 
 production, controlling prices, and 
 defeating competition. II. vt. and vi. 
 1. Place trust in; believe. 2. Give 
 credit to; sell upon credit. 3. Com- 
 mit to one's care. — trust'er* n. 
 [ Icel. traust, trust. Cf. Ger. trost, con- 
 solation. From root of true.] 
 
 trustee (trus-te'), n. One to whom any- 
 thing is intrusted, esp. the manage- 
 ment of a property for the benefit of 
 others.— trustee'ship, n. 
 
 trustful (trust'fol), a. 1. Trusting. 2. 
 Worthy of trust.— trust'fully, adv. 
 — trust'fulness, n. 
 
 trustworthy (trust'wur-£/ii), a. 
 Worthy of confidence; trusty. -trus t'- 
 worttiiness, n. 
 
 Syn. Faithful; honest; loyal; up- 
 right; reliable; true; accurate. 
 
 trusty (trus'ti). I. a. 1. Deserving con- 
 fidence; reliable. 2. Trusting. 3. In- 
 volving responsibility. II. n. [pi. 
 trusties.] One deserving confidence, 
 esp. a convict given partial freedom 
 because of good conduct, —trusti- 
 ness, n. — trust'ily, adv. 
 
 truth (troth), n. 1. Harmony between 
 thought and fact; freedom from false- 
 hood or error. 2. That which is ac- 
 cording to facts; true state of things, 
 or facts. 3. Practice of speaking, or 
 disposition to speak, the truth. 4. 
 True statement ; established principle. 
 —Of a truth, truly. [A. S. treowth. See 
 
 TRUE.] 
 
 Syn. Verity; actuality; exactness; 
 correctness; faithfulness; veracity. 
 
 £%te ? fat, task, far ? fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move., wolf; 
 mute ? hut, bun* j gl\, owl, Wei*, 
 
truthful 
 
 635 
 
 Tuesday 
 
 truthful (troth'fol), a. According, or 
 adhering, to truth. — truthfully , 
 adv.— truthfulness, n. 
 
 try (tri). I. vt. 1. Test by use; prove 
 by experiment. 2. Examine judicial- 
 ly. 3. Experience. 4. Attempt. 5. 
 Use as means. 6. Put to severe trial; 
 cause suffering to. II. vi. Make an 
 effort.— Try back, try to find one's way 
 back. — Try out, separate grease from 
 the greaves by frying.— tri'er, n. [Fr. 
 trier, pick out ; cull,— L. tritare, tritur- 
 ate.] [2. Searching; severe. 
 
 trying- (tri'ing), a. 1. Adapted to try. 
 
 trypot (tri'pot), n. Kettle in which 
 whalers try out blubber. 
 
 trysail (tri'sal), n. 1. Reduced sail 
 used by small craft, instead of their 
 mainsail, in a storm. 2. Small fore- 
 and-aft sail set with a boom and gaff. 
 
 tryst (trist or trist), n. Appointment to 
 meet; appointed meeting or place of 
 meeting. — Bide tryst, wait as ap- 
 pointed to meet one. [ From trust.] 
 
 tsar (tsar), n. Czar. 
 
 tsetse (tset'se), n. South African fly, 
 whose bite is fatal to cattle. 
 
 tnh (tub). I. n. 1. Open wooden vessel 
 with two handles, made of staves, 
 hoops and a bottom. 2. Quantity a 
 tub holds. 3. Sponge-bath taken stand- 
 ing in the bath-tub. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Plant in a tub. 2. Bathe in a tub.— 
 Throw a tub to a whale, create a diver- 
 sion to escape from a danger. [Low 
 Ger. tubbe. Ger. zuber.) 
 
 tuba (tu'ba), n. Base wind 
 instrument of very low 
 pitch. [L. = trumpet.] 
 
 tubage(tu'baj),ra. 1. 
 The insertion of a 
 tube, as in the 
 larynx. 2. 
 The lining 
 of a heavy 
 gun with a 
 tube of steel 
 or bronze. 
 
 tubbing 
 (tub'ing), n. 
 1. Art of 
 m a k in g 
 tubs. 2. Ma- 
 te r i a 1 for 
 tubs. 3. 
 Water-tight Tuba- 
 
 lining of shafts in mines. 4. Bathing; 
 bath. 5. Racing in tubs. 
 
 tubbish (tub'ish), tubby, a. Like a 
 tub or barrel; round and fat. 
 
 tube (tub). I. n. 1. Long, hollow cyl- 
 inder.esp. for the conveyance of fluids, 
 etc. 2. Telescope. II. vt. Furnish 
 with a tube. [Fr.— L. tubus.] 
 
 tuber ( tu'ber ), n. Rounded, fleshy, 
 underground stem, as in the potato. 
 [L. tumeo, swell.] 
 
 tubercle ( tu'ber-kl ), n. 1. Small 
 swelling; pimple. 2. Small knob on 
 leaves. 2. Minute granular tumor in 
 the substance of an organ, due to the 
 presence" of a bacillus.— tu'bercled, 
 a. Having tubercles. [L. tuberculum, 
 dim. of tuber.] 
 
 tubercular(tu-ber'ku-lar),tuber'cu- 
 lous, a. 1. Formed like a tubercle. 2. 
 Affected with or caused by tubercles. 
 
 tuberculosis ( tu-ber-ku-lo'sis ), n. 
 Disease characterized by formation 
 of tubercles and by tubercle-bacilli 
 present in the diseased tissue.— Pul- 
 monary tuberculosis, consumption. 
 — Acute miliary tuberculosis, quick 
 consumption. 
 
 tuberose (tu'be-ros), n. A bulbous 
 plant with creamy-white, extremely 
 fragrant flowers. 
 
 tuberous (tu'ber r us), a. Having or 
 consisting of tubers or projections; 
 knobbed. — tuberosity, n. 
 
 tubieen (tu'bi^sen), n. Trumpeter. [L. j 
 
 tubicolous (tu-bik'o-lus), a. Living in 
 a tube as some_spiders and sea worms. 
 
 tubilingnal(tu-bi-llng'wal), a. Having 
 a tubular tongue for sucking honey, 
 as some birds. 
 
 tubing (tu'bing), n. 1. Length of tube. 
 2. Tubes collectively. 3. Materials for 
 tubes. 4. Act of making or providing 
 with tubes. [of a tube or tubes. 
 
 tubular (tu'biijlar), o. Having the form 
 
 tubulated (tu'bu-Ia-ted), tubulous 
 (tu'bu-lus), a. 1. Having the form of 
 a small tube. 2. Having a small tube. 
 
 tubule (tu'bul), n. Small tube. [L. tu- 
 bulu8,dxm. of tubus.] 
 
 tuck (tuk). I. vt. 1. Draw or press in 
 or together; fold under; gather up. 
 2. Inclose by pressing clothes closely 
 around. II. n. Horizontal fold in a 
 garment. [Low Gex.tucken. Ger.zucken, 
 draw in, shrug.] 
 
 tukahoe ( tuk'a-ho ), n. 1. Aquatic 
 plant with edible rootstock, used as 
 food by the Indians of Virginia. 2. 
 Large, underground fungus of the 
 southern United States. 
 
 tucker (tuk'er). I. n. 1. One who or 
 that which tucks. 2. Piece of cloth 
 tucked or drawn over the bosom, 
 worn by women and children. 3. 
 State of being tuckered out. II. vt. 
 (mostly with out). "Weary; exhaust. 
 
 -tude, suffix. Forms abstract nouns, 
 as gratitude. [L. -tudo.] 
 
 Tuesday (tuz'da), n. Third day of th8 
 week. [A. S. Tiwes dceg, day of Tiw, 
 the god of war. Cf. Gr. Zeus.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
tufa 
 
 636 
 
 toner 
 
 tufa (tu'fa), tuff(tuf), n. Rock formed 
 by the ash from a volcano, or by cal- 
 careous deposits from springs. [It. 
 tufo. Fr. tuf—~L. tofus.] 
 
 tuft (tuft). I. n. Cluster of small, slen- 
 der things. II. vt. 1. Separate into 
 tufts. 2. Adorn with tufts. — tuft'ed, 
 tuft'y, as. [From root of top.] 
 
 tuft-n unites* ( tuft'hun-ter ), n. Mean 
 hanger-on of the great. [From the tuft 
 or tassel in the cap worn by noblemen 
 at English universities.] 
 
 tugr (tug). I. vt. and vi. [tug'ging; tug- 
 ged.] 1. Pull with effort; struggle. 2. 
 Drag along. 3. Tow by means of a 
 steam-tug. II. n. 1. Strong pull. 2. 
 Contest; supreme effort. 3. Small, 
 strong, low-built steam- vessel for tow- 
 ing ships; tug-boat. [From root of 
 
 TACK. 
 
 tuition (tu-ish'u'n),w. 
 1. Protection; care, 
 esp. over a young 
 person. 2. Teaching. 
 3. Charge for in- 
 struction. — tni'» 
 tional 9 tui'tion- 
 ary, a. [L. tuitio— 
 tueor, look to.] 
 
 tnlsi-w orb ( to'la- 
 wuVk),n. Enameling 
 on silver, in an alloy 
 Of Silver, copper and Leaves and flower 
 lead. of tulip tree. 
 
 tulip (tulip), n. Bulb- 
 ous garden-plant with showy, lilia- 
 ceous flowers. [Fr. tulipe — Turk, tul- 
 bend, turbanj 
 
 tulip-tree (tu'lip-tre), n. Large Amer- 
 ican shade tree bearing flowers re- 
 sembling the tulip. 
 
 tulle ( tol ), n. Delicate kind of silk net. 
 [Fr.— Tulle, town of France.] 
 
 tulwar (tul'war), w. Saber of the Sikhs 
 of Northern India. 
 
 tumble (tum'bl). I. vi. 1. Fall; come 
 down suddenly and violently. 2. Roll. 
 3. Twist the body, as an acrobat. II. 
 vt. 1. Throw headlong; turnover. 2. 
 Throw about while examining; rum- 
 ple. III. n. Act of tumbling. — Take 
 a tumble to one's self, consider one's 
 own conduct. — tum'bler, n. One who 
 tumbles. 2. Large drinking glass. 3. 
 Variety of domestic pigeon, so called 
 from its tumbling on the wing. 4. 
 Spring-latch that engages a bolt. [A. S. 
 tumbian, dance. Cf. Ger. taumeln, reel.] 
 
 tumble-bug^ (tum'bl-bug), n. Beetle 
 that lays eggs in hollow balls of dung. 
 
 tumble- weed (tum'bl-wed), n. Weed 
 whose globular top of branches is de- 
 tached by the wind in the fall and rolled 
 over the ground, scattering its seed. 
 
 tumbling-box ( tum'bling-boks ), n. 
 Cylindrical box, in which small cast- 
 ings, etc., are rolled with emery pow- 
 der, to polish them. 
 
 tumbrel (tum'brel), n. 1. Cart with 
 two wheels for conveying the tools of 
 pioneers, artillery stores, etc. 2. Care 
 of any kind. [O. Fr. tomberel, dump- 
 cart,— tomber, fall.] 
 
 tumefaction (tu-me-fak'shun), n. 1. 
 Act of tumefying. 2. Tumor; swelling. 
 
 tumefy (tu'me-fi), vt. and vi. Cause to 
 swell; swell. [From L. tumeo, swell, 
 and facio, make.] 
 
 tumescent (tu-mes'ent), a. Swelling; 
 forming into a tumor. 
 
 tumid(tu'mid),a. 1. Swollen; enlarged. 
 2. Inflated ; falsely sublime ; bom- 
 bastic. — tu'jnidly, adv. — tu'mid- 
 ness, tumid'ity, n. [L. tumidus — 
 tumeo, swell.] 
 
 tumor (tu'mur), n. Morbid swelling.-— 
 tn'mor ©us, a. Swelling; vainly 
 pompous; fustian. [L. tumeo, swell.] 
 
 tump (tump). l.n. Small hill ; clump. 
 II. vt. Build a small hill around. [W. 
 tump — L. tumulus, hillock.] 
 
 tum-tum (tum'tum), n. West Indian 
 dish of mashed boiled potatoes. 
 
 tumular (tu'mu-lar), a. Formed in a 
 heap. [See tumulus.] 
 
 tuinnlous (tu'mu-lus), a. Full of hil- 
 locks or mounds. [From tumulus.] 
 
 tumult (tu'mult), n. Uproar of a mul- 
 titude; violent agitation with con- 
 fused sounds. —tumultuary (tu- 
 mul'tii-ar-i), tumultuous, a. — tu- 
 mult'uously , adv.— tumult'uous- 
 ness, n. [L. tumultus.1 
 
 Syn. Brawl; bustle; disorder; dis- 
 turbance; hurlyburly; hubbub; tur- 
 bulence; turmoil; racket; riot. 
 
 tumulus (tu'mu-lus), n. [pi. tumuli 
 (tu'mu-li).] Mound of earth over a 
 grave; barrow. [L.=heap.] 
 
 tun (tun), n. 1. Large cask. 2. Measure 
 of capacity for liquids = 2 pipes, = 4 
 hogsheads, = 252 gallons. [A. S.j 
 
 tunable (tii'na-bl), a. Capable of being 
 made harmonious or tuneful. 
 
 tundisn (tun'dish), n. Funnel, [plain. 
 
 tundra (ton'dra), n. Rolling, marshy 
 
 tune (tun). I. ri. 1. Melodious succes- 
 sion of notes in a particular key; mel- 
 ody; air. 2. State of giving the proper 
 sound; harmony. II. vt. Cause to 
 produce the proper sounds. [Variation 
 
 of TONE.] 
 tuneful (tiin'fol), a. Melodious; mu- 
 sical.— tune'fiilly, adv. 
 
 tuneless (tiin'les), a. 1. Without tune; 
 
 unmusical. 2. Silent. 
 tuner (tu'nSr), n. One who adjusts 
 
 the sounds of musical instruments. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n3te, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
t iing-state 
 
 637 
 
 turkey 
 
 timgstate (tung'stat), n. A salt of 
 tungstic acid. 
 
 tungsten (tung'sten), n. Very heavy, 
 grayish metal, nearly as hard as steel. 
 [Sw. tung, heavy, and sten, stone.] 
 
 tungstic (tung'stik), a. Pertaining to, 
 or obtained from, tungsten. 
 
 tunic (tu'nik), n. 1. Loose undergar- 
 ment; garment. 2. Vestment of Ro- 
 man Catholic sub-deaconsandbishops. 
 3. Membrane that covers some organ, 
 as the eye. 4. Covering, as of a seed.— 
 tunicate, tu'nicated, as. Covered 
 with a tunic or with layers. [Fr. 
 tunique — L. tunica.] 
 
 tunicle (tu'ni-kl), n. Little tunic. [L. 
 tunicula, dim. of tunica.] 
 
 tuning-fork (tu'ntng-fark), n. Two- 
 pronged steel instrument, which 
 when set in vibration gives a musical 
 sound of a certain pitch. 
 
 tunnel (tun'el). L n. 1. Passage cut 
 
 \ through a hill or under a river. 2. 
 Any long, narrow passage, as a chim- 
 ney-flue, funnel, etc. II. vt. Make a 
 passage through; hollow out. [Fr. 
 tonnelle, dim. of tonne, tun.] 
 
 tunny (tun'i), n. Large food-fish (up to 
 1,000 lbs.) of the mackerel family, 
 found chiefly on the Mediterranean 
 coasts; horse mackerel. [G-r. thynos 
 —thyno, dart along.] 
 
 tup (tup). I. n. 1. Ram. 2. Striking 
 part of a tilt or steam-hammer. II. 
 vt. and vi. Butt, as a ram. 
 
 tupelo (tu'pe-lo), n. Large swamp tree 
 with light, soft wood, which does not 
 split; pepperidge; sour gum; black 
 gum. [American Indian.] 
 
 turban (tur'ban), n. 1. Head-covering 
 worn by eastern nations, consisting 
 of a cap with a sash wound around it. 
 
 2. Circular head-dress worn by ladies. 
 
 3. Whole whorl of a shell.— tur- 
 baned (tur'band), a. Wearing a tur- 
 ban. [Pers. diilbend. Cf. tulip.] 
 
 turbary (tur'ba-ri), 1. Right of digging 
 peat. 2. Peat moor. [LowL. turba,turf .] 
 
 turbid (tfir'bid), a. 1. Having the sedi- 
 ment disturbed; muddy; 2. Confused. 
 — tur'bidly, adv.— tur'bidness, n. 
 [L. turbidus— turba, confusion.] 
 
 turbinate (tur'bin-at), a. Shaped like 
 a top or inverted cone. — Turbinate 
 bone. One of three bones (inferior, 
 middle and superior), bet. mouth and 
 nose. See cut under nose. [L. turbi- 
 nate— turbo, spinning-top.] 
 
 turbine ( tur'bin), n. Horizontally 
 rotating water-wheel. — Steam turbine, 
 turbine impelled by steam instead of 
 water.— Turbine engine, engine driven 
 by a steam turbine, [spirally coiled. 
 
 turbinoid(tur'bi-noid), a. Top-shaped ; 
 
 turbit (tur'bit), n. Breed of domestic 
 pigeons with white body and colored 
 wings. 
 
 turbot (tur'but), n. 
 Large, flat fish, 
 esteemed a deli- 
 cacy. [Fr.— L. tur- 
 bo, spinning-top.] 
 
 tnrbulent ( tur'- 
 bu-lent), a. 1. 
 Disturbed; in 
 violent commo- luroot. 
 
 tion. 2. Disposed to disorder.— tur'- 
 bulenee, tur'bulency, us.— tur- 
 bulently,adv. [L. turbulentus— turba, 
 crowd.] 
 
 Syn. Disorderly; boisterous; agi- 
 tated; restless; refractory; irregular; 
 noisy; lawless; riotous; seditious. 
 
 turdoid ( tur'doid ), a. Thrush-like. 
 [L. turdus, thrush, andGr. eidos, form.] 
 
 tureen (tu-ren'). n. Deep, covered table- 
 dish for holding souo.— tureen'ful, 
 n. [Fr. terrine — L,. terra, earth.] 
 
 turf (turf). I. n. 1. Surface of land 
 matted with the roots of grass, etc. 
 earth covered with short grass. 2. 
 Cake of turf cut off; sod. 3. Peat. 
 4. Race-ground; horse racing. II. vt. 
 Cover with turf or sod.— turf y, a. 
 Abounding or covered with turf.— 
 turf iness, n. [A. S. Ger. tor/.] 
 
 turgent(tur'jent),a.l. Swelling; rising 
 into a tumor. 2. Inflated; bombastic. 
 — tur'gently, adv. [L.—turgeo, swell.J 
 
 turgesceni (tur-jes'ent), a. Swelling. 
 — turges'cenee, turges'ceney, ns. 
 [L. — turgesco — turgeo, swell.] 
 
 turgid (tdr'jid), a. 1. Swollen; un- 
 naturally distended. 2. Bombastic— 
 turgidly, ady.— tur'gidness,tur- 
 g-id'ity, ns. [L. turgidus.] 
 
 Syn. Bloated; tumid; puffed up; 
 pompous; stilted; grandiloquent. 
 
 Turk (turk), n. 1. One of the race 
 dominant in Turkey. 2. A Moham- 
 medan.— Turk'ess, n. fern. 
 
 tnrkey (turk'i), 
 n. Large galli- 
 naceous bird, a 
 native of Ameri- 
 ca, so called be- 
 cause erroneous- 
 ly supposed to 
 have come from 
 Turkey.-turk'- 
 ey-gob'bler , 
 n. Male of the 
 Turkey; turkey- 
 coc k.-Tnrk- 
 ey-hen, n. Fe- 
 male of the Tur- 
 key. — turkey-bnzzard, n. Ameri- 
 can vulture resembling a turkey. 
 
 Wild turkey. 
 
 f&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Turkey-red 
 
 638 
 
 turquoise 
 
 Turkey-red (turk'i-red), n. 1. Fine 
 durable red dye, obtained originally 
 from madder in Turkey. 2. Cotton 
 cloth dyed of this color. 
 
 Turkey-stone (turk'i-stota), n. 1. Kind 
 of oilstone brought from Asia Minor, 
 and used for hones. 2. Turquoise. 
 
 Turkish (turk'ish). I. a. Of, pertain- 
 ing to, or derived from Turkey. II. n. 
 The language of the Turks.— Turk- 
 ish-bath (turk'ish-bath), n. Hot-air 
 bath after which the patient is rubbed 
 down and gradually cooled. . 
 
 Turk's-head (tiirks'hed), n. 1. Knot 
 made by laying turns of cord around 
 a rope. 2. Long broom with round 
 head. 3. Cake-pan with a hollow cone 
 in the center, admitting the heat to 
 the middle parts of the cake. 
 
 turmeric (tur'me-rik), n. Root of an E. 
 Indian plant of the ginger family used 
 as a yellow dye, in curry-powder, and 
 as a chemical test for the presence of 
 alkalies. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 turmoil (tur'moil). I. n. Distracting 
 confusion; bustle; uproar. II. vt. Dis- 
 turb; agitate. III. vi. Be in trouble; 
 worry. [From Fr. tremouille, hopper 
 of a mill.J 
 
 turn (turn). I. vi. 1. Whirl round. 2. 
 Hinge; depend. 3. Issue; result. 4. 
 Take a different direction. 5. Become 
 by a change. 6. Be turned to a lathe. 
 7. Sour. 8. Become giddy. 9. Be nau- 
 seated. 10. Change from ebb to flow, 
 or from flow to ebb. II. vt. 1. Cause 
 to revolve. 2. Reverse; change the 
 position or the direction of. 3. Make 
 to nauseate ; make giddy. 4. Revolve 
 in the mind. 5. Infatuate or make mad. 
 6. Cause to return with profit, as a 
 penny. 7. Transfer; convert. 8. Form 
 in a lathe; shape. III. n. 1. Act of turn- 
 ing; revolution. 2. New direction; 
 change. 3. Winding ; bend. 4. Form of 
 expression; manner. 5. Opportunity; 
 time. 6. Purpose; convenience. 7. 
 Act of kindness or malice.— turn'er, 
 n. 1. One who turns, esp. with a lathe. 
 2. (T) Gymnast ; athlete.— By turns, one 
 after another ; alternately. [ A. ' S. 
 tyrnan. Gev.turnen. Fv.toumer. All— 
 Ti.tomare, turn 
 in a lathe.] 
 
 turn-buckle 
 ( turn-buk'l ), n. 
 
 Metallic loop the Turn-buckle, 
 
 turning of which 
 
 brings two rods closer together end- 
 wise, [dons his principles or party. 
 
 turncoat (turn'kot), n. One who aban- 
 
 turnery (tur'ner-i), n. 1. Art of turn- 
 ing or of shaping by a lathe. 2. Things 
 made by a turner. 
 
 turning (tiir'ning), n. 1. Winding; 
 deviation from a course. 2. Turnery. 
 3. pi. Chips. 
 
 turning-point (tur'ning-point), n. 1. 
 Point on which a question turns, and 
 which decides the case. 2. Point at 
 which motion changes direction. 3. 
 Grave and critical period. 
 
 turnip (tur'nip), ?i. 1. Plant of many 
 varieties, whose bulbous root is used 
 as food. 2. Its edible root. — tur'nip- 
 fly, n. One of several insects inju- 
 rious to turnips. — tur'nipy, a. 
 Turnip-like. [A.S. ncepe.] 
 
 turnkey (turn'ke), n. 1. One who has 
 charge of the keys in a prison ; warden. 
 2. Old-time tool for drawing teeth. 
 
 turnout (turn'owt), n. 1. Turning 
 out; attendance. 2. Carriage with the 
 horses. 3. Strike or striker. 4. Short 
 side-track in a railway. 5. Production. 
 
 turnover (turn'o-ver).-I. n. 1. Semicir- 
 cular pie having the crust doubled 
 over on it. 2. Amount of money taken in 
 a retail shop during a specified time. 
 II. a. That turns over or reverses. 
 
 turnpike (tiirn'pik), n. 1. Tollgate; 
 turnstile. 2. Turnpike-road. [Orig. 
 two cross-bars armed with pikes, and 
 turning on a post.] 
 
 turnsole, turnsol (tum'sol), n. 1. 
 Plant so called because its flowers 
 turn towards the sun, as the helio- 
 thrope or sunflower. 2. Poisonous 
 plant of the Mediterranean. [ Fr. 
 toumesol— tourner, turn, and sol (for 
 soleii) — L. sol, sun.] 
 
 turnspit (turn'spit), n. 1. One who 
 turns a spit. 2. Person engaged in 
 some menial occupation. 
 
 turnstile (turn'stil), n. 1. Revolving 
 frame in a footpath which prevents 
 ■ the passage of cattle. 2. Similar de- 
 vice to bar the passage of more than 
 
 ■ one person at a time. 
 
 turnstone(turn'ston), n. Small bird, 
 allied to plovers, which turns over 
 pebbles in search of food. 
 
 turn- table(turn'ta-bl), n. Turning plat- 
 form for shifting cars to another track. 
 
 turn verein(t.6rn'fer-in),w. Association 
 for the practice of gymnastics. [Ger.] 
 
 turpentine (tur'pen-tm), n. Resinous 
 sap of the terebinth and other trees. — 
 Spirit of turpentine, oil separated 
 from the rosin contained in the crude 
 turpentine. [Fr. terebenthine.] 
 
 turpitude (tiir'pi-tud), n. Vileness of 
 principles or actions; inherent de- 
 pravity. [L. turpitudo — turpis, base.] 
 
 turquoise (tiir'koiz), n. Bluish-green, 
 opaque mineral from Persia, valued 
 as a gem. [Fr. = Turkish, so called 
 because first brought from Turkey.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
turret 
 
 639 
 
 twibili 
 
 turret (tfir'et), re. 1. Small tower. 2. 
 Rotating tower, as on a warship.— 
 3. Raised middle part of a railroad 
 car roof, used for admitting air and 
 light.— tur'ret-gun, re. Gun for use 
 in a revolving turret.— turret-ship, 
 re. Armored ship of war, with guns 
 placed in one or more revolving tur- 
 rets. [O. Fr. touret (Fr. tourelle), dim. 
 of tour, tower. See tower.] 
 
 tnrreted (tur'et-ed), a. 1. Furnished 
 with turrets. 2. Formed like a tower. 
 
 turtle (tur'tl), turtle-dove, re. Spe- 
 cies of pigeon of a very tender and 
 affectionate disposition. [A. S. — L. 
 turtur, imitation of the bird's note.] 
 
 turtle (tur'tl), re. Tortoise.— turt'liug, 
 re, Act or method of catching turtles, 
 — Green turtle, large deep-water turtle 
 whose flesh is highly esteemed for 
 food. — Turn turtle, capsize. [A cor- 
 ruption of TORTOISE.] 
 
 Tuscan (tus'kan), a. Of or belonging 
 to Tuscany in Italy; denoting an old, 
 simple order of architecture. [L.] 
 
 tush ( tush ), interj. Be silent I an ex- 
 clamation of scorn or impatience. 
 
 tusk (tusk). I. re. Long, pointed tooth on 
 either side of the mouth of certain ra- 
 pacious ani- 
 mals. II. vt. 
 
 1. Gore with 
 the tusks. 
 
 2. Thrust or 
 move with 
 the tusks.— 
 tusked 
 (tuskt), a. 
 H a v i n g 
 
 tusks. [A. S. Tusk of pre-historic tiger. 
 tusc] 
 
 tusser (tus'er), re. Silk produced by 
 various worms, other than the silk- 
 worm, [tousle.] 
 
 tussle (tus'l), re. Scuffle; conflict. [From 
 
 tussock (tus'ok), re. Tuft of growing 
 grass or twigs.— tus'soch-grass, re. 
 Highly nutritious food-grass, found 
 in peat bogs of the Falkland Islands 
 and in Patagonia.— tussock-moth, 
 re. Moth whose destructive larva is 
 tufted. [of cheeking or rebuke. 
 
 tut (tut), interj. Silent! an exclamation 
 
 tutelage (tu'tel-aj), re. 1. Guardian- 
 ship. 2. State of being under a guar- 
 dian. [L.tutela — tutor, guard.] 
 
 tutelar (tu'te-lar), tu'telary, a. Hav- 
 ing the charge of a person or place. 
 [L.=tutelaris. See tutelage.] 
 
 tutor (tu'tur), I. re. One who has charge 
 of the education of another; teacher. 
 — tutoress, fern. II. vt. 1. Instruct. 
 2. Have the care or guardianship of. 
 — tutorage, re. 1. Office or authority 
 
 of a tutor. 2. Education, as by a 
 tutor.— tutorial (tu-to'ri-al), a. Be- 
 longing to, or exercised by, a tutor.— 
 tutorship, re. [L.=guardian,— tueor, 
 guard.] [L.j 
 
 tutrix (tu'triks), re. Female guardian. 
 
 tutti (tot'i), a. and re. All the voices or 
 instruments together. [It. J 
 
 tutti-frutti (tot'i-frot-i),re. Confection, 
 esp. ice-cream, flavored with, or con- 
 taining, several kinds of fruit. 
 
 tu-whit tu-whoo (to-hwif to-hwo'). 
 
 I. re. Word imitating the cry" of an 
 owl. II. vi. Cry like an owl. 
 
 twaddle (twod'l). I. vi. Talk in a silly 
 manner. II. re. Silly talk.— twad- 
 dler, re. [Imitative.] 
 
 twagger (twag'er), re. Fat lamb. 
 
 twain (twan), n. Two. [A. S. twegen.] 
 
 twang (twang). I. re. 1. Sharp, quick 
 sound, as of a tight string when pul- 
 led and let go. 2. Nasal tone of voice. 
 IE. vi. 1. Sound as a tight string pul- 
 led and let go. 2. Sound with a quick, 
 sharp noise. 3. Make music by pluck- 
 ing strings. III. vt. Make to sound 
 with a twang. [Imitative.] 
 
 tweak (twek). I. vt. Pinch and pull. 
 
 II. re. Sharp pinch. [A. S. twiccian. 
 Gr. zwicken. See twitch.] 
 
 tweed (twed), re. Woolen, twilled cloth, 
 generally of two-colored yarn, used 
 for men's suits. [Corr. from twill.] 
 
 tweedle (twe'dl). I. vt. 1. Trifle or 
 fiddle with. 2. Wheedle. II. re. Sound 
 like that of a violin.— tweedledee and 
 tweedledum, phrase denoting an al- 
 most imperceptible difference. 
 
 tweezers (twe'zerz), re. Small pincers 
 for pulling out hairs, etc. [From Fr. 
 etuis, instrument cases.] 
 
 twelfth (twelfth). I. a. Last of twelve. 
 II. re. One of twelve equal parts. 
 [A. S. iwelfta.\ 
 
 Twelfth-day (twelfth'da), Twelfth- 
 tide (-tid), re. Twelfth day after 
 Christmas; Epiphany. 
 
 twelve (twelv). I. a. Ten and two. II. 
 re. 1. Number next after eleven. 2. 
 The figures representing twelve. [A. 
 S. tioelf.] 
 
 twelvemo (twelv'mo), re. and a. Duo- 
 decimo; 12mo.; XII mo. 
 
 twelvemonth (twelv'munth), re. Year. 
 
 twentieth (twen'ti-eth). I. a. Last of 
 twenty. II. re. One of twenty equal 
 parts. 
 
 twenty (twen'ti). I. a. Twice ten; 
 nineteen and one. II. re. 1. Number 
 next after nineteen. 2. Figures rep- 
 resenting twenty. [A. S. twentig.] 
 
 'twere (twer). Contraction of it were. 
 
 twi-. Anglo-Saxon prefix, = two. 
 
 twibili (twi'bil), re. Double-bladed ax. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hat, barn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
twice 
 
 640 
 
 twoness 
 
 twice (twis), adv. Two times; once and 
 again; doubly. [O. E. twies.] 
 
 twiddle (twid'l). I. vi. Twirl idly; play 
 with. II. vi. Revolve; twirl; toy. 
 
 twig (twig), n. 1. Small shoot or branch 
 of a tree. 2. Divining-rod. [A. S. twig. 
 Ger. ziveig. Akin to two.] 
 
 twig- (twig), vt. and vi. Understand; 
 detect; observe; catch on. [Colloq.] 
 — twig'-worer, n. One of many small 
 beetles which infest trees and vines. 
 
 — twig'-girdler, n. Beetle which 
 girdles twigs of tree, producing a con- 
 dition of the wood which fits it as 
 food for the beetle's larvee.— -twig'- 
 inseet, n. Walking-stick. 
 
 twigged (twigd), a. Having twigs or 
 small shoots. 
 
 twig-gen (twig'n), a. Made of, or cov- 
 ered with, wickerwork. [like, twigs. 
 
 twiggy (twig'i), a. Consisting of, or 
 
 twiligiit (twi'lit). I. n. 1. Faint light 
 after sunset and before sunrise. 2. 
 Uncertain view. II. a. 1. Of twilight. 
 2. Faintly illuminated; obscure. — 
 Twilight curve, boundary of the earth's 
 shadow which, at times sharply de- 
 fined, rises iu the east at sunset and 
 arrives in the west at the end of twi- 
 light. [From 'tween light'.] 
 
 twill (twil), tweel (twel). I. n. 1. Dia- 
 gonal rib in cloth. 2. Fabric with a 
 twill. II. vt. Weave with a twill. 
 [Scotch tweel. Ger. zwillich.] 
 
 twin (twin). I. n. 1. One of two born at 
 a birth. 2. One very like another. II. 
 a. 1. Being one of two born at a birth 
 or growing in pairs. 2. Very like an- 
 other. — The twins, the constellation 
 Gemini.— twin'-foorn, a. Born at the 
 same birth; born along with another. 
 
 — twin-screw, n. Steamer with two 
 propellers on separate shafts, one 
 under each quarter, and revolving in 
 opposite senses to avoid lateral vibra- 
 tion. — twin'-flower, n. Trailing, 
 evergreen plant with delicate stalks 
 bearing two nodding, fragrant,f unnel- 
 formed flowers. [A. S. twinn, double.] 
 
 twine (twin). I. n. 1. Cord composed of 
 two or more threads twisted together. 
 2. Act of twining. II. vt. 1. Wind, as 
 two threads, together; twist together. 
 2. Wind about. III. vi. 1. Unite closely. 
 2. Bend. 3. Ascend spirally round a 
 support. [A. S. twin, double-thread.] 
 
 twinge (twinj). I. n. Twitch; pinch; 
 sudden, sharp pain. II. vi. Have or 
 suffer a sudden, sharp pain, like a 
 twitch. III. vt. Affect with a sharp, 
 sudden pain. [A. S. twingan. Cf. Ger. 
 zwingen, compel.] 
 
 twinkle (twing'kl). I. vi. and vt. 1. 
 Shine*with an intermittent, sparkling 
 
 light. 2. Open and shut the eyes 
 rapidly; wink. II. n. 1. Quick motion 
 of the eye; short gleam. 2. Time oc- 
 cupied by a winis; instant.— twink- 
 les', n.~ twinlt'ling, n. 1. A quick 
 movement, as of the eye. 2. Scintilla- 
 tion Of the fixed stars. 3. Time required 
 for one wink of the eye; very short 
 time. [A. S. twinclian.] 
 twire(twlr). I. vi. Peer; twinkle. II, 
 n. Sly glance; leer. [From root of 
 
 TBWARtf.] 
 
 Syn. Flash; sparkle; scintillate. 
 
 twirl (twerl). I. vt. and vi. Turn around 
 rapidly. II. n. Whirl; rapid circular 
 motion. [A. S. thwiril. Cf. Ger. quirl, 
 stirring-spoon.] 
 
 twist (twist). I. vt. and vi. 1. Twine; 
 unite or form by winding together. 2. 
 Encircle; wreathe; wind spirally. 3. 
 Turn from the true form or meaning. 
 II. n. 1 . That which is twisted ; cord. 
 2. Twisting; contortion. 3. Spiral or 
 rotary motion, as of a billiard ball. 4. 
 Distortion; perversion.— twist'er, n, 
 [A. S. twist — root of two.] 
 
 twit (twit). I. vt. [twit'ting; twit'ted.] 
 Remind of some fault; taunt. II. n. 
 Gibing reminder; taunt.— twit'ter, 
 n— twit'tingly, adv. In a twitting 
 manner. [A. S. czt-witan, reproach — 
 out, against, and witan (Scot. wyte. Ger. 
 ver-weisen), blame.] 
 
 Syn. Reproach; revile; flout; mock; 
 tease; jeer; deride. 
 
 twiteSi (twich). I. vt. Pull with a 
 jerk; pluck; snatch. II. vi. Move 
 spasmodically; make flings; carp. III. 
 n. 1. Sudden, quick pull. 2. Spas- 
 modic contraction of a muscle. 3. 
 Noose twisted around a horse's upper 
 lip to hold it under command when 
 shoeing.— twitcla'ei*, n. [A. S . Uviccian.] 
 
 twittes s (twit'er). I. n. 1. Series of trem- 
 ulous, broken sounds. 2. Flutter of 
 excitement. II. vi. 1. Make a succes- 
 sion of small, tremulous noises. 2. 
 Quiver; palpitate. [Imitative.] 
 
 twitter-foone (twit'er-bon),^. Excres- 
 cence on a horse's hoof. 
 
 twittingly (twitlng-li), adv. In a twit- 
 ting manner; with taunts. 
 
 tw©(to). I. a. One and one. ll.n. 1. Sum 
 of one and one. 2. Figure representing 
 two. — In two, in pieces, asunder. 
 [A. S. twa.] [edges. 
 
 two-edged (to'ejjd), a. Having two 
 
 two-faced (to'fast), a. 1. With two 
 faces like Janus, the Roman deity. 2. 
 Double-dealing; false. 
 
 twofold (to'fold). I. a. Multiplied by 
 two; double. II. adv. Doubly. 
 
 twoness (to'nes), n. State of being two 
 or double; duplicity. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9lf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
two-pence 
 
 641 
 
 typesetter 
 
 two-pence (to'pens or tup'ens), n. 
 English coin, worth four cents, U. S. 
 
 two-penny (to'pen-i or tup'en-i), n. 
 Of the value of twopence ; mean. 
 
 two-ply (to'pli), a. Consisting of two 
 cords, webs or thicknesses. 
 
 twosome ( to'sum). a. 1. Being a pair; 
 double, a. Performed by two persons. 
 
 twyer (twi'er), n. Pipe through which 
 air enters into a blast furnace. [Fr. 
 tuyere, nozzle.] 
 
 -ty, suffix. Terminating abstract nouns 
 from the Latin; denoting being or 
 quality, as society, honesty. [Fr.-££ 
 — L. -tas, -tatis.] [sixty. [A. S. tig.\ 
 
 -ty, suffix. Denoting the tenfold, as 
 
 Tycne (ti'ke), n. Greek goddess of for- 
 tune. [Gr.] 
 
 Tychonic (ti-kon'ik), a. Pertaining to 
 the Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe, 
 who flourished 1546-ltSOl. 
 
 tycoon (tl-kon'), n. Title by which 
 formerly the shogun of Japan was 
 known to foreigners, meaning great 
 prince. 
 
 tye (ti), n. The part of a topsail-halyard, 
 that passes through a block at the 
 masthead. 
 
 tyinbal (tim'bal), n. Small kind of 
 kettledrum. [Sp. timbal.] 
 
 tynip ( timp ), n. In a blast-furnace, 
 the crown of the opening in front of 
 the hearth. 
 
 tympan (tim'pan), n. 1. Tympanum. 
 2. Device to equalize and soften the 
 pressure of a printing-press, inter- 
 posed between the platen and the 
 paper. [From tympanum.] 
 
 tympanal (tim'pa-nal), a. Tympanic. 
 
 tympanic (tim-pan'ik). I. a. 1. Like a 
 drum. 2. Pertaining to the tympanum. 
 II. n. Bone of the ear, forming the 
 exterior auditory passage. 
 
 tympanism (tim'pa- 
 nism), n. Distention 
 by gas. 
 
 tympanitis (tim-pa- 
 ni'tis), n. Inflamma- 
 tion of the ear-drum. 
 
 tympanum ( t i m ' - 
 pa-num) , n. 1 . Mem- 
 brane which sepa- 
 rates the external 
 from the internal 
 ear; drum of the ear. 
 2. Triangular space 
 between sloping and 
 horizontal cornices, . 
 or in the corners or ^ane. 2. stapes. 6, 
 sides of an arch. 3. ^Ueus. ±- Incus. 
 Panel of a door. 4. "Water-raising 
 wheel, formerly drum-shaped. [L. — 
 Gr. tympanon, typanon, kettle-drum, 
 — typo, strike.] 
 
 Tympany of 
 
 human ear. 
 
 1. Tympanic mem- 
 
 type (tip), n. 1. Mark or figure struck or 
 stamped upon something. 2. That 
 which combines best the characteris- 
 tics of a group; style; model. 3. Em- 
 blem of something to come which is 
 called the antitype, as the paschal 
 lamb, the type of Christ, its antitype; 
 prefigurement. 4. Raised letter, etc., 
 in metal or wood, used in printing; 
 whole types used in printing. — ty- 
 pal, a. [Fr.— Gr. typos— typto, strike.] 
 
 DIFFERENT STYLES OF TYPE. 
 
 Gothic Condensed TTu&or Uext 
 
 Gothic De Vinne 
 
 Old Style O. S. Italic 
 
 Aldine Lcav Italic 
 
 Clarendon Boldface 
 
 DIFFERENT SI2E3 OF TYPE. 
 
 1 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is the best. Webster's New 
 
 2 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is tbe best. Webst 
 
 3 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is the best 
 
 4 Webster's New Standard Dictionary is t 
 
 5 Webster's Kew Standard Dictionary 
 
 6 Webster's New Standard Diction 
 
 7 Webster's New Standard Diet 
 
 8 Webster's New Standard D 
 
 9 Webster's STew Standar 
 
 10 Webster's New Stand 
 n Webster's New Stan 
 
 12 "Webster's New S 
 
 13 Webster's New 
 
 1. Brilliant (3J£ points). 2. Diamond 
 (4J£ p.). 3. Pearl (5 p.)- 4. Agate (0Y2 P-)- 
 5. Nonpareil (6 p.). 6. Minion (7 p.)- 7. 
 Brevier (8 p.). 8- Bourgeois (9 p.)- 9. Long 
 Primer (10 p.). 10. Small Pica (11 p.) 11. 
 Pica (12 p.). 12. English (14 p.). 13. Great 
 Primer (18 p.). 
 
 type-dressing (tlp'dres-ing), n. Pro- 
 cess of cutting off tbe superfluous 
 metal on newly cast type. 
 
 typefounder (tip'fown-der), n. One 
 who founds or casts printer's type. 
 
 type-metal (tlp'met-al), n. Compound 
 of lead and antimony,' used for making 
 types. [a machine which, sets type. 
 
 typesetter (tip'set-er), n. One who, or 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wotf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
typewriter 
 
 642 
 
 Ubiquitarian 
 
 typewriter (tip'ri-ter), n. 1. Machine 
 for writing by the impression of type 
 letters. 2. One who writes with this 
 machine. 
 
 type-writing- (tip'rl-ting), n. 1. Act 
 of writing with a type-writer. 2. 
 Writing produced by this process. 
 
 typhoid (ti'foid) fever. Contagious 
 disease due to bacilli. [See_ typhus.] 
 
 typhomalarial (ti-f o-ma-la'ri-al ), a. 
 Having both typhoid and malarial 
 symptoms. 
 
 typhon (ti'fon),w. Typhoon.-typhon'- 
 ie, a. Pertaining to or like a typhoon. 
 
 typhoon (ti-fon'), n. Violent hurri- 
 cane in the Chinese seas. [Chin, tei-fun, 
 hot wind.] 
 
 typhous (ti'fus), a. Relating to typhus. 
 
 typhus (ti'fus), n. Contagious, con- 
 tinued fever accompanied by great 
 prostration, delirium and eruption; 
 jail-fever. .[Gr. typhos, smoke; delir- 
 ium or stupor from a fever.] 
 
 typie (tip'ik), typ'ical, a. Pertaining 
 
 to or constituting a type; combining 
 
 the characteristic of a group.— typ'- 
 
 ieally, adv. [Gr. typikos,— typos, type.] 
 
 Syn. Emblematic; figurative. 
 
 typify (tip'i-fi), vt. Be a type of; rep- 
 resent by an image or resemblence; 
 exemplify; prefigure. — typ'ifier, n. 
 — typifica'tion, n. [L. typus, type, 
 and faciq, make.] [typewriter. 
 
 typist (ti'pist), n. One who uses a 
 
 typo (ti'po), n. Compositor. [Collog.] 
 
 typography (ti-pog'ra-fi), n. 1. Art of 
 printing. 2. General character of 
 printed matter.— typog'rapher, n. 
 Printer.— t ypograph'ie, typo- 
 
 graphical. 
 
 Pertaining to print 
 [Gr. 
 
 ing. — typographically, adv 
 
 typos, type, and grapho, write.] 
 ty polite (tip'6-lit), n. Rock with form 
 of a plant or animal impressed on it. 
 [— Gr. typos, impression, lithos, stone.] 
 typology (ti-pol'o-ji), n. Doctrine of 
 types, especially those of the scrip- 
 tures, [in northern mythology. 
 Tir (tir), n. God of war, son of Odin, 
 
 tyrannic ( tl-ran'ik ), tyran'nical, 
 
 tyrannous (tir'an-us), a. Pertaining 
 to or suiting a tyrant ; unj ustly severe. 
 — tyran'nically, tyr'annously, 
 
 adv. [L.— Gr. tyrannisA 
 
 Syn. Despotic; arbitrary; imperi- 
 ous; oppressive; autocratic; cruel. 
 
 tyrannicide(ti-ran'i-sid),w. I. One who 
 kills a tyrant. 2. A ct of killing a tyrant. 
 
 tyrannize (tir'an-iz). I. vi. Act as a 
 tyrant; rule with oppressive severity. 
 II. vt. Treat tyrannically ; make 
 tyrannically oppressive. 
 
 tyranny ( tir'an-i ), n. 1. Government 
 or authority of a tyrant. 2. Oppres- 
 sion; cruelty. [Gr. tyrannis.] 
 
 Syn. Autocracy; despotism; perse- 
 cution; despotocracy; absolutism. 
 
 tyrant (ti'rant), n. 1. In ancient Greece, 
 an irresponsible chief with unlimited 
 powers; absolute monarch. 2. One 
 who uses his power oppressively. 3. 
 Tyrant-flycatcher. [O. Fr. tirant—Gv. 
 tyrannos, Doric for koiranos, master.] 
 
 tyremesis (ti-rem'e-sis), n. Vomiting 
 of curdy or cheesy matter.— [Gr. twos, 
 cheese, and emesis, vomiting.] 
 
 Tyrian (tir'i-an), a. Of a deep purple 
 color, like the dye formerly prepared 
 at Tyre, from moilusks. 
 
 tyro(ti'ro), n. [pi. ty'ros.] One learning 
 an art; novice. [L. tiro, raw recruit.] 
 
 tyrociny (ti-ros'i-ni), n. 1. State of 
 being a tyro. 2. Unskilled effort. 
 
 Tyrolienne ( ti-ro-li-en' ), n. Polka 
 danced to mazurka music. 
 
 tyrotoxicon (ti-ro-toks'i-kun), n. Poi- 
 sonous alkaloid body (ptomain) found 
 in spoiled ice-cream, milk or cheese. 
 [Gr. turos, cheese,_aud toocikon, poison.] 
 
 Tyrrhenian (ti-re'ni-an), a. Etruscan; 
 of the sea between' Italy and the 
 islands of Sardinia and Corsica. 
 
 Tyrtean (tur-te'an), a. Pertaining to 
 Tyrtasus, a Greek writer of national 
 songs in the seventh century B. C. 
 
 tzar, tzarina, etc. See czar, etc. 
 
 Tzigany (tsig'a-ni), n. Hungarian 
 gipsy. [Hung.] 
 
 1 
 
 u (ii), n. Twenty-first letter in 
 the English alphabet. It has 
 five distinct sounds, as in use, 
 rude, push, cup, curl. The 6- 
 sound (as in rude) is becoming 
 more and more prevalent after ft, bl, cl, 
 and even after I (as influent, blue, clue, 
 lucid), but is still considered inelegant 
 after t, d, s and n, (as in tune, during, 
 sue, nude.) In many words, like guide, 
 plague, the u serves only to indicate 
 the hard sound of g, in others, as 
 
 anguish, suave, quite, it represents the 
 
 semivowels; in still others it is silent 
 
 after q, a,s_in guay, unique. 
 uberous (u'ber-us), a. Fruitful.—- 
 
 ct'berty, n. Fertility. [From L. uber, 
 
 fertile.]_ 
 ubiety (u-bl'e-ti), n. 1. State of being 
 
 in a definite place; whereness. 2. 
 
 Ubiquity. [From "L. ubi, where.] 
 Ubiquitarian (u-bik-wi-ta'ri-au), n. 
 
 One who believes in the ubiquity of 
 
 the body of Christ. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
ubiquity 
 
 643 
 
 umbra 
 
 ubiquity (u-bik'wi-ti), n. Existence 
 everywhere at the same time; onmi- 
 presence.-ubiq'uitous, a. Apparent- 
 ly omnipresent. — ubiquitously, 
 adv. — ubiq'uitousness, n. [Fr. 
 ubiquit£,—Li. ubique, everywhere.] 
 
 udder (ud'er), n. Glandular organ of an 
 animal, as a cow, in which the milk 
 is secreted. [A. S. uder, Ger. enter.] 
 
 udometer (u-dom'e-ter),w. Rain-gauge. 
 [L. udus, moist, and meter.] 
 
 ug-b (o), inter j. Usually accompanied 
 by a shudder. Expresses aversion. 
 
 ug-ly (ug'li), a. 1. Offensive to the eye; 
 deformed. 2. Hateful; ill-natured. 3. 
 
 I Dangerous ; bad. — ug'liness, n. 
 [Icel. uggligr, frightful, — uggr, fear.] 
 Syn. 1. Unsightly; homely; hide- 
 ous ; ill-favored. 2. Ill-tempered ; 
 cross; sulky; cantankerous; perverse. 
 
 Ugrian (6'gri-an), a. Pertaining to 
 the Pinno-Huhgarian group of lan- 
 guages. [After a Finnish tribe.] 
 
 uhlan (u'lan), n. One of a kind of light 
 cavalry, carrying a lance. [Polish 
 ulan, — Turk, oghlan, young man.] 
 
 ukase (u-kas'), n. Russian imperial 
 decree having the force of law. 
 
 ulcer (ul'faer), n. Sore which discharges 
 matter.— ulcerous, a. 1. Of the na- 
 ture of an ulcer. .2. Affected with 
 ulcers. [Pr. ulcere— L. ulcus, ulceris.] 
 
 ulcerate (ul'ser-at). I. vi. Be formed 
 into an ulcer; form ulcers. II. vt. 
 Affect with an ulcer or ulcers.— ui- 
 cera'tion, n. 1. Process of forming 
 into an ulcer. 2. Ulcei\ 
 
 »ule, sufix. Diminutive termination in 
 words of Latin origin, as iu capsw^j 
 glohwte, etc. [Pr.— L. -ulus.] 
 
 ulmic (ul'mik), a. Noting an acid found 
 in earth-mold, 
 peat, etc. 
 
 ulna (ul-na), n. 
 Larger of the Uin*. 
 
 two bones of the 
 forearm.— ulnar, a. [L. ulna, elbow.] 
 
 ulster (ul'ster), n. Long loose overcoat, 
 originally made of frieze in Ulster. 
 
 ulterior (ul-te'ri-ur), a. On the further 
 side ; remote; kept in the back ground ; 
 beyond what is seen or advanced. [L. 
 comp. of ulter, beyond.] 
 
 ultimate (ul'ti-mat), a. Furthest; last; 
 incapable of further division ; beyond 
 what no cause etc., can be traced.— 
 ultimately, adv. [L. ultimus, last, 
 superl. of ulter.] 
 
 ultimatum ( ul-ti-ma'tum ), n. [pi. 
 ultima'ta]. Last or final proposition. 
 Between nations its rejection usually 
 leads to a declaration of war. [Low 
 L, from L. ultimus, last.] [L.] 
 
 ultimo (ul'ti-mo), ad. In the last month. 
 
 ultra-, prefix. Beyond; excessively. [L.] 
 ultramarine(ul-tra-ma-ren'), n. Beau- 
 tiful, durable, sky-blue color, so called 
 from the lapis lazuli, from which it 
 is made, being brought from Asia, 
 beyond the sea. 
 ultramontane (ul-tra-mon'tan), a. 1. 
 Being beyond the mountains (the 
 Alps). Orig. used in Italy of the 
 French, Germans, etc.; afterwards 
 applied by the northern nations to 
 the Italians. 2. Holding extreme views 
 as to the Pope's rights and supremacy. 
 
 — ultramon'tanism, n. Extreme 
 views as to the Pope's rights.— ultra- 
 mon'tanist, n. [L. ultra, beyond, and 
 mons, mountain.] 
 
 ultramundane 
 ( ul-tra-mun'dan ), 
 a. Being beyond 
 the world or be- 
 yond the limits of 
 the solar system. 
 
 ululate (ul'u-lat), 
 vi. 1. Howl, as a 
 wolf. 2. Hoot, as 
 an owl.-ul'ulant, 
 a. Ululating.— 
 ulula'tion, n. 
 
 umbel (um'bl), n. Form of flower in 
 which a number of stalks, each bear- 
 ing a flower, radiate from one center. 
 
 — umbelliferous, a. Bearing um- 
 bels. [L. umbella, dim. of wm6ra,shade. 
 Doublet UMBRELLA.] 
 
 umber (um'ber), n. 1. Shade. 2. A fish, 
 the grayling. [L. umbra, shade.] 
 
 umber (um'ber). I. n. Brown clay pig- 
 ment. II. vt. To color with, or as with, 
 umber; darken. — um'bered, a. 
 Tinged with umber. [Orig. obtained 
 from Umbria, Italy.] 
 
 umbilic (um-bil'ik), umbilical, a. 1. 
 Pertaining to the navel. 2. Formed 
 or placed like a navel. [L] 
 
 umbilicus (um-bi-li'kus), n. [pi. urn- 
 bili'ci.] 1. Navel. 2. Navel-like depres- 
 sion or elevation. [L.— Gr. omphalos, 
 navel.] 
 
 umbo (um'bo), n. Boss; knob. [L.] 
 
 Umbel. 
 
 Umbra. 
 S, sun. E, earth. U, umbra. P, penumbra. 
 umbra (um'bra), n. Conical shade of 
 a planet within which the sun is not 
 visible.— um'bral, a. [ L. ] 
 
 fl&te. fat, tasfe, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, opt, move, wol?j 
 ffiUte, Jjut, Ijijrn ; oil, owl, thm, 
 
umbrage 
 
 644 
 
 uncertain 
 
 umbrage (um'braj), n. 1. Shade; ob- 
 scurity ; shadow.' 2. Feeling of being 
 overshadowed; suspicion of injury; 
 offense.— umbrage© us (um-bra'jus), 
 a. Shady; shaded, -umbrageous* 
 ly, adv. — umbra'geousness, n. 
 [O. Pr. wmbraige (Fr. ombrage) — L. 
 umbra, shadow.] 
 
 umbrella ( um-breVa ), n. Covered 
 frame carried in the band, as a screen 
 from rain or sunshine. [It. ombrella, 
 L.. umbella — umbra, shade.] 
 
 umiak (om'yak), n. Large Eskimo'boat 
 made of seal skins on a wooden frame. 
 
 umlaut (om'lowt), n. Modification of a 
 root vowel in declension, conjugation, 
 etc., as geese from goose. [Ger. um, 
 denoting a change, and laul, sound.] 
 
 umpire (um'pir). I, n. 1. Third person 
 called in to decide a dispute; arbitra- 
 tor. 2. Judge in the game of baseball, 
 cricket, etc. II. vt. and vi. Enforce 
 rules and decide disputes at (a game); 
 act as umpire. [O. Fr. nomper, not 
 even. Cf. L. impar.\ 
 
 umpress (um'pres),rc. Female umpire. 
 
 un-, prefix. Signifying not before nouns 
 or adjectives, and the reversal of the 
 action, or its undoing, before verbs. 
 Most of the words formed with this 
 prefix are self-explaining. [A. S. an— 
 and, back, against.] 
 
 unabridged (un-a,-bri jd'), a. Not 
 shortened; complete. 
 
 unaccountable (un-ak-kown'ta-bl), a. 
 1. Not responsible. 2. Inexplicable. 
 
 unaccusafoly ( un-ak-kii'za-bli ), adv. 
 So as to be beyond accusation. 
 
 unaccustomed (un-ak-kus'tumd), a. 
 1. Not having become used. 2. Not 
 according to custom; unwonted. 
 
 nnadvjsed(un-ad-vizd'), a. Iliad vised; 
 imprudent; rash. -— unadvisedly, 
 adv.— unadvi'sedness, n>. 
 
 unaffected (un-af-fek'ted), a. 1. Not 
 influenced; not easily affected. 2. Free 
 from affectation; natural; simple. — 
 unaffectedly, adv. — uraaffeet'ed- 
 ness, n. [or allied. 
 
 unaffied (un-af-fid'), a. Not affianced 
 
 unaided (un-a'ded), a. Not assisted. 
 
 unalterable (un-al'ter-a-bl), a. Un- 
 changeable; immutable. — unalter- 
 abil'ity, unal'terableness, n. 
 
 unancestried (un-an'ses-trid), a. 
 Without a distinguished ancestry. 
 
 unancbor ( un-ang'kur ), vt. and vi. 
 Make or become loose from anchorage. 
 
 unanealed, iinaneled (un-a-neld'), 
 a. Without the extreme unction. 
 
 unanimous (u-nan'i-mus), a. 1. Con- 
 sented to by all. 2. Being of one mind. 
 — unanimously, adv. — nnau'i< 
 mousuess, unanim'ity, n. 
 
 un appareled (un-ap-par'eld), a. Not 
 wearing clothes. 
 
 unarm (un-arm'), vt. and vi. Disarm; 
 make harmless.— unarmed', a. Not 
 equipped with weapons, or scales, 
 prickles, etc. [accustomedness. 
 
 uhassuetude (un-as'we-tud), n. Un- 
 
 unassuming (un-as-su'ming), a. Not 
 forward; modest. 
 
 unattacbed (un-at-tachf), a. 1. Not 
 attached; free. 2. Not assigned to 
 any troop, as an officer waiting orders. 
 
 unau (u'na), n. South American two- 
 toed sloth. 
 
 unavailable ( un-a-va'la-bl ), a. Not 
 capable of being used advantageously ; 
 useless; vain. 
 
 unavailing (un-a-va'ling), a. Useless. 
 Syn. Ineffectual; fruitless; vain. 
 
 unaware ( un-a-war' ), unawares', 
 adv. 1. Without being prepared; sud- 
 denly. 2. Inadvertently. 
 
 unbag (un-bag'), vt. Let out of a bag; 
 take from a bag. 
 
 unbalance (un-bal'ans), vt. To throw 
 out of balance; derange. [open. 
 
 unbar (uu-baf), vt. Remove a bar from ; 
 
 unbeknown(un-be-non'), a. Unknown. 
 
 unbelief (un-be-lef), n. The withhold- 
 ing of belief, esp. of divine revelation. 
 
 unbend (un-bend'). I. vt. 1. Free from 
 a bent state ; make straight. 2. Free 
 from strain; set at ease. II. vi. Be- 
 come relaxed.^unbend'ing, o. Not 
 bending; unyielding; resolute.— un- 
 bend'ingiy, adv. 
 
 unbiased ( un-bi'ast ), a. Free from 
 prejudice: impartial. 
 
 unblamed (un-blamd'), a. Free from 
 censure; innocent. 
 
 unbless (u n-bles') , vt. Render unhappy ; 
 neglect to make happy. 
 
 unblown (un-blon'J, a. 1. Not affected 
 by the wind. 2. Not sounded, as a 
 wind instrument. 3. Not developed, 
 as a bud. 
 
 unblusbing (un-blush'ing), a. Not 
 blushing; without shame; impudent. 
 
 unbosom (un-boz'um), vt. Disclose 
 what is in the mind; confess. 
 
 unbounded ( un-bown'ded ), a. Un- 
 limited; boundless; unrestrained. 
 
 unbridled (un-bri'dld), a. U n r e - 
 strained; licentious. 
 
 unburden (un-bur'dn), unfeurthLen 
 (un-bur'tfto), vt. Take a burden off. 
 
 unbutton (un-but'n), vt. To open or 
 unfasten, by taking the buttons out 
 of the buttonholes. 
 
 uncalled-for (un-kald'far), a. Unnec- 
 essary; wanton. [some. 
 
 uncanny (un-kan'i), a. Weird;' grue- 
 
 uneertain (un-ser'tin), a. 1. Not cer- 
 tain; doubtful. 2. Not reliable. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; mS, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mQte, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 
 
unchain 
 
 646 
 
 underplot 
 
 unchain (un-chan'), vt. Free from 
 chains or slavery. 
 
 unchancy (un-chan'si), a. 1. Unlucky; 
 uncanuy: dangerous. 2. Inconvenient. 
 
 unchurch (un-church'), vt. Deprive 
 of the rights of a church. 
 
 uncial (tm'shal), a. Applied to large 
 round characters used in ancieut 
 manuscripts. [L. uncia, twelfth part. 
 See inch.] [L. uncus, hook.] 
 
 unciform(un'si-farm),a. Hook-shaped. 
 
 uncivilized (un-siv l-llzd), a. Rude; 
 barbarous. [clasp of. 
 
 unclasp ( un-klasp' ), vt. Loose the 
 
 uncle (ung'kl), n. Brother of one's 
 father or mother. [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle) 
 — L. avunculus, extension of avus, 
 grandfather.] 
 
 mn close (nn-kl5z'), vt. Open; disclose. 
 
 tin compromising ( un-kom' pro-mi- 
 zing), a. Making no concessions ; 
 exacting. [ference. 
 
 unconcern (un-kon-sern'), n. Indif- 
 
 unconditional (un-kou-dish'un-al), a. 
 Without conditions; unreserved! 
 
 unconscionable ( un-kon'shun-a-bl ), 
 a. Not conformable to conscience; un- 
 reasonable, [loose. 
 
 uncouple (un kup'l),-^. Disjoin; set 
 
 uncous (ung'kus), a. Hook-like. 
 
 uncouth (un-koth'), a. Awkward; un- 
 graceful. -*• uncoutb'ly, adv. — un- 
 couth'uess, n. [A. S. uncudh, un- 
 kuowu, outlandish, — cunnan, know.] 
 
 uncover ( un-kuv'er ). I. vt. Remove 
 the cover of. Il.vi. Take off the hat. 
 
 uncreate (un-kre-at'), vt. Annihilate. 
 
 unction (ungk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
 anointing. 2. Ointment. 3. That qual- 
 ity in speech which show?? or excites 
 fervor and devotion, esp. religious. 4. 
 Hypocritical religious warmth.— Ex- 
 treme Unction (in the R. G. church, 
 sacrament of anointing persons with 
 consecrated oil in their last hours. 
 [Li. unctio— ungo, anoint.] 
 
 unctuous (ungk'tu-us), a. 1. Fervid; 
 insincerely fervid. 2. Oily; greasy.— 
 unctuos'ity, n. [L. unctus. greased.] 
 
 undated (un'dated), a. Rising and 
 falling in waves, [ed; bold; intrepid. 
 
 undaunted (un-dant'ed),«. Not daunt- 
 
 undeceive (un-de-seV), vt. Free from 
 deception or error; open the eyes of. 
 
 undecided ( un-de-si'ded ), a. 1. Not 
 settled. 2. Irresolute. 
 
 undeify (un-de'i-fi), vt. Deprive of the 
 character of a god. 
 
 undeniable (un-de-ni'a-bl), a. 1. In- 
 disputable. 2. Decidedly good. 
 
 under (un'der). L prep. 1. In a lower 
 position than; below. 2. Less than. 
 
 3. In subjection or su-bordinauon to. 
 
 4. During the reign of. II. adv. In 
 
 a lower position, degree or condition. 
 III. a. Lower in position, rank or 
 degree.— Under way, moving; having 
 commenced a voyage. [A. S.] 
 
 underbid fun-der-bid')^. Ask a lower 
 price than (another). 
 
 underbill (un-der-bil'), vt. To bill at 
 less than the actua 1 weigh t or measure. 
 
 under bitten (un'der-bit-n), a. Not 
 sufficiently etched to print well. 
 
 underbred ( un'der-bred ), a. Of infe- 
 rior breeding or manners. 
 
 underbrush (un'der-brush), n. Bushes 
 and small trees growing between 
 large trees. 
 
 undercurrent ( un'der-kur-ent ), n. 
 Current under the surface. 
 
 underdo ( un-der-do' ). I. vi. To do 
 less than one might, or less than is 
 required. II. vt. 1. To put under; 
 subject. 2. To do (esp. cook) less than 
 is required. [ciently cooked. 
 
 underdone ( un-der-dun' ), a. Insuffl- 
 
 underg-o (uu-der-go'), vt. [underwent'; 
 undergone'.] Endure; be subjected to. 
 
 undergraduate (un-der-grad'u-at), n. 
 Student who has not taken his first 
 degree. 
 
 underground (un'der-grownd), a. and 
 adv. Under the surface ofthe ground. 
 
 undergrowth (un'der-groth), n. Un- 
 derbrush. 
 
 underhand (un'der-hand), a. and adv. 
 Secret; by secret means; by fraud. 
 
 underhung (un-der-hung'), a. 1. Pro- 
 jecting beyond the upper jaw. 2. 
 Having a projecting underjaw. 
 
 underlay (un-der-1 a'), vt. Lay under; 
 support by something laid under. 
 
 underlet (un-der-lef), vt. Sublet. 
 
 underlie (un-d.ex-ll'),_vt. Lie beneath. 
 
 underline ( un-der-lm' ), vt. Under- 
 score, [nate. 
 
 uuderling (un'der-ling), n. Subordi- 
 
 undermeal (un'der-mel), n. 1. Chief 
 meal of the day, eaten at undern. 2. 
 After dinner sleep. [A. S. — undern, 
 orig. morning, later afternoon, and 
 mael, meal.] 
 
 undermine (un-der-min'), vt. 1. Form 
 mines under, in order to destroy. 2. 
 Destroy secretly the foundation or 
 support of. (in place or condition. 
 
 undermost (un'der-mqst), a. Lowest 
 
 underneath (uu-der-neth'), prep, and 
 adv. Beneath; below. [A. S. veothan. 
 beueath. See nether.] [sufficiently. 
 
 underpay (un-der-pa'), vt. To pay in- 
 underpinning (un-der-pin'ing), n. 1. 
 Act of introducing a support under- 
 neath. 2. Foundation; support. 
 
 underplot (un'der-plot), n. 1. Plot sub- 
 ordinate to the main plot in a play or 
 tale. 2. Secret scheme. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
underproof 
 
 646 
 
 unearth 
 
 Undershot wheel. 
 
 nnclerproof (un-der-prof), a. Of a 
 greater specific gravity than 0.91984, 
 said of alcoholic liquors. (A liquor is 
 said to be " 10 underproof," if it takes 
 10 volumes of pure spirit (of the 
 specific gravity of 0.825) to reduce 
 it to "proof.") 
 
 underprop (un-der-prop'), vt. Prop 
 from beneath; support. 
 
 underrate (un-der-raf), vt. Rate un- 
 der the value. [line. 
 
 underscore (un-der-skor'), vt. Under- 
 
 uaadersell (un-der-sel'). I. vt. Sell 
 cheaper than. II. vi. Defeat fair 
 trade, by selling for too small a price. 
 
 undershot (un'der- 
 shot), a. Moved by 
 water passing un- 
 der the wheel. 
 
 unc!ersign(un-der- 
 sin'),^. Write one's 
 name under or at 
 the end of. 
 
 understand ( un- 
 der-stand'). I. vt. 
 1. Comprehend ; 
 
 have correct ideas of. 2. Learn; be 
 informed. 3. Suppose to mean. 4. 
 Mean without expressing; imply. II. 
 vi. 1. Have the use of the intellectual 
 faculties. 2. Know; be informed. [A. 
 S. under standan, stand among.] 
 
 understanding (un-der-stan'ding), n. 
 
 1. Act of comprehending. 2. Faculty 
 of the mind by which it understands. 
 3. Exact comprehension; agreement. 
 
 understate (un-der-stat'), vt. Repre- 
 sent under or below the truth. 
 
 understood (un-der-stod'), a. 1. Com- 
 prehended. 2. Implied; assumed. 
 
 understudy (u n'd e r-s t u d-i). I. n. 
 Actor or actress prepared to take the 
 place of another at a moment's notice. 
 II. vt. Memorize (a part) as an under- 
 study. 
 
 undertake (un-der-tak'), vt. and vi. 
 Take under one's management; take 
 upon one's self; attempt; promise; 
 contract. 
 
 undertaker (un-der-ta'ker), n. 1. One 
 who undertakes any performance. 2. 
 One who manages funerals. 
 
 undertaking' (un-der-ta'king), n. 1. 
 Business or project engaged in. 2. 
 Management of funerals. 
 
 undertone (un'der-ton),ra.l. Low tone. 
 
 2. Low physical condition. 3. Slight 
 coloring seen through another color. 
 
 undertow(un'der-to), n. Current below 
 the surface, carrying off the water 
 thrown on a beach by the waves. 
 
 undervaluation ( un-der-val-u-a'- 
 shun), n. Undervaluing; rate below 
 the worth. 
 
 undervalue (un-der-val'u). I. vt. Value 
 under the worth; esteem lightly. Ii. 
 n. Value or price under the r,eal worth. 
 
 underwent. Pa. t. of undergo. 
 
 underwood (un'der-wod), n. Under- 
 brush; coppice. 
 
 underworld ( un'der- wurld ), n. 1. 
 World below the skies. 2. Degraded 
 part of mankind. 3. Opposite side of 
 the globe. 4. Abode of departed souls; 
 Hades. 
 
 underwrite (un-der-rif). I. vt. 1. Write 
 under something; subscribe. 2. Sub- 
 scribe one's name to, for insurance, 
 becoming responsible for loss. II. vi. 
 Practice insuring.— un'derwriter, 
 n. One who guarantees against loss 
 by fire, shipwreck, etc. 
 
 undeserved (u n-d e-z e r v d'), a. Not 
 merited.— undeservedly, adv. 
 
 undesigned (un-de-slnd'), a. Not 
 intended.— undesignedly, adv. 
 
 undine (un-den'), n. Female water- 
 spirit. — undinal (un-de'nal), a. 
 
 undiscerning (u n-d i-z e r'n i n g), a. 
 Laking judgment or discrimination. 
 
 undisciplined (un-dis'i-plind), a. Not 
 duly exercised, taught or trained. 
 
 undisguised (un-dis-gizd'), a. Not 
 covered with a false appearance. 
 
 undissembled ( un-dis-sem'bld ), a. 
 Not feigned; genuine; open. 
 
 undivided (un-di-vi'ded), a. Not divi- 
 ded or separated; unbroken; whole. 
 
 undo (un-do'), vt. 1. Reverse what has 
 been done; bring to naught. 2. Loose: 
 open; unravel. 3. Impoverish; ruin; 
 baffle. — undo'ing, n. Reversal of 
 what has been done; ruin. 
 
 undose (un'dos), a. Wavy; undulated. 
 
 undoubted (un-dowt'ed), a. Not called 
 in question junsuspected.-undoubt'- 
 edly, adv. Without doubt. 
 
 undress (ua-dres'), vt. and vi. Take off 
 the clothes or dressing (of). 
 
 undress (un'dres), n. 1. Loose dress. 
 2. Plain dress worn by soldiers when 
 off duty. 
 
 undue (un-du'), «• 1. Not yet demand - 
 able by right. 2. Not lawful; improp- 
 er. 3. Excessive. 
 
 undulate (un'du-lat), vt. and vi. Move 
 like waves; vibrate.— undulation, 
 n.— un'dulatory, a. Moving in the 
 manner of waves.— Undulatory theory, 
 in optics, theory which regards light 
 as a mode of motion generated by 
 molecular vibrations in the luminous 
 source, propagated by undulations in 
 the ether, presumed to fill all space. 
 
 unduly (un-du'li), adv. Not according 
 to duty or propriety; excessively. 
 
 unearth (iun-erth'), vt. Take out of, 
 or drive from the earth, as a fox. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
nnencnmber 
 
 647 
 
 unhumaiiize 
 
 nnencnmber (un-en-cum'ber), vt. To 
 free from encumbrance. 
 
 un-English (un-ing'I is h), a. 1. Not 
 characteristic of Englishmen. 2. Not 
 according to the usages of the English 
 language. 
 
 unequal (un-e'kwal), a. 1. Not of the 
 same size, quality, strength, talent, 
 station or the like. 2. Inferior; inade- 
 quate. 3. Disproportioned ; unfair. 4. 
 Irregular. 
 
 unessential (un-es-sen'shal), a. 1. Not 
 absolutely required. 2. Void of being, 
 either apparent or real. 
 
 uneven (un-e'vn), a. 1. Not regular or 
 level. 2. Not balanced or fair. 
 
 unexampled (un-egz-am'pld), a. Un- 
 precedented; unparalleled. 
 
 unexceptionable (un-ek-sep'shun-a- 
 bl), a. Unobjectionable. 
 
 unexpected (un-eks-pek'ted), a. Com- 
 ing without warning or notice; 
 strange and unforeseen. 
 
 unfailing (un-fa'ling), a. 1. Inexhaus- 
 tible. 2. Always coming up to expec- 
 tation, [esty, partiality or prejudice. 
 
 unfair (un-far'), a. Marked by dishon- 
 
 unfatboniable ( un-f ath'om-a-bl ), a. 
 Too deep for measurement or com- 
 prehension. 
 
 unfeigned (un-fand'). a. Genuine. 
 
 unfit (un-fif). I. a. Unsuitable. II. vt. 
 Disqualify. [ing strength or spirit. 
 
 unflagging (un-flag'ing), a. Maintain- 
 
 unflated (un-na'ted), a. Not inflated 
 or distended. 
 
 unfledged ( un-flejd' ), a. Not yet 
 fledged, as a young bird ; immature. 
 
 unflesb(un-flesh'), vt. Emaciate.— un- 
 fleshed', a. Not having shed blood, 
 as a sword. 
 
 unflinching (un-flinch'ing), a. Acting 
 or suffering without shrinking ; stead- 
 fast. — unflinchingly, adv. — un- 
 flinch'ingness, n. 
 
 unfold (un-fold'), vt. 1. Open the folds 
 of; spread out. 2. Release from a pen. 
 3. Tell; disclose; explain. 
 
 unformed (un-farmd'), a. 1. Devoid of 
 shape; structureless. 2. Not fully 
 developed; immature.- Unformed star, 
 star not within the limits of any con- 
 stellation. 
 
 unfortunate (un-far'tu-nat). I. a. 1. 
 Having bad fortune ; unsuccessful. 2. 
 Attended with bad fortune; disas- 
 trous. II. n. One who is unfortunate. 
 — unfor'tunately, adv. — unfor'- 
 tunateness, n. [hostile. 
 
 unfriendly (un-frend'li), a. Not kind; 
 
 unfrock (un-frok'), vt. To deprive of 
 ecclesiastical authority, as a penalty 
 for a dishonorable act. 
 
 unfurl (un-fuiT), vt. Unfold; spread. 
 
 ungainly (un-gan'li), a. Awkward' 
 clumsy; uncouth. — ungain'liness, 
 
 n. [M. E. un-geinliche, inconvenient, — 
 Icel. gegn, (A. S. gegn, Scot, gane), 
 directed towards, against, ready.] 
 
 ungod (un-god'), vt. 1. To deprive of 
 divine character. 2. To render godless 
 or atheistic. 
 
 ungodly (un-god'li), a. 1. Not godlike. 
 2. Having no reverence for God; 
 impious. 3. Not approved by God; 
 unholy; wicked. — ungod'lily, adv. 
 — ungodliness, n. 
 
 ungovernable (un-guv'ern-a-bl), a. 
 Wild; unbridled; uncontrollable. 
 
 ungracious (un-gra'shus), a. 1. Un- 
 mannerly; slightly rude. 2. Not pleas- 
 ing; offeusive. 
 
 ungrateful (un-grat'fol), a. 1. Show- 
 ing a lack of gratitude. 2. Repugnant; 
 disagreeable. 3. Not rewarding ; thank- 
 
 ungual (ung'wal), a. Pertaining to, 
 resembling, or having, a claw or nail. 
 
 ungnent (ung'went), n. Ointment. [L. 
 uuguentum. Cf. ttnction.] 
 
 unguis (ung'wis), n. [pi. ung'ues.] 1. 
 Nail; claw; hoof. 2. Structure or 
 part resembling: a nail or claw. 
 
 ungula (ung'u-la), n. 1. Hoof, as of a 
 horse. 2. Part cut off from a cylinder 
 or cone, etc., by an. inclined plane. [L.] 
 
 ungulate (ung'u-1 at), a. 1. Having 
 hoofs, as a horse. 2. Hoof-shaped. 
 
 unhallowed (un-hal'od), a. 1. Not con- 
 secrated. 2. Profane; very wicked. 
 
 unhand (un-hand'), vt. Take the hands 
 off; let go. 
 
 unhandy (un-han'di), a. Awkward. 
 
 unhappy (un-hap'i), a. 1. Not happy; 
 miserable; sad. 2. Unfortunate; un- 
 lucky. 3. Evil. 
 
 nn harness (un-har'nes), vt. and vi. 1. 
 Take the harness off. 2. Take off the 
 armor or military dress of. 
 
 unheard (un-herd'), a. 1. Not perceived 
 by the ear. 2. Not admitted to a heav- 
 ing. 3. Not known to fame.— Unheard- 
 of, unprecedented. 
 
 un heaven (un-hev'n), vt. Deprive of, 
 or remove from, a heaven. _ 
 
 unhesitating (un-hez'-i-ta-ting), a. 
 Done or acting without hesitation. 
 
 unhinge (un-hinj')i vt. 1. Take from 
 the hinges. 2_. Render unstable. 
 
 unholy (un-ho'li), a. 1. Not sacred: 
 not hallowed. 2. Impure; wicked. 
 
 unhorse (un-hars'), vt. 1. Throw from 
 a horse. 2. Rob of horses. 
 
 nnhonse (un-howz'), vt. Deprive of a 
 house or shelter. 
 
 unhumanize (un-hu'ma-niz), vt. 1. 
 Divest of human character. 2. Elim- 
 inate the humane studies from. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owi, then. 
 
unhush 
 
 64S 
 
 universal 
 
 nnhnsk (un-husk'), vt. 1. Strip the 
 husk or husks from. 2. Force to di- 
 vulge one's thoughts or purpose. 
 
 nni*, prefix, meaning one. [L.] 
 
 uiiiaxal (u-ni-aks'al), uniaxial, a. 
 1. Having only a single axis. 2. Sym- 
 metrical to one axis only, as the crys- 
 tal called Iceland spar, which doubly 
 refracts light transmitted through it. 
 
 unicameral(u-ni-kam'e-ral),a.Having 
 only one chamber. 
 
 unicorn (u'ni-karn), 
 n. Fabulous ani- 
 mal with one horn. 
 [L. units, one , and cor- 
 nu, horn.J 
 
 unideaed ( un-i-de'- 
 ad), a. Having no 
 ideas ;unintelligent; 
 thoughtless. 
 
 uniform (u'ni-farm). 
 
 1. a. Having the 
 same form, manner 
 or character. 2. Unicorn. 
 Agreeing with an- 
 other. II. n. Dress or livery of the same 
 kind for persons who belong to the 
 same body.— uniform'ity, n. Agree- 
 ment with a pattern or rule ; sameness ; 
 likeness between the parts of a whole. 
 
 unify (u'ni-fi),^. Make into one-uni- 
 fication, n. [L. unus, one, and facio, 
 make.] 
 
 unilateral (u-ni-lat'er-al), a._ Onesided. 
 
 unimpeachable (un-im-pech'a-bl), a. 
 Not to be called in question as to 
 honesty; faultless; blameless. 
 
 unimproved (un-im-provd'), «• 1. Not 
 advantaged, bettered, or cultivated. 
 
 2. Not used or rendered available. 
 unintentional (un-in-ten'shun-al), a. 
 
 Done or occurring without intention. 
 — unintentionally, adv. [sel. 
 
 unio (u'ni-o), n. A bivalve; river-mus- 
 
 union (u'ni-un), n. 1. Uniting; com- 
 bination. 2. That which is united or 
 made one; bQdy formed by the com- 
 bination of parts; league. 3. Concord; 
 harmony; agreement between parts. 
 4. Emblem of union, as the stars in 
 in the U. S.flag. 5. (U) Large polit- 
 ical, ecclesiastic or social body, as the 
 United States. 
 
 Syn. Unison; unity; alliance; con- 
 federation ; coalition ; connection; 
 concord; harmony; junction.— 
 unionist (u'ni-un-ist), n. One who 
 favors union and opposes secession. 
 
 nniparous (u-nip'a-rus), a. Bearing 
 only one at a time. 
 
 uniplanar ( u-ni-pla'nar ), a. Lying 
 or taking place in one plane. 
 
 unipolar (u-ni-p5'lar), a. Having one 
 pole or only one kind of polarity. 
 
 unique (u-nek'), a. Without a like or 
 equal. [Fr.— L. unicus—unus, one.] 
 
 unison (u'ni-sun), n. Oneness; agree- 
 ment. [L. unus, one, and sonus, sound.] 
 Syn. See union. 
 
 unis.onant (u-nis'o-nant), unison- 
 ous (u-nis'o-nus), a._ Being in unison. 
 — unisonance (u-nis'o-nans), n. 
 State of being unisonant; identity 
 in musical pitch. [L. — unus, one, and 
 sono, sound.] 
 
 unit (u'nit), n. 1. One; single thing or 
 person; least whole number. 2. Any- 
 thing taken as one, or as standard of 
 measure. [L. unitum — unio, unite, — 
 unus, one.] _ [union. 
 
 unitable (u-ni'ta-bl), a. Capable of 
 
 Unitarian ( u-ni-'ta'ri-an ). I. n. One 
 who asserts the unity of the Godhead 
 as opposed to the Trinity. II. a. Per- 
 taining to Unitarians or their doc- 
 trine.— Unita'rianism, n. Doctrine 
 of a Unitarian. [From L. unitas, unity, 
 — unus, one.] 
 
 unitary (u'ni-tar-i), a. 1. Pertaining 
 or tending to unity. 2. Pertaining to, 
 or having the nature of, a unit. 
 
 unite (u-nif). I. vt. 1. Make one; bring 
 
 •together; join. 2. Make to agree or 
 
 adhere; harmonize. II. vi. 1. Become 
 
 one. 2. Act together. — uni'tedly, 
 
 adv. In union; together. 
 
 unitism (u'ni-tizm), n. Monism. 
 
 unitive (u'ni-tiv), a. Harmonizing. 
 
 unitize (u'ni-tiz), vt. Bring into unity 
 or harmony. 
 
 unity (u'ni-ti), n. 1. Oneness. 2. Agree- 
 ment; harmony. 3. In math. Any 
 quantity taken as one.— The Unities 
 (of place, time, and action), the three 
 requirements of the classical drama: 
 that the scenes should be at the same 
 place; that all the events should be 
 such as might happen within a single 
 day; and that nothing should be ad- 
 mitted not directly relevant to the de- 
 velopment of the plot. [Fr. uniti— L. 
 unitas— unus.] 
 
 univalve (u'ni- 
 valv). I. a. Hav- 
 ing one valve 
 or shell only. 
 II. n. Mollusc 
 whose shell is 
 composed of a 
 single piece. 
 
 universal (u-ni-ver'sal), a. 1. Compre- 
 hending or affecting the whole; hav- 
 ing no exception; unlimited; general. 
 
 2. Common to all members of a group. 
 
 3. Suited to all or many purposes, as 
 a machine.— universality, n. Un- 
 limited application.— univer'sally, 
 adv.— Universal joint, device allowing 
 
 Univalve. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Universalis**! 
 
 649 
 
 unpractised 
 
 one shaft to rotate another at an 
 angle. [See universe.} 
 
 Universalism ( u-ni-ver'sal-izm ), n. 
 Doctrine or belief of the ultimate sal- 
 vation of all mankind. — Univer- 
 salis t, n. Believer in imiversalism. 
 
 n ni verse (ii'ni- vers), n. 1. AU created 
 things viewed as one whole; whole 
 world. 2. Mankind. [JL. universum, 
 turned into one whole,— unus, one, and 
 verto, ve?'sum,_tnm.] 
 
 university (u-ni-ver'si~ti), n. Institu- 
 tion for scientific research, for teach- 
 ing the higher branches of learning:, 
 (science, literature, etc.,) and having 
 power to confer degrees in philosophy, 
 medicine, law and theology. [L. uni- 
 versitas, corporation,— umvem^s. ] 
 
 uni vocal (u-niv'o-kal), a. Having but 
 one proper meaning, opposed to equi- 
 vocal. 
 
 unjust (un-jusf), a. Contrary to what 
 is just; wrongful; unrighteous. 
 
 unkempt (un-kemf), a. Uncombed; 
 unpolished. [A. S. cemban, comb.] 
 
 unknowable (un-no'a-bl), a. 1. That 
 cannot be known; being beyond hu- 
 man knowledge. 2. Unexplainable. 
 
 unlaid (un-lad'), a. 1. Not laid, fixed, 
 or quieted. 2. Not having parallel 
 water-marked lines, as paper. 
 
 unland (un-land'), vt. Deprive of land. 
 
 unlawful (un-la'fol), a. Contrary to 
 law. 
 
 unlearn (un-lern'), vt. Forget, or learn 
 the opposite of what has been learned. 
 
 unlearned (un-ler'ned), a. 1. Ignorant. 
 2. Not displaying learning. 
 
 unleave (un-leV), vt. and vi. Deprive 
 of leaves; lose leaves. 
 
 unless (un-les')f conj. If not; suppos- 
 ing that not; except. 
 
 unlicked (un-likf), a. Not licked into 
 shape, as a bear-cub; uncouth. 
 
 unlike (un-lik'), a. Different; dissimi- 
 lar.— unlikely. I. a. Improbable; 
 not promising. II. adv. Improbably. 
 
 uulimber (un-lim'ber), vt. Remove 
 the limbers from, as a gun. 
 
 nnlime (un-lim'), vt. Deprive of lime, 
 as skins. 
 
 unlimited (un-lim'it-ed), a. 1. Having 
 no limits as to space, time or number. 
 2. Not restricted or qualified. 
 
 unline (un-lin') vt. Remove the lining 
 or contents from ; empty. 
 
 unlive (un-liv'), vt. Undo (a past) by 
 leading a different life. 
 
 unload (un-lod'), vt. Take the load 
 from; discharge; disburden. 
 
 unlock (un-iok'), vt. Unfasten what 
 is locked ; open. 
 
 unlooked (un-lokf), a. (Usually with 
 for.) Unexpected; unhoped. 
 
 unloose (un-16s'), vt. and vi. Make or 
 become loose or free. 
 
 unlorded (un-lar'ded), a. 1. Not ele- 
 vated to the peerage. 2. Not ruled 
 by a lord. 
 
 unmade (un-mad')» a>- 1- Not yet made 
 or constructed. 2. Taken to pieces; 
 disunited. 
 
 unmake (un-mak'), vt. 1. Destroy the 
 characteristic features of; spoil. 2. 
 Depose; dethrone. 
 
 unman (un-man'), vt. 1. Deprive of the 
 powers of a man, as courage, etc.; 
 emasculate. 2. Deprive of men. 
 
 unmask (un-mask'), vt. and vi. Take 
 a mask or disguise off; expose. 
 
 nnmeet (un-mef), a. Not suitable. 
 
 unmember (un-mem'ber), vt. Deprive 
 of church membership. 
 
 unmentionables ( un- men's hun-a- 
 blz), n. pi. Trousers; inexpressibles. 
 
 unmitigated (un-mit'i-ga-ted), a. 1. 
 Not lightened in effect; unabated. 2. 
 Extremely wicked. 
 
 unmoor (un-mor'), vt. and vi. Release 
 from moorings; weigh anchor. 
 
 unmoved (un-movd'), a. Not changed 
 in position, purpose or feelings. 
 
 unnatural (un-nat'u-ral), a. 1. Not 
 according to the laws of nature. 2. 
 Destitute of natural feelings or in- 
 stincts. 3. Contrary to the common 
 laws of morality. 4. Untrue to life; 
 artificial. [nerve or vigor ; weaken. 
 
 nnnerve (un-nerv'), vt. Deprive of 
 
 unnimbed (un-nimd'), a. Not having 
 a nimbus. [bility. 
 
 unnoble (un-no'bl), vt. Deprive of no- 
 unpack (un-pak'), vt. Take out of a 
 pack; open. [out parallel or equal. 
 
 unparalleled (un-par'al-eld), a. With- 
 
 uuparliamentary ( un-par-li-men'- 
 ta-ri), a. Contrary to the rules of pro- 
 ceeding in a legislative body. 
 
 unpeerable (un-per'a-bl), a. Incom- 
 parable; unapproachable. 
 
 unpeered (un-perd'), a. Unrivaled. 
 
 unpen (un-pen'), vt. Free from cap- 
 tivity, [people. 
 
 unpeople (un-pe'pl), vt. Deprive of 
 
 un perch (un-perch'), vt. Drive from a 
 perch. [plaited.) 
 
 unplait (un-plaf), vt. Undo (something 
 
 unpleasant (un-plez'ant), a. Giving 
 displeasure. — unpleas'ance* n. — 
 unpleasantness, n. 1. Quality of 
 being unpleasant. 2. Trifling quarrel. 
 
 unpointed ( un-point'ed ), a. 1. Not 
 sharp. 2. Purposeless. 8. Having no 
 diacritical marks. 4. Having the joints 
 not cemented, as a wall. 
 
 unpractised (un-prak'tist ), a. 1. Not 
 experienced or trained. 2. Not yet car- 
 ried out in practice ; not used or tried. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
unprecedented 
 
 650 
 
 unstring 
 
 unprecedented ( un-pres'e-dent-ed), 
 a. Never before done or heard of. 
 
 unprejudiced (un-prej'o-dist), a. 1. 
 Free from bias; impartial. 2. Not 
 injured. 
 
 unpremeditated ( un-pre-med'i-ta- 
 ted), a. Not planned or considered 
 beforehand. 
 
 unpretending ( un-pre-tend'ing ), a. 
 Not making pretense; modest. 
 
 unprincipled (un-prin'si-pld), a. Be- 
 ing withoutmoral principles; wicked; 
 unscrupulous. 
 
 unprofessional ( un-pro-.f esh'un-al ) , 
 a. 1. Having no profession. 2. Lying 
 outside of one's profession. 3. Viola- 
 ting the ethics of a profession. 
 
 unpronounceable ( un-pro-nown'sa- 
 bl), a. 1. Hard to pronounce. 2. Un- 
 mentionable. 
 
 unqualified (un-kwol'i-fid), a. 1. In- 
 competent. 2. Not having qualified, 
 as by passing an examination. 3. Un- 
 restricted; absolute. 
 
 unquenchable ( un-kwench'a-bl ), a. 
 That cannot be quenched or extin- 
 guished. 
 
 unquestioned (un-kwes'chund),«. 1; 
 Not called in question. 2. Indisput- 
 able; absolute. 3. Not molested with 
 questions. 
 
 unravel (un-rav'l). I. vt. 1. Take out 
 of a raveled state; disentangle; 2. 
 Unfold; explain. lL\vi. Be disen- 
 tangled. 
 
 unread (un-red'), a. 1. Not informed 
 by reading; ignorant. 2. Not yet read. 
 
 unready (un-red'i), a. 1. Not quick to 
 see or appreciate. 2. Unprepared. 
 
 unreal (un-re'al), a. Not real or sub- 
 stantial; fanciful. 
 
 unreality (un-re-al'i-ti), n. 1. A being 
 unreal; absence of substance. 2. A 
 being impractical or visionary. 
 
 unreason (un-re'zn). I. n. Lack of 
 reason,' folly; nonsense. II. vt. Prove 
 to be unreasonable. 
 
 un regenerate (un-re-jen'er-at), a. 1. 
 Not reconciled to God . 2. Wicked. 
 
 unremitting- (un-re-mit'ing), a. Per- 
 severing; incessant. 
 
 unreserve (un-re-zerv')t n. Freedom 
 in manner or style. 
 
 unrest (un-resf), n. Want of rest; dis- 
 quiet of mind or body. 
 
 unriddle (un-rid'l), vt. Solve. 
 
 unrig (un-rig'), vt. Strip of rigging. 
 
 unrivaled (un-ri'vald), a. Matchless. 
 
 unroll (un-rol'), vt. and vi. Open out 
 with a rolling motion; unfold; de- 
 velop; reveal. 
 
 unroof (un-rof), vt. Strip the roof off. 
 
 unruffled (un-ruf'ld), a. Not disturbed 
 or excited; calm. 
 
 unruly (un-ro'li), a. Regardless of re- 
 straint or law; refractory; turbulent. 
 — unru'liness, n. 
 
 unsaddle (un-sad'l), vt. 1. Take the 
 saddle off. 2. Throw from the saddle. 
 
 unsavory (un-sa'vur-i), a. 1. Having a 
 bad taste or odor. 2. Associated with 
 misconduct, as a reputation. 
 
 unsay (uh-sa'), vt. Take back what has 
 been said; retract. 
 
 unscathe«l(un-ska£M'),a. Not harmed. 
 
 unscrew (un-skro'), vt. Loose from 
 screws; unfasten; screw out. 
 
 unseal (un-sel'), vt. Remove the seal 
 of: open (what is sealed). 
 
 unseat (un-sef), vt. Throw from, or 
 deprive of, a seat. 
 
 unseemly (un-sem'li), a. Unbecoming. 
 
 unself (un-self), vt. To rid of self or 
 selfishness. [dominion of sense. 
 
 unsense (un-sens'), vt. To rid of the 
 
 unsettle (un-set'l). I. vt. Displace; put 
 in disorder or confusion; make un- 
 certain. II. vi. Become unfixed. 
 
 unsex (un-seks'), vt. Make unmanly or 
 unwomanly. [shackles; set free. 
 
 unshackle (un-shak'l),itf. Loose from 
 
 unsheathe (un-she2A')» vt. Draw out of 
 the scabbard. 
 
 unship (un-ship'). I. vt. 1. Unload from 
 a ship; throw overboard. 2. Remove 
 (an oar or tiller) from its place. II. vi. 
 Become unfastened, as a rudder. 
 
 unsightly (un-sit'li), a. Not pleasing 
 to the eye; ugly. 
 
 unsin (un-sin'), vt. Render sinless. 
 
 unsistered (un-sis'terd), a. Having 
 no sister. 
 
 unskilled (un-skild'), a. 1. Without 
 dexterity, esp. in artisan's work; able 
 to do common labor only. 2. Done or 
 produced without skill. 
 
 unsold er (un-sod'er),^. Disunite (some- 
 thing soldered). 
 
 unsophisticated (un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted), 
 a. 1. Natural; artless; genuine. 2. 
 Not corrupted or perverted. 
 
 unsparing (un-spar'i n g), a. 1. Not 
 saving; lavish; prodigal. 2. Not for- 
 bearing; cruel. 
 
 unspeakable (un-spe'ka-bl), a. That 
 cannot be properly described; unut- 
 terable; untidy. [enchantment. 
 
 unspell (un-spel'), vt. Deliver from 
 
 unsiate (un-staf), vt. 1. Divest of state- 
 hood ; overthrow. 2. Deprive of office. 
 
 unstock (un-stok'), vt. 1. Deplete of 
 stock, as a warehouse. 2. Remove the 
 stock of, as a gun. 3. Take from the 
 stocks, as a ship. 
 
 unstop (un-stop'), vt. 1. Free from a 
 stopper. 2. Free from hindrance. 
 
 unstring (un-string'), vt. 1. Take the 
 strings off. 2. Relax; loosen. 
 
 fftte, tat, t&Sfc, fSr, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, »ot. move, wo\t\ 
 IBUte, hut, hurii 5 oil, owl, tten. 
 
unstudied 
 
 651 
 
 upper 
 
 unstudied (un-stud'id), a. 1. Not plan- 
 ned beforehand. 2. Natural, 3. Not 
 having studied; uu versed. 4. Not 
 devoted to study, [mind concerning. 
 
 unthinli(un-think'), vt. Change one's 
 
 unthinking- (un-think'ing), a. 1. Not 
 capable of thinking. 2. Acting or done 
 without proper thought. 
 
 unthread (un-thred'), vt. 1. Draw out a 
 thread from. 2. Loose the threads of. 
 
 unthrifty (un-thrif ti), a. 1. Not grow- 
 ing or prospering. 2. Not conducive 
 to thrift; harmful. 3. Not possessing 
 thrift; wasteful. [derly; dirty. 
 
 untidy (un-ti'di), a. Not neat; disor- 
 
 untie (un-ti'), vt. and vi. Loose from 
 being tied; unbind; loosen. 
 
 until (un-til'). I. prep. Till; to; as far 
 as. II. adv. Till; up to the time tha,t. 
 [A. S.] [inopportuue. 
 
 untimely (un-tim'li), a. Premature; 
 
 untiring* (un-ti'ring), a. Not tiring or 
 becoming tired. [and to. 
 
 unto (un'to), prep. To. [A. S. on, in, 
 
 untold (un-told'), a. 1. Not disclosed. 
 2. Not counted; innumerable. 
 
 untoward (un-to'ard), a. Perverse; 
 awkward ; inconvenient. — unto - 
 wardly, adv. — unto'wardness, n. 
 
 untraveled (un-trav'ld), a. 1. Not hav- 
 ing learned by traveling. 2. Never 
 passed over by man. 
 
 untrue (un-tro'), a. 1. Not correspond- 
 ing with fact. 2. Not conforming to 
 rule. 3. Not adhering to truth or 
 faith; disloyal. 
 
 untruth (un-trothO, n. Falsehood ; lie. 
 
 untutored (un-tu't ur d), a. Unedu- 
 cated; uninstructed; raw. 
 
 untwine (un-twm'), vt. Open or sepa- 
 rate what is twined together. 
 
 untwist (un-twisf), vt. Open what is 
 twisted. [an urn; unburied. 
 
 unurned (un-urnd'), a. Not placed in 
 
 unused (un-uzd'), a. 1. Not employed ; 
 never used. 2. Not accustomed. 
 
 unutterable (un-ut'er-a-bl), a. That 
 cannot be spoken; too great or deep 
 for expression. 
 
 unvarnished ( un-var'nisht ), a. 1. 
 Having no coating of varnish. 2. Plain ; 
 simple. [of vessels. 
 
 unvascular_(un-vas'ku-lar), a. Devoid 
 
 unveil (un-val'). I. vt. Remove the veil 
 or concealing drapery from, esp. a 
 statue, with ceremony of dedication ; 
 disclose. II. vi. Remove one's veil. 
 
 unwarrantable (un-wor'au-ta-bl), a. 
 That cannot be defended or justified. 
 
 unwearied (un-we'rid), a. Not tiring ; 
 indefatigable.— unwea'riedly, adv. 
 
 unwept (un-wept'), a. Not mourned. 
 
 unwieldy (un-wel'di), a. Not easily 
 moved or handled. 
 
 unwittingly (un-wit'ing-li), adv. With- 
 out knowledge ; ignorantly. 
 
 unwonted (un-wunt'ed), a. Unaccus- 
 tomed; uuusual. 
 
 unworthy(un-wur'Mi), a. Not worthy; 
 worthless; unbecoming. 
 
 unwrap (un-rap'), vt. Opan what is 
 wrapped or folded. 
 
 up (up). I. adv. 1. Toward, or in, a 
 higher place or position. 2. In a con- 
 dition of elevation, advance, excite- 
 ment, etc. 3. To or at an end. II. prep. 
 To a higher place on or along. [A. S. 
 up, uppe. Ger. auf.] 
 
 upas (u'pas), upas-tree (u'pas-tre), 
 n. 1. Tree of Java, etc., which" yields 
 poisonous secretions. 2. Poisonous 
 sap of the tree. [Malay=poison.] 
 
 upbear (up-bar'), vt. Bear up; raise 
 aloft; sustain. 
 
 upbraid (up-brad'), vt. 1. Reproach 
 
 for something wrong or disgraceful ; 
 
 chide. 2. Be a reproach to. [A. S. 
 
 upgebredan. Icel. bregda, charge.] 
 
 Syn. Blame; censure; condemn. 
 
 upcast(up'kast),?i. 1. A casting upward. 
 2. That which is cast up. 3. Shaft for 
 upward passage of air in a mine. 
 
 upheave (up-heV), vt. Heave or lift 
 up— upheaval, n. Raising of sur- 
 face formations by the action of in- 
 ternal forces. 
 
 uphill (up'hil). I. adv. Upwards on an 
 incline. II. a. Ascending: difficult. 
 
 uphold (up-hold'), vt. 1. Holdup; sus- 
 tain. 2. Countenance; defend; aid. 
 — upholder, n. 
 
 upholster (up-hol'ster), vt. 1. Furn- 
 ish with hangings, furniture, etc. 2. 
 Furnish with springs, cushions, and 
 trimmings.— upholsterer, n. One 
 who supplies furniture, beds, etc.— 
 upbol'stery, n. Wares or business 
 of upholsterers. [Formerly upholder, 
 trader.] 
 
 upland (up'land). I. n. High land, as 
 opposed to meadows, river-sides, etc. 
 II. a. 1. High in situation. 2. Per- 
 taining to uplands. [aloft. 
 
 uplift (up-liff), vt. Lift up or raise 
 
 uplying (up'li-ing), a. Lying at an 
 elevation: upland. [at the top. 
 
 upmost (up'most), a. Highest; being 
 
 upon (up-on'), prep. On; on top of. 
 
 upper ( up'er ). I. a. (comp. of up). 
 Further up; higher in position, dig- 
 nity, etc.; superior. II. n. 1. Upper 
 portion of a shoe or boot; vamp and 
 quarters. 2. pi. Gaiters that button 
 over the ankle above the shoe. — Upper 
 ten, the aristocracy or upper classes. 
 (Short for upper ten thousand, first 
 used of the aristocracy of New York 
 City.) 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Upper-hand 
 
 652 
 
 urinary 
 
 upperhand (up'er-hand), n. Superior- 
 ity; advantage. 
 
 uppermost ( up'er-most ), a. Highest 
 in place, power, or authority; pre- 
 dominant, [assertive. [Collog.] 
 
 uppish (up'ish), a. Arrogant; self- 
 upright (up'rit). I. a. 1. In an erect 
 position. 2. Adhering to rectitude; 
 honest; just. II. n. Something in a 
 vertical position, as a timber, engine, 
 or piano. — up'rightly, adv. — up'- 
 rightness, n. 
 
 uprising (up-ri'zing), n. 1. Act of ris- 
 ing. 2. Popular revolt; insurrection. 
 
 uproar |up'ror),ft. Noise ; tumult; 
 bustle; clamor.— up roar'ious, a. 
 Making, or accompanied by, great up- 
 roar. — uproariously , adv. [Dut. 
 oproere, stir. Cf. Ger. aufruhr, uproar.J 
 
 uproot (up-rof), vt. Tear up by the 
 roots; remove utterly; extirpate. 
 
 upset (up-set'). I. vt. 1. Turn upside 
 down; overthrow. 2. Disturb; be- 
 wilder; make sick. 3. Shorten and 
 thicken (metal) by hammering or 
 pressure ; swage. II. n. Overturn; over- 
 throw. III. a. Setup; required as the 
 lowest selling price. [From scot.] 
 
 upshot (up'shot), n. Final issue; end. 
 
 upside (up'sid), n. Upper side. — up- 
 side-down, adv. 1. With the upper- 
 part undermost. 2. In complete con- 
 fusion. 
 
 upstairs (up-starz'). I. a. Pertaining 
 to an upper story or flat. II. adv. To 
 a story above; up the stairs. III. n. 
 Upper story. 
 
 upstart (up'start). I. n. One who has 
 suddenly risen from low life to wealth, 
 etc. II. a. Suddenly raised to prom- 
 inence or wealth ; pretentious, [ward. 
 
 upstream (up-strem'), vi. Flow up- 
 
 uptake (up'tak), n. 1. A taking up. 
 2. Part of flue, where the combustion 
 gases unite and turn toward the 
 smoke-stack. 
 
 upthrow (up'thro), n. 1. A throwing 
 upward. 2. In geol. Upward displace- 
 ment of the rock on one side of a fault. 
 
 npthrust (up'thrust), n. 1. An up- 
 ward thrust. 2. In geol, Violent up- 
 heaval of rocks. 
 
 upturn (up-turn'), vt. 1. Turn upward. 
 2. Turn oven throw into confusion. 
 
 upupoid (u'pu-poid), a. Belonging to 
 the family of Upupidae or hoopoes. 
 [From L. upupa, hoopoe.] 
 
 upward (up'ward), a. and adv. Directed 
 to a higher place. -upwards, adv. 
 
 uraemia, uremia (u-re'mi-a), n. Dis- 
 ease caused by retention in the blood 
 of waste products, that are normally 
 eliminated by the kidneys; acute 
 Bright's disease. [From urea.] 
 
 uraemic, uremic (u-re'mik), a. Re' 
 lating to urasmia. 
 
 uraeum (u-re'um), n. Posterior half 
 of a bird. Opposed to stethiaeum. [From 
 Gr. oura, tail.] 
 
 urai (u'rai), n. Preparation of ure- 
 thane and chloral-hydrate, used to 
 induce sleep. _ 
 
 ural-altaic (u'ral-al-ta'ik), a. 1. Per- 
 taining to the Ural and Altaic moun- 
 tain ranges or the neighboring coun- 
 try. 2. Pertaining to a family of 
 languages comprising the Finnic, 
 Samoyed and Turkic (northern divis- 
 ion), and the Manchu and Mongolian 
 (southern divison). 
 
 uranium (u-ra'ni-um), n. Rare metal 
 of a color like that of nickel or iron, 
 and never found native. Its com- 
 pounds are highly radioactive. 
 
 uranography (u-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. De- 
 scriptive astronomy; urahology. [Gr. 
 ouranos, heaven.] 
 
 Uranus (u'ra-nus) , w. 1. In myth. Greek 
 deity, the father of Chronos (Time). 
 2. Planet, discovered by Herschel, 
 31,000 miles in diameter; 14.7 times 
 larger than the earth. Has four satel- 
 lites or moons. 1800 millions of miles 
 distant from the sun, around which 
 it revolves once in 84 years. [Gr. 
 Ouranos, vault of the heavens.] 
 
 urban (ur'ban), a. Of or belonging to 
 a city. [L. urbanus—\irbs, city.] 
 
 urbane (ur-ban'), a. Pertaining to, or 
 customary in, a city; civilized; re- 
 fined; courteous. — urbanity ( u r - 
 bau'i-ti), n. Politeness. [See urban.] 
 
 urchin (ur'chin), n. 1. Hedgehog. 2. 
 Child; mischievous boy. 3. Sea-urchin. 
 [M. E urchon, O. Fr. ericon, Fr. heris- 
 son, — L. ericius, hedgehog.] 
 
 urea ( u're-a ), n. A very soluble, color- 
 less, crystalline compound found in 
 the fluids of animal bodies, esp. in the 
 urine. This was the first organic 
 compound ever artificially prepared 
 (by Woehler in 1828), a process con- 
 sidered impossible until then. 
 
 nremkii See uraemia. 
 
 ureter (u-re'ter), n. A duct from each 
 kidney tothe bladder. 
 
 urethra (u-i e'thra), n. Tube from the 
 bladder to the exterior. [Gr.[ 
 
 urge (urj), vt. Press; drive. [L. urgeo.] 
 Syn. Importune; spur; push; accel- 
 erate; actuate; promote; stimulate; 
 encourage; instigate; prompt. 
 
 urgent (ur'jent), a. 1. Pressing with 
 importunity. 2. Calling for imme- 
 diate*attention. — ur'gently, adv. — 
 ur'gency, n. [L. urgens.] 
 
 urinary (u'ri-nar-i). I. a. Pertaining 
 to or like urine. II. n. Urinal. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
urinate 
 
 653 
 
 utmost 
 
 Grecian urns. 
 
 urinate (u'ri-nat), vi. To void uriue.— 
 urination, n.— urinative, a. In- 
 ducing a flow of urine. 
 
 urine (u'rin), n. Fluid which is sep- 
 arated from the blood by the kidneys. 
 [L.. urina.] 
 
 urn (urn). I. n. 
 Vase; vessel. 
 II. vt. Place in 
 an urn. [L. ur- 
 na, v ess el of 
 burnt clay,— 
 uro, burn. J 
 
 uropyg-ium 
 (u-ro-pij'i-um), 
 n. P a r t of a 
 bird's body 
 supporting the tail-feathers. — uro- 
 pygial gland, gland at the seat of 
 the tail, which secretes the oil used in 
 presening the feathers. [Gr. — orrlios 
 rump, and pyge, seat.] 
 
 urosis (u-ro'sis), n. Any disease of the 
 urinary organs. 
 
 Ursa (iir'sa), n. Bear, name of two con- 
 stellations: U. Major, and U. Minor, 
 Great and Little Bear. [L.=she-bear.j 
 
 ursine (ur'sin), a. Of or resembling a 
 bear. [Lt. ursuj, bear.} 
 
 Ursuline (ur'su-lin), n. One of an order 
 of Roman Catholic women, for the 
 nursing of the sick and the teaching 
 of young girls. [as with nettles. 
 
 urticate (ur'ti-kat), vt. and vi. Sting, 
 
 urus ( u'rus ), n. Extinct European 
 wild ox. [A. S.] 
 
 us (us), pron. Objective case of we. 
 
 usable (u'za-bi), a. That may be used. 
 
 usage (u'zaj), n. 1. Act or mode of 
 using; treatment. 2. Practice; cus- 
 tom. [Fr. — L. usus.] 
 
 use (uz). I. vt. 1. Put to some purpose. 
 2. Avail one's self of. 3. Habituate. 
 4. Treat or behave toward. II. vi. 
 Be accustomed. [Fr. user—L,. utor, 
 usus, use.] fsess; have; hold; keep. 
 Syn. Employ; occupy; engage; pos- 
 
 use (us), n. 1. Act of using or putting 
 to a purpose. 2. Convenience; ser- 
 viceableness; advantage. 3. Occasion 
 to employ; necessity. 4. Practice; 
 custom._ [L. usus^utor, use.] 
 
 useful (us'fol), a. Full of use or ad- 
 vantage; able to do good; service- 
 able; beneficial ; helpful; salutary; 
 expedient ; convenient ; suitable. — 
 use'fully, adv. — use'fulness, n. 
 
 useless (us'lesKa. Not answering any 
 good purpose or the end proposed. — 
 uselessly, adv. — use'lessness, n. 
 Syn. Fruitless; ineffectual; unprof- 
 itable; bootless; vain; futile; abor- 
 tive; nugatory; unavailing; value- 
 less; worthless. 
 
 usber ( ush'er ). I. n. 1. One whose 
 business it is to introduce strangers 
 into a ball, or to walk before a person 
 < of rank. 2. One who escorts persons 
 to their seats in a church, theater, etc. 
 3. Under-teacher. II. vt. Act as an 
 usher; introduce; forerun.— usta'er- 
 ship, n. [O. Fr. ussier, Fr. huissier — 
 L. ostiarius— ostium, door.] 
 
 usitative ( u'zi-ta-tiv ), a. Denoting 
 customary action. 
 
 ustion (ust'yun), n. A burning; cau- 
 terization by burning. [L. ustio.] 
 
 usual (u'zho-al), a. Occurring in or- 
 dinary use; common.— u'suaily,adt'. 
 [Li. usualis. _See use.] 
 
 usufruct ( u'zu-frukt ), n. Use and 
 profit, but not the property, of a 
 thing; life-rent. [L.] [tises usury. 
 
 usurer (u'zho-rer), n. One who prac- 
 
 nsurp(u-zurp'), vt. Take possession of, 
 by force or without right.— usurpa- 
 tion, n. — nsurp'er, n. [L. usurpo.] 
 Syn. Appropriate; arrogate; claim; 
 assume; affect; presume; pretend. 
 
 usnry (u'zho-ri), n. The taking of moro 
 than legal interest on a loan. — usu- 
 rious, a. [L. usura, interest.] 
 
 ut (ut), n. First syllable in the musical 
 scale. It has been generally super- 
 seded, except in France, by do. 
 
 -ute, suffix. Used to form (1) adjectives, 
 as dissolute, minute, (2) verbs, as insti- 
 tute, persecute, and (3) allied nouns, as 
 minute, institute. [L.-utus, pa. p. suffix.] 
 
 utensil (u-teu'sil), n. Instrument or 
 vessel used iu common life. [Fr. us- 
 tensile— L. utensilis, fit for use.] 
 
 uterine (u'ter-in), a. Pertaining to the 
 womb. — Uterine brother or sister, one 
 born of the same mother. 
 
 uterus (u'ter-_us), n._The womb. [L.] 
 
 utilitarian (u-til-i-ta'ri-an). I. a. Con- 
 sisting in or pertaining to utility, or 
 to utilitarianism. II. n. One who 
 advocates utilitarianism. — utilita- 
 rianism, n. 1. Doctrine that the 
 standard of morality is general utilit y , 
 the happiness of mankind. 2. Doctrine 
 that the greatest happiness of the 
 greatest number should be the only 
 guide for all civic and political action. 
 
 utility (u-til'i-ti), n. Usefulness. [Fr. 
 — L. utilis, useful,— utor, use.] 
 
 Syn. Advantageousness; avail; bene- 
 fit; fitness; expediency; profit. 
 
 utilize (u'til-iz), vt. Put to profitable 
 use; make useful; improve.— utili- 
 zation, n. [Fr. utilise?^— L. utor.] 
 
 utmost (ut'most). I. a. 1. Outmost; 
 furthest out; most distant; last. 2. 
 Greatest; highest. II. n. 1. The great- 
 est that can be. 2. Extreme limit. 
 [A. S. utemest.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Utopian 
 
 654 
 
 v ago us 
 
 Utopian (u-to'pi-an), a. Imaginary; 
 fanciful; chimerical. [From Utopia, 
 (= nowhere — Gr. ou, not, and topos, 
 place), an imaginary island, repre- 
 sented by Sir T. More as enjoying 
 perfection in politics, laws, etc.] 
 
 utricle (u'tri-kl), n. 1. Animal or vege- 
 table cell. 2. Small cavity in the laby- 
 rinth of the internal ear. 
 
 utriculus(u-trik'u-lus), n. Small pear- 
 shaped sac. [ Li. diminutive of uter, 
 leather-bag.] 
 
 utter (ut'er). I. a. Furthest out; ex- 
 treme; total; perfect; absolute. II. 
 vt. 1. Circulate. 2. Publish; speak; 
 express; emit, or give out, as sound. — 
 ut'terafole, a. That maybe expressed. 
 — utterance,?*. 1. Act of uttering. 2. 
 
 Manner of speaking; pronunciation. 
 3. Expression.— ut'terer,/i.— ut'ter- 
 ly, adv. [A. S. utor, outer, — ut, out.] 
 Syn. Pass; pronounce; issue; dis- 
 close; speak; give vent to; emit. 
 
 uttermost (ut'er-most). I. a. Furthest 
 out; utmost. II. n. Greatest degree. 
 
 uvula (u'vu-la), n. Fleshy conical body 
 suspended from the palate over the 
 back part of the tongue.— uvular, a. 
 [From L. uva, bunch of grapes.] 
 
 uxoricide (uks-ar'i-sid), n. 1. Wife- 
 murder. 2. Wife-murderer. [L.— uxor, 
 wife, and caedo, kill.] 
 
 uxorious (uks-5'ri-us, a. Excessively 
 fond of or too submissive to a wife.— 
 uxo'riously, adv. — uso'rious- 
 ness, n. [L. uxor ius— uxor, wife.] 
 
 Hv (ve), n. 1. Twenty-second letter 
 in the English alphabet. It has 
 but one sound, heard in vine, 
 over, etc. 2. (V) V-shaped piece 
 or angle. 3. Colloq. 5-dollar bill. 
 
 vacancy (va'kan-si), n. 1. Emptiness. 
 2. That which is vacant or unoccu- 
 pied, as a void or gap between bodies; 
 situation unoccupied. 
 
 vacant (va'kant), a. 1. Empty; not 
 occupied by an incumbent or posses- 
 sor. 2. Not occupied with study, 
 business, etc. 3. Thoughtless. — va- 
 cantly, adv. [L. See vacate.] 
 
 Syn. Blank; unemployed; unfilled; 
 vacuous; waste; void; inane. 
 
 vacate (va'kat), vt. 1. Leave empty ; 
 quit possession of. 2. Make void; 
 annul. [L. vaco, -atum, to be empty.] 
 
 vacation (va-ka'shun), n. 1. Vacating; 
 making void or invalid. 2. Freedom 
 from duty, etc.; recess; break in the 
 sittings of law-courts ; school and 
 college holidays. [L.] 
 
 vaccinate (vak'si-nat), vt. Inoculate 
 with the cowpox as a preventative 
 against smallpox. — vaccina'tion, n. 
 [From L. vaccinus — vacca, cow.] 
 
 vaccine (vak'sin). I. a. Pertaining to, 
 or derived from, cows. II. n. Virus 
 of cowpox. [L. vaccinus — vacca, cow.] 
 
 vaccinia (vak-sin'i-a), n. 1. Cowpox. 
 2. Disease resulting from vaccina- 
 tion, intended to avert the smallpox. 
 [See vaccine.] 
 
 vacillate (vas'il-at), vi. 1. Sway to and 
 fro. 2. Waver; be unsteady.— vacil- 
 lation, n. [Li. vacillo, -atum.] 
 Syn. Stagger. See fluctuate. 
 
 vacuity (va-ku'i-ti), n. 1. Emptiness. 
 2. Space unoccupied. [L. vacuitas.] 
 
 vacuole (vak'u-ol), n. Minute cavity 
 in a protoplasm containing a fluid. 
 
 Vacuum (X-ray) 
 tube. 
 
 vacuous (vak'u-us), a. 1. Empty 
 Lacking intelli- 
 gence or expres- 
 sion. — vac'uous- 
 
 ness, n. Vacuity. 
 
 vacuum ( vak'ii- 
 
 um), n. [pi. vac'ua] 
 
 1. Empty space; 
 space empty or de- 
 void of all matter. 
 
 2. Closed vessel ex- 
 hausted to a high 
 degree of air.— Vac- 
 uum tube, hermet- 
 ically sealed glass 
 tube or bulb, ex- 
 hausted of air, gas, 
 etc., and used in X- 
 ray apparatus. [L " 
 
 vade mecum (va'- 
 de-me'kum), n. 
 Pocket companion ; 
 manual. _[L. = go with me], 
 
 vadose (va'dos), a. Extending only a 
 short distance vertically, as water- 
 under ground. [Sp. vadoso— L. vadum, 
 ford.] 
 
 vagabond (vag'a-bond). I. a. Wander- 
 ing; having no settled home. II. n. 
 One who wanders without any set- 
 tled habitation; tramp. III. vi. Wan- 
 der idly. — vagabondage, n. — [L. 
 vagor, wander.] 
 
 vagary (va-ga'ri), n. Wandering of the 
 thoughts; freak; whim. 
 
 vagina (va-ji'na), n. [pi. vaginas.] 1 
 Sheath. 2." Passage from the uterus to 
 the external orifice.— vaginal (vaj' 
 i-nal), a. 1. Like a sheath. 2. Pertain 
 ing to the vagina. 
 
 vagous ( va'gus ), a. 1. Wandering 
 strolling; unsettled. 2. Med. Wander 
 ing, as a nerve. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vagrancy 
 
 655 
 
 valve 
 
 vagrancy (va'gran-si)T, n. 1. State of 
 being a vagrant. 2. Life and habits 
 of a vagrant. 
 
 vagrant (va'grant). I. a. 1. Wander- 
 ing without any settled dwelling. 2. 
 Erratic. II. n. 1. One who has no 
 settled home; vagabond; beggar. [L. 
 vagans, wandering, with r intruded.] 
 
 vague (vag), a. Unsettled; indefinite; 
 uncertain.— vague'ly,a<2?;.— vague'- 
 ness, n. [Fr.— L. vagus, wandering.] 
 Syn. Ambiguous; dim; doubtful; 
 dreamy; ill-defined ; indeterminate; 
 indistinct; hazy; lax; loose; obscure. 
 
 vail (val). Same as veil. 
 
 vail (val), vt. 1. Let fall; drop. 2. Yield. 
 [M. E. availen—O. Fr. avaler,— L. ad 
 vallem,_d.own a valley.] 
 
 vails (valz), n. pi. Money given to ser- 
 vants; tip. [Prom avail, profit.] 
 
 vain (van), a. 1. Unsatisfying; fruit- 
 less. 2. Proud of petty attainments 
 or possessions; conceited. 3. Showy; 
 ostentatious. 4. Empty; worthless. 
 — vainly, adv.— In vain, ineffectual- 
 ly; to no purpose. [Fr. —vanus, empty.] 
 
 vainglory (van-glo'ri), n. Empty 
 glory in one's own performances.— 
 vainglo'rious, a. Boastful; con- 
 ceited.— vainglo'rioasly, adv. 
 
 valance (val'ans), n. 1. Hanging 
 drapery for a bed, hammock, etc. 2. 
 vt. Decorate with or as with valance. 
 [Prom Fr. avalant, slipping down.] 
 
 vale (val), n. Low ground, between 
 hills; valley. [Pr. val— L. vallis, vale.] 
 
 valediction (val-e-dik'shun), n. Pare- 
 well. [L. vale, farewell, and dico, say.] 
 
 valedictory (val-e-dik'to-ri). I. a. Say- 
 ing farewell. II. n. Farewell oration 
 spoken at graduation. 
 
 valence (va'lens), valency (val'en- 
 si), n. The property of chemical ele- 
 ments which determines the number 
 of atoms with which a single atom 
 will form a new chemical combina- 
 tion. According as the elements com- 
 bine with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. atoms, they 
 are called monads (as hydrogen), 
 dyads (as oxygen), triads (as bismuth), 
 tetrads (as carbon), etc. [L.L. valentia, 
 strength.] 
 
 valentine (val'en-tin), n. 1. Lover or 
 sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's 
 day, Feb. 14th. 2. Token of affection, 
 or a caricature, sent on that day. 
 
 valerian ( va-le'ri-an ), n. Plant of 
 several species, the aromatic root of 
 which is used in medicine. 
 
 valeric (va-ler'ic), a. Of, pertaining 
 to, or derived from i valerian. 
 
 valet (val'et or val'a), n. Man-servant, 
 esp. one who attends on a gentleman's 
 person. [See varlet.] 
 
 valetudinarian (val-e-tu-di-na'ri-an), 
 valetn'dinary. I. a. Sickly; weak. 
 II. n. Person of weak health; invalid; 
 one seeking to recover his health. — 
 valetudinarianism, n. Weak 
 health. [L. valetudo. state of health.] 
 
 Valhalla (val-hal'a), n. In Scandina- 
 vian myth. Palace for the souls of 
 heroes slain in battle. [Icel. valholl.] 
 
 vali(va'li), n. Turkish governor of a 
 vilayet or province. [Turk.] 
 
 valiant (val'yant), a. 1. Strong. 2. 
 Brave; intrepid in danger. 3. Done 
 with valor; heroic— val'iantly, adv. 
 — val'iantness, n. [Fr. vaillant—lu. 
 valens, strong.] 
 
 valid (valid), a. 1. Having sufficient 
 strength or force; true; sound. 2. 
 Executed with the proper formalities ; 
 not to be rightfully overthrown or set 
 aside.— validly, adv.— validity, n. 
 [L. validus—valeo, be strong.] 
 
 Syn. Cogent; conclusive; efficacious; 
 good; incontestable; just; powerful; 
 logical; substantial; strong; undeni- 
 able; weighty. 
 
 valise (va-les'), n. Traveling bag, gen- 
 erally of leather. [Fr., of unknown 
 origin. ] 
 
 valley (val'i), n. Lowland between hills 
 or mountains. [Fr. vallee. See vale.] 
 
 valor (val'ur), n. That which enables 
 one to encounter danger fearlessly. — 
 val'orous, a. Courageous. — val'- 
 orously, adv. [L.] 
 
 Syn. Intrepidity; courage; bravery; 
 boldness; daring; fearlessness; forti- 
 tude; gallantry; hardihood; metal; 
 pluck; spirit. 
 
 valuable (val'u-a-bl). I. a. 1. Having 
 worth; costly. 2. Capable of being 
 estimated. 3. Deservrug esteem. II. n. 
 Article of value.— val'uableness, n. 
 
 valuate ( val'u-at ), vt. Estimate the 
 value of. — valua'tion, n. 1. Act of 
 valuing; appraisement. 2. Value set 
 upon a thing ; estimated worth. — 
 valuator, n. Appraiser. 
 
 value (val'u). I. n. 1. Amount of useful- 
 ness; worth. 2. Market price; precise 
 signification. 3. Importance. II. vt. 1. 
 Estimate the worth of ; rate at a price. 
 2. Esteem; prize. [O. Fr. — L. valeo 
 be strong.] 
 
 Syn. Excellency; utility; cost; efrl- 
 casy; esteem; regard; meaning. 
 
 valve (valv), n. 1. One of the leaves of 
 a folding-door. 2. Cover to an aper- 
 ture regulating the flow of a liquid or 
 gas through it. 3. One of the pieces or 
 divisions which form a shell. — val'- 
 vate, a. 1. Serving as a valve ; like a 
 valve. 2. Having a valve or valves. 3. 
 Touching by contiguous edges, but 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wail; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
valved 
 
 656 
 
 vaporer 
 
 South American 
 blood-sucking vampire. 
 
 not overlapping.— valv'ular, a. Per- 
 taining to a valve. [Fr. — L. valvce, 
 folding-door.] [of, valves. 
 
 valved (valvd), a. Having, or composed 
 
 vamp (vamp). I. n. Upper leather of 
 a boot or shoe. II. vt. 1. Repair with a 
 new vamp. 2. Patch old with new. 3. 
 Give anew face to (with wp).— vamp'- 
 er, n. Cobbler. [Corr. of Fr. avant- 
 pied, forepart of the foot.] 
 
 vamose (va-mos'), vi. Depart quickly. 
 [Western slang— Sp. vamos, let us go.] 
 
 vampire (vam'« 
 pir), n. 1. In the 
 superstition of 
 Eastern Eu- 
 rope, a ghost 
 which sucks 
 the blood of its 
 sleeping vic- 
 tim. 2. One who 
 lives upon 
 others ; blood 
 sucker. 3. Large 
 blood-sucking 
 bat in S. Ameri- 
 ca.— vampirie (vam-pir'ik), a. Re- 
 lating to or like a vampire. — vam- 
 pirism (vam'pi-rizm), n. The belief 
 in vampires. [Pol. wampir.] 
 
 van (van), n. Front of an army or a 
 fleet. [Fr. avant—l*. ab, from, by, and 
 ante, before.] [L. vannus. See fan.] 
 
 van (van), n. Fan for grain, etc. [Fr.— 
 
 van ( van ), n. 1. Large covered wagon 
 for goods, etc. 2. In England, the rear 
 car of a freight train, reserved for the 
 use of trainmen. [Short for caravan.] 
 
 vanadium (va-na'di-um), n. Silver- 
 white, rare metallic element, the salts 
 of which furnish deep black colors.— 
 vanad'ic, van'adous, as. 
 
 Vandal (van'dal), n. 1. One of a fierce 
 Teutonic race said to have sacked 
 Rome in 455. 2. (1. c.) Any one hostile 
 to arts or literature; barbarian. — 
 van'dal, vandal'ic, as. Barbarous; 
 rude. — van'dalism, n. Hostility to 
 arts or literature; spirit or act of 
 willful destructiveness. 
 
 vane (van), n. 1. Slip of wood or metal 
 at the top of a spire, etc., to show 
 which way the wind blows ; weather- 
 cock. 2. Thin web of a feather. 3. 
 Blade of a windmill. 4. Target on a 
 surveyor's leveling staff.— vaned, a. 
 Furnished with vanes. [Older form 
 fane — A. S. fana, cloth. Ger. fahne.] 
 
 vang (vang), n. One of two guy-ropes 
 running from the end of a gaff to the 
 dock. 
 
 vangee (van'je), n. Device for opera- 
 ting the pumps of a ship, with a bar- 
 rel and crank brakes. 
 
 Vanilla branch and pod. 
 
 vanguard (van'gard), n. Part of an 
 army preceding the main body. 
 
 vanilla (va-nil'- 
 a), n. Aromatic 
 pod or fruit of 
 a tropical or- 
 chid. [Sp. vai- 
 nilla-'L. vagina, 
 sheath.] 
 
 vanish (van'- 
 ish). I. vi. Pass 
 away; disap- 
 pear; be anni- 
 hilated or lost. 
 II. n. Closing 
 sound of a prin- 
 cipal vowel 
 sound, as u in 
 no, and i in 
 fate, repre- 
 sented by writ- 
 ers on phone- 
 tics by a small letter raised above the 
 line, o u a 1 . [L. vanesco, pass away, — 
 vanus, empty.] 
 
 vanity (van'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 
 vain; unrealness; empty pride; idle 
 show. 2. That which is vain; vain 
 pursuit ; empty pleasure ; fruitless 
 desire. [L. vanitas.] 
 
 Syn.-— Falsity ; worthlessness; emp- 
 tiness; levity; conceit; ostentation; 
 egotism; pride; arrogance; presump- 
 tion; insolence; self-confidence. 
 
 vanmost (van'most), a. Placed in the 
 front of the van. [fine ore in water. 
 
 vanner (van'er), n. Machine for sifting 
 
 vanquish ( vang'kwish ), vt. Defeat; 
 
 confute ; silence. — vanquisher, n. 
 
 — van'quishment, n. [Fr. vaincre 
 
 (pa. t. vainquis) — L. vincere, conquer.] 
 
 Syn. Rout; crush. See conquer. 
 
 vantage (van'taj), n. Superior posi- 
 tion.— Vantage ground, favorable posi- 
 tion. [See ADVANTAGE.] 
 
 vapid (vap'id), a. Having the spirit or 
 flavor evaporated; insipid. — vap'- 
 irfly, adv. — va'pidness, vapid- 
 ity, ns._ [L. vapidus. See vapor.] 
 
 vapor (va'pur). I. n. 1. Condition of a 
 liquid or solid, when it becomes gas 
 by heat. 2. Water or other substance, 
 visibly diffused in the atmosphere. 3. 
 Anything vain or transitory. 4. pi. 
 Melancholy. II. vi. 1. Pass off in 
 vapor; evaporate. 2. Boast; brag.— 
 (Vapor is said to be saturated, when 
 it will pass partly into the liquid state 
 on the least increase of pressure or 
 the least decrease of temperature.)— 
 Vapor motor, motor driven by an elas- 
 tic fluid, as hot air, steam, vapor of 
 alcohol, gasoline, etc. [L.} [boaster. 
 
 vaporer(va'pur-er),w. One who vapors ; 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vaporize 
 
 657 
 
 vast 
 
 vaporize (va/pur-iz). I. vt. Convert 
 into vapor. II. vi. Pass off in vapor.— 
 vapor iza'tion, n. 
 
 vaporous (va'piir-us), a. 1. Pull of or 
 
 like vapor. 2. Vain; unreal. 
 vapory (va'pur-i), a. 1. Full of vapor. 
 
 2. Affected with the vapors; peevish. 
 vaquerillo (va-ker-eTyo), n. Boy who 
 
 attends cows.JSp.] [—vaca, cow.] 
 
 vaquero(va-ka-'ro), n. Herdsman. [Sp. 
 
 vara (va'ra), n. Spanish-Am. measure 
 of length, equaling a yard. 
 
 Varangian (va-ran'ji-an), n. Norwe- 
 gian pirate of the 9th to the 12th 
 century, flcel. Vaeringi—varar, troth.] 
 
 vareni (va-re'm), n. pi. Painful peri- 
 odical swellings in various parts ; 
 wandering gout. 
 
 variable (va'ri-a-bl). I. a. Changeable; 
 liable to change. II. n. In math. 
 Quantity subject to continual in- 
 crease or decrease; quantity which 
 may have an infinite number of 
 values in the same expression.— va- 
 riably, adv.— variableness, n.— 
 variability, n. 1. Variableness. 2. 
 Tendency to change in organic struc- 
 ture or function in new surroundings. 
 [Fr. — L. variabilis. See vabt.] 
 
 variance (va'ri-ans), n. 1. State of 
 being varied ; change of condition. 2. 
 Difference that arises from, or pro- 
 duces, dispute. 3. In law. Discrep- 
 ancy. — At variance, in disagreement. 
 
 variant (va'ri-ant). I. a. Different; 
 varying. II. ri. The same thing in a 
 different form; variety. 
 
 variation (va-ri-a'shun), n. 1. Change; 
 deviation. 2. Extent to which a thing 
 varies. 3. In gram. Change of termi- 
 nation. 4. In mus. Singing or playing 
 the same air with various changes in 
 time, rhythm, or key. [Fr.— L. vari- 
 atio. See vary.] 
 
 variator (va'ri-a'tiir), n. Joint used in 
 electric subways, which compensates 
 for changes in temperature. 
 
 varicated (va'ri-ka-ted), a. Ridged by 
 varices, as some shells. 
 
 varicose (var'i-koz), a. Permanently 
 dilated or enlarged, as a vein. [L. 
 varicoeu$,—varix,— varus, bent.] 
 
 varied (va'rid), a. 1. Consisting of 
 diverse varieties. 2. Differing from 
 one another. 3. Variegated in color ; 
 varicolored. 
 
 variegate (va'ri-e-gat), vt. Mark with 
 different colors. — varieg-a'tion, n. 
 [L.—varius, various, and ago, make.] 
 
 variety (va-ri'e-ti), n. 1. Quality of 
 being various. 2. Varied collection. 
 
 3. One of a number of things nearly 
 allied to each other; subspecies. [L. 
 varietas.] 
 
 varioloid (va'ri-o-loid), a. Resembling 
 smallpox. [PromL. varius, spotted.] 
 
 variorum (va-ri-o'rum), a. Term ap- 
 plied to an edition of some work in 
 which the notes of various commen- 
 tators are inserted. [Prom the Latin 
 " editio cum notis variorum."] 
 
 various (va'ri-us), a. 1. Varied; differ- 
 ent; several. 2. Changeable; uncer- 
 tain. 3. Variegated. — variously , 
 adv. [L. varius/\ 
 
 varix (va'riks), n. [pi. va'rices.] 1. 
 Permanently dilated vein. 2. Ridge 
 across the whorls of a univalve shell, 
 indicating a former position of the 
 aperture. [L.] 
 
 varlet (var'let), n. Low fellow; scoun- 
 drel. [See vassal and valet.] 
 
 varmint (var'mint), varmin, n. Ver- 
 min. [Vulgar.] 
 
 varnisb (var'nish). I. n. 1. A sticky 
 liquid which dries forming a hard, 
 lustrous coating. 2. Glossy appear- 
 ance; palliation. H. vt. 1. Cover with 
 varnish. 2. Gloss over. [Fr. vernis, 
 polished, glazed.] 
 
 vary (va'ri), vt. and vi. 1. Make or be- 
 come different. 2. Make of different 
 kinds. 3. Change in succession; alter- 
 nate. 4. Deviate. 5. Disagree. 6. In 
 math. To increase or decrease contin- 
 ually and according to some law. Two 
 quantities vary directly, when both 
 increase or decrease, they vary in- 
 versely, when one increases and the 
 other decreases.JFr. varier— L,.variare.[ 
 
 vascular (vas'ku-lar), a. 1. Of or re- 
 lating to the vessels of animal and 
 vegetable bodies. 2. "Well provided 
 with small blnod-vessels. — vascu- 
 larity, n. [Fr. vasculaire— L. vascu- 
 lum, dim. of vas, vessel.] 
 
 vasculum (vas'ku-lum), n. Botanist's 
 tin collecting case. [L. dim. of vas, 
 vessel.J 
 
 vase (vas or vaz), n. Ornamental hol- 
 low vessel. [Fr.— L. vascum or vas.] 
 
 vaseline (vas'e-lin or vas'e-len ), n. 
 Viscous substance, obtained from 
 coal tar. 
 
 vassal (vas'al), n. One who holds lands 
 from, and renders homage to, a supe- 
 rior. — vassalage, n. 1. State of 
 being a vassal; dependence. 2. Lands 
 held by feudal tenure. 3. All the vas- 
 sals, taken as a class. 4. Feudal 
 system. [Low L. vassalis— Wei. gwas, 
 youth, servant.] 
 
 vast(vast), a. Of great extent or amount. 
 — vast'ly, adv. — vast'ness, n. [L. 
 vastus, empty.] 
 
 Syn. Mighty; boundless; immense; 
 colossal; enormous; abundant; am- 
 ple; capacious; gigantic; huge. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, \v9lf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vat 
 
 658 
 
 veil 
 
 vat (vat), n. Large vessel or tank, esp. 
 one for holding liquors, as beer in 
 brewing, lye, etc. [A. S.fcet. Gev.fass 
 —fassen, hold.] 
 
 Vatican ( vat'i-kan), n. Vast assem- 
 blage of splendid buildings on the 
 Vatican hill, in Rome, including the 
 pope's palace. 
 
 vaticide (vat'i-sid), n. 1. The killing 
 of a prophet. 2. Slayer of a prophet. 
 
 vaticinate (vat-is'i-nat), vt. Prophesy. 
 — vaticination, n. Prediction; 
 prophecy. [L. vaticinor — vates, seer.] 
 
 vaudeville (vod'vil), n. 1. Lively, 
 satirical song. 2. Dramatic enter- 
 tainment interspersed with :such. 
 fOrig. Vaudevire — vau de Vire, Vire 
 valley, in Normandy, where the poet 
 Basselin lived in the 15th century.] 
 
 vault (valt). I. n. 1. Arched ceiling. 
 2. Chamber with an arched roof, esp. 
 one under- 
 ground; cel- 
 lar. - 3. Any- 
 thing vault- 
 like, as the 
 cano|py of 
 heaven. 4. 
 Bound of a 
 horsejjump. 
 II. vt. Shape 
 as a vault; 
 roof with an 
 arch. III. vi. 
 
 1. Curvet or 
 ! leap, as a 
 
 horse. 2. Exhibit feats of leaping 
 tumbling.— vault'ed, a. 1. Formed 
 like a vault. 2. Provided with a 
 vault. [O. Fr. volte (Fr. voute), from 
 L. volutum, pa. p. of volvo, roll, turn.] 
 
 vaunt (vant or vant). I. vi. and vt. 
 Boast; brag of. II. n. Vain display; 
 boast. — vaunt'er, n. [Fr. vanter — 
 Low L. vanitare — L. vamtas, vanity,— 
 vanus, vain.] 
 
 vaza (va'za),w. A parrot of Madagascar. 
 
 veal (vel), n. Flesh of a calf.— bob veal, 
 flesh of a newly born calf, unfit for 
 food.— veal'y, a. 1. Resembling veal. 
 
 2. Not sufficiently developed.— veal- 
 skin, n. A skin disease producing 
 white, shining tubercles, esp on face 
 and neck. [O. Fr. vedel, veel—L,.vitellus, 
 dim. of vitulus, calf. Cf . vellum.] 
 
 vector (vek'tur), n. In math. Any di- 
 rective quantity, as a straight line in 
 space, determined by two numbers 
 giving its direction and a third giving 
 its magnitude. — Radius vector [pi. 
 radii vectores], varying length of the 
 line connecting a moving point (as a 
 planet), to a fixed origin or center, 
 (as the sun). [L.=carrier.] 
 
 or 
 
 Veda (ve'da or va'da), n. 1. Divine un- 
 written knowledge issued from the 
 "self -existent" or Brahman. 2. Name 
 given to the four oldest sacred books 
 of the Hindus. — vedaic (ve-da'ik), a. 
 Pertaining to, or derived from, the 
 Veda. [Sans, veda, knowledge,— mtf, 
 know.] 
 
 vedette (ve-def). I. n. Mounted sentry 
 at the outposts of an army. II. vi. 
 Place a vedette or vedettes. [Fr.— L. 
 video, see.] 
 
 Vedic (va'dik). I. a. Pertaining to the 
 Vedas. II. n. Dialect of the Vedas, 
 an early form of Sanskrit. 
 
 veer (ver), vi. and vt. Change direction, 
 as the wind; turn. [Fr. virer,— L. 
 virice, bracelets.] 
 
 vega (va'ga), n. Low, flat, moist land; 
 tobacco farm. [Sp.] 
 
 vegetable (vej'e-ta-bl). I. n. 1. Plant. 
 2. Plant for the table. II. a. Belong- 
 ing to, consisting of, or like plants.— 
 Vegetable ivory, the product of a spe- 
 cies of palm, resembling ivory.— Vege- 
 table oyster, salsify; oyster-plant.— 
 Saltwater vegetables, oysters and 
 clams. [L. vegetabilis. See vegetate.] 
 
 vegetablize (vej'e-ta-bliz), vt. Cause 
 to resemble a vegetable substance. 
 
 vegetal (vej'e-tal), a. 1. Of the nature 
 of a vegetable. 2. Pertaining to the 
 vital functions of plants and animals, 
 as growth, reproduction, etc. 
 
 vegetarian (vej-e-ta'ri-an). I. n. One 
 who believes that vegetables are the 
 only proper food for man. II. a. Per- 
 taining to vegetarianism.;— vegeta'- 
 rianism, n. 
 
 vegetate (vej'e-tat), vi. 1. Grow by 
 roots and leaves. 2. Sprout; grow 
 profusely. 3. Lead an idle, unthink- 
 ing life.— vegeta'tion, n. 1. Process 
 of growing as a plant. 2. Vegetable 
 growth. 3. Plants in general.— veg'- 
 «tative, a. 1. Growing, as plants. 2. 
 Producing growth in plants. [L. vegeto, 
 -atum, quicken,— vegeo, be lively.] 
 
 vehemence (ve'he-mens), n. Quality 
 of being vehement; violence. 
 
 vehement (ve'he-ment), a. 1. Passion- 
 ate; furious; eager. 2. Violent.— ve'« 
 hemently, adv. [L. vehemens, prob- 
 ably — vehq, carry, and mens, mind.] 
 
 vehicle (ve'hi-ki), n. 1. Any kind of 
 carriage or conveyance. 2. In med. 
 Substance in which a medicine is 
 taken.— vehicular (ve-hik'u-lar), a. 
 Pertaining to, or serving as, a vehicle. 
 [L. vehiculum—veho, carry.] 
 
 veil (val). I. n. 1. Anything that hides 
 an object; curtain. 2. Piece of muslin 
 or thin cloth worn by ladies to shade 
 or hide the face. II. vt. 1. Cover with 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vein 
 
 659 
 
 venison 
 
 a veil. 2. Conceal.— Take the veil, be- 
 come a nun (the veil symbolizing the 
 union with ChristJ. [O. Fr. veile — L. 
 velum,j,2A\.\ 
 
 vein (van). I. n. 1. One of the vessels or 
 tubes which convey the blood back to 
 the heart. 2. One of the small branch- 
 ing ribs in a leaf or an insect's wing. 
 3. Seam of a different mineral through 
 a rock. 4. Fissure or cavity. 5. Streak 
 in wood or stone. 6. Train of thought; 
 turn of mind. II. vt. Form veins or the 
 appearance of veins in. — veined, a. 
 Having veins. — vein'ing, n. 1. Net- 
 work of veins. 2. Veined surface. 3. 
 Stripe in cloth where there is no 
 warp. [Fr. veine— L. vena.] 
 
 vela men (ve-la'men), n. Enveloping 
 membrane; skin. [L.] 
 
 velic (ve'lik), a. Pertaining to a ship's 
 sail.— velic point, the center of effort of 
 a ship's sails. [From L. velum, sail.] 
 
 vellicate(vel'i-kat), vi. Twitch. 
 
 vellum (vel'um), n. 1. Fine parchment 
 prepared formerly mostly from the 
 skin of calves. 2. Manuscript written 
 on fine parchment. [Fr. vilin —Low 
 L. vitulina— L. vitulu$,_c&\l.\ 
 
 velocipede (ve-los'i-ped), n. 1. Light 
 vehicle, with two or three wheels, for 
 one person, orig. moved by striking 
 the toes on the road. 2. Child's tricy- 
 cle. [Fr.— L. velox, swift and pes, foot.] 
 
 velocity (ve-los'i-ti), n. 1. Speed. 2. 
 Rate of motion. [L. velocitas.) 
 
 velours (ve-16r'), velure (vel'yor), n. 
 Fabric resembling velvet. [Fr.] 
 
 velutinous (ve-16'ti-nus), a. Velvety. 
 [ See velvet. ] 
 
 velvet (vel'vet). I. n. 1. Cloth made 
 from silk, with a close, short pile. 2. 
 Similar cloth made of cotton. II. a. 1. 
 Made of velvet. 2. Soft like velvet.— 
 vel'vety, a. [Fr. vein, shaggy,— Low 
 L. villutus—~L. villus, shaggy hair.] 
 
 velveteen (vel-ve-ten'), n. Imitation of 
 velvet. [cloth. 2. The pile of velvet. 
 
 velveting* (vel've-ting), n. 1. pi. Velvet 
 
 venal (ve'nal), a. That may be sold or 
 got for a price; purchasable; merce- 
 nary.— venal'ity, n.— ve'nally, adv. 
 [Fr.— L. venalis—venus, sale.] 
 
 venation ( ve-na'shun ), n. "Way in 
 which the veins in leaves of plants, or 
 wings of insects, are arranged. [L.— 
 vena, vein.] 
 
 venatorial (ven-a-to'ri-al), a. Pertain- 
 ing to hunting. \Lt.—vehor, hunt.] 
 
 vend (vend), vt. Offer for sale ; sell. — 
 vend'er, n. One who sells ; hawker. 
 — vendor, n. One who vends.— ven- 
 dee', n. One to whom something, esp 
 land, is sold. [Fr. vendre— L. vender e- 
 venum, sale, and do, give.] 
 
 vendetta (ven-det'a), n. Practice in 
 Corsica of taking a private vengeance 
 on one who slays a relation ; blood 
 feud. [It. = feud.] 
 
 vendible (vend'i-bl), a. That may be 
 sold; marketable.— vend'ibly, adv. 
 — vend'ibleness, n. 
 
 vending- (vend'ing), n. Art of selling. 
 — Vending machine, device in which a 
 coin dropped into a slot controls a 
 mechanism delivering a small arti- 
 cle; slot machine. 
 
 vendue (vend'u), n. Public sale at 
 auction. [O u Fr. See vend.] 
 
 veneer (ve-ner'). I. vt. Overlay or face 
 with a thin layer of another wood. 
 II. n. Thin leaf of a valuable wood 
 for overlaying an inferior. [From 
 Fr. fournir, furnish.] 
 
 venenate (ven'e-nat), a. Poisoned. [L. 
 venenatus, — venenum, poieon.] [son. 
 
 venenous (ven'e-nous), a. Full of poi- 
 
 venerable (ven'er-a-bl), a. 1. Worthy 
 of veneration. 2. Hallowed by reli- 
 gious or other associations.— ven'- 
 erably, adv. — ven'erableness, n. 
 
 venerate (ven'er-at), vt. Regard with 
 respect and awe. [L. veneror— root of 
 Venus, love. Allied to win.] 
 
 veneration (ven-er-a'shun), n. 1. Ven- 
 erating. 2. Being venerated. 3. Re- 
 spect mingled with awe. 
 Syn. Reverence; dread; adoration. 
 
 venereal(ve-ne're-al),a. Pertaining to, 
 or arising from, sexual intercourse. 
 
 venesection (ve-ne-sek'shun), n. Cut- 
 ting open of a vein for letting blood. 
 
 Venetian (ve-ne'shan). I. a. Of or be- 
 longing to Venice, Italy. II. n. Native 
 or inhabitant of Venice. — Venetian 
 blind, blind for windows, formed of 
 thin slats, turnable, so as to either 
 admit or exclude the light. 
 
 veneur ( ven'ur ), n. Master of the 
 hounds. [Fr.] 
 
 vengeance (venj'ans), n. Infliction of 
 harm upon another, in return for an 
 injury or offense; retribution. [Fr. 
 venger — L. vindico, avenge.] 
 
 vengeful (venj'fol), a. Eager for re- 
 venge. — venge'fully, adv. [dictive. 
 Syn. Retributive; revengeful; vin- 
 
 venial (ve'ni-al), a. Pardonable, esp. 
 in Rom. Cath. theology; not mortal, 
 as a sin.— ve'nially, adv.— ve'nial- 
 ness, venial'ity, ns. [L. venialis — 
 venia, favor.] 
 Syn. Excusable; slight; trivial. 
 
 venire facias (ve-ni're fa'shi-as).Writ 
 issued to sheriff or coroner for sum- 
 moning a jury. [L. = make come.] 
 
 venison (ven'i-zn or ven'zn), n. Flesh 
 of animals taken in hunting, esp. the 
 deer. [Fr. venaison — L. venatio, chase.] 
 
 fate, i at, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl. Men, 
 
venite 
 
 660 
 
 verbatim 
 
 venite ( ve-ne'te or ve-ni'te ), n. 95th 
 Psalm ia Latin used as a canticle. 
 [Prom the first words: "Venite, exul- 
 temus Domino" = "Come let us praise 
 the Lord."} 
 venom (ven'um), n. 1. Poison, secreted 
 by certain animals as a means of 
 offense and defense. 2. Spite ; malice. 
 —ven onions, a. — ven'oinously, 
 adv. [ Pr. venin (It. veneno) — L. vene- 
 rium, poison ] 
 venose (ve'nos), a. Having numerous 
 veins; venous.— venos'ity, n. 1. Ex- 
 cess of veins or venous blood in a 
 part. 2. Insufficient seration of blood 
 in the lungs, causing entrance of 
 venous blood in the arteries. 
 venous (ve'nus), a. 1. Pertaining to, 
 or contained in, veins. 2. Veined. [L. 
 venosus — vena, vein.] 
 vent (vent). I. n. 1. Small opening to 
 let air, etc., escape. 2. Any other 
 small aperture, as the touchhole of a 
 gun. 3. Outlet; escape; expression; 
 utterance. II. vt. Let out at a vent; 
 pour forth. III. vi. 1. Take breath. 2. 
 Draw, as a chimney. [Pr. fente, slit.] 
 ventilate (ven'ti-lat), vt. 1. Open to 
 the free passage of air. 2. Expose to 
 examination and discussion. -ven- 
 tilation, n — ventilator, n. [L. 
 —ventulus, dim. of ventus, wind.] 
 ventose (ven'tos), a. Pull of wind. [L. 
 
 ventosus — ventus, wind.] 
 ven trad (ven'trad), adv. Toward the 
 abdomen. [Prom L. venter, abdomen, 
 and ad, toward.] 
 ventral ( v e n't r a 1 ), a. Belonging to 
 the abdomen.— ven'tr ally, adv. [L. 
 ventr alls— venter, abdomen.] 
 ventriele (ven'tri-kl), n. Cavity within 
 an organ, as in the heart or brain.— 
 ventricular, a. [L. ventriculus, 
 dim. of venter, abdomen.] 
 vcntricose (ven'tri-kos), a. Having a 
 
 protruding abdomen. 
 ventricnlns ( ven-trik'u-lus ), n. [pi. 
 ventriculi.] 1. Ventriele. 2. True 
 stomach, as of an insect or bird. [L.] 
 ventriloquism (ven-tril'o-kwizm), 
 ventril'oquy, n. Art of speaking 
 so that the voice seems to come from 
 a distance or from some other person. 
 — ventriloquize ( ven-tril'o-kwiz ), 
 vi. Practice ventriloquism.— ven« 
 tril'oqnist, n. One who practices 
 ventriloquism. [L.— venter t abdomen, 
 and loquor, speak.] 
 venture (ven'tur). I. n. 1. Hazardous 
 undertaking; risk. 2. Chance; luck. 
 3. That which is put to hazard (esp. 
 goods sent by sea at the sender's 
 risk). II. vt. Send on a venture; ex- 
 pose to hazard ; risk. III. vi. Run a 
 
 risk; dare.— veut'urous, venture* 
 some, as. — venturously, adv. — 
 vent'urousness, n. [Short for 
 
 ADVENTtTREj 
 
 venue (ven'u), n. In law, the place 
 where something has happened or 
 where an action is laid.— change of 
 venue, change of the place of trial to 
 another county. [Pr. ; literally the 
 place to which the j ury are summoned 
 to come. See venire facias.] 
 
 Telescopic view of Venus. 
 
 Venus (ve'nus), n. 1. Roman goddess 
 of beauty and love. 2. Most brilliant 
 of the planets, second from the sun.— 
 Venus' flytrap, herb, native in North 
 and South Carolina, whose leaves 
 close instantly upon insects lighting 
 upon them. 
 
 veracious (ve-ra'shus), a. Habitually 
 disposed to speak the truth; truthful; 
 true.— vera'ciously, adv. 
 
 veracity ( ve-ras'i-ti ), n. Habitual 
 truthfulness; truth. [L. verax.] 
 
 Syn. Candor; honesty; frankness; 
 ingenuity; sincerity; verity. 
 
 veranda, verandah (ve-ran'da), n. 
 Balcony or open portico, with a roof; 
 porch. [O. Port, varanda, railing:.] 
 
 veratrine ( ve-ra'trin ), n. A strong 
 poison obtained from revadilla seeds. 
 [Prom L. veratrum, hellebore.] 
 
 verb (verb), n. In gram. Part of speech 
 which affirms what a thing is or does 
 or suffers. [L. verbum, word.] 
 
 verbal (ver'bal). I. a. 1. Relating to, 
 or consisting in, words; spoken; oral. 
 2. Exact in words; attending to 
 words only. 3. Word for word. 4. 
 Derived from a verb. II. n. Noun 
 derived from a verb. -*- verb'ally , 
 adv. [L. verbalis] . 
 
 verbalism (ver'bal-izm), ». 1. Some- 
 thing expressed in words or orally; .2. 
 Meaningless or empty group of words. 
 
 verbalist (ver'bal-ist), n. One who at- 
 tends to words merely. 
 
 verbalize (v§r'bal-iz). I. vt. Turn into 
 a verb. II. vi. Make many words. 
 
 verbarium (ver-ba'ri-um), n. Game 
 of forming words from letters; dic- 
 tionary, [word. [L.J 
 
 verbatim (v©r-ba'tim), adv. Word for 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mifce, mit; note, not, mSve, wglt; 
 route, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
verbena 
 
 661 
 
 vernicose 
 
 verbena (ver-be'na), n. One of many 
 plants cultivated for their fragrance 
 or beauty; vervain. [L. verbena, twigs 
 and leaves used in sacred rites. J 
 
 verbiage (ver'bi-aj), n. Abundance of 
 words; wordiness; verbosity. 
 
 verbose (ver-bos'), a. Containing or em- 
 ploying more words than necessary. 
 — verbose'ness, verbosity, ns. 
 
 Syn. Wordy; prolix; diffuse; gar- 
 rulous; loquacious; talkative. 
 
 verdant (ver'dant), a. 1. Green with 
 grass or foliage; fresh. 2. Inexperien- 
 ced; ignorant; rustic— verdantly, 
 a^.-verdancy, n. [Pr. verdoyant— 
 L. viridens, green.] 
 
 verd-antique ( verd-an-tek' ), n. 1. 
 Ornamental stone, mostly green. 2. 
 Green coating on ancient bronzes, 
 caused by the action of the air. [O. Fr.j 
 
 verdict(ver'dikt),w.l. Finding of a jury. 
 2. Decision; opinion pronounced. [L. 
 vere, truly, and dictum, said.] 
 
 verdigris (ver'di gris), n. 1. Rust of 
 copper, brass, or bronze. 2. Bluish- 
 green paint obtained from copper- 
 plates by the action of dilute acetic 
 acid. [O. Fr. verderis—luow L. viride 
 o&ris, the green of brass. Intrusive g, 
 suggested by grease.] 
 
 verdure ( ver'dur ), n. 1. Greenness; 
 freshness of plants. 2. Green vegeta- 
 tion. 3. Green hangings, representing 
 landscapes. 
 
 verge (vgrj), n. Staff or mace, used as 
 an emblem of authority.— verger, n. 
 Beadle of a cathedral church; pew- 
 opener. [L. virga, rod.] 
 
 verge (verj). I. vi. 1. Incline. 2. Border 
 
 (upon). II. vt. Form the edge of. II. n. 
 
 Edge.— ver'gency,?i. [L. vergo, bend.] 
 
 Syn. Boundary; brink. See border. 
 
 veridical (ve-rid'i-kal), a. Truthful; 
 true. [L. verus, true, and dico, speak.] 
 
 verifiable (ver'i-fl-a-bl), a. That may 
 be verified or confirmed. 
 
 verify (ver'i-fl), vt. 1. Show to be true. 
 2. Ascertain to be correct. 3. Authen- 
 ticate, as by an affidavit.— verifica- 
 tion, n.— verifier, n. [L. verus, true, 
 and/aa'o, make] 
 
 verily (ver'i-li), adv. Truly; certainly. 
 
 verisimilar (ver-i-sim'i-lar), a. Like- 
 ly; probable.— verisimilitude, n. 
 Resemblance of truth; probability. 
 [L. veri similis, similar to the truth.] 
 
 veritable (ver'i-ta-bl), a. According 
 to fact; real.— ver'itably, adv. 
 
 verity (ver'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of being 
 true or real; truth. 2. True asser- 
 tion; tenet. [L. Veritas.] 
 
 verj nice ( ver 'j 6s), n. 1. Juice of unripe 
 fruit, esp. grapes. 2. Acidity. [Fr. 
 
 ( ver jus— vert, green, and jus, juice.] 
 
 vermeil (ver'mil), n. 1. Silver or bronze 
 gilt. 2. An orange-colored garnet. 
 3. A varnish for gilt surfaces. [From 
 O. F. vermilion. See vermilion.] 
 
 vermes (ver'mez), n. pi. Worms, espe- 
 cially parasitic. [L. pi. of vermis.) 
 
 vermicelli ( ver-mi-sel'i or ver-mi- 
 chel'i), n. Dough of fine wheat flour 
 made into worm-like or thread-like 
 rolls. [It. pi. of vermicello, little worm.] 
 
 vermicular ( ver-mik'u-lar ), a. Per- 
 taining to or like a worm (esp. in its 
 motion). [From L. vermiculus, dim. 
 of vermis, worm.] 
 
 vermiculate(ver-mik'u-lat). I. a. Ver- 
 micular. II. vt. Adorn with tracery 
 resembling the motion or track of 
 worms. III. vi. Become worm-eaten. 
 — vermicular'tion, n. 
 
 vermiform (Vgr'mi-farm), a. Having 
 the form of a worm. — Vermiform ap- 
 pendix, small blind portion of the in- 
 testine, of about the size of a goose 
 quill, located on the right side of the 
 abdomen. Its inflammation is called 
 appendicitis. [L, vermis, worm.] 
 
 vermifuge (ver'mi-fuj), n. Substance 
 that expells intestinal worms from 
 animal bodies, —vermifugal, a. 
 [From L. vermis, undfugo, expel.] 
 
 vermilion (ver-mil'yun). I. n. 1. Red 
 coloring substance obtained from 
 sulphate of mercury. 2. Any brilliant 
 red color. II. vt. Dye vermilion. [O. 
 Fr. vermillion, kermes insect, bright 
 red,— L. vermiculus, little worm.] 
 
 vermin (ver 'min), n. sing, and pi. Name 
 for all noxious or mischievous ani- 
 mals or insects, esp. such as are 
 small. — ver'minous, a. Infested 
 with vermin or intestinal worms. 
 [Fr. vermine — L. vermis, worm.] 
 
 vermiparous (ver-mip'a-rus), a. 
 Breeding worms. [ing on worms. 
 
 vermivorons(ver-miv'ur-us), a. Feed- 
 vermuth (ver'muth), n. Wine flavored 
 with aromatic herbs. [Ger. wermuth, 
 wormwood.] 
 
 vernacular (ver-nak'u-lar). I. a. 1. Na- 
 tive ; belonging to the country of one's 
 birth. 2. Local. II. n. 1. One's mother 
 tongue. 2. Language of a particular 
 calling or district. — vernac'ularly, 
 adv. [L. vernaculus — verna, a slave 
 born in his master's house.] 
 
 vernal (ver'nal), a. 1. Belonging to, 
 or appearing in, spring. 2. Belonging 
 to youth. [L. vernalis—ver, spring.] 
 
 vernation (ver-na'shun), n. Arrange- 
 ment of leaves (folding, coiling, etc.) 
 in the bud. [L. vematio, renewal, shed- 
 ding of ston,— ver, spring.] 
 
 vernicose (ver'ni-kos), a. Appearing 
 as if varnished. [N. L. vernix, varnish.J 
 
 Jbe, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
662 
 
 vespine 
 
 vernier (ver'ni-er), n. Contrivance for 
 measuring very small intervals, con- 
 sisting of a short scale made to slide 
 upon a longer one, graded differently. 
 [After its inventor.] 
 
 "— 1 — 
 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 'el 'si ' io| ' 12I 
 
 I— 
 
 14 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vernier. 
 
 veronica (ver-on'i-ka), w. 1. Ornamen- 
 tal flower of many "species. 2. Cloth 
 having on it a representation of the 
 Savior's face. [ From Gr. Berenice — 
 phero, bear, and nike , victory.] 
 
 verrncose (ver'o-kos), a. Warty; full 
 of warts. [ L. verrucosus — verruca, 
 wart.] [II. n. General slope. 
 
 versant (ver'sant). I. a. Conversant. 
 
 versatile (ver'za-til), a. 1. Liable to 
 be turned; changeable; unsteady. 2. 
 Turning easily from one thing to an- 
 other; many-sided.— versatility, n. 
 [L. versatilis— verto, turn.] 
 
 verse (vers), n. 1. Line of poetry. 2. 
 Metrical arrangement and language; 
 poetry. 3. Stanza. 4. Short division 
 of a composition, esp. of the chapters 
 of the Bible.— Blank verse, verse with- 
 out rime, usually of 5 or 6 feet. [L. 
 versus^verto, turn.] 
 
 versed (verst), a. 1. Thoroughly ac- 
 quainted, skilled. 2. Reversed, as a 
 sine. [Fr. versS— L. versatus, pa. p. of 
 versor, turn around.] 
 
 versicle (ver'si-kl), n. Little verse; 
 short responsive line in liturgy. 
 
 versify (vers'i-fi). I. vi. Make verses. 
 II. vt. 1. Relate in verse. 2. Turn into 
 verses. — versifi' cation, n. — ver'si- 
 fier, n. [L. versiflco — versus, verse, 
 and/aao, make.] 
 
 version (ver'shun), n. 1. Act of trans- 
 lating from one language into an- 
 other. 2. That which is translated. 3. 
 Account; description; view. — ver'- 
 sionist, n. Translator. — ver'sion- 
 ize, vt. Translate; modify. 
 
 verst (verst), n. Russian mile, 3,500 
 feet in length. [Russ.] 
 
 versus ( ver'- 
 sus ), prep. 
 Against. [L.] 
 
 vert (vert), n. 
 1. Anything 
 green in a 
 forest. 2. In 
 heraldry, the human Vertebra. 
 
 tincture A _ From above . 
 green. 
 ve rtebva 
 
 ( ver'te-bra ), 
 
 the side. 
 n. [pi. vertebrae (ver' 
 
 te-bre).] One of the small bones com- 
 posing the spine. (Man has 7 cervi- 
 cal, 12 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral ver- 
 tebras, and the coccyx, formed of 4 
 bones usually firmly united.)— vert'- 
 ebral, a. [L. = joint,— -verto, turn.] 
 
 vertebrate (ver'te-brat), veri'e- 
 b rated, as. Furnished with joints; 
 having a backbone. 
 
 vertex (ver'teks), n. \pl. vertices.] 1. 
 Top; summit. 2. Point of a cone, 
 pyramid or angle. [L. — verto, turn. 
 Cf. VORTEX.] 
 
 vertical (ver'ti-kal). I. a. 1. Pertaining 
 to the vertex; placed in the zenith. 
 2. Perpendicular to the plane of the 
 horizon. II. n. Vertical line.— vert'- 
 ically, adv. — vert'icalness, n. — 
 vertical saw,mean practical joke. [Fr. 
 — L. vertex,— verto, turn.] 
 
 verticil (ver'ti-sil), n. Whorl, as of 
 leaves or tentacles. — vertic'illate, 
 a. Arranged in a whorl. [L.verticillus.] 
 
 vertiginous (ver-tij'i-nus), a. 1. Dizzy. 
 2. Causing dizziness. 3. Whirling. 
 
 vertigo (ver'ti-go), n. Sensation of 
 giddiness; dizzjness. (L. verto, turn.] 
 
 vervain (ver'van), n. Plant of the 
 genus Verbena. [Fr. verveine — L. ver- 
 bena, sacred bough.] [Fr.] 
 
 verve ( verv ), n. Animation; spirit. 
 
 very (ver'i). I. a. True; real; actual. 
 II. adv. In a great degree. [ Older 
 form veray—O. Fr. verai (Fr. vrai)— L. 
 ver ax, speaking truly.] 
 
 vesania (ve-sa'ni-a), n. Insanity. [L. 
 ve, not, and sanus, sane.] 
 
 vesical (ves'i-kal), a. Pertaining to the 
 bladder. [L. vesica, bladder.] 
 
 vesicant (ves'i-kant). I. a. Producing 
 blisters. II. n. Blister-plaster. 
 
 vesicate (ves'i-kat), vt. Raise blisters 
 on.— vesication, n— ves'icatory, 
 a. Capable of raising blisters. 
 
 vesicle (ves'i-kl), n. 1. Small bladder 
 or blister. 2. Small cavity in an ani- 
 mal body. 3. In hot. Bladder-like cell. 
 —vesicular (ve-sik'u-lar), vesicu- 
 lous, a. Pertaining to or full of 
 vesicles. — vesic'uliform, a. — vesicu- 
 lar murmur, sound produced by the air 
 passing through the pulmonary air- 
 cells. [Lt.vesicula Aim. ol vesica, bladder 
 
 vesine (ve-sen'), n. Valley wind in a 
 mountain region. [Fr.] 
 
 vesper (ves'per), n. 1. The evening 
 star, Venus, visible after sunset; eve- 
 ning. 2. pi. In R. Cath. Church, the 
 evening service. 3. In the Church of 
 England, the sixth canonical hour; 
 even-song. [L. ; Gr. hesperos.] 
 
 vespiary (ves'pi-ar-i), n. Wasp's nest. 
 
 vespine (ves'pin), a. Pertaining to a 
 wasp or wasps. [From L. vespa, wasp.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vessel 
 
 663 
 
 vibrant 
 
 vessel (ves'el),n. 1. Utensil for holding 
 something. 2. Hollow structure made 
 to float on water, used for convey- 
 ance, etc. 3. Tube holding a fluid, 
 as blood, sap, etc.; duct. 4. Person 
 fit to receive, as God's wrath or mercy.J 
 [O. Fr.— L. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase. 
 Cf. VASE.] 
 
 vest (vest). I. n. 1. Garment. 2. Waist- 
 coat. II. vt. 1. Clothe. 2. (with) In- 
 vest; endow. 3. (in) Commit to; con- 
 fer on. III. vi. Devolve; take effect. 
 [L. vestis.] 
 
 Vesta (ves'ta), n. 1. Among the Ro- 
 mans, the chaste goddess that pre- 
 sided over the hearth and the family. 
 2. (1. c.) Wax-match. [Prom the root 
 vas, burn.] 
 
 vestal (ves'tal). I. a. Pertaining or con- 
 secrated to the service of Vesta; 
 chaste; pure. II. n. 1. Priestess of 
 Vesta. 2. Chaste woman; virgin. 
 
 vestibule (ves'ti-bul), n. 1. Open court 
 or porch before a house. 2. Hall next 
 the entrance to a house. 3. In anat. 
 Small bony cavity forming part of the 
 ear.— Vestibule train, railroad passen- 
 ger train, with enclosed platforms 
 connected by flexible walls and roof 
 between cars. [L. vestibulum.] 
 
 vestige (ves'tij), n. Trace or remains 
 of something— vestigial, a. Having 
 become small, usually by disuse, as 
 the musctes of the ear. [L. vestigium, 
 footprint.] 
 Syn. Mark; token; sign; track. 
 
 vestment (vestment), n. Garment; 
 long outer robe; robe of state or 
 office; chasuble. [L. vestimentum.] 
 
 vestry (ves'tri), n. 1. Room adjoining 
 a church, in which the vestments are 
 kept and parochial meetings held; 
 sacristy. 2. In the Episcopal church, 
 assembly of the managers of paro- 
 chial affairs.— ves'tryman, n. Mem- 
 ber of a vestry. 
 [ L. vestiarium — 
 vestis, garment.] 
 
 vesture (ves'ttir), 
 n. Clothing; cov- 
 ering. [Low L. 
 vestitura — L. ves- 
 tio.] 
 
 Vesuvian (ve-siV- 
 vi-anj, a. Pertain- 
 ing to the volca- 
 no V esuvius; 
 volcanic. 
 
 vetch (vech), n. 
 Variety of plants, 
 mostly climbing, 
 some of which 
 are cultivated for fodder. [ O. Fr, 
 
 Vetch. 
 
 veche (Fr. vesce) — L. vicia, vetch.] 
 
 veteran (vet'er-an). I. a. Experienced; 
 long exercised," esp. in military life. 
 II. n. One long exercised in service; 
 old man who fought in a war when 
 young. [L. veteranus — vetus, old.] 
 
 veteranize (vet'er-an-iz). I. vt. Render 
 veteran. II. vi. Reenlist. _ 
 
 veterinarian ( vet-er-in-a'ri-an ), n. 
 One skilled in the treatment of dis- 
 eases of domestic animals. 
 
 veterinary (vet'er-in-ar-i), a. Pertain- 
 ing to the art of treating the diseases 
 of domestic animals. [L. veterinarius.] 
 
 veto (ve'to). I. n. 1. {pi. ve'toes.] Au- 
 thoritative prohibition. 2. Power of 
 rejecting or forbidding. II. vt. Reject 
 by a veto; withhold assent to. [L. = I 
 forbid.] 
 
 vex (veks), vt. 1. Harass. 2. Irritate 
 by small provocations. 3. Make a 
 subject of dispute, as in a vexed ques- 
 tion.— vexa'tion, n. Vexing; being 
 vexed; trouble; teasing annoyance; 
 uneasiness. — vexations, a. Causing 
 vexation; full of trouble; intended to 
 annoy.— vexa'tionsly, adv.— vexa'- 
 tionsness, n. [L. vexo, jolt in carry- 
 ing] 
 
 Syn. Annoy; disturb; disquiet; dis- 
 tress; harass; tease; irritate. 
 
 via (vi'a), prep. By way of. [L.] 
 
 viable (vi'a-bl), a. Capable of living.— 
 viability, n. Capability of living. 
 
 am, 
 
 MTS 
 
 
 Viaduct. 
 
 viaduct (vi'a-dukt), n. Road carried 
 by a structure over a valley, river, 
 etc. [Li. via, way, and duco, ductum, 
 lead, bring.] [phial. 
 
 vial (vi'al), n. Small glass bottle. See 
 
 viand (viand), n. Usually in pi. Food; 
 article of food. [Fr. viande, meat,— 
 L. vivenda, victuals ] 
 
 viatic (vi-at'ik), a. Pertaining to trav- 
 elling. [Li. viaticus — via, way.] 
 
 viaticum (vi-at'i-kum), n. 1. Provis- 
 ions for the way. 2. In R. C. Church, 
 communion given to the dying. [L.J 
 
 viator (vi-a'tur), m Traveller, [l,.] 
 
 vibex (vi'beks), n. [pi. vibices (vi-bi'- 
 sez).J Mark on the skin like a wale, 
 characteristic of certain fevers. [L.] 
 
 vibracnlum (vi-brak'u-lum), n. Fila- 
 mentous appendage at the mouth of 
 certain marine plant-animals. [L. 
 —vibro, vibrate.] 
 
 vibrant (vi'brant), a. 1. Vibrating. 2. 
 Showing or due to vibration ; resonant. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vibrate 
 
 664 
 
 vicuna 
 
 vibrate (vi'brat). I. vi. Move back- 
 wards and forwards; swing; tremble. 
 II. vt. 1. Move to and fro. 2. Measure 
 by moving to and fro. 3. Affect with 
 vibratory motion.— vibra'tion, n.— 
 vi'bratory* «• Consisting in or 
 causing vibrations. [L. vibro.] 
 
 vibrissa ( vi-bris'a ), n. Bristle, as 
 around the mouth of a cat. [L.] 
 
 vicar (vik'ar), n. 1. Substitute in an 
 office. 2. Perpetual curate.— vic'- 
 arship, n. [L. vicarius—vix, change, 
 alternation. J 
 
 vicarage (v i k'a r-a j), n. Benefice or 
 residence of a vicar. [a vicar. 
 
 vicarial (vl-ka'ri-al), a. Pertaining to 
 
 vicariate (vi ka'ri-at). I. a. Having 
 vicarious or delegated power. II. n. 
 Delegated power. 
 
 vicarious (vi-ka'ri-us), a. 1. Filling the 
 place of another. 2. Performed or 
 suffered in place of, or for the sake 
 of, another.— vica'riously, adv. 
 
 vice (vis), n. Screwpress. See vise. 
 
 vice (vis), n. 1. Blemish; fault. 2. Im- 
 moral conduct; depravity. [Fr.— L. 
 vitium, defect.] 
 Syn. Iniquity; sin. See crime. 
 
 vice (vi'se), prep. In the place of. [L. 
 ablative case of vix, turn.] 
 
 vice ( vis ), n. Substitute. Used as 
 hyphenated prefix. [See vice, prep.] 
 
 vice-admiral (vis-ad'mi-ral), n. One 
 acting in the place of, or second in 
 command to, an admiral. 2. In Eng- 
 land, civil officer who exercises Ad- 
 miralty jurisdiction. — vice-admi- 
 ralty, n. 
 
 vice-chancellor (vis-chan'sel-fir), n. 
 One acting for the chancellor. 
 
 vicegerent (vis-je'rent). I. a. Acting 
 in place of another; having delegated 
 authority. II. n. One acting in place 
 of a superior. — vicege'rency, n. 
 Office or power of a vicegerent. 
 
 vicennial (vi-sen'yal), a. 1. Lasting 
 twenty years. 2. Occurring once in 
 twenty years. [ L. — vicies, twenty 
 times, and annus, year.] 
 
 viceregal (vis-re'gal), a. Pertaining to 
 a viceroy or viceroy alty. 
 
 viceroy (vis'roi), n. One representing 
 the royal authority in a dependency 
 or province, —viceroy' alty, vice'- 
 roysbip, ns. [Fr. roi, king.] 
 
 vice versa (vi'se ver'sa). In reversed 
 order, that is, exchanging the posi- 
 tion of antecedent and consequent. 
 
 Vicny(vish'i). I. n. Pertaining to Vichy, 
 a town in France, or its mineral 
 spring. II. n. Vichy water. 
 
 vicinage (vis'in-aj), n. Neighborhood. 
 [O. Fr. veisinage — veisin, — L. vicinus, 
 neighboring.] 
 
 lity (vi-sin'i-ti), n. 1. Neighbor* 
 2. Nearness. [L. vicinitas.] 
 
 VICll 
 
 hood. 
 
 vicious (vish'us), a. 1. Having a "vice 
 or defect; corrupt in principles or 
 conduct; depraved. 2. Impure, as 
 language or air. 3. Given to bad 
 tricks, as a horse. 4. Pernicious; ma- 
 licious.-vi'ciously, adv.— vicious'- 
 ness, n. — Vicious circle, false argu- 
 ment, in which the conclusion is vir- 
 tually assumed to prove the premise, 
 and then the premise is used to prove 
 the conclusion. [See vice] 
 
 vicissitude (vi-sis'i-tiid), a. Change, 
 esp. an irregular one. [L. vicissitudo 
 —vix, turn.] 
 
 victim (vik'tim), a. 1. Living being 
 offered as a sacrifice. 2. Some thing 
 or'person destroyed in the pursuit of 
 an object. 3. Person suffering injury; 
 dupe. [L. victima.] [tim of; cheat.] 
 
 victimize (vik'tim-iz), vt. Make a vic- 
 
 vietor (vik'tfir), n. One who conquers, 
 defeats in 
 battle, or 
 win s.— fem. 
 victress, 
 [L. vinco, vic- 
 £um,conquer.] 
 
 Victoria (vik- 
 to'ri-a), n. 1. 
 S. American 
 water-lily 
 with enorm- 
 ous leaves. 2. (l.c)Lo>w4-wheeled car- 
 riage with two seats and buggy»top. 
 
 victOrine (vik-to-ren'), n. 1. Fur tippet 
 with long tabs. 2. Variety of peach. 
 
 victorious (vik-to'ri-us), a. Relating 
 to victory; superior in contest; tri- 
 umphant.— victoriously, adv. 
 
 victory (vik'tiir-i), n. 1. Overcoming 
 
 of an antagonist. 2. Battle gained. 
 
 [L. Victoria.] [acy; triumph. 
 
 Syn. Conquest; mastery; suprem 
 
 victual (vit'D, 
 vt. Supply 
 with provi- 
 sions.— vict- 
 ualer (vit'l- 
 er), n. One 
 who furnishes 
 victuals; inn- 
 keeper. 
 
 victuals (vif- 
 lz), n. Food 
 for human 
 beings. [Low 
 L. victualia — 
 L. victualis — 
 vivo, victum, live.l 
 
 vicuna (ve-kon'ya), n. So. American 
 animal resembling the llama, having 
 very fine and valuable wool. 
 
 Victoria water-lily. 
 
 Vicuna. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vide 
 
 665 
 
 vindicate 
 
 vide(vi'de), vt. See. [L.J 
 
 videlicet (videl'i-set), adv. To wit; 
 namely; abbr. viz. [D.=you may see j 
 
 vidette. Same vedette. 
 
 vidimus ( vid'i-mus ), n. Inspection, 
 as of accounts. [L.=wehave seen. J 
 
 vicinage (vid'u-aj), n. 1. Widowhood. 
 2. All the widows, collectively. 
 
 vidnate (vid'u-at), n. 1. Order of 
 widows. 2. One of Its members. [L. 
 viduus, bereft.] 
 
 vie (vi), vi. [vy'ing; vied.] Strive for 
 superiority; sho w r ivalry; contend. 
 [Prob. corr. of envy.] 
 
 view (vu). I. n. 1. Seeing; sight. 2. 
 Reach of the sight. 3. That which is 
 seen. 4. Picture of a scene. 5. Mental 
 survey. 6. Mode of looking at. 7. 
 Intention. II. vt. 1. See ; look at at- 
 tentively. 2. Examine intellectually. 
 — viewer, n.— viewy, a. 1. Vision- 
 ary. 2. Appearing good at first sight. 
 [Fr. vue—vu, pa. p. of voir, see.] 
 
 Syn. Beholding; look; prospect; 
 scene; sketch; conception; opinion; 
 apprehension; object; purpose. 
 
 vigil (vij'il),n. 1. Watching. 2. Keep- 
 ing awake for religious exercise. 3. 
 The eve before a feast or fast day, 
 orig. kept by watching through the 
 night. [Li. vigilia— vigil, watchful.] 
 
 vigilance ( vij'il-ans ), n. Watchful- 
 ness; circumspection.— Vigilance com- 
 mittee, organization of citizens for the 
 infliction of summary punishment 
 for outrageous crimes. 
 
 vigilant (vij'il-ant), a. On the lookout 
 for danger.— vigilantly, adv. 
 
 Syn. Attentive; cautious; alert; cir- 
 cumspect; wary; watchful; careful. 
 
 vigilante (vij-i-lan'ta), n. Member of 
 a vigilance committee. 
 
 vignette (vin-yef). I. n. 1. Small orna- 
 mental engraving not inclosed by a 
 definite border. 2. Orig. Ornamental 
 flourish of vine leaves and tendrils. 3. 
 Picture with a background or border 
 gradually shaded of. II. vt. 1. Deco- 
 rate with vignettes. 2. Make with a 
 fading background or border, as a 
 photograph or other picture. — [Fr.— 
 vigne— L. vinea, vine.] 
 
 vigor (vig'ur), n. 1. Aetive strength; 
 physical force. 2. Vital strength in 
 animals or plants. 3. Strength of 
 mind.— vig'orous, a. —vigorous- 
 ly, adv.— vig'oronsness, n. [L.] 
 
 vigorite (vig'ur-It), n. Powerful ex 
 
 plosive made of nitroglycerine. 
 viking (vTking), n. One of the Scan 
 
 dinavian pirates who in the 9th and 
 lOih centuries ravaged the coasts of 
 Western Europe. [Icel. vikingr—vic, 
 creek, bay.] 
 
 vilayet ( vil'a-yet ), n. Name of the 
 provinces Into which the Ottoman 
 empire is divided. [Ar. xoilaya, gov- 
 ernment] 
 
 vile (vil), a. 1. Mean; low. 2. Morally 
 impure; wicked. 3. Objectionable ; dis- 
 agreeable.— vilely, atfv.-vile'ness, 
 n. [Fr.— L. vilis, cheap. Cf. Ger. fell, 
 vendible.] 
 
 Syn. Base; contemptible; depraved; 
 villainous; shameful; scurvy; shab- 
 by; beggarly; pitiful; groveling; foul; 
 knavish. See bad and mean. 
 
 vilify (vil'i-fi), vt. Represent as vile; 
 attempt to degrade by slander; de- 
 fame —vilification, rc.— villfier,n. 
 Syn. Calumniate; abuse; asperse; 
 revile. See slander. 
 
 villa (vil'a), n. Country residence; sub- 
 urban mansion. [L.— vicula, country- 
 house, dim. of vicus, village.] 
 
 village (vil'aj), n. Small assemblage 
 of houses, less than a town. — vil'- 
 lager, n. Inhabitant of a village. [Fr.] 
 
 villain (vil'in), n. Deliberate scoun- 
 drel.— villainous, a.— villainous- 
 ly, adv. — villainy, n. 1. Extreme 
 depravity. 2. Atrocious crime. [Orig. 
 serf attached to a villa or farm. O. 
 Fr. villain— Low L. villanns—L,. villa.] 
 
 villeggiatnre (vil-ej-a-to'ra), n. A stay 
 in the country. [It.] 
 
 villi (vill), n. pi. 1. Minute vascular 
 projections from a membrane. 2. Fine 
 hairs on plants.— villous (virus), a. 
 Covered with soft short hairs. — vil- 
 loslty, n. 1. State of being villous. 
 2. Collection of villi. [L. villus, shaggy 
 hair.] [From L. accus. of vis.] 
 
 vim (vim),n. Strength; energy. [Slang. 
 
 vlna (ve'na), n. East-Indian musical 
 instrument with metal strings. 
 
 vinaceons (vi- or vi-na'shus), a. Per- 
 taining to, or colored like, wine. 
 
 vinaigrette ( vin - a-gret' ), n. Small 
 vial of silver or gold for holding aro- 
 matic vinegar, used as a smelling 
 bottle. [Fr.—vinaigre. See vinegar 1 
 
 vincible (vin'si-bl), a. That may be 
 conquered. — vincibil'ity, n. [Li.vin 
 cibilis—vinco, conquer.] 
 
 vinculum (ving'ku-lum), n. 1. Band t 
 bond. 2. In math. Horizontal line 
 placed over several quantities to show 
 that they are to be treated as one. [L. 
 —vincio, bind.] 
 
 vindicate (vin'di-kat), vt. 1. Defend ; 
 justify. 2. Maintain by force.— vin v 
 dicator, n. — vindication, n. — 
 vindicative, vindicatory, as. 1. 
 Tending to vindicate. 2. Inflicting 
 punishment. [L. vindico—vim, power 
 and dico, assert.] [ See assert, 
 
 Syn. Affirm; pronounce ; protest 
 
 tftte, fat, tisk, fttr, fan, fare, above; me, met, h§r; mJte, mit) n5t«, not, mo"ve, w^ifj 
 mule, but, bars ; oil, owl, ttoa, 
 
vindictive 
 
 666 
 
 virile 
 
 vindictive (vin-dik'tiv), a. Revenge- 
 ful.— vindictively, adv.— vindic'- 
 tiveness, n. 
 
 vine (vln), n. 1. Woody climbing plant 
 producing grapes. 2. Any climbing or 
 trailing plant. [O. Fv.—Ij.vinea, vine.] 
 
 vinegar (vin'e-gar), n. Acid liquor 
 obtained from fermented and vinous 
 liquors. — viii'egarish, vin'egary, 
 as. Resembling vinegar; sour; acid; 
 crabbed. [Fr. vinaigre—vin, wine, and 
 aigre—Lt. acer, sour.] 
 
 vinery (vl'ner-i), n. Hothouse for rear- 
 ing grapes; viueyard. 
 
 vinette (vi-nef), n. Barberry wine, 
 used in making some kinds of leather. 
 
 vineyard (vin'yard), n. Inclosure for 
 rearing grape-vines. " [A. S. wingeard.] 
 
 vingt-un ( vangt-ung' ), n. Game of 
 chance, played with cards. [Fr.=21.J 
 
 vinic (vi'nik), a. Pertaining to, or 
 derived from, wine. 
 
 vinous (vl'nus), a. Relating to, or like, 
 wine.— vinos'ity, n. [L. vinosus.] 
 
 vintage (vin'taj), n. 1. Produce of 
 grapes in one year. 2. Time of grape- 
 gatnering. [Fr. vendaqe—Li. vindemia 
 —vinum, and demo, pluck.] 
 
 vintner (vint'ner), n. Wine-seller. [O. 
 Fr. vinetier.] 
 
 viol (vi'ul), n. 1. Old musical instru- 
 ment like the violin, with six strings. 
 2. Any stringed instrument of this 
 class, as the violin, violoncello and 
 double-bass viola. [Fr. viole, It. viola 
 — Low Li. vidula— L. vitulari, skip like 
 a calf.] 
 
 viola (vi- or vi-o'la), n. 1. Viol. 2. 
 Musical instrument a little larger 
 than a violin, pathetic in tone. [It.] 
 
 violable (vi'o-la-bl), a. That may be 
 injured or broken. 
 
 violaceous (vi-o-la'she-us), a. 1. Hued 
 like a violet. 2. Pertaining to the 
 violet family._ 
 
 violate (vi'o-lat), vt. 1. Injure; abuse. 
 2. Profane; break forcibly. 3. Disturb. 
 4. Ravish; do violence to. — viola'- 
 tion, n. — vi'olator, n. [L.violo, 
 -atum — vis, force.] 
 
 Syn. Outrage; interrupt; desecrate; 
 debauch; defile; deflower; hurt; pol- 
 lute; profane; dishonor; transgress; 
 infringe. 
 
 violence (vi'o-lens), n. State of being 
 violent; force, physical or moral; out- 
 rage; profanation; injury; rage. 
 
 Syn. Intensity; vehemence; eager- 
 ness; impetuosity; infringement; at- 
 tack; hurt; assault. [See injury.] 
 
 violent (vx'o-lent), a. 1. Acting with 
 physical force or strength. 2. Moved 
 by strong feeling; passionate; vehe- 
 ment. 3. Characterized by unjust 
 
 force; outrageous. 4. Produced by 
 force; unnatural.— violently, adv. 
 [Fr.— L. violentus—vis, force.] 
 
 Syn. Impetuous; fierce; rough; un- 
 authorized; extreme; acute; compul- 
 sory. [See FURIOUS Und TURBULENT.] 
 
 violet (vi'o-let). I. n. 1. Plant of many 
 species, with a flower generally of 
 some shade of blue. 2. Color of the 
 violet. II. a. Of the color of the violet. 
 [Fr. violette—Li. viola.] 
 
 violin (vl-o-lin'), n. Musical instrument 
 of four strings played with a bow; 
 fiddle. [Fr. violon. See viol.] 
 
 violist (vi'ol-ist), n. One who plays the 
 viol or the viola. [violin. 
 
 violinist (vl-o-lin'ist), n. Player on the 
 
 violoncello (ve-6-lon-sel'o or -chel'6), 
 n. Large stringed musical instrument, 
 between the violin and the double- 
 bass, held between the knees in play- 
 ing. — violoncellist, n. Player on 
 the violoncello. [It. dim. of violone, 
 bass violin.] 
 
 viper (vi'per), n. 1. Poisonous reptile 
 of the order of snakes. 2. Base, mali- 
 cious person. — viperous, a. [L. 
 vipera (contr. of vivipera)— vivus, liv- 
 ing, and pario, bvmg forth.] 
 
 virago (vi-ra'go or vi), n. 1. Man-like 
 woman. 2. Termagant. [L.J 
 
 vireo (vir'a-o), n. Insectivorous singing 
 bird of many species. 
 
 virgin (ver'jin). I. n. Chaste maiden 
 II. a. 1. Maidenly; pure. 2. Un- 
 touched; fresh; new; first. — vir'- 
 ginal, a. Maidenly; fresh; pure.— 
 virginity (ver-jin'i-ti, n. [L. virgo.] 
 
 virginal (ver'jin-al), n. Small spinet, 
 used in the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries. 
 
 Virgo (ver'go), n. 
 Sign in the zodiac; 
 Virgin. 
 
 virgule (ver'gul), n. 
 1. Small rod. 2. 
 Comma. [L. virgula, 
 dim. of virga, rod.] 
 
 virial (vir'i-al), n. 
 Product of the at- 
 traction between 
 two particles by 
 half their distance. 
 [From L. vis, viris, 
 force.] 
 
 viridescent (vir'i- 
 des'ent), a. Green- 
 ish ; turning slight- 
 ly green. 
 
 viridity (vi-rid'i-ti), n. Verdue; green- 
 ness. [L. viriditas.] 
 
 virile (vir'il or vi'ril), a. Masculine; 
 manly; capable of procreation.— vir- 
 ility (vir-il'i-ti), n. [L. virilis.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, fSr, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mo've, yrqlt; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
virose 
 
 667 
 
 vitalism 
 
 virose (vl'ros), virous (vi'rus), a. 
 Poisonous. [L. virosus. See virus.] 
 
 virtu (ver'to), n. Fine workmanship; 
 artistic excellence. [It.] 
 
 virtual (ver'tu-al), a. Being in effect 
 though not in fact. — vir'tually, adv. 
 
 virtue (ver'tu), n. 1. Moral excellence; 
 practice of duty. 2. Excellence in a 
 particular moral quality. 3. Force; 
 power. 4. Chastity. [O. Fr.— L.. vir- 
 tus, manliness, excellence — vir, man.] 
 Syn. Integrity; probity; rectitude; 
 worth ; uprigh tness ; morality ; purity ; 
 faculty; merit; efficacy; potency. 
 
 virtuoso (vir-to-o'so), n. [pi. virtuo'- 
 si (-se).] 1. One skilled in the fine arts, 
 in antiquities, curiosities, and the 
 like. 2. Master performer on a musical 
 instrument. [It J 
 
 virtuous (ver'tu-us), a. 1. Having 
 moral goodness ; practicing duty. 2. 
 Baiug according to the moral law. 3. 
 Chaste.— vir' tuously, adv. 
 
 virulent (vir'u-lent), 1. a. Full of poi- 
 son. 2. Very active in injury; malig- 
 nant. — vir'ulently, adv. — vir'u- 
 lence, n. 1. Extreme poisonousness. 
 2. Extreme bitterness. [From virus.] 
 
 virus ( vi'rus ), n. Poisonous matter 
 which is the medium for communi- 
 cating infection. [L.=slime; stench.] 
 
 vis (vis), n. Force. — Vis inertice, resist- 
 ance in a body to change, as from 
 rest to motion, and vice versa. [L.] 
 
 visage (viz'aj), n. Face; look. — vis'- 
 ag-ed, a. Having a face of some in- 
 dicated character. [Fr.— Li.visus, seen.] 
 
 vis-a-vis (ve-za-ve'). I. adv. Face to 
 face. II. n. Person or place opposite. 
 
 viscacha (vis-kach'a), a. Large So. 
 American burrowing animal, resem- 
 bling the chinchilla. 
 
 viscera (vis'er-a), n. pi. Inner parts of 
 the animal body; entrails.— visceral 
 (vis'er-al), a. [L. pi. of viscus.] 
 
 viscerate (vis'er-at), vt. Deprive of 
 the entrails; disembowel. 
 
 viscid (vis'id), a. Sticky; tenacious. 
 — viscid'ity, n. [L. viscidus — viscus, 
 mistletoe; birdlime made from the 
 berries of the mistletoe.] 
 
 viscount (vi'kownt), n. 1. Orig. Offi- 
 cer in England who supplied the place 
 of the count or earl. 2. Title of no- 
 bility next below an earl. — fern, vis- 
 countess. [O. Fr. viscomte (Fr. vi- 
 comte). Low L. vicecomes. See count.] 
 
 viscous (vis'kus), a. Sticky; tenacious 
 
 -viscosity, 
 
 1. Thickness of a 
 
 fluid; gumminess. 2. Internal fric- 
 tion of gases and fluids, resisting an 
 instantaneous change of the arrange- 
 ment of their parts, and producing 
 heat. [L. viscosus. See viscid.] 
 
 vise (ve-za'), n. Approval endorsed on 
 a passport. [Fr. = seen.] 
 
 vise, vice (vis). I. n. Screwpress, fixed 
 to the edge of a workboard for holding 
 anything tightly while being filed, etc. 
 H. Grasp or hold in, or as in, a vise. 
 [O. Fr. vis, screw.— L. vitis, vine.] 
 
 visible (viz'i-bl), a. That may be seen; 
 obvious. — vis'ibly, adv. — vis'ible- 
 ness, visibility, ns. [See vision.] 
 
 vision (vizh'un), n. 1. Act or sense of 
 seeing; sight. 2. Anything seen. 3. 
 Anything imagined to be seen; appa- 
 rition; creation of the imagination.— 
 — vi'sional, a. Pertaining to sight 
 or to an apparition. [Fr. — L. visio, 
 — video, visum, see.] 
 
 visionary (vizh'un-ar-i). I. a. 1. Exist- 
 ing in imagination only; not real. 2. 
 Apt to have visions, or to act on mere 
 fancies. II. n. One who forms im- 
 practicable schemes. 
 
 Syn. Fantastic; fanciful; Utopian; 
 capricious; wild; whimsical; unreal; 
 imaginary; chimerical. 
 
 visionist (vizh'un-ist), a. Dreamer; 
 adherer of fanciful theories. 
 
 visit (viz'it). 1. vt. 1. Go to see; come 
 to see. 2. Inspect; attend. 3. Reward 
 or punish. II. vi. Be In the habit of 
 calling upon each other. III. n. Act 
 of going to see. [Fr. visiter — L. visit o, 
 freq. of viso, visit,— video, see.] 
 
 visitant (viz'i-tant),_w. One who visits. 
 
 visitation ( viz-i-ta'shun ), n. 1. Act 
 of visiting. 2. Examination by auth- 
 ority. 3. Divine reward or punish- 
 ment; retribution. 
 
 visitor (viz'i-tur), n. One who visits or 
 inspects. — visitorial (viz-i-to'ri-al), 
 a. Belonging to a judicial visitor. 
 
 visor (viz'ur), n. 1. Part of a helmet 
 covering the face, movable and per- 
 forated to see through. 2. Piece on a 
 cap, protecting the eyes. 3. Mask. 
 [Fr. visQre — L. video.} 
 
 vista (vis'ta), n. 1. Prospect as between 
 the trees along an avenue. 2. Mental 
 view of a number of events, past, 
 present or future. [It.] 
 
 visual (vizh'o-al), a. 1. Belonging to 
 vision or sight'; used in seeing; optic. 
 2. Visible. — visualize (vizh'6-al-iz), 
 vt. andvi. Make a mental image (of). 
 
 vital (vital), a. 1. Belonging or con- 
 tributing to life. 2. Containing, or 
 necessary to, life. 3. Important as 
 life; essential. 4. Affecting life ; fatal, 
 as a vital error.— vi' tally, adv. [L. 
 vitalis—vita_, life.l 
 
 vitalism (vi'tal-izm), n. Doctrine that 
 "life" has its origin and support out- 
 side of matter. — vi'talist, n. One 
 who believes in vitalism. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9lf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, them. 
 
vitality 
 
 668 
 
 vociferate 
 
 vitality ( vi-tal'i-ti), n. 1. Quality of 
 being vital. 2. Principle or power of 
 life; vitalforce. 
 
 vitalize (vi'tal-Iz), vt. Give life to. 
 
 vitals (vi'talz), n. pi. Organs essential 
 to life, esp. the heart, lungs, etc. 
 
 vitative (vi'ta-tiv), a. Pertaining to 
 the preservation or love of life. 
 
 vitellus (vi-tel'us), n. The part of the 
 egg, that nourishes the developing 
 embryo.— vitel'line, a. [L.=yolk.] 
 
 vitiate (vish'i-at), vt. 1. Render faulty 
 or less pure. 2. Destroy.— vitiation, 
 n. [L. vitis—vitium, blemish.] 
 
 viticulture (vit-i-kul'tur), n. Art of 
 growing grapes. [From L. vitis, vine.] 
 
 vitreous (vit're-us), a. Glassy; per- 
 taining to, or obtained from, glass.— 
 vitreos'ity, vit'reousuess, ns. [L. 
 vitreus— vitrum, glass,— vid-, see.J 
 
 vitrescent (vi-tres'ent), a. That may 
 be formed into glass; tending to be- 
 come glass.— vitres'cence, n. 
 
 vitreum (vit're-um), n. [pi. vit'rea.] 1. 
 Transparent jelly in the ball of the 
 eye. 2. pi. Ancient glassware. 
 
 vitric (vit'rik), a. Glasslike. 
 
 vitrifaction (vit-ri-fak'shun), n. Act 
 or process of converting into glass, or 
 of making glass. 
 
 vitrify (vit'ri-fl). I. vt. Make into, or 
 coat with, glass. II. vi. Become glass. 
 [L. vitrum, glass, and facio, make.] 
 
 vitrine (vit'rin), n. Glass showcase. 
 
 vitriol (vit'ri-ul), n. 1. Sulphuric acid; 
 oil of vitriol. 2. Soluble sulphate of 
 a metal: green vitriol = sulphate of 
 iron, blue vitriol = sulphate of copper, 
 white vitriol = sulphate of zinc— 
 vitriol'ic, a. 1. Derived from a 
 vitriol. 2. Corrosive; caustic. [Fr.— 
 It. vitriuolo — L. vitrum, glass. From 
 its glassy appearance.] 
 
 vitrotype (vit'ro-tip),n. Picture photo- 
 graphed on glass or earthenware and 
 burned in. 
 
 vitta (vit'a), n. [pi. vit'tae.] 1. Head- 
 land; fillet. 2. Oil-tube in fruits of 
 some plants. 
 
 vitelline (vit'u-lin), a. Pertaining to, 
 or like, a calf. See veal. 
 
 vituperable ( vi-tu'per-a-bl), a. De- 
 serving of censure. 
 
 vituperate (vi-tu'per-S,t), vt. Censure; 
 scold. — vitupera'tion, n. — vitu'- 
 perative, a. [L. vilupero — vitium, 
 fault, _aud paro, set out.] 
 
 viva(ve'va), interj._ Long live ! [It.] 
 
 vivacious (vi-va'shus), a. Lively; 
 active; sportive. — viva'ciously, 
 adv. — viva'clotisness, v i v aci ty , 
 (vi-vas'i-ti), ns_ [L. vivax—vivo, live.] 
 
 vivandiere (ve-vang-dyar') n. Female 
 suttler. [Fr.] 
 
 vivarium (vi-va'ri-um), n. Place where 
 living animals are kept. 
 
 vivat (vi'vat), inter j. Long live! [L.J 
 
 viva voce (vi'va vo'se). By word of 
 mouth. [L. = by the living voice.] 
 
 vive (vev), interj. Longlivel [Fr.] 
 
 viverrine (vi-ver'in), n. A carnivorous 
 animal of many species, including the 
 weasel, genet, etc. [L. viverra, ferret.] 
 
 vives(vivs) n. 1. Parotid gland of the 
 horse. 2. Morbid swelling of that 
 gland. [O. Fr.— Sp. avivas—Ar. addiba 
 — al dhiba, she wolf.] 
 
 vivid (viv'id), a. Life-like; animated; 
 forming brilliant images in the mind. 
 — vividly, adv.— viv'idness, n. [L. 
 vividus—vivo, live.] 
 
 Syn. Active; intense; sprightly; 
 clear; lucid; strong. See lively. 
 
 vivify (viv'i-fi), vt. Make alive; indue 
 with life. [Fr. vivifler—Li. vivus, alive, 
 and facio, make.] 
 
 viviparous ( vi-vip'a-rus ), a. Produ- 
 cing young alive, hot by hatching 
 from eggs. [L. vivus, alive, andpaHo, 
 produce.] [tion of a living animal. 
 
 vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun), n. Dissec- 
 
 vixen (viks'en), n. 1. She fox. 2. Ill- 
 tempered woman. [A. S.flxen, she fox.] 
 
 viz .(viz), adv. Videlicet. [Orig. vi&, vi 
 for vide, and & for licet.] 
 
 vizier (vi-zer'), n. Turkish minister or 
 councillor of state. [Ar. wazir, burden- 
 bearer.] 
 
 vizor (viz'ur). I. n. Projecting piece 
 on a cap or helmet, shielding the 
 eyes; visor. II. vt. Cover with, or as 
 with, a vizor; mask. [See visor.] 
 
 vocable (vo'ka-bl), n. 1. Word. 2. Mu- 
 sical note. [L. vocabulum — voco, call.] 
 
 vocabulary (vo-kab'u-lar-i), n. List 
 of words explained in alphabetical 
 order; dictionary; any list of words. 
 [Low Lt._vocabulariwn.\ 
 
 vocal (vo'kal), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
 having, a voice. 2. Uttered or changed 
 by the voice.— vo'cally, adv. [L. vo- 
 calis— vox, voice. J 
 
 vocalist (vo'kal-ist), n. Singer. 
 
 vocalize (vo'kal-iz), vt. Make vocal; 
 form into voice. — vocaliza'tion, n. 
 
 vocation (vo-ka'shun), n. 1. Calling; 
 occupation. 2. Fitness for, or spirit- 
 ual call to, a religious career. [L. 
 vocatio—voco, call.] 
 
 vocative (vok'a-tiv). La. Used in 
 calling. II, n. Case of a word used 
 in addressing or calling. 
 
 vociferate ( v5-sif 'er-at ), vt. and vi. 
 Cry with a loud voice. — vocifera'- 
 tion, n— vociferous, a. Shouting 
 vehemently; clamorous; noisy.— vo- 
 ciferously, adv. [L.— vox, voice, 
 and fero, carry.] 
 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abo,ve; me, met, h§r; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vodka 
 
 6G9 
 
 volunteer 
 
 votlka (vod'ka), n. Rye whiskey. [Russ.J 
 vosae (vog),'w. Temporary fashion. 
 
 [Fr. voguer, roll as a wave.] 
 voice (vois). I. n. 1. Sound from the 
 mouth. 2. Sound given out by any- 
 thing. 3. Sound produced by vibra- 
 tion of the vocal cords, not mere 
 breath. 4. Language; expression; ex- 
 pressed opinion; vote. 5. Speaker; 
 mouth. 6. In gram. Mode of inflecting 
 verbs, as being active or passive. II. vt. 
 
 1. Utter. 2. Regulate; tune. 3. Utter 
 with voice. [O. Fr. (Fr. voix) — L. vox, 
 vocis.] 
 
 voiced (voist), a. 1. Having a voice; 
 expressed by a voice. 2. Uttered with 
 voice, not only with breath (sonant), 
 as b, p, d, and th in thine, in distinction 
 from voiceless or surd/, and thin think. 
 
 void (void). I. a. 1. Unoccupied; empty. 
 
 2. Having no binding force. 3. Want- 
 ing. 4. Vain. II. n. Empty space. III. 
 vt. 1. Make vacant. 2. Send out; dis- 
 charge. 3. Renderof no effect.— void'- 
 able, a. — void'ance, n. [O. Fr, void 
 — L. viduus, widowed.] 
 
 Syn. Vacant; unfilled; unengaged; 
 destitute; devoid; lacking; ineffect- 
 ual; useless; null. 
 
 volant (vo'lant), a. Flying; nimble. 
 
 Volapuk (vb-la-pok'), n. Artificial uni- 
 versal language, constructed by J. M. 
 Schleyer, of Constance, Baden, about 
 1879. It consists of Latin, G-erman 
 and English ingredients. [Volapiik,= 
 world language.] 
 
 volatile (vol'a-til), a. 1. Apt to evap- 
 orate. 2. Flighty; apt to change. — 
 vol'atileness, volatility, ns. [L. 
 — volo,fty.] 
 
 volatilize (vol'a-til-iz), vt. and vi. Make 
 or become volatile; evaporate.— vol- 
 ntilixa'tioii,_n. 
 
 volcano (vol-ka'no), n. Mountain emit- 
 ting smoke, fire, lava, etc.— volcanic 
 (vol-kan'ik), a. Produced by, pertain- 
 ing to, or resembling a volcano.— vol- 
 canol'ogy, n. Scientific study of vol- 
 canoes. [It.— L. Vulcanus, god of fire.] 
 
 vole (vol), n. Winning of all the tricks 
 played in one deal. 
 
 volition (vo-lish'un), n. Elective pref- 
 erence; exercise of the will.— voli- 
 tional, a. [Low L. volitio.\ [tion. 
 Syn. Choice; option; determina- 
 
 vollsslied(f61ks'let), n. Popular song; 
 folk-song. [Ger.] 
 
 volley (vol'i). I. n. 1. Discharge of 
 
 ( many small-arms at once. 2. Out- 
 
 ' burst of many at once. 3. In lawn- 
 tennis, a return of the ball before it 
 touches the ground. II. vt. Discharge 
 in a volley. [Fr. volee, flight of mis- 
 siles,— voter— L. volo, fly.] 
 
 volt (volt), n. 1; Sudden movement or 
 leap to avoid a thrust. 2. Gait of two 
 treads made by a horse goiug side- 
 ways round a center. [Fr. volte— It. 
 volla— L. volvo, turn.] 
 
 volt (volt), n. Unit of electromotive 
 force (E. M F.) being a little less than 
 the E. M. F., of a Daniell cell. It car- 
 ries one ampere of current agaiust 
 one ohm of resistance, or it would 
 charge a condenser of one farad capa c- 
 ity with one coulomb of quantity. — 
 volt'-ammeter, n. Volt-meter com- 
 bined with a transformer, used for 
 measuring the intensity in amperes, 
 or the potential in volts, of an alter- 
 nating current. — volt'-meter, n. 
 Instrument for direct measurement 
 of difference of potential in volts. 
 [Named after Volta.] 
 
 voltaic (vol-ta'ik), a. Per- 
 taining to Volta, an Ital- 
 ian physicist who, about 
 1800, first produced an 
 electric current, by chemi- 
 cal action upon one of two 
 united plates of dissimilar 
 metals. — Voltaic pile, co- 
 lumn of discs of zinc and 
 copper laid alternately and 
 separated by moistened 
 paper. [Galvanism. 
 
 voltaism (vol'ta-izm), n. 
 
 voltig-eur (vol-ti-zhor'), n. 
 One who vaults or jumps. 
 [Fr.] 
 
 voltite (vol'tlt), n. An in- 
 sulating material for electric wires. 
 
 voinble (vol'u-bl), a. 1. Easy to roll or 
 move; flowing smoothly. 2. Fluent 
 in speech. — volubility, n. — vol'- 
 ubly, adv. \Li._volubilis— volvo , roll.] 
 
 volucrine (vol'u-krin), a. Of birds. 
 
 volume (vol'yom). I. n. 1. Book; 
 scroll; tome. 2. Space occupied; di- 
 mensions. 3. Fullness ot voice. II. vt. 
 and vi. Roll or swell in a great body; 
 gather in a volume. [L. volumen, roll.] 
 
 voluminous (vo-16'mi-nus), a. 1. Con- 
 sisting of many volumes, or of many 
 coils. 2. Having written much. 
 
 voluntary (vol'un-tar-i). I. n. 1. Will- 
 ing; acting by choice; free. 2. Done 
 by design or without compulsion. II. 
 n. 1. One who does anything of his 
 own free will. 2. Piece of music not 
 prescribed by the ritual. — vol'un- 
 tarily, adv. — voluntariness, n. 
 [L. voluntarius— voluntas, will.] 
 
 volunteer (vol-un-ter'). I. n. One who 
 enters a service of his own free choice. 
 II. vi. Offer, do or go, voluntarily. III. 
 vt. Bestow, give or offer voluntarily, 
 as services, money, time or the like. 
 
 Voltaic pile. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
voluptuary 
 
 670 
 
 vulgar 
 
 voluptuary (vo-lup'tu-ar-i), n. One 
 excessively given to bodily enjoy- 
 ments or luxury; sensualist; epicure. 
 [L. voluptuarius — voluptas, pleasure.] 
 
 voluptuous (vo-lup'tu-us), a. 1. Full 
 of, or producing, sensual pleasure. 2. 
 Given to excess of pleasure; sensu- 
 ous.— voluptuously, acfo>.-volup'- 
 tuousness, n. [L. voluptuosus — 
 voluptas, pleasure.] 
 
 volute (vo-lof), 7i.— Spiral scroll used 
 in capitals of columns of Ionic order. — 
 volu'ted, a. Having a volute. [Fr. 
 L. volvo, voluturn, roll.] 
 
 volvulus (vol'vu-lus), n. The twist- 
 ing of an intestine or of two intestines, 
 causing an obstruction. [L. volvo, roll.] 
 
 vomer (vo'mer), n. Thin, fiat bone 
 separating the nostrils. [L.] 
 
 vomit (vom'it). I. vt. and vi. Throwup 
 the contents of the stomach by the 
 month; belch forth; spew. II. n. 1. 
 Matter ejected from the stomach. 2. 
 Something that excites vomiting. [L. 
 vomo, -iturn. See emetic] 
 
 vomitory (vom'i-to-ri). I. a. Causing 
 to vomit. II. n. 1. Emetic. 2. Door 
 of a large building by which the crowd 
 is let out. [Li. vomitorius.] 
 
 voodoo (vo'do). I. n. One who practices 
 voodooism. II. vt. Put a spell upon. — 
 voo'dooisan, n. Superstitious prac- 
 tices among the negroes and Creoles. 
 
 voracious (vo-ra'shus), a. Eager to de- 
 vour; greedy; very hungry.— vora'- 
 ciously, adv. — voracity (vo-ras'- 
 i-ti), n. [L. vorax.] 
 
 vortex (var'teks), n. [pi. vor'tices or 
 vor'texes.'] Whirl of a fluid; eddy; 
 whirlpool. [L.— verto, turn.] 
 
 vortical (var'ti-kal), a. Whirling. 
 
 vorticose (var'ti-kos), a. 1. Whirling. 
 2. Arranged in whorls. 
 
 vortiginous (var-tij'i-nus), a. Whirl- 
 ing. [SeevEBTiGO.] 
 
 votary (vo'ta-ri). I. a. Bound or con- 
 secrated by "a vow. II. n. 1. One de- 
 voted, as by a vow, to some service 
 or manner of life. 2. Worshiper, as of 
 an art or person, —fern, vo' tar ess. 
 [LowL. votarius— lj.voveo,votum,vow.] 
 
 vote (vot). I. n. 1. Formal expression 
 of a wish or opinion. 2. That by which 
 a choice is expressed, as a ballot. 3. 
 Decision by a majority. II. vi. Ex- 
 press the choice by a vote. III. vt. 
 Choose, enact, grant, etc., by a vote. 
 -voter, n. [L. votum — voveo, vow.] 
 
 votive(vo'tiv), a. Given by vow; vowed. 
 — Votive offering, picture or the like, 
 dedicated in fulfillment of a vow. — 
 vo'tively, adv. [L. votivus.] 
 
 votograph ( vo'to-graf ), n. Machine 
 for receiving and counting votes. 
 
 vouch (vowch). I. vt. 1, Call to wit- 
 ness. 2. Maintain by repeated affirma- 
 tions. 3. Warrant; be surety for. II. 
 vi. Bear witness; be surety.— vouch- 
 er (vowch'er), n. 1. One who vouches. 
 2. Paper which confirms the truth of 
 anything, as accounts. [O. Fr. voucher, 
 vocher,—Li. voco, call.] 
 
 Syn. Avouch; affirm; assert; attest; 
 asseverate; aver; protest; confirm; 
 declare; support; back; second. 
 
 vouchsafe ( vowch - saf ), vt. and vi. 
 Sanction; allow without, danger; con- 
 descend to grant; condescend. 
 
 voussoir (vo-swar'), n. Wedge-shaped 
 stone in an arch. [Fr.— L. volutus.] 
 
 vow (vow). I. n. 1. Solemn promise to 
 God. 2. Formal promise of fidelity or 
 affection, II. vt. and vi. Give by solemn 
 promise; make vows; declare. [O. 
 Fr. vou—Li. votum — voveo, vow.] 
 
 vowel (vow'el). I. n. Resonant tone- 
 sound produced by vibration of the 
 vocal cords, differentiated by various 
 positions of the mouth-organs. The 
 English vowels a, e, i, o, u, originally 
 represented the sounds as in far, prey, 
 pique, pole, rule. II. a. Vocal; per- 
 taining to a vowel.— vowel-grada- 
 tion, n. Change of vowel in conju- 
 gation, as in drink, drank, drunk; 
 ablaut.— vow el-muta'ti on, n. 
 Change of vowel in declension as in 
 man, men; umlaut. [Fr. voyelle — L. 
 vocalis—vox, voice.] 
 
 vowelize(vow'el-iz),^.Addvowel signs 
 to, as shorthand or a Hebrew text. 
 
 voyage (voi'aj). I. n. Passage by 
 water; journey. II. vi. Make a voyage. 
 —voyager, n. [Fr.— L. viaticum, 
 traveling-money.] 
 
 voyageur (vwa-ya-zhor'), n. Traveling 
 porter or carrier in Canada; fur 
 trader. [ized India ruber; ebonite. 
 
 vulcanite (vul'kan-it), n. Hard vulcan- 
 
 vulcanize (vul'kan-iz), vt. Treat india- 
 rubber with sulphur, and 'cure' it in 
 heat, 250° to 300° F., rendering it 
 more elastic and stronger. [From L. 
 Vulcanus, the god of fire.] 
 
 vulgar (vul'gar), a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
 used by, the common people; plebeian. 
 2. In general use; common. 3. Lack- 
 ing refinement; inelegant. 4. Offen- 
 sive to good taste.— Vulgar fraction, 
 common fraction, as %.— vulgarly, 
 adv.— vulgarism, n. Vulgar phrase. 
 — vulgar'ity, n. Quality of being 
 vulgar; rudeness of language or man- 
 ners. — vsil'garize, vt. Make vulgar. 
 [L. vulgarius — vulgus, the people.] 
 
 Syn. Common; ordinary; usual; 
 customary; vernacular; unrefined: 
 coarse; rude; boorish; low; mean. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare/above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
vulgarian 
 
 671 
 
 waggle 
 
 vulgarian (vul-ga'ri-an), n. One with 
 vulgar taste or manners. Said espe- 
 cially of the vulgar rich. 
 
 Vulgate (vul'gat), n. 1. Ancient Latin 
 version of the Scriptures, translated 
 from A. D. 383-405, and accepted as 
 the only authentic version by the R. 
 Cath. Church. 2. (I.e.) Popular or 
 vulgar language ; vernacular. . [ L. 
 vulgatus, commonly used.] 
 
 valgus (vul'gus), n. The common peo- 
 ple; the rabble; crowd. [L.] 
 
 vulnerable (vul'ner-a-bl), a. 1. Liable 
 to injury. 2. Liable to attack; assail- 
 able. —vulnerability, vul'nera- 
 bleness, ns. [L. vulnerabilis— vulnus , 
 wound.] 
 
 vulnerary (vul'ner-ar-i),a. Pertaining 
 to wounds; useful in healing wounds. 
 [L. vulnerarius — vulnus, wound.] 
 
 vulnerose (vul'ner-os), a. Wounded; 
 suffering from many wounds. 
 
 vulnus (vul'nus), n. \pl. vul'nera.] A 
 
 wound. [L. vulnus, vulneris.) 
 vulpine (vul'pin), a. Relating to or like 
 
 the fox; cunning. 
 
 [Li.—vulpes, fox.] 
 vultu re( vul'tur), n. 
 
 Large, rapacious 
 
 bird of prey. 
 
 [ L. vultur — vello, 
 
 pluck, tear.] 
 vult urine ( v u 1'- 
 
 tur-in ), vult ur- 
 
 ish (vul'tur-ish), 
 
 a. Like the vul- 
 ture; rapacious. 
 vulva (vul'va), n. 
 
 Orifice in external 
 
 organ of genera- 
 tion of the female. 
 vying, pr.p. of vie. 
 
 — vy'ingly, adv. 
 
 In a manner so as to rival or emulate. 
 
 Vulture. 
 
 i mi ] | w ( dub'l-u ), n. Twenty-third 
 
 IT Tl lett er 1U the English alphabet. 
 
 Ill It can be used both as a conso- 
 
 wMJal nant, as in ivade, and a vowel, 
 as in how. It is mute in two, 
 answer, etc. 
 
 wabbble (wob'l). I. vt. Incline to the 
 one side and to the other alternately, 
 as a wheel, top, or pendulum, when 
 not properly balanced. II. n. Rock- 
 ing, unequal motion. — wab'bly, a. 
 Incliued to wabble. [ Ger. wabbeln. 
 Akin to weave.] 
 
 wacke (wak'e), n. A kind of clayey 
 rock.— wacky, a. [Ger.] 
 
 wad (wod). I. n. Small mass of loose 
 matter thrust close together, as hay, 
 tow, paper, etc. II. vt. [wad 'ding; 
 wad'ded.j 1. Form into a mass. 2. 
 Stuff a wad into; line with wadding. 
 [A. S, weed. Ger. watte, wadding.] 
 
 wadding (wod'ing), n. 1. Material for 
 wads. 2. Carded cotton for stuffing 
 garments, etc. [See wad.] 
 
 waddle (wod'l), vi. Take short steps 
 and move from side to side in walk- 
 ing.— wad'dler, n.— [From wade. J 
 
 wade (wad), vi. 1. Walk through a 
 substance that yields to the feet, as 
 water. 2. Pass with difficulty or 
 labor. — wa'der, n. 1. One who, or 
 that which wades. 2. Combination, 
 water-proof boot and legging, worn 
 in fly-fishing. [A. S. wadan. Gev.waten.] 
 
 wady (wod'i), n. Dry bed of a torrent. 
 (Ar. wadi. Sp. guad-, the first syllable 
 of many_Spanish river names.] 
 
 wafer (wa'fer). I. n. 1. Thin cake or 
 leaf of paste. 2. Consecrated bread 
 
 used in the Eucharist. II. vt. Seal or 
 close with a wafer. [O. Fr. waufre, of 
 Teutonic origin. Cf. Ger. waffel.] 
 
 waffle (wof'l), n. Kind of baiter cake 
 baked between two flat iron plates 
 hiuged together. [Ger. waffel.] 
 
 waft (waft). I. vi. Move through a 
 fluid medium, as air or water. II. vi- 
 Float; fly. III. n. 1. Floating body. 
 
 2. Signal made by moving something, 
 as a flag, in the air. — waft'age, n. 
 Floating. — waft'er, n. — waff lire, 
 7i. "1. Waving motion; beckoning. 2. 
 Conveyance by wafting. 3. Thing 
 wafted, as an odor. [From waved.] 
 
 wag (wag). I. vt. and vi. [wag'ging; 
 wagged.] Move from side to side; 
 shake to and fro. II. n. Droll; humor- 
 ous fellow; jester; wit. — wag'gery, 
 n. Tricks or manner of a wag.— wag'- 
 gish, a. 1. Like a wag; mischie- 
 vous; roguish in sport. 2. Done in 
 waggery.— waggishly, adv.— wag'- 
 gishness, n. [A. S. wegan. Akin to 
 
 WEIGH. ]_ 
 
 wage (waj). I. vt. 1. Pledge. 2. Engage 
 in and carry on vigorously, as war. 
 
 3. Venture. II. n. (mostly in pi.) That 
 for which one labors; compensation. 
 [O. Fr. wager (Fr. gagef), pledge.] 
 
 Syn. Earnings; fee; remuneration; 
 stipend; pay; hire; salary. 
 
 wager (wa'jer). I. n. 1. Something 
 staked on an issue. 2. That on which 
 bets are laid. II. vt. and vi. Hazard on 
 an issue ;_lay a wager.— wa'gerer, n. 
 
 wages (wa'jez), n. pi. See wage. 
 
 waggle (wag'l), vi. and vt. Move from 
 side to side. [Freq. of wag.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wagon 
 
 Wallachian 
 
 Wagtail. 
 
 wagon (wag'un), n. Four-wheeled ve- 
 hicle lor carrying heavy goods. — 
 wag'oner, ??. One who conducts a 
 wagon. [A. S. tccegen. See wain.] 
 
 wagonette ( wag-uu-ef), n. Kind of 
 open carriage with seats lengthwise. 
 
 wagon- wright (wag'un-rit), ii. Maker 
 of wagons or carriages. 
 
 wagtail (wag'tal), n. Small 
 European bird constantly 
 wagging its 
 tail when on 
 the ground. 
 
 waif (waf), n. 
 
 I. Anything 
 found astray 
 without an 
 owner. 2. 
 Wanderer: 
 outcast. [Akin to waive ] 
 
 waii (wal). I. vt. and vi. Lament aloud. 
 Il.n. Cry of woe; loud weeping. [Im- 
 itative—A. S. wa. woe! ] 
 
 wain (wan), n. Wagon. [A. S. wcegen. 
 Cf. Ger. wagen. Akin to way.] 
 
 wainscot (wan'skot). I. n. Paneled 
 boards on the walls of apartments. 
 
 II. vt. Line with, or as if with, panels. 
 [DvX. wagen-schot, fine oak wood for 
 icagon panels] [wright. 
 
 waiuwright (wan'rit), n. Wagon- 
 waist (wast), 7i. 1. Smallest part of the 
 human trunk between the ribs and 
 the hips. 2. Middle part of a ship. — 
 waist band, n. Band on a garment 
 which encirc!e_s the wai-t. — waist- 
 coat ( wast'kot — colloq. wes'kot or 
 wes'kut), n. Short garment without 
 sleeves, worn under the coat; vest. 
 [A. S. wcext. growth.] 
 wait(wat). I. vi. 1. Postpone action; 
 stay in expectation; remain. 2. (with 
 on) Attend; follow. II. vt. Stay for; 
 await. 2. [Colloq [ Delay; postpone. 
 
 III. n. Act of waiting; stop: delay; 
 halt; waiting in concealment; am- 
 bush. [O. Fr. waiter ( Fr. guetter. ) O. 
 Ger. icahtan. Cf. Ger. icacht, guard.] 
 
 waiter (wa'ter), n. 1. One who waits; 
 attending servant. 2. Salver; tray.— 
 fern, wait'ress. 
 
 waiting ( wa'ting ), n. 1. Act or bus- 
 iness of a waiter or attendant, or of 
 one who expects. 2. Personal atten- 
 dance on a royal person. 
 
 waive ( wav). vt. Relinquish a right 
 to. — wai'ver, n. Act of waiving. 
 [O. Fr. weiver, of uncertain origin.] 
 
 wake (wak). I. vi. [wa'king; waked or 
 woke.] 1. Be awake. 2. Cease from 
 sleep. 3. Be roused up, active or vig- 
 ilant. II. vt. 1. Rouse from sleep. 2. 
 Revive. 3. Putin action; excite. [A. S. 
 wachen, Ger. wachen, watch.] 
 
 wake (wak), n. 1. Act of awaking. 2. 
 Remaining awake. 3. Sitting up with 
 a corpse._ [A. S. wacu. watch.] 
 
 wake (wak), n. Streak of smooth wa- 
 ter left in the track of a ship.— In the 
 wake of. immediately after. [Icel. voek. 
 Cf. Low Ger. waak, hole in the ice.] 
 
 wakeful (wak'fol), a. 1. Being awake; 
 indisposed to sleep; vigilant. 2. At- 
 tended by want of sieeo.— wake- 
 fully, ar/t\— wakefulness, n. 
 
 waken (wa'kn\ vt. and vi. Wake ; 
 awake. 
 
 wake-robin (wak'rob-in), n. 1. Am- 
 erican species of trillium. 2. British 
 plant, allied to the Indian turnip. 
 
 wale (wal). I. n. 1. Raised streak left 
 by a stroke of a whip. 2. Ridge on the 
 surface of cloth. 3. Plank all along 
 the outer timbers on a ship's side. II. 
 vt. Mark with wales. [A. S. icalu.] 
 
 wale (wal), vt. Choose. [Scotch. Cf. 
 Ger. icaehlen, choose.] 
 
 walk (wak). I. vi. 1. Move along on 
 foot with alternate steps; pace. 2. 
 Travel on foot. 3. Conduct one's self. 
 n. vt. 1. Pass through or upon. 2. 
 Cause to walk. III. n. 1. Act or man- 
 ner of walking; gait. 2. That in or 
 through which one walks; distance 
 walked over; place for walking; 
 path ; pasture-ground. ' 
 course of life. [A. S. 
 turn. Cf. Ger. walken, 
 
 walking'- 
 fi s h (wak'- 
 ing-fish)," n. 
 Strangely 
 formed fish, 
 a native of 
 the Indian 
 ocean. ■ 
 
 walking- 
 stick (wak'- 
 ing-stik), n. 
 Long, slender 
 insect, re- WaiMng-flsh. 
 
 sembling a dry twig. 
 
 wall (wal). I. n. 1. Structure of brick, 
 stone, etc., for a fence or security. 2. 
 Side of a building. 3. Defense: means 
 of security. EL vt. 1. Inclose with or 
 as with a wall. 2. Defend with walls. 
 — wall-plate, n. Horizontal timber 
 bearing the ends of joists, etc.— Go to 
 the wall, be forced to yield: be driven 
 to an extremity. [A. S.iceall—'L.valliim, 
 rampart.] [Australian kangaroo. 
 
 wallaby (wol'a-bi), ?i. Small species of 
 
 Wallachian (vol-la'ki-an). I. a. Per- 
 taining to Wallachia, forming, with 
 Moldavia, the Kingdom of Rumania 
 II. n. 1. A native of Wallachia. 2 
 Language of Wallachia. 
 
 Conduci 
 
 wealcan, roll, 
 full (cloth).] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wallaroo 
 
 673 
 
 ward 
 
 wallaroo (wol-a-ro'), n. Large species 
 of Australian kangaroo. 
 
 wallet (wol'et), n. 1. Bag for carrying 
 necessaries on a journey. 2. Pocket- 
 book. [Etymology doubtful. J 
 
 wall-eye (wall), n. Eye in which the 
 iris is white or very light-colored.— 
 wall-eyed, a. [Icel. vagl-eygr—vagl, 
 beam.] 
 
 wall-flower (wal'flow-er), n. 1. Plant 
 with fragrant yellow flowers; gilly- 
 flower. 2. [colloq.] Person who, at a 
 dance, looks on without dancing. 
 
 wall-fruit (wal'frot), n. Fruit grow- 
 in? on a wall. 
 
 wall-knot (wal'not), n. Interwoven 
 knot at the end of a rope. 
 
 wallop (wol'up). I. vt. Flog; beat. II. 
 vi. 1. Boil violently. 2. Move quickly 
 and awkwardly, as a seal. 3. Act 
 carelessly oi'slovenly. 
 
 wallow (wol'o). I. vi and vt. Roll about 
 as in mire. II. n. 1. Act of wallow- 
 ing. 2. Place where animals wallow. 
 [A. S. wahvian. Cf. L. volvo.] 
 
 walnnt (wal'nut), n. 1. Name of a tree 
 and its fruit of the genus Juglans. 2. 
 Its timber. [ A. S. wealh hnut, Welsh 
 (foreign) nut.] 
 
 walrus (wor- 
 ms), n. Large 
 marine carni- 
 vorous m a m - 
 mal of the Arc- 
 tic Ocean, vei*y 
 dangerous to 
 men in boats. 
 [Dut. = whale- 
 horse.] 
 
 walty(wol'ti), a. 
 Inclined to roll 
 over. 
 
 waltz (waits). I. n. German dance per- 
 formed by two persons. II. vi. Dance a 
 waltz. [Ger. walzer— walzen, roll.] 
 
 wampum (wom'pum), n. North Amer- 
 ican Indian name for beads made of 
 shells, and used as money, tokens of 
 treaties, and for ornament. 
 
 wan (won), a. Wanting color; pale and 
 sickly; languid.— wan'ly,adu.— wan'- 
 ness, n. [A. S. warm, pale. Prob.— 
 win, struggle, suffer.] 
 
 wand (wond), n. 1. Slender rod. 2. Rod 
 of authority, or of conjurers. [Dan. 
 vaand.] 
 
 wander (won'der),m. 1. Ramble withno 
 definite object ; go astray ; depart from 
 the subject; leave home. 2. Be delir- 
 ious.— wanderer, n. [A. S. wandrian. 
 Ger. wandern. Allied to wend and 
 wind, turn round.] 
 
 wanderoo (won-de-ro'), n. Catarrh ine 
 monkey, inhabiting the East Indies. 
 
 Walrus. 
 
 wane (wan). I. vi. Decrease, as opp. 
 to wax; decline; fail. II. n. Decline; 
 decrease. [A. S. wanian. See wan.] 
 want (wont). I. n. State of being with 
 out anything; absence of what is 
 needful or desired. II. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Be destitute (of); feel the need (of); 
 fall short (in). 2. Be absent. 3. Wish 
 or search for; require. [Icel. vant, de- 
 ficient. See wane.] 
 
 Syn. Deax'th; deficiency; destitu- 
 tion; need; scarcity; lack; poverty; 
 defect; failure; indigence. 
 wa'n't(want). Colloq. Was not. [ficient. 
 wanting! wonting), a. 1. Absent. 2. De- 
 wanton (wan'tun). I. a. 1. Moving 
 or playing loosely; frisky; recklessly 
 inconsiderate. 2. Wandering from rec- 
 titude; licentious. II. n. 1. Lewd per- 
 son. 2. Trifler; spoiled pet. III. vi. 
 
 1. Ramble without restraint; frolic. 
 
 2. Play lasciviously. — wantonly, 
 adv. — wantonness, n. [Mid. Eng. 
 wantowen, from wan, defectively, ill, 
 and A. S. togen, educated, pa. p. of 
 teon, draw, lead. Cf. Ger. ungezogen, 
 naughty.] 
 
 Sy?t. Airy; free; frolicsome; gay; 
 loose; playiul; sportive; unbridled. 
 
 wapiti (wapi- 
 ti), n. Ameri- 
 can red deer, 
 erroneously 
 called elk. [Am. 
 Ind. wapitik.] 
 
 wappato(wop'- 
 a-to), n. Edible 
 tuber of a spe- 
 cies of arrow- 
 head. [Ameri- 
 ican Ind.] 
 
 war (war). I. n. 
 
 I. State of op- 
 position or 
 contest. 2. Con- 
 test between 
 states, carried 
 on by arms. 3. 
 
 Profession of arms. II. vi. [war'ring; 
 warred.] Make war; contend. [A. S. 
 werre, quarrel. Cf. Fr. guerre.] 
 
 warble (war'bl). I. vt. and vi. Sing in 
 a vibratory way: trill; sing. II. n. 
 Vibrating modulation of the voice.— 
 war'bler, n. Songster; singing-bird. 
 [O. Fr. weroler, — Ger. wirbeln, whirl ] 
 
 warble (war'bl), n. 1. A bot, or the 
 tumor which it causes. 2. Hard swel- 
 ling on a horse's back, produced by 
 the galling of the saddle. 
 
 ward (ward). I. vt. 1. Guard, or take 
 care of; keep in safety. 2. Fend off. 
 
 II. vi. 1. Act on the defensive. 2. Keep 
 guard. III. n. 1. Act of warding; 
 
 Wapiti. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
■ward 
 
 674 
 
 ■watch. 2. One who or that which 
 wards or defends. 3. State of being 
 guarded; custody. 4. Means of guard- 
 ing. 5. One who is under a guardian. 
 6. Division of a city, hospital, etc. 7. 
 That which guards a lock, or hinders 
 any but the right key from opening it; 
 . also, the corresponding notch in the 
 bit of the key. 8. Guard; prison. — 
 warder, n. [A. S. weardian. Ger. 
 warten, watch. See guard.] 
 
 -ward, -wards, suffix. Denotes motion 
 or direction to. [A. S. weard ] 
 
 warden (war'den), n. Keeper, esp. the 
 chief officer instate penal institutions. 
 — ward'enship, ward'enry, ns. 
 [O. E. wardein, (Fr. gardien).] 
 
 warder (war'der), n. 1. Keeper; guard. 
 2. Staff of "command. 
 
 wardrobe (ward'rob), n. 1. Room or 
 portable closet for clothes. 2. Wear- 
 ing apparel. 
 
 wardroom (ward'rom), n. Messroom 
 of the officers of a warship. 
 
 wardship (ward'ship), n. 1. Office of 
 a guardian. 2\ State of being under 
 a guardian. 
 
 ware (war), vt. Beware of. [A. S.] 
 
 ware (war), n. 1. Articles used togeth- 
 er, or of the same general description, 
 as \vonware, l&XA&ware. 2. Merchan- 
 dise; commodities ; goods. [A.S. waru.] 
 
 warehouse (war'hows). I. n. House or 
 store for wares or goods. II. vt. De- 
 posit in a warehouse. 
 
 warfare (war'far). I. n. Military life ; 
 war; struggle. II. vi. Engage in war. 
 
 wariness (war'i-nes), n. Cautiousness. 
 
 [See wary.] [vigilance ; watchfulness. 
 
 Syn. Care; circumspection ; caution ; 
 
 warlike (war'lik), a. Like, fit or dis- 
 posed for, war; belonging to war; 
 soldierly; martial; hostile. 
 
 warlock (w a r ' 1 o k), n. Male witch ; 
 wizard. [A. S. waerloga, — waer, cove- 
 nant, truth, and leogan, lie.] 
 
 warm (warm). I. a. 1. Having moder- 
 ate heat; hot. 2. Zealous; easily ex- 
 cited. II. vt. and vi. Make or become 
 warm.— warmly, adv. [A. S. wearm.] 
 
 warm-blooded ( warm-blud'ed ), a. 
 Having warm blood : applied in zool. 
 to mammals and birds, whose body, 
 by virtue of a complete circulation of 
 the blood, and its aeration through 
 the medium of lungs at each revolu- 
 tion, has a temperature varying from 
 90 c or 100 c F. in man, to 110° or 112° 
 F. in birds. Fishes, amphibians and 
 reptiles are cold-blooded animals. 
 
 warm-hearted ( warm-hart'ed ), a. 
 Showing an affectionate, sympathetic 
 nature.— warm'-heartediaess, n.~ 
 warmish, a. Somewhat warm. 
 
 warmoath(war'mowth),?i. Big-mouth- 
 ed perch or red-eyed bream, (Southern 
 
 warmth (warmth), n. 1. State of be- 
 ing warm ; moderate heat. 2. Ardor. 
 Syn. Fervor; glow; heat; enthusi- 
 asm; zeal; eagerness; cordiality; ani- 
 mation; earnestness; energy; ex- 
 citement; fervidness; intensity; pas- 
 sion; vehemence. 
 
 warn (warn), vt. and vi. Make aware; 
 put on guard; give notice of danger; 
 caution., [A. S. warnian.] 
 
 warning (warning), n. 1. Caution 
 against danger, etc.; heed. 2. Admoni- 
 tion. 3. Previous notice. 
 
 warp (warp). I. vt. and vi. 1. Twist 
 out of shape. 2. Turn from the right 
 or proper course; pervert. 3. Tow or 
 move with a line attached to buoys, 
 etc. 4. Form the warp of a web. II. 
 n. 1. Warped condition. 2. Threads 
 stretched out lengthwise in a loom. 
 3. Rope used in towing, flcel. varpa, 
 throw. Akin to A. S. tveorpan. Ger. 
 werfen, cast.] 
 
 warrant (wor'ant). I. vt. 1. Guar- 
 antee; make secure. 2. Justify; 
 authorize. II. n. 1. That which war- 
 rants or authorizes; commission giv- 
 ing authority, esp. a writ for arresting 
 a person. 2. Security. [O. Fr. war- 
 aritir—O. Ger. weren, give bail for.] 
 
 warrantable ( wor'an-ta bl ), a. Au- 
 thorized by warrant or fight; justifi- 
 able. — war 'rant ably, fl^.-war'- 
 rantableness, n. 
 
 warrantee ( wor-an-te' ), n. One to 
 whom a warranty' is given. 
 
 warranter (wor'an-ter), warrantor 
 (wor'an-tar), n. One who warrants. 
 
 warranty (wor'an-ti), n. Legal war- 
 rant: 1. Stipulation by deed; deed of 
 security. 2. Guarantee. 
 
 warren (wor'en), n. 1. Piece of ground 
 for keeping animals, especially rab- 
 bits. 2. Obscure, crowded habitation. 
 [O. Fr. warenne. See ward ] 
 
 warrior (war'i-ur), n. One engaged 
 in war; brave man; soldier. 
 
 wart (wart), n. 1. Small, hard excres- 
 cence on the skin. 2. Protuberance on 
 trees.— war t'y, a. 1. Like await. 2. 
 Overgrown with warts. [A. S. wearte.] 
 
 wary (war'i), a. 1. Guarding against 
 deception, etc. ; cautious. 2. Showing 
 shrewd circumspection; wily.— war- 
 ily, adv.— wariness, n. [A. S. waer. 
 Ger. wahren, guard.] 
 Syn. Perspicacious. See cautious. 
 
 was (woz). 1st. and 3rd. pers. sirg. ind. 
 imp. of the verb be. [A. S. waes, pa. t. 
 of wesan, be. Cf. Ger. gewesen, been, 
 and Icel. vesa, dwell.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wash 
 
 675 
 
 waterclock 
 
 wash ( w o s h ). I. vt. 1. Cleanse with 
 water. 2. Waste away by the action 
 of water. 3. Overflow. 4. Cover with 
 a thin coat, as of metal or paint. II. 
 vi. Endure washing without being in- 
 jured. III. n. 1. Washing; clothes to 
 be washed. 2. The shallow part of 
 a river or arm of the sea ; marsh ; feu. 
 3. Refuse of food, etc. 4. That with 
 which anything is washed, as a lotion, 
 thin coat of paint, metal, etc. [A. S. 
 wascan. Ger. toaschen.] 
 
 washboard ( wosh'bord ), n. Ribbed 
 board on which clothes are rubbed in 
 washing. 
 
 washer (wosh'er), a. 1. One who 
 washes. 2. Fiat ring of iron or leather 
 between the nave of a wheel and the 
 linch-pin, under the head of a screw, 
 etc., serving as a cushion or packing. 
 3. The raccoon. 4. Outlet pipe, as in 
 a cisteru. 
 
 washont(wosh'owt), n. Washing away 
 of a road-bed by a freshet. 
 
 washy (wosh'i), a. 1. Watery; damp. 2. 
 Weak;notsolid. 
 
 wasp (wosp), n. 
 1. Stinging in- 
 sect allied to the /, 
 hornet. 2. Iras- / 
 cible person.— // 
 waspish, a. \{ j 
 
 1. Irascible; 
 quick to resent 
 injury. 2. Hav- 
 ing a slender 
 waist like a 
 wasp. — wasp'- 
 i s h 1 y, adv.— 
 was pi s h- 
 ness, n. [A. S. ivatsp, Ger. wespe.] 
 
 wassail, wassel (wos'el). I. ?i. 1. Fes- 
 tive meeting where drinking and 
 pledging of healths are indulged in; 
 drinking bout. 2. Liquor drunk at a 
 carousal. II. vi. Take part in a drink- 
 ing bout; carouse. [A. S. wes hael, 
 (may you) be healthy.) 
 
 waste (wast). I. a. 1. Desert; deso- 
 late; stripped. 2. Lying unused; un- 
 productive. II. vt. 1. Lay waste; make 
 desolate. 2. Wear out gradually. 3. 
 Squander; spend to no purpose. III. 
 vi. Dwindle; be consumed. IV. n. 1. 
 Useless expenditure or destruction. 
 
 2. That which is wasted or waste; un- 
 cultivated country; refuse.— waste- 
 book (was t'bok), n. Blotter.— waste- 
 ful (wast'-fol)i a. Destructive; lavish. 
 — waste'fu'lly, adv. — waste'ful- 
 ness, 7i.— wa'ster, n.— wastage, n. 
 That which is wasted by leakage, use 
 or waste. [A. S. weste, empty, Ger. 
 wueste, desert,— L. vastus, empty.J 
 
 Wasp and nest. 
 
 watch (woch). I. n. 1. Act of looking 
 out; close observation; guard. 2. 
 One who watches or those who watch ; 
 sentry. 3. Place where a guard is kept. 
 
 4. Time of watching, esp. in a ship. 
 
 5. Division of the night. 6. Pocket 
 timepiece. II. vt. 1. Keep awake. 2. 
 Look with attention; keep guard; 
 lookout. II. vt. 1. Keep in view; give 
 heed to. 2. Have in keeping; guard.— 
 watcher, n. [A. S. wcecce.] 
 
 watchful (woch'fol), a. Careful to 
 watch or observe. — watchfully, 
 adv.— watchfulness, n. 
 Syn. Attentive. See cautious. 
 
 watchman (woch'man), n. Man who 
 watches or guards, esp. at night. 
 
 watchword (woch'wurd), n. 1. Pass- 
 word to be given to a watch or sentry. 
 2. Rallying cry; shibboleth. 
 
 watch-work (woch'wurk), watch- 
 works, ft. The mechanism of a watch. 
 
 water (wa'ier). I. n. 1. Fluid which 
 forms the ocean, lakes and rivers. 2. 
 Any collection of it, as a lake. 3. Any 
 fluid resembling water. 4. Luster of a 
 diamond. II. vt. 1. Wet, overflow, 
 supply, or dilute with water. 2. Wet 
 and press so as to give a wavy 
 appearance to. 3. Enlarge the num- 
 ber of shares of (stock), without in- 
 creasing the capital. II. vi. 1. Shed 
 water; fill with water or saliva. 2. 
 Take in water. [A.S. wcete?'. Ger. wasser.] 
 
 water-back (wa'ter-bak), n. Reservoir 
 or coil set in the firebox of a range or 
 stove, for heating water. 
 
 water-bath (water-bath), n. Devise 
 for heating in a vessel standing in boil- 
 ing water. [American hornbeam. 
 
 water-beech (wa'ter-bech), n. The 
 
 water - beetle 
 (wa'ter-be'tl), 
 n. Beetle that . 
 lives in the ^1 
 water, mostly 
 in stagnant 
 pools. 
 
 water-brash 
 (wa'ter -brash), 
 n. A form of 
 dyspepsia, ac- 
 companied by 
 a burning sen- 
 sation in the stomach and eructation 
 of an acrid liquid. 
 
 water-buck (wa'ter-buk), n. An Afri- 
 can species of antelope. 
 
 water-bug (wa'ter-bug), n. 1. The cro- 
 ton-bug. 2. One of many species of 
 bugs, that live in the water but fly 
 about at night. 
 
 waterclock (wa'ter-klok), ». Clock 
 driven by the fall of water. 
 
 Yellow margined-water- 
 beetleandits larva. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mOve, wolf; 
 mQte, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
water-color 
 
 676 
 
 waul 
 
 English moor-hen. 
 
 water-color (wa't§r-kul-ur), n. 1. Pig- 
 meat diluted with water and gum, 
 instead of oil. 2. Painting done in 
 water-colors. [nel for water. 
 
 watercourse (wa'tgr-kors), n. Chan- 
 water-cress (wa'ter-kres), n. A creep- 
 ing herb growing in clear running 
 water and used for salad. 
 
 water-cure (wa'ter-kur), n. 1. Treat- 
 ment of diseaee by the application of 
 water in various ways. 2. Mode of 
 inquisitorial torture, in which water 
 is poured into the victim's mouth 
 until he becomes nearly asphyxiated. 
 
 waterfall (wa'ter-fal), w. 1. Perpen- 
 dicular descent of 'a body of water; 
 cataract; cascade. 2. Chignon. 
 
 water-flag^ (wa'ter-flag), n. Yellow 
 iris growing in marshes. 
 
 watergrauge(wa'ter-gaj),w. 
 Instrument in- 
 dicating the 
 quantity of 
 water, as in 
 steam boiler.^ 
 
 water-b ole 
 (wa'ter-hol, n. 
 A hole where 
 water gathers. 
 
 water - h en 
 (wa'ter-hen), n. 
 I.English moor-hen. 2. American coot. 
 
 water-ice (wa'ter-is), n. Frozen con- 
 fection of water, sugar and fruit juice. 
 
 water-inch ( wa'ter-inch), n. In hy- 
 draulics, quantity of water discharged 
 in 24 hours through a circular open- 
 ing of one inch diameter leading from 
 a reservoir, under the least pressure, 
 that is, when the water is only so 
 high as to merely cover the orifice. 
 This quantity is nearly 500 cubic feet. 
 
 wateringr-cart (wa'ter-ing-kart), n. 
 Tank on wheels from which water is 
 sprinkled. 
 
 watering-place (wa'ter-ing-plas), n. 
 
 1. Place where water may be obtained. 
 
 2. Place to which people resort to 
 drink mineral water, or bathe, etc. 
 
 water-joint (wa/ter-joint), n. Water- 
 tight joint. 
 
 water-level (wa'ter-Iev-el), n. 1. Level 
 formed by the surface of still water. 
 2. Leveling instrument in which 
 water is employed instead of mercury 
 or spirit of wine. 
 
 water-lily ( wa'ter-lil-i ), n. Water- 
 plant like a lily, with largq floating 
 leaves and showy flowers. 
 
 water-line (wa'ter-lin), n. Line on a 
 ship to which the water rises. 
 
 water-logged ( wa'ter-logd ), a. Ren- 
 dered log-like, or unmanageable, from 
 being filled with water. 
 
 %r 
 
 Water-spaniel. 
 
 water-mark (wa'ter-mark), n, 1. Mark 
 showing the height to which water 
 has risen ; tide mark. 2. Mark wrought 
 into paper. 
 
 water-motor ( wa'ter-mo'ttir ), n. A 
 motor receiving its power from water 
 flowing through a pipe. 
 
 water-power (wa'ter-pow-er), n. 1. 
 Power of water, employed to move 
 machinery, etc. 2. Flowing water that 
 is, or may be, used for driving ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 waterproof ( wa't§r-prof ). I. a. Im- 
 pervious to water. II. n. Garment 
 made of waterproof cloth. 
 
 water-scape (wa'ter-skap), n. Picture 
 of a sea or water- view. 
 
 watershed (wa'ter-shed), w. 1. Ridge 
 which separates two river-basins; 
 divide. 2. District from which several 
 rivers rise. [Shed— A. S. scadan. Ger. 
 scheiden, separate.] 
 
 water-spaniel 
 (wa'ter-span-yel), 
 n. 'Spaniel train- 
 ed to go into the 
 water in pursuit 
 of game. 
 
 water-spout 
 ( wa'ter-spowt), 
 n. Vast funnel- 
 shaped mass of 
 water, drawn up by a whirlwind. 
 
 watertight (wa'ter-tit), a. So tight as 
 not to admit water, nor let it escape. 
 
 water-tower ( wa'ter-tow-er ), n. 1. A 
 standpipe, giving head to a water- 
 distributing system. 2. Tower-like 
 frame on a truck, used by firemen. 
 
 waterwheel(wa'ter-hwel),^. 1. Wheel 
 moved by water. 2. Engine for rais- 
 ing water; noria. 
 
 waterwork (wa'ter-wurk), n. (usually 
 in pi) Apparatus or engine by which 
 water is furnished, as to a town, etc. 
 
 watery (wa'ter-i), a. 1. Pertaining to 
 or like water. 2. Thin; transparent. 
 3. Tasteless. 4. Abounding with or 
 containing water.— wa'teriness, n. 
 
 watt (wot), n. Practical unit of elec- 
 trical activity; the rate of working 
 in a circuit, when the E. M. F. is one 
 volt and the current one ampere; volt- 
 ampere. One watt=10 7 ergs per sec- 
 ond, =0.00134 horsepower or 0.737 
 foot-pounds per second. 746 watts= 
 1 horsepower. [After James Watt.] 
 
 wattle (wot'l). I, n. 1. Twig or flexi- 
 ble rod. 2. Hurdle. 3. Fleshy excres- 
 cence as under the throat of a turkey. 
 II. vt. 1. Bind with wattles or twigs. 
 2. Form by plating twigs. [A. S. 
 watul.} [tive. 
 
 waul (waj)i. vi. Cry as a cat. [Imita* 
 
 fate, fat, taste, far, fall, fare, ^bore, *n§, met, hgr; mite, mit; n5te, not, raSve, 
 mute, but, burs -, oil. owl, Mea. 
 
 *?Ki 
 
wave 
 
 677 
 
 wealth 
 
 wave (wav). I. n. 1. Ridge rising on 
 the surface of water. 2. State of vi- 
 bration propa- 
 gated through 
 a system of 
 particles. 3. In- 
 equality of sur- 
 face. 4. Waving 
 gesture or sig- 
 nal. II. vi. Move 
 line a wave; 
 undulate; fluc- 
 tuate. III. vt. 1. 
 Move back- 
 wards or for- 
 wards ; brand- 
 ish ; beckon ; in- 
 dicate; motion. 
 2. Raise into 
 inequalities of 
 surface. [A. S. 
 waeg,Ger.woge.\ 
 Syn. Billow; 
 
 Wave-jiotion. 
 Represented in four suc- 
 cessive stages. The black 
 squares represent float- 
 ing objects in their ac- 
 tual positions ; the white 
 squares indicate their 
 original positions. The 
 connecting lines show 
 the paths described. 
 
 swell ; undulation ; 
 surge; ripple; breaker; vibration. 
 
 wavelet (wav'let), n. Little wave. 
 
 waver (wa'ver), vi. Move to and fro; 
 be unsteady or undetermined.— wa'- 
 verer, n. — wa'veringly, adv. 
 
 wa veson (wav'sun), n. Goods floating 
 on the waves after a shipwreck. 
 [Coined after the pattern of jettison 
 from waive.] 
 
 wavy (wa'vi), a. 1. Full of, or rising 
 in, waves. 2. Undulating. 
 
 wax ( waks ). I. n. 1. Yellow fatty 
 substance produced by bees, and used 
 by them in making their cells. 2. Any 
 similar substance. II. vt. Smear or 
 rub with wax.— waxen, a. 1. Made 
 of, or covered with, wax. 2. Like wax ; 
 soft. [A. S. weax, Ger. wachs.\ 
 
 wax (waks), vi. 1. Increase, esp. of the 
 moon, as opp. to wane. 2. Pass into 
 another state; become. [A. S. weaxan. 
 Ger. wachsen.] ffruitof thebayberry. 
 
 waxberry (waks'ber-i) ,n. Wax-covered 
 
 waxcloth (waks'klath), n. Oil-cloth. 
 
 wax-polish (waks'"pol-ish), n. Waxy 
 paste used to polish floors. 
 
 wax-win g 
 (waks'-wing),w. 
 Bird that has 
 the secondary 
 quills of the 
 wing tipped 
 with horny ap- 
 pendages re- 
 sembling seal- 
 ing-wax. 
 
 w ax-work 
 
 (waks'wurk),tt.. Waxwing. 
 
 Work made of wax, 
 esp. (in pi.) life-size figures of noted 
 persons, with faces and hands of wax. 
 
 waxy ( waks'i ), a. Resembling wax ; 
 soft; adhesive. 
 
 way (wa), ?i. i. Path leading from one 
 place to another; road. 2. Length of 
 space; distance. 3. Passage; journey. 
 4. Direction. 5. Manner or course of 
 life. 6. Line; calling. 7. Point; respect. 
 8. Condition; state. 9. Scheme; meth- 
 od; means. 10. Last word; decision. 
 11. Naut. Headway. 12.(pl.)Timberson 
 which a ship is launched.— Ways and 
 means, resources of revenue. [A. S.weg.] 
 Syn. Road; street; lane; thorough- 
 fare; highway; avenue; track; alley; 
 path; channel; course; pass; passage. 
 
 waybill (wa'bil), n. List of goods car- 
 ried by a freight train on railways. 
 
 waybread (wa'bred), n. The common 
 plantain. [A. S. wegbrade,—weg, road, 
 and braid, spread. Ger. wegebreit.J 
 
 wayfarer (wa'far-er), n. Traveler. 
 
 wayfaring- (wa'far-ing), a. Traveling; 
 passing. [A. S. wegfarende—weg, road, 
 and faran,_go, travel.] 
 
 waylay (wa-la' or wa'la), vt. Lie in am- 
 bush for; accost on the way. 
 
 waymark (wa'mark), n. Guidepost. 
 
 wayside (wa'sid), n. Side of the road. 
 
 wayward (wa'ward), a. 1. Froward ; 
 perverse; disobedient. 2. Wavering; 
 irregular.— waywardness, n. 
 
 wayworn (wa'worn), a. Worn out by 
 travel. [or others. \A.S.we.] 
 
 we (we), pron., pi. of I. I and another 
 
 weak (wek), a. 1. Not able to sustain 
 a great weight or strain; wanting 
 strength or health; easily overcome. 
 
 2. Wanting mental or moral force. 3. 
 In gram. Inflected by adding a suffix, 
 as forming the past tense in ed, d or t, 
 or the plural in s. — weakling-, n. 
 Weak or feeble creature. — weakly, 
 adv.— weakness, n. 1. Want of vigor 
 or self-control. 2. Fault of character. 
 
 3. Case of indulgence; slight failing. 
 [A. S. wac, pliant, — wican, yield.] 
 
 Syn. Feeble; frail; faint; unsteady; 
 infirm; decrepit; exhausted: sickly; 
 undecided; irresolute; wavering; sha- 
 ky; vulnerable; imbecile. 
 
 weaken (we'ken), vt. and vi. Make or 
 grow weaker or less firm. [A. S. wacian, 
 Ger. weichen.] [constitution. 
 
 weakly (wek'li), a. Not vigorous in 
 
 weal (wel), n. 1. Sound, prosperous 
 state 2. Body politic, as the common 
 or public weal, [A. S. wela— root of well.] 
 
 weald (weld), n. Forest; wooded re- 
 gion. [A. S. weald. Ger. wald.] 
 
 wealth (welth), n. Riches; abundance. 
 — wealthy, a. Rich. [From weajl.] 
 
 Syn. Appliance; fortune; opulence; 
 plenty; treasure; competency; inde- 
 pendence; pelf. 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
678 
 
 wed 
 
 wean (wen), vt. I. Accustom to do with- 
 out the breast. 2. Accustom to the 
 lack of anything.— wean'lihg", n. A 
 child or animal newly weaned. [A. S. 
 wenian. Gei% gewoehnen, accustom.] 
 
 weapon (wep'un), n. Any instrument 
 of offence or defense. [A. S. wcepen.\ 
 
 wear (war). I. vt. [wearing; wore; 
 worn.] 1. Carry on the body, as clothes. 
 2. Have the appearance of. 3. Con- 
 sume by use, time or exposure; waste 
 by rubbing; make by friction, etc. II. 
 vi. 1. Be wasted or spent by use or 
 time. 2. Last under use. III. n. 1. Act 
 of wearing. 2. Lessening or injury by 
 use or friction. — Wear and tear, loss 
 by wear or use, decay or injury in the 
 ordinary use of a thing. — wear'er, 
 n. One who or that which wears. [A. 
 S. werian, clothe.] 
 
 wear (war), vt. Put a ship on another 
 tack, turning her stern to the wind. 
 [Prob. a corr. of veer.] 
 
 wearable (war'a-bl), a. Fib to be worn., 
 
 wearing , -appa'rel(war'ing-ap-par'el) 
 n. Clothes for wearing. 
 
 wearisome (we'ri-sum), a. Tedious. 
 
 — wearisomely, adv. — wea'ri- 
 someness, n. 
 
 Syn. Annoying ; vexatious ; tiresome ; 
 burdensome; fatiguing; dull; irk- 
 some; laborious; wearing. 
 
 weary (we'ri). I. a. 1. Having the 
 strength or patience worn out; tired. 
 2. Causing weariness. II. vt. and vi. 
 Wear out or become weary.— wea'ri- 
 ly, adv. — weariness, n. [A. S. 
 werig. Cf. Ger. lang-wierig.} 
 
 Syn. Exhaust; jade; fatigue; tire; 
 harass; vex. [A. S.j 
 
 weasand (we'zand), n. Windpipe. 
 
 weasel ( we'zl ), 
 n. Small car- 
 nivorous ani- 
 mal with a 
 slender body 
 
 and short legs, ^^^^T^ 
 living on birds, ^ * a * i **^^ 
 mice, etc. [A. S. Weasel. 
 
 wesle. Ger. wiesel. J 
 
 weather (we^'er). I. n. State of the 
 air as to heat or cold, dryness or wet- 
 ness, etc. II. vt. 1. Affect by expos- 
 ing to the air. 2. Sail to the wind- 
 ward of. 3. Gain or pass, as a pro- 
 montory or- cape. 4. Hold out stoutly 
 against. — Weather a point, gain an 
 advantage in a contest. — weather- 
 beaten, a. Distressed or worn by the 
 weather.— weatherbound, a. Kept 
 in port or delayed by bad weather. 
 
 — weath'er-cock, n. 1. Weather- 
 vane. 2. Fickle person.— weath'er- 
 g-lass, n. Barometer. [A. S. weder.] 
 
 weather-board (wei/i'er-bord). I. n. 
 
 1. Windward side. 2. One of a set of 
 boards nailed on overlapping to keep 
 . out the rain; board used for any simi- 
 lar purpose. II. vt. Nail boards lap- 
 ping one over an another on. 
 
 weathering (we&Ver-ing), n. 1. Slope 
 of a horizontal surface, to shed rain- 
 water. 2. Corroding action of the 
 weather on rock. 
 
 weatherly (we^'er-li), a. Capable of 
 sailing to windward closely. 
 
 weather-most (weta'er-most), a. Far- 
 thest to windward. 
 
 weave (wev). I, vt. [wea'ving; wove 
 or weaved; wo'ven. ] 1. Unite, as 
 threads in a loom to form cloth. 2. 
 Produce on a loom, as cloth. II. a. 
 Particular style of weaving.— wea'- 
 ver, n. — wea'veress, n. fern. [A.S. 
 wefan. Ger. weben.] 
 
 weaver bird 
 ( we've r 
 b e r d ), n. 
 Small bird v 
 of Asia and x*« 
 A f r i c a,/te 
 which excels W n \ 
 in weaving 11. 
 its nest from '' 
 grasses, etc. 
 
 weazen 
 (w e ' z n), a. 
 Shrunk; 
 Withered; Weaver bird and its nest, 
 shriveled. — 
 
 wea'zened, a.— weazen-faced, a. 
 |A. S. wisnian, wither.] 
 
 web(web), a. 1. Texture ; thingwoven. 2. 
 Net spun by a spider. 3. Film over the 
 eye. 4. Skin between the toes of water- 
 fowls.— webbed (webd), a. Having 
 the toes united by a web.— webbing, 
 n. 1. Narrow woven fabric of hemp, 
 used for chairs, etc. 2. The tapes on 
 which paper is carried in a print- 
 ing-press. — web-foot'ed, a. 
 Having webbed feet; web-toed; pal- 
 miped.— web-worm, n. Larva of an 
 insect of many species which builds 
 a silken web, as the tent-caterpillar. 
 [A. S. webb. Ger.gewebe. See weave.] 
 
 weber (wa- or v&'ber), n. Unitol mag- 
 netic flux. [After W. Weber.] 
 
 wed (wed), vt. and vi. [wed'ding; wed- 
 ded or wed.] 1. Marry; join in mar- 
 riage. 2. Unite closely. — wed'ding*, 
 n. 1. Marriage. 2. Marriage ceremony. 
 3. Wedding anniversary, as in golden 
 wedding (50th), diamond (60th or 
 75th), silver (25th), china (20th), crystal 
 (15th), tin (10th), wooden (5th), paper, 
 1st). [A. S. weddian, engage,— wedd, 
 security. Cf. Ger. wetten, bet.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, W9lf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wedge 
 
 679 
 
 Welch 
 
 wedge (wej). I. n. 1. Piece of wood or 
 metal, thick at one end and sloping to 
 a thin edge at the other, used in split- 
 ting. 2. Mass of metal. II. vt. 1. Cleave 
 with a wedge. 2. Force or drive with 
 a wedge. 3. Press closely. 4. Fasten 
 with a wedge. [A. S. wecg.] 
 
 Wedgwood-ware (wej'wod-war), n. 
 One of several kinds of seini-vitrified 
 pottery invented by Josiah Wedg- 
 wood (1730-95). 
 
 wedlock (wed'lok), n. Matrimony. [A. 
 S. wedlac— wed, and lac, gift.] 
 
 Wednesday (wenz'da), ft. Fourth day 
 of the week. [A. S. WQdenes daeg, day 
 of Woden or Odin, the chief Teutonic 
 deity.]_ 
 
 wee (we), a. Tiny. [Cf. Prov. E. weeny, 
 small,— A. S. hwaene. Ger. wenig.] 
 
 weed (wed). I. n. 1. Any useless plant 
 of small growth. 2. Anything useless 
 or troublesome. 3. {Colloq.) Tobacco; 
 cigar. II. vt. 1. Free from weeds. 2. 
 Remove (anything hurtful or offen- 
 sive).— weed'er, n. [A. S. weod.] 
 
 weed (wed), n. 1. Garment. 2. (Esp. 
 in pi.) Mourning garb. [A. S. weed. 
 Icel. vad. O. Ger. wdt.] 
 
 weedy (we'di), a. 1. Consisting of 
 weeds; full of weeds. 2. Resembling 
 a weed; rank hut weakly; unfit for 
 breeding. 
 
 week (wek), n. 1. Space of seven days, 
 usually beginning with Sunday. 2. 
 The six working days of a week.— 
 This day week, the day of next week 
 corresponding to this day.— week'- 
 day, n. Any day of the week except 
 Sunday. [O. E. welce. A. S. wice. Icel. 
 vika—vilcya, turn.] 
 
 weekly (wek'li). I. a. Coming, hap- 
 pening, or done once a week. II. adv. 
 Once a week. III. n. Publication 
 appearing once a week. 
 
 ween (wen), vi. Think; fancy. [A. S. 
 wenan—wen (Ger. wahn), expectation.] 
 
 weep (wep). I. vi. fweep'ing; wept.] 
 Shed tears: wail; lament. II. vt. Shed; 
 lament. — Weep millstones, remain un- 
 feeling in pathetic circumstances. — 
 weeper, n. 1. One who weeps. 2. 
 Token of mourning, as a crape band 
 on the hat or sleeve. [A. S. wepan.\ 
 
 weeping (we'ping), a. Having slen- 
 der, drooping branches.— weep'ing- 
 ly, adv. In a tearf ulmanner. 
 
 weeping-cross (we'ping-kras ), n. 
 Cross, often of stone, erected oh or by 
 the side of a highway, where peni- 
 tents offered their devotions. — Come 
 home by weeping cross, suffer defeat. 
 
 weet (wet). I. vi. Call, as a sandpiper 
 or robin. II. n. 1. Common European 
 sandpiper. 2. Its cry. [Imitative.] 
 
 Nut weevil. 
 
 weevil (we' vil), n. 1. Small kind of 
 beetle with a long snout. 2. Any bee- 
 tle destructive to grain 
 or fruit. [A. S. ivifel, 
 beetle. Ger. wiebel.] 
 
 weever (we'ver), n. Fish 
 with dangerous spines 
 in its fins; sting-bull. 
 
 weft (weft), n. Threads 
 woven into and cross- 
 ing the warp. [A. S. 
 weft, ivefed, wafted] 
 
 wegotism (we'go-tizm), 
 n. Excessive use of the 
 pronoun we. [Imitation 
 of egotism.} 
 
 weigh (wa). I. vt. 1. 
 Raise; lift up; as weigh 
 anchor. 2. Ascertain the number of 
 pounds, etc., in. 3. Compare; exam- 
 ine with a view to arriving at a deci- 
 sion. 4. Depress; load. II. vi. 1. Have 
 weight. 2. Be considered of impor- 
 tance. 3. Press heavily.— weigh'er, 
 n. 1. One who weighs. 2. Officer who 
 weighs goods, and verifies scales and 
 measures. [A.. S. wegan, carry, weigh. 
 Akin to G_er. waegen, L. vehere.) 
 
 weigh (wa), n. Motion of a ship. [In 
 the phrase under weigh. Either for 
 under way L or from weigh anchor.} 
 
 weight (wat). I. n. 1. Force with which 
 a body is attracted to the earth, minus 
 the centrifugal pressure from its axis 
 of rotation; heaviness; gravity. 2. 
 Mass; relative quantity. 3. Heavy 
 thing. 4. Mass of metal adjusted to 
 a standard and used for finding 
 weight. 5. System of units for deter- 
 mining the heaviness of bodies, as 
 troy weight. 6. Burden ; pressure. 
 7. Importance; power. II. vt. 1. Add 
 weight to. 2. Adulterate with heavy, 
 cheaper substance. [A. S. ge-wiht.} 
 
 weighty (wa'ti),a. Heavy; important; 
 grave. — weightily, adv.— weight'- 
 iness, n. 
 
 Syn. Ponderous; onerous; burden- 
 some; momentous; impressive; co- 
 gent; convincing; serious; authori- 
 tative; influential. 
 
 weir, wear (wer), n. 1. Dam across a 
 river. 2. Fence of stakes for catching 
 fish. [A.S. wer, Ger. tvehr, dam.] 
 
 weird (werd), n. 1. Skilled in witch- 
 craft. 2. Causing superstitious feel- 
 ings; unearthly; uncanny. — The 
 Weird Sisters, the Fates. (Named after 
 the first of the three German Parcae 
 or Nomas, whose names signified 
 Past, Present and Future.) [A. S. 
 wyrd, fate, — root of weorthan (Ger. 
 werderi), become.] 
 
 Welch, welch (welch). Same as "Welsh. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, them. 
 
welcome 
 
 680 
 
 west 
 
 welcome (werkum). I. a. 1. Received 
 with gladness; admitted willingly. 2. 
 Causing gladness. 3. Free to enjoy. 
 II. re. Kindly reception. III. vt. 1. 
 Receive with kindness. 2. Entertain 
 hospitably. [A. S. wilcuma, welcome 
 guest.] 
 
 weld (weld), wold (wold), re. Kind of 
 mignonette, formerly much used for 
 dyeing yellow; dyers' weed. 
 
 -weld (weld). I. vt. Unite, as two pieces 
 of metal by hammering or compres- 
 sion when raised to a great heat. II. 
 vi. Be capable of being welded. III. re. 
 
 1. Junction or joining, as of two 
 pieces of iron, when heated to a white 
 heat by hammering or compression. 
 
 2. Welded joint. [From well , boil; 
 bubble up.] [being well; prosperity. 
 
 welfare (wel'f ar), re. State of faring or 
 
 welkin (wel'kin), re. Vault of heaven; 
 sky. [A. S. wolcen, cloud. Ger. wolke.] 
 
 we'll (wel). Contraction of we will. 
 
 well (wel). I. re. 1. Rise of water from 
 the earth; spring. 2. Pit in the earth 
 whence a supply of water, oil, or the 
 like is obtained. 3. Any similar cavity 
 or shaft, as the open space in the mid- 
 dle of a staircase. II. vi. Issue fourth 
 as water from the earth.— Well-spring, 
 n. Fountain; perennial source of sup- 
 ply.— well-sweep, re. Tapering pole 
 pivoted on an upright, and with a 
 bucket suspended at its smaller end, 
 so that the heavier end balances its 
 weight. [A. S. well, billow.] 
 
 well (wel). La. Satisfactory; good in 
 condition ; rightly done ; proper ; fortu- 
 nate; in health. II. adv. 1. In a proper 
 manner; rightly; thoroughly; favor- 
 ably; conveniently. 2. Considerably. 
 — wellness, re.— well-being (wel'- 
 be-ing),n. Well-conditioned existence; 
 welfare. —well-born (wel'barn), a. 
 Born of a good or respectable family ; 
 not of mean birth.— well-bred (wel'- 
 bred), a. l.Of good ancestry. 2. Trained 
 well; educated to polished manners. 
 —well-favored, a. Good-looking.— 
 well-nigh (wel'-nl), adv. Almost.— 
 well-off, well-to-do, as. Easy in 
 circumstances; rich. — well-read, a. 
 Widely acquainted with books.- well- 
 turned, a. 1. Accurately wrought. 2. 
 Gracefully contrived.— well-worn, 
 a. 1. Deteriorated or made common- 
 place by use. 2. Becomingly displayed. 
 [A. S. wel, as willed; as desired. Ger. 
 wohl.] 
 
 welladay (wel'a-da), wellaway (wel'- 
 a-wa). inter j. Alas. [A. S. wa la wa, 
 woe, lo! woe.] 
 
 Welsh (welsh). La. Pertaining to 
 Wales or its inhabitants. II. re. pi. 1. 
 
 Inhabitants of Wales. 2. sing. Their 
 
 language. — Welshman, re. [A. S. 
 
 walsc (Ger. welsch) — ivealh, foreigner.] 
 welsh (welsh), vt. and vi. Cheat at a 
 
 horse-race ; run away with the stakes. 
 Welsh-rabbit (welsh-rab'it), re. Melt- 
 ed cheese on toast. [Corr. of Welsh rare 
 
 bit.] 
 welt (welt). I. re. 1. Edging round a 
 
 shoe. 2. Swollen stripe on the skin, 
 
 caused by a blow with a cane or whip; 
 
 wale. II. vt. 1. Furnish with a welt. 
 
 2. Flog severely, so as to raise wales. 
 
 [W. gwald, hem.] 
 welter ( wel'ter ), vi. 1. Roll or wallow 
 
 about, esp. in dirt. 2. Lie prostrate. 
 
 [M. E. waiter, Sw. valtra. Akin to 
 
 waltz and wallow.] 
 wen (wen), re. Small tumor containing 
 
 sebaceous matter. [A. S. wenn, wart?] 
 wench (wench) re. Low, coarse woman. 
 
 [A. S. wencel, child, girl.] 
 wend (wend), vi. and vt. Go; turn; di- 
 rect (one's way). [A. S. wendan, turn.] 
 Wend (wend), re. One of the Lusatian 
 
 branches of the Slavic race dwelling 
 
 east of the Elbe river, in Germany.— 
 
 Wend'ic,Wend'ish, as. 
 went (wen t), pa. t. of 
 
 wend, now used &spa. t. 
 
 of GO. 
 wentle-trap (wen'tl- 
 
 trap),re. Univalve with a 
 
 turreted, many-whorled 
 
 shell. [From Ger. wendel- 
 
 treppe, winding stairs.] 
 wept (wept), pa. t. and pa. 
 
 p. Of WEEP. 
 
 were (wer), pl.ind.andsub- 
 jnnctive pa. t. of BE. [A. Wentle-trap. 
 S. waere.] 
 
 wert (wert). 2. pers. sing. ind. and subj. 
 pa. t. of BE. 
 
 Werwolf (wer'wolf or wer'-), re. Person 
 supposed to have been changed, or to 
 be able to change himself, into a wolf. 
 [A. S. wer, man, and wolf.] 
 
 Wesleyan (wes'le-an). I. a. Pertaining 
 to Wesley anism. II. re. One who 
 adopts Wesleyanism. — Wes'leyan- 
 ism, re. System of doctrine and 
 church polity of the Wesleyan Meth- 
 odist. [Named from John Wesley.] 
 
 west (west). I. re. Quarter where the sun 
 sets; one of the four chief points of 
 the compass. II. a. Situated toward 
 the west.— west'erly. I. a. 1. Lying 
 towards the west. 2. Coming from 
 the west. II. adv. Towards the west. 
 — west'ern, a. 1. Situated in the 
 west. 2. Moving toward the west.— 
 west' ward, a. and adv. Towards the 
 west.— west'wardly, adv. Towards 
 the west. [A. S.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woU; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wet 
 
 681 
 
 whelp 
 
 wet (wet). I. a. 1. Containing water, or 
 a similar liquid. 2. Having water on 
 the surf ace. 3 Rainy. II. n. Water; 
 moisture. III. vt. [wet'ting; wet, 
 (rarely) wet'ted. ] Make wet; soak; 
 sprinkle. — wetness, n. — wet- 
 dock, n. Dock for floating vessels at 
 all states of the tide. — wet'nnrse, 
 n. Nurse who suckles a child for its 
 mother. [ A. S. waet, from root of 
 wateb. ] [S. wedher. Ger. widder.\ 
 
 wether (we^'er), n. Gelded ram. fA. 
 
 whack ( h w a k ). I. n. Resounding 
 blow. II. vt. Strike smartly. 
 
 Arctic Right Whale. 
 
 whale (hwal), n. Largest of sea-mam- 
 mals, valued for its oil and whaleboue. 
 — whale back, n. Steamboat cov- 
 ered in with a rounded upper deck.— 
 whale-boat, n. Long deep boat, 
 sharp on both ends, used in whaling, 
 in surfs, and as life-boat on steamers. 
 —whale bone, n. Elastic substance 
 like horn, from the upper jaw- of the 
 whale; baleen.— wha'ler, n. Ship or 
 person employed in whaling. [ A. S. 
 hwael. ] 
 
 whaling- (hwa'ling). I. a. 1. Connected 
 with whale-catching. 2. Surprisingly 
 large; whopping. II. n. Business of 
 catching whales. 
 
 whang* (hwang), n. Thong. 
 
 whangdoodle (hwang'do-dl), n. 1. A 
 non-descript. 2. Pulpit-pounder. 
 
 whappet (hwop'et), n. Worthless dog. 
 
 wharf ( h w a r f ), n. [pi. wharfs or 
 wharves.] Bank of timber or stone 
 on the shore of a harbor or river for 
 lading and unlading vessels. [A. S. 
 hwearf, wharf, dam,— hweorfan, turn. J 
 
 wharfage (hwarf'aj), n. 1. Accommo- 
 dation at wharves. 2. Dues paid for 
 using a wharf. 
 
 wharfinger (hwarf in-jer), n. One who 
 has the care of, or owns, a wharf. 
 
 wharl (hwarl). I. vi. Pronounce the r 
 with a burr. II. n. Guttural pronun- 
 ciation or the r. [From whibT] 
 
 what (hwot). I. ret. pron. =th;it which. 
 II. Absolute interrog. pron. III. a. How 
 
 ; much; which kind, etc.— What time= 
 at what time; when.— But what. 1. But 
 this or those which. 2. (Improperly) 
 
 EARS OF WHEAT. 
 
 A. Summer wheat. 
 
 B. AVinter wheat. 
 
 But that.— whatever ( hwot-ev'er ), 
 whatsoever (hwot-soev'er), pron. 1. 
 Everything which. 2. All that. 3. One 
 or another. [A. S. hivaet, neuter of 
 htva, who.] 
 
 whatnot (hwot'not), n. Piece of fur- 
 niture with shelves for bric-a-brac. 
 
 wheal ( hwel ), n. 
 Wale. 
 
 wheat (hwet),n. Cere- 
 al grassy plant or its 
 seed, which fur- 
 nishes a white flour 
 for bread.— whea- 
 ten (hwe'ten), a. 
 Made of wheat. [A. 
 S.hwaete. Ger. weizen, 
 allied to white.] 
 
 wheatear (hwet'er), 
 n. An O Id-World 
 passerine bird with 
 a white rump; stone- 
 chat; whitetail. 
 
 wheedle (hwe'dl). I. vt. Entice by soft 
 words. 2. Hoax. 3. Obtain by flattery. 
 II. n. 1. One who wheedles. 2. Apiece 
 of cajoling; hoax— whee'dler, n.— 
 whee'dling, n. The art of cajoling. 
 [Ger. tvedeln, wag the tail, fan.] 
 Syn. Cajole; coax; flatter. 
 
 wheel (hwel). I. n. 1. Circular frame 
 turning on an axle. 2. Old instrument 
 of torture. 3. Bicycle. 4. Motive power ; 
 principle of life. 5. Burden of a song; 
 refrain. II. vt. 1. Cause to whirl. 2. 
 Convey on wheels. III. vi. 1. Turn 
 round on an axis or pivot. 2. Roll 
 forward smoothly. 3. Ride a bicycle. 
 [A. S. hweol. Icel. hjol.] 
 
 wheelbarrow (hwel'bar-6), n. Barrow 
 which runs on one or more wheels. 
 
 wheel-horse (hwel'hars), n. Horse 
 attached to the pole or shafts, bearing 
 the largest partof the burden. 
 
 wheelman (hwel'man), n. One who 
 uses a bicycle. 
 
 wheel-rope (wheT-rop), n. Rope or 
 chain connecting the steering wheel 
 with the tiller. 
 
 wheelwright (hwel'rit), n. Maker of 
 wheels and carriages. 
 
 wheeze (hwez). I. vi. Breathe with 
 difficulty and a hissing sound. II. n. 
 Labored breathing; puffing.— whee- 
 zy, a. [A. S. hweosan. Imitative.] 
 
 whelk (hwelk), n. 1. Pustule; wale. 
 2. Marine edible mollusk having a 
 spiral, gibbous shell. [A. S. weoloc] 
 
 whelm (hwelm), vt. Cover; engulf; 
 destroy. [A. S. for-welman. O. S. be- 
 hwelbian, arch over. Ger. woelben.] 
 
 whelp (hwelp). I. n. Young of the dog 
 or a beast of prey; cub. II. vt. and vi. 
 Bring forth young. [A. S. hwelp.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hat, barn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wlien 
 
 682 
 
 whippoorwill 
 
 when (hwon), adv. 1. At what time; 
 
 at or after the time that. 2. While; 
 
 although.— whenever, adv. At 
 
 every time when. — whensoever, 
 
 adv. At what time soever ; whenever. 
 
 [A. S. hwanne.] 
 whence ( hwens ), adv. From what 
 
 place; wherefore. [A. S. hwanon.] 
 where (hwar), adv. 1. At which or 
 
 what place. 2. To which or what place, 
 
 — whereabouts', n. Place where 
 one is. — whereas', conj. Since; al- 
 though.— w h e r e ' f o r e , conj. For 
 which or what reason; why.— wher- 
 ev'er, adv. At whatever place. — 
 wherewith', where withal', advs. 
 With which or what. — The wherewith, 
 the wherewithal, the means. — Where 
 away? In what direction. [A. S. hwar.] 
 
 wherry (hwer'i), n. Light, fast row 
 boat, plying on rivers. [Icel. hverfr.] 
 
 whet (hwet). I. vt. [whet' ting; whet'- 
 ted.] 1. Sharpen by rubbing; make 
 keen. 2. Excite. II. n. 1. Act of sharpen- 
 ing. 2. Appetizer; luncheon.— whet'- 
 ter, n. [A. S. hwettan. Ger. wetzen.\ 
 
 whether (hwe^'er), conj. 1. Which of 
 two. 2. Introducing a single question, 
 the alternative being understood. [A. 
 S. htvaether.] 
 
 whew (hwu), interj. Whistling sound 
 expressing astonishment or dismay. 
 
 whey (hwa), n. Watery part of milk 
 separated from the curd, esp. in mak- 
 ing cheese. — whey'ey, whey'ish, 
 as. Thin; watery. [A. S. hwaeg.\ 
 
 which ( hwich ), interrogative and rel. 
 pron. Who; what; what one.— which- 
 ever, whichsoever, pron. 1. Every 
 one which. 2. Whether one or other. 
 
 — Which is which? Which is the one, 
 which is the other? — The which, which, 
 who, whom. [A. S.hwilc — whd, who, 
 and lie, body.] 
 
 whickflaw (hwik'fla), n. Whitlow. 
 [From Icel. kvifcva, flesh under the 
 nails, and flaw.] 
 
 whiff (hwif). I. n. 1. Sudden puff of air 
 from the mouth. 2. Quick inhalation. 
 3. Slight blast. II. vt. Throw out in 
 whiffs; puff. [Imitative.] 
 
 whiffle (hwif'l), vi. Turn; veer; be 
 fickle; prevaricate. — wh if 'fler, n. 
 [Freq. of whiff.] % 
 
 whiffle-tree. See swingle-tree. 
 
 Whig- (hwig), n. 1. Member of one of 
 the great English political parties. 2. 
 American hist, (a) Supporter of the 
 principles of the Revolution— opposed 
 to Tory and Eoyalist; (&) One of a po- 
 litical party from about 1829 to 1853 
 —opposed to Democrat. 
 
 while (hwil). I. n. Space of time. II. adv. 
 1. During the time that. 2. Whereas. 
 
 3. Until. III. vt. Cause to pass; con- 
 sume. [A. S. hwil. Ger. wartime.] 
 
 whilom (hwi'lum), adv. Formerly ; of 
 old. [A. S. hwilum, at times.] 
 
 whilst (hwilst), adv. While. 
 
 whim (hwim), n. 1. Unexpected turn. 
 2. Caprice; fancy. 3. Simple hoisting 
 machine for raising ore, worked by a 
 horse. [Icel. hvima, have the eyes wan- 
 dering.] [gary; whimsey; prank. 
 Syn. Crotchet; freak; humor; va- 
 
 whimper (hwim'per), vi. and vt. Cry 
 with a whining voice. [Ger. wimmern.] 
 
 whimsey (hwim'zi), n. Whim. 
 
 whimsical (hwim'zi-kal), a. 1. Full 
 of whims. 2. Odd; gr otesque. — 
 whim'sically, adv. — whim'sical- 
 ness, whimsical'ity, ns. 
 
 Syn. Fantastical; capricious; no- 
 tional; crotchety; quaint; fanciful; 
 freakish; eccentric; strange. 
 
 whin ( h w i n ), n. Gorse; furze.— 
 whin'ny, a. [W. chwyn.] 
 
 whine (hwin). I. vi. 1. Utter a plain- 
 tive cry. 2. Complain in an unmanly 
 way. II. n. 1. Plaintive cry. 2. Puerile 
 nasal tone of complaint. — whi'ner, 
 n. [A. S. hwinan. Cf. Ger. weinen, weep.] 
 
 whinny (hwin'i), vi. Neigh or cry like 
 a horse. [Imitative.] 
 
 whip (hwip). I. vt. and vi. 1. Move 
 with a quick motion; jump; jerk, etc. 
 2. Overlay; wrap. 3. Overcast, as a 
 seam. 4. Strike; lash. 5. Beat into 
 a froth. II. n. 1. Instrument for 
 driving horses, etc. 2. Driver. 3. Rope 
 and pulley. 4. Arm of a windmill. 
 III. adv. Quickly; pop; presto. [Low 
 Ger. swaep, whip. See sweep.] 
 
 whip-cord (hwip'kard), n. 1. Strong 
 hempen cord, braided or twisted, used 
 in making whip-lashes. 2. Cloth hav- 
 ing a small twill. 
 
 whiphand (hwip'hand), n. 1. Hand 
 that holds the whip. 2. Advantage. 
 
 whipper-in(hwip'er-in), n. 1. One who 
 keeps the hounds from wandering. 
 2. One who enforces the discipline of 
 a party. 
 
 whipper-snapper (hwip'er-snap-er), 
 n. Insignificant person who is noisily 
 pretentious. 
 
 whipping-- 
 post ( hwip'- 
 ing-post ), n. 
 Post to which 
 offenders are 
 tied to be 
 whipped. 
 
 whippoor- 
 will (hwip'- 
 por-wil), n. American bird resem- 
 bling the European goat -sucker. 
 [Named from its cry.] 
 
 Whippoorwill. 
 
 (ftte, £ftt, task, far, fall, fare, above j me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, WQK; 
 
 roilte, hut, burn j oil, owl, {ten, 
 
-whir 
 
 683 
 
 ffhon 
 
 whir (hwer). I. n. Sound from rapid 
 whirling. II. vi. [whir'riug; whirred. J 
 Whirl round with a noise. [Imitative.] 
 
 whirl (hwerl). I. n. 1. A turning with 
 rapidity. 2. Anything that turns with 
 velocity. II. vt. and vi. Revolve 
 rapidly, flee, hvirffll. Ger. wirbel.] 
 
 whirligig (hweri'i-gig), n. 1. Child's 
 toy which is spun round rapidly. 2. 
 Water-heetle that gyrates rapidly. 
 
 whirlpool (hwerl'pol), n. Circular 
 eddy with a cavity in the center; 
 maelstrom. [wind; cyclone. 
 
 whirlwind (hwerl'wind), n. Violent 
 
 whirtle (hwer'tl), n. Steel die with 
 holes for reducing size of pipes or 
 wires. [sound in water or air. 
 
 whish (hwish), n. Rushing or whistling 
 
 whisk (hwisk). I. vt. andfli. Move or 
 stir with a quick motion. II. n. 1. 
 Rapid sweeping motion. 2. Small 
 bunch of anything used for a brush. 
 [Scand. visha. Ger. wischen.] 
 
 whisker (hwis'ker), n. 1. He who or 
 that which whisks. 2. Hair on the 
 sides of a man face (esp. in pi.) 3. 
 Bristles on the face of a cat, etc.— 
 whiskered, a. 
 
 whisky, whiskey (hwis'ki), n. Ar- 
 dent spirit distilled from grain. [Ir. 
 and Gael, uisge, water, in uisge-beatha, 
 water of life.J 
 
 wisper (hwis'per). I. vt. and vi. 1. 
 Speak or utter with a low sound. 2. 
 Make a low, rustling sound. II. n. 1. 
 Low hissing voice or sound. 2. Cau- 
 tious or timorous speaking. [A. S. 
 hivisprian. Ger. wispern. Imitative. ] 
 
 whist (hwist), inter j. Hushl be still I 
 fCf. wist and Ger. st ! bst / ] 
 
 whist (hwist), n. Game at cards. [Orig. 
 whisk, — sweeping in the tricks.] 
 
 whistle (hwis'l). I. vi. and vt. 1. Make 
 a shrill sound by forcing the breath 
 through the contracted lips ; make 
 a like sound with an instrument. 2. 
 Call or manage by a whistle. 3. Sound 
 shrilly. II. n. 1. Sound made in whist- 
 ling. 2. Small wind instrument.— Go 
 whistle, go away empty-handed, go to 
 the devil.— Whistle for the dog, work in 
 vain. [A. S. hwistlan. Imitative.] 
 
 whit (hwit), n. Smallest particle imag- 
 inable; bit. [From wight.] 
 
 white (hwit). I. a. 1. Reflecting sun- 
 light in its natural state ; showing 
 no color or tint. 2. Pale. 3. Pure. 
 II. n. 1. Color of snow. 2. Anything 
 white, as a white man,"white part of 
 an egg, etc. III. vt. Make white.— 
 whiteness, n.— White lead, carbon- 
 ate of lead used in painting.— white- 
 liv'ered, a. Cowardly. [A. S. hwit. 
 Ger. tvtiss. See wheat.] 
 
 whitebait (hwit'bat), n. Young of the 
 herring and sprat. 
 
 whitebeam (hwit'bem), n. Small tree 
 with white down on the underside of 
 the leaves, allied to the apple. 
 
 whiteeap(hwit'kap),w.l. Foam-crested 
 wave. 2. Member of a secr-et, lawless 
 organization that tyrannizes a region 
 under the pretense of regulating 
 public morality. 
 
 White-fish of the American Great Lakes. 
 
 white-fish (h wit-fish), n. General 
 name for various kinds of fish, as the 
 whiting, haddock, menhaden, etc. 
 
 whiten (hwi'ten), vt. and vi. Make or 
 become white; bleach. 
 
 whitewash (hwit'wosh). I. n. Mix- 
 ture used to whiten ceilings, etc. II. 
 vt. 1. Cover with whitewash. 2. Give 
 a fair appearance to. 3. Defeat the 
 opposite side without allowing them 
 to score 
 
 whither (hwi^A'er), adv. What place.— 
 whithersoever, adv. Whatever 
 place. [A. S. hwider.] 
 
 whiting (hwi'ting),?i. 1. Small sea-fish. 
 2. Ground chalk. 
 
 whitlow (hwit'lo), n. Inflammation 
 about the nails or ends of the fingers ; 
 run-round; felon. [A corruption of 
 whiclcftaw for quickjlaw, sore of the 
 quick.] 
 
 Whitsunday (hwit'sun-da),w. Seventh 
 Sunday after Easter commemorating 
 the descent of the Holy Spirit on the 
 day of Pentecost. 
 
 Whitsnntide (hwit'sun-tid), n. Week 
 beginning with Whitsunday. 
 
 whittle (hwit'l). I. vt. and vi. 1. Cut 
 with a knife. 2. Reduce by paring 
 with or as with a knife. II. n. Sheath- 
 knife, carried by butchers or sailors. 
 — whittling*, n. pi. Fine chips 
 dropped in whittling. [A. S. thwitaa, 
 cut.] 
 
 whiz (hwiz). l.vi. [whiz'zing; whizzed.] 
 Make a hissing sound, like an arrow 
 flying through the air. II. n. Hissing 
 sound. [Imitative.] 
 
 who (ho), pron. rel. and interrog. What 
 person; which person; he, she or they 
 that. — whoever, pron. Every one 
 who; whatever person. [A. S. hzva.] 
 
 whoa (hwo), inter j. Stand still 1 Used 
 in driving horses and cattle. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not. move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
whole 
 
 684 
 
 wigwam 
 
 whole (hoi). I. a. 1. Sound ; kale. 2.Un- 
 impared. 3. Containing the total 
 amount, number, etc. ; all; complete. 
 II. n. 1. Entire thing. 2. System; 
 combination, -whole'ness, n.— 
 wholly, adv. [A. S. hal, healthy.] 
 
 Syn. Entire; integral; unbroken; 
 undivided; uninjured; intact. 
 
 wholesale (hol'sal). I. n. Sale of goods 
 in bulk or large quantity. II. a. I . In 
 large quantities. 2. Made or done on a 
 large scale or without discrimination. 
 
 wholesome(borsum),a. 1. Promoting 
 health; salubrious. 2. Promoting suc- 
 cessor happiness; salutary.— whole'- 
 somely , adv.— wholesonie'ness,ft. 
 
 whom (horn). Objective case of who. 
 
 whoop (hwop or hop). I. n. Loud eager 
 cry- II. vi. Give a clear sharp cry; 
 shout. III. vt. Insult without shouts ; 
 drive ignominiously. — Whoop it up. 
 Press a matter with great ado. [O. Fr. 
 houper, shout.] 
 
 whop (hwop). l.vt. [whop'ping; whop- 
 ped.] Beat in a fight; thrash. II. vi. 
 Fall down; flop. — whop'ping, a. 
 Unusually large; greatly exagger- 
 ated— whop'per, n. Big thing: mon- 
 strous lie. 
 
 whooping-cough (ho'- 
 ping-kaf), n. Contagious, 
 spasmodic cough of chil- 
 dren. 
 
 whorl (hwurl), n. Leaves 
 in a circle round the stem. 
 — whorled, a. Arranged 
 in or furnished with 
 whorls. [By form of 
 
 WHIRL.] 
 
 whortleberry (hwur'tl- 
 ber-i), n. Heath-plant 
 with a blue edible berry; 
 bilberry; huckleberry. 
 [A. S. wyrtil, root, small 
 shrub.] 
 
 whose (hoz), pron. Possessive case of 
 who or wHiCH.-whosesoev'er, pos- 
 sessive case Of WHOSOEVER. 
 
 whoso ( ho'so ), whosoever ( ho-so- 
 ev'er). Every one who; whoever. 
 
 why (hwi). I. adv. and conj. For what 
 cause or reason. II. interj. Exclama- 
 tion of mild surprise. [A. S. whi.\ 
 
 wick (wik), n. Threads of cotton or 
 the like in a candle or lamp which 
 burn. [A. S. weoca.] 
 
 wicked (wik'ed), a. 1. Evil in principle 
 or practice ; deviating from the divine 
 law. 2. Addicted to vice or sin.-wick'- 
 edly,acta.— wick'edness, n. [Orig.= 
 bewitched.] 
 
 wicker(wik'er). I.n. Small pliant twig; 
 osier. II. a. Of, or covered with, twigs. 
 [From A. S. wican, bend.] 
 
 wicket (wik'et), n. Small gate or win- 
 dow, esp. in a larger door. [O. Fr. 
 wiket (Fr. guichet),— root of A. S. wican, 
 yield.] 
 
 wide (wid), a. and adv. 1. Extended 
 far. 2. Broad. 3. Distant from the 
 proper place. 4. Free from narrow- 
 ness or bigotry.— widely, adv.— 
 wide'ness, n. [A. S.wid. Ger. weit.] 
 
 wide-awake (wid'a-wak), a. Vigilant 
 and alert; keen. [wide or wider. 
 
 widen (wi'dn), vt. and vi. Make or grow 
 
 widow (wid'o). I. n. 1. Woman bereft 
 of her husband by death. 2. In some 
 games of cards, an extra hand dealt 
 to the table. II. vt. Bereave of a 
 husband.— wid'owhood, n. State of 
 being a widow. [A. S. widuwe—lt. 
 vidua, bereft.] [wife is dead. 
 
 widower ( w i d' 5-6 r ), n. Man whose 
 
 width (width), n. Extent from side to 
 side; wideness; breadth. 
 
 wield (weld), vt. Use with full com- 
 mand; exercise full authority over; 
 handle. [A. S. geweldan. Cf. Ger. 
 walten.] 
 
 wife (wif), n. {pi. wives (wivz).] Mar- 
 ried woman.— wife'hood, n. 1. State 
 of being a wife. 2. Proper qualities 
 of a wife. 3. All the wives collectively. 
 — wifely, a. Proper for, or pertain- 
 ing to, a wife. [A. S. wif. Ger. weib.] 
 
 wig (wig), n. 1. Artifical covering of 
 hair for the head. 2. A judge, as wear- 
 ing a wig, in England. — wigged 
 (wigd), a. Wearing a wig.— Welsh wig % 
 worsted cap. [Short for periwig.] 
 
 wiggle(wig'l), vi. Wriggle.— wig'gler, 
 n. 1. One who or that which wiggles. 
 2. Larva of a mosquito. 
 
 wigwag (wig' wag). I. adv. To and fro. 
 
 II. vt. and vi. Move to and fro briskly. 
 
 III. n. 1. Act or art of signaling by 
 waving flags. 2. Flag or other imple- 
 ment used for signaling. 3. Message 
 sent by wigwagging. 
 
 Indian Wigwams. 
 
 wigwam (wig'wam), n. Indian tent; 
 tepee. [Corr. from N. Amer. Indian 
 phrase = in his house.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, faU, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note* not. mfive, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wild 
 
 685 
 
 winnow 
 
 wild (wild). I. a. 1. Being in a state 
 of nature; not tamed or cultivated; 
 uocivilized. 2. Desert; unsheltered. 3. 
 Violent. 4. Wayward; dissolute. 5. Ex- 
 cited and eager. 6. Indicating frenzy 
 or distraction. II. n. Uncultivated re- 
 gion.— wild'ly, adv.— wild'ness, n. 
 [A. S. wilde. Cf. Ger. wald, forest.] 
 
 wildcat (wild'kat), n. Small feline car- 
 nivore resembling the domestic cat. 
 
 wilderness (wil'der-nes), n. Unculti- 
 vated region. 
 
 wile(wll). I. n. Sly artifice. II. vt. 
 Hoodwink; entice. [A. S. wil.] 
 
 will (wil). I. n. 1. Power of choosing or 
 determining. 2. Choice made; deci- 
 sion; volition. 3. Desire; purpose. 4. 
 Disposition of one's effects at death. 5. 
 Written document containing such. 
 II. vi. and vt. 1. Wish; be determined 
 or ready. 2. As an auxiliary, it 
 serves to form the future tense. [A. S.] 
 
 willful (wil'fol), a. 1. Governed only 
 by one's will;' way wardly stubborn. 2. 
 Done or suffered by design; intention- 
 al -will'fully.adi. -will fulness.re. 
 
 willing (wiling), a. 1. Desirous; dis- 
 posed; ready. 2. Voluntary. — wil'- 
 lingly, adv.— wil lingiiess, n. 
 
 will-o'-the-wisp, n. Ignis fatuus. 
 
 willow (wil'o), n. 1. Tree of several spe- 
 cies, with slender, pliant branches. 2. 
 Machine for cleaning cotton, flax, etc., 
 by rotating a spiked drum. — wil- 
 lowy, a. Graceful ; drooping. [A. S. 
 wiUig. Low Ger. wilge.} 
 
 willy-nilly (wil'i-nil-i). I. adv. Wil- 
 lingly or unwillingly; whether or no. 
 II. a. Undecided; uncertain. [From 
 will and nill, will not,— A. S. nillan.] 
 
 wilt (wilt), 2dpers. sing, of will. 
 
 wilt (wilt), vi. and vt. Droop; fade; 
 cause to languish or droop. 
 
 wily (will), a. Full of tricks; crafty.— 
 wi'lily, adv.— wi'liness, n. 
 
 wimble (wim'bl). I. vt. Bore. H.n. Gim- 
 let. [Dan. vimmel, auger.] [and chin. 
 
 wimple (wim'pl), n. Hood for the head 
 
 win (win). I. vt. [win'ning; won (wun).] 
 
 1. Get by labor; gain in contest. 2. 
 Allure to kindness or consent. II. <i> 
 Gain the victory. [A. S. winnan, suf- 
 fer; struggle.] 
 
 wince (wins). I. vi. Shrink; start back. 
 II. n. A shrinking back. [From root 
 of wink. Ger. wanJcen, totter.] 
 
 wince (wins), n. Hand-reel; winch 
 
 winch (winch). I.w. 1. Crank. 2. Drum; 
 small windlass; wince. II. vt. Move by 
 means of a winch. [A. S. wince, bent 
 handle. rCf. Ger. winkel, angle.] 
 
 wind (wind). I. n. 1. Air in motion. 
 
 2. Breath. 3. Flatulence. II. vi. 1. Ex- 
 pose to the wind. 2. Dri\ e hai'd, so as 
 
 to put out of breath. 3. Allow to re- 
 cover breath. 4. Follow by scent. [A.S.J 
 
 wind (wind), vt. and vi. [winding; 
 wound (wownd).] 1. Turn; twist; coil. 
 2. Renew the motion of, as a watch.— 
 Wind up, settle. [A. S. windan.] 
 
 wind ( wmd or wind ), vt. and vi. 
 [winded.] Blow or sound, as a horn. 
 
 windlass ( wind'las ), n. Machine for 
 raising heavy weights, usually con- 
 sisting of a drum operated by radial 
 arms. [Low Ger. wmdels, winding of 
 a screw.] 
 
 windmill (wind'mil), n. Machine turn- 
 ed by the wind and furnishing motive 
 power, as for a flour-mill or pump. 
 
 window (win'do). I. n. 1. Opening in 
 the wall of a building for air and light. 
 
 2. Frame in the opening. II. vt. Furn- 
 ish with windows. [ Icel. vindauga — 
 vindr, wind, and auga, eye.] 
 
 windpipe (wind'-pip), n. Passage for 
 
 the breath to and from 
 
 the lungs. 
 windrow ( wind'r5 ), n. 
 
 Long ridge formed by or 
 
 as by the wind, as of hay 
 
 or trees. [act. 
 
 windup(wlnd'up), a. Final 
 windward (wind'ward). 
 
 1. adv. Toward where the 
 wind blows from. II. a. 
 Toward the wind. III. n. 
 Point from which the wind blows. 
 
 windy ( windl ), a. 1. Consisting of 
 wind; resembling the wind. 2. Full 
 of wind; tempestuous, as the weather. 
 
 3. Exposed to wind. 4. Airlike; gar- 
 rulous; empty; unsubstantial. 5. 
 Affected with flatulence. 
 
 wine (win), n. 1. Fermented juice of 
 the grape. 2. Any similar beverage. 
 [A. S. win.] 
 
 wing (wing). I. n. 1. Organ of a bird, 
 or other animal or insect, by which it 
 flies. 2. Flight. 3. Any side part. II. 
 vt. 1. Furnish or transport with wings. 
 
 2. Wound in the wing, f Sw. winge. 
 Ger. schwmge. Cf. swing.] 
 
 wink (wingk). I. vi. 1. Move the eye- 
 lids quickly. 2. Give a hint by wink- 
 ing. 3. Connive (at). II. n. 1. Act of 
 winking; moment. 2. Hint given by 
 winking. — wink'er, n. 1. One who 
 winks. 2. Blinder for a horse. 3. Eye- 
 lash. [A. S. wincian.] 
 
 winning- (wining). La. 1. Attracting. 
 2. Successful in competition. II. n. 
 (usually pi.) What is gained in con- 
 test, labor, etc. — win'ning-ly, adv. 
 
 winnow (win'o). I. vt. and vi. Sepa- 
 rate the chaff from the grain by wind; 
 separate bad from good. [A. S. win- 
 dwian, expose to the wind.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 
 
winsome 
 
 686 
 
 Witty 
 
 winsome (win' sum), a. Cheerful; gay; 
 pleasing. [A. S. wynsum,—wyn, joy. 
 Ger. wonne.] 
 
 winter (win'ter). I. n. The cold season 
 of the year. II. vi. Pass the winter. 
 III. vt. Peed during winter. [A. S.] 
 
 winze (winz), n. Excavation in mines 
 for ventilation and other purposes. 
 
 wipe (wip). I. vt. Clean or dry with 
 something soft. II. n. Wiping. — wi'- 
 per, n. 1. One who or that which 
 wipes. 2. Cam pushing against an- 
 other part of an engine with a wiping 
 motion, giving it a reciprocating mo- 
 tion. (A. S. wipian,] 
 
 wire (wir). I. n. Thread of metal. II. 
 vt. 1. Apply wire to. 2. Put upon a 
 wire. 3. Snare by means of a wire. 4. 
 Send by telegraph. — wiry, a. 1. 
 Made of or like wire. 2. Flexible and 
 strong. [A. S. wir.] 
 
 wireless telegraphy, n. System of 
 sending messages through the air 
 without the aid of wire or the like. 
 
 wisdom (wiz'dum), n. Knowledge and 
 
 discretion ; judgmen t.— wisdom- 
 
 tooth, n. Third human molar, ap- 
 
 pearingabout the twentieth year. [A. S.] 
 
 Syn. Prudence; sagacity; erudition. 
 
 wise (wlz), a. 1. Knowing and saga- 
 cious. 2. D i c t a t e d by wisdom.— 
 wisely, adv. (A. S. wis.] \wise.] 
 
 wise (wlz), n. Way ; manner. [A. S. 
 
 wiseacre (wiz'a-ker), n. 1. One who 
 pretends to wisdom; simpleton. [Ger. 
 weissager, prophet.] 
 
 wish (wish). I. vt. 
 andvi. Desire; long. 
 II. n. 1. Longing; 
 desire. 2. Thing 
 desired. 3. Request. 
 — wisher, n. [A. 
 S. wyscan.] 
 
 wish y-w ashi 
 ( wish'i-wosh-i ), a. 
 Diluted; thin; pale; 
 forceless; feeble. 
 
 wisp ( wisp ), n. 1. 
 Small bundle of 
 straworhay. Small 
 broom. [Akin to 
 
 WHISK.] 
 
 wist (wist), pa. t. of 
 
 wit. Knew. [A. S. 
 
 wiste.] 
 wistaria (wis-ta/- 
 
 ri-a), n. Climbing 
 
 plant with fine 
 
 purplish flowers 
 
 in pendent ra- 
 cemes. 
 wistful (wist'fol), a. 1 
 
 2. Eager.— wist'fully 
 
 Thoughtful. 
 adv. — wist'- 
 
 f illness, n. [Prom wishful ] 
 
 wit (wit), vt. andm. Know.— To wit, that 
 is to say. [A. S. witan. Ger. wissen.] 
 
 wit (wit), n. 1. Understanding; men- 
 tal faculty. 2. Power of combining 
 ideas with a pleasing effect, or of 
 quickly perceiving hidden analogies 
 or relations between ideas apparently 
 incongruous or unrelated. 3. One 
 who has wits.— The five wits, the five 
 senses. [A. S.witt,— witan.] 
 
 Syn. Satire; sarcasm; humor; in- 
 genuity; irony; burlesque. 
 
 witch (wich). I.n.l. Sorceress. 2. Ugly, 
 malignant woman; hag; crone, 3. 
 Fascinating woman. II. vt. Bewitch; 
 affect by magic — witch'cr aft, 
 witch'ery, ns. The practices or pow- 
 ers of witches ; sorcery. [A. S. wicce.] 
 
 witch-hazel (wich'ha-zl), n. 1. Kind 
 of mountain elm; wych-elm. 2. Small 
 tree, the leaves and bark of which are 
 popularly believed to have great me- 
 dicinal value. 3. Ointment made from 
 this tree. [From witch and hazel.] 
 
 with (with), prep. Against; among; by; 
 beside; etc. [A. S. wid, against. Ger. 
 wider.] [prep. With. 
 
 withal (with-aY), I. adv. Likewise. II. 
 
 withdraw (w'i£A-dra'), vt. and vi. Draw 
 back ; recall.— withdrawal, n. 
 
 withe, with (with). I. n. 1. Flexible 
 twig, as of willow. II. vt. Bind with 
 withes. [ A. S . widhig. Ger. weide , willow. ] 
 
 wither (with'er), vi. and vt. Fade; 
 shrivel; decay; dry; waste. [A. S. 
 wedrian. Akin to weather.] 
 
 withers ( wi^'erz ), n. pi. Ridge be- 
 tween the shoulder bones of a horse, 
 where the mane begins. [Yvova wither, 
 against, because at that spot the 
 horse's body pushes against the collar, 
 (See etymology of with, prep.)] 
 
 withhold ( wi^-hold'). I. vt. Hold or 
 keep back. II. vi. Refrain; abstain. 
 
 within (wi^-in'). I. adv. Inwardly; in 
 in the house. II. prep. In the limits 
 of; not exceeding ; inside. . 
 
 without (wiM-owf). l.adv. Outwardly; 
 out of doors. II. prep. 1. On the out- 
 side of. 2. Not with. III. conj. Unless. 
 
 withstand (wi^-stand'), vt. Resist. 
 
 witling- (wit'ling), n. One pretending 
 to wit; would-be wit. 
 
 witness (wit'nes). I. n. 1. Testimony; 
 evidence. 2. One who has personal 
 knowledge of a thing. 3. One who 
 attests. II. vt. and vi. See; give testi- 
 mony to; attest. [A. S. — wit, know.] 
 
 witticism(wit'issizm),w. Witty remark. 
 
 witticize (wit'i-sis), vi. Indulge in 
 facetious speeches. 
 
 wittingly (wit'ing-li), adv. Knowingly. 
 
 witty (wit'i), a. Possessed of wit; droll. 
 — wit'tily, adv.— wit'tiness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wive 
 
 687 
 
 wordy 
 
 Wolverene. 
 
 wive (wiv), vt. and vi. 1. Supply with 
 a wife. 2. Take a wife, or for a wife. 
 
 wives, pi. of wife. 
 
 wizard (wiz'ard), n. 1. Wise man. 2. 
 Magician. [From wise and suffix -ard.] 
 
 wo, woe (wo), 7i. 1. Grief; calamity. 2. 
 Curse. Often used to predict disaster 
 or in pronouncing a curse, as in woe 
 to the liar.— woe-begone(wo'be-gan), 
 a. Beset with woe.— wo'fal, woe- 
 fill, as. Soi'rowful; wretched.— wo'- 
 ftilly, adv.— wo fulness, n. [A. S. 
 (inter j.) xoa. Get-, wehe.] 
 
 wold (w51d), n. 1. Hilly tract of upland. 
 2. Forest. [From A. S. weald, wood.] 
 
 wolf (wolf), n. [pi. wolves.] 1. Wild, ra- 
 pacious animal of the dog kind. 2. 
 The destructive larva of some beetles 
 and moths, as the bee-wolf. 3. Starva- 
 tion.— wolf ish, a. [A. S. wulf.) 
 
 wolf rani (wolfram), n. 1. A blackish 
 opaque mineral, iron-mangauese 
 tung-state; wolframite. 2. Tungsten. 
 fGer.— wulf, wolf, and rahm, cream.] 
 
 wolverene, wol- 
 verine (wol'ver- 
 en) , n. North 
 American glut- 
 too, noted for its 
 rapacity and cun- 
 ning. — Wolverene 
 State, Michigan. 
 
 woman (wom'an), [pi. women (wim'- 
 en).] 1. Femaie of man. 2. Women 
 collectively. 3. Womanly character; 
 womanliness. 4. Female attendant.— 
 womanhood, n. 1. Womanly state, 
 character or qualities. 2. Woman 
 kind-womanish, a. Feminine, 
 in an disparaging sense ; effeminate.— 
 womanishly, adv.— womanish- 
 ness, n.— wom'anltind, n. All the 
 women. — wom'anlike, a. — wom'- 
 anly, a. Like a woman; feminine. — 
 womanliness, n. [A. S. wimman— 
 wifmann—wif, wife, and mann, man.] 
 
 womb (worn), n. Organ in which the 
 young of mammals are developed, 
 and kept till birth. [A. S. wamb. Ger. 
 tvamme, paunch.] 
 
 women (wim'en), n. pi. of woman. 
 
 won (win). Pa. t. and pa. p. of win. 
 
 wonder (wun'der). I. n. 1. State of 
 mind produced by something new, un- 
 expected or extraordinary. 2. Strange 
 thing; prodigy. II. vi. 1. Feel wonder; 
 be amazed. 2. Have a curiosity as 
 to.— wonderment, n. [A.S. wundor.] 
 
 wonderful (wun'der-fol), a. Exciting 
 wonder. — won'derfully, adv.— 
 won'derfulness, n. 
 
 Syn. Amaziug; curious; extraordi- 
 nary; marvelous; phenomenal; sur- 
 prising; astonishing; admirable. 
 
 wondrous (wun'drus), a. Wonderful. 
 wont (wont). 1. a. Accustomed. II. n. 
 
 Habit. III. vt. Be accustomed. [A. S. 
 
 ivoiied—ivunian, dwell. Ger. wohuen] 
 won't (wont), n. Will not. 
 woo (wo), vt. and vi. Court.— woo'er, 
 
 n. [A. S. wogian, try to incline.] 
 wood (wpd). I. n. 1. Solid part of trees. 
 
 2. Trees cut or sawed. 3. Forest. II. 
 vt. Supply wood to. [A. S. wudu.\ 
 
 woodbine (wod'bln), n. 1. Honey- 
 suckle. 2. Virginia creeper. 
 
 woodchnek (wod'chuk), n. American 
 marmot; ground-hog; very destruc- 
 tive ' to crops. [From Am. Indian 
 wejack, pekan.] 
 
 woodcraft (wod'kraft), n. 1. Know- 
 ledge and skill'gained by living in the 
 woods. 2. The lumbering-business. 
 
 woodcut (wod'kut), n. 1. Engraving 
 cut on wood. 2. Impression from it. 
 
 wooded (wod'ed), a. Supplied or cov- 
 ered with wood. [Clumsy; stupid. 
 
 wooden (wod'n), a. 1. Made of wood. 2. 
 
 woodman (wod'man), n. 1. Man who 
 cuts down trees. 2. Forest officer. 3. 
 Huntsman. 
 
 woodpecker ( wod'pek-er ), n. Bird 
 that pecks holes in the wood or bark 
 of trees, in search for insects. 
 
 woodruff (wod'ruf), n. Aromatic plant 
 with leaves in whorls or ruffs, used to 
 flavor May-wine. [A. S. wudurofe— 
 wudu, wood, and ruff, frill.] 
 
 woody (wod'i), a. 1.' Abounding with 
 wood or woods. 2. Consisting of wood, 
 
 3. Resembling or suggesting wood. 
 wooer(wo'er), n. One who wooes; lover. 
 woof(wof), n. Cross threads of a woven 
 
 fabric, laid by the shuttle; weft. 
 
 wool (wol), n. Soft, curly hair of sheep, 
 etc. — woolen, wool'len, as. Made 
 of wool. [A. S. wull ] 
 
 wool-gathering (wol'ga^-er-ing). I. 
 a. Indulging in idle fancies. II. n. 
 Fruitless quest; trivial or purpose- 
 less employment,as picking wool from 
 hedges; indulgence of idle fancies. 
 
 wooly (wol'i), a. 1. Consisting of, cov- 
 ered with, or like wool. 2. Not clear 
 or firm, as a husky voice or a vapor- 
 ous style of painting.— wool liness, 
 n. Being woolly in part or appearance ; 
 pubescence; flocculence. 
 
 word (wurd). I. n. 1. Oral or written 
 sign expressing an idea or notion. 2. 
 Message. 3. Command; signal. 4. 
 Promise: declaration. 5. (pi.) Verbal 
 contention. II. vt. Express in words. 
 [A. S.] 
 
 wording (wurd'ing), n. Act or style of 
 expressing in words ; words used. 
 
 wordy (wurd'i), a. Full of words: ver- 
 bal.— wordily, arff.-word'iness, n. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, vrolt; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wore 
 
 wrangle 
 
 wore (wor). pa. t. of wear. 
 
 work (wurk). I. n. 1. Effort directed 
 
 to an end; toil. 2. The results of any 
 
 efforts; product; fabric; composition; 
 
 etc. 3. That on which one works; 
 
 material; trade. 4. (pi.) Structures; 
 
 factory; running gear. 5. (pi.) Moral 
 
 acts as opposed to grace and faith. 
 
 II. vi. [working; worked or wrought 
 
 (rat).] 1. Make efforts; labor; toil. 2. 
 
 Be occupied in business or labor. 
 
 3. Produce effects; operate. 4. Strain. 
 
 5. Ferment. III. vt. 1. Make by labor. 
 
 2. Bring into any state by action. 3. 
 Give labor to. 4. Manage; solve. 5. 
 Cause to ferment. 6 Embroider. — 
 worker, n. [A. S. weorc. Ger. werk.} 
 
 workmanship ( wurk'man-ship ), n. 
 
 1. Skill of a workman. 2. Manner of 
 making. 3. Work done. 
 
 world (wurld), n. 1. Universe; crea- 
 tion. 2. The earth and its inhabitants. 
 
 3. Total of interest, views, etc. one 
 has. 4. Secular affairs of life. 5. 
 Human race. 6. Great deal.— world'- 
 ly,a.— world'liness, n. [A. S. = gen- 
 eration,— wer, man, and yield, age.] 
 
 worm (wurm). I.n. 1. Any small creep- 
 ing animal with very short legs or 
 without any. 2. Debased being. 3. 
 Secret agent of decay or destruction, 
 as remorse or sin. 4. Anything spiral 
 or similar to a worm, as the thread of 
 a screw. 5. Any zigzag winding, as of 
 a rail fence or a log road on a steep. 
 II. vi. Work slowly or secretly. III. 
 vt. 1. Insinuate (oneself) in as, or like, 
 a worm. 2. Effect by slow and secret 
 means. 3. (with out or from) Remove ; 
 draw. 4. Make smooth, as a rope, by 
 filling the groves between the strands. 
 -wormy, a. Containing a worm, 
 or many worms ; worm-eaten. 
 
 wormwood (wurm'wod), n. 1. Aro- 
 matic, bitter plant; absinthium. 2. 
 Bitterness ; affliction. [A. S. wer mod, 
 preserve the mind. From its reputed 
 medicinal virtues.] 
 
 worn {-wbvn),pa.p. of wear. 1. Affected 
 by attrition, as a rock or pavement. 
 
 2. Showing the results of wear, as a 
 garment, or of illness, as a body. 3. 
 Exhausted, as land or a portion of 
 time. 
 
 worry (wur'i). I. vt. [wor'rying; wor'- 
 ried.J 1. Seize by the throat ; tear with 
 the teeth. 2. Harass or vex, as with 
 care, importunity or persecution. II. 
 vi. 1. Be undulyanxious. 2. Be engaged 
 in biting, as dogs in fighting. III. n. 
 Undue solicitude; over-anxiety. [A. S. 
 wyrqan, strangle.] 
 
 Syn. Bother; plague; pester; tease: 
 disturb; annoy; afflict. See trouble. 
 
 worse (wurs), a. andada. (used as comp, 
 of bad). 1. Bad or evil in a greater 
 degree. 2. More sick. 3. Less ad- 
 vantageously situated. [A. S. wyrsa, 
 root in O. H. G. werran, confuse.] 
 
 worship (wur'ship). I. n. 1. Religious 
 homage; honor paid to God. 2. Similar 
 homage toward a person or thing held 
 high. 3. Title of honor. II. vt. and vi. 
 [worshiping; wor 'shiped (-shipt).] 
 Pay divine honors to; idolize; per- 
 form religious service.— worshiper , 
 n.— worshipful, a. Honorable. [A. 
 S. weorthscipe—weorth, worth.] 
 
 worst (wurst), [used as superl. of bad.] 
 
 1. a. and adv. Bad in the highest de- 
 gree. II. n. Most evil result, condition 
 or degree. II. vt. Defeat. [A. S. wyrsta, 
 superl. of wyrsa, worse.] 
 
 worsted(wost'edorworst'ed), n.l. Hard- 
 twisted thread or yarn spun out of 
 long, combed wool. 2. Light-twisted 
 woolen yarn for embroidery, etc. 3. 
 Alpaca or mohair wool used for mak- 
 ing braid. [— Worsted, (now Worstead), 
 a village near Norwich, in England] 
 
 wort (wurt), n. Plant; cabbage. [A. S- 
 wyrt. Ger. wurs, root.] 
 
 worth (wurth). I. n. Value. II. a. 1. 
 Equal in value to. 2. Deserving of . 3. 
 Rich to the amount of. [A. S. weorth. 
 Ger. wert.] 
 
 worthless (wurth'les), a. Of no value; 
 useless. — worthlessly, adv. — 
 worth'lessness, n. 
 
 worthy (wur'^i). I. a. 1. Valuable; 
 deserving. 2. Suitable for or adopted 
 to some specified thing. II. n. [pi. 
 wor'thies. ] 1. Man of eminent worth. 
 
 2. Man of local prominence. — wor'- 
 thily, adv.— worthiness, n. 
 
 wove, woven, pa. p. and p. of weave. 
 
 would (wod), pa. t. and subj. of will. — 
 would-be. I. a. Desiring or claiming 
 to be, as a would-be poet. II. n. Vain 
 pretender. [A. S. wolde.] 
 
 wonnd (wownd), pa. t. and pa. p. of 
 wind, turn. 
 
 wound (wbnd or wownd). I. n. 1. Injury 
 caused by violence, esp. one accom- 
 panied by a breaking of the skin and 
 flesh; cut; bruise. 2. Any injury or 
 cause of pain. II. vt. Inflict a wound 
 upon; injure. [A. S. wund.] 
 
 wrack (rak), n. 1. Seaweed drifted 
 ashore. 2._ Shipwreck. [See wreck.] 
 
 wraith (rath), n. 1. Apparition of 
 a living person, ominous of that per- 
 son' s death. 2. Any similar vision; 
 specter; ghost. [Etym. doubtful.] 
 
 wrangle (rang'l). I. vt. Dispute noisily; 
 squabble. II n. Noisy dispute. 
 
 Syn. Altercate; bicker; spar; cavil; 
 jangle; brawl; squabble; contend. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5te, not, move, wglf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
wrap 
 
 689 
 
 writhe 
 
 wrap (rap). I.vt. [wrap'ping; wrapped.] 
 
 I. Roll or fold together. 2. Envelop. 
 
 II. n. Wrapper, shawl; any covering. 
 [Corr.— M. E. wlappen. See lap.] 
 
 wrapper (rap'er), n. 1. One who or 
 that which wraps; cover. 2. Loose 
 outer garment of a woman. 
 
 wrath (rath ), n. 1. Fierce anger; indig- 
 nation. 2. Uncontrollable passion. — 
 wrath'y , a. [A. S. ivrcedh. See wroth.] 
 
 wrathful (rath'fol), a. Fuil or expres- 
 sive of wrath. — wrath'fully, adv. — 
 wrath'fnlness, n. 
 
 Syn. Angry: raging; incensed; im- 
 petuous; furious; indignant; irate; 
 exasperated; resentful; choleric; iras- 
 cible; passionate; hot; wrathy. 
 
 wreak (rek), vt. 1. Inflict, as a pun- 
 ishment or revenge. 2. Execute (itself), 
 as a wrath or enthusiasm, upon. [A. 
 S. wrecaa, urge; revenge. Ger. raechen.] 
 
 wreath (reth), n. 1. Twisted circular 
 form; garland. 2. Any twisted or 
 curled band, as of smoke. [A. S. 
 wraedh—wridhan, twist.] 
 
 wreathe (veth). I. vt. 1. Form into a 
 circular or spiral, twisted band, as 
 flowers or ribbons. 2. Form out of 
 such material, as a garland. 3. In- 
 fold or entwine with or as with a 
 wreath. II. vi. Take the form of a 
 wreath; curl; entwine. 
 
 wreck (rek).'I. n. 1. Destruction. 2.Thnt 
 which remains after destruction. 3. 
 Vessel disabled. 4. Goods or ma- 
 terial cast ashore. 5. Wrack. II. 
 vt. Destroy; shipwreck. — wreck'- 
 inff-car, n. Railway -car fitted up 
 with powerful tackle, etc., for remov- 
 ing heavy obstacles from tracks. [A. S. 
 wrcec, misery, — wrecan, drive, banish.] 
 Syn. Ruin; havoc; debris; rubbish; 
 destruction; remains. 
 
 wreckage (rek'aj), n. 1. Wrecking or 
 being wrecked." 2. Ruins or remains 
 of a wrecked ship or cargo. 
 
 wrecker (rek'er), n. 1. One who plun- 
 ders, or works upon, the wrecks of 
 ships. 2. One who causes ships to be 
 wrecked. 3. Vessel employed by wreck- 
 wren (ren), n. Small in- 
 sectivorous singing 
 bird easily tamed. [A. 
 S. wrenna] 
 
 wrench ( rench ). I. vt. 
 1. Pull with a twist. 2. 
 Force by violence. 3. 
 Injure by twisting; 
 sprain. II. n. 1. Vio- 
 lent twist. 2. Sprain. 
 3. Instrument for turn- 
 ing nuts or bolts, etc. [A. S. wrencan. 
 Ger. renken. Akin to wring.] 
 
 wrest (rest). I. vt. 1. Extort by force. 
 2. Twist from truth, or from its nat- 
 ural meaning. II. n. Violent twis - 
 ing; distortion.— wrest'er, n. [A. S. 
 wraestan.] 
 
 wrestle (res'l). I. vi. Contend by grap- 
 pling and trying to throw the other 
 down; struggle. II. n. Bout at wrest- 
 ling.— wrest'ler, n. [A. S. wraestlian. 
 Akin to wrest.] 
 
 wretch (rech), n. 1. Miserable person. 
 2. One sunk in vice; despicable per- 
 son.— wretched, a. 1. Very miser- 
 able ; sorrowful ; dejected ; melan- 
 choly. 2. Worthless; vile; despicable. 
 — wretchedly, adv.— wretched- 
 ness, n. State of being wretched. 
 [A. S. xorecca, outcast. See wreck. | 
 
 wriggle (rig'l), vt. and vi. Twist to 
 and fro; squirm. — wriggler, n. 1. 
 One who, or that which wriggles. 2. 
 Lively larva, as of the mosquito, in 
 stagnant water. [Ger. wriggeln.] 
 
 wright (rit), n. Maker; worker, as a 
 wheelwright, millwright, etc. [A. S. 
 wyrhta—weorcan, work.] 
 
 wring (ring), vt. [wring'ing; wrung. [ 
 
 1. Twist; twist in the hands. 2. Strain 
 or break by twisting. 3. Torture. 4. 
 Force out by twisting; squeeze out 
 the water from.— wring'er, n. 1. One 
 who wrings ; extortioner. 2. Clothes- 
 wringer. [A. S. wringan. Ger. ringen.] 
 
 wrinkle (ring'kl). I. n. 1. Small ridge 
 or furrow; crease; corrugation. 2. 
 Fad; notion. II. vt. and«i. Contract 
 into wrinkles or furrows; roughen.— 
 wrinkly, a. [A. S. wrincle.\ 
 
 wrist (rist), n. Joint between the hand 
 and the arm.— wristband, n. Part 
 of the sleeve covering the wrist. [A.S.] 
 
 writ (rit), n. 1. Writing. 2. Written 
 mandatory order under seal, issued 
 by a court, by which one is summoned 
 or requested to do somethiug.— Holy 
 Writ, the Scriptures.— Writ of execu- 
 tion, writ commanding a judgment to 
 be executed. 
 
 write (rit). I. vi. 1. Form letters, etc., 
 with a pen or pencil. 2. Do writing, as 
 a clerk, author, correspondent, etc. 
 II. vt. 1. Enter; note down. 2. Express 
 or carry our. in writing. 3. Tell or 
 designate by writing. 4. Compose. 5. 
 Cover with writing.— wri'ter, n. 1. 
 One who or a machine which writes. 
 
 2. Book of directions for writing, as 
 a letter-writer. (A. S. writan y scratch, 
 score. Ger. reiszen, draw.] 
 
 writhe (rlth). I. vt. and vi. Turn to and 
 fro as from great bodily pain; twist 
 violently. II. n. Contortion caused 
 by pain, f A. S. wridkan, twist. Akin 
 to wreath.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
writing: 
 
 690 
 
 xyster 
 
 writing (ri'ting), n. 1. Act of forming 
 
 letters, etc. 2. That which is written ; 
 written instrument. 3. Handwriting. 
 
 written, pa. p. of white. 
 
 wrong- (rang). I. a. and adv. 1. Not 
 according to rule or right. 2. Not ac- 
 cording to fact, desire, or purpose. 
 3. In error. II. n. 1. Wrongfulness; 
 error. 2. Violation of duty or pro- 
 priety. 3. Injury. HI. vi. Injure; 
 treat unjustly.— wrong'ly, adv. [A. 
 S. vjrang, crookedness. See wring.] 
 Syn. Disordered; perverse; awry; 
 amiss; erroneous; improper; mis- 
 taken; faulty; incorrect; unfit; in- 
 apposite; immoral; unfair; unjust. 
 
 wrongfully(rang'fol-i), a. Wrong; un- 
 just.— wroug'fully, fldt).-wrong'« 
 fulness, n. Injustice; iniquity. 
 
 wrote (rot), pa. t. of write. 
 
 wroth (rath), a. Wrathful. [A. S. 
 
 wradh, t w i s t ed. 
 
 See WREATH.] 
 wrought (rat), 
 
 pa.t. and pa. p. 
 
 of work. [A. S. 
 
 worhte, ge-worht. ] 
 wrung (rung), p. t. 
 
 andp.p. of wring. 
 wry(ri).«. Twisted 
 
 or turned to one 
 
 side. — wry'ly, 
 
 flrf».-wry'nes§,w. 
 
 [Prom root of writhe.] 
 wryneeh (rl'nek), n. 1. Twisted neck. 
 
 2. Small bird, allied to the wood- 
 pecker, which twists round its head 
 
 strangely when surprised. 
 
 Wryneck. 
 
 grina] x (eks), n. Twenty-fourth letter ] 
 m M of Llie E^isb alphabet. At the 
 Va^ beginning of a word it has the 
 OLJI sound of Z. In some cases it is 
 =gz, sonant, esp. in an unac- 
 cented syllable before an accented 
 one, as in exert, exact. Otherwise it 
 is = ks. [thic acid. 
 
 xanthate (zan'ihat), n. Salt of xan- 
 xanthic (zan'thik), a. Tending toward 
 a yellow color. — Xanthic acid, acid 
 consisting of bisulphate of carbon 
 water, and oxide of ethyl, or ether. 
 
 Man's hand'as seen under the X-ray. 
 
 xawtheine (zan'the-in), n. Yellow col- 
 oring matter in certain plants, as 
 madder. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.] 
 
 Xanthoehroi (zan-thok'ro-i), n. pi. 
 The fair whites, one of the five groups 
 of men, according to Huxley. [Gr.] 
 
 xanthous (zan'thus), a. 1. Relating to 
 rhe Mongolian or yellow races. 2. 
 Relating to the yellow-haired tribes, 
 as the Scandinavians and Teutons. 
 
 xebec (ze'bek), n. Small three-masted 
 vessel, with both square and lateen 
 sails, much used by the former cor- 
 sairs of Algiers. [Sp.— Turk, sumbaki.] 
 
 senium (ze'ni-um), n. [pi. xenia (ze'- 
 ni-a).] Present given to a guest. [L.] 
 
 xenon (ze'non), n. Most rarified gas 
 in the atmosphere, also found in ura- 
 nium, a newly discovered metal. 
 
 xerosis (ze-ro'sis), n. Abnormal, harsh 
 dryness of a part of the skin or of a 
 mucous membrane. [Gr. xeros, dry.] 
 
 xiphoid (zif'oid), a. Sword-shaped. 
 [Gr. xiphos, sword, and eidos, form.] 
 
 Xuias. Abbreviation for Christmas. 
 
 X-rays (eks'raz), n. Same as roent- 
 gen rays. See cut in other column. 
 
 xylography (zi-log'ra-fi), n. Art of 
 engraving on wood. — x y 1 o g'r a- 
 pher, n. — xylograph'ic, a. [Gr. 
 xylon. wood, and grapho, write.] 
 
 xylophone (zi'lo-fon), n. Musical 
 instrument, 
 consisting 
 of a gradu- 
 ated* series 
 of wooden 
 
 bars and Xylophone, 
 
 sounded by 
 
 means of small wooden hammers. 
 [Gr. xylon, wood, and phone, voice.] 
 
 xylopyrography (zi-lo-pi rog'ra-fl), 
 n. Art or process of producing a pic- 
 ture on wood by charring it with a 
 hot iron. [Gr. xylon, wood, pyr, fire, 
 and grapho, write.] 
 
 xyst (zist), xystos (zis'tus), n. Long 
 narrow court, used for athletic pur- 
 poses. [Gr. xystos, scraped smooth.] 
 
 xyster (zis'ter), n. Surgeon's instru- 
 ment for scraping bones. [Gr. — xyo, 
 scrape.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, \.^lf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
691 
 
 yeast 
 
 Yak. 
 
 ["West Ind. ihame.\ 
 , 1. Citizen of New 
 
 H~ y (wl), n. Twenty-fifth letter of 
 the English alphabet. It is a 
 consonent before a vowel ; other 
 wise it is a vowel. 
 yacht (yot), n. Light swift-sail- 
 ing vessel. — yactat'er, n. One en- 
 gaged in sailing a yacht. — yacht'- 
 ing, n. Sailing in a yacht. [Dut. jagt 
 —jagen, chase] 
 
 yak. (yak), n. 
 Large kind of 
 ox, domesticat- 
 ed in central 
 Asia. 
 
 yam ( yam ), n. 
 Plant with a 
 large root like 
 the potato, 
 growing in 
 tropical countries. 
 
 Yankee (yang'ke),i 
 England. 2. Native of the United 
 States. [Origin uncertain. Possibly- 
 Indian pronunciation of anglais, the 
 French word for English.] 
 
 yard (yard), n. 1. Measure of 3 feet 
 or 36 inches. 2. Long beam on a mast 
 for spreading square sails. [A. S. gyrd, 
 rod. Gr. gerte.] 
 
 yard (yard), n. Inclosed place, esp. near 
 a building. [A. S. geard. Ger. garten.] 
 
 yard-arm (yard'-arm), n. Either half 
 of a ships yard (right or left) from the 
 center to tbe end. 
 
 yard-stick (yard'stik), n. Stick or 
 rod 3 feet in length, used as a measure 
 of cloth, etc. [stick. 
 
 yard-wand (yard'-wond), n. Yard- 
 
 yare (yar), a. and adv. 1. Ready; quick; 
 dexterous; eager. 2. Easily wrought; 
 answering quickly to the helm. — 
 yare'ly, adv. Readily; skillfully. [A. 
 S. gearu. Ger. gar. prepared, ready; 
 thoroughly cooked. [ 
 
 yarn (yarn). I. n. 1. Spun thread. 2. 
 One of the threads of a rope. 3. Sail- 
 or's story, either marvelousor untrue 
 or long spun out. II. vi. Tell a yarn 
 or yarns. [A. _S. gearn. Ger. gam.) 
 
 yarrow (yar'o), n. Aromatic plant 
 used for brewing beer; milfoil. [A. S. 
 geartve. Ger. garbe.\ 
 
 yasbmak (yash'mak), n. Double veil 
 worn by Turkish women in public. 
 [Turk.] 
 
 yataghan (yat'a-gan), n. Turkish 
 sword, usually curved and without a 
 guard. [move from side to side. 
 
 yaw (ya), vt. and vi. Go unsteadily; 
 
 yawl (yal), vi. Yell; howl, as a cat. 
 [Imitative.] 
 
 yawl (yal), n. 1. Small sloop-rigged ves- 
 sel with an additional jigger-mast. 2. 
 Small ship's boat; jollyboat. [Dut.joZ.] 
 
 yawn (yan). I. vi. l.Open the jaws wide, 
 as from' sleepiness, with a deep in- 
 spiration, and after a pause, a slow 
 expiration; gape. 2. Stand wide open, 
 like a chasm. II. n. Opening of the 
 mouth from drowsiness. [A. S. ganian, 
 gaenan. Ger. gaehnen.] 
 
 yclad (i-klad'), pa. p. Clad; clothed 
 [Obsolete or archaic. M. E. prefix y, 
 (—A. S. ge-), and clad, pa. p. of A. S. 
 clathian, clothe.] 
 
 yclept or yclened (i-klepf), pa. p. 
 Called. [Obsolete or archaic. M. E. 
 prefix y, (—A. S. ge-) and clept, pa. p. 
 of clypian, call.] 
 
 ye (ye),prov. Nominative plural of the 
 second person. Now superseded by 
 you. [A. S. gi. Low Ger. ji. Dut. gij] 
 
 ye (the or incorrectly ye), def. article. 
 [Old form of spelling the, the O. E. 
 character for th resembling a y or p.] 
 
 yea (ya). I. adv. Yes; verily; more- 
 over. II. n. Affirmative vote. [A. S. 
 gea. See yes.] 
 
 yean (yen), vt. Bring forth (young).— 
 yean'ling-, n. Young of sheep or 
 goats. [A. S. eanian.] 
 
 year (yer), n. 1. Time during which the 
 earth makes one revolution around 
 the sun. 2. Time of revolution of any 
 planet. 3. Period of 365, or, in a 
 leap year, 366 days. 4. pi. Period of 
 life; age. [A. S. gear. Gev.jahr.) 
 
 yearbook (yer'bok), n. 1. Book giving 
 facts about the year. 2. Book pub- 
 lished yearly, stating the change,s in 
 statistics, personnel, etc. [old. 
 
 yearling (yer'ling), n. Animal a year 
 
 yearly (yer'li). I. a. 1. Happening 
 every year. 2. Lasting a year. II. adv. 
 
 I. Once a year. 2. From year to year. 
 yearn (yern), vi. Feel a desire.— 
 
 yearn'ing 1 . I. n. Earnest desire; 
 strong feeling; tenderness or pity. 
 
 II. a. Longing.— yearn'ingly, adv. 
 [A. S. giernan. Cf. Ger. be-gehren, de- 
 sire, and gem, with pleasure.] 
 
 yeast (yest), n. 1. Froth or sediment of 
 malt liquors in alcoholic fermenta- 
 tion. It consists 
 of minute cells, 
 each cell being a 
 distinct plant, pro- 
 ducing new cells. 
 The fermentation 
 induced by yeast 
 produces alcohol 
 and carbon dioxid. 
 In bread the carbon 
 dioxid causes poro- 
 sity, while the alco- 
 hol evaporates. 2. 
 Preparation which raises dough for 
 bread. — yeast'y, a. Like yeast ; 
 
 Yeast 
 under a microscope. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, f$ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, vfq\t\ 
 WUte, but, bvjrn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
yell 
 
 692 
 
 yore 
 
 frothy; foamy. [A. S. gist.'Gev. gaescht, 
 gischt, — root of gas, signifying boil, 
 seethe.] 
 
 yell (yel). I. vi. Cry out with a sharp 
 noise; scream from pain or terror. 
 II. n. Sharp outcry ; esp. a cry pecu- 
 liar to a class or body of students. 
 fA. S. gellan.] 
 
 yellow (yel'o). I. a. Of a color like that 
 of gold, butter, etc. II. n. 1. Bright 
 golden color; the hue between orange 
 and green in the rainbow. 2. Yolk of 
 an egg. 3. (pi.) Jaundice.— yel'low- 
 ness, n.— Yellow fever, malignant con- 
 tagious febrile disease, indigenous 
 chiefly to the West Indies, and the 
 borders of the Gulf of Mexico. It is 
 attended with yellowness of the skin, 
 and is spread by mosquitos.— Yellow 
 jacket, in China, a jacket of yellow 
 color worn as an insignia of royalty 
 or high rank. [A. S. geolu. Ger. gelb.] 
 
 yellowish (yel'6-ish), a. Somewhat 
 yellow.— yellowish ness, n. 
 
 yellow-jacket (yel'o-jak-et), n. Wasp 
 with a painful sting. 
 
 yellowlegs (yel'6-legz), n. Grallato- 
 rial bird of the Atlantic coast, U. S.; 
 yellow shanks. 
 
 yellows (yel'oz), n. 1. Disease of peach- 
 trees, etc. 2 Jaundice. [S. gealp.] 
 
 yelp (yelp), vi. Utter a sharp bark. [A. 
 
 yen (yen), n, Japanese monetary unit, 
 represented by a gold and a silver 
 coin of the value of a dollar. 
 
 yeoman (yo'man), n. 1. In England, 
 man of common rank next below a 
 gentleman ; man of small landed 
 estate; wealthy farmer. 2. In the U. S. 
 navy, petty officer having charge of 
 stores. — Yeoman's service, efficient 
 assistance in an emergency. — yeo'- 
 manry, n. 1. Collective body of yeo- 
 men or freeholders. 2. Status of a yeo- 
 man. [O. Fris. gaman, villager — ga, 
 village, district. (Ger. gau), and man.] 
 
 yes (yes), adv. Expresses affirm? / a or 
 consent. [A. S. gese—gea, yea, und se 
 (torsie, si), be it.] 
 
 yester (yes'ter), a. Relating to yester- 
 day; last. [A. S. gistran, yesterday. 
 Ger. gestem.] 
 
 yesterday (yes'ter-da). I. n. The day 
 last past. II. adv. On the day preced- 
 ing this day. [morning of yesterday. 
 
 yestermorn ( yes'ter-marn ), it. The 
 
 yesternight (yes'ter-nitj; adv. On the 
 night last past. 
 
 yet (yet). I. adv. 1. At the present 
 time. 2. In addition; still; besides. 
 3. In continuance of a state; still; 
 again. 4. At some future time. 5. 
 Up to the present time; hitherto. 6. 
 In spite of that; nevertheless; at 
 
 Yew-branch. 
 
 least; at any rate; however. II. conj. 
 Nevertheless; however. [A. S. git. 
 Ger. jetzt, now.] 
 
 yew (yo), n. Long- 
 lived evergreen 
 tree, allied to the 
 pines, with a ber- 
 ry-like fruit, pois- 
 onous leaves, 
 and very fine- 
 grained, heavy and 
 elastic wood ; 
 taxus. Also used in 
 ornamen tallied ges. 
 [A. S. iw. Ger. eibe.] 
 
 Yiddish (yid'ish). I. 
 a. Pertaining to a 
 Jew or Yid. II. n. A corrupted form 
 of Hebrew. [From Ger. juedisch*.] 
 
 yield (yeld). I. vt. 1. Pay; reward. 2. 
 Yield in return, as for labor per- 
 formed or capital invested. 3. Pro- 
 duce; emit; give. 4. Give up; sur- 
 render. II. vi. 1. Produce. 2. Submit; 
 give away; assent. III. n. 1. Act of 
 yielding. 2. That which is yielded; 
 growth; product.— Yield up the ghost. 
 die.— yielding-. I. a. Disposed to 
 yield. II. n. The act of one who yields; 
 surrender. [A. S. geldan. Ger. gelten, 
 be worth] 
 
 Syn. Return, bear; furnish; grant; 
 relinquish; concede; surrender; obey. 
 
 — yl, suffix. Denotes a radical, as ethyl, 
 the radical of ethylic alcohol. 
 
 y-lang* y-lang (e-lang' e-lang), n. A 
 perfume obtained from the flowers of 
 a Malayan tree. [Malay, = flower of 
 flowers.] 
 
 yodel (yo'dl). I. vi. and vt. Sing with fre- 
 quent changes to and from the ordi- 
 nary voice to falsetto, after the man- 
 ner of the Tyrolese and Swiss moun- 
 taineers. II. n. Kind of warbling with 
 such quick changes. [Ger. jodeln ] 
 
 yo-ho (yo-ho'), interj. A cry to attract 
 attention. 
 
 yoke (yok). I. n. 1. Frame of wood 
 joining oxen for drawing. 2. Any 
 similar frame, as one for carrying 
 pails. 3. Mark of servitude. 4 Pair ; 
 couple. II. vt. 1. Put a yoke on. 2. 
 Join together. 3. Enslave; confine. 
 III. vi. Go along with. [A. S. ioc] 
 
 yokel (yo'kl), n. Country bumpkin. 
 
 yolk (yolk or yok), yelk (yelk), n. The 
 yellow part of an egg. [A. S. geolca— 
 geolo, yellow. 
 
 yon (yon), yonder (yon'der). I. adv. 
 At a distance within view. II. d. 
 Being at a distance within view. [A. 
 S. geon. Cf. Ger. jener.] 
 
 yore (yor), n. Long ago. [From A. S. 
 gear a of years,— gear, year.] 
 
 fate, fat, tadk, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSve, YHflt; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
yotaeism 
 
 693 
 
 zendik 
 
 yotacism (yo'ta-sizm), n. The pro- 
 nunciation of y" after and with s, r or 
 I, as in million. 
 
 you (yo), 2d pers. pron. pi., also used as 
 sing. [Orig. only an objective case. A. 
 S. eow. O. Ger. iu. Ger. euch. See ye. ] 
 
 young (yung). I. a. 1. Not long born ; 
 in early life; in the first part of 
 growth. 2. Inexperienced. II. n. Off- 
 spring. [A. S. geong. Ger. jung.] 
 
 youngish (yung'ish), a. Somewhat 
 young. [son; lad. 
 
 youngster (yung'ster), n. Young per- 
 
 younker ( yung'ker ), n. Same as 
 youngster. [Dut. jonker — jonkheer, 
 young master. Ger. junker.} 
 
 your (y or), pronominal a. Belonging to 
 you. [A. S. eower. See you.] 
 
 yours (yorz), pronominal a. Your, not 
 followed by a noun. [self or person. 
 
 yourself (yor-self), pron. Your own 
 
 youth (yoth), n. 1. State of being 
 young. 2. Early life. 3. Young person, 
 esp. a young man. 4. Young persons 
 taken together. [A. S. geogudh— geong, 
 young. Ger. jugend.] 
 
 youthful (yoth'fol), a. 1. Pertaining 
 to youth or early life. 2. Young. 3 
 Suitable to youth; fresh; buoyant; 
 vigorous.— youthfully , adv.— 
 youth'fulness; n. 
 Syn. Boyish; juvenile; puerile. 
 
 ytterbium (it-ter'bi-um), n. A rare 
 element. [From Ytterby in Sweden.] 
 
 yttrium fit'ri-um), n. A rare element, 
 discovered by its spectrum, like ytter- 
 bium. [Prom Ytterby in Sweden.] 
 
 Tule (yol), n. Christmas. — Yule log, 
 large block of wood, brought into the 
 room on Xmas eve with great cere- 
 mony and burnt on the hearth. [A. S. 
 geol, giul, iul. Origin uncertain.] 
 
 z (ze or, in England, zed), n. The 
 last letter of the English alpha- 
 bet. It is a voiced sibilant, soft *. 
 zaffre (zaf 'er), n. Impure oxide 
 of cobalt, which gives a beauti- 
 ful blue. [Sp. zafe, of Arabic origin.] 
 
 ZH'i prefix. Used in modern scientific 
 terms to denote "exceedingly." [Gr.] 
 
 zaim (za'im), n. Turkish chief or leader. 
 
 zander (zan'der), n. European pike- 
 perch ;_sander; zant. [Ger. J 
 
 z«ny(za'ni),w. Merry-andrew; buffoon. 
 [It. zani, corr.of Giovanni, John.] 
 
 zareba ( za-re'ba ), n. Thorn-hedge; 
 fortified camp. [African.] 
 
 zeal (zel), n. Passionate ardor for any- 
 thin g ; inten se in terest ; eager|striving. 
 [Gr. zelos—zeo, boil. Cf. yeast.] 
 
 Syn. Enthusiasm; fanaticism; earn- 
 estnessf energy. See ardor. 
 
 zealot (zel'ut), n. One carried to excess 
 by his zeal; fanatic. — zealot'ical, n. 
 — zeal otisni, zeal'otry, ns. Dispo- 
 sition or conduct of a zealot. [Gr. ze- 
 lotes. See zeal. 1 
 
 zealous (zel'- 
 us), a. Full of 
 zeal; warmly 
 engaged or 
 ardent in any- 
 thing; enthu- 
 siastic; fer- 
 vant,— zeal'- 
 ously ijidv. 
 
 zebra (ze'bra), 
 n. Wild ani- 
 mal of the 
 horse kind. 
 
 zebrine (ze'brin), a. Resembling a 
 zebra ; allied to a zebra. 
 
 Zebra. 
 
 Zebu. 
 
 zebrula(ze-bro'la),n. Cross between ze- 
 bra and horse. 
 
 zebu (ze'bu), n. 
 East Indian ox 
 with hump on 
 the shoulders, 
 and long ears, 
 various spec- 
 ies being bred 
 for milk and 
 flesh, others 
 for riding and 
 draft. [East 
 Indian name.] 
 
 zebub (ze'bub), 
 n. Abyssinian fly resembling the tsetse 
 fly. [Ar. zubab, fly.] 
 
 zecchino (tsek-ki'no), n. A gold coin 
 of the republic of Venice. See sequin. 
 
 zemindar [(zem-in'dar), n. 1. Under 
 Mogul rule, a farmer of revenue. 2. 
 Hindoo native landlord. 
 
 zed ( zed ), n. English name of the 
 letter Z. [Gr. zeta.\ 
 
 zee (ze), n. Amer. name of the letter Z. 
 
 zemstvo (zemst'vo), n. Russian local 
 elective assembly with little indepen- 
 dent authority, there being one for 
 eachprovince and onefor each district. 
 
 zenana (zen-a'na), n. Women's apart- 
 ment among the native East-Indians. 
 [ Pers. —zen, woman. ] 
 
 Zend-Avesta ( zend-a-ves'ta), n. The 
 sacred writings of the Zoroastrian re- 
 ligion. [Avesta, sacred text; zend, 
 name of the Persian idiom in which it 
 was written.] 
 
 zendik (zen'dik), n. 1. Disbeliever in 
 revealed religion. 2. One accused of 
 heresy in practising magic. [Ar.] 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, barn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
zenith 
 
 694 
 
 zy til u an 
 
 zenith (ze'nith), n. 1. Point of the 
 heavens directly overhead. 2. Great- 
 est height, as of success; culmination. 
 [Pr.— Ar. semt, short for semt-ur-ros, 
 way of the head.] 
 
 zephyr (zef'er), n. 1. West wind. 2. 
 Soft, gentle breeze. 3. Very light 
 worsted or woolen yarn, used for 
 embroidery, shawls, etc. 4. Anything 
 very light and airy. [Gr. zephyros — 
 zophos, darkness, west.] 
 
 zero (ze'ro), n. [pi. ze'ros or ze'roes.] 1. 
 Cipher; nothing. 2. Point from which 
 a thermometer is graduated. 3. Low- 
 est point. [Pr.— Ar. sifr ] 
 
 zest (zest), n. 1. Relish imparted by 
 something; piquancy. 2. Keen enjoy- 
 ment. [Pr. zeste. 1. Partition separa- 
 ting the parts of a walnut. 2. Skin of 
 a fruit (lemon) used to give a flavor. 
 [Li.schistus—Gv.schistos, cleft, divided.] 
 
 zeta (ze'ta), n. Greek letter, represent- 
 ing^" originally, and later ds or ts. 
 
 zeng-nia (zug'ma), n. Figure in which 
 two nouns are joined to a verb, or 
 adjective, suitable to only one of 
 them.— zeugmat'ic, a. [Gr.= joint.] 
 
 Zeus (zus), n. In myth. Supreme divin- 
 ity among the Greeks; the ruler of 
 the other gods and of the upper world. 
 
 zigzag (zig'zag). I. a. Having short, 
 sharp turns. 11. vt. [zigzag'ging; zig- 
 zagged'.] Form with short turns. 
 
 zine(zingk),7i. Tenacious bluish-white 
 metal, not occurring native; spelter. 
 It is malleable when heated to 200— 
 250° P. [Ger. zin7c.\ 
 
 zincography ( zing-kog'ra-fi ), n. Art 
 of printing from plates of" zinc, [zinc, 
 and Gr. grapho, write.] 
 
 zincons (zink'us), a. Of, pertaining to, 
 or derived from, zinc. 
 
 zip (zip), n. Imitation of the sound of a 
 bullet flying through the air. 
 
 zirconium ( zer - ko'ni - um ), n. An 
 earthy metallic element. [From Fr. 
 jargon, hyacinth, — Pers. zar gun, 
 gold-colored.] 
 
 zither (zith'er). See cittern. 
 
 zoanthropia (zo-an-thro'pi-a), n. In- 
 sanity in which the patient imagines 
 himself one of the lower animals. [Gr. 
 — zoo, live, and anthropos, man.] 
 
 zodiac (zo'di-ak), n. Imaginary belt in 
 the heavens containing the twelve 
 constellations, called signs of the 
 zodiac. — zodiacal (zo-di'a-kal), a. 
 [Gr. zodiakos kyklos (circle), — z'odion, 
 dim. of zoon, animal.] 
 
 Zollverein (tsol'ver-In), n. German 
 customs union, founded about the 
 year 1828, and to-day co-extensive 
 with the German Empire. [Ger. zoll, 
 toll, and verein, union.] 
 
 zone (zon), n. 1. Girdle. 2. One of the 
 five great belts into which the surface 
 of the earth is divided. [Gr. zone, 
 girdle, — zonnymi, gird.] 
 
 The zones. 
 
 zoned (zond), a. 1. Wearing a zone or 
 girdle. 2. Having zones or concentric 
 bands. [in zoology. 
 
 zoologist (zo-ol'o-jist), n. One versed 
 
 zoology (zo-ol'o-ji), n. That part of 
 natural history which treats of ani- 
 mals.— zoological, a. — zoologi- 
 cally, adv. [Gr. zoon, animal, and 
 logos, science.] 
 
 Zoroastrianism(zo-r5-as'tri-an-izm), 
 n. Religion taught by Zoroaster, (the 
 religion of the Magi), still held by 
 the Parsees and Guebers. It is based 
 on dualism, the contrast between Or- 
 muzd (good) and Ahriman (evil). 
 
 Zouave (zo-av' or zwav), n. French 
 foot-soldier in Arab dress. [ Pr. from 
 the name of an Algerian tribe.] 
 
 zounds (zowndz), interj. Exclamation 
 formerly used as an oath. [From 
 God's wounds.] 
 
 Zulu (zo'lo), n. Member of a warlike 
 branch of the Kafir race in S. Africa. 
 
 zygoma (zi-go'ma), n. [pi. zygo'mata.] 
 Cheek bone.— zygomatic, a. [Gr.— 
 zygon, yoke.] 
 
 zyme (zim), n. 1. Ferment. 2. Disease 
 germ. [Gr. = leaven, — zeo, boil.] 
 
 zymology (zl-mol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 fermentation. 
 
 zymophyte (zi'mo-fit), n. Bacterial 
 ferment that separates fatty acids 
 from neutral fats. [Gr. zymo and 
 phyton, plant.] 
 
 zymotic (zi-mot'ik), a. Pertaining to, 
 or produced by, fermentation.— Zymot- 
 ic disease, any contagious or epi- 
 demic disease due to the presence of 
 some morbific element produced by 
 fermentation. [Gr— zymoo, ferment.] 
 
 zymurgy (zi'mer-ji), n. Department 
 of technological chemistry which 
 treats of fermentation as in yeast or 
 wine-making, brewing, etc. [Gr. zyme, 
 ferment, and ergon, work.] [Egypt. 
 
 zythum (zi'thum), n. Beer of ancient 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, w?l£; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, Men. 
 
 For words not found in the body of the book see special departments. 
 
N. B.— This department contains the new words and definitions that have 
 recently come into use. The discoveries and developments in the arts, 
 sciences and industries have resulted in the coinage of many new terms 
 which will be found incorporated in this addenda, together with a number of 
 other words considered of sufficient importance to add to the principal 
 vocabulary. Words marked with an asterisk (*) are defined in the body of 
 the book, but for convenience they have been repeated under this heading. 
 
 aconlation— arc-ligiit 
 
 acoulation (ak-o-la'shun), n. The act 
 or process of using the acouphone. 
 
 acouphone (a-ko'fon), n. A telephonic 
 microphone used for reproducing and 
 intensifying sound at a distance. [Gr. 
 akouo, hear, and phone, sound.] 
 
 adapter (a-dapt'er), n. Phot. Device 
 for using' smaller plates in a camera 
 intended for a certain size only. 
 
 aeriator (a'er-i-a-tar), n, An aeroplane. 
 
 ae r odoni e (a'er-o-dom) , n. Building for 
 the storage or protection of an air ship. 
 
 aerodrome * Compare aeroplane. 
 
 aerogram * 
 
 aerophone (a'er-o-fon), n. 1. Portable 
 tube-like device to assist the hearing. 
 2. Instrument which amplifies sound 
 waves, especially those of the voice. 
 
 aerophore (a'er-o-fdr),7i. Device which 
 permits respiration under water or in 
 smoke-charged atmosphere. 2. Appli- 
 ance for counteracting the effect of 
 atmospheric electricity in factories 
 by diffusing moisture in the air. 
 
 aeroplane * 
 
 agraph (a graf '), n. A spoken word. 
 
 agrotechny ( ag'ro-tek-ni ), n. The 
 science of agriculture. [Gr.] 
 
 Aino (l'no), n. One of the so-called 
 aborigines in Northern Japan distin- 
 guished by small hairy bodies and 
 called " Hosinos " by the Japanese. 
 
 air-bell (ar'bel), n. Phot. Air bubbles 
 appearing on a plate while being 
 developed or on an albumen-coated 
 print. [pressed air. 
 
 air-brake, n. Brake operated by com- 
 
 air-gun, n. Gun which discharges 
 missiles by force of compressed "air. 
 
 air-pump, %. Pump operated by com- 
 pressed air or one adapted for ex- 
 hausting air from a cavity. 
 
 air-ship, n. Self supporting appara- 
 tus for navigating the air, driven by 
 its own motor. See aeroplane. * 
 
 alcohology ( al-ko-hol'o- ji ), n. The 
 study of diseases caused by alcohol. 
 
 alfalfa (al-fal'fa), n. Bot. Lucerne, 
 (medicago saliva), a valuable forage 
 grass cultivated in the West. [Sp.] 
 
 alternating-current, n. An electric 
 current that rapidly passes back and 
 forward from the positive to the nega- 
 tive direction, in contrast to the con- 
 tinuous current from the brushes of 
 a direct-current dynamo. 
 
 Amerindian ( am-er-in'di- an). I. a. 
 Relating to the American Indians. II. 
 n. Indian of the American continent. 
 
 anabolism(an-ab'o-lizm), n. Biol.Th&t 
 part of metabolism during which food 
 is converted into living matter. See 
 
 CATABOLISM and METABOLISM. 
 
 anthrophotoscope ( an-thro-fo'to- 
 skop ), n. Phot. An instrument to 
 change the figures or background in a 
 photograph in rephotographing. 
 
 append icectomy ( ap-pen-di-sek'to- 
 mi) , n. Med. Excision or removal of 
 the vermiform appendix. 
 
 aprosexia (ap-ro-seks'i-a), n. Inability 
 to concentrate the mind or to retain 
 information for any length of time. 
 
 arc-light * Cf. incandescent light. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wglf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
ardois system 
 
 696 
 
 braille 
 
 Armored-automobile. 
 
 ardois system ( ar'dois ), n. Naut, 
 Arrangement for signaling at night at 
 sea by means of electric red and white 
 lamps, con 
 
 trolled b y 
 key - pres- 
 sure, on deck. 
 
 armored. 
 automo- 
 bile, n. One 
 equipped 
 with an ar- 
 mor-plate 
 compart- 
 ment and a 
 Maxim or similar gun; used in war- 
 asbestine system ( as-bes'ten ), n. 
 Arrangement for irrigation of or- 
 chards, by means of perforated pipes 
 placed below the soil. 
 
 atmosphere, n. A unit of pressure 
 for each unit of area; pressure of a 
 30 inch vertical mer- 
 cury column at a tem- 
 perature of 0° C. at sea 
 level, at London. 
 
 audiential (a-di-en'- 
 shal), a. Relating or 
 pertaining to an au- 
 dience. 
 
 audiphone (a'di-fon), 
 h. Device for aiding 
 the deaf to hear; esp. 
 a rubber fan-like ap- 
 pliance to be placed 
 between the teeth. 
 
 an gratin (o-gra-tang'). 
 Covered with bread crumbs or with 
 cheese, and baked brown, as potatoes. 
 
 auto-boat * [its own motor. 
 
 auto-bus, n. Omnibus propelled by 
 
 auto-car (a't5-kar), n. Automobile. 
 
 auto-cycle* 
 
 auto-digestion, n. Digestion of the 
 stomach by the gastric juice.— auto- 
 infection, n. Infection caused by 
 toxic condition of the person affected. 
 —auto-intoxication, n. Poisoning 
 bv the generation of toxic matter 
 within one's own system. 
 
 auto-suggestion, n. Self hypnotism. 
 
 automat (a' to-mat), n. Phot. Shutter 
 exposing the lens of a camera; oper- 
 ated by pressure of a bulb. 
 
 automobile * 
 
 jbutomobilist (a - 1 o - m 6-' b i 1-i s t), n. 
 Owner, driver of or one who rides in 
 an automobile. — automo'bilism, n. 
 The art or act of using an automobile. 
 
 an to-motor (a- to-mo'tur), n. Automo- 
 bile. " [operated by a motor. 
 
 auto-truck, n. Dray or heavy truck 
 
 aviator (a'vi-a-tiir), n. One who uses 
 or directs an air ship. 
 
 Audiphone. 
 
 ball-bearing * 
 
 battleship, n. Specifically, a heavily 
 armored war-ship of slower speed 
 than a cruiser, carrying larger guns. 
 
 battery, secondary, n. A battery 
 that converts electric energy supplied 
 to it by a dynamo or by primary bat- 
 teries, into chemical energy.— bat- 
 tery, storage, n. A secondary bat- 
 tery, or one which does not develop 
 but transmits electrical energy. — 
 battery, galvanic, n. One that 
 produces electricity by chemical ac- 
 tion; a voltaic-battery. 
 
 Bertillon-system ( ber-til'yon. Fr. 
 bar-ti-lyong'), n. System of identifi- 
 cation by recording the physical char- 
 acteristics of a criminal by photog- 
 raphy and by minute measurements. 
 
 bar-bell, n. Two iron balls connected 
 by a steel bar; used as a dumb-bell. 
 
 basket-ball,». An indoor game, some- 
 what resembling football, the goals 
 being two suspended wire-baskets. 
 
 bath-room, n. Toilet room, contain- 
 ing a bath-tub and lavatory. 
 
 Becquerel-rays * 
 
 Bessemer-process, n. A process of 
 making steel or ingot iron, by forcing 
 air through the molten metal in order 
 to free the pig iron from silicon and 
 carbon. [Namedfrom the inventor.] 
 
 betulithic (bet-u iith'ik), n. A paving 
 material composed of sand, tar, peb- 
 bles, and certain secret compositions. 
 
 binder, n. Machine that cuts and 
 binds grain (stalks) in bundles. 
 
 biograph * 
 
 bionic (bi-on'ik), a. Biol. Having the 
 power to repeat the same physical 
 characteristics in succeeding genera- 
 tions, [picture machine. 
 
 bioscope ( bl'o-skop ), n. A moving- 
 blast-furnace, n. Smelter furnace 
 arranged in a manner so that a blast 
 of air causes intenser heat. 
 
 block-system, n. A division of rail- 
 road tracks into sections of equal 
 lengths called "blocks" connected and 
 controlled by automatic signals. Only 
 one train at a time is allowed to travel 
 in the same direction on a "block." 
 
 blue-print, n. Phot. Positive print 
 in white lines on a blue sensitized 
 paper or background. 
 
 boodle * 
 
 Boxer, n. Member of a secret Chinese 
 organization.said to have been formed 
 for athletic purposes, which led the 
 uprising of 1900 against foreigners 
 and missionaries in China. 
 
 braille (bral), n. 1. The point system 
 of printing for the blind, by which 
 raised points, embossed in the paper, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, Zare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woW; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
bridge-whist 
 
 697 
 
 coherer 
 
 in different forms, represent the letters 
 and numerals. 2. The symbols repre- 
 senting the letters and numerals. — 
 braille-mnsie, n. A similar sys- 
 tem, adapted for musical-notation. 
 
 bridge- whist, n. A game of whist, in 
 which the dealer or partner makes 
 trump, the hand of the partner being 
 u?ed as a dummy. 
 
 briquet (bri-kef), «■• 1- Coal dust arti- 
 ficially compressed into blocks. 2. 
 The material treated in a similar 
 manner for various purposes. 
 
 cablegram, n. Message sent by cable. 
 
 cadet (ka-def). n Student who teaches 
 for the value o f the experience without 
 pay or one whu performs certain du- 
 ties in partial payment for tuition. 
 
 cafetera * 
 
 calesin (ka-la-sen'), n. A two-wheeled 
 Philippine cart drawn by one horse. 
 
 canals of Mars, n. pi. Certain ap- 
 pearances on the surface of the moon 
 which change at different seasons, 
 and resemble canals, believed by some 
 astronomers to be the result of vege- 
 
 ' tation and by others, to be canals. 
 
 canape ( ka-na-pa '), n. Fried bread, 
 cut in various shapes and spread with 
 dainties, such as caviare. 
 
 carborundum ( kar-bor-un'dum ), n. 
 Carbon and silicon, compounded in 
 the electric furnace and used for 
 grinding and other purposes. 
 
 cardiogram (kai'di-o-gram), n. The 
 tracing made by a cardiograph. 
 
 cardiograph (kar'di-o-graf ), n. Ma- 
 chine which records by tracings on 
 paper, the movements of the heart. 
 
 casb -register, n. Machine for regist- 
 ering amount of money deposited in 
 it; used for keeping account of sales. 
 
 casings (ka'sings), n. pi. Intestines of 
 certain animals used for sausage 
 coverings. 
 
 eatabolism ( ka-tab'o-lizm ), n. Biol. 
 That part of 'metabolism, during 
 which living matter is converted into 
 simpler substances; see anabolism 
 and metabolism. [Or. kata, down, 
 and hallo, throw.] 
 
 cathode photograph, n. The act 
 or process of making skiagraphs, 
 
 cathode-rays, n. Bays from the 
 cathode passing to the opposite side 
 of a Crookes-tube acted upon by an 
 alternating high potential current, 
 producing fluorescence. 
 
 cell(sel), n. 1. Biol. The unit of phy- 
 sical life or the smallest organized 
 element manifesting independent 
 vital action. 2. Group of braille points. 
 
 chalice veil, n. Eccl. A cover uf.ed 
 in Episcopal and Rom. Cath. churches 
 for covering the chalice and paten, 
 the color of which changes with the 
 ecclesiastical seasons. 
 
 chauffeur * 
 
 chirograph (ki'ro-graf), n. Device for 
 holding a pen in the proper posit on 
 on the finger, for writing. 
 
 choking-coil, n. Elec. A wire coil 
 of small resistance for impeding the 
 current of an alternating circuit. 
 
 Christian Science, n. A system of 
 metaphysical principles formulated 
 in 1866 by Mary Baker G. Eddy. 
 
 chromocollograph ( kro-mo-kol'o- 
 graf), n, Phot. A reproduction in 
 colors by the collodion process. 
 
 chromopbotography * 
 
 chronograph (kron'o-graf),w. Instru- 
 ment which graphically records the 
 time or duration of an event, as the 
 movements of planets. 
 
 chronophotograph ( kron-o-pho'to- 
 graf), n. One of the individual photo- 
 graphs or films of a series ol kinet- 
 oscopic pictures. 
 
 chuck (chuk), n. Device for holding 
 anything while being rotated. 
 
 cinematograph (sin-e-mat'o-graf), n. 
 Machine for making moving pictures 
 and reproducing same; a kinetograph. 
 [Gr. kinema, movement, grapho, write.] 
 
 circuit, n. Elec. The course of an 
 electric current.— closed circuit, n, 
 Circuit with continuous flowing cur- 
 rent, whether used or not. The tele- 
 graph operator's key interrupts the 
 current and forms the signals.— open 
 circuit, n. One with the battery out 
 of circuit when the line is at rest. — 
 multiphase or polyphase-cir- 
 cuit, n. One whose currents are the 
 combination of several alternating 
 currents with various phases, rotat- 
 ing a magnetic needle. 
 
 circuit-breaker, n. A safety device 
 which automatically opens a circuit 
 or blows out a spark-plug when the 
 current exceeds a given value. 
 
 clearing-house checks, n. Emerg- 
 ency checks issued by the joint action 
 of banks represented in a clearing 
 house. _[of the clouds. 
 
 cloudscape (kloud'skap), n. A picture 
 
 <: 
 
 > 
 
 Coherer. 
 
 coherer (k5-her'er), n. Elec. A device 
 for receiving the impact of electrical 
 
 t*te. fat. task, far, fall, fare, above; jne, met, her; mite, mit; note, net, mo*ve, wotf; 
 
 mute, hut, burn ; pi), owl, then. 
 
coil-induction 
 
 R98 
 
 electrolier 
 
 waves upon certain substances and 
 making them conductive by causing 
 the particles to cohere. — Marconi 
 coherer, n. Glass tube exhausted of 
 air containing nickel and silver filings 
 between two silver poles, for receiving 
 minute electro-magnetic waves. 
 
 coil-induction, n. Two coils, one 
 within the other, the electric actions 
 of each upon the other being called 
 mutual induction. — primary-coil, 
 n. The coil of induction, that is 
 charged with electricity.— second- 
 ary coil, n. The coil acted upon by a 
 primary coil.— Ruhmkorff coil, n. 
 An induction coil with an interrupter 
 by which the circuit is automatically 
 and very rapidly opened and closed. 
 
 coin-silver, n. The U. S. legal stand- 
 ard of silver for coinage consisting of 
 90 p. c. silver and 10 p. c.copper. 
 
 commandeer ( kom-an-der'), vt. To 
 press into military service. [Dut. 
 kommanderen, command.] 
 
 commutator (kom'u-ta-tar), n. Elec. A 
 device to vary the strength or change 
 the direction of an electric current. 
 
 comptograph * 
 
 comptometer * 
 
 conning-tower, n, A heavily ar- 
 mored room on a battleship, contain- 
 ing peep holes. 
 
 cravcnette ( krav-en-et' ), n. Closely 
 woven overcoat that sheds the rain. 
 
 <.■rook.es-t.utoe, n. 
 A partial or high 
 vacuum tube with 
 which Prof. Wm. 
 Crookes made 
 many important 
 experiments, gen- 
 erating invisible 
 rays by passing 
 an electric current 
 through the tube. 
 
 culture, n. Biol, 
 Process or medi 
 um used in, or pro- 
 duct arising from, 
 ihe development 
 and multiplication 
 of bacteria. 
 
 cyclist* 
 
 cyclometer * 
 
 cystoscope(sis'to-skop), n. Surg. In- 
 strument for viewing the interior of 
 the bladder by electric illumination. 
 [Gr. kystis, bladder and skopeo, view.] 
 
 deadhead * 
 
 denaturized alcohol, n. Alcohol 
 rendered noa-usable as a beverage or 
 for medicinal purposes. 
 
 Crookes' tube. 
 
 Disappearing gun. 
 
 detector, n. Elect. Device for tracing 
 faults or circuits.— lineman's de- 
 tector, n. A magnetic indicator for 
 localizing faults in a telegraph circuit. 
 -magneto bell detector,?!. Device 
 which causes a bell to ring when an 
 arc-light or series circuit is broken.— 
 ground detector, n. A device which 
 causes an incandescent lamp to 
 burn when an underground circuit is 
 broken. 
 
 disappear- 
 in g-gun, n. 
 Heavy cannon 
 equipped so 
 that after fir- 
 ing the gun 
 automatical • 
 ly recedes be- 
 low the crest 
 of the fortifi- 
 cations. 
 
 dittogram ( dit'o-gram ), n. A letter 
 or letters unintentionally repeated in 
 copying or type-writing, [sonality. 
 
 double personality, n. Dual per- 
 il ry-dock, n. See dock. 
 
 dual -personality, n. Psych. The 
 unaccountable manifestation, at dif- 
 ferent times, of two [distinct inde- 
 pendent personalities in the same 
 individual, the act of one being un- 
 known to, and incompatible with the 
 character of the other, as in the case 
 of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. 
 
 dynamo, n. Machine that changes 
 mechanical iuto electrical energy, by 
 the rotation, close to electromagnetic 
 poles, of an iron core wound with wire, 
 called the armature. 
 
 ecdemic (ek-dem'ik), a. Med. Having 
 origin in some distant locality, as 
 disease, opposed to endemic. 
 
 eidoloscope(i-d5'io-skop), n. Machine 
 for enlarging and exhibiting kineto- 
 scopic films. 
 
 electro-culture, n. Stimulation of 
 plant life by the application of the 
 electric current or by electric light. 
 
 electrocute * electrocuter * 
 
 electrokinetics (e-lek-tro-kin-et'iks), 
 n. Science of electrical motion. 
 
 electron ( e-lek'tron ), n. The electric 
 force of an atom, claimed by some 
 to be a separate entity. 
 
 electrody namo meter (e-lek-tro-dl- 
 na-mom'e-ter), n. Instrument for de- 
 termining the strength of an electric 
 current. 
 
 electrolier ( e-lek-tro-ler'), n. Decor- 
 ated wall bracket, ceiling-drop or 
 other similar apparatus for support- 
 ing electric lights. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
electro-magnetic brake 
 
 699 
 
 mail-catcher 
 
 electro-magnetic brake, n. Rail- 
 road brake applied directly to the 
 rail through 
 an electro- 
 magnetic cur- 
 rent. 
 
 ergo graph 
 (er'go-graf), n. 
 Instrument 
 for measuring 
 fatigue or 
 mental excite- 
 ment. [Gr. en 
 
 
 ,.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 Kl^jkmli 
 
 
 
 
 Electro-magnetic brake. 
 
 wor^grapko, write.] 
 
 electrophone (e-lek-tro-fon), n. Elec- 
 tric device for aidiug the deaf to hear. 
 
 esthesiometer (es-tbe-si-om'e-ter), n. 
 Instrument for estimating the 
 strength of sensations. 
 
 exaltation (eks-al-ta'shun ), n. Med. 
 State of delusional ecstacy. 
 
 expansionist ( eks-pan'shun-ist ), n. 
 One who believes in colonial or terri- 
 torial acquisitions, esp. in relation to 
 extension of the U. S. domain. 
 
 fedora (fe-do'ra), n. A special shaped 
 soft felt hat or a similar form in 
 straw. — fedora, a. [ From one of 
 Sardou's plays of that name.l 
 
 fluoroscope (flu'ur-o-skop), n. A box 
 like apparatus by means of which the 
 effects of X-rays are observed. 
 
 formaldehyde (far-mal'de-hid), n. A 
 powerful disinfectant and antiseptic 
 obtained from methyl alcohol. 
 
 formalin (farm'a-lin), n. A 40% solu- 
 tion of formaldehyde. 
 
 frankfurter ( frank'furt-er ), n. A 
 sausage made of different meats, high- 
 ly seasoned. [From Frankfurt, Ger.] 
 
 fulgurite ( ful'gu-nt ), n. A powerful 
 explosive containing nitroglycerin. 
 
 garage (gar'aj). [Fr. ga-razh].* 
 
 gastrograph ( gas'tro-graf J, n. A 
 mechanism for recording the move- 
 ments of the stomach and the move- 
 ment of the food during digestion. 
 
 gloria (glo'ri-a), n. A chant or ascrip- 
 tion of praise, as Gloria in Excelsis. 
 
 Geissler tube ( gis'ler ), n. A sealed 
 tube containing a gas which becomes 
 luminous when charged by an electric 
 current from an induction coil. 
 
 gramophone (gram'o-fon) * 
 
 graphophone (graf'o-fon) * 
 
 graft * 
 
 grafter * 
 
 grenade (gre-nad'), n. A glass shell 
 containing chemicals, to be thrown 
 and broken in case of fire, the chem- 
 icals extinguishing the fire. 
 
 header, n. Machine which cuts the 
 heads off standing grain and delivers 
 them over a carrier into a header-box 
 or special wagon-box. 
 
 higher criticism, n. Theo. Rigid 
 inquiry into the historical and liter- 
 acy features of the Bible. 
 
 humidor (hu'mi-dar), n. Any recep- 
 tacle in which a certain amount of 
 moisture is maintained,_as for cigars. 
 
 hydroplane ( hi'dro-plan ), n. Boat 
 which skims over the surface of 
 water, being propelled by a motor 
 which drives two or more aerial pro- 
 pellers called hydroplanes. 
 
 hydrophone (hi'dro-fon), n. 1. Ap- 
 pliance for finding leaks in water 
 pipes. 2. Electrical device for warn- 
 ing a fleet or fort of a secret attack 
 about to be made by war-vessels. 
 
 incandescent-lamp * 
 
 institutional church, n. One that 
 organizes its forces into departments 
 for philanthropic purposes, acting as 
 a social center for a community. 
 
 kineograph ( kin-e'o-graf ), n. A 
 
 moving picture. 
 kinetograph, kinetoscope * 
 kissing-bug, n. A black bug with 
 
 a long beak, of the order Hemiptera. 
 knock-out-drops, n. pi. A narcotic 
 
 used by thieves to stupefy. 
 
 leucocyte (lo'ko-sit), n. One of the 
 colorless protoplasmic particles in 
 the blood and lymph having powers 
 of locomotion, and very destructive 
 to micro-organisms. 
 
 linotype* Compare monotype. 
 
 listerine (lis'ter-in), n. A trade name 
 applied to an antiseptic liquid. 
 
 litany (lit'a-ni), n. Special form of 
 supplications in the Anglican or Epis- 
 copal prayer-book, and in the Rom. 
 Church, in which the clergy lead 
 and the people respond, alternately. 
 
 mabola (ma-bo'la) * 
 
 machine-gun, h. A repeating gun; 
 one fitted with a magazine for firing 
 many shots in succession; operated 
 by a lever or crank. "** 
 
 magazine-gun, n. A repeating rifle, 
 pistol or revolver containing a maga- 
 zine for many cartridges which can be 
 fired in very rapid succession. 
 
 mail-catcher, n. Device which 
 catches mail-sacks suspended from a 
 pole, transferring them to a mail-car 
 while in motion. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Marconi-system 
 
 700 
 
 phonograph 
 
 Marconi-system(mar-ko'ni), n. Wire- 
 less telegraphy requiring a coherer in 
 the receiver, as devised by Marconi. 
 
 mareograph ( mar'e-o-graf ), n. A 
 device for automatically recording 
 tidal changes at the sea level. 
 
 Mauser (ma'zer), n, A rifle carrying 
 five cartridges in the stock. 
 
 Maxim-gun (max'im), n. An auto-, 
 maiic single-barreled machine gun 
 that can fire 600 shots a minute oper- 
 ated by the recoil of the first shot fired. 
 
 megafog (meg'a-fog ), n.. A signal- 
 megaphone used by light-houses for 
 conveying certain sound-signals to 
 vessels during a fog. 
 
 mercury- vapor lamp, 
 n. Long glass tube, par- 
 tially exhausted, con- 
 taining mercury which' 
 vaporizes upon applica- 
 tion of a high voltage 
 electric current and 
 becomes incandescent. 
 Invented by Peter Coop- 
 er Hewitt in 1901. 
 
 metabolism (me-tab'o- 
 lizm), n. Biol. The pro- 
 cess by which food is con- 
 verted into blood and 
 tissue, (a?i,abolism) and 
 by which decomposition 
 of living matter takes 
 place (catabolism).— me- 
 tab'olic, a. [Gr. meta, 
 beyond and ballo, throw.] 
 
 mesquit ( mes-kit' ), n. 
 The shrubs Prosopis 
 julifiora and the Pros, pu- 
 beseem, of California and Mercury-vapor 
 the Southwest. lamp. 
 
 micrograph (mi'kro- 
 graf), n. 1. A microscopic picture. 
 2. Appliance for making minute 
 drawings. 
 
 micrographophone (ml-kro-graf'o- 
 fon). n. A device for reproducing 
 and intensifying faint sounds. 
 
 micromotoscope (mi-kro-mo' to- 
 skop), n. A machine for photograph- 
 ing minute moving objects. 
 
 micropbonograph(mi-kro-f on'-o- 
 graf), n. A phonograph with an at- 
 tachment for intensifying sound. 
 
 monad (mon'ad). I. a. Chem. Having 
 a valance of one. II. n. A simple, in- 
 divisible sub- 
 stance; the 
 soul. 
 
 mono-r ai 
 system, n. 
 A one-rail Mono-rail system, 
 electric rail- 
 way invented by Louis Brennan. The 
 
 cars are supported by one row of cen- 
 ter wheels, governed by a series of 
 gyroscopic wheels, operated by a 
 motor. The speed attained is incredi- 
 ble and the equilibrium is perfect. 
 
 monotype (mon'o-tip), n. Machine 
 which casts type and sets it, type 
 hy type, instead 
 of in slugs, as 
 a linotype, * 
 which see. 
 
 motor-bus, n, 
 Omnibus pro- 
 pelled by its 
 own motor. 
 
 motor-boat * 
 
 motor-cycle* 
 
 motorist * 
 
 motorman * 
 
 narcomania ( nar-ko-ma'ni-a ), n. 
 
 Path. Mania for the use of narcotics. 
 
 [Gr. narke, torpor and mania.madness. J 
 nephogram (nef'o-gram), n. A cloud 
 ihotograph. [Gr. nephele, cloud and 
 
 gramma-grapho, write.] 
 nephograph (nef'o-graf), n. 
 
 for photographing clouds. 
 n-rays * 
 
 Device 
 
 objective mind, n. A term applied 
 to the mind that takes cognizance of 
 all that impresses itself upon the 
 senses, as distinguished from the so- 
 called subconscious mind. 
 
 obsession ( ob-sesh'un ), n. 1. Path. 
 Continual recurrence of a fixed idea 
 or delusion. 2. The state or act of be- 
 ing influenced by an evil spirit as in 
 demonology. 3. Spirit. State of con- 
 trol as a medium in a trance. 
 
 okapi (o-ka'pi), n. A ruminant animal 
 with a head like a deer, short neck 
 and forelegs, otherwise resembling a 
 giraffe, discovered in Africa in 1900. 
 
 open Sunday, n. Term used to des- 
 ignate a Sunday not restricted by 
 laws which require saloons or places 
 of amusements to be closed. 
 
 phase (faz), n. State of two alternat- 
 ing currents that are " in step " with 
 one another so that the potentials 
 rise and fall together. 
 
 phantasmograph, (fan-taz'mo- 
 graf), n. A holder for printing lan- 
 tern slides from glass negatives. 
 [QrY.phantasma-phao, shiue and grapho, 
 write.] 
 
 pianola * 
 
 phonograph (fon'o-graf) * 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, m5ve, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, Men, 
 
photo-cantor y 
 
 701 
 
 skiagraph 
 
 photo-cautery(fo-to-ka'ter-i), n. Med. 
 Cauterization by light waves, esp. by- 
 x-rays. [Gr. phos, light and kauter, 
 hot iron.] 
 
 photo - gastroscope ( fo-to-gas'tro- 
 8k6p),». Camera for photographing in- 
 terior of the stomach by electric light. 
 
 photogram ( fo'to-gram ), n. Tele- 
 graphic mes- 
 sage recorded 
 photographi- 
 cally. 
 
 photo-teleg- 
 raphy, n. 
 System of 
 telegraphy 
 by which tel- 
 e g r a p hie 
 charac ters 
 are received 
 and photo- Photogram. 
 
 graphically printed. 
 
 phrenogram (fren'o-gram), n. Are- 
 cord made by the phrenograph. [Gr. 
 phren, mind, and gramma, writing.] 
 
 phrenog-raph (fren'o-graf), n. Appa- 
 ratus for recording the movements or 
 the diaphragm. [Gr. phren, mind, and 
 grapho, write.] 
 
 polyphase (pol'i-faz), a. Elect. Having 
 more than one current, differing in 
 phase, arising from different parts of 
 the armature of the same alternator, 
 each current supplying a separate 
 wire or circuit, and lagging behind 
 each other by definite intervals of time 
 
 poloninm(po-lo'ni-um), n. Unisolated 
 element found by Currie in 1898 in 
 uraninite, possessing power of emit- 
 ting Becquerel-rays. [From Poland, 
 the discoverer's native country.] 
 
 pompom (pom'pom),«. A Maxim type 
 of gun so called from the sound made 
 by its discharge._ 
 
 Populism (pop'u-lizm), n. The doc- 
 trines of the People's or Populist 
 Party, a political organization 
 founded in the U. S. in 1892. 
 
 Populist party, n. Political party 
 organized 1892, which advocated a 
 larger currency, public ownership of 
 railroads and other reforms. 
 
 potential, n. Mec. The condition of 
 a mass or electrical charge, by force 
 of which it would, at that point, pos- 
 sess the power of doing work. 
 
 Prince Albert. I. n. A d o u b 1 e 
 breasted frock coat usually worn on 
 formal occasions. II. a. Resembling 
 or made like a Prince Albert coat. 
 
 printing:, n. Phot. Act or process 
 of reproducing, by aid of light, on a 
 chemically prepared paper, an image 
 from a negative or film. 
 
 printing-paper, n. Phot. Chemically 
 prepared paper for transferring a 
 picture to,_from a negative or film. 
 
 proteid(pro'te-id), n. 1. A compound of 
 hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, 
 and sulphur found in all vegetable 
 and animal organisms. [Gr. protos, 
 first, pro, before.] 
 
 radio-active (ra^di-o ak'tiv) * 
 
 radiography (ra-di-og'ra-fi), n. The 
 art of making x-ray pictures. 
 
 radiotherapy (ra-di-o-ther'a-pi), n. 
 The use of light-waves, as x-rays, in 
 the treatment of disease. [L.. radis, 
 radiate, and Gr. therapon, servant.] 
 
 radium * 
 
 rathskeller (rats'kel-er),' n. A base- 
 ment restaurant or social resort, fre- 
 quented as an after-theater-gathering 
 place. [Ger. = city hall cellar.] 
 
 receiver, n, That part of a telephone 
 through which the message is received. 
 
 reconcentrado ( ra-kon-then-tra'do ), 
 Prior to Spanish-American war, one 
 forced to move from the country to 
 the towns of Cuba. [Sp.J 
 
 referendum * 
 
 relay, n. A telegraph receiver or re- 
 peater for use when the current is not 
 strong enough to operate the record- 
 ing register. 
 
 remittance-man, n. A British sub- 
 ject supported in the colonies by re- 
 mittances from home. 
 
 Roentgen-rays * 
 
 roof-garden, n. A garden or imita- 
 tion of one, on the roof of a building, 
 where patrons are supplied with 
 either food or entertainment. 
 
 rough-rider, n. 1. A member of the 
 1st. U. S. Volunteer Cavalry in the 
 Span.-Am. war. 2. A cow-boy. 
 
 rummage-sale, n. 1. A sale of second 
 hand articles, donated for the benefit 
 of a church, society or charity. 2. A 
 clearing-sale in a large store. 
 
 scagliola (skal-yo'la), n. An imita- 
 tion of variegated marble. [It.] 
 
 scenic-railway, n. A miniature rail- 
 way built in amusement parks ar- 
 ranged so that cars will run over arti- 
 ficial mountains and valleys. 
 
 sero-therapy (ser-o-ther'a-pi), n. The 
 injection of immunized animal serum 
 into human veins as a cure or preven- 
 tion of certain diseases. 
 
 serum (se'rum),w. A watery yellowish 
 fluid in the blood that does not mix 
 with the coagulum. [L.] 
 
 skiagraph (ski'a-graf) * 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fa,ll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
sorority 
 
 '02 
 
 Zionism 
 
 sorority(so-ror'i-ti),??.. A secret society 
 of female students attached to the 
 same school or college. 
 
 spark-gap, %. Elec. The gap or space 
 between the ends of a resonator, 
 jumped over by an electric spark. 
 
 sub-conscious mind, n. Term ap- 
 plied to a hypothetical mind whose 
 manifestations do not appear to orig- 
 inate through the physical senses. 
 
 See OBJECTIVE-MIND. 
 
 snbmarine-boat * 
 
 syntony (sin'to-ni), n. The tuning of 
 wireless receivers and transmitters, 
 one to the other. [together. 
 
 syntonize ( sin'to-niz ), vt. To tune 
 
 taal (tal), n. Language. [S. Afr. D.] 
 
 taxanieter (taks-am'e-ter), n. Taxi- 
 meter. 
 
 taximeter (taks'i- 
 me-ter), n. 1. Device 
 for automatically 
 recording the dis- 
 tance traveled in a 
 cab or vehicle and 
 the amount charged 
 for the service. 2. 
 Any device for auto- 
 matically recording 
 the consumption or 
 cost of a commodity, 
 as gas, electricity , e tc. 
 
 telantograph * 
 
 telegraphone(te-leg'ra-fon), n. Tele- 
 phone which automatically records 
 and reproduces speech. [Gr. tele, far, 
 grapho, write and phone, sound.] 
 
 tele phonograph * 
 
 telephotos (tel-e-fo'tos), n. A device 
 for sending signals, by which electric 
 lamps are flashed by means of a key- 
 board. [Gr. tele, far and photos, light.] 
 
 telescriptor ( tel-e-skript'ut), n. A 
 telegraphic instrument which elec- 
 trically prints messages as received. 
 
 tetrjthedral-liite, n. A kite made 
 up of many cells formed in the shape 
 of tetrahedrons, used for experimental 
 purposes in aerial navigation. 
 
 thermograph * 
 
 thermolysis ( ther-mol'i-sis ), n. 1. 
 Radiation of heat from animal bodies. 
 2. Dissociation into component ele- 
 ments by heat. 
 
 third-rail, n. An additional rail used 
 for electric cars for the transmission 
 of electricity from a power-station. 
 
 tonnean (ton-no') * 
 
 torpedo-boat * 
 
 torpedo-boat-destroyer, n. Boat 
 equipped for the destruction of torpe- 
 does or torpedo-boats. 
 
 Taximeter. 
 
 torpedo-tnbe, n. Tube from which 
 
 a torpedo is fired by compressed air. 
 
 toxin or tuxine, n. 
 
 Chem. An animal 
 poison caused by the 
 metabolism of tissue - 
 [Gr. toxikon, poison.] 
 transformer, n. 
 Elec. Modified induc- 
 tion coil by which 
 high pressure cur- 
 rents are received, 
 and transformed and 
 distributed as low 
 
 pressure currents. 
 
 Torpedo-tube. 
 
 transmitter, n. That part of the tele- 
 phone through which the message is 
 spoken. [turbine. 
 
 ttirbo-motor, n. A motor-driven 
 taxedo (tuks e'do), n. A kind of semi- 
 formal, short coat. [— Tuxedo, N. J.] 
 
 view-finder, n. Phot. Part of a 
 camera which shows the object to be 
 photographed on a small ground 
 glass, as an aid in securing the focus. 
 
 vsstascope (vis'ta-skop), n. A double 
 kite-like apparatus for viewing dis- 
 tant objects from the ground, the 
 image reflected on the kites, being 
 thrown onto a ground glass through 
 a lens both fitted into a box-like 
 device, and supported by the kites, 
 the observer using a field glass to see 
 the image on the ground glass. 
 
 vitascope (vi'ta-skop), n. Device for 
 enlarging kinetoscopic pictures and 
 throwing them on the screen. 
 
 voltite (vol'tit), n. Material for insu- 
 lating electric wires, etc. 
 
 wireless-telegraphy * 
 wireless-telephone, n. A 
 
 telephone for transmitting 
 speech or sound without the 
 aid of wires; 
 Now successful- 
 ly operated over 
 distances of five 
 miles and used 
 intheU.S.Navy.<^ 
 
 x-rays 
 
 Wireless-telephone. 
 
 Yom Kipprcr (yom-kip'ur ), n. The 
 day of atonement in the Jewish church, 
 observed on the 10th of Tisri. 
 
 Zionism (zi'on-izm), n. An organized 
 attempt to resettle the Jews from all 
 parts of the world in Palestine, for 
 both religious and political purposes. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
"35^ 
 
 M 
 
 'n»\ 
 
 BOTANICAL. 
 (\j Annual plant. 
 (Z) Biennial plant. 
 1£ Perennial plant. 
 
 ^y A shrub. ^ Tree- 
 
 ©Plant that, flowers 
 but once. 
 5 Large -fc Dnder 
 shrub. _} shrub. 
 
 A An evergreen. 
 
 ) Turning to the left. 
 
 C " ■> right. 
 
 f*\ Climbing plant. 
 + -p. Stamlnate or male 
 O or $ plant or flower, 
 n Pistillate or female 
 + plant or flower. 
 + q Unisexual. Sepa- 
 O + rate male and 
 female flowers. 
 v Hermaphrodite 
 * plant or flower, 
 o Feet. ' Inches. 
 " Lines. 
 With European writ- 
 ers, ' indicates feet; 
 " inches, "' lines. 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL. 
 
 or ml The Sun. 
 
 ® or © or J The Earth 
 
 3>or(J The Moon; 
 
 w Moon. W Moon. 
 Tk First £ Last 
 Jf Quarter, u. Quarter. 
 
 rpoK© Uranus. 
 $ Mercury. $ Venus. 
 S Mars. Tf Jupiter. 
 \y Neptune. T? Saturn. 
 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 Dollar. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 r Pound 
 ^j sterling. 
 
 / Shilling. 
 
 39 Per (Ob. 
 
 At 
 
 1C 
 
 Account. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Care of 
 Bill of 
 Lading. 
 Letter of 
 Credit. 
 
 MEDICAL. 
 
 "D, Recipe; 
 XV take. 
 
 "aa Of each. 
 
 C indicates di- 
 
 ^ rectiontobe 
 
 put on package 
 
 or bottle. 
 
 Tb Pound. 
 § Ounce. 
 
 O O ounce 
 § ss Half ounce 
 
 Q Drachm. 
 ^ Scruple. 
 
 C Gallon. 
 
 O Pint. 
 f% Fluid 
 
 Ounce. 
 
 Fluid 
 
 drachm. 
 
 It^orTT^ 
 
 Minim or drop. 
 
 f\ F 
 
 MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 I , Plus: __ Minus: 
 
 addition. 
 
 less. 
 
 V or . Multiplied by : as 
 * 2x2=4 or 2.2=4. 
 
 _i_ Divided — Equal 
 * by. to. 
 
 «. Greater <-- Lesser 
 .-> than. ^ than. 
 
 /" — s^_ Equivalent in 
 
 — s^_ # X — volume or 
 area to. 
 
 v^or\/ Root. 
 
 o Degree, as 30°. 
 ' Minute, as 15'. 
 " Second, as 20". 
 a 1 First power, a 2 Sec- 
 ond power or square. 
 a 3 Third poweror cube. 
 
 OF THE ZODIAC. 
 
 Aries or Ram. 
 
 Taurus or Bull. 
 Gemini or 
 Twins. 
 
 Cancer or Crab. 
 &C Leo or Lion. 
 
 TT£ Virgo or Virgin. 
 «. Libra 
 
 or Balance 
 
 -rn Scorpio 
 
 L or Scorpion. 
 f. Sagittarius 
 •r or Archer. 
 
 ■ur) Capricornus 
 
 "J or Goat. 
 
 aw Aquarius 
 
 A/w or Waterman. 
 
 X Pisces or Fishes 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS, 
 
 or <XC, ail (i so forth. 
 Versicle. Denotes 
 parts to be sung or 
 recited by the priest. 
 Response. Used in 
 prayer books. 
 
 R 
 
 m 
 
 ^&>Sd 
 
 Ma^o^ 
 
 Copyright, 1905, hj Tm, H. Lee. 
 
BRATTSMENS ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS 
 
 The principal characters and signs used in the arts and sciences, includ- 
 ing Mathematics Astronomy, Botany, Medicine, Commerce, 
 and other branches will be found on preceding page. 
 
 « 
 
 Wall tube. 
 
 Single-pole cut-out; if a figure is 
 alongside, it denotes amperes. 
 -ft—h. Double-pole cut-out; if a figure is 
 
 1 '" alongside, it denotes amperes. 
 r |~( I ■>-] J Three-pole cut-out; if a figure is 
 alongside, it denotes amperes. 
 
 -E*3- 
 
 >~ 
 
 Wall attachment. 
 
 Small branch cut-out. 
 
 -^ Reversing or pole-changing 
 j£/ 3 switch for three amperes. 
 
 0" Single-pole switch for four 
 4 amperes. 
 
 0* Double-po-le switch for four 
 4 amperes. 
 
 a^ Three-pole switch for four 
 4- amperes. 
 
 /VW\ Single circuit (flexible cord). 
 
 ^ Fixed incandescent lamp. 
 
 *\S^C Portable incandescent lamp. 
 
 ©Stationary group of incandescent 
 5 lamps; number of lamps, five. 
 
 /vv /^\ Portable group of incandescent 
 ^K*/3 lamps ; number of lamps, three. 
 
 m) Arc lamps of six amperes. 
 
 { X Wall bracket (one lamp). 
 
 T Standing lamp (one lamp). 
 
 ^ | w Hanging lamp (two lamps). 
 
 >£^C Electrolier (four lamps). 
 
 Illlffli't- Accumulators or secondary 
 
 }}"2' batteries. 
 
 /Va Dynamo of generator, with 
 
 V ten kilowatts capacity. 
 
 Motor with 2 kilowatts capa- 
 city- [85 kilowatts. 
 Transformer with capacity of 
 2-wire meter, with capacity 
 of five kilowatts. 
 r^vj 3-wire or alternate current 
 1° . meter with capacity of 10 
 01 Ammeter. [kilowatts. 
 
 Voltmeter. 
 
 Ordinary return circuit. 
 
 Three-wire or alternating cur- 
 rent circuit. 
 
 Flexible conduit, armored 
 (Greenfield type). 
 
 Vertical mains, up and down. 
 
 tfv 
 
 ■oat Switchboard, 2-wire system. 
 _ Switchboard, three-wire sys- 
 
 w mm tem, or alternating. 
 f><] 10 Rheostat or heating appli- 
 li — *"" ance of ten amperes. 
 
 <VA/ [X| 6 Portable rheostat of six am- 
 peres. 
 
 Choking coil. 
 
 Lightning arrester. 
 •j Lightning-rod tip. 
 a Ground. 
 
 ^# 
 
 CONDUCTORS. — B., bare copper; B. F., bare iron galvanized; 
 G. seamless rubber insulation; L., flexible cords; K. B., bare lead- 
 covered cable; K. A., lead-covered cable, with aspbaltum taped- 
 cover; K. E., lead-covered cable, armored; g., conductors on insula- 
 tors; o., conductors in iron conduit. 
 
 In Germany, Austria and Italy these symbols are in uni- 
 versal use. 
 
 Copyright, 1905, by We. H. Lee. 
 
N. B.— In the respelling for pronunciation kk represents German and Scotch 
 ch\ u represents German il and French w, r in foreign words is much 
 more strongly trilled than in English. Abbreviations: b. born, d. died, 
 1. a. lived about. 
 
 Abbas — Anderson 
 
 Abbas (ab-as') I. Shah of Persia, sur- 
 
 named the Great, b. 1557. d. 1627. 
 Abbott (ab'ut), Emma A. American 
 
 singer, b. 1849. d. 1891. 
 Abbott, John S. C. American his- 
 torical writer, b. 1805. d. 1877. 
 Abeiard (ab'e-lar), Pierre. French 
 
 theoh gian, b. 1079. d. 1142. 
 Abercrombie (ab'er-krum-bi), James. 
 
 British general, b. 1706. d. 1781. 
 Abercrombie (ab'er-krum-bi), John. 
 
 Scottish philosopher and phycisist. 
 
 b. 1780. d. 1844. 
 Adams (ad'amz), Charles Francis 
 
 (son of J. Q. A.). Am. diplomatist, 
 
 b. 1807. d. 1886. 
 Adams, John. Second president of 
 
 the United States, b. 1735. d. 1826. 
 Adams, John Quincy. Sixth president 
 
 of the U. S.,b. 1767. d. 1848. 
 Adams, Samuel. American patriot 
 
 and statesman, b. 1722. d. 1803. 
 Adams, William Taylor (.Oliver Optic.) 
 
 Am. story writer, b. 1822. d. 1897. 
 Adrian (a'dri-an) I. Pope. d. 795. 
 JEschines (es'ki-nez). Athenian ora- 
 tor, b. B. C. 389. d. 314. 
 JEschylus (es'ki-lus). Greek tragic 
 
 poet, b. B.C. 525. d. 456. 
 iEsop (e'sop). Greek fabulist. Sixth 
 
 century B. C. 
 ^thelred (eth'el-red) I. King of W. 
 
 Saxons, 866 to 871. 
 Agassis, Louis John Rudolph. Swiss 
 
 naturalist in America.b. 1807. d. 1873. 
 Agrippafa-grip'a), Marcus Vipsanius. 
 
 Roman statesman, b. B. C. 63. d. 12. 
 Agrippina (a-grip-i'na) II. Mother 
 
 of the emperor Nero, b. 15. d. 60. 
 Alaric (al'a-rik). Conqueror of Rome. 
 
 King of Visigoths, b. 382. d. 410. 
 
 Alban (al'ban), Saint. First Christian 
 martyr of Great Britain, d. 285. 
 
 Alcams (al-se'us). Greek lyric poet, 
 b. B. C. 620. d. 580. 
 
 Alcibiades (al-si-bi'a-dez). Famous 
 Athenian, b. B. C. 450. d. 404. 
 
 Alcott (al'kut), Louisa May. Ameri- 
 can authoress, b. 1833. d. 1888. 
 
 Alcott (al'kut), Amos Bronson (father 
 of Louisa M.) American philosopher 
 and educator, b. 1799. d. 1888. 
 
 Alexander (al-egz-an'der) I, Emper- 
 or of Russia, b. 1777. d. 1825. 
 
 Alexander II, Nicolaevitch. Em- 
 peror of Russia, b. 1818. d. 1881. 
 
 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 
 b. 1845. d. 1894. 
 
 Alexander the Great, King of Ma- 
 cedon, b. B. C. 356. d. 323. 
 
 Alfieri (al-fe-a're) Vittorio. Italian 
 poet and dramatist, b. 1749. d. 1803. 
 
 Alfonso (al-fon'so) I. of Castile. (The 
 Brave), b. 1030. d. 1109. [b. 1886. 
 
 Alfred (al'fred) the Great. King of the 
 West Saxons, b. 849. d. 901. 
 
 Allen (al'en), Colonel Ethan. Am. of- 
 ficer in Revolution, b. 1737. d. 1789. 
 
 Alvarez (al'va-reth) , Juan. Mexican 
 general and president,b. 1790. d. 1870. 
 
 Ames (amz), Fisher. American orator 
 and patriot, b. 1758. d. 1808. 
 
 Ampere (ong-par'), Andre" Marie. 
 French electrician, b. 1775. d. 1836. 
 
 Anacreon (a-nak're-on), Greek lyric 
 poet, b. B. CI 563. d. 478. 
 
 Anaxagoras (an-aks-ag'o-ras), Greek 
 philosopher, b. B. C. 500. d. 428. 
 
 Andersen (an'der-sen), Hans Chris- 
 tian. Danish writer. (Fairy Tales). 
 b. 1805. d. 1875. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, fall, tare, above; me, met, her j mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, 
 
 705 
 
Andre 
 
 706 
 
 Beecher 
 
 Andre (an'dra), Major John. English 
 
 officer and spy^ b. 1751. d. 1780. 
 Andree (an-dra'), Solomon Auguste. 
 
 Swedish aeronaut, b. 1854. d. 1897. 
 Anne (an), Queen of England, b. 1684. 
 
 d.1714. 
 Antiochus (an-ti'o-kus). (The Great). 
 
 King of Syria, b. B. C. 237. d. 187. 
 Antoninus ( an-to-nl'nus ) , Marcus 
 
 Aurelius. Roman emperor, b. 121. d. 
 
 180. 
 Antonius (an-t5'ni-us), Marcus. (Mark 
 
 Antony). Roman general, b. B. C. 83. 
 
 d. 30. 
 Anelles ( a-pel'ez ) , Famous Greek 
 
 painter, b. B. C. 4th century. 
 Apollodorns (a-pol-o-do'rus). ( The 
 
 Shadower). Athenian painter, d. B. C. 
 
 440. 
 Aquinas (a-kwi'nas), Thomas, St., 
 
 (Angelic Doctor), b.' 1225. d. 1274. 
 Arc (ark), Joan of, (Maid of Orleans) 
 
 b, 1412. d. 1431. 
 Archilochus (ar-kil'6-kus), of Paros. 
 
 Greek lyric poet, b. B. C. 714. d. 676. 
 Archimedes (ar-ki-me'dez). Mathe- 
 matician, Syracuse, b. B. C. 287. d. 
 
 212. [poet, b. 1474. d. 1533. 
 
 Ariosto (a-re-os'to), Ludovico. Italian 
 Aria tides ( ar-is-ti'dez ) . (The Just). 
 
 Athenian general and statesman, d. 
 
 B.C. 468. 
 Aristippus (ar-is-tip'us). Greek phi- 
 losopher, d. B. C. 380. 
 Aristophanes (ar-is-tof'a-nez). Comic 
 
 poet of Greece, b. B. C. 444. d. 380. 
 Aristotle (ar'is-tot-1). Greek philoso- 
 pher, b. B. C. 384. d. 322. 
 Arius (a-ri'us or a'ri-us). Greek deacon 
 
 at Alexandria. Founder of Arianism, 
 
 b. 280. d.336. 
 Ark wright (ark'rit), Sir Richard. In- 
 vented spinning jenny, b. 1732. d. 
 
 1792. 
 Arnold (ar'nuld), Benedict. American 
 
 general'and traitor, b. 1741. d. 1796. 
 Arnold, Edwin, Sir. English poet 
 
 and orientalist, b. 1832. d. 1904. 
 Arnold, Matthew. English poet and 
 
 essayist, b. 1822. d. 1888. 
 Arthur (ar'thur) . British king, hero 
 
 of the Round Table. 1. a. 500. 
 Arthur, Chester Alan. 21st President 
 
 of U. S., b. 1830. d. 1886. 
 As tor (as'tur), John Jacob. Am. mer- 
 chant, b. 1763. d. 1848. 
 Athanasius (ath-a-na'shi-us), Greek 
 
 father of the church, o. 296. d. 373. 
 A ttila (at'i-la). ( The scourge of God) . 
 
 Chief of the Huns, d. 353. 
 Audubon (a'du-bon), John James. 
 
 Am. ornithologist, b. 1780. d. 1851. 
 Aug-ustine(a'gus-tin), Saint. Numi- 
 
 dian bishop,"b. 354. d. 430. 
 
 Aurelian (a-re'li-an), Claudius Domi- 
 tius. Roman emperor, b. 212. d. 275. 
 
 Austen (as'ten), Miss Jane. English 
 novelist,"b. 1775. d. 1817. 
 
 Austin, Stephen F. Founder of the 
 State of Texas, b. 1793. d. 1836. 
 
 Aylmer (al'mer), John. Bishop of Lon- 
 don 1577, b. 1521. d. 1594. 
 
 Bach (baM), Johann Sebastian. Ger- 
 man composer, b. 1685. d. 1750. 
 
 Bacon (ba'kun), Frances, Baron Veru- 
 lam. English philosopher, b. 1561. 
 d. 1626. 
 
 Bacon (ba'kun), Nathaniel. Instigator 
 of Bacon's rebellion at Jamestown, 
 V., 1676, b. 1642. d. 1676. 
 
 Bacon (ba'kun), Roger. English phi- 
 losopher, b. 1214. d. 1294. 
 
 Baffin (baf 'in), William. English navi- 
 gator, b. 1554._d. 1622. 
 
 Bainbridge(ban'biij), Wiliam. Amer- 
 ican commodore, b. 1774. d. 1833. 
 
 Baker ( ba'ker ), Sir Samuel White. 
 English explorer in Africa, b. 1821. 
 d. 1893. 
 
 Balboa (bal-bo' a), Vnsco Nunez. Span, 
 discoverer of Pacific Ocean 1513, b. 
 1475. d. 1518. 
 
 Balzac, de (de bal-zak'), Honore 
 French novelist, b. 1799. d. 1891. 
 
 Bancroft (ban'krof t), George. Ameri- 
 can historian, b. 1800. d. 1891. 
 
 Barnum (bar'num), Phineas T. Fa- 
 mous Am. showman, b. 1810. d. 1891. 
 
 Bayard, de ( de ba'ard ), Pierre du 
 Terrail, Chevalier. French warrior, 
 b. 1475. d. 1524. 
 
 Bayard (bl'ard), James Asheton. Am. 
 statesman,' b. 1767. d. 1815. 
 
 Bayard (ba'ard), Thomas F. Am. sta- 
 tesman, b. 1828. d. 1898. 
 
 Beaconsfield (bek'unz-feld), Benja- 
 min Disraeli, Earl of,b. 1805. d. 1881. 
 
 Beatrice Portinari (be-a-tres por- 
 te-na're). Florentine lady, immortal- 
 ized by Dante, b. 1266. d. 1290. 
 
 Beaumont (bo'mont), Francis. Eng. 
 dramatic poet, colleague of Fletcher, 
 b. 1586. d. 1615. 
 
 Beauregard (b5're-gard), Peter G.T. 
 Bombarded Fort Sumter, b. 1817. d. 
 1893. 
 
 Becket (bek'et), Thomas a. Archbish* 
 op of Canterbury, b. 1117. d. 1170. 
 
 Becquerel (bek-rel'), Antoine Henry, 
 French pysicist. (Becquerel rays), b. 
 1857. 
 
 Bede ( The Venerable). English monK 
 and church historian, b. 672. d. 735. 
 
 Beecher (bech'er), Catherine Esther. 
 (Sister of Henry Ward Beecher). Amer- 
 ican authoress, b. 1800. d. 1878. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf,; 
 mute, nut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Beecher 707 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward. Am. divine 
 and writer, b. 1813. d. 1887. 
 
 Beethoven, van (van ba'to-ven o?*be- 
 to'ven), Ludwig. German musical 
 composer, b. 1770. d. 1827. 
 
 Behring (bar-ing), Vitus. Danish nav- 
 igator, b. 1680. d. 1741. 
 
 Belisarius ( bel-i-sa'ri-us ). Roman 
 genera), b. 505. d. 565. 
 
 Belknap (bel'nap ), Jeremy. Ameri- 
 can historian and biographer, b. 1744. 
 d. 1798. 
 
 Bell, Sir Charles. Celebrated anato- 
 mist and physiologist. Discoverer of 
 the functions of the motor and sensory 
 nerves, b. 1774. d. 1842. 
 
 Bellamy (bel'a mi), Edward. Ameri- 
 can lawyer and writer, b. 1850. d. 
 1898. 
 
 Br- ranger , de(de ba-r ong-zha'), Pierre- 
 Jean. Frencii poet, b. 1780. d. 1857. 
 
 Bergb (bergh), Henry. Founder Amer- 
 ican S. P. C. A, b. 1823. d. 1888. 
 
 Biddle(bid'l), James. American naval 
 commander, _b. 1783. d. 1848. 
 
 Bierstadt (ber'stau, Albert. German 
 landscape painter in the U. S., b. 
 1828, d. 1902. 
 
 Birney ( ber'ni ), David B. American 
 general, b. 1825. d. 1864. 
 
 Bismarck (biz'mark), Otto Eduard 
 Leopold, Prince von. Creator of Ger- 
 man unity, b. 1815. d. 1898. 
 
 Bjoriison (bi-urn'sun), Bjornstjerne. 
 Norwegian author, b. ] 832. d. 1907. 
 
 Black, Jeremiah Sullivan. American 
 jurist and statesman, b. 1810, d. 1883. 
 
 Black, William. English novelist, b. 
 1841, d. 1898. 
 
 Black-Hawk. Noted Indian chief 
 and warrior, b. 1768 2 d. 1838. 
 
 Blackstone (blak'ston), Sir William. 
 English judge and law commentator, 
 b. 1723,d L 1780. 
 
 Blaine (blan), James Gillespie. Amer- 
 ican statesman, b. 1830, d. 1893. 
 
 Blair ( blar ), Francis P. American 
 politician, b. 1791, d. 1876. 
 
 Blair, Francis Preston, {son of F. P.). 
 
 ■ Lawyer and politician, b!l813, d.1883. 
 
 Blavatsky (bla-vats'ki), Mme.Helena. 
 Russian theosbphist, b. 1835, d. 1891. 
 
 Blennerhasset (blen-er-has'et), Har- 
 man. Dupe of Aaron Burr, b. 1764, 
 d. 1831. 
 
 Blacker, von ( von blttM'er ), Geb- 
 hard Lebrecht. Prussian general, b. 
 1742, d. 1819. 
 
 Boccaccio ( bok-at'cho ), Giovanni. 
 Italian novelist, b. 1317, d. 1375. 
 
 Bode (bo'de), Johann Ehlert. German 
 astronomer, b. 1747, d. 1826. 
 
 Bolivar (bol'i-var), Simon. Liberator 
 of Bolivia, b. 1783. d. 1830. 
 
 Brush 
 
 Bonaparte (bo'na-part), Napoleon I., 
 Emper. of the French, b. 1769. d.l82L 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon III. {Louis N.). 
 Emper. of the French, b. 1808. d.1873. 
 
 Bonheur ( ba-nur' ), Rosalie, Mile. 
 French painter of animals, b. 1822. 
 d. 1899. 
 
 Boniface (bon'i-fas), I. Bishop, Rome, 
 d.422.— B. II. Pope 530-532. — B.III. 
 Pope 607. — B. IV. Pope 608-15.— 
 B. V. Pope 619-625.-B. VI. Pope 
 896.-B. VII. Pope 974-85.-B. VIII. 
 1294-1303.— B. XI. Pope 1389-1404. 
 
 Bonner (bon'er), Robert. Irish-Anieii- 
 can journalist, b. 1824. d. 1820. 
 
 Boone (bon), Daniel. American pio- 
 neer in Kentucky, b. 1735. d. 1820. 
 
 Booth, Edwin, {son of Junius Brutus). 
 Americau actor, b. 1833. d. 1893. 
 
 Booth, John Wilkes. Assassin of Lin- 
 coln, b. 1839. d. 1865. [b,1796.d.l852. 
 
 Booth, Junius Brutus. Eng. traged ian, 
 
 Borgia (bor'ja), Lucrezia. Daughter 
 of Pope Alex. VI, said to have been 
 a famous poisoner, b. 1480. d. 1519. 
 
 Boswell (boz'wel), James, Biographer 
 of Dr. Johnson, b. 1740. d. 1795. 
 
 Brad'dock, Edward. British general 
 in America, b. 1695. d. 1755, 
 
 Brad'street, John. American major- 
 general, b. 1711. d. 1774. 
 
 Bragg', Braxton. American confeder- 
 ate general, b. 1817, d. 1876. 
 
 Brahe (bra'e), Tycho. Danish astrono- 
 mer, b. 1546. d. 1601. 
 
 Bright, John. English orator and 
 statesman, b. 1811. d. 1889. 
 
 Bronte (bron'te), Anne. {Acton Bell). 
 English novelist, b. 1820. d. 1849. 
 
 Bronte, Charlotte. ( Currer Bell), b. 
 1816. d. 1855. 
 
 Bronte, Emily Jane. {Ellis Bell). En- 
 glish novelist, b. 1818. d. 1848. 
 
 Brougham, ( bro'am ), Henry, Lord. 
 Eng. statesman, orator, b. 1779. d. 
 1868. 
 
 Brown, Goold. American gramma- 
 rian,!). 1791. d. 1857. 
 
 Brown, John, "of Ossawattomie." 
 Am. abolitionist, b. 1800. d. 1859. 
 
 Browne, Chs. Farrar. {Artemus Ward) 
 American humorist, b. 1834. d. 1867 
 
 Brown'ing, Elizabeth Barrett. En- 
 glish poetess, b. 1809. d. 1861. 
 
 Brown'ing, Robert. English poet, b. 
 1812. d. 1889. 
 
 Brown-Sequard ( brown-se-kar' ), 
 Edouard. French physiologist, b. 
 1818. d. 1894. 
 
 Bruce, Robert. King of Scots. Born 
 in Westphalia, 1274. d. 1329. 
 
 Bruno (bro'no), Giordano. Neapolitan 
 philosopher. Burned at Rome for 
 heresy 1600. b. 1548. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolfj 
 mate, hat, bora; oil, owl, tton* 
 
Brutus 
 
 708 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Brutus (bro'tus), Lucius Junius. 1. a. 
 B.C. 500. Founded Roman republic. 
 
 Brutus, Marcus Junius. Killed Csesar, 
 b. B. C. 85. d. 42. 
 
 Bryant, (bri-ant), William Cullen. 
 American journalist and poet, b. 
 1794. d. 1878. 
 
 Buchanan (bu-kan'un), James. 15th 
 President U. S.,b. 1791. d. 1868. 
 
 Buffo n, de ( buf'un ), Georges Louis 
 Leclerk, Comte. French naturalist, 
 b. 1707. d. 1788. 
 
 Buddha (bo'da), title of Gautama, the 
 founder of Buddhism. 1. a. B. C. 500. 
 
 Bulwer-liytton(bol-wer-lit'un),Edw. 
 George Earle Lytton, Baron. English 
 novelist, b. 1806. d. 1873. 
 
 Bulwer-Iiytton, Edw. Robert,Baron 
 Lytton. {Owen Meredith.) Son of pre- 
 ceding. English poet, b. 1831. d. 1891. 
 
 Banyan, ( bun'yan ), John. English 
 divine, author of Pilgrim's Progress, 
 b. 1628. d. 1688. 
 
 Burgoyne (bur-goin'), John. English 
 general; dramatist, b. 1730. d. 1792. 
 
 Burke (btirk), Edmund. Irish states- 
 man and orator, b. 1730. d. 1797. 
 
 Burns, Robert. Scotch poet, b. 1759. 
 d. 1796. 
 
 Burn'side, Ambrose Everett. Ameri- 
 can general, b. 1824. d. 1881. 
 
 Burr (bur), Aaron. 3rd vice-president 
 of the United-States, b. 1755. d. 1836. 
 
 Butler (but'ler), Benjamin. Am. law- 
 yer and general, b. 1818. d. 1893. 
 
 Butler, Samuel. Engl. poet. Author 
 of Hudibras, b. 1612. d. 1680. 
 
 Byrd (bSrd), Wm. Founded Richmond, 
 Va.,b.at Westover, Va., 1674. d. 1744. 
 
 Byron ( bi-run ), Geo. Gordon, Lord. 
 English poet, b. 1788. d. 1824. 
 
 Cabot ( kah at ), Sebastian. English 
 
 navigator, b. 1477. d. 1557. 
 Cadillac (ka-de-yak'), Antoine de la 
 
 Mothe. French commander. Founder 
 
 of Detroit 1701. Gov. of La. 3 711- 
 
 1717, d. 1720. [poet, d. 1720. 
 
 Caedmon ( ked'mun ). Anglo-Saxon 
 Caesar (se'zar), Caius Julius. Roman 
 
 general and dictator, b. B. C. 100. 
 
 Assassinated, 44. 
 Calhoun ( kal-hon'), John Caldwell. 
 
 Am. statesman, b. 1782. d. 1850. 
 Caligula (ka-lig'u-la) , Caius Cassar. 
 
 Third Roman emperor, b. 12. d. 41. 
 Calvin (kal'vin). John. French protes- 
 
 tant reformer, b. 1509. d. 1564. 
 Campbell (kam'el), Alexander. 
 
 Founder of the Campbellites, b. 1786. 
 
 d. 1866. 
 Canning 1 , George. English statesman 
 
 and wit, b. 1770. d. 1827. 
 
 Canute (ka-nuf), King of England, 
 
 Denmark and Norway, b. 994. d. Nov. 
 
 12, 1035, at Shaftesbury, Eng. 
 Carle ton (karl'tun), Guy. Lieut. Gen. 
 
 Succeeded Clinton com.-in-chief in 
 
 Amer. Gov. Quebec 1786-1796, b.1724 
 
 d. 1808. [ist, b. 1794. d. 1869. 
 
 Carleton (karl'tun), Wm. Irish novel- 
 Carlyle (kar-lil'), Thomas. British es- 
 sayist and historian, b. 1795. d. 1881. 
 Carnot(kar-no'), Mnrie Francois Sadi. 
 
 Pres. of France, b. 1837. d. 1894. 
 Carson, Christopher. (Fit Carson). Am. 
 
 frontiersman, b. 1809. d. 1868. 
 Car teret (kar'ter-e t) , Sir George. Lieut. 
 
 Gov., New Jersey, b. 1609, d. 1680. 
 Cartwright (karfrit), Peter. Am- 
 
 Methodist preacher, b. 1785. d. 1872. 
 Cary (ka'ri), Alice. American poet and 
 
 novelist, b. 1820. d. 1871. 
 Cary, Phoebe. (Sister of Alice C.) Am. 
 
 poet, b. 1824. d. 1871. 
 Cass (kas), Lewis. American states- 
 man, b. 1782. d. 1866. 
 Catherine I, Empress of Russia, wife 
 
 of Peter the Great, b. 1684. d. 1727. 
 Catiline (kat'i-lin), Lucius Sergius. 
 
 Roman conspirator, b. B.C. 108. d.62. 
 Cato (ka'to), Marcus Porcius. ( The 
 
 Elder). Roman censor, b. B. C. 234. 
 
 d. 149. 
 Cato, Marcus Porcius. {The Younger). 
 
 Roman Stoic philosopher and patriot, 
 
 b. B. C. 95. d. 46. 
 Catullus (ka-tul'us), Caius Valerius. 
 
 Roman lyric poet, b. B. C. 87. d. 54. 
 Cervantes (ser-van'tez), Saavedra, 
 
 Miguel de, Spanish novelist, b. 1547. 
 
 d. 1616. 
 Chandler, Zachariah. Am. statesman, 
 
 b. 1813. d. 1879. 
 Channing-, Wm. Ellery. One of the 
 
 founders of Unitarianism, b. 1780. 
 
 d. 1842. 
 Charlemagne (shar-le-man'), King 
 
 of the Franks and Roman Emperor 
 
 b. 742. d. 814. [ted 1649. b. 1600. 
 Charles I. King of England. Execu- 
 Chateaubriand ( sha-to-bre-ong' ) , 
 
 Francois Rene* Auguste, Vicomte de. 
 
 French author, b. 1768. d. 1848. 
 Chaucer (cha'ser), Geoffrey. English 
 
 poet, b. 1340*.* d. 1400. 
 Chesterfield ( ches'ter-f eld ) , Philip 
 
 Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of. b. 
 
 1694. d. 1773. 
 Choate (ehot), Rufus. Amer. advocate 
 
 and jurist, b. 1799. d. 1859. 
 Cicero (sis'e-ro), Marcus Tullius. Ro- 
 man orator and statesman, b. B. C. 
 
 106. Proscribed and slain, 43. 
 Clarke, James Freeman. Am. writer. 
 
 Unitarian minister, b. 1810. d. 1888. 
 
 _^ «ate, t&t, task, f&r, fftU, fftre, fcboye j n»§, met, her; mite, mit; o5ts, not, move, w9Mi 
 p& mm t feat, bSra - t qU, owl, Men* 
 
Claude Lorrain 
 
 0.9 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Cland e Lor rain (klod lo-r an g') ( Claude 
 Gellee). French landscape painter, b. 
 1600. d. 1682. [man, b. 1 777. d. 1852. 
 
 Clay, Henri 7 . Am. orator and states- 
 Clement (I. to XIV. Popes) C. I. d. 
 A. D. 100.— C. II. 1046-1047.-C. III. 
 Antipope 1080. d. 1110— C. 111.1187- 
 91. C. IV. 1265-8.— C. V. 1305-14.— 
 C. VI. 1342-52.-C. VII. Antipope 
 1378.— C. VII. 1523-1534— C. VIII. 
 Antipope 1424-9. — C. VIII. 1592- 
 1605.-C. IX. 1667-69.--C.X. 1670-76. 
 — C. XI. 1700-21.— C. XII. 1730-40.— 
 C. XIII. 1730-40.— C. XIV. 1769-74. 
 
 Cleopatra ( kle o-pa'tra ). Queen of 
 Egypt, b. B. C. 69. d. 30. 
 
 Clinton (klin'tun), De Witt. American 
 statesman, b. 1769. d. 1828. 
 
 Cobden (kob'den), Ricbard. Eng. poli- 
 tician and economist, b. 1804. d. 1865. 
 
 Coleridge (kol'rij), Samuel T. Eng. 
 philosopher, poet, b. 1772. d. 1834. 
 
 Colfax (kol'faks), Schuyler. American 
 statesman, b. 1823. d. 1885. 
 
 Collins (kol'inz), Wm. Wilkie. Engl, 
 novelist, b. 1824. d. 1889. 
 
 Colt (k61t), Samuel. American inven- 
 tor, b. 1814. _d. 1862. 
 
 Colnmbns (ko-lum'bus), Christopher. 
 {Ital. Christoforo Colombo : Span. 
 Cristoval Colon.) Genoese ; discov- 
 erer of America, b. 1435. d. 1506. 
 
 Comte(kongt), Auguste. French posi- 
 tivist philosopher, b. 1798. d. 1857. 
 
 Confucius (kon-fu'she-us), Chinese 
 philosopher, b. B. C. 551. d. 479. 
 
 Constantine (kon'stan-tin), I. {The 
 Great), Emperor'of Rome, b. 272. d. 
 337. [gator, b. 1728. d. 1779. 
 
 Cook, Captain James. English navi- 
 
 Cooper ( ko'per ) , James Fenimore. 
 American novelist, b. 1789, d. 1851. 
 
 Cooper, Peter. American philanthro- 
 pist, b. 1791. d. 1883. 
 
 Copernicus (ko-per'ni-kus), Nicholas. 
 Prussian astronomer, b. 1473. d. 1543. 
 
 Corday d'Armans (kor-da'dar- 
 mong'), Marie Anne Charlotte. Killed 
 Marat, b. 1768. d. 1793. 
 
 Coriolanus ( k5-ri-o-la-nus ), Cneius 
 Marcus. Roman hero, 1. a. B. C. 489. 
 
 Corneille (kor-na'i), Pierre. French 
 dramatist, b. 1606. d. 1684. 
 
 Cornelia (kar-ne'li-a) , Roman matron. 
 Mother of the Gracchi, 1. a. B.C. 160. 
 
 Cornwallis (karn-wol'is),Chas., Lord. 
 British general, b. 1738. d._1805. 
 
 Correggio, da(da kar-ed'jo), Antonio 
 Allegri. Italian painter, b. 1494. d. 
 1534. 
 
 Cortes (kar'tez), Hernando. Spanish 
 conqueror of Mexico, b. 1485. d. 1547. 
 
 Coulomb, de (ko-long'), Charles Au- 
 guste. Fr. physicist, b. 1736. d. 1806. 
 
 Cowper (kow'per), William. English 
 poet, b. 1731, d. 1800. 
 
 Cox, Samuel Sullivan (Sunset). Am. 
 politician, b. 1844. d. 1889. 
 
 Craik ( krak ), Dinah Maria Mulock. 
 English novelist, b. 1831. d. 1887. 
 
 Cranmer (kran'mer), Thomas. Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, b. 1489. Burned 
 the stake 1556. 
 
 Crockett (krok'et), David. American 
 backwoodsman and politician, b. 
 1786. d. 1836. [B. C. 560. 
 
 Croesns ( kre'sus ). King of Lydia, 
 
 Cromwell ( krom'wel ), Oliver. Pro- 
 tector of theEnglish Commonwealth, 
 b. 1599. d. 1658. 
 
 Cruikshank (krok'shangk), George. 
 Eng. caricaturist,* b. 1792. d. 1878. 
 
 Curtin (kur'tin), Andrew Gregg. War 
 governor of Penn., b. 1817. d. 1894. 
 
 Curtis. George Wm. American author 
 and editor, b. 1824. d. 1892. 
 
 Cnsliing (kosh'ing), Caleb. American 
 politician and jurist, b. 1800. d. 1879. 
 
 Cushman (kosh'man), Charlotte Saun- 
 ders. American actress, b. 1816. d. 
 1876. [general, b. 1839. d. 1876. 
 
 Custer, George Armstrong. American 
 
 Cuvier (ku-ve-a'), George Chretien 
 Leopold Fred6ric Dagobert, Baron. 
 French naturalist, b. 1769. d. 1832. 
 
 Cyrus (si'rus). {The Great.) King of 
 Persia, d. B. C. 529. 
 
 Dagnerre (da-gar'), Louis Jacques 
 Mande.Fr. inventor, b. 1789. d. 1851. 
 
 Dallas, George Mifflin. Vice-president 
 of the U. S., 1845-49, b. 1792. d. 1864. 
 
 Dalton (dal'tun), John. English chem- 
 ist. {Atomic theory), b. 1766. d. 1844. 
 
 Dana, (da'na), James Dwight. Ameri- 
 can geologist, b. 1813. d. 1895. 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry, Jr. American 
 lawyer and author, b. 1815. d. 1882. 
 
 Dante (dan'ta), contracted from Du- 
 rante, degli Alighieri. Italian poet, 
 b. 1265. d. 1321. 
 
 Darwin (dar'win), Charles Robert. 
 English evolutionist, b. 1809. d.1882. 
 
 Daudet(do-da'), Alphonse. French nov- 
 elist and dramatist, b. 1840. d. 1897. 
 
 Dav'enport, Fanny E. V. American 
 actress, b. 1829. d. 1891. 
 
 Davis (da/vis), Jefferson. President of 
 the "Confederate States of America" 
 (Civil war), b. 1808. d. 1889. 
 
 Davy (da'vi), Sir Humphry. Eng. chem- 
 ist. {Safety lamp), b. 1778. d. 1829. 
 
 Dearborn (der'burn), Henry. Ameri- 
 can general, b. 1751. d. 1829 
 
 Decatur (de-ka'tur), Stephen. Ameri- 
 can commodore, b. 1779. d. 1820. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me. met, her; mite, init; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bQru; oil, owl, thou. 
 
DeFoe 
 
 710 
 
 Epictetus 
 
 DeFoe or Defoe (de-fo'), Daniel. En- 
 glish author (Robinson Crusoe), b. 
 1661. d. 1731. 
 
 BeKalb (de-kalb), John, Baron. Ger- 
 man general in American revolution, 
 b. 1721. d. 1780. 
 
 Delavigne (d'la-veny'). Jean Francois 
 Casimir. French poet, b. 1793. d. 1843. 
 
 Delaware (del'a-war), Thomas West, 
 Lord. Governor of Virgiuia, d. 1<T18. 
 
 Be Elsie, Rouge* ( ro-zha' de lei' ). 
 French poet, b. 1760. d. 1836. 
 
 I>e liOiig-, George Washington. Ameri- 
 can artic explorer, b. 1844. d. in 
 Siberia 1881. 
 
 Democritns (de-mok'ri-tus). (Laugh- 
 ing Philosopher). _ Greek, _d. B. C. 357. 
 
 Demosthenes (de-mos'the nez), Athe- 
 nian orator, b. B. C. 384. d. 322. 
 
 DeCfcuincey, Thomas. English writer. 
 Author of " Confessions of an Opium 
 Eater," b. 1785. d. 1859. 
 
 Descartes ( da-kart' ), Rene. French 
 philosopher, b. 1596. d. 1650. 
 
 Desmouiins (da-mo-lang' ), Canaille. 
 French revolutionist, b. 1761. d. 1794. 
 
 De Soto (da-so'to), Fernando. Spanish 
 explorer, b. 1496. d. 1542. 
 
 De Wet ( de-wet' ), Christian. Boer 
 commander, b. 1860. 
 
 Dewey (du'i), George. Am. naval hero 
 (Manila), b. 1838. [Mexico, b. 1830. 
 
 Diaz ( de'ath ), Porfirio. President of 
 
 Dickens (dik'enz), Charles. English 
 novelist, b._ 1812. d. 1870. 
 
 Diderot (de-dro'), Denis. French phi- 
 losopher, b. 1713. d._1784. 
 
 Diocletian (di-o-kle'shan). Roman 
 emperor, b. 245. d. 313. 
 
 Diogenes (di-oj'en-ez). Greek cynic 
 philosopher, b .B. C. 414. d. 324. 
 
 Dionysius (di-o-nish'i-us), of Halicar- 
 nassus. Gr. historian.b. B.C. 54, d. 7. 
 
 Disraeli (diz-re'li or -ra'li), Benjamin, 
 Earl of Beaconsfield. Eug. statesman 
 and author, b. 1804. d. 1881. 
 
 Doddridge (dod'rijj. Philip. English 
 hymnologist, b. 1702. d. 1751. 
 
 Dodge (doj), Mary Abigail. ( Gail 
 Hamilton). Am. authoress, b. 1830. 
 d. 1896. [> 1838. d. 1905. 
 
 Dodge, Mary Mapes. Am. authoress, 
 
 Doinitian ( do-mish'i-an ) . Roman 
 emperor, b. 51. d. 96. 
 
 Donnelly (don'el-i), Ignatius. Am. 
 authorand politician^. 1831. d. 1901. 
 
 Dore (do-ra'),Gustave. French painter, 
 b. 1833. d. 1883. 
 
 Douglas (dug'las), Stephen Arnold. 
 Am. statesman," b. 1813. d. 1861. 
 
 Douglass, Frederick. Am. colored 
 oratorandjournalist,b. 1817. d. 1895. 
 
 Dow, Neal. American soldier and tem- 
 perance reformer, b. 1804. d. 1897. 
 
 Drake (drak), Sir Francis. Engl, nav- 
 igator; buccaneer, b. 1537. d. 1596. 
 
 Draper (dra'per), Henry. Am. physio- 
 logist and chemist, b. 1837. d. 1882. 
 
 Drayton, Wm. Henry. Am. jurist and 
 patriot, b. 1742. d. 1779. 
 
 Dryden (dri'den), John. Eng. poet and 
 dramatist, b. 1631. d. 1700. 
 
 Da Chaillu (do sha-y6'),Paul BellonL 
 Fr. traveler in Africa, b. 1835. d.1903. 
 
 Dudley, Lord Guilford. Married Lady 
 Jane Grey 1553. Executed 1554. 
 
 Dudley, John. Father of Lord G., b. 
 1502. Beheaded 1553. 
 
 Dudley, Robt., Earl of Leicester. Fa- 
 vorite of Q Elizabeth, b. 1532. d. 1588. 
 
 Dumas (do-ma'), Alexandre. Fr. nov- 
 elist and dramatist, b. 1803. d. 1870. 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre. (Son). Fr. drama- 
 tist and romancer, b. 1824. d. 1895. 
 
 DuMaurier ( do mo-re-ya' ), George 
 Eng. artist and writer, b. 1834. d.1896. 
 
 Dwiglit (dwit), Timothy. Am. divine 
 and educator, b. 1752, d. 1817. 
 
 Eads (edz), James Buchanan. American 
 engineer, b. 1820. d. 1887. 
 
 Efoers (a'berz), George Moritz. German 
 Egyptologist, b. 1837. d. 1898. 
 
 Edison (ed'i-son), Thomas Alva. Am. 
 electrician and inventor, b. 1847. 
 
 Edward I. (The Elder). King of the 
 Anglo-Saxons., d. 925. 
 
 Edward III. (The Confessor). King 
 of the Anglo-Saxons, b. 1001. d. 1066. 
 
 Edward I. (Long shanks) . King of Eng- 
 land, b. 1239. d. 1307. 
 
 Edward V. King of England. Mur- 
 dered in the Tower, 1483. b. 1470. 
 
 Edward VI. King of England, b. 1537. 
 d. 1553. rWales, b. 1330. d. 1376. 
 
 Edward. (The Black Prince). Prince of 
 
 Egbert (eg'bert). (The Great). King of 
 West-Saxons, b. 775. d. 839. 
 
 Eggleston (eg'lz-tun), Edward. Am. 
 novelist, b. 1837. d. 1902. 
 
 Eliot, George. See George Eliot. 
 
 Elisabeth (e-liz'a-beth). Queen of Eng- 
 land, b. 1533. d'. 1603. 
 
 Emmet (em'et), Robert. Irish patriot, 
 b. 1778. d. 1803. 
 
 Encke (engk'e), Johann Franz. Ger- 
 man astronomer, b. 1791. d. 1865. 
 
 English (ing'glish), Thomas Dunn. 
 Am. song writer, b. 1819. d. 1902. 
 
 Ennius (en'i-us), Quintus. Roman 
 epic poet. b. B. C. 239. d. 169. 
 
 Epaminondas ( e-pam-i-non'das ) . 
 Thebian statesman and general, b. 
 B.C. 418. d. 362. 
 
 Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus). Roman Stoic 
 philosopher, b. 60. d. 120. 
 
 fete, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Epicurus 
 
 711 
 
 Garcia 
 
 Epicnrns (ep-i-ku'rus). Greek phi- 
 losopher, b. B. C. 342. d. 270. 
 
 Erasmus ( e-raz'mus ) , Desiderius. 
 Dutch scholar and author, b. 1467. 
 d. 1536. 
 
 Eratostbenes(er-a-tos'the-nez),Greek 
 geometer aud astronomer, b. B. C. 
 276. d. 196. 
 
 Eric (er'ik). {The Red). Scandinavian 
 navigator, lived about 1000. 
 
 Ericsson (er'ik-sun), John. Swedish- 
 American inventor, b. 1803. d. 1889. 
 
 Euclid fu'klid). Famous Greek geom- 
 eter who nourished at Alexandria 
 about 300 B. C. 
 
 Euripides ( yo-rip'i-dez ). Athenian 
 tragic poet. b. B. G 480. d. 406. 
 
 Evarts (ev'artz), Wm. Maxwell. Am. 
 lawyer and statesman, b. 1818. d. 
 1901. 
 
 Everett (ev'er-et), Edward. Am. orator 
 and statesman, b. 1794. d. 1865. 
 
 Fabins (fa'bi-us), Maximus Verruco- 
 sus, Quintus. {Cunctator.) Roman con- 
 sul. DefeatedHannibal, d. B. C. 203. 
 
 Fabricius (fa-brish'i-us), Euscinus, 
 Caius. Roman statesman, d. about 
 B. C. 275. 
 
 JFalieri (fa-le-a'ri), Marino. Doge of 
 Venice. Executed for treason, b. 1274. 
 d. 1355. 
 
 Farquhar (far'kwar), George. Irish 
 dramatist, b. 1678. d. 1707. 
 
 Farragut (far'a-gut), David Glasgow. 
 Am. admiral, b. 1801. d. 1870. 
 
 Faure (for), Francois Felix. Presi- 
 dent of France, b. 1840. d. 1899. 
 
 Fenelon ( fa-ne-16ng' ), Francois de 
 Salignac de la Mothe. French prelate 
 and author, b._1651. d. 1715. 
 
 Feuillet ( fo-ya' ) , Octave. French 
 novelist, b. 1821. d. 1890. 
 
 Ficbte (fiM'te), Immanuel Hermann. 
 German philosopher, b. 1797. d. 1879. 
 
 Ficnte, Johann Gottlieb. Ger. meta- 
 
 ?hvsician. (Father of preceding.) b. 
 762. d. 1814. 
 
 Field (feld), Cyrus W. Am. merchant. 
 Originator of first Atlantic cable, b. 
 1819. d. 1892. 
 
 Field, David Dudley. (Brother of Cy- 
 rus W.) Am. jurist, b. 1805. d. 1894. 
 
 Field, Eugene. Am. poet and journal- 
 ist, b. 1850. d. 1895. 
 
 Fielding (feld'ing), Henry. English 
 novelist, b. 1707. d. 1754. 
 
 Fillmore (fil'mor), Millard. 13th 
 president of U. S. b. 1800. d. 1874. 
 
 Fish (fish), Hamilton. Am. Secretary 
 of State, b. 1808. d. 1893. 
 
 Fiske(fisk), John. (Edmund F. Green). 
 Am. historian, b. 1842. d. 1901. 
 
 Fitch (fitch), John. Amer. inventor. 
 First steamboat 1787. b. 1743. d. 
 1798. 
 
 Flammarion(fla-ma-re-ong'), Camilla 
 Fr. astronomer and author, b. 1842. 
 
 Fletcher (flech'er), John. English 
 dramatist and poet, b. 1579. d. 1625. 
 
 Forrest (for'est), Edwin. American 
 tragedian, b. 1806. d. 1872. 
 
 Fourier ( f 6-re a' ), Francois Marie 
 Charles. French socialist, b, 1772. 
 d. 1837. 
 
 Fox (foks), Chas. James. English ora- 
 tor and statesman, b. 1749. d. 1806. 
 
 Fox, George. English founder of the 
 Society of Friends or Quakers, b. 
 1624. d. 1690. 
 
 Franklin ( frangk'lin ), Benjamin. 
 Am. philosopher and statesman, b, 
 1706. d. 1790. 
 
 Franklin, Sir John. English arctic 
 explorer, b. 1786. d. 1847. 
 
 Fraunhofer, von (fon frown'ho-fer), 
 Joseph. Bavarian optician, b. 1787. 
 d. 1826. 
 
 Frederick (fred'er-ik) I. [Barbarossa), 
 German Emperor, b. 1121. d. 1190. 
 
 Frederick William. {The Great 
 Elector.) Elector of Brandenburg, 
 founder of the Prussian monarchy, 
 b. 1620. d. 1688. 
 
 Frederick I. First King of Prussia; 
 son of the Great Elector, b. 1657. d. 
 1713. 
 
 Frederick II. ( The Great ). Third 
 King of Prussia, b. 1712. d. 1788. 
 
 Freeman (fre'man), Edward Augus- 
 tus. Eng. historian, b. 1823. d. 1892. 
 
 Fronde (frod), James Anthony. En- 
 glish historian, b. 1818. d. 1894. 
 
 Fuller (fol'er), Sarah Margaret, Mar- 
 chioness Ossoli. Amer. authoress, b. 
 1810. d. 1850. 
 
 Fnlton (fol'tun), Robert. Amer. engi- 
 neer and inventor, b. 1765. d. 1815. 
 
 Gaborian (ga-bo-re-5'), Emile. French 
 author, b. 1834. d. 1873. 
 
 Gadsden ( gadz'den ), Christopher. 
 American patriot, b. 1724. d. 1805. 
 
 Gainsborong-h (ganz'bro), Thomas. 
 English painter, b. 1727. d. 1788. 
 
 Galba ( gal'ba ), Servius Sulpicius. 
 Roman emperor, b. 3 B. C.d. A. D. 69. 
 
 Galen (ga'len), Claudius. Roman phy- 
 sician and philosopher, b. 131. d. 210. 
 
 Gama, da (da-ga'ma), Vasco. Portu- 
 guese navigator, b. 1450. d. 1524. 
 
 Gambetta (gam-bet'a), Leon. French 
 statesman, b. 1838, d. 1882. 
 
 Garcia (gar'shi-a), Calixto y Iniguez. 
 Cuban patriot and general, b. 1836. 
 d. 1898. 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Garfield 
 
 712 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Garfield (gar'feld), James A. 20th 
 President of U. S. b. 1831. d. 1881. 
 
 Garibaldi ( gar-e-bal'de ), Guiseppe. 
 Ital. patriot and general, b. 1807, d. 
 1882. 
 
 Garrick (gar'ik), David. English ac- 
 tor and dramatist, b. 1717. d. 1779. 
 
 Garrison, Wm. Llovd. Famous Am. 
 abolitionist, b. Dec. 10, 1805. d. May 
 24, 1879. [d. 1806. 
 
 Gates, Horatio. Am. General, b. 1728. 
 
 Gatling (gat'ling), Richard Jordan. 
 American inventor, b. 1818. d. 1902. 
 
 George IV, Augustus Frederick. King 
 of Great Britain, b. 1762. d. 1830. 
 
 George Eliot. Pseudonym of Marian 
 Evans (Mrs. Cross). English novelist, 
 b. 1819. d. 1880. 
 
 George, Henry. American political 
 economist, b. 1839. d. 1897. 
 
 George, Saint. Christian martyr. 
 Patron saint of England, d. 303. 
 
 Germanicus (jer-man'i-kus), Cassar. 
 Roman general, b. B.C. 14. d. A.D. 19. 
 
 Gerome ( zha-rom' ), Jean Leon. 
 French painter, b. 1824. d. 1904. 
 
 Gervinus (ger-ve'nus), Georg Gott- 
 fried. Ger. historian, b. 1805. d. 1871. 
 
 Gibbon (gib'un), Edward. English 
 historian, b. 1737. d. 1794. 
 
 Giddings(gid'ings), Joshua Reed. Am. 
 anti-slavery leader, b. 1795. d. 1864. 
 
 Girard (je-rard'), Stephen. Founder 
 of Girard College, b. 1750. d. 1831. 
 
 Gladstone (glad'ston), Wm. Evart. 
 English premier, b. 1809. d. 1898. 
 
 Godiva (go-di'va), {Lady Godiva). 
 Wife of Leofric, Earle of Leicester, 
 lived in the 11th century. 
 
 Goethe, von (fon ge'te), Johann Wolf- 
 gang. German poet, b. 1749. d. 1832. 
 
 Goldsmith (gold'smith), Oliver. Irish 
 author and poet, b. 1728. d. 1774. 
 
 Gomez (go'meth), Maximo. Cuban in- 
 surgent general, b. 1836.d. 1905. 
 
 Goodrich (god'rich), Samuel Gris- 
 wold. (Peter Parley) . Am. writer of 
 juvenile books, b. 1793. d. 1860. 
 
 Goodyear (god'yer) , Charles. Ameri- 
 can inventor', b. 1800. d. 1860. 
 
 Gordon (gar'dun), Charles George. 
 [Chinese Gordon). British general , b. 
 1833. d. 1885. 
 
 Gottschalk (got'shalk), Louis M. Am. 
 pianist and composer, b. 1829. d. 1869. 
 
 Gongh (gof), John B. Am. temperance 
 lecturer, b. 1817. d. 1886. 
 
 Gould (gold), Jay. Am. stock-broker 
 and speculator, b. 1836. d. 1892. 
 
 Gower (gow'er), John. English poet, 
 d. 1402. 
 
 Gracchus (grak'us) , Caius Sempro- 
 nius. Roman statesman, b. B. C. 158. 
 d. 121. 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius, (Brother of C. S) 
 Roman statesman, b. B.C. 168. d. 133. 
 
 Grafton, Richard. Printer of first Eng. 
 book (Common prayer), 1549. d. 1572. 
 
 Grant (grant), Ulysses Simpson. Gen- 
 eral and 18th President of U. S., b. 
 1822. d. 1885. 
 
 Grasse (gras), Marquis de. Admiral 
 in charge French fleet off Yorktown 
 1781, b. 1723. d. 1788. 
 
 Gray (gra), Asa. American botanist 
 and writer, b. 1810. d. 1888. 
 
 Gray, Elisha. Am. inventor and elec- 
 trician, b. 1835. d. 1901. 
 
 Gray, Thomas. Engl, poet and prose 
 writer, b. 1716. d. 1771. 
 
 Greeley (gre'li), Horace. Am. journal- 
 ist and politician, b._1811. d. 1872. 
 
 Green (gfen), Nathaniel. American 
 major-general, _b. 1742. d. 1786. 
 
 Greenleaf (gren'lef), Simon. Am. 
 jurist and law-writer, b. 1783. d. 1853. 
 
 Gregory (greg'o-ri) I. Saint. (The 
 Great.) Pope, b. 542. d. 604. 
 
 Grey (gra), Jane, Lady. Executed with 
 her husband, Lord Dudley, 1554, b. 
 1537. [rian, b. 1794. d. 1871. 
 
 Grote (grot), George. English histo- 
 
 Guizot ( ge-zo' ) , Francois Pierre 
 Guillaume. French historian and 
 statesman, b. 1787. d. 1874. 
 
 Gnstavus Adolphus, or Gustavus 
 II. King of Sweden, ^1594. d. 1632. 
 
 Gutenberg ( go'ten-barg ), Johann. 
 German inventor of printing, b. 1400. 
 d. 1468. 
 
 Hadrian (ha'dri-an), Roman emperor, 
 b. 76. d. 138. * 
 
 Haeckel (hek'el), Ernst Heinrieh. 
 Germanbiologis.,, b. 1834. d. 1894. 
 
 Hale," Captain Nathan. American 
 patriot and spy, b. 1755. d. 1776. 
 
 Haliburton (hal'i-bur-tun), Thomas 
 Chandler. (Sam Slick). Nova Scotian 
 judge and humorous writer, b. 1802. 
 d. 1865. 
 
 Hall (bal), Asaph. Am. astronomer. 
 Discoverer of Mars moons, b. 1829. 
 
 Hall,Charles Francis. American arctic 
 explorer, b. 1821. d. 1871. 
 
 Hall, Newman. English dissenting 
 minister and author, b. 1816. d. 1902. 
 
 Hallech (hal'ek), Fitz-Green. Ameri- 
 can poet, b. 1790. d. 1867. 
 
 Hamilton ( ham'il-tun ), Alexander. 
 American lawyer and statesman, br 
 1757. d. 1804. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William. Scotch logi- 
 cian and philosopher, b. 1788. d. 1856. 
 
 fate, tat, task, tar, tall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, ruit; cote, cot, move, wolf; 
 mate, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
Hamlin 
 
 713 
 
 Howe 
 
 I'lin, Hannibal. Am. senator and 
 vice-president, b. 1809. d. 1891. 
 
 Hampden (hamp'den), John. English 
 statesman, b. 1594. d. 1643. 
 
 Hampton (hamp'tun), "Wade. Ameri- 
 can general, b. 1755. d. 1835. 
 
 Hancock (han'kok), John. American 
 statesman, b. 1737. d. 1793. 
 
 Handel (han'del), George Friedrich. 
 German composer, b.1685. d. 1759. 
 
 Hannibal (han'i-bal). Carthaginian 
 general, b. B. C. 247. d. 183. 
 
 Hardicanute (har'di-ka-nut). (Son of 
 Canute). King of Denmark 10.55 and of 
 England 1040-2, b. 1019, d. 1042. 
 
 Hargreaves (har'grevz), James. Eng- 
 lish inventor of the spinning-jenny, 
 d. 1778. [1 035-40. — H. II. 1066, 
 
 Harved I. (Son of Canute). Kiug Eng. 
 
 Harrison ( har'i-sun ). Benj. Signer 
 of the Declaration of Independence, 
 b. 1740. d. 1791. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin. (Great grand- 
 son of preceding). 23rd President of 
 the United States, b. 1833. d. 1901. 
 
 Harrison, William Henry, (Son of 
 B.) Am. general and 9th President of 
 United States, b. 1773. d. 1841. 
 
 Harte (hart), Francis-Bret. American 
 author, b. 1839. d. 1902. 
 
 Hartraaift ( hart'ranft ), John Fred- 
 erick. American soldier and politi- 
 cian, b. 1830. d. 1889. 
 
 Harvard (har'vard), John. First bene- 
 factor of Harvard college, b. 1607. d. 
 1638. 
 
 Harvey (har'vi), William. English 
 anatomist. Discoverer of the circula- 
 tion of the blood, b. 1578. d. 1657. 
 
 Hastings. Warren. 1st governor- 
 general of India, b. 1732. d. 1818. 
 
 Hawthorne (ha'tharn), Nathaniel. 
 American author, b."1804. d. 1864. 
 
 Hawthorne, Julian, (Son of Nathan- 
 iel) Miscellaneous writer, b. 1846. 
 
 Hay (ha), John. American diploma- 
 tist and statesman. Biographer of 
 President Lincoln, b. 1839. d. 1905. 
 
 Hayes (haz), Rutherford. 19th Pres- 
 ident of U. S., b. 1822. d. 1893. 
 
 Hegel (ha'gel), Georg Wilhelin Frie- 
 drich. German philosopher, b. 1770. 
 d. 1831. 
 
 Heine (hi'ne), Heinrich. German poet 
 and prose writer, b. 1800. d. 1856. 
 
 He3mholtz (helm'holtz), Hermann 
 LiUdwig. German physiologist and 
 natural philosopher, b. 1821. d. 1894. 
 
 Hendricks ( hen'driks ), Thomas A. 
 Vice-president U.S. ,b. 1819. d. 1885. 
 
 Henry Till. King of England (1509- 
 1547), b. 1491. d. 1547. 
 
 Henry, Patrick. American orator and 
 patriot, b. 1726. d. 1799. 
 
 Hereward (ber'i-ward). [English out- 
 law, about 1070. 
 
 Herkimer (hSr'ki-mer), Nicholas. 
 American geueral, b. 1715. d. 1777. 
 
 Herod (her'ud). (The Great}. Kit;g of 
 the Jews, b. B. C. 60. d. A. D. 2. 
 
 Herod Antipas, (Son of H. the Great). 
 Tttrarch of Galilee, who beheaded 
 John the Baptist. 
 
 Herod ias (her-o'di-as). Wife of Herod 
 Antipas. 
 
 Herodotus (he-rod'o-tus). (Father of 
 History). Greek historian, b. B. C. 
 484. d. 420. 
 
 Herschel (her'shel), Caroline Lucre- 
 tia, (Sister of Sir Wm.) Astronomer. 
 b. 1750. d. 1848. 
 
 Herschel, John Frederick Wm., Sir. 
 (Son of Sir Wm.) English astronomer 
 and physicist, b. 1792. d. 1871. 
 
 Herschel, Wm. , Sir. German astrono" 
 mer in England, b. 1738. d. 1822. 
 
 Hippocrates (hip-pok'ra-tez), {father 
 of Medicine). Greek physician, b. B. C. 
 460. d. 377. 
 
 Hirsch (hersh), Baron, Maurice de. 
 Austrian financier and philanthrop- 
 ist, b. 1823. d. 1896. 
 
 Hobbes ( hobz ), Thomas. English phi- 
 losopher, b. 1588. d. 1679. 
 
 Hoe (ho), Richard March. American 
 inventor of type-revolving press, b. 
 1812. d. 1886. 
 
 Hogarth (ho'garth), Wm. English 
 satirical artist, b. 1697. d. 1764. 
 
 Hogg (hog), James. (The Ettrick Shep- 
 herd). Scottish poet, b. 1772. d. 1835. 
 
 Holmes ( homz ), Oliver Wendell. 
 American physician, poet and wit. b. 
 1809. d. 1894._ 
 
 Hoist, von (hoist), Hermann Eduard. 
 Russ.-Ger. historian, b. 1841. d. 1904. 
 
 Homer (ho'mer). Epic poet of Greece, 
 1. a. B. C. 1000. 
 
 Hood ( hod ), John Bell. Confederate 
 general, 'b. 1831. d. 1879. 
 
 Hood, Robin. Famous English out- 
 law, lived in 12th century. 
 
 Hood, Thomas. English poet and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, b. 1798. d. 1845. 
 
 Hooker (hok'er), Joseph. Am. general, 
 b. 1814. d.'l879. 
 
 Hopkinson ( hop'kin-sun ), Joseph. 
 American jurist. Author of Hail 
 Columbia, b. 1770. d. 1842. 
 
 Horace (hor'as), Quintus Flaccus 
 Latin poet, b. B. C. 65, d. 8. 
 
 Houston (hus'tun or hows'tun), Sam : 
 President of Texas and Am. general, 
 b. 1793. d. 1863. 
 
 Howard, John. Eng. prison reform- 
 er, b. 1726. d. 1790. [b. 1830. 
 
 Howe (how^, Elias. Am; inventor of 
 the sewing machine, b. 1819. d. 1867. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mQte, but, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Howe 
 
 714 
 
 Kean 
 
 Howe, Mrs. (Julia Ward). Am. poetess, 
 b. 1819, d. 1902. [b. 1725, d. 1799. 
 
 Howe, Richard, Earl, British Admiral, 
 
 Howe, Sir William Viscount. Eng. 
 general in America, b. 1729, d. 1814. 
 
 Hoyle (noil), Edmund. Eng. writer on 
 games, b. 1672. d. 1769. 
 
 Hudson (hud'sun), Henry. Eng. navi- 
 gator and explorer, d. 1611. 
 
 Hushes, Thos. English author (Tom 
 Brown's Schooldays), \i. 1823. d. 1896. 
 
 Hugo (ho'go), Victor Marie, Vicomte. 
 Pr. novelist and poet, b. 1802. d. 1885. 
 
 Hull , Isaac. Amer. Commodore, com- 
 mander of the Constitution, b. 1773. 
 d. 1843. 
 
 Humbert (hum'bert), I. ( It. Um- 
 ber to, om-ber' to), King of Italy, b. 
 1844. d. 1900. 
 
 Humboldt, von (fon hom'bolt), 
 Friedrich He inrich Alexander, Baron. 
 German naturalist, b. 1769. d. ] 859. 
 
 Humboldt, von, Karl Wilhelm, 
 Baron. (Brother of F. H. A.) German 
 philologist and statesman, b. 1767. 
 d. 1835. 
 
 Hume (hum), David. Scotch historian 
 and philosopher, b. 1711. d. 1776. 
 
 Hunt (hunt), James Henry Leigh. Eng. 
 poet and essayist, b. 1784. d. 1859. 
 
 Hunter (hunt'er), David. Am. general, 
 b. 1802. d. 1886. 
 
 Huss (hos), John. Bohemian reformer. 
 Burnt at stake, 1415. b. 1373. 
 
 Huxley (huks'li), Thomas Henry, 
 Eng. naturalist, b. 1825. d. 1895. 
 
 Ignatius (ig-na'shi-us), Saint. Patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, b. 798. d. 878. 
 
 Ingelow ( in'je-lo ) , Jean. English 
 poetess, b. 1820. d. 1897. 
 
 Ingersoil (ing'ger-sul), Robert Green. 
 Am. lawyer and freethinker, b. 1833. 
 d. 1899. 
 
 Irving (er-ving), Henry. (John Henry 
 Brodribb.) Eng. actor, b. 1838.d. 1907. 
 
 Irving, Washington. Am. author and 
 humorist, b. 1783. d. 1859. 
 
 Isabella (iz-a-bel'a) I. (The Catholic). 
 Queen of Castile and Leon, b. 1451. 
 d. 1504. [tor, b.B. C. 436. d. 338. 
 
 Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tez). Athenian ora- 
 
 Ivan (Tvan) IV. (The Terrible). Czar o f 
 Russia, b. 1529. d. 1584. 
 
 Jackson (jak'sun), Andrew, General. 
 7th Prest. of U. S. b. 1767. d. 1845. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan. (Stone- 
 wall.) Confed. general, b. 1826. d. 1863. 
 
 Jacobi (ya-ko'bi), Heinrich Friedrich. 
 German philosopher, b. 1743. d. 1819. 
 
 James I. King of England. (VI. of 
 Scotland), b. 1566. d. 1625. 
 
 James II. King of England. (VII. of 
 
 Scotland), b. 1633. d. 1701. 
 James, Henry. Am. novelist, b. 1843. 
 Jay (ja), John. Am. jurist and states- 
 man, b. 1745. d. 1829. 
 Jefferson ( jef 'er-sun ). Joseph. Am. 
 
 comedian, b. 1829. d. Apr. 23, 1905. 
 Jefferson, Thomas. 3rd President of 
 
 U. S. b. 1743. d. 1826. 
 Jeffreys (jef'riz), George. Infamous 
 
 English judge, d. 1689. 
 Jehoshaphat (je-hosh'a-fat). King of 
 
 Judah_873-848 B. C. 
 Jeliu (je'hu).(£o/io/ Jehoshaphat). King 
 
 of Israel 843-815 B. C. 
 Jenner (jen'er), Edward, M. D. Eng. 
 
 surgeon, Inventor of vaccination, b. 
 
 1749. d. 1823. 
 Jerrold ((jer'uld), Douglass Wm. Eng. 
 
 author and humorist, b. 1803. d. 1857. 
 Joan off Arc, Fr. Jeanne d'Are 
 
 (zhan dark'). (TheMaid of Orleans). Fr. 
 
 heroine, b. 1411. d. 1431. 
 Jobn. King of England. (Sansterre or 
 
 Lackland.) b. 1166. d. 1216. 
 Johnson (jon'sun), Andrew. 17th 
 
 President of U. S. Jb. 1808. d. 1875.. 
 Johnson, Samuel. Eng. lexicographer 
 
 and miscellaneous writer, b. 1709. d. 
 
 1784. 
 Joliet (zho-le-a'), Louis. Fr. explorer 
 
 of the Mississippi, b. 1645. d. 1700. 
 Jones, John Paul. Am. naval officer, 
 
 born in Scotland, 1747. d. 1792. 
 Jonson (jon'sun), Ben. Eng. drama* 
 
 tist, b. 1574. d. 1637. 
 Josephine ( jo-ze-fen'). First wife of 
 
 Napoleon, b. 1763. d. 1814. 
 Josephus (jo-se'fus), Flavius. Jewish 
 
 historian, b. 38. d. 100. 
 Juarez (ho-a'rez), Benito. Indian Presi- 
 dent of Mexico, b. 1806. d. 1872. 
 Judas Maccabaeus (ju'das mak-a- 
 
 be'us), Jewish patriot. Fell in battle 
 
 B. C. 160. [dia, d. B. C. 104. 
 
 Jug-urtha (ju-gur'tha), King of Numi- 
 Julian (ju'ii-an), Emperor of Rome 
 
 (361-63). ( The Apostate) b. 331. d. 
 
 363. [Antisemitic writer, d. 690. 
 
 Julian , St. Archbishop of Toledo. 
 Junius (jun-yus). Pseudonym of Eng. 
 
 author of letters printed 1769—1772. 
 Justinus (jus-ti'nus). Latin historian, 
 
 lived in 3d or 4th century. 
 Juvenal (ju've-nal), Decimus Junius. 
 
 Roman satirical poet, died about 140. 
 
 Kane (kan), Elisha Kent. Am. Arctio 
 explorer, b. 1820. d. 1857. 
 
 Kant (kant), Immanuel. German phi- 
 losopher, b. 1724. d. 1804. 
 
 Kean, Edmund. English tragedian, b. 
 1787. d. 1833. 
 
 late, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Keats 
 
 Keats (kets), John. Eng. poet. b. 1796. 
 d. 1821. [poet, b. 1792. d. 1866. 
 
 Keble (keTbl), John. Eng. divine and 
 
 Keene (ken), Laura. Am. actress, b. 
 1820. d. 1873. i [b. 1775. d. 1854. 
 
 Keinble (kem'bl), Charles. Eng. actor, 
 
 Kemble, Frances Anne. [Fanny Kem- 
 hie). English actress, b. 181 1. d. 1893. 
 
 Keinpis, a (akem'pis), Thomas. Ger. 
 abbot, ascetic writer, b. 1380. d. 1471. 
 
 Kent (kent), James. Am. jurist and 
 law commentator, b. 1763. d. 1847. 
 
 Kepler (kep'ler), Johann. German 
 astronomer, b. 1571. d. 1630. 
 
 Key (ke), Francis Scott. Amer. lyric 
 poet. Author of The Star Spangled 
 Banner, b. 1779. d. 1843. 
 
 Kidd (kid), William. (Captain Kidd). 
 Scotch-Amer. pirate. Executed 1701. 
 b. 1650. 
 
 K i 1 pat rick . Hugh Judson. Union 
 general in Amer. Civil War, b. 1836, 
 d. 1881. 
 
 King-, Rufus. Am. Stateman, b. 1755. 
 d. 1827. 
 
 Kingsley (kingz'li). Rev. Charles. En- 
 glish author, b. 1819. d. 1875. 
 
 Kitio, John. English author of Picto- 
 rial Bible, b. 1804. d. 1854. 
 
 Klopstock (iklop'stok ), Friedrich 
 Gottlieb. Ger. poet.b. 1724. d. 1803. 
 
 Knowles, James Sheridan. English 
 playwright, b. 1784. d. 1862. 
 
 Knox (noks), Henry. Am. revolution- 
 ary general, b. 1750. d. 1806. 
 
 Knox, John. Scotch religious reform- 
 er, b. 1505. d. 1572. 
 
 Koch (koM), Robert. Ger. bacterio- 
 logist, b. 1843. 
 
 Koenig* (ke'niM), Friedrich. German 
 inventor of steam printing press, b. 
 1775. d. 1833. 
 
 Kociusko (kos-si-us'ko), Thaddeus. 
 Polish patriot, b. 1746. d. 1817. 
 
 Kossuth (kosh'ot), Louis. Hungarian 
 orator and statesman, b. 1802. d.1894. 
 
 Krentzer (kroit'ser), Rud. Ger. com- 
 poser and violinist, b. 1766. d. 1831. 
 
 Kroger (krii'ger), Paul. President 
 So. African Republic, b. 1825. d. 1904. 
 
 Krupp, Alfred. Ger. manufacturer of 
 steel, b. 1812. d. 1887. 
 
 Lafayette, de (de la-fa-yet'), Mar- 
 quis. French general in American 
 revolution, b. 1757. d. 1834. 
 
 Lafontaine, de (de la-fon-tan'). Jean. 
 Fr. fabulist and poet, b. 1621. d. 1695. 
 
 Lam ai* tine, de (de la-mar-ten'). Al- 
 phonse Marie Louis. French author 
 and orator, b. 1790. d. 1869. 
 
 Lamb (lam), Charles. English essayist 
 and humorist, b. 1775. d. 1834. 
 
 15 
 
 Leslie 
 
 Lamb, Mary. [Sister of Chas.) English 
 
 prose writer and poet, b. 1765. d.1847. 
 La Motte-Fouque, de (de la-mot'fo- 
 
 ka'), Baron. German poet and ro- 
 
 mance writer, b. 1777. d. 1843. 
 Landor (lan'dur), Walter Savage. En* 
 
 glish author, b. 1775. d. 1864. 
 Landseer (land'ser), Edwin H. Sir. 
 
 Eng. animal painter, b. 1802. d. 1873. 
 Lanier (lan'i-er), Sidney. American 
 
 poet, b. 1842. d. 1881. 
 Laplace, de ( de la-plas' ), Pierre 
 
 Simon, Marquis. French astronomer. 
 
 b. 1749. d. 1827. 
 La Rocbefoucanldv de (de la-rosh* 
 
 fo-ko'), Francois, Duc,tPriuce of Mar° 
 
 sillac. Fr. moralist, b. 1613. d. 1680. 
 La Salle, de (de la-sal'), Robert Cave- 
 
 lier. Fr. explorer, b. 1643. d. 1687. 
 Latbrop (la'thrup), George Parsons, 
 
 American author. Born in Honolulu 
 
 1851. d. 1898. 
 Lavater ( la'va-ter ), Johann Kaspar. 
 
 Swiss physiognomist, b. 1741.d.l801. 
 Lebrun (le-brung'), Charles Francois, 
 
 Duke of Piacenza. French statesman 
 
 and author, b. 1739. d. 1824. 
 Le Conte ( le kont'), John. American 
 
 scientist, b. 1818. d. 1891. 
 Le Conte, John Lawrence. American 
 
 entomologist, b. 1825. d. 1883. 
 Le Conte, Joseph. Am. physician and 
 
 geologist, b. 1823. d. 1901. 
 Ledyard (led'jard), John. American 
 
 traveler, b. 1751. d. 1789. 
 Lee (le), Ann. [Mother Ann). Founder ot 
 
 American Shakers, b. 1736. d. 1784. 
 Lee, Charles. American major-general, 
 
 born in England 1731. d. 1782. 
 Lee, Francis Lightfoot, Signer of the 
 
 Declaration of Independence, b. 1734. 
 
 d. 1797. « 
 Lee, Henry. [Light-Horse Harry). Am. 
 
 general and governor of Virginia, b. 
 
 1756. d. 1818. 
 Lee, Richard Henry. Am. orator and 
 
 statesman, b. 1732. d. 1794. 
 Lee, Robert Edward. [Son of Henry). 
 
 Confederate general, b. 1807. d. 1870. 
 Leibnitz, von (fonlip'nits), Gottfried 
 
 Wilhelm, Baron. German philosopher 
 
 and mathematician, b. 1646. d. 1716. 
 Leland ( le'laud ), Charles Godfrey. 
 
 American author, b. 1824. d. 1903. 
 Leo(le'6)I. [The Great), Pope, 440-61. 
 
 b. 390. d. 461. 
 Leo XIII. Pope 1878. [Vincenzo Oia- 
 
 chimo Pecci), b. 1810. d. 1903. 
 Leonidas (le-on'i-das), Heroic king 
 
 of Sparta, 1. a.. B. C'480. 
 Le Sage'(le sazh'), Alain Rene\ French 
 
 novelist, b. 1668. d. 1747. 
 Leslie (les'li), Frank. Eng. publisher 
 
 in America, b. 1821. d. 1880. 
 
 Jstis, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mrt; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, thou. 
 
iLCwes 
 
 716 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 Lewes (lo'es), George Henry. English 
 
 scientist and author, b. 1817. d. 1878. 
 Lewis, Meriwether. Am. explorer with 
 
 Clark 1804-6), b. 1774. d. 1809. 
 I.iebig',voii(fonle'hiM), Justus, Baron. 
 
 German chemist, b. 1803. d. 1873. 
 Lincoln (ling'kun), Abraham. 16th 
 
 President of the U. S., assassinated 
 
 by Booth, b. 1809. d. 1865. 
 LimlEey, John. English botanist, b. 
 
 1799. d. 1865. 
 Lind (lind), Jenny. Swedish singer, b. 
 
 1821. d. 3 887. 
 Linnaeus, von (fon lin-ne'us). (Swed. 
 
 Linne), Carl. Botanist, b. 1707, d. 1788. 
 Liszt (list), Franz. (AbbS). Hungarian 
 
 composer and pianist, b. 1811. d. 1886. 
 Littre (le-tra'), MaximilienPaul Emile. 
 
 Pr. lexicographer and philosopher, 
 
 b. 1801. d. 1881. 
 Livingston ( liv'ing-stun ), Philip. 
 
 Am. statesman; signer of the Decl. 
 
 of Independence, b. 1716. d. 1778. 
 Living-stone ( liv'ing-ston ), David. 
 
 Scotch explorer in Africa, b. 1813 
 
 d. 1873. 
 Livy (liv'i) (Titus Livius). Roman histo- 
 rian, b. B. C. 59. d. A. D. 17. 
 Locke (lok), David Ross (Petroleum V. 
 
 JSTasby). Am. Humorist, b. 1833. d. 
 
 1888. 
 Locke, John. Eng. philosopher. (Essay 
 
 concerning Human Understanding) 
 
 b. 1632. d. 1704. 
 Lock wood (lok'wod), James Booth. 
 
 Am. Arctic explorer, b. 1852. d. 1884. 
 Logan (15'gan), John Alexander. Am- 
 erica u general and statesman, b. 
 
 1826, d. 1886. 
 Longfellow ( lang'f el-5 ), Henry W. 
 
 American poer,'b. 1807, d. 1882. 
 Long-street (lang'stret), James. Con- 
 federate lieuti-gen., b. 1821, d. 1904. 
 Louis (lo'e), XI V. (The Great). Kingof 
 
 France, b. 1638. d. 1715. 
 Louis Napoleon. SeeBonaparte. 
 Louis Philippe (lo-e'fe-lep'), Kingof 
 
 the French, b. 1773. d. 1850. 
 Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Paris. Am. 
 
 abolitionist, b. 1802. d. 1837. 
 Lovelace (luv'las), Richard. English 
 
 poet, b. 1618. d. 1658. 
 Lowell (lo'el), James Russell. Amer. 
 
 poet and prose writer.b. 1819. _d. 1891. 
 Loyola, de (da loi-o'la or lo-yo'la), St. 
 
 Ignatius. Spanish founder of the 
 
 Society of Jesus (the Jesuits), b. 1491. 
 
 d. 1556. [author, b. 120. d. 200. 
 
 Lucian ( lu'shan ) . Greek satirical 
 Lucretia ( lii-kre'shi-a). Legendary 
 
 Roman woman of virtue, l.a. B.C. 510. 
 Lucretius ( lu-kre'shi-us ) , ( Titus 
 
 Lucretius Carus). Roman poet, b. B. 
 
 C. 95. d. 52. 
 
 Lucullus(lu-kul'us), Lucius Licinius. 
 
 Roman general and epicure, b. B. C. 
 
 110. d. 57. - 
 Lundy (lun'di), Benjamin. American 
 
 abolitionist, b. 1789. d. 1839. 
 Luther ( lu'ther or 16'ter ) , Martin. 
 
 Leader of the Ger. Reformation, b. 
 
 1483. d. 1546. 
 Lycurgus (li-kur'gus), Spartan law* 
 
 giver, lived in 9 th century B. C. 
 Lyly (lil'i), John. English novelist and 
 
 dramatist, b. 1554. d. 1606. 
 Lysander(li-san'der). Spar tan general, 
 
 d. 395 B. C. 
 
 M acauley (ma-ka'li), Thomas Babing- 
 
 ton. Eng. histo., poet and statesman, 
 
 b. 1800. d. 1859. [land, d. 1056, 
 
 Macbeth (mak-beth'). King of Scot- 
 Maciaren (m a - k 1 a r ' e n), Ian. (John 
 
 Watson). Scotch divine and author, b. 
 
 1850. d. 1907. [gen., b. 1826.d.l888. 
 McClellan (ma-klel'an), Geo. B. Am. 
 McCormick(nia-kar ; mik), Cyrus Hall. 
 
 American inventor, b. 1809.- d. 1884. 
 McDougall (mak-do'gal), Alexander. 
 
 American general, b. 1731. d. 1786. 
 Mace© (ma'tha-o), Antonio. Cuban 
 
 general. Killed in battle 1896. 
 Machiavelli (mak-e-a-vel'e), Nicolo. 
 
 Florentine statesman and writer, b. 
 
 1469. d. 1527. 
 McKinley (ma-kin'li), "William. 25th 
 
 President of U. S. b. 1843. d. 1901. 
 Mackenzie(ma-ken'zi), Henry. Scotch 
 
 essayistand novelist, b. 1745. d. 183L 
 Mackintosh (mak'in-tosb), Sir James. 
 
 British historian and statesman, b. 
 
 1765. d. 1832. 
 MacMabon ( mak-ma-ong' ) , Marie 
 
 Edme Patrice Maurice de, Due de 
 
 Magenta. Soldier and president of 
 
 the French Republic, b. 1808. d. 1893. 
 Macpherson ( mak-fer'sun), James. 
 
 Scotch poet,b. 1738. d. 1796. 
 MacPherson, James Birdseye. Am. 
 
 general, b. 1828. d. 1864. 
 Madison (mad'i-sun), James. 4th 
 
 Presidentof U.S. b. 1751. d.1836. 
 Magellan (ma-jel'an), Fernando. Por- 
 tuguese navigator, b. 1470. d. 1521. 
 Mahomet (ma-hom'et). See Moham- 
 med. 
 Malebranche(mal-brongsh'), Nicolas, 
 
 Fr. philosopher, b. 1638. d. 1715. 
 Malthus (mal'thus), Thomas Robert, 
 
 Eng. political economist, b. 1766.. d. 
 
 1834. [b. 1796. d. 1859. 
 
 Mann (man), Horace. Am. educator, 
 Manning- (man'ing), Daniel. Am. 
 
 journalist and statesman, b. 1831. d. 
 
 1887. [Am. actor, b. 1857. d. 1907. 
 Mansfield (manz'feld). Richard. Ger. 
 
 fite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mQte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Mansfield 
 
 717 
 
 Morris 
 
 Mansfield, Wm, Murray, Earl of. 
 Lord chief justice of England, b. 
 1705. d. 1793. 
 
 Marat (ma-ra'). Jean Paul. Fr. revolu- 
 tionist, b. 1744. Assassinated 1794. 
 
 Margaret (mar'ga-ret). Queen of Na- 
 varre. ( Margaret of Angouleme. ) b. 
 1492. d. 1549. 
 
 Maria Theresa ( ma-re'a-te-re'sa ) . 
 Empress of German " and queen' of 
 Hungary, b. 1717. d. 1780. 
 
 Marie Antoinette ( ma-re'ong-twa- 
 net'), wife of Louis XVI. of France. 
 Executed 1793. b. 1755. 
 
 Marins (ma'ri us), Caius. Roman gen- 
 eral and consul, b. B. C. 157. d. 86. 
 
 Marlowe (mar'lo), Christopher or Kit. 
 Eng. dramatist, b. 1565. d. 1593. 
 
 Marquette (mar-kef), Jacques. Fr. 
 explorer of the Mississippi, b. 1637. 
 d. 1675. 
 
 Marryat (mar'i-at), Captain F. Eng. 
 naval officer, novelist, b. 1792. d. 1848. 
 
 Marshall ( mar'shal ) , John. Am. 
 jurist and statesman. b. 1755. d. 1835. 
 
 Mary (ma'ri) I. (Bloody Mary.) Queen 
 of England, b. 1516. d. 1558. 
 
 Mar y II. Wife of William III of Eng- 
 land, b. 1662. d. 1695. 
 
 Mary Stuart (stu'art). Queen of 
 Scots. Beheaded 1577. b. 1542. 
 
 Masaniello (ma-sa-ne-el'o), (Tommaso 
 Aniello). Neapolitan insurgent lead- 
 er, b. 1623. d. 1647. 
 
 Mather(math'er), Cotton. Am. theolo- 
 gian; prosecutor of witches, b. 1663. 
 d. 1728. 
 
 Maupassant de ( de m5-pa-song' ), 
 Henri Rene Albert Guy. French nov- 
 elist, b. 1850. d. 1893. 
 
 Maximilian (maks-i-mil'yan) I. Em- 
 peror of Germany, b. 1459. d. 1519. 
 
 Maximilian, Archduke of Austria 
 and Emperor of Mexico; executed in 
 Queretaro 1867. b._1832. 
 
 Medici de (da med'e-che), Cosmo (The 
 Great). First grand duke of Tuscany, 
 b. 1517. d. 1574. 
 
 Medici de, Lorenzo I (The Magnifi- 
 cent). Prince of Florence, b. 1448. 
 d. 1492. 
 
 Medill (me-dil'), Joseph. Am. journal- 
 ist, founder Chicago Tribune, b. 1823. 
 d. 1899. 
 
 Melanchthon, Melancthon ( me- 
 langk'ton), Philipp. Ger. Lutheran 
 reformer, b. 1497. d. 1560. 
 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy ( men'- 
 dels-son-bar-tol'de ), Jacob Ludwlg 
 Felix. Ger. composer, b. 1809. d. 1847. 
 
 Mesmer (mes'mer), Friedrich Anton. 
 German originator of mesmerism, b. 
 1734. d. 1815. 
 
 Michelangelo Buonarroti (mik*- 
 a-el-an'ja-lo bo-6-nar-rot'e). Italian 
 painter, sculptor, b. 1475. d. 1564. 
 
 Michelet (me-she-la/), Jules. French 
 historian, b. 1798. d. 1874. 
 
 Mill, John Stuart. Eng. philosopher, 
 political economist, b. 1806. d. 1873. 
 
 Millais (mil-la'), John Everett, Sir. 
 English painter, b. 1829. d. 1896. 
 
 Miller, Hugh. Scottish geologist, b. 
 1802. d. 1856. 
 
 Millet (me-la'), Jean Francois. French 
 painter (Angelus, etc.),\i. 1814, d. 1875. 
 
 Milne-Edwards (miln-), Henri. Fr. 
 naturalist, b. 1800. d. 1885. 
 
 Miltiades ( mil-ti'a-dez). Athenian 
 general and statesman, 1. a. B. C. 500. 
 
 Milton (mil'tun), John. English poet, 
 b. 1608. d. 1674. 
 
 Mirabeau, de (de me-ra-bo'), Gabriel 
 Honore Riquetti, Count. Fr. orator 
 and revolutionist, b. 1749. d. 1791. 
 
 Mithridates (mith-ri-da'tez) VI. (The 
 Great). King of Pontus, b. B. C. 135. 
 d. 63. 
 
 Mohammed (mo-ham'ed), Mahomet 
 (ma-hom'et). Arabian prophet, foun- 
 der of Islam, b. 571. d. 632. 
 
 Moliere (mo-lyar'). Stage name of 
 Jean Baptiste Poquelin. Fr. actor and 
 dramatist, b. 1622. d. 1673. 
 
 Moltke, von (fon molt'ke), Helmuth 
 Karl Bernhard, Count. Prussian 
 field-marshal, b. 1800, d. 1891. 
 
 Monroe (mun-ro'), James. 5th Presi- 
 dent of U. S., b. 1758. d. 1831. 
 
 Montaigne, de (de mon-tan'), Michel 
 Eyquem, Seigneur. Fr. philosopher 
 and essayist, b. 1533. d. 1592. 
 
 Montesquieu, de ( mong-tes-kye' ) 
 Baron. Fr. jurist and philosopher, 
 b. 1689. d. 1755. 
 
 Montezuma (mon-te-zo'ma). II. Last 
 Aztec emneror of Mexico, b. 1480. d. 
 1520. 
 
 Montgomery (munt-gum'er-i), James. 
 Scotch poet, b. 1771. d. 1854. 
 
 Montgomery, Richard. Am. general. 
 Fell at Quebec 1775. b. 1736. 
 
 Moore (morormor), Thomas. Irish 
 poet, b. 1779. d. 1852. 
 
 More. Hannah. Eng. religious writer, 
 b. 1745. d. 1833. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas. Eng. chancellor 
 and writer. Executed 1535. b. 1478. 
 
 Morgan (mar'gan),* Daniel. Am. revo^ 
 lutionary general, b. 1736. d. 1802. 
 
 Morgan, John H. Am. condederate 
 guerilla chief, b. 1826. d. 1864. 
 
 Morris (mor'is), Clara. Amer. actress, 
 b. 1850. 
 
 Morris, Wm. Eng. poet, artistic deco- 
 rator, socialist, b. 1834. d. 1896. 
 
 fit©, fftt, t&sk, far, fall, fire, above; me, met, her; mite, mlt; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
Morse 
 
 718 
 
 Paine 
 
 Morse (mars), Samuel Finley Breese. 
 Am. inventor of electric telegraph, 
 b. 1791. d. 1872. 
 
 Motley (mot'lj), John L. Am. historian 
 and diplomatist, b. 1814. d. 1877. 
 
 Mott, Mrs. Lucretia. Am. social re- 
 former and Quaker preacher, b. 1793. 
 d. 1880. 
 
 Mozart (mo'zart), Wolfgang Amadeus. 
 Austrian musician and composer, b. 
 1756. d. 1791. 
 
 Muller (mol'ler), Friedrich Max. Ger. 
 orientalist and philologist in Eng- 
 land, b. 1823. d. 1900. 
 
 Mueller, Johann. Ger. physiologist 
 and zoologist, b. 1801. d. 1858. 
 
 Mulock (mul'ok). See Craik. 
 
 MniBkacsy (mon'ka-che). Really 
 Michael Lieb. Hungarian painter, b. 
 1844. d. 1900. 
 
 Mar ill© (mu-ril'o), Bartolome Este- 
 ban. Spanish painter of religious sub- 
 jects, b. about 1618. d. 1682. 
 
 Musset (mo-sa'), Louis Chas. Alfred de. 
 French poet, b. 1810. d. 1857. 
 
 Musaeus (mo za'os), Johann K. A. 
 German author, b. 1735, d. 1787. 
 
 Napier (na/pi-er), Sir Charles. British 
 
 admiral, b. 1786. d. 1860. 
 Napier, Charles James, Sir. British 
 
 general, b. 1782._d L 1853. [parte. 
 
 Napoleon ( na-po'le-un ). See Bona- 
 Nast (nast), Thomas. Am. artist, cari- 
 caturist, b. in Bavaria, 1810. d. 1902. 
 Neander (ne-an'der), Johann August 
 
 Wilhelm. Ger. ecclesiastical historian 
 
 b. 1789. d._1850. 
 Neilson ( nel'sun ), Lilian Adelaide. 
 
 Eng. actress, b. 1848. d. 1880. 
 Nelson (nel'sun), Horatio, Viscount. 
 
 Eng. admiral, b. 1758. d. 1805. 
 Nelson,Thomas. Am. patriot, general, 
 
 statesman, b. 1738. d. 1789. 
 Nepos ( ne'pos ), Cornelius. Roman 
 
 historian and biographer, La. B. C. 40. 
 Nero (ne'ro). Lucius Domitius. Roman 
 
 emperor, b. 37. d. 68. 
 Nerva (ner'va), Marcus Cocceius, Ro- 
 man emperor, b. 32. d. 98. 
 Newton (nu'tun), Isaac, Sir. English 
 
 philosopher and mathematican, b. 
 
 1642._d. 1727. 
 Ney(na), Michael. Marshal of France, 
 
 b. 1769. d. 1815. [b. 1796. d. 1855. 
 Nicholas (nik'o-las) I. Czar of Russia, 
 Nicholas I. {The Great). POpe, b.800. 
 
 d. 867. 
 Nicholas II. Czar of Russia, b. 1868. 
 Nicholas, Saint. Bishop of Myra. 
 
 Patron of children. ( Santa Claus ) . 
 
 d. 340. [singer, b. 1843. 
 
 Nilsson (nil'sun), Christine. Swedish 
 
 Nye (ni). Edgar Wilson. {Bill Nye), 
 humorist, b. 1850. d. 1896. 
 
 Oates, Titus. Eng. politiral imposter, 
 b. 1649. d. 1705. 
 
 O'Brien, 'Wm. Smith. Irish revolu- 
 tionist, b. 1803. d. 1864. 
 
 O'Connell ( o-kon'el ), Daniel. Irish 
 orator and agitator, b. 1775. d. 1847. 
 
 ©ctavia(ok-ta'vi-a), Sister of Augustus 
 and wife of Mark Antony, b. B. C. 70. 
 d. 11. 
 
 Offenbach (of'en-baM). Jacques. Fr. 
 composer of comic operas, b. 1819. 
 d. 1880. 
 
 Oglethorpe ( o'gl-tbarp ), James E. 
 Eng. general. Founder of Georgia, 
 b. 1696. d. 1785. 
 
 Ohm (om), Georg Simon. Ger. electri- 
 cian, b. 1787. d. 1854. 
 
 Oliphant (ol'i-fant), Mrs. Margaret 
 (Wilson). Scotch novelist, b. 1828. d. 
 1897. 
 
 Omar Khayyam (o'mar khi-yam'). 
 Persian poet, d. first part 12 century. 
 
 Orange ( or'anj), William, Prince of. 
 {The Silent). Founder of the Dutch 
 republic. Assassinated 1584. b. 1533. 
 
 O'Reilly (o-ri'li), John Boyle. Irish- 
 American journalist and poet, b. 
 1844. d. 1890. 
 
 O'Kell (6-rel'), Max. {Paul Blouet.) Fr. 
 soldier, journalist, b. 1848. d. 1903. 
 
 ©rig-en (or'i-jen). Christian writer of 
 Alexandria, b. 185. d. 254. 
 
 Osman ( os'man ), Pascha. Turkish 
 general and minister of war, b. 1832. 
 d. 1900. 
 
 Othman (oth-man'), or Osman {The 
 Conqueror). Founder of Ottoman em- 
 pire, b. 1259. d. 1326. 
 
 Otto or Otho (6' to), I. {The Great) 
 Emperor of Germany, b. 912. d. 973- 
 
 Oviel (ov'id). Roman poet, b. B. C. 43. 
 d. A. D^ 18. 
 
 ©wen (o'en), Richard. English zoolo- 
 gist and anatomist, b. 1804. d. 1892. 
 
 ©•wen, Robert. English socialist and 
 philanthropist, b. 1771. d. 1858. 
 
 ©wen, Robert Dale. {Son of Robert). 
 American author, b. 1801. d. 1877. 
 
 ©xenstjerna ( oks'en-shar-na), Axel, 
 Count. Swedish statesman, b. 1583* 
 d. 1654. 
 
 Pag-anini (pa-ga-ne'ne), Nicholas. 
 Italian violinist, b. 1782. d. 1840. 
 
 Paine (pan), Robert Treat. American 
 lawyer and patriot, b. 1731. d. 1814. 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat. {Son of preced- 
 ing). American song writer, b. 1773. 
 d. 1811. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, DOt, move, wolf; 
 -'■- route, hut, \mxn; oil, owl, then, '•> 
 
Paine 
 
 719 
 
 Porter 
 
 Paine, Thomas. Anglo-American free- 
 thinker. ( Age of Reason ), b. 1737. 
 d. 1809. 
 
 Paley (pa'li), Wm. Eng. philosopher 
 and theologian^ b. 1743, d. 1805. 
 
 Palissy (pa-le-se'). Bernard. Famous 
 Fr. potter, b. about 1530, d. 1588. 
 
 Palmerston ( pam'er-stun ), Henry 
 John Temple, 3rd Viscount. Prime 
 minister of England, b. 1784, d. 1865. 
 
 Paracelsus (par-a-sel'sus). Famous 
 German-Swiss physician and alchem- 
 ist, b. 1493, d. 1541. 
 
 Parker ( park'er ), Theodore. Ameri« 
 can theologian, b. 1810. d. 1860. 
 
 Parnell ( par'nel ), Charles Stewart. 
 Irish statesman, b. 1846. d. 1891. 
 
 Parsons (par'sunz), Theophilus. Am. 
 jurist and writer, b. 1797. d. 1882. 
 
 Pascal (pas'kal), Blaise. French phi- 
 losopher and mathematician, b. 1623. 
 d. 1662. 
 
 Pastenr ( pas-tor'), Louis. Fr. chem- 
 ist and biologist, b. 1822. d. 1895. 
 
 Patrick (pat'rik), Saint. Apostle and 
 patron saint of Ireland, b. 396. d. 466. 
 
 Pansanias (pa-sa'ni-as). Greek trav- 
 eler and writer on art, 1. a. 180. 
 
 Payne(pan), John Howard. American 
 actor. Author of Home, Sweet Home, 
 b. 1792. d. 1852. 
 
 Peel (pel), Robert, Sir. English states- 
 man, b. 1788. d. 1850. 
 
 Penn (pen), William. English Quaker. 
 Founder of Penn., b. 1644. d. 1718. 
 
 Pepys (peps or pep'is), Samuel. Au- 
 thor of Pepys Diary, b. 1633. d. 1703. 
 
 Pericles (per'i-klez). Athenian states- 
 man, b. B.C.. 495. d. 429. 
 
 Perier (pa-re-a'), Paul Pierre Jean. 
 President of theFr. republic 1894-95, 
 b. 1847. 
 
 Perry (per'i), Matthew Calbraith. Am. 
 commodore. ( Treaty with Japan), b. 
 1794. d. 1858. 
 
 Perry, Oliver Hazard. American com- 
 modore._(Lake Erie), b. 1785. d. 1819. 
 
 Peter (pe'ter), I. {The Great). Czar of 
 Russia, b. 1672. d. 1725. 
 
 Petrarch (pe'trark). Ital. Petrarca 
 (pa-trar'ka). Francesco. Italian poet, 
 b. 1304. d. 1374. 
 
 Phelps (felps), Elizabeth Stuart. Am. 
 authoress, b. 1844. 
 
 Phidias ( fid'i-as ), Famous Greek 
 sculptor, b. B. C. 490. d. 432. 
 
 Philip II. King of Macedon. {Father 
 of Alexander), b. B. C. 382. d. 336. 
 
 Philip II. King of Spain, b. 1527. d. 
 1598. 
 
 Phillips (fil'ips), Wendell. American 
 orator, abolitionist, b. 1811. d. 1884. 
 
 Pickett (pik'et), George Edw. Confed- 
 erate general, b. 1825. d. 1875. 
 
 Pierce (pers), Franklin. 14th Prest 
 dent of the U. S., b. 1804. d. 1869. 
 
 Pindar (pin'dar). Greek lyric poet, 
 b. B. C. 520. d. 440. 
 
 Pitman (pit'man), Isaac. Eng. inven- 
 tor of phonography, b. 1813. d. 1897. 
 
 Pitt (pit), Wm. {The Great Commoner). 
 Eng. statesman, b. 1708. d. 1778. 
 
 Pitt, Wm. {Son.) Eng. statesman, b. 
 1759. d. 1806. 
 
 Pisarro (pe-zar'o, Span, pe-thar'ro), 
 Francisco. Conqueror of Peru, b. 
 1475. d._1541. [B. C. 429. d. 348. 
 
 Plato (pla'to). Greek philosopher, b. 
 
 Plautus (pla'tus), Titus Maccius. Ro- 
 man dramatist, b. B. C. 254. d. 184. 
 
 Pliny ( plin'i ) , or Cains Plinius 
 Secnndns {The Elder). Roman natu- 
 ralist. Perished in eruption of Vesu- 
 vius 79. b. 23. 
 
 Pliny or Caius Plinius Caecilius 
 Secnndns {The Younger. Nephew of 
 preceding.) Roman author. b.61.d. 115. 
 
 Plotinus (plo-ti'nus). Grecian Egyp- 
 tian philopher, b. 204. d. 270. 
 
 Plutarch (plu'tark), Greek biogra- 
 pher and moralist, b. 49. d. 120. 
 
 Pocahontas (po-ka-hon'tas). Daugh- 
 ter of Powhatan, Indian chief, b. 
 1595. d. 1617. 
 
 Poe (po), Edgar Allan. Am. poet and 
 romance writer, b. 1809. d. 1849. 
 
 Polk (pok), James Knox. 11th Presi- 
 dent of U. S. b. 1795. d. 1849. 
 
 Polo (po'lo), Marco. Venetian traveler, 
 b. 1252. d. 1324. 
 
 Polybius(p5-lib'i-us). Greek historian, 
 b. B. C. 204. d. 122. 
 
 Pompadour, de (de pong-pa-dor'), 
 Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marchio- 
 ness. Mistress of Louis XV. b. 1721. 
 d. 1764. 
 
 Pompey (pom'pi) the Great. {Cneius 
 Pompeius Magnus ). Roman general, 
 b. B. C 106. _Murdered 48. 
 
 Ponce (pon'tha), Pedro. Spanish Bene, 
 dictine. First to teach the dumb to 
 converse, b. 1520. d. 1584. 
 
 Ponce deLeon (pons de le'un, Span, 
 pon'tha da la-on'), Juan. Spanish dis- 
 coverer of Florida, b. 1460. d. 1521. 
 
 Pope (pop), Alexander. Eng. poet and 
 critic, b. 1688. d. 1744. 
 
 Pope, John. Major-gen. U. S. army, b. 
 1822. d. 1892. b. 1780. d. 1843. 
 
 Porter, David. American commodore, 
 
 Porter (por'ter), David Dixon. Amer. 
 admiral, b. 1814. d. 1891. 
 
 Porter, Fitz John. Am. general, b. 
 1822. d. 1901. 
 
 Porter, Jane. Eng. novelist. {Thaddeus 
 of Warsaw), b. 1776. d. 1850. 
 
 Porter, Noah. Am. educator. Presi- 
 dent Yale College, b. 1811. d. 1892. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 unite, but, born; oil, owl, <fcen. 
 
Powhatan 
 
 720 
 
 Rochambean 
 
 Powhatan (pow-a-tan'). Indian chief, 
 father of Pocahontas, b. about 1550, 
 d. 1618. [sculptor, b. a. B. C. 360. 
 
 Praxiteles ( praks-it'e-lez ). Greek 
 
 Prescott (pres'kut), Wm. Am. revolu- 
 tionary officer, b. 1726. d. 1795. 
 
 Procter ( prok'ter ) , Adelaid Anne. 
 Eng. poetess, b. 1825. d. 1864. 
 
 Proctor (prok'tiir), Richard A. Eng. 
 astronomer, b. 1834. d. 1888. 
 
 Protagoras ( pro-tag'o-ras ) . Greek 
 philosopher, (Man is the measure of all 
 things), b. B. C. 480. d. 411. 
 
 Ptolemy (tol'e-mi) I. (Soter). Founder 
 of the dynasty of Greek kings of 
 Egypt, b. B. C. 367. d. 285. 
 
 Ptolemy, Claudius. Greek-Egyptian 
 astronomer and geographer, 1. a. 150. 
 
 Pulaski (pu-las'ke), Casimir, Count. 
 Polish patriot and Am. general, b. 
 1748. d. 1779. 
 
 Putnam (put'nam), Israel. Am. gen- 
 eral and Indian fighter, b. 1739. d. 
 1790. 
 
 Pyrrhus (pir'rhus). King of Epirus, 
 b. B. C. 318. d. 272. 
 
 Pythagoras ( pi-thag'6-ras ). Greek 
 philosopher and mathematician, born 
 in Samos B. C. 582. d. 500. 
 
 Quarles (kworlz), Francis. English 
 poet, b. 1592. d. 1644. 
 
 Quincy (kwin'si), Josiah, Jr. Ameri- 
 can lawyer, orator and author, b. 
 1744. d. 1775. [b. 1772. d. 1864. 
 
 Quincy , Josiah. American statesmau , 
 
 Quintilian (kwin-til'i-an). Roman 
 rhetorician, b. 42. d. 118. 
 
 Rabelais (ra-be-la'), Francois. French 
 physician, philosopher and satirist, 
 b. 1495. d. 1553. 
 
 Racine (ra-sen'), Jean Baptiste. Fr. 
 dramatic poet, b. 1639. d. 1699. 
 
 Racine, Louis. (Son). Fr. poet and 
 critic, b. 1692. d. 1763. 
 
 Raleigh (ra'li), Sir Walter. English 
 courtier, navigator and statesman, b. 
 1552. d. 1618. [b. 1685. d. 1758. 
 
 Ramsay (ram'zi), Allan. Scotch poet, 
 
 Randolph (ran'dolf), John, of Roa- 
 noke. Am. orator and statesman, b. 
 1773. d. 1833. 
 
 Randolph, Peyton. Pres. 1st. Conti- 
 nental Congress, b. 1723, d. 1775. 
 
 Raphael (ra'fa-el). Italian: Baffaelle 
 (ra-fa-el'e), Sanzio. Italian painter, 
 b. 1483, d. 1520. 
 
 Read, Thomas Buchanan. Am. poet, 
 and painter, b. 1822. d. 1872. 
 
 Reade (red), Charles. Eng. novelist, 
 b. 1814. d. 1884. 
 
 Reaumur, de ( de ra-o-miir' ), Rene" 
 
 AntoineFerchault. French physicist 
 
 (Thermometer), b. 1683. d. 1757. 
 Recamier (ra-ka-me-a'), Jeanne Fran 
 
 cois Julie Adelaide. (Bernard). Ac 
 
 complished and beautiful Fr. lady 
 
 b. 1777. d. 1849. 
 Redpath ( red'path ), James. Amer 
 
 journalist and author,b. 1833. d. 1891 
 Reed (red), Thomas Brackett. Speaker 
 
 U. S. House of Representatives, b. 
 
 1839. d. 1902. 
 Rembrandt van Ryn, (rem'brant 
 
 van rin), Paul Harmens. Dutch 
 
 painter, b. 1607. d. 1669. 
 Renan (re-nong), Joseph Ernest. Fr. 
 
 orientalist and critic, b. 1823, d.1892. 
 Retz (ras), Cardinal de. French author 
 
 and politician, b. 1614, d. 3 679. 
 Reuter (roi'ter), Fritz. Low German 
 
 novelist and poet, b. 1810. d. 1874. 
 Revere ( re-ver'), Paul. Am. patriot, 
 
 b. 1735. d. 1818. 
 Reynolds (ren'ulz), Sir Joshua. Eng. 
 
 portrait painter, b. 1723. d. 1792. 
 Rhodes (rodz), Cecil John. S. African 
 
 statesman ; born in England, 1853. 
 
 d. 1902. 
 Ribault (re-bo'), Jean. Fr. navigator 
 
 sent out by Coligny to establish settle- 
 ment in S. Carolina and Florida, b. 
 
 1520, d. 1565. 
 Richard 1. ( Cc&ur de Lion ), King of 
 
 England, b. 1157, d. 1199. 
 Richard II. King of England, 1377- 
 
 99, b. 1366, d. 1400. 
 Richard III. (Duke of Gloucester), b. 
 
 1452. d. 1485. 
 Richardson ( rich'ard-sun ), Samuel. 
 
 English novelist, b." 1689. d. 1761. 
 Richelieu, de(resh'e-16; Fr. resh-lye') 
 
 Armand Jean Duplessis, Cardinal 
 
 French statesman, b. 1585. d. 1642 
 Richter ( rikh'ter ), Jean Paul Fried 
 
 rich. Ger. humorist, b. 1763. d. 1825 
 Rienzi (re-en'ze), Cola di. Roman trib 
 
 une, b. 1313. d. 1354. 
 Riley (ri'li), Jas. Whitcomb. ( Hoosier 
 
 Poet). Am. poet and lecturer, b. 1852. 
 Ristori ( res-to're ) , Adelaide, Mar- 
 chioness del Grillo. Italian actress, 
 
 b. 1821. 
 Robert I. (Bruce). King of Scotland. 
 
 b. 1276. d. 1329. 
 Robespierre, de (ro'bes-per; Fr. ro- 
 
 bes-pe-ar'), Maximilien Marie Isidore. 
 
 Fr. revolutionist. Guillotined 1794. 
 
 b. 1758. 
 Rob Roy. (Robert Macgr eg or). Scotch 
 
 freebooter, b. 1660. d. 1738. 
 Rochamheau, de (de ro-shong-b5'), 
 
 Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, 
 
 Count. French Marshal and general 
 
 in America, b. 1725. d. 1807. 
 
 fate, fat, t»Bk, far, fall, fare, above; m6, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j v 
 mQte, hut, burn j oil, owl, then. 
 
ftoUuey 
 
 721 
 
 SIU1U190IJ 
 
 Rodney (rod'ni), Cassar Augustus. 
 Signer of the Declaration of Am. 
 Independence, b. 1728. d. 1784. 
 
 Rogers (roj'erz), Randolph. Amer. 
 sculptor, b. 1825. d. 1892. 
 
 Rogers, Samuel. English poet, b. 1763. 
 d. 1855. 
 
 Roget (ro-zha'), Peter Mark. English 
 physician and lexicographer, b. 1779. 
 d. 1869. 
 
 Rollo (rol'o). First Duke of Norman- 
 dy, d. about 930. 
 
 Romney (rom'ni), George. English 
 portrait painter, b. 1734, d. 180^. 
 
 Ronsurd (rong-sar'), Pierre de. Fa- 
 mous French poet, b. 1524. d. 1585. 
 
 Rosa (ro'sa). Salvator. Italian painter 
 of battle scenes, b. 1615. d. 1673. 
 
 Roscins(ros'shi-us), Quintus. Roman 
 actor, d. B. C. 60. 
 
 Rosecrans (ro'ze-krans), Wm. Starke. 
 Am. general, b. 1819. d. 3 898. 
 
 Rothschild (roths'child), Mayer An< 
 selm, Jewish banker, Frankfort a M. 
 b. 1743. d.1812. 
 
 Ron get de JLisle ( ro-zha' de lei), 
 Claude Joseph. French poet (Mar- 
 seillaise), b. 1760, d. 1836. 
 
 Rousseau (r6-so'), Jean Jacques. Fr. 
 philosopher and writer, b. 1712. d. 
 1778. 
 
 Rubens (ro'benz), Peter Paul. Flem- 
 ish painter, b. 1577. d. 1640. 
 
 Rudolph (ro'dolf) I, of Hapsburg. 
 German emperor, b. 1218. d. 1291. 
 
 Rupert (ro'pert), Prince of the Palati- 
 nate; cavalry leader in English civil 
 war, b. 1619. d. 1682. 
 
 Ruskin (rus'kin), John. English art 
 critic and author, b. 1819. d. 1900. 
 
 Sage (sazh), Alain Rene" le. Fr. novel- 
 ist, b. 1668. d. 1747. 
 Salisbury (salz'ber-i) , Marauis of. 
 
 Eng. statesman, b. 1830. d. 1903- 
 Sampson (samp'sun), Wm. T. Am. 
 
 rear-admiral, b. 1840. d. 1902. 
 Sand (songd), George. Baroness Dude- 
 
 vant. Fr. novelist, b. 1804. d. 1876. 
 Santa Anna (san'ta a'na), Mexican 
 
 president and general, b. 1795. d. 
 
 1876. [1. a. B. C. 600. 
 
 Sappho (saf'o). Greek lyric poetess 
 Sardanapalus ( sar-da-na-pa'lus ) . 
 
 King of Assyria, 1. a. B. C. 900. 
 Savonarola (sa-vo-na-r 6'la), Giro- 
 
 lamo. Italian religious and political 
 
 reformer, b. 1452, executed 1498. 
 Schiller, von (fon shil'er), Johann 
 
 Christoph Friedrich. Ger. poet and 
 
 dramatist b. 1759, d. 1805. 
 
 Schlieniann ( shle'man ) , Heinrich. 
 
 Ger. archaeologist, b. 1822. d. 1890. 
 Schopenhaur (sho'pen-how-er ), A. 
 
 German philosopher, b. 1788. d. 1860. 
 Schreincr (shri'ner), Olive. South 
 
 African story writer, b. 1862. 
 Schubert (sho'bert), Franz Peter. 
 
 Austrian composer, b. 1797. d. 1828. 
 Scipio (sip'i-o), Africanus Major. Ro- 
 
 man general, b. B. C. 235. d. 184. 
 Scipio, Africanus Minor. Roman gen- 
 eral, b. B. C. 185. d. 129. 
 Scott (skot), Sir Walter. Scotch nov- 
 elist and poet, b. 1771. d. 1832. 
 Scott, Winfield. American lieutenant 
 
 general, b. 1786. d. 1866. 
 Selkirk (sel'kerk), Alexander. Scotch 
 
 sailor (Robinson Crusoe), b. 1676. d. 
 
 1723. [Assyria, 1. a. B. C. 1250. 
 
 Semiramis f se-mir'a-mis ). Queen of 
 Seneca (sen'e-ka), Lucius Annaeus. 
 
 Roman stoic philosopher, b. B. C. 5. 
 
 d.A. D. 65. 
 Sennacherib (se-nak'e-rib), King of 
 
 Assyria, 1. a. B. C. 681. 
 Sevigne, de (de sa-ven-ya'), Marquise. 
 
 French beauty and letter writer, b. 
 
 1626. d. 1696. 
 Seward (su'ard) "William Henry. Am. 
 
 statesman, 'b. 1801. d. 1872. 
 Shakespeare (shaks'per), Wm. Eng. 
 
 dramatist and poet, b. 1564. d. 1616. 
 Shaw (sha), Henry W. {Josh Billings). 
 
 American humorist, b. 1818. d. 1885. 
 Shelley (shel'i), Percy Bysshe. Eng- 
 lish poet, b. 1792. d. 1822. 
 Sheridan (sher'i-dan), Philip Henry. 
 
 American general, b. 1831. d. 1888. 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler. 
 
 Irish dramatist, b. 1751. d. 1816. 
 Sherman (sher'man), John. American 
 
 statesman, b. 1823. d. 1900. 
 Sherman, Roger. Amer. statesman. 
 
 Signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, b. 1721. d. 1793. 
 ShermaiM, William Tecumseh. Am. 
 
 general, b. 1820. d. 1891. 
 Sienkiewicz (syen-kye'vich), Henryk. 
 
 Polish novelist, b. 1845. 
 Sigel (se'gel), Franz. German-Ameri- 
 can general, b. 1824. d. 1902. [1835. 
 Skeat, Walter Wm. Eng. philologist, b. 
 Smith, Adam. Scotch philosopher and 
 
 political economist, b. 1723. d. 1790. 
 Smit.i, Gold win. English historian 
 
 and educator, b. 1823. 
 Smith, Captain John. Founder of 
 
 Virginia, born in Eng. 1579. d. 1631- 
 Smith, Samuel F. American divine, 
 
 author of America, b. 1808. d. 1895. 
 Smithson ( smith'sun ), James. Eng. 
 
 physicist. Founder of Smithsonian 
 
 Institution at Washington, b. 1754. 
 
 d. 1829. | 
 
 Cote, fat, task, far, (all, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf. j 
 
 laws, but, bui-iif oil, Qtfl, then. " ^ 
 
Smollett 
 
 Tertullian 
 
 Smollett (smoret), Tobias. Scotch 
 
 historian and novelist, b. 1721. d. 
 
 1771. [losopher, b. B. C. 468. d. 399. 
 Socrates (sok'ra-tez). Athenian phi- 
 Soliman (so-le-man'), I. (The Magnifi- 
 
 c^.)Ouoman Suitan, b. 1494. d. 1566. 
 Solomon (sol'o-mun). King of Israel. 
 
 b. B. C. 1033. d. 975. [B. C. 638. d. 558. 
 Solon (so'lon). Athenian law giver, b. 
 Sophocles (sof'o klez). Greek tragic 
 
 poet, b. 496 B. C. d. 406. 
 Soutney (sow'thi), Robert. English 
 
 poet laureate, b. 1784. d. 1843. 
 Spartaeus (spar'ta-kus). Roman glad- 
 iator and insurgent, d. B. C. 71. 
 Spelt e (spek), Captain John Hanning. 
 
 English-African explorer, b. 1827. 
 
 u. 1864. [scientist, b. 1820. d. 1903. 
 Spencer (spen'ser), Herbert. English 
 Stael-Holstein,de (de sta'el hol'stin), 
 
 Madame de, (Baronne de Necker). Fr. 
 
 authoress, b. 1766. d. 1817. 
 Standish (stand'ish), Captain Miles. 
 
 Military leader at Plymouth, Mass. b. 
 
 1584. d. 1656. 
 Stanford! ( stan'furd ), Leland. Am. 
 
 senator, founder of Stanford Univer- 
 sity, b. 1824. d. 1893. 
 Stanley ( stan'li), Henry M. (John 
 
 Eowlands). British explorer of Africa. 
 
 b. 1841. d. 1904. 
 Stanton (stan'tun), Elizabeth Cady. 
 
 American woman's rights advocate, 
 
 b. 1816. d. 1892. 
 Steele ( stel), Sir Richard. English 
 
 essayist, b. 1671. d. 1729. 
 Stephenson ( stev'en-sun ), Robert. 
 
 English railway engineer, b. 1803. d. 
 
 1859. 
 Sterne (stern), Rev. Lawrence. Eng. 
 
 humorous writer, b. 1713. d. 1768. 
 Steuben (stu'ben), Frederick William 
 
 Augustus, Baron. Prussian- American 
 
 general, b. 1730. d. 1794. 
 Stevens (ste'venz ), Thaddeus. Am. 
 
 statesman and abolitionist, b. 1793. 
 
 d. 1868. 
 Stevenson (ste'ven-sun), Robert L. 
 
 Scotch author, b. 1850. d. 1894. 
 Stewart (stu'art), Alexander Turney. 
 
 American merchant, b. 1802. d. 1876. 
 Stockton (stok' tun), Francis Richard. 
 
 Am. novelist, b. 1834. d. 1902. 
 Stoddard (stod'ard), Richard Henry. 
 
 Am. poet, b. 1825. d. 1903. 
 Story (sto'ri), Joseph. Am. jurist, b. 
 
 1779. d. 1845. 
 Stowe (st5),~Mrs. Harriet Elizabeth, b. 
 
 1811. d. 1896. Author "Uncle Tom's 
 
 Cabin." (Sister of H. W. Beecher). 
 Strauss (strows), Johann. Ger. com- 
 poser (dance music), b. 1804. d. 1849. 
 Strauss, Johann. (Son). Composer of 
 
 waltzes and operas, b. 1825. d. 1899. 
 
 Stuart (stu'art). Royal family of Eng- 
 land and Scotland. Those of Englaud 
 were James I., Charles I., Charles II., 
 James II., Mary [Queen of Wm, 111.) 
 and Anne. 
 
 Stuy vesant (sti've-sant), Petrus. Last 
 Dutch governor of New Netherlands 
 (New York), b. 1602. d. 1682. 
 
 Sue (su), Eugene. Fr. novelist, b. 1804. 
 d. 1857. 
 
 Suetonius (swe-to'ni-us), Tranquillus, 
 Caius. Roman biographer, b. 72. d. 
 140. [miral. Beheaded 1450. 
 
 Suffolk (suf'ok), Duke of. English ad- 
 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius. Roman dic- 
 tator, b. B.C. 138. d. 78. 
 
 Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour. Noted 
 Eng. composer, b. 1842. d. 1900. 
 
 Sumner (sum'ner), Charles. American 
 lawyer and statesman, b. 1811. d. 
 1874. [marshal, b. 1729. d. 1800. 
 
 SuvarofT ( so-va'rof ) , Russian field- 
 
 Sweden borg (swe'den-borg), Eman- 
 uel. Swedish theosophist. Founder 
 of the "NewChurch", b. 1688. d. 1772. 
 
 Swift, Jonathan. Dean of St. Patrick's. 
 British humorist, b. 1667. d. 1745. 
 
 Swinton (swin'tun), Wm. Am. author, 
 b. 1833. d. 1892. 
 
 Sylva (sil'va), Carmen. (Eizabeth* 
 Queen of Rdumania). Poet, b. 1843, 
 
 Tacitus (tas'i-tus), Caius Cornelius. 
 
 Roman historian, b. 55. d. 117. 
 Taine (tan), Hippolyte Adolphe. Fr. 
 
 litterateur and historian, b. 1828. d. 
 
 1893. 
 Talleyrand-Perigord, de (de tal- 
 
 la-rong'-pa-re-gar' ) . Prince of. Fr. 
 
 statesman, b. 1754. d. 1838. 
 Talma (tal-ma'), Francois Joseph. Fr. 
 
 tragedian, b. 1763. d. 1826. 
 Tamerlane (tam'er-lan). (Amir Tai- 
 
 mur). Asiatic conqueror, b. 1336. d. 
 
 1406. 
 Tarqnin (tar'kwin), the Proud. {Lucius 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus). Last king of 
 
 Rome, d. B. C. 496. 
 Tasso (tas'6), Torquato. Italian epic 
 
 poet, b. 1544. d. 1595. 
 Taylor (ta'liir), Bayard. Am. traveler, 
 
 writer and poet, b. 1825. d. 1878. 
 Taylor, Zachary, General. 12th Presi- 
 dent of U. S. b. 1784. d. 1850. 
 Tell, Wilhelm. Legendary Swiss hero, 
 
 1. a. 1307. 
 Tennyson (ten'i-sun), Alfred, Lord. 
 
 Eng. poet laureate, b. 1809. d. 1892. 
 Terence (ter'ens). (Publius Terentius 
 
 Afer). Roman dramatic poet, b. B.C. 
 
 193. d. 155. 
 Tertullian (ter-tul'i-an). (Quintus Sep* 
 
 iimius Florens). b. 150. d. 230. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, W9l£j 
 mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
Thackeray 
 
 723 
 
 Washburn 
 
 Thackeray (thak'e-ri) , Wm. Make- 
 peace. Eng. novelist, b. 1811. d. 1863. 
 
 Thales (tha'lez). Ionian philosopher, 
 b. B. C. 640. d. 550. 
 
 rbemistocles(the-mis'to-klez). Athe- 
 nian general and statesman, b. B. C. 
 514. d. 449. 
 
 Theocritus ( the-ok'ri-tus ). Greek 
 pastoral poet, b.B. C. 283. d. 263. 
 
 Theodosius (the-o-do'shi-us) I. (The 
 Great). Rom. emperor, b. 346. d. 395. 
 
 Theophrastus (the-o-fras'tus). Greek 
 philosopher, disciple of Aristotle, b. 
 372. d. 288 B. C. 
 
 Thiers (t'yar), Louis Adolphe. French 
 historian. President of France, b. 
 1797. d. 1877. 
 
 Thomson (tom'sun), James. British 
 poet.b. 1700. <L1748. 
 
 Thoreau (tho-ro'), Henry David. Am. 
 essayist, b. 1817. d. 1862._ 
 
 Thucydides ( tlm-sid'i-dez). Greek 
 historian, b. B. C. 471. d. 400. 
 
 Tiberius (ti-be'ri-us). {Claudius Nero.) 
 Roraau emperor, b. B.C42. d. A.D. 37. 
 
 Tibullus (ti-bul'us), Albius. Roman 
 poet, b. B. C 54. d. 18. 
 
 Titian (tish'i-an). {Tiziano Vecelli). 
 Venetian painter, b. 1477. d. 1576. 
 
 Torqnemada, de (datar-ka-ma'*7ia), 
 Tomas, Spanish inquisitor general, 
 b. 1420. d^l498. [52. d. 117. 
 
 Trajan (tra'j an). Roman emperor, b. 
 
 Trollope (trol'up), Anthony. English 
 novelist, b. 1815. d. 1882. 
 
 Tur^enieff (tor-gan'yef), Ivan, Rus- 
 sian novelist, b. 1818. d. 1883. 
 
 Turner (tur'ner), Joseph Mallord W. 
 English landscape painter, b. 1775. 
 d. 1851. 
 
 Tyler (ti'ler), John. 10th President 
 U.S.,b.l790.d. 1862. [1820. d. 1893. 
 
 Tyndail (tin'dal). British physicist, b. 
 
 Uhland (.o'lant). Ludwig. Ger. lyric 
 poet, b. 1787. d. 1862. 
 
 Velasquez (va-las'keth), Diego Rodri- 
 guez de Silva. Famous Span, painter, 
 b. about 1599. d. 1660. 
 
 Valentinian(val-en-tin'i-an),Flavius. 
 Roman emperor, b. 321. d. 375. 
 
 Valerian ( va-le'ri-an ). Roman em- 
 peror, d. 268. 
 
 Van Buren (vanbu'ren), Martin. 8th 
 president of U. S. b. 1782. d. 1862. 
 
 Vancouver ( van-ko'ver ) , George. 
 Eng. navigator, b. 1758, d. 1798. 
 
 Vanrierbilt (van'der-bilt), Cornelius, 
 Am. capitalist. (Commodore.) b. 1794. 
 
 d. 1877. 
 
 Vandyke ( van-dik' ). Sir Anthony. 
 
 Flemish p. inter, b. 1599. d. 1641. 
 Varro(varo), Marcus Tereutius. Rom. 
 
 scholar and writer, b. B. C. 116. d. 28. 
 
 The most learned of the Romans. 
 Vassar (vas'er). Matthew. Founder 
 
 of Vassar College, b. 1792. d. 1868. 
 Verdi ( var'de ) , Giuseppe. Italian 
 
 composer, b. 1814. d. 1901. 
 Vergil ( ver'jil ). ( Publius Vergilius 
 
 Maro). Latin poet, b. B. C. 70. d. 19. 
 Verne (vern), Jules. Fr. novelist, b. 
 
 1828. d. 1905. [emperor, b. 9. d. 79. 
 Vespasian (ves-pa'zhi-an). Roman 
 Vespucci ( ves-pot'che ) , Amerigo. 
 
 Italian navigator^ b. 1451. d. 1512. 
 Victor Emanuel ( vik'tur e-man'u- 
 
 el) I. King of Italy.' b. 1820. d. 1878. 
 Victoria (vik-to-ri-a). Queen of Great 
 
 Britain and Ireland.empress of India, 
 
 b. 1819. d. 1901. 
 Vinci, da (davin'che), Leonardo. 
 
 Italian painter, sculptor and archi- 
 tect, b. 1452. d. 1519. 
 Virchow (ver'£Ao), Rudolph. German 
 
 anatomist and anthropologist, b. 
 
 1821. d. 1902. 
 Vitellius (vi-tel'li-us),Aulus. Emperor 
 
 of Rome, b. 15. d. 69. 
 Volta ( vol'ta ), Alexander. Italian 
 
 electrician, b. 1745. d. 1826. 
 Voltaire (vol-tar'), de. Fr. writer, b. 
 
 1694. d. 1778. 
 Voss (fos), Johann Heinrich. German 
 
 poet and critic, b. 1751. d. 1826. 
 
 Wagner ( vag'ner) , Richard. German 
 
 composer, b. 1813. d. 1883. 
 Waldemar ( val'de-mar ), I. ( Ths 
 
 Great.) King of Denmark, b. 1131. d. 
 
 1181. 
 Walker (wa'ker), Amasa. Am. politi- 
 cal economist, b. 1799. d. 1875. 
 Walker, Robert J. Am. statesman, 
 
 (Walker tariff, 1846). b. 1801. d. 1869. 
 "Walker, Wm. Am. filibuster. Presi- 
 dent of Nicaragua. Shot 1860. b. 1824. 
 Wallace (wol'as}, Alfred Russel, Eng. 
 
 naturalist, b. 1822. [b. 1827. d. 1905, 
 Wallace, Lew. Am. gen. and novelist, 
 Wallace, Sir William. Scotch hero 
 
 and patriot, b. 1270. d. 1305. 
 Wallenstein ( vol'en-stin), Albrecht 
 
 Wenzel Eusebius, Duke. German 
 
 general, b. 1583. d. 1634. 
 Walpole (wal'pol), Horace. Eng 
 
 author and wit, b. 1717. d. 1797. 
 Ward (ward), Artemus. Pseudonym 
 
 See Browne. 
 Warwick, Richard Neville. (King 
 
 maker). Eng. warrior, b. 1420. d. 1471. 
 Washburn (wash'burn ) , Ekihu Benj, 
 
 Am. statesman, b. 1816. d. 1887. 
 
 Cite, tot, task, far, (all, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, more, wolf; 
 SQUt§, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Washington 
 
 724 
 
 Zwingll 
 
 Washington (wash'ing-tun) , George. 
 
 Am. general and first president of 
 
 U. S. b. 1732. d. 1799. 
 Watson, James Craig. Amer. astron- 
 omer, b. 1838. d. 1880. [1736. d. 1819. 
 Watt (wat), James. Scotch inventor, b. 
 Wattean(va-to'), Jean Antoine. French 
 
 painter, b. 1684. d. 1721. 
 Watts (wats), Isaac. English divine 
 
 and hymnologist, b. 1674. d. 1748. 
 Wayne (wan), Anthony. (Mad Anthony 
 
 Wayne.) Am. general, b. 1745. d. 1796. 
 Weber (web'er), George. Ger. histo- 
 rian, b. 1808. d. 1888. 
 Weber, von (fon va'ber), Karl Maria. 
 
 German composer, b. 1786. d. 1826. 
 Webster (web'ster), Daniel. Am. 
 
 orator, statesman, b. 1782. d. 1852. 
 Webster, Noah. Am. lexicographer, 
 
 b. 1758. d. 1843. 
 Weed, Thurlow. Am. journalist and 
 
 politician, b. 1797. d. 1882. 
 Wellington ( wel'ing-tun ), Arthur 
 
 Wellesley. First Duke of. British 
 
 general, b. 1769. d. 1852. 
 Wesley ( wes'li ), Charles. English 
 
 Methodist divine and hymnologist. 
 
 b. 1708. d. 1788. 
 Wesley, John. (Brother of Charles.) 
 
 Founder of Methodism, b. 1703. d. 
 
 1791. 
 West, Benjamin. Am. painter. Presi- 
 dent of the Royal Academy. England. 
 
 b. 1738, d. 1820. 
 White, Richard Grant. Amer. author, 
 
 b. 1822, d. 1885. 
 Whitefield(hwit'fel(3),Geo. One of the 
 
 founders of Methodism. Eng. pulpit 
 
 orator, b. 1714. d. in America 1770. 
 Whitman (hwit'man), Walt, Amer. 
 
 poet, b. 1819. d. 1892. 
 Whitney (whit'ni), Eli. Am. inventor 
 
 of the cotton gin, b. 1765. d. 1825. 
 Whitney, Josiah Dwight. American 
 
 geologist, b. 1819. d. 1896. 
 Whitney, William Dwight. American 
 
 philologist, b. 1827. d. 1894. 
 Whittier (hwit'i-er), John Greenleaf. 
 
 American poet, b. 1807. d. 1892. 
 Wilberforce (wil'ber-fors), William. 
 
 English philanthropist and states- 
 man, b. 1759. d. 1833. 
 Willard (wil'ard), Francis E. Amer. 
 
 temperance advocate, b. 1839. d. 1898. 
 William (wiryam), I* [The Conqueror). 
 
 King of England, b. 1027. d. 1087. 
 William II.. Rufus (the Bed), son of 
 
 Win. I., king Eng., b. 1087. d. 1100. 
 William III. ( William Henry of Nas- 
 sau, Prince of Orange). King of Eng. 
 
 b 1650. d. 1702. 
 William IV. King England 1830-37. 
 William I. King of Prussia. German 
 
 emperor, b. 1797. d. 1888. 
 
 Williams (wily amz), Roger. Puritan 
 
 reformer. Founder of Rhode Island". 
 
 b. 1599. d. 1683. 
 Winchell (win'chel), Alexander. Am. 
 
 geologist and author, b. 1824. d. 1891. 
 Winthrop (win'thrup), John. Eng. 
 
 governor of Massachusetts colony, b. 
 
 1588. d. 1640. 
 Wolfe (wolf), James. Eng. general; 
 
 fell at Quebec, 1759. b. 1726. 
 Wolsey ( wol'zi ), Thomas. Eng. car- 
 dinal and statesman, b. 1471. d. 1530. 
 Wordsworth ( wurds'wurth ), Wm. 
 
 English poet, b. 1770. d. 1850. 
 Worth ( wurth ), Wm. Jenkins. Am. 
 
 general, b. 1794. d. 1849. 
 Wycherley ( wich'er-li ), Wm. Eng. 
 
 dramatist, b. 1640. d. 1715. 
 Wyclif, Wicliffe or Wicfeliffe 
 
 (wik'lif), John. English ecclesiastical 
 
 reformer, b. 1324. d. 1384. 
 Wyss ( vis ), Johann Rudolph. Swiss 
 
 writer. (Swiss Family BoMnson), b. 
 
 1781. d. 1830. 
 
 Xenocrates ( ze-nok'ra-tez ). Greek 
 philosopher, b. B J C. 396. d. 314. 
 
 Xenophon (zen'o-fon). Athenian gen- 
 eral and historian, b. B. C. 430. d. 358. 
 
 Xerxes (zerks'ez). (The Great). King of 
 Persia, d. B. C. 465. 
 
 Tale (yal), Elihu. Eng. official in In- 
 dia. Benefactor of Yale college, b. 
 1649. d. 1721. 
 
 Toumans (yb'manz), Edward L. Am. 
 scientist, b. 1821. d. 1887. 
 
 Young, Brigham. Leader and high 
 priest of the Mormons, b. 1801. d. 1877. 
 
 Young, Edward. Eng. poet. ( Night 
 thoughts.) b. 1684. d. 1765. 
 
 Tpsilanti ( ip-se-lan'ti ), Alexander, 
 Prince. Greek patriot and general, b. 
 1792. d. 1828. 
 
 Zarathustra ( za-ra-thosh'tra ). Per- 
 sian for Zoroaster. 
 Zeno ( ze'no ) . Greek philosopher. 
 
 Founder of the Stoic school, b. B. C. 
 
 358. d. 260. 
 Zenobia (ze-n5'bi-a), Septimia. Queen 
 
 of Palmyra, 1. a. 280. 
 Zeuxis (zuks'is). Greek painter of the 
 
 human form, b. B. C. 464. d. 396. 
 Zola (zo'la), Emile. French novelist, 
 
 b. 1840. d. 1902. 
 Zoroaster (z5-ro-as'ter). Founder of 
 
 Parsee religion, 1. a. B. C. 800. 
 Zwingli (tswing'le), Ulrich. Swiss 
 
 religious reformer. Killed in battle 
 
 1531. b. 1484. 
 
 Iftte, Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, ber; mite, mit; note, not? move, wolf} 
 mute, bat, bum; oil, owl, thon. 
 
N, B. — The special pronunciation marks in this department are the same 
 as in the dictionary of biography. Abbreviations: A. = Area; prov. = 
 province; tn. = town; sq. m. = square miles. 
 
 Aachen — Antietam 
 
 Aachen (a/Men), Aix-la-Chapelle. City 
 and district in Germany. 
 
 Aar (ar), river in Switzerland. 
 
 Abyssinia (ab-i-sin'i-a), monarchy in 
 eastern Africa. Area, 200,000 sq. m. 
 
 Adirondacks (a-di-ron'daks), group 
 of mountains in N. E. New York. 
 
 Adriatic (a-dri-at'ik) , Sea, part of 
 Mediterranean sea, E. of Italy. 450 
 in. Jong,_100 m.wide. 
 
 iEgean (e-je'an), Sea, part of Mediter- 
 ranean sea between Greece and Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Afghanistan (af-gan-is-tan'), country 
 N. W. of India. Area, 250,000 sq. m. 
 
 Agincourt (azh-an-kor'), village in 
 France, near Boulogne. [aachen. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-la-sha-pel'(. See 
 
 Ajaccio (a-ya'cho), seaport and cap- 
 ital of Corsica. 
 
 Alabama (a]-a-ba'ma),onethe of TJ. S. 
 Area, 51,756 sq. m. Cap. Montgomery. 
 
 Alaska (a-las'ka) , territory of U. S. 
 N. W. of Canada. Purchased of Russia 
 in 18G7 for $7,200,000. Area, 590,446 
 sq. m. [coast of European Turkey. 
 
 Albania (al-ba'ni-a), district on west 
 
 Albany (al'ba-ni), capital of New 
 York State. 
 
 Alberta (al-bur'ta), province of Cana- 
 da, east of British Columbia. 
 
 Albert Nyanza ( al'burt ny-an'za), 
 lake in Central Africa, 100 m. long.' 
 
 Albuquerque (al-bo-ker'ke), town in 
 New Mexico, founded 17th century. 
 
 Aleppo (a-lep'6), town in As. Turkey. 
 
 Aleutian v a-lu'shi-an) Islands, group 
 S. E., and part, of Alaska. 
 
 Alexandria (al-eg-zan'dri-a), city in 
 Egypt, founded 332 B. C. by Alexan- 
 der the Great. 
 
 Algeria (al-je'ri-a), French colony in 
 N. Africa. Area, 184,474 sq. m. Cap- 
 ital, Algiers. 
 
 Alleghany ( al'e-ga-ni), range of 
 mountains in Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land, W. Virginia and Virginia. 
 
 Allegheny (al'e-gen-i), city in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Alps (alps), mountain range running 
 through central Europe. 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine (al-sas' lor-ran'), 
 division of German Empire, ceded by 
 France in 1871. Area, 5,600 sq. m. 
 
 Amazon (am'a-zon), river in South 
 America; over 3,500 m.' long and 50 
 m. wide at mouth. 
 
 America (a-mer'i-ka), the western 
 continent, North and South America. 
 
 Amiens (a-me-ang'), capital of 
 Somme, France. 
 
 Amsterdam (am'ster-dam), seaport 
 and chief city of the Netherlands. 
 
 Ancona (an-ko'na), province and city 
 in eastern Italy. [southern Spain. 
 
 Andalusia (an-da-lo'zi-a), district in 
 
 Andermatt (au'der-mat), village in 
 Switzerland. Center for tourists. 
 
 Anderson ville ( an'der-sun-vil ) , tn. 
 in Georgia; seat of Confederate prison 
 during CivilWar. 
 
 Andes (an'dez), chain of mountains 
 in S. America,extending from Isthmus 
 of Panama to Cape Horn, 4,500 m. 
 
 An nam (an'am), monarchy in Indo- 
 Chinese peninsula. A. 52,100 sq. m. 
 
 Annapolis (a-nap'o-lis), capital of 
 Maryland; seat of U. S. Naval Acad. 
 
 Antarctic (ant-ark'tik) Ocean, 
 around the South Pole. 
 
 Antietam (an-te'tam), small river in 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland; scene 
 of battle Sept. 17, 1862. 
 
 ttte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 mate, bat, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 725 
 
Antilles 
 
 726 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 /Mitilles (an-til'lez), West Indies, ex- 
 cept Bahamas. [Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Antioeh ( an'ti-ok ), city in Syria, 
 
 Antwerp (ant'werp), seaport of Bel- 
 gium^ [Islands. (German). 
 
 Apia (a'pi-a). Port of Upolu, Samoan 
 
 Appalachian (ap-a-lach'-i-an) Moun- 
 tains, eastern N. America, from 
 Newfoundland to Alabama. 
 
 Appoinatox (ap-o-mat'oks), village 
 and river in Virginia. Scene of Lee's 
 surrender, April 9, 1865. 
 
 Arabia (a-ra'bi-a), large peninsula 
 in S.W.A'sia. Area 173,700 sq.m. 
 
 Ararat (ar'a-rat), mountain at junc- 
 tion of Russia, Persia and Asiatic 
 Turkey. 
 
 Arctic (ark'tik) Ocean, around the 
 North Pole. 
 
 Argentine (ar'jen-ten), republic in 
 S. America, E. of Andes and S. of 
 Bolivia. Area 1 L 135,840 sq. m. 
 
 Arizona (ar-i-zo'na), territory of U. 
 S., bet. California 'and New Mexico. 
 Area 113,870 sq. m. 
 
 Arkansas (ar'kan-sa), one of the U. S. 
 A. 53,228 sq. m/ Cap., Little Rock. 
 
 Armenia (ar-me'ni-a), region around 
 Mt. Ararat, in Russia, Persia and 
 Asiatic Turkey. [ency in W. Africa. 
 
 Ashantee (a-shan'te), British depend- 
 
 Asia (a'shi-a), largest continent in 
 world, in eastern hemisphere. Area 
 17,000,000 sq. m. 
 
 Assiniboia (as-in-i-boi'a), former divi- 
 sion of N. W. Ter. of Canada, N. of 
 Montana and N. Dakota, U. S. 
 
 Athabaska ( ath-a-bas'ka ), former 
 division of N. W. Ter., Canada. 
 
 Athens (ath'enz), capital of Greece. 
 
 Atlanta (at-lan'ta), cap. of Georgia. 
 
 Atlantic (at-lan'tik) Ocean, between 
 America and Europe and Africa. 
 10,000 m. long; 3,000 m. wide; aver- 
 age depth about 13,000 ft. 
 
 Ansteriitz ( ows'ter-lits ), town in 
 Austria-Hungary, scene of a Napo- 
 leonic victory in_1805. 
 
 Australia (as- tra'li-a), largest island 
 in world; S.'E. of Asia. A. 2,972,573 
 sq. m. 
 
 Austria-Hungary (as'tri-a hun'ga- 
 ri),European empire. A. 261,035 sq.m. 
 
 Azores (a-zorz') Islands, 800 m. W. 
 of, and belonging to, Portugal. A. 
 922 sq. m. 
 
 Babylon (bab'i-lon), ancient city of 
 Mesopotamia, Asiatic Turkey, now in 
 ruins. 
 
 Baden (ba'den), 1. State in German 
 Empire. 2. Town in that state (Ba- 
 den-Baden.) 
 
 Bagdad (bag'dad). 1. Division of Tur« 
 key in Asia. 2. Town in that division. 
 
 Bahamas ( ba-ha'mas ), group of 
 islands in British West Indies. 
 
 Balaklava (ba-la-kla'va), vil. in the 
 Crimea, 8 m. S. E. of Sebastopol. 
 Charge of the_600, Oct. 25, 1854. 
 
 Balearic (bal-e-ar'ik) Islands, group 
 of Spanish islands in the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 Balkan (bal-kan' or bal'kan), moun- 
 tain system in Europe, 'S. of the 
 lower Danube. 
 
 Baltic (bal'tik) Sea, bet. Germany, 
 Sweden and Russia. Area 184,000 
 sq. m. [of Maryland, U. S. 
 
 Baltimore (bal'ti-mor), chief seaport 
 
 Baluchistan "(bal-6-chis-tan'), coun- 
 try in Asia W. of India on Arabian 
 sea, under Brit, control. A. 131,855 
 sq. m. [chief port of Siam. 
 
 Bangkok (bang-kok'), capital and 
 
 Barbadoes (bar-ba'doz), island of the 
 British W. Indies. 
 
 Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na), 1. Province 
 of Spain. 2. Capital and seaport of 
 such province. 3. Tn. in Venezuela. 
 
 Basel (ba'zl), city in Switzerland. 
 
 Basque (bask) Provinces, Spanish 
 district near the Pyrenees. 
 
 Basutoland (ba-so to-land), British 
 colony in S. Africa. A. 10,293 sq. m. 
 
 Batavia'(ba-ta'vi-a), capital and sea- 
 port of Java, Dutch East Indies. 
 
 Bavaria (ba-va'ri-a), state of German 
 Empire. Area 29,282 sq. m. 
 
 Bayreuth (bi'roit), ciiy of Bavaria, 
 site of the celebrated Wagner tbeaier. 
 
 Bechuanaiand ( becb-6-a'na-land ), 
 Brit, protectorate in S. Africa. Area 
 275,000 sq. m. 
 
 Belgium (bel'ji-um), European king- 
 dom, S. of Holland. A. 11,373 sq in. 
 
 Bengal (ben-gal'), 1. Peov. of India. 
 
 2. Bay or Gulf of, part of Indian 
 Ocean, E. of Hindostan, W. of Burma. 
 
 Beri ug (be'ring), Behring (ba'ring) 
 
 Sea, Strait, waterway connecting 
 
 Pacific and Arctic Oceans, separating 
 
 Siberia from Alaska. 
 Berlin ( ber-lin', Ger. ber-len') , cap. 
 
 and largest city in German Empire. 
 Bermudas (ber-mu'daz), Brit, islands 
 
 in Atlantic Ocean, 600 m. E. of N. 
 
 Carolina. 
 Bern (bern), capitalof Switzerland. 
 Bessarabia (bes-a-ra'bi-a), district of 
 
 Russia, E. and N.'E.of Romania. 
 Bethlehem ( beth'le-em), town in 
 
 Palestine, accepted birthplace of 
 
 Christ. 
 Birmingham (ber'ming-am), 1 4th 
 
 city in England. 2. City in Alabama. 
 
 3. Suburb of Pittsburg. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mitt, xa.it, note, not, more, wolf ; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Biscay 
 
 727 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Jjiscay (bis'ka), Bay of, portion of 
 Atlantic Ocean N. of Spain and W. 
 of France. 
 
 JBisinarck (biz'mark) Archipelago, 
 
 group of islands (German Protector- 
 ate), N. of Australia. A. 20,000 sq. m. 
 
 Slack Sea, inland body of water S. 
 of Russia, E. of Turkey, 700 m. long, 
 390 m. wide. [nr. Cork, Ireland. 
 
 Blarney (blar'ni) , village and castle, 
 
 ISloemfontein (blcm'fon-tm), cap. 
 of Orange River Colony, Africa. 
 
 Bokemia ( bo-he'mi-a ), province of 
 Austria-Hungary. Area 20,060 sq. m. 
 
 Boise (boi'ze), capital of Idaho. 
 
 Bokhara (bo-ka'ra). 1. Russian 
 dependency in Asia,I\\ of Afghanis- 
 tan. A. 92,000 sq. m. 2. Cap. of above. 
 
 Bolivia (bo-liv'i-a), S. Am. Republic, 
 S. W. of Brazil. Area 708,195 sq. m. 
 
 Bombay ( bom-ba' ). 1. Province ol 
 British India. 2. Cap. of said prov. 
 
 Bordeaux (bor-do'), city in south, 
 ern France. 
 
 Borneo (bar'ne-o) , largest of E. Indian 
 
 . Islands, seven-eighths Dutch-, one- 
 eighth English. A. 286,161 so. m. 
 
 Bosnia (boz'ni-a), former Turkish ter- 
 ritory, now part of Austria-Hungary. 
 A , with Herzegovinia, 19,702 sq. m. 
 
 Bosporus (bos'po-rus), strait connect- 
 ing Sea of Marmora and Black sea. 
 
 Boston (bos'tun). 1. Cap. of Massachu- 
 setts. 2. Seaport in England. 
 
 Botany Bay (bot'a-ni ba), inlet on E. 
 coast of Australia. [in France. 
 
 Boulogne (b6-lon'), important seaport 
 
 Bourses (borzh), ancient town in 
 France. [and town in Prussia. 
 
 Brandenburg (bron'den-borM), prov. 
 
 Brazil (bra-zil'), United States of, re- 
 public in S. America. Area 3,292,000 
 
 Bremen ( bremen ), free city in Ger- 
 many; seaport. Area 99 sq. m. 
 
 Breslan (bres'low), city in Prussia. 
 
 Brest (brest), seaport in France. 
 
 Brighton (bri'tun), principal water- 
 ing-place in England, on the Channel. 
 
 Brisbane (briz'ban), cap. of Queens- 
 land, Australia. 
 
 Bristol (bris'tul), seaport in England. 
 
 British Columbia (co-lum'bi-a), 
 province in Canada. A. 310,191 sq. in. 
 
 British Honduras (hon-d b'ras), 
 English colony in Central America. 
 Area 7,562 sq. m. 
 
 Brooklyn (brok'lin), borough of New 
 York city, on Long Island. 
 
 Brunswick (brunz'wik). 1. State of 
 German Empire. 2. Capital of same. 
 
 Brussels (brus'elz), cap. of Belgium. 
 
 Buckingham (buk'ing-am), city of 
 England, in shire of same name. 
 
 Budapest (bo'da-pest), cap. Hungary. 
 
 Budweis (bod'vis), city of Bohemia. 
 Buenos Ay res (bwa'nos i'rez), cap. 
 
 of Argentina. 
 Buffalo (buf'a-lo), city of New York 
 
 State, on Lake Erie and Niagara riv. 
 Bukharest(bo-ka-rest'),cap.Rumania. 
 Bulgaria (bul-ga'ri-a), principality in 
 
 the Balkan Peninsula, tributary to 
 
 Turkey. Area 37,200 sq. m. 
 Bull Bun (bol run), River in Eastern 
 
 Virginia. 
 Bunker mil (bung'ker hil), hill in 
 
 Charlestown, near Boston, Mass. 
 Burma Cber'ma), prov. of Brit. India. 
 
 Area 236,738 sq. m. 
 Burton-on-Trent (ber'tun-on-trent), 
 
 town in Eng., on the Trent River. 
 Butte (but), city in Rocky Mountain 
 
 region of S. "W. Montana. 
 Buzzard's (buz'ardz) Bay, S. E. 
 
 coast of Massachusetts. 
 Byzantium (bi-zan'shi-um), Greek 
 
 colonial city, founded 7th century 
 
 B. C. Now Constantinople. 
 
 Cakes (ka'bes), or Gabez (ga'bes), gulf 
 and town on the Mediterranean coast 
 of Africa, S. of Tunis. 
 
 Cabul. See Kabul. 
 
 Cadiz (ka'diz), Atlantic seaport in S. 
 W. Spain; capital of the province 
 of the samename. 
 
 Caen (kong), capital of the Department 
 of Calvados, France, on Orne River. 
 
 Cairo (ki'ro), capital of Egypt. Found- 
 ed about 970 A. D. Great pyramids in 
 its vicinity. 
 
 Cairo (ka'ro), city of Illinois, at con- 
 fluence of Ohioand Mississippi rivers. 
 
 Calabria (ka-la'bri-a) , south western 
 part of Italy. ' [posite of Dover. 
 
 Calais (kal'is; Fr. ka-la'), France, op- 
 
 Calcutta (kal-kut'a), capital of British 
 India and Bengal, on Hugli mouth of 
 Ganges River. Commercial center. 
 
 Calicut (kal'i-kut), seaport on Malabar 
 Coast, Madras, British India. 
 
 California (kal-i-far'ni-a), state of 
 the U. S. Area 158,233' sq. m. Cap. 
 Sacramento. 
 
 California, Lower, peninsula nro- 
 jecting southward into Pacific Ocean. 
 Part of Mexico. Area 58,328 sq. m. 
 
 Callao (kal-la'o or kal-ya'o), chief sea- 
 port of Peru, on bay of same name. 
 
 Cambodia ( kam-bo'di-a ) , part o J 
 French Indo-China. A. 37,400 sq. m. 
 
 Cambrai, or Cambray (kam-bra/), 
 fortified tn. France, on Schelde River. 
 
 Cambridge (kam'brij). 1. City in Eng. 
 on Cam River, seat of famous univer- 
 sity. 2. City near Boston, Mass., seat 
 of Harvard University. 
 
 £*te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burnt oil, owl, then. 
 
Campagna 
 
 728 
 
 Chartreg 
 
 Campagna di Roma (kam-pan'ya de 
 ro'rua), large malarial plain in Italy, 
 surrounding Rome^ 
 
 Campania (kani-pa'ni-a) , in ancient 
 geography, region in S. E. Italy. 
 
 Campeche ( kam-pa'cha ) , or Cam° 
 peachy (kam-pe'che), state in Mexico, 
 S. W. part of the peninsula of Yuca- 
 tan. A. 18,087 sq. m. Capital, Cam- 
 peche, seaport on gulf of the same 
 name. _ [tine. 
 
 Cana (ka'na), village of Galilee, pales- 
 Canada (kan'a-da), Dominion of, 
 Confederation' of' Brit. N. American 
 prov. and territories. N. of the U. S. 
 Area, 3,653,946 sq. m., cap. Ottawa. 
 
 Canary Islands ( ka-na'ri 1'landz ), 
 group in N. Atlantic Ocean. ' Area 
 2,808 sq. m. 
 
 Cannes (kan), seaport and health re- 
 sort, France, 20 m. S. W. of Nice. 
 
 Canterbury ( kan'ter-ber-i ) , city in 
 England, on Stour river. 
 
 Canton (kan-ton'), city and seaport, 
 China. [place of McKinley. 
 
 Canton (kan'tun), city, Ohio. Burial 
 
 Cape Cod (kap kod'), peninsula on S. 
 side of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Cape Colony ( kap'kol'o-ni ) , British 
 colony, S. part of S.Africa. 
 
 Cape Hatteras ( kap hat'e-ras ), a 
 dangerous cape on coast of N. C. 
 
 Cape Morn (kap harn'), S. point of S. 
 America. Also called The Horn. 
 
 Cape of Good Mope, S. Africa, 30 
 m. S. of Cape Town. Alt. 1,000 feet. 
 
 Cape Town (kap'town), seaport and 
 capital of Cape Colony, on Table Bay. 
 
 Cape Verde (kap verd), most westerly 
 headland of Africa. 
 
 Cape Verde Islands, group in At- 
 lantic, 320 m. W. of Cape Verde. 
 
 Capri (ka'pre), island and town, Italy, 
 at the entrance to the Bay of Naples. 
 
 Capna (kap'u-a), city in Italy, on the 
 Volturno, 27 m. N- of Naples. 
 
 Caracas (ka-ra'kas), cap. of Venezuela. 
 
 Cardiff ( kar-dif ), seaport, Glamor- 
 ganshire, Wales, on Severn river. 
 
 Carrifebean ( kar-ib-be'an ) Sea, be- 
 tween W. Indies and S. and C. Am. 
 
 Carinthia (ka-rin'thi-a), duchy, Aus- 
 tria. Area4,005sq. m." 
 
 Carlsbad (karlz'bad), city, Bohemia, 
 68 m. W. by N. of Prague. 
 
 Carlsrube or Karlsruhe(karls-ro'e), 
 city, capital of Baden. 
 
 Carmel(kar'mel), range of hills in Pal- 
 estine, between Esdraelon and sea. 
 
 Carniola(kar-ni-o'la), duchy, Austria, 
 (Ger. Krairi). Area'3847 sq. m. 
 
 Caroline ( kar'-o-lin ) Islands, N. 
 Pacific, sold to Germany by Spain in 
 1899. 
 
 Carpathian (kar-pa'thi-an) Moant> 
 ains, on the N. and E. "of Hungary. 
 
 Carrara ( kar-ra'ra ), town in Italy. 
 White marble quarries. 
 
 Carson City (kar'sun sit'i), capital of 
 the State of Nevada. 
 
 Cartagena ( kar-ta-ha'na, ), seaport 
 city, chief naval arsenal, Spain. 
 
 Carthage (kar'thaj), famous ancient 
 city on N. coast of Africa. 
 
 Cascade ( kas-kad' ) Mountains, U. 
 S. and Brit. Columbia. 
 
 Caspian Sea (kas'pi-an se), between 
 Europe and Asia. Area 180, 000 sq. m. 
 
 Cassel or Kassel(kas'el), town, Prus- 
 sian province of Hesse Nassau. 
 
 Castile (kas-tel')» central district of 
 Spain, divided into Old and New C. 
 
 Catania (ka-ta'ni-a), capital of C. pro- 
 vince, Sicily. 
 
 Catskill Mountains, New York, be- 
 long to the Appalachian system. 
 
 Caucasus (k a'ka-sus), mountains, 
 Russia, bet. Black and Caspian seas. 
 
 Cawnpur (kan-por'), chief tn. of dis- 
 trict of same name, N. W. Provinces, 
 India. [ipelago. A. 71,470 sq. m. 
 
 Celebes (sel'e-bez), island. Malay Arch- 
 
 Cenis (se-ne'), Mont (mong), tunneled 
 mountain bet. Savoy and Italy. 
 
 Cerro Gordo (ther-6-gar'do), moun- 
 tain pass in Mexico. Scene of Ameri- 
 can victory April 18th 1847. 
 
 Ceuta (sa-u'ta; Sp. tha'6-ta), Sp. sea- 
 port, Morocco, opposite Gibraltar. 
 
 Cevennes (sev-en'), chief mountain 
 range of S. France. 
 
 Ceylon ( se-lon' J, British island, S. of 
 India. Area 25,332 sq. m. 
 
 Chad or Tchad (chad), lake, Soudan, 
 N. Africa. Area 10,000 sq. m. 
 
 Chagres (cha'gres), town, on Chagres 
 river, Colombia, on N. coast of isth- 
 mus of Panama. 
 
 Chalons-sur- Marne ( sha-long-sur- 
 marn'), France, capital dept. Marne. 
 (Ancient Catalaunum)_. 
 
 Chambery (shong-ba-re'), France, cap. 
 of dept. of Savoy. 
 
 Chamouni ( sha-mo-ne' ), village in 
 Savoy, below Mont Blanc. 
 
 Chantilly ( shong-te-ye' ), town in 
 dept. of Oise, France. 
 
 Channel Islands, in English Chan- 
 nel, off Fr. coast; belong to England. 
 
 Charleston (charlz'tun), city, port of 
 entry, metropolis of S. 'Carolina. 
 
 Charleston, cap. of W. Virginia, on 
 Kanawha and Elk rivers. 
 
 Charlottenburg (shar-lot'en-bor£7i). 
 town, Prussia, on the Spree. 3 rh. W. 
 of Berlin. Burial place of William I. 
 
 Chartres ( sbar'tr ), city in France, 
 cap. of department Eure-et-Loire. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, thsa, 
 
Chatham 
 
 729 
 
 Daricn 
 
 Chatham (chat'am), town, naval arse- 
 nal, seaport, England. 
 Chattanooga ( chat-a-nb'ga ), city, 
 
 Tennessee, on the Tennessee river. 
 Chautauqua (sha-ta'kwa), lake and 
 
 village in New York State, 726 feet 
 
 above Lake Erie. 
 Chee-foo ( cke-fo' ), treaty port on N. 
 
 side of Shangtung Peninsula, China. 
 Chelsea (chel'si), suburb of London, 
 
 England, on N. bank of the Thames. 
 Chemnitz (kem'nits), manufacturing 
 
 town in Saxony, Germany. 
 Cherbourg (shur-burg'; Fr. shar-bor'), 
 
 seaport and naval station, on the 
 
 channel, France. 
 Chesapeake (ches-a-pek') Bay, Mary- 
 land and Virginia* inlet of Atlantic. 
 Cheviot Mills ( chev'i-ut hilz), bet. 
 
 England and Scotland. 
 Cheyenne (shi-en') 2 cap. of Wyoming. 
 Chicago (shi-ka'go), city, Illinois, S. 
 
 W. shore o-f Lake Michigan. 
 Chickahominy (chik-a-hom'i-ni), 
 
 affluent Of James river in Virginia. 
 Chickamauga (chik-a-ma'ga), river 
 
 in Tennessee, scene of battie Septem- 
 ber 19-20, 1863^ 
 Chih".iahua(che-wa'wa), largest State 
 
 of Mexico._ Area 87,802 sq. m. 
 Chile (che'la), republic, W. coast of S. 
 
 America. Area 307,620 sq. m. 
 China (chi'na), empire, E. Asia. Area 
 
 4,277,170 sq. m. 
 Christ iania (kris-ti-an'i-a ), capital 
 
 of Norway, on C. Fjord. 
 Cincinnati ( sin-sin-nat' i), chief city 
 
 of Ohio, on N. bank of Ohio river. 
 Civita Vecchia (che've-ta vek'ki-a), 
 
 seaport, Italy,_38 m. N. W. of Rome. 
 Cleveland (klev'land), second city of 
 
 Ohio, on S. shore of Lake Erie. 
 Coblentz (ko'blents), cap. of Rhenish 
 
 Prussia, on Rhine and Moselle. 
 Cochin China (ko'chin chi'.na), prov. 
 
 French Indo China. A. 20,000 sq. m. 
 Cognac (kon-yak'), th. in dept. Cha- 
 
 rente, France. [sia, on the Rhine. 
 
 Cologne (ko-lon'), city, Rhenish Prus- 
 Colombia (ko-lom'bi-a), republic, S. 
 
 America, on Caribbean sea. [Ceylon. 
 Colombo (ko-lqm'bo), seaport, cap. of 
 Colorado (col-o-ra'do), state of U. S.. 
 
 cap. Denver. Area 103,969 sq. m. 
 Colorado River, rises in Wyoming, 
 
 falls into Gulf of California. 
 Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a), city, cap. of 
 
 S Carolina. 
 Columbia, District of, territory of U. 
 
 S. containing the federal capital. 
 Columbus (ko-lum'bus), city, cap. of 
 
 the State of Ohio. 
 Como(ko'mo), city, Lombardy, N.Italy, 
 
 on S. W. extremity of Lake of Como. 
 
 Concord ( kOn'kard ), city, capital of 
 State of New Hampshire, on the 
 Merrimac. 
 
 Concord, tn. in Massachusetts, 23 m. 
 N. W. of Boston. Battle Apl. 19, 1775. 
 
 Congo Independent State, Central 
 Africa. A. 900.000 sq.m. Cap. Boma. 
 
 Congo River, great equatorial river 
 of Central Africa, length 3,000 m. <■ 
 
 Connecticut (ko-net'i-kut), one of the 
 U. S. A.5,612 sq. m. Cap. Hartford. 
 
 Constantinople ( kon-stan-ti-no'pl ), 
 cap. of Ottoman Empire^ Turkey. 
 
 Copenhagen ( ko-pen-ha'gen ), city, 
 cap. of Denmark, on island of Zealand. 
 
 Cordova (kar'do-va), city, Spain, on 
 the Guadalquivir. 
 
 Corea. See Korea. 
 
 Corinth ( kor'inth ), ancient city of 
 Greece, on isthmus of C. 
 
 Corinth, town, Mississippi, sceue of 
 battle Oct. 3-4, 1862. 
 
 Cork (kark), city, Ireland. 
 
 Cornwall ( karh'wal ), maritime co., 
 forming S. W. extremity of England. 
 
 Corsica (kor'si-ka), island in the Medi- 
 terranean, department of France. 
 
 Costa Rica (kos'ta re'ka), most S. re- 
 public of Central America. 
 
 Cowes (kowz), seaport, N. corner of 
 the Isle of Wight. [Austria. 
 
 Cracow { kra'kd ) , city, in Galicia, 
 
 Crete (kret), Turkish island in Medi- 
 terranean. Area 3,326 sq. m. 
 
 Crimea (kri-me'a), peninsula, S. Rus- 
 sia, on Black Sea. 
 
 Cronstadt (kron'stat), seaport, Rus- 
 sia, oh Kotlin Island, Gulf of Finland. 
 
 Cuba ( ku'ba ), largest of W. Indian 
 Islands. Area 45,881 sq. m. 
 
 Cumberland (kum'ber-land) River, 
 in Kentucky and Tennesse, tributary 
 of the Ohio. 
 
 Curacoa (ku-ra-so'), island, Dutch W, 
 Indies, 75 m. from Venezuela. 
 
 Cyprus (si-prus), island in E. Mediter- 
 ranean, belonging to England. 
 
 Dahomey (da-hS'ma), French protec- 
 torate in W. Africa. 
 
 Dalmatia (dal-ma'shya), prov., Aus- 
 tria, on the Adriatic. A. 4,940 sq. m. 
 
 Damaraland (dam'a-ra-land), coun- 
 try of S. W. Africa, on the coast. 
 
 Damascus (da-mas'kus), city, Asiatic 
 Turkey, capital of Syria. 
 
 Danzig (dant'siM), seaport. W. Prus- 
 sia, on the Vistula. 
 
 Danube (dan'ub), river, rises in Black 
 Forest, Baden, enters Black Sea. 
 
 Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz'), strait bet. 
 Europe and Asia. [U. S 
 
 Darien (da'ri-en), seaport in Georgia, 
 
 fit@, f*t, task, far, fftl), fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, nritj note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 ©ute, nut; buru; oil, ow!, theu, 
 
8>arien 
 
 730 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Dariesa (da-ri-en or Sp. da-ri-en'), 
 Isthmas of, easternmost part of 
 the state of Panama, bet the Gulf of 
 Darien and the Bay of San Miguel. 
 
 Darmstadt (darm'stat), capital of 
 Grand-duchy of Hesse, Germany. 
 
 I>ead Sea (ded'se), salt lake, Palestine, 
 1,312 feet below sea level. 
 
 Delagoa Bay (del-a-go'a ba), inlet of 
 Indian Ocean, S. E. 'Africa. 
 
 Delaware (del'a-war), one of the U. S. 
 A. 2,380 sq. m". Cap. Dover. 
 
 Delaware River, rises in Catskill 
 Mts., and enters Delaware Bay. 
 
 Belhi (del'e), city, Punjab, India, on 
 the Jumna. 
 
 B>enmark (den'mark), European king- 
 dom, bet. Baltic and North seas. A- 
 15,592 sq. m. [on S. Platte river. 
 
 Denver (den'ver),city,cap.of Colorado. 
 
 Des Moines (de-moin'), cap. of Iowa, 
 on Des Moines and Raccoon rivers. 
 
 Dessau (des-sow'), town, cap. of the 
 duchy of Anhalt, Germany. 
 
 Detroit (de-troif), chief city of State 
 of Michigan, on Detroit river. 
 
 Detroit River, bet. Michigan and 
 Canada, from Lake St. Clair to Lake 
 Erie. [English Channel. 
 
 Dieppe (dg-ep'), seaport, France, on 
 
 Dominican Republic, or Santo 
 Domingo, negro republic, Haiti, 
 West Indies. [E. Kent, England. 
 
 Dover (do'ver), seaport and borough, 
 
 Dover, cap. of State of Delaware. 
 
 Dresden (drez'den), cap. of Saxony, 
 on the Elbe. 
 
 Dublin (dub'lin), city, cap. of Ireland, 
 on Dublin bay and Liffey river. 
 
 Dundee (dun-de f ), city, Forfarshire, 
 Scotland, on Tay river. 
 
 Dunkirk ( dun'kerk ), seaport, in 
 France, on strait of Dover. 
 
 Duesseldorf ( diis'sel-dorf ), town in 
 Rhenish Prussia, on the Rhine. 
 
 East Indies (est' in'diz), India, Indo- 
 China, and Malay Archipelago. 
 
 East River, strait joining Long 
 Island Sound to New York Bay. 
 
 Ecuador (ek'-wa-dor, or Span, a-kwa- 
 dor'), republic, S. America, on Equa- 
 tor. Area 116,000. 
 
 Edinburgh (ed'in-bur-ro), capital of 
 Scotland, S. of Firth of Forth. 
 
 Egypt (e'jipt), N. E. Africa and Sinai 
 Peninsula, Asia. Area 394,345 sq. m. 
 
 Elba (el'ba), island near Italy. 
 
 Elbe(el'be), river, Germany, flows 780 
 m. to North Sea. 
 
 England ( ing'gland ), forms, with 
 Wales, the S. and larger part of 
 Island of Great Britain. 
 
 English Channel, between France 
 
 and England. 
 Erie (e'ri), Lake, between Canada 
 
 and U. S. Area 9000 sq. m. 
 Erzerum (erz-rom'), city, Turkish 
 
 Armenia, on branch of Euphrates. 
 Esquimalt (es'ki-malt), seaport, S.E. 
 
 coast of Vancouver. 
 Essen (es'sen), town, Rhenish Prussia, 
 
 seat of Krupp's iron works. 
 Etna ( et'na ). Mount, volcano, Sicily, 
 Euphrates (fl-fra'tez), river, Asiatic 
 
 Turkey, joins the Tigris. 
 Europe (u'rop), continent, W. of Asia. 
 
 Area 3,900,000 sq. m. 
 Everest (ev'er-est), Mount, Himala- 
 yas, in Nepal. Alt. 29,002 feet. 
 
 Falmouth (f al'muth) , seaport, Corn- 
 wall, England. [White Nile. 
 
 Fashoda (fa-sho'da), town, Africa, on 
 
 Fez (fez) 2 second capital of Morocco. 
 
 Fiji (fe'je) Islands, British group in 
 S. Pacific. Area 8048 sq. m. 
 
 Finland (fin'land) , Grand Duchy of, 
 country, N. W. Russia. Area 144,250 
 sq. m. [provs. Belgium. 
 
 Flanders (flan'derz), East and West, 
 
 Florence (nor'ens), Italian: Firenze 
 (f6-rent'se), city in Italy. 
 
 Florida ( flor'i-da ), one of the U. S. 
 Area 58,984' sq. m. Cap. Tallahassee. 
 
 Foochow (fo-chow'), capital of Chinese 
 province of Fu-chien. 
 
 Formosa (far-mo'sa), Japanese island, 
 170 m. N. of Luzon. A. 13,458 sq. m. 
 
 Forth (forth), river, Scotland. 
 
 France (frans), republic, W. Europe. 
 Area 207,107 sq. m. 
 
 Frankfort ( f rangk'furt ), cap. Ken- 
 tucky, on Kentucky river. 
 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, city, in 
 the Prussian prov. of Hesse-Nassau. 
 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, town, in 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia. 
 
 Franz-Josef Land, archipelago in 
 the Arctic Ocean, N. of Nova Zembla. 
 
 Fredericksburg ( fred'er-iks-burg ), 
 city, Virginia, on Rappahannock 
 river. [Scotia and New Brunswick. 
 
 Fundy (f un'di) Bay of, inlet bet. Nova 
 
 Galicia (ga-lish'i-a), crownland, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary. Area 30,321 sq. m. 
 
 Galveston (gal'ves-tun), seaport, 
 Texas, G. Bay,_Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Gal way (gal'wa), seaport, Ireland, on 
 Galway Bay, 130 m. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Ganges (gan'jez), great river, India, 
 flowing 1509 m. to Bay of Bengal. 
 
 Garonne ( ga-ron' ), river, S. France. 
 
 Geneva (je-ne'va), largest city of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wotf} 
 **, mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then, - 
 
Geneva 
 
 "31 
 
 Iceland 
 
 Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman, bet. 
 Switzerland and France. A. 82 sq. in. 
 
 Genoa (jen'6-a), seaport city, N. Italy, 
 on Gulf of same name. 
 
 George ( jor.j ) Lake, in the Adiron- 
 dacks, New York. 
 
 Georgia ( jor'ji-a), one of the U. S. 
 Area, 59,436sq. in. Cap. Atlanta. 
 
 Germany (jer-man-i), empire in cen- 
 tal Europe. Area 208,830 sq. m. 
 
 Ghent (gent), cap. of E. Flanders, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Gibraltar (ji-bral'tar), town and for- 
 tified rock, S. Spain. [river Clyde. 
 
 Glasgow (glas'go), city, Scotland, on 
 
 Gloucester (glos'ter), city and port, 
 England, on the Severn. 
 
 Gloucester, seaport, Massachusetts. 
 
 Goettingen (get-ting-en), city, Prus- 
 sia, province of Hanover. 
 
 Granada (gra-na'da), city, capital of 
 province of same name, Spain. 
 
 Great Britain (grat brit'an), largest 
 island of Europe. Area 88,729 sq. m. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, Utah, in N. E. part 
 of Great Basin, 70 m. long. 
 
 Greece (gres), kingdom, S. E. Europe. 
 Area 25,014 sq. m. 
 
 Greenland (gren'land), large Danish 
 island, N. E. of N." America. 
 
 Green Mountains, range in Ver- 
 mont, U. S. Highest peak, 4,240 ft. 
 
 Greenwich (grin'ij), borough, Kent, 
 England, on the Thames. 
 
 Gretna Green (gret'na gren'), village 
 in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. 
 
 Guam (gwam), island, Pacific Ocean, 
 lai-gest of the Ladrones. U. S. pos- 
 session. Area 200 sq. m. 
 
 Guatemala (gwa-ta-ma'la), republic 
 and city, C. America.A. 48,300 sq. m. 
 
 Guayaquil ( gwi-a-kel' ) , chief com- 
 mercial city of Ecuador. 
 
 Guernsey (gern'zi), island, Channel 
 Islands. Area 28 sq. m. 
 
 Guiana (ge-a'na), region, S.America, 
 comprises British, Dutch, and French 
 Guiana. [of Africa. 
 
 Guinea (gin'e) Gulf of, on W. coast 
 
 Haarlem (harlem), town, Holland, 
 
 10 m. W. of Amsterdam. 
 Hague ( hag ) The, capital of the 
 
 Netherlands. 
 Haiti, or Hayti (ha'ti), island and 
 
 republic, W. Indies. Area of island, 
 
 28,523 sq. m. [Scotia, seaport. 
 
 Halifax (hal'i-faks ), capital of Nova 
 Halle (hal'le), city, Prussian Saxony, 
 
 on the Saale river. 
 Hamburg (ham'bbrfcft) , free city and 
 
 chief commercial port of Germany, 
 
 Area 158 sq. m. 
 
 Hanover (han'o-ver), capital of Hano- 
 ver, Prussian prov., on Leine river. 
 
 Harrisburg (har'is-burg), city, cap. 
 of State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hartford (hart'furd), cap. of State of 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Harz (harts), mountains, Germany, 
 between the rivers Weser and Elbe, 
 
 Hastings (has'tingz), famous water- 
 ing-place, E. Sussex, England. 
 
 Havana (ha-van'a), city, cap. of Cuba. 
 
 Havre (ha'vr), seaport, dep. of Seine- 
 Inferieure, France, on the Seine. 
 
 Hawaii(ha-wi' e), islands, PacificOcean. 
 Territory of U. S. Area 6,449 sq. m. 
 
 Hebrides ( heb'ri-dez ), or Western 
 Islands, W. of Scotland. Area 3,000 
 sq. m. 
 
 Hecla, or Hekla (hek'la), volcano, S. 
 W. Iceland. Altitude 510 feet. 
 
 Heidelberg ( hi'dl-berfcA ), city, Ba- 
 den, Germany, on the Neckar. 
 
 Helena(hel'e-na),city, capital of State 
 of Montana. 
 
 Heligoland ( hel'i-go-land ) , island. 
 North Sea, belonging to Germany. 
 
 Helsingfors (hel'sing-farz), Seaport, 
 naval station of Russia',' cap. of Fin- 
 land. 
 
 Hesse ( hes ), or Hessen ( hes'sen ), 
 grand duchy, Germany. Area 2,966. 
 
 Hesoe-Xassau ( hes'-nas'sow ), prov. 
 Prussia. Area 6,058 sq. m. 
 
 Himalaya (him-a'la-ya), mountains, 
 between India and Tibet. 
 
 Hindu Hush (hin'do kosh), a moun- 
 tain system of Central Asia. 
 
 Hindustan ( hin-do-stan' ), India; 
 properly, only the Punjab and the 
 valley of the Ganges. 
 
 Hoang-ho (hwang'ho), or Yellow 
 River, China, falls into Gulf of PechilL 
 
 Hohenzollern ( ho-en-tsol'ern ), ter- 
 ritory in Black Forest, belonging to 
 Prussia. Area 441 sq. m. 
 
 Holland (hol'and), Netherlands. 
 
 Honduras (hbn-do'ras), republic, 
 Central America. Area 46,262 sq. m. 
 
 Hong Kong (hang kang), British 
 island, China, in Bay of Canton. A. 
 3 2 sq. m. [of Hawaii, on Oahu Island. 
 
 Honolulu (ho-no-16'16), seaport, cap. 
 
 Hudson Bay, inland sea, in the N. E. 
 of N. America. Area 510,000 sq. m. 
 
 Hudson River, New York, rises in 
 the Adirondacks, falls into New York 
 Bay. » [Europe. 
 
 Hungary (hung'ga-ri), kingdom, S. E. 
 
 Huron (hu'run) Lake, bet. Canada 
 and the U. S. Area 23,610 sq. m. 
 
 Iceland ( Is'land ), Danish island, N, 
 Atlantic, S. of Polar Circle. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, fali, fare, above; me, mec, her; mite, mlt; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 mute, Hut, burui oil, owl, (tea. 
 
Ida 
 
 Lapland 
 
 Ida (i'da) 1. Mountain in Crete. 2, 
 
 Mountain range in Asia Minor. 
 Idaho (I'da-ho), one of toe United 
 
 States. A. 83,828 sq. m. Cap. Boise. 
 Illinois (il-i-noi'), one of the U. S. 
 
 Cap. Springfield. Area 58,354 sq. in. 
 India (in'di-a), British empire, penin- 
 sula of S. Asia. A. 1,587,104 sq. in. 
 Indiana (in-di-an'a), one of the U. S. 
 
 Area 36,587 sq. m. Cap. Indianapolis. 
 Indian Ocean, bet. Africa, Asia, and 
 
 the Pacific. 
 Indian Territory, formerly reserved 
 
 for Indians, now part of Oklahoma. 
 Indo-China, the eastern of the two 
 
 great Asiatic peninsulas, Indian Oc. 
 Indus ( in'dus ), river, India, rises in 
 
 Tibet and falls into Indian Ocean. 
 Innsbruck (ins'brok), cap. of Tyrol. 
 Ionian (l-o'ni-an) Islands, chain of 
 
 islands along W. coast of Greece. 
 Iowa Ci'o-wa ), one of the U. S. Area 
 
 56,270 sq. m. Cap. Des Moines. 
 Irawadi, or Irrawaddi (ir-a-wad'i), 
 
 principal river of Burma, 1,200 m. 
 Ireland (ir-land), smaller of the two 
 
 principal Brit. Isles. A. 32,393 sq. m. 
 Irkutsk ( ir-kotsk' ),cap. of govern- 
 ment of same name, Siberia. 
 Isar, or Iser ( I'zer or e'zer ), river, 
 
 Bavaria. 
 Italy (it'a-li), kingdom, S. Europe, on 
 
 Mediterranean. A. 32,475,253 sq. m. 
 
 Jackson (jak'sun), cap. of State of 
 Mississippi. [seacoastof Syria. 
 
 Jaffa (jaf'a) or Jonpa (jop'a), town on 
 
 Jamaica (ja-ma'ka), island, British 
 W. Indies. Area 4,193 sq. m. 
 
 Japan (ja-pau'), insular empire, E. 
 Asia. Area 147,661 sq. m. 
 
 Java (ja'va), island of the Dutch E. 
 Indies. Area 49,000 sq. m, 
 
 Jefferson City, capital of State of 
 Missouri, on Missouri river. 
 
 Jena (ya'na), town, Saxe-Weimar, 
 Germany, on the Saale river. 
 
 Jersey City, city, New Jersey, on 
 Hudson river, opp. New York City. 
 
 Jerusalem (j e-ro'sa-lem), city, Pales- 
 tine, 33 m. S. E. of_ Jaffa, its port. 
 
 Johannesburg- (yo-han'nes-biirg), tn. 
 Transvaal Colony, South Africa. 
 
 Jordan (jar'dan), principal river of 
 Palestine, 'falls into Dead Sea. 
 
 Junefrau (yong'frow), mtn., Bernese 
 Alps, Switzerland. Altitude 13,671 ft. 
 
 Jura (jo'ra), mnts, France and Switz- 
 erland. ' [mark. A. 9,754 sq. m. 
 
 Jutland (jut'land), peninsula, Den- 
 Kabul (k&rbol'), city, capital of Afgha- 
 nistan. 
 
 Kamerun (ka-me-ron'), German pos» 
 session, W.Africa. A. 180,000 sq. m. 
 
 Kamchatka (kam-chat/ka) penin- 
 sula E. Siberia. Area 465,637 sq. m. 
 
 Kandahar (kan-da-har'), city, capital 
 of southern Afghanistan. 
 
 Kansas (kan'sas), one of the U. S. 
 Area 82,236 sq.' m. Cap. Topeka ( 
 
 Kansas City, 1. City, Missouri, on S. 
 bank of the Missouri river. 2. Largest 
 city of Kansas, on Missouri river, 
 opp. Kansas city, Mo. 
 
 Kattegat (kat'e-gat), sea passage bet. 
 Sweden and Jutland. Width 85 m. 
 
 Kennebec (ken-e-bek'), river, Maine, 
 rises in Moosehead Lake, falls into 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Kentucky (ken-tuk'i), one of theU. S. 
 Area 40,332 sq. m. Cap. Frankfort. 
 
 Key West, seaport and island, Flori- 
 da, on Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Kharkov (kar'kov), capital of Khar- 
 kov government, Russia. 
 
 Khartoum or Khartum (kar-t6m'}, 
 town, E. Soudan, on the Blue Nile. 
 
 Khorassan (ko-ras-an'), largest 
 prov. of Persia. Area 140,000 sq. m. 
 
 Kiau-Chau ( ke-ow-chow' ), seaport 
 and district, Shantung prov., China, 
 leased to Germany, 1898. Area 200 
 sq. m. [on the Dnieper river. 
 
 Kieffor Kiev (ke-yef), town, Russia, 
 
 Kiel (kel), naval station, Schleswig- 
 Holstein, Prussia, on Baltic Sea. 
 
 Kilkenny (kil-ken'i), cap. of county 
 of same name, Ireland. 
 
 Killarney (kil-lar'ni), lakes of, in 
 county Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 Kimberley ( kim'ber-li ), capital of 
 Griqualand West, South Africa. 
 
 Kissingen ( kis'sing-en ) , watering 
 place, Bavaria, on the Saale. 
 
 Koenigsberg- (ke'nifcfts-berg), city, E. 
 Prussia , Germany , on the Pregel. 
 
 Korea (ko-re'a), peninsula bet. Yellow 
 Sea and Sea of Japan, under Japanese 
 control. Area 90,000 sq. m. 
 
 Labrador (lab'ra-dor), peninsula bet. 
 Hudson Bay and Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. A. 420,000 sq. m. 
 
 Ladrones (la-dronz') or Marianne 
 Islands, in N. Pacific, (German, ex- 
 cept Guam.) A. 500 sq. m. 
 
 Ladysmith, tn. Natal, S. Africa. 
 
 Lahore <la-hor'l. capital of the Punjab, 
 India. 
 
 Land's End, S. W. point of England. 
 
 Lansing (lan'sing), cap. of State of 
 Michigan. 
 
 Lapland ( lap'land ) , region in N. 
 Europe. Area 130,000 sq. m. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, Jgll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; not©, not, move, woifj 
 mate, hu$ } burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
JLa Plata 
 
 733 
 
 Melbourne 
 
 La Plata (la pla'ta) , principal port 
 of Argentine Republic. [Syria. 
 
 Lebanon (leb'a-hon), mountain chain, 
 
 Leeds (ledz), town in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land. [Italian: Livorno. 
 
 Leghorn (leg'harn), seaport, Italy. 
 
 Leipsic (hp'sik )', Ger. Leipzig (lip'- 
 tsDch), city in Saxony, Germany. 
 
 Levant (le-vanf), the countries on E. 
 shores of Mediterranean. 
 
 Lexington ( leks'ing-tun ), town in 
 Massachusetts. [the Rhine. 
 
 Leyden (li'den ), city S. Holland, on 
 
 Liberia (li- be'r i-a) , negro republic, W. 
 coast of_ Africa. "Area 45,000 sq. m. 
 
 Liege (le-azh'), city in Belgium. 
 
 Lille (lei), fortified town in N. France. 
 
 Lima (le'ma), cap. of Peru, 6 m. E. of 
 Callao, its port. [Netherlands. 
 
 Limbnrg (lim'burg), prov. and town. 
 
 Limerick (lim'er-ik) , town, Ireland. 
 
 Lincoln ( ling'kun), cap. of State of 
 Nebraska. [the Tagus river. 
 
 Lisbon (liz'bun), cap. of Portugal, on 
 
 Little Rock, city, capital of State of 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Liverpool ( liv'er-pol ), city and sea- 
 port in England, on the Mersey. 
 
 London (lun'dun) , cap. England, on 
 the Thames river. 
 
 Long Island, near New York, 115 
 in. long, 12 m. wide. 
 
 Louisiana (lo-e-zi-an'a), one of the U. 
 S. Cap. Baton Rouge. A. 45,514 sq.m. 
 
 LoUrdes (lord), town in S. France. 
 
 Luebecb(lu'bek),free city of Germany 
 on the Trave. Area 115 sq. m. 
 
 Lucerne (lu-sern') , city, in Switzer- 
 land, on the Reuss river. 
 
 Lucerne, Lake of, Switzerland. 
 Area 44 sq. m. 
 
 Luxemburg (luk'sem-burg ), cap. of 
 grand duchy of L., S. E. of Belgium. 
 
 Lyons ( li'unz ) , city in France, on 
 Rhone and Saone rivers. 
 
 Macedonia ( mas-e-do'ni-a ) , part of 
 
 European Turkey, N. W. of Aegean. 
 Mackenzie (ma-ken'zi) River, N.W. 
 
 Territories Canada, flows 2500 m. to 
 
 Arctic Ocean. 
 Mackinac or Mackinaw (mak'i-na) 
 
 Strait, connects Lake Michigan 
 
 with Lake Huron. 
 Madagascar (mad-a-gas'kar), French 
 
 island near Africa, in Indian Ocean. 
 
 A. 230,000 sq. m. 
 Madeira (ma-de'ra), Portuguese is- 
 land, in N. Atlantic. Area 505 sq. m. 
 Madison (mad'i-sun), capital of State 
 
 of Wisconsin. 
 Madras (ma-dras'), capital of Madras 
 
 Presidency, India. 
 
 Madrid (mad'rid), capital of Spain. 
 
 Magdeburg (mag^de-borg), capital of 
 Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. 
 
 Magellan (ma-jel'an), Strait of, bet. 
 S. America and Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 Maine (man), one of the U. S. Capital 
 Augusta. Area 33,039 sq. m. 
 
 Mainz (mints), city on the Rhine, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Majorca (ma- jar'ka), largest of the 
 Balearic Isles. "Area 1310 sq. m. 
 
 Malacca, or Malay Peninsula, 
 southern extremity of Asia. 
 
 Malaga (mal'a-ga), seaport city.Spain, 
 on the Mediterranean. 
 
 Malay (ma-la') Archipelago, great 
 group of islands S. E. of Asia. 
 
 Malta (mal'ta), English island in Med- 
 iterranean. ' Area 95 sq. m. [ m. 
 
 Man, Isle of, in Irish Sea. A. 227 sq. 
 
 Manchester (man'ches-ter ), city in 
 England. 
 
 Manchuria (man-cho'ri-a),Asia, N. E 
 division of Chinese Empire. 
 
 Mandalay (man'da-la), capital of up- 
 per Burma, India. 
 
 Manhattan ( man-hat'an ) Island, 
 central part of Greater New York. 
 
 Manila(ma-ne'la or ma-hil'a), seaport, 
 capital of Philippine Islands , on 
 Luzon Island. 
 
 Manitoba (man-i-to'ba), a N. W. prov. 
 Canada. Area 64,327 sq. m. 
 
 Mannheim (man'him), tn. in Baden, 
 at confluence of_ Neckar and Rhine. 
 
 Mantua ( man'tu-a ), fortified city of 
 N. Italy. [Venezuela. 
 
 Maracaybo (ma-ra-ki'bo), seaport in 
 
 Mare Island, California, San Pablo 
 Bay, Solano Co. 
 
 Marseilles (nfear-salz'), chief seaport 
 of France on Mediterranean. 
 
 Martinique (mar-ti-nek'), island, W, 
 Indies. French. Area 380 sq. m 
 
 Maryland (mer'i-land), one of the U. 
 S. Area 12,297 sq. in. Cap. Annapolis. 
 
 Massachusetts (mas-a-chu'sets), one 
 of U. S. A. 8,546 sq. m.Cap. Boston. 
 
 Matterhorn ( mat'er-harn ), peak of 
 the Alps. Alt. 14,771 feet. 
 
 Mauritius (ma-rish'i-us), or Isle of 
 France, British island, Indian 
 Ocean. [See mainz. 
 
 Mayence (ma-ongs'), tn. in Germany. 
 
 Mecca (mek'a), city, in Arabia. 
 
 Mecklenburg-Sckwerin (mek'-len- 
 borAft-shwa-ren'), grand-duchy, Ger- 
 many, [grand-duchy, Germany. 
 
 Mecklenburg-Strelit* (-stra'lits) , 
 
 Medina (me-de'na), city in Arabia. 
 
 Mediterranean (rmed-i-ter-ra'ne-an), 
 great inland sea, between Europe and 
 Africa. [Victoria, Australia. 
 
 Melbourne ( mel'burn ), capital of 
 
 f&tfe, iat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 
 x mut6i but, barui oil, owl, t /sea. 
 
Memphis 
 
 734 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Memphis (mem'fis), city, Tennessee, 
 
 on Mississippi river. 
 Messina (mes-se'na), seaport, Sicily. 
 Metz (me ts), fortified city in Alsace- 
 Lorraine, Germany. 
 Mexico (meks'i-ko), republic, N. Am., 
 
 bet. U.S. and Guatemala* cap. Mexico. 
 
 Area 767,005 sq. m. 
 Michigan (mish'i-gan), one of the U. 
 
 S. Cap. Lansing. Area 97,990 sq. m. 
 Michigan, JLaSce, one of the great 
 
 American lakes. Area 22,450 sq. m. 
 Milan (mi-lan' or mil'an ), city in the 
 
 plain of Lombardy, Italy. 
 Milwaukee (mil-wa'ke), city, Wiscon- 
 sin, on Lake Michigan. 
 Minneapolis (min-e-ap'o-lis), city in 
 
 Minnesota, on Mississippi River. 
 Minnesota (min-e-so'ta) , one of the 
 
 U. S. A. 86,335 sq. m. Cap. St. Paul. 
 Mississippi (mis-sis-sip'i), one of the 
 
 U. S. A. 46,919 sq. m. Cap. Jackson. 
 Mississippi River, river of U.S., falls 
 
 into Gulf of Mexico. 2,400 m. long. 
 Missolonghi (mis-o-long'ge), seaport, 
 
 Greece, on N. shore of Gulf of Patras. 
 Missouri ( mi-z6'ri ), one of the U. S. 
 
 Area 69,137 sq. m. Cap. Jefferson. 
 Missouri River, U. S., principal trib- 
 utary of the Mississippi, 3,047 m. 1. 
 Mobile (mo-bel'), city in Alabama. 
 Modena (mo'de-na), city in Italy. 
 Moluccas (mo-luk'az), or Spice 
 
 Islands, E. Indian Archipelago. Dut. 
 Monaco (mon'a-ko), principality and 
 
 town N. Italy, on the Mediterranean. 
 Mongolia ( mon-go'li-a ) Region of 
 
 Chinese Empire, W. of Manchuria. 
 
 Area 1,304,000 sq. m. 
 Montana (mon-ta'na), one of the U. S. 
 
 Area 147,061 sq. m.' Cap. Helena. 
 Mont Blanc ( mang blong' ), moun- 
 tain in the Alps, France, near Italian 
 
 frontier. Alt. 15,782 feet. 
 Monte Carlo (mon'te kar'lo), town in 
 
 the principality of Monaco, Italy. 
 Montenegro (mon-te-ne'gro), princi- 
 pality, Balkan Peninsula. A. 3,630 
 Monterey (mon-te-ra'), health resort 
 
 in California. 
 Montevideo (mon-te-vid'e-o) , seaport, 
 
 cap. of Uruguay. [Alabama. 
 
 Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri), cap. of 
 Montpelier (mont-pe'lyer), capital of 
 
 Vermont. [France. 
 
 Montpellier (mang-pel-lya'), town in 
 Montreal (mon-tfe-al'), city in Canada, 
 
 on Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. 
 Moravia (mo-ra'vi-a), province of 
 
 Austrian Empire, (Mahren), 
 Morocco (mo-rok'6), sultanate, N. W. 
 
 Africa. Area 219,000 sq. m. 
 Moscow ( mos'kow ), second capital of 
 
 Russian Empire. 
 
 Moselle (mo-zel'), river in France and 
 Rhenish Prussia. 
 
 Mosquito Coast, part of Nicaragua. 
 
 Mozambique (mo-zam-bek'), North- 
 ern part of Portuguese East Africa. 
 
 Munich (mu'nik), city, cap. of Bava- 
 ria, Germany. 
 
 Munster (muns'ter), prov. in S. W. of 
 Ireland. [lia, Prussia. 
 
 Munster (mun'ster), cap. of Westpha- 
 
 Nagasaki ( na-ga-sa'ki ), seaport, 
 
 Japan, on W. coast of island Kinsin, 
 Kancy (nong-se'), city in France. 
 Nanking (nan-king'), cap. of theprov. 
 
 of Kian-Su, China. 
 Nantes (nants; Fr. nongt), city in 
 
 France, on the Loire. 
 Nantucket (nan-tuk'et), island and 
 
 tn., off S._E. coast of Massachusetts. 
 Naples (na'pelz), Italian: Napoli (na'- 
 
 po-li), city in Italy. [nessee. 
 
 Nashville (nash'vil), cap. of Ten- 
 Nassau (nas'a), capital of Bahama 
 
 Islands, on New Providence Island. 
 Natal (na-tal'), Brit, colony, S.E. coast 
 
 of Africa. Area 18,050 sq. m. 
 Naxos(naks'us),largest of the Cyclades 
 
 Islands in the Aegean. [tine. 
 
 Nazareth (naz'a-reth), town in Pales- 
 Nebraska (ne-bras'ka), one of the U. 
 
 S. Cap. Lincoln. Area 77,531 sq. m. 
 Nepal (ne-pal'), kingdom, N. India, 
 
 bet. Tibet and Bengal. A. 54,000 sq.m. 
 Netherlands ( neth'er-lands ), The, 
 
 kingdom, Europe. on North Sea. Area 
 
 12,648 sq. m. 
 Neuchatel (ne-sha-tel') ,town,Switzei» 
 
 land, on Lake of Neuchatel. 
 Nevada (ne-va'da), one of the U. S. 
 
 Cap. Carson City. Area 110,679 sq. m. 
 Newark (no'ark), city, New Jersey, 
 
 on Passaic river. 
 New Brunswick, province,, Canada^ 
 
 Area 27,911 sq. m. 
 New Caledonia, French island, S. 
 
 Pacific Ocean. Area 7,650 sq. m. 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, city in Eng. 
 New England, Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire, Vermont,Massachusetts, Rhode 
 
 Island, and Connecticut. 
 Newfoundland (nu'fund-land), Brit. 
 
 island, N. America. Cap. St. John's. 
 
 Area 40,200 sq. m. 
 New Guinea (nu gin'e), large island 
 
 N. of Australia. Divided between the 
 
 Dutch (W), English (S) and Germans 
 
 (N. E.) Area 303,421 sq. m. 
 New Hampshire (nu hamp'sher), 
 
 one of the U. S. Cap. Concord. Area 
 
 9,377 sq. m. 
 New Jersey (no-jer'zi), one of the U. 
 
 S. Cap. Trenton. Area 8,173 sq. m. 
 
 fite, fat; task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 tttttei hut, byr»; oil, owl, theu. 
 
New Mexico 
 
 ■:>,: 
 
 Pern 
 
 New Mexico (nu-meks'i-ko), territory 
 of the U. S. Area 122,687 sq. m. 
 
 New Orleans (nu-ar'le-anz), chief city 
 of Louisiana. _ [ land. 
 
 Newport (nu'port), city in Rhode Is- 
 
 New South Wales, British colony 
 in Australia. Area 310,367 sq. m. 
 
 New York (uo'y&rk), one of the U. S. 
 Cap. Albany. Area 53,719 sq. m. ' 
 
 New York., chief commercial city of 
 the U. S.. on mouth of Hudson river. 
 
 New Zealand (no-ze'land ), British 
 colony, S. Pacific. A. 104,751 sq. m. 
 
 Niagara (ni-ag'a-ra) Falls, waterfall, 
 Niagara river, bet. U. S. and Canada. 
 
 Nicaragua (nik-a-ra'gwa; Span, ne- 
 ka-ra'gwa), republic in Cent. America. 
 Cap. Managua. Area 49,200 sq. m. 
 
 Nice (nes), French seaport and health 
 resort on the Mediterranean. 
 
 Niger ( nl'jer ), river, W. Equatorial 
 Africa, falls into Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 Nijni-Novgorod (nij'ne-nov'go-rod), 
 city, Russia, on the Volga river. 
 
 Nile (nil), river, Africa, 3000 m. long. 
 
 Nineveh (nin'e-ve), ruins of the an- 
 cient capital Of Assyria, on the Tigris. 
 
 Norfolk(nar'fok), seaport in Virginia. 
 
 North Cape, N. point of Europe, on 
 Mageroe Island, Norway. 
 
 North Carolina (kar-o-li'na), one of 
 the U.S. Cap. Raleigh.A. 52,674 sq.m. 
 
 North Dakota (da-ko'ta), one of the 
 U. S. Cap. Bismark. A. 70,879 sq. m. 
 
 North Sea, bet. Great Britain, Ger- 
 many and Scandinavia. 
 
 North-West Frontier Province, 
 part of British India. Area 16,46t> 
 f q. m. 
 
 Norway (nar'wa), northernmost coun- 
 try of Europe. Area 124,130 sq. m. 
 Norwich ( nbr'ij ), city, England; on 
 the Wensum river, [m Connecticut. 
 
 Norwich (nar'wich), city and seaport 
 
 Nova Scotia (no'va sko'shi-a), prov. 
 . of Canada. Area 21.428 sq. in. 
 
 Nova Zembla (no'va zem'bla), unin- 
 habited Russian island, in Arctic 
 Ocean. [of Egypt. 
 
 Nubia (no'bi-a), country in Africa, S. 
 
 Nuremberg (nu'rem-berg), city in 
 Bavaria, Germany. 
 
 Oder ( o'der ), river, Germany, falls 
 into Baltic Sea. [Black Sea. 
 
 Odessa (6-des'a), city, Russia, on the 
 
 Ohio (o-hi'o), one of the U. S. Area 
 44,464 sq. m. Cap. Columbus. 
 
 Oklahoma (6-Ula-ho'ma), one of the 
 U. S. Area 38,858 sq. m. 
 
 Oldenburg (ol'den-borM), grand- 
 duchy, N. Germany. A. 2,479 sq. m. 
 
 Olympia (6-lim'pi-a), cap. of State of 
 
 Washington. ' [Missouri River. 
 
 Oinaha (o'ma-ha), city, Nebraska, on 
 Ontario (pn-ta'ri-6), province, Canada. 
 
 A. 260,862 sq. m. [A. 5,400 sq. m. 
 
 Ontario, lLake,_bet. Canada and U. S. 
 Oporto (o-por'to), city, Portugal, on 
 
 Douro_ river. [Oran province. 
 
 Oran (o-ran'), seaport, Algeria. Cap. of 
 Orange River Colony, British 
 
 colony in S. Africa, formerly Orange 
 
 Free State. A.50,392 sq.m. [Atlantic. 
 Orange River, S. Africa, fall's into 
 Oregon (or'e-gun), one of the U. S. 
 
 Area 96,838 sq._m._Cap. Salem. 
 Orinoco (o-ri-no'ko), river, Venezuela, 
 
 falls into the Atlantic. 
 Orleans (ar'le-anz), city in France, on 
 
 the Loire. 
 Ottawa (ot'a-wa), capital of Dominion 
 
 of Canada, on Ottawa river. 
 Oxford (oks'furd), city, England, seat 
 
 of Oxford University. 
 Ozark ( o'zark ) Mountains, Miss., 
 
 and Arkansas. Alt. 1,400 feet. 
 
 Padua (pad'u-a), city in N. Italy. 
 Palermo (pa-ler'mo>, seaport, N. W. 
 
 extremity of Sicily. 
 Palestine (pal'es-tin), Southern part 
 
 of Syria between Mediterranean and 
 
 the desert. 
 Palmyra (pal-mi'ra), ancient city of 
 
 N. Syria, on edge of Arabian desert. 
 Pamir (pa-mer'), extensive table-land 
 
 in central Asia. 
 Panama (pan-a-ma'), seaport, Rep. of 
 
 Panama, on Paei£c Ocean. 
 Paraguay (pa-ra-gwa,or*-gwi'), inland 
 
 republic, S. America. A. 92,000 sq.m. 
 Paris (par'is; Fr. pa-re'), capital of 
 
 France, on the Seine. 
 Parma (par'ma), city in Italy. 
 Parnassus (par-nas'us), Mountain, in 
 
 Greece. Alt. 8068_feet. 
 Pe-cbi-li (pe-che-le') , most N. prov. 
 
 of China jproper. A. 58,949 sq. m. 
 Pekin (pe-kin'), cap. of Chinese Em- 
 pire. [Caroline Islands. 
 Pelew (pe-16') Islands, group of the 
 Pennsylvania (pen-sil-va'ni-a), one 
 
 of the U. S. Cap. Harrisburg. Area 
 
 45,928 sq. m. 
 Penobscot (pe-nob'skot) Bay, Maine, 
 
 an inlet of the Atlantic. 
 Pernambuco ( per-nam-bo'ko), sea- 
 port, N. Brazil. 
 Persia (per'shi-a), kingdom in Central 
 
 Asia. Area 636,330 sq. m. 
 Perth (perth), capital of W. Australia. 
 Perth, city, Perthshire, Scotland. 
 Peru ( pe-ro' ), republic, S. America. 
 
 Area 438,996 sq. m. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; Dote, not, move, wolf) 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Philadelphia 
 
 35 
 
 Russia 
 
 Philadelphia (fil-a-del'fi-a), chief city 
 
 of Pennsylvania, on Delaware river. 
 Philippine (fil'i-pin) Islands, in the 
 
 Pacific, bet. Formosa and Borneo. 
 
 Am. possession. Area 114,000 sq. in. 
 Philippopolis (fil-ip-op'6-lis), cap. 
 
 Of E. Roumelia, Bulgaria. 
 Piacenza (pe-a-chen'tsa) , city, Italy, 
 
 on the Po river. 
 Pietermaritzburg ( pe-ter-mar'its- 
 
 burg), capital of Natal. 
 Pihe's Peak, peak of the Rocky 
 
 Mountains, Colorado. Alt. 14,147 feet. 
 Piraeus (pi-re'us), seaport of Athens, 
 
 Greece. 
 Pisa (pe'za), city, Italy, on the Arno. 
 Pittsburg (pits'burg), city in Penn- 
 sylvania, at head of Ohio river, 
 Platte ( plat j, river, Nebraska, falls 
 
 into Missouri river. 
 Plymouth (plim'uth), seaport in Eng- 
 land, on channel. 
 Plymouth, town in Massachusetts, 
 
 landing place of the "Pilgrims." 
 Po (po) , river, Italy, falls into the 
 
 Adriatic. 
 Poitiers (pwa-ti-a')>_town in France. 
 Pompeii (pom-pa'ye), ancient city at 
 
 foot of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy. Buried 
 
 under ashes in 79. 
 Popocateptl (po-po-kat-a-pet'l), ac- 
 tive volcano, Mexico. Alt. 17,784 ft. 
 P©rt Aj*thur, naval station in China. 
 
 Captured from Russia by Japan, 1906. 
 Port-au-Prince (port-o-prangs'), cap. 
 
 of Haiti, on W. coast of H. island. 
 Portland (port'land), city and seaport 
 
 in Maine. 
 Portland, city and seaport in Oregon. 
 Porto Rico (por-to-re'kd), island, W. 
 
 Indies, ceded to U. S. by Spain 1898. 
 Port Said (portsa-ed'), town in Egypt, 
 
 at N. entrance to Suez canal. 
 Portsmouth (ports'muth), seaport in 
 
 England, on channel. 
 Portugal ( por'tu-gal ) , kingdom in 
 
 Europe, W. of Spain. 
 Posen (po'zen), city in Prussia. Cap. 
 
 of Posen province. 
 Potomac, (p5-to'mak), river, between 
 
 Maryland, Virginia and W. Virginia. 
 Potosi (po-to'si), city in Bolivia, cap. 
 
 of Potosi province. 
 Potsdam (pots'dam), city in Prussia, 
 
 near Berlin. 
 Pretoria (pre-t5'ri-a), capital of the 
 
 former South African Republic. 
 Prince Edward Island, in Gulf of 
 
 St. Lawrence, a province of Canada. 
 Providence, capital of Rhode Island. 
 Prussia (prush'a), chief state of Ger- 
 man Empire. Area 136,076 sq. m. 
 Puebla(pweb'Ia), cap. of state of same 
 
 name in Mexico. 
 
 Puget (pii'jet) Sound, bay in N. W. 
 
 of state of Washington. A. 2,000 sq.m. 
 Punjab (pun-jab), province, N. W. 
 
 India. Area 106,632 sq. m. 
 Pyrenees (pir-i-nez'), mountain chain 
 
 dividing France from Spain, 270 m. 
 
 long. 
 
 Quatre Bras (ka'tr-bra'), battlefield, 
 
 in Belgium, 10 m. S. E. of Waterloo. 
 Quebec, (kwe-bek'), cap. of Quebec 
 
 province, Canada, on St. Lawrence 
 
 river. 
 Queensland ( kwenz'land ), British 
 
 colony, Australia. A. 668,496 sq. m. 
 Queenstown, seaport, Ireland, on S. 
 
 side of Great Island, in Cork Harbor. 
 Quito ( ke'to ), capital of Ecuador. 
 
 9,350 feet above the sea. 
 
 Raleigh ( ra'li ), cap. of N. Carolina. 
 Rangoon (rang-gon'), cap. of Lower 
 
 Burma, chief seaport of Burma. 
 Ratisbon (rat'is-bon), city, Bavaria, 
 
 on the Danube. 
 Raveiana (ra-ven'a), city, Italy, 5 m. 
 
 from the Adriatic. [France. 
 
 Reims (remz; Fr. rangz), city in 
 Reval (rev'al), seaport, Russia, Gulf of 
 
 Finlaud. [A. 10.421 sq. m. 
 
 Rhenish Prussia, prov. W. Prussia. 
 Rhine (rin), river, Switzerland, Ger- 
 many, and Netherlands to North Sea. 
 Rhode Island, one of the U. S. Cap. 
 
 Providence. Area 1,247 sq. m. 
 Rhodes (rodz), island, off S. W. Asia 
 
 Minor. Area 563 sq. m. 
 Rhodesia (ro^de'sha), region in Brit- 
 ish S. Africa. Area 750,000 sq. m. 
 EhSne (ron), river, Switzerland and! 
 
 Fiance, falls into Gulf of Lion. 
 Richmond, capital of Virginia, on 
 
 James river. 
 Riga (re'ga), seaport, Russia, capital 
 
 of Livonia, on the Dwina. 
 Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zha-na'e-roj, 
 
 capital of Brazil. 
 Rocky Mountains, N. A m e r i c a, 
 
 from Alaska to Mexico. [Tiber. 
 
 Rome (rom), capital of Italy, on the 
 Rotterdam (rot'er-dam), seaport, 
 
 Netherlands, on the Maas. 
 Rouen (ro-ong'), city in N. France. 
 Rubicon (ru'bi-kon), river, in Central 
 
 Italy, falling into the Adriatic. 
 Rugby (rug'bi), town, England, on the 
 
 Avon. Seat of noted public school. 
 Rumania ( ro-ma'ni-a ), kingdom on 
 
 the lower Danube, Europe. Capital 
 
 Bukharest. [ern portion of Bulgaria. 
 Rumelia(r6-me'li-a)Eastern, South- 
 Russia(rush'a).embire, in Europe and 
 
 Asia. Area 8,660,395 sq. m. 
 
 {ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; Bote, not, more, wolf j 
 mSte, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Saale 
 
 Shenandoalt 
 
 Saale (sale), river, Germany, rises in 
 Bavaria, flows N. 226 m. to the Elbe. 
 
 Sacramento (sak-ra-men'to), cap. of 
 California, on Sacramento river. 
 
 Sahara (sa-ha'ra), great desert region 
 of N. Africa. [French Cochin China. 
 
 Saigon (si'gon;Fi\ sa-gong')_, cap. of 
 
 St. Augustine (sant-a/gus-ten), tn., 
 E. coast of Florida, oldest tn. in U.S. 
 
 St. Bernard (sant ber-nard'), pass in 
 Alps, between Piedmont and Valais. 
 
 St. Clair River, bet. Canada and 
 Michigan, outlet ofLake Huron. 
 
 St. Elias (sant e-li'as), mountain, 
 Alaska. Altitude, 18,010 feet. 
 
 St. Gotthard (saut goth'ard), mtn. in 
 Switzerland. _Tunnel_9^'m. long. 
 
 St. Helena (sant hel-e'na), island, S. 
 Atlantic. Area 47 sq. m. 
 
 St. Johns (sant jonz), capital of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 St. Lawrence River, bet. U. S. and 
 Canada. Outlet of great Am. lakes. 
 
 St. Louis (sant 16'is), city in Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi river_. 
 
 St. Michael (sant mi'ka-el), seaport, 
 Alaska, on Bering Sea, at mouth of 
 Yukon. [on Mississippi river. 
 
 St. Paul (sant pal) cap. of_ Minnesota, 
 
 St. Petersburg (sant pe'ters-biirg). 
 cap. of Russia_, nr. mouth of the Neva. 
 
 St. Thomas (santtom'as), island, Dan- 
 ish W. Indies. A. 33 sq. m. 
 
 St. Vincent (sant vin'sent), island, 
 British W. Indies. A. 132 sa. m. 
 
 Salamanca (sal-a-man'ka)r city in 
 Spain. [Massachusetts. 
 
 Salem ( sa'lem ), city and seaport, 
 
 Salem, cap. of Oregon, on the Willa- 
 mette river. 
 
 Saloniki (sa-lo-ne'ke)., seaport, Tur- 
 key, on gulf of same name. 
 
 Salt Lake City, capital of Utah, on 
 Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Salvador (sal-va-dor'), republic, Cen- 
 tral America. Area 7,225 sq. m. 
 
 Salzburg(salts'borA;A).city in Austria. 
 
 Samoan (sa-mo'an), or Navigators' 
 Islands, S. Pacific Ocean. Part Ger- 
 man, part American. A. 1,100 sq. m. 
 
 Samos (sa'mos), island in the ^Egean 
 sea. Area 180 sq. m. 
 
 Sandy Hook, low peninsula in New 
 York Bay, 8 miles long. 
 
 San Francisco (san fran-sis'ko), sea- 
 port in California. _ [Rica. 
 
 San Jose (san ho-za'), capital of Costa 
 
 San Jose, city in California. 
 
 San Juan ( san ho-an' ) de Porto 
 Rico, seaport, capital of Porto Rico. 
 
 Sani Marino (san ma-re'no), republic, 
 Italy. Area 22 sq. m. 
 
 San Salvador ( san sal-va-dor') , cap. 
 of republic of Salvador, 0. America. 
 
 Santa Cruz ( san'ta kros' ) , island 
 (Danish), W. Indies. A. 84 sq. m. 
 
 Santa Fe (fa), capital of New Mexico. 
 
 Sautander ( san-tan-dar' ), seaport, 
 Spain, on inlet of Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Santiago (san-te-a'go), cap. of Chile. 
 
 Santiago de Cuba ( -da, ko'ba ), sea- 
 port, Cuba, on S. E. coast. 
 
 Sao Paulo (sang pow'lo),cap. of state 
 of same name, Brazil. 
 
 Saragossa (sar-a-gos'a), Span. Zara- 
 goza (tha-ra-go'tha), city, Spain, on 
 the Ebro. 
 
 Saratoga ( sar-a-to'ga ) Springs, 
 noted health resort, New York state. 
 
 Sarawak (sar-a'wak), city and state, 
 Borneo. Area of state 41,000 sq. m. 
 
 Sardinia (sar-din'i-a), island, Medi- 
 terranean, belonging to Italy. 
 
 Saskatchewan ( sas-kach'e-wan ), 
 prov. of Canada, bet. Manitoba and 
 Alberta. [Georgia, on Savannah riv. 
 
 Savannah (sa-van'a), city and port, 
 
 Saxony (saks'un-i), kingdom in Ger- 
 many. A. 5,787 sq. m. [=q. m. 
 
 Saxony, prov. of Prussia. Area 9,749 
 
 Scandinavia (skan-di-na'vi-a), penin- 
 sula, comp. Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Schiedam (ske-danrj, tn. in Holland. 
 
 Schleswig (shlaz-vig), seaport, Prus- 
 sia, on an inlet of the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Schleswig-IIol8tein(horstIn), prov. 
 of Prussia. Area 7,273 sq. m. 
 
 Scbwerin(shwa-ren'), capital of Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, Germany. 
 
 Scilly (sil'i), Islands, in English 
 Channel. Area 3,560 acres. 
 
 Scotland (scot'land),N. part of Great 
 Britain. Area 30,463 sq. m. 
 
 Seattle (se-at'l), city, State of Wash- 
 ington, on E. shore of Puget Sound. 
 
 Sebastopol ( se-bas'to-pol ; Russian 
 sev'as-to'poly), seaport, Crimea, Rus- 
 sia. 
 
 Sedan (sa-dong'), town, in France, on 
 the Meuse. Battle Sep. 1, 1870.. 
 
 Segovia ( se-go'vi-a ), province and 
 town, Old Castile, Spain. 
 
 Seine (san), river, France, falls into 
 the English Channel. 
 
 Senegambia (sen-e-gam'bi-a), region 
 in West Africa. Area 290,000 sq. m. 
 
 Seoul or Soul ( sa-61' ) , capital of 
 Korea, on Ham river. 
 
 Servia (ser'vi-a), kingdom, S. of Hun- 
 gary. Cap. Belgrad. A. 19,050 sq. m. 
 
 Seville (sev'il or se-vil'), city, Spain, 
 on Guadalquivir river. 
 
 Shanghai (shang-hi'), city and sea- 
 port, China, in Kiangsu province. 
 
 Sheffield ( shef'feld ), borough, Eng- 
 land, on the Sheaf and Don rivers. 
 
 Shenandoah ( shen-an-do'a ), river, 
 Virginia, flows 170 in. to Potomac 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fali, fare, above; rc9, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, buru; oil, ewl, then. 
 
Shetland 
 
 738 
 
 Texas 
 
 Shetland Islands, in N. Atlantic 
 
 Ocean, belonging to Scotland. 
 Shiloh (shl'lo), village in Hardin co., 
 
 Tennessee. 
 Siam (si-am'), kingdom, Indo-Chinese 
 
 Peninsula. Area 300,000 sq. m. 
 Siberia (si-be'ri-a) , Russian dominion, 
 
 in N. Asia. Area 4,883,496sq. m. 
 Sicily (sis'i-li), Italian island, in the 
 
 Mediterranean sea. A. 11,289 sq. m. 
 Siena (se-a'na), or Sienna (se-en'a), 
 
 city, Italy. 
 Sierra I^eone (se-er'ra le-o'na), Brit. 
 
 colony, W. coast of Africa. A. 15,00J. 
 Sierra Nevada ( se-er'ra ne-va'da ) , 
 
 mountains, Spain. Alt. 11,658 feet. 
 Sierra Nevada, mountains, Califor- 
 nia. Alt. 15,000 feet. 
 Silesia (si-le'sha), territory of Central 
 
 Europe, divided between Prussia and 
 
 Austria. _ [head of Red Sea. 
 
 Sinai ( si'na or se'ni), peninsula, at 
 Singapore (sing'ga-por), British city 
 
 and island S. of Malay Peninsula. 
 
 Area 206 sq. m. [Baranof Island. 
 
 Sitka (sit'ka), capital of Alaska, on 
 Skager-Rack (skag'er-rak'), sea pas- 
 sage bet. Norway and Jutland. 
 Smyrna (smer'na), seaport of Asiatic 
 
 Turkey, W. coast of Asia Minor. 
 Snake River, divides Idaho from 
 
 Oregon and Washington. 
 Sofia (so-fe'a), capital of Bulgaria. 
 Solomon Islands, group in Pacific, 
 
 East of New Guinea, mostly German. 
 
 Area 10,000 sq. m. 
 Somali land (so-ma'le-land), territory 
 
 in E. Africa, Italian. 
 Sorrento (sor-ren'to), town, Italy, on 
 
 Gulf of Naples. 
 Soudan (so-dan'), vast region in cen- 
 tral Africa. 
 South Carolina (kar-o-li'na), one of 
 
 the U. S. Cap. Columbia, A. 30,048. 
 South Dakota (da-ko'ta), one of the 
 
 U. S. Cap. Pierre. Area 17,580 sq. m. 
 Spa (spa) or Spaa ( spa) , town and 
 
 watering place, Belgium. 
 Spaiu (span), kingdom, S. W. Europe. 
 
 Area 191,808 sq. m. [Greece. 
 
 Sparta ( spar'ta ), ancient city, in 
 Spitsbergen (spits'berg-en), island, 
 
 Arctic Ocean. [Illinois. 
 
 Spring-field (spring'feld), capital of 
 Staten (stat'en) Island, island sepa- 
 rating upper and lower New York 
 
 Bays. A. 58 sq. m. 
 Stettin (stet-ten'), seaport, Prussia, 
 
 cap. of Pomerania, on the Oder. 
 Stockholm (stok'holm), capital of 
 
 Sweden. 
 Straits Settlements, British colony 
 
 on Strait of Malacca, East Indies. 
 
 Area 1,472 sq. m. 
 
 Strasburg ( stras'burg ), city, Ger- 
 many, capital of Alsace-Lorraine. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon(strat'ford-on-a'- 
 vun), tn., England. 
 
 Stuttgart (stot'gart), cap. of Wur- 
 temberg, Germany, on the Neckar. 
 
 Styria (stir'i-a), duchy, Austria. Area 
 8,659 sq. m. [on Red Sea. 
 
 Suakim (swa'-kim), seaport, Nubia, 
 
 Suez (so-ez'), seaport, Egypt, on Red 
 Sea, at S. extremity of Suez canal. 
 
 Suez Canal, Egypt, joins Mediter- 
 ranean and Red Seas; opened 1869. 
 
 Sulu (so'16) Islands, bet. Borneo and 
 Philippine Islands, ceded by Spain to 
 U. S. in 1898. 
 
 Sumatra ( sb'ma-tra or so-ma'tra, ), 
 island, Malay Archipelago. Area 
 170,000 sq. m. Duteh. 
 
 Superior (su-pe'ri-ur) Iiake, one of 
 the great American lakes; largest 
 body of fresh water on the globe. A. 
 32,000 sq. rat. 
 
 Susquehanna (sus-kwe-han'a), river, 
 New York and Pennsylvania, enters 
 Chesapeake Bay._ 
 
 Swansea (swon'se), seaport, Wales. 
 
 Swaziland (swa'zi-land), country, S. 
 Africa, S. of Transvaal colony. 
 
 Sweden (swe'den), kingdom, N. Eu- 
 rope, E. of Norway. A. 173,966 sq.m. 
 
 Switzerland (swit'zer-land), republic, 
 Central Europe. Area 15,964 sq. m. 
 
 Sydney (sid'ni), cap. of New S. Waled. 
 
 Syracuse (sir-a-kus'), city, Sicily, on 
 the E. coast. [Onondaga Lake. 
 
 Syracuse, city, New York state, on 
 
 Syria (sir'i-a), country. W. Asia, part 
 of Turkey in Asia. 
 
 Tacoma (ta-ko'ma), city, Washington, 
 at S. extremity of Puget Sound. 
 
 Tahiti (ta-he'te), chief island of the 
 Society Islands. Area 403 sq. m. 
 
 Takn (ta-ko'), town, China, on Pe- 
 chi-li Gulf, at mouth of Peiho river. 
 
 Tallahassee (tal-a-has'se), capital of 
 Florida. 
 
 Tanganyika ( tang-gan-ye'ka ), lake 
 E. Africa, length 420 m., breadth 15 
 to 80 m. [on Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Tangier (tan-jer'), seaport, Morocco, 
 
 Tasmania (taz-ma'ni-a), island, S. of 
 Victoria, Australia. A. 26,375 sq. m. 
 
 Teheran (te-hran'), capital of Persia, 
 70 m. S. of the Caspian. [Islands. 
 
 Teneriffe (ten-er-if ') , largest of Canary 
 
 Tennessee (ten-e-se'),one of the U. S. 
 Cap. Nashville. Area, 42,056 sq. m. 
 
 Tennessee River, in Tennessee, Ala- 
 bama and Kentucky, falls into Ohio. 
 
 Texas (teks'as), one of the U. S. Cap. 
 Austin. Area 266,011sq.m. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, nut, bunu; oil, owl* *Aea. 
 
Thames 
 
 739 
 
 Volga 
 
 Thames (temz), river in England, 
 
 flows E. to North Sea. 
 Thebes ( thebz ), ancient capital of 
 
 Upper Egypt, on the Nile. 
 Thebes, city, Boeotia, ancient Greece. 
 Thessaly (thes'a-li), division of an- 
 cient Greece, S. of Macedonia and E. 
 
 of Epirus. 
 Tiber (ti'ber), river in Italy. 
 Tibet or Thibet (ti-bef), country in 
 
 Central Asia, bet. China and India. 
 Tientsin (ten-tsen'), city, river port, 
 
 China, onthePeiho. [on the Kur. 
 Tiflis (tif-les'), cap. Russian Caucasia, 
 Tigris (ti'gris), river, Asiatic Turkey, 
 
 flows 1150 m. S. E. to the Euphrates. 
 Timbuctoo (tini-bok-to'), tn., Soudan, 
 
 on border of the Sahara. 
 Togo ( to'go ) Land, German posses- 
 sion, W. Africa, Slave Coast. Chief 
 
 port, Lome._ Area 33,000 sq. m, 
 Tokay ( to-ka' ), tn., Hungary, on the 
 
 Theiss river. 
 Tokio ( to'ke-o), seaport, cap. of Japan, 
 
 on S. E coast of main island. 
 Toledo ( to-la'tho), city in Spain, on 
 
 the Tagus. _ [mee river 
 
 Toledo (to-le'do), city, Ohio, on Mau- 
 Tonquin, or Tonkin ( ton -ken'). 
 
 French possession in Indo-China. A. 
 
 34,700 sq m. [on Kansas river. 
 
 Topeka ( to-pe'kaj, cap. of Kansas, 
 Toronto (to-ron'to), cap. of the prov. 
 
 of Ontario, Canada. 
 Toulon (to-lang'), seaport and arsenal, 
 
 France, on the Mediterranean. 
 Tonlonse (to-16z'), city in S France. 
 Tours (tor'), city in France, on Loire. 
 Trafalgar (traf-al-gar') Cape, prom- 
 
 ontary, Spain, oh Strait of Gibraltar. 
 Transvaal (trans-vaT) Colony, form- 
 erly S. African Republic, S. Africa. 
 Trebizond (treb-i-zond') , seaport, 
 
 Asia Minor, on Black Sea. 
 Treves (trevz), city Rhenish Prussia, 
 
 on the Moselle. Ger. Trier (trer). 
 Trieste (tre-esf), seaport, Austria, at 
 
 head of the Adriatic. 
 Trinidad (trin-i-dad'), Brit. W. Indian 
 
 island. Area 1,755 sq m. 
 Tripoli (trip'o-li), city and province 
 
 of the Ottoman Empire, N. Africa. 
 Troyes (trwa) , cap. of depart, of Auhe, 
 
 France, on the Seine. 
 Tunis (to'nis), French city and protect- 
 orate in N. Africa. A. 51,000 sq. m. 
 Turin (to'rin), city in N. Italy. 
 Turkestan (tor-ke-stan'), Russian 
 
 Central Asia, [rope and W. Asia. 
 
 Turkey (tur'ki), empire in S. E. Eu- 
 Tuseany (tus'ka-ni), a department in 
 
 Italy, formerly a grand-duchy. 
 Tyrol (tir'ol, Ger. ti-rol'), crown-land 
 
 of Austria. Area 10,302 sq. m. 
 
 Uganda (6-gan'da), native kingdom 
 in British E. Africa, on the Victoria 
 Nyanza. [the Danube. 
 
 Vim (blm), town in Wiirtemberg, on 
 
 Ulster (ui'ster), the North province of 
 Ireland. Area 8,568 sq. m. 
 
 United States of America, federal 
 republic, N. Am. A. 3,816,644 sq. m. 
 
 Upsala (op-sa'la), city, Sweden, 31 m. 
 N. W.of Stockholm. 
 
 Ural (u'ral) Mountains, separate 
 Europe from Asia. Highest peak 
 5,540 feet. 
 
 Uruguay (o-ro-gwi'), republic, S Amer- 
 ica. Cap Montevideo. A. 72,170 sq.m. 
 
 Utah (u'ta), one of the U. S. Capital 
 Salt Lake City. Area 84,928 sq. m. 
 
 Utrecht (u'trekt. Dut. b'tvekht), city 
 in Netherlands, seat of university 
 
 Vaal (val), river, S. Africa, bet. Trans 
 
 vaal and Orange River Colonies. 
 Valencia (va-leu'shi-a) , seaport, in 
 
 Spain, on the Mediterranean. 
 Valencia, capital of Carabobo state, 
 
 Venezuela. 
 Valladolid (val-ya-do-leth'), fortified 
 
 city, Spain, on the Pisuerga river. 
 Valparaiso ( val-pa-ri'so ) , seaport, 
 
 Chile. 
 Vancouver ( van-ko'ver ) Island, 
 
 Pacific Ocean, British Columbia. 
 Venezuela ( ven-e-zwe'la ) repuhlic, 
 
 S. America. Area 593,943 sq, m 
 Venice ( ven'is ) , city , Italy, on the 
 
 Adriatic. [ Mexico, on E. coast. 
 
 Vera Cruz ( va'ra kros' ) , seaport , 
 Vermont (ver-monf), one of the U. S- 
 
 Cap. Montpelier. Area 9,563 sq. m. 
 Verona (ve-ro'na), city, Italy, on t-h« 
 
 Adige river. 
 Versailles (ver_-salz')» city, France. 
 Vesuvius (ve-su'vi-us), volcano, Italy, 
 
 on Bay of Naples. Alt. 4,206 feet. 
 Vichy (ve-she'), town in France. 
 Vicksburg (viks'burg) , city, Missis- 
 
 sippi, on the Mississippi river. 
 Victoria (vik-to'ri-a), British Colony, 
 
 Australia. Area 87,884 sq. m. 
 Victoria, capital of British Columbia, 
 
 on Vancouver's Island. 
 Victoria Nyanza (-n'yan'za) , fresh- 
 water lake, Africa, on the Equator 
 
 Area 30,000 sq. m. 
 Vienna (ve-en'a), cap. of Austria-Hun- 
 gary, on the Danube. [Rhone. 
 Vienne (ve-en'), tn. in France, on the 
 Virginia (ver-jin'i-a), one of the TJ. S. 
 
 Cap. Richmond. Area 44,330. sq. m. 
 Vladivostok(vla-di-vos-tok'), seaport, 
 
 Asiatic Russia, on Sea of Japan 
 Volga (vol'ga), river, Russia, falls into 
 
 the Caspian Sea. 
 
 fate, fftt. task, far, fail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf ; 
 mate, hut, born; oil, owl, (Ago, 
 
Vosges 
 
 "40 
 
 Zwoile 
 
 Vosges (vozh), Ger. Vogeseil ( vo-ga'- 
 zen), range of mountains in N. E 
 France and W. Germany, 120 m. long. 
 Highest peak, 4,680 feet. 
 
 Wabash (wa'bash), river in Ohio, Indi- 
 ana. Illinois, tributary of the Ohio. 
 
 Wadai (wa-di'), negro state in Central 
 Soudan. Area 170,000 sq. m. 
 
 Wales ( walz ), principality, in S. W. 
 of Great Britain. Area 7,442 sq. m. 
 
 Warsaw (war'sa), city, Russia, former 
 capital of Poland, on the Vistula. 
 
 Washington ( wosh'ing-tuh ) ? one of 
 the U. S. Cap. Olympia. A. 70,574. 
 
 Washington, city, District of Colum- 
 bia, cap. of U. S., on Potomac river. 
 
 Waterloo (wa'ter-1 6), village, Belgium, 
 scene of battle June 18, 1815. 
 
 Wei-hei-wei (wi-hi-wi'), port of N. 
 China, on the Shantung Promontory. 
 
 Weimar (vi'mar), cap. of grand-duchy 
 Saxe-Weimar, Germany. 
 
 WelJington (wel'ing-tun), capital of 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Western Australia, state in Austra- 
 lia. A. 975,920 sq m. [S.America. 
 
 West Indies, archipelago, bet. N. and 
 
 Westphalia (west-fa'li-a), province of 
 Prussia. Area 7,800 sq m. 
 
 West Point, U. S. military post and 
 school. New York, on Hudson river. 
 
 West Virginia, one of the U. S, Cap. 
 Charleston. Area 24,504 sq. m. 
 
 Wheeling (hwel'ing), capital of West 
 Virginia, on Ohio river. 
 
 White Mountains, New Hampshire, 
 part of Appalachian system. Highest 
 peak, Mount Washington, 6,288 feet. 
 
 White Sea, N. Russia. Frozen seven 
 months of the year. A. 47,346 sti. m. 
 
 Wiesbaden (wes'na-den), town, pi-ov. 
 of Hesse- Nassau, Prussia. 
 
 Wight (wit), Isle of, in the English 
 Channel. Area 93,341 acres. 
 
 Windsor (win'ziir), city, England, on 
 the Thames. 
 
 Winnebago (win-e-ba'g5), lake, Wis., 
 traversed by the Fox river. 
 
 Winnipeg (win'i-peg), cap. of Mani- 
 toba, Canada. [1,936 sq m. 
 
 Winnipeg, I*ake, in Manitoba. Area 
 
 Wisconsin(wis-kon'sin), one of the U. 
 S. Cap. Madison. Area 65,805 sq. m. 
 
 Woolwich(worich). town in England, 
 on the Thames. Site of Royal Arsenal. 
 
 Worcester (wbs'ter), towh in Eng- 
 land, on the Severn river. 
 
 Worcester, city in Massachusetts, on 
 Blackstone river. 
 
 Worms (wiirmz), city in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, Germany. 
 
 Wurtemberg (vur'tem-berM), king. 
 
 W&hK 1 * Cap - stuttgart 
 
 Wurzbnrg(vurts'borM), town, N. W 
 Bavaria, Germany, On the Main. 
 
 Wyoming (wi-o'ming), one of the IT. 
 S. Cap. Cheyenne. Area 97,878 sq. m. 
 
 Xeres (ha'res), town in S. Spain. 
 Xingu (shen-go'), river, Brazil, tribu- 
 tary of the Amazon. 
 
 Yakima(yak'i-ma),river, Washington, 
 tributary of the Columbia. 
 
 Yang-tse-Kiang (yang-tse-ke-ang') f 
 river. China, 3000 m. long. 
 
 Yarmouth. (yar'mUth), seaport, Isle 
 of Wight. 
 
 Yarmouth, Great, seaport, Eng- 
 land, on Yare river. 
 
 Yellow Sea, arm of the Pacific Ocean 
 on N. E. coast of China. 
 
 Yellowstone National Part, 
 Wyoming. Area 5,500 sq. m. 
 
 Yokohama (yo-ko-ha'ma), seaport of 
 Japan, on the main island. [land. 
 
 York, (yark), city in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 
 Yorktown , tn. in Virginia, on York 
 river, 7 m. W. of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Yosemite (yo-sem'i-te) Valley, Cali- 
 fornia, 7 m. long, 2 m. wide. 
 
 Yucatan (yo-ka-tan'), state in MexicOc 
 Area 28,185 sq. m. 
 
 Yukon (yu'kon),great river of Alaska, 
 flows 2000 m. W. to Bering Sea. 
 
 Yunnan (yon-nan') , province, S. W. 
 China. Area 122,000 sq. m. 
 
 Zacatecas (za-ka-ta'kas), capital of 
 
 state of same name L Mexico. 
 Zambezi ( zam-ba'ze ), river, Africa, 
 
 flows to Mozambique Channel. 
 Zamora(tha-mo'ra),capital of Zamora 
 
 providence, Spain, on the Douro. 
 Zanzibar(zan'zi-bar), town, E. Africa, 
 
 on Zanzibar Island. 
 Zara (za'ra), seaport, capital of Dal- 
 
 matia, Austria. 
 Zealand (ze'land), island, Denmark, 
 
 between Baltic Sea and Cattegat. 
 Zuider Zee (zoi'der za), gulf of North 
 
 Sea, in the Netherlands. 
 Zululand (zo'16-land), British protect- 
 orate, N. of Natal. Area 8,220 sq. m. 
 Zurich (tsii'riM), capital of canton 
 
 of same name, Switzerland. 
 Zurich, Lake of, Switzerland, 25 m. 
 
 long, 2% m. wide. 
 Zwolle (zwol'le), city in Netherlands, 
 
 on the Zwarte river. 
 
 Ifte, fet, tmU, f&T, tail, tare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, WOlt; 
 
 s»ute e but, barn; oil, owl, Sfteu, 
 
^^m^MS^ 
 
 plETioisiAHY 
 
 BqtanV 
 
 N. B.— Botanical words too technical to appear in the body of the book, 
 together with terms requiring exhaustive definitions, will be found in the 
 following glossary. Words in the definitions set in italics are fully defined in their 
 alphabeticar-order in the vocabulary. The botanical signs are given on page 673. 
 
 Classification.— For convenience of 
 reference the following classification 
 of plants is here given: I. SUB- 
 KINGDOM ; II. PROVINCE ; III. 
 CLASS : (Subclass and Cohort). IV. 
 ORDER or FAMILY: (Suborder, Tribe, 
 Subtribe). V. GENUS: (Subgenus or 
 Section). VI. SPECIES: (Subspecies). 
 VII. VARIETY: (Sub-variety). VIII. 
 INDIVIDUALS. 
 
 SUBKINGDOM I. Ph^NOGAMIA 
 divided into Province I. Exogens or 
 Dicotyledons, which includes Class I, 
 Angiosperms embracing Cohort 1, 
 Dialypetalee, Cohort 2. Gamopeta- 
 lse and Cohort 3, Apetalse; Class II, 
 Gymnosperms, embracing Cohort 4, 
 Conoideas, or Cone-bearing Pines. 
 
 Province II. Endogens or Monocot- 
 yledons, which include Class lit, 
 Petaliferas, embracing Cohort 5, 
 Soadiciflorse and Cohort 6, Florideas ; 
 CLASS IV, Glumiferge, embracing 
 COHORT 7, Graminoidese. 
 
 SUBKINGDOM II. Cryptogamia 
 divided into Province I. Acrogens 
 which include Class I, Angiospores 
 embracing Cohort 1, Lycopadales, 
 Cohort 2, Fiiicales and Cohort 3, 
 Museules; again subdivided into: 
 
 Province II. Thallogens, includ- 
 ing Class II, Gymnospores, embrac- 
 ing Cohort 4, Lichenales, Cohort 5 » 
 Algales and Cohort 6, Fungales. 
 
 There are two Subkingdoms, four 
 Provinces, six Classes, and thirteen 
 Cohorts. The Orders number three 
 hundred, Genera 20,000 and Species, 
 with Varieties, 100,000. The divisions 
 named above are all described in the 
 vocabulary, alphabetically arranged. 
 
 Paris of a plant.— ORGANS OF NU- 
 TRITION: 1. The ROOT, consisting 
 of the root-stalk, caudex, and 
 radicle, the latter divided into 
 spongioles. 
 
 2. The STEM, which is divided 
 into branches, wihich are subdivided 
 into branchlets and boughs; the petio- 
 les and the peduncles, subdivided 
 into pedicels. 
 
 3. The BUD, with its scales. 
 
 4. The LEAF, with its leaflets. 
 
 5. The APPENDAGES, consisting 
 of stipules; prickles; thorns; 
 glands; stings; scales; tendrils; 
 pubescence, and bracts. 
 
 ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION :- 
 1. The FLOWER, consisting of the 
 calyx with its sepals; the corolla 
 with its petals; the disk, part of the 
 corolla, sometimes appearing as a 
 separate organ; the stamen, with its 
 filament, and the anther and its pol- 
 len; the pistil with its stigmas, style, 
 and the ovary, with its ovuies. 
 
 2. The FRUIT, consisting of- the 
 pericarp with its valves, cells and 
 dissepiments, and the seed, with its 
 nucleus, covered by the tegmen and 
 testa, the hilum, and in some cases, the 
 albumen, and the embryo, with its 
 acending-axis or plumule and node, and 
 the descending-axis or radicle, and the 
 cotyledons. 
 
 STAGES IN PLANT LIFE.- First: 
 The Plant in the Embryo. Second: 
 Germination. Third: Growth by 
 multiplication, the development of 
 buds, and the expansion into leaves 
 and flowers. Fourth: Fructification, 
 or the transformation of the flower by 
 development of the pistil into the fruit. 
 
 fate, fat, task, Car, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
 741 
 
742 
 
 bark 
 
 a-. Without, as in "acephalous," with- 
 out a head. 
 
 acquiescence ( ak-a-les'ens ), n. The 
 absence of the aerial stein orcaulis; 
 opposed to caulescence. 
 
 accrescent (ak-kres'ent), a. Increas- 
 ing in size after flowering, as with 
 the calyx and corolla. See caducous, 
 
 DECIDUOUS, PERSISTENT, MARESCENT. 
 
 accumbent (ak-kum'bent), a. 1. Hav- 
 ing the edges touch the radicle, as 
 cotyledons. 2. Lying against another 
 body, as one part against another. 
 
 acerose (as'er-os), a. Needle-shaped, 
 as the pointed leaves of the pine. 
 
 acheniam (a-ke'ni-um), n. An indehis- 
 cent, dry pericarp, free from its one 
 seed, tipped with the remnants of the 
 style, as in the Buttercup. 
 
 acotyledon (a-kot-i-le'dun), n. Plant 
 having no cotyledons or seed lobes, as 
 the Cryptogamia. 
 
 Acrog , en9(ak'ro-;jens),7&. A Province of 
 the Cryptogamia, indicating method of 
 growth and including the Class 
 angiospores. Their stems, full 
 formed, grow at the ends, as ferns. 
 
 See EXOGENS, ENDOGENS and THALDO- 
 
 gens. — acrog'cnons, a. 
 
 aculeate (a-ku'le-at), a. Armed with 
 sharp prickles, as a rose- stem. 
 
 acuminate (a-ku'mi-nat), a. Having 
 a long tapering point, as some leaves. 
 See apex, [a sharp angle. See apex. 
 
 acute, a. Having the apex ending with 
 
 adherent, a. Having an organ joined 
 with a dissimilar one, as the stamen 
 with the pistil, as in the Lady's-slip- 
 per.— adhesion, n. 
 
 adnate, a. Attached to, or grown to 
 gether, as an anther to one side of its 
 filament. — adna'tion, n. 
 
 adventitious, a. Growing in an ab- 
 normal position, as the roots of the 
 Banian Tree, which, springing from 
 its branches, reach the ground and 
 grow as secondary trunks. 
 
 aggregate, a. Forming a cluster, as 
 the flowers of the Snowball. 
 
 alburnum (al-bur'num), n. The sap- 
 wood or outer layer of exogenous 
 trees. See duramen. 
 
 algae (al'je), n. pi. Seaweeds, a Cohort 
 of the Class gymnospores. 
 
 alternate, a. Having only one branch 
 from each node or joint on different 
 sides of the stem, as in the Elm. 
 
 anient, n. See catkin. 
 
 ainphitropous (am-fit'ro-pus),a. Half 
 inverted, as the ovule when its axis 
 becomes parallel with the placenta. 
 
 amplexicanl (am-pleks'i-kal), a. 
 Having the petiole dilated at the base 
 and partially embracing the stems. 
 
 anatropous (a-nat'ro-pus), a. In- 
 verted, as the ovule when reversed. 
 
 ancipital (an-sip'i-tal), a. Two-edged. 
 
 androecium (an-dre'shi-um), n. The 
 male organs of a flower ; the stamens 
 collectively. 
 
 androgynous (an-droj'i-nus), a. Hav- 
 ing both male and female flowers in 
 the same inflorescence. 
 
 Angiosperms (an-ji-6-sperms'),». The 
 larger of the two classes of Exogens; 
 plants whose seeds are enclosed in a 
 protecting case or seed vessel, as the 
 Apple. The Angiosperms are subdi- 
 vided into three cohorts, Dialypetalae, 
 Gamopetalae and Apetalae. 
 
 Angiospores (an'ji-o-spors), n. The 
 Class forming the Acrogens and hav- 
 ing receptacles for enclosing the 
 spores. They are divided into three 
 Cohovts,Docopodales,Mlicales and Mus- 
 cales. [season. 
 
 annual, n. Plant that lives only one 
 
 a n t h er, n. The essential part of the 
 stamen containing the 
 pollen. 
 
 an thesis ( an-the'sis ), n. 
 The actor period of 
 flowering. 
 
 Apetalae (a-pet'a-le), n. pi. 
 A division of Dicotyle- 
 dons having no petals and 
 often no calyxes.— apet'- 
 alous,a. Without petals. 
 
 apex, i 1. Applied to 
 the termination of a leaf; 
 it may be acuminate, cuspu 
 date, acute, mucronate, ob- 
 tuse, truncate, refuse, emar- 
 ginate or obcordate. 2., The 
 tip of an organ. 
 
 aphyllous (af-il'lus).- aphyl'lose, a. 
 Without leaves. 
 
 aril (ar'il), n. An accessory appendage 
 investing seeds. 
 
 arista (a-ris'ta), n. Awn. 
 
 ascidia (as-sid'i-a), n. pi. Pitchers, or 
 leaves resembling pitchers and hold- 
 ing water. — ascid'iform,<z. 
 
 anriculate, a. Ear-shaped. 
 
 awn, n. A bearded appendage, as the 
 beard of Barley. 
 
 axial root, n. A downward extension 
 of the radical in a main body with 
 small branches, as the permanent 
 root of the beet. See tap-root. 
 
 axis, n. The stem or central portion of 
 a plant bearing the appendages. It 
 may be ascending, erect, procumbent, 
 prostrate, trailing, decumbent or subter- 
 ranean; or excurrent and solvent. 
 
 baccate (bak'at), a. Berry-like ; pulpy. 
 
 bark, n. The' covering of woody 
 branches, stems, etc. It consists of 
 
 1. Anther. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, move 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
bast-cells 
 
 743 
 
 cerilerous 
 
 the liber, or inner, white bark; the 
 cellular, or middle, green bark, and 
 the cortical, or outer, brown bark. 
 
 bast-cells, n. The cells of the liber or 
 inner white bark. [points. 
 
 bicuspidate, a. Having two ensps or 
 
 bidentate, a. Having two teeth. 
 
 biennial, n. (2.) A plant which ger- 
 minates, and bears leaves the first 
 year, blossoms and fruit the second, 
 and then dies, as the Turnip. 
 
 bifid (bi'fid), o. Forked; cleft; divided 
 halfway into two parts. 
 
 bifoliate, a._ Having two leaflets. 
 
 binate (bi'nat), a. Double; growing in 
 pairs, as two leaflets at the end of a 
 common petiole. 
 
 bipinnate (bl-pin'at), a. Having the 
 primary and secondary divisions of a 
 pinnate leaf again pinnate. 
 
 biternate (bi-ter'nat), a. Having the 
 leaflets of a ternate leaf give place to 
 ternate leaves ; compound ternate. 
 
 bloom, ?t. 1. Blossom or state of 
 blossoming. 2. Fine, white powdery 
 coat on some plants and fruits. 
 
 bracbiate (bra'ki-at), a. Having op- 
 posite, spreading branches. 
 
 bract (brakt), n. Small, reduced leaf 
 form, growing near the flower.— 
 brac'teate, a. 
 
 bracteole (brak'te-61), n. A small 
 bract growing upon a pedicel. 
 
 caducous (ka-du'kus), a. Falling off 
 early, as the calyx of the Poppy. 
 
 calceolate ( kal'se-olat ), a. Having 
 the form of a slipper. 
 
 calyculate (ka-lik'u-lat), a. Having 
 an outer calyx or bract resembling a 
 calyx.— calyc'ulated, a. 
 
 calyx (kal'iks or ka'liks), n. The outer 
 envelope of 
 a flower 
 consisting \ k\A 
 of a whorl 
 
 of 1 e a v e s 1 11 Mffi 
 called se- 
 pals. See 
 
 COROLLA 
 
 and flor- 
 al - b N VEL- Calyxes. 
 OPE. 
 
 cambium (kam'bi-um), n. A layer of 
 delicate cells between the wood and 
 bark, which develop on one side into 
 wood, and on the other, into bark. 
 
 campanulate (kam-pan'u-lat), a. 
 Bell-shaped, as the Harebell. 
 
 campylotropous(kam-pi-lot'ro-pus), 
 a. Having the ovule curved upon 
 itself, as in the Pinks. 
 
 canaliculate (kan-a-lik'u-lat), a. 
 Channeled; having a longitudinal 
 groove.— canaliculus, n. Canal. 
 
 canescent (ka-nes'ent), a. White or 
 whitish; hoary. 
 
 capillary. I. a. Hair- like; resem- 
 bling or growing like hair. II. n. 
 Plant having no main stalk, bearing 
 seeds in tuf i s on back of their leaves. 
 
 capitalization. The names of the 
 order, sub-order or tribe, and of the 
 genus should always be capitalized. 
 Species never, unless derived from a 
 person, place, or when a noun. 
 
 capitate (kap'i-tat), a. Head-shaped; 
 growing in clusters or heads. 
 
 capitnlum (ka-pit'u-lum), n. A little 
 or close head of sessileflowers. 
 
 capreolate (kap're o-lat), a. Having 
 tendrils. [which opens at maturity. 
 
 capsule (kap'sul), n. A seed vessel 
 
 carina (ka-ri-na), n. The keel, or two 
 lower, inferior petals of Papiliona- 
 ceous flowers. — carinate (kar'i-nat), 
 a. Keeled ; having a longitudinal ridge 
 like a keel.— cari'nal, a. 
 
 carpel (kar'pel), n. A modified leaf 
 forming the pistil.— car'pellary, a. 
 
 carpophore(kar'po-for),w. l.Aslender 
 column or prolongation of the axis, 
 bearing the carpels, as in the Gera- 
 nium. 2. The stalk of a sporocarp. 
 
 caryophylla ceous (kar-i-o-fil-la- 
 shi-us), a. Having five petals with 
 long, erect claws and spreading lam- 
 inae, as the Pink. 
 
 caryopsis (kar-i-op'sis), n. Small, dry, 
 thin seed-coat, adherent to the seed, 
 as in the Grasses and Grains. 
 
 catkin (kat'kin), n. Ament; a pendent, 
 slender spike of uni- 
 sexual flowers, all 
 falling together, as in 
 the Birch. 
 
 caudesc (ka'deks), n. 
 The trunk of a palm 
 or tree fern, rarely di- 
 viding, its sides 
 marked by the scars of 
 fallen leaf stalks. 
 
 caulis (ka'lis), n. The 
 stem of a plant.— 
 caules'cent, a. Hav- 
 ing a caulis or arterial 
 stem ; opposed to acau- 
 lescent.— cau'line, a. 
 Growing froma stem. 
 
 cellulose (sel'u-los), n. 
 The material consti- 
 tuting the outer cell 
 walls and secondary 
 layers of plants. 
 
 cepbalous ( sef'a-lus ), a. Capitate ; 
 Having a head. [grain. 
 
 cereal ( se're-al ), a. Pertaining to 
 
 ceriferous (ser-if'er-us),a. Resembling 
 yellow wax in color 
 
 Catkin. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
eernuous 
 
 -44 
 
 cretaceous 
 
 eernuous (ser'nu-us) , a. Less inclina- 
 tion than pendulous; nodding. 
 
 chaff, n. In the Grasses, the bract, or 
 the husk of grain.— chaffy, a. 
 
 cbalaza (ka-la'za), n. The point of 
 juncture of the ovule's nucleus with 
 the stalk or funiculus. 
 
 ehartaceons ( kar-ta'shus), a. Like 
 or resembling paper. 
 
 chlorophyl (klo'ro-fil), n. The green 
 coloring matter in plants; also the 
 part of the protoplasm colored by this 
 matter; in the Indigo plant, blue. 
 
 ch oris is (ko'ri-sis), n. The multiplica- 
 tion of a flower by division, and in 
 clusters rather than by circles. 
 
 cienchyma (si-en'ki-ma), n. System 
 of vessels secreting the peculiar juice 
 of a plant; lactiferous tissue. See 
 parenchyma. [ginal hairs. 
 
 ciliate (sil'i-at), a. Fringed with mar- 
 
 cion. See scion. [ashy. 
 
 cinereous (si-ne're^usj.a. Ash-colored; 
 
 circinate (ser'si-nat), a. Having the 
 leaf coiled downward from the apex 
 like a crook, as in the fronds of ferns; 
 gyrate.— cir'cinal, a. 
 
 circnrascissile (ser-kum-sis'il),a. De- 
 hiscent by having the top of the 
 ovary open or fall off, as a lid. 
 
 cirrus (sir'us), n. A tendril. 
 
 class (lnas), n. Next division below 
 series and above order. Divided in- 
 to Subclass and Cohort. It includes 
 the orders, which by general traces of 
 resemblance can be associated in 
 groups. See order. 
 
 el a vate (kla'vat), a. Shaped like a club, 
 
 coarctate (ko-ark'tat), a. Compact; 
 pressed together. 
 
 coccus (kok'us), n. A berry. 
 
 cochleate (kok'le-at), a. Spiral, as a 
 snail's shell. 
 
 cohesion, n. Having the parts congen- 
 itally united. If similar parts, it is 
 called coalescence; if dissimilar, adna- 
 tion. Cohesion of stamens may be 
 monadelphou8, diadelphom, polyadel- 
 phous or syngenesious. 
 
 cohort (ko'hart), n. A group of indef- 
 inite grade; "a subdivision of class. 
 
 collum (kol'um), n. The part where 
 the root meets the stem. 
 
 coma (k5'ma), n. 1. A seed vesture 
 with long hairs, as that of the cotton- 
 seed. 2. A leafy top or head termin- 
 ating in a stem, as of thePineapple. 
 
 Compositse (kom-poz'i-te), n. pi. The 
 largest natural order of plants. It 
 contains over 750 genera and more 
 than 10,000 species. 
 
 compound-flower, n. One of the 
 compositae; flowers crowded on the 
 same torus surrounded by an invol- 
 
 ucre of many bracts. — c.-leaf, n. One 
 made up of several leaflets on a pet- 
 iole.— c.-ovary, n. One having more 
 than one carpel.— c. -pistil. One body 
 formed by the coalescence of two or 
 more carpels.— c- raceme. A pan- 
 icle.— c.-stem, n. One dividing into 
 branches.— c.-um b el, n. One having 
 its rays all bearing umbellules. 
 
 condu plicate, a. Having the leaves 
 in the bud folded on themselves 
 lengthwise. — eonduplica'tion, n. 
 
 conglomerate, a. Densely clustered. 
 
 Coniferae(k o-nif'e-re) , n.pl. The Pines ; 
 a Cohort of the class Gymnosperms. 
 
 coniferous (ko-nif'er-us), a. Bearing 
 cones, as many of the Gymnosperms. 
 
 conjugate, a. Joined by pairs unit- 
 ing to form a zygospore. 
 
 connate (kon'at), a. Having two oppo- 
 site sessile leaves united at the bases. 
 
 connectile, n. Part connecting the 
 lobes of the anther and the filament. 
 
 connivent (kon-m'vent), a. Converg- 
 ent; coming together, as the petals of 
 a flower. [a stem with no joints. 
 
 continuous, a. Not interrupted, as 
 
 contorted, a. Convoluted, as the ar- 
 rangment of floral envelopes in buds 
 
 convolute (kon'vo-16t), a. Rolled to- 
 gether, as a leaf in the bud. See in- 
 volute av<d revolcte. 
 
 cordate (kar'dat), a. Heart shaped; 
 applied to leaves.— cor 'diform, a. 
 
 coriaceous (ko-ri-a'shus), a. Leather- 
 like; applied to the texture of leaves. 
 
 corm (karm), n. A bulb-like stem, pro- 
 ducing 'roots from the lower side and 
 leaves and buds from the upper side. 
 
 corolla (ko-rol'a),ra. The interior en- 
 velope of the "flower, consisting of 
 leaves called petals which surround 
 the stamen _and pistils. 
 
 corona (ko-ro'na), n. An appendage 
 crowning a corolla, as in the Passion- 
 flower, or an organ, as in the Dande- 
 lion, [to rind or bark, 
 
 cortical; «• Resembling or belonging 
 
 corymb (kor'imb or-im), n. A form of 
 inflorescence, differing from the race- 
 me, in having lengthened lower pedic- 
 les, bringing all the flowers to the 
 same level.— corym'bous, a. 
 
 costate (kos'tat), a L Ribbed, as a leaf. 
 
 cotyledon (kot-i-le'dun), n. The rudi- 
 mentary leaf of the embryo. 
 
 cremocarp (krem'o-karp), n. The fruit 
 of Umbelllferae, splitting apart into 
 closed carpels (merocarps) when ma- 
 ture, [notched, as a leaf. 
 
 crenate (kre'nat), a. Scalloped or 
 
 crest (krest), n. Ridge or elevation 
 upon the summit of an organ. 
 
 cretaceous (kre-ta'shus), a. Chalky. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit 
 wolf ,- mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
 note, not, move, 
 
crispate 
 
 745 
 
 dissepiment 
 
 crlspate (kris'pat), a. Crisp; having a 
 superabundance of marginal tissue, 
 said of leaves. [thin and hard. 
 
 crustaceous (krus-ta'shus), a. Brittle; 
 
 Cryptogamia ( krip-to-ga'- 
 mi-a), n.pl. The second great 
 Series in Linnean classifica- 
 tion. It includes all the 
 fiowerless plants. They in- 
 clude the Acrogens and the 
 
 THALLOGBNS. 
 
 cueUllate(ku-kul'at), a. Re- 
 sembling a hood. 
 
 culm (kulm), n. The stem of 
 the Grasses and Sedges, 
 often hollow and generally 
 jointed. 
 
 enneate (ku'ne-at), a. Wedge- 
 shaped, assorne leaves. 
 
 cupule (ku'pul), n. An in- 
 volucre holding the glans or 
 nut, as in the acorn. 
 
 cuspidate (kus'pi-dat), a. 
 Having the apex of a leaf ACryp- 
 terminate in a sharp, slen- togam. 
 der point, as in thistles. 
 
 cuticle (ku'ti-kl), n. A continuous 
 film or outer wall of the epidermis of 
 plants. [including 3,11 shades of blue. 
 
 cyanic(si-an'ik),a. Of a series of colors, 
 
 cyathiform (si-ath'-i-farm), a. Cup- 
 shaped, [fluids in plants. 
 
 cyclosis (si-klo'sis), n. Circulation of 
 
 cyme (slm), n. Any inflorescence with 
 centrifugal evolutions especially, flat- 
 topped, as in the Elder. 
 
 cyrabiform (sim'bi-farm), a. Resem- 
 bling a boat. [ing an aduate calyx. 
 
 cypsela (sip'se-la), n. Anachenehav- 
 
 cy toblast (si'to-blast), or cytioblast 
 (sit'i-o-blast), n. The cell nucleus. 
 
 deciduous (de-sid'u-us), a. Falling off 
 at the end of the season; falling with 
 the stamens. [as a leaf. 
 
 decompound, a. Divided many times, 
 
 decumbent, a. Having the ascend- 
 ing axis reclining upon the ground 
 after having arisen above it. 
 
 decurrent, a. Having the base of a 
 leaf extended down the stem beyond 
 the place of insertion. 
 
 decussate (de-kus'at), a. Having the 
 leaves opposite, the stairs alternately 
 crossing each other at right angles. 
 
 definite, a. Having not more than 
 twenty stamens ; opposed to indefinite. 
 
 defoliation, n. The falling of leaves. 
 
 dehiscence (de-his'ens), n. The open- 
 ing of the pericarp or seedpod to dis- 
 charge the seeds, or of an anther to dis- 
 charge its pollen. Dehiscence may be 
 valvular, as in Chick weed, porous as in 
 the Poppy, or circumscissile, as in the 
 Plantain. See indehiscent. 
 
 dendroid(den'droid), a. Arborescent; 
 tree-like in form. 
 
 dentate (den'tat), a. Having a notched 
 or toothed margin, as a Jeaf. 
 
 depauperate ( de-pa'per-at ), a. Not 
 perfectly developed ; impoverished. 
 
 dextrine (deks'trin), n. A product 
 of the chemical process incident to 
 vegetable growth and cell-formation. 
 
 dextrorse (deks-trars' ), a. Twining 
 from right to left. 
 
 di- Greek prefix, meaning two. 
 
 diadelpbous (di-a-del'fus), a. Hav- 
 ing the stamens united by their fila- 
 ments in two, equal or unequal, sets, 
 as in the Pea. See cohesion. 
 
 Dialypelala^ (di-a-li-pet'a-le), n. pi. A 
 polypetalous Cohort of the Angio- 
 sperms.— dialypet'alous, a. 
 
 diandrous (di-an'drus), a. Having two 
 stamens. See definite. 
 
 diastaste (dl'as-tas), n. One of the 
 chemical products t>f germination. 
 Capable of transforming starch into 
 dextrine and then into sugar. 
 
 dicbotomous (di-kot'o-mus), a. Di- 
 viding into two; forked; consisting of 
 a pair of pairs. — dichotomy, n. 
 Branching by constant forking. 
 
 diclinous (dik'li-nus), a, Deficient in 
 the essential organs, as having only 
 pistils or stamens. See dioecious and 
 
 MONOECIOUS. 
 
 dicotyledons (di- kot-i-le'duns), n. 
 Plants, the seeds of which have two 
 cotyledons, as the Bean. They are 
 also called Exogens, which see. 
 
 didymous (did'i-mus), a. Double; two- 
 fold ; formed in pairs. 
 
 didynamous (di-din'a-mus), a. Hav- 
 ing four stamens in two pairs, un- 
 equal in size.— didy'namy, n. 
 
 digitate (dijl-tat), a. 1. Having leaves 
 or roots in finger-like divisions. 2. 
 Having leaflets at the apex of the 
 petiole; applied to compound leaves. 
 
 dimerous (dim'er-us), a. Having t T » o 
 parts in each whorl. 
 
 dimidiate (di-mid'i-at), a. Divided lr - 
 to two parts, as the lobes of the anther 
 when separated, forming two halved 
 anthers on one filament. 
 
 dioecious, diecious (di-e'shus), a. 
 Unisexual; having pistils without 
 stamens, the latter found on different 
 plants of the same species. See di- 
 clinous and monoecious. 
 
 dipterous (dip'ter-us), a. Having two 
 appendages like wings. 
 
 disk, n. The central, circular head of 
 a flower as distinct from the rays. 
 
 dissepiment (dis-sep'i-ment), n. A 
 partition; especially a dividing wall 
 within an ovary. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move- 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
distichous 
 
 746 
 
 floral-envelopes 
 
 distichous (dis'tik-us), a. Having no 
 rows or ranks,as an alternate arrange- 
 ment of leaves, upon opposite sides 
 of an axis, in two vertical ranks. 
 
 divaricate (di-var'i-kat), a. Divergent; 
 straggling; branching off almost at 
 a right angle; wide spread. 
 
 drupe (drop); n. A stone fruit. It has 
 three coats, the outer (epidermis), 
 called the epicarp; the inner (nucleus 
 or stone), endocarp; the middle, sarco- 
 carp.— drupaceous, a. 
 
 duramen (do-ra'men), n. The heart- 
 wood of exogenous trees, which varies 
 in color. The part of a tree used for 
 timber. See alburnum. 
 
 ebracteate (e-brak te-at), a. Without 
 bracts. [or sharp points. 
 
 echinate (ek'i-nat), a. Having prickles 
 
 elater (el'a-ter), n. One of the spiral 
 elastic threads attached to or accom- 
 panying certain spores._ 
 
 einarginate (e-mar'ji-nat), a. Having 
 the marginal apex of a leaf notched. 
 
 embryo, n. The product of the action 
 of the pollen upon the ovule, forming 
 the rudimentary plant in the seed. It 
 cousists of the radicle and the plumule. 
 
 endocarp (en'do-karp), n. The inner 
 coat of a pericarp ; the stone. See drupe. 
 
 endochrome(en'do-krom), n. The col- 
 oring matter of plants, other than 
 green. See Chlorophyll. 
 
 Endogens (en'do-jens), n. Plants be- 
 longing to the Monocotyledon Prov- 
 ince, called "inside growers," as corn; 
 opposed to. the Exogens or "outside 
 growers." Endogens are divided into 
 twoclasses: Petaliferce and Glumiferce. 
 
 endopleura. See tegmen. [shaped. 
 
 easiform (en'si-farm), a. Sword - 
 
 epicarp (ep'i-karp), ri. The outer coat 
 of a pericarp. See drupe. 
 
 epigynous (e-pij'i-nus), a. The ap- 
 parent insertion of the organs upon 
 or above the ovary, as the stamens 
 and corolla of the Cranberry. 
 
 epipetalous (ep-i-pet'a-lus),a. Having 
 the stamens on the corolla, as in the 
 Phlox. See position. 
 
 epiphytes (ep'i-fits ),n. Plants, which, 
 growing upon other plants, do not 
 derive their nourishment from them. 
 
 episperm(ep'i-sperm), n. The outer 
 skin of a seed, the middle coat being 
 the endoplura ; inner, the endosperm. 
 
 erose (e-ros'), a. Having the margin, 
 as a leaf, appear as if gnawed. 
 
 estivation -(es-ti-va'shun), n. The ar- 
 rangement of the parts or leaves in 
 fhe flower-bud ; prefloration. It 
 may be valvate, induplicate, involute, 
 reduplicate, convolute or contorted, im- 
 bricate, plicate or supervolute. 
 
 etiolated (e'ti-o-la-ted), a. Whitened 
 through the absence of coloring mat- 
 ter ; bleached by exclusion of light. 
 
 excrarrent, a. Branching, applied to 
 trees in which the trunk extends 
 through to the summit, as in the Oak; 
 opposed to solvent {axis). 
 
 Exogens (eks'o-jens), n. Plants belong- 
 ing to the Dicotyledon Province called 
 "outside growers" as forest trees; 
 opposed to the Endogens, "inside grow- 
 ers." Exogens are divided into two 
 classes, A ngtosperms and Gymnosperms. 
 
 exserted (eks-ser'ted), a. Projecting ; 
 protruded. [out stipules. 
 
 exstipulate (eks-stip'u-lat), a. With- 
 
 extrorse (eks-trars'), a. Turned out- 
 ward ; having the lines of dehiscence 
 look toward the corolla, as in the Iris. 
 
 falcate (fal'kat), a. Resembling a 
 scythe or a sickle; hooked. 
 
 fascile (fas'i-kl), n. A condensed clus- 
 ter, as of flowers, leaves, etc. ; a mod- 
 ification of the cyme, as in Sweet Wil- 
 liam.— fasciculate, a. Applied to 
 position of leaves, as many in a clus- 
 ter in the axil, as in the Pine. 
 
 ferruginous (fer-ro'ji-nus), a. Reddish 
 brown; of a rusty iron color. 
 
 fertile, a. Applied to a flower having 
 pistils without stamens. 
 
 fertilization, n. The process of mak- 
 ing reproductive through the action 
 of the pollen upon the ovules. 
 
 fibrils ( fi'brils ), n. Minute hair-like 
 growths which clothe the younger 
 root fibers and absorb nourishment. 
 
 filament, n. A slender stalk sustain- 
 ing the anther and with it forming 
 the stamen; pendulous in the Grasses. 
 
 Filicales (nTi-kals), n. pi. A Cohort of 
 the Class, Angios pores; the Ferns. 
 
 filiform, a. Threadlike. 
 
 fimbriate ( fim'bri-at ), a. Bordered 
 with hair-like processes; fringed. 
 
 fistular (fis'tu-ler), a. Hollow; pipe- 
 like, as the onion leaf. 
 
 flahelliform (fla-bel'i-farm), a. Fan- 
 shaped, as the leaves of the Palm. 
 
 flagelliform (fla- jell-farm), a. Re- 
 sembling a whip in form'. 
 
 flavescent (fla-yes'ent), a. Yellowish. 
 
 flexuous (fleks'u-us), a. Bent or curved 
 alternately in opposite directions ; 
 wavy. [of woolly hairs. 
 
 floccus (flok'us), n. [pi. flocci.] A tuft 
 
 Flora (flo'ra), n. 1. The aggregate 
 plants of a particular region or coun- 
 try. 2. A written description of them. 
 
 floral-envelopes, n. The whorls of 
 leaves which surround the essential 
 organs of a flower, called theperianth. 
 The outer wall is called the calyx, and 
 the other, if any, the corolla. 
 
 i$bQ } t&t } task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owj, ^e^, 
 
floret 
 
 '47 
 
 fry a 11 tiro us 
 
 floret, n. The flower of a cluster. 
 
 Floridese (flo-rid'e-e), n. pi. A Cohort 
 of the Endogens, of the class Petaliferce. 
 
 flower, n. The organ for the produc- 
 tion of seed, consisting of a floral en- 
 velope, made up of the calyx and the 
 corolla, aud the essential organs, con- 
 sisting of the stamens and pistils, all 
 held in the torus. 
 
 foliaceous ( fo-li-a'shus ), a. Leafy; 
 having the texture or form of a leaf. 
 
 foliation ( fo-li-a'shun ), n. Foliage; 
 the act of leating. 
 
 follicle (fol'i-kl),re. A one-celled, single- 
 carpeled seed-vessel, indehiscent at 
 the ventral suture, as the Larkspur. 
 
 foramen, n. See micropvle. 
 
 frond, n. 1. Any organ consisting of 
 both stem and leaf, as the foliage of 
 the Fern. 2. The leaves of Palms. 
 
 frondescent (fron-des'ent), a. Burst- 
 ing, or appearing to burst, into leaf. 
 
 fructification, n. 1. Flowerand fruit 
 as a whole. 2. The act of bearing fruit. 
 
 fruit, n. The perfected ovary devel- 
 oped through the fertilization of the 
 anthers by the pollen, constituting 
 the fourth stage of plant life. Fruit 
 consists of the pericarp, the envelope 
 of the seed, with its carpels, and the 
 seed. [or becoming shrubby. 
 
 fmtescent (fro-tes'ent), a. Shrubby, 
 
 fuliginous (fu-lij'i-nus), a. Smoky ; 
 sooty; very dark. 
 
 fulvous (ful'vus), a. Reddish-yellow. 
 
 Fungales(fun-ga-lez),rc. pi. The Fungi; 
 a Cohort of the Class Gymnospores. 
 
 funiculus (fu-nik'u-lus), n. The fun- 
 iele or stalk supporting the ovule. 
 
 furcate (fur'kat), a. Forked. 
 
 furfur a ceous (fur-f u-ra'shus), a. 
 Scurfy; covered with minute particles. 
 
 fuscous (fus'kus), a. Grayish-brown. 
 
 fusiform (fu'si-farm), a. Spindle- 
 shaped; applied to roots, tapering 
 both downward and a short distance 
 upward, as the Radish. 
 
 galeate (ga'le-at), a. Having the shape 
 of a helmet, as labiate flowers when 
 the upper lip is concave, as the Cat- 
 mint; hollow and vaulted. 
 
 Oamopetalee (gam-6-pet'a-le),n. One 
 of the three Cohorts constituting the 
 Angiosperms, the corolla being mon- 
 opetalus; opposed to the Dialypetalce. 
 
 gamopetalous (gam-6-pet'a-lus), a. 
 Having petals united by their edges, 
 as in the Gamopetalce. 
 
 gamophyllous (gam-6-nrus),a. Hav- 
 ing leaves united by their edges. 
 
 gamosepalous ( gam-o-sep'a-lus ), a. 
 Having united sepals. 
 
 geminate ( jem'i-nat ), a. Binate; in 
 pairs, as leaves. 
 
 gemmation (j em- ma' shun), n. Actor 
 process of bud_ding._ 
 
 geniculate (je-nik'u-lat), a. Having 
 joints resembling the bended knee. 
 
 Genus, ft. Next division below ORDER 
 and above SPECIES, which see. Sub- 
 divided into Subgenera or Sections. 
 Genera consists of species related by 
 close similarity in the construction 
 of essential parts. The Pear, Apple 
 and Quince are separate SPECIES 
 but belong to the same GENUS; the 
 White and the Red Clover, the same. 
 Names of GENERA are principally 
 from the Latin. Many of them in- 
 dicate some property, form or color 
 peculiar to the plant, leaf or flower, or 
 the name of some Botanist or dis- 
 coverer; e.g. Hepatica, liver shaped ; 
 Sanguinaria, blood-root, etc. 
 
 germination, n. The beginning of 
 the development of the embryo in the 
 seed.— gerni'inative, a. 
 
 gibbous (gib'us), a. Having a pro- 
 tuberance at the base or side. 
 
 glabrous (gla'brus), a. Having a 
 smooth surface ; not hairy. 
 
 gladiate, a. See ensiforh. 
 
 glands, n. Cellular structures con- 
 taining the plant secretions. 
 
 glans, n. Nut, as the acorn. 
 
 glaucous (gla'kus), a. Sea-green. 
 
 globous, a. Spherical, or nearly so. 
 
 glomerate (glom'er-at), a. Gathered 
 in clusters or iu a dense head. 
 
 glomernle (glom'er-61), n. A form of 
 terminal inflorescence, having an ax- 
 illary cluster, with a centrifugal 
 evolution. [in Grasses. 
 
 glume (glom), n. The floral_ envelopes 
 
 Glnmi ferae ( glom-if'er-e ), n. The 
 second class of the Endogens distin- 
 guished from the Petaliferce by jointed 
 culms and glumaceous flowers. 
 
 Gramineae ( gra-min'e-e ), n. Next 
 to the orchids, the largest order of the 
 Endogens, equivalent to the Glumif- 
 erce and embracing tfc.e Grasses, 
 Sedges and Grains. 
 
 gramineous (gra-min'e-us), a. Like 
 gras3 or belonging to the Graminece. 
 
 gymno- A prefix, meaning "naked." 
 
 Oymnosperms ( jim'no-sperms), n. 
 The second class of the Exogens, 
 characterized by naked seeds. See An- 
 giosperms. — gymnosper'mons, a. 
 
 Gymnospores ( jim'no-spors ), n. 
 A Class constituting the Thallogens, 
 characterized by naked spores. Con- 
 trast with Angiospores, which see. 
 
 gyandrOus ( ji-an'drus), a. Relating 
 to the position of stamens, as having 
 the stamens adnate to the pistil, as in 
 the Orchis.— gyan'der, a. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her ; mite, mit 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
 note. not. aiSve, 
 
gynoecium 
 
 748 
 
 labiate 
 
 gynoecium ( ji-ne'si-um ), n. The 
 female organ of a plant. See Androe- 
 cium. [tion of a flower's receptacle. 
 
 gynophore (jin'o-for), n. An elonga- 
 
 gyrate, a. Same as circinate. 
 
 gyr©se(;ji'ros),_a. Crooked; waved. 
 
 hastate (has'tat), a. Halberd- shaped, 
 as the leaf of the sheep-sorrel. 
 
 heart-wood, n. The duramen. 
 
 herb, n. A. plant that dies, at least, 
 down to the ground, annually; dis- 
 tinguished from a shrub or tree by 
 its stem, which does not become 
 woody.— herbaceous, a. 
 
 herbarium (her-ba'ri-um), n. A col- 
 lection of dried plants, or a receptacle 
 or place for keeping them. The stan- 
 dard herbarium sheet in the U. S. 
 is 16y 2 by liy 2 in. wide. 
 
 hespe ridiuin ( hes-pe-rid'i-um ), n. 
 A succulent, fleshy fruit with leathery 
 rind, separable from the pulpy in- 
 terior, as the Orange. 
 
 hermaphrodite, n. A flower having 
 both stamensandpistils. 
 
 hetserio (he-te'ri-o), n. An aggregate 
 fruit, having a collection of indehis- 
 cent carpels, as the Raspberry, Black- 
 berry and Strawberry. 
 
 hetero- A Greek prefix, meaning 
 "other" or "different." 
 
 heterocephalous, ( het- e - ro - sef'a- 
 lus), a. Having both male and female 
 heads in the same individual. 
 
 heterogamous ( het-e-rog'a-mus ), a. 
 Bearing flowers of both sexes. 
 
 liexa- Greek numeral six. 
 
 hexamerous (heks-am'er-us), a. Hav- 
 ing six parts to a flower, [six'stamens. 
 
 hexandroas (heks-an'drus), a. Having 
 
 hilium (hi'lum), n. [pi. HDuA.] The seed 
 scar produced by its separation from 
 the funiculus. [long hairs. 
 
 hirsute (her-suf), a. Hairy; having 
 
 hispid (his'pid), a. Having short, stiff 
 hairs. [ing all the flowers alike. 
 
 homogamus (ho-mog'a-mus), a. Hav- 
 
 humisfuse (hu'mis-fuz), a. Spreading 
 over the ground. [glassy. 
 
 hyaline (hi'a-lin), a. Transparent; 
 
 hybrid, n. The product of different 
 varieties, species or genera. 
 
 hypo- Greek prefix, meaning under. 
 
 hypocrateriform (hi - po - kra - ter'i- 
 farm), a. Salver-shaped; applied to 
 the corolla when having a straight 
 tube ending abruptly in a horizontal 
 border, as in the Petunia. 
 
 hypogean (hl-po-je'an), a. Growing 
 beneath the surface, as the truffle. 
 
 hypogynous (hi-poj'i-nus), a. Beneath 
 the pistil; having the organs inserted 
 into the torus under, or at the base of, 
 the pistil or ovary. 
 
 imbricate (im'bri-kat), a. Having 
 overlapping edges, as the petals of a 
 leaf-bud.— imbric'ative, a. 
 
 immarg-ioate (im-mar'ji-nat), a. Hav- 
 ing no border or rim. 
 
 inaxial, a. Having lateral, slender 
 roots not continuous with the stem. 
 They are fibrous, tubercular, nodulous, 
 moniliform, coralline and fibro -tuber- 
 ous. See axial, [appear as if cut. 
 
 incised, a. Having the leaf margins 
 
 incrassate (in-kras'at), a. Thickened; 
 swelling by degrees. 
 
 incumbent, a. In relation to the po- 
 sition of the embryo, having the coty- 
 ledons folded so as to bring the back 
 of one against the radicle. 
 
 indehiscent, a. Not opening; having 
 the seeds released by germination, or 
 decay of the pericarp. 
 
 indefinite, a. Having more than 
 twenty stamens. See definite. 
 
 induplicate, a. Pertaining to val- 
 vate estivation, when each piece has 
 two margins rolled inward, as in 
 the Clematis; opposed to reduplicate. 
 
 i n d u s i um ( in-du'zhi-um ), n. Cov- 
 ering of the sort. 
 
 individuals* Plants which go to 
 to make up a species. 
 
 inflorescence, n. The position and 
 arrangement of flowers upon the 
 plant; indicated by two classes, axil- 
 lary, indefinite or centripetal, having 
 the flowers arise from the axillary 
 buds, and terminal, definite or centrifu- 
 gal, having all flower buds terminal. 
 In the former, inflorescence proceeds 
 from the circumference to the center, 
 and in the latter from the center to 
 the circumference. Special forms are 
 the spike, spadix, catkin, raceme, umbel, 
 panicle, capitulum, cyme and glomerule. 
 
 infundibuliform ( in - fun - dib'u - li - 
 farm), a. Funnel-shaped, as the cor- 
 olla of the Morning-glory. 
 
 innate, a. Having the anther on top 
 of the filament, centrally erect. 
 
 internode (in'ter-nod), n. The space 
 between the nodes or joints of a stem. 
 
 introrse (in-trars'), «• Having the an- 
 ther's lines of dehiscence turned in- 
 ward, toward the pistil, as in the Vio- 
 let, [round a flower cluster. 
 
 involucre (in'vo-16-ker), n. The bracts 
 
 involute, a. Having the edges rolled 
 inward, as a leaf, [as a pair of leaflets. 
 
 jugnm (jo'gum), n. [pi. juga.] A pair, 
 
 heeled. See carinate. 
 
 labellum(la-berum), n. The odd or 
 outer petal "of an Orchid, usually en- 
 larged and become anterior, and a 
 similar petal in other flowers. 
 
 labiate, a. Lip-shaped ; bilabiata 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, mSvey 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
laciniate 
 
 749 
 
 muticons 
 
 laciniate (la-sin'i-at), a. Having jag- 
 ged margins, as a leaf. 
 
 lactescent (lak-tes'ent), a. Containing 
 milk, as the Milkweed. 
 
 laennos (la-ku'nos), a. Having shal- 
 low pits or'depressions. 
 
 lacustrine ( la-kus'trin ), a. Growing 
 in ponds or lakes. 
 
 lamina (lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae.] The 
 blade or expanded part of a leaf, 
 either sessile or petiolate. 
 
 lanceolate ( lan'se-o-lat ), a. Lance- 
 shaped, as some leaves. [downy. 
 
 lanuginous (la-nu'ji-nus), a. Woolly; 
 
 latex (la'teks), n. Milk-like liquid in 
 some plants, as the Poppy. 
 
 leaf, n. The verdure of plants, acting 
 as the organ of digestion and respira- 
 tion. It consists of the petiole, the 
 lamina and the stipules. [leaf. 
 
 leaflet, n. A division of a compound 
 
 legume, n. Single-carpeled, one-celled 
 pod, bearing its seed along the vent- 
 ral suture, as the Beani 
 
 lenticulate, a. Lens-shaped. 
 
 liber (li'ber), n. The white, or inner, 
 bark. See babk. [Lichens. 
 
 Lichenales ( li-ken-a'lez), n. pi. The 
 
 licben ( li'ken or lik'en ), n. One of 
 the Cohorts constituting the Class 
 Gymnospores, belonging to the Pro- 
 vince of Thallogens, or moss-growers. 
 Characterized by its dry appearance 
 and greenish, brown or gray color. 
 
 lignlate (lig'u-lat), a. Strap-shaped. 
 
 ligule (lig'ul), n. In the Grasses, an 
 appendage projecting from the sum- 
 mit of the leaf sheath. [Lilies. 
 
 liliaceous (lil-i-a'shus), a. Like the 
 
 limb, n. The border of a petal, or 
 sepal, or of a monopetalous corolla. 
 
 lobate, a. Lobed, as a leaf. 
 
 loculicidal (lok'u-li-sid-al), a. Dehis- 
 cent by the dorsal suture of the car- 
 pel, as the Lily. [grasses. 
 
 locusta (15-kus'ta), n. The spikelet of 
 
 lament (lo'ment), n. A jointed legume 
 or pod separating across into one- 
 seeded parts. [shaped. 
 
 lorate (lo'rat), a. Thong- or strap- 
 lunate (lu'nat), a. Crescent-shaped. 
 
 lyrate (li'rat), a. Lyre-shaped, as a 
 pinnatifid leaf, having larger upper 
 than lower, lobes. 
 
 Iiycopodales (li-ko-po'da-lez), n. pi. 
 A Cohort of the class Angiospores. 
 
 maculate (mak'u-lat), a. Spotted. 
 
 marcescent (mar-ses'ent), a. Wither- 
 ing without falling off. 
 
 marginate (mar'ji-nat), a. Having a 
 distinct or different margin. 
 
 medulla (me-dul'a), n. Pith. 
 
 medullary-rays (med'ul-la-ri-ras), ft. 
 Radiating plates of parenchyma, di- 
 
 viding the wood into sectors.— m.- 
 sbeath, n. Delicate tissue immedi- 
 ately surrounding the pith. 
 
 merocarp (mer'6-karp), n. One of the 
 halves of a cremocarp. 
 
 micropyle (mi'kro-pil), n. The mark 
 left by the closing of the foramen of 
 the ovule in the seed, marking the po- 
 sition of the radicle. 
 
 midvein, n. A prolongation of the 
 petiole from base to apex of a leaf. 
 Its branches are veinleis and its sec- 
 ondary branches veinulets. 
 
 mitri f o rm (mi'tri-f arm), a. Miter- 
 shaped; conical, hollow, and open at 
 the base. [single. 
 
 mono- Greek prefix, meaning one or 
 
 monadelphous ( mon-a-del'fus ), a. 
 Having the stamens united by their 
 filament into one set. See cohesion. 
 
 monandrous (mo-nan'drus), a. Hav- 
 ing a single stamen. See stamen. 
 
 moniliform (mo-nil'i-farm), a. In the 
 form of a necklace or string of beads, 
 as inaxial roots having enlargements 
 at regular intervals._ 
 
 monocarp (mon'o-karp), n. Plant 
 that dies after bearing fruit, as the 
 Century-plant. 
 
 monocblamydeous (mon-o-kla-mT- 
 de-us), a. Apetalous; having only one 
 of the floral envelopes. 
 
 Monocotyledons (mon - 6 - kot - i- le'- 
 dons), n. pi. Endogens; a class of 
 plants having only one cotyledon. 
 
 monoecious, monecious (mo-ne'- 
 shus ), a. Having stamens without 
 pistils. See dioecious, [ing one pistil. 
 
 inonogynous (mo-noj'i-nus), a. Hav- 
 
 Monopetalse. See Oamopetalse. 
 
 monopetalous (mon-5-pet'a-lus), a. 
 Having petals united by their edges. 
 
 monoptayllous(mon-o-nTus), a. Hav- 
 ing only one leaf. 
 
 monosepalous ( mon-o-sep'a-lus ), a. 
 Having sepals united by their edges. 
 
 morphology (mar-fol'o-ji), n. The 
 science of f orm,regardlessof function. 
 
 macro (mu'kro), n. [pi. muorones.] A 
 sharp tip or point. 
 
 mucronate (mu'kro-nat), a. Applied 
 to the apex of the leaf, when tipped 
 with a sharp point. See apex. 
 
 multi- Prefix, meaning many. 
 
 multifid (mul'ti-fid), a. Divided into 
 many segments or parts. 
 
 muricate(mu'ri-kat),a. Having rough 
 excrescences. See echinate. 
 
 muriform ( mu-ri-farm ), a. Resem- 
 bling the arrangement of bricks in 
 masonry. [Mosses. 
 
 Muscules (mus'-ku-lez), n. pi. The 
 
 muticous (mu'ti-kus), a. Without 
 points, as the apex of a leaf. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
mycelium 
 
 750 
 
 pectinate 
 
 mycelium (ml-se'li-um), n. The fili- 
 form cells of the thallus of fungi. 
 
 napiform(na'pi-farm), a. Turnip- 
 shaped, said of tuberous tap-roots. 
 
 natant (na'tant), a. Swimming on the 
 surface of water, or wholly immersed, 
 as the leaves of aquatic plants. 
 
 naturalized, a. Not native. 
 
 Natural-System, n. System of Jus- 
 sieu in which the classification is 
 based upon natural affinity; opposed 
 to the artificial method of Linneeus, 
 founded on characteristics relating to 
 the organs of fructification. 
 
 nectar, n. The honey of a flower.— 
 nec'tary, n. Part of a flower secret- 
 ing the honey.— nectariferous, a. 
 
 neutral flower, n. A flower having 
 neither stamens nor pistils, as the 
 Snow-ball. [ternode. 
 
 node (nod), ». Joint of a stem. See in- 
 
 nodous, a. Large-jointed; knotted. 
 — nod'uious, a. Knotty. 
 
 nucsform (nu'si-farm),a. Nut-shaped. 
 
 nucleus (nu'kle-us),ra. Kernel. 
 
 nut, n. See gdans. 
 
 nutant(nu'tant), a. Nodding; Having 
 the apex hanging downward. 
 
 Number of stamens. See definite; 
 
 INDEFINITE ; MONANDROUS ; D I A N - 
 DROUSJ PENTANDROUS and POLYAN- 
 
 drous. [verted. 
 
 ob- A prefix, meaning reversed; in- 
 
 obcompressed, a. Flattened back- 
 wards, instead of laterally. 
 
 obcordate (ob'kar'dat), a. Having a 
 deep notch at the apex; inversely 
 heart-shaped, the notch being apical, 
 as the leaf of the Yellow Wood-sorrel. 
 
 ob lanceolate (ob-lan'se-o-lat), a. 
 Shaped like a lance point reversed. 
 
 obovate (ob-6'vat), a. Having the 
 broad end upward, as some leaves. 
 
 obtuse, a. Rounded at the point, as 
 the apex of some leaves. 
 
 ob volute (ob'vo-lot), a. Turned in, 
 in vernation. Having one half of each 
 leaf exterior and the other interior. 
 
 ochroleucous (ok-ro-16'kus), a. Yel- 
 lowish-white; buff. 
 
 ocrea (ok're-a), n. A sheath enclosing 
 the stem and formed of two stipules 
 cohering by their two margins. 
 
 octo- Greek prefix, meaning eight. 
 
 octandrous (ok-tan'drus), a. Having 
 eight stamens. [eight pistils. 
 
 fretogynous (ok-toj'i-nus), a. Having 
 
 offset, n, A scion; a lateral shoot used 
 for propagating.— off'sboot, n. 
 
 oligo- Prefix, meaning few. 
 
 oligandrous (ol-i-gan'drus), a. Hav- 
 ing a few (less than twenty) stamens. 
 
 olivaceous ( ol-i-va'shus ), a. Olive- 
 green; brownish-green. 
 
 opercular (o-per'kular), a. Dehiscent 
 by a lid opening upward. 
 
 orbicular (ar-bik'u-lar), a. Circular, 
 with a fiat surface, as some leaves. 
 
 orchidaceous (ar-ki-da'shus), a. In 
 the form of the" irregular perianth 
 peculiar to the Orchis. 
 
 Order (ar'der), or Family (fam'i-li), n. 
 Next division below CLASS and 
 above GENUS, which see. Subdivided 
 into Suborder, Tribe and Subtribe. 
 It consists of groups of GENERA 
 resembling each other, as the Birches 
 and the Alders, the Apple and the 
 Quince. Order and Family are gen- 
 erally synonymous, although Order 
 is the more technical term. When 
 distinguished, Family is lower than 
 Order. Names of Orders are in the pi ur- 
 al and are generally formed by adding 
 the plural suffix to the Genus to which 
 they belong, e. g. Crowfoot or Ranun- 
 culus (genus) becomes Ranunculacece, 
 when the order is indicated. 
 
 o r t fa o tropous ( ar-thot'ro-pus ), a. 
 Growing straight; relating to the po- 
 sition of the ovule. 
 
 ovate, a. Egg-shaped,as certain leaves. 
 
 ovary, n. The lower part of the pistil; 
 the receptacle for the ovules. 
 
 ovoid, a. Egg-shaped. 
 
 ovule (o'viil), n. The rudimentary seed 
 in the ovary. The number in an ovary 
 varies from one to several hundred. 
 
 palea (pa'le-a), n. pi. In the Grasses, 
 two brae tie ts at the base of each flow- 
 er in a spikelet._ [like; chaffy. 
 
 paleaceous ( pa-le-a'shus ), a. Chaff- 
 pan duriform (pan-du'ri-farm), a. 
 Fiddle-shaped. 
 
 panicle (pan'i-kl), n. An irregular 
 branching, the pedicles of the raceme 
 forming a compound inflorescence, as 
 in Oats.— pamc'ulate, a. 
 
 papilionaceous(pa-pil-i-o-na'shus),a. 
 Having the shape of a butterfly, as 
 the corolla of the Pea. 
 
 pappus (pap'us), n. Thistle-down; a 
 tuft, or the down crowning the ache- 
 nium, or any form taking the place of 
 the limb of the calyx on the achenes 
 of the Compositee and kindred orders. 
 
 parenchyma (pa-reng'ki-ma), n. The 
 commonest or cellular form of tissue, 
 found in all plants. See pleurenchy- 
 
 MA, TRACHENCHYMA and CIENCHYMA. 
 
 parietal (pa-ri'et-al), a. Pertaining to a 
 wall, as ovules when proceeding from 
 the walls of the ovary or on them. 
 
 patulous (pat'u-lus), a. Spreading; 
 having the flowers dispersed. 
 
 pectinate ( pek'ti-nat ), a. Combed ; 
 having teeth-like projections, or ar- 
 ranged like teeth. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; nnte, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
pedate 
 
 51 
 
 p In mule 
 
 Peduncle. 
 
 pedate (ped'at), a. Resembling a bird's 
 foot, as certain leaves. 
 
 pedicel (ped'i-sel) pedicle (ped'i-kl), 
 n. A peduncle, or the final division 
 of a peduncle. [stalk 
 
 peduncle ( pe-dung'kl ), 71. A flower 
 
 peltate (pel'tat), a. 
 Shield-shaped. Hav- 
 ing the petiole pene- 
 trating the under side 
 of the lamina, near 
 the center; attached 
 to the stalk, within 
 the margin. 
 
 penicillate (pen-i-sil'- 
 at), a. Having a tuft 
 of hairs resembling a 
 pencil ; pencil-shaped. 
 
 pente- Greek prefix, 
 meaning five. 
 
 pentamerous ( pen - 
 tam'er-us), a. Having 
 five parts. 
 
 pentandrous* (pen- 
 tan'drus), a. Having 
 five stamens. 
 
 pepo (pe'pd), n. A mel- 
 on or gourd-like fruit. 
 
 perennial* I. a. Last- 
 ing more than two 
 years. II. n. (1|) A plant 
 which continues to 
 live, year after year. _ 
 
 perfoliate ( per-fo'li-at ), a. Applied 
 to leaves, when the stem appears to 
 pass through the blade. 
 
 peri- Greek prefix, meaning around. 
 
 perianth (per'i-anth), n. The floral 
 envelope without distinction of calyx 
 and corolla. In form, it may be poly- 
 petalous or gamopetalous; secondly, 
 regular or irregular. 
 
 pericarp (per'i-karp), n. The ripened 
 ovary or seed-vessel, membranous, cor- 
 iaceous or woody, when dry, or succu- 
 lent, as in the Grape. The fleshy peri- 
 carp is always indehiscent. 
 
 perigynium ( per-i-jin'i-um ), n. A 
 sac-like form surrounding the pistil 
 of the genus Carex. 
 
 perigynous ( pe-rij'i-nus ), a. Sur- 
 rounding the pistil; applied to the 
 stamens and petals. See position. 
 
 per isper in (per'i-sperm) , n. Albumen 
 stored outside the embryo-sac. 
 
 persistent, a. Applied to the dura- 
 tion of calyx and corolla, when either 
 remain until the fruit ripens. 
 
 personate, a. Mask-like, as in the 
 Snapdragon; applied to the gamo- 
 petalous, irregular corolla. See peri- 
 anth, [corolla. 
 
 petal, n. One of the leaves of the 
 
 petala'tus, a. Having petals. 
 
 Petalifarre (pet-a-lif'are), n. pi. The 
 first Class of the Endogens, distin- 
 guished from the Glumiferas by con- 
 tinuous stems and petaloid flowers. 
 
 petaloid (pet'a-loid), a. Resembling 
 petals, in color, form and texture. 
 
 petiole (pet'i-ol), n. The stalk which 
 attaches the leaf-blade to the stem. 
 Compressed, when vertically flattened, 
 as in the Poplar ; Winged, when later- 
 ally expanded into a margin, as in 
 the Asters ; Decurrent, when the mar- 
 gins extend down the stem. See also 
 
 AMPLEXICAUL atldPETIOLULE. 
 
 petiolate (pet'i-o-lat), a. Having the 
 blade attached to the stem by a 
 petiole, as a leaf. 
 
 petiolule (pet'i-6-161), n. A little pet- 
 iole belonging to a leaflet of a com- 
 pound leaf. See petiole. 
 
 Phaenoganiia (fe-no : ga/mi-a), Phan- 
 erog-aniia ( f an-er-o-ga'mi-a ), n. pi. 
 One of the two great divisions of the 
 vegetable kingdom, consisting of the 
 flowering plants. They include the 
 exogens or dicotyledons, made 
 up of the two Classes, Angiosperms 
 and Gymnosperms; and the endogens 
 or monocotyledons, made up of the 
 two Classes, Petaliferoz and Glumiferoz. 
 
 phyllodium (fil-lo'di-um), n. A pet- 
 iole assuming the functions and form 
 of a leaf blade, as in the Acacia. 
 
 phy Hot axis (fil-lo-taks'is), n. The ar- 
 rangement of leaves upon their stems. 
 
 pileorhiza (pi-le-o-ri'za), n. A root 
 cap, or hood which covers the termi- 
 nations or extremities of root fibres. 
 
 pilous (pi'lus), a. Having the surface 
 covered with soft, short hairs. 
 
 pinnate (pin'at), a. Feather-shaped, 
 as certain leaves, having a row of leaf- 
 lets on each side of the petiole. 
 
 pinnatifid (pin-nat'i-fid),a. Pinnately 
 divided, with the divisions about half- 
 way down, and with narrow lobes. 
 
 pistil (pis'til), n. The seed -bearing 
 organ of a flower, consisting of the 
 ovary, style and stigma. The pistils 
 collectively are called the gyncecium. 
 The number of pistils is denoted as, 
 monogynous{l),trigynous(3), and polyg- 
 ynous (many). [bearing the ovules. 
 
 placenta, n. The part of the ovary 
 
 pleurenchyma (plo-reng'ki-ma), n. 
 Woody or fibrous tissue of plants. See 
 
 PARENCHYMA. — pleuvodiS'COUS, <Z. 
 
 Attached to the sides of a disc, as an ap- 
 pendage, [like a fan, as in vernation. 
 plicate (pli'kat), a. Plaited, or folded 
 plumose (plo'mos), a. Feathery. 
 plumule (plo'mul), n. The stem-bud 
 from which arises the ascending-axis 
 of the embryo ; opposed to the radicle. 
 
 fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 
 
pollen 
 
 752 
 
 resupinate 
 
 pollen, n. A yellowish powder, pro- 
 duced in the cells of the anther for 
 the fertilization of the flower. 
 
 pollinium (pol-lin'i-um), n. [pi. pol- 
 linia.] A mass of pollen in an anther 
 loculus, as in the Orchids. 
 
 poly- Greek prefix, meaning many. 
 
 polyadelphous (pol-i-a-del'fus), a. 
 Having more than three stamens 
 united. See cohesion. 
 
 polyandf oas (pol-i-an'drus), a. Hav- 
 ing more than twenty stamens. 
 
 polygamous, a. Having hermaph- 
 roditic flowers in the same species. 
 
 polygynous, a. Having many pistils. 
 
 Polypetalae (pol-i-pet'a-le), n. pi. A 
 group of plantSj having distinct pet- 
 als, forming a circle inside the calyx; 
 one of the Cohorts of the Angiosperms. 
 — polypet'alou** a. 
 
 pome (pom), n. An indehiscent peri- 
 carp, composed of the thickened walls 
 of the adnate calyx, as the Pear. 
 
 position of stamens. See hypogy- 
 hous; perigynous; epipetalous; epigy- 
 nous; gynandrous; tetradynamous and 
 didynamous. [axis. 
 
 posterior, a. On the side next to the 
 
 precocious, a. Bearing flowers before 
 the leaves appear. 
 
 premorse (pre-mars'), a. Having an 
 abrupt termination, as though bitten 
 off, as the Trillium's root. 
 
 porous dehiscence, n. Having the 
 seeds escape from orifices near the top 
 of the fruit, as the Poppy. 
 
 primine (pri'min), n. The'testa. 
 
 primordial utricle, n. The inner 
 layer of the new vegetable cell. 
 
 procumbent (pr5-kum'bent), a. Trail- 
 ing; growing along the ground with- 
 out rooting. [ducing. 
 
 proliferous (pro-lif'er-us), a. Repro- 
 
 protoplasm, n. The esssential sub- 
 stance constituting the physical basis 
 of all plants. 
 
 Province, n. A division separating 
 the PhjsnogAmia into Exogens and 
 Endogehs, and the Cryptogamia into 
 Acrogens and Thallogens. 
 
 pruinose (pro'i-nos) a. Frosted or 
 covered with bloom [soft hairs. 
 
 pubescent, a. Cohered with short, 
 
 punctate ( pungk'tat ), a. Dotted; pit- 
 ted; studded with translucent glands. 
 
 putamen (pu-ta'men), n. A nut's shell. 
 
 py riform (pir'i-farm), a. Pear-shaped. 
 
 pyxis (piks'is), (pi. pixides.] A seed 
 vessel, opening like a lid by a circum- 
 scissile dehiscence; Mosstheca. 
 
 quadri- Prefix, meaning four. 
 
 quadrangular (kwod-rang'u-lar), a. 
 Having four angles. [FoUr-leaved. 
 
 quadrifoliate (kwod-ri-fo'li-at), a. 
 
 quad rijugate(kwod-ri-;j6'gat),a. With 
 four pairs of leaflets. 
 
 quadrilateral ( kwod-ri-lat'er-al ), a. 
 Having four sides. 
 
 quinque- Five, [ilar parts together. 
 
 quinate (kwi'nat), a. Having five sim- 
 
 quincuncial (kwin-kun'shal), a. 
 Having five leaves ; denoting arrange- 
 ment in estivation. 
 
 quintuple (kwin'lo-pl), a. Fivefold. 
 
 race, n. A permanent variety, as Red- 
 cabbage. 
 
 raceme (ra-sem'), n. An 
 elongated axis bearing 
 its flowers on distinct, 
 simple pedicels, as in 
 the Currant. See In- 
 florescence. 
 
 rachis (r a ' k i s), n. [ pi. 
 ra'chides. ] The axis 
 of inflorescence. 
 
 radical, a. Having the 
 leaves grow out of the 
 stem or appearing to 
 grow from the roots. — 
 radical number, n. 
 The number indicating 
 the parts composing 
 each whorl. 
 
 radicle, n. The rootlet of 
 embryos. See plumule. 
 
 ramial, a. Having the 
 leaves growing from 
 the branches. 
 
 raphe (ra'fe), n. A ridge in the anatro- 
 pous ovule, from the chalaza to the 
 hilum, caused by the funiculus adher- 
 ing to the testa. 
 
 rays, n. pi. 1. The primary pedicels of 
 a compound umbel. 2. The marginal 
 part of a flower-cluster, when differ- 
 ent in structure from the disk. 
 
 receptacle, n. The torus. 
 
 recurved, a. Bent backward but not 
 rolled. [rolled outward. 
 
 reduplicate, a. Having the margin 
 
 reflexed, a. Having an excessive back- 
 ward curve, [as if broken. 
 
 refracted, a. Bent abruptly backward, 
 
 regma (reg'ma), n. [pi. regmata] A 
 capsule having dehiscent carper 1 
 which separate elastically, attached 
 to carpophore, as the Geranium.— re'- 
 gmaCarp, n. Dry, dehiscent fruit. 
 
 regular, a. Having the organs of the 
 same name alike in form, size, posi- 
 tion, etc. ; applied to a flower, [a leaf. 
 
 reniform, n. Shaped like a kidney, as 
 
 repand (re-pand'), a. Having a wavy 
 margin, as in some leaves. 
 
 repent (re'pent), a. Creeping; extend- 
 ing horizontally, in all directions, be- 
 neath the soil, as some roots. 
 
 resupinate (re-su'pi-nat), a. Inverted. 
 
 A Raceme. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
reticulate 
 
 siliqna 
 
 reticulate (re-tik'u-lat), a. Resembling 
 net- work; as some leaves. Reticulate 
 venation may be Feather-veined, Ra- 
 diate-veined or Tripli- veined. 
 
 retrorse (re-trars'), a. Backward ; 
 downward ^directed back or down. 
 
 refuse (re-tus'), a. Obtuse, with a slight 
 depression where the point should be; 
 applied to the apex or leaves. 
 
 revolute ( rev'o-lot ), a. Having the 
 margins rolled outward and back- 
 ward; said of leaves. 
 
 rhizome ( ri'zom ), a. A short, thick, 
 rooting, scaly stem, having partially 
 developed internodes, growing un- 
 derground, as in the Blood-root. 
 
 ribs, n. pi. The principal or primary 
 veins and ridges of a leaf. 
 
 ringent (rin' jent), a. Gaping; with 
 mouth wide open; said of certain 
 labiate flowers.-ringentiforua'is, a. 
 
 root, n. The basic and sustaining part 
 of a plant, growing downward into 
 the soil. Its parts are the collum, spong- 
 ioles and fibrils. Its mode of develop- 
 ment is either axial or inaxial. 
 
 rosaceous ( ro-za'shus), a. Rose-like; 
 applied to corollas, as in the Rose. 
 
 rostrate ( ros*trat ), a. Resembling a 
 bird's beak ; narrowed into a point. 
 
 rosulate (roz'u-lat), a. Arranged in 
 clusters, as the petals of a rose. 
 
 rot ate, a. S tar or wheel-shaped ; appl ied 
 to gamopetalous-regular perianths. 
 
 rotation, n. The peculiar movement 
 of fluids within certain cells. 
 
 rugose ( ro'gos ), a. Wrinkled, said of 
 the texture of leaves. 
 
 ruminate (ro'min-at), a. Having many 
 folds; appearing as if chewed. 
 
 r uncinate (run'si-nat), a. Pointed and 
 curved backward; said of a pinnatifid 
 leaf; saw-toothed. 
 
 runner, n. A plant or stem having 
 filiform branches extending along the 
 surface of the ground, with buds at the 
 ends sending out roots and leaves. 
 
 sagittate ( saj'i-tat ), a. Arrow-shaped. 
 
 samara ( sa-ma'ra ), n. A winged, dry, 
 one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, as in the 
 Elm or Maple; Key»fruit. 
 
 sarcocarp (sar'ko-karp), n. The inter- 
 vening or pulpy layer of the drupe. 
 
 scabrous (ska'brus), a. Scabby; having 
 a rough surface, as certain leaves. 
 
 scalar i form ( ska-lar-'i-farm ), a. Lad- 
 der-like; said of" cells when the ar- 
 rangement gives the appearance of 
 bars between them. 
 
 scape, n. A flower-stalk from an un- 
 derground stem in acaulescent plants. 
 
 scorpioid (skar'pi-oid), a. Having the 
 raceme coiled, unrolling as it blos- 
 soms ; descriptive of a form of cyme. 
 
 scrobiculate (skro-bik'u-lat), a. Hav- 
 ing pits or depressions. 
 
 secuncl (se'kund),a. Unilateral ; turned 
 oneway or arranged ou one side only. 
 
 seed, n. The ovule perfected and con- 
 taining the rudiments of a new plant. 
 It consists of a 
 kernel or nu- 
 cleus, an outer 
 covering, the 
 testa, and the in- 1 
 ner or tegmen. 
 
 semi- Prefix, 
 meaning half. 
 
 semilunar, n. 
 Half moon- 
 
 sepal (sep'al or 
 se'pal), n. "One 
 of the pieces or 
 
 leaves Of the The Sepal. 
 
 Calyx. — sep'» 
 aloid, a. Resembling sepals, [tition. 
 
 septum(sep'tum),7i. [ pi. septa.] a par- 
 
 septicidal (sep'ti-si-dal), a. Dehiscent 
 by rupture of the septums. 
 
 septifragal (sep-tif'ra-gal), a. Dehis- 
 cent by a separation of the valves 
 from the dissepiments, which remain 
 united in the axis. 
 
 series (se'rez), n. In botanical classifi- 
 cation, the Subkingdom known as 
 Phazntogamia, flowering plants, and 
 Cryptogamia, or flowerless plants,each 
 of which embraces three Classes. 
 
 sericeous (se-rish'us), a. Silky, as the 
 surface of leaves having a satin-like 
 appearance. [the season. 
 
 serotinous (se-rot'i-nus ), a. Late in 
 
 serrate (ser'at), a. Toothed; having 
 notched edges, as certain leaves. 
 
 serrulate, a. Having finer indenta- 
 tions than serrate margins. 
 
 sessile (ses'il), a. 1. Without the sty le t 
 as the stigma when 
 sessile upon the 
 ovary. 2. Attached 
 to the stem by its 
 base, as a sessile leaf. 
 
 seta (se'ta), [n. pi. 
 sw£M.\ A bristle; a 
 stiff hair ; the re- 
 duced perianth of 
 the Sedges. 
 
 setaceous, a. Bristle- 
 like or bristle- 
 shaped.— s e 't o u s, 
 se'tose, a. Bristly. 
 
 shrub, n. A small 
 tree not over twenty 
 feet high, branching Sessile Leaves, 
 near the ground. 
 
 siliqua (sil'i-kwa), silique (si-lek'), n. 
 Long seed vessel or pod of the Cruci- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, mSvH, 
 wolf ; mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
sinistrorse 
 
 54 
 
 Subkingdom 
 
 ferse.— silicle (sil'i-kl), a. A short, 
 silique, nearly as wide as long. 
 
 sinistrorse (sin'is-trars), a. Twining 
 from left to right. See dextrorse. 
 
 sinuate (sin'u-at), a. Strongly wavy, 
 as the margin of a leaf. 
 
 solvent-axis, n. Having the trunk 
 divided into branches at different de- 
 grees of divergence, as in the Elm. 
 See EXCURRENT. 
 
 sorosis (so-ro'sis), n. Confluent fruit 
 in which the inflorescence is devel- 
 oped into a mass of united pericarps, 
 as the Pineapple. 
 
 sorns (so'rus), n. [pi. sori.] An aggre- 
 gation; one of the fruit dots on ferns. 
 
 Spadiciflorse ( spa-di-si-flo're ), w. pi. 
 One of the two Cohorts constituting 
 the petalifer^e, characterized by 
 flowers borne on a spadix. 
 
 spadix (spa'diks), n. A form of inflo- 
 rescence having the flowers in the 
 form of a spike, with a thickened 
 rachis, as the Calla. 
 
 spathe ( spa^ ), n. A large bract en- 
 veloping the inflorescence, and often 
 colored, as in the Calla. 
 
 spatnlate (spat'u-lat), a. Having a 
 rounded apex, broader than the base. 
 
 Species (spe'shez), n. Next division 
 below GENUS, and above VARIETY, 
 which see. Subdivided into subspecies. 
 Species is the unit in botanical class- 
 ification, and embraces plants des- 
 cending from the same stock and 
 possessing the same properties as at 
 the beginning, as the White Clover is 
 a species representing thousands of 
 individuals, but the White and the 
 Red clover are of the same genus, but 
 form different species. The name of a 
 species consists of one word appended 
 to the name of the genus, and is gen- 
 erally an adjective, i. e. Sanguinaria 
 (genus) Canadensis (species), Canadian 
 Blood-root. There are 100,000 Species. 
 
 spike (spik), n. An elongated rachis 
 with clustered or scattered sessile 
 flowers, as the Plantain.-spike'letjW. 
 
 spines, n. pi. Sharp-pointed processes 
 originating from leaves. -spi'nous,a. 
 
 spongioses (spon'ji-ols;, n. pi. The 
 ends of root fibers. 
 
 spores (spors), n. pi. The reproductive 
 bodies of the Ciypotogamia, analo- 
 gous to seeds in flowering plants, ex- 
 cept that they have no embryo. 
 
 spurs, n. pi. Tubular processes of the 
 flower, projecting from it, as in the 
 Larkspur, or corolla of the Violet. 
 
 squarrose (skwor'os), a. Widely 
 spread, as bracts of the involucres of 
 some Compositae.— squar'rulose, a. 
 Diminutive of squarrose. 
 
 stamens (sta'mens), n. pi. Thread- 
 like, male or fertilizing organs of the 
 plants, collectively called androecium. 
 They number from one to more th:tn 
 one hundred. When not more than 
 twenty, they are called definite; if 
 more, indefinite. See diandrotjs, pen- 
 
 TANDROTTS and POIiYANDROTTS. Also 
 
 see position.— A stamen consists of 
 the filament, or stalk, and the anther. 
 
 stamlnodium (stam-in-6'di-um), n. A 
 sterile or abortive stamen, as the 
 fringe of the Passion-flower. 
 
 stellate (stel'at), a. Resembling in 
 form, a star; radiating like the points 
 of a star, said of some leaves — stellif - 
 eras, a. Star-bearing— stel'lnla, n. 
 A small rosette; a whorl of perigonial 
 leaves in the Mosses. 
 
 stem- Main ascending-axis. See axis. 
 
 sterile, a. 1. Not bearing seeds. 2. 
 Having stamens without pistils. 
 
 stigma, n. The summit of a simple 
 pistil, or when the style is absent, the 
 ovary's surface which receives the 
 pollen. The stigma in this case is 
 sessile. — stigmatif erous, a. 
 
 stings, n. pi. Hollow, sharp-pointed 
 hairs, connected with a gland secret- 
 ing an irritating fluid, as in the Nettle. 
 
 stipe (s tip), n. A stalk. 
 
 stlpels ( sti'pels ), n. pi. Secondary sti- 
 pules in the leaflets of compound 
 leaves.— stipulate, a. 
 
 stipule (stip'ul ), n. Leaf-like append- 
 ages at the base of the petiole of some 
 leaves.— stipulate, a. 
 
 stolon ( sto'lon ), n. A branch which, 
 reaching the ground, takes root, sends 
 up shoots and becomes a new plant, as 
 the Black : raspberry. 
 
 stoma (sto'ma), n. [pi. stomata]. A 
 pore in the epidermis connecting the 
 intercellular tissue with the air, and 
 opened or closed by a pair of reniform 
 cells; a breathing pore or aperture. 
 
 strict, a. Very erect. 
 
 strigose ( stri'gos ), a. Having close, 
 sharp, rigid hairs as some leaves. 
 
 strobile (strob'il), n. A cone; conical 
 or oval, aggregate fruit having imbri- 
 cated scales.— strobila'ceous, a. 
 
 stropniole ( stro'fi-ol ), n. An append- 
 age about the hilum of some seeds. 
 
 style, n. The intervening or tube-like 
 portion of the simple pistil, between 
 the stigma and the ovary. Generally 
 caducous. It conveys the pollen from 
 the stigma to the ovules. 
 
 sub— Under; in a lower degree. 
 
 suberous (su'ber-us), a. Corky. 
 
 suberose (su'ber-6s), a. Appearing as 
 if gnawed. [Crytogamia. 
 
 Subkingdoni. SeePH^NOGAMiA.and 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move 
 wolf j mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then. 
 
subulate 
 
 755 
 
 tuber 
 
 subulate fsu'bu-lat), a. Awl-shapea, as 
 the leaves of the Cedar. 
 
 succulent, a. Fleshy; juicy, said of 
 tbe texture of leaves and also of fruit. 
 
 sucker, n. Branch, from a root, send- 
 ing out new roots and leaves, finally 
 becoming an independent plant, as 
 tue Rose. 
 
 suffrutescent (s u f - r o -te s' e n t), a. 
 Woody at the base. [grooved. 
 
 silicate ( s u 1 ' ka tj, a. Furrowed or 
 
 supcrvolute (su-per-vo-lof), a. Inesti- 
 vation, having the folds all obliqully 
 turned in the same direction, as in 
 the Morning-glory. 
 
 surface. The surface of leaves and 
 plants may be glabrous ; scabrous; pu- 
 bescent; villous; sericeous; lanuginous ; 
 floccose; also hirsute; pilous; hispid; 
 setous; spinous and pruinous. 
 
 suspended, a. Having the ovule grow- 
 ing directly downward from the top 
 of the cell.— suspen'sor, n. 
 
 sutnral, a. Pertaining to a mode of 
 Valvular dehiscence, when it takes 
 place at the sutures, as in the Pea. 
 
 syconium ( si-ko'ni-um ), n. [pi. syko- 
 nia.] An aggregate fruit consisting 
 of a fleshy hollow receptacle enclosing 
 many seed-like pericarps, as the Fig. 
 
 symmetrical flower, n. One having 
 same number of organs in each circle 
 or set.— syin'metry, n. 
 
 syn— Prefix, meaning together. 
 
 syncarpe (sin'karp), n. An aggregate 
 fruit, as that of the Magnolia, 
 
 syng-eneslous (sin-je-ne'shus), a. In 
 Cohesion, having the stamens united 
 by their anthers in a ring. 
 
 tap-root, n. An axial root, including 
 the ramous, fusiform, napiform and 
 conical forms of development. The 
 last three are often tuberous. 
 
 teamen (teg'men), n. The inner coat 
 of the ovule; endoplura. 
 
 teratology (ter-a-tol'o-ji), n. Science of 
 malformations. " [cylindrical. 
 
 terete (te-ret')_, a. Tapering; slender; 
 
 ternate(ter'nat), a. Having three parts 
 or arranged in threes, as compound 
 leaves with three leaflets; trifoliate. 
 
 tessellated, a. Checkered. [ovule. 
 
 testa (tes'ta), n. The outer coat of the 
 
 tetra- Prefix, meaning four. 
 
 tetradynamous (tet-ra-din'a-mus), a. 
 Having six stamens, four of which 
 are longer than the other two. 
 
 tetragonal (te-trag'o-nal), a. Having 
 four angles. ' [four pistils. 
 
 tot ragy nous (te-traj'-i-HUS),a. Having 
 
 Thallog-ens (tbal'o-jens), a. Province 
 of the Cryptogamia characterized by 
 consisting of a thallus only, not 
 showing distinction as to root or 
 
 stem and known as Mass-growers; 
 They include the Class, Gymnospores. 
 
 thallus (thal'us), n. Plant body with 
 true root, stem or leaf as the vegeta- 
 tive body composing the Thallogens. 
 
 theca (the'ka), n. A case or sac; t^e 
 anther cell; spore case. 
 
 thyrse (thers), n. A compound, oblong, 
 compact), pyramidal panicle, as in the 
 Grape.— thyrsif erqus, a. 
 
 tomentose (to-men'tos), a. Felt-like; 
 matted, as thesurfaceof certain leaves 
 
 tissue, n. Vegetation consists of cells 
 combined in a definite form and man- 
 ner, denoted as Parenchyma, (cellular 
 tissue), Pleurenchyma, ( fibrous tissue ) 
 Trachenchyma, (vascular tissue) and 
 Cienchyma, (lactiferous tissue). 
 
 torus (to'rus), n. [pi. tori.] The recep- 
 tacle or axis of a flower, situated at 
 the summit of the stalk. 
 
 trachenchyma (tra-keng'ki-ma), n. 
 Vascular tissue of plants. See tissue. 
 
 transpiration ( tran-spi-ra'shun), n. 
 The action of leaves in exhaling water 
 through their surfaces. 
 
 tri- Prefix, meaning three. 
 
 triadelphous (tri-a-del'fus), a. Hav- 
 ing the stamens in three sets. 
 
 triandrous (tri-an'drus), a. Having 
 three stamens.— trian'drian, a. 
 
 trigynous(trij'i-nus), a. Having three 
 styles or pistils. See gynoectum. 
 
 triennial. I. a. Enduring three years. 
 II. n. Any plant living three years. 
 
 trifid (tri'fid), a. Three-cleft; split half- 
 way into three parts. 
 
 trifoliate, a. See ternate. 
 
 trilobate (tri-15'bat), a. Having three 
 lobes, as certain leaves. 
 
 trimerous (trim'er-us), a. Having 
 three parts in each whorl. [parts. 
 
 tripartible, a. Separable into three 
 
 tripli-veined, a. Having the lowest 
 pair of veinlets extending to the sum- 
 mit with the midvein, and stronger 
 than the others. See venation. 
 
 triquetrous (tri-kwet'rus), a. Trian- 
 gular; in imbricate vernation, where 
 thebudin sectionis triangular and the 
 leaves overlapping at each angle. 
 
 tripinnate, a. Thrice pinnate. 
 
 triternate, a. Thrice ternate. 
 
 truncate (trung'kat), a. Having the 
 apex appear as if cut off square. 
 
 tryma (tri'ma), n. A dryish kind of 
 drupe, with two coats, a stony endo- 
 carp, and a fleshy, fibrous or leathery 
 pericarp, as the Walnut. 
 
 tube, n. The lower part of the monosep- 
 alous calyx or mouopetalous corolla; 
 any hollow, elongated body or part. 
 
 tuber, n. The short, thickened part of 
 a stem growing under ground, set 
 
 £ate ? fat. tasls, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, 
 W9l£ ; mijte. hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 
 
tunicate 
 
 756 
 
 zygospore 
 
 Umbel. 
 
 with axillary buds from which new 
 plants grow the second year, as the 
 Potato.-tu'berele, a. A little tuber.- 
 tuber'cular, a.Having little tubers. 
 
 tunicate (tu'ni-kat), a. Having entire 
 concentric layers, as the Onion. 
 
 turion ( tu'ri-un ), n. A scaly shoot 
 from an underground stem. 
 
 umbel (um'bel), n, A form of inflores- 
 c e n c e 
 having a 
 number 
 of pedi- 
 cles r a - 
 diating 
 from a 
 common 
 point, 
 and 
 nearly 
 equal in 
 length, 
 as Milk- 
 weed.— 
 umbel- 
 1 e t', n. 
 Second- 
 ary umbel, or umbel formed from the 
 pedicel of an umbel. _ 
 
 umbellate ( um'bel-lat ), a. Having, 
 resembling, or arranged as,_umbels. 
 
 Uuibelliferse (um-bel-lif'e-re), n. pi. A 
 polypetalous order of shrubs and 
 herbs, as the Parsley, embracing 179 
 Genera and 1400 Species. 
 
 umbllicate (um-bil'i-kat), a. Having a 
 ^harp depression at the end. [a bush. 
 
 undershrub, n. Plant smaller than 
 
 ung-uiculate ( un-gwik'u-lat ), a. 
 Clawed; claw-like at the base. 
 
 mil- Prefix meaning one. [leaflet. 
 
 unifoliate, a. Having one leaf or 
 
 unilateral, a. One-sided. 
 
 unilocular (u-ni-lok'u-lar), a. Having 
 only one cavity or cell. 
 
 univalved, a. Haying only one valve. 
 
 urceolate (ur'se-6-lat), a. Pitcher- 
 shaped, as a calyx or corolla. 
 
 utricle (u'tri-kl), n. A thin pericarp, 
 loosely covering its one seed. 
 
 valvate, a. Having the edges meet as 
 in vernation. See in- and re-duplicate. 
 
 -valvular dehiscence, "When "valves 
 are formed by the opening of the peri- 
 carp vertically along the sutures. 
 There are four modes:— sutural, septi- 
 cidal, loculicidal and septif ragdl. 
 
 Varieties, n. A subdivison of species. 
 Species is distinct and definite and un- 
 changing ;variety, ind.eB.nite and Chang 
 ing. The leaves of the White Oak, 
 although alike on the same tree, are 
 found to vary in shape on different 
 trees, thus presenting varieties of the 
 
 same species. Varieties are given 
 specific names, preceded by the abbre- 
 viation var., e. g. Ranunculus ( genus ) 
 Mammula, (species) v&r.,reptans ^creep- 
 ing variety.) Varieties may be sub- 
 divided into races or strongly mark- 
 ed varieties bearing true to seed, as 
 peas, wheat, radishes, annuals and 
 herbs. Bud varieties which germi- 
 nate from the bud; Cross-Breeds, va- 
 riations from cross-fertilization and 
 hybrids from the crossing of species. 
 
 vascular (vas-ku-lar), a. Well supplied 
 with sap vessels or ducts.— v« tissue, 
 n. Tissue supplied with these vessels. 
 
 veins, n.pl. Woody tubes in leaves con- 
 veying nourishment.— midvein, n. 
 A prolongation of the petiole. — 
 
 veinlet, n. Branch from, or an ulti- 
 mate division of, a vein. See VENATION. 
 
 venation (ve-na'shun), n. The mode of 
 distribution of veins in the leaf. It is 
 
 RETICULATE, Or NET-VEINED, PARAL- 
 LEL-VEINED and FORKED-VEINED. 
 
 ventricose (ven'tri-kos), n. Distended 
 on one side.— ventric'ulose, a. 
 
 vernation, n. The manner of arrange- 
 ment of leaves in the bud, distin- 
 guished as either valvate or imbricate. 
 
 ventral (ven'tral), a. Belonging to the 
 front; opposite to the dorsal. 
 
 verrucous (ver'6-kus), a. "Warty. 
 
 versatile, a. Having the anther at' 
 tached to the filament at the top by a 
 single point ; freely swinging. 
 
 vertex (ver'teks), n. The apex. 
 
 verticillaster ('ver-ti-si-las'ter), n. A 
 form of inflorescence arranged in a 
 circle around an axis; _whorl. 
 
 verticillate (ver-ti-sil'at), a. 1. Whorl- 
 ed. 2. Having three or more branches 
 encircling the stem at each node. 
 
 vexillary (veks'il-la-ri), a. Having an 
 exterior petal, larger than others, and 
 folding around them. 
 
 vexillum (veks-il'um), n. The exterior 
 upper and largest petal of the Papili- 
 onaceous corolla. 
 
 villous, a. Having long, weak hairs. 
 
 vimineous(vi-miu'e-us),a. Consisting 
 of, or having,_long, flexible twigs. 
 
 virgate (ver'gat), a. Wand-shaped. 
 
 vitta (vit'a), n. An oil tube of the fruits 
 of the Umbelliferse. [ing. 
 
 volva (vol'va), n. An external cover- 
 whorl ( hwerl or hwarl ), n. A circle of 
 similar organs, as the arrangement 
 of more than two leaves, upon the 
 same plane, around a common center. 
 
 zoospore (zo'd-spor), n. A spore cap- 
 able of moving around. 
 
 zygospore (zi'go-spor), n. A spore 
 formed by the union of two similar 
 protoplasmic masses as, in some algae. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her ; mite, mit ; note, not, mSve, 
 wolf ,• mute, hut, burn ; oil, owl, then, 
 
N. B. — In this department the pronunciation indicated is the foreign 
 one, while the English is generally given the preference in the body of the book- 
 
 A-APP 
 
 a (It. a), prep. To, by, for, in, with, etc. 
 a capella (It. a kap-pel'la). In church 
 
 style, without accompaniment. 
 accelerando (It. a-cha-la-ran'do ). 
 
 Hastening the movement. 
 accessory notes. Notes situated 
 
 one degree 
 
 WRITTEN 
 
 above or 
 below the 
 principal 
 one of a 
 turn. 
 
 -&T 
 
 I 
 
 PLAYED 
 
 \ §m \ 'i-m 
 
 I 
 
 Acciaccatura (1) before a note of a chord. 
 
 acciaccatnra (It. ach-yak-ka-to'ra) . 
 
 1. Grace note one-half step below a 
 
 principal note. 2. Short appoggia- 
 
 tura. 
 accompaniment. Parts added to 
 
 a solo, to enhance its effect. 
 adagio (It. a-da'jo). Slow. _ 
 adagissimo (It. a-da-jis'se-mo). As 
 
 slow as possible. [low the staff. 
 
 added line. Short line above or be- 
 ad libitum (Ij. ad lib'i-tom). As you 
 
 please. [tenderness. 
 
 aflettuoso (It. af-fet-to-o'zo ). With 
 agilita (It. a-jil-i-ta/). Agility. 
 agitato ( It. aj_-e-ta'to ). Agitatedly. 
 al fine (It. al fe'na). To the end. 
 al, alio, alia (It. al, al'lo, al'la). To 
 
 the, in, at, in the style of, etc. 
 alia breve (It. ai'labra'va). 2/2 time. 
 
 allargando (It. al-lar-gan'do). Grad- 
 ually broader, slower and louder. 
 
 allegretto ( It. al-la-gret'to). Cheer- 
 fully, not so fast as_ allegro. 
 
 allegrezza (It.al-la-gret'sa). Jo^. 
 
 allegro (It. al-la'gro). Quick, lively. 
 
 allemande (Fi\ all-mangd'). One of 
 the principal movements of the old 
 French suite. 
 
 airimproviso (It. al-lim-pro-ve'zo). 
 Improvized; without preparation. 
 
 al loco (It. al 16'ko). At the previous 
 position. 
 
 al segno or seg. (It. al san'yo). Re- 
 turn to the sign :S: and play from 
 there to the word fine or the mark 
 T over a double bar. 
 
 alta or 8va._(It. al'ta). See ottava. 
 
 alto (It. al'to). Viola. Lowest female 
 voice. [more. 
 
 ancora ( It. an-ko'ra2. Repeat once 
 
 andante (It. an-dan'ta). Rather slow. 
 
 andantino (It. an-dan-te'no). Slower 
 than andante. 
 
 animato, con anima (It. a-ne-nia'- 
 to, kon a'ne-ma ). With animation. 
 
 anthem. Vocal composition gener- 
 ally of a religious character. 
 
 a piacere (It. apya-cha'ra). Same as 
 ad libitum. 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Long appoggiatura. Short appoggiatura. 
 
 appoggiatnra (It. ap-poch-ya-to'ra). 
 Musical embellishment usually writ- 
 ten in small notes. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, t hen. 
 
 757 
 
APP 
 
 "58 
 
 D. C. 
 
 appoggiato (It. ap-poch-ya'to). Dwelt 
 or leaned upon. 
 
 aria (It. a're-a). Air or song for a 
 single voice. 
 
 arpeggio ( It. ar-pech'o ). The notes 
 of a chord played in succession in- 
 stead of together. 
 
 assai (It. as-sa'e). Very. [time. 
 
 a tempo ( It. a tem'po ). In strict 
 
 attacca, attacca subito (It. at-tak'- 
 ka so'be-to). Commence following 
 movement atonce. 
 
 aubade (Fr. o-bad'). Morning music. 
 
 ballad. Simple song, usually con- 
 taining a short story. 
 
 bar. Line drawn across the staff to 
 indicate the heavy beat of the meas- 
 ure, [by Venetian gondoliers. 
 
 barcarole (It. bar'ka-rol). Song sung 
 
 barytone ( Fr. bar'-i-ton). Male voice 
 between tenor and bass. 
 
 bass. The lowest male voice; lowest 
 part in a composition. 
 
 ben (It. ben). Well; as ben marcato, 
 well marked. 
 
 bereense (Fr. bar-suz'). Cradle song. 
 
 bewegt(Ger. ba-vagt'). Moved ;excited. 
 
 bis (It. bis). Twice ^repeat. 
 
 bolero (Sp. bo-la'ro). Spanish dance 
 in triple measure, with strongly 
 marked accent. 
 
 bourree (Fr. bor-ra'). Dance in com- 
 mon time, comes from Biscay. 
 
 brillante (It. bril-lan'ta). Brilliantly. 
 
 brio, con brio ( It. kon bre'6). Ani- 
 matedly, with spirit. 
 
 buffo (It. bof'fo). Comic. 
 
 cadence (ka'dens). Close of a piece, 
 composed of two or three chords. 
 
 cadenza (It. ka-den'tsa). Ornamental 
 passage introduced into a piece or 
 song. 
 
 calando (It.ka-lan'do). Slowly dimin- 
 ishing in tone and speed. 
 
 canon. Perpetual fugue, or melody 
 the different parts of which are sung 
 or played at the same time by the 
 different voices or instruments. 
 
 cantabile (It. kan-ta'be-la). Grace- 
 fully, in a singing style. 
 
 cantata (It. kan-ta'ta). Vocal compo- 
 sition, for chorus, solo voices and 
 orchestra. 
 
 canto (It. kan'td). Melody; song. 
 
 cantor (It. kan'tor). Precentor. 
 
 cantns firmus (L. kan'tos fir'mos). 
 Fixed melody. 
 
 canzona (It. kan-tso'na). Short song. 
 
 capelle (Ger. ka-pel'le). Chapel ;music 
 band. 
 
 capriccio (It. ka-prich'e-o), capric- 
 cioso (6'zo). Fanciful composition. 
 
 carillon ( Fr. ka-re-yong' ). Chima. 
 carillons, peal of bells. 
 
 cabaletta ( It. ka-ba-let'ta). Short, 
 lively aria. 
 
 carol. Christmas ballad. 
 
 eaten. Vocal piece in several parts, of 
 a humorous character, so arranged 
 as to produce a play upon the words. 
 The singers catch up each other's 
 sentences, hence thename. 
 
 cavatina (It. ka-va-te'na). Air or song 
 of one movement, sometimes pre- 
 ceded by a recitative. 
 
 C clef. Indicates middle C, on what- 
 ever line it is placed. 
 
 cello (It. chel'lo). Violoncello. 
 
 cbaconne ( Fr. sha-k5n' ). Spanish 
 movement in % time. The first and 
 third beats of each bar are accented. 
 
 chant. Simple melody to which are 
 sung portions of the Bible. 
 
 cbest tones. Lowest register of the 
 voice. 
 
 chromatic. Proceeding by half -steps. 
 
 coda (It. ko'da). A few bars added to 
 the end of a composition. 
 
 col, colla, con (kol, kol'la, kon). 
 With. Used with other words. 
 
 coloratura (It. ko-lo-ra-to'ra). Bril- 
 liant passages in 
 vocal music. 
 
 common chord. 
 One with funda- 
 mental, third and 
 fifth. 
 
 concerto (It. kon- 
 char'to ). Composi- 
 tion for a solo in- 
 strument, with an accompaniment. 
 
 concord. Harmonious blending of 
 tones together. 
 
 con dolore (It. kon do-lo'ra). With 
 sadness. [grace. 
 
 con grazia (It. kon gra'tse-a). With 
 
 consecutive fifths. Parallel pro- 
 gression of two voices at the interval 
 of perfect fifths. 
 
 cOntralto. Same as alto. 
 
 counterpoint (Lit. Point against 
 point). Art of inventing and adding 
 melodies to a given theme (cantus 
 firmus). [in triple measure. 
 
 eourante (Fr. ko-rangt'). Old dance 
 
 Cremona (It. kra-mo'na). Violin made 
 in Cremona, Italy, by Amati, Stradi- 
 vari or Guaneri. 
 
 crescendo or cres. (It. kresh-en'do). 
 Gradual increase of volume of ton_. 
 
 da capo (It. daka'po). Repeat from 
 
 the beginning. 
 dal (It. dal). From, of, by, etc., as doA 
 
 segno, from the sign; repeat. 
 d. c. Da capo. 
 
 m 
 
 Common chord. 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mitj note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, barn; oil, owl, Men. 
 
DEC 
 
 759 
 
 GRA 
 
 decrescendo ( It. da-kresh-en'do ). 
 Gradual decrease in tone. 
 
 delicato (It. da-le-ka'to). De]icately. 
 
 diminueudo or dim. (It. de-me-no- 
 en'do). Gradually diminishing. 
 
 diminished intervals. Those which 
 are one half step smaller than minor 
 or perfect intervals. 
 
 di molto (It. de mol'to). Much; very. 
 
 dirge. Solemn composition for a 
 funeral. 
 
 dolce or dol. (It. dol'cha). Softly. 
 
 dolcezza. (It. dol-chet'sa). Sweetness. 
 
 dolente (It. dq-len'ta) , \ S o f 1 1 y and 
 
 doloroso(It. do-lo-ro'zo) [pathetically. 
 
 dominant. Fifth degree of scale. 
 
 dot after a note adds one half to its 
 value; over or under a note it indi- 
 cates staccato. 
 
 double. A double sharp ( X ) raises a 
 tone two half-steps; a double flat (2 
 flats) lowers atone two half-steps. 
 
 dritta ( It. drit'ta ) . Right. Afano 
 dritti, right hand. 
 
 drone. Large and continuously sound- 
 ing tubeof the bag-pipe. 
 
 duple (du'pl). Having two beats to 
 the measure. 
 
 dur (Ger. dor). Major. 
 
 durchfuehrung(Ger.dorM'fu-ronk). 
 Development, elaboration. 
 
 dynamics. Science of the gradations 
 of tone-power. 
 
 e (It. a). And. 
 
 eilend (Ger. Il'ent). Hurrying. 
 
 einfach (Ger. In'faM). Plain; simple. 
 
 elegante,_ coneleganza, (It. a-la- 
 gan'ta, kon a-la-gan'tsa). Gracefully; 
 with elegance. [ing ; sentiment. 
 
 empfindung (Ger^em-flii'donk). Feel- 
 
 energico (It. a-nar'je-ko). ' Energeti- 
 cally. 
 
 enharmonic changeis one in which 
 the notation is changed but not the 
 tone, for ex. F-sharp and G-flat. 
 
 ensemble(Fr. ang-sang'bl). The whole; 
 the working together of several per- 
 formers. 
 
 entr'acte (Fr. ang-trakt'). Music be- 
 tween the acts of adrama. 
 
 eroico (It. a-ro'e-ko). Heroic. 
 
 essential harmony. Principal 
 chords of a key, the tonic, dominant, 
 and subdominant. 
 
 espressivo, conespressione (It. 
 es-pres-se'vo , kon es-pres-syo'na ). 
 With expression. 
 
 etude (Fr. a-tiid'). Exercise or study 
 in the form of a piece. 
 
 extempore (L. ex-tem'po-ra). With- 
 out premeditation or preparation. 
 
 extreme intervals. Augmented or 
 diminished ntervals. 
 
 fackeltanz (Ger. fak'l-tants). Torch- 
 light dance in Polonaise rhythm. 
 
 fagot t (Ger. fa-got'), fagotto (It. fa- 
 got'to). Bassoon. 
 
 falsett (Ger. fal-zet'), falsetto (It, 
 fal-set'to). Head-voice, as distin- 
 guished from chest-voice. 
 
 fandango (Span, fan-dan'go). Dance 
 in triple measure, ■with castagnets. 
 
 fantasia (It. f au-ta-se'a). Composition 
 in which the author gives free play to 
 his imagination, unrestricted by the 
 rules governing other compositions. 
 
 farandoule (Fr. fa-rang-dol'). Pro- 
 vencal dance in 6-8 measure. 
 
 faschingsschwank (Ger. fash'ings- 
 shwank). Carnival prank. 
 
 F-clef. Bas« clef. [grandly. 
 
 feierlich (Ger. fi'er-liM). Festive, 
 
 feurig (Ger. foi'riM). Passionate. 
 
 fife. Smallest flute. 
 
 finale (It.fe-na'la). The end. 
 
 fine (It. fe'na). The end. Used after 
 D. C, showing where the piece ends. 
 
 flat. Character ([, ) lowering the pitch 
 of a note a half step. 
 
 florid. Embellished, ornamented. 
 
 forte, for. or f. (Ic. fqr'ta). Loud. 
 
 fortissimo(It,for-tis'se-mo).Veryloudc 
 
 forzando, forz., fz., or > (It. for 
 tsan'do). Sudden emphasis. 
 
 freude (Ger. froi'de). Joy. 
 
 frisch (Ger. frish). Lively, brisk. 
 
 froeblich (Ger. fre'liM). Gay. 
 
 fugue (fug). Composition in which the 
 parts follow each other, each, in 
 order, repeating what the other has 
 performed. There are simple, double, 
 and counter fugues. 
 
 fuoco (It. fo-6'ko). Fire, passion. 
 
 fuocoso (It. fo-o-ko^zo). Vehemently. 
 
 furioso (It. fb-ryo'zo). Furiously. 
 
 gavotte (Fr. ga-vot') Music for an 
 old French dance resembling the mi- 
 nuet, stately, quick and in 2/2 time. 
 
 O-clef. Treble clef. [tied. 
 
 gebunden (Ger. ga-bon'd'n). Legato, 
 
 gehalten (Ger. ga-hal't'n). Held; sus- 
 tained, [dante tempo. 
 
 gehend (Ger.ga'end). Walking; an- 
 
 gesang (Ger. ga-sang'). Singing, mel- 
 ody, song. [tained. 
 
 getragen (Ger. ga-tra'g'n). Well-«us- 
 
 gigue (Fr. zheg). Jig. 
 
 giusto (It. jos'to). In exact time. 
 
 glissando (It. glis-san'do). Gliding; 
 passing the fingers in a smooth, man- 
 ner over the keys or strings. 
 
 grace note. Ornamental note, such 
 as the appoggiatura, mordant, in- 
 verted mordant, turn, and trill. 
 
 gracioso (It. gra-tse-o'zo). Graceful. 
 
 grandioso (It.gran-dyo'zo). Grandly. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hat, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
GRA 
 
 760 
 
 MOR 
 
 % 
 
 gravamente ( It 
 
 Grave, dignified 
 grave ( It. 
 
 gra'va ). 
 
 Slow and 
 
 solemn. 
 g-razia ( It. 
 
 gra'tse-a ). 
 
 Grace, ele- 
 gance. 
 €9tregorian 
 
 ( gre-go-ri- 
 
 an)chant. 
 
 Chant used 
 
 in the 6th 
 
 century by 
 
 Pope Greg- 
 ory. 
 gnippetto 
 
 (It. grop-pet't5). 
 
 gra-va-men'ta ). 
 
 putter Played 
 
 % — 
 
 WRITTEN 
 
 1_ 
 
 I 
 
 Played 
 -3- 
 
 Gruppetto. 
 
 Group of notes. 
 gusto, con gusto, gustoso (It. kon 
 gbs'to, gos-to'zo). With taste. 
 
 half step. Smallest interval used in 
 music. 
 
 harmonics. 1. Over-tones forming 
 part of a simple tone. 2. Soft tones 
 of a string touched with the finger. 
 
 harmony. Science of chords, their 
 relationship and connection. 
 
 head-voice. Highest register of the 
 voice; falsetto register. 
 
 heftig (Ger. hef'ti&ft). Vehemently. 
 
 heimlich (Ger. him'li£/i). Secretly. 
 
 heiter (Ger. hi'ter). Cheerful. 
 
 hold. This sign T* over a note indi- 
 cates to prolong it. [made of brass. 
 
 horn. Finest orchestral instrument 
 
 imitation. The more or less exact 
 repetition of a few short motives. 
 
 impresario ( It. im-pra-za're-o ) . 
 Manager of operas or concerts. 
 
 im|>rovissatore(It.-im-pro-ves-sa-t5'- 
 ra). One who performs extempora- 
 neously, [porized production. 
 
 impromptu (im-promp'tu). Extern- 
 instrumentation. Art of writing 
 for orchestra. 
 
 interlude. 1. Music played between 
 the acts. 2. Music played between 
 the verses of a hymn or song. 
 
 interval. Difference of pitch between 
 two tones, the fundamental one being 
 the first degree. 
 
 intonation. Proper pitch of tones. 
 
 invention. Old name for prelude or 
 short fantasia. 
 
 inversion. Interval where lower tone 
 is placed an octave above. 
 
 key. Family of chords, having fixed 
 
 relationship to main chord, the tonic. 
 
 klang (Ger. klangk). Quality of tone. 
 
 lagrimoso (It. la-gre-mo'zo. Weep* 
 ing; sad. 
 
 langsam (Ger. langk'zam). Slowly. 
 
 larghetto (It. lar-get'to). Rather slow. 
 
 largo (It. lar^go). Very slow. 
 
 legato (It. la-ga'to). Smooth and con- 
 nectedly. 
 
 leggermente (It. lej-er-men'ta),Ieg- 
 giero (It. lej-a'ro). Lightly, nimbly. 
 
 leicht (Ger. liMt). Light, easy. 
 
 leidenschaft (Ger. li'd'n-shaft). Pas- 
 sion, [creasing slowness. 
 
 lentando (It. len-tan'do). With in- 
 
 lento, Hentemente (It. len'to, len- 
 ta-men'ta). Slow time; slower than 
 adagio. 
 
 Pistesso (It. lis-tes'so). The same. 
 
 loco (It. lo'ko). At its place (cancellat- 
 ion of octave-sign). 
 
 ma (It. ma). But; as andante ma non 
 troppo, slow but not too slow, [cally. 
 
 maestoso (It. ma-es-to'zo). Majesti- 
 
 inain (Fr. mang). Hand ; as Main droite 
 ( dro-at' ), m. d., right hand, Main 
 gauche (gosh), m. g., left hand. 
 
 major. Greater, larger. 
 
 malincolico ( It. ma-lin-ko'le-ko >. 
 Melancholy. 
 
 marcato (It. mar-ka'to). Marked. 
 
 martele (Fr. mar-ta-l_a'). Hammered 
 
 marziale (It. mar-tse-a'la). Martial. 
 
 mazurka (Ger. ma-tsor'ka). Polish 
 dance in triple time. 
 
 measure. Group of beats, also dis- 
 tance from one accent to another. 
 
 meno (It. ma'no). Less. 
 
 mezzo (It. mat'so). Medium; half; 
 moderately. Mezzo soprano, female 
 voice between alto and soprano. 
 
 minor key. Scale founded on the 6th 
 degree of the major scale. 
 
 modulation. 
 
 Transition 
 from one key 
 to another. 
 
 moll (Ger.mol). 
 Minor. 
 
 molto (It. mol'- 
 to). Much; ex- 
 tremely. 
 
 Written 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Played 
 > > 
 
 s^ 
 
 * 
 
 -p-p- 
 
 Mordent. 
 
 mordent (It. m5r'dent). Ornament 
 consisting of principal tone, small 
 under-second and principal tone. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, f $11, fare, above » me, met, her; mite, mit ; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t ftea. 
 
MOR 
 
 761 
 
 SCO 
 
 morendo (It. mS-ren'do). Gradually 
 dying away. 
 
 mosso (It. mos'sq). Rapid. 
 
 motivo (It. mo-te'vo). Motive; small- 
 est part of a melody; musical figure. 
 
 moto (It. mo'to). Spirited movement. 
 
 movement. Rapidity or slowness of 
 the performance. 
 
 in it ii tor (Ger. mon'ter). Briskly. 
 
 musicale (Fr. mo-se-kal'). Recital. 
 
 mnte. Damper of a string or wind 
 instrument. 
 
 natural. Character (H) used to can- 
 cel the effect of a sharp or flat. 
 
 ninth. An octave and one degree. 
 
 nocturne (n ok' turn), or notturno 
 (It. not-tor'no). Piece of a dreamy and 
 sentimental character. 
 
 non (It. non). Not. 
 
 nonetto (It. no-net'to). Composition 
 for nine parts. 
 
 notation. Written characters repre- 
 senting music. 
 
 note. Sign for a tone. 
 
 obligato (It. 5b-le-ga'to). Indispen- 
 sable accompaniment written for one 
 instrument, so as to give a finished 
 effect to the solo or concerto. 
 
 octet. Eight part composition. 
 
 opera. Drama set to music. 
 
 opus (Li. o'pos). Work. 
 
 oratorio ( It. 6-ra-to're-6 ) . Sacred 
 drama set to music. 
 
 organ-point. .Long bass tone, upon 
 whichis formed a series of chords. 
 
 ©ssia (It. os'se-a). Or; otherwise. 
 
 ottavaor 8va (It. ^t-ta'va). Octave. 
 Ottava alta (or bassa), means that the 
 passage must be played an octave 
 higher (or lower) than written. 
 
 parlando (It. par-lan'do). Declama- 
 tory style. 
 
 patetico (It. pa-ta'te-ko), patheti- 
 que (Fr. pa-ta-tek'). Sorrowful. 
 
 pedale, or ped. (It. pa-da'la). Pedal. 
 
 pentatonic scale. Scotch scale, of 
 five tones. 
 
 perdendo (It. par-den'do), perden- 
 dosi (par-den'do-ze). Dying away. 
 
 pen (Fr. pe). A little. 
 
 phrase. Independent member of a 
 musical thought. 
 
 phrasing. Proper expression of mu- 
 sical thoughts, including proper 
 punctuation. 
 
 piacere (It. pe-a-tsha'ra) . Pleasure. _ 
 
 pianissimo, or pp. (It. pe-a-nis'se- 
 mo). Extremely soft. 
 
 piano, or p. (It. pe-a'-no). Soft. 
 
 pitch. Highness or lowness of tones. 
 
 piu (It. pu). More. Piu tosto. Quicker. 
 
 * 
 
 &- 
 
 Portamento. 
 
 pizzicato (It. pitse-ka'to). Violin 
 
 strings plucked with the fingers. 
 poco (It. po'k5). 
 
 A little ; some- 
 what. Poco a 
 
 poco. Little by 
 
 little, by degrees. 
 polonaise ( Fr. 
 
 po-lo-naz'). Slow 
 
 Polish dance in 
 
 3-4 time. 
 portamento (It. por-ta-men'to). Glid 
 
 ing from tone to tone. 
 posato (It. po-za'to). In a dignified 
 
 quiet style. 
 preghiera (It. pra-ge-a'ra)^ Prayer 
 prestissimo (It. pres-tis'se-mo). As 
 
 rapidly as possible. 
 presto (It. pres'to). Quick. 
 prima (It. pre'ma). First; principal. 
 prime (prim). First degree of a scale. 
 
 quasi ( It. kwa'ze). In the style of. 
 as quasi allegretto, like an allegretto. 
 quaver. An eighth note. 
 
 rallentando (It. ral-len-tan'do). Re- 
 tarding. 
 
 rapsody. Instrumental composition 
 of irregular form, usually containing 
 primitive national melodies. 
 
 recitative (res-i^ta-tev'), recitativo 
 ( It. re-che-ta-te'vo ). Musical decla- 
 mation. 
 
 rinforzando ( It. rin-for-tsan'do ), 
 rinforzato ( It. rin-for-tsa'to ), of 
 rinf., or rf. With emphasis; strong- 
 er and stronger. 
 
 risoluto (It. re-zo-_lo'to). Resolutely. 
 
 ritardando (It. re-tar-dan'do). Same 
 
 as RALLENTANDO. 
 
 ritenuto ( It. re-ta-no'to ). Holding 
 back the time at once. 
 
 romance, romanza (It. ro-man'tsa). 
 Short lyric tale set to music. 
 
 rondeau (Fr. rong-do'), rondo (It. 
 ron'do ). Composition of several 
 strains; at the end of each strain the 
 first part, or subject, is repeated. 
 
 roulade (Fr. ro-lad'). Florid passage 
 of runs. [time 
 
 rubato (It. ro-ba'td). Robbed; free in 
 
 saltarello (It. sal-ta-rel'16). Skipping 
 dance in triple time. 
 
 sarahanda (Sp. sa-ra-ban'da). Stately 
 Spanish dance in slow triple measure 
 with an accent on the second beat. 
 
 scale. Series of tones arranged ac- 
 cording to their pitch. 
 
 scherzando, or scherz. (It. skar- 
 tsan'do). Playfully; lightly. 
 
 score. Orchestral parts arranged to- 
 gether upon parallel staves. 
 
 Cite, fat, task, far, 
 
 1, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 ^♦.mute, aai| bum; oil, owl, ttan. / 
 
SEC 
 
 ^P 
 
 French Sixth. 
 
 m 
 
 German Sixth. 
 
 le-le-a'na). Move- a'j ]>^J 
 
 ent of a slow, \" y ffi ^ f 
 
 liet pastoral §V . ¥~ fjt 
 
 laracter in 6-8 -*Hl — P-™- 
 
 me. - 7 
 
 t.fi. Wrench, ninth. V 
 
 second. Next degree above the funda- 
 mental or prime tone. 
 
 semplice (It. sem'ple-cha). Simply; 
 chastely. 
 
 sempre (It. sem'pra). Always. 
 
 sforzato, sfor. 
 zando (It. sfor- 
 t s a't o, sfor-tsan'- 
 do). Sudden em- 
 phasis. [TBILLO. 
 
 ^hake. Same as 
 
 £harp. Character 
 ( $ ) which raises 
 the pitch of a note 
 a half-step. 
 
 shaped note. 
 Form of note 
 showing relation- 
 ship to the key by 
 means of a sol fa 
 letter. 
 
 <9iciliana ( It, 
 che- 
 ment 
 quiet 
 ch 
 time. 
 
 sixth. French sixth 
 one form of third- Italian Sixth, 
 fourth-sixth chord 
 
 augmented. Qermansixth, major chord 
 with augmented sixth. Italian sixth, 
 sixth chord, augmented. 
 
 smoreudo, smorzando ( It. smo- 
 ren'do, smor-tsan'do). Slowly fading 
 away. 
 
 soave (It. so-a'va). Sweet,_delicate. 
 
 s©Io(It. so'lo, plural soli,so'le). Music 
 written for one voice or instrument. 
 
 sonata (It. so-na'ta). A composition 
 of several movements, usually writ- 
 ten for one instrument. 
 
 soprano (It. so-pra'no). Highest 
 female voice. [tained; smoothly. 
 
 sostenuto (It. sos-_ta-_no'to ). Sus- 
 
 sotto voce (It. sot'tovo'tsha). In an 
 undertone. [simple. 
 
 spianato (It. spe-a-na'to ). .Legato, 
 
 staccato (It. stak-ka'to). Disconnected. 
 
 staff. Five parallel lines on and be- 
 tween which notes are written. 
 
 stringendo (It. strin-gen'do). Hurry- 
 ing the time. [scale. 
 
 subdominanf. Fourth degree of a 
 
 subito (It. so'be-to). Suddenly. 
 
 suspension. Holding back a tone 
 from the previous chord. 
 
 symphony. Orchestral composition 
 in many parts. 
 
 syncopation. Connecting the last 
 note of one bar to the first note of 
 the next, making one note of a dura- 
 tion equal to both, and displacing the 
 accent. 
 
 762 ZAR 
 
 taht (Ger. takt). Measure, time. 
 taJstfest (Ger. takt'fest). Keenine 
 
 strict time. ° 
 
 tardamente (It. tar- da- men' t a). 
 
 Growing slow. 
 taut© (It. tan'to). So much. 
 tempo (It. tem'po). Time. 
 teneramente, tenero, con tene- 
 
 rezza_ (It. ta-na-ra-men'ta, ta'na-ro, 
 
 kon ta-na-ret'sa). Tenderly. 
 tenor. Highest male voice. 
 tenth. Interval of one octave and 
 
 two degrees^ 
 tenuto (It. ta-no'to). Sustained. 
 terzetto (It. tar-tset'to). Three part 
 
 compobition. 
 thorough-bass. Figured bass, a 
 
 species of musical shorthand. 
 tie. Curved line joining two notes of 
 
 like pitch, the second continuing the 
 
 first. 
 tonic sol fa. A system of notation 
 
 founded by John Curwen. 
 traiiqnillo_, traiiquillamente, 
 
 (It. tran-kwil'o, tran-kwil-a-men'ta). 
 
 Tranquilly. 
 treble. Soprano part. 
 tremando, tremolate, tremolo 
 
 (It^ tra-man'do, 
 
 %&£&)?£ WRITTEN 
 
 iterating a note 
 or chord, with 
 great rapidity; 
 tremulous. 
 trillo (It. tril'lo). 
 Repeated quick 
 
 a — . 
 
 m w*wh 
 
 alteration 
 of a tone 
 with its 
 small or 
 large over- 
 second ; trill. 
 
 troppo_ (It. 
 trop'po). Too 
 much. 
 
 turn. Ornament 
 
 PL-AYHT5 
 
 W 
 
 Turn. 
 
 (CO) consisting of 
 the principal and its accessory notes 
 above and below. 
 tutta forza (It. tot'tafor'tsa). As loud 
 as possible. 
 
 un (It. on). A, as in un poco, a little. 
 
 veloce (It. va-lo'cha). Quickly. 
 vig-oroso (It. ve-go-ro'zo). Vigorous. 
 virtuoso (It. vir-to-o'zo). Skillful 
 
 performer. 
 vivace (It. ve-va'cha ). Cheerfully, 
 
 briskly. [rapid manner. 
 
 volante ( It. vo-lan'ta ) . In a light, 
 volti (It. vol'te). Turn. 
 
 zart (Ger. tsart). Delicate; tender. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fftll, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
DICTIONARY 
 
 N. B.— This vocabulary embraces the more important legal terms in general use 
 not found in the body of the dictionary, i. e., lis pendens, pending suit. 
 
 abstract 
 
 attestation 
 
 abstract of title. A synopsis of the 
 various instruments forming a chain 
 of title to land. See muniments. 
 
 abuttals. The boundaries of land 
 on streets, highways or other lands. 
 
 acceptor. Party who agrees to pay a 
 bill of exchange, usually the drawee. 
 
 act of God. Something arising from 
 causes which operate without human 
 interference. Frequently employed 
 to denote unforeseen and inevitable 
 accidents. 
 
 ad damnum. A term used in plead- 
 to denote the amount of the plain- 
 tiff's injury. 
 
 adjudication. A judgment; the act 
 of pronouncing judgment. 
 
 administration. Management of 
 the estates of decedents or living per 
 sons under legal disability. 
 
 administrator. A person appointed 
 to manage the estate of an intestate 
 and make distribution thereof. 
 
 admiralty* A court invested with 
 jurisdiction of maritime cases. 
 
 adoption. Act by which one person 
 takes the child of another and makes 
 him a legal heir. 
 
 adverse enjoyment. Possession of 
 land or the exercise of a privilege 
 therein, under a claim of right, 
 against the true owner. 
 
 adverse possession. Occupation of 
 land, under an assertion of title, in 
 opposition to the claims of others. 
 
 aforethought. Premeditated. Used 
 in criminal law to aggravate the 
 character of offenses. 
 
 agister. One who receives horses and 
 cattle to keep for a consideration to 
 be paid by the owner. 
 
 aiding and abetting. Offense com- 
 mitted by those who render assistance 
 to the actual perpetrators of a crime. 
 
 alias. Another. Used in practice to 
 indicate at another time; before. 
 
 alibi. Elsewhere. Method of defense 
 by which it is shown that a defendant 
 was in a different place from that 
 where the. act in question was com- 
 mitted. 
 
 alimony. Allowance to a wife for 
 her maintenance while living apart 
 from her husband. 
 
 ameliorations. Improvements* 
 placed on land, increasing its value. 
 
 amercement. Pecuniary penalty im- 
 posed upon an offender by a court. 
 
 amotion. To remove. The unlawful 
 taking of real or personal property 
 from the possession of the owner. 
 The removal of an officer before the 
 expiration of his term. 
 
 animus. Mind. The intention with 
 which an act is done. 
 
 animus testandi. An intention to 
 make a will. A necessary ingredient 
 in testamentary dispositions. 
 
 ante litem motam. Before the com- 
 mencement of the suit. 
 
 ante-nuptial. Before marriage. 
 
 arraign. To call a prisoner to the 
 bar of a court to answer a charge. 
 
 assigns. Those to whom a convey- 
 ance of property is made. 
 
 assumpsit. Promise or undertaking 
 to perform an agreement. A form 
 of action. 
 
 attachment. Taking into legal cus- 
 tody either the person or property. 
 A writ issued for such purpose. 
 
 attainder. The extinction of civil 
 rights and capacities. 
 
 attestation. Act of witnessing an in- 
 strument in writing and certifying 
 to this by subscribing the document. 
 
 76.'} 
 
bail 
 
 764 
 
 conspiracy 
 
 bail. Persons who become sureties for 
 the appearance of another in court. 
 
 bail bond* Instrument by which the 
 defendant and his sureties become 
 bound in a penal sum for the appear- 
 ance in court of such defendant. 
 
 bailee. One who receives goods of 
 another to hold according to the pur- 
 pose of delivery- 
 bailiff. One intrusted with some 
 authority, care or jurisdiction. A 
 shei-iff's deputy. 
 
 bailiwick. Jurisdiction of a sheriff 
 or bailiff. 
 
 bailor. The person making a deliv- 
 ery to a bailee. 
 
 banc. Used of a court sitting for the 
 determination of questions of law, 
 not ®f facts. 
 
 bankrupt. One unable to meet his 
 financial obligations. 
 
 bench warrant. An order issued by 
 a judge directly for the attachment 
 or arrest of a person. 
 
 beneficiary. One for whose benefit 
 a trust is created. [property. 
 
 bequest. A gift by will of personal 
 
 betterments. Improvements upon 
 land which enhance its value. 
 
 bill. A complaint in writing addressed 
 to a chancelloi with prayer for relief. 
 
 bill of costs. Statement of the items 
 which a party litigant is required to 
 pay in the suit, taxed by a proper 
 officer of the court. 
 
 bill of exceptions. Written state- 
 ment of objections to the decision of 
 court on points of law. 
 
 bill of particulars. Detailed state- 
 ment of a plaintiff's cause of action 
 or of defendant's set-off. 
 
 bill of sale. A written agreement for 
 the transfer of chattels. 
 
 bona. Goods; personal property. 
 
 bona fides. Good faith; honesty. 
 
 bond. An obligation expressed in 
 writing and under seal. 
 
 breach. The violation of an obliga- 
 tion, engagement or duty. 
 
 brief. Abridged statement of a party's 
 case: a summary of the legal points 
 relied upon by counsel in presenting 
 an appeal. 
 
 burden of proof. The duty of prov- 
 ing the facts in dispute. 
 
 capias. Writ directing the sheriff to 
 take the defendant into custody. 
 
 capital crime. One for which the 
 punishment is death. 
 
 capital stock. Sum raised by sub- 
 scription of the members of a corpo- 
 ration. Usually divided into shares. 
 
 caption. The heading of a legal docu- 
 ment. 
 
 caveat. A notice not to do some act. 
 
 certiorari. Writ issued by a superior 
 to an inferior court, directing the 
 latter to send up to the former the 
 record of some proceeding. 
 
 challenge. Exception to the jurors 
 who have been arrayed to pass upon 
 a cause on its trial. 
 
 chattels. Personal property. 
 
 chattel mortgage. Pledge of goods 
 or personal property. 
 
 circuit. District set apart for judicial 
 purposes and visited by a judge for 
 the trial of causes. 
 
 circuit court* Court with general 
 jurisdiction in an assigned district. 
 
 citation. Writ commanding a per- 
 son to appear on a day named and do 
 something therein mentioned, or 
 show cause why he should not. 
 
 civil action. On6 whose object is the 
 Recovery of private or civil rights or 
 compensation for their infraction. 
 
 civil law. Generally all law not penal 
 in its nature. 
 
 close* Piece of land. Interest in land 
 which confers upon the owner the 
 right to exclude all others therefrom. 
 
 code. Body of law established by the 
 legislature of the state. 
 
 codicil. Some addition to or qualifi- 
 cation of a last will. 
 
 collateral security. Separate obli- 
 gation accompanying another con- 
 tract to guarantee its performance. 
 
 comity. Courtesy; a disposition to 
 accommodate. Applied to the recogni- 
 tion or enforcement of foreign laws. 
 
 commercial law. Phrase employed 
 to denote those branches of the law 
 which relate to rights of property 
 and the relations of persons engaged 
 in commerce. The common expres- 
 sion, "business law," is a barbarism. 
 
 commitment. The warrant which 
 directs a ministerial officer to take a 
 person to prison. 
 
 common carriers. Those who car- 
 ry goods or person for hire. 
 
 common law. Usages and rules 
 which do not rest for their authority 
 upon any express legislative action. 
 
 complainant. Plaintiff in a suit in 
 chancery. 
 
 compounding a felony. Act of 
 the one aggrieved, who agrees that 
 he will not prosecute if a return is 
 made of stolen goods. 
 
 consequential damages* Damages 
 for losses which arise not from the 
 immediate act of the party, but indi- 
 rectly in consequence of this act. 
 
 conspiracy. A combination of two 
 or more persons to accomplish some 
 unlawful purpose, or to accomplish 
 some purpose, not in itself unlawful, 
 by unlawful means. 
 
contempt 
 
 765 
 
 eviction 
 
 contempt of court. Willful disre- 
 gard of the rules, orders, process or 
 decorum of a court, or willful disturb- 
 ance of or interference with judicial 
 proceedings. [tate. 
 
 conveyance. The transfer of an es- 
 
 corpus delicti. Body of the wrong. 
 The essential feature of a crime. 
 
 costs. Expenses incurred by the par- 
 ties in a suit and allowed by the court 
 to the prevailing party. 
 
 court of chancery. A court of gen- 
 eral equity jurisdiction. 
 
 covenant. A promise in writing and 
 under seal. 
 
 damages. Indemnity recoverable for 
 an injury. 
 
 damnum absque injuria. Injury 
 without wrong. Wrong for which the 
 law provides no remedy. 
 
 days of grace. Additional time al- 
 lowed for payment of a note or draft. 
 
 declaration. A narration of the cir- 
 cumstances constituting the plain- 
 tiff's cause of action, 
 
 decree. The judgment or order of a 
 court of equity. 
 
 dedivnus potestatem. Name of 
 warrant to some private person to do 
 some act in the place of a judge; as 
 to tafce the deposition of a witness. 
 
 deed. "Written agreement under seal ; 
 specifically for conveying real estate. 
 
 de facto. A term used to denote a 
 thing actually done or existing. 
 
 default. The non-performance of a 
 duty; the non-appearance at court 
 within a time specified. 
 
 defeasance. Instrument which de- 
 feats the force or operation of some 
 other deed. 
 
 defendant. The one called upon to 
 answer a legal charge; specifically in 
 a civil action. 
 
 de jure. Lawfully; by legal title. 
 
 demise. Conveyance of an estate. 
 
 demonstrative legacy. Legacy 
 coupled with a direction that it be 
 paid out of a particular fund. 
 
 demurrer. In pleading, admitting 
 the facts stated to be true, no cause 
 of action has been shown, hence the 
 party demurring should not be com- 
 pelled to proceed further. 
 
 deposition. Testimony of witness 
 reduced to writing by virtue of a 
 commission from a court. 
 
 descent. Hereditary succession. The 
 title by which an heir holds his land. 
 
 detainer. Withholding of the pos- 
 session of property from the owner. 
 
 devise. A gift of real property by 
 last will and testament. 
 
 devisee. A person to whom a devise 
 has been made. 
 
 devisor. A testator. One who makes 
 
 a devise. [tice in the courts. 
 
 disbar. Revocation of license to prac- 
 distrain. To seize and hold as pledge 
 
 the property of another until he shall 
 
 perform some obligation, [relation. 
 divorce. Dissolution of the marriage 
 docket. A formal record of judicial 
 
 proceeding. 
 donatio mortis causa. Gift made 
 
 in contemplation or prospect of death 
 donee. Person to whom a gift is made. 
 donor. Person making a gift. 
 dower. The provision which the law 
 
 makes for the support of a widow 
 
 out of her deceased husband's estate. 
 drawee. Person on whom a draft or 
 
 bill of exchange is drawn. 
 drawer. Person who makes a draft 
 
 or bill of exchange. 
 duress. Personal restraint, or fear 
 
 of personal injury or imprisonment. 
 
 easement. A right in the owner of 
 one parcel of land, by reason of such 
 ownership, to use the land of another 
 for a special purpose. 
 
 effects. Property, generally other 
 than land. 
 
 ejectment. To evict. Form of action 
 to determine the title to land and 
 right of possession thereof. 
 
 embezzlement. Felonious appro- 
 
 f>riation to one's own use of property 
 ntrusted to him. 
 
 emblements. Annual products of 
 land which a tenant may carry away 
 after his tenancy is ended. 
 
 eminent domain. Power of the 
 state to take the property of a citizen 
 for a public use. 
 
 entail. Limitation of an estate to 
 certain persons or classes of issue. 
 
 equity. Branch of justice developed 
 to supply the deficiencies of the com- 
 mon law. 
 
 escheat. An accidental reverting of 
 lands to the original proprietor; an 
 inheritance by the state in default of 
 known kindred. 
 
 escrow. Deed delivered to a disinter- 
 ested party, to be delivered to the 
 grantee on the fulfillment of some 
 condition. [property. 
 
 estate. A person's interest in real 
 
 estate in common. One held in joint 
 possession by two or more persons 
 at the same time. 
 
 estate in severalty. One held by 
 one person in his own right. 
 
 estoppel. Preclusion which prevents 
 a person from asserting a fact in con- 
 sequence of his own previous act or 
 assertion of a contrary tenor. 
 
 eviction. Depriving one of the pos- 
 session of his lands or tenements. 
 
evidenee 
 
 '66 
 
 ignoramus 
 
 evidence. That which tends to prove 
 or disprove the truth of any matter 
 in dispute, or to indorse a belief re- 
 specting it. 
 
 execution. Formalities for perfect- 
 ing a deed or other document; put- 
 ting a convict to death; carrying into 
 effect the judgment of a court. Also 
 the writ by which such judgment is 
 made effective. 
 
 executor (fern, executrix). Person 
 named in a will to carry out the 
 directions of the testator. 
 
 exemplification. Copy of an official 
 record relating to matter in question. 
 
 exemption. Right given by law to a 
 debtor to retain a portion of his prop- 
 erty free from the demands of his 
 creditors. 
 
 ex officio. Applied to powers not 
 expressly granted but which are ex- 
 ercised through necessary implica- 
 tion by persons holding an office. 
 
 ex parte. From one side only. 
 
 ex post facto law. Statute which 
 would render an act punishable in a 
 manner in which it was not punish- 
 able when it was committed. 
 
 eye-witness. One who saw the act 
 to which he testifies. 
 
 false imprisonment. Unlawful re- 
 straint of a man's liberty. 
 
 false pretences* False representa- 
 tions and statements made with a 
 design to obtain property with intent 
 to cheat. 
 
 fee simple. An estate of inheritance. 
 The most ample estate that can be 
 had in land. 
 
 felon. One convicted of an infamous 
 crime and sentenced to punishment. 
 
 felony. Crime exceeding the grade of 
 misdemeanor; highest of the classes 
 in which crimes are divided by statute 
 
 fiduciary. Any person exercising an 
 office founded on confidence and trust. 
 
 flagranti delicto. In the very act 
 of committing the crime. 
 
 flotsam. Goods which float upon the 
 sea when cast overboard for the 
 safety of the ship. 
 
 foreclosure. Proceeding by which 
 the mortgagor's rights in mortgaged 
 property are barred and forever 
 closed. _ [speaker of a jury. 
 
 foreman. The^residing member or 
 
 forgery. False making or fraudulent 
 alteration of a writing to the preju- 
 dice of another. 
 
 fraud. This term the law refuses to 
 define less the craft of men find means 
 to evade it. Generally, the absence 
 of good faith, or honest purpose. 
 
 fraudulent conveyance. Convey- 
 ance made with intent to hinder, delay 
 
 or defraud creditors, or which has 
 
 that tendency or effect. [duration. 
 
 freehold. Estate of indeterminate 
 
 fugitive from justice. One who 
 
 having committed a crime flees from 
 the jurisdiction within which it was 
 committed to escape punishment. 
 full age. Period of majority. This 
 is arbitrary, and is fixed by statute. 
 At common law the age of 21. 
 
 game laws. Laws regulating the 
 time and manner of taking or killing 
 birds, beasts and fishes, as game, 
 
 garnishee. One who has money or 
 property in his possession belonging 
 to a defendant, which has been at- 
 tached. 
 
 general issue. Denial of the plain- 
 tiff's right of action and of all that he 
 has alleged. 
 
 grant. Generic term applicable to all 
 transfers of real property. 
 
 grantee. One to whom a grant is 
 made. [made. 
 
 grantor. One by whom a grant is 
 
 guaranty. An undertaking to answer 
 for another's liability, and collateral 
 thereto. 
 
 guardian ad litem. Guardian ap- 
 pointed for the purposes at a suit. 
 
 habeas corpus. Writ directed to a 
 person having the custody of another 
 and commanding him to produce the 
 body of the prisoner before the court, 
 with the cause of his detention. 
 
 hearsay. Species of evidence which 
 does not derive its value solely from 
 the credit to be given to the witness, 
 but rests, in part, on the veracity and 
 competency of some other person. 
 
 heir. The person whom the law nom- 
 inates to take the estate of an ances- 
 tor at his death. 
 
 heir apparent. One who has an in- 
 defeasible right to an inheritance, 
 provided he outlives the ancestor. 
 
 heir presumptive. Any remote 
 kinsman whose right to inherit may 
 be defeated by the birth of a nearer 
 relative. 
 
 hereditaments. Anything forming 
 the subject matter of inheritance. 
 
 homicide. The killing of any human 
 creature. 
 
 housebreaking. Entering the dwell- 
 ing-house of another by night or day 
 with intent to commit some felony. 
 
 ignoramus. Return by a grand jury 
 where no sufficient evidence has been 
 presented to authorize it to find a 
 true bill. 
 
imparlance 
 
 ;•<;? 
 
 letters rogatory 
 
 imparlance. Time given by a court 
 to either party to answer the plead- 
 ing of his opponent. 
 
 indebitatus assumpsit. Form of 
 action for a debt which the defendant 
 has promised to pay. 
 
 indenture. A deed. A. formal writ- 
 ten instrument evidencing an agree- 
 ment between two or more persons 
 having different interests. 
 
 indictment. Written accusation of 
 crime presented by a jury. 
 
 indirect evidence. Evidence which 
 does not prove the fact in question, 
 but from which an inference of such 
 fact may be drawn. 
 
 in extremis. Last moments. In im- 
 mediate contemplation of death. 
 
 infra. Below; under. 
 
 inheritance. Succession to the rights 
 of a deceased person. Applied only 
 to lands or real property. 
 
 in judicio. In a legal proceeding; 
 in court. 
 
 injunction. A prohibitory writ; a 
 restraining order. [any kind. 
 
 injury. Infringement of a right of 
 
 inquest. A judicial inquiry. 
 
 in pari delicto. Equal in guilt. 
 
 in personam. Proceeding against 
 the person, as distinguished from a 
 proceeding with reference to specific 
 things (in rem). 
 
 in propria persona. Said of one who 
 appears In court without counsel. 
 
 in rem. Proceeding against or with 
 reference to a specific thing. 
 
 in statu quo. In the same condi- 
 tion; an unchanged situation. 
 
 interlocutory. Something done du- 
 ring the progress of a suit. Applied 
 to decisions and orders not final in 
 their nature. 
 
 international law. Rules of con- 
 duct observed by civilized states in 
 their intercourse with each other. 
 
 intestate. Person who has died with- 
 out making a will, or who leaves 
 property which he has not disposed 
 of by will. 
 
 in transitu. During removal from 
 one place to another. 
 
 jeofail. Statute permitting a pleader 
 who has committed an error to amend 
 or reform his pleading- 
 jetsam. Part of the lading thrown 
 out of a ship, in cases of extremity, 
 and which sinks when cast into the 
 water. Much the same as jettison. 
 joint tenants. Two or more persons 
 who hold land as though they were 
 but one person. 
 jointress. Woman who has an estate 
 settled on her by her husband, to hold 
 during her life if she survive him. 
 
 judge. Officer authorized to hear and 
 decide litigated questions. 
 
 judge advocate. Officer of a court- 
 martial who represents the govern- 
 ment in the trial of offenders. 
 
 judgment. Conclusion of law upon 
 facts found or admitted in the course 
 of a suit; the decision or sentence of 
 a court. 
 
 judgment note. Promissory note 
 in usual form with a warrant of 
 attorney to appear and confess judg- 
 ment for the sum therein named. 
 
 judicial decisions. Opinions and 
 detei minations of the judges in causes 
 submitted to them. 
 
 judicial sale. Sale made under the 
 express authority of a court. 
 
 jurat. That part of an affidavit which 
 contains the certificate of the officer 
 before whom same was made. 
 
 jurisdiction. The right to hear and 
 determine a cause ; the territory 
 within which the determinations of 
 a court may be enforced. 
 
 jurisprudence. The science of law. 
 
 jurist. One versed in the science of 
 law. [jury. 
 
 juror. Person sworn to serve on a 
 
 jury. Body of men sworn to declare the 
 facts of a case as they shall ascertain 
 same from the evidence presented. 
 
 justice of the peace. Minor judicial 
 officer with a limited civil jurisdic- 
 tion, invested with power to prevent 
 and punish breeches of the peace. 
 
 kindred. Relations by blood. 
 
 laches. Neglect; negligence. 
 
 landlord. Owner of land who grants 
 to another the possession and profits 
 of same. 
 
 larceny. Wrongful taking of the 
 the goods of another with intent to 
 convert them to the taker's use. 
 
 last will and testament. Disposi- 
 tion of property to take effect at the 
 death of the giver. 
 
 leading question. Question which 
 plainly suggests the answer desired. 
 
 lease. Contract for the possession 
 and profits of land. 
 
 lesracy. Gift of personal property by 
 last will and testament. [given. 
 
 legatee. Person to whom a legacy is 
 
 legitimate. According to law. 
 
 letters of administration. Writ- 
 ten authority granted by a court to 
 collect, settle and distribute the 
 estate of a deceased person who died 
 intestate. 
 
 letters rogatory. Commission sent 
 by one court to another for the ex- 
 amination of a witness within the 
 jurisdiction of the latter. 
 
letters testamentary 
 
 768 
 
 pleading- 
 
 letters testamentary. Written con- 
 firmation by a court of the authority 
 of a person named in a last will as 
 executor thereof. 
 
 levy. Seizure to raise money where- 
 with to satisfy an execution. 
 
 lien. Claim which one person has 
 upon the property of another as a 
 security for some debt or charge. 
 
 lis pendens. A pending suit. 
 
 malefactor. One who has been guilty 
 of some crime; one who has been con- 
 victed of crime. 
 
 malice aforethought. Wicked and 
 premeditated purpose. 
 
 malicious mischief. Wanton or 
 reckless destruction of property; in- 
 jury arising from a spirit of wanton 
 cruelty or of revenge. 
 
 malicions prosecution. Suit insti- 
 tuted without probable cause. Usual- 
 ly applied to criminal proceedings. 
 
 mandamus- Command. A high pre- 
 rogative writ directed to a person, 
 corporation or inferior court, requir- 
 ing them to do some particular thing 
 pertaining to their office or duty. 
 
 manslaughter. The unlawful killing 
 of a human being without malice. 
 
 master in chancery. Officer who 
 acts as assistant to the chancellor. 
 
 mayhem. Unlawful deprivation of 
 the use of any of the members of the 
 human body. 
 
 meliorations. Improvements on 
 land which tend to enhance its value. 
 
 merger* The absorption of a lesser 
 estate by a greater. 
 
 minority. State or condition of one 
 under legal age; infancy. 
 
 misdemeanor. Every indictable 
 offense less than felony. 
 
 misjoinder. Improper union of par- 
 ties or causes of action in a law suit. 
 
 misprision. Concealment of a crime. 
 
 mittimus. Precept to the keeper of 
 prison directing him to receive and 
 safely keep a person therein named. 
 
 mortgage. Conveyance of property 
 by way ctf security for the payment 
 of a debt. 
 
 mortgagee. The grantee or person 
 to whom a mortgage is made. 
 
 mortgagor* The grantor or person 
 who makes a mortgage. 
 
 muniments. Documents by which 
 claims are defended or maintained; 
 title deeds, charter, etc. 
 
 murder. Unlawful and willful killing 
 of *a human with malice aforethought. 
 
 ne exeat republica. Writ issued to 
 a sheriff commanding him to take the 
 person of a defendant about to leave 
 
 the state and cause him to give bail 
 for his appearance. 
 
 nihil dicit. A judgment against a 
 defendant who has failed to answer. 
 
 nolle prosequi. Entry made on the 
 record by which the prosecutor or 
 plaintiff declares he will not proceed 
 further; the dismissal of a criminal 
 charge. 
 
 nonsuit. Judgment given against a 
 plaintiff who is unable to prove his 
 case. 
 
 notary public. Officer with special 
 powers appointed by the executive. 
 
 nudum pactum. Contract entered 
 into without consideration. 
 
 nuisance. Anything that unlawfully 
 works injury, inconvenience or dam- 
 age. 
 
 nulla bona. Return made by the 
 sheriff to an execution when he has 
 been unable to find any property of 
 the defendant on which he could levy. 
 
 nuncupative will. Oral disposition 
 of personal property made by a per- 
 son at the point of death. 
 
 obligation. Legal duty; a promise. 
 
 obligee. Person for whose benefit an 
 obligation is assumed. 
 
 obligor. Person who has assumed 
 some obligation. 
 
 onus proband!. Burden of proof. 
 
 ouster. Expelling of a person from 
 his land; keeping an owner out of 
 possession. 
 
 oyez (hear ye). Introduction to a pro- 
 clamation by a public crier. 
 
 panel. List of the jurors returned to 
 try causes in court. 
 
 parol. Any form of contract or other 
 matter not under seal. 
 
 parol evidence. The testimony of 
 a witness delivered verbally. 
 
 pauper. Destitute person supported 
 at public expense ; a litigant to whom 
 costs are remitted as a poor person, 
 said to sue in forma pauperis. 
 
 payee. Person to whom a draft is 
 made payable. 
 
 pendente lite. Pending the conti- 
 nuance of an action; while litigation 
 continues. 
 
 per curiam. By the court. 
 
 personal property. Property other 
 than real estate. 
 
 petit jury. Ordinary trial jury of 
 twelve men, as opposed to the grand 
 jury composed of a larger number. 
 
 plaintiff. Person who seeks a legal 
 remedy for some invasion of right. 
 
 pleading* Formal written allega- 
 tions or statements of the respective 
 parties to a legal action. 
 
posse <»o nil tat us 
 
 769 
 
 stay oi execution 
 
 posse comitatus. The power of the 
 county. As where the sheriff calls to 
 his assitance any persons he may re- 
 quire to effect a capture or preserve 
 the peace. 
 
 post mortem. After death. 
 
 posthumous child. One born after 
 the death of its father. 
 
 power of attorney. An instrument 
 empowering a person to act as the 
 agent of the person granting same. 
 
 prescription. A method of acquir- 
 ing title to property by long conti- 
 nued possession. 
 
 presents. A writing then actually 
 made and spoken of. 
 
 prima facie. At first view. 
 
 privy. One who is a partaker or has 
 a direct interest in any action, mat- 
 ter or thing. 
 
 prize court. Branch of admiralty 
 which adjudicates upon cases of 
 maritime captures made in time of 
 war. 
 
 pro confesso. A judgment entered 
 where the defendant has failed to 
 appear. 
 
 probate. Applied specially to the 
 proof of wills, and generally to pro- 
 ceedings relating to the estates of 
 decedents. 
 
 promissory note. Written uncon- 
 ditional promise to pay a certain sum 
 at some future time. 
 
 quash. To destroy or annul. As to 
 quash an indictment. 
 
 quasi. Almost; partly. Frequently 
 employed in connection with other 
 words, as quasi-criminal. 
 
 quid pro quo. What for what. The 
 consideration of a contract. 
 
 quit-claim. Form of deed which re- 
 leases present interests only. 
 
 quo warranto. By what authority. 
 A writ by which the state commences 
 an action to recover an office or fran- 
 chise from the person or corporation 
 in possession of it. 
 
 real property. Comprehensive term 
 
 for land and interests therein as well 
 
 as rights annexed thereto. 
 realty. Real property or that which 
 
 savors of real property. 
 receiver. Person appointed by a 
 
 court to hold property in dispute and 
 
 conserve same for the benefit of all 
 
 the parties. 
 recognizance. Obligation entered 
 
 into before a court or magistrate, 
 
 conditioned to do some act therein 
 
 specified; a bail bond. 
 record. Written memorial made by 
 
 a public officer, and intended to serve 
 
 as evidence of something written, 
 said or done. 
 
 referee. Person to whom a matter in 
 dispute is referred for settlement. 
 
 rejoinder. The defendant's answer 
 to the plaintiff's replication. 
 
 relator. One who brings an informa- 
 tion in the nature of a quo warranto. 
 
 reliction Land uncovered by the 
 recession of the sea or a river. 
 
 remedy. Legal means employed to 
 enforce a right or redress an injury. 
 
 replevin. Form of action for the re- 
 covery of the possession of specific 
 personal property. 
 
 replication. The plaintiff's reply to 
 the defendant's plea or answer. 
 
 rescission. Annullment; abrogation. 
 As the recission of a contract. 
 
 residuary clause. That part of a 
 will which disposes of what remains 
 of a testator's estate after satisfying 
 previous bequests and devises. 
 
 residuary legatee. Person to whom 
 the residuum of a testator's estate is 
 given. 
 
 respondeat superior. The master 
 must answer for the acts of the serv- 
 ant. 
 
 retainer. Act of a client by which he 
 engages an attorney to manage a 
 cause. 
 
 retorno habendo. Writ to compel 
 a party to return property to the par- 
 ty to whom it has been adjudged to 
 belong, in the action of replevin. 
 
 retraxit. Act by which the plaintiff 
 discontinues his suit. 
 
 reversion. Residue of an estate left 
 in a grantor, to commence in posses- 
 sion on the determination of inter- 
 mediate estate granted by him. 
 
 riparian rights. Legal privileges 
 accruing to the owners of lands 
 bounding upon a water-course. 
 
 salvage. Compensation given for res- 
 cuing property from loss at sea. 
 
 sanction. That part of a law which 
 prescribes a penalty for violation or 
 promises a reward for observance. 
 
 scilicet. Be it known. Usually abbre- 
 viated ss; or translated to wit, 
 
 separate maintenance. Allowance 
 made by a husband for his wife who is 
 living apart from him without fault. 
 
 specialty. A promise or obligation 
 witnessed by a writing under seal. 
 
 specific performance. Actual ac- 
 complishment of a contract by the 
 person bound to fulfill it. 
 
 status. Condition of a person or thing. 
 
 statute. Law enacted by the legisla- 
 tive power of the state. 
 
 stay of execution. Period during 
 which no execution can issue on a 
 
stoppage in transitu 
 
 770 
 
 waste 
 
 judgment; usually on condition of 
 giving security for the amount of the 
 judgment. 
 
 stoppage in transitu. Resumption 
 by the seller of the possession of. 
 goods sold but not paid for, while in 
 transit to the purchaser, and before 
 he has acquired possession of them. 
 
 sub-letting. Grant by a tenant of 
 some part of what is held by him; 
 an under-leasing. 
 
 Subornation of perjury. Procur- 
 ing another person to commit perjury 
 
 subpoena. Legal process requiring a 
 party or a witness to appear in court 
 under a penalty for neglect or refusal 
 so to do. 
 
 subpoena duces tecum. Writ re- 
 quiring a witness to appear in court 
 and bring with him books, papers, etc 
 
 subrogation. The substitution of 
 another person in place of a creditor 
 to whose rights he succeeds. 
 
 sui juris. Said of persons who are 
 not incapacitated or imcompetent to 
 make contracts and the like. 
 
 summons. Writ commanding the 
 sheriff to notify a person to appear in 
 court and answer a complaint. 
 
 supersedeas. Writ commanding a 
 stay of proceedings. 
 
 supreme court. A court of review; 
 a court of last resort. 
 
 surety. One binding himself for the 
 performance of some act by another. 
 
 surrogate. Name of a judge who is 
 exercising probate jurisdiction. 
 
 talesmen. Jurors added to a defi- 
 cient panel, usually drawn from the 
 by-standers. 
 
 tenant. One who holds or possesses 
 lands or some interest or estate 
 therein. 
 
 tenement. Anything of a permanent 
 nature that may be holden. 
 
 tenure. Terms or conditions upon 
 which an estate is held. 
 
 testator, fern, testatrix. One who 
 has made a last will. 
 
 testimony. Proof offered in a court 
 of justice ; statements made by a 
 witness under oath * 
 
 title. Authority by which an owner 
 of a thing maintains his possession ; 
 the method of acquisition of a thing. 
 
 title-deeds. Documentary evidences 
 of the title to an estate. 
 
 tort. Private or civil wrong or in- 
 jury arising independent of contract. 
 
 trespass. Unlawful act committed 
 with violence, actual or implied, to 
 the person, property or right of an- 
 other; unauthorized entry upon the 
 lands of another; a form of action to 
 recover damages for an injury sus- 
 
 tained as the consequence of some 
 wrongful act. 
 
 trespass on tlae case. Action to re- 
 cover damages for an indirect injury. 
 
 trespasser. One who does an unlaw- 
 ful act, or a lawful act in an unlawful 
 manner, to the injury of another. 
 
 trover. Action to recover damages 
 from one who has, without right, 
 converted to his own use the goods 
 of another. 
 
 true bill. Words indorsed on a bill 
 of indictment by a grand jury when 
 it is of opinion an offender should be 
 held to trial. 
 
 trust. Right of property, real or per- 
 sonal, held by one person for the 
 benefit of another. 
 
 trustee. Person in whom some inter- 
 est or power in or affecting property 
 is vested for the benefit of another. 
 
 ultra vires. Applied to acts of cor- 
 porations beyond the scope of their 
 charter powers. [married. 
 
 uxor. A wife; a woman lawfully 
 
 vendee. A purchaser ; a buyer. 
 
 venditioni exponas. Writ direct- 
 ing the sheriff to sell goods at public 
 sale, [anything for a consideration. 
 
 vendor. Seller; one who disposes of 
 
 vendor's lien. Lien allowed to a ven- 
 dor for unpaid purchase money, where 
 the deed expresses, contrary to the 
 fact, that the money has been paid. 
 
 venire facias juratores. Usually 
 called venire simply. Writ issued to 
 summons citizens to act as jurors. 
 
 venue. Place at which facts are al- 
 leged to have occurred. 
 
 verdict. Unanimous decision of a 
 jury on some matter submitted to 
 them in the trial of a cause. [vs. 
 
 versus. Against. Usually abbreviated 
 
 vis major. Superior force. In law 
 it signifies inevitable accident ; the 
 act of God. 
 
 voir dire. Preliminary examination 
 of a witness to ascertain his compe- 
 tency. 
 
 voluntary conveyance. Transfer 
 of an estate without adequate consi- 
 deration. 
 
 warrant. Writ issued by a magis- 
 trate for the arrest of an alleged 
 offender. 
 
 warranty deed. Deed containing 
 personal covenants of the grantor to 
 indemnify the grantee in case *he 
 title should fail. 
 
 waste. Spoil or destruction, done or 
 permitted, to lands, houses or other 
 form of corporeal property, to Ihe 
 prejudice of the heir or person own- 
 ing some future estate. 
 
N. B. — Vocabulary in this department includes many important medical 
 words considered too technical for the body of the book; i. e. algesia 
 al-je'shi-a), acute sensitiveness to pain. 
 
 Addison's disease 
 
 cathartic 
 
 Addison's disease. Disease charac- 
 terized by brownish discoloration of 
 the skin, prostration and anaemia. 
 So called from Thomas Addison, who 
 discovered it. 
 adipose (ad'i-poz). Connective tissue 
 containing fat cells. [ness to pain. 
 algesia (al-je'zhi-a)._ Acute sensitive- 
 alterative (al'ter-a-tiv). Medicine 
 which changes the processes of nutri- 
 tion and excretion to normal action. 
 amnesia (am-ne'zhi-a). Loss of mem- 
 ory due to a morbid condition. 
 analgesia (an-al-je'zhi-a). Incapacity 
 
 of feeling pain. 
 anaemia (a-ne'mi-a), Deficiency of red 
 blood. [ducing insensibility. 
 
 anaesthetic (an-es-thet'ik). Drug pro- 
 aneurism (an'u-rizm). Dilation of an 
 artery. [two bones. 
 
 ankylosis (ang-ki-16'sis). Fusion of 
 anodyne (an'o-din). Drug which re- 
 lieves pain. [which kills germs. 
 antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik). Substance 
 antitoxin (an-ti-tok'sin). Fluid from 
 serum of a horse for inoculating 
 against diphtheria. 
 aphasia (a-fa'zi-a). Loss of speech. 
 apoplexy" ( ap'6-pleks-i ). Cerebral 
 shock or lesion impairing conscious- 
 ness and voluntary motion. 
 appendicitis(ap-pen-di-si'tis). Inflam- 
 mation of the vermiform appendix. 
 astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm). Condi- 
 tion iu which rays of light fail to con- 
 verge to a point on the retina. 
 astringent (as-trin'jent). Drug which 
 contracts, arresting excessive dis- 
 charge. 
 ataxia-locomotor ( a-taks'i-a 15-ko- 
 mo'tur). Disease of the posterior col- 
 umns of the spinal cord affecting the 
 
 Atomizer. 
 
 co-ordination of voluntary muscular 
 action. 
 atomizer (af- 
 
 um-i-zer). In- 
 strument 
 which re- 
 duces a liquid 
 to a spray. 
 auscultation 
 ( as-k u 1-ta'- 
 shim). Diag- 
 nosing the 
 condition of 
 an organ by 
 listening to sounds produced by it. 
 
 bacillus (ba-sil'us). Microscopic vege- 
 table orgahisrn; bacterium. 
 
 bacteria (bak-te'ria). Micro-organisms 
 concerned in putrefactive processes. 
 
 bicuspids (bi-kus'pids). The two teeth 
 above and below on each side between 
 the molars and canines. 
 
 bile (bil). Gall; a bitter, yellowish 
 secretion_ of the liver. 
 
 bolus ( bolus ). Large soft pill like 
 mass, to be swallowed at once. 
 
 bronchitis (brong-ki'tis). Inflamma- 
 tion of the bronchial membrane. 
 
 cancer (kan'ser). Malignant tumor; 
 carcinoma. 
 
 capillaries, (kap'i-lar-es). Small ves- 
 sels carrying the blood, and connect- 
 ing the veins with the arteries. 
 
 catalepsy (kat-a-lep'si). Abnormal 
 muscular rigidity with hysterical 
 coma. [mucous membrane. 
 
 catarrh (ka-tar'). Inflammation of 
 
 cathartic (kath-art'ik). Purgative 
 medicine. 
 
 }, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; ine, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 771 , ...... 
 
cecum 
 
 772 
 
 febrifacient 
 
 cecum, caecum (se-kum). Blind pouch 
 at the commencement of the ascend- 
 ing colon._ 
 
 chorea (ko-re'a). St. Vitus' dance. 
 
 chyle (kil). Milky fluid.in the lacteals 
 during digestion. 
 
 chyme (kim). Contents of the stom- 
 ach after gastric digestion, before 
 being acted upon by other secretions. 
 
 colon (ko'lon). The large intestines. 
 
 coma (ko'ma). Abnormal deep sleep 
 or stupor. 
 
 congestion (kon-jest'yun). Excess of 
 blood in a part. [that contracts. 
 
 constrictor (kon-strikt'ur ). Muscle 
 
 cornea (kar'ne-a). Transparent, ante- 
 rior portion of the eye-ball. 
 
 cowpox (kow'poks).Pustular eruption 
 on teats or bag of a cow, containing 
 virus which may produce smallpox 
 in a human being. [ease. 
 
 crisis (kri'sis). Turning point of a dis- 
 
 cyst (sist). Membranous sac; a blad- 
 der: a vesicle. 
 
 debilitant (de-bil'i-tant). Remedy to 
 reduce excitement. ' [swallowing. 
 
 deglutition (deg-16-tish'un). Act of 
 
 demulcent (de-mul'sent). Medicine 
 allaying irritation, [moving smells. 
 
 deodorant (de-o-dur-ant). Agent re- 
 depilatory (de-pil'a-tbr-i). Agent for 
 the removal of hair. 
 
 depressant (de-pres'ant). A sedative. 
 
 depurant (dep'u-rant). Medicine that 
 purifies. [tion of the skin. 
 
 dermatitis (der-ma-ti'tis). Inflamma- 
 
 detergent (de-ter'jent). Medicine that 
 purges. 
 
 diabetes (dl-a-be'tez). Affection of the 
 kidneys characterized by abnormal 
 flow of urine or an excessive amount 
 of sugar in the urine. 
 
 diaphragm (di'a-fram). Musculo- 
 membranous wall separating the ab- 
 domen from the chest cavity. 
 
 diphtheria (dif-the'ri-a). Infectious 
 disease characterized by the forma- 
 tion of a false membrane in the throat, 
 accompanied by fever and great pros- 
 tration. 
 
 dipsomania (dip-so-ma'ni-a). Abnor- 
 mal craving for intoxicants. 
 
 douche (dosh). Current of vapor or 
 water directed against a part. 
 
 dropsy (drop'si). Morbid accumula- 
 tion of water in the tissues and cavi- 
 ties. 
 
 duct (dukt). Vessel conveying the 
 fluids and secretions of the body. 
 
 duodenum (du-5-de'num). First part 
 of the small intestines; connecting 
 with the stomach. 
 
 eczema (ek'ze-ma). Inflammation and 
 eruption of lymph from the skin. 
 
 efferent (ef'fer-ent). Carrying from 
 the center.— E. nerves. Those which 
 send impulses from a ganglion to a 
 muscle or part. 
 
 emesis (em'e-sis). Vomiting. 
 
 emunctory (e-mungk'tur-i). Organs 
 or ducts having excretory functions; 
 pores of the skin. 
 
 endemic (en-dem'ik). Peculiar to a 
 certain people or race. 
 
 enteritis (en-te-ri'tis). Inflammation 
 of the intestines. _ 
 
 enuresis ( en-u-re'sis ). Involuntary 
 discharge of urine. 
 
 epidermis (ep-i-der'mis). Outer layer 
 of skin ; the cuticle. 
 
 epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is). Valve-like 
 organ over the larynx, which pre- 
 vents the entrance of food or liquid 
 into the larynx. 
 
 epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si). Disease of the 
 brain with muscular spasms and loss 
 of consciousness. 
 
 erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las). Spreading 
 inflammation of the skin and subcu- 
 taneous tissue, with fever. 
 
 esophagus (e-sof'a-gus). The gullet. 
 The musculo-membranous canal be- 
 tween the pharynx and s_tomach. _ 
 
 eustachian tube (u-sta'ki-an tub). 
 Canal from the middle ear to the 
 pharynx. [extends a part. 
 
 extensor (eks-tens'ur). Muscle that 
 
 eye (i). Organ of vision. 
 
 Divisions of the Eye. 
 
 fascia (fas'si-a). Fibrous membrane 
 
 covering, supporting and separating 
 
 muscles. 
 fauces (fa'sez). Back part of mouth 
 
 leading into the pharynx. 
 febrifacient (feb-ri-fa'shi-ent). That 
 
 which produces fever. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; rne, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, Men. 
 
febrifuge 
 
 773 
 
 internment 
 
 febrifuge ( feb'ri-fuj ). That which 
 lessens fever. [thigh. 
 
 femoral (fem'o-ral). Pertaining to the 
 
 femur (fe'mur) ' Thigh bone, extend- 
 ing from the hip to the knee joint. 
 
 fibula (fib'u-la). Outer bone of the leg, 
 extending from the ankle to the knee. 
 
 flatulence (flat'u-lens). Gas in the 
 digestive tract. [part. 
 
 flexor (fleks'ur). Muscle that bends a 
 
 frigorific (frig-o-rif'ik). That which 
 generates cold. 
 
 gall (gal). Bile. — G. bladder. Pear- 
 . shaped cyst for the storage of bile 
 
 from the liver. 
 ganglion (gang'gli-un). Enlargement 
 
 on the end of a nerve. 
 gangrene (gang'gren). Putrefaction 
 
 of soft tissue. [stomach. 
 
 gastralgia (gas-tral'ji-a). Pain in the 
 gastric (gas'trik). Pertaining to the 
 
 stomach. — G. fever. Fever accom- 
 panied by gastric derangement. — O. 
 
 juice. The secretion of the stomach. 
 gastritis (gas-tri'tis). Inflammation 
 
 of the stomach. [destroys germs. 
 
 germicide (jer'mi-sid). That which 
 gland (gland). A secretory part or 
 
 organ. [vocal cords. 
 
 glottis (glot'is). Fissure between the 
 gout (gowt). Painful inflammation of 
 
 the joints, especially in the large toe. 
 groin (groin). Hollow on each side 
 
 between thigh and abdomen, [taste. 
 gustation (gus-ta'shun). Sense of 
 
 hallucination ( hal-lu-sin-a'shun ). 
 False impression upon the visual or 
 auditory ceh- 
 
 ters. 
 
 
 
 heart (hart) 
 
 
 Principal 
 
 
 EJKQWP.S. 
 
 organ of the 
 
 
 cava| ' rj 
 
 circulation; 
 
 
 SUR C ^^-^^ 
 
 about 5x3.5- 
 
 
 
 x2 inches in 
 
 
 /'"^^^nTtmlf \ 
 
 size. 
 
 wF JM ^fc^ 
 
 hemiplegia 
 
 /RIGHT Jful ^8? 
 
 ( hem-i-ple'- , 
 
 f AURICLE jT m. ^ 
 
 ji-a) Paraly- J 
 
 j>«T J 
 
 sis' of only \ 
 
 one half of 
 
 WvJlX>" R,GHT "*J?i 
 
 the body. 
 
 Tf3Tnk VENTRICLE /jy 
 
 hemorrh- 
 
 
 age (hem'- 
 
 
 or-aj ). Ab- 
 
 
 normal dis- 
 
 
 charge of 
 
 
 blood. 
 
 The Heart. 
 
 hepatie(hep- 
 
 
 at'ik). Pertainii 
 
 ig to the liver. 
 
 hernia (her'ni-a). Displacement and 
 protrusion of a part projecting ex- 
 ternally. 
 
 histology (his-tol'o-ji). Study of the 
 microscopic structure of tissues. 
 
 humerus (hii'me-rus). Upper bone of 
 the arm. 
 
 hydropathy (hi-drop'a-thi). Appli- 
 cation of water in the treatment of 
 disease. [of blood. 
 
 hyperemia (hi-per-e'mi-a). Excess , 
 
 hyperopia (hi-per-o'pi-a). Far-sight- 
 ed ; focusing behind the retina. 
 
 hypnosis (hip-no'sis). Subconscious 
 condition in which the objective is 
 more or less inactive, accompanied by 
 abnormal sensibility to impressions 
 and suggestions. 
 
 hypodermic (hip-o-der'mik). Beneath 
 the skin. Term applied to the injec- 
 tion of fluids under the skin. 
 
 hysteria (his-ter'i-a). Nervous affec- 
 tion accompanied by abnormal sen- 
 sations and desires. 
 
 ileocecal (il-e-o se'kl). Pertaining to 
 the ileum and caecum. — I. valve. 
 Valve between the ileum and caecum. 
 
 ileum (il'e-um). Lower three fifths of 
 the small intestines. 
 
 ilium (il'i-um). Upper part of the 
 innominate bone. 
 
 impaction (im-pak'-shun). 1. Con- 
 cussion. 2. Stoppage of the bowels 
 through fixation of the feces. 
 
 incisors (in-si'zurz). The four front 
 teeth in both jaws. [middle ear. 
 
 incus (in'kus). Middle bone of the 
 
 inflammation (in-flam-a'shun). Con- 
 dition of hyperemia of a part with 
 swelling, redness, heat, pain and 
 functional derangement. 
 
 influenza (in-flo-en'za). La Grippe; 
 epidemic, contagious catarrh, accom- 
 panied by fever and general prostra- 
 tion. 
 
 infusion (in-fu'zhun). 1. Substance 
 that is steeped. 2. Injection of liquid 
 into a vein. 
 
 inhibition (in-hi-bish'un). Interfer- 
 ence with nerve impulse, thus re- 
 straining organic activity. 
 
 innervation (in-ner-va'shun). Stimu- 
 lation of a part through the nerves. 
 
 innominate bones ( in-nom'i-nat 
 bonz). The two hip bones. 
 
 inoculation (in-ok-u-la'shun). In- 
 jection of a virus into the system as 
 a preventative against disease. 
 
 insecticide (in-sekt'i-sld). An agent 
 that kills insects. 
 
 integument ( in-teg'u-ment ). The 
 sk:'.n. That which covers. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abcve; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
intermittent 
 
 774 
 
 metatarsus 
 
 intermittent (in-ter-mit'ent). Ceas- 
 ing ac intervals. — I. lever. Fever 
 characterized by intervals of cold 
 aud fever periods. 
 
 iris (l'ris). Colored membrane of the 
 eye, separating the anterior and pos- 
 terior chambers. [iris. 
 
 iritis (i-ri'tis). Inflammation of the 
 
 jaundice (jan'dis). Disease due to 
 changes in the liver, characterized by 
 yellow skin and whites of the eyes, 
 lassitude and loss of appetite. 
 
 jejunum (je-ju'num). Upper two 
 fifths of the small intestines, said to 
 be empty after death. 
 
 jugular (jo'gu-lar). Pertaining to the 
 throat. — J. veins. Veins in the 
 throat that collect the blood from 
 the head. 
 
 jury-mast (jor'i-mast). Arrangement 
 for supporting the head in spinal dis- 
 eases. 
 
 kleptomania (klep-to-ma'ni-a) Mor- 
 bid desire to steal. 
 
 Kneippism (nip'izm). System of hy- 
 dropathy. The application of water 
 in various forms, in the treatment of 
 disease. 
 
 kumiss, kumyss (ko'mis). 1. Cow's 
 milk with sugar and yeast, after 
 fermentation. 2. Fermented mare's 
 milk. 
 
 kyphosis ( ki-fo'sis ). Convex back- 
 ward curvature of the spine; hump- 
 back. 
 
 labyrinth (lab'i-rinth). Internal ear. 
 
 lachrymal (lak'ri-mal). Pertaining 
 
 to or secreting tears. — It. glands. 
 
 Tear sacs. 
 
 ligature (lig'a-tur). Cord used in 
 tying a blood vessel. 
 
 litmus (lit'mus). Specially prepared 
 blue paper which turns red when in 
 contact with acids. Used for testing 
 the presence of acid in the urine. 
 
 liver (liv'er). Largest gland in the 
 body. On the right side, beneath the 
 diaphragm. Secretes bile. Weight 
 50 to 60 ounces. [organ. 
 
 lobe (lob). Globular division of an 
 
 loins (loinz). Lower part of the back. 
 
 lumbar (lum'bar). Pertaining to the 
 loins. 
 
 Lancet. 
 
 lancet (lan'set). Two-edged surgical 
 
 knife. [tion of the larynx. 
 
 laryngitis (lar-in-ji'tis ). Inflamma- 
 larynx (lar'ingks). Enlarged upper 
 
 end of the trachea ; organ of the voice. 
 lateral (lat'er-al). Belonging to the 
 
 side. [medicine, 
 
 laxative (lax' a- tiv). Mild purgative 
 lesion (le'zhun). Morbid change in 
 
 the structure of an organ or tissue. 
 levator (lev'a-tur). Muscle that raises 
 
 a part. 
 ligament (lig'a-ment ). Connective 
 
 tissue binding one part to another. 
 
 Lungs. 
 
 lungs (lungz). Two spongy organs of 
 respiration connected with the phar- 
 ynx through the thrachea. The blood 
 passing through them gives off car- 
 bon-dioxid and receives oxygen. 
 
 luxation (luks-a'shun). A dislocation 
 of a joint. [in the lymphatics. 
 
 lymph (limf). Colorless, alkaline fluid 
 
 malar (ma'lar). 1. The cheek. 2. 
 The cheek bone. 
 
 malaria (ma-la'ri-a). Remittent and 
 intermittent fever due to contamin- 
 ated air or water. 
 
 malleus (mal'le-us). Outer bone of 
 the tympanic cavity of the ear. 
 
 mammary (mam'a-ri). Pertaining 
 to the breast. — M. glands. Glands 
 secreting milk. 
 
 maxillary (maks'il-ary). Pertaining 
 to the jaws; the jaw-bones. 
 
 meninges (me-nin'jez). Three mem- 
 branes investing the brain and spinal 
 cord. 
 
 meningitis (men-in-ji'tis). Inflam- 
 mation of the membrane of the spinal 
 cord or brain. 
 
 metacarpus (met-a-kar'pus). Bones 
 of the palms of the'h'and. 
 
 metatarsus (met-a-tar'sus). Bones 
 of the instep. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; n>e, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
microbe 
 
 pericarditis 
 
 microbe (mi'krob). 1. Minute form of 
 life not distinguishable as to its ani- 
 mal or vegetable origin. 2. Bacterium. 
 
 migraine (mi'gran). Periodic head- 
 ache on one side of the head, with 
 nausea. [teeth. 
 
 molar (mo'lar). Grinding or back 
 
 molecule (m'ol'e-kul). Smallest part 
 of a substance that can exist by itself. 
 
 mucus (mu'kus). Viscid fluid secreted 
 by a mucous membrane. 
 
 mumps (mumps). Inflammation of 
 the parotid gland. 
 
 myopia (mi-o'pi-a). Near sightedness. 
 
 nausea (na'she-a)_. Desire to vomit. 
 
 necrosis (ne-kro'sis). Death of cer- 
 tain areas of tissue. 
 
 nephritis (ne-fri'tis). Inflammation 
 of the kidneys. 
 
 nervine (nerv'in). That which quick- 
 ens the nervous system. [nerves. 
 
 neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a). Pain in the 
 
 neurasthenia (nu-ras-the'ni-a). Dis- 
 ease due to nerve exhaustion." 
 
 neuritis (nu-ri'tis). Inflammation of 
 a nerve. 
 
 nutrition (nu-trish'un). Absorption 
 of food and transformation into liv- 
 ing tissue. 
 
 obesity ( ©-bes'i-ti). Fatness; corpu- 
 lency, [pregnance and parturition. 
 
 obstetrics (ob-stet'riks). Science of 
 
 occipital (ok-sip'it-al). Back part of 
 the head. 
 
 occlusion (ok-klu'zhun). Closure of 
 a cavity, vessel or hollow-organ. 
 
 oculist (ok'u-list). One who makes a 
 specialty of diseases of the eye. 
 
 olfactory (ol-fak'tor-i). Pertaining 
 to smell. [tion of the conjunctiva. 
 
 ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a).Inflamma- 
 
 opiate ( o'pi-at ). Substance which 
 causes sleep. 
 
 ostalgia (os-tal'ji-a). Pain in a bone. 
 
 osteitis (os-te-i'tis). Inflammation of 
 a bone. [the bones. 
 
 osteology (os-te-oro-ji). Science of 
 
 ostheopathy (os-te-op'a-thi). Treat- 
 ment of diseases by various manipu- 
 lations, other than massage, for the 
 purpose of removing interference 
 with nerve action and free circulation. 
 
 otalgia (o : tal';ji-a)- Earache. [ear. 
 
 otitis (o-ti'tis). Inflammation of the 
 
 ovary (6'var-i). One of two glands on 
 each side of the uterus, producing 
 the ova or female germ. 
 
 ovulation (6-vu-la'shun). The lunar 
 monthly ripening and discharge of 
 an ovum. 
 
 palate (pal'at). Roof of mouth and 
 
 floor of nose. [alleviates. 
 
 palliative ( pal'i-a-tiv). That whicn 
 
 palpitation (pal'pi-ta-shun). 
 
 nial pulsation of the heart. 
 
 Abnor- 
 
 frCASTRlC ARTERY. 9-LOVrtR END OF CESOPHAC-US 
 
 7-5PERMATIC VESSELS 
 Pancreas 
 
 pancreas (pan'kre-as). Gland in the 
 abdomen, near the stomach, which 
 secretes a viscid liquid and pours it 
 into the duodenum. 
 
 paralysis (par-al'i-sis). Partial or total 
 loss of motion or sensation or both. 
 
 paranoia (par-a-noi'a). Chronic in- 
 sanity with delusions, "out otherwise 
 normal mentality. »_[of lower limbs. 
 
 paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a). Paralysis 
 
 parasite (par'a-sit). Organism that 
 lives at the expense of another. 
 
 paresis ( par'e-sis ). Incomplete or 
 slight paralysis. 
 
 parietal ( pa-i-i'et-al). Pertaining to 
 the wall of a cavity. — P. bones. A 
 bone on each side of the cranium. 
 
 parotid (par-ot'id). Secretory gland 
 discharging saliva into the mouth. 
 
 paroxysm (par'oks-izm) Convulsive 
 spasm or fit. [giving birth to young. 
 
 parturition (par-tu-rish'un)._ Act of 
 
 pasteurization (pas'tur-iz-a-shun ). 
 
 1. Destruction of microbes by heat. 
 
 2. Inoculation of a specific virus for 
 the cure of hydrophobia. 
 
 pathology (pa-tbol'o-jij. Science of 
 disease. 
 
 pelvis (pel'vis). Tne innominate bones 
 and sacrum, forming a hollow basin 
 for the support of the abdominal vis- 
 cera. 
 
 pepsin (pep'sin). Ferment of gastric 
 j uice, which aids digestion. 
 
 percussion (per-kush'un). Diagnosis 
 by tapping or striking the surface 
 over an organ. 
 
 pericarditis (per-i-kar-di-tis). In- 
 flammation of the pericardium. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
pericardium 
 
 776 
 
 saline 
 
 pericardium (per-i-kard'i-um). Mem 
 branous sac enclosing the heart. 
 
 periosteum ( per-i-os'te-um). Mem- 
 brane lining the surfaces of bones. 
 
 peristalsis (per-i-stal'sis). Involun- 
 tary worm like motion of the alimen- 
 tary canal and bowels. 
 
 peritoneum (per-i-to-ne'um). Serous 
 membrane lining the abdominal cav- 
 ity, [mation ofthe peritoneum. 
 
 peritonitis (per-i-to-ni^tis). Inflam- 
 
 pharyngitis (far-ingks-i'tis). Inflam- 
 mation of the pharynx. 
 
 pharynx (far'ingks). Membranous 
 pouch at the back of the throat. 
 
 phthisis (thi'sis). Consumption. 
 
 pleura (plo'ra). Membrane envelop- 
 ing the lungs and lining the chest. 
 
 pleurisy (plo'ri-si). Inflammation of 
 the pleura. [tion of the lungs. 
 
 pneumonia (nu-no'ni-a). Infiamma- 
 
 posterior (pos-te^ri-ur) . Behind. 
 
 prescription (pre-skrip'shun). Writ- 
 ten direction for the preparation of a 
 medicine. 
 
 ® 
 
 Terms and symbols used: 
 Take. 
 
 C CVo- Si & na - Mark or let it be 
 o or oZ£\ labeled. Indicates the di- 
 rections to be marked on the package. 
 Subscription..— The directions to the 
 druggist: 
 
 a a meaning "of each." 
 
 a. c. before meals. 
 
 cap. let him take. 
 
 Ott. or Outtce, drops. 
 
 noct. at night. 
 
 Solv. dissolve. 
 
 Quantities; 
 gf. grain. 
 
 ^7 Scruple. ^) Drachm. 
 
 5 Ounce. ID. Pound. 
 
 Fluid Measures. 
 
 M nr KAJ Minim; a drop; 1/60 of a 
 m or m\ fluid drachm> 
 
 / 3 fluid drachm. O pint. 
 
 / 5 fluid ounce. C. gallon. > 
 
 purgative (pur'ga-tiv). Medicine caus- 
 ing evacuation of the bowels. 
 
 pylorus (pi-lo'rus). Lower opening 
 of the stomach. 
 
 quarantine (kwor'au-ten). Period of 
 detention of a ship or person during 
 the contagious stage of a disease. 
 
 quinsy (kwin'zi). Acute inflamma- 
 tion of the tonsils, with fever; ton- 
 sillitis, {ical studies. 
 
 quiz (kwiz). Oral examination in med- 
 
 radius (ra'di-us). Outer bone of the 
 forearm. 
 
 rale (ral). Abnormal bubbling sound 
 heard in the lungs in disease. 
 
 ray (ra). Beam of light.— Actinic r. 
 Solar ray capable of producing chem- 
 ical changes. — X-r. Roentgen rays, 
 See X-RAY, page 739.— 5T»r. Radiant 
 energy emitted by active nerves and 
 muscles affecting a fluorecent screen 
 similarly to X-rays. 
 
 receptaculum chyli (re-sep-tak u- 
 lum ki'li). Dilated portion of the 
 thoracic duct near the first lumbar 
 vertebra into which certain lymphat 
 ics discharge. 
 
 regurgitation (re-gur'ji-ta-shun). 1. 
 Raising of solids and fluids back into 
 the mouth. 2. Reflex of blood through 
 the heart valves. 
 
 remittent (re-mit'ent). Abating and 
 returning. — R. fever. Fever with 
 alternate periods of higher and lower 
 temperature, but not below normal. 
 
 rheumatism (rom'a-tizm). An in- 
 flammatory swelling of joints and 
 muscles, accompanied by pain and 
 fever. 
 
 rachitis (ra-ki'tis). Rickets. Constitu- 
 tional disease affecting children char- 
 acterized by deformities, increased 
 growth of bone and other changes. 
 
 rigor (rig'iir). Rigidity of death; rigor 
 mortis. 
 
 roseola (ro-ze'o-la). Rose-colored rash. 
 
 rubefacient (ro-be-fa'shi-ent). Medi- 
 cine that reduces redness. 
 
 rubella (ro-bel'a), German measles. 
 Infectious disease of childhood, ac- 
 companied by rose colored eruptions 
 and catarrhalsymptoms. 
 
 rubeola (ro-be'o-la). Measles. Conta- 
 gious disease accompanied by inflam- 
 mation of mucous membranes of eyes 
 and respiratory passages with rose 
 colored eruptions of the skin. 
 
 scapula (skap'u-la). Shoulder blade. 
 
 sacrum (sa'krum). Five united bones 
 between the lumbar and coccygeal 
 vertebras. 
 
 sagittal (saj'it-al). Arrow-shaped.— 
 S. suture. Suture between the pari- 
 etal bones. 
 
 saline (sa'lin). Having the nature of 
 salt. — S. solution. Weak solution 
 of salt injected into the circulation. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf* 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
scaphoid 
 
 trapezoid 
 
 scaphoid (skaf'oid). Bone of the car- 
 pus; also bone of the tarsus. 
 
 scarlatina ( skar-la-te'na ). Scarlet 
 fever. [sciatic nerve. 
 
 sciatica (si-at'i-ka). Neuralgia of the 
 
 sclerosis (skle-ro'sis). Hardening of 
 connective tissue. 
 
 scrofula (skrof'u-la). Constitutional 
 disease characterized by glandular 
 swelling in the neck and inflammation 
 of joints and mucous membranes. 
 
 scurvy (skurv'i). Disease presenting 
 swollen easily bleeding gums, hard- 
 ness of muscles, anasmia, sub-cutane- 
 ous hemorrhages and prostration. 
 
 sebaceous (se-ba'shus). Having the 
 nature of fat.— S. glands. Those se- 
 creting lubricant for the skin and hair. 
 
 sepsis (sep'sis). Septicemia; putrefac- 
 tion. 
 
 septicemia (sep-ti-se'mi-a). Abnormal 
 condition produced by absorption of 
 putrid matter. 
 
 signa (sig'na). Term used in writing 
 prescriptions, meaning "mark." Usu- 
 ally written S or Sig. See prescrip- 
 tion. 
 
 signature (sig'na-tur). Directions on 
 a prescription. ' [tation. 
 
 sinus (si'nus). Hollow, cavity or dila- 
 
 skiagraph (ski'a-graf). X-raypicture. 
 
 solvent (solv'ent). Medicine capable 
 of dissolving substances. 
 
 sphincter (sfingk'ter). Circular mus- 
 cle contracting an oiifice. 
 
 spleen (splen). Glandular oval organ 
 on the left side of the abdomen, the 
 function of which is supposed to be 
 concerned with the white blood car- 
 ousel es. 
 
 sporadic (spo-rad'ik ). Scattered or 
 found in isolated cases. 
 
 sternum (ster-num). Breastbone. 
 
 stethoscope (steth'6-skop). Tube for 
 conveying sound in auscultation. 
 
 stirpieulture (sterp'i-kul-tur) . Scien- 
 tific breeding. 
 
 stomach (sium'ak). Dilated portion 
 of the alimentary canal, about 12x4 
 inches, situated below the diaphragm 
 and constituting the principal organ 
 of digestion. [hemorrhage, 
 
 styptic (stip'tik). Drug that checks 
 
 subscription (sub-skrip'shun). Direc- 
 tions to a pharmacist on a prescrip- 
 tion, [induces sweating. 
 
 sudorific (su-dur-if'ik). Medicine that 
 
 suppuration ( sup-u-ra'shun). The 
 formation of pus. 
 
 suture (sut'ur). Seam or articulation 
 between the bones of the skull. 
 
 syncope (sing'ko-pe). Loss of con- 
 sciousness or suspended respiration 
 or circulation. 
 
 synovial membrane (sin 5'vi-al), 
 
 Membrane lining certain joints' of 
 
 the bones. 
 synovitis (sin-o-vi'tis). Inflammation 
 
 of the synovialmembraue. 
 systole (sis'to-le). Contraction of the 
 
 heart and arteries. 
 
 talipes (tal'i-pez). Crab-foot caused by 
 abnormal contraction of certain ten- 
 dons and muscles. [lint or cotton. 
 
 tampon (tam'pon). Plug, usually of 
 
 tarsus (tar'sus). Bones of the instep. 
 
 tendon (ten'dun). Fibrous tissue serv- 
 ing for the attachment of muscles. 
 
 tetanus (tet'a-nus). Violent, rigid 
 spasms of voluntary muscles, lock- 
 jaw being a form of tetanus, 
 
 therapeutics (ther-a-pu'tiks). Per- 
 taining to the treatment of disease 
 and the administration of remedies. 
 
 thermalgesia ( ther-mal-je'zhi-a ). 
 Pain caused by heat. 
 
 thorax (tho'raks). Region and cavity 
 between the neck and abdomen. 
 
 thymus (thi'mus). Ductless gland 
 near the root of the tongue, the func- 
 tion of which is unknown. 
 
 thyroid (thi'roid ). Large vascular 
 glana at the upper part of the trachea, 
 the function of which is unknown, 
 its enlargement is called goiter. 
 
 tic (tik). Twitching. — T. doulou- 
 reux. Spasmodic facial neuralgia. 
 
 tincture (tingk'tur). Essential ele- 
 ments of a substance. 
 
 tissue (tish'u). Collection of similar 
 cells and fibers forming a definite 
 structure. 
 
 tonic (ton'ik). 1. Pertaining to tone. 
 2. Medicine that gives tone. 
 
 tonsils (ton'silz). Two glandular bod- 
 ies, one on each side of the fauces. 
 
 tonsillitis (ton-sil-i'tis). Inflammation 
 of the tonsils. 
 
 torticollis (tar-ti-kol'is). Wry neck. 
 Backward inclination of the head, 
 with neck and chin twisted in an 
 opposite direction. 
 
 tourniquet (tor'ni-ket). Instrument 
 to compress an artery in order to 
 arrest bleeding. 
 
 toxemia (toks-e'mi-a). Poisonous con- 
 dition of the blood. ' 
 
 toxic (toks'ik). Pertaining to poisons 
 
 trachea (tra-ke'a). The windpipe. 
 
 trachoma (tra-kb'ma). Granular con- 
 dition of the conjunctiva of the 
 eyelids. 
 
 trapezium ( tra-pe'zi-um). The first 
 bone of the second carpal row. 
 
 trapezoid ( trap'e-zoid). One of the 
 boaes of the wrist. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, abc-'e; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 
 mute, hut, huruj oil, owl, fftea, 
 
zymotic 
 
 trauma (tra'ma). 1. A wound. 2. 
 Abnormal condition due to external 
 violence. 
 
 trichinosis ( trik-i-no'sis). Disease 
 caused by the injection of trichina 
 spiralis through eating raw meat of 
 infected swine. 
 
 tricuspid (tri-kus'pid). Right auri- 
 culo-ventricular valve of the heart. 
 
 trigeminus (tri-jem'i-nus). The fifth 
 cranial nerve. 
 
 tuberculosis (tu-ber-kii-lo'sis). For- 
 mation of tubercles on any tissue due 
 to the presence of a specific bacillus. 
 —Pulmonary t. Consumption. 
 
 tumor (tu'mur). 1. A swelling or ab- 
 normal enlargement. 2. Abnormal 
 prominence not due to inflammation. 
 
 tympanum ( tim'pan-um ). The ear- 
 drum; cavity of the middle ear. 
 
 typhoid (ti-foid). Acute infectious 
 fever with eruptions and intestinal 
 lesions. 
 
 typhus (ti-fus). Contagious epidemic 
 fever with eruptions and. prostration 
 itnd delirium, but free from lesions. 
 
 ulcer (ul'ser). Open sore in any soft 
 part of the body. 
 
 ulna (nl'na). Inner large bone of the 
 forearm between the wrist and the 
 elbow. 
 
 umbilicus (um-bil'ik-us). The navel. 
 
 unciform bones (un'si-farm bonz), 
 Hook-like bones of the carpus. 
 
 unguent (ung'gwent). An ointment. 
 
 unilateral (u-ni-lat'e-ral). Pertaining 
 to one side. [of the urine. 
 
 urea (u're-a). Chief solid constituent 
 
 uremia (u-'re'mi-a). Poisonous condi- 
 tion of the blood'caused by the reten- 
 tion of theurea. 
 
 ureter (u-re'ter). One of two slender 
 tubes, 15 to 18 inches long connect- 
 ing the kidneys with the bladder for 
 passage of_ the urine. 
 
 urethra (u-re'thra). Canal from the 
 bladder to the exterior. 
 
 urinalysis (u-rin-al'i-sis). Chemical 
 analysis of the urine. (neys. 
 
 urine (u'rin). Excretions of the kid- 
 uterus (u'ter-us). .The womb; a pear- 
 shaped hollow organ in the female 
 pelvic basin. The organ of gestation. 
 
 vaccination (vak-si-na'shnn). Inocu- 
 lation of the virus of cowpox as a 
 preventitive of smallpox. 
 
 vaccine (vak'sin). Virus of cowpox; 
 lymph from a cowpox vesicle. 
 
 vagus (va'gus). Tenth cranial nerve. 
 
 valve (valv). Fold obstructing a pas- 
 sage in one direction. 
 
 varicella (var-i-sel'a). Chicken-pox. 
 
 varicose (var'i-koz).' Dilated or swol- 
 len veins. _ 
 
 variola (va'ri-o-la). Smallpox. 
 
 vas (vas). A vessel. 
 
 vascular (vas'ku-lar). Pertaining tc 
 vessels conveying fluids. 
 
 vasomotors (vas-c-mo'turz). Nerves 
 which regulate the tension of blood 
 vessels ; vasoconstrictors, contract- 
 ing, andvasodilators, dilating. 
 
 veins (vanz). Vessels carrying blood 
 to the heart. 
 
 ventricle (ven'tri-kl). One of the two 
 lower cavities of the heart. 
 
 vermicide (ver'mi-sid). That which 
 kills worms. [like. 
 
 vermicular (ver-mik'u-lar). Worm- 
 vermiform ( ver'mi-f arm ). Worm 
 form. — V. appendix. Small tube 
 about the size of a goose quill open- 
 ing into the caecum. 
 
 vertebra ( vert'e-bra). One of the 
 bones of the spinal column. 
 
 vertigo (vert'i-go). Dizziness. 
 
 vesical (ves'i-kal). Pertaining to the 
 bladder or a vesicle. [sac or cell 
 
 vesicle (ves'i-kl). Small bladder-like 
 
 virus (vi'rus). Morbid matter. 
 
 viscera (vis'er-a). The organs, tissues 
 and vessels of the interior of the body. 
 
 vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun). Dissec- 
 tion of living animals for physiologi- 
 cal investigation. 
 
 volatile (vol'a-til). Having the prop- 
 erty of evaporation. 
 
 wart (wart). Overgrowth"; of papillae 
 
 and epidermis, 
 wen (wen). A sebaceous cyst- 
 whitlow (hwit'16). Felon; suppura- 
 tion and inflammation of the deep 
 tissue of a finger. 
 wrist (rist). The carpus; the part 
 between the forearm and the hand. 
 
 X-ray (ex-ra). Roentgen rays. Ether 
 rays discovered by Prof. Roentgen. 
 The rays from the kathode of a vacu- 
 um tube, possessing great penetra- 
 tive qualities. 
 
 yellow fever (yel'6 fe'ver). Infectious 
 epidemic disease of warm climates, 
 characterized by high fever, black 
 vomit and jaundice. 
 
 zymotic (zi-mot'ik). Pertaining to 
 fermentation. — Z. disease. One 
 
 due to living germs introduced into 
 the body. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Pronunciation marks in this department conform to those found in body of book. 
 Abaris — ^Eolus 
 
 Abaris (ab'a-ris), a Scythian in the age 
 of Croesus, who traveled through the 
 air on an arrow received from Apollo. 
 
 Acestes (a-ses'tez), a Sicilian king who 
 assisted Priam in the Trojan war and 
 entertained ^Eneas. 
 
 Achseus ( a-ke'us), a king of Lydia, 
 hung for extortion; Son of Xuthus. 
 
 Achilles (a-kil'lez), Greek hero in the 
 Trojan war; chief character of 
 Homer's Iliad; son of Peleus, king of 
 Thessaly ; his mother, Thetis, plunged 
 him, when an iniant, into the Stygian 
 pool, which made him invulnerable, 
 but the heel by which he was held 
 was not wetted; shot with an arrow 
 in the heel by Paris, at siege of Troy, 
 and died of his wound. 
 
 Actseon (ak-te'on), a famous Greek 
 hunter, changed into a stag for watch- 
 ing Diana bathing; he was devoured 
 by his own dogsj son of Aristeeus. 
 
 Ad in etna (ad-me'tus), a king of Thes- 
 saly, redeemed from death by the 
 sacrifice of his wife, Alcestis. 
 
 Adonis (a-do'nis) , the beautiful at- 
 tendantof Venus, who heldher train; 
 killed by a boar, and turned by Venus 
 into an anemone; also said that his 
 blood merely stained the flower. 
 
 Aeacus (e'a-kus), son of Zeus and 
 ^Egina; king of Oenopia, whose in- 
 habitants were destroyed by pesti- 
 lence. Zeus repeopled the kingdom 
 by changing all the ants in an old oak 
 into men. At his death he was made 
 one of the judges in Hades. 
 
 fflger (e'jer), Scand. God of the Ocean. 
 Ran a his wife. They had nine daugh- 
 ters, clad in white, who represented 
 the white capped billows. 
 
 ^Egens (e'ji-us), Gr. King of Athens, 
 lrom whom the ^Egean Sea is sup- 
 
 posed to have received its name, and 
 in which he drowned himself, believ- 
 ing his son Theseus was dead. 
 
 Mgis (e'jis), Jupiter's shield covered 
 with goats' skins, given to Pallas ; 
 placed upon Medusa's head; all who 
 looked upon it were turned into 
 3tone. 
 
 iEgisthus(e-jis'thus),sonofThyestes. 
 Left by Agamemnon, his cousin, to 
 care for his wife Clytemnestra, dur- 
 ing his absence. False to his trust he 
 incited Clytemnestra to murder her 
 husband. He became king of Argos, 
 married his cousin's wife and was 
 murdered by his stepson Orestes. 
 
 JSgyptus (e-jip'tus), son of Belus. 
 Gave his fifty sons in marriage to the 
 fifty daughters of his brother Danaus. 
 All but Lynceus were murdered by 
 their wives on their nuptial night 
 through their father's jealousy. 
 
 iEneas (e-ne'as), the subject of Vir- 
 gil's ^Eneid ; the son of Anchises 
 and Venus, who escaped the destruc- 
 tion of Troy ; behaved with great 
 valor, encountering Achilles himself; 
 when the Grecians had set the city 
 on fire, ^neas took his aged father on 
 his shoulders; his son, Ascanius, and 
 his wife, Creusa, clung to his gar- 
 ments; after wandering about for 
 several years, he reached Italy, where 
 he was hospitably received by the 
 Latins, and became their king. 
 
 JBolns (e'o-lus), the god of winds; son 
 of Hippotas; represented as holding 
 the winds confined in a cavern, and 
 occasionally giving them liberty to 
 blow over the world; when Ulysses 
 visited him on his return from Troy 
 he gave him, tied up in a bag, all the 
 winds that could prevent his voyage 
 
 f&te, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; cote, not, move, wolfj 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, than, 
 
 779 
 
jEscuIapius 
 
 780 
 
 Argus 
 
 from being prosperous; the compan- 
 ions of Ulysses, fancying that the bag- 
 contained treasure, cut it open, just 
 as they came in sight of Ithaca, and 
 the contrary winds rushing out, drove 
 back the ship many leagues. 
 
 JBsculapius (es J ku-la'pi-us), the god 
 of medicine ; a son of Apollo, phy- 
 sician to the Argonauts. Pluto be- 
 came jealous, and requested Jupiter 
 to kill him with a thunderbolt ; to 
 avenge his son's death Apollo slew the 
 Cyclops who had forged the bolt. 
 
 Agamemnon ( ag-a-mem'non) , king 
 of Argos. Married Clytemnestra. 
 Brother of Menelaus, who married the 
 famous Helen. Leader of Greeks 
 against Troy. Murdered by his wife 
 as he came from his bath. 
 
 Ajax (a'jaks),l. Son of Telamon; one of 
 the bravest and largest of the Greek 
 warriors in the Trojan war. In a fit 
 of rage he stabbed himself, and his 
 blood, which ran upon the ground, 
 was changed in to the flower hyacinth; 
 slain by Paris. 2. Son of Oileus, king 
 of Locris ; one of Helen's suitors ; 
 called the Lesser Ajax. 
 
 Alcestis (al-ses'tis), wife of Admetus: 
 one of her father's murderesses; 
 sacrificed herself for her husband ; 
 restored from Hades by Hercules. . 
 
 Alcmena (alk-me'na), mother of Her- 
 cules, by Zeus; wife of Amphitryon. 
 
 Alcyone (al-si'o-ne), or Halcyon e 
 (hal), daughter of Aeolus; her hus- 
 band, Ceyx, was drowned and she 
 threw herself into the sea; both of 
 them were changed into birds. 
 
 41ecto ( a-lek'to), one of the three 
 Paries ; depicted with flaming torches 
 and serpents instead of hair, and sup- 
 posed to breed pestilence. 
 
 Aipheus (al-fe'us), river used by Her- 
 cules to clean the Augean stables. 
 
 Amazons ( am'a-zonz ) , a nation of 
 women soldiers "in Scythia; Hercules 
 totally defeated them and gave Hip- 
 polyte, their queen, to Theseus for a 
 wife. The race seems to have been 
 exterminated after this battle. 
 
 Ambrosia. Fabled food of the gods. 
 
 Amnion (am'mon). 1. The Egyptian 
 Jupiter or Zeus. 2. A king of Libya, 
 father to Bacchus. 
 
 Ainphion (am-fi'on), a son of Jupiter 
 greatly skilled in music; at the sound 
 of his lute the stones arranged them- 
 selves so regularly as to make the 
 walls of the city of Thebes. 
 
 Amphitrite (am-fl-tri'te). 1. The wife 
 of Neptune and a daughter of Oceanus 
 and Tethys ; the mother of Triton. 
 2. One of the Nereides. 
 
 Amphitryon (am-fit'ri-on), husband 
 of Alcmena, whose hand he won by 
 avenging the death of Electryon's 
 sons; son of Alcasus. 
 
 Ancaeus (an-se'us), son of Lycurgus; 
 was with the Argonauts; about to 
 taste a cup of wine, he was called to 
 the chase and killed by a boar as pre- 
 dicted by a servant. 
 
 Andromache (an-drom'a-ke), Hec- 
 tor's wife, famed for her domesticity. 
 
 Andromeda (an-drom'e-da), daugh- 
 ter of Cepheus, by Cassiope ; tied to 
 a rock and exposed to a sea monster; 
 rescued and married by Perseus. 
 
 Antaeus (an-te'us), a Libyan giant van- 
 quished by Hercules; each time that 
 Hercules threw him the giant gained 
 fresh strength from touching the 
 earth, so Hercules lifted him off the 
 ground and squeezed him to death. 
 
 Antigone (an-tig'o-ne), daughter of 
 Oedipus, king of Thebes, by Jocasta; 
 famous for her filial devotion; sub- 
 ject of one of Sophocles tragedies. 
 
 Anabis (a-nu'bis), Egyptian; son of 
 Osiris, represented as a human with 
 a dog's head ; he accompanied the 
 spiritsx>f the dead to the nether world. 
 
 Aphrodite (af-ro-di'te), Grecian name 
 of Venus. 
 
 Apis ( a-pis ), also called Serapis, the 
 greatest god of the Egyptians, wor- 
 shiped under the form of a bull. 
 
 Apollo (a-pol'o), god of all fine arts, 
 including medicine; the son of Jupi- 
 ter and Latona; also called Sol (the 
 sun) ; also Delphicus from his connec- 
 tion with his splendid temple at Del- 
 phi, where he uttered the famous 
 oracles. It is recorded that this oracle 
 became dumb when Christ was born. 
 
 Arachne(a-rak'ne), a Lydian princess, 
 who challenged Minerva or Athene to 
 a spinning contest; unsuccessful, she 
 hanged herself, but Minerva changed 
 her into a spider. 
 
 Arethusa (ar-e-thu'sa), one of the 
 nymphs of Diana; she fled from Ai- 
 pheus, a river god, and escaped him 
 by being turned by Diana into a foun- 
 tain ; the god in the form of the River 
 Aipheus mingled with the waters of 
 the fountain. 
 
 Argonauts ( ar-go-nats), the fifty 
 heroes who sailed to Colchis in the 
 ship Argo under the command of 
 Jason, to fetch the Golden Fleece. 
 
 Argus (iir'gus), a god with a hundred 
 eyes that slept and watched by turns; 
 chai-ged by Juno (or Hera) to watch 
 her rival io, but being slain by Mer- 
 cury (or Hermes), Hera placed his 
 eyes on the tail of a peacock. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, hum; oil, owl, then* 
 
Ariadne 
 
 SI 
 
 Briareus 
 
 Ariadne ( a-ri-ad'ne), daughter of 
 Miuos, King of Crete; after enabling 
 Theseus to get out of the Labyrinth 
 by means of a ball of thread, she fled 
 with him toNaxos, where he ungrate- 
 fully deserted her. 
 
 Arion (a-n'on), a famous lyric poet of 
 the Island of Lesbos, where he gained 
 riches by his art; when traveling his 
 companions robbed him, and proposed 
 to throw him into the sea; he en- 
 treated the seamen to let him play 
 upon his harp before they threw him 
 overboard, and he played so sweetly 
 that the dolphins flocked round the 
 vessel; he then threw himself into 
 the sea, and one of the dolphins took 
 him up and carried him to Corinth. 
 For this act the dolphin was raised to 
 heaven as a constellation. 
 
 Artemis (ar'te-mis), Gre(k name of 
 Diana; daughter of Zeus and Leto; 
 she protected mortals from danger 
 and punished evil with her arrows. 
 
 Arthur's Round Table, King 1 ; the 
 enchanted table of a mythical English 
 king of the fifth century. 
 
 Ascalapbus (as-kal'a-fus), son of 
 Acheron and Nox; turned into an owl 
 by Ceres for informing Pluto that 
 Proserpine had eaten some grains of 
 pomegranate. 
 
 Asgard (as'gard), Scand. The world 
 of the gods, Valhalla being one of its 
 regions; situated in center of the uni- 
 verse and reached by the bridge Bi- 
 frost (rainbow). 
 
 Ashtoreth (ask'to-reth ), Canaanite 
 god of love; counterpart of Baal. 
 
 Asmodens (as-mo-de'us), Hebrew. 
 Evil spirit of vanity; king of devils; 
 destroyer of domestic happiness. 
 
 Astrsea (as-tre'a), called Justice; last 
 god to leave the earth. 
 
 Atalanta (at-a-lan'ta), daughter of 
 Schoeneus, being very beautiful, she 
 had many suitors; she was a very 
 swift runner, and to get rid of her 
 admirers she promised to marry any 
 one of them who should outstrip her 
 in a race, but all who were defeated 
 should be slain; Venus gave Hip- 
 pomenes three golden apples, one of 
 which he dropped whenever Atalanta 
 caught up to him in the race. She 
 stopped to pick them up, and so he 
 won the raceand married her. 
 
 Athene (a-the'ne), Greek name of Mi- 
 nerva, goddess of wisdom, war and 
 science; Athens' tutelary diety. 
 
 Atlas (at'las), a Titan, King of Mauri- 
 tania, refusing hospitality to Per- 
 seus, he was shown Medusa's head 
 and changed into a mountain and 
 
 condemned to support the world ; At- 
 lantic Ocean named from him. 
 
 Atropos (at'ro-pos),oneof theParcae; 
 daughter of Nox and Erebus, who cut 
 the thread of life. 
 
 Aug-eas (a'je-as), a king of Elis, the 
 owner of the stable which Hercules 
 cleansed after 3,000 oxen bad been 
 kept in it for 30 years; cleansed by 
 running the river Alpheus through 
 it. Augeas promised to give Hercules 
 a tenth part of his cattle for his 
 trouble, but, neglecting to keep his 
 promise, Hercules killed him. 
 
 Aurora (a-ro'ra), Latin goddess of 
 dawn; daughter of Sol, the sun; same 
 as Greek Eos. 
 
 Axrsel (az'ra-el), Arab. Angel who, at 
 the moment of death, separates the 
 soul from the body. 
 
 Baal (ba'al), sun god of the Canaan- 
 ites; made counterpart of Ashtoreth. 
 
 Bacchantes (bak-kan'tez), the priest- 
 esses of Bacchus. 
 
 Bacchus (bak'us), god of wine, and a 
 son of Jupiter; said to have married 
 Ariadne, after she was deserted by 
 Theseus; one of their children was 
 Hymen, the god of marriage. 
 
 Baidur (bal'dur), or Balder (bal'der), 
 Norse. Son of Odin, so beautiful and 
 bright that he emanates light. 
 
 Beelzebub (be-el'ze-bub, 1. A Philis- 
 tine god, destroyer of insects. 2. A 
 lord of the infernal regions under 
 Lucifer. 
 
 Bellerophon (bel-ler'6-fon), son of 
 Glaucus; refusing advances of King 
 Proetus' wife, she caused his banish- 
 ment; Proetus sent him with sealed 
 letter asking his father-in-law, Job- 
 ates, to put him to death; Jobates 
 sent him to conquer the monster, 
 Chimera; with the aid of Pegasus, the 
 winged horse, he succeeded, and mar- 
 ried Jobates' daughter. 
 
 Bellona (bel-16'na), the goddess of 
 war, and represented as sister, com- 
 panion and wife of Mars; the 24th of 
 March was called by the Romans 
 Bellona's Day, when her votaries cut 
 themselves with knives and drank 
 the blood of the sacrifices. 
 
 Bona Dea(bo'nade'a). Roman goddess 
 of fruitfulness; her festivals cele- 
 brated onlyjn the night by women. 
 
 Boreas (bo're-as), the north wind rep- 
 resented with wines and white hair. 
 
 Brahma (bra'ma), Hindu. The Creator 
 and first person of the holy triad. 
 
 Briareus (bri-a're-us), a giant with 50 
 heads and 100 hands; son of Uranus 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met. her; mite, mit; note, not, move, woit; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Brn^lsild 
 
 Dana? 
 
 Brunbild (brun'hild), Norse. A val- 
 kyr won by Sigurd for Gunnar. In 
 the Nibelungenlied, wife of King 
 Gunther for whom she is won by 
 Siegfried. [Buddhism. 
 
 Buddha (bod'a), Hindu. Founder of 
 Busiris (bu-sl'ris), son of Neptune, 
 King of Egypt; he killed all foreign 
 visitors to Egypt; slain by Hercules. 
 
 Cadmus (kad'mus), the reputed in- 
 ventor of letters; his alphabet con- 
 sisted of sixteen letters; he slew the 
 Boeotian dragon, and sowed its teeth 
 in the ground, from each of which 
 sprang up an armed man; son of Ag- 
 enor, King of Phoenicia. 
 
 Caduceus (ka-du'se-us), the rod car- 
 ried by Mercury; it has two winged 
 serpents entwined round the top end, 
 supposed to have the power of pro- 
 ducing sleep. 
 
 Catenas (kal'kas), soothsayer, son of 
 Thestor ; unable to tell number of 
 figs on a tree, he died through grief . 
 
 Calliope (kal-li'o-pe), the muse pre- 
 siding over epic poetry and rhetoric. 
 
 Callisto (kal-lis'to), daughter of Ly- 
 caon, King of Arcadia; one of Diana's 
 attendants ; beloved by Zeus and 
 changed into a bear to conceal her 
 from Hera ; slain by Artemis, and 
 bpcame the constellation Arctos. 
 
 Calydonian bunt (kal-i-do'ni-an), 
 Artemis (Diana) sent a boar to rav- 
 age Calydon, where Oeneus reigned; 
 all the princes of the age took part, 
 and the king's son killed the animal. 
 
 Calypso (ka-lip'so), an Oceanide, 
 goddess of silence ; she entertained 
 Ulysses on the island of Ogygia and 
 offered him immortality if he would 
 become her husband. 
 
 Capaneras(ka'pa'ne-us),or(kap'a-nus), 
 one of seven heroes who fought 
 against Thebes; struck dead by Zeus 
 (Jupiter), for his impiety. 
 
 Cassandra (kas-san'dra), daughter of 
 Priam and Hecuba; was granted by 
 Apollo the power of seeing into fu- 
 turity, but he prevented the Trojans 
 from believing her predictions. 
 
 Castalia (kas'ta'li-a), fountain of Par- 
 nassus, sacred to muses; its waters 
 inspired all who drank of them. 
 
 Castor (kas'tar), twin brother of Pol- 
 lux, son of Jupiter by Leda, wife of 
 Tyndarus; famous for his horseman- 
 ship; killed by Idas; restored to life 
 on ear.th every other day. 
 
 Cecrops (se'krops), founder and first 
 king of Athens; instituted forms of 
 civilization, marriage, religion, etc. 
 
 Centaurs (sen'tarz), huntsmen whe 
 had forepart like a man and the re- 
 mainder of body like a horse. 
 
 Cepheus (se'fus), or (se'fe-us), King 
 of Ethiopia; father of Andromeda. 
 
 Cerberus ( ser'be-rus), three-headed 
 dog of Pluto stationed at entrance to 
 Had es to prevent living from entering 
 or dead from escaping. 
 
 Ceres (se'rez), sister of Jfcipiter and 
 mother of Proserpine ; goddess of 
 agriculture and fruits; she taught 
 Triptolemus to grow corn and sent 
 him to teach the earth's inhabitants. 
 
 Cbaron (ka'ron), conveyed the spirits 
 of the dead over the rivers Acheron 
 and Styx to Hades; his toll was a coin 
 put in the hands of the dead. 
 
 Charybdis (ka-rib'dis), a dangerous 
 whirlpool off Sicily, opposite another 
 called Scylla; caused by daughter of 
 Poseidon, hurled by a thunderbolt of 
 Zeus, into the sea; spewing the water 
 out of her mouth she caused the 
 whirlpool to exist. 
 
 Chimaera (ki-me'ra), a wild monster 
 in Lycia slain by Bellerophon; it had 
 the head and breast of a lion, the body 
 of a goat, and the tail of a serpent; it 
 was said to vomit fire. 
 
 Clio (kli'o), muse of history; carried a 
 half opened roll. 
 
 Clotbo(klo'tho), youngestof the Pates, 
 supposed to preside over birth; she 
 spins the thread of life. 
 
 Clytaemnestra(klit-em-nes'tra), wife 
 and murderess of Agamemnon: after- 
 ward married ^Egysthus, and both 
 were murdered by Orestes. 
 
 Croesus (kre'sus), King of Lydia, 
 patron oj ^Esop, richest of mankind. 
 
 Cupid (ku'pid), son of Mars and Vonus, 
 god of love. 
 
 Cyclops or Cyclopes (si-klo'pez), the 
 gigantic one-eyed workmen of Vul- 
 can, who made Jove's thunderbolts, 
 and lived in a cave under Mt. ^Etna. 
 
 Baedalus (ded'a-lus), a great archi- 
 tect and sculptor; invented the wedge, 
 the axe, the level, and the gimlet and 
 was the first to use sails; he con- 
 structed the famous labyrinth of 
 Crete; was confined there with his 
 son, Icarus, but escaped with wings 
 which he built. 
 
 Damon (da'mon), a Pythagorean con- 
 demned to death by Dionysius, for 
 whom Pythias, his friend, acted as a 
 voluntary ho_stage. 
 
 Dana? (dan'a-e), daughter of Acrisius, 
 King of Ar'gos; mother of Perseus by 
 Zeus, who visited her while impris- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Danaides 
 
 \s:-{ 
 
 Fortnna 
 
 onecl in a brazen tower by her father, 
 in the form of_a golden shower. 
 
 Danaides (dan-a'i-dez), the 50 daugh- 
 ters of Danaus who married the 50 
 sons of ^Egyptus and who, with the 
 exception of Hypermnestra, mur- 
 dered their husbands on their wed- 
 ding night ; condemned to forever 
 pour water through sieves in Hades. 
 
 Dardanus (dar'da-nus), founder of 
 Troy; son ofjupiter and Electra. 
 
 Deianira (de-i-a-ni'ra) or Dejanira 
 (dej-a-ni'ra), wife of' Hercules; inno- 
 cently killed her husband by sending 
 him a poisoned shirt given her by 
 Nessus; she hung herself for grief. 
 
 Demeter (de-me'ter), Greek goddess 
 of vegetation. 
 
 Deucalion (du-ka-li-on), son of Prom- 
 eiheus ; saved from a deluge in a 
 chest with his wife Pyrrha and landed 
 at Mount Parnassus; to repeople the 
 earth they threw stones behind them . 
 those of Deucalion becoming men and 
 those of his wife women. 
 
 Diana (dl-an'a), same as Greek Arte- 
 mis; goddess'of hunting and of chas- 
 tity ; the sister of I Apollo; was 
 honored as a celestial divinity (Luna) : 
 as a terrestrial goddess (Diana), and 
 in the infernal regions as Hecate. 
 
 Dioined (di-o-me'de) or Diomedes 
 (di-o-rne'des), 1. A Grecian chief in 
 the Trojan war; went with Ulysses 
 to steal the palladium from the tem- 
 ple of Minerva at Troy. 2. A king cf 
 Trace; fed his horses with human 
 flesh. 
 
 I'ionysns (dl-o-ni'sus), Greek god of 
 wine; son of Zeus and Semele; also 
 called by his original surname Bac- 
 chus; introduced culture of the vine 
 and spent many years wandering 
 about the earth. 
 
 Discordia (dis-kar'di-a), daughter of 
 Nox. goddess of discord; driven from 
 heaven for causing dissension. 
 
 Dryad (dn'ad), a deity who presided 
 over the woods; a wood-nymph. 
 
 Echo (ek'o), a nymph who fell in love 
 with Narcissus; when he died, or as 
 some say, because she was slighted, 
 she pined away from grief and died 
 also, preserving nothing but her 
 voice, which repeats every sound that 
 reaches her. [of the virtuous souls. 
 Elysium (e-lizh'i-um) . a blissful abode 
 Endymion (en-dim'i-on), a beautiful 
 shepard enamored of the moon; Jupi- 
 ter granted him to be always young 
 and to sleep as much as he would. 
 
 Ephialtes (ef-i-al'tez), a giant son of 
 Poseidon (Neptune), who grew nine 
 inches every month; with Otus, his 
 brother, he fought the Olympian 
 gods; was slain by Apollo. 
 
 Erebus (er'e-bus), 1. Son of Chaos and 
 Darkness; an infernal deity. 2. A 
 cavern through which the shades 
 passed on their way to Hades. 
 
 Erinnys (e-rin'nis), the Roman FuriaB 
 or Bivse; avengers of iniquity; rep- 
 resented with snakes and lighted 
 torches. 
 
 Eros (e'ros), the Greek god of love and 
 friendship; Cupid. 
 
 Euphrosyne (u-fros'i-ne), one of the 
 three graces or charities. 
 
 Enropa (u-ro'pa). daughter of Phoenix, 
 or of Agenor, and mother by Zeus of 
 Minos and Rhadamanthus; carried 
 over the sea to Crete by Zeus, who 
 assumed the form of a white bull. 
 
 Eurydice ( u-rid'i-se), died from a 
 snake bite; Orpheus, her husband, 
 descended to Hades and so charmed 
 Pluto with his music that he con- 
 sented to restore her to life ou condi- 
 tion thafe she walk back of her hus- 
 band, who was not to look back. Or- 
 pheus, however, looked back, and, so 
 Eurydice was sent back to Hades. 
 
 Euterpe (u-ter'pe), daughter of Jupi- 
 ter and Mnemosyne; inventress of 
 flute and all wind instruments and 
 muse of instrumental music. 
 
 Fates (fatz), or Parcae (par'se), the 
 three daughters of Necessity. Their 
 names were Clotho, who held the dis- 
 taff; Lachesis, who turned the spin- 
 dle; and Atropos, who cut the thread 
 with the fatal shears. 
 
 Faun (fan), a rural divinity, half man 
 and half goat; similar to the Satyr; 
 the Fauns attended the god Pan, and 
 the Satyrs attended Bacchus. 
 
 Faust (fowst), or Faustus (fowst'us), 
 a semi-mythical German character 
 carried off by the devil; principal 
 character of Goethe's tragedy by that 
 name. [wolf which slew Odin. 
 
 Fenris- wolf (fen'ris), Norse. A water 
 
 Flora (flo'ra), goddess of flowers and 
 gardens, and wife of Zephvrus; she 
 enjoyed perpetual youth. 
 
 Flying- Dutchman, a spectral ship, 
 believed by superstitious seamen to 
 haunt the seas in stormy weather, 
 near Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Fortnna (far-tu'na), the goddess of 
 fortune; had a temple erected to her 
 by King Servius Tullius of Rome; 
 usually represented as standing on a 
 
 £&t», tat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Frey 
 
 784 
 
 Helena 
 
 wheel, with a bandage over her eyes, 
 and holding a cornucopia. 
 
 Frey (fri), Norse. God of the earth's 
 fruitfulness; son of Njord. 
 
 Frey a (fri' a), sister of Frey; goddess 
 of fruitfulness and love ; wife of Odin ; 
 her chariot was drawn by two cats ; 
 those slain in battle belonged to her. 
 
 Furies, the Erinnys, daughters of Nox, 
 Tisiphone, Magsera and Alecto, per- 
 sonifying rage, slaughter, envy. 
 
 Gabriel, Hebrew. Prince of fire and 
 thunder, and angel of death. 
 
 Ganymede (gan-i-me'de), son of Tros, 
 and a beautiful Trojan youth; suc- 
 ceeded Hebe as cupbearer to Jupiter; 
 transferred by Zeus in the form of an 
 eagle to Olympus. [Buddha. 
 
 Gautama (gow'ta-ma), family name of 
 
 Genii (je'ni-i), were domestic divini- 
 ties; every man was supposed to have 
 two of them accompanying him; one 
 bringing happiness, the other misery. 
 
 Geryon (je'ri-on), a three-headed 
 monster with three bodies killed by 
 Hercules, who carried off his cattle; 
 King of Erythea, an island off Spain. 
 
 Gnome (nom), guardian of mines and 
 quarries living in the earth. 
 
 Golden Fleece, the hide of the ram 
 Chrysomallus, and the object of the 
 Argonauts' expedition to Colchis. 
 
 Gordius (gar'di-us), a husbandman, 
 who became King of Phrygia; pro- 
 claimed by an oracle who met him 
 riding in a wagon; the oracle said 
 that whoever could untie the knot 
 which held the yoke to the tongue 
 should be master of Asia; unable to 
 unravel it, Alexander the Great cut it 
 with his sword. 
 
 Gorgons, The (gar'gonz), three sis- 
 ters, named Sth'eno, Euryale, and 
 Medusa, daughters of Phorcys and 
 Ceto ; petrified every one they looked 
 at; instead of hair Medusa's head was 
 covered with vipers; Perseus con- 
 quered them, and cut off the head of 
 Medusa, which was placed on the 
 shield of Minerva, and all who looked 
 at it were turned_into stone. 
 
 Graces, The (gra'sez), virgin daugh- 
 ters of Zeus and Eurynome; the at- 
 tendants of Venus, named Aglaia 
 (beauty and goodness), Thalia (per- 
 petual bloom), and Euphrosyne (cheer- 
 fulness) ; generally depicted as three 
 cheerful maidens with hands joined, 
 and either nude or only wearing trans- 
 parent robes; supposed to teach the 
 duties of gratitude and friendship, 
 and to promote love and harmony. 
 
 Grail, Holy (gral), an emerald cup, 
 supposed to have been used by Christ 
 at the Last Supper; having been lost, 
 it was sought by all true knights who 
 were perfectly chaste, particularly 
 those of the Round Table. 
 
 Gyges (ji'jez), 1. Son of Collus, who 
 made war against the gods; he had a 
 hundred hands and fifty heads. 2. A 
 Lydian who, because he saw King 
 Candaules' wife when naked, was 
 compelled to kill himself or the king; 
 he killed the king and ascended the 
 throne by means of an enchanted ring, 
 which cduld make him invisible. 
 
 Hades (ha'dez), 1. Sovereign of the 
 dead ; brother of Zeus and husband of 
 Persephone; son of Cronos and Rhea. 
 2. The abode of the dead, including 
 Tartarus and Elysium. 
 
 Halcyons (hal'si-onz), seabirds, sup- 
 posed to be the Greek kingfishers; 
 made their nests on the waves, and 
 during the period of incubation the 
 sea was always calm; hence the mod- 
 ern term "halcyon days. " 
 
 Harpies (har'piz), Greek. ^Ello, Ocy- 
 pete and Celeno, demons of the storm 
 and of death; they had the face of a 
 woman, body of a vulture, and feet 
 and fingers armed with claws. 
 
 Hebe (.he'be), the goddess of youth and 
 cupbearer to the Olympian gods until 
 she so displeased Jupiter that Gany- 
 mede was appointed in her stead. 
 
 Hecate (hek'a-te), daughter of Perses 
 and Asteria, called Luna in Heaven, 
 Diana on earth, and Hecate in hell; 
 a Titan goddess of marriage, presid- 
 ing over magic, roads,doors and gates, 
 conferring honor and riches. 
 
 Hector (hek'tur)', son of Hecuba and 
 King Priam, the most valiant of the 
 Trojan chiefs; husband of Androm- 
 ache ; killed by Achilles, who dragged 
 his body round the walls of Troy. 
 
 Hecuba (hek'u-ba), mother of Hector, 
 Paris and Cassandra; wife of Priam; 
 taken as a slave by Achilles at the 
 fall of Troy. In revenge for the mur- 
 der of her children, she killed Poiym- 
 nestor's two children, and put out his 
 eyes; was turned into a dog, which 
 jumped into the ocean and perished. 
 
 Hel (hel), the giantess Angurboda, 
 daughter of Loki and goddess of 
 Niflheim, the realm of the dead. 
 
 Helena (hel'e-na) or Helen (hel'en), 
 daughter of Leda and Zeus (Jupiter) 
 or of Tyndarus and Leda; most beau- 
 tiful woman of her age; wife of Men- 
 elaus, King of Sparta; eloping with 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Helle 
 
 Lethe 
 
 Paris, she thus caused the Trojan war, 
 after which she returned to Greece 
 with Menelaus. 
 
 Helle (hel'le), daughter of Athamas 
 andNephele; fleeing through the air 
 on a golden ram, from Ino, her step- 
 mother, she became giddy and fell 
 into the Dardanelles, which then re- 
 ceived the nameHellespont. 
 
 Hercules (her'ku-lez), or Heracles 
 (her'ak-lez), son of Zeus (Jupiter) and 
 Alcmene; subject to King of Argos, 
 who compelled him to perform his 
 famous twelve labors ; celebrated for 
 bis virtue and strength ; rewarded 
 with immortality. 
 
 Hero (he'ro), a priestess of Venus be- 
 loved by Leander, who swam the 
 Hellespont every night to see her; 
 finally drowned, Hero threw herself 
 in the sea. 
 
 Hesperitles (hes-per'i-dez), three 
 daughters of Hesperus, who guarded 
 the golden apples which Juno gave to 
 Zeus and Her a. [son of Osiris and Isis. 
 
 Horns (ho'rus), Egyptian solar deity, 
 
 Hyacinthns (hi-a-sm'thus), a beauti- 
 ful youth, killed while playing quoits 
 with Apollo; from his blood the god 
 caused the hyacinth to grow, or caused 
 its petals to be marked with the Greek 
 word for "woe." 
 
 Hydra (hl'dra), a famous monster ser- 
 pent, which bad many heads, the 
 middle one immortal ; it lived in Lake 
 Lerna and was slain by Hercules. 
 
 Hygeia (hi-je'yaA or Hygieia (hi-ji- 
 e'ya), daughter of iEsculapius, and 
 goddess of health. 
 
 Hymen (hi'men) or Hymenaens 
 (him-e-ne'us), son of Bacchus and 
 Venus, or of Apollo and Calliope; 
 Greek god of marriage. 
 
 learns (ik'a-rus),son of Daedalus, who 
 made himself wings with which to fly 
 from Crete; these were fixed to the 
 shoulders by wax ; Icarus flew too 
 near the sun, and the heat melting 
 the wax, he fell and was drowned. 
 
 Io (i'6), daughter of King of Argos; 
 changed by Hera (Juno) into a white 
 heifer and placed in care of the Argus ; 
 pursued by a gadfly, she wandered to 
 Egypt and recovered her original 
 shape, was worshiped as Isis and be- 
 came the ancestress of the royal 
 families of that country. 
 
 Iphigenia (if-i-je-ni'a), daughter of 
 Agamemnon and Clytemnestra ; 
 changed into a goat when her father 
 attempted to sacrifice her to Artemis. 
 
 Iris (i'ris), an oceanide, messenger of 
 the gods and daughter of Electra. 
 
 Ishtar (ish'tar) or Istar (is'tar), 
 Assyro-Babylonian goddess of war 
 and love, ruler of the morning and 
 evening star. 
 
 Isis (i'sis) , Egyptian goddess reigning 
 with Osiris, the moon and sun; she 
 had the power of granting possessions 
 in the nether world. 
 
 Janns (ja'nus), a king of Italy who 
 sheltered Saturn when driven from 
 Heaven by Jupiter; god of highways, 
 gates and locks; usually represented 
 with two faces; a brazen temple was 
 erected to him in Rome; always open 
 in time of war; closed during peace. 
 
 Jason (ja'sun), son of ^Eson; leader of 
 expedition against Colchis, and 
 brought away the golden fleece with 
 Medea, whom he married. 
 
 Jocasta (jo-kas'ta), mother of CEdipus, 
 whom shein ignorance married. 
 
 Juno (ju'no), daughter of Saturn, and 
 married to Jupiter; queen of all the 
 gods and mistress of heaven and 
 earth; generally represented riding 
 in a chariot drawn by peacocks, a dia- 
 dem on her head, and a sceptre in her 
 hand; identified with the Greek Hera. 
 
 Jnpiter (ju'pi-ter), the god of gods; 
 son of Saturn; born on Mount Ida, in 
 Crete; with the help of Hercules de- 
 feated the giants, the sons of earth, 
 when they made war against heaven; 
 the Africans called him Ammon, the 
 Babylonians, Belus, and the Egyp- 
 tians, Osiris ; identified with the Greek 
 Zeus. 
 
 Karma (kar'ma), Hindu. 1. Condition 
 after death, determined by acts in this 
 world. 2. In theosophy ; doctrine of 
 fate; the inevitable consequence. _ 
 
 Kriemhild or Chriemhild (krem'- 
 hild), heroine of the "Nibelungen- 
 lied"; wife of Siegfried ; counterpart 
 of Gudrun in the Norse. 
 
 Lachesis (lak'e-sis), a Parcas; one of 
 the Fates, presiding over futurity. 
 
 Laocoon ( la-ok'o-on), a priest of 
 Apollo, son of Priam and Hecuba ; 
 with his two sons, crushed to death by 
 serpents, because he opposed the ad- 
 mission of the wooden horse to Troy. 
 
 Lares (la'rez), inferior Roman gods 
 presiding over houses and families; 
 their statues were placed within the 
 doors or over the hearths. 
 
 Lema (ler'na), the marsh where Her* 
 cules slew the many headed monster. 
 
 Lethe (le'the), 1. A river of Hades, of 
 which the souls of the departed drank 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Lilith 
 
 786 
 
 Muses 
 
 to forget the past. 2. Daughter of 
 Eris, personification of Oblivion. 
 
 Lilith (lil'ith), Hebrew. Said to have 
 been Adam's first wife; turned from 
 Paradise and made a spectre; a great 
 enemy _of newborn babes. 
 
 Loki (lo'ke), Norse. God of destruc- 
 tion ; father of the midgard-serpent, 
 the fenris-wolf, and Hel. 
 
 .Lohengrin (lo'en-grin), German. Son 
 of Parzival, a knight of the Holy 
 Grail; carried to Antwerp in a boat 
 drawn by a swan; became the hus- 
 band of the Princess of Brabant on 
 condition that she never ask his 
 name; she breaks the agreement and 
 he is carried away by the swan; the 
 basis of Wagner's drama. 
 
 IiOrelei (lo're-li), the legendary abode 
 of a river siren, between St. Goar and 
 Oberwesel; a dangerous cliff on the 
 Rhine; subject of an opera by Men- 
 delssohn and a poem by Heine. 
 
 Lucifer _(lu'si-fer), Satan. 
 
 Luna (lu'na), Roman goddess of the 
 moon. [of fertility. 
 
 Lu;>ercus (lu-per'kus)^ old Roman god 
 
 Lycomedes (lik-o-me'dez), King of 
 Scyros; Achilles was disguised as a 
 girl among his daughters to avoid 
 going to the Trojan war. 
 
 Mars (marz), the Roman god of war; a 
 son of Jupiter and Juno; identified 
 with Greek Ares. 
 
 Mausolus (ma-so'lus), King of Crete; 
 his wife, Artemisia, at his death, 
 drank up his ashes; erected grandest 
 monument of antiquity to his mem- 
 ory; one of the " seven wonders." 
 
 Medea (me-de'a), wife of Jason; daugh- 
 ter of *^Eetes,'who assisted Jason in 
 getting the golden fleece. 
 
 Medusa (me-du'sa), one of the Gor- 
 gens; Minerva changed her beautiful 
 hair into serpents; conquered by Per- 
 seus; her head cut off and placed on 
 Minerva's shield ; everyone who 
 looked at head was turned into stone. 
 
 Meleager (me-le'a-jer), son of Oeneus 
 and Althaea; destined to live as long 
 as a certain brand remained uncon- 
 sumed; it was burned by his mother 
 to revenge Meleager's murder of his 
 brother /[of Jupiter; muse of tragedy. 
 
 Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne) , daughter 
 
 Memnon(mem'noD\l.Son of Tithonus 
 and Aurora; King of Ethiopia; 
 nephew of Priam, whom he assisted 
 during the Trojan war ; killed by 
 Achilles. 2. A station near Thebes, 
 erected in his memory, which gave 
 forth a melodious sound at sunrise. 
 
 Menelaus { men-e-la'us). brother of 
 Agamemnon and King of Sparta; hus- 
 band of Helen. 
 
 Mentor (men'tar), a friend of Ulysses 
 left in charge of his household and of 
 his son Telemachus. 
 
 Mercury (mer'ku-ri), the son of Jupi- 
 ter and Maia; messenger of the gods 
 and conductor of the souls of the dead 
 to Hades; he was the supposed in- 
 ventor of weights and measures, and 
 presided over orators and merchants ; 
 Mercury was accounted the god of 
 thieves; identified with Hermes. 
 
 Midas (mi'das), a king of Phrygia; 
 begged of Bacchus the gift that every- 
 thing he touched might turn into 
 gold; the request was granted, but 
 food also was turned to gold, and so 
 he asked the god to withdraw the 
 power; he bathed in the River Pac- 
 tolus, and its sands were golden ever 
 since; his ears were changed to those 
 of an ass for declaring Pan's musical 
 ability greater than Apollo's. 
 
 Midgardsorm (mid'gard-sor m ), 
 Norse. A monster serpent encircling 
 the earth in its surrounding waters; 
 slain by Thor, who was poisoned 
 from its breath. 
 
 Minerva (mi-ner'va), the goddess of 
 wisdom, war and the liberal arts; also 
 called Pallas; said to have sprung 
 fully armed, from the head of Jupiter; 
 the tutelar deity of the city of Athens, 
 and her temple at Athens, the Parth- 
 enon, still remains. 
 
 Minos (mi'nos), 1. Son of Zeus (Jupi- 
 ter) and Europa, and King of Crete ; 
 a great lawgiver, and after death a 
 judge in the nether world. 2. Son of 
 Minos I, who annually sacrificed 
 7 boys and 7 virgins to the minotaur. 
 
 Minotaur (min'o-tar), a monster, half 
 man, half bull, who devoured Minos' 
 human sacrifices; killed by Theseus. 
 
 Mitnra (mith'ra), a Persian divinity, 
 god of light; later of the sun. 
 
 Mnemosyne ( ne-mos'i-ne), the god- 
 dess of memory; mother of Muses. 
 
 Mjollnir (myel'nir), Norse. Thor's 
 hammer, "the crusher," made by 
 dwarfs. 
 
 Moloch (m5'lok), a god of the Cu,naan- 
 itish and Semitic races, to whom 
 human victims, principally children, 
 were sacrificed. 
 
 Momus (mo'mus), the god of mirth, 
 laughter and sarcasm; son of Nox. 
 
 Morpheus (mar'fe-us, or mar'fus), the 
 god of sleep and dreams; "the son of 
 Somnus. 
 
 Muses, nine daughters of Zeus and 
 Mnemosyne — Calliope, Clio, Erato, 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, t /ten. 
 
Naiads 
 
 Palladium 
 
 Thalia, Melpomene, Terpichore, Eu- 
 terpe, Polyhymnia and Urania, pre- 
 siding over poetry, music, the arts 
 and sciences. 
 
 Naiads (na'yadz), nymphs presiding 
 over springs, fountains and wells. 
 
 Narcissus ( nar-sis'sus), a beautiful 
 youth that fell in love with his reflec- 
 tion in a fountain, imagining that it 
 must be some beautiful nymph, and 
 in his despair he killed himself; there 
 sprang from his blood a flower which 
 was named after him, Narcissus. 
 
 Nastrond (na'strend), Norse. Place 
 of punishment for the wicked. 
 
 Nemesis (nem'e-sis), goddess of ven- 
 geance and justice; daughter of Nox, 
 and an infernal deity. 
 
 Neptune (nep'tun), god of the sea; 
 husband of Amphitrite, and father of 
 Triton ; son of Saturn and Ops ; 
 brother to Jupiter, Pluto and Juno; 
 identified with Poseidon. 
 
 Nereids (ne're-iciz), fifty sea nymphs ; 
 daughters of Nereus. 
 
 Nestor (nes'tar), King of Pylos, and 
 son of Neleus and Chloris; distin- 
 guished for wisdom and justice; he 
 outlived three generations. 
 
 Nibelungenlied (ne'be-long-en-led ), 
 German epic poem written in the 13th 
 centui'y ; its hero is a mythical prince, 
 later King of Niderland; married 
 Kriemhild, sister of the Burgundian 
 KingGunther; based on the Volsunga 
 Saga and the Edda. 
 
 Nibelung-s ( ne'be-longz), a race of 
 Northern dwarfs named from their 
 kings ; applied to Siegfried's fol- 
 lowers. 
 
 Nid^ug 1 (nid'hog), Norse. A serpent 
 or monster incessantly gnawing at 
 the root of the tree Yggdrasil. 
 
 Niflheim (nifl-Mm), Norse. The 
 cold world of fog in the North ; in 
 the midst was the spring from which 
 flowed ten rivers. 
 
 Niflhel (nif'1-hel), Norse. Abode of 
 dead below the earth, surrounded by 
 a wall and a swift river running over 
 bed of swords ; approached by bridge 
 guarded by the maiden Modgud. 
 
 Niobe (ni'6-be), is the personification 
 of grief; by her husband, Amphion, 
 she had ten sons a,nd ten daughters: 
 in punishment for her arrogance to 
 Latona the ten sons were killed by 
 Apollo, and the daughters (except 
 Chloris) by Diana ; Niobe, over- 
 whelmed with grief, was turned into 
 a marble statue. 
 
 Nirvana (nir-va'na), the ideal state to 
 which the Buddhist saint aspires; 
 originally extinction of existence. 
 
 Njord (nyerd), ruler of the wind and 
 sea; god of the sailors and fishermen ; 
 father of Frey and Freyja. 
 
 Nox (noks), the daughter of ®haos, 
 and sister of Erebus and Mors; per- 
 sonified night, and was the mother of 
 Nemesis and the Fates. 
 
 Nymphs (nimfs), inferior female 
 deities; attendants of the gods; some 
 presided over springs, woods and the 
 sea ; they are spoken of as land 
 nymphs or Naiads, and sea or water 
 nymphs or Nereides ; the Dryades 
 lived in forests and the Hamadryades 
 were found in groves of oak trees. 
 
 Oceanides (o-se-an'i-dez), sea nymphs, 
 daughters of Oceanus and Tethys. 
 
 Oceanns ( o-se'a-nus ). son of Ccelus 
 and Terra; husband of Tethys; father 
 of the Oceanides; he also personified 
 the immense stream which was sup- 
 posed to surround the earth, and into 
 which the sun and moon and other 
 heavenly bodies sank every day. 
 
 Odin (o'din), Norse. Chief god of the 
 Ases; identified with Woden. 
 
 CEdipns (ed'i-pus), son of Laius and 
 Jocasta ; King of Thebes ; involun- 
 tarily killed his father and married 
 his mother; he solved the riddle of the 
 sphinx, went mad, and put out his 
 own eyes. 
 
 Olympus (o-lim'pus), the magnificent 
 mountain on the coast of Thessaly, 
 9,750 feet high, where the gods were 
 supposed to reside. 
 
 Orestes (o-res'tez), slayer of his 
 mother, Clyteemnestra; son of Aga- 
 memnon. 
 
 Orion (o-ri'on), a giant; suitor of 
 Merope, whose father blinded him ; 
 was restored by gazing at the sun. 
 
 Ormuzd (ar'mozd), Persian. Ahura 
 Mazda, or" the Good Spirit, who will 
 ultimately triumph over evil. 
 
 Orpheus (ar'fus), or ar-fe'us), hus- 
 band of Eurydice (which see); with 
 his lyre he charmed the mountains 
 and streams. 
 
 Osiris(o-si'ris), Egyptian. The Creator, 
 in constant conflict with his brother 
 or son, Set, god of evil; husband of 
 Isis, god of dead, and of the Nile. 
 
 Ossa (os'sa), a mountain piled upon 
 Pelion by'the giants in order to scale 
 Olympus. 
 
 Palladium (pal-la'di-um), a wooden 
 image of Pallas (Minerva), its pres- 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Pan 
 
 Python 
 
 ervation insured the safety of Troy; 
 stolen by Ulysses and Diomedes. 
 
 Pan (pan), god of shepherds and hunts- 
 men; represented as part man, part 
 goat, playing a reed-pipe. 
 
 Pallas (pal'las), Athene; identified 
 with Roman Minerva. 
 
 Pandora (pan-do'ra), the first woman 
 made by Hephaestus (Vulcan) ; en- 
 dowed by the gods with beauty and 
 the arts; Zeus (Jupiter) gave her a 
 box of misfortunes, which curiosity 
 prompted her to open ; all but Hope 
 flew out of the box. 
 
 Paris (pa'ris, or par'is), son of Priam, 
 King of Troy; under tbe inspiration 
 of Venus, to who.vt he had awarded 
 the golden apple of supreme beauty, 
 he eloped with Helen the wife of Men- 
 elaus, King of Sparta, and this gave 
 rise to the Trojan war; he fell during 
 or after the siege. 
 
 Parzival ( part'se-fal), a knight of 
 Arthur's Round Table; he loses the 
 sovereignty of the Holy Grail, but 
 after a life of abstinence in search of 
 it, he is declared worthy to become its 
 sovereign. 
 
 Pegasus (peg'a-sus), the famous 
 winged horse sprung from the blood 
 of Medusa; by striking the ground 
 with his hoof, he caused to spring 
 forth the fountain called Hippocrene. 
 
 Pelops (pe'lops), killed by his father, 
 Tantalus, King of Phrygia, and served 
 to the gods at a feast; restored to life 
 by the gods, who gave him an ivory 
 shoulder to replace the one eaten by 
 Ceres (Demeter)^ 
 
 Penates (pe-na'tez), Roman. House- 
 hold gods (see Lares). 
 
 Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe), Ulysses' wife; 
 faithful during her husband's absence 
 of 20 years ; put off suitors by refus- 
 ing an answer until she had finished 
 weaving a web, unwinding at night 
 what she had wove during the day. 
 
 Persephone (per-sef'o-ne), or Pro- 
 serpina (pro-ser'pi-na), daughter of 
 Jupiter and Ceres ; wife of Pluto; 
 personification of the seasons ; six 
 months of the year she passed in 
 Hades and six on earth. 
 
 Perseus (per'sus), a son of Jupiter 
 (Zeus) and Danae; his first famous 
 exploit was against Medusa; assisted 
 by Pluto, who gave him a helmet 
 which would make him invisible, by 
 Pallas, who lent him her shield, and 
 Mercury, who supplied him with 
 wings, he cut off Medusa's head, and 
 from the blood sprang the winged 
 horse Pegasus. 
 
 Phaethon (fa'e-thon), or Phaeton 
 (fa'e-ton), a son of Apollo (Helios); 
 anxious to display his skill in horse- 
 manship, he was allowed to drive the 
 chariot of the Sun for one day. The 
 horses became unmanageable, and 
 overturned the chariot. Jove, to stop 
 the impending disaster to heaven and 
 earth, killed him with a thunderbolt. 
 
 Phenix or Phoenix (fe'niks), A beau- 
 tiful bird who lived over 500 years, 
 the only one of its kind; about to die, 
 it burned itself to ashes, from which 
 a young phenix arose, or the bird re- 
 vived in the freshness of youth. 
 
 Pleiades, The (ple'ya-dez), seven 
 daughters of Atlas, named Electra, 
 Alcyone, Celaano, Maia, Sterope, Tay- 
 gete, andMerope. 
 
 Pluto (plu'to), king of the infernal 
 regions; a son of Saturn; brother of 
 Jupiter and husband of Prosperine. 
 Represented as holding a trident with 
 two teeth and with keys in his hand. 
 
 Plutus (plu'tus), the god of riches, and 
 son of Jason and Ceres; described as 
 blind and lame. 
 
 Pollux (pol'luks), twin brother of 
 Castor, and son of Jupiter. [trees. 
 
 Pomona (po-mo'na), goddess of fruit 
 
 Poseidon (po-si'don), brother of Zeus, 
 lord of the sea; son of Cronos and 
 Rhea; identified with the Roman 
 Neptune. 
 
 Priam (pri'am), last king of Troy; 
 Hecuba's husband; father of Hector 
 and Paris. 
 
 Procrustes (pro-krus'tez), a highway- 
 man who tied his captors on a bed ; if 
 too long to fit the couch, he cut off 
 part of their limbs; if too short, he 
 stretched them. 
 
 Prometheus (pro-me'the-us), son of 
 Iapetus; for stealing fire from heaven 
 Zeus ordered him chained to a rock 
 in Mt. Caucasus, where his liver was 
 daily consumed by an eagle, growing 
 again at night; released by Hercules. 
 
 Proteus (pro'te-us), a marine deity 
 who foretold events, and could trans- 
 form himself into all shapes. 
 
 Psyche (si'ke), personification of the 
 soul; wife of Eros (Cupid). 
 
 Pygmalion (pig-ma'li-on), a famous 
 sculptor who made such a beautiful 
 statue that he finally begged Venus 
 to give it life; his request granted, he 
 married the animated statue. 
 
 Pythias (pith'i-as), friend of Damon. 
 
 Python (pi'thon), a celebrated ser- 
 pent killed by Apollo, who instituted 
 the Pythian games in commemora- 
 tion of the event. 
 
 fftte, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, nut; cote, not, move, wolf j 
 
 mute, hut ? buyu; oil ? owl, Men, * 
 
Ra 
 
 789 
 
 Trojan War 
 
 Raor Re (ra), Egyptian sun god, pro- 
 tector of men; emblem of supreme 
 power. 
 
 Ragnarok (rag-na-ruk'), the destruc- 
 tion of the universe, the gods, and 
 evil-doers by fire, followed by the 
 regeneration of all things. 
 
 Remus (re'mus), twin brother of Rom- 
 ulus, by whom he was slain. 
 
 Romulus (rom'u-lus), founder of 
 Rome; a son of Mars, and a twin 
 brother of Remus; thrown into the 
 Tiber, but miraculously saved, and 
 suckled by a she-wolf till found by a 
 shepherd, who brought them up ; 
 Remus was killed in a quarrel with 
 his brother, and Romulus became sole 
 chief of the future great nation. 
 
 Saturn (sat'urn), father of Jupiter, 
 Neptune and Pluto; son of Coelus or 
 Uranus, by Terra, and husband of 
 Rhea; banished from heaven by Jupi- 
 ter, he fled to Italy, where he taught 
 the people agriculture ; this period 
 was henceforth called the Golden Age. 
 
 Satyrs (sat'erz), identified with Roman 
 Fauni. 
 
 Scylla (sil'la), a beautiful nymph, 
 changed into" a frightful sea-monster, 
 rising unexpectedly from the deep; 
 in reality it was a dangerous whirl- 
 pool and an alternative danger with 
 the rock Charybdis. 
 
 Shiva (shi'va), Hindu. The destroyer 
 and third person of the holy triad. 
 
 Siegfried or Sigfrid (zeg'fret), hero 
 of the " Nibelungenlied "; husband of 
 Kriemhild. 
 
 Sigurd (ze'gurd), Norse. The Sieg- 
 fried in the Volsunga Saga. 
 
 Sirens (si'renz), three sea nymphs 
 whose music lured mariners to de- 
 struction; when nearing their abode 
 Ulysses had the ears of his compan- 
 ions stopped with wax, and himself 
 tied to the mast of his ship. 
 
 Skanda (skan'da), Hindu. The 
 younger of the two sons of Shiva. 
 
 Skadi ( ska'de) , Norse. Daughter of 
 the giant Thjazi; wife of Njord. 
 
 Sol (sol), the sun god. [of Nox. 
 
 Somnus (som'nus), god of sleep; son 
 
 Sphinx (sfinks), a monster near 
 Thebes who devoured all unable to 
 solve her riddles ; GEdipus succeeding, 
 she killed herself. 
 
 Stentor (sten'tar), a Trojan herald 
 whose voice was equal to that of 50 
 men. 
 
 Styx (stiks), the leading river of hell; 
 held in such high esteem by the gods 
 
 that they always swore " By the 
 Styx," an oath never violated. 
 Surya (sor'ya), the Hindu god corre- 
 sponding to the Roman Sol, the sun. 
 
 Tannhauser (tan'hoi-zer), German. A 
 legendary character, and the subject 
 of Wagner's opera of that name. 
 
 Tantalus ( tan'ta-lus), as a punish- 
 ment for serving up his son Pelops at 
 a feast to the gods, was placed in a 
 pool of water in the infernal regions, 
 under a tree with delicious fruits, but 
 the waters and fruit receded from him 
 whenever he attempted to satisfy his 
 longings for food or water. 
 
 Tartarus (tar'ta-rus), place of punish- 
 ment for the wicked, below Hades; 
 often used synonymously. 
 
 Telamon (tel'a-raon), first to scale the 
 walls of Troy; King of Salamis, and 
 an Argonaut. 
 
 Teleniachus (te-lem'a-kus), only son 
 of Ulysses and Penelope. 
 
 Terminus ( ter'mi-nus ), the Roman 
 god of boundaries. 
 
 Terpsichore (terp-sik'o-re), the muse 
 who presided over dancing. 
 
 Terra (ter'ra), identified with Greek 
 
 Gaea, goddess of the earth. 
 
 Tethys (te'this), mother of the river 
 gods and sea nymphs ; wife of 
 Oceanus. 
 
 Theseus (the'sus, or the'se-us), one of 
 the most famous of the Greek heroes ; 
 a son of ^Egeus, King of Athens. 
 
 Thetis (the'tis), a sea goddess and the 
 mother of the famous Achilles (q v.), 
 whom she rendered all but invulner- 
 able by dipping him into the Styx. 
 
 Thor(thar), Norse. God of thunder; 
 son of Odin; always carried a heavy 
 hammer (mjollnir), which returned 
 to his hand as often as he threw it, 
 and he had a girdle that constantly 
 renewed his strength. 
 
 Thoth (thoth or tot), Egyptian. God 
 of speech, letters, time, and source 
 of all wisdom, corresponding to the 
 GrGBk TTftTrn~i£S» 
 
 Titans (ti'tanz), children of Uranus 
 and Gasa (Heaven and Earth) ; cast 
 into Tartarus by Zeus ; guarded by 
 the hundred armed giants. 
 
 Triton (tri'ton), 1. Son of Poseidon, 
 who dwelt in a palace at the bottom 
 of the sea. 2. Later the Tritons ap- 
 pear as sea gods. 
 
 Trojan "War, a ten year Grsek war, 
 under Agamemnon, against the 
 Trojans, for recovery of Helen, wife 
 of Menelaus, King of Sparta, carried 
 off by Paris, son of the Trojan king. 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, ab.ove; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf j 
 mute, hut, bum; oil, owl, then. 
 
Typhoeus 
 
 790 
 
 Zeus 
 
 Typhceus (ti-fe'us), a hundred headed 
 giant who made war against the gods ; 
 Jupiter struck him with his holts and 
 crushed him under Mt. Etna. 
 
 Typhou (ti'fon), 1. Son of Typhosus, 
 later confused with him; father of the 
 winds. 2. Egyptian. The god who 
 undoes all the good effected by Osiris. 
 
 Undine (un-den' or un'den), German. 
 A water spirit who, through her mar- 
 riage to a mortal, is endowed with a 
 soul. 
 
 Ulysses (u-lis'sez, or Odysseus), a king 
 of Ithaca, whose exploits in connec- 
 tion with the Trojan war, and his ad- 
 ventures on his return therefrom, are 
 the subject of Homer's Odyssey; his 
 wife, Penelope, was a pattern of con- 
 stancy, for though Ulysses was re- 
 ported to be dead, she would not 
 marry anyone else, and had the satis- 
 faction of finding her husband return 
 after an absence of about 20 years. 
 
 Uranus (u-ra/nus), identified with 
 Ccelus; son of Gsea, and father of the 
 Titans ; dethroned by Cronus. 
 
 Vanderdecken (van'der-dek-en), cap- 
 tain of the Flying Dutchman, con- 
 demned for his sins to sail around 
 Cape of Good Hope forever ; according 
 to the English version his ship was 
 not spectral. 
 
 Valhalla (val-hal'a), Norse. The Scan- 
 dinavian temple of immortality, in- 
 habited by the souls of heroes slain in 
 battle. 
 
 Valkyrs (val'kirz), Norse. Odin's 
 handmaidens; they rode through the 
 air, and with their spears designated 
 the heroes to be slain in battle. 
 
 Vana (va'na), Norse. Gods originally at 
 war with the Asas, but subsequently 
 received by them into Asgard. 
 
 Varuna (var-r5'na), the Hindu Nep- 
 tune ; represented as a white man 
 riding on a sea-horse, carrying a club 
 in one hand and a rope in the other ; 
 ruler of the night. 
 
 Venus (ve'nus), goddess of love and 
 beauty; sprung from the foam of the 
 sea; Vulcan married her, but she ac- 
 cepted the attentions of other gods: 
 mother of Cupid. 
 
 Veda (va'da), collection of Hindu 
 sacred literature. 
 
 Venusberg, the caverns between 
 Eisenach and Gotha,. where Venus 
 was said to have held her court; no 
 one who was charmed by her music 
 and allurements, ever returned, ex- 
 cept Tannhauser. 
 
 Vertumnus (ver-tum'nus), god of 
 spring, and the husband of Pomona, 
 the goddess of orchards. 
 
 Vesta (ves'ta), the goddess presiding 
 over family altars ; had under her 
 special care a famous statue of Mi- 
 nerva, before which the vestal virgins 
 kept a fire constantly burning. 
 
 Vishnu (vish'no), Hindu. The pre- 
 server ; one of the triad, Brahma, 
 Vishnu and Shiva; a popular god of 
 modern Hindu worship. 
 
 Yolsnnga Saga ( vol'song-ga sa'ga), 
 Norse. Mythical history of the Vol- 
 sungs and Nibelungs. 
 
 Vulcan ( vul'kan ), the god of fire of 
 metal workers'; the son of Jupiter and 
 Juno ; he offended Jupiter, was by 
 him thrown out of heaven, and 
 dropped with such violence that he 
 broke his leg, and was lame forever 
 after; was married to Venus. 
 
 Wandering' Jew, a legendary char- 
 acter, condemned to wander over the 
 
 r earth until Christ's return for an act 
 of disrespect when the Saviour was 
 on His way to execution. 
 
 Woden (wo'dn), the Anglo-Saxon for 
 Odin; Wednesday is called after him. 
 
 Yama (ya'ma), Hindu. Ruler over the 
 blessed or of the dead; Yama and 
 sister, Yami, first human pair. 
 
 Yggdrasil ( ig'dra-sil ), Norse. The 
 ash-tree whose roots bind together 
 heaven, earth and hell ; called the 
 Tree of the Universe. 
 
 Ymir (e'mer), Norse. A sea giant, the 
 first created being; slain by Odin and 
 his brothers ; his flesh became the 
 land, his blood the waters, his hair 
 the forests, his skull the heavens, and 
 his brain the clouds. 
 
 Zephyrus (zef'i-rus), god of flowers; 
 
 a son of ^Eolus and Aurora; the west 
 
 wind. 
 Zeus (ziis), husband of Hera, son of 
 
 Cronos and Rhea; god of the heavens; 
 identified with the Roman Jupiter. 
 
 Sate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
N. B. — The pronunciation in this department is marked uniformly with tfie 
 body of the book, u = French u, German u; fch = German ch. 
 
 Aal — Asgardl 
 
 Aal (al) 
 Aalar (a'a-lar) 
 Aaron (af'un) 
 Abaddon (a-bad'dun) 
 Abadias (ab-a-di'as) 
 Abana (ab'a-ha) ' [der) 
 Abd-el-Kader (abd-el-ka'- 
 Abdera (ab-de'ra) 
 Abednego (a-bed'ne-go) 
 Abel (aj)el) 
 Abiah (a-bi'a) 
 Abiathar(a-'bi'a-thar) 
 Abiezer (a-bi-e'zer) 
 Abigail (ab'i-gal) 
 Abimael (a-bim'a-el) 
 Abimelech ^a-bim'e-lek) 
 Abinadab (a-bin'a-dab) 
 Absalom (ab'sa-lom) 
 Abu-Bekr (a'bo-bek^r) 
 Acarnania (ak-ar-na-ni'a) 
 Achaia (a-ka'ya) 
 Achan (a'kan) 
 Achates (a-ka'tez) 
 Acheron (ak'e-ron) 
 Achilles j;a-kil'lez) 
 Achish (a'kish) 
 Acra (a'kra) 
 Actium (ak'shi-um) 
 Aden (a'dn) 
 Adoraim (ad-o-ra'im) 
 Adlai(ad'la) [lek) 
 
 Adrammelech (a-dram'e- 
 Adullam (a-dul'lam) 
 Algeria (e-je'ri-aj 
 ^Egina_(e-ji'na) 
 ^Egis (e'jis)_ 
 <<Egyptus (e-jip'tus) 
 ^Emilius_ (e-_mil'i-us) 
 -iEneas (e_-ne^as) 
 ^Eneis (e-nels)_ 
 ^Enobarbus(e-no-bar'bus) 
 -^Eolis (e'o-lue) 
 
 ^Esculapius (es-kii-la'pi- 
 
 us) 
 ^Ethiopia (g-thi-o'pi-a) 
 Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'- 
 
 non) 
 Agathon (ag'a-thon) 
 Agesilaus (a-jes-i-la'us) 
 Aglaia (ag-la'i-a) 
 Agora (ag'o-ra) 
 Ahab (a'hab) 
 Ahasuerus(a-has-u-e'rus), 
 Ahiezer (a-hi-e'zer ) 
 Ahimelech (a-him'e-lek) 
 Ahitophel (a-hith'o-fel), 
 Ahriman(a-re-man') 
 Ajaleth/aj'a-leth) 
 Aisne (an) 
 Ajah (a'ja) 
 Ajalon (aj'a-lon) 
 Ajax(a'^ks) 
 Aladdin (a-lad'din) 
 Alcuin (al'kwin) 
 Alderney (al'der-ni) 
 Ali (a'le) " 
 
 Allahabad (al-_la-ha-bad') 
 Alphasus (al-fe'us)' 
 Alpheus (al-fe'us) 
 Amadeo (a-ma-da'o) 
 Amalek (am'a-lek) 
 Amalfi (a-mal'fe) 
 Amaryllis (am-a-ril'lis) 
 Amasa (am'a-sa) 
 Amboise (ohgHbwaz) 
 Amerigo (a-ma-re'go) 
 Amherst (am'erst) 
 Ammon (am'mon) 
 Amoor(a-mor') 
 Amos (a'mus) 
 Amphitrite (am-fi-tri'te) 
 Anabasis (a-nab'a-sis) 
 Ananiah (an'a-ni : a) 
 Anchises (an : ki'sez) 
 
 Andromache ( an-drom'- 
 
 a-ke) [da. 
 
 Andromeda ( an-drqm'e- 
 Andronicus ( an-dro-ni'- 
 
 kus) 
 Angouleme (on-go-lam') 
 Anjou (ong-zho') 
 Antaeus (an-te'us) 
 Antenor (an-te'nor) 
 Anthropophagi (an-thrd- 
 
 pof'a-jl) 
 Antigone (an-tig'o-ne) 
 Antiochia (an-ti-o-ki'a) 
 Antipater (an-tip'a-ter) 
 Anubis (a-nu'bis)_ ' 
 Apache (a-pa'cha) 
 Apelles (a-pel'ez) 
 Aphrodite (af-ro-dlte) 
 Apis (a'pis) 
 Apollo (a-pol'o) 
 Apnius (ap'pi-us) 
 Apuleia (ap-u-le'ya) 
 Aranjuez (a-ran-hweth') 
 Arbaces (ar'ba-sez) 
 Arbela (ar-be'la) 
 Archangel (ark-an'jel) 
 Areopagus (a-re-op'a-gus) 
 Argenteuil (ar : zhong-teT) 
 Argivi (ar-ji'vi) 
 Argonauts (ar'go-nats) 
 Ariadne (a-ri-ad'ne)" 
 Ariel (a'ri-el) 
 Arimathea (ar'i-ma-the-a) 
 Ariobarzanes (a-ri-o-bar- 
 
 za'nez) 
 Arion (a-ri'on) 
 Aroostook (a-ros'tok) 
 Art_abazanes(ar-ta-'ba-za'- 
 
 nez) 
 Artemis (ar'te-mis) 
 Asclepius (as-kle'pi-us) 
 Asgard (as'gard) 
 
 fito, Cat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 
 mute, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
 791 
 
Ashtabula 
 
 792 
 
 C'richfoil 
 
 Ashtabula (ash-ta-bu'la) 
 Ashtaroth (ash'taj'rotb) 
 Asmodeus ( az-mo-de'us ) 
 Aspasia (as-pa'zhi-a) 
 Astaroth (as'ta-roth) 
 Astarte (as-taf'te) 
 Astrakhan (as-tra-kan') 
 As ty an ax (as-ti'a-naks) 
 Ate (a'te) 
 Athene Ja-the'ne) 
 Athos (a'thos) 
 Atticus (at'i-kus) 
 Auchiulech (af-flek' or 
 
 a&Mn-lek') 
 Auchmuty (ok'mu-ti) 
 Auerbach (ow'er-baM) 
 Augias(a-iras) 
 Augustus (a'-gus'tus) 
 Aurora (a- for a) 
 Auvergne (o-vern') 
 Auxerre (o-sar') 
 Auxonne (o-son') 
 Avernus (a-ver'nus) 
 Avignon (a-ven-yong') 
 Azof (a-zov') 
 Azriel (az'ri-el) 
 
 Baal (ba'al) 
 Baalah (ba'a-la) 
 Baasha (ba'a-sha) 
 Baba, Ali (ale ba'ba) 
 Babel (ba'bel) 
 Bacchus (bak'us) 
 Bagehotjbaj'ut) 
 Baiee (ba'ye) 
 Balaam (ba'lam) 
 Baldr (bal'der) 
 Basque (bask) 
 Bathsheba (bath-she'ba) 
 Batoum (ba-totu') 
 Bayou (bi'6), 
 Beauchamp (be'cham ; Fr. 
 
 bo-shong') 
 Beauclerc (bo'klerk) 
 Beauharnais (bo-ar_-na') 
 Beavjmarchais (bo-mar- 
 
 sha') 
 Beelzebub (be-el'ze-bub) 
 Beer-sheba (be'er-she-ba) 
 Belfort(bel-far') [foh) 
 
 Bellerophon" ( bel-Ier'o- 
 Belshazzar (bel-shaz'zar) 
 Belvidere (bel-ve-der') 
 Berenice (ber-e-m'se) 
 Beresina (ber-e-ze'na) 
 Berlioz (ber'li-6z) 
 Bernadotte ( ber-na-dot') 
 Berthi er (ber-te-a') 
 Berwickshire ( b e r ' r i k- 
 
 sher) 
 Besancon (b'zong-song') 
 Bethsaida (beth-sa'i-da) 
 Bey root (ba'rot) 
 
 Biarritz (be-ar-rets') 
 Blenheim (blen'im) _ 
 Boadicea (bo-ad-i-se'a) 
 Boonerges_(_bo-a-ner'"jez) 
 Boeotia (be^sh'i-a) 
 Boethius (bo-e'thi-us) 
 Boleyn (bol'in) [brok) 
 Bolingbro'ke _( bo 1 ' i ri g- 
 Bologna (bo_-lqn'ya) 
 Bootes (b5-o'tez) 
 Boreas (b5're-as) _ 
 Borghese (bar-ga'za) 
 Borgia (bar'j'a) 
 Bottiger (bet'ie-ger) 
 Boulanger (bo-long-zha') 
 Bourbon (bor'bun) 
 Boucicault (bo-se-kd'' 
 Bouvier (b5_-vya') 
 Bowdoin (bo'dn) 
 Brahma (bra'ma) 
 Brahmapootra (bra-ma- 
 
 po'tra) 
 Briudisi (brin-de'se) 
 Broglie (broly) 
 Bruyn (broin) 
 Brynhild (brin'hild) 
 Bucephalus (bu-sef 'a-lus) 
 Bunsen (bon'sen) 
 Bunzlau (bonts'low) 
 Burg (burg) 
 Burghley(bur'li) 
 Busiris (bu-si'ris) 
 
 Caaba (ka-a'ba) 
 Csesarea jses-a-re'a) 
 Caieta (ka-e'ta) 
 Cagliostro (kal-yos'tro) 
 Cain (kan) 
 Caldea (kal-de^a) 
 Callao (kal-ya'o) [kus) 
 Callimachus ( kaHim'a- 
 Calliope (kal-li'6-pe) 
 Callisthenes ( kal-lis'the- 
 
 nez) 
 Calpurnius(kal-pur'ni-us) 
 Calvary (kal'va-ri) 
 Calypso (ka-lip'so) 
 Cambronne (kong-bron') 
 Cambyses (kam-bi'sez) 
 Camoens (ka-mo'enz) 
 Canaan (ka'nan) 
 Canajoharie ( kan-a-jo- 
 
 har'ri ) [gwa) 
 
 Canandaigua (kan-an-da'- 
 Canute (ka-nuf) 
 Capet (ka'pet) 
 Cappadocia ( kap-pa-do'- 
 
 shi-a) 
 Caria' (ka'ri-a)_ 
 Castalia (kas-ta'li-a) 
 Catullus (ka-tul'lus) 
 Cavaignac (ka-van'yak), 
 Cavour (ka-vor') 
 
 Cayenne (ka-yen') 
 Cecrops (se'krops) 
 Centauri (sen-ta'rl) 
 Cephalonia (sef a-lo-ni-a) 
 Cephas (se'fas) 
 Cerberus (ser'be-rus) 
 Cercyra (ser-si'ra) 
 Ceres (se'rez) 
 Cervera (ther-va'ra) 
 Chaeronea (ker-o-he'a) 
 Chalibes (kal'i-bez) 
 Chambord (shong-bor') 
 Chamissq (sha-mis'o) 
 Chaos (ka'os) 
 Charon (ka'ron) 
 Charybdis (ka-rib'dis) 
 Cheops (ke'ops) 
 Cherokee (cher-o-ke') 
 Chihuahua (che-wa'wa) 
 Chillicothe (chil-i-koth'e) 
 Chisleu (kis'lu) 
 Chittim (kit'im) 
 Chloe (klo'e) 
 Cholmondely (chum'li) 
 Chorazin (ko-ra'zin) 
 Chris tophorus (kris-tof- 
 
 o-rus) 
 Chronos (kro'nos) 
 Cilicia (si-lish'i-a) 
 Cimmeri (sim-m'e'rl) 
 Cinq Mars (sangk-mars') 
 CinquePorts(singk ports) 
 Circe (ser'se)_ 
 Cleanthes (kle-an'thez) 
 Clearchus (kle-ar'kus) 
 Cleopas (kle'6_-pas) 
 Cleophas (kle'o-fas) 
 Clio (kli'o) 
 Cloe (klo'e) 
 Cloelia (kle'li-a) 
 Clusium (klu'shi-um) 
 Clytemnestra (kli t'e ni- 
 nes' tr a) 
 Clytia (klish'i-a) 
 Clytie (kli'ti) 
 Cnidus (ni'dus) 
 Cochituate (ko-chit'u-at) 
 Coeur de Lion (ker-de-ir- 
 un; Fr. ker-de-le-6ng') 
 Colbert (kol-bar') 
 Coligny (ko-len-yf) 
 Colossae (ko-lps'se) 
 Colquhoun (ko-hon') 
 Comines (ko-men') 
 Compiegne (kong-pe-an') 
 Conde (kon'da; Fr. kong- 
 
 da') 
 Conemaugh (kon'e-ma) 
 Courtenay (kert'na) 
 Cowes (kowz) 
 Cremona (kre-mo'na) 
 Creon (kreVm) 
 Creusa (kre-u'sa) 
 Crichton (kri'tun) 
 
 fat, task; far, fan, £are > above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf} 
 mute, hut* burn; oil, owl, thou. 
 
Crifto 
 
 793 
 
 Falkenstein 
 
 Crito (krl'to)_ 
 Croatia (kro-a'shi-a) 
 Ctenus (te'nus) 
 Ctesilaus (tes-i-la'us) 
 Ctesiphou (tes'i-fon) 
 Culloden (kui-lo'den) 
 Culm (kolm) 
 Cuyahoga (ki-a-ho'ga) 
 Cybele (sib'e-le) 
 Cyclades (sik'la-dez) 
 Cyclopes (si-klo'pez) 
 Cyrene (si-re'ne) 
 Cythera (sl-the'ra) 
 Czaslau (chas'low) 
 Czernigow (cher'ne-gof ) 
 
 Dabareh (dab'a-re) 
 Daedalus (ded'a-lus) 
 Daghestan (da-ges-tan') 
 Dalhousie (dal-ho'zi) 
 Dalilah (da-U'la) 
 Damocles (dam'o-klez) 
 Danae (dan'a-e)^ 
 Danaidae (da-na'i-de) 
 Danaus (dan'a-us) 
 Daphne (daf'rie) 
 Darius (da-ri'us) 
 Dartmouth (dart'muth) 
 Davoust (da-vo') 
 Debreczin (da-bret'sin. 
 Debora ( deb'o-ra or de- 
 
 bo'ra) 
 Decimus (des'i-mus) 
 Decius (de'shi-us) 
 Deianira (de_I-a-ni[ra) 
 Deioneus (de-i-o'ne-us) 
 Dejanira (dej-a-ni'ra) 
 Delatour (d'la-tor') 
 Delaunay (d'lo-na') 
 Delft (delft) 
 Delilah (de-li'la) 
 Demeter (de-me'ter) 
 Demetrius (de-me'tri-us) 
 Denbigh (den'bi) 
 Denis, Saint (sang d'ne') 
 Deodatu3 (de-od'a-tus) 
 Depeyster (de-pis'ter) 
 Derby (der'bi or dar'bi) 
 De Ruyter (dej-ii'ter) 
 Deschamps (da-shong') 
 D'Estaing (des-tang') 
 Deucalion (du-ka'li-on) 
 DevereuX (dev'er-o) 
 Devrient (da-vre-ongO 
 Diana (dl-an'a) 
 Dido (di'do) 
 Didvmus (did'i-mus) 
 Diebitsch(de'bich) 
 Diego (de-a^go) 
 Dietrich (de'triM) 
 Dinah (dVna) 
 Dinant (de-riong') 
 Diodorus (di-6-do'rus) 
 
 Diomede (dI-5-me'de) 
 Dioscuri (di-os-ku'rl) 
 Divitiacus (div-i-ti'a-kus) 
 Dnieper (ne'per) 
 Dniester (nes'ter) [nus) 
 Domitianus(do mish-i-a'- 
 Donatus (do-na'tus) 
 Dorcas (dar'kas) 
 Doi'dogne"(daf-don') 
 Doubs (do) 
 Douro (do^ro) 
 Draco (dra'ko) 
 Dreux (dre) 
 Druides (dru'i-dez) 
 Druses (dro'sez)_ 
 Dryades (drl'a-dez) 
 Dubois(do-bois') 
 Dubuque (do-buk') 
 Duchesne (dli-shan') 
 Duero (do-a'ro) 
 Dumfries (dum-fres')_ 
 Dunsinane ( dun-sin-an' ) 
 Duplessis (dii-pla-se') 
 Duquesne (dii-kan') 
 Durand ( du-rand' ; Fr. 
 
 dii-rong') 
 Durango (do-ran'go) 
 Diirer (dii'rer) 
 Durlach (dor'lak) 
 
 Ebed (e'bed) 
 Ebenezer (eb-en-e-zer) 
 Ebiasaph (e-bl'a-saf) 
 Ebro (e'bro) 
 Echinae (e-ki'ne) 
 Eden (e\3en) 
 Edom (e'dom) 
 Edrei (ed're-i) 
 Egeria (e-je'ri-a) 
 Eisenach (i'sen-aM) 
 Elbrooz (el-broz') 
 Eleazar (e-le^a'zer) 
 Eleusa (el-e-u'sa) 
 Eleiisis (e-lu'sis) 
 Eleutheria (el-u-the'ri-a) 
 Elgin, (Scot, el'gin; U. S. 
 
 el'jin) 
 Eli (e'li) 
 Elias (e-li'as) 
 Eliezer (e-li-e'zer) 
 Elihu (e-li'hu) 
 Elijah (e-li'ja) 
 Elisha (e-li'sha) 
 Elohim (ero-hem) 
 Elysium (e-lizh'i-um) 
 Elzevir (el'ze-ver) 
 Emmanuel (em-man'u-el) 
 Emmaus (em-ma'us) 
 End or (en'dar) 
 Endymion ( en-dim'i-on ) 
 Eneas (e'ne-as) 
 Enghien (ong-ge-ong') 
 Enoch (e'nok) 
 
 Epernay (a_-per-na'> 
 Ephialtes (ef-i-al'te'z) 
 Ephorus (ef'o-rus) 
 Ephraim (e'fra-im) 
 Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus) 
 Epicureans ( ep-i-ku-re- 
 
 anz) 
 Epiphanes (e-pif'a-nez) 
 Epirus (e-pi'rus) 
 Erato (er'a-to) 
 Erebus (e'r'e-bus) 
 Eretria (e-re'tri-a) 
 Eric (er'ik) 
 Erichtho (e-rik'tho) 
 Erin (e/rin) 
 Eros (e'ros) 
 Eryciua (er-i-si'na) 
 Esasias (e-za'yas)* 
 Esau (e'sa) 
 
 Escurial '(es-ko-re-al') 
 Esquilinus (es-kwi-li'nus) 
 Esquimalfc (es'kwi'mo) 
 Esseui (es-se'ni) 
 Esterhazy (es'ter-ha-zi) 
 Ethan (e'than) 
 Ethelbert (e'th'el-bert) 
 Ethelred (eth'el-red) 
 Ethelwolf (eth'el-Avolf) 
 Etrusci (e-trus'si) 
 Eu (e) 
 
 Euagetus_ (u-a-je'tus) 
 Euboea (u-be'a) 
 Eudamus (u'da-mus) • 
 Eudocia (u-do'shi'a) 
 Eudora (u-do'ra) 
 Euergetae (u-ef'je-te) 
 Eumenes (u'nie-rez) 
 Eunice (u-ni'se or u'nis) 
 Eupator (u'pa-tar) 
 Euphorion (u'-fo'ri-on) 
 Euphrosyne (ufros'i-ne) 
 Eurotas (u-ro'tas) 
 Eurymede (u-rim'e-de) 
 Eusebius (u-se'bi-us) 
 Euterpe (u-ter'pe) 
 .Euxine (uks'in)_ 
 Evadne (e ; vad'ne) 
 Evander (e-van'der) 
 Evangelus (e-van'jeJus) 
 Eve (ev) 
 Ewart (u'art) 
 Ewing (u'ing) 
 Eyck (Ik) 
 Eyre (ar) 
 Ezekiel (e-ze'ki-el) 
 Ezra (ez'ra) 
 
 Paberius (fa-ber'i-us) 
 Fabianus (fab-i-a'nus) 
 Fabii (fa'bi-I) 
 Fabyan (fa'bi-an) 
 Fafnir (faf'nef) [stin) 
 (falk'ken 
 
 Falkenstein 
 
 Cite, f*t. taafc, far. tail, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not. move, wodf : 
 ©ut©. but, burn ; oil, owl, tftea. 
 
Falerii 
 
 794 
 
 •foal) 
 
 Falerii (fa-le'ri-I) 
 Falkland (fak'land) 
 Faneuil (fun'il) _ 
 Faraday (far'a-d/W 
 Farnese (far-hez') 
 Fatima (fa-te'ma) 
 Faunus (fa'nus) 
 Faust (fowst) 
 Faustina (fas-ti'na) 
 Favre (favr) 
 Fayal (fi-%1') 
 Fecamp (f a-kong') 
 Fenris (fen'ris) 
 Ferrol (fer-rol') 
 Feuerbach (foi'er-baM) 
 Fieschi (fe-es'ke_) 
 Fiesole (fyes'o-la) 
 Fingal (flng'gal) 
 Finistere (lin-is-tar') 
 Formiae (far'mi-e) 
 Forster (fer'ster) 
 Forsyth (for-slth') [tus) 
 Fortunatus ( far-tu-na'- 
 Foscari (fos-ka're) 
 Fouggres (fo-zbar') 
 Franche Comte (frongsh 
 
 kSng-ta/) 
 Francois (f rong-swa') 
 Freiligrath (fri'le-grat) 
 Frelinghuysen ( f re'ling- 
 
 hi-zen) 
 Fresnel (fra-nel') 
 Freytag (fri'tag) 
 Friedland (fret'lant) 
 
 Gaba (ga'ba) 
 Gabbai (gab'a-I) 
 Gabii (ga'bi-i) 
 Gaea (je'a) 
 Gaetuli (je-tu'li) 
 Gaius (ga'yus) 
 Galena (ga-le'na) 
 Galignani (ga-len-ya'ne) 
 Galilee (gal'i-le) 
 Galileo (gal-i-le'o)_ 
 Galvani (gal-va'ne) 
 Gamaliel (ga-ma'li-el) _ 
 Ganymede (ga_n-i-me'de) 
 Gauthier (go-te-a') 
 Gehenna (ge-hen'na) 
 Gellert (gel'lert) 
 Genesareth(je-nes'a-reth) 
 Geneseo (jen-e-se'o) 
 GengisKhan(jen'gis-kan) 
 Genseric (jen'ser-ik) 
 Georgica (je-or'ji-ka) 
 Germanicus ( jer-man'i- 
 
 kus) 
 Gerry (ger'ri) 
 Gesner (ges'ner) 
 Gessler (ges'ler) 
 Geyser (gi'ser) 
 Giocondo (jo-kon'do) 
 
 Giotto Cjot'q) 
 Giovanni (jq-van'ni) 
 Gironde (zhe-rongd') 
 Gleim (glim) 
 Gluck (glok) 
 Goliath (go-H'ath) 
 Gorgias (gar'ji-as) 
 Goshen (go'sheri) 
 Grattan (grat'n) 
 Greenwich (grin'ij) 
 Grosvenor (gro'ven-er) 
 Grouchy (gro-she') _ 
 Guayaquil (gwi-a-kel') 
 Guelph (gwelf) 
 Guglielmo (gol-yel'mo^ 
 
 Habakkuk ( hab'ak-kuk ) 
 Hades (ha'dez) 
 Hafiz (ha'fiz) 
 Hagar (ha'gar) 
 Haggai (hag'ga-I) 
 HaTiian (hi-nauj) 
 Hainault (ha-no') 
 Hakluyt (hak'lot) 
 Halcyone (hal-si'6-ne) 
 Hamilcar (ha-mil'kar) 
 Haroun al Raschid (ha- 
 
 ron-al-rash'id) 
 Harwich (bar'ij) 
 Haydn (ha'dn) 
 Hazael (hazVel) 
 Hazaiah (ha-za'ya) 
 Hebe (he'be) 
 Hebron (he'brun) 
 Hecate (hek'a-te) 
 Hecuba (hek'u-ba) 
 Heimdal (him'dal) 
 Hela (he'la) 
 Helicon (hel'i-kon) 
 Hellenes ( hel-le'nez or 
 
 hel-lenz') 
 Hengist (heng'gist) 
 Hephzibah (hefzi-ba) 
 Hera (he'ra) 
 Heraclea (her-a-kle'a) 
 Heracles (her'a-klez) 
 Heraclius (her-a-kli'us) 
 Herault (a-ro') 
 Herculaneum (her-ku-la'- 
 
 ne-um) 
 Hercules (her'ku-lez) 
 Hermione (her-mi'o-ne) 
 Herodias {he-ro'di-as) 
 Heron (he'ron) 
 Hesiodus (he-si'o-dus) 
 Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez) 
 Hezekiah _(hez-e-ki'a) 
 Hiero (hi'e-ro) 
 Hippolyte,(hip-pol'i-te) 
 Hodr (he'dr) 
 Holbein (hol'bln) 
 Holofernes (hol-o-fer'nez) 
 Honfieur (ong-fier') 
 
 Horeb (ho'reb) 
 Hosea (ho-ze'a) 
 Housatonic (tio-sa-ton'ik) 
 Huesca (wes'ka) " 
 Hydaspes (M-das'pez) 
 Hyder Ali (hl-der-a'le) 
 
 Iacchus (I-ak^kus) 
 Iapetus (l-ap'e-tus) 
 Iarbas (i-ar'bas) 
 Ibrahim (ib-b'ra'hem) 
 Icarus (ik'a-rus) 
 Iccius (ik'shi-us) 
 Ichabod (ik'a-bod) 
 Ida (i'd a) 
 
 Idomeneus (I-dom'e-nus) 
 Idumeea (id-u-me'a) 
 Ilias (il-i-as) 
 Ilion (il'i-'on) 
 Immanuel (im-man'u-_el) 
 Indogenes (in-doj'e-nez) 
 Io (i'o) 
 
 Iolchos (i-ol'kos) 
 Ion (I'on) 
 Iona (I-o'na) 
 Iphigenia (if-i-je-ni'a) 
 Irene (i-re'ne) 
 Iroquois (ir-5-kwoi') 
 Isaac (l'zak) 
 Isaiah (i-za'ya) 
 Iscariot (is-kar'i-ut) 
 Isis (i'sis) 
 Isocles (is'o-klez) 
 Isocrates (l-sok'ra-tez) 
 Israel ftz'ra-el) 
 Ituri (e-to'fe) 
 Ivan (e-van') 
 
 Jabez (ja'bez) 
 Jacquard (zha'kar) 
 Jairus (ja-i'rus) 
 Jalapa (ha-la'pa) 
 Janiculum (ja-nik'u-lum} 
 Janin (zha-nang') 
 Janus (ja'nus) 
 Japheth (ja'feth) 
 Jason (ja^sup) 
 Jebusi (je-bu'si) 
 Jedidiah (jed-i-di'a) 
 Jeezer ( t ie-e'zer) 
 Jehoshaphat ( je-hosh'a- 
 
 fat) 
 Jehovah (je-h5'va) 
 Jehu (je'hu) 
 Jeremiah Cjer-e-mi'a) 
 Jerez (ha-reth') 
 Jrricho (jer'i-ko) 
 Jeroboam (jer-o'bo^m) 
 Jerubbaal (je-rub'ba-al) 
 Jerusha (je-ro'snay 
 Jezebel (jez'e-bel) 
 Joab O'o'ab) 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 . mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Joachim 
 
 Joachim (jo'a-kim) 
 Job (job) 
 Joel (jo'el) 
 Johanna (j5-han'a) 
 Johannes (j5-han'ea) 
 Jonah (jo'na)_ 
 Joshua gosh'u-a) 
 Josiah (jo-si'a) 
 Jotunheim (je'ton-hlm) 
 Jubal (ju'bal) 
 Judas (ju'das) 
 Judea (ju-de'a) 
 Jungfrau (yohg'frow) 
 Juno (ju'no) 
 Jupiter (ju'pi-ter) 
 
 Kanawha (ka-na'wa) 
 Kavanagh (kav'a-na) 
 Kearney (kar'ni) 
 Kennebec (ken-e-bek'J 
 Keokuk (ke'o-kuk) 
 Kerguelen (kerg'e-len) 
 Kharkov (kar-kof) 
 Khartoom (kar-tom') 
 Khorassan (ko-ras-san') 
 Kickapoo (kik-a-po') 
 Kidron (kid' r on) 
 Kioto (ke-o'to) 
 Kirkcudbright (ker-ko'- 
 
 tore) 
 Kitchitchi (kit-ke'ki) 
 Kitron (kit'ron) 
 Knut (knot) 
 Koango (ko-an'go) 
 Koniggratz (ke'nig-rets) 
 Korah (ko'ra) 
 Kotzebue (kbt'se-bu) 
 
 Laadah (la'a-da) 
 Laadan (la'a-dan) 
 Labdacus (lab'da-kus) 
 Lacedaemon (las-e-de'- 
 
 tncnf 
 Lacedas (la-se'das) 
 Lackesis (lak'e-sis) 
 Laertes (la-er'tez) 
 La Mancha (la-man'cha) 
 Lamech (la'mek) 
 Laocoon (la-ok'o-on) 
 Laodicea (la-od-i-se'a). 
 Laomache (la-om'a-ke) 
 Lapithsejlap'i-the) 
 Latini (la^tl'ni) 
 Latium (la'shi-um) 
 Latona (la-to'na) 
 Lazarus (laz'a-rus) 
 Leah (le'a) 
 Leander "(le-an'der) 
 Lebanon (leb'a-non) 
 Lefebvre (le-f avr') 
 Leicester (les'ter) 
 Leigh (le) 
 
 Leighton (le'tun) 
 Leinster (lm'ster) 
 Lemuel (lem'u-el) 
 Lenclos (long-klo') 
 Lethe (le'the) 
 Laucippe (lu-sip'pe) 
 Levi (le'vi) 
 
 Leviticus (le-vit'i-kus) 
 Liburnia (li-btir'ni-a) 
 Licinus (lis'i-nus) 
 Limoges (le-mozh') 
 Llandaff (lan-daf) 
 Llanelly (la neth'li) 
 Llangollen ()an-goih'len) 
 Llanrwst (lan'rost) 
 Lochaber (lok-a'ber) 
 Lois (lo'is) 
 
 Loki (lo'ki) [nus) 
 
 Longimanus ( lon-jim'a- 
 Longinus (lon-ji'nus) 
 Lucius Ou'shi-us) . 
 Lucretia (lu-kre'shi-a) 
 Luke ()uk) 
 Luna (lu'na)_ 
 Lycaoa (li-ka'on) 
 Lyceas (lis'e-as) 
 Lycia (lish'i-a) 
 Lydia (lid'i-a) 
 Lysimachus(ll-sim'a-kus) 
 
 Maadai (ma-ad/a) 
 Macao (ma-ka'o) 
 Maccabees (mak'a-bez) 
 Macedo (mas'e-do) 
 Maeedones(ma-sed'd-nez) 
 Machbanai (mak'ba-na) 
 Madarus (mad'a-rus) 
 Maecenas (me_-se'nas) 
 Meecianus (me-si-a'nus) 
 Maenades (men'a-dez) 
 Magog (ma'gog) 
 Maia (mi'ya) [nong') 
 
 Main tenon (mang-te- 
 Malachi (mal'a-kl) 
 Malchus (mal'kus)_ 
 Malesherbes (mal zarb') 
 Malibran (rnal-le-brong') 
 Manasseh (ma-nas'se) 
 Manetho (man'e-tho) 
 Mariamne (ma-ri-am'ne) 
 Marsala (mar-sa'la) 
 Marsyas (mar'shi-as) 
 Martel (mar-tel') 
 Martius (mar'shi_-us) 
 Massowah (mas'o-wa) 
 Mathusala (ma-thu'sa-la) 
 Matthew (math'u) 
 Matthias (ma-thi'as) 
 Maueh Chunk" (mak 
 
 chunk') 
 Maumee (ma-me') 
 Maun a Loa (mow'na-lo'a) 
 Mayo (ma'o) 
 
 Neantlies 
 
 Mazzini (mat-se'ne) 
 Medea (ine-de'a)_ 
 Megale (meg'ajle) 
 Mehetabel (me-het'a-bel) 
 Melchizadek ( mel-kiz'a- 
 
 dek) [uej 
 
 Melpomene ( mel-pom'e- 
 Memphremagog ( ineru- 
 
 fro-ma'gog) 
 Menelaua (men-e-la'us) 
 Menestheus (me-nes'thus) 
 Meroe (mer'o-e) _ 
 Merope (mer'o-pe) 
 Merops (me'rops) 
 Messala (mes-sa'la) 
 Metaurus (ine-ta'rus) 
 Methuselah ( me-thu'se- 
 
 la) 
 Miami (mi-am'i) 
 Micah (mi'ka) 
 Midas (mi'das) 
 Midgard (mid'gard) 
 Milcah (mil'ka) * 
 Mimir (me'mer) 
 Minerva (mi-ner'va) 
 Minotaurus (mi h-6-t a'- 
 
 rus) 
 Miriam (mir'i-am) 
 Mnemon (ne'mon) 
 Mnemosyne (ne-mos'i-ne) 
 Mnesilaus (nes-i-la'us) 
 Moab (mojib) 
 Moeris (me'ris) 
 Moesia (me_'shi-a) 
 Moloch (mo'lok) 
 Mon_taigne(mon-tan'; Fr. 
 
 mong-tang') 
 Montij o (mon-te'ho) 
 Mordecai (mar'de-ki) 
 Moriah (mo-rVa) 
 Morny (mor'ne) 
 Morpheus (mar'phe-us) 
 Moscheles_ (mosh'e-les) 
 Moses (mo'zez) 
 Moultrie (mo'tri) 
 Mowatt (mo'at) 
 Muravief (mo^ra-yef) 
 Murillo (mo-rel'yo) 
 Muscovy (mus'ko-vi) 
 Muspelheim (mos'pel' 
 
 him) 
 Mycenae (mi-se'ne) 
 Myra (mi'ra) 
 Myrmidons(iner'mi-donz) 
 Mysia(mizh'i-a) _ 
 Mytilene (mit-i-le'ne) 
 
 Naam (na'am) 
 Naaman (na'a-man) 
 Naboth (na'both)' 
 Nahaliel (na-ha'li-el, 
 Narcasus (nar-se'us)_ 
 Neanthes (ne-an'thez) 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; n5t9, not, more, wolf ; 
 mute, but, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
ffebrachadnezasai* 
 
 796 
 
 Scuti&ri 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar (neb-u- 
 
 kad-nez'ar) 
 Necho (ne'ko)_ 
 Neemias (ne-e-ml'as) 
 Nehemiab (ne-he-mi'a) 
 Nephthali (nef'tha-li)' 
 Nereis (ne're-is) 
 Neuilly (ne-ye') 
 Nevers (ne-var') 
 Nicaea (ni-se'a) 
 Nicodemus(nik-5-de^mus) 
 Nicomedes(nik-o-me'dez) 
 Niflheim (nif'1-hlm) 
 Niobe (ni'o-be) 
 Nornen (nar'nen) 
 Numa (hu'ina) 
 Numitor (nu/mi-tar)_ 
 Nyangwe (ne-an'gwa) 
 Nymwegen (nim'wa-gen) 
 
 Oarses (6-ar'sez) 
 Oaxuz (o-aks'us) 
 Obadiah (5-ba-di'a) 
 Obodas (ob'o-dasj 
 Odin (o'din) 
 Odoacer (5-d5'a-ser) 
 Odysseus (o-dis'se-us) 
 Oedipus (ed'i-pus) 
 Ohad (o'had) 
 Olophernes (ol-5-fer'nez) 
 Ompbale (om'fa-le) 
 Ornri (om'rl) 
 Onesima (q-nes'i-ma) 
 Onias (6-m'as) 
 Ophir (d'fer)" 
 Orestes (o-res'tez) 
 Orgetorix (ar-jet'ojriks) 
 Origenes (o-'rij'e-nez) 
 Ormuzd (ar'mozd) 
 Orpheus (ar'fus or ar-fe'- 
 
 us) 
 Osiris (o-sl'ris) 
 Ossian (osh'an) 
 Ostrogothi (bs-trog'o-thi) 
 
 Paarai (pa'a-ra) 
 Paestum (pes' turn) 
 Pagiel (pa/ji-el) 
 Palaemon (pa-le'mon) 
 Palatium (pa-la'shi-um) 
 Palestina (pal-es^ti'na) 
 Palladium (pal-la'di-um) 
 Palicus (pal'i-kus) 
 Pandorajpan-do'ra) 
 Paris (pa'ris) 
 Pasiphae (pa-sif a-e) 
 Patroclus (na-tro'klus) 
 Paulus (pa'Ius) 
 Pei-Ho (pa-ho') 
 Peleg (pe'leg) 
 Peloponnesus (pel-o-pon- 
 ne'sus) 
 
 Pelops (pe'lops)^ 
 Pelusium (pe-Ju'_shi-um) 
 Penates (pe^na'tez) _ 
 Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe) 
 Penzance (pen-zans') 
 Perigoi-d (pa-re-gor') 
 Pengueux (pa-re-ge') 
 Persephone(per-sef'o-ne). 
 Perseus (per'sus' or per'- 
 
 se-usj 
 .Phaeton (fa'e-ton) 
 Pharao ^far'a-o) 
 Pharaoh (fa'ro) 
 Pharnaces (far'na-sez) 
 Pharos (fa'ros) 
 Phidias (fid'i-as) 
 Philalethes (fii-a-le'thez) 
 Philemon (fi-le'mon) 
 Philippi (fi-lip'i) 
 Philoctetes (fil-ok-te'tez) 
 Philomela (fil-o-me'la) 
 Phineas (fin'e-as) 
 Phlegethon (fleg'e-thon) 
 Phocion (f o'shi-oa) 
 Phocis (fo^sis) 
 Phcsbus (fe'bus) 
 Phormio (far'mi-o) 
 Phrygia (fr'ij'i-a) 
 Phryne (fri'ne) 
 Pichegru (pesh'gru) 
 Pilate (pi'lat) 
 Pisistratus(pi-sis'tra-tus) 
 Plata3ae_ (pi a-te'e) 
 Pceni (pe'ni) 
 Polyhymnia ( pol-i-him'- 
 
 ni-a) [mus) 
 
 Polyphemus (pol-i-fe' 
 Pompeii (pom-pa'ye) 
 Pontius Pilate (pon'shi- 
 
 us pi'lat) 
 Porsenna (par-sen'na) 
 Potiphar (pd't'j-far) _ 
 Praeneste (pre-nes'te) 
 Priamus (pri'a-mus) 
 Procrustes (pro-krus'tez) 
 Prometheus (pro-me'the- 
 
 us) 
 Propylasa (prop-i-le'a) 
 Pseudolus (su'do-lus) 
 Psyche (sl'ke) 
 Ptolemais (tql-e-ma'is) 
 Puteoli (pu-te'o^li) 
 Pylades (pil'a-dez) 
 Pyramus (pir'a-mus) 
 Python (pi'thon) 
 
 Quadratus (kwad-ra/tus) 
 Quartinus (kw^r-tl'nus) 
 Queretaro (ka-ra'ta-ro) 
 Quesnel (ka-nel') 
 Quirinalis (kwi-ri-na'lis) 
 Quirinus (kwi-ri'nus) 
 Quirites (kwi-rl'tez) 
 
 Raab (rab) 
 Rabboni (rab-bo'ni) 
 Rabilus (re-bi'lus) 
 Rachel (ra'chel) 
 Racius (ra's^-us) 
 Rameses (ra-me'sez) 
 Ramoth (ra'inoth) 
 Rebilus (re-bi'lus) 
 Rechab (re'kab) 
 Regina (re-ji'na) 
 Rehoboam (re-ho-bo'am) 
 Rensselaer (ren'se'ler] 
 Reuben (ru'ben) 
 Rha3ti (re'ti) 
 Rhaetia (re'shi-a) 
 Rhea (re'a) 
 Rienzi (re-en'ze) 
 Rizpah (riz'pa) 
 Roman i (ro-ma'ni) 
 Runnymede (run'i-med) 
 Ruysdael (rois'dal) 
 Ryswick (riz'wik) 
 
 Saba (sa'ba) 
 Sabaoth (sab'a-oth) 
 Sabina (sa-b^na) 
 Sabura (sa-bu'ra) 
 Sadducees(sad'du-sez) 
 Saevius (se'vi-us) 
 Saga (sa'ga) 
 Saint Cloud (sant klowd; 
 
 Fr. sang klo) 
 Saint Cyr (sang ser') 
 Saint Denis (sang dne) 
 Saint Leger (sil'in-jer) 
 Sais (sa-is) 
 Salia (saH-a) 
 Salome (sa-lo^me) 
 Samaritan (sa-mar'i-tan) 
 Samson (sam'sun) 
 San Joaquin (san ho-a- 
 Saone (son) [ken') 
 
 Saphir (saf'ir) 
 Sapphira (saf-fl'ra) 
 Sappho (saf'fo) 
 Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a- 
 
 pa'lus) 
 Sardis (sar'dis) 
 Sardones (sar'dojnez) 
 Sarmatia (sar-ma'shi-a) 
 Satanas (sat'a-nas) 
 Saul (sal) [la) 
 
 Savonarola (sa-vo-na-ro'- 
 Scaevola (sev'o-la) 
 Scaliger (skal'i-jer) 
 Schoharie (sko-har'i) 
 Schumla (shom'la) 
 Schuyler (skl'ler) 
 Schuylkill (skol'kil) 
 Schwytz (shwits) 
 Scione (si-q^ne) 
 Scribe (skreb)_ 
 Scuderi (sku-da-re') 
 
 (ate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, not, move, wolf; 
 invito, hut, burn; oil, owl, then. 
 
Selene 
 
 797 
 
 Zoar 
 
 Selene(se-le'ne) 
 
 Tegula (teg'u-la) 
 
 Veii (ve'yi) 
 
 Seleucia (se-lu'shi-a) 
 
 Teignmouth (tin'muth) 
 
 Vendee, La (lavong-da') 
 
 Seleucus (se-lu'kus) 
 
 Telamon (tel'a-monj 
 
 Vendome (vong-dom') 
 
 Semele (sem'e-le) 
 
 Telemachus (te-lem'a- 
 
 Vestales (ves-ta'lez) 
 
 Semiramis (se-mir'a-mis) 
 
 kus) 
 
 Virginia (ver-jin'i-a) 
 
 Serapis (se-ra'pis) 
 
 Telemus (te'le-mus) 
 
 Virgiuius (ver-jin'i'-us) 
 
 Sergius (ser'ji-us) 
 
 Temesvar ( tem-esh-vjir' ) 
 
 Vishnu (vish'nb) 
 
 Sesosiris (se-sos'tris) 
 
 Tenedos (ten'e-dus) 
 
 Volhynia (vol-hin'i-a) 
 
 Seychelles (sa-shel') 
 
 Terpsichore(terp-sik'5-re) 
 
 Volscius (vol'shi-usj 
 
 Seymour (se'mur) 
 
 Teucer (tu'ser) 
 
 Volsinii (vol-sin'i-i) 
 
 Sheba (she'ba) 
 
 Teuton! (tu'to-ni) 
 
 Volsung (vol'song) 
 
 Sheboygan (she-boi'gan) 
 
 Thaddeus (thad-de'us) 
 
 Vulcanus (vul : ka'nus) 
 
 Shilo (shi'16) 
 
 Thais (tha'is) 
 
 
 Shoshone (sho-sho'ne) 
 
 Theiss (tis) 
 
 
 Shuhite (sho'hlt) 
 
 Themis (the'mis) 
 
 Walhalla (val-hal'la) 
 
 Sicheni (si'kem) 
 
 Theophilus (the-of'i-lus) 
 
 Warwick (wor 'ik or war' 
 
 Siculi (sik'u-li) 
 
 Theseus (the'sus or the'- 
 
 wik) 
 
 Sidon (sl'don) 
 
 se-us) 
 
 Waukesha (wa'ke-sha) 
 
 Siegfried (seg'fred) 
 
 Thessalonica (thes-sa-lo- 
 
 Wilkesbarre (wilks'bar-I) 
 
 Sigaeum (si-je'um) 
 
 ni'ka) 
 
 Willoughby (wil'6-bi) 
 
 Sigmund (sig'nrund) 
 
 Thetis (the' tis) 
 
 Wodan (wo'dn) 
 
 Sigurd (se'gord) 
 Silas (si'las) 
 
 Thracia (thra'shi-a) 
 
 Wolcot (wol'kut) 
 
 Ticino (te-che'no) 
 
 Worms (vorins) 
 
 Siloah (si-16'a) 
 
 Tigranes (ti-gra'nez) 
 
 Wrangel (rang'gel) 
 
 Simonides (sl-mon'i-dez) 
 
 Timoleon (ti-mo'le-on), 
 
 
 Sirius (sir'i-us) 
 
 Timon (ti'mun) 
 
 
 Sisera (sis'e-ra) 
 
 Tiresias (ti-re'shi-as) 
 
 Xalapa (ha-la'pa) 
 
 Sisyphus (sis'i-fus) 
 
 Titan (ti'tan) 
 
 Xantbia (zan'thi-a) 
 
 Sodom (sod'om) 
 
 Titania (ti-ta'ni-a) 
 
 Xamhus (zan'thus) 
 
 Sophrosyne (so-fros'i-ne) 
 Sosipater (s5-sip'a-ter) 
 
 Titus (ti'tus) 
 Tobias (to-bi'as) 
 
 Xanthippe (zan-tip'pe) 
 Xavier (zav'i-er) 
 
 Sosius (so'shi-us) 
 
 Tophet (to'fet) 
 
 Xenagoras (ze-nag'o-ras) 
 
 Sotheby (suth'e-bi) 
 
 Torquato(tar-kwa'to) 
 
 Xenea (ze'ni-a) 
 
 Southwark (suth'erk) 
 
 Troas (tro'as) 
 
 Xenia (ze'ni-a) 
 
 Stephana (stef'a-na) 
 
 Troilus (tro'i-lus) 
 
 Ximene (zi-m'e'ne) 
 
 Stephen (ste'veh) 
 Stillicho (stil'i-ko) 
 
 Troja (tro'ja) 
 
 Ximenes (zi-me'nez) 
 
 Trondhjem (trond'yem) 
 
 
 Strabo (stra'bo) 
 
 Tubal (tu'bal) 
 
 
 Styria (stir'i-a) 
 
 Tyre (tir) 
 
 Yemen (yem'en) 
 
 Suabia (swa'bi-a) 
 
 Tyrtaeus (ter-te'us) 
 
 Yenisei (yen-e-sa'e) 
 
 Suevi (swe'vi) 
 
 
 Yggdrasil (ig'dra-sil) 
 
 Suffolk (suf'uk) 
 
 
 Ystad (e'stad) 
 
 Suidas (su'i-das) 
 
 TJdine (o'de-na) 
 
 Youghiogheni (yo-ho-ga'« 
 Yvetot (ev-to') [ni) 
 
 Suleiman (so-la-man'/ 
 
 Ujiji (6-je'je) 
 
 Susa (su-sa) 
 
 Ulai (u'la-i) 
 
 
 Susanna (su-zan'na) 
 
 Ulysses (u-lis'sez) 
 
 
 Suwanee (su-wa'ne) 
 
 Undine (un'den) 
 
 Zabbai (zab'ba) 
 
 Sybaris (sib'a-ris) 
 
 Urania (u-ra'ni-a) 
 
 Zaccai (zak'a-i) 
 
 Syene (si-e'ne) 
 
 Uriah (u-ri'a) 
 
 Zacchaeus (zak-ke'us) 
 
 Symplegades (sim-pleg'- 
 
 Urquhart (urk'art or 
 
 Zacharias (zak-a-ri'as) 
 
 a-dez) 
 
 urch-art) 
 
 Zachary (zak'a-ri) 
 
 Synope (si-no'pe) 
 
 Ursanius (ur-sa'ni-us) 
 
 Zacynthus (za-sin'thus) 
 
 Syria (sir'i-a) 
 
 Ursicinus (ur-si-si'nus) 
 
 Zama (za'ma) 
 
 
 Uzziel (uz'i-el) 
 
 Zebadiah (zeb-a-di'a) 
 Zebedee (zeb'e-de) 
 
 Tabeal (ta'be-al) 
 
 
 Zebulun (zeb'u-lun) 
 
 Tabitha (tab'i-tha) 
 
 Vacuna (va-ku'na) 
 
 Zedekiah (zed-e-ki'a) 
 
 Tabor (ta/bur) 
 
 Valois (val-wa') 
 
 Zephaniah (zef-a-ni'a) 
 
 Tanager (tan'a-jer) 
 
 Varanes (va-ra'nez) 
 
 Zephyrus (zefi-rus)' 
 Zeuxis (zuks'is) 
 
 Tanagra (tan'a-gra) 
 
 Vaucluse (vo-kliiz') 
 
 Tantalus (tan'ta-lus) 
 
 Vaughan (van) 
 
 Zion (zi'on) 
 
 Tarpeia (tar-pe'ya) 
 
 Veda (va'daj 
 
 Ziph (zif) 
 
 Tartarus (lar'ta-rus) 
 
 Vedius (ve'di-us) 
 
 Zoar (zo'ar) 
 
 Tebaliah (teb-a-li'a) 
 
 Veia (ve'ya) 
 
 
 fate, fat, task, far, fall, fare, above ; me, met, her; mite, mit; note, net, move, wolf; 
 mute, hut, burn.; oil, owl, then, - 
 
N. B. To find a rhyme look for the last three letters of the word. For instance, persuades 
 under acle will be found the words rhyming with persuade. 
 
 AB-AINT 
 
 Ab. Bab, blab, cab, crab, dab, drab, 
 gab, nab, slab, stab, scab. 
 
 Abe. Babe. Ac. See ack. 
 
 Ace. Ace, dace, brace, face, grace, 
 lace, mace, pace, place, race, space, 
 trace, apace, deface, efface, disgrace, 
 displace, misplace, embrace, grimace, 
 interlace, replace, retrace, populace, 
 base, case, chase, abase, debase. 
 
 Ach. Attach, detach, batch, catch, 
 latch, match, hatch, scratch, patch. 
 
 Ache. See Ake. 
 
 Ack. Back, hack, jack, lack, pack, 
 quack, sack, tack, rack, black, clack, 
 crack, knack, slack, snack, stack, 
 track, wrack, attack, zodiac, demo- 
 niac, symposiac, almanac, maniac. 
 
 Act. Act, fact, pact, tract, attract, 
 abstract, extract, compact, contract, 
 detract, distract, exact, protract, en- 
 act, infract, subtract, transact. 
 
 Ad. Add, bad, dad, gad, had, lad, mad, 
 pad, sad, brad, clad, glad. plad. 
 
 Ad. Also see Od. 
 
 Ade. Cade, fade, jade, lade, made, 
 wade, blade, glade, shade, spade, 
 trade, degrade, evade, dissuade, in- 
 vade, persuade, blockade, brigade, 
 esplanade, cavalcade, masquerade, 
 iSaegade, retrograde, serenade, am- 
 buscade, cannonade, palisade, etc. 
 Aid, maid, braid, afraid, upbraid, 
 played, obeyed, weighed, etc. 
 
 Afe. Chafe, safe, vouchsafe, waif, etc. 
 
 Aff. Gaff, chaff, draff, quaff, staff, epi- 
 taph, eentograph, paragraph. 
 
 Aft. Haft, raft, waft, craft, shaft,, 
 abaft, graft, draft, ingraft, handi- 
 craft, draught, quaffed, laughed; etc. 
 
 Ag. Bag, cag, fag, gag, nag, quag, rag, 
 tag, wag, brag, crag, drag, flag, 
 knag, shag, snag, stag, wrag, scrag. 
 
 Age. Cage, page, rage, sage, wage, 
 stage, swage, assuage, engage, dis- 
 engage, enrage, presage, appenage, 
 concubinage, heritage, hermitage, 
 parentage, parsonage, personage, 
 pasturage, patronage, pilgrimage. 
 
 Agn. See am . Agne. See ain. 
 
 Ague. Plague, vague. 
 
 Ah. Ah, bah, shah, hurra, sangfroid. 
 
 Aid. See ade. Aif. See afe. Aight. 
 See ate. Aign. See ain. 
 
 Ail. Bail, fail, hail, jail, mail, nail, 
 pail, quail, rail, sail, tail, wail, flail, 
 frail, snail, trail, assail, avail, be- 
 wail, entail, prevail, retail, counter- 
 vail, etc. Ale, bale, dale, gale, hale, 
 male, pale, sale, tale, vale, wale, 
 scale, stale, swale, whale, impale, ex- 
 hale, regale, nightingale, etc. 
 
 Aim. See Ame. 
 
 Ain. Cain, blain, brain, chain, fain, 
 gain, grain, lain, main, pain, rain 
 vain, wain, drain, plain, slain, Spain 
 stain, swain, train, twain, sprain 
 strain, abstain, amain, attain, com 
 plain, contain, detain, disdain, dis 
 train, enchain, entertain, explain 
 maintain, ordain, pertain, obtain, re 
 frain, regain, remain, restrain, re 
 train, sustain, appertain, bane, cane 
 dane, crane, fane, jane, lane, mane, 
 plane, vane, wane, profane, hurrl 
 cane, etc., arraign, campaign, etc., 
 feign, reign, vein, etc. 
 
 Arnt. Faint, paint, plaint, quaint 
 98 
 
AIR 
 
 m 
 
 ARF 
 
 saint, taint, acquaint, attaint, com- 
 plaint, constraint, restraint, etc. 
 
 Air. See are. Airn. Bairn, cairn. 
 Aise. See aze. Aft. See ate. Aith, 
 saith. wraith. Aize. See aze. 
 
 Ake. Bake, sake, lake, make, quake, 
 rake, sake, take, wake, brake, drake, 
 flake, shake, snake, stake, strake, 
 spake, awake, retake, forsake, mis- 
 take, partake, overtake, undertake, 
 bespake, break, steak, etc. 
 
 Al. Cabal, canal, animal, admiral, can- 
 nibal, capital, cardinal, comical, Con- 
 jugal, corporal, criminal, critical, 
 festival, funeral, general, hospital, in- 
 terval, liberal, madrigal, literal, mag • 
 ical, mineral, mystical, musical, na- 
 tural, original, pastoral, pedestal, per- 
 sonal, physical, poetical, political. 
 
 Aid. Bald, scald, emerald, etc. Called, 
 crawled, mauled, etc. 
 
 Ale. See Ail. 
 
 Alf. Calf, half, behalf, etc. (Allowable 
 rhymes, staff, laugh, etc. See Aff. ) 
 
 Alk. Balk, chalk, stalk, talk, calk, 
 walk, etc. Hawk, auk, squawk, etc. 
 
 All. Ball, call, fall, tall, etc. Cawl, 
 bawl, brawl, crawl, sprawl, squawl. 
 
 Aim. Calm, balm, becalm, psalm, 
 palm, embalm. 
 
 Alt. Halt, malt, exalt, salt, default, 
 fault, assault. 
 
 Alve. Calve, halve, salve, valve. 
 
 Am. Amb, am, clam, dam, ham, ram, 
 Sam, cram, dram, flam, sham, 
 swam, epigram, anagram, damn, 
 telegram, lamb, jamb. 
 
 Ame. Blame, came, dame, same, 
 flame, fame, frame,- game, lame, 
 name, tame, shame, inflame, became, 
 defame, misname, misbecame, over- 
 came, etc. Aim, claim, maim, ac- 
 claim, declaim, exclaim, proclaim. 
 
 Amp. Camp, champ, cramp, damp, 
 stamp, vamp, lamp, clamp, decamp. 
 
 An. Ban. can, dan, nan, pan, ran, tan, 
 van, bran, plan, scan, span, than, 
 unman, foreran, began, trepan, par- 
 tisan, artisan, pelican, caravan, etc. 
 
 Ance. Chance, dance, glance, lance, 
 trance, prance, entrance, romance, 
 advance, mischance, complaisance, 
 circumstance, countenance, deliver- 
 ance, consonance, dissonance, extrav- 
 agance, ignorance, inheritance, main- 
 tenance, temperance, intemperance, 
 exorbitance, ordinance, concordance, 
 sufferance, sustenance, utterance, ar- 
 rogance, vigilance, expanse, enhance. 
 
 Anch. Branch, stanch, lanch, blanch, 
 ranch, staunch. Launch, paunch. 
 
 And. Band, hand, land, rand, sand, 
 
 brand, bland, grand, gland, stand, 
 strand, command, demand, counter- 
 mand, disband, expand, withstand, 
 understand, reprimand, contraband. 
 
 Ane. See Ain. 
 
 Ang. Bang, fang, gang, hang, pang, 
 tang, twang, sang, rang, ciang. 
 
 Ang«. Change, grange, range, strange, 
 estrange, arrange, exchange. 
 
 Ank. Rank, blank, shank, clank, dank, 
 drank, slank, frank, spank, stank, 
 lank, plank, prank, thank, disrank, 
 mountebank, etc. 
 
 Anse. See Ance. 
 
 Ant. Cant, chant, grant, pant, plant, 
 rant, slant, aslant, complaisant, dis- 
 plant, enchant, gallant, implant, re- 
 cant, supplant, transplant, adamant, 
 arrogant, combatant, consonant, cor- 
 morant, protestant, significant, visi- 
 tant, covenant, dissonant, disputant, 
 elegant, elephant, exorbitant, conver- 
 sant, extravagant, ignorant, insigni- 
 ficant, inhabitant, militant, predom- 
 inant, sycophant, vigilant, petulant. 
 
 Ap. Cap, gap, hap, lap, map, pap, rap, 
 sap, tap, chap, clap, trap, flap, knap, 
 slap, snap, wrap, scrap, strap, en- 
 wrap, entrap, mishap, etc. 
 
 Ape. Cape, chape, grape, rape, scrape, 
 shape, escape, mape, crape, tape, etc. 
 
 Aph. 'See Aff. 
 
 Apse. Lapse, elapse, relapse, perhaps, 
 caps, maps, saps, traps, etc. 
 
 Apt. Adapt, tapped, slapped, rapped. 
 
 Ar. Bar, car, far, jar, mar, par, tar, 
 spar, scar, star, char, afar, debar, 
 unbar, catarrh, particular, perpen- 
 dicular, secular, angular, regular, 
 popular, singular, titular, vinegar, 
 scimetar, calendar, are. 
 
 Arb. Barb, garb, rhubarb, etc. 
 
 Arce. Farce, parse, etc. 
 
 Arch. March, parch, starch, counter- 
 march, etc. 
 
 Ard. Bard, card, guard, hard, lard, 
 nard, shard, yard, bombard, discard, 
 regard, interlard, retard, disregard, 
 barred, scarred, tarred, etc. 
 
 Ard. Ward, award, reward, etc. Card. 
 
 Are. Bare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, 
 pare, tare, rare, ware, flare, glare, 
 scare, share, snare, spare, square, 
 stare, sware, prepare, aware, beware, 
 compare, declare, ensnare. Air, fair, 
 hair, lair, pair, chair, stair, affair, 
 debonnair, despair, impair, repair, 
 etc. Bear, pear, swear, tear, wear, 
 forbear, forswear, etc. There, were, 
 where, ere, elsewhere, etc. Heir, co- 
 heir, their. 
 
 Ares. Unawares, cares, pairs, heirs. 
 
 Arf. Scarf. Allowable rhymes, dwarf. 
 
ARGE 
 
 800 AY 
 
 Arge. Barge, charge, large, discharge, 
 surcharge, enlarge. 
 
 Ark. Bark, cark, dark, dark, lark, 
 mark, park, sharp, spark, stark, em- 
 bark, remark, etc. 
 
 Arl. Snarl, marl, carl. 
 
 Arm. Barm, charm, farm, harm, 
 alarm, disarm. 
 
 Arn. Barn, darn, tarn, yarn, etc. 
 Warn, forewarn, horn, morn, adorn. 
 
 Arp. Carp, harp, sharp, etc. 
 
 Arsh. Harsh, marsh, etc. 
 
 Art. Hart, cart, dart, mart, part, 
 smart, tart, start, apart, depart, im- 
 part, counterpart. Heart, etc. 
 
 Art. (sounded Ort. ) Wart, thwart, 
 etc. Short, retort, etc. 
 
 Arve. Carve, starve, etc 
 
 As. Was. Allowable rhymes, has, as. 
 
 Ass. Brass, class, grass, lass, mass, 
 pass, alas, cuirass, repass, surpass. 
 
 Ase. See Ace, 
 
 Ash. Cash, dash, clash, crash, flash, 
 gash, quash, hash, lash, plash, rash, 
 thrash, slash, trash, abash, etc. 
 
 Ash. Wash, quash, squash, etc. 
 
 Ask. Bask, cask, flash, mask, task. 
 
 Asp. Clasp, gasp, grasp, hasp. 
 
 Ast. Cast, last, blast, mast, past, vast, 
 fast, aghast, avast, forecast, v over- 
 cast, outcast, repast, classed, passed. 
 
 Aste. Baste, chaste, haste, paste, 
 taste, waste, distaste. Waist, faced. 
 
 At. Bat, cat, hat, fat, mat, pat, rat, 
 sat, tat, vat, brat, chat, flat, sprat. 
 
 Atch. See Ach. 
 
 Ate. Bate, date,, fate, gate, grate, hate, 
 tate, mate, pate, plate, rate, sate, 
 state, skate, slate, abate, belate, col- 
 late, create, debate, elate, dilate, es- 
 tate, ingrate, innate, rebate, relate, 
 sedate, translate, abdicate, abominate, 
 abrogate, accelerate, accommodate, 
 accumulate, accurate, adequate, af- 
 fectionate, advocate, adulterate, ag- 
 gravate, agitate, alienate, animate, 
 annihilate, antedate, anticipate, an- 
 tiquate, arbitrate, arrogate, articu- 
 late, assassinate, calculate, capitu- 
 late, capitivate, celebrate, circulate, 
 coagulate, commemorate, commiser- 
 
 I ate, communicate, compassionate, 
 confederate, congratulate, congre- 
 gate, consecrate, contaminate, corro- 
 borate, cultivate, candidate, co-oper- 
 
 I ate, celebrate, considerate, consulate, 
 capacitate, deliberate, dedicate, de- 
 generate, delegate, deliberate, de- 
 nominate, depopulate, dislocate, de- 
 preciate, discriminate, derogate, dis- 
 sipate, delicate, disconsolate, desper- 
 ate, depreciate, educate, effeminate, 
 elevate, emulate, estimate, elabor- 
 
 at, equivocate, eradicate, evaporate, 
 exaggerate, exasperate, expostulate, 
 exterminate, extricate, felicitate, for- 
 tunate, generate, gratulate, hesitate, 
 illiterate, illuminate, irritate, imi- 
 tate, immoderate, importunate, im- 
 precate, inanimate, innovate, insti- 
 gate, intemperate, intimate, intimi- 
 date, intoxicate, invalidate, inveter* 
 ate. inviolate, legitimate, magistrate, 
 meditate, mitigate, moderate, necessi- 
 tate, nominate, obstinate, participate, 
 passionate, penetrate, perpe- 
 
 trate, personate, potentate, precipi- 
 tate, predestinate, predominate, pre- 
 meditate, prevaricate, procrastinate, 
 profligate, prognosticate, propagate, 
 profligate, prognosticate, propagate. 
 Bait, plait, strait, wait, await, great, 
 eight, weight, straight. 
 
 Ath. Bath, hath, path, wrath, etc. 
 
 Athe. Bathe, swathe, lathe, etc. 
 
 Aub. See Ob. Auce. See Ause. Auch. 
 
 And. Fraud, laud, applaud, defraud. 
 Broad, abroad, sawed, gnawed, etc. 
 
 Ave. Brave, cave, gave, grave, crave, 
 lave, nave, pave, knave, rave, save, 
 shave, slave, stave, wave, behave, 
 deprave, engrave, outbrave, forgave. 
 
 Augh. See Aff. Aught. See Ought. 
 Ault. See Alt. 
 
 Aunch. Launch, paunch, haunch, 
 staunch, etc. See Anch. 
 
 Aunce. See Onse. 
 
 Aunt. Daunt, gaunt, haunt, jaunt, 
 taunt, vaunt, avaunt. 
 
 Ause. Cause, pause, clause, applause, 
 because, laws, draws, saws, etc. 
 (Allowable rhyme), was. 
 
 Aust. See Ost. 
 
 Aw. Craw, draw, law, chaw, claw, 
 draw, flaw, gnaw, jaw, law, maw, 
 paw, raw, saw, straw, thaw, with- 
 draw, foresaw. 
 
 Awk. See Aud. Awk. See Alk. 
 
 Awl. Bawl, brawl, drawl, scrawl, 
 sprawl, squall. Ball, call, fall, gall, 
 small, hall, pall, tall, squall, wall, 
 stall, install, forestall, thrall. 
 
 Awn. Dawn, brawn, pawn, spawn, 
 drawn, yawn, lawn, withdrawn. 
 
 Ax. Tax, wax, flax, relax. Backs, 
 sacks, tacks, lacks, packs, cracks. 
 
 Ay. Bray, clay, day, dray, tray, flay, 
 slay, stay, stray, sway, affray, al- 
 fray, gay, bay, jay, lay, may, nay, 
 pay, play, ray. say, way, pray, spay, 
 lay, array, astray, away, belay, be- 
 wray, betray, decay, defray, delay, 
 disarray, display, dismay, essay, 
 gainsay, inlay, relay, repay, round- 
 
AZE 
 
 801 
 
 IlExv 
 
 elay. Neigh, weigh, inveigh, etc. 
 Prey, they, convey, obey, purvey, 
 survey, disobey, grey. 
 
 Aze. Craze, daze, blaze, gaze, glaze, 
 raze, amaze, maze, graze. Raise, 
 praise, dispraise, etc. Phrase, par- 
 aphrase, days, inveighs, obeys, etc 
 
 E and Ea.. See Ee. 
 
 Eace. See Ease. 
 
 Each. Beach, breach, bleach, peach, 
 preach, teach, impeach. Beech, 
 leech, speech, beseech, leech. 
 
 Ead. See Ede and Eed. Eaf. See Ief. 
 
 Eague. League, teague, etc. Intrigue, 
 fatigue, etc. 
 
 Eak, See Ake. Beak, speak, bleak, 
 creak, freak, peak, sneak, squeak, 
 streak, weak, tweak, wreak,, be- 
 speak. Cheek, leek, creek, meek, 
 reek, seek, week, pique, shriek. 
 
 Eal. Deal, heal, meal, peal, seal, 
 steal, teal, veal, weal, zeal, squeal, 
 repeal, reveal, conceal, congeal, an- 
 neal, appeal. Eel, heel, feel, keel, 
 kneel, peel, reel, steel, wheel. 
 
 Ealm. See Elm. 
 
 Eallh. Health, wealth, stealth, com- 
 monwealth, etc. 
 
 Earn. Beam, cream, gleam, seam, 
 scream, steam, stream, team, beam, 
 dream. Scheme, theme, blaspheme, 
 extreme, supreme; deem, teem, be- 
 seem, misdeem, esteem, redeem. 
 
 Ean. Bean, clean, dean, glean, lean, 
 mean, wean, yean, demean, unclean, 
 Convene, demesne, intervene, mien; 
 machine, keen, screen, seen, spleen, 
 between, careen, forseen, serene, ob- 
 scene, terrene, queen, spleen, etc. 
 
 Eans. See Ense. Eant. See Ent. Eap. 
 See Eep and Ep. Ear. See Eer. 
 
 Eard. Heard, herd, etc. Erred, pre- 
 ferred, etc. Gird, third. 
 
 Earch. Search, research, perch, 
 
 smirch, etc. (Allowable rhymes, 
 church, lurch, etc. ) 
 
 Earl. Pearl, girl, whirl, etc. (Allow- 
 able rhymes, churl, furl, curl, etc.) 
 
 Earn. See Ern. Earse. See Erse. Eart. 
 See Art. 
 
 Earth. Earth, dearth, birth, mirth, 
 etc. (Allowable rhyme, worth.) 
 
 Ease. (Sounded Eace. ) Cease, lease, 
 release, grease, decrease, increase, 
 release, surcease. Peace, piece, 
 fleece, geese, apiece, frontispiece, etc. 
 
 Eash. See Esh. 
 
 £ast. Feast, beast, least, deceased, in- 
 creased, etc. 
 tat. Bleat, feat, heat, meat, neat, 
 seat, treat, wheat, beat, cheat, de- 
 ifefc.*. sscheat, «ntrea-t. retreat. Ob- 
 
 solete, replete, concrete, complete. 
 Feet, fleet, gleet, greet, meet, sheet, 
 sleet, street, sweet, discreet, etc. 
 
 Eath. Breath, death, saith, etc. 
 
 Eathe. Breathe, sheathe, wreathe, be- 
 queath, beneath, seethe, etc. 
 
 Eave. Cleave, heave, interweave, leave, 
 weave, bereave, inweave. Receive, 
 conceive, deceive, perceive, eve, 
 grieve, sleeve, thieve, agrieve, 
 achieve, believe, disbelieve, relieve, 
 reprieve, retrieve. 
 
 Ebb. Web, ebb, etc. 
 
 Eck. Beck, neck, check; deck, speck. 
 
 Ect. Sect, abject, affect, correct, in- 
 correct, collect, deject, detect, di- 
 rect, disrespect, disaffect, dissect, ef- 
 fect, elect, eject, erect, expect, in- 
 direct, infect, inspect, neglect, ob- 
 ject, project, protect, recollect, re- 
 flect, reject, respect, select, suspect, 
 architect, circumspect, dialect, in- 
 tellect. Decked, checked, etc. 
 
 Ed. Bed, bled, fed, fled, bred, led, red, 
 shred, shed, sped, wed, abed, in- 
 bred, misled. Said, bread, dread, 
 dead, head, lead, read, spread, 
 thread, tread, behead, o'erspread. 
 
 Ede. See Eed. 
 
 Edge. Wedge, Sedge, hedge, ledge, 
 pledge, sedge, allege. 
 
 Ee. Bee, free, glee, knee, see, three, 
 thee, tree, gree, decree, degree, dis- 
 agree, foresee, oversee, pedigree, he, 
 me, we, she, be, jubilee, lee, sea, 
 plea, flea, tea, key. 
 
 Eece. See Ease. Eech. See Each. 
 
 Eed. Creed, deed, indeed, bleed, breed, 
 feed, heed, meed, need, reed, speed, 
 seed, steed, weed, proceed, succeed, 
 exceed, knead, read, intercede, pre- 
 cede, recede, concede, impede, su- 
 percede, etc. Bead, lead, mead, 
 plead, etc. 
 
 Eef. See Ief. Eek. See Eak. Eel. See 
 Eal. Eem. See Em. Een. See Ean. 
 
 Eep. Creep, deep, sleep, peep, sheep, 
 steep, sweep, weep, asleep. Cheap, 
 heap, neap, etc. 
 
 Eer. Beer, deer, fleer, geer, jeer, peer, 
 meer, leer, sheer, steer, sneer, cheer, 
 veer, domineer, cannoneer, compeer, 
 engineer, mutineer, pioneer, priva- 
 teer, charioteer, chanticleer, career, 
 mountaineer. Here, sphere, adhere, 
 cohere, interfere, persevere, revere, 
 austere, severe, sincere, hemisphere, 
 etc. Ear, clear, dear, fear, hear, 
 near, sear, smear, spear, tear, rear, 
 year, appear, besmear, disappear, 
 
EESE 
 
 802 
 
 ERSE 
 
 fiese. See Eeze. Eet. See Eat. Eeth. 
 See Eath. Eeve. See Eave. 
 
 Eeze. Breeze, freeze, wheeze, sneeze, 
 squeeze, bees, sees, ease, appease, 
 disease, displease, tease, seize, teas, 
 pleas, etc. Images, monarchies, etc. 
 
 Eft. Cleft, left, theft, weft, bereft. 
 
 Eg. Leg, beg, peg, egg. (Allowable 
 rhymes, vague, plague, etc. ) 
 
 Eigh. See Ay. Eight. See Ate. Eign. 
 See Ain. Edl. See Ail. Ein. See Ain. 
 Eint. See Aint. Eir. See Are. Eit. 
 See Eat. Eive. See Eave. Eize. See 
 Eeze. 
 
 Ell. Dwell, fell, hell, knell, quell, sell, 
 bell, cell, tell, swell, spell, smell, 
 shell, parallel, sentinel, infidel, cita- 
 del, repel, rebel, impel, expel. 
 
 Eld. Held, geld, withheld, upheld, be- 
 held, etc. Swelled, felled, etc. 
 
 Elf. Pelf, self, shelf, himself, etc. 
 
 Elk. Whelk, etc. 
 
 Elm. Helm, realm, whelm over- 
 whelm, etc. 
 
 Elp. Help, whelp, yelp, etc. 
 
 Elt. Belt, gelt, felt, welt, smelt, pelt. 
 
 Elve. Delve, helve, twelve, shelve, etc. 
 
 Elves. Themselves, delves, shelves. 
 
 Em. Gem, hem, stem, them, diadem, 
 stratagem, etc. Condemn, contemn. 
 
 Eme. See Earn. 
 
 Emn. Condemn, contemn, etc. Gem. 
 
 Empt. Tempt, exempt, attempt, con- 
 tempt. 
 
 En. Den, hen, fen, ken, men, pen, ten, 
 then, when, wren, etc. 
 
 Ence. Fence, hence, pence, thence, 
 whence, defence, expense, offence, 
 pretence, commence, abstinence, cir- 
 cumference, conference, confidence, 
 consequence, continence, benevolence, 
 concupiscence, difference, diffidence^ 
 diligence, eloquence, eminence, evi- 
 dence, excellence, impertinence, im- 
 penitence, impotence, impudence, im- 
 providence, incontinence, indiffer- 
 ence, indigence, indolence, infer- 
 ence, intelligence, innocence, magni- 
 ficence, munificence, negligence, om- 
 nipotence, penitjence, preference, 
 providence, recompense, reference. 
 
 Ench. Bench, drench, retrench, quench, 
 clench, stench, trench, wench, wrench. 
 
 Etad. Bend, mend, blend, end, fend, 
 pend, lend, vend, send, spend, tend, 
 amend, attend, ascend, commend, 
 contend, depend, descend, distend, 
 expend, extend, forefend, impend, 
 misspend, obtend, offend, portend, 
 pretend, suspend, transcend, unbend, 
 apprehend, comprehend, condescend, 
 discommend, recommend, reprehend, 
 dividend, reverend. 
 
 Ends. Amends, friends, attends. 
 Ene. See Ean. 
 Enge. Avenge, revenge, etc. 
 Ength. Length, strength, etc. 
 Ense. (Sounded Enze. ) Cleanse, hens, 
 fens, pens, etc. 
 
 Ent. Bent, lent, rent, pent, scent, sent, 
 snent, spent, tent, vent, went, ab- 
 sent, meant, ascent, assent, attent, 
 augment, cement, content, consent, de- 
 -scent, dissent, event, extent, foment, 
 frequent, indent, intent, invent, la- 
 ment, misspent, o'erspent, prevent, 
 relent, repent, resent, ostent, ferment, 
 outwent, discontent, unbent, circum- 
 vent, represent, abstinent, accident, 
 accomplishment, admonishment, ac- 
 knowledgbent, ailment, arbitrament, 
 argument, banishment, battlement, 
 blandishment, astonishment, benevo- 
 lent, chastisement, competent, com- 
 pliment, complement, confident, con- 
 tinent, corpulent, detriment, differ- 
 ent, diffident, diligent, disparagement, 
 document, element, eloquent, emi- 
 nent, equivalent, establishment, evi- 
 dent, excellent, excrement, exigent, 
 experiment, firmament, fraudulent, 
 government, embellishment, immi- 
 nent, impertinent, impenitent, imple- 
 ment, impotent, imprisonment, im- 
 provident, impudent, incident, in- 
 competent, incontinent, indifferent, 
 indigent, innocent, insolent. 
 
 Eats. Accouterments, assents, scents. 
 
 Ep. Step, nep, rep, etc. 
 
 Ept. Accept, adept, except, intercept, 
 crept, slept, wept, kept. 
 
 Err. Aver, defer, infer, deter, inter, 
 refer, transfer, confer, prefer, par- 
 terre, administer, wagoner, islander, 
 arbiter, character, villager, cottager, 
 dowager, forager, pillager, voyager, 
 massacre, gardener, slanderer, flat- 
 terer, idolater, provender, theater, 
 amphitheater, foreigner, lavender, 
 messenger, passenger, socerer, inter- 
 preter, officer, mariner, harbinger, 
 minister, register, canister, choris- 
 ter, sophister, presbyter, lawgiver, 
 philosopher, astrologer, loiterer, 
 prisoner, grasshopper, astronomer, 
 sepulchre, thunderer, traveler, mur- 
 derer, usurer. Sir, fir, myrrh, etc. 
 
 Erch. See Earch. Erce. See Erse. Erd. 
 See Eard. Ere. See Eer. 
 
 Erge. Verge, absterge, emerge, Dirge, 
 (Allowable rhymes, urge, purge, 
 surge. ) 
 
 Ern. Fern, stern, discern, concern. 
 Learn, earn, yearn, etc. (Allowable 
 rhymes, burn, turn, etc. ) 
 
 Erse. Verse, herse, absterse, ad- 
 verse, averse, converse, disperse, im- 
 
ERT 
 
 803 
 
 IGE 
 
 merse, perverse, reverse, traverse, as- 
 perse, intersperse, universe. Amerce 
 coerce, etc. 
 
 Ert. Wert, advert, assert, avert, con- 
 cert, convert, contravert, desert, di- 
 vert, exert, expert, insert, invert, 
 pervert, subvert. 
 
 Erve. Serve, nerve, swerve, preserve, 
 deserve, conserve, observe, reserve, 
 
 Ess. Bless, dress, cess, chess, guess, 
 less, mess, press, tress, acquiesce, 
 access, address, assess, compress, 
 confess, caress, depress, digress, dis- 
 possess, distress, excess, express, im- 
 press, oppress, possess, profess, recess, 
 repress, redress, success, transgress, 
 bashfulness, bitterness, cheerfulness, 
 comfortless, comeliness, dizziness, 
 drowsiness, eagerness, easiness, empti- 
 ness, evenness, fatherless, filthiness, 
 foolishness, forgetfulness. forward- 
 ness, frowardness, fruitfulness, ful- 
 someness, giddiness, greediness, gen- 
 tleness, governess, happiness, haugh- 
 tiness, heaviness, idleness, heinous- 
 ness, lawfulness, laziness, littleness, 
 liveliness, loftiness, lioness, lowliness, 
 manliness, masterless. mightiness, 
 motherless, motionless, nakedness, 
 neediness, noisomeness, numberless. 
 
 Ese. See Eeze. 
 
 Esh. Flesh, fresh, refresh, mesh, 
 afresh, thresh. 
 
 Esk. Desk, grotesque, burlesque, pic- 
 turesque, etc. 
 
 Est. Best, chest, crest, guest, jest, 
 nest, pest, quest, rest, test, vest, 
 west, arrest, attest, bequest, contest, 
 detest, digest, divest, invest, infest, 
 interest, manifest, etc. Breast, 
 
 abreast, dressed, pressed, expressed. 
 
 Et. Bet, jet, fret, get, let, met, net, 
 set, wet, whet, yet, abet, beget, be- 
 set, forget, regret, alphabet, amulet, 
 anchoret, cabinet, epithet, parapet, 
 rivulet, violet, coronet, etc. Sweat, 
 threat, etc. 
 
 Etch. Fetch, stretch, sketch, wretch. 
 
 Ete. See Eat. Eve. See Eave. Eum. 
 See Ume. 
 
 Ew. Blew, chew, dew, brew, drew, 
 flew, few, grew, new, knew, hew, 
 Jew, mew, threw, yew, crew, slew, 
 anew, askew, bedew, eschew, renew, 
 withdrew, view, review, interview. 
 Blue, clue, due, cue, glue, hue, rue, 
 sue, true, accrue, ensue, endue, im- 
 bue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, adieu, 
 purlieu, perdue, residue, avenue, rev- 
 enue, retinue. Through, too, do, 
 who, you, etc. 
 
 Ewd. See Eud. Ewn. See Une. 
 
 Ex. Sex, vex, annex, convex, complex, 
 perplex, circumflex, checks, pecks. 
 
 Ext. Next, pretext, vexed, perplexed. 
 
 Ey. See Ay. 
 
 lb. Bib, crib, squib, drib, glib, nib, rib. 
 
 Ibe. Bribe, tribe, scribe, ascribe, de- 
 scribe, superscribe, prescribe, pro- 
 scribe, subscribe, transcribe, inscribe. 
 
 Ice. Dice, mice, nice, price, .vice, 
 splice, slice, thrice, trice, advice, 
 entice, vice, device, etc. Concise, 
 precise, paradise, etc. 
 
 Ich. See Itch. 
 
 Ick. Brick, sick, chick, kick, lick, 
 nick, pick, quick, stick, thick, arith- 
 metic, etc. 
 
 let. Strict, addict, afflict, convict, in- 
 flict, contradict. Licked, kicked. 
 
 Id. Bid, chid, hid, kid, lid, slid, rid, 
 bestrid, pyramid, forbid, etc. 
 
 Ide. Bide chide, hide, glide, pride, 
 ride, slide, side, stride, tide, wide, 
 bride, abide, guide, astride, beside, 
 bestride, betide, confide, deride, di- 
 vide, preside, provide, subside, mis- 
 guide, subdivide, etc. Died, re- 
 plied, sighed, etc. 
 
 Ides. Besides, rides, tides, etc. 
 
 Idg-e. Bridge, ridge, abridge, etc. 
 
 tdst. Midst, amidst, etc. 
 
 Ie. Or Y. Fie, hie, lie, pie, die, dry, 
 eye, fry, ply, pry, rye, shy, sly, spry, 
 sky, stry, tie, vie, why, ally, apply, 
 awry, bely, comply, decry, defy, des- 
 cry, deny, imply, espy, outvie, out- 
 fly, rely, reply, supply, untie, ampli- 
 fy, beautify, certify, crucify, deify, 
 dignify, edify, falsify, fortify, gratify, 
 glorify, indemnify, justify, magnify, 
 modify, mollify, mortify, pacify, 
 petrify, purify, putrify, qualify, rat- 
 ify, rectify, sanctify, satisfy, scar- 
 ify, signify, specify, stupify, terrify, 
 testify, verify, villify, vitrify, vivify, 
 prophesy. High, nigh, sigh, thigh. 
 
 Ieee. See Ease. 
 
 Ief. Grief, chief, fief, thief, brief, be- 
 lief, relief, etc. Beef, reef, sheef, 
 leaf, etc. 
 
 lege. Liege, siege, besiege, etc. 
 
 Ield. Field, yield, shield, wield, 
 
 afield, healed, repealed, wheeled. 
 
 Ien. See Een. lend. See End. Ieree. 
 See Erse. lest. See East. Ieve. See 
 Eave. 
 
 Ife. Rife, fife, knife, wife, strife, life. 
 
 Iff. Cliff, skiff, stiff, whiff, if. etc. 
 
 Ift. Gift, drift, shift, lift, rift, sift, 
 thrift, adrift, miffed, whiffed, etc. 
 
 Ig:. Big, dig, gig, fig, pig, rig, sprig, 
 twig, swig. 
 
 Ige. See lege. 
 
IGH 
 
 804 
 
 ITE 
 
 Igh, See Ie. 
 
 Ight. See Ite. 
 
 Ign. See Ine. 
 
 Igue. See Eague. 
 
 Ike. Dike, like, pike, spike, strike, 
 alike, dislike, oblique. 
 
 111. Bill, chill, fill, drill, gill, hill, kill, 
 mill, pill quill, rill, shrill, frill, 
 skill, spill, still, swill, thrill, trill, 
 will, distill, fullfil, instil, codicil, daf- 
 fodil; volatile, etc. 
 
 Ild. Child, mild, wild, filed, reviled, 
 piled, etc. 
 
 IM. Gild, build, filled, willed, etc. 
 
 lie. Bile, chyle, file, guile, isle, mile, 
 pile, stile, style, tile, vile, while, 
 awhile, compile, revile, defile, exile, 
 erewhile, reconcile, beguile. 
 
 Ilk. Milk, silk, bilk, etc. 
 
 lit. Gilt, jilt, built, quilt, guilt, hilt, 
 spilt, stilt, tilt. 
 
 Ilth. Filth, tilth, etc. 
 
 Im. Brim, dim, grim, him, rim, 
 skim, slim, trim, whim, prim. Limb, 
 hymn, him. 
 
 Imb. See Im. 
 
 Ime. Chime, time, grime, climb, 
 clime, crime, prime, mime, rhyme, 
 slime, thyme, lime, sublime. 
 
 Imes. Betimes, sometimes; rhymes, 
 chimes, times, crimes, etc. 
 
 linn. See Im. 
 
 Imp. Limp, gimp, scrimp, etc. 
 
 Fmpse. Glimpse, imps, limps, etc. 
 
 In. Chin, din, fin, gin, grin, in, inn, 
 kin, pin, shin, sin, spin, skin, thin, 
 tin, win, within, javelin, begin. 
 
 Inoe. Mince, prince, since, quince, 
 rince, wince, evince, convince. 
 
 Inch. Cinch, clinch, finch, pinch. 
 
 Inct. Instinct, distinct, extinct, pre- 
 cinct, succinct, etc. ; linked, pinked, 
 
 Ind. Bind, find, mind, blind, hind, 
 kind, grind, rind, wind, behind, un- 
 kind, remind, etc. 
 
 Ine. Dine, brine, mine, chine, fine, 
 line, nine, pine; shine, shrine, kine, 
 thine, trine, twine, wine, vine, 
 whine, combine, confine, decline, de- 
 fine, incline, inshrine, intwine, 
 
 ' opine, calcine, recline, refine, re- 
 pine, superfine, interline, counter- 
 mine, undermine, supine, concubine, 
 porcupine, divine. Sign, consign, de- 
 sign, etc. 
 
 Ing. Bring, sing, cling, fling, king, 
 ring, sling, spring, sting, string, 
 swing, wing, wring, thing, altering, 
 recovering, etc. 
 
 Inge. Cringe, fringe, hinge, singe, 
 springe, swinge^ tinge, twinge, in- 
 fringe. 
 
 Ink. Flink, wink, drink, blink, 
 
 brink, chink, clink, link, pink, 
 shrink, sink, slink, stink, bethink, 
 forethink. 
 
 Int. Dint, mint, hint, flint, lint, print, 
 squint, asquint, imprint. 
 
 Ip. Chip, lip, hip, clip, dip r drip, lip, 
 nip, sip, rip, scrip, ship, skip, slip, 
 snip, strip, tip, trip, whip, equip, 
 eldership, fellowship, workmanship. 
 
 Ipe. Gripe, pipe, ripe, snipe, stripe, 
 wipe, type, archetype, prototype! 
 
 Ipse. Eclipse, lips, ships, tips, etc. 
 
 Ir. See Ur. Irch. See Urch. Ird. See 
 Urd. 
 
 Ire. Fire, dire, ,,hire, ire, mire, lyre, 
 quire, sire, spire, squire, wire, tire, 
 attire, acquire, admire, aspire, con- 
 spire, desire, inquire, entire, expire, 
 inspire, require, retire, transpire. 
 Tyre. Friar, liar, brier, crier, dyer, 
 nigher, etc. 
 
 Irg. See Erge. 
 
 Irl. Girl, whirl, twirl, etc. (Allowable 
 rhymes, curl, furl, churl, etc.) 
 
 Irni. Firm, affirm, confirm, infirm; 
 term, sperm, etc. (Allowable rhyme, 
 worm. ) 
 
 Irst. See Urst. Irt. See Urt. 
 
 Irth. Birth, mirth; earth, dearth, etc. 
 (Allowable rhyme), worth. 
 
 Iss. Bliss, miss, kiss, hiss, this, abyss, 
 amiss, submiss, remiss. 
 
 Is. (pronounced Iz. ) His, whiz. 
 
 Ise. See Ice and Ize. 
 
 Ish. Dish, fish, pish, wish. 
 
 Isk. Brisk, frisk, disk, risk, whisk, 
 basalisk, tamarisk. 
 
 Isp. Crisp, lisp, wisp. 
 
 1st. Fist, list, -mist, twist, wrist, assist, 
 consist, desist, exist, insist, persist, re- 
 sist, subsist, alchemist, amethyst. 
 anatomist, antagonist, annalist, evan- 
 gelist, enchantist, exorcist, herbalist 
 humorist, oculist, organist, satirist! 
 
 It. Bit, cit, hit, fit, grit, flit, knit, nit, 
 pit, quit, sit, split, twit, wit, whit, 
 writ, admit, acquit, commit, emit, 
 omit, outwit, permit, remit, submit, 
 transmit, refit, benefit, perquisite. 
 
 Itch, and Ich. Ditch, pitch, rich, fitch, 
 bitch, which, itch, flitch, hitch- 
 stitch, switch, twitch, witch, be- 
 witch, nich, enrich. 
 
 Ite. and Ight. Bite, cite, kite, blite, 
 mite, quite, rite, smite, spite, trite, 
 white, write, contrite, disunite, des- 
 pite, indite, invite, excite, incite, po- 
 lite, requite, recite, unite, reunited, 
 aconite, appetite, parasite, proselyte, 
 expedite. Blight, benight, bright, 
 fight, flight, fright, height, light, 
 knight, night, might, plight, right, 
 
ITH 
 
 805 
 
 OOP 
 
 tight, slight, sight, spright, wight, 
 affright, alight, aright, foresight, de- 
 light, despite, upright. 
 
 Ith. Pith, smith, frith. 
 
 Ithe. Hithe, blithe, tithe, scythe, 
 writhe, lithe. 
 
 Ive. Five, dive, alive, gyve, hive, 
 drive, vive, shrive, strive, thrive, 
 arrive, connive, contrive, deprive, 
 derive, revive, survive. 
 
 Ix. Fix. six, mix, affix, prefix, trans- 
 fix, intermix, crucifix. Wicks, licks, 
 kicks, bricks, picks, sticks. 
 
 Ixt. Betwixt, fixed, mixed, etc. 
 
 Ise. and Ize. Prize, wise, rise, size, 
 guise, disguise, advise, authorize, 
 canonize, chastise, civilize, comprise, 
 criticise, despise, devise, enterprise, 
 excise, exercise, idolize, immortalize, 
 premise, revise, signalize, solemnize, 
 surprise, surmise, suffice, sacrifice, 
 sympathize, tyrannize, apologize, 
 baptize, theorize. Pies, lies, replies. 
 
 O. S~ee Oo. and Ow. 
 
 Oach. Broach, croach, poach, approach, 
 encroach, reproach, coach. 
 
 Oad. See Aud. and Ode. Oaf. See Off. 
 Oak. See Oke. Oal. See Ole. Oam. 
 See Ome. Oan. See One. Oap. See Ope. 
 Oar. See Ore. Oard. See Ord. Oast. 
 See Ost. Oat. See Ote. Oath. See Oth. 
 
 Ob. Fob, bob, mob, knob, sob, rob, 
 throb, swab, squab, etc. 
 
 Obe. Globe, probe, robe. Oce. See Ose. 
 
 Ock. Block, lock, cock, clock, crock, 
 dock frock, flock, knock, mock, 
 rock, shock, stock, sock, etc." 
 
 Oct. Concoct, blocked, locked, cocked. 
 
 Od. Clod, God, rod, sod, trod, nod, 
 plod, rod, shod, etc. 
 
 Ode. and Oad. Bode, ode, codermode 
 rode, abode, corrode, explode, fore- 
 bode, commode, incommode, episode. 
 
 Oe. See Ow. 
 
 Off. and Ough. Scoff, cough, trough. 
 
 Oft. Croft, soft, aloft, scoffed, etc. 
 
 Og. Hog, bog, cog, dog, clog, fog, 
 frog, log, jog, dialogue, epilogue, 
 agog, synagogue, catalogue, peda- 
 gogue. 
 
 Oice. Choice, voice, rejoice, etc. 
 
 Oid. Void, avoid, devoid, buoyd, 
 
 cloyed, etc. 
 
 Oil. Boil, coil, moil, soil, spoil, toil, 
 despoil, embroil, recoil, turmoil, dis- 
 embroil. 
 
 Oin. Coin, join, subjoin, groin, loin, 
 adjoin, conjoin, disjoin, enjoin pur- 
 loin, rejoin. 
 
 Oint. Joint, point, disjoint, anoint, ap- 
 point, disappoint, counterpoint. 
 
 Oise. Poise, noise, counterpoise, equi- 
 poise; boys, cloys, toys, etc. 
 
 Oist. Hoist, moist, foist; rejoiced, in- 
 voiced, etc. 
 
 Oit. Coit, exploit, adroit, etc. 
 
 Oke. Broke, choke, smoke, spoke, 
 stroke, yoke, bespoke, invoke, pro- 
 voke, revoke, etc. Oak, cloak, soak. 
 
 Ol. Loll, doll, etc. 
 
 Ol. Droll, poll, roll, scroll, toll, etc. 
 
 Old. Old, bold, cold, gold, hold, mold, 
 scold, told, behold, enfold, unfold, 
 uphold, withhold, foretold, manifold, 
 marigold, etc. ; rolled, cajoled, foaled, 
 bowled, etc. 
 
 Ole. Bole, dole, jole, hole, mole, pole, 
 sole, stole, whole, shole, cajole, 
 condole, parole, patrol, etc. Coal, 
 foal, goal, soul, bowl, droll, roll, 
 scroll, toll, troll, control, enroll, etc. 
 
 Olen. Stolen, swollen. 
 
 Olt. Bolt, colt, jolt, holt, dolt, molt, 
 revolt, thunderbolt. 
 
 Olve. Solve, absolve, resolve, con- 
 volve, involve, devolve, dissolve, re- 
 volve. 
 
 Om, See Um. 
 
 Ome. Dome, home, tome; foam, loam.. 
 
 Ome. Lome, dome, home, tome; foam, 
 
 Omb. See Oom. Ompt. See Ount. On. 
 See Un. 
 
 On. Don, con, upon, anon, etc. 
 
 Ond. Pond, bond, fond, beyond, ab- 
 scond, correspond, despond, diamond, 
 vagabond, etc. ; donned, conned, etc. 
 
 Once. See Onse and Unce. 
 
 One. Prone, bone, drone, throne, alone, 
 stone, tone, lone, zone, atone, en- 
 throne, dethrone, postpone, etc. 
 
 Ong. Long, prong, song, throng, 
 
 strong, thong, wrong, along, belong. 
 
 Ongne. See Ung. Onk. See Unk. 
 
 Onse. Response; ensconce, nonce. 
 
 Ont. Font, Vermont, etc. 
 
 00. Coo, woo; shoe, two, too, who, do, 
 to, ado, undo, through, you, true.' 
 blue, flew, strew, etc. See Ew. 
 
 Ood. Brood, mood, food, rood; cooed, 
 wooed, etc.; feud, illude, habitude. 
 
 Oof. Hoof, proof, roof, woof, aloof, 
 disproof, reproof, behoof, etc. 
 
 Ook. Book, brook, cook, crook, hook, 
 look, rook, shook, took, mistook. 
 
 001. Cool, fool, pool, school, stool, 
 tool, befool, etc. (Allowable rhymes, 
 pule, rule, etc.) 
 
 Om. Gloom, groom, loom, room, 
 
 spoom, bloom, doom, etc. Tomb, 
 Oon. Boon, soon, moon, noon, spoon. 
 
 swoon, buffoon, lampoon, poltroon. 
 
 (Allowable rhymes, fune, prune, etc.) 
 Oop. Loop, poop, scoop, stoop, troop, 
 
 droop, whoop, coop, hoop, etc. 
 
OCR 
 
 806 
 
 ow 
 
 Oor. Boor, poor, moor, etc. Tour, 
 contour, etc. 
 
 Oose. Goose, loose, deuce, use, pro- 
 fuse, etc. 
 
 Oot. Root, boot, coot, hoot, shoot, suit, 
 fruit, etc.; lute, impute, etc. 
 
 Ooth. Booth, soothe, smooth, etc. 
 
 Ooze. Noose, snooze; use, abuse, etc. 
 
 Op. Chop, hop, drop, crop, fop, top, 
 pop, prop, flop, shop, slop, sop, stop. 
 
 Ope. Hope, cope, mope, grope, pope, 
 rope, scope, slope, tope, trope, aslope, 
 elope, interlope, telescope, vitas- 
 cope, heliotrope, horoscope, antelope. 
 
 Opt. Adopt, hopped, lopped, stopped. 
 
 Or. For, creditor, counsellor, confessoi, 
 competitor, conspirator, successor, 
 conqueror, governor, abhor, meta- 
 phor, bachelor, senator, etc. 
 
 ^>oze. Noose, snooze, use, abuse. 
 
 >)p. Crop, shop, stop. 
 
 Ope. Cope, mope, elope, heliotrope, an- 
 telope. 
 
 Opt. Adopt, hopped, stopped. 
 
 Or. Confessor, abhor, governor. 
 
 Orch. Scorch, torch. 
 
 Orce. Force, course, source. 
 
 Ord. Cord, ford, abhorred. 
 
 Ore. Bore, ashore, deplore. 
 
 Orge. Disgorge, George. 
 
 Orch. Scorch, torch, etc. 
 
 Orce. Force, divorce, enforce, perforce, 
 etc. Corse, coarse, hoarse, course 
 discourse, recourse, intercourse. 
 
 Ore. Bore, core, gore, lore, mors, *>re r 
 pore, score, shore, snore, sore, store. 
 
 Orge. George, disgorge, regorge, etc. 
 
 Ork. Cork, fork, stork, etc. 
 
 Orld. "World, hurled, curled, etc. 
 
 Orm. Form, storm, conform, deform, 
 inform, perform, reform, misinform, 
 uniform, multiform, transform. 
 
 Orn. Born, corn, morn, horn, scorn, 
 adorn, suborn, unicorn, Capricorn. 
 
 Orn. Torn, shorn, worn, sworn, for- 
 sworn, borne, forborne, mourn. 
 
 Brse. See Orce. Horse, endorse, unhorse. 
 
 Drst. See Urst. Ort. See Art. 
 
 Ort. Short, sort, exhort, consort, dis- 
 tort, extort, resort, retort, snort. 
 
 Ort. Fort, port, sport, comport, dis- 
 port, export, import, support, trans- 
 port, report. 
 
 Orth. Forth, fourth. (Allowable 
 
 rhyme, north.) 
 
 Ose. Close, dose, jocose; morose, 
 gross, engross, verbose. 
 
 Ose. Hose, close, pose, chose, doze, 
 froze, nose, prose, those, rose, com- 
 pose, depose, disclose, dispose, dis- 
 compose, expose, impose, inclose, in- 
 terpose, oppose, propose, recompose. 
 
 Oss. Boss, loss, cro«s, dross, moss, toss, 
 across, emboss. 
 
 Ost. Cost, frost, lost, accost, etc. 
 Embossed, crossed, etc. 
 
 Ot. Clot, cot, blot, hot, got, lot, not, 
 plot, pot, scot, shot, sot, spot, apri- 
 cot, trot, rot, grot, begot, forgot, al- 
 lot, besot, complot, counterplot. 
 
 Otch. Botch, notch, etc. Watch. 
 
 Ote. Note, vote, mote, quote, rote, 
 wrote, smote, denote, promote, re- 
 mote, devote, anecdote, antidote, etc 
 Boat, coat, bloat, doat, float, gloat, 
 goat, oat, afloat, throat, moat, etc. 
 
 Ou. See Oo. and Ow. Oubt. See Out. 
 
 Ouch. Couch, pouch, vouch, slouch, 
 avouch, crouch. 
 
 Oud. Shroud, cloud, proud, loud, aloud, 
 crowd, bowed, vowed, etc. 
 
 Ove. "Wove, inwove, interwove, alcove, 
 clove, grove, rove, stove, drove. 
 
 Ove. Dove, love, shove, glove, above. 
 
 Ough. See Off., Ow., and Uff. 
 
 Ought. Bought, thought, ought, fore- 
 thought, brought, fought, nought, 
 sought, wrought, besought, bethought. 
 
 Oul. See Ole. and Owl. 
 
 Ould. Mould, fold, old, cold, bowled, 
 tolled, cajoled, etc. 
 
 Ounce. Bounce, flounce, renounce, 
 pounce, ounce, denounce, pronounce. 
 
 Ound. Bound, found, mound, ground, 
 hound, pound, round, sound, wound, 
 abound, aground, around, confound. 
 
 Oung. See Ung. 
 
 Ount. Count, mount, fount, amount, 
 dismount, remount, account, discount, 
 miscount, recount. 
 
 Oup. See Oop. 
 
 Our. Hour, lour, sour, our, scour, de- 
 vour, etc. Bower, cower, flower, 
 power, shower, tower, etc. 
 
 Oourge. See Urge. 
 
 Ourn. See Orn and Urn. 
 
 Ours. Hours, scours, flowers, showers. 
 
 Ours. Yours, cures, endures, etc. 
 
 Ourse. See Orce. Ourt. See Ort. Ourth. 
 See Orth. Ous. See Us. 
 
 Ous. (Pronounced Ouce. ) House, mouse, 
 
 Ouse. See Owze. 
 
 Out. Bout, lout, out, clout, pout, gout, 
 grout, rout, scout, shout, snout, spout, 
 stout, sprout, about, devout, without. 
 
 Outh. Mouth, south, etc. 
 
 Ove. Dove, love, shove, glove, above. 
 
 Ove. Wove, inwove, interwove, alcove, 
 clove, grove, rove, stove, strove. 
 
 Ow. Now, bow, how, mow, cow, brow, 
 plow, sow, vow, prow, avow, allow, 
 
 Ow. Blow, stow, crow, bow, flow, glow, 
 grow, know, low, mow, row, show, 
 sow, strow, stow, slow, snow, throw. 
 
OWL 
 
 807 
 
 Owl. (See Ole. ) Cowl, growl, owl, 
 fowl, howl, prowl, etc. foul, etc. 
 
 Own. (See One.) Brown, town, clown, 
 crown, down, drown, frown, gown. 
 
 Owse. (See Ouse. ) Blowse, browse, 
 rouse, spouse, carouse, souse, es- 
 pouse, house, mouse, allows, brows. 
 
 Ox. Box, fox, equinox, orthodox, etc. 
 
 Oy. Boy. buoy, coy, employ, cloy, joy, 
 toy, alloy, annoy, convoy, decoy, de- 
 stroy, enjoy, employ. 
 
 Oze. See Ose. 
 
 Ub. Cub, club, dub, chub, drub, grub, 
 rub, snub, shrub, tub. 
 
 TJbe. Cube, tube. 
 
 Uce. Truce, spruce, deuce, conduce, de- 
 duce, induce, introduce, produce, se- 
 duce, traduce, reduce, sluice, juice. 
 
 Teh. See Utch. 
 
 Uck. Buck, luck, pluck, suck, struck, 
 tuck, truck, duck. 
 
 Uct. Conduct, deduct, instruct, obstruct, 
 acqueduct. 
 
 Ud. Bud, scud, mud, stud, cud, blood, 
 flood, 
 
 Ude. Rude, crude, prude, allude, con- 
 clude, delude, elude, exclude, exude. 
 
 Udge. Judge, drudge, grudge, trudge, 
 adjudge, prejudge. 
 
 Ue. See Ew, 
 
 Uff. Buff, cuff, bluff, gruff, luff, puff, 
 snuff, stuff, ruff, rebuff, counterbuff. 
 
 Uft. ,Tuft, cuffed, stuffed, etc. 
 
 Ug. Lug, bug. dug, drug, hug, rug, 
 slug, snug, mug, pug. 
 
 Uice. See Use. Uise. See Ise and Use. 
 Uie. See Ie. 
 
 Uke. Duke, puke, rebuke, etc. 
 
 TJ1. and TU. Cull, dull, gull, hull, lull, 
 mull, null, trull, skull, annul. 
 
 Tie. Mule, pule, yule, rule, overrule, rid- 
 icule, misrule. (Allowable rhymes), 
 pool, fool, cool, tool, etc. 
 
 Ulge. Bulge, indulge, divulge, etc. 
 
 Ulk. Bulk, hulk, skulk. 
 
 Ose. Pulse, repulse, impulse, expulse, 
 convulse. 
 
 Hit. Result, adult, exult, consult, oc- 
 cult, insult, difficult, etc. 
 
 Urn. Crum, drum, grum, gum, hum, 
 mum, scum, plum, stum, sum, swum. 
 
 Dme. Purae, plume, assume, consume, 
 perfume, resume, presume. 
 
 Cmp. Bump, pump, jump, lump, rump, 
 plump, stump, trump, thump. 
 
 Fn. Dun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, run, 
 shun, tun, stun, spun, begun, son. 
 
 Unce. Dunce, once, etc. 
 
 Uneh. Bunch, punch, hunch, lunch, 
 munch. 
 
 Und. Fund, refund, shunned, stunned. 
 
 Cne. June, tune, untune, jejune, prune, 
 
 importune, etc. (Allowable rhymes), 
 moon, soon, etc. 
 
 Ung. Clung, dung, flung, hung, rung, 
 strung, sung, sprung, slung, stung, 
 
 Unge. Plunge, spunge, expunge, etc. 
 
 Unk. Drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, punk, 
 spunk, trunk, slunk, monk. 
 
 Unt. Brunt, blunt, hunt, runt, grunt. 
 
 Up. Cup, sup. up, etc. 
 
 Upt. Abrupt, corrupt, interrupt, supped. 
 
 Ur. Blur, cur, bur, fur, slur, spur, con- 
 cur, demur, incur. Sir, stir, fir, etc. 
 Infer, confer, etc. 
 
 Urb. Curb, disturb, etc. Herb, verb. 
 
 Ureh. Church, lurch; birch, search. 
 
 Urd. Curd, absurd, bird, word, stirred, 
 spurred, etc. 
 
 Ure. Cure, pure, dure, lure, sure, ad- 
 jure, allure, assure, demure, conjure, 
 
 Urf. Turf, scurf, etc. 
 
 Urge. Purge, urge, surge, scourge, 
 verge, diverge, etc. 
 
 Urk. Lurk, Turk, work, jerk, etc. 
 
 Url. (See Irl. ) Churl, curl, furl, hurl, 
 purl, uncurl, unfurl,. (Allowable 
 rhymes, girl, twirl, pearl, etc. ) 
 
 Urn. Burn, churn, spurn, turn, urn, 
 return, overturn, sojourn, adjourn. 
 
 Urse. Nurse, curse, purse, accurse, dis- 
 burse, reimburse. Worse, etc. (Al- 
 lowable rhymes), verse, disperse, etc. 
 
 Urst. Burst, curst, durst, accurst, etc. 
 Worst, first, thirst, etc. 
 
 Urt. Blurt, hurt, curt, spurt, etc. Dirt, 
 shirt, flirt, squirt, etc. 
 
 Us. Thus, buss, truss, discuss, incubus, 
 overplus, amorous, boisterous, clam- 
 orous, credulous, dangerous, gener- 
 ous, emulous, fabulous, frivolous, haz- 
 ardous, idolatrous, infamous, miracu- 
 lous, mischievous, mountainous, mu- 
 tinous, necessitous, numerous, omin- 
 ous, perilous, poisonous, populous. 
 
 Use. Use, disuse, abuse, deuce, truce, 
 loose, goose, noose, moose. 
 
 Use. Muse, use, abuse, amuse, diffuse, 
 excuse, infuse, misuse, peruse, refuse, 
 suffuse, transfuse, accuse. Bruise. 
 
 Ush. Blush, brush, crush, gush, flush, 
 mush, rush, hush. 
 
 Usk. Busk, tusk, dusk, husk, musk. 
 
 Ust. Bust, crust, dust, just, must, lust, 
 rust, thrust, trust, adjust, disgust. 
 
 lit. But, butt, cut, hut, gut, glut, nui, 
 shut, strut, rut, scut, slut, smut, abut. 
 
 Utch. Hutch, crutch, Dutch, much, 
 such, touch, etc. 
 
 Ute. Brute, lute, flute, mute, acute, 
 compute, confute, dispute, dilute, de- 
 pute, impute, minute, pollute, refute 
 
 Ux. Flux, ducks, trucks, etc. 
 
 Y. See Ie. 
 
m 
 
 r i ASSICA1 and MODE&n 
 FOREIGN PHRASESV 
 
 & 
 
 N. B. — See page VIII.— Current abbreviations are indicated in brackets. 
 
 ABA — ANN 
 
 abas, Pr. Down; down with. 
 
 ab extra, L. From without. 
 
 ab incunabilis, L. From the cradle. 
 
 ab initio, L. From the beginning. 
 
 a bisogni si conoscon gli amid, It. 
 Friends are known in time of need; a 
 friend in need is a friend indeed. 
 
 abonchat, bonrat, Fr. (lit., to a good 
 cat, a good rat), Tit for tat. 
 
 a bon marche, Fr. Cheap; at a good bar- 
 gain, [mencement. 
 
 ab origine, L. From the origin or com- 
 
 ab ovo, L. From the egg ; from the 
 very beginning. 
 
 a bras ouverts, Fr. With open arms. 
 
 absence d' esprit, Fr. Absence of mind. 
 
 ab uno disce omnes, L. From one ex- 
 ample judge of the rest. 
 
 ab urbe condita, L. From the building 
 of the city, i. e. Rome. [A. U. C] 
 
 a capite ad calcem, L. From head to heel. 
 
 a cheval, Fr. On horseback. 
 
 achevuole, nonmancano modi, It. Where 
 there's a will there's a way. 
 
 a compte, Fr. On account. 
 
 a cruce salus, L. Salvation by or from 
 the cross. 
 
 ad arbitrium, L. At will, at pleasure. 
 
 ad calendas grcecas, L. At the Greek cal- 
 ends, i. e., never. The Greeks had no 
 calends. [please the rabble. 
 
 ad captandum vulgus, L. To attract or 
 
 ad extremum, L. To the extreme; at 
 last. 
 
 ad gustum, L. To one's taste. 
 
 ad honorem, L. To his honor. 
 
 a die, L. From that day. 
 
 ad intemecionem, L. To extermination. 
 
 ad nauseam, L. So as to disgust or nau- 
 seate. 
 
 ad rem, L. To the purpose; to the point. 
 
 adscriptus glebce, L. Attached to the soil. 
 
 adsum, L. I am present; I am here. 
 
 ad summum, L. To the highest point or 
 amount. 
 
 ad unum omnes, L. To a man. 
 
 ad utrumque paratus, L. Prepared for 
 either event or case. 
 
 cequo animo, L. With a calm mind. 
 
 cere perennius, L. More enduring than 
 brass. 
 
 affaire d 'amour, Fr. Love affair. 
 
 affaire d'honneur, Fr. Affair of honor, 
 duel. 
 
 affaire du cmur, Fr. Affair of the heart. 
 
 a Jin, Fr. To the end or object. 
 
 a fond, Fr. To the bottom, thoroughly. 
 
 a fortiori, L. For the stronger reason. 
 
 age quodagis, L. Do what you are doing; 
 attend to your business. 
 
 a. grands frais, Fr. At great expense. 
 
 agrement, Fr. Pleasant quality; orna- 
 ment. 
 
 a haute voix, Fr. Aloud. [cretly. 
 
 a huis clos, Fr. With closed doors, se- 
 
 a la belle etoile, Fr. Under the canopy 
 of heaven. [time; favorably. 
 
 a la bonne heure, Fr. Well-timed, in good 
 
 a Vabri, Fr. Under shelter. 
 
 a la campagne, Fr. In the country. 
 
 a la carte, Fr. By the card. 
 
 a la derobee, Fr. Stealthily. 
 
 a la francaise, Fr. In French fashion. 
 
 a, la mode, Fr. According to the fashion. 
 
 alere flammam, L. To feed the flame. 
 
 at fresco, It. In the open air. 
 
 allez-vous en, Fr. Away with you, be off. 
 
 alloikamon, alloionanto, Gr. Some toil, 
 others reap the advantage. 
 
 allons, Fr. Come on. 
 
 alpiu, It. At most. 
 
 alter ego, L. Another self. 
 
 alter idem, L. Another, exactly similar. 
 
 alter ipse amicus, L. A friend is another 
 self. 
 
 alterum tantum, L. As much more. 
 
 amar y saber no puede ser, Sp. No one 
 can love and be wise at the same time. 
 
 a maximis ad minima, L. From the 
 greatest to the least. 
 
 amende honorable, Fr. Fit reparation; 
 satisfactory apology. [dinarily. 
 
 a merveille, Fr, Marvelously, extraor- 
 
 ami du cour, Fr. [lit., friend of the 
 court]. False friend. 
 
 amor patriae, L.. Love of country; pa- 
 triotism. 
 
 amour propre, Fr. Vanity, self-love. 
 
 ancien regime, Fr. Former condition of 
 things. 
 
 unguis in herba, L. Snake in the grass. 
 
 animo et fide, L. Courageously and 
 faithfully. [A. C] 
 
 anno Christi, L. In the year of Christ. 
 
 anno humancz salutis, L. In the year 
 of man's redemption. [A. H. S.] 
 
 anno salutis, L. In the year of redemp- 
 tion. [A. S.] 
 
 808 
 
ANN 
 
 CUM 
 
 anno urbis condUae, L. In the year from 
 the time the city [i. e. , Rome) was built. 
 
 ante bellum, L. Before the war. 
 
 ante lucem, L. Before daybreak. 
 
 ante meridiem, L. Before noon. 
 
 a outrance, Fr. To the last extremity. 
 
 a pas de geant, Fr. With a giant's stride. 
 
 a perte de vue, Fr. Till out of sight. 
 
 apeupres, Fr. Nearly. 
 
 a pied, Fr. On foot. 
 
 a point, Fr. Justin time ; exactly ; ex- 
 actly right. [reality. 
 
 a posse ad esse, L. From possibility to 
 
 a posteriori, L. From what follows. 
 
 a prima vista. It. At the first glance 
 
 a priori, L. From what goes before. 
 
 a propos de rien, Fr. Motiveless. 
 
 arbiter elegantiarum, L. A judge or au- 
 thority in matters of taste. 
 
 argent comptant, Fr. Ready money. 
 
 arriere pen see, Fr. Mental reservation ; 
 unavowed purpose. [conceal art. 
 
 are est celare artem, L. True art is to 
 
 ars longa, vita brevis, L. Art is long, 
 life is short. 
 
 artium magister, L. Master of Arts. 
 
 asinus ad lyram, L. [lit., an ass at the 
 lyre.] Awkward fellow. 
 
 a tort et a travers, Fr. At random. 
 
 au bout de son Latin, Fr. At the end of 
 his Latin; to the extent of his know- 
 ledge. 
 
 au contraire, Fr. On the contrary. 
 
 au courant, Fr. Posted. [side. 
 
 audi alteram partem, L. Hear the other 
 
 au fait, Fr. Expert. 
 
 avf wiedersehen, Ger. To meet again. 
 
 au pis alter, Fr. At the very worst. 
 
 aurea mediocritas, L. The golden mean. 
 
 au revoir, Fr. Till^we meet again. 
 
 aussitot dit, aussitot fait, Fr. No sooner 
 said than done. 
 
 autantd'hommes, autantd'avis, Fr. Many 
 men, many minds. 
 
 aut Ocesar aut nullus, L. Either Caesar 
 or nobody; either first or nowhere. 
 
 aut vineere aut mori, L. Conquer or die. 
 
 aux armes, Fr. To arms. 
 
 avant propos, Fr. Preface. [blows. 
 
 a verbis ad verbera, L. From words to 
 
 a volonte, Fr. At pleasure. 
 
 a vostra salute. It. To your health. 
 
 a voire sanU, Fr. To your health. 
 
 a vuestra salud, Sp. To your health. 
 
 bas bleu, Fr. Blue stocking. 
 beatoe, memorial, L. Of blessed memory. 
 beaUx esprits, Fr. Men of wit or genius. 
 bet esprit, Fr. A wit, a genius. 
 ben trovato, Ital. Well invented. 
 bite noire, Fr. [lit. black beast.] bug- 
 bear, [who gives quickly. 
 bis dat gui cito dot, L. He gives twice 
 bona fide, L. In good faith. 
 bona fides, L. Good faith. 
 bon ami, Fr. Good friend. 
 
 bon gre, mal gri, Fr. With good or bad 
 
 grace; willing or unwilling. 
 bonhommie, Fr. Good-nuture. 
 bon jour, Fr. Good day, good morning. 
 brevete, Fr. Patented. 
 
 ccetera desunt, L. The rest is wanting. 
 cceteris paribus, L. Other things being 
 
 equal. [favor by flattery. 
 
 captatio benevolentice, L. Act of gaining 
 casus belli, L. Cause justifying war. 
 cela va sans dire, Fr. [That goes without 
 
 saying.] That is understood. 
 ce n'est gue le premier pas gui coute, Fr. 
 
 It is only the first step that is difficult. 
 c'est a dire, Fr. That is to say. 
 c'est une autre chose, Fr. That is quite 
 
 another thing. [taste. 
 
 chacunason gout, Fr. Everyone to his 
 chef-d'ozuvre, Fr. Masterpiece. 
 che sara, sara, It. Wbat will be, will be. 
 chi tace confessa, It. He who keeps silent 
 
 admits his guilt. 
 ci-git, Fr. Here lies. 
 
 circuitus verborum, L. Circumlocution. 
 cogito, ergo sum, L. I think, therefore 
 
 I exist. [be. 
 
 comme it faut, Fr. Proper, as it should 
 commune bonum, L. A common good. 
 communi consensu, L. By common con- 
 sent, [a report. 
 compte rendu, Fr. An account rendered, 
 con amore, It. With affection, very earn- 
 estly, [condition. 
 conditio sine gua non, L. Indispensable 
 con dolore, It. With grief; sadly. 
 conseil d'etat, Fr. Council of State, privy 
 
 council. [the law. 
 
 consensus facit legem, L. Consent makes 
 consuetudo pro lege servatur, L. Custom 
 
 is held as law. [morals. 
 
 contra bonos mores, L. Contrary to good 
 copia verborum, L. Flow of language. 
 coram nobis, L. In our presence. 
 coup de grdce, Fr. Finishing stroke. 
 coup de main, Fr. Sudden attack or 
 
 undertaking. 
 coup de maitre, Fr. Master-stroke. 
 coup de plume, Fr. Literary attack. 
 coup de soleil, Fr. Sunstroke. 
 coup d'essai, Fr. First attempt. 
 coup d'etat, Fr. Stroke of state policy. 
 coup de thedtre, Fr. Theatrical effect. 
 coup d'ozil, Fr. Rapid glance. 
 courage sans peur, Fr. Fearless courage. 
 crambe repetita, L. Cabbage warmed up 
 
 a second time. 
 cresciteundo, L. It increases as it goes. 
 crescit sub pondere virtus. L. Virtue 
 
 increases under every oppression. 
 crux, L. Stumbling-block, puzzle. 
 cucullus non facit monachum, L. The 
 
 cowl does not make the monk. 
 cui bono? L. What is the good of it? 
 cum grano, cum grano salis, L. With 
 
 a grain of salt; with some allowance. 
 
V DAL 
 
 810 
 
 EXT 
 
 da locum rnelioribus, L. Give place to 
 your betters. 
 
 damnant quod non inielligunt, L. They 
 condemn what they do not under- 
 stand. 
 
 de die in diem, L. From day to day. 
 
 de guslibusnonest disputandum, L. There 
 is no disputing about tastes. 
 
 Dei gratia, L. By the grace of God. 
 
 dejure, L. By the law; by right. 
 
 de mal en pis, Fr. From bad to worse. 
 
 de minimis non curat lex, L. The law 
 does not concern itself with trifles. 
 
 de mortuis nil nisi bonwm, L. Let noth- 
 ing be said of the dead but what is 
 good. 
 
 de nihilo nihil, in nihilum nil posse re- 
 verti. L. From nothing nothing is 
 made, and nothing that exists can be 
 reduced to nothing. 
 
 Deo duce, L. With God for a leader. 
 
 Deo favente, L. With the favor of God. 
 
 Deo gratias, L. Thanks be to God. 
 
 Deo juvante, L. With the help of God. 
 
 de omnibus rebus, et quibusdam aliis, L. 
 About everything, and something 
 more besides. 
 
 Deo volonte, L. God willing. 
 
 dernier r ess ort, Fr. Last resource. 
 
 desideratum, L. Any thing desired. 
 
 di buona volonta sta pieno I'inferno, It. 
 Hell is full of good intentions. 
 
 Dieu est toujcurs pour les plus gros 
 bataillons, Fr. God is always on the 
 side of the largest bataillons. 
 
 Dieu etmon droit, Fr.God and my right. 
 
 Dieu vous garde, F. God protect you. 
 
 docendo discimus, L. We learn by teach- 
 ing. 
 
 dolce cose a vedere, e dolci inganni, It. 
 Things sweet to see, and sweet decep- 
 tions. 
 
 dolce far niente, It. Sweet idleness. 
 
 Dominus vobiscum, L. The Lord be with 
 you. [amiable wife. 
 
 domus et placens uxor, L. Home and the 
 
 dramatis personal, L. Characters repre- 
 sented in a drama. 
 
 dulce est desipere in loco, L. It is pleas- 
 ant to play the fool at times. 
 
 dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, L. 
 It is sweet and glorious to die for 
 one's country. [hope. 
 
 dum spiro spero, L. While I breathe, I 
 
 dum vivimus, vivamus, L. Let us live, 
 while we live. 
 
 durante vita, L. During life. 
 
 eau de vie, Fr. Water of life; brandy. 
 e cattivo vento die non e buono per qual- 
 
 cuno, It. It is an ill wind that blows 
 
 nobody good. 
 ecce homo, L. Behold the man. 
 e contrario, L. On the contrary. 
 Edition de luxe, Fr. Luxurious edition 
 
 of a book. 
 
 eheuf fugaces labuntur anni, L. Alas I 
 our fleeting years pass away. 
 
 en ami, Fr. As a friend. 
 
 en arriere, Fr. In the rear, behind. 
 
 en attendant, Fr. In the meantime. 
 
 en avant, Fr. Forward. 
 
 en cueros, en cueros vivos, Sp. Naked; 
 without clothing. [ends well. 
 
 ende gut, alles gut, Ger. All's well that 
 
 en deshabilli, Fr. In undress; in one's 
 true colors. [home. 
 
 en famille, Fr. With one's family; at 
 
 enfant gdte, Fr. Spoiled child. 
 
 enfants perdus, Fr. [lit., lost children.] 
 Forlorn hope. 
 
 en nykti boule, Gr. In the night there 
 is counsel; sleep on it. 
 
 en pleinjour, Fr. In open day. 
 
 en queue, Fr. Waiting in line. 
 
 en rapport, Fr. In harmony, or agree- 
 ment, [order. 
 
 en regie. Fr. Regular, regularly in 
 
 en revanche, Fr. In return. 
 
 en route, Fr. On the way. 
 
 en suite, Fr. In company, in a set. 
 
 entente cordiale, Fr. Good understand- 
 ing, [confidence. 
 
 entre nous, Fr. Between ourselves; in 
 
 entresol, Fr. Intermediate between the 
 ground floor and the second story. 
 
 e pluribus unum, Comnosed of many. 
 
 esprit de corps, Fr. The animating spirit 
 of a body of persons, as of a regiment. 
 
 esprit fort, Fr. Freethinker. 
 
 est modus in rebus, L. There is a middle 
 course in all things. 
 
 esto quod esse videris, L. Be what you 
 seem to be. 
 
 et caztera, L. And the rest. 
 
 eventus stultorum magister , L. Fools 
 must be taught by experience. 
 
 e vestigio, L. Instantaneously. 
 
 eioigkeit, Ger. Eternity. 
 
 ex abrupto, L. With abruptness. 
 
 ex animo, L. Heartily. 
 
 ex beneplacito, L. At pleasure. 
 
 ex capite, L. From memory. 
 
 ex cathedra, L. By virtue of office. 
 
 excelsior, L. Higher. 
 
 exceptis excipiendis, L. Proper excep- 
 tions being made. 
 
 excuderunt, L. They made it. [tion. 
 
 exempli gratia, L. By way of illustra- 
 
 exeunt, L. They go out. 
 
 exeunt omnes, L. All go out. 
 
 ex facto jus oritur, L. From the fact 
 springs the law. 
 
 exigeant, Fr. Exacting. 
 
 exit, L. He goes out. 
 
 ex nihilo nihil fit, L. Out of nothing, 
 nothing is or can be made. 
 
 ex officio, L. By virtue of office. 
 
 ex parte, L. On one side only; biased. 
 
 expose, Fr. Exposition; explanation. 
 
 ex post facto, L. After the deed. 
 
 ex tempore, L. On the instant; without 
 preparation. 
 
EXT 
 
 811 
 
 HOR 
 
 extinctus amabitur idem, L. Though 
 
 dead he will yet be loved. 
 extrait, Fr. Extract. 
 extra muros, L. Beyond the walls. 
 ex ungue leonem L. By his claws the lion 
 
 is known. 
 ex uno disce omnes, L. From one learn 
 
 all; from a sample judge of the lot. 
 
 faber quisque for tuna suce, L.Everyman 
 is the architect of his own fortune. 
 
 facile princeps, L. Easily first. 
 
 facilis est descensus Avemi, L. Descent 
 to Avernus is easy; the road to ruin 
 is easy. [ing. 
 
 facon de parler, Fr. Manner of speuk- 
 
 fainiant, Fr. Idle. [upon. 
 
 /aire bonne mine, Fr. Put a good face 
 
 fait accompli, Fr. Accomplished fact. 
 
 fas esi ab hoste doceri, L. It is right to 
 learn of an enemy. 
 
 fata morgana, It. Mirage. 
 
 fata obstant, L. The Fates oppose. 
 
 fauteuil, Fr. Easy-chair. 
 
 faux pas, Fr. False step. 
 
 favete Unguis, L. Keep silence. 
 
 fecit, L. He (she) made it. 
 
 felicitas multos habet amicos,!^. Prosper- 
 ity has many friends. 
 
 felo de se, L. Suicide. 
 
 femme de chmmbre, Fr. Chambermaid. 
 
 ferae, naturce, L. Of a wild nature. 
 
 festina lente, L. Hasten slowly. 
 
 fete champetre, Fr. A festival in the 
 fields. [bonfire. 
 
 feu de joie, Fr. Discharge of guns ; 
 
 feux a V artifice, Fr. Fireworks. 
 
 fiat justitia, ruat caelum, L. Let justice 
 be done, though the heavens fall. 
 
 fiat lux, L. Let there be light. 
 
 fideli certa merces, L. To the faithful 
 reward is certain. 
 
 fideliter, L. Faithfully. [whom. 
 
 fide, sed cui vide, L. Trust, but see 
 
 fides Punica, L. Punic faith; deceit. 
 
 fin, de siecle, Fr. End of the century. 
 
 finem respice, L. Look to the end. 
 
 tinis coronat opus, L. The end crowns 
 the work. [nance of hostilities. 
 
 flagrante bello, L. During the contin- 
 
 flagrante delicto, L. In the commission 
 of the fault or crime. [the brave. 
 
 fortes fortunajuv at, L. Fortune favors 
 
 fortiter, fideliter, feliciter, L. Boldly, 
 faithfully, successfully. 
 
 fra Modesto non fu maipriore, It. Friav 
 Modest never became prior. 
 
 f ran gas, non fiectes, L. You may break 
 me, but you can not bend me. 
 
 front Si front, Fr. Face to face. 
 
 fruges consumere nati, L. Born to con- 
 sume the fruits of the earth; born 
 only to eat. 
 
 fuimus Troes, L. "We once were Tro- 
 jans; we have seen better days. 
 
 fuit Ilium, L. Troy was, but is no more. 
 
 fumum et opes, strepitumque Bomce, L. 
 
 The smoke, the show, the din uf the 
 
 town (Rome). 
 furor loquendi, L. Rage for speaking. 
 furor poeticus, L. Poetical fire. 
 furor scribendi, L. Rage for writing. 
 
 gallice, L. In French. 
 
 garqon, Fr. Lad; waiter. 
 
 garde du corps, Fr. Body guard. 
 
 gardez, Fr. Take care ; be on your 
 guard. [rejoice. 
 
 gaudeamus igitur, L. Therefore let us 
 
 gaudet tentamine virtus, L. Virtue re- 
 joices in temptation. [place. 
 
 genius loci, L. Presiding genius'bf the 
 
 gens de lettres, Fr. Literary men. 
 
 gens de loi, Fr. Lawyers. 
 
 gens dememe famille, Fr. People of the 
 same family; birds of a feather. 
 
 gens depeu, Fr. Tbe lower classes. 
 
 gibier de potence, Fr. A gallows-bird. 
 
 giovine santo, diavolo vecchio, It. Youns 
 saint, old devil. [are in the wrong. 
 
 gli assenti hanno torti, It. The abseut 
 
 gloria in excelsis Deo, L. Glory to God 
 in the highest. 
 
 gnofhiseauton, Gr. Know thyself. 
 
 grdce a Dieu, Fr. Thanks be to God. 
 
 guerra al cuchillo, Sp. War to the knife. 
 
 guerre a mort, Fr. War to the death. 
 
 guerre a outrance, Fr. War to the utter- 
 most, [lows out the stone. 
 
 gutta cavat lapidem, L. The drop hol- 
 
 haut gout, Fr. High flavor. 
 
 hie et ubique, L. Here and everywhere. 
 
 hie labor, hie opus est, L. Here is labor, 
 here is toil. 
 
 hincillce lacrimal, L. Hence these tears; 
 this is the cause of the trouble. 
 
 hodie mihi, eras tibi, L. It is my lot to- 
 day, yours tomorrow, [people, 
 
 hoi polloi. Gr. The many, the common 
 
 homme d'affaires, Fr. Man of business. 
 
 homme d' esprit, Fr. A wit; a genius. 
 
 homo solus aut deus aul dcemon, L. To live 
 alone a man must be either, a god or 
 devil. 
 
 homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum 
 pulo, L. I am a man; and I consider 
 nothing that concerns mankind a 
 matter of indifference to me. 
 
 honi soit qui mat y pense, Fr. Shame 
 upon him who thinks evil of it. 
 
 honores mutant mores, L. Honors change 
 manners. [with responsibility. 
 
 honos habet onus, L. Honor is burdened 
 
 horresco refer ens, L. I shudder as I tell 
 the story. [contest. 
 
 Jiors de combat, Fr. Unfit to continue a 
 
 hors de la loi, Fr. Outlawed. 
 
 hors degropos, Fr. Wide of the point; 
 inapplicable. [sonable. 
 
 hors de saison, Fr. Out of season ; unsea- 
 
KOR 812 
 
 hors d'ceuvre, Fr. Out of course; out of 
 accustomed place. (Small appetizing 
 dish served between the soup and 
 the second course). 
 
 hdtel deville, Fr. City halL 
 
 hdtel Dieu, Fr. Hospital. 
 
 humanumest errare, L. To err is human. 
 
 hurtar para dar por Bios, Sp. To steal 
 in order to give to God. 
 
 LAP 
 
 idee fixe, F. Monomania. 
 
 id genus omne, L. All that class. (The 
 
 dregs of the population). 
 ignorantia non excusat legem, L. Igno- 
 rance is no plea against the law. 
 ignoti nulla cupido, L. There is no desire 
 
 for what is unknown. 
 ignotum per ignotius, L. (To explain) a 
 
 thing not understood by one still less 
 
 understood. 
 il sent le fagot, Fr. He smells of the 
 
 stake ; he is suspected of heresy. 
 implicite, Lt. By implication. 
 in ceternum L. Forever. [death. 
 
 iu articulo mortis, Lt. At the point of 
 in bianco, It. In blank, in white. 
 incoelo quies, Lt. There is rest in heaven. 
 in curia, L. In court. 
 inde irai, Lt. Hence this resentment. 
 in esse, L. In being. 
 in extenso, L. At length, extensively. 
 in hoc signo vinces, L. In this sign 
 
 thou shalt conquer. [things. 
 
 in medias res, L. Into the midst of 
 in memoriam, L. To the memory of; in 
 
 memory. 
 in nomine, L. In the name of. 
 in nuce, L. In a nutshell. 
 in omnia paratus, L. Prepared at all 
 
 points or for all things. [serve. 
 
 in petto, It. Within the breast; in re- 
 in pleno, L. In full. 
 in posse, L. In possibility. 
 in propria* persond, L. In his own or 
 
 proper person. 
 inpuris naturalibus, L. Entirely naked. 
 in re, L. In the matter of. 
 inrem, L. Against the thing or property. 
 in rerum naturd, L. In the nature of 
 
 things. [unchanged. 
 
 in statu quo, L. In the former state ; 
 in suspenso, L. In suspense. 
 inter arma silent leges, L. In the midst 
 
 of arms the laws are silent. 
 interdum vulgus rectum videt, L. The 
 
 vulgar sometimes see rightly. 
 inter nos, L. Between ourselves. 
 inter pocula, L. At one's cups. 
 inter se, L. Among themselves. 
 inter spem et metum, L. Between hope 
 
 and fear. 
 in totidem verbis. L. In so many words. 
 in toto, L. Entirely. 
 intra muros, L. Within the walls. 
 in transitu, L. In transit. 
 
 in un giorno non si fe' Roma, It. Rome 
 
 was not built in a day. 
 in usu, L. In use. [Dauphin. 
 
 in usum Delphini, L. For the use of the 
 in verba magistri jurare, L. To swear 
 
 by the words of a master. 
 in vino Veritas, L. There is truth in 
 
 wine ; drunken men reveal their true 
 
 nature. 
 ipse dixit, L. He himself said it. 
 ipsissima verba, L. The very words. 
 ipsissimis verbis, L. In the very words, 
 ipso facto, L. In the fact itself 
 ipso jure, L. By the law itself. 
 Italice, L. In Italian. 
 
 jacta est alea, L. The die is cast. 
 
 januis clausis, L. With closed doors. 
 
 je ne sais quoi, Fr. I know not what. 
 
 jeu de mots, Fr. Play on words. 
 
 jeu d'esprit. Fr. Witticism. 
 
 joci causd, L». For the sake of a joke. 
 
 jucundi acti labores, L. Past labors are 
 pleasant. 
 
 Jupiter tonans, L. Jupiter the thunderer. 
 
 jure divino, L. By divine law. 
 
 jure humano, L. By human law. 
 
 jus gentium, L. Law of nations. 
 
 jus gladii, L. Law of the sword. 
 
 jus possessionis, L. Law of possession. 
 
 jus summum sazpe summa injuria, L. 
 Extreme law is often extreme wrong. 
 
 juste milieu, Fr. The proper mean. 
 
 justum et tenacem propositi virum, L. 
 A just man, and tenacious of his po- 
 sition, [nity. 
 
 kairon gnothi, Gr. Know your opportu- 
 kaV exochen, Gr. Pre-eminently, [nity. 
 Jcein kreuzer, kein schweizer, Ger. No 
 money, no Swiss. 
 
 laborare est orare, L. Work is prayer, 
 labor omnia vincit, L. Labor conquers 
 
 all things. [solace of labor. 
 
 laborum dulce lenimen, L. The sweet 
 la critique est aisie, Vart est difficile, Fr. 
 Criticism is easy, art is difficult. 
 lade niclit alles in ein schiff, Ger. Do 
 
 not ship all in one bottom ; do not put 
 
 all your eggs in one basket. 
 la fame non vuol leggi, It. Hunger obeys 
 
 no laws. 
 laissez faire, Fr. Let alone. 
 V amour et la fume"e ne peuvent se cacher, 
 
 Fr. Love and smoke are unable to 
 
 conceal themselves. 
 la mentira tiene las piernas cortas, Sp. 
 
 A lie has short legs. 
 la patience est amere, mais son fruit est 
 
 doux, Fr. Patience is bitter, but its 
 
 fruit is sweet. 
 lapsus calami, L. Slip of the pen. 
 lapsus linguce, Li. Slip of the tongue. 
 
LAP 
 
 813 
 
 ORA 
 
 lapsus memoriae, L. Slip of the memory. 
 lasciate ogni speranza voi, che "titrate, It. 
 
 All hope abandon ye who enter here. 
 latine, L. In Latin. [lust for praise. 
 laudum immensa cupido, L. Inordinate 
 laus Deo, I... Praise to God. 
 laus propria sordet, L. Praise of one's 
 
 own self defiles. 
 Vavenir, Fr. The future. 
 la vertu est la seule noblesse, Fr. Virtue 
 
 is the only nobility. 
 Veau en vient a la bouche, Fr. It makes 
 
 one's mouth water. [world. 
 
 le beau monde, Fr. The fashionable 
 lector benevole, L. Kind reader. 
 le cout en 6te le gout, Fr. The cost takes 
 
 away the taste. [crutches. 
 
 le diable boiteux, Fr. The devil on 
 le jeu n'envautpas la chandelle, Fr. The 
 
 game is not worth the candle. 
 le parole son feminine, e i fatti son ma- 
 
 schi,It. Words are feminine.and deeds 
 
 are masculine. 
 le point de jour, Fr. The break of day. 
 les affaires font les hommes, Fr. Busi- 
 ness makes men. 
 Ihe-majesti, Fr. High treason. 
 les extremes se touchent, Fr. Extremes 
 
 touch. 
 le tout ensemble, Fr. All together. 
 lex talionis, L. The law of retaliation. 
 I'inconnu, Fr. The unknown. 
 Vincroyable, Fr. The incredible. 
 lite pendente, L. During the trial. 
 locus classicus, L. A classical passage. 
 locus criminis, L. The scene of the crime 
 lucri causa, L. For the sake of gain. 
 lupum auribus teneo, L. I hold a wolf by | 
 
 the ears; I have caught a Tartar. , 
 
 lupus in fabula, L. The wolf in tnc 
 
 fable. [deformed animal or plant. 
 lusus naturce, L. A freak of nature ; a 
 
 ma chlre, Fr. My dear (fern.) [word. 
 ma foi, Fr. Upon my faith; upon my 
 magnum bonum, L. A great good. 
 magnum opus, L. Great undertaking; 
 
 the great work of a man's life. 
 maison de campagne, Fr. Country house. 
 maison de sante, Fr. Private asylum or 
 
 hospital. 
 maison de ville, Fr. Town hall. 
 maltre d'hdtel, Fr. House steward. 
 mal de mer, Fr. Sea sickness. 
 mal de tile, Fr. Headache. 
 mal entendre, Fr. A misunderstanding; 
 
 a mistake. 
 manu propria, L. "With one's own hand. 
 mardi gras, Fr. Shrove Tuesday. 
 mauvais gout, Fr. False taste. 
 mauvais sujet, Fr. A worthless fellow. 
 mega biblion megakakon, Gr. A big book 
 ► is a big nuisance. [opinion. 
 
 me judice, L. I being the judge; in my 
 mens sana in corpore sano, L. A sound 
 V^mind in a healthy body. 
 
 mirabile dictu, L. Wonderful to relate. 
 mirabile visu, L. Wonderful to see. 
 mise-en-scene, L. The staging of a play. 
 modus operandi, L. The manner ol 
 
 working. 
 mon ami, Fr. My friend. 
 mon cher, Fr. My dear (mas). 
 more suo, L. In his usual manner. 
 multuminparvo, L. Much in little. 
 mutatis mutandis, L. The necessary 
 
 changes being made. 
 
 naturam expellas furca, tamen usque re- 
 curret, L. Though you may drive out 
 Nature with a pitchfork, she will al- 
 ways come back. 
 
 necessitas non habet legem, L. Necessity 
 knows no law. 
 
 nemo me impune lacessit, L. No one 
 provokes me with impunity. 
 
 ne {non) plus ultra, L. Nothing further; 
 the uppermost point; perfection. 
 
 ne sutor supra crepidam, L. The shoe- 
 maker sbould not go beyond his last. 
 
 nil admirari, L. To be astonished at 
 nothing. 
 
 n'importe, Fr. It is of no consequence. 
 
 noblesse oblige, Fr. Nobility imposes 
 obligations. 
 
 nolens volens, L. Willing or unwilling. 
 
 noli me tangere, L. Don't touch me. 
 
 nom de guerre, Fr. War name. 
 
 nom de plume, Fr. Pen name. 
 
 non assumpsit, L. He did not assume. 
 
 non compos mentis, L. Not in sound 
 mind. 
 
 non constat, L. It does not appear. 
 
 non datur teriium, L. There is not a 
 third one. 
 
 nonignara mali. miseris succurrere disco, 
 L. Not unacquainted with misfortune, 
 I learn to succor the wretched. 
 
 non libet, L. It does not please. 
 
 non liquet, L. It is not clear. 
 
 non mi ricordo, It. I don't remember. 
 
 non multa, sed multum, L. Not many, 
 but much. 
 
 non sequitur, L. It does not follow. 
 
 nota bene, L. Mark well. (N. B.) 
 
 Notre Dame, Fr. Our Lady. 
 
 nulli secundus, L. Second to none. 
 
 obiit, L. He, or she, died. 
 
 obiter dictum, L. Said by the way. 
 
 odium medicum (theologicum) , L. Pro- 
 fessional jealousy or hatred between 
 physicians (theologians). 
 
 ogniuno per se, e Dio per tutti, It. Every 
 one for himself, and God for all. 
 
 omen faustum, L. Favorable omen. 
 
 omnia vincit labor, L. Labor conquers 
 all things. 
 
 on dit, Fr. They say. [ing. 
 
 onus probandi, L. The burden of prov- 
 
 oraet labora, L. Pray and work. 
 
ORA 
 
 814 
 
 ZEI 
 
 ora pro nobis, L. Pray for us. 
 temporal mores! L. O times I O 
 manners! 
 
 padrone, It. Employer; landlord. 
 palmam qui meruit ferat, L. Let him 
 
 who merits it bear the palm. 
 par exemple, Fr. For instance. 
 par nobile fratrum, L. A noble pair of 
 
 brothers. [whole. 
 
 pars pro toto , L. The part for the 
 particeps criminis, L. Party to the 
 
 crime. 
 partout, Fr. Everywhere. 
 paterfamilias, L. Father of a family. 
 pater noster, L. Our Father. Lord's 
 
 prayer. 
 pater patriae, L. Father of his country. 
 pax orbis terrarum, L. The sovereignty 
 
 of the world. 
 pax vobiscum, L. Peace be with you. 
 peccavi, L. I have sinned. 
 pendente lite, L. Pending the litigation. 
 per aspera ad astra, L. Through hard- 
 ship to the stars. 
 per capita, L. By the head. 
 per centum, L. By the hundred. 
 per contra, L. By the contrary. 
 per diem, L. By the day. [ous. 
 
 periculum in mora, L. Delay is danger- 
 per se, L. By or in itself. 
 peu-a-peu, Fr. Little by little. 
 pour /aire rire,Fv. To excite laughter. 
 pour f aire visite, Fr. To pay a visit. 
 pour prendre congi, Fr. To' take leave. 
 
 [P. P. C] 
 prima facie, L. At the first glance. 
 pro bono publico, L. For the public 
 
 good. 
 pro forma, L. As a matter of form. 
 proh pudor, L. For shame. 
 
 quantum libet, L. As much as you like. 
 quelque chose, Fr. Something; a trifle. 
 quern di diligunt adolescens moritur, L. 
 
 He whom the gods love dies young. 
 quid hoc sibi vult? L. What does this 
 
 mean? 
 quien sabe? Sp. Who knows? 
 quod avertat I)eus, L. God forbid! 
 quod erat demonstrandum, L. Which 
 
 was to be proved. [Q. E. D.] 
 quod vide. L. Which see. (q. v.) 
 
 raison d'etat, Fr. State reason. 
 
 raison d'etre, Fr. Reason for a thing's 
 existence. 
 
 rara avis, L. Rare bird. [heard it. 
 
 relata refero, L. I tell the story as I 
 
 res judicata, L. Case already settled. 
 
 rsspice flnem, L. Look to the end. 
 
 revenons a nos moutons, Fr. Let us re- 
 turn to our sheep; let us come back 
 to our subject. 
 
 sans peur et sans rciwoche, Fr. Fearless 
 and stainless. 
 
 sans souci, Fr. Free from care. 
 
 sauve qui peut, Fr. Save yourselves. 
 
 savoir faire, Fr. Tact. 
 
 savoir vivre, Fr. Good breeding. 
 
 semper idem, L. Always the same. 
 
 se non e vero, I ben trovato, It. If it is 
 not true, it is well invented. 
 
 sic transit gloria mundi, L. So the glory 
 of this world passes away. 
 
 sicvolo, sicjubeo, statpro ratione volun- 
 tas, L. Thus I will, thus I command, 
 my pleasure stands for a reason. 
 
 similia similibus curantur,~L. Like things 
 are cured by like. 
 
 si vis pacem, para bellum, L. If you wish 
 for peace, prepare for war. 
 
 sturm unddrang, Ger. Storm and stress. 
 
 sub rosa, L. Under the rose, secretly. 
 
 sui generis, L. Of its own kind; unique. 
 
 suum cuique, L. Let each have his own. 
 
 tant mieux, Fr. So much the better. 
 
 tantpis, Fr. So much the worse. 
 
 tel est notre plaisir, Fr. Such is our 
 
 pleasure. 
 tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur cum 
 
 illis, L. The times change, and we 
 
 change with them. 
 tempus fugit, L. Time flies. 
 terra flrma, L. Solid earth. 
 terra incognita, L. Unknown land. 
 timeo Danaos et dona ferentes, L. I fear 
 
 the Greeks, even when they bring 
 
 gifts. [always the same. 
 
 toujour sperdrix, Fr. Always partridges; 
 tout-a-fait, Fr. Wholly; entirely. 
 tout-a-l'heure, Fr. Instantly; just now. 
 tout-de-suite, Fr. Immediately. 
 
 ubi bene ibi patria, u. Where one is 
 well off, there is bis country. 
 
 ultima ratio regum, L. The last argu- 
 ment of kings. (Cannon.) 
 
 usus loquendi, L. Usage in speaking. 
 
 vai victis, L. Woe to the conquered. 
 
 varium et mutabile semper femina, L. 
 Woman is always a changeable and 
 capricious thing. 
 
 vedi Napoli e poi muori, It. See Naples 
 and then die. [quered. 
 
 veni, vidi, vici, L. I came, I saw, I con- 
 
 verbum sat sapienti, L. A word is suffi- 
 cient for a wise man. 
 
 via media, L. Middle course. 
 
 voila, Fr. See there, there is, there are. 
 
 voilatout, Fr. That's all. 
 
 volenti non jit injuria, L. No injury is 
 done to a consenting party. 
 
 vox faucibus hasit, L. His voice died in 
 his throat. 
 
 Zeitgeist, Ger. Spirit of the age. 
 
N. B. — The laws that govern the modeling and changing of words have 
 their proper place in advanced grammars or in special text-books. For pro- 
 nunciation, definition and special history of the words given as examples, see 
 the Dictionary proper, pages 9 to 672. When a formative (stem, prefix or 
 suffix) appear in more than one shape, it is found under the head of its prin- 
 cipal form, as e- and ec- under ex. 
 
 A LARGE majority of English words are formed or "built up" from other 
 words, and are known as derivative words, or simply derivatives — the 
 primary words or roots being comparatively few in number. 
 
 To the various methods by which derivative words are formed, is given the 
 name of "word-building." 
 
 Four important factors enter into the formation of derivatives, viz : — 
 primary words, stems, prefixes, and suffixes. 
 
 Formerly a knowledge of the stems, prefixes and suffixes in the English 
 language could be obtained only by a knowledge of Greek and Latin, but more 
 recently the parts of Greek and Latin words from which the English stems, 
 prefixes and suffixes are derived, have been collected and arranged in alphabet- 
 ical order, so that now to any one familiar with the meanings of these word- 
 factors, thousands of English words, variously derived, become self -defining — 
 the f ormatives entering into their make-up revealing the meaning of the whole. 
 
 Primary Words are the simple or primitive words of a language consist- 
 ing of one syllable, without any formative element.— the bases upon which 
 other words are built, variously called primitives, radicals or roots, as man, 
 for, in, short, can,. 
 
 Stems are the most significant parts of words, and are used as the bases 
 for forming other words by adding prefixes and suffixes; as ject in yvo-ject and 
 &d-ject-ive; cess in a.c-cess and pro-cess -ion. 
 
 A Prefix is a letter or letters placed before a word or stem and united with 
 it to form a derivative; as a-mend, pre-dici, cov.nter-&ct. 
 
 A Suffix is a letter or letters placed after a word or stem and united with 
 it to form a derivative; as hive-ling, 'bvev-ity, h&vd-ness, satis-jy, mission- ary. 
 
 Tracing derivatives to the simpler words from which they are formed is 
 called derivation, and the study of it is interesting, as illustrative of the struc- 
 ture and affinities of languages, and the means by which the vast number and 
 variety of ideas requiring expression, have suitable words formed for them 
 from a few primitives. The history of the word stranger will serve as a good 
 illustration. Upon investigation it is found to be derived from the simple 
 syllable e, the Latin preposition denoting "from," or "out of," as used before 
 consonants, or ex, as used before vowels or the consonant t. From the phrase ex 
 terra ("out of the land") the adverb and preposition extra, "beyond," or -"With- 
 out," is formed, and from this word again the adjective extraneus (English extra- 
 neous), "foreign." or "strange," was derived. This term was adopted into the 
 language of the Franks, but was changed to estrange, which their descend- 
 ants, the French, according to a general law in the development of their 
 language, converted again into Strang e (dropping the s). The Norman French 
 brought the word estrange to England, still retaining the s, the English dropped 
 the e, making the word at first straunge, as in early modern English, and 
 finally stranae, as it stands to-day. 
 
 815 
 
816 
 
 IN 
 
 The prefixes and suffixes are less than two hundred, and nearly uniform in 
 their signification. The English words derived from Latin and Greek, over 
 70,000 in number, are formed, by means of these prefixes and suffixes, from less 
 than 2,000 primary words and stems — 15,000 from about 200, and 2,400 from 
 only twelve. The stem fact, "to form or do," for instance, enters into more 
 than 500 English words, upon which it impresses literally its own signification, 
 as in fact-or, fact-ion, con-feet -ionery , etc. 
 
 PREFIXES 
 
 NOTE. — When a prefix ends in a consonant, that consonant often is 
 changed or omitted, in order that the prefix may unite easily with the word 
 to which it is joined, as ad-, con-, in-, sub-, in the words a/-fix, co-here, im-plant, 
 and s«/-fix. 
 
 The following list shows the prefixes both in their original and in the' as- 
 similated forms. 
 
 a-. In, on, to, at; as abed, aboard, 
 a- field, a-far. [A. S.] 
 
 a-, ab>. abs-. From, away, off; as 
 a-vert, abdicate, abstract. [L.] 
 
 a-, am-. Not, without; as a-theist, 
 are-arcby. [Gr. a-privative.] 
 
 ad-. To; as ad-duce, ad-here. By assi- 
 milation to the following consonant, 
 ad- may become a-, ac-, a/-, ag-, al-, 
 an-, ap-,ar-, as-, at-; asa-spire, ac-cede, 
 a/-fiict, aa-gregate, al-lot, are-nex, ap- 
 ply, ar-range, as-sume, attest. [L.] 
 
 al-.' The; as, aZ-koran, aZ-cohol. [Ar.] 
 
 a tn-, amUi". Latin forms of Greek 
 amphi-; as, am-putate, amM-ent, ambi- 
 dexter, [as amphibious. [Gr.] 
 
 amphi-. Both, around, on both sides; 
 
 ana-, an-. Up, back ; as area-tomy, 
 area-pest, are-ode. [Gr.] 
 
 ante-* an-. Before; as arete-chamber, 
 arete-cedent, are-cestor. [L.] 
 
 anti-. ant-. Against, opposite; as anti- 
 pathy, arcta-podes, antagonist. [Gr.] 
 
 apo-, aph-, ap-. Off, away, from; 
 as apo-strophe, aph-oris,m, ap-helion. 
 [Gr. apo, from.] 
 
 arch-, archi-. Chief; as arc^-bishop, 
 archi-tect. [Gr. archos, chief.] 
 
 an to-. Self, of one's self, self-acting; 
 as auto-crat, auto-gravh, auto-cycle. 
 [Gr. autos, self.] 
 
 be-. On, about, cause to become; as 
 &c-side, oc-set, be-fog, &c-calin. [A. S.] 
 
 hi-, Din-, bis-. Twice, doubly, two; 
 as Si-weekly, 6i-petalous, 6i-ped, Sire- 
 ocular, &is-cuit. [L. bi — bis, twice.] 
 
 cat-, cata-,cath-. Down, completely; 
 as catf-echise , cata-ract , cath-ode. 
 [Gr. Jcata, down.] 
 
 circa-, circnm-. Around, about, 
 surrounding ; as circu-it , circum- 
 navigation, ctrcwm-scribe. [L. cir- 
 eum-, around.] 
 
 eis-. On this side; as cis-alpine. [L.] 
 
 co- , col- , com- , con- , cor-. 
 Together, with ; as co-erce, coHect, 
 
 I corn-motion, core-centrate, cor-robo- 
 rate. [L. com — cum, with.] 
 
 contra-, contro-. Against; as contra- 
 dict, contro-versy . [L. contra, against.] 
 
 counter-. Contrary, opposite ; as 
 counter-act , counter-march. [Fr. con- 
 tre — L. contra, against.] 
 
 de-. Down, ..om, away, un-; as de-ject, 
 dc-part, dc-b k, de-ride, de-feat. [L.] 
 
 di-, dis-. Two, twice, druble; as oo- 
 lemma; dissyllable. [Gr. dis, twice.] 
 
 di- 9 dis-, dif-. Apart, asunder, priva- 
 tion or negation; as di- verge, dis-sent, 
 disadvantage, dif-ter. In French 
 words des-, as dcs-habille, dcs-cant 
 [L. dis-, apart.] 
 
 dia-. Through, apart; as dia-gonal, 
 dia-gnose. [Gr. dia, through.] 
 
 du-. Two; as du-el, a fight between 
 two. [L. duo, two.] 
 
 en-, el-, em-. In, into, upon; as en 
 tomb, en-snare, cre-tail, cMipsis, em 
 orace. [Fr.— L. ire, in.] Also cm-bed 
 cm-bitter. [A. S. in, in.] 
 
 en-. Denotes negation ; as cre-emy 
 not friend. [O. Fr.— L. in, not.] 
 
 enter-. Between, among ; as enter 
 tain. [Fr.— L. inter, between.] 
 
 epi-, ep-, eph-. Upon, over, after 
 to, beside ; as cpi-logue, cp-och, eph 
 emeral. [Gr.] 
 
 en-, ev-. Well, good; as cw-logy; ev- 
 angelist. [Gr. eu, well.] 
 
 ex-, e-, ec-, ef-, es-. Out, out of, 
 from, as cx-pel, c-ject, cc-lect, ef-face 
 cs-cape. [L. ex.] 
 
 extra-. Beyond ; as catfra-ordinary 
 [Li.—ex terra, out of the land.] 
 
 for-. Away, thoroughly; — used with 
 intensive or negative force ; as for- 
 bid, for-bear, for-lom, forswear. 
 i A. S.] [/ore-ground. [A. S.] 
 
 fore-. Before, in front; as foretell, 
 
 hemi-. Half; as Acmi-sphere. [Gr.] 
 
 hyper-. Over, above, beyond ; as 
 A?/pcr-critical. [Gr.] [the skin. [Gr.] 
 
 hypo-. Under; as hypo-dermic, under 
 
 in-, il-, im-, ir-. In, on, into; as 
 in-ject, iMumine, im-merse, tr-rigate. 
 [A. S. and L.J 
 
m 
 
 BV, 
 
 ACE 
 
 In-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-. Not, without; 
 un- ; as m-firm, m-capacity, m-com- 
 plete, igr-noble, i7-legal, im-raortal, ir- 
 regular. [L. in-, not.] [change. [L.] 
 
 inter-. Between, among ; as inter- 
 
 intra-, intro-. Into, within ; as 
 intra-mura,\, intro-duce. [L.] 
 
 juxta-. Near, next to ; as juxta-iposi- 
 tion. [L.] 
 
 mal-. Bad, evil, wrong, defective; as 
 maltreat; maZ-administration. [Pr. 
 and L.] 
 
 meta-, met-, metb-. Between, with, 
 after, over, beyond, reversely ; as 
 meta-morphosis,rae£-eor,7ne*7i-od.[Gr.] 
 
 mis-. Wrong, wrongly; as mis-con- 
 duct, mis-judge. [A. S.] 
 
 mono-. Single, one; as mono-logue, 
 raouo-syllable. [Gr.] 
 
 mult-, multi-. Many; as, mult-au- 
 gular, having many angles; multi- 
 form. [L. multi, many.] 
 
 n-. Not; as ra-ever. [A. S.] 
 
 non-. Not; as reou-sense, nore-age. [L.l 
 
 ob-, oc-, of-, op-. Against ; as ob- 
 trude, oc-cur, o/-fend, op-pose. [L.] 
 
 Oct-, octa-, octi-, octo-. Eight; as 
 octangular, octa-gon, octi-reme, octo- 
 PUS,[L] . [L.] 
 
 oinui-. All; as omni-bus, omni-yorous. 
 
 on-. Upon, against, on; as on-set, on- 
 slaught. [A. S.] 
 
 out-. Denotes exterior or excess; as 
 out-side, out-do, out-bid. [Eng. out — 
 A. S. vt, out.] 
 
 pan-, panto-. All, whole ; as paw- 
 theism, pan,£o-mime. [Gr. pas, pan, 
 pantos, all.] [L. per, through.] 
 
 par-. Through ; as par-tevve. [Fr.— 
 
 par-, para-. Beside, near, by ; as 
 par-helion, para-dox. [Gr.] 
 
 pen-. Almost; as peu-insula, pen-ul- 
 timate. [L.paene, almost.] 
 
 per-, pel-. Through, by; as per- vade, 
 per-chance, pel-lucid. [L. per, through.] 
 
 peri-. Around, about, near; as peri- 
 carp, peri-patetic, pm-helion. [Gr.] 
 
 poly-. Many, as poly-gon, poly- 
 chrome. [Gr. poloi, many.] 
 
 por-. Forth, toward ; as por-tend. 
 [Form of L. pro-.] 
 
 post-. After; asposi-script, postpone, 
 [L.] 
 
 pre-. Before; as precede, pre-judge. 
 [L.l 
 
 preter-. Beyond; as pre£er-natural. 
 
 pro-. For, forth, forward ; as pro- 
 noun, pro-ceed, pro-voke. [L.] 
 
 pros-. Toward, to; aspros-elyte, one 
 brought to another's belief. [Gr.] 
 
 proto-. First ; as proto-col , proto- 
 pjasm. [Gr. protos, first.] 
 
 pseudo-. False; as pseudo-nym. [Gr. 
 pseudes, false.] 
 
 pur-. Before, forward ; as pur-sue. 
 [O. Fr. — L. por-, p?'o-.] 
 
 re-, red-. Again, back; as re-unite, 
 re- tract, red-eem. [L.] 
 
 retro-. Back, backward ; as retro- 
 active, reZro-cession. [L.] 
 
 se-, sed-. Apart, aside; as se-cede, 
 sed-ition. [L.] 
 
 sub-, sue-, suf-, sug--, sup-, sur-, 
 sus-. Under, after ; as suo-scribe, 
 suc-ceed, su/-fix, sug-gest, sup-press, 
 sur-reptitious, sus-pense. [ L. sub, 
 under.] 
 
 super-. Above, over ; as super-nat- 
 ural, super-add, super-vise. [L.] 
 
 supra-. Above, over, beyond ,- as 
 supra-orbital. [L] 
 
 sur-. Above, over, beyond ; as sur- 
 mount, sur-vive, sur-charge. [Fr.— L. 
 super-.] 
 
 syn-, syl-, sym-. With, together ; 
 as sure-thesis, syi-lable, sum-pathy. 
 [Gr. syn, with.] 
 
 to-. The, this, on this; as fo-day. [A.S.] 
 
 trans-, trail-, tra-. Beyond, across, 
 through: as Iran s-atlantic, trans-fix, 
 transcribe, Zra-dition. [ L. trans, 
 across.] [une. [Gr. and L.] 
 
 tri-. Three, treble; as tri-a,ngle, tri- 
 
 ultra-. Beyond; asu^ra-montane.[L.] 
 
 un-. Not ; as unnoticed , uw-wise. 
 [A. S. un-, not.] 
 
 un-. Back, denotes reversal of action; 
 as ure-lock , un-t old , un-do. [ A. S. 
 un-, back, against.] 
 
 ut-. Out; as uf-most. [A. S. ut, out.] 
 
 with-. Against, back; aswi^-stand, 
 with-hold. [A. S.] 
 
 SUFFIXES 
 
 NOTE. — In the following list of suffixes, examples are given, under each 
 Suffix, of the several parts of speech which that suffix is used to form. 
 Thus under -ate, the example preceded by the abbreviation a. illustrates the 
 manner in which -ate is used to form adjectives; the examples marked n. illus- 
 trate its use in forming nouns. 
 
 -able, -ible. -ble, a. That can or 
 may be. fit to be, causing ; as port- 
 able, e'dg-ible, laugh-able, solu-oZe. [Pr. 
 ■able, L. -abilis.] 
 
 •acs a. Like, pertaining to; as demoni- 
 
 ac, cardi-ac. — n. one having; as ma- 
 ni-ac. [Gr. -akos.] 
 •aceous, a. Of the nature of, resem- 
 bling ; as cet-aceous, tariu-acwue. 
 [L.l 
 
ACI 
 
 818 
 
 ITE 
 
 -acions, a. Characterized by, show- 
 ing, given to. Added to verb-stems, 
 as cap-aciows, pugn-aciows. [L.] 
 
 -acy, n. Denotes quality, state, condi- 
 tion, or office of ; as abb-acy, prim- 
 acy, advoc-acy. Also in words, that 
 have no corresponding form in i^atin, 
 as accur-acy, pir-acy. [L. -acta.] 
 
 •age, n. Denotes the thing or being 
 collectively, state, rate, place, allow- 
 ance for ; as f oli-age, peer-age, par- 
 son-age, percent-aae. [Pr.] 
 
 -al, a. Relating to; as person-aZ, his- 
 tov\c-al.—n. a being, the act of; as 
 riv-aZ, anim-aZ, remov-aZ, betroth-aZ. 
 [L. -alisl] 
 
 •an, -ian, a. Belonging or pertaining 
 to; as silv-an.—n. one who, as histor- 
 ian. [L. -anus.] 
 
 •ana, n. Something pertaining to, 
 generally denoting a collection of; as 
 Americ-ana, collection of papers, etc., 
 pertaining to America. [L.] 
 
 =asiee, -asicy, -ence, -eney, n. 
 State of being, act of; as abund-awce, 
 allow-arace, guid-a/ice, occup-ancy, ab- 
 stin-ence, solv-ency. [L. -antia, -entia.] 
 
 -ant, a. Being; as abund-ara£.— n. one 
 who, as assist-antf. [O. Fr.— L. -ans, 
 -antis.] In -phe&s-ant, tyr-ant, the t 
 was added erroneously. 
 
 •ar, a. Belonging to, relating to, re- 
 sembling ; as Ixm-ar, annul-ar. — n. 
 one w bo; asbegg-ar. [L. -aris, belong- 
 ing to.] 
 
 •ard, -art, n. One who; as cow-ayd, 
 bra,gg-art. [Fr. ard.— Ger. hart\ [L.] 
 
 •ariam, n. Place for; as sanit-anwm. 
 
 -ary, a. Belonging, or pertaining to ; 
 as planet-ary.— n. place for, one who ; 
 as avi-ary, secret-ary. [L. -arius.] 
 
 -ate, a. Having, being; as anim-ate, 
 aaequ-ate. — n. one who, office or dig- 
 nity; as deleg-ate, magistr-ate.— v. to 
 make, to perform the act of; as ab- 
 breviate, navig-ate. [L. -ǣǣ.] 
 
 -ate, n. Denoting salts formed from 
 acids with names ending in ic ; as 
 nitr-ate. [O. Fr. -at,— L. -atus.] 
 
 -cle, -cnle, n. Little, diminutive; as 
 canti-cte, corpus-cZe, animal-cwte. [L. 
 -culum, little, — L. -co and -lo.] 
 
 -doni. n. Jurisdiction, province, 
 quality, condition; as kingdom, free- 
 dom. [A. S.] 
 
 =ee, n. Denotes the object of an action, 
 the recipient of; as grant-ee, pay-ee. 
 [Fr.] [eer. [Fr. -ier.] 
 
 -eer, n. One who, agent; as auction- 
 
 -el, -le, -let, n. Little ; as mod-el 
 spark-te, stream-Zetf. [A. S.] [A. S.] 
 
 -en, v. Make or render; as black-en. 
 
 -ent, a. Having the quality of; as im- 
 pnd-ent.—n. person who; as stu&-ent. 
 [O. Fr.] 
 
 -er, n. One who, affixed to verb stems 
 
 generally, denotes an agent; as bak- 
 er*, carrier. [A. S. -ere.] 
 
 -er, n. Affixed to other than verb 
 stems, denotes a person, as prison-er, 
 offic-er. [L.— ar, -ius.] 
 
 -er, v. Gives often a frequentative or 
 diminutive meaning ; as flutt-er (— 
 float), sputt-er (—spout). [A.S. -er,-ian.~\ 
 
 -er, a. and adv. Comparative degree, 
 as long-er. [A. S. -er, -era, -ere.] 
 
 -ery, n. Abstract nouns, denoting an 
 art or a state, trade or place, as witch- 
 ery, fool-ery, groc-ery, tann-ery. [O. 
 Fr. erie— L. etia.] 
 
 -escenee, n. State of growing or be- 
 coming; as con v&l-escence. [L.] 
 
 -escent, a. Becoming ; as -putt-escent. 
 [L.] [p&in-ful. [A. S.] 
 
 -fnl, a. Full of, causing; as joyful, 
 
 -ffy, v. Make or render; as m&gni-fy, 
 puri-/y. [O. Fr. ■fler—'L,. flcere, facere.] 
 
 -hood, n. State or condition of, total- 
 ity; as toj-hood, brother-hood. [A. S. 
 had, condition.] 
 
 -ie, a. Like, pertaining to; as angel-ic, 
 academ-ic— n. nouns derived from, 
 adjectives, as mus-ic, publ-ic. [L. -icw,. 
 Gr. -ikos.] 
 
 -ice, n. Quality or condition of, act) 
 of; as co ward -ice, service. [L. -itia.] 
 
 -ies, n. Art or science of; as mathe- 
 matics, polit-ics. [Gr. -ika and plural 
 -s.] 
 
 -id, a. Having the quality of; as frig- 
 id, cand-id. JL. -idus.] [A. S.] 
 
 -ie, -y, n. Little ; as lass-ie, bab-y. 
 
 -il, -ile, a. and n. Like, likely; as 
 civ-iZ, foss-iZ, host-iZe, juven-ite. The 
 i is long in gent-iZe, and is dropped 
 in gentde. [L. -ilis.] 
 
 -ine, a. Like, pertaining to; as ada- 
 mant-irce, alp-irce. [L. -inus.] 
 
 -ion, n. Act of, state of being ; as 
 rebell-iore, expans-i<m. [L. -io, -ionis.] 
 
 -ise. By-form for -ice, *ish, -ize;&s mer- 
 chandise, advert-ise. 
 
 -isfa, a. Somewhat, like, belonging to; 
 as whit-ish, boy-ish, Engl-isA. [A. S.] 
 
 -ish, v. To make; as publ-isft, make 
 public ; fin-is/^.. [O. Fr. iss— L. -escere, 
 -iscere.] 
 
 -ism, n. State of being, practice of, 
 idiom of, doctrine; as hero-ism, critic- 
 ism, Latin-ism, Calvin-ism. [Gr.-ismos.] 
 
 -ist, n. One who, denotes occupation, 
 pursuit, or belief ; as fior-isi, dent-is^, 
 Bapt-isZ. [Gr. -istes.] 
 
 -ite, n. Denotes salts of an acid hav- 
 ing a name ending in -ous; as sulph- 
 ide—from sulphur-ons acid. One who 
 is, follower or descendant of; as Is- 
 raelite, Sybar-ite. [Gr. -ites.] 
 
 -ite, a. Denotes a condition, as oppos- 
 ite,requis-ite.—v. Signifies to make, to 
 cause, as unite, ign-ite. [L. past par- 
 ticiple termination -i-tus.] 
 
ITI 
 
 CAN 
 
 -itis, n. Similarity. Used in modern 
 pathology to signify inflammation of; 
 as append ic-itis. [Gr. -itis, lik}.] 
 
 •ive, a. and n. Fitted to, characterized 
 by, serving to do; as instruct- ive, de- 
 vis-ive, nat-we, act-we. [L. -ivus.] 
 
 •ize, -ise, v. Make, give, practise; 
 as fertil-ize, enfranchise, exerc-ise. 
 [Gr. -izo.] 
 
 -kin, n. Diminutive force; as c&t-kin, 
 nap-£m, lambkin. [Low G.] 
 
 -le, a. and n. Like, partaking of ; as 
 batt-te, knuckle, fick-Ze. [A. S. -ol, -el. 
 Also L. -ellus, -His, -alts.] 
 
 -le, v. Frequentative, or originally so; 
 as cack-Je, scribble. [Variety of -e?:] 
 
 -less, a. Without, destitute of; as fear- 
 less, penni-Zess. [A. SJeas.] 
 
 -ling, n. Denotes diminutiveness, off- 
 spring, condition ; as dar-Zma, gos- 
 ling, hive-ling. [A. S.] 
 
 -logy, -ology, n. Science of; ss ge- 
 ology. [Gr. -logia, — -logos, reason.] 
 
 ■ly, a. Like; as beast-Zy. — aclv, in a 
 manner; as fixed Ij. [A. S. Ue 1 Like.] 
 
 •ment, n. Act, result of an s-^, state; 
 as banish-me?^, monu-ment . ^ewilder- 
 ment. [L. -mentum.] 
 
 •meter, n. Measurer or measure of ;as 
 x,Uer mo-meter, tvi-meter. [Gr. metron.] 
 
 •mony, n. State, material, product; 
 as SLCVi-mony, matrimony, testi-mony. 
 [L. -monium.] [firm-^ess. [A. S.] 
 
 •ness, n. State, abstract quality; as 
 
 ■ock, n. Small; as hill-ocA;. [A. S. -uc] 
 
 -oid, -oidal, a. and n. Resembling; 
 as alkal-o£d. [Gr. -oid — eidos, form.] 
 
 -or, n. One who; as govern-or, emper- 
 or. [L. -or or corrupted from -ator.] 
 
 -or, -onr, n. Abstract nouns, formed 
 from verbs, as horr-or, lab-or. [O. F. 
 •our — Ij. -gv {-os).] [min-or. [L.] 
 
 -or, a. and n. Denotes comparison, as 
 
 -ory, a. Fitted or designed to; as pre- 
 paratory; n. place for, as observat- 
 ory. [L. -orius, -orium.] 
 
 -ose, ous, a. Abounding in, partaking 
 of, having the quality of; as verb-ose, 
 danger-ows. [O.Fr. -ous— It. -osus.] [L.] 
 
 -pie, n. Denotes multiplicity; tri-ple. 
 
 -red, n. Condition, state; as kind-red, 
 hat-red. [A. S.] 
 
 -ric, n. Denotes jurisdiction; as bish- 
 op-ric. [A. S. rice, realm.] 
 
 -ry, n. Abstract nouns, denoting an 
 art or state; as brave-ry, chemist-ry, 
 yeoman-ry. [Fr. — L. (sameas-BRY).] 
 
 -snip, n. Place, office, relation ; as 
 clerk-sAip, friend-sAtp. [A. S. -scipe.] 
 
 -some, a. Full of, characterized by; 
 as quarrel-some, ful-some. [A. S. sum.] 
 
 -ster, n. Denotes occupation; as team- 
 ster, song-sier. [A. S. -estre. Origi- 
 nally feminine, as spin-sier.] 
 
 -stress, n. Woman who acts; as song- 
 stress, seam-sZress. [A. S. -ster and 
 Fr. -ess.] 
 
 -tnde, n. State or conditon; as grati- 
 tude, servi-tade. [Fr. — L. -tudo.] 
 
 -ty, n. Denotes quality or condition ; 
 as dignity, humility. [Fr.-te— Li.-tas.) 
 
 -nle, n. Little; as glob-w£e. [L. -ulus.) 
 
 -nre, n. Abstract nouns from Latin 
 adjectives and participles; as apert- 
 ure, texx-ure. [L. ura.] 
 
 -ward, -wards, adv. and a. In the 
 direction of, having a motion or ten- 
 dency ; as east-ward, back- wards, awk- 
 ward. [A. S. -weard.] 
 
 -y, a. Covered or saturated with, like; 
 as dew-y, water-y, chalk-y. [A. S.] 
 
 -y, n. Has diminutive force; as in dog- 
 ay, John-wy. [Dutch -je.] 
 
 -y, n. Denotes science, condition, or is 
 collective, as geograph-y, innocenc-y, 
 famil-y. [L. -ia.] 
 
 STEMS 
 
 NOTE.— Immediately after each stem in the following list is given the 
 stem meaning, then follow examples of English words containing it— the stem 
 parts in italics. The foreign word from which the stem is taken, is. given in 
 brackets. 
 
 acerb. Bitter; asacero-ity.[L. acerbus.] 
 acet. Vinegar ; as acet-ic. [L. acetum, 
 
 —aceo, be sour.] 
 acid. Sour; as acidity. [L. acidus.] 
 ag, act, ig. Do, drive; as aa-ent, act- 
 uate, bell-ia-erent. [L. ago, actus.] 
 alt. High; as a#-itude, aZS-ar. [L. altus.] 
 am pi. Large; as ampl-e, ampl-itude. 
 anini. Mind ; as am'm-osity, un-a» 
 ity. [L. animus.] [anima.] 
 
 anini. Breath, life; as antm-al. [L. 
 ann. Year; as a/m-ual. [L. annus.] 
 aper, apert. Open; as aper-ient, 
 apert-ure. [I* aperio, aperius.} 
 
 apt. Fit, join ; as apMtude, a.d-apt, 
 [L. aptus.] 
 
 arch. Rule, govern; as an-arcA-y, mon 
 arch. [Gr. archo.] 
 
 and, audit. Hear; as aud-ible, audit 
 ory. [L. audio, auditus.] [L. helium.] 
 
 bell. War; as oe^-icose, ce^-igerent 
 
 bio. Life; as oiy-graphy, oio-logy 
 amphi-oio-us. [Gr. bios.] 
 
 brev. Short; as br ev-ity. [L. brevis.\ 
 
 cad, cas, cid. Fall; as cad-ence, cas- 
 ualty, ac-cid-ent. [L. cado, casum.] 
 
 cant. Sing; as cam-icle, in-catt£-atiojv 
 [L. cano. canto.} 
 
CAP 
 
 820 
 
 JtTD 
 
 eapit. Head, as capit-al, de-capit-a- 
 tion. [L. caput, capitis.] 
 
 cap, eapt. Take; as cap-able, capt- 
 ure. [Li. capio,captum.] 
 
 earn. Flesh; as cam-ival, cara-ivorous. 
 [Li. caro, carnis.] 
 
 ced, cess. Go ; as ante-cec2-ent, ex- 
 eess-ive. [L. cedo, cessus.] 
 
 celer. Swift; as celer-ivy, ac-celer-ate. 
 [L. celer.] [L. centum.] 
 
 cent. Hundred; as century, centennial. 
 
 cing, cinct. Biud ; as sur-cing-le, 
 cinct-ure. [L. cingo, cintus.] [clino.] 
 
 clin, Lean; as clin-ical, in-clin-e. [L. 
 
 cor, cord. Heart; as cor-e, cordially, 
 con-cord. [L. cor, cordis.] 
 
 cor an. Horn ; as com-ea, uni-com. [L. 
 * cor?iu.] [Li. corona.] 
 
 coron. Crown ; as coron-ation, coron-et. 
 
 corpus, corpor. Body ; as corpus- 
 cle; corpor-eal, [L. corpus, corporis.] 
 
 cosnio, cosm. Worid, order, orna- 
 ment ; as cos^o-polite , micro-corn , 
 cosm-etic. [Gr. Jcosmos.] 
 
 cred, credit. Believe; as credence, 
 cred-ulity, credit-or .[L,. credo, creditus.] 
 
 cur. Care; as cur-acy. [L. cura.] 
 
 curr, curs. Run ; as cwr-ent; pre- 
 curs-or. [L. curro, cursus.] 
 
 cyclo, cycl. Circle, wheel; as cyclo- 
 pedia, cycl-e, bi-cycl-e. [Gr. kyklos.] 
 
 dent. Tooth; as dent-al, in-dent. [L. 
 dens, dentis.] 
 
 di. Day; as aVurnal, di-ary. (L. dies.] 
 
 diet. Speak; as diet-ion, indict. [L. 
 dico, dictus.] [L. dignus.] 
 
 dign. Worthy; as dign-ity, con-dign. 
 
 domin. Master, lord; as domin-ion, 
 domin-eer. [L. dominus.] 
 
 dorm, dormit. Sleep; as dorm-ant, 
 dormit-ory. [L, dormio, dormitum.] 
 
 due, duct. Lead; as in-duc-e, con-duct. 
 
 [Li. dUCO, dUCtUS.] [Li. jEQUUS.] 
 
 equ. Equal; as equ-able, cgw-animity. 
 eqii. Horse; as equine. [L,. equus.] 
 ev. Age, life; as medi-^-al. [L. JEvum.] 
 fa. Speak; as af-/a-ble. [L. fari.] 
 fac, fact. Make, form, do; as fac-ile, 
 
 manu-/ac£-ure. [L. facio, factus.] 
 febri. Fever; as febri-le, febrifuge. 
 
 [L. febris.] [L. felix, felicis.] 
 
 felie. Happy; as felic-ity, felic-itate. 
 fend, fens. Strike; asfend-er, de-fend, 
 
 oi-fens-e. [L. fendo,fensus.\ 
 fer. Carry, bear; as transfer, fer-ti\e. 
 
 [L. feroA [L. ferveo.] 
 
 ferv* Boil ; as ferv-ent, ef-ferv-esce. 
 fess. Own, declare; as con-jess, pro- 
 
 fess. [Li. fateor,fesaus.] 
 fid. Faith, trust; as ./fcf-elity, cons- 
 ent, ,/ZcZ-ixciary. [L. fides.] 
 fil. Thread, line ; as fil-amenti, fll-e (of 
 
 soldiers.) [L. filum.] 
 fin. End, boundary; as fin-al, fln-ite, 
 
 fln-ish, de-fln-e. [L. finis.] 
 fisc. State treasury, finance; asjfec-al, 
 
 flii, flux. Flow; as flu-entt flu-id, in- 
 
 flux. [Li. flUO, fCUXUS.] 
 
 foil. Leaf ; as foli-age. [L. folium.] 
 form. Shape; as uni-form. [L. forma.] 
 fort. Strong ; as fort-iiy, fort-itude. 
 
 ef-fort. [L. fortis.] 
 frang, fring. fract. Break ; as re- 
 
 frang-ibie, in-fring-e, fract-nve. [L. 
 
 frango, fractus.] 
 fug-. Flee, drive away ; as fug-itive, 
 
 subter -fug-e, yermi-fug-e. [L. fugio, 
 
 flee; fugo, drive away.] 
 fulg. Shine ; as, ef-fulg-ent, xe-fulg- 
 
 ent. [Li.fulgeo.] 
 fulmin. Thunderbolt, lightning; as 
 
 fuhnin-ant. [ L. fulmen, fulminis.) 
 funct. Perforin, execute; asfunct-ion, 
 
 defunct. [Li.fungor, functus.] 
 fund. Bottom; as fund-ameniai. [L. 
 
 fundus.] 
 fund, fus. Pour; melt; as con-found, 
 
 re-fund, in-fus-e. [L. fundo, fusus.) 
 ge. The earth; as o/e-ography. [Gr. ge.] 
 gel. Frost ; as gel-id, con-geal, con- 
 
 o^-ation. [L. gelu.] 
 gen,gener. Kind, race, birth; as gen,- 
 
 us, gener-ation. [L. genus, generis.] 
 genii. Beget; as vro-genit-ov, genit-ive. 
 
 [L. gigno, genitus.] 
 gest. Carry, bring; as sug-gest, con- 
 
 gest-ion. [L. gero, gestus.] 
 glaci. Ice; as glaci-er. [ L. glades.] 
 grad, gress. Step, go; as grad-ual] 
 
 vro-gress. [L. gradior, gressus.] 
 gran. Grain ; as gran-ary, grdn-uXe, 
 
 gran-ite. [L. granum.] 
 graph. Write ; as auto-graph, geo- 
 graphy. [Gr. grapho.] 
 grat. Pleasing; as grateful, grat-ity. 
 
 [Li. gratus.] 
 greg. Flock; as greg-arions, ag-greg- 
 
 ate. [L. grex, gregis.] [L. habito.] 
 
 habit. Dwell; as co-habit, habit-ation. 
 helio. Sun; as helio-grann,helio-lairy. 
 
 [Gr. helios.] [hemera.] 
 
 bemer. Day ; as ev-hemer-al. [ Gr. 
 bomi. Man; as homi-cide. [L. homo, 
 
 hominis.] [homos] 
 
 homo. Same; as homo-geneous. [Gr. 
 hor. Hour; as Aor-oscope. [Gr. hora.] 
 horr. Sb udder, bristle ; as horr-ov t 
 
 ab-horr-ent. [Gr. horreo.] 
 hort. Encourage ; as ^or^-atory, ex- 
 
 hort. [L. hortor.] [hortus.] 
 
 hort. Garden ; as Ao^-iculture. [L. 
 bospit. Host, guest ; as hospii-able, 
 
 hospit-ah [Li. hospes, hospitis.] 
 host. Enemy; as hosi-ile. [L. hostis.] 
 hydr. Water ; as hydr-aulics , hydr- 
 ogen. [Gr. hydor.] 
 iiypn, ftiypno, hypnot. Sleep; aa 
 
 hypnot ic. [Gr. hypnos.] 
 integr. Whole , entire ; as integr-ali 
 
 integr-ity. [L; integer.] 
 ject. Cast, throw; as e-ject, con-ject-uro. 
 
 [Li. jacio, jectus.] f L. judex, judicis.] 
 Judic. Judge; as jtmo-i&k pre^fedic-e. 
 
JT7N 
 
 821 
 
 POT 
 
 funct. Join ; as junct-ure, juncl-ion. 
 
 [ L. jungo, junctus. ] [juro. ] 
 
 jnr. Swear; as ah-jur-e, -pev-jur-y. [L. 
 
 jt. r;s. Law, right ; as ./urn-diction, 
 
 i«m-prudence. [L. jus,ju?-is.] 
 Int. Garry, bring; as col-lat-e, legis- 
 
 lat-e. [L. lotus, brought.] 
 
 later. Side ; as later-a\, col-toe?'-al. 
 
 [L. latus, lateris.] [It. lego.] 
 
 leg. Send, bequeath; as te^-ate. leg-acy. 
 
 leg-, lect. Gather.pick, read; as leg-ion, 
 
 xe-lect, lect-nve. [L. lego, lectus.] 
 liber. Free; as tiber-ty. [L. liber.] 
 lifor. Balance, weightjas equi-^&r-ium. 
 [L. libra.] [liceo.] 
 
 lie. Be allowed; asil-Zic-it, Zic-ence. [L. 
 lig. Bind, tie; as Ji^-ature, ob lig-ate. 
 
 [L. ligo.] [L. lingua.] 
 
 liisgu. Tongue; as lingu-zl, lingu-ist,. 
 li ter. Letter ; as il-liter-ate. [L. rnrnn.] 
 lith. Stone; as tri-lith. [Gr. lithos.] 
 l«e. Place ; as dis-Zoc-ate. [L. locus.] 
 log-. Word, reason, science ; as phi- 
 
 \<<-log-y, pro-log-ue, log-ic. [Gr. logos.] 
 lop. Run; as e-Zo^?-e. [Dut. toopen.] 
 loqu, loent. Speak, talk; as loqu-a- 
 
 cious, e-locut-ion. [L. loquor, locutus.] 
 Inc. Shine; as luc-id. [L. luceo.] 
 Inc. Light; as ^wc-ubration. [L. lux, 
 
 lacis.] [L. luctor.] 
 
 Inct. Struggle, wrestle; as, re-Zt«tf-ance. 
 lud. lus. Play, deceive; as de-lud-e, 
 
 &a4us-ive. [L. ludo, lusus.] 
 ku iiiim. Light ; as lumin-avy, il-lumin-a- 
 
 tion. [L. lumen, luminis.] [luna.] 
 
 Inu. The moon; as lun-av, lun-acy. [L. 
 inf. Wash ; as ab-lut-ion, di-lut-ion. 
 
 [Li. luo, lutum.] 
 lusnr, luxuri. Excess, extrava- 
 gance ; as luxuri-ous, luxur-y. [L. 
 
 luxuria, — luxus.] [sis. [Gr. lyo.] 
 
 ly. Loosen, solve; as ana-fa/-ze, ana-^y- 
 lymph. Water, transparent liquid ; 
 
 a^ lymph, lymph-atic. [L. lympha.] 
 magister, mag-is tr. Master; as mag- 
 isterial; magistr-acy, magistrate. [L. 
 
 magister, magistratus.] 
 niagn. Great ; as magn-itude, magn- 
 
 animity. [L. magnus.] 
 mag. magi. Persian priest; wise man 
 
 of the East, enchanter; as Magi, 
 
 mag-ic, magi-dan. [L. Magus, Magi.] 
 Eo-rjor. Greater ; as major-ity. [L. 
 
 major.] [Li. malus.] 
 
 nv»l. Bad, evil, ill; as mal-iee, mal-ady. 
 analie. Hammer; asma/k-t, malle-able. 
 
 [L. malleus.] [L. manus.] 
 
 man. Hand; as man-acle, wwm-uscript. 
 mani. Madness; as man,i-2LC.[Li.mania.] 
 mar. The sea; as mar-ine. (L. mare.] 
 mater, matr. Mother; asmater-nal, 
 
 matr-on. [L. mater, matris.] 
 mecban. Machine; as mechan-ic, [Gr. 
 
 mechane.] [L. medius.] 
 
 medi. Middle, between; as medi-ate, 
 medic. Heal, cure; as medtis-ino, med- 
 
 to-ative. £L. meteor.} 
 
 metlit. Muse, think upon; as medit-ate. 
 
 nre-medit-ation. [L. meditor.] 
 mens. Measure; as mens-uration; di« 
 
 mens-ion. [T\ "nensuro.] 
 went. Mind, as ment-al, de-meni ed. 
 
 L. mens, mentis.] 
 mere. Goods, trade ; as merc-hant, 
 
 merc-antile. [L. merx, mercis.] 
 merg, mers. Plunge; as sub-merg-e, 
 
 im-mers-e. [L. mergo, mersus.] 
 migr. Wander; as migr-atory; e^nigr- 
 
 atory, e-migr-ant. [L. migro.] 
 miiit. Soldier ; as military, milit-ia.. 
 
 [Li. miles, militis.] 
 min. Project; as e-mt^-ent. [L. mineo.] 
 min, miuut. Lessen; as di-min-ish, 
 
 minut-e. [L. mineo, minutus.] 
 mir. Wonder; as ad-mir-e. [L. miror.] 
 mis. Hate, hatred; as mis-anthrope. 
 
 [Gr. miseo.] [mitto, missus.] 
 
 mit, miss. Send; as e-mit, miss-ile. [L 
 mon, monit. Remind; as mow-ument, 
 
 monit-OT. [Li.moneo,monitus.] 
 mort. Death ; as mort-a\, mort-ity, 
 
 mort-gage. [L. mors, mortis.] 
 mot. Move; as mot-ire, mot-or,com- 
 
 mot-ion. [L. moveo, motus.] 
 malt. Many; as mult-itovm,mzdt-itnde. 
 
 [Li. multi, many.] [L. mutoi] 
 
 mat. Change; as mut-&b\e, trans-mut-e. 
 nat. Swim; aswotf-ation, /iGtf-atory. [L. 
 
 nato.] 
 nant. Sailor, mariner; as naut-\ca\, 
 
 wa^-ilus. [L. nauta.— Gr. naus. ship.] 
 nav. Ship ; as nav-ig&te. [L. navis.] 
 near. Nerve, as Tz^wr-ility, neur-a\gia t 
 
 neur-osia. [Gr. neuron.] 
 nihil. Nothing; asnihil-ism [L. nihil.] 
 noc. Hurt; as in-noc-ent. [L. noceo.] 
 noct, nox> Night; as woci-urnal, equi- 
 
 nox. [Li. nox, noctis.] [L. nodus.] 
 
 nod. Knot; as nod-e, nod-ose, nod-wle. 
 nom.Law; as astvo-nom-y. [Gr. nomos.] 
 not. Known ; as not-ice, an-not-ate. 
 
 [L. notus.] [novus.] 
 
 nov. New; as nov-el, in-no^-ate. [L. 
 nox. Harm; as nox-ious, ob-«.o£C-ious. 
 
 [Li.Ti.oxa, —noceo.] 
 anmer. Number; as numer-ate, num- 
 
 er-ic, super -numer-ary. [L. numerus.] 
 nunci. Tell, declare ; as e-nunci-ate, 
 
 an-mmot-ation. [L. nuncio.] 
 pars, part. Part; &$, pars-e. part-Hion, 
 
 part-icle. [L. pars, partis.] 
 ped. Foot; as^«s^-estrian, bi-ped, ex* 
 
 ped-ite. [L. pes, pedis.] 
 pel, pals. Drive; a,s ex-pel, em-puls-iou. 
 
 [Li. pello, pulsus.] 
 pen. Punishment; as pen-a.1, pen-ahj. 
 
 [Li. poena.] 
 pict, pig. Paint ; as ££c-ture, de-pict, 
 
 pig-merit. [L. pingo.pictus.] 
 pie 11. Full; as plen-ty, plenary. [L. 
 
 plenus.] [port. [L. porto.] 
 
 port. Carry, bring; as port-ev, in* 
 potent. Powerful; as potent-a,ie t out 
 
 ui-potent. [L. potem,potentis.] 
 
PRE 
 
 8-2 2 
 
 VOL, 
 
 prebend, presents. Take, grasp; as 
 ap-prehend, prehens-ile. [L. prehendo, 
 prehensus.] [L. primus.] 
 
 prim. First; as prim-ary, prim-itive. 
 
 qixadr. Square, four; as quaclr-atic, 
 quadr-angle. [L. quadr-, — quattuor.] 
 
 rect. Straight, right; as rect-itu6.e, rect- 
 ify, e-rect. [L. rego, rectus.] 
 
 rid, ris. Laugh; as ricHculus; de-n*s- 
 ioa. [L. rideo, risus.] [L. sao.] 
 
 set. Know; as sci-encs, omni-sa-ence. 
 
 -scope, n. For observing; as micro- 
 scope. [Gr. skopos, watcher. ] 
 
 scrib, script. Write; as &e-scrib-e, 
 svib-script-ion. [L. scribo, scriptus.] 
 
 sol. Comfort; as sol-ace, [L. solor. ] 
 
 soS. Alone ; as soMtary, soMloquy, 
 
 [L. soZws.] 
 sol. The sun ; as sol-av, para-soZ. [L. soZ.i 
 spec, speet. Look ; as spec-ulum, 
 
 spectator, in-sp6<?£. [L.. specie, spectus.] 
 swad, sraas. Influence; as per-swad-e, 
 
 per-swas-ion. [L. suadeo, suasus.] 
 tang-, tact, ting-. Touch; as tang-ent, 
 
 con-tact, con-ting-ent. [L. tango, tact-.] 
 tend, tens. Stretch, as tend-on, ex- 
 tend, ex-tens-ive. [L. tendo, tenms.] 
 tract. Draw; as ai-tract, tract-ion. [L,. 
 
 traho, tr actus.] \unusA 
 
 asm. One; as un-it, un-ibe, tri~w»-e. [C 
 volv, volu, volut. Roll; as e-poito-e, 
 
 volu-ble, e-volui-ion. [L. volvo, volutus.] 
 
 RULES IN ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 1. When a monosyllable containing a single vowel ends in/, I, or s, the final 
 consonant should be doubled; as in muff, pass. Exceptions:— cte/, pal, sol, as, 
 has, is, his, us, of, if, gas, yes, thus, was. 
 
 2. In a monosyllable containing two vowels or a diphthong the final con- 
 sonant is not doubled; as in reef, pail, keys. 
 
 3. W hen c follows a vowel in a monosyllable ending in the sound of k, the 
 consonant k is added after c; as in rock, neck. Exceptions:— arc, sac, lac, zinc. 
 
 4. Polysyllables ending in ic or iac, omit the final k, as in music, 'maniac. 
 
 5. If a word ending in c (hard) takes a suffix which begins with e, i, or y, 
 add k before the suffix; as in traffic — trafficking. 
 
 6. When e and i form a digraph having the sound of e, the I usually precedes 
 the e; as in relief, grief; but after c or s the e precedes the i, as in receive, seize. 
 
 7. Words ending in silent e, generally reject the e before an additional 
 syllable beginning with a vowel; as move— moving, movable. 
 
 8. Words ending in silent/ e generally retain e on receiving an additional 
 syllable beginning with a consonant; as large — largely. Exceptions:— duly, truly, 
 wholly, awful, judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and argument. 
 
 9. When e is preceded by c or g, it is retained before ous and able; as cour- 
 ageous, peaceable. 
 
 10. Words ending in oe retain the final e; as shoe— shoeing; hoe— hoeing. 
 
 11. Words terminating in ee drop the final letter only when the addition 
 begins withe; as see— seer; jlee—fieest; agree— agreed. 
 
 12. Final e is retained, to prevent ambiguity; as in singeing, to distinguish 
 it from singing; in dyeing (coloring), to distinguish it from dying (expiring). 
 
 18. Final ie, besides dropping e, changes i into y, before an additional sylla- 
 ble beginning with i; as lie, lying. 
 
 14. Before fy and ty, e is sometimes changed into i; as pure, purity. 
 
 15. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y into i, on receiv- 
 ing an addition.unless this addition is 's, or a syllable beginning with i; as carYy 
 —carries, carrier; fancy— fancied, fanciful; lady— lady's; carry— carrying. 
 
 16. But words ending in y preceded by a vowel generally retain the y on 
 taking an increase; as boy— boys, boyish. Exceptions:— Paid, laid, lain, saith, said. 
 
 17. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, ending in a 
 single consonant preceded by a single vowel, generally double the final conso- 
 nant, on taking an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as tan, tanner, 
 confer, conferring. Exceptions:— (a). Xand z are never doubled, and when 
 the"accent is shifted, the final letter remains single; as wax— waxen; confer— con- 
 ference, (b). The derivatives of gas have only one s— gases, gasify. 
 
 18. When a diphthong precedes the final letter, or when the accent is not 
 on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled on assuming an additional 
 syllable; as boil— boiling ; visit, visitor. 
 
 19. Words ending in a double consonant generally retain both consonants 
 on receiving an addition; as call— calls, caller, calling ; but fullness, willful, are 
 sometimes written fulness, wilful. 
 
 20. Words compounded from two or more English words, generally retain 
 the spelling of the single words, as stovepipe, bookkeeper, man-of-war. Exceptions: 
 joyful, J '«P^ watt* pasture, wherever, etc., and all the compounds of all and well, 
 
CURRENT ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 N. B.— In this department the principle of 
 where required, is followed in the words printed in full. 
 
 a capital initial onl> 
 
 A -COL 
 
 A. or a.— adjective; aft- 
 ernoon ; acre ; Ameri- 
 ca; American. 
 
 A. 1. — first class. 
 
 A. B. — Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 abbr. —abbreviated ; ab- 
 breviation. 
 
 abd. — abdicated. 
 
 ab. init.— ab initio=from 
 the beginning. 
 
 abl.— ablative. 
 
 Abp.— Archbishop. 
 
 abr.— abridged. 
 
 abs. re. — absente reo = 
 defend ant being absent. 
 
 A. C— Ante Christum = 
 Before Christ. 
 
 ace— accusative. 
 
 ace. or acct.— account. 
 
 act. — active. 
 
 A. D.— Anno Domini=in 
 the year of our Lord. 
 
 adv. — adverb. 
 
 A. D. C. — Aide-de-camp. 
 
 ad fin. —ad finem=at the 
 end. [ the meantime. 
 
 ad int. — ad interim = in 
 
 adj. — adjective. 
 
 Adjt. —Adjutant. 
 
 ad lib. — ad libitum = at 
 pleasure. [ralty. 
 
 adm. — admiral ; admi- 
 
 admr. — administrator. 
 
 adrox.— administratrix. 
 
 adv.— advertisement; ad- 
 verb. 
 
 A. G.— Adjutant General. 
 
 agt.— agent. 
 
 Ala.- -Alabama. 
 
 Alas.— Alaska. 
 
 alg.— algebra. 
 
 alt.— altitude; alto. 
 
 A. M.— Artium Magister 
 = Master of Arts. 
 
 a. m.— ante meridiem = 
 before noon. 
 
 Am.— Amos; American. 
 
 Amer.— American. 
 
 amt.— amount. 
 
 anon.— anonymous. 
 
 ans.— answer. 
 
 A. O. H. — Ancient Order 
 01 Hibernians. 
 
 aor.— aorist. 
 App.— Apostles; append- 
 ix; appointed. 
 Apr. — April, 
 arch.— architecture, 
 arith.— arithmetic. 
 Ariz.— Arizona. 
 Ark.— Arkansas, 
 arr.— arrived. 
 Att. or Atty.— Attorney. 
 
 A. U. C— Ab Urbe Con- 
 dita =From the found- 
 ing of Rome, 753 B. C. 
 
 Aug.— August. 
 
 Av. or Ave.— Avenue. 
 
 avdp.— avoirdupois. 
 
 b.— bass; Bay; born. 
 
 B. A.— British America; 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 bal.— balance. 
 
 bar.— barleycorn ; barrel ; 
 
 barrister. 
 Barb.— Barbadoes. 
 Bart, or Bt.— Baronet, 
 bat. or batt. — battery; 
 
 battalion. [rels. 
 
 bbl.— barrel, bbls.— bai'- 
 B. C — Before Christ; 
 
 British Columbia, 
 bdl.— bundle, 
 bds.— bound in boards. 
 b. e.— bill of exchange. 
 Belg.— Belgium; Belgic 
 Benj.— Benjamin. 
 B. I.— British India. 
 Bib.— Bible; biblical, 
 biog. — biogr aphy . [al. 
 bioL— biology; biologic- 
 bk.— bank; book. 
 b. 1.— bill of lading, 
 bl.— barrel; bale. 
 B. L. E.— Brotherhood of 
 
 Locomotive Engineei's. 
 bis.— bales. 
 Bp.— Bishop, 
 br.— brother, 
 brig.— brigade ;brigadier. 
 Brit.— Britain ; British, 
 bro. — brother, bros. — 
 
 brothers. 
 b. s.— bill of sale 
 bus. or bush.— bushel 
 
 823 
 
 C. or c— central; cubic; 
 chief; court; cent; cen- 
 tigrade ; one hundred 
 
 ca. — circa=about. 
 
 Cal. — California; calen- 
 dar. [bridge. 
 
 Cam. or Camb. — Cam- 
 cap.— capital ; chapter. 
 
 Capt.— Captain. 
 
 car.— carat. 
 
 Card.— Cardinal. 
 
 cat.— catalogue. Trine 
 
 Cath. — Catholic; Cathe- 
 
 C. C. P. — Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas. 
 
 C. Cr. P.— Code of Crim- 
 inal Procedure. 
 
 C. E.— Civil Engineer. 
 
 Cent. — Centigrade ; a 
 hundred. 
 
 cf.— confer =compare. 
 
 C. F. I. — Cost, freight, 
 and insurance. 
 
 eg.— centigram. 
 
 Cb.— Chaldean; chapter; 
 Charles; Church. 
 
 chap.— chapter. 
 
 chem.— chemistry. 
 
 Ch. J.— Chief Justice. 
 
 Chr.— Christ; Christian; 
 Christopher. 
 
 chron. — Chronicles; 
 chronology. 
 
 civ.— civil. 
 
 C. J.— Chief Justice. 
 
 cl. — clergyman; clerk; 
 cloth. 
 
 C. L. S. C. — Chautauqua 
 Literary and Scientific 
 Circle. 
 
 coll. colloq.— colloquial. 
 
 elk.— clerk. 
 
 cm.— centimeter. 
 
 cml.— commercial. 
 
 c. o.— care of. 
 
 co. — company ; county. 
 
 C. O. D. — Cash (collect) 
 on delivery. 
 
 Col.— Colonel; Colorado; 
 Colossians. 
 
 coll.— colleague; collect" 
 or; college. 
 
 Colo.— Colorado. 
 
COM 
 
 Com. — commissioner ; 
 committee; commodo- 
 re; common. 
 
 comp.— comparative ; 
 compare; compound. 
 
 con.— contra=against; in 
 opposition. 
 
 Cong. — Congregational; 
 Congress. 
 
 conj.— conjunction. 
 
 Conn., Ct.— Connecticut. 
 
 const. — constable; cons- 
 titution, [traction. 
 
 contr.— contracted ; con- 
 
 cor. — correlative; coro- 
 ner ; correspondent. 
 
 Cor.— Corinthians. 
 
 cor. mem. — correspond- 
 ing member. 
 
 cor. sec. — corresponding 
 secretary. 
 
 cos.— cosine. 
 
 cosec— cosecant. 
 
 C P. — Common Pleas; 
 Court of Probate. 
 
 cr.— credit; creditor. 
 
 C. S.— Civil service ;Csurt 
 of Session. 
 
 Ct.— Connecticut. 
 
 Ct., ct-., county; court. 
 
 C. W.— Canada West. 
 
 c. w. o.— Cash with order, 
 cwt.— hundredweight. 
 
 D.— Deus = God; Domi- 
 nus=Lord; Dutch; five 
 hundred. 
 
 d. — daughter ; degree ; 
 day; died; dime; dose; 
 penny; pence. 
 
 Dak.— Dakota. 
 Dan.— Daniel; Danish, 
 dat.— dative. 
 
 D. C. District of Colum- 
 bia; District Court. 
 
 D. C. L.— Doctor o* Civil 
 Law. [ity. 
 
 D. D. — Doctor 01 Divin- 
 
 d. d.— Days after date. 
 
 D.D. S.— Doctor of Dent- 
 al Surgery. 
 
 dea.— deacon. 
 
 Dec— December. 
 
 deft, or dft., — defendant. 
 
 deg.— degree. 
 
 dekag.— dekagram. 
 
 dekal. — dekaliter. 
 
 dekam.— dekameter. 
 
 Del.— Delaware. 
 
 del. — (he) drew it. 
 
 Dem.— Democrat; demo- 
 cratic. 
 
 dep.— deputy. [ponent. 
 
 dept. — department; de- 
 
 der. deriv — derivative ; 
 derived. 
 
 Deut.— Deuteronomy. 
 
 824 
 
 D. G.— Dei gratia. = by 
 
 the grace of God. 
 dg.— decigram, 
 diam. — diameter, 
 diet.— dictionary, 
 dis. — discount, 
 div.— dividend; division, 
 dl.— deciliter. [Office. 
 D. L. O. — Dead Letter 
 dm. decimeter, 
 do.— ditto = the same, 
 dols.— dollars, 
 doz.— dozen. [pby. 
 
 D. P.— Doctor of philoso- 
 Dr. — Debtor; Doctor; 
 
 dram. [willing. 
 
 D. V.— Deo volente=God 
 
 D. V. M.— Doctor of Vet- 
 erinary Medicine. 
 
 E.— Earl; East; English. 
 
 ea. — each. 
 
 e. & o. e. — errors and 
 
 omissions excepted. 
 Eben.— Ebenezer. 
 Ecua.— Ecuador, 
 ed.— editor; edition. 
 
 E. E. — errors excepted ; 
 Electrical Engineer. 
 
 e. g. — exempli gratia = 
 for example. 
 
 E. L— East Indies, 
 elec— electricity. 
 E. M. — Mining Engineer. 
 E. M. F.— electromotive 
 
 force. [press. 
 
 Emp. — Emperor ; Em- 
 ency. — encyclopedia. 
 E.N. E.— East-Northeast. 
 Eng.— England; English, 
 engin.— engineering, 
 eod.— every other day. 
 Eph. — Ephesians; Eph- 
 
 raim. 
 Epis.— Episcopal, 
 eq.— equal; equivalent. 
 E. S. E.— East-Southeast, 
 esp.— especially. 
 Esq.— Esquire. 
 Est.— Esther, 
 et al. — and others; and 
 
 elsewhere, 
 etc., or &c— and so forth, 
 ex.— example. [tion. 
 
 Exc— Excellency; excep- 
 execx.— executrix. 
 Exod.— Exodus. 
 exr.— executor, 
 ext.— extra; extract. 
 E 6 * , or Ezr.— Ezra. 
 Ezek.— Ezekiel. 
 
 P. — Fellow ; France ; 
 French; Friday. 
 
 f. — farthing ; feminine; 
 noriii; folio; forte; 
 franc. 
 
 GTT 
 
 F.,or Fahr.— Fahrenheit. 
 
 F. A. M. — Free and Ac- 
 cepted Masons. 
 
 far.— farriery; farthing. 
 
 fcp.— foolscap. 
 
 Feb.— February. 
 
 tec— fecit=(he) made it. 
 
 fern.— feminine. 
 
 ff.— folios; following; for- 
 tissimo, [uratively. 
 
 fig.— figure; figures; fig- 
 fir.— firkin, [ished. 
 
 fl.— florin, florins; flour- 
 
 Fl. — Flanders ; Flemish. 
 
 Fla.— Florida. 
 
 F. M.— Field Marshall. 
 
 fol.- -folio. 
 
 F. O. B.— Free on board. 
 
 Fr. — France; Francis; 
 French. 
 
 fr.— from; franc. 
 
 Fri.— Friday. 
 
 ft.— foot; feet; fort. 
 
 fth.— fathom-; fifth. 
 
 fur.— furlong. 
 
 fut.— future. [tist. 
 
 F. W. B.— Free Will Bap- 
 
 G. —German; Gulf. 
 
 g. — genitive ; gram; 
 
 guide; guinea. 
 Ga.— Georgia. 
 Gal.— Galatians. 
 gal.— gallon. [vanic. 
 
 galv. — galvanism ; gal- 
 
 G. A. R.— Grand Army of 
 the Republic. 
 
 G. B.— Great Britain. 
 
 G. C. B.— Grand Cross of 
 the Bath. [divisor. 
 
 g. c. d. —Greatest common 
 
 g. c. m. — Greatest com- 
 mon measure. 
 
 G. D.— Grand Duke. 
 
 gen.— general; generally; 
 genitive; genus. 
 
 Gen. — General ; Genesis. 
 
 gent.— gentleman. 
 
 Geo.— George. 
 
 geog.— geography. 
 
 geol.— geology. 
 
 geom.— geometry. 
 
 ger.— gerund. 
 
 Ger., or Germ.— German. 
 
 gi.-gill. 
 
 G. L.— Grand Lodge. 
 
 G. M.— Grand Master. 
 
 gm.— gram. 
 
 Gov.— Governor. 
 
 G. P. O. — General Post 
 Office. 
 
 Gr.— Greek. 
 
 gr. — grain ; grammar; 
 great; gross. 
 
 gs— guineas. 
 
 G. T.— Good Templars. 
 
 gtt.— guttae = drops. 
 
h.— harbor ; height ; high ; 
 
 hour; husband, 
 ha.— hectare. 
 Hab.— Habakkuk. 
 Hag.— Haggai. 
 hdkl'.— handkerchief. 
 
 H. E. — His Eminence ; 
 His Excellency. 
 
 Heb., or Hebr.— Hebrew. 
 
 hf. bd.— half bound. 
 
 hg.— hektogram. 
 
 H. H.— His (Her) High- 
 ness; His Holiness. 
 
 hhd.— hogshead. 
 
 Hier.— Hierosolyma= Je- 
 rusalem. 
 
 Hind. —Hindoo; Hindo- 
 stan; Hindostanee. 
 
 hist.— history. 
 
 h. j.— hicjacet =herelies. 
 
 hi.— hektoliter. 
 
 H. M —His (Her) Majesty. 
 
 hm. — hektometer. 
 
 H. M. S.— His (Her) Maj- 
 jesty's Steamer, Ship, 
 or Service. 
 
 Hon.— Honorable. 
 
 hor. — horizon; horology. 
 
 hor t.— horticulture. 
 
 Hos.— Hosea. 
 
 H. P.— Horse Power. 
 
 H. R. — House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 hr.— hour. [Highness. 
 
 H. R. H.— His (Her)Royal 
 
 ht.— height. 
 
 I.— Idaho; Island; one. 
 
 la.— Iowa. 
 
 ib., ibid.— ibidem=in the 
 same place. [same. 
 
 Id.— Idaho ; idem = the 
 
 i. e. id est = that is. 
 
 111.— Illinois. 
 
 Imp.— Imperial; Impera- 
 tor=Emperor. 
 
 imp.— imperative; imper- 
 fect ; imprimatur = let 
 it be printed. 
 
 in.— inch; inches. 
 
 incog.— incognito. 
 
 Ind.— Indiana. 
 
 ind.— indicative. 
 
 Ind. T., or Ind. Ter.— In- 
 dian Territory. 
 
 inf.— infinitive; infantry. 
 
 I. N. R. I. — Iesus Naza- 
 renus, Rex ludaeorum 
 = Jesus of Nazareth, 
 King of the Jews. [ce. 
 
 ins., or insur. — insuran- 
 
 inst.— instant; institute. 
 
 int.— interest. 
 
 in ter j . —in ter,j ectlon 
 
 in trans. — in transitu = 
 on the passage. 
 
 inv.— invoice. 
 
 825 
 
 Io.— Iowa. 
 
 Ion.— Ionic. 
 
 I. O. O. F. — Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 I. O. G. T.— Independent 
 Order of Good Temp- 
 lars. 
 
 I. O. R. M. — Improved 
 Order of Red Men. 
 
 I. O. U.— I owe you. 
 
 i. q. — idem quod = the 
 same as. 
 
 Ir.— Ireland; Irish. 
 
 Isa. — Isaiah. 
 
 Isl.— Island. 
 
 I. T.— Indian Territory. 
 
 It-.o/'Ital. — Italian; 
 Italic. 
 
 I. W.— Isle of Wight. 
 
 J. — Judge; Julius ; Ju- 
 nius; Justice. 
 
 Jan.— January. 
 
 Jas.— James. 
 
 J. C— Jesus Christ; Jus- 
 tice Clerk ; Julius 
 Caesar. 
 
 J. D. — Jurum Doctor = 
 Doctor of Laws. 
 
 Jer.— Jeremiah. 
 
 Jno.— John. 
 
 Jo.— Joel. 
 
 Jon., or Jona.— Jonathan. 
 
 Jos.— Joseph. 
 
 Josh.— Joshua. [nal. 
 
 jour.— .journeyman ; jour- 
 
 J. P. — Justice of the 
 Peace. [bate. 
 
 J. Prob.— Judge of Pro- 
 
 Jr., or Jun.— Junior. 
 
 J. U. D., or J. V. D.— Juris 
 Utriusque Doctor = 
 Doctor of Both Laws 
 ( the Canon and the 
 Civil Law.) 
 
 Jud.— Judith. 
 
 Judg.— Judges. 
 
 Jul.— July; Julius. 
 
 Jun., or Junr.— Junior. 
 
 Just.— Justice ; Justinian. 
 
 K.— King,Kings; Knight. 
 
 Kal.— Kalends. 
 
 Kan., Kans., or Kas.— 
 Kansas. [Bath. 
 
 K. B. — Knight of the 
 
 K. C— King's Counsel. 
 
 K. G. — Knight of the 
 Garter. 
 
 kg. -kilogram. 
 
 kilo., or km.— kilometer. 
 
 kl.— kiloliter. 
 
 kilog.— kilogram. 
 
 Knt.— Knight. 
 
 K. P.— Knights of Pythi- 
 as; Knight of St. Pat- 
 rick. 
 
 MAS 
 
 kr.— kreutzer. 
 
 K. T.— Knight Templar. 
 
 Kt.— Knight. 
 
 Ky.— Kentucky. 
 
 L.— Lady; Latin; Lord; 
 
 fifty. 
 
 1.— lake latitude ; league ; 
 line; liter; law; low. 
 
 L., or 1. — pound sterling. 
 
 La.— Louisiana. 
 
 Lam.— Lamentations. 
 
 Lat.— Latin. 
 
 lat.— latitude. 
 
 lb.— libra=pound. 
 
 L. C. — Lower Canada ; 
 Lord Chancellor. 
 
 1. c— lower case ; letter 
 of credit; loco citato= 
 in the place before 
 cited. [tice. 
 
 L. C. J.— Lord Chief Jus- 
 
 1. c. m.— least common 
 multiple. 
 
 Ld.— Lord. 
 
 Ldp.. or Lp.— Lordship. 
 
 lea.— league. [ture. 
 
 Leg., or Legis.— Legisla- 
 
 Lev. — Leviticus. 
 
 1. h.— left hand. 
 
 L. H. D.— Literarum Hu- 
 manorum Doctor = 
 Doctor of Humanities. 
 
 L. I.— Long Island. 
 
 lib.— liber=book. [ant. 
 
 Lieut., or Lt. — Lieuten- 
 
 Linn.— Linnaeus. 
 
 liq. — liquor. 
 
 lit.— liter; literally. 
 
 Lith.— Lithuanian. 
 
 LL. D.— LegumDoctor= 
 Doctor of Laws. 
 
 loc. cit. — loco citato= in 
 the place cited. 
 
 log.— logarithm. 
 
 Ion. or long. — longitude. 
 
 L. S.— Place of the Seal. 
 
 1. s. d. — libra, solidi, de- 
 narii = pound , shil- 
 lings, pence. 
 
 1. t.— Long ton. 
 
 M.— Marquis ; Monday ; 
 
 Monsieur ; Meridies -= 
 
 Noon ; one thousand, 
 m.— married; masculine; 
 
 meter; mile ; minute; 
 
 month; moon. 
 Mace— Maccabees. 
 Mad.— Madam. 
 Mag.— Magazine. 
 Maj.— Major. 
 Mai.— Malachi. 
 Mar.— March ; maritime. 
 March.— Marchioness. 
 Marq.— Marquis, 
 mas., masc— masculine. 
 
MAS 
 
 -Massachusetts. 
 Matt.— Matthew, [gress. 
 M. C. — Member of Con- 
 Mch.— March. [cine. 
 
 M. D. — Doctor of Medi- 
 Md.— Maryland. 
 Me.— Maine. 
 
 Med. — Medical. [pak. 
 M. E.— Methodist Episco- 
 Mem.— Memorandum. 
 Messrs., or MM.— Mes- 
 
 sieurs=Gentlemen. 
 Meth. — Methodist, 
 mfg.— manufacturing, 
 m. ft. — mistura fiat= let 
 
 a mixture be made, 
 mg.— milligram. 
 Mgr. — Monsignor. 
 Mic— Micah. 
 Mich. — Michigan, 
 mid. — midshipman, 
 mil. — military, 
 min. — minute. 
 Minn. —Minnesota. 
 Miss.— Mississippi. 
 ml. — milliliter. 
 Mile.— Mademoiselle. 
 Mme. — Madame. 
 Mo. — Missouri; Monday. 
 mo. — month. 
 M. O. — Money Order, 
 mod. — modern. 
 Mon. or Mond.— Monday. 
 Mons. — Monsieur. 
 Monsig. — Monsignor. 
 Mont. — Montana, 
 mos.— months. [ment. 
 M. P.— Memberof Parlia- 
 Mrs. — Mistress, 
 ms. — manuscript, 
 mss. — manuscripts. 
 Mt. — Mount; Mountain. 
 myg. — myriagram. 
 myl. — myrialiter. 
 myth. — mythology. 
 
 N. —Neptune; North. 
 
 n. —neuter; new; nomi- 
 native ; noon ; noun ; 
 note; number. 
 
 nat. — national; natural. 
 
 Nath.— Nathaniel. 
 
 naut. — nautical. 
 
 n a v. —naval. 
 
 N. B. — North Britain ; 
 New Brunswick; Nota 
 Bene = take notice. 
 
 N. C. — North Carolina. 
 
 N. Dak. — North Dakota. 
 
 N. E. — Northeast; New 
 England. 
 
 Neb. — Nebraska. 
 
 Neh.— Nehemiah. 
 
 Neth.— Netherlands. 
 
 neut. — neuter. 
 
 Nev. — Nevada. 
 
 N. F. — Newfoundland. 
 
 826 
 
 N. G. — New Granada ; 
 North German; no 
 good. 
 
 N. Gr. — New Greek. 
 
 N. H. — New Hampshire. 
 
 N. J. —New Jersey. 
 
 N. L. — New Latin. 
 
 N. M. — New Mexico. 
 
 N. N. E. — North-north- 
 east, [west. 
 
 N. N. W. — North-north- 
 no. — number. 
 
 Nol. pros. — Nolle prose- 
 qui = be unwilling to 
 prosecute. 
 
 nom. — nominative. 
 
 non-com. — non-commis- 
 sioned. 
 
 Norw. — Norway. 
 
 nos. — numbers. 
 
 Nov. — November. 
 
 N. P. — New Providence ; 
 Notary Public. 
 
 N. S.— Nova Scotia; New 
 Style. 
 
 N. T. — New Testament. 
 
 nux vom. — nux vomica. 
 
 N. W. — Northwest. 
 
 N. W. T. -- Northwest 
 Territory. 
 
 N. Y. — New York. 
 
 N. Z. — New Zealand. 
 
 O. —Ohio; Old. 
 
 ob. — obiit=died. 
 
 Obad. — Obadiah. 
 
 obdt. — obedient. 
 
 obj. — objective ; objec- 
 tion, [solete. 
 
 obs. — observatory ; ob- 
 
 Oct.— October. 
 
 off.— official; officinal. 
 
 O. K.=all correct. 
 
 Okla. — Oklahoma. 
 
 ol.— olium=oil. 
 
 op. — opera; opus. 
 
 opp.— opposite. 
 
 opt.— optative; optics. 
 
 Ore.— Oregon. 
 
 orig. — originally. 
 
 O. S.— Old Style (before 
 1752). 
 
 O. T.— Old Testament. 
 
 Oxon. — Oxoniensis = of 
 Oxford. 
 
 oz.— ounce. 
 
 p.— page; part; partici- 
 ple; penny. 
 
 Pa. — Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pari.— Parliament. 
 
 part. — participle. 
 
 pass.— passive. 
 
 pd.— -paid. 
 
 P. E.— Protestant Epis- 
 copal. [Island. 
 
 P. E. I.— Prince Edward 
 
 QL. 
 
 Penn.— Pennsylvania. 
 
 per au.= per annum = by 
 the year. 
 
 per cent. — per centum= 
 by the hundred. 
 
 perf.— perfect. 
 
 perh.— perhaps. 
 
 pert.— pertaining. 
 
 pf.— perfect; preferred. 
 
 Pg.— Portuguese. 
 
 Ph. D. — Doctor of Phil- 
 osophy, [ophy. 
 
 Phil. -Philip ; Philos- 
 
 Phila.— Philadelphia. 
 
 pinx. — pinxit = he ( she ) 
 painted it. 
 
 P. J. — Police Justice ; 
 Probate Judge. 
 
 pk.— peck. 
 
 pkg.— package. 
 
 pi. or plu. —plural. 
 
 plff.— plaintiff. 
 
 plupf.— pluperfect. 
 
 P. M.— Postmaster. 
 
 p. m. — post-meridiem = 
 afternoon. 
 
 P. O.— Post-Office. 
 
 pop. — population. 
 
 Port.— Portuguese. 
 
 poss. — possessive. 
 
 p. p.— past participle. 
 
 pp.— pages. 
 
 p. p. p. — pour prendre 
 cong6=to take leave. 
 
 P. Q. — Province of Que- 
 bec. 
 
 P. R.— Porto Rico. 
 
 pref.— prefix. 
 
 prep.— preposition. 
 
 Pres.— President. 
 
 pret. — preterit. 
 
 priv.— private. 
 
 prob. — problem. 
 
 Prof. — Professor. 
 
 prom. — promontory. 
 
 pron. — pronoun. 
 
 Prot. —Protestant. 
 
 pro tern- —pro tempore= 
 for the time being, [ce 
 
 prov. — proverb ; provin 
 
 prox. — proximo = next 
 
 pr. pr.— present partici 
 pie. [Postscript 
 
 P. S. — Post scriptum «= 
 
 Ps. — Psalm. 
 
 p. t. o. —please turn over. 
 
 pub. —public; publisher. 
 
 pwt. — pennyweight. 
 
 Q. — Quintus ; Quebec. 
 
 q. — question. [tion. 
 
 qu. — queen; query; ques- 
 
 q. e. d. — quod erat de- 
 monstrandum = which 
 was to be proved. 
 
 q. 1. — quantum libet = 
 as much as you please. 
 
QL 
 
 ql. — quintal. 
 
 Q. M. G.— Quartermaster 
 
 General. 
 qr. — quire, 
 q. s. — quantum sufflcit— 
 
 a sufficient quantity, 
 qt. —quantity; quart. 
 qu. or qy. — query, 
 ques. — question. 
 q. v. — quod vide=Which 
 
 see; quantum vis = as 
 
 much as yon will. 
 
 R. — Rex = King; Reau- 
 mur; Republican ; Re- 
 gina= Queen. 
 
 r. — railway; recipe; re- 
 sides; river; rod. 
 
 R. A. — Rear Admiral ; 
 Right Ascension. 
 
 R. C. — Roman Catholic. 
 
 Reaum. — Reaumur. 
 
 reed. — received. 
 
 Rec. Sec. — Recording 
 Secretary. 
 
 rect. — receipt. [ed. 
 
 ref. — reference; reform- 
 
 reg. —register; regular. 
 
 Regt. — Regiment. 
 
 Rep. — Reporter ; Repre- 
 sentative; Republic. 
 
 Rev. —Revelation; reve- 
 nue ; Reverend ; re- 
 view; revise. 
 
 R. I. — Rhode Island. 
 
 rm. — ream. 
 
 Ro., or Robt. — Robert. 
 
 Rom. — Roman. 
 
 Rom. Cath. — Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 rpt. — report. 
 
 R. R. — Railroad, [tary. 
 
 R. S. — Recording Secre- 
 
 R. s. v. p. — Respondez, 
 s'ilvous plait.= Reply, 
 if you please. [able. 
 
 Rt. Hon. —Right Honor- 
 
 Rt.Rev.— Right Reverend 
 
 S. — Sunday; Saturday; 
 
 Saint; Saxon. 
 s. — shilling; solar; son; 
 
 south; sun. 
 Sab. —Sabbath. 
 Sam. — Samuel. 
 Sans. — Sanskrit. 
 Sat. — Saturday. 
 S. C. — South Carolina, 
 s. c— small capitals, 
 sc, or sculp. — sculpsit= 
 
 (he) engraved it. 
 S. Dak. — South Dakota. 
 soil., or sc. — scilicet= to 
 
 wit; namely, 
 scr. — scruple. 
 Script. — Scripture, 
 s. d. — sine die. 
 
 827 
 
 S. E. — Southeast. 
 
 Sec. — Secretary. 
 
 sec. — secant ; second ; 
 section. 
 
 sect. — Section. 
 
 Sen. — Senate; Senator; 
 Senior. [ber. 
 
 Sep., or Sept. — Septeni- 
 
 Serg. — Sergeant. 
 
 s. g. — specific gravity. 
 
 Skr. — Sanskrit. 
 
 Soc. — Society. 
 
 Sol. — Solomon. 
 
 sol. — solution. 
 
 sov. — sovereign. 
 
 Sp., or Span. — Spanish. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. — Senatus Po- 
 pulusque Romanus = 
 The senate and people 
 of Rome. 
 
 sq.— square. 
 
 Sr. — Sir; Senior. 
 
 S. S. E. -- South-south- 
 east, [west. 
 
 S. S. W. — South-south- 
 
 St.— Saint: Street;Strait. 
 
 stat. — statute. 
 
 subj. — subjunctive. 
 
 subst.— substantive; sub- 
 stitute. 
 
 suff. — suffix. 
 
 Sun. — Sunday. 
 
 Sup. C— Superior Court. 
 
 supp. — supplement. 
 
 supt. — superintendent. 
 
 surg. — surgeon. 
 
 S. W. — Southwest. 
 
 syn. — synonym. 
 
 Syr. — Syriac. 
 
 T. — Territory ; Testa- 
 ment; Titus; Tuesday; 
 Tullius. 
 
 t.— tome; ton; transitive. 
 
 Tenn— Tennessee. 
 
 Ter.— Territory. 
 
 Tex.— Texas. 
 
 Th.— Thomas; Thursday. 
 
 Theo.— Theodore. 
 
 Thess. — Thessalonians. 
 
 Thos.— Thomas. 
 
 Thurs.— Thursday. 
 
 Tim.— Timothy. 
 
 t. o.— turn over. 
 
 tr.— transpose. 
 
 tp.— township. 
 
 TJ. C. — Upper Canada. 
 
 U. K. — United Kingdom. 
 
 ult.— ultimo=last; of the 
 last month. 
 
 Univ.— University. 
 
 U. S.— United States. 
 
 U. S. A. — United States 
 of America ; United 
 States Army. [Mail. 
 
 U. S. M.— United States 
 
 ZOO 
 
 U. S. N. — United States 
 Navy. [Ship. 
 
 U. S. S. — United States 
 
 u. s. w. — und so weiter 
 (Ger.)=and so forth. 
 
 Ut.— Utah. 
 
 V.— five; verb; verse; vo- 
 cative; volt; volume; 
 vide = see. 
 Va.— Virginia. 
 Vat.— Vatican, 
 vb. n.— verbal noun, 
 v. i.— verb intransitive. 
 Vis., Vise. —Viscount, 
 viz.— namely; to wit. 
 v. n.— verb neuter, 
 vs.— versus = against, 
 voc. — vocative. 
 Vt. — Vermont, 
 v. t. — verb transitive. 
 
 W.— "Wednesday; Welsh, 
 
 West; William, 
 w.— watt; week; wife. 
 W. A. — West Africa ; 
 
 West Australia. 
 "Wash.— Washington. 
 W. C. T. U. — Women's 
 
 Christian Temperance 
 
 Union. 
 Wed.— Wednesday, 
 wf. — wrong font. 
 W. I.— West Indies. 
 Wis.— Wisconsin, 
 wk.— week. 
 
 Wm.— William. [west. 
 W. N. W. — West-north- 
 wp.~ worship. [west. 
 W. S. W. — West-south- 
 wt. — weight. 
 W. Va.— West Virginia. 
 
 X— ten. 
 
 X. or Xt.— Xristos (Gr.) = 
 
 Christ. [mas. 
 
 Xin. or Xmas. — Christ- 
 
 yd.— yard. 
 
 ye.— the. 
 
 Y. M. C.A.— Young Men's 
 Christian Association. 
 
 Y. M. C. U.— Young Men's 
 Christian Union. 
 
 Y. P. S. C. E. — Young 
 People's S o c ie ty of 
 Christian Endeavor. 
 
 yr. — year ; yours. 
 
 vrs.— vears; yours. 
 
 Y. W. C. A.— Young Wo- 
 men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 Zach.— Zachary= 
 Zeph.— Zephaniali. 
 zool.— zoology. 
 
,. T HE METRIC SYSTEM, 
 
 -COMPARED 
 
 The Metric system is used in all Europe (except Russia and England), in Mexico and most of the 
 South American republics. Its basis is a bar of platinum, one meter long, which is exactly = a one 
 ten-millionth part of the earth's meridian quadrant.— The liter is = the cube of one-tenth of a meter; 
 the gram is the weight of distilled water forming a cube of 1-100 meter; the a?-eis = 10 meters square 
 The decimal multiples and divisions of these units have names compounded with Deka-(IO), Hecto- 
 (100), Kilo-(IOOO), Deci-(l-lO), Centi-(l-lOO) , milli-(l-lOOO), etc. 
 
 Equivalents of "American" in "Metric." Equivalents of "Metric" in "American." 
 
 
 
 
 MEASURES 
 
 OF LENGTH. 
 
 
 Milli- 
 
 Centi 
 
 
 Kilo- 
 
 
 
 meter. 
 
 meter. 
 
 Meter. 
 
 meter. 
 
 Inch. Foot. Yard. Chain. Mile. 
 
 Inch 
 
 . 25.3995 
 
 2 5399 
 
 
 
 Millimeter.. 0.0394 
 
 Foot, 12 in... 
 
 
 30.4794 
 
 
 
 Centimeter, 3937 
 
 Yard, 3ft.... 
 
 
 
 9144 
 
 
 Meter 39.3704 3.2809 1.0936 
 
 Rod, 53^ yd... 
 
 
 
 5.0291 
 
 
 Hectometer .... 32809 
 
 Chain, 4rd... 
 
 
 
 20.1161 
 
 
 Kilometer 49.7114 6214 
 
 Mile, 5,280 ft. 
 
 
 
 
 1.6093 
 
 Myriameter 6.2138 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Cent. 
 Sq. Inch.... 6.4515 
 Sq. Ft. 144 sq. in.. 
 Sq. Yd., 9 sq.ft... 
 Acre, 43,5€0sq. ft. 
 Sq. Mile, 640 acres. 
 
 MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
 
 Sq. 
 
 Meter. 
 
 0.0929 
 0.8361 
 
 Sq. 
 ire. Hectare. Kilom. 
 
 40A678 0^4047 
 
 2.5899 
 
 Sq. Inch. Sq. Ft. Sq. Yd. Are. Sq.Mile. 
 
 Sq. Centim. 0.1550 
 
 Sq. Decim.. 15.5003 0.1076 
 
 Sq. Meter 10.7641 1.1960 .... 
 
 Are 0.0247 
 
 Hectare 2,4711 
 
 Sq. Kilom. . . . . . 0.3861 
 
 Cubic Inch . . 
 Cubic Foot... 
 Cubic Yard. . 
 
 Cu. Centim. 
 16.3861 
 
 MEASURES 
 
 Cu. Decim. Cu. Meter. 
 
 28.3i52 '.'.'.'. 
 
 0.7645 
 
 OF VOLUME. 
 
 Cubic Centimeter. . . 
 Cubic Decimeter .. 
 Cubic Meter 
 
 Cub. In. Cub. Ft. Cub. Yd. 
 
 .... 0610 
 
 ....610273 0.0353 
 35.3167 1.3080 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
 
 Liquid. Deciliter. Liter. Hectoliter. 
 
 Pint 4.7318 
 
 Quart, 2 pints 9,4635 9463 
 
 Gallon, 4 quarts 3.7854 
 
 Barrel, 31 J* gallons .... 1.1924 
 
 pint. Quart. Gallon. Barrel. 
 
 Deciliter 0.2114 0.1057 
 
 Liter 2.1137 1.0567 0.2642 .... 
 
 Dekaliter 2.6417 
 
 Hectoliter 0.6394 
 
 Dry. Liter. Dekaliter. Hectoliter. 
 
 Pint 0.5506 
 
 Quart, 2 pints 1.1012 
 
 Peck, 8 quarts 8.8100 8810 
 
 Bushel, 4 pecks 3.5240 0.3524 
 
 Pint. Quart. Peck. Bushel. 
 
 Liter 18161 0.9081 
 
 Dekaliter 18.1611 9.0806 1.1351 0.2838 
 
 Hectoliter 11.3507 2.8377 
 
 
 
 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kilo- 
 
 Quin- 
 
 Ton- 
 
 
 Dram. 
 
 Ounce. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Gram. 
 
 gram. 
 
 tal. 
 
 neau. 
 
 Gram 
 
 ..0.6448 
 
 0353 
 
 
 
 Dram 
 
 1.7716 
 
 
 
 
 Kilogram 
 
 
 35.2739 
 
 2 2046 
 
 
 Ounce, 16 drams 
 
 28 3495 
 
 
 
 
 Myriagram . . 
 
 
 
 22.046 
 
 
 Pound 16 ozs 
 
 
 0.4536 
 
 
 
 Quintal 
 
 
 
 220.4620 
 
 
 Ton, 2,000 lbs... 
 
 
 
 9.0718 
 
 0.9072 
 
 Tonneau 
 
 
 
 
 1.1023 
 
 Milli- 
 TROT. gram. 
 
 Grain 64.79K 
 
 Pwt.,24grs 
 
 Ounce, 20 pwts.. 
 Pound, 12 ozs 
 
 Hecto- Kilo- 
 Gram, gram. gram. 
 
 1.5552 
 31.1035 
 
 3.7324 0.3732 
 
 Grain. 
 Milligram.... 0.0154 
 Centigram . . . 0J543 
 
 Gram .15.4§^ 
 
 Hectogram 
 
 Kilogram. 
 
 Penny- 
 weight. 
 
 o4.3015 
 
 Ounce. Pound. 
 
 3.215) 
 
 32.1507 
 
 679? 
 
 828 
 
TABLES OF CONVERSION 
 
 METRIC-AMERICAN — AMERICAN-METRIC 
 
 Inches into Centimeters, 
 
 and 
 
 Acres into Hectares and v. 
 
 v. 
 
 Bushels into 
 
 Dekaliters 
 
 and 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 
 
 Ac 
 
 . Hectares 
 
 Acres. Hec. 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 
 
 Ins. Cent. 
 
 Inches. Cent. 
 
 1 
 
 0.4047 
 
 2.4711 
 
 1 
 
 Bu 
 
 . Dekal. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Dek. 
 
 1 
 
 2.5399 
 
 3937 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.8094 
 
 4 9422 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 3.5240 
 
 02838 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5.0798 
 
 0.7874 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1.2141 
 
 7.4133 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 7 0480 
 
 0.5676 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7.6197 
 
 1.1811 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1.6188 
 
 9.8844 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 10. 5720 
 
 0.8514 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10.1596 
 
 1.5748 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 2.0235 
 
 12. 3555 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 14 0960 
 
 1.1352 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 126995 
 
 1.9685 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2.4282 
 
 14 8266 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 17.6200 
 
 1.4190 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 15.2394 
 
 23622 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2.8329 
 
 17 2977 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 21.1440 
 
 1.7028 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 17.7793 
 
 2.7559 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 3.2376 
 
 19.7688 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 24.6680 
 
 1.9866 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 20.3192 
 
 31496 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 3.6423 
 
 22.2S99 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 28 1920 
 
 2.2704 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 22.8591 
 
 3.5433 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 317160 
 
 2.5542 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sq 
 
 Miles into 
 
 Sq. Kilometers, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet into Meters, and v. i 
 
 
 and vice versa. 
 
 
 Grains into Centigrams 
 
 and 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Meters. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Met. 
 
 Sq 
 
 .M. Sq. Kil. 
 
 Sq.M. Sq. 
 
 K. 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3048 
 
 3- 2809 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2.5899 
 
 03861 
 
 1 
 
 Grs. Centi. 
 
 Grains. Cent. 
 
 2 
 
 0.6096 
 
 6.5618 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5.1798 
 
 0.7722 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6.4799 
 
 0.1543 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0.9144 
 
 9.8427 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7.7697 
 
 1.1583 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 12.9598 
 
 0.3086 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1.2192 
 
 13.1236 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10.3596 
 
 15444 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 19.4397 
 
 0.4629 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1.5240 
 
 16.4045 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 12.9495 
 
 1.9305 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 25.9196 
 
 0.6172 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1.8288 
 
 19.6854 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 15 5394 
 
 2.3166 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 32.3995 
 
 0.7715 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 2.1336 
 
 22.9663 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 18.1293 
 
 2.7027 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 38.7794 
 
 0.9258 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2.4384 
 
 26.1572 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 20.7192 
 
 30888 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 45 3593 
 
 1.0801 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 2.7432 
 
 29.5281 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 23.3091 
 
 3.4749 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 51. 8392 
 58 3191 
 
 1.2344 
 
 1.3887 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 Yards into Meters, and v. 
 
 v. 
 
 Cubic Inches into Cubic Cen. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yds. Meters. 
 
 1 HQU/L 
 
 Yards. 
 1 0936 
 
 Met. 
 1 
 
 timeters and 
 C. In. C. Cen. 
 
 vice versa. 
 C. Ins. C. C. 
 
 Ounces Avoirdupois i 
 Grams, and vice versa. 
 
 nto 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 1.8288 
 2.7432 
 3.6576 
 4.5720 
 54864 
 6.4008 
 7. 3152 
 8.2296 
 
 2.1872 
 3.2808 
 4.3744 
 5.4680 
 6.5616 
 8.6552 
 8.7488 
 9.8424 
 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 16. 3861 
 
 0.0610 
 
 1 
 
 Ozs. Grams. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Grs. 
 
 2 
 
 32.772L 
 
 0.1220 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 28.3495 
 
 00353 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 49.1583 
 
 0.1830 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 56. 6990 
 
 00706 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 65.5444 
 
 0.2440 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 85.0485 
 
 0.1059 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 81- 9305 
 
 0.3050 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 113.3980 
 
 0.1412 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 7 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 98.2166 
 
 0.3060 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 141.7475 
 
 0.1765 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 114 7027 
 
 0.4270 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 170.0970 
 
 0.2118 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 131 0888 
 
 04880 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 198.4465 
 
 0.2471 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 147.4749 
 
 05490 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 226.7960 
 
 0.2824 
 
 8 
 
 Miles into Kilometers, 
 
 and 
 
 Cubic Feet into Cu'clo Meters, 
 
 9 
 
 255.1455 
 
 0.3177 
 
 9 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 
 
 and vice versa. 
 
 
 Pounds Avoirdupois into 
 
 Mi 
 
 Kilom. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Kil. 
 
 C. Ft. C. Met. 
 
 C. Ft. C. M. 
 
 Kilograms, and vice versa. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 1.6093 
 
 3.2186 
 
 4.8279 
 
 6.4372 
 
 80465 
 
 9.6558 
 
 11.2651 
 
 12.8744 
 
 14.4837 
 
 0.6214 
 1.2428 
 1.8642 
 2.4856 
 3.1070 
 3-7284 
 4.3498 
 4.9712 
 55926 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 0.02831 
 
 35 3167 
 
 1 
 
 Lbs. Kiloq. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Kil. 
 
 2 
 
 0.05662 
 
 70.6334 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 0.4536 
 
 2.2046 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 008493 
 
 1059501 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 0.9072 
 
 4.4092 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 0.11324 
 
 141.2668 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1.3608 
 
 6.6138 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 0.14155 
 
 176.5835 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1.8144 
 
 8.8184 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 0.16986 
 
 211.9002 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2.2680 
 
 11.0230 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 0.19817 
 
 247.2169 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2.7216 
 
 13.2276 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 0.22648 
 
 282.5336 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 3.1752 
 
 15.4322 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 0.25479 
 
 317.8593 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 3.6288 
 
 17.6368 
 
 8 
 
 Sq 
 
 Inches into Sq. Centime- 
 
 Cubic Feet into Standard Gal- 
 
 9 
 
 4.0824 
 
 19.8414 
 
 9 
 
 ters, and tuce versa. 
 
 
 lons and vice versa. 
 
 
 Tons into Metric Tonnes, 
 
 and 
 
 s<? 
 
 Ire. Sq. C. 
 
 Sq. In. Sq. C. 
 
 C. Ft. St. Gal. 
 
 C. Feet. St.G. 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 64515 
 
 0.1550 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7.4805 
 
 0.1337 
 
 1 
 
 Tns. M. Tons. 
 
 Tons. M. T. 
 
 2 
 
 12.9030 
 
 0.3100 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 14 9610 
 
 0.2674 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 0.9072 
 
 1.1023 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 19.3545 
 
 0.4650 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 22 4415 
 
 4011 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1.8144 
 
 2.2046 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 25.8060 
 
 0.6200 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 29 9220 
 
 5348 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2. 7216 
 
 3.3069 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 32.2575 
 
 0.7750 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 37.4025 
 
 0.6685 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3.6288 
 
 4.4092 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 38.7090 
 
 0.9300 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 44.8830 
 
 •08022 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4-5360 
 
 .5115 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 45.1605 
 
 1.0850 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 52 3635 
 
 9359 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5.4432 
 
 6.6138 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 51.6120 
 
 12400 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 59 8440 
 
 1.0696 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6.3504 
 
 7.7161 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 58-0635 
 
 1.3950 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 67.3245 
 
 1 2033 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 72576 
 8.1648 
 
 8.8184 
 99207 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 Sq 
 
 Feet into 
 
 Sq. Meters, 
 
 and 
 
 Standard Gallons into Lite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vice versa. 
 
 
 
 and vice versa. 
 
 
 Oz 
 
 5. Troy into Grams, «** 
 
 v. v. 
 
 Sq 
 
 F. Sq.M. 
 
 Sq. Ft. Sa.M. 
 
 Gal. Liters. 
 
 Gallons. Lit. 
 
 Ozs. Grams. 
 
 Ourec-es . 
 
 Gr. 
 
 1 
 
 0.U929 
 
 10.7641 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3.7854 
 
 0.2642 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 31.1035 
 
 0322 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 01858 
 
 21-5282 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7.5708 
 
 5284 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 62.2070 
 
 G 0644 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 0.2787 
 
 32. 29 23 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11.3562 
 
 07926 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 93.3105 
 
 0.0966 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0.3716 
 
 43.0564 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 15.1416 
 
 10568 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 124.4140 
 
 0.1288 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 04645 
 
 53.8205 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 18.9270 
 
 1 3210 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 155.5175 
 
 0.1610 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 0.5574 
 
 645846 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 227124 
 
 1.5852 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1866210 
 
 0.1932 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 0.6503 
 
 75.3487 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 26.4978 
 
 1.8494 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 217.7245 
 
 0.2254 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 07432 
 
 86-1128 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 302832 
 
 2.113P 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 248.8280 
 
 0.2576 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 0.8361 
 
 96.8769 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 34.0686 
 
 2.377b 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 279. 9315 
 
 0.2898 
 
 9 
 
 829 
 
Marks and Abbreviations Used in Proofreading 
 
 r "fccujlO P — 'ypog^P.hy . or the art of printing from movable types 
 
 fyj. on paper, vellum, etc., was .vented about the middle of the Ults 
 
 j^ fifteenth century in pfainz, Germany, by a patrician of that . , 
 
 sL* city named Johannes N gGensfleisch, A meaniflg literal^ John "tfas flGfRyZ// *^ 
 
 4 
 
 -no & . 
 
 Gooseflesh, but known to fame as John Gutenberg. 4- The * £j| 
 
 word /ypography.Js of gfeek derivation, and means ZJ 
 literally writing by types^The art is quitedistinct, how- " jfi 
 ever^frdm writing, and even more so from XYLOGRAPHY £,( 
 
 f/j Pwood-writing/or wood-engraving i^e.. the art of cut- 
 ' z^f. ting figures, letters or / o\vfrds orj blocks of blarkf at wood 
 f. r . and taking impressions from such blocks by means of ink 
 
 r \J'/(D /cU* /or other fluid colored substances/-) 
 
 CBoth block-printing and printing with movable types 
 ^ seem to have been practiced in China, Japan and Coreajf t\P 
 
 *jpQ£e<l!&&rv long v before v they~' wer e 3 s kno wn^iri^Europe^ but from^ 4UC*v/ 
 /fe evfderyfe as we have, /certain [seemst ltl that Europe is' not jfc 
 
 /tkjcsfr indebted farther art iod the Orient. Stereotyping and - * 
 
 S.Ci ^ectrotypine . the two wincipal methods of reprodujng : 0>-'hi / O 
 
 /^nd multiplying letter-press printing surfaces by taking " / 
 fiy /4sts of them, have greatly conduced to the progress of 
 
 Proofreading^ correcting for the presses considered/p / y tf 
 />ne of the most important functions in a first-lass printingAf'*" ^_ »j 
 A mite. This page, j rnpirori by an ■expert proof/reader, r^ 
 
 "shows all the signs and abbreviations- used in "marking 
 
 terrors, and its careful 
 
 at any time to prepare 
 
 ItrkccH, JLU-04 -Jin^iOAjuC Jufa&caMj prr t/Ue Sterns/ 
 
 anu aoureviauoiu>- useu in marKing 
 
 stud/will repay any onejcalled upon n / // 
 
 "/Spy" fortha printetfo^?"'''*' *»$**] 
 
 
 
 
 Dele = expunge, or 
 take out. 
 
 Turn an inverted let- 
 ter or line. 
 
 Insert space, or more 
 space. 
 
 Take out space, or 
 print as single char- 
 acter, or diphthong, 
 as ae (ae), ffi (ffi). 
 
 Carry to the left. 
 
 "1 Carry to the right. 
 
 □ 
 
 Indent one em, or in- 
 sert em space. 
 
 /^OR^ 
 
 X-+ 
 f 
 O 
 
 j Raise. 
 J Lower, or sink. 
 
 Straighten a crooked 
 line. 
 
 Calls attention to a 
 space o r quadrat 
 improperly appear- 
 ing. 
 
 Calls attention to 
 broken type. 
 
 Make a 
 graph. 
 
 Period. 
 
 new para- 
 
 \y Apostrophe. 
 
 ^ \y Quotation marks. 
 
 VW Superior figures, for 
 
 V footnotes, etc. 
 
 A A Inferior figures, used 
 
 v * x in chemistry, etc., 
 as C0 2 . 
 
 (\) Colon. 
 
 -/ Hyphen. 
 
 /—/ Dash. 
 
 JLd. 
 
 Lead, or space between tr. Transpose. 
 
 the lines. 1. c. Lower case (J,. < 
 Sol. Solid, or remove space letters). 
 
 between lines. s. C. Small capitals. 
 
 w. f. Wrong font. ital. Italics. 
 
 capg. 
 
 small Bom. 
 ? 
 >ut — 
 
 SXi 
 
 Capitals. [type). 
 
 Roman (i. e., ordinary 
 Query (Is this right?) 
 >. c. Insert wordts 
 omitted — see copy. 
 
 UNDERSCORING. — One line, italics; two lines, small capitals; three lines, capitals. 
 A waved line under a word indicates that it is to be set in boldfaced type. A series of dots 
 with the word stet (let it stand) written in the margin, indicates that the words erased and 
 under which these dots are placed are to be restored or retained. A vertical line drawn through 
 a capital letter in "eopy' ; indicates that it should be a small letter. A line drawn around a 
 figure or number or an abbreviated word in "copy ; ' indicates, it should be spelled out in full. 
 Copyright, 1903, by Wm. fl. Lee. g o q 
 
AUG 24 1908 7 
 
 PLATE XXIX. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1903 8V WM I.LEE