A OF THE dutch language: WITH AN APPEND IX, /§ / J?/ CONTAINING RULES, PRACTICAL EXERCISES, DIALOGUES, LETTERS, A SPECIMEN FOR READING, $c. r BY J, B. VAN HASENDONCK, B. A. FORMERLY A MEMBER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF L0UVA1N. THE SECOND EDITION, IMPROVED. Linguarum diversitas alienat horninem ab liomine, et propter solata linguarum diversitatera, nihil prodest ad consociaudoS homines tanta similitudo naturae. S. Jugust. de Civil. Dei, LONDON : PRINTED TOR BOOSEY & SONS, BROAD STREET, ROYAL EXCHANGE \ LONGMAN, HVRST, REES, OEME, & BROWN, PATERNOSTER ROW? J. COLLINGWOOD, STRAND; & JOHN RICHARDSON, ROYAL EXCHANGE. 4 %" ^ ^ s>mmip&®i£<* X N the followifig work, it has been the Author's princi- pal object to compress the greatest quantity of useful matter into the least possible compass, In consequence of many years extensive public and private teaching he has been enabled to form a just estimate of those difficulties which mors particularly arrest the scholar in his progress, and to apply an efficient remedy ', by appropriate explana- tions and progressive arrangements. His Grammar, he trusts } will be found an improvement upon those which have preceded it, and occasionally elucidated by new and apposite remarks. The several parts of speech are arranged in their usual order, and each enlarged upon as much as the nature of his limits would permit : the exercises in each rule cannot fail of being highly serviceable to the scholar, who, at the same time that he renders his native language into £>utch, must, by the repetition of his own translation, acquire a rapid accumulation of words, and add to his knowledge that most difficult attainment in all languages, the peculiar construction of the language, or its phraseo' logy and idioms, which are not to be accurately rendered by any literal translation whatsoever. This Grammar might have been more enlarged by giving rules of pronunciation ; but this indispensable re- quisite to those who desire to speak the language, cannot be correctly acquired by the most elaborate essays.— An hour under the tuition of a good matter is more effectual ihun a volume on the same subject, for the inflexions of sound must be attained viva voce, and not by a dead letter. — Indetd, in this particular, the Dutch closely re- sembles the English, as it is wholly unencumbered with accentuation in printing, from a supposition that the sense is always sufficient to point out the proper pronun- ciation. In the Dialogues the greatest variety, has been intro- duced, and them ost modern orthography adopted, not- withstanding the best Luthors do not exactly agree. — In the high state of commercial intercourse which is re' commencing (and the Author hopes will ever continue) between England and Holland, the mercantile and ele- mentary letters will deserve the attention of the student, and form his stile in an easy and elegant manner. The Author might have extended his book, and have enlarged the price, but as he equally aimed at azconomy and reputation, he has confined it to a moderate volume^ convinced nevertheless that it contains all that it fun- damentally necessary to the scholar and useful to the tutor. *■ The Author cannot close this Preface without present- ing his sincere and grateful acknowledgements to the British nation for the kindnesses he has received, whether in the line of private tuition or public teaching, and which he hopes will be continued to him in his capacity of an Author. — Driven from his native country by political adversity, he found an asylum in this happy land, and to this country his talents and acknowledgements shall be offered as Io?ig as he has the capacity to be sensible cf its kindness. — Were fie not stimulated by motives like these the flattering encomiums he has professionally received would nevertheless make it his highest happiness to deserve that approbation he has so liberally enjoyed, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE %ceont> <2EBttton. By comparing the second with the former Edition, it will he perceived that the Author has made very con- siderable alterations, omitting some parts which his ex- perience has convinced him were less important^ and in* serting others which more immediately applied to the Scholar's improvement and critical knowledge of the Dutch language. Phraseology, in all countries, is of that arbitrary construction ivhich is not to be translated hy any of the general rules of grammar, and hence an idiomatic sentence must be taken collectively, and ren- dered in the same way. Custom has sanctioned this mode of speech, but good writers seldom diverge much from the rules of syntax, and in this respect are denominated more or less classical. However erroneous it may be not to adopt the latter mode, yet, in compliance ivith the arbitrary arrangement of colloquial custom, it has been thought proper to insert as many as our limits would allow. The object in the present edition has been to compress the elements of the language into a moderate compass, and to present all that is necessary without diffusion. The Author has a second time to return his thanks in this new edition for the approbation and encouragement evinced by the sale of the former one. In return for this favour, he has diligently revised ivhat has been retained of the original work, and added such new rules, notes, and observations, as appeared to him necessary to facili- tate equally the advantage of the Master and the Scholar. Brighton, Jan. 1823. J. B. H. A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR DUTCH LANGUAGE JJuTCH Grammar is the art of speaking and writ- ing the Dutch language according to rules established by custom. In this language, as in others, letters, syllables, words, and sentences, are its object. The letters are — a, b, e, d, e, f, g, b, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q*, r, s, t, v, u, w, x, y, z. These letters are divided into vowels and consonants ; the vowels are : — a, e, i, o, u, and y, which are so called, because they can be sounded by them- selves ; the rest of them are called consonants, be- cause they cannot be uttered without a vowel either be- fore or after them. A diphthong is a coalition of two, and sometimes, of three vowels, to form one sound, as : dauw, dew; weiden, meadows ; geur, smell, vernieuivd, renewed. * Instead of this letter, kw is substituted, except in words derived from foreign languages, as : questie, question, A vowel when double makes the syllable longer, as : vaardig, ready ; aan, to; or alters the meaning, as : man, man; maan, moon; kop, head; koop, bargain. A syllable is a sound pronounced by a simple im- pulse of the voice, constituting a word or a part of it, as : grooty great ; grootheid, greatness ; droog, dry ; droogte, dryness. Concerning the division of words into syllables, ob- serve, 1st. When a single consonant comes in the middle of a word, it is to be joined to the latter syllable, as : vroo-me, honest ; Ro-mei-nen, Romans. 2d. When two consonants stand in the middle of the word, the former adheres to the first syllable, and the latter to the last, as: win-nen, to gain ; bed-den, beds ; ver-meer-derd, in- creased ; but when two or more consonants are pro- nounced together, and so may fitly begin a word, they must be annexed to the latter syllable, as : be-schaamd, ashamed ; ge-dwaald, erred ; ge-dwon-gen, forced. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable : of two, a dissyllable : of three, a trisyllable ; and a word of four or more syllables is called a polysyllable. Words are articulated sounds, used by commou con- sent as signs of our ideas. If so, it will not be amiss to notice a remark of a modern writer and publisher of a Latin pamphlet — " Sundry Satires and Letters, to make his Fellow-Citizens social" — (i A Political Inter- course with Napoleon in the Year 1811" — "Poems, Philanthropic Essays," &c. who, under the head of Grammar observes : — * 6 At first, the learner should " be well initiated in the true pronunciation of that " language, that he may with ease and accuracy read °'what is submitted to his sight ; therefore a skilful " master, who knows how much prevails on the first " impression in a pupil, will spend some lessons solely " on that subject. " LIST of WORDS and SHORT DIALOGUES, ADAPTED FOR Exercises on the Dutch Pronunciation, Man, man Vat> barrel Kam, comb Ram, ram Ga, go Pa-pa, papa Via, custard "*" A-men, amen A-der, vein A~zie, Asia Graad, fishbone Daad, action Dak, roof Slag, stroke Dag, day Pad, path. Straat, sireet Laat, late Gaan,, to go Plant, plant Land, country Stand, condition Si ad, town JFffs, wax Ha-len, to fetch Ma len, *o grind Za-dtl, saddle Ma-tig, frugal A-dam, Adam A-vond, evening A-dem, breath Da-ken, roofs Sla-gen, strokes Da-gen, days Pa-den, paths Tafl/, language Ztffld, seed Lfl/zw, alley B £ Vra-gen, to ask Pla-gen, to torment W'a-gen, to hazard Bed, bed Bel bell Afe/A:, milk Vet, fat UeA", beak, mouth Nek , neck IVe-gen, to weigh Ve-gen, to wipe Ge-ven, to give Mo-de, fashion #/o/-/e, stuff Zwaar-te, heaviness Moei-te, difficulty tleety hot Geest, spirit Jieest, beast Meest, most Gee/, yellow Meel, meal Fee/, much Lee-ren, to learn Bee?i, bone, leg Sleen, stone Klee-den, to dress Kee-ren, to turn Srnee-ken, to conjure Ufl?, member Zm, sense /-rffl, Ida Sla-gen, to succeed Wa gen, chariot 7m -gen, to saw «S7ew, voice i/em, him Ge/i;, fool F/e&, village /S/?eA:, bacon De-gen, sword Ze-gen, blessing We-zcn, to be Le-zen, to read Be-ven t to tremble Zwak-te, weakness Groot-te, grandeur DIep-te, deepness Slii-ie, quietness Dee-len, parts Bee-nen, bones Stee-nen, stones Bet-ren, bears Hee-ren, gentlemen Lee-lijk, ugly Gee#, none .Km, chin Bil, thigh Mis£, dung Pik, pitch F-FiW, wind JFi/, will I-voor, ivory I-talu, Italy 5 Mijn, my Zijn, his Wijn, wine Pijn, ache Stom, muet Dom, stupid Hond, dog Stof, stuff io/", praise SfoA:, stick Ho-ven f gardens Bo~ven, above Lo-ven, to praise Loo-nen, to reward Zo-nen, sons No-ten, nuts Oo»r, uncle Loop, course P00&, dagger Loo-den, leaden Doo-den, to kill Zoo-len, soles Looker, more cunning Groo-te, great Noo-ten, notes Z)ww, thin Pm*, well .Lm$£, list JBm/, bull Muren, walls Du-ren, to last V-ren, hours fFi/s, wise Z$sf, list Pr/js, price -Z(//i, to be Wond, wound Pond, pound Vonk, sparkle Hof, garden Klock, clock Rok, coat Mo-gen, to may Zo-mer, summer O-ven, open Ho-nen, to injure Zo-den, turfs Schoof, sheaf Loog t lye Hoop, hope Too-nen, to show Kroo-nen, to crown Troo-nen, thrones Moo-ren, moors Moo-ten, slice Schoo-te.n, laps Kus-sen^ to kiss Zus ter, sister Bur-ger, citizen Mwtfs, cap Ge-rust, quiet Hul-de, homage Kw-ren, fires Hit-ren, to hire B 2 DIPHTHONGS. DAUW, dew Pans, pope Paauw, peacock Naauw, narrow Zeil, sail Steil, steep Pa-leis, palace Reuk, smell Beul, executioner Heup, hip Eeuw, age Leeuw, lion Met, no Niets, nothing Zte/, soul Knie, knee F/jg^, fly Wieg, cradle StoeJ, chair Foe^ foot Roet, sot Moed, courage Spoed, speed Koud, cold Mout, wood Keu-ken, kitchen Heu-vel, hill Breu-ken, fractions Muis, mouse -HWs, house £#?/$, sauce Pau-lus, Paul Gaauw, quick Laauw, lukewarm Fon-tein, fountain Sprei-den, to spread Rei-zen, to travel Sneeuw, snow Schreeuw, cry Vlie-gen, to fly Lie-gen, to lie Pie-ter, Peter Bie-den, to offer Lie-den, people Vlie-den, to fly Voe-len, to feel Roe-pen, to call Noe-men, to name Moe-ten, must Zoe-7ien, to kiss Bouwen, to build 7>0& w^ra, to thrust Stout, naughtily Mouw, sleef Fbwtt?, plait Schout, bailiff Moor, fine jffooi, hay Lw/s, louse JSieuw, new Schouiv-burg, playhouse Bouten, ducks Dooi, thaw Bui-den, to ring the bell Groei-jen, to grow Boei-jen, VoU'iven, to plait Kooi, cage Slui-ten, to shut Flui-ten, to whistle Loei-jen, Hoei-jen. CONSONANTS. Band, bound Bra-den, to roast Bran-den, to burn Boek, book Cij-fer, cipher Don der, thunder Bom, stupid Geld, money Ge-ven, to give Dicht, poem Nacht, night Breng, bring Brood, bread Blind, blind Ce-tfe/, list Ci-troen, citron Co-los-sus, Colossus Dww, thin Dau, thaw JFowf, fault Feest, feast (Jjfer, offer Ge-slarfit, gender Bin-den, to tie Ber-gen, mountains Bre-ken, to break Cir-kel, circle Dui-vel, devil Dub-bel, double Gnz/, grave Goerf, good Licht, light Kracht, force Vracht, freight Schoon, fine Schans, sconce Schijn, shine Schelp, shell JoMg-, young */#, yes JwZi/, July Ge-wigt, weight Zigt-baar, visible Gift gift Gracht, ditch, moat School, school i Schrij-ven, to write Ju-ivs-dcr, jeweller Ju-nij 9 June Kan, pot Kom, come Kwam, came Kunst, art Kroon, crown Land, country Haw?, lame JLos, loose .Mew, one M«s£, fog My, me Mes, knife iVeew, no Ke-tens, chains Klee-den, to dress Kussen, to kiss Lak-ken, to seal Zui-len, columns Min-der, less Mas-ten, masts Vlam-men, flames Nim-mer, never iViief, not IVesf, nest iVtff, wet 2Vo0er, tender Teew, toe Yam, tame Fara, of, from Pee/, much ra In that great shop. Over against the church. The tea is too strong, Add some water to it. Hetfe is brown bread. Give me cheese. Green cheese. That cheese is excellent. Will you have more ? I return you thanks. He t eien is gereed, Hel ishalfdrie, Het is reeds drie uren, Het zalhalfvier slaan, Ik kom met u eten, Gij zijt we I kom, Gij doet mij te veel eer aan, Hier is gebraden vleesch, Houdt gij van spinazie ? Ik hou er veel van, Dat vleesch is zeer malsch, Is het naar uwen smaak 1 Zult gij eenige aardappelen nemen ? Neem een glas wijn, Dinner is ready. It is half an hour past two. It is already three o'clock. Half an hour past three will strike. I come to dine with you. You are welcome. You do me too much honour, Here is roast beef. Do you like spinach? I am a great lover of it. That beef is very tender. Is it to your taste ? Will you take some pota- toes ? Take a glass of wine. 20 Ik doe een goed maal, I make a good meal. Dat ismaar een kompliment, That is but a compliment. Vergeefmij, I ask your pardou. Neem wat gmentent Take some vegetables. Ik heb genoeg gegeten, I have eaten sufficiently. Wat zullen wij na den maal- What shall we do after dinner ? tijd doen ? Laat ons dan eene kleine Let us take then a little walk. wandebng doen, Ik stem er in toe, I agree to it. Dat is een goede inval, That's a good thought. WiJTiuUeninuweniuingaan, We shall go in your garden. Ik verlang denzehen te zien, I shall be glad to see it. Gij hebt sdiovne bloemen, You have fine flowers. Wij zullen de wandeling uit- We will put off the walk. stelltn, Morgen zal ik u vergezel- To-morrow I shall accompa- len, ny you. 12. Waar gaat gij dezen avond Where do you go this eve- naar toe ? ning ? Naar den schouwburg, To the play. Naar het concert, To the concert. Zullen wij naar de Vaux- Shall we go to Vauxhall ? hall gaan 1 Ja, ik houd van muzijk, Yes, I like music. Wij zullen op de viool spe- We shall play the fiddle. len, Zij stemt niet, It is not in tune. Mejuffrouw N. zingt goed, Miss N. sings very well. Zij heeft eene zachte en weU She has a sweet harmonious luidende stem, voice. 21 Zij is tene der beste zange- She is one of the best singers, ressen, En haar broeder een der And her brother one of the beste acteurs, best actors. Deze Vauxhall is zeerfraai, This Vauxhall is very fine. JSiets is prachtiger, Nothing is more magnificent. Het is een aardsch paradijs, It is a terrestrial paradise. Zij isvtrlicht door velelam- It is lighted up by many pen, lamps. Zij maken eenefraaije ver- They make a fine show. tooning, Het begint laat te worden, It begins to grow late. Wij sullen naar huis gaan, We are going home. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH. There are in the Dutch language nine kinds of words ; or, as they are called, Parts of Speech, viz. i. Article, 5. Verb, 2. Noun substantive, 6. Adverb, 3. Noun adjective, 7. Preposition, 4. Pronoun, 8. Conjunction, Q. Interjection. An Article is a little word placed before a substantive to determine the sense in which it is taken, as: de man, the man ; de vrouw, the woman : eenc slad, a town ; ecne pen, a pen, A Substantive is the name of anything, as: huh house ; rechtvaardigheid 9 justice. An Adjective is a word belonging to a substantive to express some quality of il, as: voorzigtig, cautious; a cautious man, een voorzigtig man. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid its too frequent repetition, as : ik hoorde Pieter en ritp hem, I heard Peter, and called him; hem is a pronoun put for Pieter. A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer, as : ik hen, I am ; gy schryft, thou writest ; hy is gestagen, he is beaten. An Adverb is a word commonly joined to a verb, whence its name is derived, to express some circumstance of it, as : oprechtlyk, sincerely ; wyslyk, wisely ; hy doet wyslyk, he acts wisely A Preposition serves to shew the relation between words, as: met, with; nan, to; onder, under; hy goal naar Amsterdam, he goes to Amsterdam ; zy wandeld in den tuin, she walks in the garden. A Conjunction is a word used to connect chiefly sen- tences together, so as out of two or more sentences to make one ; such are, ende, and ; maar, but ; zvant, for ; as : zy zullen zegen-praalen, want zy zyn voorzigtig, they will triumph, for they are cautious. An Interjection is a word which expresses the pas- sion of the speaker, as : oh! oh ! helaas ! alas ! as : he- lam ! ik wees voor zyn leven, alas ! I fear for his life ; O deugd, hoe lieflyk zyt gy ! O virtue, how amiable art thou ! OF CASES. There are three cases in the Dutch language, the nomi- native, the possessive, and the objective.* The norninitive case simply expresses the name of a thing, or the subject of the verb, as : dejonge speeld, the boy plays ; de kinder en leren, the children learn. The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession, and is formed by adding the letter s to the nounf, as: de pligt des leerlingn, the scholar's duty; myns vaders huis, my father's house. When a noun ends in s, the other s is omitted, as: de dew des huis the door of the house. The objective case expresses the object of an action, and generally follows a verb active, as : de vader helpt den zoon, the father assists the son ; de zoon helpt den vader ; the son assists the father. Dutch substantives are declined in the following manner : Singular. Nominative case, ten vader, a father Possessive case, eens vaders a father's Objective case, eenen vader, a father. Plural. Nominative case, vaders fathers Possessive case, vaders fathers' Objective case, vaders fathers. Singular, Nominative case, de vader, the father Possessive case, des vaders, the father's Objective case, den vader, the father. * The posessive is sometimes called the genitive, and tbe object- ive the accusative. t As no letter is omitted, no apostrophe is wanted. 24 Plural. Nominative case, de voders, the fathers Possessive case, der vaders the fathers' Objective case, de vaders, the fathers. The Dutch language, to express different connections and relations of one thing to another, uses, as the English does, for the most part, prepositions, as : van, of or from ; aan, to; voor, for, or before; tegen, against; achter, after, or behind; onder, under, among; met, with; buiien, without; nevem, besides, &c. — N. B. All prepositions govern the objective case, as : van eenen goeden vader, of a good father; van den man, of the man. The preposition aan, to, is frequently omitted, though understood, as : geev my 1 het boek, give me the book, that rs, aan my, to me. A particular Delineation of the foregoing Parts of speech, to make use of them in Composition of Sentences , will be the subject of the following Sections. SECTION I. OF ARTICLES. There are two articles in the Dutch Language viz. een, a ; and de, the. Een is used for the masculine and neuter gender, and becomes eene before a noun of the feminine gender ; de is used before a noun of the masculine and feminine gender, and is changed into het, before a noun of the neuter gender. Een is called the indefinite article, and is used in a vague 25 sense, to point out one single thing of that kind, not determining what person or thing is meant, as: ik heb een huts noodig, I want a house, that is, any house. De is called a definite article, because it determines what particular thing is meant, as: geev my de pen, give me the pen, meaning a pen referred to. They are declined (changed) in this manner : Singular, masc. fern. neut. Nominative case, een, eene, een, a, or an Possessive case, eens, eener, eens, of a, or an Objective case, eenen, eene, een, a, or an. Nominative case, de, de, het, the Possessive case, des, der, des, of the Objective case, den. de, het, the Plural. Nominative case, de, de, de, the Possessive case, der, der, der, of the Objective case, de, de, de, the. The particular use and importance of articles will be seen in the following examples, each having a different meaning, through the different application of the articles : De zoon des konings* the son of the king, De zoon eens konings, the son of a king. Een zoon des konings, a son of the king. The articles must agree with their substantives in gen der 3 number and case, as : de vader, the father; de mceder, the mother; het kind, the child ; der zuster, of the sister. The definite article is used before nouns in a general sense, contrary to the English, as: de mensch is sterflyk) man is mortal. When a noun is preceded by an adjective^ the D 26 article must be put before the adjective, as : een liejlyk man, an agreeable man ; de hooge huizen van Louden, the high houses in London. In some instances however the adjective precedes the article, as: zoet zyn Ue woorden, maar bitter zijn de uitwerkzels, sweet arc the words, but bitter the effects. No article is prefixed to proper names, as: Alexander, Virgil, Jupiter, as: Pieter woond in Amster- dam, de hoofdstud van Holland, Peter lives in Amsterdam, the capital city of Holland ; except, 1st. when the proper names are taken in an emiuent or metaphorical sense, as : hy is een Cicero, he is a Cicero. 2dly. when a substantive is understood, as : hy zeild in de Theems (understood revier) he sails in the Thames, 3rdly. when proper names are preceded by an adjective, as : het vermaarde I onden, the famous city of London ; het volk-ryk Frankryk, popu- lous France. 4thly. zon, sun; maan, moon; aarde, earth ; which take the article before them and we say : de zon, de maun, de aarde ; den Haag,the Hague ; de Alzaa, Alsace. No article is used before nouns which mean only a part o\ the object, and where the English word some is express- ed or understood, as : Karel, geev my water, Charles, give me water; ikheb brood, I have bread. No article is used after nouns and adverbs of quantity, as : een pond thee, a pound of tea; een paar schoenen, a pair of shoes ; hy heeft meet weisheid dan zyn broeder, he has more wisdom than his brother. No article is used if the substantive be preceded by a possessive pronoun, as: zyne ouders zyn dcftige luiden, his parents are excellent peopte. No articles are used after adjectives of dimension, as : Iwog, high ; breed, broad ; lang, long, as : het huis is hunderd voet hoog, the house is a hundred feet high. 27 Observe that the English article a or an, before nouns of measure, weight, or number, is to be rendered into Dutch by the definite article, as : een krovn de zak, a crown a bag: tier schellingen de el, four shillings a yard. Speaking of sovereigns, the article definite is to be put after the proper name, if it be followed by an ordinal num- ber, as : het is een ivet van Hendrick de vierde, it is a lav/ of Henry the fourth : but if it be followed by a title, no article is used, as : George, Koning van England, George, king of England. The definite article, if it be used, must be repeated before each substantive in the same sentence, as : de dood en het leven, death and life ; except they be of the same gender and number, as: de dtvgd enschoonheid van deze vrouw, the virtue and beauty of this woman ; de hijcn en pennen dezer kinder en, the slates and pens of the children : the indefinite article is always repeated, as • hy koopt eenen hoed en eenen rok, he buys a hat and a coat. -D' apostrophe may be used instead of de when it comes before a noun beginning with a vowel, as : D'een of d"ander zal gaan, either will go. Likewise we use H for het ; 's for des, as: '£ is eene aangename tyding voor 7 volk, it is agreeable news for the people ; 't is 's morgens o/'s avonds gebeurd, it happened in the morning or in the evening. Many authors for the sake of elegance say ; den goeden kinder en, instead of, aan de goede kinder en, to good children ; eenen goeden kinde, for, aan een goed kind, to a good child; goeden kinder en, for, aan goede kinderen, to good children ; der goede vrouiv, instead of, aan de goede vromc, to Ihe good woman ; den goeden vrouw en, 28 for, aan dc goede vrouwen, to the good women ; which are vet remains of Hidi-Dutch dialects. Exercises upon the foregoing Rules* The king, the queen, the house, the koning, m.* koningin,/. huis, n. fashions of the Scots. — The eyes of the philosopher. gebruiken Schotten. oogen wysgeer, m. The history of Abyssinia and Nubia. — The books of gedenkschrift, n. en boeken John Milton. — A wise son makes a glad father. — Johan Milton, wyze zoon maakt Myden Children like play. — The price of bread. — kinderen beminnen, v. spel, n. prys, m. brood, n. The horror of vice, and love of virtue, $chrik,m. ondeugd,/. liefde, f. deugd,f. are the delight of a wise man. —Gaming is the zyn vermaak, n, spel, n. is ruin of young people. — The wisdom of So- ixdcrf, n. jortge luiden. ivysheid, f. Sd- crates, and the cunning of Ulysses, are famous crates list, f. vermaard in the works of the poets.— — Great events in tverken dickters Groote voorvallen, and revolutions followed the death of Caesar. — omwentelingen volgden Bring me water, and give me wine. — Your brothers breng geef uwe broeders are arrived from the Indies, they wedergekotnen Indien, zy * in. signifies masculine j /. feminine ; and n. neuter. 29 have some pearls, diamonds and cinnamon hebben paarlen, diamanten, kaneel brought. — An honest man is an honour to gebragt eerlyk is eer, f, society. The wisdom of Solomon and chastity genoodsckap, n. kuisheid, /. of Lucretia are wonderful. — Health loves wondertyk. Gezontheid, f. bemind sobriety and flies debauch. — Wine maatigheid, ontvlugt ontugt, f. word sold for five shillings a bottle. — Carry the verkogt vyf schellingen fleseh, f. Draag wine, beer, and plates, to the cellar. — The bier, n. schotels na kelder, m. prudence of the son. The fire, air, earth, voorzigtigheid,f. vuur, n. lucht,/. and water, are the four elements. — The fruits hoofdstoffen. vrugten of wisdom. Patience and perseverance are geduldy n. volharding, necessary to the man. — The tailor has the noodzaaklyk mensch kleermaker heeft coat brought. — Vice is detested and virtue is Meed, n. veracht beloved.— — The life of man is short. —He is a useful bemind. leven,ri> kort hy nutlxg I preacher. Eloquence, painting, prediker, welsprekendheid, f. schilderen, n. poetry belong to the imagination. — Reason dichtkunst, f. behooren verbeelding, f. reede, f*. D2 was given to was gegeven She has more meer 30 man. — She has a little money. — heeft weinig geld, n. science. — He conies in the evening. wetenschap. Hy komt and writes at night. — Pynhus, to revenge the death schryft nagt om te wreken of his father Achilles, killed Priamus and Polites. — Spain zyns vaders Achilles, doode Spanien possesses the mines of Peru and Mexico. — Saltpetre is the bezit mijnen Saltpeter, m. produce of Petna in Bengal. — The cinnamon trees gewasn. Petna Bengal. kaneeUboomen grow in Ceylon. — The brewer and baker are here. — ivassen brouwer bakker hier. Honour is due to the king and magistrates. — Send me some komt toe overheid,/. Zend fish, some eggs and coals. — She sells fruit. — The visch eyeren koolen verkoopt fruit. ant is the emblem of industry : the lamb and mier, f. zinnebeeld, n. nyverig field,/, lam, n. dove of weakness and humility. Wine duive,/. zagtmoedigheid,/. ootmoedigheid, f. sells for twenty pence a bottle. — He sells the wordt verkogt 20 stuyvers cotton four shillings a yard. —We saw the master and kattoenj. Wy zagen meester pupils. — —The boy and girl learn the lessons. leerlingen. jongen, m. meisje, n. leeren lessen. 31 SECTION II. OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. A Substantive is the name of auy thing that exists, or can be conceived, as : aarde, earth ; boom, tree ; verdrag, contract. A substantive (noun) is either proper or common : — A proper is the name of an individual, as: Hendrick, Henry; JLodewyk, Lewis; Amsterdam, Amsterdam. A common is a name applicable to all beings of the same kind, as: steen stone ; paard, horse. From the primative nouns are formed others, called derivatives and diminutives, as : vischer, fisher ; from visch, fish; vrouwtje, little woman, from vrouw, woman ; steentje, little stone, from steen, stone. Others are called verbals, derived from verbs, as : wan- deling, walk, from wandelen, to walk ; getuigenis, witness, from gctuigen, to witness. Some nouns are compounded of two nouns, joined to- gether by an hyphen, the first becomes an adjective, ex- pressing the quality of the second, as: regen-water, rain- water ; water-molen, water-mill ; timmer-man, carpenter ; zee-paard, sea-horse; de fiegen zang-godinen, the nine muses. Some are compounded of a substantive and an adjective, as : volk-ryk, populous ; zin-ryk, energetic. In some compound words, the first is the possessive case of the second, as: koopvaarders-schepen, merchants' ships; krygs-magt, military power. To substantives belong gender, number, and case. 32 Of Gender. In Dutch are three genders, as in English, viz. masculine, feminine, and neuter. Of the masculine gender are all nouns relating to males, as : vader, father; broeder, brother ; Pieter, Peter. Of the feminine gender are all nouns relating to females, as: moedtr* moiher ; zuster, sister; Katryn, Kate: ex- cept, wyf, wife, which is neuter. Of the neuter gender are the nouns relating neither to males nor to females, as : huis, house ; veld, field. In order to distinguish the gender of nouns, some more general rules will be added. Of the masculine gender are 1. Nouns ending in er, and aar, derived from verbs, and signifying actor or doer, as : dichter, poet ; minnaar, lover. 2. Nouns ending in ier, as: tuinier, gardener ; kruidenier, grocer. Of the feminine gender are, 1. Nouns ending in ster, ing, is derived from verbs, as : naaister, seamstress ; bediening, office ; naavolging, imitation; geschiedenis, history; besneidenis, circumci- sion: except, vonnis, sentence; verms, varnish, which are neuter. 2. Nouns ending in heid, ny, ry, as : waarheid, truth ; spotterny, mockery; praatery, prattling. 3. Primitive nouns, and those derived from adjectives, both ending in te, as : gedaante, shape ; dieple, depth ;. from diep, deep ; dikte, thickness ; from dik 9 thick. 4. Monosyllables ending in uit and agt, as: fluit f flwte ; schuit, barge ; spruit, sprig ; magt, power. 38 5. Names of rivers are commonly of the feminine gender, as : de Maas, the Mease : de Seine, the Seine ; except de Rhyn, the Rhine, which is of the masculine gender. 6. Nouns ending in ling, which relate to persons, are of both genders (m. and f.) as : leerling, disciple; stedeling, citizen ; sterveting, mortal. 7. Some nouns are made feminine by adding in, or es, to the masculine, as : vriend, friend ; vriendin, she-friend ; leeuw, lion ; leeuwin, lioness ; prins, prince ; primes, prin- cess. This may be understood only from nouns which have no proper names for their feminine ; as : man, man; vrouw, woman ; broeder, brother ; zuster, sister ; heer, lord ; dame, lady. Of the "neuter gender are, 1. Nouns ending in scl, (derived from verbs :) as : druk- eel, print ; aanloksel, allurement ; schepsel, creature. 2. Substantives derived from other substantives ending in te, as : gebeente, bones ; gesteente, stones ; gevogelle, fowls. 3. Diminutive nouns, as : mandje, a little basket ; man- netje, a little man ; dogtertje, a little girl ; kindje, a little child. 4. Adjectives used as substantives, as : het wit, white ; het rood, red. 5. The infinitive of verbs taken substantively, as: het lezen, to read ; het tvandelen, to walk ; bet lezen verheugd den geest, to read rejoices the mind. f5. Nouns of metals, as : yzer, iron ; goud, gold ; ziher, silver. 34 7* Nouns derived from verbs, beginning with ge, ver, be, (provided they don't fall under the foregoing rules,) as: gedrag, behaviour; begrip, apprehension; verhaal, the relation. 8. Nouns ending in mtnt, as : parkement, parchment. 9. All nouns proper of cities and countries, as : het ryke Louden, the rich London; het uitgestrekie Rusland, the extensive Russia. There are some which vary their gender according to their signification, as : hof,m. garden, and hof, n. for the eeurt of a prince; stof, f. matter, and stof, n. dust. The compound words follow the gender of the last substantive, as : bier-kan, tankard, is feminine, kan being of that gender* Exercises on the foregoing Rules. The behaviour of John and the amendment of William gedrag Jan verbeetering Willem please me. Red, blue, and white, are the three behagen my. blauw, drie colours of England.—— - Idleness seduces the learner. — kleuren Engeland. Ledigheid verfeid Mr. D. has a handsome lady, and a fine garden Mynh, 2>. heeft schoone vrouw, fraaie The sentence is passed. Circumcision of the Jews. — gegeven. Jooden. The prattling of the neighbour and the mockery of Peter gebuur - 35 are intolerable. The Rhine and Thames are two fke onverdraagfyk. twee rivers. It is the dwelling of the prince and princess, rivieren. Het wooning — The lion and lioness have broken out. — The error of zyn uitgebroken. dwaaling a mortal is common. To imitate a good author is a gemeen. novo f gen goed schrijver certain rule. — The father speaks to the son.— He has zeker re gel, m. spree kt Hy given to the poor a thousand pounds. — —A habit gegeven armeti, duizend pond. gewoonte of idleness is detestable. — The wife of the poor man is luiheid veragtelyk van dead. — The valour of the officers and the braveness of dood kloekheid officiers stoudheid the soldiers have the entrenchment conquered.— Sylla soldaten hebben versehanzing overwonnen Sylla gained at Rome an absolute power.— — The depth of won te Romen onbepaalde magt van the Thames. — The maid of Orleans was a great heroine. maagd grooie held — The king and the queen are hunting.- — The duke and koning opdejagt her tog •dutches are in town. — The sun and and moon light the $tad,f. lichten earth. — The garden and the gardener both are very clean. tuin i beide zeer rein — Tfce lovers of historiography love pictures, — The geschiedhunde minnen qfbeddzds 36 teacher loves a diligent learner. — Offence is pernicious leeraar bemind naarstigen ergtrnis schadetyk to mankind Iron is a useful metal. — She is a handsome menschdom, n. nuttig metaal zy bevallig little girl. — She is from Rotterdam and he a Londoner. Rotterdam Londen. OF NUMBER. Number is the distinction of one from many. There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. The singular number expresses but one object, as: een appely an apple; een stoel, a chair; eene tafel, a table, The plural number signifies more objects than one, as appels, apples; stoelen, chairs; tajels, tables. Some nouns, from the nature of the things which they ex- press, are used only in the singular form, as : melk, milk ; hooi, hay : honing, honey ; vaak, sleepiness ; douw, dew ; tarwe, wheat; vlas, flax; gras, grass; honger, hunger; rogge, rye; gerst, barley; haver, oats; mout, malt; zout, salt: — also nouns- of virtues and vices, so far as they express a habit, as: liefde, charity; hoop, hope; hoo- wardigheids pride ; gieiigheid, avarice :— and also nouns of metals, as : goud, gold ; zilver, silver ; koper, copper ; lood t lead. Some are used only in the plural number, as ; harssens, brains; luiden, people; voorouders, ancestors; deAlpen, the Alps ; de Pyreneen, the Pyrenees. The The plural number of substantives is generally formed by adding either s or en to the singular, as: wepen, wapens, arras ; hand, hand, handeiu hands. Some admit of both, as: tafel, table ; tufeh and tafelen, tables: keten, chain, ketens, and kttenen, chains. Words of one syllable make their plural generally by taking en only, as: trier, a kidney, nieren kidnies; kruid, herb, kruiden, herbs :— except maat, companion; kok, cook, which take * for their plural, as : twee maats, two companions; driekoks. three cooks. Nouns of more than one syllable ending in en, take t only for their plural, as : molen, mill, moltns, mills ; Jong- en, boy, jongens, boys, Monosyllables ending in one consonant with one vowel only before it, double the final consonant, and add en to it for the plural, as: lip, lip, lippen, lips; zot, fool, zot' ten, fools. — Except from this rule 1st. tjie following: gat, gaten, holes; glas, glazen, glasses; slot, sloten, locks; spel, spclen, plays ; vat, vaten, vessels. ; dag, dagen, days; dak, daken, roofs; trek, treken, tricks ; pad, paden, pads ; weg, we gen, ways. Nouns ending in om, op, ek, and is, come under this rule, as : rykdom, rykdommen, riches ; lundschap, landschap- pen, landscapes: kermis, kermissen, fairs. 2. Nouns ending in /, which make their plural by chang- ing / into ven, as : wyf, ivyven, wives : wolf, wo hen, wolves; hof, hoven, gardens. Except mof, moffen, muiFs; stof, stoffen, stuffs; slof, sloffen, slippers. Nouns ending in heid, make their plural by changing it E 38 into heden, as: schoonheid, schoonheden, beauties; boos- heid, boosheden, wickedness. Nouns ending in e take n for their plural, as : zee, ze'en, seas; hie, Men, bees: woestyne, woesfynen, deserts. Diminutive nouns take s, sometimes ns, for their plural, as: hondje, hondjes, little dogs; vrowtje, vrowtjens, little women. Some nouns make their plural very irregularly, as : Singular, Plural. been, beenderen, bones. blad, blader en, leaves. bedrog bedriegereien, deceptions. ei, eijeren, e ggs. gemoed, gemoederen, minds. ho en, hoenderen, hens. half, kalveren, calves. kind, kinder en, children. lam, lammeren, lambs. lied, liederen, songs. schip, schepen, ships. stad, steden, towns. rad, raderen, wheels. smid, smeden, smiths. volk, volkeren, people. The compound words of man have lieden in the plural, as: timmerman, timmerlieden, carpenters; tuinman, tuin- lieden, gardeners. Observe 1st. All nouns, substantive and adjective, a also the verbs and participles, which terminate with den or de in the plural, terminate with d in the singular, as God, Goden, Gods; hoed, hoeden, hats; raad, raden, counsels; 89 grond, gronde?i y grounds; ik zend, I send, wy zenden, we send ; hy vind, he finds ; wy vinden, we find, &c. — Moreover, all words which end with ten in the plural, end with t in the singular, as: schuit, schuiten, barges; punt, punten, points; voet, voeten, feet; poot, potent paws ; ik groet, I salute ; wy groeten, we salute. 2nd, Nouns ending in s in the singular change it into z to form the plural, as : ivys, wise, wi/zen, wise ; wees, orphan, wezen 3 orphans; huis, huizen, houses; except kruis, cross, kruisen, crosses; poes, cat, poesen, cats. Exercises on the foregoing Rules. The laws of the Romans pleased many people. ■ Wit Roman behaagdeti veele Evil words corrupt good manners. — Dogs have teeth. kivaade woord btderven zeden hebhen tand •—Small ships have small sails. — The walls and beams of hlyne zeil maur balk the building arc very strong. — The tops of many houses are gebouw zeer sterk top veele blown down. — The bells ring victory in all towns afgewaaid klok galmen zege alle of the empire. — The vapours of some seas are pernicious. keizerryk,n. damp somruige verderfiyk —Three thieves are discovered. — There are no wolves die/ ontdekl daar getne in England. — The minds of the people are peaceable. ~ gemoed vreedzaam Peter and Paul are good companions. — The measures are Pieter goede - maat not all the same. — Some dogs eat bones. — The two fleets niet ztlve hond eeten vloot 4(1 are joined.-- — Many: hours, day?, weeks, months, and wreenigd. Vcde uur week maand years pass m idle works. jaar gaanvoorby ydile werk SECTION in. OF ADJECTIVES. An adjective is apart of speech which is added to a sub- stantive, to express its quality, as: goed, good; beleefd, polite; vierkaniig, square. Adjectives are of three genders like substantives, with fvhich they must agree, in gender, number, and case, as : het hof van eenen deugdzamen hecr, van eerie devgdzame vrouw, van een deugdzaam kind, the seat of a virtuous lord, lady, and child. When an adjective in the nominative case is preceded by J he article een, the masculine and neuter have the same ter- mination, as: een geJeerd kind, een geleerdman, a learned ciijld, a learned man; but when it is preceded by the de- finite article, the termination for the masculine is always in e, as : de geherde man, the learned man ; desterke J- vis, the strong George. — From this may be observed that the masculine adjectives terminate sometimes in e, in the singu- lar, like the feminine; some grammarians add n to if, in the nominative singular, but the exact Dutch writers reject it. Adjectives joined to substantives in the plural terminate always in e, through all the genders and cases, as : degroene be men, the green trees ; de goede vrouwen, the good wo- men ; de klyne pdardtn the little horses ; onder de gcleer- dc mannen, amongthe learned men. Nevertheless \ht learner may notice what is said in page 27 41 Adjectives placed before substantives are declined (i. e. changed) in the following manner : Singular. Masculine Gender. Nom.case. K™ % man [ae ryke man Pos. case. Obj. case. f eens ryken mans, \des* ryken mans, f eenen ryken man, \den ryken man, a rich man. the rich man. of a rich man. of the rich man. a rich man. the rich man. Feminine Gender. f eene ryke stad, \ de ryke stad, ( eener ryke stad, \ der ryke stad, {eene ryke stad, de ryke stad, a rich city, the rich city. of a rich eity. of the rich city. a rich city, the rich city. Neuter Gender. | een ryk land, ( het ryke land, C eens ryken lands, \des ryken lands, ( een ryk land, \ het ryke land, a rich country, the rich country, of a rich country. of the rich country, a rich country, the rich country. Plural, for the three Genders. Norn. case, (de ryke \ mannen, the rich *\men. Pos. case. J der ryke ysteden, of the rich (cities. Obj. case, \deryke J landen, the rich ) tr j es ~ e 2 12 Aii adjective not preceded by any articie, nor followed immediately by a substantive, must be put in the neuter gender singular, as : zy zyn rechtvaardig, they are righte- ous; de soldo ten zyn klockmoedig, the soldiers are valiant: gelukkig is de vrouw, happy is the lady. Some adjectives are derived from substantives, as : broe- derlyk, brotherly, from breeder, brother; vGordelig, pro- fitable, from voordtely profit; wonderbaar, wonderful, from wonder. Some are derived from verbs, as: verstaanbaar, intelli- gible; beminnelyk, lovely; verkoopbaar, saleable. Some adjectives signify the want of some thing, and are made by adding loos to them ; for which the English put less, as; hoofdloos, headless; naamloos, nameless; geld- looSy moneyless. Some adjectives signify opposition, which are formed by prefixing on or mis to them, as : onbekwaam, unable; onge- lukkig, unfortunate; mismoedig, disconsolate. Some adjectives govern cases, as : shuldig, waardig, zat 9 motde, gedachtig, which govern the possessive case: so wt say : zy is des doods shuldig, she deserves death ; zy zyn myner vriendschap waardig, they are worthy of my friend- ship. Some seem to govern the objective case, as : de leerlingen zyn den meesfer gehoorsaam, the pupils are obe- dient to the master: zy is hem onderworpen, she has sub- mitted to him, the preposition aan being understood, which governs the objective case. When two adjectives have the same termination, the first is omitted, as: de in en uit-wendige deelen, the inter- nal and external parts. — Adjectives used singly take en in the plural, as : weinigen gelooven het, few persons believe it ; and er in the possessive case, as ^ ryker goederen, goods of rich people. 43, Exercises on the Adjectives. A good man. — The good boy. — A handsome lady.— goed jongen fraaie joufvrouie The polite servants. — They are dark nights.— We find beleefd dienstbod Het donker nacht. vinden there respectable societies. — The apartments are proper. — deftig gezelschap verirek zuiver. They are all fruitless attempts. —This child is nameless. vruchteloos poging The two brothers are toothless. — Of a short death and a breeder tand kort dood long life. — Zachary has seen the Great Mogul. — In the lang leven Zacharias gezien Groot Mogol ancient history we find the astonishing and oud gedenkschrift vinden wy verbazend true description of the immense works of the ancient waar beschryving over groot Egyptians. — Nero and Domitian were cruel and Egyptenaar Nero waren wreed en covetous princes. — I have read all the great military hebzugtig ik heb gelezen krygs- actions in the Roman history. — Charles lives with a rich daad Roomsch Caret woond met man in an opulent city. — An unfair thing is always blamc- in onrecht zaak,/. altyd laak- able. — A good lock upon a bad door. — I have a little baar slot, n. op slegt deur, /. kkin. bird in a small cage. — Candid, generous and polite vogel } m. gering koeie Openhartig edelmoedig 44 answers are signs of a peaceful mind. — The low actions antwoord teken vreedzaam gemoed laag daad of Andrew are despicable. — Arnold is unhappy, he is Andries verachtelyk Arnoud ongelukkig disconsolate. — Paul is disloyal to good reason. — The ontroostelyk Paulus ontrouw reden. cities become populous. — To the king loyal. worden getrQuw* OF THE COMPARISON. By comparison is meant the alteration of the quality into more or less degrees of it. The comparisons are formed from adjectives and ad- verbs. The degree, into which the positive state of the adjec- tive or adverb is somewhat increased or decreased, is call- ed the comparative degree ; and if it be increased or de- creased to the utmost degree, it is called superlative degree. The former is made by adding er to its positive, if it end in a consonant, and by adding r only, if it end in a vowel, as: ziekfZieker, sick, sicker; mnoie, mooter, handsome, hand- somer. The latter is formed by adding st or ste to its po- sitive, as : zwaar, heavy, zwaarst or zwaarste, heaviest ; arm poor, armste, poorest. — N. B. The adverbs meer, more, or n, less, for the comparative, and meest, most, or minst, least, for the superlative, placed before the po- sitive, have the same effect, as : geleerd, meer geleerd, more learned; meest geleerd, most learned; minst geleerd, least learned. The adverb zeer has the same meaning as the adverb very in English, as : het is zeer wit, it is very white. 45 Many participles passive, used for adjectives, must be compared by the adverbs meer and rain, as: meer geblazen, more blown ; meest beschonken, most endowed ; but many of them in both ways, as: geleerder, geleerdste kind, more or most learned child ; de afgelegenste stad, the most remote town. Adjectives ending in / change it into r, to form the comparative, as: doof, dovtr, deaf, more deaf; stpf, styver, stiff, stiffer. The adjectives to which is added agtig, may be consi- dered in some degree as a comparison, by which the signi- fication is diminished below the positive, as: rood, rood- agtig, red, reddish; zwart, zwartagtig, black, blackish; having a little red, rood, and black, zwart. The more to heighten its superlative sense, we put before the superlative, alter, as : alter hoogste God, the highest God ; zy zyn de alter magtigsien, they are the most pow- erful. Adjectives of one syllable ending in a consonant, with one vowel before it, double that final consonant to make their comparative, as: snel, sneller, quick, quicker; vol, voller, full, fuller; smal, smaller, small, smaller; dun, dunner, thin, thinner; slap, slapper, slack, slacker; vet, vetter, fat, fatter. From these rules are excepted the following : Positive gocd, good, kwaad, bad, veel, much, weinig, little, Comparative beter, better, erger, worse, meer, more, minder, less, Superlative best, best. ergst, worst. meest, most. minst, least, After the comparative follows dan, than; as? % is 46 grooter dan zyn breeder, he is taller than his brother; hy is sterker dan Hercules, lie is stronger than Hercules; dil is beter dan dat, this is better than that. After the super- lative follows van, of, as : zy is de schoonste van all, she is the handsomest of all ; hy is de rykste van de kooplie- den, he is the richest of the merchants. The English have a mode of expressing degrees of com- parison by repeating twice the, which is done in Dutch al- most in the same manner, by repeating the particle hoe, as: hoe meer hoe beter, the more the better; hoe ouder hoe wyzer, the older the wiser. Some make use of als, as, instead of dan, but impro- perly ; for, als is used only when we mean to affirm that two things are alike, as: de gofom warm w hoog ah her' gen } the waves were as high as mountains. Comparatives and superlatives are declined as adjectives, as: ik ken eenen rykeren man, eene rykere vrouw, en een ryker kind, I know a richer man, lady, and child. Exercises upon the Degrees of Comparison* Gito is more polite than William.— This house is higher beleefd Willem huis hoog than that.— He is more humble than his sister. — He is one ootmoedig zyne een of the most honest in the town.— Mrs. B. is more eerlyk stad jpffrouw B. learned than Mrs. D.— This rabbit is more devoured than dit konyn, verslonden the others. — Ann is handsomer but prouder than her andere Anna koovaardig hear 47. niece. — They are less polite than their neighbours,— nigte beleefd hunne buurman The richer they are, the more covetous they are.— Virtue zy gierig is the most precious treasure in the world.—There is the kostlyk schat daar best, mildest and most honest man whom I know.~=>Thi§ zagtmoedig die ken Dit is the worst of all.— That leg appears reddish.— Socrates Dat been scheint and Plato were the most eminent philosophers of waren voortreffelyk Greece.— — -He is greater than his brother.— She is the Griekenland groot zyn Zy greatest of all her sisters,— Peter was the most sedate all haare was bedaard of his sons. — He is a very honest man.— This house is the zyne eerlyk dit highest of all the rest. — -The longer we live, the more we hoog anderen long leven learn. — Socrates was much wiser than Alcibiades.-— Epami- leren veel nondas was by far the most accomplished of all the The- zeer vaar voltooyd The<= bans.— She is deaf, and he is more deaf, but Charles is ban hy maar Caret the most deaf of them all.— -Deity is infinitely greater Godheid ondndlkh than the greatest of his creatures. haare schepzeh 48 OF NOUNS OF NUMBER. There are two kinds of numbers, viz. the cardinal and ordinal ; the cardinal simply relate the number of things spoken of, as: een, one; twee, two; drie, three; the or- dinal, besides the simple notation, signify the order or rank of things, as: eerste, tweede, vierde, zesde, first, second, fourth, sixth. The cardinal numbers are indeclinable, except een, one ; as we have seen, speaking of the articles. We say also : met konderden, met duizenden, met millioenen, with hun- dreds, with thousands, with millions ; zy waren onder hun vieren, they were four. EXAMPLE OF CARDINAL NUMBERS. een, one twiniig, twenty twee, two een en twintig, twenty-one drie, three twee en twintig, twenty-two vier, four drie en twintig, twenty-three vyf, five dertig, thirty zes, six veer tig, forty zeven, seven vyf tig, fifty agt, eight ztstig, sixty negen, nine zevenlig, seventy tien, ten taggentig, eighty elf, eleven negentig, ninety iwaalf, twelve hondred, a or one hundred dertien, thirteen twee honderd, two hundred veertien, fourteen drie honderd, three hundred vyftien, fifteen duizend, a or one thousand zestien, sixteen twee duizend, two thousand zeventien, seventeen een millioen, a or one million >ien, eighteen twee millioenen, two million. negentien } nineteen 49 You will observe in this example, 1st, that the English particle a and one is not expressed in Dutch before Aon- derd and duizend, as: hy keeft hondcrd pond verloren, he hast lost a hundred pounds ; zy hebben duizend guineen gewonnen, they have gained a thousand guineas. 2dly. That in telling, the Dutch set the smallest number the first, as: een en twintig, twenty one; twee en twivdi^, twenty two. EXAMPLES OF ORDINAL NUMBE&S. eerste, first tweede, second derde, third vierde, fourth vyfde, fifth zesde, sixth zevende, seventh agtste, eighth negende, ninth tiende, tenth clfde, eleventh iwaaljde, twelfth der tiende, thirteenth viertiende, fourteenth twintigste, twentieth een en tivlntigste, twenty-first twee en twintigste, twenty-second drie en twintigste, twenty third dertigste, thirtieth veertigste, fortieth vyftigste, fiftieth zestigste, sixtieth zeventigste, seventieth taggentigste, eightieth negentigsle, ninetieth honderdste, hundredth duiztndste, thousandth millioenste 4 , milli onth . Ordinal numbers are used, as in English, in speaking of days of the months, and of sovereigns, in quoting chap- ters, articles, or pages of a book; and must agree with the substantives to which they belong, as: den eersien January, the first of Jauuary ; den tweeden April, the second of April ; Alexander de derde, keizer van Rusland, Alexan- F 50 der the third, emperor of Russia; het vierde capittel, het vyfda vers, the fourth chapter, the fifth verse. Exercises on the foregoing Numbers. Paul has bought 4 three 1 acres 8 of land. 8 — Thsee times gekogt gemeten maal thirty make ninety. — In the sale of Mr. B. are sold maakt verkoping verkogt eight horses, ten beds, a hundred and forty pictures, a paard schildery thousand fruit-trees, and hundreds of bottles.— Edward vrugt-boom fles the third took Calais on the third of August, one thousand nam three hundred and forty-seven.— Lewis the XlVth. hom- Lodewyk bom- barded Genoa (in) one thousand six hundred and her deer de Genua {in'tjaar) eighty-four, the Austrians took possession of the same Oostenryker namen bezit het zelfde in one thousand seven hundred and forty-six.— Five and duizend seven make twelve. —Thirteen and fourteen make twenty nuiakm seven.— Three times fifteen make forty-five.— The spring lente 3 f. begins on the twenty-first, or twenty-second of March. beg in d op den of Maart Henry the fifth, king of England, the son of Henry Hmdrick koning zoon 51 the fourth, and father of Henry the sixth, married Catha- trouivde Cata- rine, the daughter of Charles the sixth, king of France, rina dogter Vrankri/k and conquered the greatest part of that kingdom.™ They veroverde deei, n. dat zy spend but the sixth part of their fortune —Queen Aon verteren maar hun goed died the first of August, one thousand seven hundred and stierf fourteen, in the fiftieth year of her age, and thir- jaar haars cuderdoms teenth of her reign. -Gibraltar was taken in one thou- regering ingenomen sand seven hundred aud four, by Admiral Rooke.— The door croisades began about the year osie thousand and kruistogt begonnen omtrent sixty. — George the third was twenty-two years old, at his was cud hy accession to the crown.— Charles the fifth left his aankomst tot kroon,/. Ca?el liet empire to Philip the third. We read in the fifteenth keizerryk hzen page, chapter nineteenth, &c. — He came the tenth of blad, n. hoofdstuck kwam December, and returned the twenty-seventh of the December keerde weder same month. zelve tnaand 52 SECTION IV. OF PRONOUNS. A pronoun is a word used for a noun or instead of it, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word, as: I saw John and spoke to him, ik zag Jan en sprak aan hem; in this instance hem, him, is put for the noun Jv/ui. They have their genders, numbers, aud cases. The pronouns cau be divided into five kinds, viz per- sonal, possessive, relative, demonstrative, and indefinite. OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Personal pronouns are those which directly denote the persons, and supply the place of them, as : ik, gy, hy, I, tkou, he. There are five personal pronouns; viz. ik, I ; gy, thou; hy, he; ay, she; het, tt\ with their purals, wy, we; gy~ lie den, you ; %y, they. The gender is only applicable to the third person singu- lar of the pronouns hy, he; zy, she; het, it; hy is mas- culine ; zy is feminine ; het is neuter. Personal pronouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective. The personal pronouns are thus declined : Singular. Plural. Norn, iky I wy, we- Pos. myner, mine onzer, ours Obj. my, me ons, us Norn, gy, thou gy lit- den, you Pos, uwer, thine ulieder, yours Obj. «, thee ulhdai, you 53 Nora, hy, he zy, they Pos. zyner, his hunner, theirs Obj, hem, him to*, them Norn, zy, She sy, they Pos. harer, hers harer, theirs Obj. /iflar, her. Atfar, them. As ; hy is een goed man, he is a good man ; zy is deugd- zaam, she is virtuous; waar is het kind 1 , where is the child? htt speelt, it plays; ontferm u zyner, have pity on him ; gedenk myner, remember me ; wees hunner en onzer genadig, have mercy upon them and us. There are two other personal pronouns, viz. zich him- self, and men, one, they, the people ; the first (zich) is called reciprocal, and is used only for the third person, both singular and plural, when the action reflects upon the actor, as ; hy kastyd zich zelven, he chastizes himself; sy geven zich den titel, they give the title to themselves.— Men is only considered as a nominative of the third per- son singular though the meaning be plural, as : men zingt, they sing; men wandeld they walk. The pronoun het, it, although neuter, is sometimes ap- plied to persons, as : ik was het die schreef, it was I who wrote ; wat is het vor een man ? what for a man is he ? Het, it, is likewise used for the subject (i. e. nominative.) of impersonal verbs, as : het regend, it rains ; het hageld, it hails ; het donderd, it thunders. OF THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Possessive pronouns are so called because they denote possession or property ; they must agree in gender with the 54 person of which is spoken, as in English ; but in number and case with the substantive to which they are joined, as: ky bsmind haaren breeder, he loves her brother; zy bemind hunnen broeder, she loves their brother. There are seven possessive pronouns, viz. myn, my ; uw, thy; zyn, his; haar, her; ons, our; uliede, your; hun, their. — They have three cases, and are declined after this manner. Singular. Mas. Fern. Neut. Nom. myn, myne, myn, my Pos. myns, myner, myns, of my Obj. ?nynen. Nom. myne, Plural. myne, my. myn, my Pos. myner, of my. Obj. myne, my. These pronouns, when used without substantives, are called absolute (pronouns,) and are declined with the de- finite article in all cases, so we say : deze tuin is de myne, de uwe, de zyne, de haare, de onze, de hunne, this garden is mine, thine, his, hers, ours, theirs. — Deze bloem is de myne, de uwe, de zyne, de haare, de hunne, this flower is mine, thine, his, hers, theirs.-— £)«£ book is het myne, het uwe, het haare, fyc. this book is mine, yours, hers, &c. Deze tuinen zyn de myne, de uive, de hunne, de onze, §c. these gardens are mine, yours, theirs, ours, &c. OF THE PRONOUNS RELATIVE. Relative pronouns are such as relate to some words or phrases going before, which is thence called the antecedent ; they are: we /&, wie, die, who; wat, what; as: de mensch is gelukkig, die deugdzaam leefd, the man is happy, who lives virtuously. Wie, who, is applied to persons only, as : zie wie daar is, see who is there. Wat, what, is applied to animals and inanimate things^ as: dit is wat ik verlang, this is what I desire. — Wat, what, is sometimes applied to persons, as: ik weet wat man hy is, I know what man he is; but then we regard more that in which he excels than himself, as for instance, good or bad, weak or strong. They are declined as follows. Singular. Fein. Neut. welke, who welk, which welke?', whose welkes, of which welke, whom ivelk, which Mas. Nom. welke, who Pos. welkes, whose Obj. welken, whom Nom. welke, who Pos. welkev, whose Obj. welke, whom Nom. wie, who Pos. wiens, whose Obj. wi'en, whom Plural. welke, who welktr, whose ivelke, whom Singular. wie, who wi'er, whose wit, whom welke, which welker, of which welke, which wat, what wat, what 56 Nom. die, who die, who dat, that Pos. atens, whose dier, whose Obj. dim, whom die, whom efef, that Plural Nom. die, who which Pos. rfieV, whose dier, whose Obj. €?i>, whom die, whom cfa, which. The relative pronouns must agree with the substantive or antecedent to which they have a reference in gender and number, as ; daar is liet boek welk gy leesde, there is the book which you read; welk agrees with boek in gender and number, but not in case, it being the objective case of the verb lezen, to read. Relative pronouns, when they are used in asking questions, are called interrogatives, as : wiens boek is dit ? whose book is this ? wie.n zoekt gy ? whom do you seek ? welke zyn uwe regels ? which are your rules ? wat man is dat, what man is that ? The adverb relative 'er, an abridgment oidaer, there, for which now is written daar, denotes likewise objects men- tioned before, as : hy heefVer van gesproken, he has spo- ken of it, of them, &c. ; wy komen \r (daar) dagelyks, we go there every day. The relatives pronouns welken, whom, welk, which, &c. are often elegantly omitted by ellipsis in English, but they must always be expressed in Dutch, as: I have read the book you lent me, ik heb het boek gelezen hetwelke gy my geleend hebt ; the way I go, de weg welken ik gaan ; the lady I see, de juffer welke ik tie. 57 OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Demonstrative pronouns are so called because they point out in a precise manner, the person or thing to whitk they relate : dit, this, and dat, that; dese, these, and dus~ danige, such or those, are of this class, as : dit is de waare liejde, dat is maar haar afbetldzel, this is true charity, that is only its image. They are declined : Singular. Fern. deze, dezer, deze, Mas. Nom. deze, Pos. dezes, Obj. dezen, Nom. deze, Pos, dezer, Obj. deze, Neut. dit, this. dezes, of this. dit, this. deze, these. dezer, of these. deze, these. Plural. deze, dezer, deze, Speaking of the nearest person or thing, we use (lit, this; and speaking of the most distant, we use dat, that; as: dit yaard is mooier dan dat, this horse is prettier than that. £\ T . 3. The pronouns dit and dat, in the singular number, are frequently used for deze, plural, before substantives of the plural number, as : dit zyn mve laarzen, these are your boots. Singular. Fern. Neut. die, dat, that dier, diens, of that die, dat, Hint Mas. Noai. die, Pos. diens, Obj. dien, 58 Plural. Norn. dkj die, die, those. Pos. di'e'r, dier. dier, of those Obj. die, die. die, those OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Indefinite pronouns are those which express their sub- jects in an indefinite or general manuer; the following are of this kind. niemand, nobody. ivie het zy, whosoever. zommige, some. elk-iegelyk, each. alle, ail. weinige, few. sekere, certain, zulke, such. ander, other. beide, both. d'een of d' under % either. eenige, any. geene, none. geen van beide, neither. eigen, own. jemand, somebody. veel, many. The following phrases may serve to exemplify the indefi- nite pronouns, Eenige van ulieden zyn wys en goed, some of you are wise and good; eenige van hun zaten ledig, some of them were idle : de ande.re waren yverig, the others were industrious ; gem van beide is daar, neither is there; zy waren alle tegenwovrdig, they were all present; zulk isde staet van den mensch, such is the state of man ; sommigen zyn gelukkig, terwyl anderen ellendig zyn, some are happy, white others are miserable. 30 Exercises on the Pronouns. Whose pen-knife is it? it is mine, it is hew, it h penne-me$ s n. yours, it is theirs.— This needle is his, and to-morrow it* will* naald t f. morgm %al be mine-Carry this letter to her and bring me an an- zyn draag brief, m. hreng a nU swer.— O Lord, have pity on us, and on them.— They woord Heers ontferm have sung to your honour.— It pleases them.— His gezongen f uwtr eere. behaagt garden is close by his neighbour's work-house.— It is her digt buurmans werk-huis mother's cloak.— Her brother and his sister walked yes- J a P on > wandelden gis- terday with us.— They will come 8 to 1 you.*— He lives with teren zullen komen na tooond his parents in their country house.— She thinks upon his ouders buiten-plaats. denkt aan treasures.— He sits on the right hand of his father.— His schat. zit rechte hand rooms are adorned with many beauties. — Do you think of homer verzierd schoonheid gedenkt gy me ?— They have offered 5 their 1 services 2 to 3 the king/ You opgtdragen dienst impair your health. — The sea has her flux and re~ verergerd gezondheid zee,/. vloed,m. flux,— This house has its height. — My cousin justified heejt hoogte, neef verdedigd himself.— They liave hurt* themselves. 1 _i f ea r he wilt* gekwetst vrees m i CO seduce 3 him. 1 — They say he will 1 defend 3 himself.' — It was vtrleiden zegt verdedigen warm we who walked yesterday in our neighbour's grove.— wandelden dreef. Shall I carry 3 any 'thither r s -That is the man of whom I derwaards man complain.— That estate, which you have 2 inherited, 1 enrich- klaag goed, n. hebt gesrft verrykt ed you greatly.— That dog which followed 2 you x is mine. grootlyks hond, volgde I know whose relation she is. —The condition in which maagschap staat, m, he found 1 himi was deplorable. —Mr. Smith's lady for vend jammerlyk vrouw voor whom you wrote, is departed.— That glass you gave is schreeft vertrokken glas, gaft broken.— The melon which I offer 2 you, 1 comes from my gebroken meloen,f. aanbie komt nursery.— There are more, I have sown 4 several 1 of 2 them. 3 kwekery daar meer heh gezaaid van That lady you saw was my brother's wife. — The hat juffer zaagi hoed, m. you see cost but one guinea. — What is to be done in this ziet kosi maar guinee is y er (e doen case?— Has the host brought* the 1 wine 2 which I com- geval, n. waard gebragt wyn manded s him.i— The Athenians understood what was* good,* gcbood verstonden but the Lacedemonians practised it. — To whom of them hacedemonier oejfenden will you sends these 1 fruits ? 2 — These fcafigpMcs are better than zendtn vrugt knars dan 01 those. — Give me this, and take that. I have seen* Geef neem heb gezien him, 4 who must come 3 to 1 you. 2 — These are the gods moet komen god who saved 3 you aJ — Many are wounded, some in their gekwetsi legs, others in their arms, some in the back; but none been arm rug, of them have perished. — Nobody would believe 2 it. s — — zyn wilds gelosven Neither of them is happy, nay they are both miserable, gelukkig neen eZle?idig. SECTION V. OF VERBS. The verb, being the chief part of speech, is a word signifying zijn to be, doen, to do, or Zyden, to suffer, as: ik ben, I am ; ik wandel, I walk ; ik ben bestuurd, I am ruled. Verbs are of three kinds : active, passive, and neuter. They are also divided into personal, impersonal^ reflected^ regular, irregular, and auxiliary. A verb is called active when it expresses an action and implies an agent and an object acted upon ; as, achien to esteem, iA achte de naarstigen, I esteem the diligent, A verb is called passive when it denotes an impression that persons or things receive when acted upon, as : ik word gelterd, I am taught ; het is geschiZderd, it is painted ; zy zyn overwonnen, they are conquered, A verb is called neuter when it is neither active nor G 62 passive, but only expresses the state of the subject, as : ik slaap, I sleep ; because I cannot say, ik slaap een zaak, I sleep a thing, nor : ik ben geslaapen, I am slept. A verb active is called transitive, because the action passes over to the object, as : de meester kasteid de lute schoiieren, the master punishes the lazy scholars. In passive verbs the action is received or suffered by the subject, as : het schildery is geschilderd door Rubens, the picture is painted by Rubens. Schildery, picture, is the object, and Rubens the agent. la neuter verbs the action is intransitive, that is, the action remains in the agent and does not pass over to any object, as : ik wandel, I v/alk ; hy leeft, he lives. Personal verbs are those which are conjugated with three persons in the singular and plural ; as : lezen, to read, ik lees, gy leest, hy leest, I read, thou readest he reads, &c. Impersonal verbs admit but the third person of the singular number: as: het regent, it rains; fat vriesf, it freezes ; het zal zneeuwen, it will snow. A verb is called reflected, or reflective, when the ac- tion of the agent reflects again upon the agent, as : gy pryst uzefoen, thou prisest thyself; hy kweist zich, he wounds himself: zy vermaacnfen zich^ they diverted themselves. Verbs, active and neuter, are called regular, when they follow the general rule in conjugating; that is, when they form their imperfect tense of the indicative mood, and their participle perfect, from the present infinitive, for the former by changiug the termination cm into die or te ; as, ik wanddde, I walked : ik doopte, I baptized ; for the latter, by changing the same termination en into d, 63 or t, and prefixing to the verb the syllable ge, as : geocv- deeld, judged ; except those which begin with be, ge, her, out, ver, and wan, to which the syllable ge is not to be prefixed, as: hy hteft bepaald, he has limited; zy hebben het herbouwd, they have rebuilded it; het it ontvouwd, it is unfolded ; hy heeft vertrouwd en wantrouwd, he has trusted and mistrusted. All the other verbs, which do not follow this general rule, are called inrgnlar. Auxiliary or helping verbs are those by the help of which the Dutch verbs are principally conjugated. A verb is simple which cannot be divided without losing its meaning : as, bouwen, to build. A verb is called compound when a preposition is joined to it; as, voor-zien foresee; onder-gaan, to un- dergo; inkomen, to come in. N. B. The prepositions do not carry any alteration to the conjugation of the verbs; but their being put either after or before the verb, must be taken care of: observe therefore, in the present and imperfect indica- tive, and in the second persons in the imperative, the pre- position is to be put after the verb, and in all the other tenses and persons before the verbj, as : hy raad het hem aan, he advises him to it; hy schraapte het af, he did scrape it off; zend het af, send it off; zit neder, sit down; kom in, come in; bring op, bring up. — N. B. When the syllable ge is to be added before the preter- ite-participle, or te before the infinitive, they are to be put between the preposition and the verb, as : de redens zyn well uit-ge-druckt, the rea&ons are well expressed; metnt gy my na-te-volgen ? do you mean to follow me ? To verbs belong numbers, persons, meods, and tenses. G4 OF NUMBERS AND PERSONS. Verbs Lave two numbers, the singular and the plural, according to their nominative, as: ik loop, I run; wy loopen, we run. In each number there are three persons, as \ Singular. First person, ik btmin, I love, Second person, gy bemind, thou lovest, Third person, , hy bemind, he loves. Plural. First person, wy beminnen, we love, Second person, gyh btmind, you love, Third person, %y beminnen t > they love* The verb mmi agree with Iti nomiQitive 9 i'a with iu agent or subject, la auniher and persoa; therefore when the verb has two or more nouns or pronouns for its nominative. It mmt be put in the plural, and m the person to which it corresponds, as : myn broeder eto wiyne mister zyn vertrokken, my brother and sister are departed. The nominative is known by the answer to the question who, with the verb, for persons, and which for things ; for instance : Mr, D. and E. go to the Royal Exchange, making the question, who go ? The answer is they, which is the third person plural, and of course the verb must be put in the third person plural. 65 OF MOODS. Mood, as it is taken here, is a grammatical term*, which means the manner of affirming or denoting, in the verbs, by different inflexions. There are four moods of verbs, the indicative, the imperative, the subjunctive, and the infinitive. The indicative mood simply indicates or declares any thing in the different tenses of the verb, as : hy spreekt, he speaks ; zy cyfftren. they cipher ; wy hebhen toegejuigd, we have applauded ; hy zal verliezen> he will lose. The imperative mood, whose name is derived from a latin word which signifies to command, is used for commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting, and sometimes forbidding, as : verackt de ondeugd, despise vice; volg goeden raad, follow good advice; laat ons vreedzaam leven, let us live peaceably. The subjunctive mood is used in speaking under a motive, wish,, or uncertainty, and must be preceded by another sentence, as : ilc werk dat hy moge geluchig zyn > I work that he may be happy ; ilc vrees dat het ivaar zy, I fear it be true. The infinitive mood is so called, because it expresses the action or signification of the verb in an indefinite and unlimited manner, without any distinction of num- ber and person, as: kleden, to dress; zingen, to sing; roepen* to call. All verbs in the present infinitive end in en, or an, as: beminnen, to love; aankomen, to arrive; gaan, to go ; slaan, to beat. The participle is a certain form of the verb, and derives its name from its participating, not only of the 66 properties of a verb, bat also of those of an adjective, as : bewonderd en toegejuigd zynde, wierd hy trots, ad- paired and applauded, he became vain ; zyn werk geein- digd hebbende, vertoonde hy het, having finished his work, he submitted it. There are three participles, the present or active, the perfect or passive, and the compound perfect, as: beminnende, loving ; bemind, loved ; and hebbende be- mind, having loved. When the participle expresses the idea of time, it is a verb, as : hy is schryvende, he is writing : but when It denotes a quality, it is a participle adjective, as: de mhryvende meester, the writing master: de wenende wouw, the crying woman. OF TENSES. Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the present, past, and future ; but to mark It more accurately, it is made to consist of six variations, viz: the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, and the first and second future tenses. The present tense expresses the action or event exist- ing or happening at the very time that we are speaking, as : wy spelen, we play ; gy zyt schryvende, you are writing ; hy vreesd, he fears. The imperfect expresses an action, present at that time of an action which is passed, as : ik wandelde toen Paulus by my kwam, I walked when Paul came to me ; ik beminde haar voor hare zedigheid en deugd, I loved her for her modesty and virtue. G7 The perfect not only refers to what is passed, but also conveys an allusion to the present time, as : zy hebhen gdopen, they have run ; ik heb den hovtnier gezien, welke my aangeprezen was, 1 have seen the gardener, who was recommended to me. The pluperfect denotes an action or suffering, not only perfectly past, but that the action or event was finished before another happened, which is passed too ; as : wy had den gedronken, wanneer zy by ons kwamen, we had drunk, when they caaie to us. The first future marks a time which is not yet come, but shall or will be ; as : de zon zal morgen opstaan, the sun will rise to-morrow; ik zal hun, or hen weder zien, I shall see them again. The second future intimates that an action shall be fully accomplished at or before another action or event happens; as: ik zal myn werk geeindigd hebben voor zyne rugkomst, I shall have finished my work before his return ; ik zal wedergekeerd zyn voor zyn aankomst, I shall be returned before his arrival ; hct zal geschreven zyn eer een uur, it shall be written before one o'clock, A regular active Verb, with the Auxiliaries, is conjugated (i. e. changed) in the following manner. HOOREN, TO HEAR. indicative mood. — Present Tense. Singular. ik hoor, I hear. gy hoort, thou nearest. hy, %y, or het hoort, he, she, it hears. (38 Plural. wy hooren, we hear. gyb hoort, you hear. zy hooren they hear. Imperfect Tense. Singular. ik hoorde, I heard. gy hoordet, thou heardest. hy hoorde, he heard. Plural. wy ho or den, we heard. gyl: hoordet, you heard. zy hoorden, they heard. Perfect Tense. Singular. ik heb gehoord, we have heard, gy hebt gehoord, thou hast heard. hy heeft gehoord, he has heard. Plural. wy hebben gehoord, we have heard. gyb hebt gehoord, you have heard. zy hebben gehoord, they have heard. Pluperfect Tense. Singular. ik had gehoord, I had heard, gy hadt gehoord, thou hadst heard. hy had gehoord, he had heard. Plural. wy hadden gehoord, we had heard. gyl: hadt gehoord, you had heard. zy hadden gehoord 3 they hadheard. 69 First future Tense, Singular. ik zal hooren, I shall hear. gy zult hooren, thou shall hear, hy zal hooren, he shall hear. Plural. wy zulten hooren, we shall hear. gyl: zult hoor en, you shall hear, %y zullen hooren, they shall hear. Second future Tense, Singular. ik zal gehoord hebben, I shall have heard, gy zult gehoord hebben, thou shalt have heard, hy zal gehoord hebben, he shall have heard. Plural. toy tut ten gehoord hebben, we shall have heard, gyh milt gehoord hMm 9 you shall have heard, uy mlhn gehoord k$hh§n h they shall bav§ heard. Conditional, Singular, ik %m hooren, I should hear. gy zoud hooren, thou shouldest hear, hy zou hooren, he should hear. Plural. wy zouden hooren, we should hear. gyl: zoud hooren, you should hear, %y zouden hooren, they should hear, IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. laat my hooren, let me hear. hoor, hear. laat hem hooren, let him hear. to Plural. laat ons hooren, let us hear. hoort gylieden, hear you. laat hun hooren, let them hear. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. dat ik hoore, that I hear. dai gy hooret, that thou hear. dat hy hoore, that he hear. Plural. dat wy hooren, that we hear. dat gyl: hooret, that you hear. dat zy hooren, that they hear. Imperfect Tense. Singular. dat ik hoorde, that I heard. dat gy hoordet, that thou heard. dat hy hoorde, that he heard. Plural. dat wy hoorden, that we heard. dat gyl: hoordet, that you heard. dat zy hoorden, that they heard. Perfect Tense. Singular. dat ik gehoord hebbe, that 1 have heard, dat gy gehoord hebbet, that thou have heard. dat hy gehoord hebbe, that he have heard. HI Plural. dat wy gehoord helben, that we have heard. dat gyl: gehoord hebbet, that you have heard, da,t zy gehoord hebben, that they have heard. Pluperfect Tense. Singular. dat ik gehoord hadde, that I had heard. dat gy gehoord haddet, that thou had heard, dat hy gehoord hadde, that he had heard. Plural dat wy gehoord hadden, that we had heard. dat gyl: gehoord haddet, that you had heard, dat zy gehoord hodden, that they had heard, INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. hooren, to hear. Perfect. gehoord hebben, to have heard, PARTICIPLES, Present. hoorende t hearing, Perfect. gehoord, heard, Coinp. hebbende gehoord, having heard, Thus neuter verbs which take hebben, to have 5 for their auxiliary, are conjugated, Verbs for practice to he conjugated (ad- visedly in writing) upon Hooren 3 to Hear, leezen, to learn. vreezen, to fear. speelen, to play. wederkeeren, to return. 72 begeeren, to desire. leenen, to borrow. herleven, to revive. ledigen y to empty, medewerken, to co-operate, zorgen, to care, blootslellen, to expose. duikelen s to plunge. sfcA vermaaken, to divert one's self. ,jmcA inbeelden, to imagine, N.B. The Dutch use often the present infinitive, where the English use the present participle, as: eeten en drinken is zyn grootste vermaalc, eating and drink- ing is his greatest delight; nit vrees van te vallen, for fear of falling. An active or neuter verb may be conjugated by adding its present participle to the auxiliary verb zyn, to be, through all the moods, tenses s numbers, and persons; thus, instead of . ik hoor 9 ~\ Cik ben hoorende, gy hoort, I J \gy W* hoorende, hy hoort, \ B j hy is hoorende, wy hooren 9 [ ^ \ W V z ^ n hoorende, gyh hoort 9 1 * '': *3 j gylz zyt hoorende, %y kooren^ J \jsy zyn hoorende. This mode of conjugating attributes to the harmony and precision of the language, adapted to peculiar acts s not to general habits or affections of the mind. Tenses are called simple tenses which are formed with= out an auxiliary verb j as, ik hemin, I love; ik beminde, I loved.— Those tenses are called compound, to which an auxiliary verb is added ; as, hy heeft gehoord, he has heard j %y mitten wederkeeren, they will return, 73 Active verbs govern the objective case ; as : ik ken hem, I know him ; hykend my, he knows me ; wy ondersteuntn hun, we support them ; zy ondersteunen ens, they support us. In compound tenses the objective case is placed before the governing verb, (contrary to the English,) who place it after, as: ik heb hem gezien, I have seen him; wy heh- len hun geroepen, we have called them. If a relative pronoun be the object of a verb, it must be placed in the beginning of that period ; as : zyn vader, wien ik ken, is een zeer eerlyk man, his father, whom I know, is a very honest man ; and likewise if the latter sentence have a reference to the former, as ; ik weet wis den brief »chreef, I know who wrote the letter. When two verbs follow an auxiliary (verb,) both are used in the present infinitive ; as : zy heeft leeren spreken, she has learned to speak; wy hebben haar hooren zingen, we have heard her sing; zy zullen blyvon dansen, they will remain dancing. In an interrogation, in simple tenses, the person is placed after the verb; as: schryven icy 1 , do* we write? herde de leerling wel ? did the learner leam well ? but in com- pound tenses after the auxiliary, as; zullen wy den koning zien ? shall we see the king? Exercises on the regular Verbs, Indicative Mood, Present Tense. I serve. — Thou dealesi. — He cyphers. — We command.— dienen deelen rekenen gebkden You trade. TUey complain. — Benjamin honors his handelen. k la gen eeren * The English auxiliaries efoand did are not made use of in Dutch. II 74 parents. — You deplore her errors.— Do you know Mr. aiders beklagen misdag kennen Xj. ? he is my best friend. He who wishes to live mend, wenschen leven contentedly, must conquer his passions. — The Mahome- in vrede motten overwmnen driften Mahome- tans do not allow the wine. -There are people who write Xaan niet toelaten wi/n. lieden better than they speak.— The figures, that we make use of, spreken. cyfftrs gebruiken and which the Arabians brought to Europe, came to us brengen, ir. komen from the Indians. — Wisdom requires, that in every thing Indiaan. vereischendat zaak that we do, we act with reflection. — The Abyssinians doen handelen nadenking. were great lovers of learned men. — When justice slumbers, minnaar recht sluymeren tyranny awakes.— They pretend to be ill. — He wishes dwingelandy waken. voorgeven ziek. wenschen to meet her. ontmoeten Imperfect. He neglected his affairs. — We loved him for veronachtzamen beminnen his modesty and virtue. — They had precious jewels zeedbaarheid kostbaar juweel and sincere friends. We executed your commands. — « oprecht uitvaren,ir: beveel He approached the shores of South America. He naaderen kust zitid 7b Encouraged hjs soldiers. — We finished at night. The aanmoedigen soldaat eindigen balloon descended in a meadow.— We dealt always with balloen nederdalen weide altyd honest people. You counted according to the price 1 eerlyk rekenen pry 3 current. 1 -- They ventured all for their country. The lopende wagen voor vaderland servant blowed on the fire. Epaminondas refused meid aanblazen vuur wygeren Darius' presents. — Hardly was Csesar in the senate, when gcschenk. nauwlyks the conspirators threw 3 themselves upon 1 him, 4 and zamenzweerder werpen, ir. op stabbed 2 him. 1 Virgil gathered his best flowers hi doorsteken, ir. vergadercn blocm Homer. Horaerus. PERFECT. You have torn your coat. ——They have hired a scheuren kited hunren country house. — They have inherited a thousand pounds. bv.iten - huis. erven pond. My brother and my cousin have learned the Dutch neef Nedtrduilsche language.— Alexander, the king of Macedonia, subdued spraak Macedonien overmcestern the greatest part of the world, in twelve years time. 1 dee I tyd. have invited Miss C. — I have often warned him to nodigen waerscfiouuen 76 fake care of his affairs. — Have you heard that? — Have achlnemen op zaak they learnt it ? — Have they interposed themselves? lecren tuschenstellen They have discharged the prisoners. — I have had books verlossen gevangen. and paper. — You have had friends.- They have pillaged papier vriend plunderen the city and wasted the country. They have obliged vetwoesten verplickten my father. — You have boasted too much. — Brother, zlchbercemen te broeder have we not rejoiced ?- They have dazzled their zick verheugen verblinden neighbours. — We have warned them. — Have they waarschcuwen thanked you ? -Has he paid his debts ? — You have bedanken betalen schuld asked too much, sir. — — We have received good news. — vrngtn myn heer onlfangen iiieuws. Have they decided the question? We have humble beslisstn zaak vernederen their pride. — I have filled my cellar with good wine. — hoogmoed vullen kelder wyn. Has he enriched his family? — They have imagined, &c, verryken familie. zick inbeelden PLUPERFECT. I had finished my letter before three o'clock.— He had eindigen brief voor ventured all his money. — — They had advised him to all geld. aanraden 77 do it also. — They had plundered before they were seen.— > alzo. plonderen war en zien, ir. He had walked a little when the physician came.—* wandehn weinig wanneer genetsheer komen, ir. She had bolted the door, notwithstanding they have grendehn dtur, niettegenstaande robbed her of her clothes. — The besieged had endeavoured berooven kleder. belegerde pogen to the utmost, when they surrendered themselves. — We tot uittrste overgaven. had finished our work. — Had they neglected their affairs? eindigen tverck. —Had they emptied the bottles? — Had you denied the ledigen loochenen fact ? — They had executed her commands, and alarmed daad uitvoeren ontrudcw the country.— Had we not adorned our garden. versieren FIRST FUTURE. I will buy a horse at the fair. — Will not your koopen paard op jaarmarkt. niet father send you to school this winter ? — What shall we zenden na give him? — We shall warn your relations of geven vermanen vriend aangaande this. — I hope you will receive all my letter during hoopen cnivangen geduurende my absence. Shall we not lose if we play ? — «■ afwezentheid . verlkzen indien spelenf 78 Will not your sisters come down to-day ? — When shall bentden rati daag ? you go to Holland ? — We shall travel together. — They naar reizen tezamen. will fight, I hope they will be victorious. — You stryden hoopen zeegenpralen. shall weep, but nobody will console you.— Who will wetneny niemand vertroosten appear there without fear ! verscheinen zonder vrees ! SECOND FUTURE. I shall have sealed the letter before five o'clock. — They zegehn voor will have dined before our arrival. — He shall venture it, spyzen aankomst I am sure, and he shall not succeed. — We shall have asked ben zeker vragen it in time. — Jack and Phcebe will have reconciled them- in tyds zich verzoenen selves. — The two houses will have finished the business eindigen this week. — When you shall have adored Juno's deity, week eeren godheid appease Mars. bcvredig IMPERATIVE. Serve your master ! — Obey your parents! — Learn mcester gehoorzamen 79 your lesson!— Let us serve our country. — Read that Us vaderland. Lezen book. — Help the poor. — Oppose luxurious was Helpen wedcrstaan weeldrige door- ters* — — - Be well with your neighbour. — Abandon brenger velstaan gebuur vcrlaten bad company. — Support the unfortunate and do kwaad Ondersteunen ongelukkig <&, not insult him in adversity. — Do not neglect your hoenen tegenspoed. verwaarlozen affairs.—- Bridle my horse. — Let him enjoy the fruit of toomen genieten vrucht his labours. arbeid. SUBJUNCTIVE. That you may have riches. — That he may have a bezitten ryckdom. mogen good house. — I will respect him though he chide me. — eeren alhouwel verzuimen. That I may receive light. — I doubt whether he had re- bekomen licht. twyffelm of ont- ceived it. — I wish he behave well. — Do you believe he fangen wenschen gtdragen gelooven speaks true ? — I desire that he fetch the book. — That we waarheid 2 . willtn haalen might have no share. deel. INFINITIVE. I think to see him, — Go and speak to him. — Having denken Ga 80 sealed the letter, I gave it to my servant to carry it to geeven ir. dienaar brengen Mr. B. — It is easy to find faults, but difficult to gemakkelyk vinden gebrek mooielyk do better. — Histories are equally calculated to Gezchiedboek evengelyk berekenen form the heart, and to adorn the mind. — Q. Fabius tor men hart verciren gehtugen. Maximus was chosen general by the Romans against kiesen, ir. veldoverste tegen Hannibal : he found out a new art of conquering, uitvinden, ir. nieuwe kunst overwinnen not by fighting, but by weakening the enemy by delay.— vechten verzivacken vyand uitstel Learn to suffer in silence. Gaming and drinking are lyden stilzviygenheid. Spelen often the ruin of young people. dikwils ondergang jong PASSIVE VERBS. Verbs passive are called regular when they form their perfect participle by prefixing ge to the verb, and chang- ing its termination en into d, or sometimes t, as : from the verb hooren, to hear, is formed the passive, gehoord^eard'r from maken, to make, is formed gemakt, made. A regular passive verb is conjugated by adding the per. feet participle to the auxiliary zyn, to be, through all its changes of number, person, mood, and tense; in the follow ing manner: 81 GEHOORD ZVN.— TO BE HEARD. indicative mood. — Present Tense. Singular. ik ben gehoord, I am heard. gy zyt gehoord, thou art heard. hy is gehoord, he is heard. Plural. wy zyn gehoord, we are heard. gyh zyt gehoord, you are heard. zy zyn gehoord, they are heard. Imperfect Tense. Singular, ik was gehoord, I was heard. gy waart gehoord, thou wast heard. hy was gehoord, he was heard. Plural. wy warm gehoord, we were heard. gyl: waart gehoord, you were heard. zy waren gehoord, they were heard. Perfect Tense. Singular. ik ben gehoord geweest, I have been heard. gy zyt gehoord geweest, thou hast been heard. hy is gehoord geiveest, he has been heard. 82 Plural. wy zyn gehoord geweest, we have been heard. gyl: zyt gehoGrd geweest, you have been heard. zy zyn gehoord geweest t they have been heard. Pluperfect Tense. Singular. ik was gehoord geweest, I had been heard. gy waart gehoord geweest, thou hadat been heard. hy was gehoord geweest, he had been heard. Plural. wy waren gehoord geweest, we had been heard. gyl: waart gehoord geweest, you had been heard. zy waren gehoord geweest, they had been heard. First Future Tense. Singular. % k zal gehoord zyn, I shall be heard. gy znlt gehoord zyn, thou shalt be heard, hy zal gehoord zyn, he shall be heard. Plural. wy zullen gehoord zyn, we shall be heard. gyl: zult gehoord zyn, you shall be heard. zy zullen gehoord zyn, they shall be heard. Second Future Tense. Singular, ik zal gehoord geweest zyn, I shall have been heard. gy zult gehoord geweest zyn, thou shalt have been heard. hy zal gehoord geweest zyn, he shall have been heard. Plural. wy zullen gehoord geweest zyn, we shall have been heard. gyh zult gehoord geweest zyn, you shall have been heard. %y zullen gehoord geweest zyn, they shall have been heard, Conditional. Singular. ik zou gehoord zyn, I should be heard, gy zoudt gehoord zyn, thou shouldst be heard. hy zou gehoord zyn, he should be heard. Plural. wy zouden gehoord zyn, we should be heard. gyl: zoudt yehoord zyn, you should be heard. zy zouden gehoord zyn, they should be heard. Second Conditional. Singular. ik zou gehoord geweest zyn, I should have been heard. gy zoudt gehoord geweest zyn, thou should have been heard. hy zou gehoord geweest zyn, he should have been heard. Plural. wy zouden gehoord geweest zyn, we should have been heard gyl: zoudt gehoord geweest zyn, you should have been heard zy zouden gehoord geweest zyn^ they should have been heard IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. laat my gehoord zyn, let me be heard. zy ; or wees gehoord, be thou heard. laat hem gehoord zyn, let him be heard* 84 Plural. laat ons gehoord zyn, let us be heard. zyt gehoord, be you heard. laat hun gehoord zyn, let them be heard. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Teuse. Singular. dat ik gehoord zy, that I be heard. dat gy gehoord zyt, that thou be heard. dat hy gehoord zy, that he be heard. Plural dat wy gehoord zyn, that we be heard. dat gyl: gehoord zyt, that you be heard. dat zy gehoord zyn, that they be heard. Imperfect Tense. Singular. dat ik gehoord ware, that I were heard. dat gy gehoord waret, that thou were heard. dat hy gehoord ware, that he were heard. Plural. dat wy gehoord war en, that we were heard. dat gyl: gehoord waret, that you were heard. dat zy gehoord waren, that they were heard. Perfect Tense. Singular. dat ik gehoord geweest zy, that I have been heard, dat gy gehoord geweest zyt, that thou have been heard. dat hy gehoord geweest zy, that he have been heard. 85 Plural. dat wy gehoord zyn geweest, that we have been heard. dat gy I: gehoord zyt geweest, that you have been heard, dat zy gehoord zyn geweest, that they have been hearcL Pluperfect Tense. Singular. dat ik gehoord ware geweest, that I had been heard, dat gy gehoord waret geweest, that thou had been heard, dat hy gehoord ware geweest, that he had been heard. Plural. dat wy gehoord war en geweest , that we had been heard. dat gyl: gehoord waret geweest, that you had been heard. dat zy gehoord war en geweest , that they had been heard* INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, gehoord zyn, to be heard. Perfect, gehoord zyn geweest, to have been heard. PABTjICIPLES. Present, zynde gehoord, being heard. Perfect, or Passive, gehoord, heard. Comp. Perfect, zynde gehoord geweest, having been heard. Observe from this conjugation that, when there are two or more auxiliaries joined to the participle, the first of them only is varied according to the person and number. The neuter is conjugated as the active ; but as it par- takes somewhat of the nature of the passive, it adjaits in i 83 many instances of the passive forua, retaining still the neuter signification, as : ik ben aa?igekomen 3 1 am arrived ; ik was we.ggegaan, I was gone away. Exercises on the Passive Verbs. We are loaded with benefits. — We are grateful. — overladen weldaad dankbaar These plants are well watered. His relations were begieten, ir. bloeive? want warned of it. When have these houses been waarschouwen wanneer demolished ? -His affairs are neglected. — Many palaces afbreken, ir. verzuimen should have been burnt down, that people were ungrate- afbranden ondank' ful. — He has been at the university. — I am sure of it, haar op universiteit. zeker They have been rewarded.- — The fire is extinguished. worden s ir. beloonen. uitdooven —He was compelled to submit himself. — He is rewarded noodzaken onderwerpen beloonen for his labour. He becomes wise. — — He has been ivys instructed by his brother, and become teamed.- — Diligent onderwyzen 9 ir. warden naarstig scholars are esteemed by their master. -^ — All the scholier ashten meester 67 rooms are let. — They are gone back 3 and are kamer verhunren iveder-keren anchored three miles in sea. — I hope the meat will be, ankeren zee vleesch better roasted another day. — They shall he treated bra den, ir. ander bekandfltn as they have treated us. — The glasses are filled, the cups v till 'en tas are cleaned. — All the houses shall be rebuilt next reinigen. kerbouwen naaste snnnner; they should have been rebuilt this seasoii, zomer, jaargelyde, but for some reasons it has been delayed. The plate cm uiislcllen ptaat will be engraved in two month*.— The chairs cannot be graver en sloe I kunnni repaired, they are too much injured ; we have been lerbeteren hinderen diminished more than half. —The powerful Semiramis verminderen helft\ mdgttg was killed by her own son — It is the lot of ver moor den door eigeri lot great men to be persecuted by envy, though envy be man vervo/gen nyd, alhoewel the torment of the envious. pyniging afgunstig. 88 OF IRREGULAR VERBS. Irregular verbs are those which do not form their imper- fect tense, and their perfect participle after the rule laid down. See page 63. The irregularity consisting only in the said imperfect tense and perfect participle; in all other respects these verbs are conjugated as the regular verbs. Irregular verbs are of various sorts. 1st. Swcii as form the imperfect tense by changing the termination en of the verb into te ; and for the participle info t, having the syllable ge prefixed : as : Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. naken, ik naakle, genaokt, to approach. eischen, eischiey geeischf, to ask. kaaizen, kaatste, gekaatst, to play with a ball dopen, do opt e, gedoopt, to baptize. 2d. Such as make the imperfect by changing the ter- mination n into de, or only by cutting off the last w, they have likewise two imperfects ; and form their preter participle by cutting off the termination en and prefixing ge to the verb, as : Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. vluchten, ik vluchtte, or,vluchtede, gevtucht, to fly. achten, achtte, or, achtede, geacht, to esteem. groeten, groetle, or, groetede, gegroet, to salute. zuchten, zuchtte, or, zuchtede, gezuchf, to sigh. 3d. Such as have y or ei in the last syllable but one, form their imperfect by changing it into ee, and cut- ting off the termination en : and for their preter participle, 89 by affixing ge to the verb when y or ei is changed into e, as; Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. krygen, ik kreeg, gekregen. to get. hyttn beet, gebeten, to bite. stryden, s treed, gestreden, to fight. wyken, week, geiveken, to withdraw. Except from this rule; kryten, to cry ; lymen, to glue; vryen, to free; iwynen, to twine; pypen, to pipe; vylen, to file ; lynen, to rule ; mynen, to mine ; pynen, to trouble, which are regular. The following irregular verbs, and all their compounds, differ in the whole, or in part, from the three foregoing manners : Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. Bakken ik bakte gebakken to bake bederv n be dor f bedorven to spoil, hieden bood geboden to command. bedriegen bedroog bedrogen to deceive. < brengen bragt gebragt to bring. breken brak gebroken to break. bevelen beval bevolen to command. bidden bad geboden to pray. bin den bond gebonden to bind. beginnen begun begonnen to begin. buigen boog gebogen to bend. bezinnen besan bezonnen to recollect, hraden bradde gebraden to roast. denken dagt gedagt to think. dingen dong gedongen to cheapen. 00 doen Hi dede gedann to do. dragen droeg gedragen to carry* dringen drong gedrongen to press. drinken dronk gedronken to drink. dryven dreef gedreven to drive. dwingen dwong gedwongen to force. eeten at gegeten to eat. gaan ging gegaan to go. gebieden gebood geboden to command. geven S a f gegeven to give. genezen genas genezen to heal. glyden gleed gegleden to slide. glimmen glom geglommen to glow. g'enieten genoot genoien to enjoy. gieten goot g ego ten to pour. graven groef gegraven to dig. hangen hong gehangen to hang. hebben had gehad to have. Jieten hut geheten to bid. Jielpen holp geholpen to help. houden Mel gehouden to bold Tiouwen houwd gehouwen to chop jagen joegh gejagen to hunt. kunnen kon gekunnen to be able kiezen koos gekozen to choose klim klom geklommen to climb. klinken klonk geklonken to sound. komm kwam gekomen to come. koopm kogt gekogt to buy. krimpen kromp ge kromp en to shrink; krygen kreeg gekregen to obtain. m klieven ik kloof gekloven to gnaw,, kruipen kroop gekropen to creep. luiken look geloken to close. laten liet gelaten to leave. lagchgen loeg gelagchen to laugh* lezen las gelezen to read. liegen hog gelogen to lay. leggen lag gelegen to lie. loopen - Hep geloopen to run. lyden leed geleden to suffer* mogen mogt gemogt to be able* moeten moest gemoeten must. met en mat gemeten to measure nemen nam genomen to take. j plagt fn ncp piegen 10 use. pluizen ploos geplozen to drain. roepen riep geroepen to call. ruiken rook geroken to smell. raden vied geraden to advise. rieken rook geroken to smell. scheiden scheide gescheiden to depart. scheppen schiep geschapen to create. schenken schonk geschonken to pour. schieten echoot geschoten to shoot. schuiven schoof geschoven to shove. schreiven sehreef geschreven to write. slaan sloeg gestagen to beat. slapen sliep geslapen to sleep. sluiten sloot gesloten to shut. smelten smolt gesmolten to melt. snuiten snoot gesnoten to snuff. 92 snyden ik sneed gesneden to cut. spinnen spon gesponnen to spin. spreken sprak gesproken to speak. springen sprang gesprongen to jump. staan stond gestaan to stand. steken stak gesteken to stab. stelen stool gestolen to steal, sterven stierf gestorven to die. stinken stonk gestonken to stiuk. stoolen stiet gestooten to push. stuiven stoof gestoven to make a dust stryden streed gestreden to combat. stryken streek gestreken to strike. schendeit schon geschonden to violate. scheren schoor geschoren to shove. shaken slook gesloken to smuggle, sluipen sloop geslopen to sneak. snuiven snoot gesnoven to take snufll spruiten sproot gesproien to descend. spit gen spoog gespogen to spit. spuiten spool gespoten to spout. trekken trok getrokken to drav/. treffen trof getroffen to hit* varen voer gevaren to navigate.. vail en viel gev alien to fall, vangen vong gevangen to catch. veghten vogt gevogten to fight. vergettn vergat vergeten to forget* verliezcn verloor verloren to loose. verslinden verslond verslonden to devour,, nnden vond gevonden to find.. 93 v leg ten ik vlogt gevlogten to twist. v lie gen vloog gevlogen to fly. vragen vroeg gevraagd to ask. vriezen vroos gevrozen to freeze. verdrieten verdroot verdroten to sadden. verwerven verworf verworven to obtain. verzinnen verzon verzonnen to invent. verzivinden verzwon verzwenden to disappear vlieten vloot gevloten to flow. waschen waschte gewasschen to wash. tvegen woog gewogen to weigh. weten ivist geweten to know. w even weefde geweven to weave. werpen wierp geworpen to throw, tv erven werfde geivorven to levy. ivezen war gewezen to be. winden icond gewonden to wind. tvinnen won gewonnen to gain. worden wierd geworden to become. living en wrong gewrcngen to wring. wreken ivreekie geivroken to avenge. zenden zond gezonden to send. zieden zood gezoden to seetb. zien zag gezien to see. zweren zwoor gezworen to swear. zwelltn zwol geswollen to swell, zwelgen zwolg gezwolgen to swallow, zwemmen zwom gezwommen to swim. zinksn zonk gezonken to sink. zingen zong gezongen to sing. zitteu zat gezeten to sit. 94 zoeken ik zogt gezbgt to seek. euigen zoog gezogen to suck, zuipen zoop gezopen to house iyn was geweest to be. For the formation, in all irregular verbs, of the three persons of the imperfect tense in which the irregularity lies, it may be observed, 1st, The first person singular and third are both alike, as : ik schreef, hy schreef, I wrote, he wrote : 2nd. The second person singular and plural are both alike, and end with t, as : gy schreef t, gylieden schreef t, thou wrote, you wrote : 3rd, The first person plural and third are both alike, and terminate in 'en, as: ivy schrevcn, zy schreven 9 we wrote, they wrote, ivy liepeft, zy Uepen, we run, they run.— The perfect participle m conjugating never changes, as; gy hebt gegoten, zy hcbbm gegoten, thou hast poured, they have poured 1 OF IMPERSONAL VERBS. Verbs are denominated impersonal, which relate neither to a foregoing person or thing, and which, as is observed, are only conjugated in the third person singular. They are preceded generally by the pronoun het, it; or men*, they ; of this number are ; * This particle men cannot be used before verbs which are impersonal by nature; as for example, we never say : men regent^ men vriest ; but we say only j het regent, het vriesl. het regent, it rains. het mist, there is a fog. het vriest, it freezes. het dooid, it lhaus. het blixemd, it lightens. het dondert, it thunders. het hageld, it. bails. het ivaaid, it blows. he t behoord, it ought. het betaamt, it behooves. het schynt, it seems. het sneeuwd, it snows. 95 het gebeitrd, it happens. het blykt, it appears. men hoord, it is heard, /ie/ verdriet lum, it grieves him. mm weet, it is known. men zegt, it is said. '£ & wonder, 't is wonderful. '/ is warm, 't is warm. H is koud, 't is cold. , het rouwd hem, he repents it. These verbs may be conjugated through all moods and tenses like personals, as : het regende gisteren, it rained yesterday ; het heeft gehageld, it has hailed ; zal het vriezen 1 shall it freeze ? heeft het gedonderd ? has it thuc* dered ? het zal hem berouwen, he shall repent it. Pro?niscuous Exercises upon the Verbs. We expect our friend Mr. B. — He sells bad verwagten verkoopen fruit. Happy is the man who fears the Lord. ■. ■ - vrucht gelukkig vrezen Heere We have seen great events in our age. — I did write gebeurtenis eeuw to you the last post. — All the meat is spoiled.— I fear met vleesch 96 they shall be deceived. — The shoemaker has brought schoenmaker your shoes. — They have bound him, and robbed him of schoen bestelen all his money. — He has been forced to go there. When geld daar. did you arrive at London? — I do not mean to aankomen Lenden menen wrong him. — Giddy people are doubtless not onrechtdoen duizelig ongetwyffelt wise. — Not understanding your plan, he does not wys verstaan voornemen approve of it, — Though we obey her in every goedkeuren alhoewel gehoorzamen alles thing. — I wrote to your father some time ago, that eenige iyd geleden he might engage Mr. B. to pay me a visit in verplichten hezoeken my new dwelling. — Your uncle desired that you nieuw woning. oom gebieden might sell his two horses to Mr. S. — I should be very verkoopen zou sorry if they fell in bad hands.— It is easy bedroefd indien kwade gemakkelyk to find faults, but difficult to do better. — — They are fout moeielyk increased in wealth, — He should conduct himself well aangroeien rykdom gedragen if he left that company. — Would your mother not verlaten despise such a conduct ?— I am sure you would marry 97 despise such a conduct.— I am sure you would marry misachten gedrag zeker irouwen her if she were richer. — They would have paid us but bet den the money failed. — They deserved a better reception, mangelen verdienen onthaal — Their country house will be rebuilt this summer. — The % zomer Romans kept without interruption the sacred fire onderhouden zander ophonden heilig in the temple of Vesta.— It is said that you have received tempel Vesta cntvange?i more than a hundred letters about that place, — The veer plaats. people went out of the city by hundreds and thousands. ait met — Have you not been there r— I do not find it too difficult. te — »- Those who have never suffered, know nothing.— We nooit niets should never speak of what we are ignorant. They moeten niet weten went away without eating or drinking, — You deceived him tueg zondtr once, but it will happen no more. — It is said it lightened eens niet at night, and froze in the morning. —It rained and Mowed nagt the whole afternoon.— — 1 fear it will snow, for it is namiddag mezen ivant K m indeed very cold. — The heart is a true camelion, we arm hart waare kamelion, think to seize it, and we embrace nothing but a beslaan omvatten dan shadow. — I did not doubt but he was a man of quality. schaduw twyffelen of quality t, ■ — Liberality consists less in giving much, than in giving mildheid beslaan seasonably.- If I had combated in your games, said echi van pas stryden spel spreken Teieinachus, it was not with the hope of reigning here, it heerschen hier was in order to deserve your esteem and compassion ; o m acht ing medelyden it was that you should allow me the means of toestann middel returning to my place.— We should criticise with taste, ivederkertn in moeten hekelcn smaak and censure ^ith moderation,— -Give me that man, that beslraffen maatigheid is not passion's slave, and I will wear him in my heart's hardstogt slaaf dragen core. In the morning think what thou hast to do, and khkhuis at night ask thyself what thou hast done.— A lying tongue nagt I4egen tong is but for a moment, but truth is the daughter of oogenblik waarheid dochter time, and in the end will appear. — — Let him think einde ver&chynen 09 what he will, he shall not prevent me from acting as I beletten doer. ought. — Alexander conquered the Persians, 1 have overwinnen seen your house and admired its beaut}'. — — The verwondcren schoonheid word is found in Fenelon's book. — I always shall remem- woord ally d errin- ber your advice.— The king's army has been preserved. — neren raad leger behouden Jason obtained the gold fleece. — He will hurt hini- verkrygen goud vlies kwelzsn self. — They have forgot themselves. — He has weakened vergeten va-zwakken himself.— -Let us divert ourselves. — -She fancied her- verheugen in hee.L l-n $ei£— B Thev have surrendered themselves —Loose ilm omrgmvm tJi-autki-n horses; sir, they are loosened, ™Who has earriid over overt reiigtn the mail?— The enemy is repelled, — —They have maal, f. vyand terugdryven interposed them. — The prisoners are released. tu&schtnstcllm gevangen vrulalen* SECTION VI. OF ADVERBS. An adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, (whence it derives its name), an adjective, and sometimes to an 100 other adverb,- to express some quality or circumstance respecting it, as : hy leest wet, be reads well ; een oprecht goed man, a truly good man ; hy doet zeer wel, be does very well. Some adverbs admit of degrees of comparison, as : vroeg, vroeger, vroegst, soon, sooner, soonest; wyselyk, wyselyker, ivyselykst, wisely, more wisely, most wisely. Adverbs seem originally to have been contrived to ex- press compendiously in one word, what must otherwise have required two or more, as: hy deed het gistern, he did it yesterday; for, hy deed het den dag voor dezen dag, he did it the day before this day ; hy deed wyselyk, he acted wisely; for, hy deed met wysheid, he acted with wisdou). Adverbs, though very numerous, may be reduced to certain classes, the chief of which are those of number, order, place, time, quantity, manner or quality, doubt, affirmation, negation, interrogation, and comparison. 1. Of number, as: ecus, once; (weernaal, twice, driemaal, thrice, &c. 2. Of order, as: ten eerste, first ; ten twede, secondly ; ten derde, thirdly ; ten vierde, fourthly ; ten laatstc, lastly. 3. Of place, as: hler. here; daar, there; elders, elsewliere ; ergens, somewhere ; overal,evevy where; nergens, - nowhere ; hierin, herein ; waarhenen, whither ; henvaards, hither; dtrwaards, ihither; opwaards, upward; neder- waards, downward ; voorwaards, forward ; achterivaards, backward ; waaruit, whence ; Meruit, hence ; daaruit, thence ; binnen, within ; buiten, without ; ver, far. 4. Of time present, as: ?iu, now; heden, to-day, &c. 101 Of time past, as : alreeds, already ; te wren, before ;. onlangs, lately; gisteren, yesterday; voordezen, hereto- fore ; tot hier toe, hitherto ; al over lang, long ago, &c. Of time to come, as : morge7i, to-morrow ; nog niet, not yet ; hier na, hereafter ; voortaan, henceforth ; straks, by and by ; aanstonds, instantly ; onmidddyk, immedi- ately; bytydts, betimes. Of time indefinite, as : dikwyls, often ; menigmaal, oft-times ; zomtyds, sometimes ; dra y soon ; zelden, sel- dom ; dagelyks, daily ; weklyks, weekly ; maandelyks, monthly ; jaar/yks, yearly ; geduurig, always ; wanneer, when ; alsdan, then ; ooit, ever ; nooit, never : wederom, again ; anders, otherwise ; aleenlyk, only 5. Of quantity, as : veel, much ; weinig, little ; ge- noegzaam, sufficiently ; hoeveel, how much ; genoeg, enough ; overvloedig, abundantly. 6. Of manner or quality, as : wyzelyk, wisely ; zottelyk, foolish; rechivaardiglyk, justly ; onrechtvaardiglyk, un- justly ; schielyk, quickly; langzaam, slowly; vroeg, early, 7. of doubt, as: mischien, perhaps; mogelyk, pos- sibly ; by geval, perchance. 8. Of affirmation, as: waarlyk, truly; ongetwyffeld, undoubtedly ; zekerlyk, certainly ; ja, yes ; inderdaad, indeed ; dadelyk, really, &c. 9. Of negatiou, as : neen, no } niet, not ; geensints, by no means ; in geene wyze, in no wise, &c. 10. Of interrogation, as: hoe, how: waarom, why; waarook, wheresoever; welk van beyde, whether. 11. Of comparison, as: meer, meerder, more; meest? most ; beter, better ; best, best ; erger, worse ; ergst 102 worst; minder, less; m'msi, least; zeer, very; meest, •almost ; iveinig, little,; even eens, gelylc, alike, &c. Besides fheadverbs already mentioned, there are many which are formed by a combination of several of the pre- positions, with the adverbs of place, frier, daar, and waar, as: kieraf, hereof; daaraf, thereof; waar af, whereof; tothier, hereto; waartoe, whereto; hierby hereby; daar* voor, or voor dot, therefore ; daar in, or, in dat, therein ; van pas, seasonably. There are some adverbs composed of a noun and pre- position, as: te grand, aground; omhoog, above; aan* hoard, abroad; ie bed, abed; aanstonds, directly. Many adverbs are sometimes used as adjectives, as: men heefl reel geld verlcwist ; much money has been spent; and sometimes as substantives, as: waar veel word gegeven, veel zal er gevraagd warden, where much is given, much will be required. But if the latter sentence depend on the former to make a complete sense, they precede them, as : ik will dat zy langsaam leze, I desire she read slowly. Adveibs in simple tenses follow the verbs ; but in com- pound the auxiliaries, as: hy kwam gistern, en zy zullen mcrgen Icemen, he came yesterday, and they will come to- morrow ; but Adverbs of interrogation' are placed before the verbs, as : waar is hy ? where is he ? wanneer zullen wy vaer'en ? when will we sail ?— In poetry, and energetic sense, likewise in a sublime stile, we may put them very well in the beginning of the phrase, as : eindelyk zyn zy bevredigd, at last they are reconciled ; ~For the remain- der, the easy flow and the perspicuity of the phrase ought to be chiefly regarded. 103 Exei^cises upon Adverbs. How do you find yourself to-day ? Exceedingly well, I uittermate thank you heartily. — I am very glad of it. — I was bedanken verblyd a little indisposed yesterday. — Are you going already ? I shall come again to-morrow. — I must soon return home.— How is your father ? He is a great deal better. When shall we ride on horse-back together ? When it shall please te pnard behagen you. — She behaves herself politely. — He dances grace- danzen beval- fully. — I despise thuP? who speak otherwise than they lig minachten think. — A wise man speaks modestly of himself 3 and never ze dig says any thing without having carefully examined it.— zonder zorgvuldig onderzoeke?i A precious stone pleases only when it is polished and well kostelyk polysten cut. — Is she good ? yes, indeed she is. — Wherefore should you do it. — We will get up early and set out betimes. — opsiaan uiizetten That excepted he bought it very cheap. — You see to uitnemen - goedkoop 104 how many reproaches we are liable. Put that back- verwyt onderwerpen. Stel ward.— She was within, and I was without. — He did it in a ten (twinkling of an eye).— I have written to your brother oogenblik twice, but he has not yet answered. — How long have antwoorden you been in England ? — You arrive very seasonably. — How far is it hence ? — Thence I went to Holland. — Go thither, we will go hither. — Every where are found honest peo- ple.— It was said long ago.— Henceforth I hope you will amend you. — He pays monthly. — They gave abun- beteren betalen dantly. — He proceeds foolishly and unjustly.— Perhaps voortgaan he will perceive it. — Truly they hold themselves getvaar worden respectably. — Indeed she repents it. — Certainly and undoubt- deftig edly, — Your friend speaks little, but he speaks seasonably. 105 SECTION VII. OF PREPOSITIONS. Prepositions are indeclinable words which show the re- lation between other words, as : van, of; aan, to ; voor 9 before, &c. as : het palais van den keizer, the palace of the emperor ; geef het boek aan Andries, give the book to Andrew ; hy ging van Londen naar York, lie went from London to York. Prepositions are for the most part set before nouns, or pronouns, and several times joined to verbs, as : met Willem, with William : hy gaat voor o?is, he goes before us : zy kwamen ons tegen, they met us. They govern always the objective case, as : van my, of me; aan hun, to them ; zy zirflen hen wederstaan, they will resist them ; hy is ons voorgelopen, he has run before us. — When the prepositions in compound verbs are set before, or after the verbs, see page C3. The prepositions aan, to ; voor, for ; are often under- stood : as : geef my het boek, give me the book ; haal my ivat papier, get me some paper ; that is : aan my, voor my. Van, of ", denotes a possession or belonging, as: hethuis van mynen vriend, the house of my friend. Naar, to, is opposite to van, from, as : hy reed van Londen naar Kew, he rode from London to Kew. By, by, is generally used in reference to a place, as : by huis, close by home. 10f5 Voor, before, relates to time and place ; voor^ for, in- dicates belonging, as : het is voor hem, it is for him. Door, through, relates to places, as : t e gaan door het gedrang, to go through the crowd. Door, by has a reference to a cause, as : het was door kern gebouivd, it was built by him. The following is a list of the principal prepositions : eg ter, after. op, upon. aan, to. over, over. benedcn, below. omtrent, about. benevens, beside volgens, according. behalven. besides. nit, out. hoven, above. wegens, concerning. hinnen, within. tasschen, between. ly, by. tegen, against. door, through. in, into. met, with. sonder, without* wider t among. That the use of prepositions may become more familiar, take the following examples : van den koning, of or from the king; aan de goden, to the gods; neven mynen vader, besides my father ; by dt?i weg, by the way ; voor den tyd, before the time ; met gantscher harte, with the whole heart ; ter doode venvezen, to death condemned ; ter aarde vallen, to fall on earth ; door de zift gieten, to pour through a sieve ; te scheep gaan, to go on ship ; te water gaan, to go by water. 107 Exercises on the Prepositions, Under whom did you serve ?— To whom do you speak t —There are many peaches again-* the wall ?— I will be at perzik home before you.— -Behind the post office.— Let us post comptoir divide it betwixt us.— I walked beyond the farm.— Sit verdekn koeve by me. — She took it for me, from her, in the garden. His house is near mine.— He fell off his horse.— Is he out of danger ? — The account is on the table.— He lives with gevaar reekening his brother, over the way. — They rode yesterday together, through Hyde Park. -^ SECTION VIII. OF CONJUNCTIONS, A conjunction is a part of speech which connects sen- tences together, so as, out of two, to make one. It sometimes connects only words, Conjunctions are prin- cipally divided into two sorts, the copulative and the dis- junctive. The conjunction copulative serves to continue a sentence, as : hy en zyn breeder wonen in den Haag, he and his brother reside in the Hague ; ik wil gaan> indien hy my wild vergezehekappen, I will go, if he will accompany me. The conjunction disjunctive serves not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition 108 of meaning in different degrees, as : alhoewel hy dikwyls bestraft w'.erd nogtans beterde hy niet, though he were frequent re] roved, yet he did not reform ; zy kwamen met haar, maar gingen weg zonder haar, they came with her, but went away without her. Relative pronouns, as well as conjunctions, serve to con- nect sentences, as : gezegend is de mensch die den Heere vretst, en die zyne geboden ondt-rhoud, blessed is the man who feareth the Lord, and keepeth his commandments. These two kinds of conjunctions may be subdivided, and taken under several denominations, as : 1. Concessives, as : alhoewel, ofschoon, although ; niet tegensiaande, albeit ; of, or ; so ah, as if ; so dra, as soon. 2. Adversatives, as : maar, but ; nogtans, yet ; niet te min, nevertheless. 3. Causals, as : want, for ; diensvolgens, consequently ; so dat, so that, &c. 4. Conditionals, as: indien, if; terwyl dat, whilst that ; mits, provided; dewyl, because. 5. Excepiives, as : tenzy, unless ; uitgenomen, except ; behahen dat, besides that ; zonder dat, without that ; andersints, otherwise. y Many adverbs may be used as conj unctions," a5d the sense alone can determine when they are used as 'conjunc- tions, and when as adverbs. Conjunctions, which denote a certainty, govern the indicative mood ; but those which express a desire, wish, or doubt, govern the subjunctive ; as : doch hy sludeert opdat hy geleered worde, but he studies that he become learned. 109 Exercises upon the Conjunctions. Not only the years, but the days and hours are uur registered. — I was also with him. - Give me either green aanteken groen or blue. — A liar is not believed though he speak Mauw leugenaar geloven the truth. — You are happy because you are good. — He waarheid jread it twice, that she might understand it better. — If opdal you be attentive you will improve.— I do not know aundagtig toeneemen whether I shall go or not. — Although she is young, yet of she is not handsome. — As white as snow. — I think Miltois sneeuw as great a poet as Virgil. — I was so tiied, that I fell a vermoeyen in sleep. — I love you, because you behave better than your slaap brother does. — We will set out as soon as we have warmed vertrekken warmen ourselves. — You are quite altered since I saw Veenemaal vtrandcren zedcrt you last. — Your brother was but twenty years old, when laast he was made a captain ; he has more experience than ondervinding L 110 you have. — Whilst you play and lose money, your sister zuster is learning her lesson.— AH men seek after riches, and yet leren we see few rich men happy. — Play on the harpsichord cjj clavecimbal while I write my letters.— You will be punished, for you siiaffen deserve it. — You will never be respected, unless you verdienen achten forsake him. verlalen SECTION IX. OF INTERJECTIONS. An interjection is so called from its signification in Latin, which is a casting or throwing between ; and so it is an indeclinable, abrupt, and imperfect kind of speech, ex- pressing the affection or passion of the mind of itself, without dependence on or yielding assistance to another word. There are as many interjections as there are various motions and agitations of the mind ; such as intimate grief are : helaas ! eylaas I alas ! och my ! ey my ! ah mei wee ! wo! o! ah my arme zkl ! o! oh my poor soul! wee ul wo you! harmhartigheid! bless me! aeh myn God! O my God! Of admiration, as: och wonderlyk ! ah wonderful! hoe dusJ how thus ! inderdaad ! really! indeed! Ill Of detestation, as: foey, fie; schaamjenietl you are not ashamed ? Of calling, as: hcu ! bey! hem ! hem! hotel ho! Of call, of attention, as: aanziet ! behold! aanhoord ! hark ! Of requesting silence, as : sits swyg, silence ; kusck ! hush ! Of salutation 3 as : welkom t welcome. Exercises upon the hiierjcclions* Oil I I have alienated my friend,— Aim ! I fm? foj vervreemdm hh life, m* Oh ! pity, — Oh ! shame. —Where is now leven medelyden schaamte your flourishing season ? — O king ! live for ever. — O thou ! bloaende lyd that livest in the heavens. — O heavens ! hear my voice.— kernel stem Wo to them who reject good council.— Oh ! fatal verwerpen raad noodlottig accident. — Fie, do not put yourself in a passion. — O aanval virtue ! how amiable art thou. — Bless me, I am undone. — lieflyk verlizen Hush thee, silence. Oh! the dimal effects which yslylc ititwerkzel 112 laziness produces. Wo to those that resist the hiiheid voortbiegm wederstaan Almighty! Almachtig. Having, in this manner, gone through the respective parts of speech, there will be no occasion for syntax ; for the perspicuity and accuracy of a language, skilful authors' works should be perused and studied : some sentences may be selected, by the master* for parsing* — the English scholar will, at the same time, perceive that vast analogy which ex- ists between this and his own language, which moreover will ease him abundantly in his pursuit. Exercises on different Subjects. ON KNOWLEDGE. The life of a wise man is lengthened by his pursuit of knowledge, as that of a fool by his passion. The time of the one is' long, because he does not know what to do with it; but the other distinguishes every mo- ment of it with useful and amusing thoughts ; the one is always wishing it away, and the other always enjoying if. How different is the view of past life, in the man who is grown old in knowledge, from that of him who is grown old in ignoranee4 The latter is like the owner of a barren country, that fills his eye with the prospect of naked hills 113 and plains, which produce nothing ; the other beholds an agreeable landscape, and can scarce cast his eye on a single spot of his possessions, that is not covered with some beau- tiful plant. ON LANGUAGES. The understanding of languages serves for an introduc- tion to all the sciences. We thereby come at the know- ledge of a great many curious points, with very little trou- ble ; for, by this means, all times and countries lie open to us. We become in a manner contemporary with all ages, and inhabitants of the world; and are qualified to converse with the most learned men, who are always at hand, and whose ever useful and agreeable conversation enriches the mind, and teaches us to make an equal advantage of the virtues and vices of mankind. Without the aid of langua- ges, all these oracles are dumb to us; and for want of having the key, which can admit us to their treasures, we remain poor iu the midst of immense riches and interesting sciences. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. A flock of sheep were grazing, secure from harm, in an enclosure ; the dogs were all asleep, and their master was playing under a shady elm on his rural pipe with his com- panions. A wolf, that was half starved, came to the scene to take a view of them through the chinks. L 2 114 A lamb, that was unexperienced, and had never been abroad, entered into conversation with him. What is it you want here, said he to the wolf? Some of this fresh tender grass, replied the wolf. You are sensible that nothing is more agreeable than to appease one's hunger in a verdant meadow, embroidered with flowers, and slake one's thirst at a transparent fountain, I rind plenty here both of one and the other ; what can any one desire more ? For my part I love philosophy, that teaches us to rest contented with a little. Is it then true, replied the lamb, that you abstain from the flesh of beasts, and that a little grass will satisfy you ? If so, let us live like brothers, and graze together. Immediately the lamb leaped over the enclosure into the meadow, where the grave philosopher tore him in pieces, and at once devoured him. Always mistrust the smooth tongues of those who boast of their own virtue. Form your judgment by their actions. THE BEASTS IN COUNCIL ASSEMBLED TO ELECT A KING. The lion being dead, all the birds aud beasts flocked to his den, to condole with the lioness, his royal relict, who made the mountains and the forests resound with her loud cries. After the usual compliments, they proceeded to the election of a king : the crown of the deceased monarch being placed in the mjtlst of the assembly. His heir ap- 115 parent was too young and weak to obtain the royal dignity, to which so many creatures, stronger than himself, put in their -claim. Let me grow up a little, said his highness, and then you shall rind that I can fill the throne, and make my subjects, tremble in my turn. In the mean time, I'll study the heroic actions of my father, in hopes that one day I may equal him in glory. For my part, said the leopard, I insist on my right to the crown, as I resemble the late king more than any other candidate whatsoever. I, on the other hand, cried the bear, will maintain that I had injustice done me, when his late majesty was preferred before me ; I am as strong, as undaunted, and blood-thirsty as he was ; besides, I am master of an art which he could never attain to, I mean that of climbing trees. 1 appeal, said the elephant, to the judgment of this august assembly, if any one here present can with any colour boast of being so tall, portly, or robust, so sedate as I am. I am the noblest, the most beautiful creature of you all, said the horse. And I the most cunning, said the fox. And I the swiftest in running, said the stag. Where will you find, said the monkey, a king more agreeable, more ingenious, and more entertaining than I am ? I shall each day divert my subjects : besides, I am the picture of man, who is the lord of the universe. The parrot interrupting him, made this speech : Since you boast of your likeness to man, I think I may with much more justice, AH your resemblance of him consists in your 116 ugly phiz, and some ridiculous grimaces ; but I can talk like a mau, and imitate his speech, the indication of his rea- son, and his greatest ornament. Hold your cursed talk, replied the monkey : You talk, it is true, but not like man; you chatter the same thing over and over again, without understanding one single word that you say. The whole assembly laughed at these two wretched imi- tators of mankind ; and conferred the crown on the ele- phant, as he was both strong and wise, and not only free from the cruel temper of the beasts of prey, but from the vanity and self-conceit which too many are tainted with, of always seeming to be what in reality they are not. ADVICE TO A YOUNG MERCHANT. MY DEAR FRIEND, It is with pleasure I hear that you have begun to trade for yourself, and that you have taken upon you so great and weighty a calling as a merchant. Wherefore I thought myself bound, as a sincere friend of yours, to congratulate you in your new state and establisment, and to give you the best advice I can for the better management of your affairs. First of all let me admonish you not to be too hasty after riches: Solomon says, "he that hastens to be rich, shall not be innocent; but poverty shall come upon him. Be sure, in the first place, tl^at you fear God and serve him incessantly night and day ; and let not your concern 117 for this life hinder you of doing your duty towards God. He loses nothing who keeps God for his friend. Be not too greedy of falling into too much business, for great dealings soon make a man either rich or poor. Acquaint yourself well with the uncertainty and fading condition of outward things, and be strong in faith and hope of eternal life ; for merchants run many hazards, chances, and dangers, and often undergo great losses ; and if you have not a foundation laid up for the life to come, you may possibly meet sometimes with such accidents as may make your heart tremble. Whatsoever you take in hand, or do, be sure to deal justly with all men ; for honesty is the best policy. Take lieed of smuggling, and rob not the prince of his customs ; since many times one pound that way costs ten. Trade not in deceitful, unmerchantable, and false wares. Knavery may serve for a turn, but honesty is best at long run. Keep just weights, equal balances, and lawful measures, for ihV gotten goods seldom prosper long. Keep a good account of all you receive and pay out in the way of trade. Keep your books and accounts exact and in good order ; for therein stands the credit of a mer- chant. Peruse your books often, and make yourself well acquainted with your state of debtors and creditors ; be- cause many through neglect of examining closely those essential points, have not only been undone, but also greatly disgraced. Venture no more at one time than what, if you lose, youi can by God's blessing bear. Make your adventures in many parcels, that if one should fail, the other perhaps may help the loss . 118 Take heed with whom you trade, and whom you trust. There is a great difference between man and man. Therefore trust no man, but try him first. Seek not without great necessity to be credited of others. He that goes borrow- ing goes sorrowing. The more you stand on your own bottom, the less care and the more honor you have. Be not hasty in surety for any, for many thereby suffer great damage. Neither desire any to be surety for you : for one good turn deserves another. Do as you would be done by. What you have once promised be careful to perform : for merchants suffer much by not keeping their word. When therefore you have payment to make, provide in time for it : and have the sums and days in continual remembrance. Samson was a strong man, yet could not pay money before he had it. Rely on no other mau to the last for your own payments; as you may be disappointed, and endanger your own credit. Be careful not to trade above the compass of your stock. Leave not your business too much to others, but have a continual insight of it yourself : for the master's eye makes the horse fat. Shun no pains at all. The way to bliss lies not on beds of down. No gains without pains. No sweet without some sweat. He that labours and strives, spins gold. Be not extravagant in every fashion ; yet keep your- self neither above your rank, nor. too much below it, but in a middling way, so as the conscience may not be wounded, if you should fail or fall. Love honor more than wealth. When you have gained it, praise God, and re- member the poor. Be not prodigal, for that is wasting; nor yet niggardly, for that is base. Keep up a noble and generous mind, guided by a good understanding. A spa- 119 ring man bought the house of the glutton. No alchymist is too saving. A penny saved is a penny got. On the con-, trary, that penny is (also) well spent which saves a groat. Shun and avoid, by all means, bad company and game- sters: and among other things women and wine, which have been the ruin of many young men. Have a certain time of being at home, and miss no man if possible at the time appointed. Frequent the exchange and places of meeting for merchants ; for absence makes a man sometimes suspected. Whenever you marry be circumspect in the choice of a wife, that she should be endowed with prudence and good morals, simple of her dress, and vigilant in her family ; so as to deserve the laudable appellation of a good housewife ! and thus she will be the better qualified to educate the children she may have, in the love and fear of God ! and afterwards to give them that liberal education, proportion- able to their state and condition. How many worthy men in business, that made a fortune by the dint of their industry and frugality, have been brought to a low ebb by the levity of their wives, who would follow the torrent in all sorts of luxury in spite of their husbands, and soon spent it by their too much condescension to or foolish fondness for their wives, I mean vipers that are destructive to private morals and public virtue. Some husbands, out of despair, fall into the same excesses; so that when both ends of the house are on fire, it cannot tarry long in burning to ashes, I say nothing of the disquiets that reign in familieSj and sometimes take their source from frivolous causes, or from malicious domestic insinuations, to work themselves into the good graces of their masters or mistresses out of interested views ; a point that should be seriously inspected into. 120 If you deal for others, do for them as for yourself: you thereby gain friends and reputation. It is commonly said, that a friend in the way is as good as a penny in the purse. When you give or receive advice, be sure it be good, or have it altered : and when it is right, follow it punctually, and thank the donor. Settle your accounts often with your masters and chapmen: for short reckonings make long friends. There are many other essential points that require care and examination, but it is now impossible for me to touch on them: time and experience will teach you, and think it not strange, if you learn some things through shame and loss ; it may be of the greatest importance to the observer, as bought wit is the best. Should these friendly hints of mine meet with a favour- able reception, it will be the greatest pleasure to, Sir, Your faithful friend, N. Serviceable. APPENDIX. SUNDRY EXAMPLES ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH. Een man, a man De man, the man Eene vrown, a Woman De vrouw, the woman Een kind, a Child Bet kind, the child Een boom, a Tree De boom, the tree Een plant, a Plant De plant, the plant Een dier, an Animal H € t dier, the animal 121 Een onder die boeken dot One among those books that goed is is good De man, daar ik van sprak The man I spoke of De vrouw, die hy zag The woman he saw Het kind, dat ter schoole The child that goes to school gaat Het paard, dat ik kocht The horse I bought Het huis, dat hy bouwde The hduse he buHt Jan en Pieter zyn broeders John and Peter are brothers London is eene groote Stad London is a great city Kantelberg is de zetel van Canterbury is the seat of an een' Aartsbischop Archbishop Amsterdam is eene groote Amsterdam is a city of great handelstad commerce De Vorst Wilhem wierd William the First was born, geboren, enz. &c. De Koning Jacobus stierf, King James died, &c enz* De Koningin Anna kwam Queen Anne came to the tot de kroon, enz. crown, &c, De mensch is een redely k Man is a rational creature schepzel Het brood 't onderhoud des Bread is the staff of life levens De naluur is Gods diena- Nature is God's hand-maid resse Het geld is de lenze, of, het Money commands all geld gebied alles Het leven is maar een droom Life is but a dream De vrede is beitr dan de Peace is better than war ooriog M 122 De schoonheidzonderdeugd is maar etn gepleisterd grqf vergenoeging gaat bo- ven rykdom en eer Haastige besluiten zyn zel den goed Het menschelyk leven is ver- zelt met gebreken Eerampten zyn lastig, en rykdom heeft vhugelen De tyd gaat ras verby ; be- steed dus elk oogenblik we I Het onderwys f en eene goede opvoeding is eene duur- zame gift De luiheid heeft geen voor- spraak, dog veel vrienden De vermeerdering der ken- nisse, komt door waarne- minge van den tyd De Vorsten mogen Konin- gryken overwinnen ; maar niet den dood De liefde en de eer willen gene meelevryers De mensch heeft veel te le- ren, maar heeft een korte levenstyd Beauty without virtue is but a painted sepulchre Contentment is preferable to riches and honour Hasty resolutions are seldom fortunate Human life is inseparable from human frailty. Honours are burdens, and riches have wings Hours fly swift away; im- prove each moment of the day Instruction and a good edu- cation are a durable for- tune Idleness hath no advocate, but many friends Improvement of parts is by improvement of time Kings may win crowns, but cannot conquer death Love and honour will bear no rivals Man has much to learn, but a short time to live 123 De tegertspoed isde toetsteen der waare vriendschap De aart verandert zelden met de luchslreek De eerste wet der naiitur is zelfsbehoudenis Eene verzuimde gelegen- heid board groot berouw Van alle verkwuting is die des tyds de ergste Met nalaten van gced te doen, is het kwaad begaan De Godsdienst word best verstaari) ah men den ZeU ven oeffe'nd De rykdom diend dm ivy- sen, maar regeerd den dwazen De wraak-oeffening is het vermaak alleen van laage zielen De eigenliefde vleit ons het alter me est Het vertrouwen is de sterk- ste band der maatschappye De verwaandheid waakt de schoonhe.idverachtelyk De zedigheid heeft meer be- koorlykheden, dan de schoonhcid De wysheid overtreft de Misfortune is the touchstone of friendship Nature seldom changes with the climate Nature's first law is self-pre- servation Opportunity neglected brings severe repentance Qf all prodigality, that of time is the worst Omitting to do good is to commit evil Religion is best understood when most practised Riches serve a wise man, but rule a fool Revenge is a pleasure only to a mean spirit Self-love is the greatest flat- terer in the world Confidence is the strongest bond of human society Vanity makes beauty con- temptible Modesty has more charms than beauty Wisdom exceeds folly, as 124 dwaesheid, zo ver ah het licht de duisternis De wegen der wysheid zyn wegen van vermaak De zonde en het berouw zyn onaffcheidelyke medgezel- ten De kunst word door arleid verkregen By onderwyst de Spraak- kunde, de Welsprekend- heid, de Redenkunde, de Wyhegeerte, de Godsge- leerdheid, de Rechten, de Geneeskunde, enz. Eene kudde of dreef scha* pen Een trop of drift ganzen Een hoop, eene menigte ha- ringen Eene vlugt of trop patryzen Een honderd stuks vee of rundvee Een paar handschoenen , dui- ven Een paar eieren Een jok of een koppel ossen Een koppel honden, of hd- zen, een paar pistolen Een dozyn knopen Een gros of 12 dozyn far as light exceeds dark- ness Wisdom's ways are ways of pleasantness Sin and sorrow are insepara- ble companions Art is gained by industry He teaches Grammar, Rhe-» toric, ' Logic, Philosophy, Divinity, Law, Physic> A flock of sheep A flock of geese A shoal of herrings. A covey of partridges An hundred head of caftle A pair of gloves, of pigeons A couple of eggs A yoke, or couple of oxen A brace of dogs, of hares, of pistols A dozen of buttons A gross 125 Een schok, 20 stuks Ik was daar voor 8 dagen geleden Hy zal over 8 dagen hier zyn Zy zullen Mnnen 1 4 dagen komen Ik twyfel of zy binnen een maand nog wel hier zul- len zyn H Is 10 uuren Het is half een, half 4 Het is een quartier over tween Het is quartier voor 5 't Is 10 minnuten voor 6 Een koets met 6 paarden Ik bemin het lezen Gy zyt een brave jongen Hy is een naarstig man Zy is een tedere moeder Het is eenfraai kind, Het is een geweldig groot dier Hy begint te bloeijen Hy draagt vruchten in 'tna~ jaar Wy moeten onxen tyd wel be- steden A score I was there this day se'n- night He will be here this day se'nnight They will come within a fort- night, or they will come this day fortnight. I question whether they will be here this month yet It is ten o'clock It is half an hour past twelve, past three It is a quarter past two It is three quarters past four, or it wants a quarter of 5 It wants ten minutes to 6 A coach and six I love reading Thou art a brave boy lie is a diligent man She is a tender mother It is a fine child It is a huge creature It begins to blossom It bears fruit in autumn We must improve our time 126 Gy behorde uwer plicht in- dachtig te zyn Zy bewcgen zich alien in hnnnen eigen kring Het is een eerlyk man, eer- lyke vrouw Het tvaaid, het sneeuwd, het regent Myn kleine is in slaap Ik heb geene kleine meer Jongen iverpen ef brengen- voort Dit is eene goede Geev my eenige goede JBeide dt kleine en de groote syn goed Ontferm U myner, hunner, harer, zyner Gedenk myner, hunner, harer, zyner Om myns wille, hunner wille, harer wille, zyns wille Wees myner, hunner, harer, zyner, genadig Ei lieven ! geeft my tydig bericht Ik gelaste u zulks te doen Uy verzekerde hem van zyne achting By beminde huar boven ma- im You should be mindful of your duty They move all in their own sphere It is an honest man, woman It blows, it snows, it rains My little one is asleep I have no more little ones To bring forth young ones This is a good one Give me some good one Both the little and great ones are good Have pity on me, theirs, his Remember me, theirs, his For my, their, his sake Have mercy upon me, theirs, his Pray give me timely notice I charge thee to do it He assures him of his regard He loved her exceedingly 127 Zy vond het in goeden staal By vert el de ons dat hy zo gehoord had Verzuim niet ons te Jaten weten Ik zal u by de allererste post bericht geven Zy bragten hen gestadig hunnen plichtjegens God en hunne evenmenschen, onder 't oog Myn vader gaf my eene goede opvoeding Myne motder had my teder lief Myne gesladige zorg was hun te gehorzamen Myne kinder en schikken zich ook zeer icel Uw broeder herd naarstig Uive zuster heeft beminne- lyke hocdanigheden Hebt alle hoop cp God Bestier uwe zaken met be- scheidenheid Zyn onbevlekte naam maki hem over a I geacht Zyn yver voor het gemeene best, is verb/izend Zyne onvermoeidheid in het weldoen, is zonder tveerga She found it in good order He told one that he had heard so Don't neglect to let us know I'll acquaint you by the very first mail They reminded them con- stantly of their duty to- wards God and their fel- low creatures My father gave me a good education My mother loved me dearly My constant care was to obey them My ehildren prove also very dutiful Thy brother minds his book Thy sister has amiable qua- lities Have all thy hope in God Guide thy affairs with dis- cretion His unblemished character makes him universally esteemed His zeal for the public good is surprisiug His unweariness in well-do- ing is without parallel 128 Zyne onderdanen beschou- wen hem, als hunnem ge- mynen vader Het harte haars mans ver- trouwd op haar Zy opent bar en mond met wysheid; en op hare tonge is de leere der goed- artigheid Hare kinderen staan op, en noemen ze welgelukzalig ; ook haar man, en hypryst haar Deszelfs meester is een be- kwaam man Deszelfs zorg voor zyne te- derejongen is verbazend Dez&elfs smaak is keurlyk Naar zyn staat leven Meer dan een middel am zich te redden weien Men moet zyn teering schik- ken naar zyn neering Ons land, alhoewel niet zeer uitgestrekt, is een der schdonste plekken van de weereld Onze rivieren zyn veelen, en overal bevaarbaar His subjects look upon him as their common parent Her husband's heart doth safely trust in her She openeth her mouth with wisdom ; and in her tongue is the law of kindness Her children rise up, and call her blessed ; her husbaud also, and he piaiseth her Its master is a very able man Its care for its helpless young is astonishing Its taste is very delicious To live according to one's estate To have two strings to one's bow One ought to cut one's coat according to one's cloth Our country, though of no great extent, is one of the finest spots in the world Our rivers are many, and every where navigable Our situations such, as to be 129 eene voorraadschuure fe zyn voor andere volken Een voordeel, dat weinege onzer nabuuren bezitten Uw zoon gedroeg zich zeer bescheiden Uwe dochter gaf hem niets vooruit Uw huisschynt wel gebouwd te zyn Uwe dnnstboden zyn alle zeer bezadigd Hunne rechts-zaak is nog niet beslist Hun beroep is zo goed ah Huwe Hunne waaren zullen spoe~ dig aan den man zyn Deze boom is de myne, de uwe, de zyne, de hare, de onze, de uwe, de hunne, of de hare Dese bloem is de myne, de uwe, de zyne, de hare, de onze t de uwe, de hunne, of de hare Dit boek is het myne, het uwe, het zyne, het hare, het onze, het uwe, het hunne, of 't hare Deze bomen zyn de myne, a store-house to other na- tions An advantage few of our neighbours possess Your son behaved very dis- creetly Your daughter was not be- hind hand with him Your house seems to be well built Your servants are all very sedate Their law-suit is still de- pending Their calling is as good as yours Their wares will soon be dis- posed of This tree is mine, thine, his hers, ours, yours, or theirs This flower is mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, or theirs This book is mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, or theirs These trees are mine, thine, ISO de uwe, de zyne, de hare, de onze, de uwe, dehunne, of de hartr Deze bloemen zyn de myne, enz. Deze boeken zyn de myne, Wiens huis is dill Wiens boeken zyn deze ? Een myner, uwer, zyner, harer, onzer, uwer, hun- ner t of harer vrienden, zeide my dat, Ik was gewoon alle morgen ten zes uuren op te staan Eenyder kanfeiUn lets, wat het &ok %y, U doer voor voldoende Menig von dien zal genoeg zyn Zo hy maar ergens is Doet het maar op eenige wyze zo als gy gelieft Sommige doen het op de eene manier, en andere op eene andere In dit vergangkelyk leven zal *er aitoos iets ontbre- ken Ik hoorde iemand zeggen Op iemand vergramd zyn Hoe zal men het doen? his, hers, ours, yours, or theirs These flowers are mine, &c. These books are mine Whose house is this ? Whose books are these ? A friend of mine, of thine, of his, of hers, of ours, of yours, of theirs, told me that I was used to rise every morning at six o'clock Every man is faulty Any thing will do Any of them will suffice If he be but any where Do it but any way you please Some will do it one way, and others another Something will always be wanting in this transitory life I heard one say To be angry with one How shall one do it ? m Naar wensch, of zo ah men 't hebben wilde Zy zyn beide myne vrienden Ik hoorde het van btiden Niemand heeft voit dierge- lyks gehoord Is 'er niemand under s? Geene dan die welke ik noemde, ofgenoemdhebbe Geen van hun is uw vriend Wer ook ergenseene kamer 1e huurl Een van btiden zal onze ga~ ding zyn Geen van beiden zal voldoen Ik heb andere benden gezon~ den Ik heb deselve benden niet gezonden t maar anderen Hy is geheel een ander man De menschen behoorden malkanderen niet te haa- ten, maar te beminnen Het kost my door malkan- der Wanneer gy oyit menschen ontmoet tot ondeugd ge- neigd, van zodaanigen onttreck u Zander dat uw gedrag zg- danig zy alsaan redely ke As one would have it Both of them are my friends I heard it from both No-body ever heard the like Is there no-body else ? None but those I mention- ed None of them is your friend Is there ever a room to let ? Either of them will serve our turn Neither of them will satisfy I have sent other troops I have not sent the same troops, but others He is quite another man Men should not hate, but love one another It costs me one with another Whenever you meet with men viciously Inclined, from such withdraw Without your conduct be such as becomes a ra- 132 wezens betaamt, zult gy geeri troost erlangen Ik heb nooit een zodanigen gezien *Er zyn maar weinigen die hunnen tyd wel besteden Maar veelen, die hem kwa- lyk of te vergeefs door- brengen Het is de zelve man, dien ik gisteren zag Het is de zelve vrow welke hy hoorde zeggen Het is dai zelve boeck dat zy gekocht heeft Het zyn de zelve mannen, vronwen, enkinderen, die in H veld war en H Is juist de zelve of het zelve 9 1 Is een en het zelve Den zelfden dag ging ik naar, enz. Zelfs ik de eigen of onver- deelde persoon Die zelfde zaak juist verhief hem tot eere De God desvredes zelve hei~ lige u gehecl en al Ja de haairen zelve uwes hoofds zyn alle geteld tional being, you will have no comfort I never saw such a one There are but few that spend their time well But many that spend it ill, or to no purpose It is the same man I saw yesterday It is the same woman he heard say It is the same book that she bought They are the same men, women, and children, that were in the fields It is the very same It is one and the same The self- same day I walk- ed to, &c. Even I, the self- same man The very self-same thing raised him to honour The very God of peace, sanctify you wholly Nay, the very hairs of your head are all numbered 13S Hy is een waar afbeeldsel van zyn vader Deze zelfde of eigenste man verhalde my Deze zelfde of zelve vrouw vroeg my Dit zelve of zelfde kind ktvam by my Dat is de zelve of de rechte man of vrouw, totwelken, of tot welke ik sprak Dat is juist het zelve ding, dat ik verloren heb Hy is een rechte pluimstry- ker of plasdank-zoeker Hy is de grootste vuilik, schelm, dien ik ooit ge- xien heb -Hy let op de allerminste mis- s la gen Dit is een van de allerbeste Mist niet hiervan tydige kennis te geven Daarvan mag men wel try- moediglyk zeggen Waarvan ik voor zeker kan bevestigen Hier by zult gy ontvangen Daardoor icier d ik ver zeker d Waarby ik uw antwoord be- kwam He is the very picture of his father This very man told me This very woman asked me This very child came to me This is the very man, the very woman I spoke to That is the very thing which I lost He is a very sycophant, or flatterer He is the veriest villain, rogue, I ever saw He takes notice of the very least blunders This is one of the very best Hereof, fail not to give time- ly notice Thereof one may venture to say Whereof I can positively affirm Hereby yon 11 receive Thereby I was assured Whereby I got your answer 134 Hierop zeide hy my Daarop gaf ik gten ant- woord Waarop hy staande Meld Hier omtrent, denk ik dat Y hy woont Daar omtrent is zyn woon- plaatsy of de somme Hier in dacht ik, moet nood- wendigeenige doling steken Daarin wierd ik bygespron- gen door Waarom ik goed oordeelde Hiermede vetwittige ik u Daarmede scheen by gerust tezyn Waarmede ik dit moeielyk stuk eindige Wanneer gaat de Koning naar Haneverl Hy ver- treckt den idtn July, en keert weder den 9den Au- gustus Ik schryf Hy leest, of is aan 't lezen Zy sterft Wy komen Gy doet eene goede daad Zyjagen Ik gaa, of ik vtrtrek Hereupon he told me Thereupon, or thereon, I made no reply Whereupon, or whereon he asserted Hereabout I think he lives Thereabout is his residence, or the sum Herein, I thought, must needs be some error Therein I was seconded by Wherefore I thought proper Herewith I give you intelli- gence Therewith he seemed to be easy Wherewith I finish this dit* ficult part When does the King go to Hanover ? He sets out the second of July, and returns the ninth of Au- gust He is reading I am writing She is dying We are coming You are doing a good action They are hunting I am going 135 Hy bedelt, of hy verzoekt of smeekt Die eigenste zaak word op dit oogenblik ter uitvoerge- bragt Het boek word nu gedrukt Het kcper word gesmeed Ik bemin Hy werkt, ofhy isaan 't werk Hy is aan H middagmaal Zy spelen met de kaart Ziet gy dat? Bemin t zy u? Benadeelen wy hen % Staat het hun ami 1 Hoe mart gy ? Hoe vaart zy 1 Kent myn Heer u ? Houdde oorlog aan\ Ik ken hem niet Hy zegt dat nut Zy tellen of achien hem niet Wy geven 'er niet om Zy zegt my uwe boo ds chap of commissie niet Ik twiffel niet of ik zat u met hrieven overladen Ik twyffel niet of hy zal komen Hinder ik u niet! He is begging That very thing is just now doing The book is now printing The brass is forging I am in love He is at work We are at dinner They are cards Do you see that ? Does she love! Do we hurt them % Do they like it? How do you do? How does she do? Does Mr. such a one know you? Does the war continue? I do not know him He does not say so They do not mind him ■ We don't care for it You don't tell me yoU» message I don't fear but I shall cloy you with letters I don't doubt but he'll come Don't I disturb you? 136 Plaagt zy hem niet? Voldoet u dat niet 1 Kent haar Mejufvrouw die nietl Komen zy u nu en dan niet bezoeken ? Ziet gy gindsehe alcelige vlakte ? den zetel der droef hied, van lie lit ontbloot Does not she teaze him ? Does not that satisfy you? Does not Mrs. such a one know her? Don't they come and see you now and then r Seestthou yon (freary plain? the sear of desolation, void of lieht Uelaas! zy weetniet watze doet Alas! she knows not what of zegt Is de Heer N. te huh? Is Mejufvrouw N. niet te huis? Zy is nog met* op, of by de hand Komt uw broeder ? Zy komen nog niet Wat doet gy ? Ik dee niets Waar spreekt hy van' 1 . Hy praat ncrgens van Ik las uwen brief, toen hy kwam Ik iverkte. terwyl gy speelde Ik scureef teen gy inkwaant Ik sprak van hem, toen hy verscheen Ik las uwen brief, toen hy weg ging she does or says Is Mr. N. within? Is not Mrs. N. within ? She is not stirring yet? Is your brother coming ? They are not coming yet What are you doing ? I'm not doing any thing What is he talking of? He is not talking of any thing I read your letter when he came in I worked whilst you were at play I was writing when you came in I was talking of him, when he appeared I was reading your letter when he went away 137 In die dagen beminde ik het In those days Iloved travel- reizen zeer, en schepte 'er ing mightily, and took groot vermaak in great delight in it Ik ging gisieren naar de kerk I went yesterday to church Ik was voor veertien dagen te I was a fortnight ago at Vlissingen Flushing Hy kwam onlangs van Rys- He came t'other day from seh of hy is onlangs van Lisle Ryssel gekomen Zy weird op een zo een dag She fell sick such a day ziek Alexander de dood van Da- rius vernemende^ beween- de hem Alexander, hearing of Da- rius' s death, wept for him In myne jtugd voerde my de nieuwsgierigheid naar Rome alivaar ik wat ver- bleef Ik keb hem zo even zien voorby gaan Wy hebbtn hen dezen avond op de gemene wandelwe- gen ontmoet Zy hebbtn er my dezen mor- gen van gesproken Ik heb dien man nooit te vo- ren g vmnneer zy door hunne eigen sckidci ly~ den Gy dtnk? djJkwyler a an het geene gy rqog.t A dan aan iv at gy behoordel gedaan te hebben Gy behoordet dus niei ge- daan ie hebben all the ships, prisoners, and deserters : and that he should restore to the Bo- mans all the charges of the war if he has what is necessary, he should be content We should learn hy others faults to mend our own You should think before you speak, and (examine be- fore you condemn I ought to do my duty He ought to have done it long ago We ought to love our neigh- bour You ought to fear God Men ought not to complain of Providence, when they surfer by their own faults You oftener think what you might, than what you ought to have done You should not have done so 148 Hy denkt dat zy moesten be- loond geworden zyn Dat behoorde al voor lang gedaan geweest te zyn Ik moest u daar van gezegd hebben Ik zou 1 het niet geloofd hebben, zo gy 'er my niet van overtuigd had Tngeval gy haar gevraagd had, zo zov? zy het u be- kend hebben Het zou u niet veel gekost hebben, al had gy het on- dtrnomen Wy zouden 'er ondank by behaald hebben, zo wy anders gehandeld hadden Zy zouden gaarne willen reizen; indien 'tjargety zulks toeliet Ik zoiC dezen ganschen mor- gen gehzen hebben in- dien ik niet ver hinder d zvare geworden Zy zouden zich game met die zaak bemoeid hebben, indien zy gedurfd had* den Gy behoordet aan dit ge~ He thinks they ought to have been rewarded That should have been done long since I should have told you of it I should not have believed it, if you had not convinced me of it In case you had asked her, she would have owned it to you It would not have cost you much, tho' you had under- taken it We should have been bla- med if we had acted otherwise They would fain be travel- ling, if tiie season would permit I would have been reading all this morning if I had not been interrupted They would fain have been meddling with that mat- ter, if they had dared You should have been work- 149 werkt te hebben, inplaats van uw > tyd met dat te verleutereii Hy wilde hebben, dat ik met hem ging Zyn meester ivilde hebben dat hy zyne sludien zou beirachten Ik wilde hebben, dat gy uw beroep waarnaamt, en gy zeidtt my zulks te zulhn doen, mits ik u wilde hel- pen Indien ikhen hadivillen be- minnen, zo zouden zy my bemind hebben Indien ik hem had willen ge- loven, zo zoude hy my tot wonderlyke dingen over- reed hebben Zo gy myne pogingen haddet willen cndtrsteu- nen, zouden wy geslaagd hebben Julius Cesar ivilde gaar- ne Koning geweesi heb- ben Laat my dat zun La at hy zich zelven redden zogoed ah hy kan ing at this, instead of trifiing with that He would have me go along with him His master would have him mifid his studies I would have you follow your business ; and you told me you would, pro-_ vided I would help you If I would have loved them, they would have loved me If I would have believed him, he would have per- suaded me to strange things If you would have seconded my efforts, we might have succeeded Julius Caesar would fain have been a King Let me see that Let him shift for hinnelf as well as he can o 2 150 Laat de wysheid alle uwe g an gen bestieren Laat ons vrienden zyn Laat de menschen, indien ze zoeken recht gelukkig te zyn, naar de stemme der rede horen Laat hen de geboden, hun door de Godlyke Voor- zienigheid geopenbaard, in acht nemen Ziet maar, of kykt slechts, Spreekt maar, cf gebied maar Zegt my maar hoe het is Zegt my dat nooit Valt my nooit lastig met zulke zotte dingen Blaft nooit, dan wanneer gy hunt by ten Ontkent het nooit Schroomd nooit, of maakt 7 er nooit zwaarigheid in Al warehy nog zo loos Al hadde ik nog zo veel vrienden Al ware de zaak nog zo moeijelyk Al sprak ik nog zo dikwils tot hen zy zullen my met gehoorzaamen Let wisdom guide you in zW your steps Let us be friends Let men hearken to the voice of reason, if they seek to be truly happy Let them follow the pre- cepts revealed to them by Divine Providence Do but see Do but speak the word Do but tell me how it is Never tell me that Never trouble me with such stuff Never bark but when you can bite Never deny it Never stick at it Let him be ever so cunning Let me have ever so many- friends Let the matter be ever so difficult Let me speak to them ever so often, they wit! not obey me 151 Indien gy uw doeiwit mis- tet zo zou het u spy ten Mits dat ik in myne onder- neming Ten zy dat zy my bemind In gevat hy hem niet vind, zo moet hy op hem wach- ten I ivilde dat gy wist Hy ivitde, dat hy dit deed Ik mag het doen Ik lean het doen Mag ik etne gunst van u zerzoeken ? Kuntgy my die vriendsckap doen ? Mag ik u eene vraag doen ? Kunt gy my deze vraag niet beantwoorden ? Schoon gy het gevaar mogt vowzien ; nogtans mogt gy, noch mischien kunt gy geenj middel vinden, om 3 t te vermyden Men mensch mag misschien trapsgewyze zeer vele zwarigheden overwinnen, schoon hy ze niet alien eensklaps lean overwinnen Ik magy ik kan, en ik wil het doen If you should miss your aim, it would vex you Provided 1 do succeed in my attempt Unless she do love me In case he do not find him, he must wait for him I would have you know that He would have him do this I may do it I can do it May 1 ask a favour of yon ? Can you do me that kind- ness ? May I ask you a question } Can't you answer me this question ? Tho' you may foresee the danger, yet you may not, nay, perhaps cannot fimd means to avoid it A man may conquer a great many difficulties by de- grees, although he cannot conquer them all at once I may, I can, I will do it 152 Ik kan het vens'er uitsprin- gen, maar ik mag nlet Indien gy de vtr::oc!:ing niet hunt weerstaan, zo moogt gy ze vermyden Ik kan '4 mis hebben Het kan zo zyn Het kan tot ww voordeel uit- v alien Kan het zelfde in dit geval niet gebeuren? Hy kan lezen en schryven Dit kan ?iiei tegengespro- ken worden Ik kan het nergens vin- den Doet wat gy kunt, of het best gy kunt Kunt gy niet zivygen 5 Er kan niets meer van ge- zegd worden Ik kan de dolligheid van zulk eene handelvjyze niet begrypen ; ik geloof dat zy hurt ver stand verloren hebben Ik konde het niet doen, niet- tegensiande alle tnyne pogingen I can leap out of the window, but I may not If you cannot resist tempta- tion, you may avoid it I may be in a mistake It may be so It may turn to your account May not the same thing happen ? He can read and write This cannot be contradicted I cannot find it any where Do what you can, or the best yon can Can you not hold your tongue ? Nothing more can be said of it I cannot conceive the mad- ness of such doings; I believe they are out of their wits I could not do it, notwith* standing all iny endea- vours 153 Hy ko'nde zyn iadk niet af- doen, schoon hy alles deed dat in zyn vermogen was Ik zou' niemandmet vhijery kunncn misteiden, al kon- de ik Vr myn geluk door hewer ken Menig een zou kunnen ge- lukkig zyn, ats hy het zich zelven slechts konde verbeelden Indien ik zulks had kunnen voorzien, zou'' ik het m&- gelyk hebben kunnen voor- komen Ik doe dit, op dat gy my moogt beminnen God geve dat hy kome ! beuren Laat my nooit gelukkig zyn, zo ik v niet bemin Ik wcnschte wel dat zij wil- de verschynen, op dat gy haur zien mogtet Hy had allt di gen in orde gesteld, ten einde zyn tneester dezelve in gereed- heid mogtt vinden Och dat ik haar voor eeuwig He could not finish his task, tho' he did all that was in his power I could not deceive any man with flattery, though I might make my fortune by it Many a one might be happy, if he could but think him- self so If I could have forseen that, I might have prevented it I do this, that you may love me God grant that he may come ! I wish that it may come to pass May I never be blest, if I do not love you I wish she would appear, that you might see her He had set all things in order, that his master might Sad them in readiness Oh that I could cast her 154 uit myne gedachien konds verbannen ! Ach, dat ik zo dwaas kon zyn! Aeh) dat zy zo misleid kon wcrdrn ! God verhoede! dad ik u eenig hwaad zoude iven- schen Wilt gy dat ik uw gezel- schap hcudel Indien hy slechts mar my luisteren wilde, zo zou' ik onderntmcn hem te ge~ nezcn Gave God dat by dien tveg fiadde ingesiagen ! Ik wenschie wcl van deze lastige zaak veriest te zyn Hadde ik geld zo zou ik boeken kopen Waart gy ryk zo zoud gy vele bettugingen van vrienchchap oninweicn Indien de memch slechtsde GoedheidGadsoverwoQgj zoude h y zyne Voorde- nigheid met in tivyffel trekken Indien veele litden wyselyk from ray thoughts for ever That I could be so silly ! Oh that she could be so de- ceived God forbid ! that I should wish you any harm Are you willing, that I should bear you company? Provided he would mind me, I would undertake to cure him Would he had taken that course ! Would I were rid of this troublesome affair 1 Had 1 money I would by books Were you rich, you would receive many professions of friendship Did man consider the good- ness of God, he would never question his Provi- dence Would many people act wise- 155 wilden handelen, zouden ze gelukkig kunnen zyn In dien ' t my georio ofdmogte %yn te spreken, zo zoiC ik deze zaak ophelderen Waart gy zo onheusch ? Konde gy zo wreed zyn ? Hehtgy hen die khine gunst geweigerd f Hadi gy hel hart aldus te handelen ? Zou het u aanstaan dus he- handeld le ivordtn ? Zou hy u met gelyke muni niet kunnen betalen ? Ik durf daar niet naar-toe gaan Laat my dit doen Ik durf daar niet naar toe gaan Laat my dit doen Ik zal u doen gaan Ik kan het niet doen Ik mag niet komen Ik moet ie huis blyven Ik wil dat gy het doet Hy wilde dat ik myn woord voor hem zou' geven Zyn tydme.t drinken en spe- len doorbrengen ly, they might be happy, Might I be allowed to speak, I could clear up this mat- ter Were you so unkind ? Could you be so cruel ? Did you refuse him that small favour ? Kad you the heart to do so ? Would you like to be served so ? Might he not give you as good as you bring ? I have not courage to go thi- ther Suffer me to do this Let me do this I will make you go I cannot do it I may not come 1 must stay at home I will have you do it He would have me pass my word for him To spend one's time in drinks ing and gaming 15S Groot vermaak in *t jagen tcheppen By komt van H drinken By is htt spelen nooit moede Zonder eenig acht te slaan Zal ik vertrekken zonder afscheid van hem ie ne- men 1 9 .Er word in Eng eland goed rund-vleesch gegeten 'JEr word in Vrankryk goe- de wyn gedronken Het kan niet anders zyn Men denkt dat hy dood is Dat is wel bekend J Er is my kennis van gege- ven Men heeft my gezegd Men zegt dat y er niets van aan is Men spreeki te Orleans goed Fransch Men heeft niet al wat men begeerd Bet is goed voor de gezond- heid 9 vroez op te staan By bad zeer aandachtiglyk Zy gedroeg zichzeer beschei- dtn Slecht spreken To take great delight in hun- ting He comes from drinking He is never weary of play- ing Without taking any notice Shall I go away without ta- king my leave of him ? There is good beef eaten in England There is good wine drunk in France It cannot be otherwise It is thought that he is dead That is well known I had notice of it given me One told me They say there is no such thing They speak good French at Orleans Men have not all they desire It is conducive to health to rise early He prayed very devoutly She behaved very discreetl To speak ill 157 Wei schryven Htj spreekt wiinig, minder, 3 t minst Ik heb 'er weinig, minder, 't minst van Hy is van eene kleine, van etne minder e, van demin~ ste gestalte Weinig, weinigeer, de wei- %igste menschen sferven gaarne Veel regen, veel donder, reel gelds Meer regen, meer donder, meer gelds De meeste regen, het meeste donder, het mteste geld Wy htbben veele regen-buien g eh ad Hoe veele donderslagen wa- ren daar ? Hoe veele dukaten kebt gy 1 '5 voormiddags 'S namiddags Met heUpgean der zonns Binneri een unr Een half uur geleeden Voor 8 dagen Over 8 dagen Voor veertien dagen Over 14 dagen To write well He speaks little, less, th* least I have little, less, the least of it He is of a little, of a less, of the least stature Few, fewer, the fewest men love to die Much rain, much thunder much money More rain, moie thundes more money The most rain, the most thunder, the most money We have had many showers of rain How many claps of thunder were there ? How many ducats have you ? In the forenoon Iu the afternoon At sun-rising, or at sun-rise Within an hour Half an hour ago This day sennight This day sennight This day fortnight This day fortnight 158 Hy was heir voor 8 dagen Hoe eerder hoe deter Te vroeg Tuschen dingsdag en don- derdag In een oogenblik Dikwils Van tyd tot iyd Van dag tot dag Om den anderen dag Altyd, altoos Al zagtjens Hy zegt my te zulhn beta* ten tuschen dit en Paas- schen lets by vlagen of rukken doen Hy kwam te huis toen het volkomen dag was Hy doet altoos iets, datpry- zenswardig is Schoon hy nog zo ryk zy, nogtans kan hy arm wor- den Wy waehten hem alle ogen- blikken, van den enen dag tot den anderen Hoe langer ik met hem om- gingy hoe meer my zynge* uUchap geviel He was here this day seu- night The sooner the better Too early Between Tuesday and Thurs- day In the twinkling of an eye, in a moment Frequently, often, oft From time to time From day to day Every other day Always Softly, fair and softly He says he'll pay me betwixt this and Easter To do a thing by fits and starts He came home when it was broad day He is ever doing something that is praise worthy Though he be ever so rich, yet he may become poor We expect him every mo- ment, from one day to an- other The longer I con versed with him, the more I liked his company 159 Dit gaat hoe tanger hoe be- ter, hoe langer hoe erger Van waar kwam hy ? Hier van daan Door welhe plaats kwam hy% Door deze plaats Door gene plaats hoe ook genaamd Door eenige andere plaats By de binnenzyde of kant By de buitenzyde By de bovenkant By dm hodem By den avhterweg By gindschen weg Hy woont ergens omtrent de kerk Jkging cen' grooten iveg om Zo hy omtrent de markt is, zal ik hem rhischien zien Gy zyt 'er lang aim bezig Zynde gereed om te vechten Ik had getn geld, geene boe- ken by my Hebt nice zinnen by u Omwegen maken t om't kant- je prat en This goes better and better, ^ worse and worse Whence, or from whence did he come ? Hence, or from hence Which way, by or through which place did he come ? This way By or through no place what- soever By or through some other place By the inside By the outside By the top By tlie bottom By the back-way By yon- way He lives some where about the church I went a great way about If be be about the market, I may chance to see him You are long about it Being about to fight I had no money, no books about me Have your wits about yon To go about the bush 160 Let op J t geen waaraan gy bezig zyt Waarom zyt gy beezig om u te verderven Hy draait rondom Zy zeilden rondom het land Een plaats rondom bekeind Een zat boven hem, en de cverige benedem hem Dat is een zaak boven uw vermogen Volgens 't geen ik hoorde Bet is naar onzen teens ch De dag daaraan volgende Hy kykt naar nicts, of hy ziet niets na Maakt het op dezelfde wyze Hy verzogt my tegen de aan* siaande week Zou' ik tegen hem zyn ? Het was geheellyk tegen zyn zin Ik ben Vr geheel tegen Hy worstelt tegen den stroom De golven slaan tegen het strand Mind what you are about Why are you going about to destroy yourself He turns round about They sailed round about the country A place fenced round about One sat above him, and the rest below him That is a thing above your capacity According to what I heard It is according to our wish The next day after this He does not look after any thing Make it after the same fa- shion He invited me against the next week Should I be against him ? It was entirely against bis mind I am clearly against it He strives against the stream The billows beat against the 161 Hy wierd onder 'I gedrang verloren Hy zou 1 byna onder struik- r overs gevallen hebben Het wierd nit de gantsclie party gekozen Zy gaan naar bed by zon- nen-ondergang, en ryzen by zonnen-opgang Zo u dit onder f t acond- maal ware overgekomen Hebt gy op een feest ge~ weest ? Hy was in de preek Hy verteerd byster veel Zy ivierden voor geringe kosten vourzien Wat verricht hy te Londen ? Hy woond te Rotterdam Het is op uw bevel, dat ik koine Ik heb aan zyn huis geweest Op zyne eerste versvhuning In den eersten aanvang stond het hem wel aan Daar is moeielyk aan te ko- men Hy is thans in school Zo gy niets te doen hebt Op den eersten aanblik He was lost among the crowd He was like to have fallen among the robbers It was chosen out from among the whole parcel They go to bed at sun-set> and get up at sun-rise Had this befallen you at supper time Have you been at a feast ? He was in the sermon He lives at a huge rate They were provided at a small charge What is he transacting at London ? He lives at Rotterdam It is at your command, th;:l I come I have been at his house At his first appearance He liked it at the very first It is hard to be come at He is at school at present If you be at leisure At the first sight 162 Hy is (tan de deur Zy kwamen eindelyk Op 't meeste Ten minsten Op H minste Ik weet niet of hy 't wel in H geheel doen zal of niet Alle te gelyk) alles teffens Hy had terstond gedaan Op uw gevaar Op een kanzje Onverhoeds Hy vond hem juist aan y t werk Zy zyn oneenig Hunne eer is in gavaar Waart g'y nooit op zee ? Was alles stil op zee ? Gaat gy voor, ik zal volgen Ik bemin hem meer dan my zelven Eer ik uit de wereld schei- de De dag ie voren Hy zeide *er my te voren van Het is voor, of achier Kort voor den avond Ik toil niet achter aan ko« men He is at the door They came at last At the most At least At the least I don't know whether he'll do it at all, or not All at once He was immediately at a stand At your peril At a veuture At unawares He found him just at work They are at odds Their honour lies at stake Were you never at sea ? Was all quiet aX sea ? Go you before, I will follow I love him better than myself Before I depart this life The day before He told me before-hand It is either before or behind A little before night I will not come behind 163 7* Vr nog iets overgelaten 1 Hy wykt voor niemand in dapperheid Hy is wat ten achteren in de wereld Waar moet ik y er naar zoe- ken, onder of boven ? Zy war en btneden die ber- gen Hy was in ni&s minder dan zyn vader Het is beneden uw staat, dit te doen Daar wasnie mand dan gy die zulhs zeide Uitgenomen de schippw, en weinige behalven dien Hy ging naast de rivier Memand denkt het buiten hem Zy zyn van de zaek, waar over gehandeld word, of Hy is krankzinnig Daar was eene rivier tuschen hen Daar wierd een stuk lands tuschen beiden gelaten Wy wisselden vele woorden met malkander Is there any thing yet be- hind ? He does not come behind any for bravery He is a little behind-hand in the world Where must I look for it, above or below ? They were beneath those hills He was in nothing below his father It is beneath your character to do this There was nobody besides you that said so Except the captain and a few beside He went beside the river Nobody thinks so beside himself They are beside the business in hand He is beside himself There was a river between them There was a parcel of ground left between Many words passed betwixt 164 Op dim ergsten tyd was ik over de zee Van de overzyde der rivieren Zy waren boven maten ver- wonderd Hy word door sommigen ge- prezen, on door anderen gelaakt Ik kwam ter zee, en hy te land Hy zat neder aan den oever Hy stond aan de weg zyde Ik was 9 er niet by Wy deden het uit hoofde van de strenge koude Wy zullen het overige zelfs doen Ik valin myneenigheidgaan zitten let in *t voorby gaan, by trappen of stelender wyze doen Dit is tien voet hoger dan dat Straat voor straat, man voor man, dag voor dag Het scheelde maar weinig of hy was gedood Binnen H bereik van H ge- schut zyn At that very time was I be- yond the sea From beyond the rivers They were astonished be- yond measure He is praised by some, and blamed by others I came by sea, and he by land He sat down by the bank He stood by the way side I was not by We did it by reason of the intense cold We will do the rest by our- selves I will sit down by myself To do a thing by the by, by degrees, or by stealth This is higher than that by ten feet Street by street, man by man, day by day He was within a little of being killed To be within shot 1G5 Buiten de stad Zoekt naar hem buiten de deur Zonder iwyffel Zonder gekscheren Zegt htt van buiten op Ik kan zonder dien niet te recht komen Hy zal komen zonder om hem te zenden Het schynt dat hy zonder 't zelve zal weg gaan Gy behoorde hem te onder- steunen, en niet op hem te schelden Hoord hem eerst, en oor- deeld dan Zfgend hen, die u vloeken ; en bid voor hen, die u bit- ter bejegenen, en vervol- gen Doet eerst den balk uit uw eigen oog, en dan den splinter, die in uw broe- ders oog is Vergeejt uwe vyanden, en God zal u vergeven Hy had zyn geld en alles vtrloren Allengskens ; van stukje tot beetje Without the town Look for him without doors Without doubt Without jesting Say it without book I cannot make , shift without it He'll come without being sent for He is likely to go without You should relieve him, and not rail at him Do first hear him, and then judge Bless them that curse you ; and pray for them that despitefully use you, and persecute you First pull out the beam that is in thine own eye, and then the mote that is ia thy brother s eye Forgive your enemies, and God will forgive you He had lost his money and all By little and little 1W Hy Hep herwaards en der- waards Laat ons een wandeling gaan doen Jk zal gaan zien Wy zullen gaan horen Laat ons gaan schryuen Zo dat waar is Indien gy zulks doet €>y en alle Hoe langer hoe deter wor<* den Hoe langer hoe erger wor- den Uit moet ook waargeno^ men wordm Ik was daar ook Ik hoorde, dat hy daar ook was gegaan Wy hebben u ook nodig Daar waren twee van hen die ook zo deden Twee van dezen, zy ook te goed koop tot zulk een prys Dit is ook te veel Hy verhaalde ens daaren- boven My wierd insgelyks gezegd En voorts zyt vermaand He ran hither and thither Let us go and take a walk I will go and see We will go and hear Let us go and write And if that be true And if you do that And you and all To grow better and better To grow worse and worse This muit be also observed I was there too 1 also heard, that he went there too We want you too There were two of them that did so too Two of these are two cheap too, at such a rate This is too much too He told us moreover I was told likewise And further be admonish- ed 167 Op dat het niet verder ver* Lest it spread further spreide By zeide verders niet He said nothing further Ik keb beide myne vrienden 1 love i, tJi my friends and en vyanden lief foes Behl men u be- Both he unci i come and see zoekei you ffyisziek, b< ide n at zielen He is sick both in body and ligchaam mind Om kort te zyn, He schreef In short I wrote to him hern Vraagt hem, ofhy komen zal, Ask him, whether he'll com© of niet or not Ik wil, of dit, ofdathebben I'll have either this or that By of zy is het It is either he or she H Is of een mannetje, of een It is either a he-one or a she- wyfje one Ik ben zo sterk niet als een I'm not so strong as either of van u beiden you Een van de twee, welke ook, Either of the two wijl an« aan uw oogmerk voldoen swer your purpose zal Of twee of g een Either two or more Geen zan de twee zal goed Either of them will do zyn Aan beide zyden niet ver* Not trusted on either side trouwd Ik heb hem niet gezien, noch I neither saw him nor spoke gesproken to him Noch gy, noch hy Neither you, nor he Geen van beiden is goed Neither of them is good 168 Gy word ean geen van beide zyden vertrouwd Neernt noch meer s noch min~ der Ik gebiede } noch verbiede u Geen van hun beide n schynt meer van eenig mensch te houden^ dan zy van my doen Hy zeide hem zo, ma&r hy sloeg f er geen acht op Ik gaa zeer zelden van huis Zy doet niets anders dan snappen Daar is geen twyfel of hy zal komen By heloofde niettemin, dat 9 enz. Ik was inmideh beezig s met, enz. Ondertusschen blyve ik Want ik zou het om nog zo veel niet doen, om dat 3 enz. Op dat zy in H vervolg zorgvuldiger zou %yn Daarhahen zeg ik u Weshaken ik wil 9 dat gy weied Dewy I het zo is, moeten wy geduld oeffenen You are trusted on neither side Take neither more nor less I neither bid you, nor for- bid you Neither of them seems to esteem any man living more than I He told him so ; but he never minded it I go but seldom abroad She does nothing but prat- tle There's no doubt but he'll come He promised nevertheless that, &c 6 I was busy in the mean time, with, &c. Mean while I remain For I would not do it for ever so much That so she might be more careful for the future Therefore I tell you Wherefore I would have you know Seeing that it is so, we must take patience 369 Nadien gy in een zekeren zin daar aan verbonden zyt, zo zou ik u raden te, enz. De eerie is in goeden staat, terwyl de andere volsla- gen het tegendeel is Zyn adem gaat, dus leeft hy Wat zal ik dan doen ? Ik zie het 9 teat bewyst dit 1 Zegt niet een woord, op dat hy niet henen gaa JLaat ons leren, op dat wy onze les kennen Pas op, dat gy niet valt Indien u iets toevertrouwd is, zyt getrouw Jn geval gy derwaards gaat By aldien hy komt Mitszy voldaan ware Ik zal niet gerust zyn, ten zy hy van avond kome Hy drank een' gansche kan biers in eenen teug Voor den gaanden en ko~ menden man Iemand den lust tot iets gaande maken Ik kwamjuist om het u te given Whereas you are, in a man- ner, bound to it, I would advise you to, &c. The one is in good liking, whereas t'other is quite the contrary He breathes, thus he lives What shall I do then ? I see it, and what then ? Say not a word, lest he should go away Let us ply our books, lest we should not know our lessons Have a care, lest you fall If you be intrusted with a thing, be faithful If you go thither If so be that he come Provided she were satisfied I shall not be easy, unless he come to night He drank a whole pot of beer at one go down For comers and goers . To set one a-gog for a thing I was just going to give it you 170 Ik ben uw gehoorzame die- naar Ik ben uw nedrige dienaar Ik ben tot uwe bevelen Myn Heer, ik ben blyde u te zien Waar is uw Knegt ? Waar is uw knegt geble- ven ? Hoe vaart gy ? Hoe is 't met uw gezond- held ? Zyt gy altoos wel geweest ? Zyt gy wel? Zyt gy gezond ? Ik ben zeer wel, uittermaten wel, ongemeen wel Maar, hoe is het met u ? hoe vaart gy % hoe is het met uw gezondheid? Ik ben u verplicht Redely k wel Ik ben tamely k wel Zo als ik gewoon ben } zeer zwak Wel waarlyk, niet wel Ik ben maar gemeentjes Ik ben Vr maar slecht aan Ik ben zeer zwak Ik ben dood zick I am your most obedient I am your humble servant I am at your commands Sir, I am glad to see you Where is your servant ? What is become of your ser- vant ? How do you do ? How is it with your health? Have you had your health well? Are you well? Are you in good health ? I am very well, exceeding well, extraordinary well But, how is it with you? how do you do? how is it with your health ? I thank you Pretty well, I thank you I am indifferently As usual, very weak Why truly, not well I am but indifferently I am but poorly I am very weak I am sick to death 771 God zegene my ! Wat is Vr te doen ? Ei lieven ! O droefheid! Welts het mogelyk! Wee my ! Melaas ! Ach! oli! On j ! O my, ik ben verloren ! Htid at is Iraaf ! Dat is ivel gedaan ! Weg! Fori ! Foeike m ! Ho! Hola! Hoot hier! Stil! sus! f)e Heme! verkene Bless me ! Hey-day! what is here ! Dear me ! Osad! Alackaday ! is it possible ! Wo me ! Alas ! Ah! O dear ! Oh, or ah me I'm undone ? O brave ! Well done ! Get you gone ! Fy, fy for shame ! Out upon him ! So ho ! Hola! Hark ye ! Hush j whist; mum ! Heaven grant ! De droes of de drommel Deuce take him ! a mischief hade hem! be on him ! God verhoede ! God forbid ! God bewaare ons ! The Lord preserve us! 172 BRIEVEN. Een Brief van eene Nigt aan haare Moei. MEVROUW, De moeite, die ik U Ed. reeds gegeven heb, doet my schaamrood worden, wanneer ik overweeg uwe goedheid ivederom te veel te zulten vergen : maar de nood ivelkc ons dikmaals tot zulke daaden, die tegenstrydig aan onze ntigingen zyn, verpttgt, is de bewegende oorzaak die my noopt, om thans dus lastig te zyn* Ik bid u, waarde Juff~ vrouw, cnisehuldig my als ik nogmaals nwen bystand verzoek, welkin ik niet twyfele of is U Ed. zeer wel be- kend, ik thans groottlyk benoodigd ben ; en ik zal altoos aan uwe goedheid te mywaards met dankbaai held geden- ken; en ik hoope, did ik den tenen of anderen 1yd, in blaai zal zyn, cm eenige icedervergelding te doen f voor de redvuldige verpligtingen waar onder uwe goedheid my gcbragt heeft, U Ed. Dw. Dienaaresse en Mgl\ Een Brief van Hulpaanhiecling aan een' Vriend. WAARDE FRIEND, Ik zou' zekerlyk trouwloos zyn aan de oprechte vriend- schap, indien ik mynen vriend, in tegenspved, kwam ver- waarlozen, of af te snyden. Ik heb vernomen dat U Ed. met eenigen ramp bezogt, en hulp benodigt zyt; dcr halven laat ik U Ed. deze weinige letteren, ter uwer ver- 173 LETTERS. A Letter from a Niece to her Aunt. MADAM, The trouble I have already given you puts me to the blush, when I think of intruding agaiu on your goodness; but necessity, which frequently obliges us to such actions as are contrary to our inclinations, compels me to be thus troublesome now. Fray, dear Madam, excuse me, if I once more beg your assistance, which I don't doubt but you very well know I stand greatly in need of at this time. I shall ever have a grateful remembrance of your goodness to me ; and I hope I shall be, one time or other, capable of making some return for the many obligations your good- ness has conferred upon, Honoured Madam, Your most dutiful Niece. A Letter of proffered Assistance to a Friend. DEAR FRIEND, I should be false to true friendship, if I were to neglect or cast off my friend in adversity.— I have heard that you are under some misfortune, and need assistance I therefore send you these lines for your consolation, desi- ring you to bear up against your ill luck with as much pre- 174 troosting, ioekomen, biddende, U Ed. zich in 't ongeval, zo veel mogclyk is, met een bedaard gemoed gelieven op te bueren : want belrouwt *er op, dat ik deze letteren ras in persoon zal volgen, en tydig genoeg, hoop' ik, ter uiver hulpe, by U Ed. te zyn ; schept moed tot dien tyd 9 en zyt verzekert dat U Ed. niet tehar zal gesteld wor- den door Uw getronwe Friend, C/ir ist ian Me nschenvriend. Een Broeder a an zyne Zuster. WAARDE ZUSTER, Myn verre af stand en lange afwezigheid van U Ed. maken my zeer bekommerd, noopende mven wehtand. — De natuurlyke betrekkhig, die ik tot U Ed. heb, noopt my 't allersterksi, aan U Ed. te gedenken, en awe ge- zondheid en voorspoed* in alien opzigten, zo zeer als myne eigene, ter harten te nemen ; en 9 er is niets dat ik bezitte, '/ geene, op u verzoek, niet volkomen '£ uwe zy. — In weer- wil van den verren af stand, ben ik des voornemens (zo 't God behaagt) U Ed. eerlang een bezoek te geven, ik zoude zulks al eerder gedaan hebben ; maar eere dringende nood- zaaklykheid heeft my verhinderd ; waar van ik U Ed. de by zander heden, alz te lang voor een brief zynde, zal me- dedetlen, wanneer ik U Ed. zie. Verzoeke myn agting aan alle vrienden, voornamelyk aan den braven Heer T.- In koope van U Ed. by myne komst ivel te zullen vinden, btn ik ^ IVaarde Zusier ! 17 Ed. tocgenege ■Broeder. 175 sence of mind as you possibly can ; for, assure yourself, I shall follow this epistle in person, and come, I hope, in time to assist you ; till which take courage, and be per- suaded that you shall not be disappointed by Your real friend and servant, Christian Philanthropos. A Brother to a Sister. DEAR SISTER, My great distance and long absence from you make me very solicitous concerning your welfare. Natural af- fection inclines me strongly to have you in remembrance, desiring your health and prosperity in every respect as much as my own ; and there is nothing at my command, but, if you request, it shall be really yours. Notwithstanding the distance, I purpose (God willing) to make you a visit very shortly, and would have done it before now, but urgent business interposed ; the particulars of which, being too long for a letter, I shall acquaint you with when I see you. Pray give my due respects to all friends, especially to honest Mr. T, In expectation of- finding' jou all well at my arrival, I am, Dear Sister, your affectionate Trotlier. 176 Een Brief van een jongeling, ter School leg- gende, aan zyne Ouders. GEERDE VADER EN MOEDER, Ik heb U L vriendelyke letter tn, van 4 Nov. laatsle- den, ontvangen, nevens de verscheidcne dingen daarin vermeld ; waar voor U L. mynen nederigsten en hartelyk- sten dank zegge ; zy konden op geen gepaster tyd geko- men zyn. — Ik verheuge my, tn danke God, dat U L., met alle onze waarde nabestaanden eenen volmaakten wel- staand genieten ; en bidde God zulks te willen doen voort- duuren. — Ik veronderstel dal U L. door mynen waardigen Meester zullen vernomen hebhen, de vordering die ik maak in myne studie, ivelke, hoe moeielyk, onoverkomelyk, en verdrietig my dezelve, in den Ganvang, ook toescheen, my thans zeer gemakktlyk, gemeenzaam en vermakelyk is ge- ivorden; en hoe meer ik vordere, hoe meer behagen ik daarin schep; zo dat ik my vlei\ het oogwit, waarom het U L. geliefde my herwaards te zenden, te zullen be* reiken. — Lieve ouders, verzoeke van myne schuldige ge- hoorzaamheid aan U L,, te willen aannemen ; alsmede myne voorige speel-makkers te groeten, byzonderlyk Jantje N., welke, zo ik hoop, thans wat bezadiger begind te zyn, — — Ik ben G'eerde Ouders, Uw gehoorzaamste Zoon. Een Brief van Aanbeveeling. MYN HEER! Ikzende U Ed. brenger dezes, A* B. als zodanig een Persoon, op wiens eerlykheid U Ed. staat konnen ma- 177 A Letter from a Youth at School to his Parents. HONOURED FATHER AND MOTHER, I received your kind Letter of the 4th of November last, along with several things therein mentioned ; for which I return you my most humble and hearty thanks ; they came very seasonably. — I rejoice and thank God for your being, with all our dear relations, in perfect health ; and pray God for the continuance of the same. 1 fancy you have heard by my worthy Master of the improvement I make in my learning ; which, as rugged, insurmountable, and irksome, as it seemed to me at first, is now become quite easy, familiar, and pleasant to me ; and the more I advance, the more I delight in it ; insomuch that I flatter myself that I shall gain the point for which you were pleased to send me hither.— — Pray, my dear Parents, accept of my most humble duty to yourselves, and kind love to my brothers and sisters, and also to my former play-fellows, particularly Jackey N. who, I hope, by this time begins to be a little serious. 1 am 3 Honoured Parents, Your most dutiful Son, A Letter of Recommendation. SIR, The bearer hereof, A, B,, I send to you, as one whose honesty you may rely on ; and my experience of his con- 178 ken; en myne ondervinding van zyn gedrag en getrotftc- heid, geeftmy eeri* zekere stontheid, om hem dan UEd.te bevelen : want U Ed. kent my, Myn Heer ; en ik verlrouw, dat U Ed, niet in staat zyt, om in y t minste te denken, dat ik iemand aan U Ed. zgiC aan bevelen aan wiens deugd- zamheid ik de minste schaduw van twvffeling of agterdcgt hadde.— Ik ben met de zuiverste achting Myn Heer, Uw y oprechte Vriend. De Hr. N. N, a N, N. 6 Mey, 18. MYN HEER, Alzo de houder (of brenger) dezcs, de Hr, N. N , myn byzondere boezem-vriend, mogelyk in uw plaats, omtrent L, . • ., zotC kunnen benodigt zyn, neme ik de vryheid U Ed. te verzoeken, de goedheid te willen hebben, dezelven voor myn rekn. aan zyn Ed. te fourneeren, tegens dub" . be le kwitlansien, waar van U Ed. my eene gelieve te doen toekomen, die insgelyks, by alle gelegenheden ben Myn Heer, U Ed, Div. Dr. De Hr. N, N. MYNHEER, De Missive, waarmede U Ed, my aider 24 laasleden htbt gelieven te vereeren, is my geworden ; ivaarop in vriendl, antwd. dient, ik het.,.,als nog niet heb ont* vangen ; wanneer zulks aankomt, zal ik het met de eerste gelegenheid verzenden. Ik zal alle onkoste hier bate* 179 duct and fidelity gives ine a certain kind of confidence in recommending him to you : for you know me, Sir ; and I believe you cannot, in the least, thiuk that I would re \ commend any one to you, of whose probity I had the least shadow of doubt or suspicion.- — I am with the most sincere respect, Sir, your real Friend. Mr. N. N. in N. N. May the 6th, 18 , 1 SIR, Whereas the bearer hereof, Mr. N. N., my very intimate friend, may possibly have occasion, at your place, for about £....} I make bold to desire you to be so kind as to furnish him with the same, on my account, taking his double receipts ; one of which you will please to send to me, who am, on all occasions, Sir, your very humble Servant, Mr. N. N. SIR, I received the letter which you did me the honour to write the 24th ultimo. — In answer t® which, I have not as yet received the * . » . ; when it arrives I shall dispatch the same per first opportunity. I will pay all charges here, and also the freight to..,, ; insomuch that your friend 180 ten ; als mede de vragt naar . ... ; zo dat uw vriend aldattr* alleen de inkomende rechten, en het ie huis-brengen, be- lioeft te verschieten. Ik zoude dit oak betalen, indien ik wist hoe veel zulks bedroeg. U Ed. verder van dienst zyn kon?iende, zal ik my de gelegenhtid een eere rekenen, zo wel als van te kunnen tonen, met welk eenen yver ik verlange geacht te worden als Myn Heer, U Ed. Dw. Dr. De Br. N. N. MYN HEER, U Ed. aangen. van den 20 deezer, vtrzeld met dien van Myn Heer XJ Ed. vadervan dito, heb wel ontvangen, en deszelfz inlioud gezien. — Ik zal, gelyk U Ed. eenigzins te kennen geeven, U Ed. tratta van L. 100 : — wanneer die komt, honoreeren ; zoo dat U Ed. die gerustelyk op 2 uso trekken konnen. — Nadien ik den Hr. N. voor zulk een oprecht man houde, verwondert het my zoodaanige klagt van htm te horen; en 't smert my, dat het in myn y magt niet is, om U Ed. daarin by te springen, dewyl hy de eenigste vriend is, die ik thans in ... heb ; dus gelieve U Ed. my deswegens te excmeeren, blyvende na nedrige dienstaanbeiding aan U Ed. en Myn Heer U Ed. vader^ met alle achting Myn Heer, U Ed. Dio. Dr. De Hr. N. N. MYNHEER, Ikheb U Ed. aangen. van4passato wel ontvangen, nevens de documenten, betrekkclyk tot het desaster van de sloep 181 there will have only to disburse duty and porterage, whick I would also pay, if I knew how much it was. If I can render you any further service, I should be proud of the occasion, and of manifesting with what zeal I covet to be esteemed, Sir, your most humble Servant. Mr. N. N. SIR, I have yours of the 20th instant, annexed to your father's of the same, and observe the contents.— I shall comply, as you hint, with your draft of 1001. when it comes ; so you may safely draw the same at 2 usance As I know Mr. N. to be a fair man, I am surprised to hear your complaint of hiui ; and am sorry it does not lie in my power to assist you therein, because he is the only friend I have at present in . . . . ; so you will please to excuse me, and, giving my most humble service to your father, to accept the same from Sir, Your, &c. Mr. N. N. SIR, I received your favour of the 4th ulj. (as your favour of the 4th. ult. came duly to hand) with the papers, rela- B 182 de Anna, welke in volkomene order zyn. Ik heb dezelven netariaal doen vertdaten, en aan de Assuradeurs gezonden* een derzehen zegt, dat het schip in geen goeden staat was, wanneer het naar zee ging. Ik hoop dat ze geene andere tegenwerping maaken zullen, en dat ik U Ed. in 't kort goed berigt van dit verlies zal konnen geven ; myne po~ gingen zullen niet ontbreeken. U Ed. bekomen hierby een brief, welken ik heden ontvangen heb van den Hr. N., die ik hoop, spoedig a Costi zal zyn. Ik vinde niet dat U Ed. my eenige orders hebt g'egeven om zyne terugreize te verasureeren ; doch in het begin hebt gy zulks voor nit en te huts gedaan ; maar, dewy I ik alleenlyk voor de uit- reize geasureerd heb, en U Ed. schreef, dat ik U Ed, order zoor de assuranlie van de te huis-reize zou 1 inwagten, vind* ik niet dat U Ed. my die hebt gegeven.- Ik heb, ver- onderstel ik y aldaar een schip, gevoerd door Capt. N., dat op vragt zal zyn voor deze stad. Indien U Ed. hem eenige hulp kunt toebrengen, zult U Ed. my verpligten, en ik zal het als een* gunst aanmerken.—^-Dewyl urn* boter op lis. gekomen i&, zou ik niet vreemd zyn te den- ken, dat ze ras op IS oflQs. zal zyn, wanneer V Ed. 't wel wagen moogen, een party ije op hier'te zenden, Ik ben in alien gelegenheden Myn Heer, U. Ed. Dw. Dr. Een ieder zy hier-door kennelyk ; dat ik Laureniz Lack- cash, Wynhooper in Southwark, schuldig hen aan Charles Creditman, Zouihandelaar lev roorsz. plaatse, de somma van een honderd en vyfiig Ponden, goede en gangbaare specie van Groot Brittanjen, welke voorsz. 188 iing to the loss of the Aim sloop ; which are in the best order. I got them notarially translated, and sent them to the Insurers ; one of them says the ship was not in good erudition when she went to sea. 1 hope they will make no other objection, and that I may soon give you a good ac- count of the said loss, my endeavours shall not be want- ing. Herewith you have a letter, which came this day to hand from Mr. N., who, I hope, will be soon with you. I don't find that you gave me any orders to make insu- rance on his return ; but you did at first out and home ; but I insured only out, and wrote you that I'd wait your orders for the home-insurance, but I don't find that you gave me any. 1 have, I suppose, a ship there, one N. Master, that will be on freight for this town,. If you can give him a lift, you will oblige me, and I shall esteem it as a favour. -As your butter came to 22s.,- I am apt to believe it will soon be at 18 or 205. when you may ven- ture on a parcel to send hither. I am on all occasions, Sir, Your, &c. Know ail Men by these presents ; that I Lawrence Lack- cash of Southwark, vintner, do owe and am indebted unto Charles Creditman of the same place, Salter, the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds of lawful money of Great Britain ; which said sum I promise to pay 184 sommc ik aan den voorn. Charles Creditman, zyne Executsuren, Administratearen, ofte Gelasfigden vol- doen zal, op, of voor den 24s ten dag; van December eerstlcomende na dato deezes. In Getuigenis waarvan ik deze met myne hand cndertekene en bezegele den Qden dag van October 18... £ 150 ( L. S.J Laurentz Lackcash. Getekend, gezegeld en overgeleverd in de tegenwoerdigheid van A. B. als Getuige. C. D. als Getuige. WISSELBRIEVEN. Amsterdam, 4 October, IS • , voor dbO Sttrh Op zigt gelieve U Ed, te hetalm, aan den Heer Rutger Lackcash, of odre, vyfiig Pondm Sterling, de waards cntvangen, en stelt op rekening, volgens advys van A. Myn Heir U Ed. Dw. Dr. De Beer Pkter Punctual, Daniel Drawbill. Koopman in Londen. Louden, 6 October, 18 ...voor £100. Veertien dagen naa zigt, gelieve U Ed. te betahn aan den Heer Joseph Clothier, of te ordre, een honderd Ponden, de waarde ontvangen, en steld op rekening, volgens advis van U Ed. Dw. Dienaar, Myn Heer Timotheus Woollendraper. D? Heer Simon Certain, Koopman te Leeds, 185 unto the said Charles Creditman, his Executors, Ad- ministrators, or Assigns, on or before the 24th of De- cember next ensuing the date hereof. Witness my hand and seal this 6th day of October, 18... £ 150 (L. S.) Lawrence Lackcash. Signed, sealed, and delivered, in the presence of A. B. as witness. C. D. as witness. BILLS OF EXCHANGE. Amsterdam, Oct. the 4th, 18.. for c£50 Sterl. At sight hereof, pay to Mr. Roger Lackcash, or order, fifty Pounds Sterling, value received, and place it to account, as per advice from Your humble Servant, Daniel Drawbili. To Mr. Peter Punctual, Mercht in London. London, Oct. the 6th, 18. . foroflOO. At fourteen days sight pay to Mr. Joseph Clothier, or his order, one hundred Pounds, value received, and place it to account, as advised by Your humble Servant, Timothy Woollendraper To Mr. Simon Certain Mercht in Leeds* 186 London, 7 October, IS. . voor £150 a 36s. Ad. Op uso gelieve U Ed. te betalen pr. dezen mynen prima Wisselbrief, aan den Heer Rutgers Wealthy, ofte ordre> een hondred en vyftig Ponden Sterling, tegens zes en dertig schellingen en vier grooten vlaamsch courant, pr. pond Sierl.j de waarde in rekening; volgens advys van U Ed. Dw. Dienaar, A Myn Heer Will em Drawer. De Heer Jacob Salomon, Koopm. te Rotterdam. Prima, London, 7 October, 18. .voor £150 a 36s. 4d, Op uso gelieve U Ed. betalen pr. dezen mynen seconda Wisselbrief (de prima niet betaald zynde) aan den Heer Rutgers Wealthy, ofte ordre, een honderd en vyftig Ponden Sterling, tegen zes en dertig schellingen en vier grooten vlaamsch courant, pr. pond Sierl. de waar- de in rekening, volgens advys van V Ed. Dw. Dienaar, A Myn Heer Willem Drawer. De Heer Jacob Salomon, Koopm. te Rotterdam. Seconda. Een Endossement op een Wisselbrief is gemeenlyk in deze woorden. Betaald de hier binnen gemelde somme (of alleen : Ge- lieft voor my te betalen) aan den Heer Lodewyk Credikur, of ordre, de waarde ontvangen (of de waarde in rekening) London, 8 October, IS Rutger Wealthy. 187 London, Oct. the 7th, 18. .for £150. Exch. 36s. 4d- At usance pay this my first Bill of exchange, to Mr. Roger Wealthy, or order, one hundred and fifty Pounds Ster- ling, at thirty-six shillings, four-pence, flemish currt. pr. pound Sterl. value in account, as pr. advice from Your humble Servant, William Drawer, To Mr. James Salomon, Mercht. in Rotterdam. First. London, Oct. the 7th, 18.. for ^150 Exch. SGs. 4d. At usance pay this my second bill of exchange (my first not being paid) to Mr. Roger Wealthy, or order, one hun- dred and fifty Pounds Sterling, at thirty-six shillings, four- pence flemish currt.; pr. pound Sterl. value in account, as pr. advice from Your humble Servant, William Drawer. To Mr. James Salomon, Mercht. in Rotterdam. Second. An Endorsement on a Bill is generally in these words. Please to pay Mr. Lewis Creditor, or order, value re- ceived (or value in account). London, Oct. the 8th, 18.. Roger Wealthy. 18S £iS£RBJSl»S OVER DE ROJfEIJSTSCHE GESCHIEDENIS. BY alle volkeren, zoo in Bet barre noorden, als in net heete oosten, westen en zoele zuiden, heeft de Romeinsche Geschiedenis, zedert de komst van den afstammeling des Troijaanschen jEneas, Romulus, betwelk 753 jaaren voor Christus geboorte gerekend werd, de be wondering tot zich getrokken. Hare verrigtingen, die zich uitstrekten om het gantsche wereld-deel op haren wenk te doen bukken, verbaasde ieder opperregeerder van dit beneden-rond ! Hare ge- lukkige gcvolgen deden elken bestuurder, hctzij van lan- den, steden of gehuchten sidderen, wanneer hurt geest niet met die der Romeinen strookte ! — Waar bij de oade volkeren de naam van Romein genoenid werd, drong ecneii godlijke eerbied of eene vrees in de harten der inwooneren, aangezien hunne voortgangea, in de oogen der toenmaalige wereid-bewooners, ais goddelijk beschouwd wierden. In de 245 jaren, dat de Romeinen door koningen gere- geerd wierden, zag men den geest niet uitbotten, welke het Romeinsche yolk van binnen koesterde. Dan naauwelijks waren deeze jaren vervlogen ; naauwelijks had Junius Brutus den heerschzuchtigen Tarquinius verjaagd, toen hij bij het schenden der eer van Lucretia, de stad Collatia niet alleen, maar zelfs het gantsche Romeinsch ge-3 bied moest verlaten, of ieder Romeinsch hart tintelde van bet ijvervuur, om door deugd en vaderlandsliefde zich geacht, groot en geducht bij de geheele wereld te maaken. In een Gemcenebest zich derhalven vormende, toonde de Vader wat hy voor't Vaderland— wat hij voor zijne zonen. 189 was— de wreker der Romeinen, die onder het bestier van Tarquinius als een bespotteling ieefde:— die de stem der Natuur verdoofde, voor zijn vaderland, dat door de dwinglandij der trotsche en opgeblazene hoogmoed van Tarquinius het keizerlijk juk was moede geworden, en daarom iiever den beker tot op den bodem wilde uitdrin- ken, dan zich op nieuw onder zijn geweld te begeeven . . . • Brutus was het, die op het ontdekkenvan den slaafViN- dicius, gewaar werd, dat zijne twee zonen Titus en Tiberius, onder anderen met Tarquinius eene zarnen- zwering tegen den Romeinschen staat hidden, die zelf de vierschaar oprigte, en onder het bekendmaken def trouwloosheden zijner zonen ] onder het uitspreken deser woorden : " Romeinen ! mijne zonen zijn mijne zonen " niet meer! spaart vrij tranen van medelijden, want " Brutus is Iiever zonder kinderen, dan dat hij zijn va- ""derland zonder vrijheid ziet!" geeft hij zelve den scherp- regter het teken him te onthoofden Met Valerius Romeinsch burgemeester zijnde, rukte hij, na dit volvoer- de offer aan zijn vaderland, tegen de Tarquiniussen aan, en, schoon zijn leger overwinuaar was, sneuvelde hij door Aruns Tarquinias, die in hetzelfde oogenblijk doof hem geveld werd : over welken dood van Brutus de rouw der Romeinsche vrouweu zoo verre ging, dat zij opeu-> baar zijn overMjdeu een jaarlang beweenden. Rome, schoon van Brutus beroofd, was gelukkig no veeie helden binnen en buiten hare muren te tellen, na- dien het onophoudelijk te kampen had tegen binnen en buitenlandsche onlusten. Tarquinius zich van zijn rijk verstoken en zelfs geen mogelijkheid ziende de Romeinen te kuunen overwinuen, haalde Porsenna over, tot het 190 verlenen van bijstand, ten eiiide daardoor in zijne waar- digheid hersteld te worden.- Rome werd derhalven door porsenna belegerd ; en na dat hij den berg Jani- culus reeds had bemagtigd, benaauwde hij de stad zoo- danig, dat voor de belegerde helden niets anders, dan de uiterste ondernerningen, overschoten. Mucius, een der belegerden, de nood van Rome zien- de, trad manmoedig in den Raad, om verlof te verzoeken, Van zich naar het leger van Porsenna te mogen begeven, om door het ombrengen van den koning, de stad te ver- lossen, hetgeen hem dan ook werd toegesJaan. Dan Mu- cius, in het leger, een ander dan den koning, bij niisvafe- ting, van het leven beroovende, werd hi) gevat en bij het manmoedig ontdekken van zijn voornemen aan Porsen-< na, stak hij zijne regter hand in het vuur, en liet die zon- der ontzetting ten prooij der vlammen, zeggende tegen den koning, dat hij een der drie honderd Romeinen was, wel- ken alien hem den dood hadden gezworen. — Over deze kioekmoedige daat ontzette Porsenna zich zoodanig, dat hij met zijn leger afhield en met de Romeinen vrede maakte. Rome ? over hare verlossing dankbaar, scbonk Mucius den bijnaam van Scevola (llnksch;) en verplicht zijnde aan Porsenna eenige gijzelaars tezenden, waaronder ver- scheide maagden waren, viel dit lot aan Klelia ook te beurt, die, wars van slaverny, met eenigen barer lotge- nooten den Tijber overzwom en aldus tiiitmpherende bin- nen hare moederstad terugkeerde. Welk bestaan Por- senna zulk een eerbied indrukte, dat hij Klelia terug ontboodt, haar van zijne hoogachting vezekering gaf en in m veiiigheid naar Rome terugvoerde, zeggende verders: " Tegen het geslacht van Mars is geen oorlog te voeren, " vermits de een door de vlam en de andere door de P stroom de overwinning tot zich trekt." Was het derhalven wel te verwonderen, dat met zooda- iiige harten het gansche wereld-gestel geschud werd ? is het onbegrijpelijk, dat de tdenmalige Gaulen, Bataven, Germaniers, Carthageuiensers, en andere strijdbare volke- ren, door hun eiudelijk overwonneu werden ? Was het te verwonderen, dat waar de Romeinsche standaard ge- plant werd, ook gelijktijdig de schrik door het gansche laud heenvIoOg ? Neen ! Camillus de schrik der Gau- len ; Cerialis die der Bataven en Germaniers, en Scipio die der Carthageniensers, waren veldheeren voor wien alles bukte. Daarenboven had het anders alles tem- mende goud, geen vat op de Romeinsche staatsmannen, zoo als onder anderen blijkt uit Faericius, die bij Pirrus als onderhandelaar in Tarentum gezonden werd, en de- zelve met goud, ware het mogelijk, 1 trachtendete lokken, doch daarin niet kuuuende slagen, poogde liij hem 's daags daaraanvolgende bevreesd te maken, door aan Faeri- cius op het onver vvachts, eenen oliphant te vertoonen, die nog nimmer door hem gezien was; dan Faericius even gevoelioos voor dit dier ,als voor het goud, antwoordde Pirrus gantsch bezadigd: "Uw goud was gisteren en he- "den uw ijslijk dier onmachtig, om mij in mijuen pligt te " doen wankelen !". . . .Zoo getrouw Faericius voor zijn vaderland was, even zoo getrouw was de Romeinsche burgemeester Regulus voor zijn woord, Deze in den eersten Punischen oorlog eene scheepsvloot tegen de 192 Carthageniensers gebiedcnde, had, na wonderen van dapperheid verrigt te hebben, het ongeluk in 's vijands haiiden te vallen en naar Carthago gevoerd te worden : van waar men hem naar Rome zond, met oogmerk tot J s vijands voordeel te werken, door voor zijn persoon al- leen een groot getal vijandlijke krijgslieden te ontslaan, onder beding, dat wanneer hij in zijne zending niet slaag- de s dan wedernaar Carthago terug te keeren. Regulus met deeze boodschap te Rome komende, bragt den Raad bet nadeel zijner zending onder de oogen ; deed hun op- merken hoe veel voordeel de vijand zoude winnen, met voor een genoegzaam afgeleefd man een groot aantal strijd- bare krijgslieden terug te krijgcn. De Raad keurde zijne gedachten goed, doch drong bij Regulus zeer sterk aan, niet weder naar Carthago terug te keeren. Dan Regulus was hiervoor doof ; bragt den Raad zijn gegeven woord onder het oog, en na afscheid van zijne dierbaarste pan- den genomen te hebben, keert hij naar Carthago terug, alwaar men reeds berigt van zijne raadgevingen had ont- vangen, waarover hij dan ook ter dood gedoemd werd, lets hetwelk hij bij zijn vertrek uit Rome reeds had voor- zien, Trouw en heldenmced derhalven bij de Romeinen door- sehitterende, was het geen wonder dat hun roeni alomme opsteeg; dat zij onder den grooten Scipio, den Veldheer der Carthageniensers Asbrubal en den Numidischen Ko- ning Si-fax-, met hunne gantsche magt, vernietigden ; zoo wei als hunnen ergstenen geduchtsten vijand Hanni- bal, na dat hij de Spaansche stad Sagunthe verwoest, Spanjen veroverd, over de Alpische gebergteu Italie met schwk vervuld, en bij Canna de Romeinen zelfs tot wijken gebragt had! ....Geene pogingcn van den Siriescben koiiing Antiochus konderi baten, daar hem de wet zelve werd voorgeschreven ! .... De Romeinen deden nlles voor hun zwaard bukken !. . . .Carthago,— dat trot- scbe Carthago !-uerd door hen in een zevendaagsche brand ten prooi der vJanunen gegeven, en aldus, even als bet bloeijend Ilium, tot het niet teruggevoetd ! Wist de Romein buitenlandsche vijanden te straffen; wist bij hen die naar zijne vrijheid dongen, aan het wraak- zwaard overtelceveren, bij wist zulks ook te doen, wan- neer een zijner medeburgers ketenen voor hem bereiddc— Cajvs Marius, welke zevenmaal den boudelbijl in Rome voor zicb zag beenvoeren en den Numidisehen Ko- ning Jugdrtha voor zijnen zegenwagen als een slaaf he- nen leiden,-— Cajus Marius door het menscheJijke zwak van trotschheid te hevig bestormd wordende, werd aan de vcrachting overgeleverd, toen men cntwaar werd, dat bij een overweldiger^zijner burgeren poogde teworden, en in zoo verre gebaat, dat toen een zijner slaven, op zijn verzoek, hem den levensdraad afkeifde, men aan zijn lijk geene begraafplaats vergunde, maar doorde vlietende rivier betzelve liet wegspoelen ! Valerius Maximus de wisselvalligheid dezes mans schetzende, zegt in het slot derzelve zeer zinrijk ! „ Wat is 'er veranderlijker of onbe- "stendiger, dan de staat van dezen man? Rekent men "hem bij de ongelukkigen, dan is bij een der voornaam- *' 8teu 3 en bij de gelukkigen, kan bij mede als een der ge* ■■ lukkigsten doorgaan." En inderdaad had deza groote schrijver het niet ten onregte, vermits Mariu* J9t in het gebied der Volseen, en wel te Arpinas, in den stulp geboren, en de zoou eens timraerruans zijnde, door zijne kloekraoedigheid en zijn verstand het zoo verre wist te brengen, dat Iiij tot de hoogste waardigheid van liet Ro- meinseh gebied zevenmaalen verbeven werd ; dat hij een leger van rneer dan driemaalhonderd-duizend strijclbare raannen overmeesterde en gantsch Duitschland aan zijnen zegewagen hechte ! . . . ,GeIukJcig was hij deihalven de vertrouweling zijuer broederen en de schrik banner lia- teren te zijn. Ongelukkig daar bij, met het zelfsverwijt en den voikshaat overladen, bij den poel van Milurnus en aan het Carthaagsche strand zijn levensonderboud moest bedelen, en na deeze angstvaliige tijdstippen, na de nieuwe beproeving 'qgx Rome aan zijne heerschzucht opteofferen, tot de iaagste straf gedoemd te word en Gaat men van dit straffe voorbeeld over tot bet trenrig lot van Pom- pejus den Grooten, die na in eenen oorlog van dertig jaren twee millioenen en ruim tathtig-duizend menschen te heb- ben verstrooid, gedood of gevangen genomen, na acht- honderd-zes-en-zestig schepen in den grond geboord of veroverd, en na vijftien-honderd en acbt-en-dertig plaatsen en sterktens in onderwerping gebragt en de landen van bet Meotische Meir tot aan de Roode zee te hebben doen bukken ja, na dat hij de zeekusten van movers had gezuiverd en het gebied van deu oceaau hersteld ; na dat hij overwinnaar was van Azie, Pontus, Armenie, Paflago- nie, Cappadoeie, Cilicie, Sirie, Scithie, de Joden, Alba- nen, Ibereu, bet eiiand Crete, de Basternen, eu 3 wat meer is, van de koniugen Mithridates en Tigranes ...*.. ua dat Pompejus dit alles had verrigt, werd hij met 195 gespaard, maar moest voor hem bukken, wien hij scheen in den weg te leven.... ..Julius Cesar, jalousch over het geluk van Pom pejus, vermits hij geen mee* ster boven zich dulden wilde ;— misnoegd dat Pompejus bij afwezigheid van (CjssAb in den Raad der Tienmannen had bewerkr, dat hij niet tot Romcinsch burgemeester was verkozen, berokkende eenen openbaren oorlog Uisschen hem en Pompejus. .Geene banden, welken door het hu- welijk gestrengeld waren, vermogten lets jalousie en wraak hadden het plan gesmeed, om de tocnmaalige twee grooste mannen des aardbols, die beiden voor het beiang van Romen moesten strijden, tegen elkanderen in het har- uasch te jagen. .Ter voivoering van dit rampzali^ voornee- men, rigten deze beide bcroemcle Veldheeren een legerop, waarmede zij elkanderen onophoudelijk teisierden. .Gee- ne woedender gevechten werden geleverd, dan indeezen bloedigen strijd... .Dan hoe dapper Pompejus zijne krijgsbendeu ook ware, C/esar kreeg de overu inning aan zijne zijde.,.»In de Macedonische velden, waar de eind- palen van den roemruchtigen loopbaan dezes dapperen helds gesteld waren in dat rampzalig oord, waar diii- zende helden in het stof beten,—bij Pharsalim was het, dat de grootste overwinnaar overwonnen werd, zelfs zoodanig, dat hij over die zee, door welke hij kort te voo- ren met den standaard der overwinning been zwierde, als een vlugteling met een ongewapend vaaituig moest been Snellen, ten einde op het eiiaud Lesbos zijne veiligheid te zoeken, om zich vervolgens in de armen van den koning Ptolemeus te werpen !...... Was het lot van dezen held ougelukkig, dat van Ojesar was niet minder ongunstig. Een tweede Mabius zijnde, traehte hi}, na het geen hem in den weg slondt te Irebbcn weggernimd, zich van het oppergezag meester te tnaaken, en gaf zich den titei van altoosduureni Gezaghebber. Zoodanige aanmatiging strookte geenszints met de vrij- heidlievende denkbeelden der Ronieinen, waarmn dan Caesar m het midden van den Senaat ontzield werd, door het hoofd der zaarogezworenen, Brutus : afstam- nieling van hem, die den moed bezat, Tarquinius te verdrijven en zijnzoonsals een offer aan het vaderland te vvijden! Was het bestek dezer Leerrede niet te bekrompen, welk een ruim veld schoot 'er dan nog overig — welk eene stof was 'er dan niet voorhanden, om uit de gevallen der Romeinen leerzame lessen te trekken. Dan te beperkt in deze schetsende Leerrede zijnde, houde men het ten goede, dat 'er niet breed uiigeweid wordt, over de verrich- tingen van Marcus Antonius. Reeds is 'er genoeg gezegd, om de wisselvalligheid van het menschelijk lotte doen zien, dan dat zij nog zoude behoeven vermeerderd te worden, met die van dezen rusteloosen Veldheer, welcher onder het Romeinsch Driemadschap behoorende ; en die? door zijn huwlijk met de Egiptische koningin Cleopa- tra, het einde van zijn geluk daarzag ; vermits den keizer Augustus, met wiens zuster Antonius getrouwd was, dit bedrijf zoo envel opnam, dat hij Antonius be- oorloogde, overwon, en noodzaakte zichzelf om het Jeven te brengen !. . . .Over welk voorvai Cleopatra zoo zeer gerroffen werd, dat zij, ter voorkoming van in de handen des vijands te vallen, het wreede besluit nam, zich op eene wijze ter dood te brengen, waarvan de geschiedenissen 197 geen voorbeeld opleveren ; daar zij aan haren boezem twee levendige adders plaatste, die haren dood bewerkten ! De lof van Cato en Cicero, die de zeden en de za- menzwering van Catilina met zoo veel vuurs uitboe- zemden, is mede te groot om in ziju geheel le melden. Genocg zij het om over het gevoel en de vaderlandsliefde van Cato te kunuen oordeelen, wanneer men weet, datliij liever den duod dan de slavernij vetkoos, en zich derhal- ven om het leven bracht, ten einde niet onder het geweld van C^sar te bukken : wordende Cicero door het Driemanschap vervolgd en ter dood gebraeht. Geen mel- ding vvordt 'er mede gemaakt van die laatste dappere Ro- meinen Cassius en Brutus, die de vrijheid van hun land nog poogden te verdedigen : het bestek is te kort om al het gedenkwaardige, met de vereischte kleuren, afte- schetsen : waarom men dan ten einde zal Snellen, met te zeggen, hoe veele helden uit haren sehoot waren geteld ; hoe veel getrouwheid 'er plaats greep, Rome konde zich voorhetaltoos rollende noodiot mede niet beveiligen. .Wa- ren de heerschappijen der Assiriers, Meders, en Persen, ten gronde gedaald ; hadden de Macedoniers de wisselvalligheicl van het fortuin ondergaau, de Romeinen konden zich mede niet bewaaren . . . . Zij die op hunne gedenkpennip. gen zich gelukkig t onverwinlijk, en eeuwig noemden, vie- len ais alle andere volkeren gevallen waren! En wat is van dat gedeukwaardig volk overgeblcven ? Niets anders dan de bloote naani, vermits thans in de plaats zelve, een Romein ver te zoeken zoude zijn Hoe treurig is de beschouwing, wanneer men van een volk, dat haren eerstoel tot aan de wolken verhefte, niets meer i2 19S vindt dan eeu dood, een krachteloos overblijfzel !...... Hadden de Tarquiniussen niet zoo barbaarsch over eeu volk gehandeld, dat de dapperbeid van Romulus en Tullius Hostilius met verwondering beschouwde ; —dat de godsvrucbt van Numa eerbiedigde en de min- zaamheid van Ankus Marcius hoogschatte; R-ome liadt zich nimnier tot een Gemeenebest gevornidt ! • En was het eerste vuur in bet bait der Romeinen geblee- ven, — hadden de vonken van heldenmoed in hunnen boe- zem, met dezelfde gloed blijveu tintelen; liadt den slaap bunne oogleden niet bedekt, toeu de verwijfdheid. heimelijk bunne harten bekroop ; Rome bad nimmer op nieuw eenen scepter over baar zien zwaaijeu — en een — Gemeenebest gebleven ! ...... Dat dan de vai van Rome eene les voor de gantscbe wereld zij ; — dat men met nut 'er leerzaamheid uittrekke, —en hoe voldaan zai den nakomeling zich achten, geene reden te vinden, van deeze treurige uitgalming van zich te moeten laten gaan : waar is uwe grootheid ! Hoe voldaan zullen onze naneeven zijn, wanneer zij van de volkeren der acbttiende en negentiende eeuwen zullen kuanen zeggen : Zij Helen zich door geene trotsch* heid verMinden ; geene verwijfdheid boeide hunne ziittui- gen 9 en daarom zijn wu gelukkigl 109 ANSWER to BOUNAPARTE's SPEECH to the Council of Commerce, dated March 31, 1811, and his Ileply to the Address of the Ionian Isles, Aug, IS, 181J. You say, "the Berlin and Milan Decrees are the laws of my Empire, so far as regards neutral commerce." If so, then the English will persevere in the enforcement of their Orders in Council. Besides, what favour, then, let me ask, can the Americans expect from you, if the English are not pleased to give them the freedom of the seas ? The fate of American commerce is of course decided. You say "All commercial relations with Eng- land must cease." — Wherefore ? To complete our ruin ■ — lo make us slaves, and our children soldiers. This is not a new plan ; it is only your old policy, for from the begin- ning of your career your language has been — "No treaty of commerce with England ; the English may do what they can, and so will I," Shortly after, you began to pro- hibit the importation of many English goods, which for- merly were introduced. All people of sense foresaw this to be the first foundation of misunderstanding between two neighbours ; for which reason I think you are the ag- gressor in the war, and the beginner of all our misfortunes. You give us to understand that you will shortly compel all persons on the Continent to withdraw their funds from England; but you know as well as myself, that many, in that case, will be obliged to diminish their rank, others will be reduced to poverty, and to many, life itself will be a burthen. Be prudent, sir, and humane. — You say, "I wish for peace." But I fear your first demand from England will be the status quo. The English will make 200 this demand of you on the Continent. You will not hear England, and England will not listen to you. You wish for guarantees in case you should make peace; this is just what the English want from you. You erect Holland into a kingdom, some misunderstanding arises between the King and you, and you turn him out. In short, you unite kingdoms, countries, towns, and rivers, to France, and disunite them according to your veering thoughts. No- thing but inconstancy is certain to you. You say, " Some have become bankrupts in France by their extravagant speculations." But, sir, many have been ruined, and many more will be so, by your bitter Decrees. You cun- ningly mention the former, and omit the latter. You say, " The merchants blame, in high terms, ray measures, and say that 1 am badly advised." If your own people have a bad opinion of your conduct, who will praise you ? Be- sides, consider they are French merchants, and not stran- gers; many of them venerable by age and virtue, pos- sessing a consummate knowledge of the wants and mise- ries of the country; many of them were formerly Mem- bers of the State, and knew France and the world before you were born ; and to such men, sir, you think yourself superior in knowledge : I pity much your wretched situa- tion, but much more those who are aod shall be the vic- tims of it. Moreover, should you remember no other of your mad projects but your erroneous step of going to Spain, and how unwilling you were to listen to good counsel before you embarked in that shameful business, this alone ought to cause the high thoughts in your brain to sink into your feet, and make you think that you are no better than others, who eat, drink, and sleep, and take 201 wives and no wives, marry and unmarry, and so forth. Qu' en penstz-vous? Against England you will be armed hand and foot. So was Saucho Pancba.-— But, wherefore? to do 'liothiiig. You speak and proclaim aloud: so ciii'- dren shout when they pass a church-yard by night, to dis- guise their fear. You talk of the injurious consequences produced here by the interruption of commerce with the Continent ; but, Sir, if you think by these means to ac- complish your designs, then you must say that an eighth part of the resources being stopped will be sufficient to ac- complish them. You say, "England is overwhelmed with paper." But at the same time she is not deficient in golf-, when she wants it. You cannot be ignorant of this. To > speak concisely, when I have a bank-note of one pound, at the same time I say that I have twenty shillings: these are synonimous terms. The inference I leave to you. You boast that you have 200 millions in your private trea- sury at the Thuilleries ; but, Sir, are the people rich be- cause you are ? You entertain the people with sayings "Chemistry will produce sugar, coffee, and indigo;" i which are truly chemical or chimerical promises ; for you I know better. You should say openly, that the people on jthe Continent may amuse themselves in doing and living with- out these and many other things; but, Sir, the remem- brance of these articles, which they enjoyed formerly with ease, and the happy situation of other nations who now enjoy them in abundance, canuot but produce gloomy and sorrowful thoughts, which will endure as long as you reign. You wish for maritime commerce ; but, Sir, if you wish it with French Colonies, it is too late — they are gone. If you endeavour to go to the Colonies of other nations, to 202 beg colonial produce for your manufacturers, I wish you would go as a stranger, since you are a stranger to us, and not in the name of the French peoptej who are more noble minded. You say, " The English have better Ad- mirals, and that is a great advantage ; we may lose one, two, three battles; we will gain the fourth, by the simple and natural reason, that the weaker must give way to the stronger." But, Sir, suppose the number of vessels and manners to be equal on both sides, do you think that your argument is conclusive ? For my own part, my algebra and metaphysical rules stop here. I hope that you will explain yourself in another thesis, or in a treatise on a new logic. By this declaration you show how little you value the lives of others* though life is as dear to each I individual as your's is to yourself. You give yourself the title of Napoleon I. but take the title of Catiiine II. and it will be proper— for, as he was the scourge of Rome, so you are of France, and the disturber of the world. Again, whether you will make our grand-children happy is uncer- tain at least ; certain it is, however, you change our short life into a long miserable one. Tell us what name to give I him who conquers people only to make them wretched. The Romans subdued nations, but not their laws and liber, ties. 293 ENGELSCHE SPRAAKWIJZEN, &c. DEN LEERL1NG VOORGELEGD TE VERDUI TSCHEN. , IT.! ANY a trap is laid to ensnare the feet of youth. We should subject our fancies to the government of reason. We shall not. be the happier for possessing talents and affluence, unless we make a right use of them. The truly good mind is not dismayed by poverty, af- flictions, or death. The comeliness of youth are modesty and frankness ; of age, condescension and dignity. W 7 e may be playful, and yet innocent ; grave, and yet , corrupt. It is only from general conduct that our true I character can be pourtrayed. To recommend virtue to others, our lights must shine brightly, not dully. In all our reasoning, our minds should be sincerely em- ployed in the pursuit of truth. Rude behaviour and indecent language are peculiarly disgraceful to youth of education. A judicious arrangement of studies facilitates improve- i ment. Gratitude is a forcible and active principle in good aad generous minds. 204 Neither time nor misfortunes should erase the remem- brance of a friend. We should have sense and virtue enough to recede from our demands, when they appear to be unreasonable. A favour conferred with delicacy doubles the ob'igation. The precepts of a good education have oflen recurred in the time of need, Any thing committed to the trust and care of another is a deposit. Judicious abridgements often aid the studies of youth. In many pursuits, we embark with pleasure, and land sorrowfully. We may be very busy to no useful purpose. Health and peace, the most valuable possessions, are obtained at small expense. True happines is an enemy to pomp and noise, Licentiousness and crimes pave the way to ruin, Philosophers agreed in despising riches as the encum- brances of life. Wars are regulated robberies and piracies^ Fishes increase more than beasts or birds^ as appears from their numerous spawn. The pyramids of Egypt have §tood more than three thousand years. It is laudable to inquire before we determine. Many things are plausible in theory which fail in prac- tice. Learning and knowledge must be attained by slow de- grees ; and are the reward of diligence and patience. THE END, J, llamblin, Printer 3 Sugar Loaf Court, Oarlich'HUU °0 ' ^> ^, ^ ^ ^ .* ^ - '&