Bulletin No. 16. s. 25. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF SOILS. CATALOGUE OF THK FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. MILTON ^VHITNEY, CHI El- OK DIN'ISION OK SOILS WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OKKK^E. 1899. tiM»!5^'^ BooK-J/IZl 3 Bulletin No. 16. S. 25. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF SOILS. CATALOGUE OF THE FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. BY MILTON WHITNEY, CHIEK OK DIVISION OF SOIL«, WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFITK. 1899. v^ ,ETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Soils, Washington, D. C, October 33, 1899. Sir: For reasous set forth in the body of this report it seems* advis- able to publish a catalogue of the soil collection of the Division of Soils for the information of those who are interested in soil investigations. The soil collection is under the immediate care of Miss Janette Steu- art, of the Division of Soils, who has prepared the statistical part of this bulletin under my general supervision. I recommend that this catalogue be published as Bulletin No. 10 of this Division. Eespectfully, Milton Whitney, Chief of Division. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 3 CONTENTS, Page. Introduction 11 Object of publishing the catalogue 12 How the samples are collected 13 Agencies through which the present collection has been obtained 15 How the samples are stored 15 Card catalogue 16 Classification of the soils 17 Arrangement of the catalogue 20 Classification of samples under States and countries from which they have been obtained 21 Alabama - 21 Alaska 24 Argentina 24 •Arizona 25 Arkansas 25 Bermuda 25 California 25 China : 29 Colorado 29 Connecticut 30 Cuba 31 Delaware 31 District of Columbia 32 England 32 Florida 32 Georgia 34 Germany 34 Hawaiian Islands 35 Idaho 35 Illinois 35 Indiana 36 Iowa 37 Kansas 37 Kentucky - 39 Louisiana 41 Maryland 42 Massachusetts 49 Mexico 50 Michigan 50 Minnesota 51 Mississippi 51 Missouri 52 Montana 52 Nebraska 52 5 6 CONTENTS. Classification of samples under States and countries, etc. — Continued. Page. Nevada 54 New Hampshire 54 New Jersey 54 New Mexico - . 55 New York 55 North Carolina 56 North Dakota 57 Ohio 58 Oklahoma , 59 Oregon 59 Pennsylvania 59 Ehode Island 60 Russia 61 South Carolina 61 South Dakota 63 Sumatra 63 Tennessee 63 Texas > 65 Utah 66 Vermont 66 Virginia 66 Washington 68 West Virginia 68 Wisconsin • 69 List of publications containing references to the mechanical or chemical analy- ses of Btimples in this collection 69 List of the soil samplt-s arranged serially 70 List and description of formations represented in the collection 86 Acadia clay 86 Adobe 86 Alkali soil 88 Alluvium 89 Badlands 90 Barrens 90 Basalt 91 Bench land 91 Bi'uton limestone 92 Black waxy 92 Blue-stem soil 92 Bluff laud - 92 Bowlder clay 93 Buckshot land 93 Cambrian sandstone and shale 93 Carboniferous 93 Catoctin granite and schist 94 Catskill i 94 Chemung shales 94 Chernozem 94 Chesapeake 94 Clays — pottery, brick, tile 95 Clay slate 96 Clinton-Niagara 96 Coal-measures 96 Colorado group — Cretaceous - 96 Columbia, Lower 97 CONTENTS. 7 List and description of formations represented in tlie collection — Continued. Page. Coral sand _ 97 Corn land 98 Cotton land 98 Cranberry bogs 98 Crayfish land 99 Cretaceous 99 Dakota group — Cretaceous 100 "Dead land" 100 Devonian black slate 100 Diabase 100 Diatomaceous earth 101 Dismal Swamp land 101 Drift 101 Eocene 102 Etonia scrub 102 Flatwoods - 103 Fox Hill sandstone 104 Fresno Plains 104 Fuller's earth 104 Gabbro 105 Galena limestone 105 Glades ^ 105 Glass sand 105 Gneiss and granite 105 Granite 106 Grass land 106 Greenhouse soil 106 Gumbo ., 107 Gunpowder lime land 107 Gypsum soil 107 Hamilton-Cliemung shales 108 Hammock 108 Hardpan 109 Helderberg limestone 110 High pine land - 110 Hogwallow Ill Hudson River limestone 112 Hudson River (Martinsburg) shales 112 Jamestown Valley soil 113 Kaolin 113 Kaolinite 114 Keokuk 114 Knox sandstone 114 Knox shales 114 Lacustrine 115 Lafayette 115 Lake Erie bottom : 115 Lenore limestone 116 Limestone 116 Live-oak land 118 Loess 119 Long-leaf pine flats 121 Long-leaf pine hills 121 Lower pine belt 122 Magnesia soil 122 8 CONTENTS. List and description of formations represented in tlio collection— Continued. Page. Marls 122 Manch Chunk 123 Medina .saudstono 123 Mesa soil 123 Miocene 123 Mixed laud 124 Mojave Desert soil 124 Molding saud 125 Nashville limestone 125 Orange sand 125 Oriskany sandstone 125 Permian 126 Phillite 126 Pierre shales 126 Pineapple land 126 Pine barrens 127 Pipe clay 127 Plains marl 128 Pleistocene 128 Pocono sandstone 128 Pocoson region 128 Pontotoc Ridge 128 Post-Tertiary 129 Potomac 129 Pottsville 129 Potsdam sandstone 129 Prairie 130 Provision laud 130 Quartzite 131 Quicksand 131 Qnehec dolomite 132 Red chaparral 132 Red land 133 Red River Valley 133 Rice land ., 133 Salina sandstone 134 Salt-grass land 134 Sand Hills 134 Sandstoue 135 Sea Island cotton soil 135 Sedentary soil 136 Serpentine 136 Shales 136 Short-leaf pine uplaiuls 136 Silt from irrigation ditches 136 Silurian, Upper 137 Snow dust : 137 Spruce ]»ine scrub 137 St. Louis limestone 138 Subcarbouiferous 138 Sugar-cane land 138 Talc 138 Tertiary 139 Tobacco land 139 ' Transition-gray waeke 140 CONTENTS. 9 List and description of formations represented in the collection — Continued. Page. Trap 141 Trenton and Hudson River limestone 141 Triassic red sandstone ^ 141 Truck land 142 Tulare Plains 142 Unclassified 142 Upper coal measures 143 Upper pine belt 143 Valley land 143 Vineyard soil 144 Volcanic asli 144 Waverly sandstone 144 Wheat land 144 White-oak land 145 Wind-blown dust 145 Wire-grass soil 145 CATALOGUE OF THE FIRST FOUR THOUSAND SAMPLES IN THE SOIL COLLECTION OF THE DIVISION OF SOILS. INTRODUCTION. During the past ten years a line of soil investigations has been car- ried on under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, with particular reference to the physical properties of soils and their relation to crop production. The soil collection was started in South Carolina while the writer was vice-director of the experiment station of that State, but a system- atic line of investigation and of collection of soil samples was under- taken in connection with the Maryland Experiment Station and with the Johns Hopkins University in 1891. As special agent of the Department of Agriculture in tbe Weather Bureau, the writer made an extensive study of the soil formations of Maryland and determined the relation of these soils to crops. This was an especially fine field for such work on account of the very large number of geological formations in the State, ranging from some of the oldest crystalline rocks through the whole geological sequence to the most recent river deposits. As a feature of this work a large number of soil samples was collected from Maryland and the results of the investigations were published in Bulletin No. 1 of the Weather Bureau, entitled The Physical Properties of Soils in their Relation to Moisture and Crop Production. The edition of this bulletin was long since exhausted. In 1892 a very extensive soil collection was made from nearly all the States and Territories for exhibition at the Columbian Exposition iu Chicago. This collection was under the general supervision of Prof. E. W. Hilgard, and, through an arrangement with him and with the local State collectors, duplicate samples were obtained from many of the States of soils which were supposed to represent the most impor tant soil areas of the country. In 1891 the scope of the work was greatly enlarged by the establish- ment of a Division of Soils in the Weather Bureau. In July, 1895, this was 'made an independent division in the Department of Agriculture and the appropriation and scope of the work were still further enlarged and extended. 11 12 OBJECT OF PUBLISHING THE CATALOGUE. With these facilities most of tlie important agricultural districts of the country have been visited by some one connected with the Division of Soils and the principal soil formations have been examined in the held and representative samples taken for the collection. OBJECT OF PUBLISHING THE CATALOGUE. The object of publishing this soil catalogue is, first of all, to call attention to the large number of samples at present in the possession of the Division of Soils. This collection represents a very large number of the geological formations of the country and many of the important agricultural districts. It is hoped that this will be a nucleus for a much more extensive and comprehensive soil collection, to be brought together at the national capital, which, if well arranged and thoroughly classitied, with cross references as to the origin, physical properties, and agricultural values, will offer a valuable opportunity for soil investigations where dry samples of soil can be used. It is hoped that by i^ublishing this catalogue and showing what has already been accomplished in the matter of gathering together a col- lection of representative soil samples, individuals, organizations, and institutions may be induced to deposit collections as gifts or as loans, as in this way the facilities for soil investigations in Washington would be very largely increased. It is neither the purpose nor the desire of those in charge of the collection to increase the size by mere additional numbers of samples, but to have the collection contain truly repre- sentative samples which will illustrate all important phases of soil formations. These special features and special collections are already receiving some attention. It is proposed to gather representative samples of loess from all known regions where it occurs. A very extensive and thorough collection of the truck soils of the eastern United States has already been made. A large and comprehensive collection of samples of tobacco soils has been made from all of the important tobacco districts. A special collection of representative wheat soils from all of the impor- tant wheat districts of the world is being i)lanned. Other special col- lections of this kind are being considered which will show in more or less detail the physical or chemical peculiarities of characteristic soils which are of importan(;e in agriculture. One of the means of gathering samples of representative soils from foreign countries will i^robably be through the medium of exchange, and one of the objects of publishing this catalogue is the hope and expectation that such collections can be readily made through a system of exchange. It will be quite possible to furnish small samples of the representative soils of this country to institutions in exchange for special courtesies in furnishing representative samples from areas which are at present inaccessible to the agents of the Division of Soils, in order that the material at our disposal may be extended and made HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED. 13 more valuable. A number of institutions have already made use of tMs collection. Workers have been sent to Washington to become acquainted with the principal soil types, and in other cases representa- tive samples have been furnished agricultural colleges and experiment stations for instruction and investigation. In order to call attention still more forcibly to the importance and value of the soil collection and to extend this educational work, collec- tions of representative soils are being put up in small glass bottles, arranged in boxes with 22 compartments in each. These sets are to be distributed to the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, with explanatory text regarding the origin, the chemical and physical peculiarities, and the agricultural value of the samples, together with a statement of the physical and chemical analysis of each. HOW THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED. It was early recognized that in order to be of comparative value the samples must be collected in a very systematic manner and according to certain general methods. A description of the methods followed by this Division was published in Bulletin No. 4, but as the edition of this bulletin is about exhausted, and as it may not be readily accessible to those who are interested in the catalogue herewith presented and who may wish to take samples for exchange purposes, the general principles of the method are here given. ^ As a rule it is necessary that the soils selected for the collection of this Division should represent large areas of land of uniform composi- tion and of particular agricultural value. As, however, on account of the imperfections and limitations of our methods of investigation, all such work can have at present only comparative value, it is imi^ortant in selecting samples to select also samples which show departures from the normal conditions, noting in great detail the effect of these areas on crops. Such samples often throw the most iinj)ortant light upon principles which might otherwise escape attention in the examination of the normal type. Furthermore, it is quite necessary to make a very complete statement as to the general and local physiographic relations of the locality from which the sample is derived. Two soils may have precisely the same physical texture and chemical composition, and yet, from mere local peculiarities of drainage, expo- sure, or topographic features, the agricultural value of the soils may be very different. In many cases the conditions of environment may have a determining iutiuence upon the relation of the soil to proj)er crop production. All such features should therefore be fully set forth in describing the sample and the locality from which it is derived. In order that every sample may represent the area or a certain part of the area which it is desired to study or to illustrate, it must not be taken where there are modifications due to local conditions. 14 HOW TH?: SAMPLES ARp: COLLFX'TP:!). TIm* following,' (Ic^scriptioii of metliods in taken lium r.iilletiu !No. 4 of this I )i vision : It in better, where possible, to take the samples from cultivated fields or fields wliich hiive been cultivated. The agricultural value of such land is known from the character of the crop it has jiroduceil, and this is a very important guide in the selection of typical soil samples. In the older agricultural regions of the Eastern United States, esjtecially in the most fertile soil areas, there is little or no virgin land and often little woodlanrl. Where the trees are allowed to grow, it freetween the soil and the sul>soil. Take a sami)le of the soil abf>ve this by cutting olf a slice of soil '.i r)r 1 inches thick, down to the change of color, and mixing this thoroughly together. Fill a cloth sack with this well-mixed soil, tie it securely, and label it with such information as will serve to identify it when it is received in tlie laboratory. Then clean out the hole again and scrape the sides so as to get rid of every ]»article of the top soil, and take a sample of the subsoil in like manner by cutting down a slice of the subsoil and thoroughly mixing it together so that the samiile shall contain particles of the sub- soil from immediately below the top soil to a depth of at least 24 inches. Put this samjde of the subsoil into a separate sack, tie it securely, and label it. If there is no apparent dillerence between the soil and the subsoil, take a sample of the soil nevertheless to a depth of (i inches from the surfaf^e, and a sample of the subsoil from below this to a depth of 21 inches, anle-M with an auger, take a common wood auger from H inches to 3 inche.s in diameter anil have the handle lf;ngthened to 21 or 30 inches. Remove the litter and grass as Iiefore from the surface of the lield and bore into the soil, pulling up the auger and emptying the sample into a sack for every 8 or 1 inches in depth. Tin; depth of the top soil should be determined by a preliminary boring. Care must be taken to sej)arate the top soil from the subsoil and to keep them in separate sacks. H there is a marked difference iu the character of the subsoil within IX or 20 inches of the surface, a sej»arate sample should be taken of the second subsoil, thti depth of eai;h being cariifully noted. It is very important that the samples be taken, as far as practicable, to a uniform depth, to secure tlirecision, and at the same time it may describe also the general character of the soil. A sample from the Cambrian shales of Maryland must come from one of two or three narrow belts crossing the western part of the State, and, to one who is familiar with the character of the rock of this locality and the way it disintegrates, it is at once apparent that the typical sample will contain a large amount of stone, foiniing wiiatis known agricultu- rally as a stony soil. A sample of the Trenton limestone from Maryland can come only from the Frederick or Hagerstown valleys, and a typical sample will contain a high per cent of clay, and represent a very fertile area. A sample of the same formation from Alabama, however, will be a very different soil, containing a large proi)ortion of chert, and will represent a very infertile area. This is due to the difi'erence in the character of the limestone rocks in these widely separated areas. A sampleof the ('olumbia formation in Maryland will come from the coastal l)lains. It is of unconsolidated material, and it may be either a coarse, sandy soil from the truck lands along the bay and ocean or a heavier clay soil ae have been collected. The various limestone soils have all been brought into one group, with the States from which each of the various kinds of limestone soil has been obtained. All the local- ities from which the loess has been obtained are given. Special collec- tions have been made of soil from the truck areas and from the important tobacco districts, and these are grouped according to .the type of tobacco produced, the geological Ibrmations from which the soils have been derived, and the States from which samples liave been obtained. So far as possible, the corn, wheat, cotton, rice, and sugar-cane lands have also been brought into groups, and it is believed that such grou])- ing will give an added value to the collection, especially when the material has all been examined. It must not be understood that all of the samples designated as corn land or as wheat land are equally adapted to the production of these crops. They all come from areas in which these form important crops, but the samples in the group may represent all grades of soil within that district from the most productive to the least productive in order to give material for a comparative study of the induence of soils upon the crop. It must not be understood that only on those formations to which wheat and corn are accredited can these crops be successfully grown. These crops have only been given in connection with areas upon which they are considered important and characteristic; the same crops are grown on many and probably on most of the other formations but to a relatively unimportant extent. The grass lands include only those in the Eastern States which are well adapted to hay grass. It has been thought impracticable to include the ])asture lands in the collection. While the main features of the collection are brought out in the large groups of samples, designated by their geological origin and their agri- cultural crop value, still many of the unclassified samples are of great economic or scientific value. They nearly all have some marked peculi- arity which gives them a i)lace in such a collection of soils. AVhei e possible these peculiarities have been indicated by a word directly fol- lowing the serial number of the sample. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE. The arrangement of the catalogue can be easily understood from the method of classification which has just been described. In the first part of the catalogue the samples are arranged according to States and according to geological formations, physiographic features, or crop SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 21 areas. Under each of these groups is given the serial numbers of tlie samples, arranged by soils and subsoils, and the counties or townships from which they have been derived. An asterisk (* ) following a number indicates that a mechanical analysis has been made of tlie sample, and a degree mark (o) indicates that a chemical analysis has been made. Where either of these has been published a reference is made to the bulletin or paper in which the results appear. Where such reference is' not made the results are among the unpublished records of the Divi- sion of Soils. The agency through which the samples were obtained is given in all cases, as this is important in judging of the representative value of the sample. The second part of the catalogue gives the samples arranged serially with a brief description, which will serve to identify the sample, and with a reference to the page upon which it is fully described in the State classification. The third portion of the catalogue gives an alphabetical list of the formations represented, with the States or foreign countries from which the samples have been obtained. The number of samples from each State is given as an indication of the magnitude of the collection from any particular locality. This gives a valuable idea of the relative distribution of the collection according to the formations and States represented. The catalogue as thus arranged renders it easy to refer to any sample in the collection if the State, geological formation, or serial number is known. CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLES UNDER STATES AND COUNTRIES FROM WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN OBTAINED. ALABAMA. (157 samples.) The samples from Alabama are mainly from two sources. Part of them were presented by Dr. E. A. Smitb, director of the geological survey of Alabama, from the collection made for the report on cotton production in Alabama for the Tenth Census. A description of these samples is given in Yol. VI of the Tenth Census and in the agricultural volume of the report of the geological survey of Alabama, 1881-82. The original numbers by which the samples are designated and under which they are described are given in parenthesis and immediately following the serial numbers of the Division of Soils. The geological correlation, published in the Tenth Census, has been somewhat modi- fied as the result of subsequent work of the State geological survey. These modifications have been adopted so far as it is possible to do so. In addition to the references above cited, see also the bulletins and various papers in the annual reports of the United States Geological Survey on the Cretaceous, Eocene, Lafayette, and Columbia forma- tions. Numbers followed by the sign (°) have had a chemical analysis, 22 SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. and in all cases these cliemical analyses have been jmblisbert in Vol. VI of tbc Tenth Censns and in the agricultural volume of the State geo- logical survey. During the season of 1891 the Alabama l^^xperiment Station con- ducted an interesting series of fertilizer experiments with cotton in dif- ferent parts of the State and on a great many different ty])es of soil. The results were i)ublished in Bulletin No. 34: of the station. The results obtained were so very interesting and the differences recorded by the various farmers were so widely dill'eicnt that samples of the soils and subsoils were obtained through correspondence with each of the farmers who had cooperated in the work. The list of localities, together with the description of the samples submitted by the farmers and such other data as were brought together, was sent to Dr. E. A. Smith, and the samples were correlated as accurately as possible with the geological formations of the State. From the very full description of the localities and the character of the soil it is believed that this cor- relation is reasonably accurate. The markedly different yields of these soils with different fertilizers and fertilizer ingredients, reported in lUilletin 34 of the Alabama Experiment Station, indicate a A'ery inter- esting problem to study, but the time and opportunity for this have never been presented, so that the samples have not yet been analyzed. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked ( ') :iud chemical amil.vses have been made of samples marked ( ').] Alluvial (1 soil). Soil 824 (1), (black swamp muck), Autauga Couutv. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Barrens — cotton, corn (.3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 852° (40), 853 (42) (swamp barrens), 860^^ (48), subsoils 854* (41), ,S59* (47), (hardpan), Madison County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Cambrian shales (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 662, subsoil 663, Shelby County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 510, subsoil 511, Cherokee County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Coal measures (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 552, subsoil 553, Cullman County. Collected liy farmers cooijeratiug with the Alabama Experiment Station. Corn lauds (73 soils, 67 subsoils). See Barrens, cretaceous, drift, gneiss, gunpowder-lime hind, hammock, Lafayette, linu'Stone, post-oak flatwoods, jirairie, unclassified. Cotton lands (73 soils, 67 subsoils). See Barrens, cretaceous, drift, gneiss, hammock, l^afayette, limestone, post-oak Ihitwoods, prairie, unchissified. Cretaceous — cotton, corn, wheat (5 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 672* (green sand), Perry County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 520, subsoil 521, Lowndes County. Collected by fanners cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Soil 1026, Lee County; soils 1923, 1925, subsoil 1924*, Perry County. Collected by agents, United States Department of Agriculture. Drift — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1921, subsoil 1922, Lee County. Colle tod by soil observers. Division of Soils. SAMPLES FROM ALABAMA. 23 Guciss — cotton, corn, wheat (9 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 675* (hornblendic), Chambers County; subsoil 678, Clay County; soil 679, Coosa County; soil 680 (hornblendic), Lee County; soils 673*, 674* (horn- blendic), Randolph County; soils 676, 677 (mica-schist), Tallapoosa County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Subsoil 529 (hornblendic), Clay County ; soil 548, subsoil 549, Randolph County ; soil 540, subsoil 541, Tallapoosa County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Ilaiuuiock land — cotton, corn (4 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 830*0 '(9), Montgomery County; soils 833° (20), 834° (21), subsoil 835" (22), Tuscaloosa County ; soil 855 (43), subsoil 856 (44), Cahaba River. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Lafayette (orange sands) — cotton^ corn (22 soils, 32 subsoils). Soils 825^^ (3), 827*o (6), 869 (59), subsoils 826*" (4), 828* (7), 829 (8), 868* (58), 870*" (60), 871 (62), AntaugaCounty ; soil 885° (96), subsoils 883" (94), 884 (95), 886 (97) Barbour County; subsoil 882^ (91), Clarke County; subsoil 880* (85), Henry County; soil 887 (124), Pickens Coimty; soil 836 (23), subsoils 837(24), 841* (28), Sumter County; subsoil 832" (19), Pike County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 506, subsoil 507, Autauga County; soil 518, subsoil 519, Barbour County; soil 494, subsoil 495, Bibb County; soil 5.50, subsoil 551, Bullock County; soil 544, subsoil 545, Bijtler County ; soil 498, subsoil 499, Clarke County; soil 530, subsoil 531, Chilton County; soil 492, subsoil 493, Covington County; soil 526, subsoil 527, Dale County; soil 536, subsoil 537, Fayette County; soil 554, sub- soil 555, Geneva County; subsoil 533, Greene County; subsoil 557, Henry County; soil 504, subsoil 505, Lowndes County; soil 512, subsoil 513, Macon County; soil 502, subsoil 503, Marengo County; soil 546, subsoil 547, Pike County ; soil 514, subsoil 515, Washington County. Collected by farmers coop- erating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Limestone (20 soils, 18 subsoils). Gunpowder-lime land — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 291, sul)soil 292, Montgomery County. George F. Atkinson, collector. (Soil on which cotton rusts more or less every year). Knox dolomite — cotton, corn (6 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 876 ^72), 877 (73), subsoil 878 (74), Calhoun County; subsoil 862* (50), Madison County; soils 664, 666, subsoils 665, 667, Shelby County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 534, subsoil 535, Blount County; subsoil 509, Etowah County; soil 542, subsoil 543, Shelby County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Quebec dolomite — cotton, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 857 (45), subsoil 858 (46), Bibb County; soil 879" (76), subsoil 872 (63), Talladega County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. St. Louis limestone ("red lands'") — cotton, corn, wheat (10 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 846*" (34), 866" (56), subsoil 847* (35), Colbert County ; soil88.50*" (38), 861 (49), subsoil 851* (39), Madison County; soils 864 (54), 873" (64), sub soil 865* (55), Franklin County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 490, subsoil 491, Franklin County; soil 496, subsoil 497, Madison County; soil 524, subsoil 525, Morgan County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. Soil 3608*, subsoil 3609*, Jackson County. J. H. Leslie, collector. Trenton limestone — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 668, subsoil 669*, Shelby County. Collected by farmers cooperating with the Alabama Experiment Station. 24 SAMPLES FROM ALASKA AHCiLNTINA. Post-oak tlatwoods — cottou, corn (l> siibHoils). Subsoils S:^8*^ (25), 839^ (26), 810 (27), Sumter Conntj'. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Prairie — cottou, corn (5 soils). Soil 670*, Wilcox Couuty ; soil (571*, Choctaw County; soil 848'^ ^30), Joues Bluft"; soil 844 (31), 845*" (32), Sumter County. Dr. E. A. Sniith, .ollector. Truck land (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 3598*, 3600% 3602*, 3604*, 3606*, subsoils 3599", 3601*, 3603*, 3605*, 3607*, Baldwin County. Collected by private individuals. Unclassified — cotton, corn (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 443 (61), Autauga County; soils 848° (36), 849* (37) (pipe clay), Colbert County; subsoil 874 (65), Franklin County ; subsoil 863 (51), Madisou County. Dr. E. A. Smith, collector. Soil 293, subsoil 294, Montgomery County. George F. Atkinson, collector. Wheat land (24 soils, 13 subsoils). See Cretaceous, gneiss, St. Louis limestone. (44 HMinples). The samples from Alaska were collected by Dr. Sheldon Jackson in 181)1) in his trips of reconuoissauce and by Dr./Walter Evans of the Ottice of Experiment Stations of this Department, under authority of the Act of Congress authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to examine and report upon the feasibility of establishing an experiment station in Alaska. It has been impossible from the data available to correlate these sam- ples in accordance with the geological formations, as so little is known about the geology of Alaska. Furthermore, as the samples were taken in many cases in wild uncultivated regions, it has not been possible to classify the soils satisfactorily into groups of any kind. They are mainly peat soils, very rich in organic matter. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Unclassified (24 soils, 20 subsoils). Soil 3643*, subsoil 3644*, Anvik; soil 3645*, 3647*, subsoils 3646*, 3648*, Circle City; soil 3455*, Etholine Island; soils 3649*, 3650% Fort Adams; soil 3654*, Fort Andreafski; soil 3651*, Fort Cudahy; soils 3438*, 3439*, 3444*, subsoils 3440% 3441*, 3442*, 3443*, Fort Wrangell; soils 3456*, 3458*, 3460*, subsoils 3457*, 3459*, 3561*, Juneau; soils 3462*, .3463% 3465*, subsoils 3464% 3466*, 3696, Kadiak; soils 3445*, 3446*, 3447*, 3448*, subsoils 3449*, 3450*, Sitka; soil 3453*, subsoils 3451*, 3452% 3454*, Stikiue Kiver; .soil 3652, subsoil 36.53, Unalaklik; soil 3655*, subsoil 3656*, Kosercfski. Mechanical analyses, 3438, 3439, .^440, 3441,3442, 3443, 3444, Fort Wrangell; 3445, 3446, 3447, 3448,3449, 34.50, Sitka; 3456, 3457, 3458, 3459, 3460, 3461, Juneau ; 3462, 3463, 3464, 3465, 3466, Kadiak; published in Bulletin No. 48, Office of Experi- ment Stations, page 11. AKGKN'rtNA. (25 Siiiuples ) The samples from Argentina were collected under the direction of Prof. W. G. ^avis, Director de la Oficina Meteorologica, Argentina, at Cordova. The collection was to represent the important wheat lauds SAMPLES FKOM ARIZONA CALIFORNIA. 25 of Argentina. Only a ]»orti()n of the collection has been received as yet. These samples were collected at the request of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology in connection with some inves- tigations on wheat rust, and form a part of a series of samples repre- senting the soils of the important wheat districts of the world. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Wheat lands (25 samples). 3657*, Eosario; 3658*, Perez; 3659*, Zavalla; 3660*, Villa Casllda; 3661*, Are- quito; 3662*, Juarez Celman; 3663*, Villada; 3684*, Meliucue; 3665*, 3666*, 3667*, 3668*, 3669*, 3670*, 3671*, 3672*, 3673*, 3674', 3675*, 3676*, 3677*, 3678*, 3679*, 3680*, 3681*, Chubut. ARIZONA. (1 .sample.) Only a single sample of soil has been collected from Arizona, a sample of silt from the Oila River, collected by one of the members of the United States Geological Survey. It is stated that when this silt is deposited on the banks of canals, it seems to have the property of diminishing the resistance to the How of water and of accelerating the movement of water in the canals. It is furthermore very resistant to the eroding action of water in the time of a Hood, and a slight amount of this substance will protect a ditch from the action of a large volume of water. Silt (1 sample). 3240, from the Gila River. ARKANSAS. ^o samples have been collected from this State. BERMUDA. (12 samples.) " The samples from Bermuda were collected with reference to an inves- tigation being carried on by the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology on a disease of the Bermuda lily. The collection includes samples of new soils suitable for growing the lilies and of old soils upon which the lilies are said to become very much diseased. These samples were all collected and sent at the request of the Department by growers in Bermuda or by agents of the Department. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Unclassified (12 soils) : Soils, 3064,3065,3477,* 3478,* 3479*, 3976 (coral sand), 3977, 3995,3996,3997,3998, 3999. CALIFORNIA. (90 samples.) The origin of the samples from California is threefold. Part of them are from the collection made under the direction of Dr. E.W. Hilgard, of the University of California, for the report on cotton production in 26 SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. Ciilifornia for the Tenth Census. These samples are described in Vol. VI of the Tenth Census, including the chemical analyses of most of them. The numbers given in i)areiitheses, following the serial numbers of this Division, are the original numbers under which the sami)les are described in the Tenth Census. The classification of this part of the collection is the same as that adopted by Professor Hilgaid in tlie census work. A few additional samples were furnished by Professor Hilgard when material was being collected for the soil exhibit at the Columbian l*'x])()sition. The remaining samples from California were collected by agents of this Department. A very full description of the formations can be found in Vol. XI of the Tenth Census and in the numerous reports and bulletins issued by the California Experiment Station. The collection contains many sam- ples of great interest on account of the peculiar properties exhibited in their relation to water and to plant growth. Many of these inter- esting properties have been referred to repeatedly by Dr. Hilgard, and some of the most striking properties have been described by the writer in a short article in the Yearbook of the Dei)artment of Agriculture for 1897, entitled " Some interesting soil problems." Some of the soils from the Fresno plains possess the peculiar ])rop- erty of subirrigation on a very extensive scale. After irrigation has been practiced for some years the subsoil becomes filled with water, the wells from being 80 to 100 feet deep are only 2 to 6 feet deep to water, and the fields support vegetation without irrigation if only the water is allowed to run in the main canals, which may be as much as a mile apart. Part of the samples from the Tulare plains show even more marked j)eculiarities than this, supporting large fruit crops with- out irrigation and with but 9 or 10 inches of rain falling during the winter months. Other samples from the same locality have no such remarkable power and require frequent irrigation. The soils classed as fruit lands of southern California also have this power to a more or less marked degree of supporting vegetation with little or no irrigation and, although there is no rain during the season of actual growth, the soil becomes moist with the winter rains of 18 or 20 inches, and the crops are matured with no further rain during the growing season and with no necessity for irrigation. Other soils in this same locality, having apparently the same texture and composi- tion, require irrigation to mature a (irop. Particular interest centers in sami)le No. 3432, from a sandy field near Pomona where a second crop oT tobacco was being harvested from the suckers which had been allowed to grow from the main crop, although there had been no rain . and no irrigation during the entire season of growth. The water in the wells was about 30 feet from the surface. The soil was still moist within 2 or 3 inches of the surface. The soils of the Mojave Desert are interesting from the apparent SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. 27 sterility of tlio land in its native condition, and yet there is no appar- ent cause for this in the physical texture or the chemical composition of the soils, as compared with like properties of soils from other local- ities in adjoining counties. With only 5 inches of annual rainfall and located 15 or 20 miles from the mountains, it is possible in many places in the Mojave Desert to find standing water within 5 or 6 feet of the surface. This is usually quite alkaline, but the soils do not appear to be sufficiently alkaline, except as a result of injudicious irrigation, to account for the sterility in their natural condition. The collection of alkali soils has been made for a special study in con- nection with other alkali soils of the United States. The foothill soils have the property of supporting vegetation through long periods of dry weather and they form some of the most valuable wheat lands. The adobe soils have the general properties of a compact clay, exceed- ingly difficult to till and yet very productive when properly treated. While i^ossessing the properties of clay, they are composed mainly of silt and are extremely interesting in showing these physical properties with the great difference existing between them and the true clay soils. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses have been made of samples marked (°).] Adobe — wheat (6 soils). Soils 341*o (1), 342*o (4), Alameda County; soil 327*° (570), Fresno County; soil 343*o (6), San Joaquin County; soil 336 "^ (68), Tuolumne County. Col- lected by Dr. E. W. Hilgard. for the Tenth Census. Soil 3404 % Orange County. Collected, by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses of samples 336, 341, 342, 343 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation) are published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. Chemical analyses of samples 327, 336, 341, 342, 343, are published in the same volume, pages 79-81. Alkali land (11 soils, 13 subsoils). Soil 345*o (9), San Joaquin County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. Soils 3406, 3407, Orange County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. For additional samples, see Fresno Plains, Mojave Desert, Tulare Plains, unclas- sified. Mechanical analysis 345 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation) is pub- lished in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. Alluvial soils (5 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1021, Los Angeles County; soil 1115 (prairie), Solano County; soils 967, 968, Tulare County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Columbian Exposition. Soil 3408 (celery), subsoil 3409* (celery). Orange County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Fresno Plains (7 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 328*o (704), Fresno County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. Soil 798, Fresno County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Columbian Exposition. 28 SAMPLES FROM CALIFORNIA. Fresno Plains (7 soils, 5 subsoils) — Continued. Soils 3393, 3394 % 3396% 3397 (alkali), 3400*— subsoils 3391, 3392 (hoKwallow), 3395, 3398 (alkali), 3399* (alkali), Fresno County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mecdianical analysis 3394 is publisiietl in Yearbook, Department (jf Agriculture, 1897, ))age440. Clu'iuical analysis 328 published in ^'ol. VI, Tenth Census, Cottou Production of California, i)age 79. Greenhouse soil — roses, carnations (2 samples). Soil 2250 , Alhambra; soil 2261, San Francisco. Limestone soil (1 soil). Soil 966, Santa Clara County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Colum- bian Exposition. Mojave Desert soil (3 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil 337*c (332), Kern County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Tenth Census. Soils 3387% 3389', subsoils 3383 (alkali hard])an), 3384 (alkali hardpan), 3385 (alkali), 3386 (alkali), 3388*, 3390 (alkali), Los Angeles County. Collected by agents of the United States De|)artment of Agriculture. Mechaiucal analysis 3388, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1897, i.age 440. Chemical analysis 337 published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, jtage 80. Tobacco laud, cigar type (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2262 subsoil, 2263*', Marin County. Collected by private individuals. Mechanical analysis 2263 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42. Tulare Plains (10 soils, 7 subtjoils). Soils 329*" (586), 330^ (573), 346'*- (585) (wire-grass soil), Tulare County. Col- lected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. Soils 3377 (alkali), 3378" (alkali), 3381* (alkali), 3410% 3412 (alkali), 3414 (alkali), 3416% subsoils, 3379 (alkali hardpan), 3380 (alkali), 3382 (alkali), 3411% 3413 (alkali), 3415* (alkali), 3417*, Tulare County. Collected by ageuts of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 3378, 3416, iiublished in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analysis 329 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriatiou) published in Vol. \I, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. Chemical analyses 329, 330, 346, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, pages 79-81. Unclassified (23 soils, 6 subsoils). Fruit land of southern California (14 soils, 3 subsoils) Soils 3130% 3432*, subsoil 3431*, Los Angeles County; soil 3105, Orange County; soils 3401*, 3402* (mesa). Riverside County; soils 3403*, 3433 (alkali), 343.5, 3437* (alkali), subsoils 3434 (alkali), 3436, San Bernardino County. Collected "by agents of the United States Department of Agri- culture. Soil 1020, San Bernardino County; soil 969, San Luis Obispo County; soil 1019, Ventura County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for the Colum- bian Exposition. Soil 338*" (382) (mesa), Los Angeles County; soil 339*^' (168), Ventura County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. Mechanical analysis 339 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriatiou), published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of Califorida, page 83. Chemical analyses 338, 339, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cottou 1 'roductiou of California, page 80. SAMPLES FROM CHINA COLORADO. 29 Unclassified (23 soils, 6 subsoils) — Coutiuued. MisceUane(^iis ('J soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 699, subsoil 700, Alameda Couuty; soil 1116, Shasta County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilj^ard for the Columbian Exposition. Soil 331*° (700) (salt grass soil), Kern County; soil 344*° (8), San Joaquin County^ soils 332*° (705) (red chaparral), 340*° (702) (red chaparralj, subsoil 333*° (706) (red chaparral), Shasta County; soil 1058, Sonoma County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilyard for Tenth Census. Subsoil 3975 (irrigation hardpan), Los Angeles County. F. L. Palmer, col- lector. Soils ,3980, 3981, Los Angeles County. J. Sterling Morton, collector. Mechanical analysis 344 (by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation), published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. Mechanical analysis 3432, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. Chemical analyses 331, 332, 333, 340, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, pages 79-81. Wheat land (8 soils). Soil 335*° (51) (red foothill soil). Placer County; soil 334*° (499), Yuba County. Collected by Prof. E. W. Hilgard for Tenth Census. For additional samples of wheat land, see adobe. Mechanical analysis 335 ( by Professor Hilgard's method of elutriation), published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Production of California, page 83. Chemical analyses 334, 335, published in Vol. VI, Tenth Census, Cotton Produc- tion of California, page 80. (1 sample.) A single sample from China is contained in the collection. This is of interest as it represents the loess formation, the origin of \vhich has been so much discussed in geological literature. This sample is from a larger one in the United States National Museum. It is interesting to note that it has the same texture as the loess formation in our Western States, shown particularly in the samples from Nebrasl^a and Illinois which have been examined. [Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] Loess (1 8ami)le). 2726*, Chinkiang. COLORADO. (17 samples.) • [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analysis has been made of sample marked (°).] Alkali land (1 soil). Soil 793. Walter ,J. Quick, collector. Kaolinite (1 soil). Soil 3241°, San Juan County. Whitman Cross, collector. Prairie (10 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1870, Rocky Ford. Collected by agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. Soils 791, 792, Larmier County. Walter J. Quick, collector. 30 SAMPLES FROM CONNECTICUT. Prairio (10 soils, 2 subsoils) — Continued. Soil 3475", subsoil 3476% Larimer County: soil 3424, suhsoW .3425*, Weld County. W. W. Cooke, collector. These samples rei)reseut a larj^e potato- growing district Soil 1846*, Setlgwick County; soil 1785*, Yuma County. Robert Hay, colleclor. Plains marl (3 soils). Soil 1783*, Yuma County; soils 1844*, 1845*. Robert Hay, collector. Unclassiiied (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 3734, subsoils 3735, 3736, Phillips cfounty. Colhicted Ity agents of Ihe United States Department of Agriculture. CONNECTICUT. (57 siiniples.) The samples from Connecticut were obtained mainly from two sources: Part of tlieni were obtained by agents of this Department and part were collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations for the soil exhibit of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil (4 soils, 4 subsoils). Miscellaneous (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 794, 1011, subsoil 1012, Falls Village; soil 1073, subsoil 1074. Shaker Station. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs (experiment stations. Peat swamp CI soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 2722, subsoil 2723, 2724, Storrs. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Drift, glacial (5 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil !t60, subsoil 961, Lebanon; soil 962, subsoil 963, Pomfret; soil 1069, subsoil 1070, Storrs; soil 1117, subsoil 1118, West Cornwall.* Collected by the Con- necticut and Storrs experiment stations. Soil 2719, subsoils 2720, 2721, Storrs. Collected by agents. United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Greenhouse soil — lettuce, cucumbers (1 sample). Soil 1847*, New Haven. Tobacco land (cigar type) (12 soils, 9 subsoils). Soil 1065, subsoil 1066*, Poquonock. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment station. Soils 1304, 1938, subsoil 1305*, Bloomfield; soils 728, 831% 1937, subsoils 729*, 842% East Hartford; soils 1252, 1362, subsoils 1254*, 1363,.Po.iuono(k; soil 1302, subsoil 1303*, Wethersfield; soils 989, 1276, 1939, subsoils 959% 1277*, Windsor. Collected by agents of the United States Dejiartment of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses of samples 729, 842, 1254 are published in Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 146; in Bulletins Nos. 5 and 11, Division of Soils, and in Report of Pennsylvania State College, Part II, 1X!M, page 144. Mechanical analyses 831, 959, 1066, 1277, 1303, 1305 are published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40. Triassic red sandstone (3^oils, 4 subsoils). Subsoil 1014, New Haven; soil 1061, subsoil 1062, NewiTigton; soil 1015, subsoil 1016, South Manchester; soil 1067, subsoil 1068, Wappiug. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations. Unclassiiied (5 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 1071, subsoil 1072 (hardpan), Newton ; soil 1274, subsoil 1275, Silver Lane; soils 1063, 1075, subsoils 1064, 1076, West Hartford. Collected by the Connecticut and Storrs experiment stations. SAMPLES FROM CUBA DELAWARE. 31 Unclassified (5 soils, 4 subsoils) — Continued. Soil 1640* (glass sand, used by Professor Hellriegel and Prof. W. O. Atwat<-r for sand-culture experiments). Mechanical analysis 1640 is published in Experiment Station Record, Vol. V., No. 8, page 758. (16 samples.) The samples from Cuba were collected at the request of the Depart- ment by the consul general at Havana. For the samples from the famous Vuelta Abajo district we are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Gustavo Bock, of Havana, who placed his ageuts at the disposal of the Department for the purpose of collecting them. The samples from the eastern part of the island were collected under the direction of the United States vice commercial agent at iS^uevitas. The samples from the Vuelta Abajo district are said to represent the soil upon which the finest type of Cuban tobacco is produced. It has been shown that these have the same texture as the tobacco soils of Florida and of the Connecticut Valley. The soils of the Eemedios district are much heavier and contain very much more day. The Remedios tobacco is much heavier and stronger than that from the Vuelta Abajo district. The tobacco soils of Penn- sylvania and Ohio are similar in texture to these Remedios soils, and it is noteworthy that the tobacco .produced on them is likewise much heavier and stronger than the tobacco on the lighter soils of the Con- necticut Valley. The soils from the eastern districts of Cuba are lighter in texture than the Kemedios soils and not unlike those of the Vuelta Abajo dis- trict, but for some reasons, at present unknown, the tobacco produced is much heavier and stronger, and but little of it is brought to this country. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Tobacco land (cigar type) (16 soils). Soil 1982*, Gibara district; soil 1964*, Marditon de Nuevitas district; soil 6*, Mayari district; soils 1958% 1959*, I960*, 1961*, Remedios district; soil 5", Sagua de Tanamo district; soils 1965% 1966*, San Miguel de Nuevitas district; soils 306*, 307*, 308*, 309*, 310*, 311*, Vuelta Abajo district. Mechanical analyses 309, 1960. published in linlletiu No. 5, Dirision of Soils, page 20. Mechanical analyses 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 1958, 1959,1960, 1961, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42. DELAWARE. (2 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Clay, pottery (2 samples). 1968 - (china clay), 1975* (china clay). Newcastle County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. 32 SAMPLES FROM DISTRICT OF «OLUMBIA FLORIDA. DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. (34 aaniplos.) The samples from the District of Columbia were all collected by agents of the United States Department of Agricultuic and the Mary- land Experiment Station. [Mechanical analyses liavo been made of samples marked (*").] Chesapeake (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soils 2689, subsoil 2690 ■. Clay, brick, and tilo (2 samples). 2185% 2186*. Columbia (2 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2695, 2703, subsoils 2696*. 2704 ■, 3791. Eocene (2 soils, 2 aultsoils). Soils 2691, 2701, subsoils 2692*, 2702*. Greenhousi^ soil (2 sami)k's). 1615* (propagating sand), 1616. Lafayette (6 soils, 6 subsoils). Soils 1464, 2685, 2709, 2711, 2713. 271.-.. subsoils 1465. 2686*, 2710-, 2712*, 2714*, 2716*. Potomac (2 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 2683, 2687, subsoils 2684*, 26SS % 2708* , 3642*. Unclassified (1 subsoil). Subsoil 3641. ENGLAND. (2 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1974* (ground Cornwall stone). Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Fuller's earth (1 sample). 3238*. FLORIDA. (179 siiinples.) The samples from Florida were collected by agents of this Depart- ment. The desciii»tion of the soils characteristic of the vegetation and the mechanical analyses of the soils have been given in Bulletin No. 13 of this Division. The classification is the same as that in com- mon use in that State and is based mainly upon the character of the growth. The hammock soil, mixed land, and high pine land are adai)ted to citrus fruits, early truck crops, and tobacco, except that the rich heavy hammock is not a tobacco soil and is adapted to the heavier truck ci'Oi)s only, such as cabbage and iiotatoes. The Hatwoods are not cultivated to any extent, and the Etonia scrub is not 24, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 18iU, page 136. Mechanical analyses 2824, 2825, 2826, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, l)ublishcdin Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41, 42. Mechanical analyses 1619, 1620, 1623, 1624, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2869, 2870, 2875, 2876, 2879, 2880, 2906, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2911, 2912, 2920, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 30. Mechanical analysis 1620 also i)ublished in Bulle- tin No. 129, North Cartdina Experiment Station, 1896, ])ago 174. Lafayette (red lands) — tobacco, cotton (4 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 2894% 2897*, 2899% 2901*, subsoils 2895% 2896% 2898% 2900% 2902% Gads- den County (tobacco and cotton lands of western Florida) ; subsoil 2910*, Lake County ; subsoil 2856, Polk County. Mechanical analyses 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, published in Bulletin No. 11, Di^■i^ion of Soils, page 42; also in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 29. Mixed land (pine and red oak) — citrus fruits, truck, tobacco (4 soils, 6 subsoils). Soils 2837% 2839% 2842% 2845*, subsoils 2838% 2840*, 2841*, 2843*, 2844, 2846*, Marion County. Mechanical analyses 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2845, 2846, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 41, 42; also in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, pages 30, 31. Muck land (alluvium) — sugar cane, rice, truck crops (9 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 2812% 2813*, 2892, 29.32*, 2934, subsoils 2893, 2933*, Dade County; soils, 1942*, 1945% 1946% 1950*, subsoils 1943*, 1944*, 1947% 1948, 1949, 1951*, 1952*, Osceola County. Pineapple laud (4 soils, 6 subsoils). Soils 2212*, 2886*, 2888*, 2890*, subsoils 2213*, 2214*, 2887*, 2889*, 2891*, 3965*, Dade County. Mechanical analyses 2212, 2213, 2214, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 28. Spruce pine scrub — truck and second quality orange soil (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2865*, 2867*, subsoils 2866*, 2868, Brevard County ; soil 2941*, subsoil 2942*, Dado County. Mechanical analyses 2865, 2866, 2867, published in Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, page 28. Tobacco land (cigar tyi)e) — (47 soils, 54 subsoils). See Hammock, high j)ine land, mixed land, Lafayette. Truck land (53 soils, 59 subsoils). See Hammock, high pine land, mixed land, spruce pine scrub. Unclassified (2 soils, 2 sub.soils). Soils 29.37*, 2938*. Dade County; subsoil 19.55, Lake County; subsoil 2849% Marion County. (1 sample.) Only oue sample from Georgia is contained in tlie collection. [Mechanical analysis has Ix^en made of sample marked (*).] Unclassified (1 soil). Soil 2315% Bibb County. GKRMANY. (7 samples.) The samples from Germany were collected by W. T. Swingle from near Geisenlieim on the Rhine, as representing tlie best wine soils of the Geiseuheim district. The soil is derived iiom a clay slate of the SAMPLES FROM HAWAIIAN ISLANDS ILLINOIS. 35 Devouiaii. age, the undecomposed Tlioiiscbiefer (clay slate) being found from 15 to 18 feet below the surface. This is quarried and applied to the surface as a top dressing, where it entirely disintegrates and mixes with the soils within two or three j^ears. Immediately under the soil and overlying the Thonschiefer is a clay marl (Thoumergel), which is applied to the surface as an annual dressing, particularly where the Thonschiefer can not be obtained. These applications to the soil are considered essential for the finest bouquet and aroma in the wine. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Vineyard soils (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 3874*, 3875% 3876*, 3880*, subsoils 3877 (undecomposed Thonschiefer), 3878 (Thonschiefer partly weathered, ns applied to vineyards), 3879* (Thou- mergel). HAWAIIAX ISLANDS. (12 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Volcanic ash lava, scoria (12 soils). Soils 3611*, 3612*, 3613*, 3614*, 3615*, 3616*, 3617*, 3618*, 3619*, 3620*, 3621*, 3622*. A. B. Lyon, collector. IDAHO. (3 samples.) [Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] Basalt — wheat (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3303, subsoil 3304, Latah County. Collected by agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. Unclassified (1 sample). 3682*, Kootenai County. J. B. Leiberg, collector. (71 samples.) Most of the samples from Illinois were collected by Mr. Frank Lev- erett at the time he was making the collection of typical Illinois soils for the World's Fair Exposition at Chicago. The character of the for- mations is fully discussed in the Report of the Illinois Board of the World's Fair Commissioners, publi.shed in 1893. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Corn land (41 soils, 22 subsoils). See Glacial drift, loess, prairie, Subcarboniferous. Glacial drift — wheat, corn (12 soils, 3 subsoils). Bowlder clay (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 1334rt*, Coles County; subsoil 1488, Rock Island; subsoil 1432, Winne- bago County. Frank Leverett, collector. Miscellaneous (11 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1322, Bond County; soil 1344*, subsoil 1350, Christian County; soil 1369* (prairie), Clark County; soil 1339* (prairie), Cook County; soil 1364, Dekalb County; soil 1346*, Eftingham County: soil 1333* (prairie), Mar- shall County; soils 1326,1327* (prairie), Mason County; soil 1338,* Peoria County; soil 1335, Saline County. Frank Leverett, collector. Mechanical analyses 1327, 1333, 1334«, 1338, 1339, 1344, 1346, 1369, published in Report of Uliuois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893. pages 103- 106. 36 SAMPLES FROM INDIANA. Giceiihotiso soil — carnations, roses (1 sai)ii>lo-). Soil 2l'81^ Loess — timber lauds, com, wlieat (23 soils, 14 subsoils). Subsoil 1323, Boud Couuty; soils 1315% 1317*, subsoils 1316*, 1318*, Cass County; soil 1307*, subsoil 1308% Greene County; soil 1345*, Jefferson County; soil 1347*, Jo Daviess County; soil 1330, Johnson County; soil 1311, subsoils 1312*, 1349, Madison County; soil 1368% Jiock Island; soil 1343*, Shelby County; soil 1337, Williamson County; soil 1332*, Winchester County. Frank Lererott, collector. I"or additional samples of loess, see under Prairie. Mechanical analyses 1316, 1317, iiublished in Monthly Weather Review, Janu- ary, 1895, pago 17; in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 331; 1317 also published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analyses 1307, 1308, 1312, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1332, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1368, published in Report of Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 104-105, Prairie — corn, wheat (20 soils, 11 subsoils). Gumbo (1 soil). Soil 1340*, St. Clair Couuty. Frank Leverett, collector. Limestone, Galena (1 soil). Soil 1325^, Jo Daviess County. Loess (12 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1321*, Bond Couuty; subsoil 2808*, Cass County; soil 1342*, Cuml»er- land Couuty; soil 1331, Greene County; subsoil 1370*, Hendersou County; soil 1319, subsoil 1320, Madison County; soil 1309, subsoils 1310, 1348, 1373, Montgomery Couuty; soil 1324, Rohley ; soil 1306*, Saline County; soil 1365, subsoil 1366, Sangamon County; soil 1313, subsoil 1314, Shelby County; soil 1328*, Stark County; soil 1336, Stephenson Couuty; soil 1367, Union County. Frank Leverett, collector. Unelassihed (2 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 299, 300, subsoils 301, 302*, 3966*, Champaign (bounty. Collected by the Illinois Experimeut Station. For additional samples of prairie, see Glacial drift. Mechanical analyses 302, 1306, 1321, 1325, 1328, 1340, 1342, 1370, published in Report of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893, pages 103-106. Subcarboniferous — corn, wheat (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 1374, 1376, subsoils 1375, 1377, Tniou County. Frank Leverett, collector. Truck laud (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2323, 2327, subsoils 2324*, 2328*, Kankakee County. Collected by Dr. Clarke Gapen from the irrigated tields of the grounds of the Illinois Eastern Hospital. Unclassitied (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1371, Montgomery County. Frank Leverett, collector. Soil 2325, subsoil 2326*, Kankakee County. Collected by Dr. Clarke Gapen from the irrigated fields of the grounds of the Illinois Eastern Hospital. Wheat land (41 soils, 22 subsoils). ank Leverett, collector. Subsoil 2542, Muscatine County. Selected by Dr. Diller as typical of the loeos. Described in Bulletin No. 150 of the United States Geological Survey, and form- ing one of the Educational Series of Rocks, recently issued by the Survey. Unclassified (3 subsoils). Subsoil 2331*, Lee County; subsoil 2334*, Muscatine County; subsoil 2337*, Washington County. Frank Leverett, collector. Wheat land (2 subsoils). See Loess. (119 samples.) The samples from Kansas were obtained through two agencies. Part of them were collected and sent in by Mr. Robert Hay, in connection with his work for the United States Geological Survey. The others were collected by agents of this Department. These samples are quite typical of the localities they represent, and there are several well-marked types which show very interesting relations between soils and crops. The samples are accompanied by very full notes as to the origin and as to their agricultural value and any peculiarities in regard to their physical properties. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 402, Barton County; soil 455, subsoil 456, Cloud County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Corn land (39 soils, 32 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, prairie, Prairie (56 soils, 46 subsoils). Alkali soil (1 soil). Soil 1778*, Sherman Couuty. Robert Hay. collector. Benton limestone — corn (6 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil 427, subsoil 428*, Ellis County; soil 451, subsoil 452*, Jewell County; soil 445, subsoil 446, Lincoln County; soil 453, subsoil 454, Mitchell County; soil 660, subsoil 661, Osborne County; soil 396, subsoil 397*. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. 38 SAMPLES FROM KANSAS. Prairie (56 soils, 46 subsoils) — Continued. Black waxy soil (1 subsoil). * Subsoil 323', Snniner County. Colli'itcd by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Blue-stem soil (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1775*, Sherman Couuty." Robert Hay, collector. Subsoil 403*, Barton County; subsoil :i!>9', Meade County; soil 429, 430*, Stallord County. II. R. Hilton, collector. DaliOta sandstone — corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1611. Robert Hay, collector. Soil 447, subsoil 448, Dickinson County. Collected liy agents of tlie United States Department of Agriculture. Gumbo (4 soils). Soils 1940, 1941, Shawnee County; soils 1962, 1963, Sumner County. Col- lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Gypsum soil (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 1690, subsoil 1885, Logan County ; subsoil 407, Pratt County. Collected by agents of the United States 1 )epartment of Agriculture. J^oess — corn (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1609, Geary County. Kobert Hay, collector. Soil 3737, subsoil 37.38, Cheyenne County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Magnesia soil (1 subsoil). Subsoil 1793. Robert Hay, collector. Plains marl — corn (15 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1789*,' Cheyenne County ; soil 1612, Saline County; soil 1784*, Sherman County; soils 1776'', 1781*, Wallace County; soils 1782,* 1786*, localities unkm)wn. Robert Hay, collector. Soil 404, subsoil 405*, Ford County ; soil 433, subsoils 434, 435, Logan County; soil 398, Meade County; soil 439, subsoil 440*, Norton County; soil 441, subsoil 442*, Phillips County ; soil 425, subsoil 426*, Russell County; soil 400, subsoil 401*, Scott County; soil 431, subsoil 432*, Thomas County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of .Agriculture. Mechanical analysis 1789 published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 14. Salt-grass land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1688, subsoil 1689, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Unclassified (21 soils, 23 subsoils). Corn land (12 soils, 15 subsoils). . Soils 1678, 1682. subsoils 1679*, 1683*, 1684*, 1685*, Finnoy County; soil 1472, subsoil 1473, McPherson County ; soil 324, subsoils 325~, 326*, Reno County; soil 1887, Rooks County ; soils 1691*, 1692*, subsoil 1693*, Rus- sell County; subsoil 1610, Saline County ; soils 1694, 1698, 1884, subsoils 1695% 1696, 1697, 1699*, 1877, Scott County; soil 1606*, subsoil 1607*, Shawnee County ; soil 1886, Trego County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous (9 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1777, Wallace County. Robert Hay, collector. Soil 1882, subsoil 1883, Allen County; subsoil 3978 (zinc clay sulphide), Cherokee County ; soil 1680, subsoils 1681*, 1686 * (water-bearing sand and gravel from well at Garden City), Finney County; subsoil 409*, Meade County (sand from whicli arteiflan How is obtained in this local- ity); subsoil 410, Ness County; soil 406, subsoil 408*, Pratt County; soils 1608, 1700, 1888, 1889, subsoil 1701", Shawnee County; soil 322, Sunmer County. Collected by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. SAMPLES FROM KENTUCKY. 39 Saiul Hills (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 1672, 1674, 1676, subsoils 1673, 1675*, 1677*, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Sedentary soil (4 soils). Soils 1779*, 1791*, Cheyenue County; soil 1780, Wallace County; soil 1790. Robert Hay, collector. Silt from irrigation ditcli (1 sample). 1687*, Finney County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Volcanic ash (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 1792*, Trego County. Robert Hay, collector. Subsoils 1474, 1618, McPherson County. J. A. Udden, collector. KENTUCKY. (185 samples.) The samples from Kentucky were collected in part by the Kentucky Experiment Station, in connection with the soil exhibit of that State, for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. The remaining samples were collected l)y ag^ents of this Department, principally for a study of the tobacco soils of the State. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — corn, export tobacco (4 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 3202, 3210, subsoils 3203, 3211, Graves County; soils 2961, 2963, subsoils 2962", 2964*, Nicholas County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1972* (crude ball clay). Graves County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Coal measures — wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1059, subsoil 1060, Boyd County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. Corn land (80 soils, 92 subsoils). /S'ee Alluvial soil, coal measures. Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, Post-Tertiary, Upper Silurian. Devonian black slate — glades (8 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1094, subsoil 1095, Montgomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- ment Station. Soils 3467*, 3468*, 3469*, 3470*, 3472*, 3473', 3474', subsoil 3471*, Madison County. S. C. Mason, collector. Grass land (63 soils, 75 subsoils). See Coal measures, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, Upper Silurian. Limestone (61 soils, 73 subsoils). Carboniferous — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (9 soils, 11 subsoils). Soil 1104, subsoil 1105*, Hopkins County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. Soils 3220, 3222, 3224, 3226, 3229, 3231, 3233, 3235, subsoils 3221, 3223, 3225*, 3227*, 3228, 3230, 3232*, 3234, 3236, 3237, Henderson County. Collected by agents of, the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 1105, 3225, 3227, 3232, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 4.5-47. Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous) — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil.) Soil 1378, subsoil 1379*, Allen County. Collected by the Kentucky Experi- ment Station. 40 SAMPLES FROM KENTUCKY. Limestone (fil soils, 73 subsoils) — Continued. Keokuk (Lower Subrarbouiferous) — export lob.iceo, grass, wheat, eorn (1 soil, 1 subsoil) — Continued. Mechanical analysis 1379 i)ublishod in l?ulletin Xo. 11, Division of Soils, page 4(5. St. Louis group of the Subcarboniferous (" rich barrens'') — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (25 soils, 30 subsoils). Soils 1098, 3158% 3160, 3162, 3164, 3166, 3168, 3170, 3172, 3174, 3176, 3178, 3180, 3182, subsoils 1099*, 3159 % 3161, 3163, 3165, 3167, 3169*, 3171% 3173, 3175, 3177, 3179, 3181, 3183, 3994, Christian County ; soils 3142, 3144, subsoils 3143, 3145, Logan County; soil 3140, subsoil 3141, Simpson County; soils 1430, 3122, 3124, 3127, 3129, 3131, 3133, 3135*, subsoils 1431% 3123, 3125, 3126, 3128% 3130, 3132, 3134% 3136% 3137*, 3138*, 3139% Warren County. Col- lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 1431, 3128, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137, 3138, 3139, 3158, 3159, 3169, 3171, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 44-47. iMechauical analysis 1099, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, l)age 22; also in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10. Trenton and Hudson Kiver limestone (Lower Silurian-Blue-grass region) — grass, wheat, corn. White Burley tobacco (26 soils, 31 subsoils). Soils 3072% 3074, 3076, 3080*, subsoils 3073*, 3075, 3077*, Bracken County; soils 1848, 1850, 1852, subsoils 1849*, 1851% 1853*, Clark County; soils 1990, 2579, 2582, 2584, 2587, subsoils 1927*, 1991*, 2580*, 2581*, 2583*, 2585*, 2586*, 2588% 2589*, Fayette County; soil 3066, subsoil 3067, Fleming County; soils 2956, 2958, 3068, 3070*, 3078, subsoils 2957*, 2959*, 2960*, 3069*, 3071*, 3079, Mason County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Soils 130% 277*, 285, 295% 1017, 1102, 1604, subsoils 287*, 296*, 297*, 298*, 1018*, 1103, 1702*, 1933, Fayette County; soil 1100, subsoil 1101% Mont- gomery County. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. Mechanical analyses 287, 1101, 1702, 1849, 1851, 1853, 1927, 2580, 2581, 2583, 2585, 2586, 2588, 2589, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073^ 3077, 3080, 2957, 2959, 2960, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 44-45. Mechanical analysis 287, published in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10; also in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 22. Post-Tertiary — export tobacco, wheat, corn (13 soils, 13 subsoils). Soils 3190, 3192, 3191, subsoils 3191, 3193, 3195, Calloway County; soils 3198, 3200, 3204, 3206, 3208, 3312, 3214, 3216, 3218, subsoils 3199, 3201, 3205, 3207, 3209*, 3213, 3215*, 3217*, 3219, Graves Ccmnty ; soil 3196, subsoil 3197% McCracken County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 3197, 3209, 3215, 3217, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, ])age8 46 and 47. Silurian, Upper —wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1096, subsoil 1097, Montgomery County. Collected by the JCentucky Experi- ment Station. Tobacco land (78 soils, 90 subsoils). Export (52 soils, 59 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group. Post-Tertiary. White Burley (26 soils, 31 subsoils). See Trentcm limestone. Waverly sandstone (Lower Subcarboniferous — "white-oak land") (1 soil. 1 subsoil). Soil 1294, subsoil 129.5, Lewis Couuty. Collected by the Kentucky Experiment Station. Wheat land (74 soils, 86 subsoils). See Carboniferous, Keokuk, St. Louis group, Trenton limestone, I'ost- Pertiary. SAMPLES FROM LOUISIANA. 41 LOUISIANA. (286 samples.) The samples from Louisiana were collected and sent in by Prof. W. W. Olendenin, of the Louisiana geological survey, and Dr. W. C. Stubbs, director of the Louisiana experiment station. The mechanical analyses were made in the Division of Soils, by Mr. E. S. Matthews, for the Louisiana geological survey. [Mechanical aualvsr- have been made of samiiles marked (*)]. Acadia clays (2 soils). Soils 1454, 1455, Ouachita Parish. Alluvial soil — sugar cane, cotton, corn (32 soils, 7 subsoils). Mississippi alluvium (23 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2487*, 2490*, 2491*, 2492*,' 2493*, Ascension Parish; soils 1499*, 1500*, 2529*, 2530*, 2536*, 2537*, 2538*, 2539*, 2540*, 2541*, 3962*, Audubon Park; soils 2531*, 2532*, 2533*, 2534*, 2535*, East Carroll Parish; soils 2422*, 2424*, subsoils 2423*, 2425, Poiute Coupee Parish. Red River alluvium (9 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 2359*, subsoil 2360*, Avoyelles Parish; soil 1443, subsoil 1444*, Natchi- toches Parish; soils 2357*, 2504% 2505*, 2506*, subsoil 2358*, Rapides Par- ish; soil 2503*, St. Landry Parish; soils 1505, 1507, subsoils 1506*, 1508*, localities unknown. Bluft' land — cotton, sugar cane, corn (22 soils, 19 subsoils). Soils 2517*, 2519* ("crayfish land"), 2420", subsoils 2518*, 2520* ("crayfish laud"), 2421, East Baton Rouge Parish; soils 2399% 2401, 2403, 2405, 2407, 2409, 2411, 2413*, 2415% 2417*, 2470, 2472*, 2486*, 2526*. subsoils 2400*, 2402*, 2404, 2406, 2408*, 2419*, 2471, 2473*, East Feliciana Parish; soils 2465, 2469, subsoil 2466, Lafayette Parish; subsoil 2500*, St. Martins Parish; soils 2397*, 2474*, subsoil 2398%St. Landry Parish; subsoils 2410, 2412*, 2414*, 2416% 2418*, West Feliciana Parish ; soil 2494, locality unknown. Corn land (94 soils, 63 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, bluff land, prairies. ' Cottou land (117 soils, 74 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, bluff laud, Lafayette, long-leaf pine hills, prairies. Cretaceous *(1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1449, subsoil 1450*, Winn Parish. Drift (4 soils). Soils 1441, 1442, Natchitoches Parish ; soils 1445, 1453, Ouachita Parish. Hammock (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2437, subsoil 2438*, Calcasieu Parish. Lafayette (orange sands) — cotton (5 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 1462*, subsoil 1463*, Homer, Claiborne Parish; soil 1460, subsoil 1461*, Hughes Spur, Bossier Parish; soils 1451, 1452, subsoil 1446, Ouachita Parish; soil 1458*, Webster Parish. Long-leaf pine flats (4 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2439, 2441, subsoils 2440*, 2442*, Calcasieu Parish; soil 2521*, St. Tam- many Parish; soil 2522*, Washington Parish. Long-leaf pine hills — cotton (18 soil, 8 subsoils). Soils 2436, 2445, subsoil 2446, Calcasieu Parish; soil 2351*, subsoil 2352, Natchi- toches Parish; soils 2343*, 2353*, 23.55*, subsoils 2344*, 2354*, 23.56*, Rapides Parish; soils 2341*, 2342*, 2361*, 2364*, St. Landry Parish; soil 2527* {" dead land"), 2528* ("good laud"), Tangipahoa Parish; soil 2523*, Teusas Parish; soils 2345*, 2347* ("hogwallow land"), 2349*, subsoils 2346, 2348* ("hogwal- low land"), 2350% Vernon Parish; soils 2.524*, 2525 % Washington Parish. 42 SAMPLES PROM MARYLAND. Prairies — sugar cane, cottou, rice, corn (10 soils, oT subsoils). Black ])rairio (''buckshot land") (9 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 2496% 2501 ■, 8ul>soil 2428, Iberia Parish; soils 2463, 2467, subsoils 2464, 2468, Lafayette Parish; soil 2453, subsoil 2454, St. Landry Parish; soils 2475, 2498*, 2499*, St. Martin Parish; soil 2497% subsoil 2495, between Bayous Tortu and Teche. Calcasieu (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2381, 2383, 2385, subsoils 2382, 2384, 2386, Calcasieu Parish. Faquataique (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2393, subsoil 2394, St. Laudry Parish. Pine Prairie (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2365% subsoil 2366% St. Landry Parish. Plaquemino (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2373, 2375, subsoils 2374, 2376, Acadia Parish; soil 2395, subsoil 2396, St. Landry Parish. Prairie Marmou (4 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 2367', 2369% ("Hat rice lands"), 2391, 2451, subsoils 2368*, 2370% ("flat rice lands"), 2392, 2452, St. Landry Parish. ' Prairie Swallow (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2387, 2389, 2449, subsoils 2388, 2390, 2450, Calcasieu Parish. Miscellantions (16 soils, 17 subsoils). Soils 2377, 2379, 2455, 2457, subsoils 2378, 2380, 2456, 2458, Acadia Parish; soils 2426*, 2429, 2432, 2434, 2447, subsoils 2427*, 2430, 2431, 2433, 2435, 2448, Cal- casieu Parish ; soils 1447, 2477, 2479*, subsoils 1448, 2478, 2480*, 2481*, Iberia Parish ; soil 2461, subsoil 2462, Lafayette Parish ; soil 2485, Orleans Parish ; soil 2459, subsoils 2460, 2502*, St. Landry Parisli; soil 2476, St. Martin Parish. Rice land (40 soils, 37 subsoils). See Prairie. Sugar-cane laud (94 soils, 63 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, bluff land, prairie. Tobacco land (6 soils, 6 subsoils). Cigarette (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 752*, subsoil 765, Ouachita Parish. Perique tobacco, sugar cane (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 2928*, 2930*, subsoils 2929*, 2931*, St. Charles Parish ; soil 2922*, subsoil 2923*, St. Jain'es Parish; soils 2924% 2926*, subsoils 2925*, 2927*, St. .Johns Parisli. Unclassilied (11 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil 2371*, subsoil 2372%, Acadia Parish ; soil 2443, subsoil 2444, Calcasieu Parish; soils 1,501, 1503, subsoils 1.50J*, 1504, IJapides Parisli ; soils 2488*, 2189*, Ouachita Parish; soil 1456, subsoil 1457, Hughes Spur, Bo.ssier Parish ; soil 2363*, subsoil 2362*, St. Landry I'arish ; soils 2482, 2483, 2484, Jeffersons Island. MAKYLAXl). (1,023 samijliis.) The samples from Maryland were collected by agents of this Depart meut and the Maryland E.xperiment Station. Maryland is divided into three great physiographic divisions. The coastal jjlains, forming southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, are composed of unconsolidated materials. The principal formations are the Chesai)eake, wliich forms the heaviest and best wheat lands; the Lower Columbia, which forms very fertile terraces along the Potomac Kiver; the Upper Columbia, whicli constitutes the very valuable truck SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 43 lands along the Chesapeake Bay; the Eocene, which is used both for trnck and small fruits; the Lafayette, which covers the high lands and forms extensive pine barrens in southern Maryland; and the Potomac formation, which adjoins the Piedmont Plateau. The Potomac forma- tion is characterized by a great variation in the texture of the soils, ranging from coarse sands to variegated clays almost impervious to water. The wheat and tobacco lands of the Chesapeake formation are interesting, as they are derived from the diatomaceous earth. These beds are of great thickness, but where they are exposed to the weather the loose white material (piickly breaks down into a light yellow clay. The soils and subsoils of these tobacco and wheat lands, as a rule, show many diatoms still in perfect form. These formations all occur on the Eastern Shore, but at the present time the geological correlation has not been worked out in sufiBcieiit detail for a basis for the classification of the soils. The Piedmont Plateau, forming central Maryland, consists princi- pally of the following formations : The larger part of the area is derived from gneiss or phillite (hydromica-schist). Gabbro and gneiss occur in smaller areas. The soils of all these areas are strong chiy lands, well adapted to wheat, grass, corn, to all lines of general farming, and to dairy interests. Serpentine occurs in small areas, forming bare and unproductive hills. Quartzite forms two or three ridges which have at present no agricultural value. A few small valleys of fertile limestone soils exist also in this area. The mountain region west of the Piedmont Plateau is made up of limestones, sandstones, and shales. The principal formations are the Trenton limestone, forming the fertile valleys around Hagerstown and Frederick, which may be considered the highest types of lands for gen- eral agricultural purposes; the Triassic red sandstone; the Catskill and Helderberg, which cover large areas adapted to general farming and the heavier agricultural crops; the Hamilton-Chemung forms extensive valleys, giving moderately good pasturage for stock. The remaining formations are mainly mountainous or in such small areas as to be unimportant from an agricultural standpoint. The general character of these different types of soils has been worked out and described in Bulletin No. 4, of the United States Weather Bureau, and in several of the reports of the Maryland Experiment Station. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked ('). Chemical analyses have been made of samples marked ('^).] Alluvial soil — corn, wheat (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 3486, 3594, 3596; subsoils 3595,^ 3597,* Allegany County. Cambrian sandstone — mountain peach belt (9 soils, 10 subsoils). Soils 938, 940, 942, 944, 2743, 3890, 3892, 3894, 3915, subsoils 939*, 941*, 943*, 945*, 946* 2744*, 3891, 3893, 3895, 3916, Washington County. Mechanical analyses, 939, 941, 943, 945, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, page 172. 44 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. Catoctin granite and schist (10 soils, 12 subsoils). Grauito (7 soils, i) subsoils). Soils 241, 241, subsoils 242*, 243, Freacrick County; soils 389(i, 3902, 3904, 3909, 3912, subsoils 3897, 3903, 3905, 3906, 3910, 3911, 3913, Washington County. Schist (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 3898, 3900, 3907, subsoils 3899, 3901, 3908, Washington County. Catskill red sandstone — grass, wheat, corn (20 soils, 25 subsoils). Soils 238% 896, 3521% subsoils, 897*, 898*, 899*, 900*, 902% 903% 3522*, Allegany County; soils 2170*, 2172*, 2174*, 2176% 2178*, 2180*, 3523*, 3525, 3527, 3530, 3532, 3534*, 3714, 3716, 3718, 3720, 3722, subsoils 2171*, 2173*, 2175*, 2177*, 2179*, 2181*, 3524*, 3526*, 3528*, 3529, 3531*, 3533*, 3535*, 3715, 3717, 3719, 3721, Garrett County; subsoil 904*, Washington County. Mechanical analysis 238, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, l>ago 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, ])age 73. ]\Iechanical analyses 238, 897, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiniemt Station, jjago 51. Chesapeake, Miocene — corn, wheat, and tobacco land of southern Maryland (31 soils, 63 subsoils). Soils 140, 178, 251, 253, 255, 598, 1120, 1122, subsoils 141*, 142*, 143, 179*, 245*°, 246*, 247* o, 248*, 252*, 254, 250, 480*, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603 % 604*, 605*, 606, 607, 608*, 609*, 610, 1121, 1123, 2162*, 2794*, 2795*, Anne Arundel Courty ; soils 249, 261, 265, 3805, 3809, subsoils 180*, 181 ("diatomaceous earth"), 182, 250*, 262", 266*, 3806, 3810, Calvert County; soils 183, subsoils 184*. 185 ("diatomaceous earth"), Charles County; soils 154, 161, 163, 257, 259 (Columbia, river terrace), 263, 318, 320, 2144, 2146, 2148, 21.50, 21.52, 2154, 2156, 2158, 2160, subsoils 152 ("diatomaceous earth"), 155% 156, 158*, 159*, 160, 162*, 164*, 258* •, 260* (Colum- bia), 264 (Columbia), 280*, 286*, 319, 321, 2145*, 2147*, 2149, 2151*, 2153*, 2155*, 2157*, 2159*, 2161*, Priuee George County. Mechanical analyses 280, 286, i>ublished in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- land Experiment Station, page 277; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. Mechanical analyses 159, 480, 603, 605, 608, 609, published in Bnlletiu No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 160, 174, Mechanical analyses 141, 142, 155, 162, 164, 179, 180, 184, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 258, 260, 262, 266, 480, published in Bulletin 21, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 34,44-48; iu Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 64-66,69; also iu World's Fair Book of Maryland, pages 188, 201-203. Mechanical analysis 141, published in Bulle- tin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analyses 155, 258, published in Princ'ijtlesaud Practice of Agricultural Analysis, V(d. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249. Chemical analyses 245, 247, 258, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experi- ment Station, page 12. Clay — pottery, brick, and tile (10 samples). 483 (pottery clay), 592*°, 799 (brick clay), 800 (brick clay), 2184* (pottery clay), 2235, 2236, Anno Arundel County; 303* (stoneware clay), 304* (porous tile), 305*, Baltimore County. Mechanical analyses 303, 304, 305, 592, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 55; also iu Bulletin No. 4, AVeather Bureau, page 71. Mechanical analysis 303, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analyses 303, 304, 305, published in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 313. Chemical analysis 592, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 12. Clinton — Niagara (9 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 239, 240 (mountain pasture), 3482% 3484, 3487, 3702*, 3703, 3704, 3706, sub- soils 3483% 3485*, 3488 ^ 3705*, Allegany County. SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 45 Columbia, Lower, river terrace — corn, wheat, and tobacco land. (10 soils, 14 subsoils). Subsoil 2659*, Anue Arundel County; soil 3815, subsoil 3816, Calvert County; soils 206, 3786, subsoils 207, 208, 3787, 3788, Cbarles County; soils 198, 200, 202, 204, 3792, 3798, 3800, subsoils 199", 201*^\ 203% 205*. 278^, 3793, 3799, 3801, St. Mary County. Mechanical, analysis 278, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 277. Mechanical analyses 199, 201, 203, 205, pub- lished in Bulletin Ko. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 49; also in World's Fair Book of Maryland, page 205; and in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 68. Chemical analysis 201, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. Corn land (192 soils, 268 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, Catskill, Chesapeake, Columbia, gabbro, gneiss, Hudson River shale, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic. Eocene (6 soils, 9 subsoils, 9 samples of marl). See Truck land, marls. Gabbro — wheat, grass, corn (18 soils, 23 subsoils). Soil 131, subsoils 132*, 133*, Baltimore County; soils 1024, 1027, 1029, 1031, 1033, 1241, 1243, 2968, 2970, 2972, 2974, 2976, 2978, 2980, 2982, 2984, 2986, subsoils 1025*°, 1026*, 1028*, 1030*, 1032*, 1034*, 1035*, 1242*, 1244*, 1928*, 2969, 2971*, 2973*, 2975*, 2977*, 2979*, 2981, 2983, 2985, 2987, 2991, Harford County. Mechanical analyses 133, 1034, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 50. Mechanical analysis 1034, published in Rocks, Rock AVeath- ering, and Soils, page 308. Chemical analysis 1025, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. Gneiss and granite — corn, wheat, grass (26 soils, 34 subsoils). Soil 128, subsoils 129, 2306, Baltimore County ; soils 1036, 1041, 1043, 1046, 1245, 1249, 1251, 1255, 1257, 1259, 2988, 2990, 2992, 2994, 2996, 2998, 3000, 3002, 3004, 3006, 3008, 3010, 3012, 3014, 3052, subsoils 1037*, 1038*, 1040, 1042*, 1044*, 1045*°, 1047*, 1048", 1049*, 1246*, 1248*, 1253*, 1256*, 1258*, 2989, 2993, 2995, 2997*, 2999, 3001, 3003, 3005, 3007, 3009, 3011, 3013*, 3015, 3053, 3958*, Harford County ; subsoils 3817*, 3818*, 3993, Montgomery County. Mechanical analysis 1045, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 50; in Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, page 308; and in Agricultural Science, Vol. YIII, Nos. 6-9, 1894, Mechanical analyses 1038, 1045, 1047, 1246, 1258, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 172. Chemical analysis 1045, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. Granite. See Gneiss, catoctin. Grass land (147 soils, 183 subsoils). See Catskill, gabbro, gneiss, Helderberg limestone, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic, Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (2 samples). Soil 2249, Baltimore; soil 2234, Oakland. Hamilton — Chemung (20 soils, 16 subsoils). Soils 234, 235, 236, 237, 3502*, 3504*, 3506, 3508*, 3510*, 3711, subsoils 289*, 3503*, 3505*, 3507*, 3509*, 3511*, Allegany County; soils 3512, 3514*, 3517, 3519,3712, subsoils 3513*, 3515*, 3516*, 3518*, 3520, 3713, Garrett County, ''Glades"; soils 893, 894, 905, 907, 909, subsoils 895, 906, 908, 910, Washington County, Mechanical analysis 289, ]»nblished in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. 46 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. Hudson River sliale (Martinsburg) — com, whoat, fruit (13 soils, V2 subsoils). Soils 912, 9U, 916, 918, 27(52, 2764, 2766, 2768, 2784, 2785% 3882, 3884, 3886, sub- soils 913% 915% 917% 919% 2763% 2765% 2767% 2769% 3881. 3883, 3885, 3887, Washington County. Lafayette — pine barrens (7 soils, 8 subsoils). Soils 3802, 3804, 3807, subsoils 210, 276% 3803, 3808, Calvert County; soils 2681, 2717, subsoils 2682% 2718*, Garrett County; soils 3794, 3796, subsoils 3795, 3797, St. Mary County. Samples 2681, 2682, 2717, 2718, represent a fair type of corn land. The other samples are from the coarse sands and gravel forming the i)ine barrens of southern Maryland. Mechanical analysis 276, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, pai;e 277; in IJuUetin No. 21, Maryland Exjieriment Sta- tion, page 36; and in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. Limestone (54 soils, GO subsoils). Helderberg — grass^ wheat (12 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 3489, 3491% 3493% 3494, 3707% 3708, subsoils 3490% 3492% 3495, 3709% Allegany County; soils 220*, 221% 222, 225, 888, 890, subsoils 223*, 224% 288*", 889% 891*, Washington County. Mechanical analysis 288, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- land Experiment Station, page 290; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73; and in Principles ayd Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1894, page 249. Chemical analysis 288, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 12. Trenton limestone (Shenandoah) — corn, wheat, grass (42 soils, 51 subsoils). Soils 137, 138, subsoils 139, Baltimore County ; soils 1085, 1087, subsoils 1086 1088% Carroll County; soils 172, 314, 316, 930, subsoils 173% 174*, 231 315, 317, 931% Frederick County; soils 312, 923, 925, 927, 928, 932, 2727 2729*, 2731, 2733*, 2735*, 2737*, 2739, 2741*, 2745, 2747*, 2749*, 2750*, 2752 2754*, 2756, 2758*, 2760, 2770*, 2772*, 2774*, 2776*, 2778, 2780, 2782, 2786 2788*, 3888, 3917, sul)Soils 313, 921*, 922*, 924% 926*, 929% 933*°, 934*, 935 936*, 937*, 2728*, 2730*, 2732*, 2734*, 2736*, 2738*, 2740*, 2742*, 2746*, 2748 2751*, 2753, 2755*, 2757*, 2759*, 2761*, 2771*, 2773*, 2775*, 2777*, 2779, 2781, 2783, 2787, 2789*, 2790*, 2791*, 2792*, 3889, 3914, 3918, Washington County. Mechanical analyses 173, 174, 231, 933, published in Bulletin No. 21, Mary- laud Experiment Station, page 53. Mechanical analyses 173, 924, 926, 929, 933, 934, 935, 937, 1086, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experi- ment Station, page 169. Mechanical analysis 937, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analysis 173, published in Report of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part 11, page 144. Mechani- cal analyses 173, 933, published in Rocks, Rock Weathering and Soils, page 308, Chemical analysis 933, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 12. Lower coal measures (18 soils, 17 subsoils). Bayard (6 soils, 8 subsoils). Soils 3566, 3567, 3570, 3572, 3574, 3726, subsoils 3568, 3569, 3571, 3573% 3575, 3727, 3728, 2729, Garrett County. Fairfax (6 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 3576*, 3577, Allegany County; soils 3579, 3581, 3583, 3730, subsoils, 3578, 3580, 3582, 3584, 3731, Garrett County. Savage (6 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 3725, Allegany County; soils 3557*, 3559, 3560, 3562, 3561, subsoils 3558, 3561, 3563, 3565, Garrett County. SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. 47 Marls (18 samples). Cretaceous. 211, 213, Priuce George County. Eocene. 150 (glauconite), Anne Arundel County; 193 (glauconite), Calvert County; 191 (glauconite), 196, 197, 3789, 3790, Charles County; 2U, 274, Prince George Couuty. Miocene, 151, Anne Arundel County; 186, 188, 189, 190, 192, Calvert Couuty; 191, St. Mary County. Medina sandstone (3 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 3480, 3700*, 3701, subsoil 3481*, Allegany County. Oriskany sandstone (4 soils, 8 subsoils). Soils 3496% 3498, 3500, 3710% subsoils 226, 228, 290*, 3497% 3499*, 3501*, Alle- gany County; subsoils 227, 892, Washington County. Mechanical analysis 290, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 290; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73. Phillite — corn, wheat, grass (24 soils, 31 subsoils). Soils 950, 1089, 1091, subsoils 951*, 952*, 953*, 954*, 955*, 956*, 957*, 958*, 1090*, 1092*, 1093*, Carroll County ; soils 3016, 3018, 3020, 3022, 3024, 3026, 3028, 3038, 3040, 3042, 3044, 3046, 3048, 3050, 3059, 3061, subsoils 2725* (residuary slate), 3017*, 3019*, 3021*, 3023, 3025*, 3027, 3029*, 3039*. 3041, 3043*, 304.5, 3047% 3049, 3051, 3060,3062, Harford County; soils 215, 217, 219*, 2303, 2305, subsoils 216*, 218*, 2304, Montgomery County. Potomac (7 soils, 6 subsoils). Soils 2648, 2654, 2656, 2660, 2662, subsoils 2649*, 26.55*, 2657*, 2661*, 2663*, Anne Arundel County; soils 2705, 2707, subsoil 2706*, Priuce George County. The Potomac formation iu Maryland is characterized by a great variation in texture, ranging from coarse sands to variegated clays, almost impervious to water. The samples above are of very infertile agricultural lauds. For other samples from this formation see the special collection of pottery clays. Pottsville (5 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 3724*, Allegany County ; soils 3550, 3552, 3554, 3556, subsoils 3551, 3553, 3555, Garrett County. Quartzite — sandy chestuut ridge (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 135, subsoil 136, Baltimore County. Salina sandstone (1 soil). Soil 233, Washington County. Serpentine — bare hills (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 3873, subsoil 134, Baltimore Couuty ; soils 3030, 3032, 3034, 3036, subsoils 3031*, 3033*, 3035, 3037*, Harford County. Subcarboniferous (9 soils, 6 subsoils). Greenbrier (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 3541, 3542, 3544*, subsoils 3543*, 3545*, 3546*, Garrett County, Mauch Chunk (3 soils, 1 subsoil). Soils 3.549, 3723*, Allegany County; soil 3547, subsoil 3548*, Garrett County, Pocono sandstone (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 3536, subsoil 3537% Allegany County; soils 3.538*, 3539*, subsoil 3540*, Garrett County. Tobacco land — manufacturing type (41 soils, 77 subsoils). iS'ee Chesapeake, Columbia. Triassic red sandstone — corn, wheat, grass (5 soils, 10 subsoils). Subsoil 3957% Carroll County; soils 175, 947, 1079, 1081, 1083, subsoils 176% 177*, 282*, 948*, 949*o, 1080*, 1082*, 1084*, 3063, Frederick County. Mechanical analysis 282, published iu Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, page 290; in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 73; and in Rocks, Kock Weathering, and Soils, page 308; and in Priuciples and 48 SAMPLES FROM MARYLAND. Triassic red sandstone — corn, wheat, grass (."> soils. 10 subsoils) — Continued. Practice of Agricultural Analyses, Vol. 1, No. G, 1894, page 219. Mechawical analyses 282, 949, puUlished in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Exi>eriment .Station, page 51. Chemical analysis 949 published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. Truck land (81 soils, 94 subsoils). Eastern Shore — mainly Columbia (30 soils, 35 subsoils). Soils 1218, 1222, 1239, subsoils 1219^ 1223% 1240*, 1989% Caroline County; soils 1183, 1185, 1224, 1227, 1229, 1231, 12.33, 1235, 1237, 1296, 1298,2549, sub- soils 1184, 118i;% 1225% 1228% 1230% 1232% 1234% 1236% 1238% 1297% 1299% 1301% 2.-)50, Dorchester County ; soils 7, 281, 1187, 1189, 1191, 1193, 1195, 1197, 1202, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1216, subsoils 17% 283, 1188% 1190% 1192% 1194, 1196, 1198% 1203, 1204, 1205, 1207% 1209% 1211, 1213% 1215% 1217% 2806% Wicomico County. Mechanical analyses of the above samples, as indicated by the *, with the exception of 17, 1301, 1989, 2806, were published in Bulletin No. 29, Mary- land Experiment Station, page 165. Mechanical analysis 1209, published in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. Mechanical analysis 1207, xiublished in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechanical analyses 1186, 1188, 1190,1192,1198,1207,1209,1213, 121.5, 1217, 1219, 1223, 1225, 1228, 1230, 1232, 1234, 1236, 1238, 1240, 1297, 1299, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, jiages 140,141. Southern Maryland — mainly Columbia (51 soils, .59 subsoils). Soils 4, 144, 147, 267, 269, 466, 468,470, 475, 477,479, 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570< 572, 574, 576, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 5891% 593 (Eocene), 595, 596, 804, 806, 808, 810, 812, 816, 818, 2015, 2119, 2187, 2650, 2652, 2658, subsoils 145% 146' 148 (Eocene), 268% 270% 284% 467*°, 469% 471% 472*°, 473*, 474, 476% 478% 481,561*, 563% 565% 567% 569% 571% 573*, 575% 577% 579*, 581% 583% 585% 587*, 589*-, 590*, 591*, 594 (Eocene), 597 (Eocene), 805, 807, 809, 811, 813, 815*, 817, 2118*, 2120*, 2188% 2189% 2190*, 2651*, 2653% Anne Arundel County; soils 3811, 3813, subsoils 209** (Laftxyette), 3812, 3814, Calvert County ; soils 165 (Eocene), 167 (Eocene), 170 (Eocene), 271 (Eocene), 273, 2693 (Eocene), subsoils 157 (Chesapeake), 166 (Eocene), 168 (Eocene), 169 (Eocene), 171 (Eocene), 272, 444 (Eocene), 2694 (Eocene), Prince George County. Samples 804-817 and some of the other samples under this head possibly belong to the sandy phase of the Potomac (Lower Cretaceous). Mechanical analysis 284, published in Fourth Annual Report of the Mary- land Experiment Station, page 277 ; also in Bulletin No. 4, ^Veathe^ I'lureau, page 73. Mechanical analyses 467,469, 471, 472,473,478,561, 563,565,567, 569, 571, 575, 577, 583, 585, 587, 589, 590, 591, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, pages 40-42 ; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 56-61,69. Mechanical analyses 145, 268, 270, 467, 476, 573, 579, 581, published in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, pages 56-61. Mechan- ical analyses 467, 469, 471,472,473,478, 590,591, published in World's Fair Book of Maryland, pages 188-208. Mechanical analyses 145,209,168,270, 467, 469, 471, 472, 473, 476, 561, 563, 565. 567, 569, 571, 573, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583, 585, 587, .589, 589 .V, 590, 591, 815, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1894, pages 139-140. Mechanical analysis 472 published in Bulle- tin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analysis 209 publislud in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 36. Mechanical analyses 467, 472, 478, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland ICxperinient Station, page 160. Mechanical .analyses 268, 472, imblished in Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1891, page 249. Mechan- ical analysis 815, published iu Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. SAMPLES FROM MASSACHUSETTS. 49 Truck laud (81 soils, 91 subsoils) — Continued. Chemical aualysis 209, published in Bulletin No. 21, ^Maryland Experiment Sta- tion, page 12. Chemical analyses 467, 473>, published in Bulletin No. 21, Mary- land Experiment Station, page 12. Unclassified (6 soils, 11 subsoils, 9 miscellaneous samples). Soil 3592, subsoil 3593, Alleghany County; soil 3862, Anne Arundel County; sub- soil 3695, Calvert County; soils 2169'', 3057, subsoils 3051*, 3055, 3056, 3058, Har- ford County; soil 2800*, subsoils 2801*, 2802*, Kent County; soil 2796*, subsoils 2797*, 2798*, 2799*, Worcester County. Miscellaneous samples. 149 (black marsh land), 482, 801 (glass sand, No. 1 grade, from Severn River), 802 (glass sand, No. 2 grade, from Severn River), 80.3, 3863, Anne Arundel County; 1613* (molding sand), Baltimore County; 212* (quicksand), 275, Calvert County. Upper coal measures (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 3585*, 3587, 3589, 3590, subsoils 3586*, 3588*, 3591*, Allegany County. Wheat land (253 soils, 327 subsoils). Eastern Shore (49 soils, 53 subsoils). Soils 1124, 1126, 1128, 1130, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1300, 2543, 2545, 2547, subsoils 1125*, 1127*, 1129*, 1131, 1133, 1135*, 1137*, 2544, 2546, 2548, 2564, Dorchester County; soils 1152,1154,1156, 1220, 1984, 1986, 1988, subsoils 1153*, 1155, 1157*, 1221*, 1985*, 1987*, Caroline County; soils 766,768,770,772,774,776 ("white oak land")» subsoils 767*, 769*, 771*, 773*, 775*, 777* ("white oak land"), Kent County ; soils 1158, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1166, 1168, 1170, 1172, 1174, 1178, 1180, subsoils 11.59*, 1161*, 1163, 1165*, 1167*, 1169*, 1171*, 1175*, 1181*, 1182*, 1226*, Queen Anne County; soils 1138,1140,1142,1144,1146.1148, 1150, 2558, 2560 ("white oak land''), subsoils 1139*, 1141*, 1143*, 1145*, 1147*, 1149% 1151*, 2559, 2561 ("white oak laud"), 2562 ("white oak laud"), 2503, Somerset County ; soils 1176, 2551, 2553, 2555, (" white oak land"), subsoils 1177*, 1179*, 2.552, 2554, 2556 ("white oak laud"), 2557 ("white oak land"), Talbot County; soil 1199, subsoils 1200, 1201, Wicomico County. Mechanical analyses 1125, 1127, 1135, 1137, 1141, 1143, 1151, 1159, 1161,1165, 1167, 1169, 1175, 1177, 1179, 1181, published in Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, page 167. For other samples of wheat lands see Alluvial soil, Catskill, Chesapeake, Columbia, gabbro, gneiss, Hudson River shale, Helderberg limestone, Trenton limestone, phillite, Triassic red sandstone. MASSACHUSETTS. (65 samples.) The samples from Massachusetts were obtained from two sources. Piirt of the samples were collected by the Massachusetts Experiment Station in getting their samples for the Chicago Exposition, and the other samples were collected by agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of the samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — cranberry bogs and other marshes (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 1054, 1056, subsoils 1055, 1057, Marshfield; soil 1263, subsoil 1264, Sud- bury; soil 1009, subsoil 1010, Yarmouth. Collected by the experiment station. Soil 195, subsoil 500, Mount Auburn. Collected by agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. 8670— No. 16 4 50 SAMPLES FROM MEXICO — MICHIGAN. Diabase (1 subsoil). Subsoil 317. Gcoiye V. Merrill, collector. Greenliouso Sdil (10 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 221 1, Framiugham. Lettuce, cucumbers. Soils 2250% 22.58*, Uelmout; soils 15' 03% 1602, 1603, 2242% Boston; soils 2277, 2278, Winchester; mechanical analysis of a soil similar to No. 15 published in Agricultural Science, Vol. VIII, Nos. 6-9, 1894. Tobacco land (cigar type), (12 soils, 10 subsoils). Soils 867% 881, 920% 1013% 1106% 1112, 1114, 1247 (heavy, dark type, not used at present for tobacco), 1271, 1934, subsoils 875% 901% 999% 1039% 1113, 1173% 1230* (heavy, dark type, not used at present for tobacco), 1272, 1273, Hatfield; soil 193.5, South i>oerneld; soil 1110, subsoil 1111% Whately. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 875, 901, 999, 1039, 1173, 1250, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 148. Mechanical analysis 1173, pub- lished in Eeport of Pennsylvania State College, 1894, Part II, page 144; also in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 18. Mechanical analyses 875, 901, 1039, 1111, 1173, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40. Truck land (1 soil, 3 subsoils). Soil 501, subsoils 95*, 187*, 508*, Mount Auburn. Collected by agents of the United States Department.of Agriculture;. Mechanical analyses 95, 187 (greenhouse soil), 508, i)ubli8hed in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 143. Mechanical analysis 508, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechanical analysis 187, published in Bulletin No. 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. Unclassified (9 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 820, 822, subsoils 821, 823, Agawam; soil 1265, subsoil 1266, Amherst; soil 970, subsoil 971, Dedham; soil 12G9, subsoil 1270, Deerfield; soil 1261, sub- soil 1262, Hadley; soil 1052, subsoil 1053, Ilubbardston; soil 1108, subsoil 1109, Pittstield; soil 1267, subsoil 1268, Wendall. Collected by the Experi- ment Station. MEXICO. (C samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Tobacco (cigar type) — sugar, coffee (6 soils). Soils 3634*, 3635*, 3636% 3637% 3638% 3639*, Ozumacin, Gaxaca. MICHIGAN. (5 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — celery soil (1 sample). Soil 4000, Kalamazoo. Greenhouse soil (4 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 2217% (irand Haven. Lettuce, cucumbers. Soils 2233*, 2243*, 2257*, Grand Rapids. SAMPLES FKOM MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI. 51 MINNKSOTA. (26 samples.) The samj)les from Minnesota were collected by the State Geological ISurvey. [Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] Alkali land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). * Soil 2301, subsoil 2302, Marshall County. Alluvial soil, Tamerse River (prairie) — wheat (8 soils, 6 subsoils). Soil 2296, subsoil 2297, Marshall County. For additioual samples see Lacustrine. Drift — wheat (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2287, subsoil 2288, Polk County. Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (1 sample). . Soil 2240^ St. Paul. Lacustrine (old Lake Agassiz, present Red River Valley (prairie) — wheat (7 soil , 5 subsoils). Soil 1495, subsoil 1496, Clay County; soils 2289, 2291, 2293, 2294, 2298, 2.'1I9 (gumbo), subsoils 2290, 2292, 2295, 2300 (gumbo), Marshall County. Prairie (9 soils, 7 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, lacustrine, wheat land. Wheat land (12 soils, 11 subsoils). Soils 1483 (prairie), 1486, subsoils 1484 (prairie), 1485, 1487, Carver County; soil 1493, subsoil 1494, Wright County. For other samples of wheat land see Alluvial soil of Tamerse River, drift, lacustrine. MISSISSIPPI. (28 samples.) These samples were collected by tlie Mississippi Experiment Station. Alkali land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3919, subsoil 3920, Holmes County. J. W. McLellar, collector. Cotton land (7 soils, 7 subsoils). See Flatwoods, live-oak land, long-leaf pine region, prairie, short-leaf pine upland. Corn land (7 soils, 7 subsoils). See Flatwoods, live-oak land, long-leaf pine region, prairie, short-leaf pine upland. Flatwoods region — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1382, subsoil 1383, Oktibbeha County. Live-oak land — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1481, subsoil 1482, Jackson County. Long-leaf pine region — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1475, subsoil 1476, Jackson County. Pontotoc ridge (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1.390, subsoil 1391, Pontotoc County. Prairie — cotton, corn (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 1477, subsoil 1478, Noxubee County; soils 1384, 1386, subsoils 1385, 1387, Oktibbeha County. Short-leaf pine upland — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1380, subsoil 1381, Oktibbeha County. Unclassified (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 782, subsoil 783, Harrison County ; soils 701, 780, subsoils 702, 781, Holmes County; soil W^9, subsoil 1480 (light bottom land), Marshall County; soil 1388, subsoil 1389, Newton County. 52 SAMPLES FIIOM MISSOURI NKBRASKA. MISSOUKI. (1 sample.) [Mechanical analysis has Ixmmi made of sample marked (*).] Clay, i)ottery (1 sample). 1969* (glass pots and lire bricdv), St. Louis. C'oiitrihnted by Prof. Edwin Orton. .MONTANA. (71 .s.iiiiples.) The samples from Montaua were colleeted by agents of the Depart- ment ill the inv'estigations of the alkali soils of the Yellowstone Valley, published in Bulletin No. 14 of this Division. The samples were all eollected within a radius of 15 miles of Billings. (Jeologically they belong to the Montana epoch of the Cretaceous; the soils are derived from the disintegration of the Pierre shales, forming the bluffs on the south side of the valley and extending to a depth of more than 900 feet under the valley, and from the Fox Hill sandstone bluffs on the north side of the valley. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (^).] Fox Hill sandstone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3756*, subsoil 3755, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis, 3756, jiublished in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, pai^e 19. Pierre shales (2 subsoils). Subsoil 3754, 3757, Yellowstone County. Prairie (15 soils, 52 subsoils). Alkali land (6 soils, 14 subsoils). Soils 3305,3357,3360,3361,3758 (gumbo), 3773 (gumbo), subsoils .3306 % 3358, 3359, 3362, 3363, 3364, 3774 (gumbo), 3775 (gumbo), 3776 (gumbo), 3777 (gumbo), 3782, 3783, 3784, 3785, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis 3306, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. Gumbo (3 soils, 7 subsoils). Soil 3769*, subsoils 3770, 3771, 3772, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis 3769, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. For additional samples of gumbo, .see under Alkali lands. Miscellaneous (8 soils, 35 subsoils). Soils 3307% 3314, 3321, 3365, 3370, 3759, 3778, 3781, subsoils 3308*, 3309*, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3322*, 3323, 3306, 3367, 3368, 3369, 3371, 3372, 3373, 3374, 3375, 3376, 3760, 3761, 3762, 3763, 3764, 3765, 3766, 3767, 3768, 3779, 3780, Yellowstone County. Mechanical analysis 3322, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analyses 3307, 3308, 3309, 3322, published in Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, page 19. NEBRASKA. (182 samples.) [Mechanical analysis has been made of sample marked (*).] Fuller's earth (1 sample). 3239*. Contributed bv Hon. Wm. \'. Allen. SAMPLES FROM NEBRASKA. 53 Prairie (92 soils, 85 subsoils). Carboniferous (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 2072, subsoil 2073% Cass County ; soil 2070% subsoil 2071% Otoe County. E. H. Barbour, collector. Cretaceous (11 soils, 11 subsoils). Colorado group (7 soils, 7 subsoils). Soil 2104, subsoil 2105% Boone County; soil 2112, subsoil 2113*, Butler , County; soil 1491, subsoil 1492*, Cedar County; soil 2092, subsoil 2093*, Hamilton County; soil 2108, subsoil 2109*, Merrick County; soil 2096, subsoil 2097*, Nance County. E. H. Barbour, collector. Soil 419, subsoil 420, Deuel County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Dakota group (4 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 1468, subsoil 1469*, Burt County ; soil 2086, subsoil 2087*, Saline County; soil 2074, subsoil 2075*, Saunders County; soil 1470, subsoil 1471*, Thurston County. E. H. Barbour, collector. Loess (9 soils, 17 subsoils). Soil 417, subsoil 418*, Adams County; soils 1670*, 1864, 1867, subsoils 1671*, 1865*, 1866*, 1868*, 1869*, Fillmore County ; soils 388, 390, subsoils 389*, 391*, Hitchcock County; soil 423, subsoil 424, Lincoln Countj-; soil 3739, subsoils 3740, 3741, 3742, Phelps County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Soil 1712*, subsoils 1713*, 1714*, 1715*, 1716*, 1717*, Nemaha County. Col- lected under the direction of R. W. Furnas. Mechanical analyses 1671, 1715, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 12. Mechanical analysis 1717, published in Monthly Weather Review, January, 1895, page 17; also published in Rocks, Rock Weather- ing, and Soils, page 331. Magnesia (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1805*, subsoil 1806*, Perkins County. Robert Hay, collector. Plains marl (4 soils, 11 subsoils). Soils 1800*, 1808% subsoils 1797*, 1801*, 1809*, 2809*, Deuel County; sub- soils 1794*, 1795*, Dundy County ; soil 1798*, subsoils 1803*, 1804*, Keitt County ; subsoil 1799. Robert Hay, collector. Subsoil 414, Deuel County; soil 411, subsoil 412, Keith County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analysis 1803, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 14. Tertiary (22 soils, 22 subsoils). Soil 1439, subsoil 1440*, Adams County; soil 2084, subsoil 2085*, Blaine County; soil 2078, subsoil 2079*, Box Butte County; soil 2116, subsoil 2117% Buffalo County; soil 685, subsoil 686', Cheyenne County; soil 2088, subsoil 2089*, Custer County; soil 681, subsoil 682*, Deuel County; soil 1466, subsoil 1467*, Fillmore County; soil 2082, subsoil 2083*, Gar- field County; soil 1489, subsoil 1490*, Gasper County; soil 2090, subsoil 2091*, Grant County; soil 2106, subsoil 2107*, Greeley County ; soil 2110, subsoil 2111*, Hall County; soil 2076, subsoil 2077*, Dawes County; soil 2100, subsoil 2101*, Hooker County ; soil 2080, subsoil 2081*, Howard County; soil 2102, subsoil 2103% Loup County; soil 1437, subsoil 1438*, Perkins County; soil 1435, subsoil 1436*, Phelps County; soil 2094, sub- soil 2095*, Sherman County; soil 2098, subsoil 2099*, Thomas County; soil 2114, subsoil, 2115*, Valley County. E. H. Barbour, collector. Unclassified (43 soils, 21 subsoils). Subsoil 1802, Deuel County; subsoil 1796, Dundj' County; soil 1807, Perkins County. Robert Hay, collector. 54 SAMPLES FROM NEVADA NEW JERSEY. Prairie (92 soils, 85 subsoils) — Continued. Unclassified (43 soils, 21 subsoils) — Continued. Soil 1843*, Antelope County; soil 1815, subsoils 1822, 1834, Buffalo County; soil 1811, subsoil 1812*, Cass County; soil 1823, Dawes County; soil 1855, Deuel County; soil 1827, Dixon County; soil 1826, Douglas County; soils 1810,* 1836, Furnas County; soil 1820*, Gage County; soil 1821, Grant County; soil 1841*, Harlan County; soil 1837, subsoil 1838*, Har- lan County ; soils 1825, 3683*, sub.soils 3681", 3685 % 3686', Holt County ; soil 1828*, Jefferson County; soil 1835, Johnson County; soil 1839, subsoil 1840*, Kearney County ; soil 3242% subsoil 3243*, Lancaster County; soil 1824, Logan County; soil 1813, subsoil 1814*, Madison County; soil 1817, subsoil 1818, Merrick County; soil 1832*, Phelps County; soil 1819*, Polk County; soil 1831, Saline County; soil 1830% Scotts Bluff County; soil 1829*, Sioux County; soil 1816, Washington County; soil . 1842, Wayne County. Collected under the direction of R. W. Furnas. Soil 1617*. Cheyenne County; soils 413, 415, subsoil 416*, Deuel County; soils 1915*, 1916*, Douglas County; soils 392; 394, subsoils 393*, 395*, Dundy County; soils 421, 2163, subsoils 422*, 2164, Lincoln County; soils 348, 350, 352, subsoils 349% 351% 353*, Otoe County; soil 1854, York County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Volcanic ash (1 subsoil). Subsoil 3979 (mixed sample). Chase, Clay, and Dawson couiitics. E. H. Bar- bour, collector. Wind-blown dust, or "black snow" (3 samples), 687, 688, 689. NEVADA. (14 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alkali land (2 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 3418*, 3421, subsoils- 3419*, 3420*, 3422*, 3423, 3963*, Elko County. Col- lected by agents of tht3 United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analysis 3419, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1897, page 440. Unclassified (5 soils, 2 subsoils). Subsoil 1293, Douglas County; soils 1290, 1292, Elko County; soil 1433, subsoil 1434, Lander County; soil 1119, Humboldt County; soil 1291 (salt grass), Washoe County. . Collected by the Kevada Experiment Station. NEW HAMPSHIRE. The collection contains no s;implcs from New Hampshire. NEW JERSEY. (107 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil (3 soils, 1 subsoil). Cedar swamp (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2671, subsoil 2672, Cumberland County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Cranberry bog (2 soils). Soils 1787*, 1788*, Middlesex County. Collected by New Jersey Experiment Station. Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1967* (china clay). Contributed by Prof. Kdwiii Orton. SAMPLES FROM NEW MEXICO NEW YORK. 55 Cretaceous (8 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1763, subsoil 1764, Turlington County; soil 1745, subsoil 1746, Mercer County'; soils 1651, 1655, 1759, subsoils 1652, 1656, 1760, Monmouth County; soils 1633, 1637, subsoils 1634, 1638, Ocean County; soil, 1772 subsoil 1773. G. A. Knapp, collector. Greenhouse soil— carnations, roses (6 samples). Soil 2248, Belleville ; soils 2814*, 2815*, 2816*, Brunswick ; soil 2237*, Jersey City ; soil 2276, Summit. Miocene (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 1749, subsoil 1750, Burlington ; soil 1657, subsoil 1658, Monmouth County. G. A. Knapp, collector. Truck laud, Columbia (36 soils, 40 subsoils). Soils 1729, 1741, subsoils 1730, 1742, Burlington County; soils 1723, 1727, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1747, 1753, 1769, subsoils 1724, 1728, 1736, 1738, 1740, 1748, 1752, 1754, 1770, 1771, Mercer County; soils 1631, 1645, 1725, subsoils 1632, 1646, 1726, Mid- dlesex County; soils 1627,1629,1635, 1641, 1643, 1661, 1755, 1757, 1767, subsoils 1628, 1630, 1636, 1642, 1644, 1654, 1662, 1756, 1758, 1768, Monmouth County ; soils 1731, 1733, 1761, 1765, subsoils 1732, 1734, 1762, 1766, Ocean County; soil 1743, 8ul)Soil 1744. G. A. Knapp, collector. Soils 1647*, 1649*, subsoils 1648*, 1650*, Monmouth County. Collected by New Jersey Experiment Station. Soils 2664*, 2666, 2668, 2673*, 2675,2677, 2679*, subsoils 2665*, 2667, 2669", 2670*, 2674*, 2676, 2678, 2680*. Cumberland County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. NEW MEXICO. (0 saniiiles.) The samples from ^ew Mexico were collected by Prof. A. E. Blount. The exact localities of the samples were not given. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Adobe' (1 soil). Soil 612*. Dead land (2 soils). Soils 615* (coarse), 684 (fine). Gumbo (1 soil). Soil 611*. Mesa soil (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 613, subsoil 614*. NEW YORK. (105 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1971* (Albany slip clay), Albany. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Greenhouse soil (21 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 2228*, Alplaus; soil 2226*. Floral Park; soils 2267*, 2268*, 2269*, 2270*, 2271*, 2272*, 2273*, Ithaca ; soil 2227*, Queens; soil 2239*, Tarrytown. Lettuce, cucumbers. Soil 2266 *, Ithaca. Violets. Soils 2253*, 2254*, 2255*, 2259 2260*, 2264*, 2265* (propagating sand), 2274, 2275*, Poughkeepsie. Ob SAMPLES FKOM NOHTH CAROLINA. Shales — rye land (2 soils, 1: snl)S()il8). Soils 43(5, 1721 % subsoils \'M, 438, Keiissolaer Comity. T. Nelson Dale, collector. Tobacco laiul (cif^ar type) (11 soils, 9 subsoils). Soil 1354, subsoil 1355*, Cayuga County; soils 1282, 1288, 1351, 1352, subsoils 1283*-, 1289% 1353*, Onondaga County; soils 1278, 1280, 13.56, 1936, subsoils 1279% 1281*,. 1357*. Oswego County; soils 1284, 1286*, subsoils 1285*, 1287*, Wayne County. Collected by agents of tlio United States Department of Agriculture. Meclianical analyses 1279, 1281, 1283, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1289, 1353, 13.55, 1357, pub- lished ill Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 40. Truck land, Columbia (9 soils, 12 subsoils). Soils 538, 556, 559, 617, subsoils 539*, 558*, 616*, 618, Queens County ; soils 22, 29, 36*, 55*, subsoils 18*, 20*, 21*, 23*, 31*, 43*, 56% Kings County; soil .528, sub- soil 532*, Suffolk County. Collected l)y agents of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Mechanical analyses 18, 20, 23, 31, 43, 55, 56, 532, 539, 558, 616, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 142. Mechanical analysis 539, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16; also published in Bulletin 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896, page 174. Unclassified (19 soils, 19 subsoils). Soil 1392, subsoil 1393, Cayuga County ; soil 1400 (muck), subsoil 1401 (muck), Chemung County; soil 1416, subsoil 1417, Cortland County; soil 1410, subsoil 1411, Delaware County; soil 1404, subsoil 1405, Fulton County; soil 1424, subsoil 1425, Orange County; sojl 1428, subsoil 1429, Orleans County; soils 1398, 1412, subsoils 1399, 1413, Oswego County; soil 1414, subsoil 1415, Put- nam County; soil 1420, subsoil 1421, Queens County ; soil 1426, subsoil 1427, Schenectady County; soil 1408, subsoil 1409, Schoharie County; soil 1402, subsoil 1403, Schuyler County; soil 1396, subsoil 1397, Seneca County; soil 1422, snbsoil 1423, Steuben County; soil 1418, subsoil 1419, Tompkins County; soil 1394; subsoil 1395, Washington County; soil 1406, subsoil 1407, Wayne County. Collected under the direction of Dr. Peter Collier of the New York (Geneva) Experiment Station. NORTH CAROLINA. (181 samples.) The samples from North Caroliiia, except where noted, were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — rice lands (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 998, Brunswick County; soil 1000, subsoil 1001, Craven County; soil 996, subsoil 997, Lenoir County; soil 994, subsoil 995, Onslow County. Gneiss — cotton, corn, wheat (1 soil, 4 subsoils). Subsoil 40, Alexander County; subsoil 1899, Caswell County; soil 52, subsoils 53, 54, Mecklenburg County. Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (1 sample). Soil 2238*, Asheville. Pocoson region (4 soils, 4 subsoils). Soils 1525, 1527, 1529, 1531, subsoils 1526, 1528, 1.530% 1532, Perquimans County. Tobacco land (cigarette) (20 soils, 19 subsoils). Soils 748*, 749*, subsoils 761*, 762*, Buncombe County; soil 744% subsoil 757*, Davie County; soil 742', subsoil 755', Durham County; soil 746% subsoils 759% 3960*, Granville County; soil 747*, subsoil 760% Haywood County; soil 750*, subsoil 763*, Madison County; soil 741*, subsoil 754*, Nash County; soil 745*, subsoil 7.58*, Pitt County. Collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station. SAMPLES FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 57 Tobacco land (cigarette) (20 soils, 19 8nl)soil8)— Continued. Soils 1910, 1912, subsoil 1913% Davie County; soil 1907, subsoil 1908*', Durham County; soils 19, 1614, subsoil 117', Granville County; soils 1902 (heavy land, unfit for bright tobacco, suitable for corn), 1904, subsoils 1905 (jiipe clay which underlies some of the lands, making them unlit for tobacco), 1906, 1909, Nash County; soil 1911, Stokes County; soils 2949, 3982, 3984, subsoils 2950, 3983, 3985, Wilson County. Mechanical analysis 117 published in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 10. Mechanical analyses 758, 760, 761 published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 43. Mechanical analysis 759 published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21. Mechanical analyses 754, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763 published in Report of the State Board of Agriculture, Virginia, 1895, page 151. Mechanical analyses 117, 741, 742, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 754, 755, 757, 758, 760, 761, 762, 763 published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. Truck land (16 soils, 25 subsoils). Soils 1569, 1580, subsoils 1570% 1571*, 1581, Camden County; soils 1521, 1523, sub- soils 1522% 1524^, Chowan County; soils 1.509, 1511, 1513, 1516, subsoils 1510*, 1512, 1514% 1515*, 1517*, Craven County ; soil 1533, subsoils 1534*, 1542*, Perqui- nums County ; soils 1518, 1547, 1.549, 1561, 1563, 1565, subsoils 1519*, 1520*, 1548, 1550, 1562, 1564, 1566*, Pasquotank County. Soil 2316*, subsoils 2317*, 2318*, 2319*, 2320*, 2321*, 2322*, Moore County. Col- lected by Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station, from the area selected by the State Horticultural Society for the experiments with fruit and truck. Mechanical analyses 1510, 1514, 1517, 1519, 1522, 1524, 1534, 1542, 1566, 1570, pub- lished in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136. Mechanical analysis, 1510, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16. Mechan- ical analyses, 1510, 1514, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agricul- ture, page 147. Mechanical analyses, 1510, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, published in Bulletin 129, North Carolina Experiment Station, 1896;page 174. Unclassified (40 soils, 41 subsoils). Soils 1572, 1574, 1576, 1578, su1)Soil8 1573, 1575, 1577, Camden County ; soils 1582, 1584, 1586, subsoils 1.579*, 1583, 1585, 1587, Currituck County; soils 1.551, 1553, 1555, 1557, 15.59, 8ul)Soil8 1552, 15.54, 1556, 1558*, 1560, Durant Neck; soils 1545, 1567, subsoils 1546, 1568, Pasquotank County ; soils 1535, 1537, 1539, 1541, 1543, subsoils 1.536, 1.538, 1540*, 1544, Perquimans County. These samples are for the most part heavy clay, or rather silt soils forming avast tract of level country. As a rule the soils are wet and close and need underdrainage. They are much too heavy for early truck, but where the drainage is sufficient they form excellent corn lands and fair wheat lands. They underlie mos t of the truck lauds in eastern North Carolina, being covered usually with 18 or 20 inches or more of sand. Soils 3943, 3945, 3947, 3949, 3951, subsoils 3944, 3946, 3948*, 3950*, 3952*, 3953*, Beaufort County; soils 3841, 3842, Chowan County; soil 1900, subsoil 1901, Davie County; soils 1981, 2191, 2193, 2203, 2205, subsoils 1996, 2192, 2194, 2204, 2206, Macon County; soils 3935*, 3937, subsoils 1903 (clay underlying tobacco lands), 3936*, 3938*, Nash County; soils 3939, 3941, subsoils 3940*, 3942*, North- ampton County; subsoil 1914, Wake County; soils 3954, 3987, 3989, 3991, sub- soils 3955*, 3986, 3988, 3990, 3992, Washington County. NORTH DAKOTA. (61 samples.) The samples from North Dakota were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alkali (1 soil, 5 subsoils). Soil 3293% subsoils 3294*, 3296* (hardpan), 3749 (bad land), 3750 (bad land), 3751 (bad land), Morton County. 58 SAMPLES FROM OHIO. Alluvial. See Lacustrine. Bad laud (1 soil, 4 subsoilw). Soil 3748, subsoil 3752, Morton County. See under Alkali for other samples. Prairie (26 soils, 27 subsoils). Jamestown Valley — wheat (4 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 3260% 3263, 3266 % 3268% subsoils 3261% 3262*, 3264*, 3265*, 3267*, 3269*, 3270% Stutsman County. Mechanical analysis .3264, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. . Lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley) — wheat (8 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 1858, 1860. 1862, .3278, 3280% 3282*, 3753, subsoils 1859% 1861% 1863*, 3279*, 3281% 3283% 3964*, Cass County; soil 3271% subsoils 3272 % 3273*, Ransom County. Mechanical analysis 3279, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1897, page 440. Unclassified — wheat (14 soils, 11 subsoils). Soils 3290*, 3292, subsoil 3291*, Burleigh County; soils 3274, 3276, 3284*, 3286, 3288, 3743, subsoils 3275*, 3277*, 3285*, 3287, 3289, 3744, 3745, Kidder County; soils 3295, 3J98, 3746, subsoils 3297, 3299*, 3747, Morton Connty; soils .3300% 3301% 3302% Stark County. Mechanical analyses 3285, 3291, jjublished in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1897, page 440 Wheat laud (26 soils, 27 subsoils). See Prairie. OHIO. (74 samples.) The samples from Ohio were collected by ageuts of the United States Department of Agriculture, [Mechauical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — corn, wheat (8 soils, 9 subsoils). ' Soil 3092, subsoil 3093, Brpwn Coimty; soils 703, 705, 707, subsoils 704, 706, 708, Franklin County ; soils 3094, 3096, 3101, 3106, subsoils 3095, 3097, 3102, 3103, 3107, Montgomery Connty, Clay, pottery (5 samples). 1978' (stoneware clay). Summit County; 1979* (crude kaolin), 1980* (washed kaolin), 1970" Franklin County, 1977* (stoneware clay). Perry County, Con- tributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Corn land (22 soils, 27 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, glacial drift, limestone. Glacial drift — cigar tobacco, wheat, corn (9 soils, 12 subsoils). Soils 3098, 3104, 3108, 3110, 3113, 311.5, 3117, 3119*, subsoils 3099*, 3100, 3105, 3109, 3111% 3112, 3114. 3116, 3118, 3120*, 3121*, Montgomery County; soil 3732, subsoil 3733, "Wayne County. Mechanical analyses 3099, 3111, 3120, 3121, x»ubli8hed in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 41. Grass land (5 soils, 6 subsoils). See Limestone. Greenhouse soil — lettuce, cucumbers (1 sample). 1983, Columbus. Lake Erie bottom (from bottom of lake, collected to study the relation ^^i lake bottom to vegetation) (16 soils). Soils 3843% .3814*, 3845*, 3846*, 3847*, 3848*, 3849*, 3850*, 3851*, 3852*, 3853*, 3854*, 3855*, 3856-. 3857', 3858*, Ottawa Connty. SAMPLES FROM OKLAHOMA PENNSYLVANIA. 59 Limestone, Hudson Kiver^White P>urley tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (5 soils, 6 sub- soils). Soils 3081, 3081, 308(5, 3088, 3090, subsoils 3082% 3083, 3085, 3087*, 3089*, 3091*, Brown County. Mechanical analyses, 3082, 3087, 3089, 3091, published in Bulletin No. 11, Divi- sion of SoHs, page 44. Tobacco laud (14 soils, 18 subsoils). Cigar (9 soils, 12 subsoils). See Glacial drift. White Burley (5 soils, (5 subsoils). See Limestone. Unclassified (1 soil, 2 subsoils). Soil 2965, subsoils 2966% 2967*, Lawrence County. Wheat land (22 soils, 27 subsoils). See Alluvial soil, glacial drift, limestone. OKLAHOMA. « (15 samples.) Tlie samples from Oklahoma were collected by the Oklahoma Experi- ment Station iu couuection with the exhibit for the World's Fair exhibit at Chicago. Unclassified (10 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 1361 (prairie), Beaver County; soil 1358 (alluvium-prairie), subsoil 1359 (alluvium-prairie), Canadian County; subsoil 1107, Greer County; soils 1077, 1078, Kingfisher County; soils 964 (timber), 965 (blue stem), Logan County; soils 784, 786 (prairie), 788, subsoils 785, 787 (prairie), 790, Payne County; soil 795. (2 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of the samples marked (*).] Adobe, diabasic (2 soils). Soils 2810*, 2811*, Douglas County. Collected liy agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. I'ENNSYLVANIA. (60 samples.) The samples from Pennsylvania were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Clay, pottery (1 sample). 1973* (ground feldspar), Delaware County. Contributed by Prof. Edwin Orton. Greenhouse soil (17 samples). Carnations, roses. Soil 2230*,Avondale; soils 2251, 2252, Bloomsburg ; soil 2314, Chestnut Hill; soils 2216*, 2217*, 2218*, 2219*, 2220*, 2223*, 2224*, 2793*, Kenuett Square; soil 2211, Philadelphia. Tomatoes. Soils 2215*, 2221*, 2222*, 2225*, Kennett Square. Grass laud (12 soils, 12 subsoils). See Trenton, limestone, shaly limestone. GO SAMPLES FROM RHODE ISLAND. Limcstouo (12 soils, 12 subsoils). Trenton limestone, xee Tobacco lani RHODE ISr.AND. (19 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of sanii)les marked (*).] Carboniferous conglomerate (1 soil). Soil 980, Providence County. Collected by agent of the Rhode Island lOxpt^ri- ment Station. Drift, glacial (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 974, subsoil 975, Rent County; soil 978, subsoil 979, Newjiort County ; soil 972, subsoil 973, Providence County; soils 796, 981, subsoils 797, 982, Wash- ington County. Collected by agents of the Rhode Island Exi)erimeut Station. " Transition gray wacko" (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 976, subsoil 977. Collected by agent of the Rhode Island Experiment Sta- tion. Truck laud (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 516*, 517, subsoils 522, 523*, Providence County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 516, 523, ])ublished in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 143. Mechanical analysis 516, jmblislied in IJuUetin No. 5, Divi- sion of Soils, page 16. Unclassified (2 soils). Soils 153*, 279*. C-ollected by agents of tlie Rhode Island Experiment Station. SAMPLES FROM EUSSIA SOUTH CAROLINA. 61 (8 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alkali (1 soil). Soil 3697*, Turkestan. Collected by an agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. Chernozem ("black earth") — -wheat (4 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 2311*, subsoil 2308', Alexandrovsk district, Ekaterinoslav government; soil 2312*, subsoil 2313*, Paulograd district, Ekaterinoslav government; soil 2307*, Elizabetgrad district, Kherson government ; soil 2309*, subsoil 2310*, Melitopol district, Tavrich government. Collected in the great wheat-growing region by S. Kizenkoff, member of the irrigation commission for South Russia. SOUTH CAROLINA. (10:i aamiiles.) The samples from Soutli Caroliiui were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture or the South Carolina Experiment Station, during the period when the station was located at Columbia. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil — rice (6 soils, 1 subsoil). Soils 24*, 25*, 26*, 27*, subsoil 30, Georgetown County; soil 3961* Charleston County; soil 59*, Sumter County. Mechanical analyses 24, 25, 26, 59, published in Report No. 6, Division of Statis- tics, Department of Agriculture, entitled "Rice, its cultivation, production, and distribution," pages 86,89. Mechanical analysis 25 imblished in Rocks, Rock Weathering;', and Soils, page 341. Of these samples 59 represents the upland rice soil; 24 and 26 the very finest type of " alluvial mud," soft, black, and sticky, which forms the finest type of lowland rice lands ; sample 25 represents the typical swamp bog or peat, which forms the poorest kind of rice land, being easily exhausted. Clay, pottery (1 sample). 50 (kaolin), Aiken County. Clay slate — cotton, corn, wheat (2 subsoils). Subsoils 14*, 127*, Edgefield County. Corn land (15 soils, 23 subsoils). See "Provision land," hammock, Red Hill, gneiss, clay slate. Cotton land (24 soils, 41 subsoils). See Sea Island cotton, hammock, lower pine lielt, upper pine belt, Red Hill, gneiss, clay slate. Gneiss — wheat, corn, cotton (2 soils, 7 subsoils). Soil 109, Abbeville County; subsoils 102,103, 104, 105, 10t», 107, Anderson County ; soil 100, subsoil 101, Laurens County. Hammock or ridge land — cotton, corn (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 65, 67, 68, 70, 79, subsoils 66, 69, 71, 72, 80, Williamsburg County. Lower pine belt— cotton (2 soils, 5 subsoils). Soils 121, 123, subsoils 60, 61, 62, 64, 122, AVilliamsburg County. " Provision land" — corn (3 soils, 1 subsoil). ' Soil 120*, Edisto Island; soils 12, 87, subsoil 88*, James Island. Mechanical analysis 88, published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136 ; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 43. C)2 SAMPLES FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. Red Hill formation — cotton, corn (5 soils, S subsoils). Soils <)1, !>3, subsoils 92, 94,97, Aikcu Conuty; soil 124, subsoils 125*, 2803*, Oraugebuvg County; soils 73, 75, subsoils 74", 76*, 126, Surutcr County. Mechanical analyses 74, 70, published in Hullctin Xo. 4, Weather IJurean, page 46. Saud Hills (3 soils, 9 subsoils). Subsoils 96, 98, 99, Aiken County; soils 37,38, subsoils 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, IMchland County; soil 77, subsoil 78*, Sumter County. Mechanical analysis 78 (a truck soil), published in Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 46. Sea Ishxnd cotton and truck soil (10 soils, 12 subsoils, 1 sample mud). Soils 110, 112, 114, 118, subsoils 111*, 113*, 115*, 116*, 119, Edisto Island ; soils 1, 2, 81.83,85,89 (salt land), subsoils 8, 9, 82% 84*, 86*, 90 (salt land), 2807*, James Island; 13 (salt mud i'rom marshes, used in the bottom of cotton rows as a fertilizer in the cultivation of Sea Island cotton), James Island. Mechanical analyses 82, 84, 86, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricul- ture, 1894, page 136; also in Bulletin No. 4, Weather Bureau, page 43. There are two important classes of soils on the Sea Islands : the cotton and truck soils, which usually form the rather narrow belt adjacent to the salt marshes; and the soils of the interior of the islands, which are frequently poorly drained and consequently unfit for the finest type of Sea Island cotton. This is known as " provision land," as it is on this, upon which the valuable crops of cotton can not be grown, that most of the common forage and other pro- visions for the plantation are grown. There are three general types of the Sea Island cotton soils, locally known as "sand and gravel," "clay lands," and "sandy lands." Samples 83 and 84 rcjjresent the sand and gravel from James Island, which is considered the very finest type of Sea Island soil. They contain a very small amount of very fine gravel or coarse sand which secures perfect drainage, while the clay they contain is sufficiently retentive of moisnre to make them safe for crops. There is comparatively little of this type. Samples 8, 9, 81, and 82 represent the clay lands, containing, however, no more than 5 or 6 per cent of clay; while 1, 2, 85, and 86 represent the sandy lands with not over 1 or 2 per cent of clay. This slight difference in the amount of clay is clearly recognized by the planters and is indeed very appar- ent to anyone who examines the land. Under ordinary conditions the clay land is considered much finer than the sandy land, but under the conditions of intensive cultivation which prevail they are all about equally productive. Talc-serpentine (1 soil, 3 subsoils). Soil 48, subsoils 49, 51, Chester County ; subsoil 47, Lancaster County. Tobacco land (cigarette) (1 soil, 1 siibsoil). Soil 751*, subsoil 764*, Lancaster County. Collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station. Mechanical analysis 764, published in Bulletin No. 21, :Maryland Experiment Station, page 43; in Report of the State Board of Agriculture, Virginia, 1895, page 151; in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21, and in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. Mechanical analysis 751, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. Trap (2 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 41, 44, subsoils 42 (pipe clay), 45, 40 (pipe clay), Chester County. Unclassified (2 soils). Soil 108, Abbeville County; soil 28, Georgetown CNmuty. Upper pine belt — cotton (2 subsoils). Subsoils 57, 58, Sumter County. Wheat land (2 soils, 9 subsoils). See Gneiss, clav slate. SAMPLES FROM SOUTH DAKOTA TENNESSEE. 63 SOUTH UAKOT.V. (11 samples.) Prairie — wheat (3 soils, 8 subsoils). Soil 1856, subsoil 1857, Beadle County; soils 3864, 3868, subsoils 3865, 3866, 3867, 3869, 3870,.3871, 3872, Brookings County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. (12 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples uuirked (*).] Tobacco land (cigar tj^pe) (3 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 2195*, 2197*,, subsoils 2196*, 2198*, Behalla estate, Deli-Sumatra; soil 2207*, subsoil 2208*, Brahraug, Langhas-Sumatra; subsoils 2199*, 2200*, Eimboen estate ; subsoils 2201*, 2202*, Tandjong Geonoeng estate ; subsoils 2209*, 2210*, Tjermin Upper Lankat. Collected under the direction of the vice-consul at Pad an g. Mechanical analysis 2200, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 19. TENNESSEE. (lai samples.) The samples from Tennessee were obtained through two sources. Part of them were collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station while the soil collection for the Columbian Exposition at Chi- cago was being secured. The remaining samples were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. The samples collected by agents of the Tennessee Exi)eriment Station form the basis of a bulletin upon the soils of Tennessee, issued in September, 1897. Mechanical analyses were made of these samples in the Division of Soils, and chemical analyses were made in the laboratory of the Ten- nessee Experiment Station. [Mechauical analyses have been made of samples marked (*). Chemical analyses have been made of samples marked (^).] Cambrian (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Knox shale — wheat, corn, grass (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 715, subsoil 716*°, Monroe County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Knox sandstone — tobacco, cigarette (2 soils, 1 subsoil i. Soil 778, subsoil 779* ^, Greene County. Collected by agent of the Teiines- see Exx)eriment Station. Soil 1931, Washington County. Collected by an agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. . Mechanical analysis 779, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 20; Bulletin, Vol. 10, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, page 133, and in report of the Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 151. Chemical analysis 779, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experi- ment Station, page 134. Mechanical and chemical analysis 716, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, Xo. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133, 134. 64 SAMPLES FllOM TENNESSEE. Coal measures (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 719, subsoil 720* ', Grundy County. Collected by agents of Tennessee Experi. ment Station. Meclianical and clioniical analysis 720, published in liulletin. Vol. X, Xo. 3, Ten- nessee Exi)erimont Station, pages 133-131. Corn land (42 soils, 67 subsoils). .See Knox shale, Cretaceous, Lafayette, limestone, loess. Cotton land (8 soils, 8 subsoils). See Lafayette, Cretaceous, loess. Cretaceous (flatwoods) — cotton, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 730, subsoil 731*^, Benton County; soil 732, subsoil 733" \ Carroll County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Mechanical and chemical analyses 731, 733, publislied in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. Grass land (34 soils, 59 subsoils). See Knox sh.ale, limestone. Lafayette (orange sands) — export tobacco, cotton, corn (5 soils, 5 subsoils). Soil 736, subsoils 737* '^', Fayette County; soil 734, subsoil 735*°, Gibson County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Exiiorinient Station. Soils 3184, 3186, 3188, subsoils 3185, 3187, 3189, Henry County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical and chemical analyses 735, 737, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pp. 133-135. Limestone (33 soils, 58 subsoils). Knox dolomite — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 462, 709, 711, subsoils 463% 710*", 712* '^, Knox County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Lenore limestone — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soil 464, subsoil 465, Knox County; soil 713, subsoil 714* '^j Loudon County. Collected l)y agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Nashville limestone (blue-grass region) — White Burley tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 723, subsoil 724*'°, Maury County. Collected by agents of the Tennes- see Experiment Station. Trenton limestone (blue-grass regicm) — White Burley toliacco, wheat, corn (4 soils, 6 subsoils). Subsoil 1703, Bradley County; soils 1871, 1873, 1874, 1929, subsoils 1718*, 1872, 1875, 1876, 1930, Davidson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. St. Louis group — export tobacco, grass, wheat, corn (23 soils, 46 subsoils). Soil 717, subsoil 718* \ Franklin (!ounty; soil 725, subsoil 726*°, Robertson County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experimenit Station. Soils 1878, 1879, 1880*, 1932, 2590, 2593, 2597, 2600,2604, 2607,2610,2614,2618, subsoils 1719*, 1720*, 1881, 2591*, 2592*, 2594*, 2595, 2.596, 2598*, 2590*, 2601*, 2602*, 2603, 2605*, 2606*, 2608*, 2609*, 2811% 2612*, 2613, 2615*, 2616, 2617, 2619*, 2620*, 2621, Montgomery County; soils 2622, 2626,2628, 2632, 2635, 2637, 2641, 2644, subsoils 2623% 2624*, 2625, 2627,2629*, 2630*, 2631, 2633*, 2634, 2636*, 2638*, 2639, 2640, 2642*, 2643, 2645*, 2646*. 2647*, Rob- ertson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analysis 1720, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 22, and in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 46. Mechanical analyses 726, 1719, 1880, 2591, 2592, 2594, 2598, 2599, 2601, 2602, 2605, 2606, 2608,' 2609, 2611, 2612, 2615, 2619, 2620, 2623, 2624, 2629, 2630, 2633, 2636, 2638,2642, 2645, 2646, 2647, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, pages 45-47. Mechanical and chemical analyses 71(t, 712, 714, 718, 724, 726, publislied in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. SAMPLES FROM TEXAS. 65 Loess — cotton, corn (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 738, subsoil 739*°, Dyer County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical and chemical analysis 739, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Ten- nessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. Subcarboniferous- (30 soils, 54 subsoils). St. Louis group (23 soils, 46 subsoils). See under Limestone. Siliceous group, Keokuk — barrens (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 721, subsoil 722*°, Coffee County. Collected by agents of the Tennessee Experiment Station. Mechanical and chemical analysis 722, published in Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, pages 133-135. Unclassified (6 soils, 7 subsoils). Subsoil 3610*, Montgomery County; soils 3146, 3148, 3150, 3152, 3154,3156, subsoils 3147, 3149, 3151, 3153, 3155, 3157, Robertson County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Tobacco land (40 soils, 66 subsoils). Cigarette (2 soils, 1 subsoil). See Knox sandstone. Export type (33 soils, 56 subsoils). See Knox dolomite, Lafayette, Lenore limestone, St. Louis group. White Burley (5 soils, 7 subsoils). See Nashville limestone, Trenton limestone. Unclassified (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2943*, subsoil 2944*, Lewis County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Wheat land (34 soils, 59 subsoils). See Knox shale, limestone. (29 samples.) [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alluvial soil (2 soils, 1 subsoil). ■» Soil 2698, Uvalde County. Collected by the United States Cxeological Survey. Soil 2244*, subsoil 2245", Galveston County. J. S. Dolen, collector. Basalt (1 soil). Soil 2699*, Uvalde County. Collected by the United States Geological Survey. Black waxy, probably Cretaceous (3 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2565*, 2945*, subsoils 2566*, 2946*, Lamar County; soil 2143* ("Eagle Ford clay"), Tarrant County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Permian — wheat land (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 3698, subsoil 3699, Taylor County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Prairie (2 soils, 2 subsoils). Soils 2165*, 2167*, subsoils 2166*, 2168*, Harris County. J. S. Dolen, collector. Silt terrace of the Nueces River (2 soils). Soils 2697*, 2700*, Uvalde County. Collected by agents of the United States Geological Survey. Tobacco land (cigar type), (3 soils, 3 subsoils). Soils 2281, 2283, 2285, subsoils 2282*, 2284*, 2286*, Montgomery County. Col- lected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Mechanical analyses 2282, 2284, 2286, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 42. 8670— i^o. 16 5 66 SAMIM.K.S FROM UTAH VIRGINIA. Unclassified (3 soils, S subsoils). Soils 3819, 3822, 3823, subsoils 3820, 3821, 3824, Montague County. Collected by S. P. Benton. UTAH. (4 samples.) [Mecliiiiiical analyses liave been made of samples niaikiMl ( ').] Bench land (2 soils). Soils 3420", 3429% Salt Lake County. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Valley land (2 soils). Soils 3427, 3428*, Salt Lake (!ounty. Collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. VERMONT. (1 sample.) [Mechanical analysis has been made of sam])le marked (*).] Greenhouse soil — carnations, roses (1 sample). Soil 2229*, Manchester. VIR(iINIA. (279 samples.) All the samples from Virginia were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. Most of them were collected at the request of and in cooperation witli the Yirginia State Board of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*^).] Alluvial soil (Dismal Swamp land) — corn (7 soils, 21 subsoils). Subsoils 3829, 3830, 3831, Nansemond Connty; soils 3825, 3826, 3836, 3839,3921", 3924*, 3929*, snbsoils 3832, 3833, 3834, 3835, 3837, 3838, 3840, 3922% 3923% 3925% 3926% 3927, 3928*, 3930*, 3931*, 3932, 3933*, 3934, Norfolk County. Barrens of Caroline and Hanover counties — ''jiipe clay'' (1 soil, 13 subsoils). Subsoils 2127% 2141*, 2142*, Caroline County; soil 2130*, subsoil 2131* (crayfish land), 2132* (crayfish land), 2133* (crayfish land), 2134% 2135*, 2136*, 2137*, 2138*, 2139*, 2140* (near Beaverdam), Hanover County. Mechanical analyses 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, published in Report of Vir- ginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 167. Corn land (40 soils, 87 snbsoils). See Alluvial soil, limestom^, tobacco land. Diabase (1 soil). Soil 3640*, Pittsylvania County. Mechanical analysis published in The American Geologist, Vol. XXII, No. 2, August, 1898, i)ago 92. Grass land (28 soils, 57 subsoils). See Limestone, tobacco land. Limestone, Trenton — wheat, corn, grass (19 soils, 34 subsoils). Soils 2001, 2007, 2057, subsoils 2002*. 2008, 2058*, Frederick County; subsoils 657*, 2805*, Montgomery County; soils 449, 485, subsoils 450*, 486*. 624*, 625*, 626*, 627*, Page County ; subsoils 032% 633% 634*, 635*, Rockingham County; soils 457*, 459, 461, 487*, 489, 620, 622*, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2033, 2036, 2039, subsoils 458*, 460*, 484*, 488*, 619% 621*, 623% ()28*, 629*, 630% 631*, 2000*, 2004*, 2006*, 2034*, 2035*, 2037*, 2038% 2040% Shenandoah County. SAMPLES FROM VIRGINIA. 67 Ijiiuestone, Trentou — wbeat, corn, grass (19 soils, 34 subsoils) — Contiuueil. Mechanical analj-ses 458, 460, 484, 486, 488, 619, 623, 624, 625, 626, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 657, 2002, 2004, 2034, 2035, 2037, 2038, 2040, 2058, pub- lished in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 164-165. Tobacco land (41 soils, 75 subsoils). Bright tobacco, cigarettes, and plug wrappers (27 soils, 43 subsoils). Soils 2065, 2067, subsoils 2066% 2068*, 2069*, Brunswick County; soil 740, subsoil 753* (collected under the direction of Dr. H. B. Battle, director of the North Carolina Experiment Station), Halifax County; soil 2121*, subsoils 2122% 2123% 2124*, Hanover County ; soils 1890, 1892, 1894, subsoils 1891, 1895, Henry County ; soils 2026, 2029, 2041, 2044, 2046, 2048, 2051, 2054, subsoils 2027% 2028*, 2030*, 2031*, 2032*, 2042*, 2043*, 2045% 2047*, 2049*, 2050*, 2052*, 2053*, 2055, Mecklenburg County; soils 690, 693,695, 698,819, 1341, 1592, 1653, 1666, 1669, 1774, 1896, subsoils 691, 692*, 694*, 696*, 697*, 789*, 814*, 1329*, 1334*, 1372*, 1459*, 1605*, 1639*, 1663*, 1667*, 1668*, 1722*, 1751*, 18.33*, 1897, Pittsylvania County. Mechanical analysis 1372, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 21; also in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 154. Mechanical analyses 692, 694, 696, 697, 753, 789, 814, 1329, 1334, 1459, 1605, 1639, 1663, 1667, 1668, 1722, 1751, 1833, 2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2043, 2045, 2047, 2049, 2050, 2052, 2053, 20.55, 2066, 2068, published m Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 153-157. Mechanical analyses 694, 696, 753, 789, 1329, 1372, 1605, 1663, 1667, 1668, 1722, 1751, 1833, 2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2045, 2047, 2049, 2052, 2066, 2068, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 43. Export aud manufacturing types— wheat, corn, grass (9 soils, 23 subsoils). Gabbro soils (4 soils. 6 subsoils). Soils 641*, 643*, 645, 648, subsoils 642% 644", 646*, 647*, 649*, 650*, Albe- marle County. Gneiss soil (2 soils, 8 subsoils). Soils 2340*, 3959% Albemarle County; subsoils 6.55*, 656', 658*, 659*, Bedford County; subsoils 651', 652*, 653*, 654*, Campbell County. Unclassified (3 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 2059, 2061, 2063, subsoils 2060*, 2062*, 2064*, Brunswick County ; sub- soil 1997*, Charlotte«County ; subsoil 1893, Henry County; subsoil 2056*, Mecklenburg County; subsoils 814, 1664*, 1665*, Pittsylvania County. Mechanical analyses 642,644,646,647,649,650,651,652,653, 654, 6.55, 656, 658,659, 1664, 1665, 1997, 20.56, 2060, 2062, 2064, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 159-162, aud in Bulle- tin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 44. Sun-cured tobacco, manufacturing types — wheat, corn (5 soils, 9 subsoils). Soils 2125*, 2128*, subsoils 2126*, 2129*, Hanover County ; soils, 2016, 2019, 2022, subsoils 2017*, 2018*, 2020*, 2021*, 2023*, 2024*, 2025*, Louisa County. Mechanical analyses 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2024, 2025, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, page 169. Truck laud, Columbia (23 soils, 31 subsoils). Soils 366*, 368, 370, 373*, 375, 377, 380*, 383, 385, 2009, 2012, subsoils 367*,369*, 371*, 372% .374% 376, 378", 379*, 381*, 384*,386*, 387*, 2010*, 2011*, 2013*, 2014*, .lames City County ; 8oils354*, 356, 3.58, 360, 362, 364, 158S, 1.590, 1594*, 1596, 1598, 1600, subsoils 355*. .357*. .359*, 361*, .363*, 365*, 1589, 1591, 1.593*, 1595*, 1597. 1599*, 1601*, 3827, 3828, Norfolk County. 68 SAMPLES FROM WASHINGTON — WEST VIRGINIA. Truck land, Columbia (23 soils, 31 subsoils) — Continued. Mechanical atiiilyses 1593, 1595, 1599, 1601, published in Yearbook, Department of Agricultnrti, ISiH, page 138. Mechanical analysis 1595, published in Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, page 16; also published in Bulletin No. 129, North Candina Exi)erinient Station, 1896, page 171. Mechanical analysis 371, pub- lished in Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, page 6. Mechanical analyses 355, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 371, 378, 379, 381, .384, 386, 387, 1.593, 1.595, 1599, 1601, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, published in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 1895, pages 147-150. Unclassified (6 soils, 7 subsoils). Soils 1706% 1708% 1710 , subsoils 1707*, 1709*, 1711*, Albemarle County; soils 2182*, 3859% subsoils 2183*, 3860% 3861*, Fairfax County; subsoil 382, James City County; soil 1898*, Spottsylvania County. Wheatland (33 soils, 66 subsoils). See Liuiostone, iobacco liiud. WASHINGTON. (."58 samples.) The samples from Wasliiugton were collected by agents of the Experi- ment Station for the World's Fair exhibit at Chicago. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Alkali (2 soils, 1 subsoil). Soils 3339, 3340, subsoil 3341% Wallawalla County. Alluvial soil (8 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 1050, Clallam County; soil 985, subsoil 986, Clarke County ; soil 1006, sub- soil 1007, Pacific County; soil 991, subsoil 992, Pierce County; soil 1051, San Juan County; soil 990, Skagat County ; soil 983, subsoil 984, Whatcom County ; soil 1005, Whitman County. Basalt— wheat (13 soils, 16 subsoils). Subsoil 2921*, Garfield County ; soils 3342, 3344, 3346*, 3348*, 3350, 3352* (foothi lis), 3354, subsoils 3343, 3345*, 3347*, 3349*, 3351% 3353 (foothills), 3355 (foothills), Wallawalla County; soils 1003, 33.30, 3332, 3334, 3336, subsoils 1004, 3331*, 3333*, 3335% 3337% 3338, 3956*, Whitman County; soil 3324, subsoil 3325*, Yakima County. Mechanical analyses 3331, 3348, 33.52, published in Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1897, page 440. Mechanical analysis 2921, published in Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, No. 4, 1897. Unclassified (5 soils, 3 subsoils). Soil 2279, subsoil 2280, King County; soil 987, subsoil 988, Lewis County; soil 10C8, Lincoln County; soil 1002, Stevens County; soil 3329*, Hunts Junction; subsoil ;'3.56*. Wallawalla County. Volcanic ash (5 soils, 1 subsoil). Soil 1023, Kittitas County; soil 993, Wallawalla County; soils 1022, 3326, 3328, subsoil 3327*, Yakima County. WEST VIRGINIA. (11 samples.) The samples from West Virginia were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Carboniferous sandstone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 2951, subsoil 2952*, Cabell County. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 69 Sandstone (3 subsoils). Subsoils 229, 230, 232, Jefferson County. Tobacco land (cigarette) (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 743*, subsoil 756*, Fayette County. Mechanical analysis 756, published in Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, page 43 ; also in Report of Virginia State Board of Agriclture, 1895, page 151. Unclassified (1 soil, 3 subsoils). Soil 2953, subsoil 2954*. Cabell County; subsoil 29.55*, North Barboursville Sta- tion; subsoil 911, Morgan County. WISCONSIN. (18 samples.) The samples from Wisconsin were collected by agents of the United States Department of Agriculture. [Mechanical analyses have been made of samples marked (*).] Tobacco land (cigar type) — wheat, corn (8 soils, 10 subsoils). Limestone (1 soil, 1 subsoil). Soil 1497, subsoil 1498*, Rock County. Oak openings (4 soils, 5 8u))soils). Soils 3252*, 3258*, subsoils 3253*, 3254*, 3259*, Dane County; soils 3244, 3250, subsoils 3245*, 3251*, Rock County. Prairie (3 soils, 4 subsoils). Soil 3256, subsoils 3255*, 3257*, Dane County ; soils 3246, 3248, subsoils 3247*, 3249*, Rock County. Mechanical analyses 1498, 3245, 3247, 3249, 3251, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3257, 3259, published in Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, page 41. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CONTAINING REFERENCES TO THE MECHAN- ICAL OR CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SAMPLES IN THIS COLLECTION. Cotton Production of Alabama, Eugene A. Smith. Tenth Census, Vol. VI, 1880. Cotton Production of California, E. W. Hilgard. Tenth Census, Vol. VI, 1880. Geological Survey of Alabama: Agricultural Features of the State, Eugene A. Smith. 1881-82. Soil Investigations, Milton Whitney. Fourth Annual Report of the Maryland Experiment Station, 1891. Some Physical Properties of Soils in their Relation to Moisture and Crop Produc- tion, Milton Whitney. Weather Bureau Bulletin No. 4, 1892. The Soils of Maryland, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 21, Maryland Experiment Station, 1893. Agriculture and Live Stock, Milton Whitney. Maryland: Its Resources, Indus- tries, and Institutions, 1893. Rice: Its Cultivation, Protection, and Distril)ution in the United States and For- eign Countries, Ainory Austin. With a chaptef on the Rice Soils of South Carolina, Milton Whitney. Report No. 6, Division of Statistics, 1893. Report of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, 1893. The Experiment Station at Bernbnrg, Germany, and its Methods of Sand Culture, H. Hellriegel. Experiment Station Record, Vol. V, No. 8, 1893-94. Relation of Soils to Crop Production, Milton Whitney. Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 1894. The Soil of Lancaster County Limestone Belt in its Relation to Tobacco Culture, William Frear. Report of the Pennsylvania State College, 1894. Further Investigations on the Soils of Maryland, Milton Whitney and Sothoron Key. Bulletin No. 29, Maryland Experiment Station, 1894. 70 SAMPLES, NOS. 1-1(5. Principles and Practice of Agricultural Aualysis, Dr. H. W. Wiley. Vol. I, No. 6, 1894. The Growth of Lettuce as Affected by the Physical Properties of the Soil, B. T. Galloway. Agricultural Scieuie, Vol. VIII, No8. 6-il, 1894. The Water Content of Soils during the Month of July, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 3, Division of Soils, 1895. Notes by the Editor, Cleveland Abbe. Monthly' Weather Review, January, 1895. Preliminary Report of the Soils of Virginia, Milton Whitney. Report of the State Board of Agriculture of Virginia, 1895. Horticultural Experiments at Southern Pines, 1895. Bulletin No. 129, North Car- olina Agricultural Experiment Station. Texture of Some Important Soil Formations, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 5, Division of Soils, 1896. Some Interesting Soil Problems, Milton Whitney. Yearbook, Department of Agri- culture, 1897. Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, (ieo. P. Merrill. 1897. The Soils of Tennessee, Chas. F. Vanderford. Bulletin, Vol. X, No. 3, Tennessee Experiment Station, 1897. A Reconnoissauce in Southeastern Washington, I. C. Russell. Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey, No. 4, 1897. Tobacco Soils of the United States: A Preliminary Report upon the Soils of the Principal Tobacco Districts, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 11, Division of Soils, 1898. A Preliminary Report on the Soils of Florida, Milton Whitney. Bulletin No. 13, Division of Soils, 1898. The Alkali Soils of the Yellowstone Valley, from a Preliminary Investigation of the Soils near Billings, Montana, Milton Whitney and Thos. H. Means. Bulletin No. 14, Division of Soils, 1898. A Report to Congress on Agriculture in Alaska; including reports by W. H. Evans, Benton Killin, and Sheldon Jackson. Bulletin No. 48, Office of Experiment Sta- tions, 1898. Weathering of Diabase near Chatham, Virginia, Thos. L. Watson. The American Geologist, Vol. XXII, No. 2, August, 1898. LIST OF SOIL SAMPLES, ARRANGED SERIALLY. The following- is a list of the samples in the collection of the Division of Soils, arranged in the order of their serial numbers from 1 to -iOOO, with references to the pages of this bulletin on which data regarding the samples may be found : List of the noil HampleH, arranged serially from 1 to 4000. 1-2 3 4 5-6 7 8-9 10-11 12 13 14 15 16 Sea Island cotton and truck soil, South Carolina 62 Tol)atentou limestone, Kansas Prairie— plains marl, Kansas Prairie— blue-stem soil, Kansas Prairie— i)lains marl, Kansas Alluvial soil, Kansas Prairie— blue-stem soil, Kansas Prairie — plains marl, Kansas SAMPLES, NOS. 406-635, List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 73 No. of sample. Classification. 406 407 408-410 411-412 413 414 415-416 417-418 419-420 421-422 423-424 425-426 427-428 429-430 431-435 436-438 439-442 443 444 445-446 447-448 449-450 451-454 455-456 457-461 462-463 464-465 466-479 480 481 482 483 484-489 490-491 492-495 496-497 498-499 500 501 502-507 508 509 510-511 512-515 516-517 518-519 520-521 522-52:5 524-525 526-527 528 529 530-531 532 533 534-535 536-537 538-539 540-541 542-543 544-547 548-549 550-551 552-553 554-555 556 557 558-559 560-591 502 593-597 598-610 611 612 613 614 615 616-618 619-635 Praiiie, Kansas Prairie— gypsum soil, Kansas Prairie, Kansas Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Prairie — loess, Nebraska Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Prairie— loess, Nebraska Prairie — plains marl, Kansas Prairie — Benton limestone, Kansas Prairie — blue-stem soil, Kansas Prairie — plains marl, Kansas Shales (rye land). New York ,. Prairie — "plains marl, Kansas Unclassitiod, Alabama Truck— Eocene, Maryland Prairie — Benton limestone, Kansas Prairie — Dakota sandstone, Kansas Limestone, Trenton; Virginia Prairie — Benton limestone, Kansas Alluvial soil, Kansas Limestone, Trenton ; Virginia Limestone — Knox dolomite, Tennessee Lenore limestone, Tennessee Truck land, Maryland ChesapcaLe, Maryland Truck land, Maryland Unclassitied, Maryland Clay, pottery, Maryland Limestone, Trenton ; Virginia Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"), Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Lime'stone, St. Louis ("red lands ")t Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Alluvial soil, Massachusetts Truck laud, Massachusetts Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land. Massachusetts Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama Cambrian shale, Alabama Lafaj'ette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land, Rhode Island Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Cretaceous, A laibama Truck land, Rhode Island Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands "), Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land, New Yoik Gneis.s — hornblendic, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land. New York Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Limestone- Knox dolomite, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land, New York Gneiss, Alabama Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Gneiss, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands) , Alabama Coal measures, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land. New York Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Truck land. New York Truck land, Maryland Clay, brick, Maryland Truck land, Maryland Chesapeake, Maryland (lUtnbo, New Mexico Adobe, New Mexico Mesa soil. New Mexico Dead land (coarse), New Mexico Truck land. New York , Limestone, Trenton ; Virginia 74 SAMPLES, NOS. r,36-842. List of Ihr samjths, arrangrd HeriaUii from 1 to -WOU — Coiil iimcfl. No.cf sample. 636-640 641-650 1 if. 1-656 657 658-659 660-661 662-66!) 664-667 668-<>6'.l 670-671 672 67H-680 681-682 683 684 685-686 687-689 690-698 699-700 701-702 70;i-7(l8 709-712 713-714 715-716 717-718 719-720 721-722 723-724 725-726 727 728-729 730-733 734-737 738-739 740 741-742 743 744-750 751 752 753 754-755 756 757-763 764 765 766-775 776-777 778-779 780-783 784-788 789 790 791-792 793 794 795 796-797 798 799-800 801 802 803 804-813 814 815-818 819 820-823 824 825-829 830 331 832 833-835 836-837 838-840 841 842 Classification. Page in this bulle- tin. Tobacco laud (cigar typo), Pennsylvania Tobacco land (nianufactiuing and export) — gabbro, Virginia Tobacco lanil (iiianuractiiiing and export) — gneiss, Virginia Linicstoni', Trenton ; Virginia Tobacco biTid (man ii tact iiring and export)— gneisa, Virginia Prairie — lien ton limes tone, Kansas Cambrian shales, Alabama Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama Limestone, Trenton; Alabama I'rairie, Alabama Cretaceous (greensaud), Alabama Gneiss, Alabama Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska Hnclassitied (Cre'sb molding clay), Pennsylvania Dead land (fine). New Mexico Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska Wind-blown du.st, or " black snow,' Nebraska Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Unclassified, Calitbrnia Unclassified, Mississippi Alluvial soil, Ohio Limestone — Knox dolomite, Teunes.see Lenore limestone, Tennessee Cambrian — Knox shales, Tennessee Limestone, St. Louis : Tennessee '. ... Coal measures, Tennessee Subcarbonileroiis, Siliceous group — Keokuk — barrens, Tennessee Nashville limestone, Tennessee Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee Unclassified (midding sand), Pennsylvania Tobacco land (cigar type), (Connecticut Cretaceous (flat woods), Tennessee Lafayette (orange sands), Tennessee Loess, Tennessee Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina Tobacco land (cigarette), "West Virginia Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina Tobacco land (cigarette). South Carolina Tobacco land (eiganlte), Louisiana '. Tobacco land (cij;arette), Virginia Tobacco land (ciizanttei. North Carolina Tobacco land (eit;arette). West Virginia Tobacco land (< iuarette). North Carolina .■ Tobacco land (ciuarette). South Carolina Tobacco land (cigarette), Louisiana Wheat land of tlu^ Eastern Shore, ilaryland Wheat land of the Kastern Shore ("white-oak laud"), Maryland Cambrian — Knox sandstone, Tennessee Unclassiljed, M ississippi Unclassilied. ( )lilalionia Tobacco land (cigarot te), Virginia Unclassified, Oklahoma I'rairie, Colorado Alkali land, Colorado Alluvial soil, Connecticut rnclassified, ( »k la horn a Drift, glacnal, Khodo Island Fresno Plains, California Clay, biick M ary land Unclassilied (^lass sand. No. 1 grade), Maryland Unclassilied (Ljlass sand. No. 2 grade), Maryland Unclassified, M;iryland Truck land, Mai y land Tobacco land (eii;anlle). Virginia Truck land, Maryland Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Unclassified, jSIassachusetts Alluvial .soil— black s wamjt muck, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Hammock land, Alabama 'fobacco land (cigar tyiio), Connecticut Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama • Hammock, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Post-oak tlatwoods, Alabama Lafayette' (orange sands), Alabama Tobacco laud (cigar type), Connecticut 60 67 67 66 67 37 22 23 23 24 22 23 53 60 55 53 54 67 29 51 58 64 64 63 64 64 65 64 64 60 30 64 64 65 67 56 69 56 62 42 67 5e 63 56 62 42 49 49 63 51 59 67 59 29 29 30 59 60 27 44 49 49 49 48 67 48 67 50 22 23 23 30 23 23 23 24 23 30 SAMPLES, NOS. 843-1057. 75 List of the .soil samj)les, arranrjed serially from 1 to 4000 — Coutiuued. No. of sample. 843-845 846-847 848 849 850-851 852-854 855-856 857-858 859-860 861 862 863 864-866 867 868-871 872 873 874 875 876-878 879 880 881 882-887 888-891 892 893-895 896-900 901 902-904 905-910 911 912-919 920 921-937 938-946 947-949 950-958 959 960-963 964 965 966 967-968 969 970-971 972-975 976-977 978-979 980 981-982 983-986 987-988 989 990-992 993 994-998 999 1000-1001 1002 1003-1004 1005-1007 1008 1009-1010 lOU-1012 1013 1UI4-1016 1017-1018 1019-1020 1U21 1022-1023 1024-1035 1036-1038 1039 1040-1049 1050-1051 1052-1053 1054-1057 Clasaiflcation. Prairie, Alabama Limestone, St. Louis {•' red lands"), Alabama Unclassitied, Alabama LTnclassified (i)ipe clay), Alabama Lime.stone, St. Louis '(" red lands "), Alabama Barrens, Alabama Hammock, Alabama Limestone — Quebec dolomite, Alabama Barrens, Alabama Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"), Alabama Limestone— Knox dolomite, Alabama Unclassitied, Alabama Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands "), Alabama Tobacco laud (cigar type), Massachusetts Lafayette (oranM sands), Alabama Limestone — QutJbeo dolomite, Alabama Limestone, St. Louis ("red lands"), Alabama Unclassified, Alabama Tobacco land (cigar tyjie), Massachusetts Limestone — Knox dolomite, Alabama Limestone — Quebec dolomite, Alabama Lafayette (orange sands) , Alabama Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts I Lafayette (orange sands), Alabama Helderbeig limestone, Maryland Oriskauy, Maryland Hamiltou— -Chemung, Maryland Catskill, Maryland Tobacco liind (cigar type), Massachusetts Catskill, Maryland I Hamilton — Chemung, Maryland Unclassified, AVest Virginia Hudson Kiver shale, Maryland Tobacco land (cigar tyije), Massachusetts Trenton limestone, Maryland Cambrian sandstoue, Maryland Triassic red sandstoue, Maryland Phillite, Maryland Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut Drift, glacial, Connecticut Unclassified (timber), Oklahoma Unclassified (blue-stem soil), Oklahoma Limestone. California Alluvial, California Unclassified— fruit land of southern California, California. Unclassified, Massachusetts Drift, glacial, Rhode Island " Transition graywacke," Rhode Island Drift, glacial, Rhode Island Carboniferous conglomerate, Rhode Island Drift, glacial, Rhode Island Alluvial soil, Washington Unclassified, Washington Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut Alluvial soil, Washington Volcanic ash, Washington Alluvial soil (rice land), North Carolina Tobacco land (cigar typo), Massachusetts Alluvial soil (rice laud), North Carolina Unclassified, Washington 1 Basalt, Washington Alluvial soil, Washington Unclassified, Washington ! Alluvial soil, Massachusetts i Alluvial soil, Connecticut Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts Triassic red sandstone, Connecticut Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River ; Kentucky I Unclassified, fruit land of southern California, California.. Alluvial soil, California Volcanic ash, Washington Gabbro, ]^laryland Gneiss, Maryland Tobacco land (ci^ar type), Massachusetts Gneiss, Maryland Alluvial soil, Washington Unclassified, Massachusetts Alluvial soil, Massachusetts this bulle- tin. 24 23 24 24 23 22 23 23 22 23 23 24 23 50 23 23 23 24 50 23 23 23 50 23 46 47 45 44 50 44 45 46 50 46 43 47 47 30 30 59 59 28 27 28 50 60 60 60 60 60 68 68 30 76 SA]\rPLES, NOS. 1058-i:?:?l. Lisf of the soil sdinpleH, arranged xeridJly from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 1058 1059-1000 1001-10G2 1063-1004 1065-1066 1067-1068 1069-1070 1071-1072 1073-1074 1075-1076 1077-1078 1079-1084 1085-1088 1089-1093 1094-1095 1096-1097 1098-1099 1100-1103 1104-1105 1106 1107 1108-1109 1110-1114 1115 .1116 1117-1118 1119 1120-1123 1124-1172 1173 1174-1182 1183-1198 1199-1201 1202-1219 1220-1221 1222-1225 1226 1227-1240 1241-1244 1245-1246 1247 1248-1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255-1259 1260 1261-1262 1263-1264 1265-1270 1271-1273 1*4-1275 1276-1277 1278-1289 1290-1293 1294-1295 1296-1299 1300 1301 1302-1305 1306 1307-1308 1309-1310 1311-1312 1313-1314 1315-1318 1319-1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326-1327 1328 1329 1330 l;i:!i Unclassified, California Coal measures, Kentucky Triassic red sandsloiie, Oonnecticut Unclassified, Connecticut Tobacco land (cigar typo), Connecticut Triassic red sandstone, Connecticut Brill, glacial, Connecticut Uuclassilied, Connecticut Alluvial soil, Connecticut Unchiasificd. Conmiticiit Unclassjli(!d, Okhilioina Triassic iid sands I one, Maryland Trenton linu-atone, Maryland Pliillire, Maryland Devonian black slate glades, Kentucky Upper Silurian, Kintueky ' Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous ("rich barrens"), Kentucky. Limestone, Trenton and Hudson iiivor; Kentucky Limes ton(\ Carbonifrrous, Kentucky Tobacco land (ciuar t\ po), Massachusetts .- Unclassified, Oklalioilia Uuclasaitiicl. Massachusetts Tobacco land (cigar type), Massachusetts Alhn ial soil (prairie), California. LIuclasaified, California Drift, glacial, Connecticut Unclassified, Nevada Chesapeake, Maryland Wheat lar.d of the Eastern Shore, Maryland Tobacco land (cigar ty|)e), Massachusetts Wheat land of the Eastern Shore, Maryland Truck land, Maryland Wheat land of Eastern Shore, Maryland TriK'k land, ^larvlaiid ;. Wheat land of ICasttiii Shore, Maryland Truck laiul, Maryland Wheat l.uid of Eastern Shore, Maryland Truck land, :Marylaiid Gabbro. Maryland (Ineiss, -Maryland Tobacco land (c-igar type), Massachusetts Gneiss, Maryland ...." Tobacco land (cigar typo), Massachusetts , Gneiss, Maryland Tobacco lanii (cigar tyjje), Connecticut (xueiss, Maryland Tobacco hnul (cigar type), Connecticut Gneiss. MarUatnl " , Tobacco land. Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania Unclassilicd, Massachusetts Alluvial soil, :\lassacliusetts Uuclassilied. Massachusetts Tobacco land (cigar type). Massachusetts Unclassihed, Connecticut , Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut Tobacco land (cigar type). New York Unclassified, Nevada Waverly siindstone (Lower Subcarboniferous — " wliito oak land"), Kentucky. Truck land, Mar\land Wheatland of Eastern Shore, Maryland Truck land, Marybuxl Tobacco lanil (ciirar tyi"), Connecticut. Prairie — loess, Illinois Loess — Illinois Prairie — loess, Illinois Loess, Illinois. Prairie — loess, Illinois Loess, Illinoi." I'rairie — loess, Illinois Glacial drift, Illinois. Loess, Illinois - Prairie — loess, Illinois Prairie— ( Jalcna limestone, lUinoi.s . Glacial drift, Illinois . Prairii» — loess, Illinois Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia . Loess. Illinois Prairie — loess, Illinois 29 39 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 59 47 46 47 39 40 40 40 39 50 59 50 50 27 29 30 54 44 49 50 49 48 49 18 49 48 49 48 45 45 50 45 50 45 30 45 30 45 60 50 49 50 50 30 30 56 54 40 48 49 48 30 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 35 36 36 36 35 36 67 36 36 SAMPLES, NOS. 1332-1524. List of the soil samples, arranged serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 77 Classification. Loess, Illinois , Glacial diitt (prairie), Illinois Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Glacial cliit't — bowlder clay, Illinois Gljicial drift, Illinois , Prairie — loess, Illinois Loess, Illinois Glacial .drift, Illinois Glacial drift (prairie), Illinois Prairie— gumbo, Illinois Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Prairie — loess, Illinois Loess, Illinois Glacial diift, Illinois Loess, Illinois , Glacial drift, Illinois Loess, Illinois Prairie — loess, Illinois Loess, Illinois Glacial drift, Illinois Tobacco land (cigar type), New York Unclassitied (alluvium-prairie), Oklahoma Tobacco land (cigar type). Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania Unclassitied (prairie), Oklahoma Tobacco laud (cigar type), Connecticut Glacial drift, Illinois Prairie— loess, Illinois Loess, Illinois Glacial drift (prairie), Illinois Prairie— loess, Illinois Unclassified, Illinois Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Prairie — loess, Illinois Subcarboniferous, Illinois Limestone— Keokuk (Lower Subcarboniferous), Kentucky Short-leaf pine uplands, Mississippi Flatwoods, Mississippi •- Prairie, Mississippi Unclassified, Mississippi Pontotoc ridge, Mississippi Unclassified, New York Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferovis ("rich barrens "), Kentucky Glacial drift — bowlder clay, Illinois , Unclassified, N evada Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska Drift, Louisiana All uvium, Ked River, Louisiana Drift, Louisiana Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana Prairie, Louisiana Cretaceous, Louisiana Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana Drift, Louisiana Acadia clay, Louisiana -• Unclassified, Louisiana Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Lafayette (orange sands), Louisiana Lafayette, District of Columbia Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska -• Prairie — Cretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska Prairie— unclassified, Kansas Volcanic ash, Kansas Long-leaf-pine region, Mississippi Prairie, Missi.^si ppi Unclassitied, Mis.-r;r^— Continued. 1777 1778 1779-1780 1781-1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787-1788 1789 1790-1791 1792 1793 1794-1795 1796 1797-1801 1802 1803-1804 1805-1806 1807 1808-1809 1810-1832 1833 1834-1843 1844-1845 1846 1847 1848-1853 1854-1855 1856-1857 1858-1863 1864-1869 1870 1871-1876 1877 1878-1881 1882-1884 1885 1886-1889 1890-1897 1898 1899 1900-1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906-1913 1914 1915-1916 1917-1918 1919-1920 1921-1922 1923-1926 1927 1928 1929-1930 1931 1932 1933 1934-1935 1936 1937-1939 1940-1941 1942-1952 1953-1954 1955 1956 1957 1958-1961 1962-1963 1964-1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 Prairie, Kansas. Prairie — alkali, Kansas Sedentary soil, Kansas Prairie — plains marl, Kansas Prairie — plains marl, Colorado Prairie — iilains marl, Kansas Prairie. Colorado Prairie — plains marl, Kansas Alluvial soil— cranberry bog, New Jersey Prairie — plains marl, Kansas Sedentary soil, Kansas Volcanic asb, Kansas Prairie — magnesia soil, Kansas Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Prairie — plains marl, Nebraska - Prairie— magnesia soil, Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Prairie— plains marl, Nebraska Prairie, Nebraska Tobacco land (cigarette) , Virginia Prairie, Nebraska Prairie— plains marl, Colorado Prairie, Colorado Greenhouse soil, Connecticut Limestone. Trenton and Hudson Ki ver ; Kentucky Prairie, Nebraska Prairie (wheat land), South Dakota Prairie— lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red Itiver Valley), North Dakota. Prairie — loess, Nebraska Prairie, Colorado Trenton limestone, Tennessee Prairie, Kansas Limestone, St. Louis group, Tennessee Prairie, Kansas Prairie — gypsum soil, Kansas Prairie, Kansas Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Unclassified, Virginia Gneiss, North Carolina Unclassified, North Carolina Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina Unclassified, North Carolina Tobaccoland (cigarette), North Carolina Tobacco land (cigarette) (pipeclay), North Carolina Tobacco land (cigarette). North Carolina Unclassified, North Carolina Prairie, Nebraska Unclassified, Pennsylvania Tobacco laiid (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania Drift, Alabama Cretaceous, Alabama Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River; Kentucky' Gabbro, Maryland Trenton limestone, Tennessee i Cambrian— Knox sandstone (cigarette tobacco), Tenues.sce j Limestone, St. Louis; Tennessee Limestone, Trenton and Hudson River ; Kentucky ! Tobaccoland (cigar tyi)e), Massachusetts ; Tobacco land (cigar type). New York i Tobacco land (cigar type), Connecticut j Prairie — gumbo, Kansas I Muck land, Florida Gray hammock, Florida Unclassified, Florida Gray hammock, Florida • Wind-blown dust or "black snow," Indiiina Tobacco land (cigar type), Cuba Prairie — gumbo, Kansas Tobacco land (cigar tyite), Cuba - - Clay, pottery (china clay). New Jersey Clay, pottery (china clay), Delaware Clay, pottery (glass pots and fire brick), Missouri Clay, pottery, Ohio Clay, pottery (Albany slip clay), New York Clay, pottery (crude ball clay), Kentucky 38 37 39 38 30 38 30 38 54 38 39 39 38 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 67 54 30 30 30 40 54 63 58 53 29 64 38 64 38 38 38 67 68 56 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 54 60 60 22 22 40 45 64 63 64 40 50 56 30 38 34 33 34 33 37 31 38 31 54 31 52 58 55 39 80 SAMPLES, NOS. 1973-2240 List of the soil samples, arroni/ed seriaUj/ from 1 to 4000 — Continued. No. of sample. 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977-1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984-1988 1989 1990-1991 1992-1994 1995 1996 1997 1998-2008 2009-2014 2015 2016-2025 2026-2032 2033-2040 2041-2056 2057-2058 2059-'j069 2070-2073 2074-2075 2076-2085 2(186-2087 2088-2091 2092-2093 2094-2095 2096-2097 2098-2103 2104-2105 2106-2107 2108-2109 2110-2111 2112-2113 2114-2117 2118-2120 2121-2124 2125-2126 2127 2128-2129 2130 2131-2133 2134-2142 2143 2144-2162 2163-2164 2165-2168 2169 2170-2181 2182-2183 2184 2185-2186 2187-2190 2191-2194 2195-2202 2203-2206 2207-2210 2211 2212-2214 2215-2225 2226-2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235-2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 Classification. Clay, pottery (ground feldspar), Pennsylvania Clay, pottery (ground Corn wall stone), England (Jlay, ))()l1ory (china clay), Delaware Clay, jiolti ry (kaolin), Florida Clay, potli^ry (.stoneware clay), Ohio Clay, ])olt('ry (ciiule kaoliiiK Ohio Clay, poll cry (washed kaolin), Ohio IhKlas.sili(>(i, North Carolina Toliaciii land (ciiiar type), Cuba (Treenlioiise soil, Ohio AVheat land of Eastern Shore, Maryland Truck land, Maryland Limestone, Trenton and Hudson Kivor; Kentucky Hij^h jiine laud. Florida Wind-blown dii.st or "black snow," Indiana Unclassilicd, North Carolina Tobacco land (manufacturing; and export), Virginia Limestone, Trenton, Vii'giuia Truck land, Virginia Truck land, Maryland Tobacco land (sun cured), Virginia Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Limestone, Trenton, Virginia Tobacco land (cigarette), Virginia Limestone, Trenton, Virginia Tobacco laud (manufacturing and export), Virginia Prairie— Carboniferous, Nebr.aska Prairie — Cretaceous (Dakota grou])), Nebraska Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska Prairie — (Jretaceous (Dakota group), Nebraska Prairie — Tertiarj', Nebraska Prairie— Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska I'rairie — Tertiary, Nebiaska Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska Prairie — Tertiary, Ncbi-aska Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska Prairie — Tertiary, Nebraska Prairie — Cretaceous (Colorado group), Nebraska '. Prairie— Tertiary, Nebraska Truck land, Maryland Tob.icco land (cigarette), Virginia Toll: I ceo land (sun cured), Virginia Barn us (iii])e clay), Virginia Tobacco land (sun cured), Virginia Barrens (pipe <-lay), Virginia Barrens (craytisli land), Virginia Barrens (jdjio clay), Virginia Black waxy soil — Cretaceous ("Eagle Ford clay"), Texas (Jhesapeako, Maryland Prairie, Nebraska , Prairie, Texas Unclassified, Maryland (Jatsk ill. Marylaiul I'n classified, Vii-ginia Clay, ])ottcrv. Maryland Clay, biick and tile, District of Columbia Truck latid, Maryland Unclassilicd, North Carolina Tobacco land, Sumatra Unclas.silicil, North Carolina Tobacco land, Sumatra , Oreenlioiise soil, Pennyslvania I'inea])ple land, Florida (ireen house soil, Pennsylvania (ireeuhouse soil. New York (ireen house soil, Vermont (jrreenliouse soil, Pennsylvania , (Jreenhonse soil, Illinois Greenhou.so soil, Indiana (ireeuhouse soil, Michigan (ireenhonse soil, Maryland Clay, pottery and brick, Maryland (ireenhouse soil, New Jersey (xreenhonso soil, North (Carolina (ireenhou.se soil, New York (ireenhouse soil, ^liunesota Page in this bulle- tin. 59 32 31 32 58 58 58 57 31 58 49 48 40 33 37 57 67 66 67 48 67 67. 66 67 66 67 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 48 67 67 66 67 66 66 66 65 44 54 65 49 44 68 44 32 48 57 63 57 63 59 34 59 55 66 59 36 36 50 45 44 55 56 55 51 SAMPLES, KOS. 2241-2466. List of the soil samples, arraiujed serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. 81 No. of samples. Clas.silicatioii. 2241-2242 Greenhouse soil. Massachusetts 2243 Greenhouse soil, Michigan 2244-2245 Alluvial .soil, Texas 2246 Greenhouse soil, Indiana 2247 Greenhouse soil, Michigan 2248 Greenhouse soil, New J ersey 2249 Greenhouse soil, Maryland 2250 Greenhouse soil, California 2251-2252 Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania 2253-2255 Greenhouse soil, New York 2256 I Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts 2257 Greenhouse soil, Michigan 2258 I Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts 2259-2260 Greenhouse soil. New York 2261 Greenhouse soil, California 2262-2263 Tohacco land (cigar tvpe). California 2264-2275 Greenhouse soil, New" York 2276 Greenhouse soil, New Jersey 2277-2278 Greenhouse soil, Massachusetts 2279-2280 Unclassified, \Vashington 2281-2286 Tobacco land (cigar type), Texas 2287-2288 Drift, gl.acial, Minnesota 2289-2295 Lacustrine ( Ued River Valley) prairie, Minnesota 2296-2297 Alluvial soil (Tamerse Kiver) ))rairie, Minnesota 2298 Lacustrine (lied Kiver Valley) prairie, Minnesota 2299-2300 Lacustrine (Ued Kiver Valley) gumbo, Minnesota 2301-2302 Alkali land, Minnesota ' 2303-2305 Phillite, Maryland , 23U6 Gneiss, Maryland 2307-2313 Chernozem ('black earth), Kussia 2314 Greenhouse soil, Pennsylvania 2315 Unclassified, Georgia .". 231C-2322 Truck land. North Carolina 2323-2324 Truck land, Illinois. .. . .■ 2325-232G Unclassified, Illinois 2327-2328 Truck land, Illinois , 2329-2330 Gumbo, Iowa 2331 Unclassified, Iowa 2332-2333 Gumbo, Iowa 2334 Unclassified. Iowa 2335-2336 Gumbo, Iowa • 2337 Unclassified, Iowa 2338 Gumbo, Iowa 2339 I Loess, Iowa 2340 \ Tobacco land (manufacturing and export) — gneiss, Virginia . 2341-2346 : Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 2347-2348 ; Long-leaf-pine hills (hogwallow land), Louisiana 2349-2356 \ Long-leaf-jiine hills, Louisiana 2357-2360 i Alluvium (Ked River Valley). Louisiana 2361 I Long-leaf ])ine hills, Louisiana , 2362-2363 j Unclassified, Louisiana 2364 ' Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 2365-2366 | Prairie, j)iiie, Louisiana 2367-2370 Prairie Marniou, Louisiana 2371-2372 Unclassified, Louisiana 2373-2376 Prairie, Plaquemine, Louisiana 2377-2380 Prairie, Louisiana - 2381-2386 Prairie, Calcasieu, Louisiana 2387-2390 Prairie Swallow, Louisiana 2391-2392 Prairie Marmou, Louisiana 2393-2394 Prairie, Faquataique, Louisiana 2395-2396 Prairie, Plaquemine, Louisiana 2397-2421 Blutt" land, Louisiana 2422-2425 Alluvium, Mississippi River, Louisiana 2426-2427 Prairie, Louisiana 2428 Prairie, black (" buckshot land "), Louisiana 2429-2435 Prairie, Louisiana 2436 Long-leaf pine hills, Louisiana 2437-2138 Hammock, Louisiana 2439-2442 Long-liaf pine flats, Louisiana 2443-2444 Umlassilicd, Louisiana 2445-2446 Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana 2447-2448 Prairie, Louisiana 2449-2450 Prairie Swallow, Louisiana 2451-2452 "Prairie Marmou, Louisiana 2453-2454 Prairie, black (" buckshot land'), Louisiana 2455-2462 Prairie, Louisiana 2463-2464 Prairie, black ("buckshot land "), Louisiana 2465-2466 Bluff land, Louisiana 8G70— No. 10- 50 50 65 36 50 55 45 28 59 55 50 50 50 55 28 28 55 55 50 68 65 51 51 51 51 51 51 47 45 61 59 34 57 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 67 41 41 41 41 41 42 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 41 41 42 42 42 41 41 41 42 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 41 -G 82 SAMPLES, NOS. 2467-2769. List of soil samples, arranf/ed serially from 1 to 4000 — Continued. No. of sample. Clasaiflcation. 2467-2468 2469-:i474 247.'; 2476-2481 2482-2484 2485 2486 i 2487 2488-2489 2490-2493 2494 2495-2499 2500 2r)0i 2502 2503-2506 \ 2507-2510 2511-2512 2513-2516 2517-2518 2519-2520 2521-2522 2523-2525 2.526 2527-2528 2529-2541 2542 2543-2548 2549-2550 2551-2554 2555-2557 2558-2559 2560-2562 2563-2504 2565-2566 2567-2568 2569-2570 2571 2572 2573-2574 2575-2578 2579-2589 2590-2647 2648-2649 2650-2653 2654-2657 2658 2659 2660-2663 2664-2670 2671-2672 2673-2680 2681-2682 2683-2684 2685-2686 2687-2688 2689-2690 2691-2692 2693-2694 2695-2696 2697 2698 2609 2700 2701-27(12 2703-2704 2705-2707 2708 2709-2716 2717-2718 2719-2721 2722-2724 2725 2726 2727-2742 2743-2744 2745-2761 2762-2769 Prairie, black ( ' ' buckshot land "), Louisiana Blufl land, Louisiana Prairie, black ("buckshot land "), Louisiana Prairio, Louisiana Uuclassitiefl, Louisiana Prairie, Louisiana Blurt" land, Louisiana Alluvium, AIi,ssi,ssippi Kivor, Louisiana I'lu'las.-iiticd. J^iiuisiana _. -_ Alluviimi, jMis.-iissippi Kiver, Loitisiana Bluir land, Louisiana Prairio, blacdi ("buckshot land "), Louisiana Blurt' land, Louisiana Prairie, black ("buckshot land "), Louisiana Prairie, Louisiana Alluvium, lied Kiver, Louisiana Tobacco land (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsylvania . Tobacco land (cigar type)— phillite. Pennsylvania Tobacco land (cigar type)— shaly limestone, Pennsylvania Blurt land, Louisiana Blurt' land (craylish), Louisiana Long leaf-])in(! Hats, Louisiana Long lea f'i>int! hills, Louisiana Blurt' land, Louisiana Long-leaf-pine hills, Louisiana Alluvium, Ked River, Louisiana I,,oes8, Iowa Wheat land uf lOastern Shore, Maryland Truck land, Maryland Wheatland of l^'astern Shore, Maryland Wheat land of Eastern Shore (' wliite-oak land"), Maryland. Wheat land of Eastern Shore, Maiylaud Wheat land of Eastern Shore (" white-oak land"), Maryland.. Wheat land of Eas.tern Shore, Maryland Black waxy soil — Cretaceous, Texas Tobacco land (cigar type)— shaly limestone, Pennsylvania Tobacco land (cigar type)— Trenton limestone, Pennsj'lvania. Potsdam sandstone, Pennsylvania T()bae<'oland (ciirartype)— shaly limestone, Pennsylvania Toliaeco land (cigar type)— river land, Pennsylvania Unclassitied, Penusylvania Limestone, TrentIes, arranj/ed nerifiUy from 1 to 4000— Conti-aneA. 2fo. of samples. 3902-3906 3907-«08 390!)-:i913 3914 3915-3916 3917-3918 3919-3920 3921-3934 3935-3955 395(5 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 39C2 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967-3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979 3980-3981 3982-3985 3986-3992 3993 3994 3995-3999 4000 Classification. Page iu this bulle- tiu. Catoctin {jratiito. "Maryland 44 ("atoctin scliist. Marvland ■ ■l* Catoctin granite, Mai- viand ^\ Trenton 1 im. stone, Maryland 46 Cambrian sandsloni', Maryland 43 Trenton limestone, .Maryland ^ti Alkali land, M ississip])! 51 Alluvial .soil— Di.snial Swamp land, Virginia 66 Unclassified, Nort li Carolina •''7 Basalt, Washiniiton C8 Tiiassic red sandstone, Maryland - 47 (iiieiss, Marvland 45 Tobacco land ( manufacturing and export)— gneiss, V'irginia 67 Tobacco land (cig.irel tc), Kortb Carolina 56 Alluvial soil, South Caiolina - d Alluvium, Mississi])pi liiver, Louisiana 41 Alkali land, Nt^vada 54 Prairie -lacustrine, alluvial soil (Red River Valley), North Dakota 58 Finca|ii)le land, Florida i 34 T'rairie. Illinois 36 I'liller's earth (crude), Florida I 33 Unclassified (irrigation bardpan), California ; 29 Unclassified (coral sand) , Bermuda I -5 Unclas-sitied, Bermuda ' 25 Prairie (zinc clay, sulphide), Kansas 38 Volcanic ash, Nebraska ; 54 Unclassified, California 29 Tobacco land ( cigarette). North Carolina i 57 Unclassified. North Carolina ! 57 Gneiss, Mar viand j 45 Limestone, St. Louis group of Subcarboniferous ("rich barrens"), Kentucky 40 , Unclassified, Bermuda : j 25 Alluvial soil, Michigan i 50 LIST OF THE FORMATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION OF SOILS. The following al])b{ibetical list of the foimatious represented in the collection of the Division shows the States or countries from which samples have been obtained and the number of samples from each locality, with references to the pages of this bulletin in Avhich data regarding these samples are to be found. A brief description is given of the formations iu which any peculiar properties or relations are pointed out, and the basis for the classification is shown: ACADIA CLAY. Locality : Louisiana, 2 samples Page. 41 Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and apart from this the group is of no general interest. ADOBK. Localities : Page. Cahfornia, 6 samples 27 New Mexico, 1 sample 55 Oregon, 2 samjiles 59 Total, 9 samples. FORMATION ADOBE. 87 Description. — Agriculturally, the term adobe relates to a condition of the soil ofteii seen in the West. Geologically, the term is frequently applied to certain areas in the West which closely resemble loess. Such a description by I. 0. Russell, from the standpoint of a geologist, is given under the loess group. The soils classed agriculturally as adobe vary considerably in texture and in chemical composition. Difierent types are recognized as sandy adobe, ridge adobe, brown adobe, black adobe, and black- waxy adobe. As a rule adobe soils act as stiff clay lands, rather heavy in texture and extremely productive. The soil is usually quite sticky when wet, but is easily cultivated when in the right condition. The heaviest adobe is, however, difilicalt to till, as plows do not scour well, and need to be repeatedly cleaned. When plowed too wet the adobe is liable to break up in lumps, but these are easily pulverized on drying. When subjected to superficial cultivation the adobe is liable to contract greatly in drying, leaving great cracks going down into the subsoil. When thoroughly cultivated it forms in dry weather an almost ash-like dust mulch. The following references to adobe, by Prof. E. W. Hilgard,' bring out very clearly the marked and peculiar character of adobe as the term is used in agriculture: Black adobe. — The black soil here [oa the agricultural grounds at Berkeley] is over 30 inches deei^, underlaid by a yellow, stony subsoil. It becomes exceedingly "sticky" wheu wet, but plows easily when taken just at tlie right point of mois- ture; when plowed a little too wet, clots heavily, but the clots. tend to pulverize in drying. With shallow tillage, or wheu left uutilled, it forms widely gaping cracks in the dry seasou. If tilled deeply and thoroughly, it retains moisture and a luxuriant growth of weeds throughout the dry season, and is almost ashy in its tilth. * " * Adobe, ridge. — Tint, a tawny yellow. Very heavy in working; difficult to till at all times; downward it gradually passes into "rotten'' clay sandstone at a depth varying from 2^ to 5 feet. It is, therefore, ill-drained naturally, holds water for a long time, and is esteenied rather a poor soil. " * * To one familiar with the l^rairie soils of the southwestern United States, the resemblance of the "black adobe" of California to the "black prairie" of Mississippi and Alabama is very striking. The analyses abundantly confirm this supposition. Both the mechanical and chemical composition of the adobe is so nearlj^ like that of the "white-lime prairie" soil of Monroe County, Miss., that the differences are scarcely greater than might be found in different localities in either region. * * * There is one differ- ence in favor of California adobe— it is about one-third richer in phosphates than the "prairie," and this explains the fact that grain crops, so exhaustive of that ingredient, have for a succession of eighteen to twenty years been grown without apparent diminution. The fact that the black adobe contains 1 per cent of lime shows that the addition of any small amount of lime, as a manure, would be useless — a conclusion directly confirmed by the culture exijeriments. But it is nevertheless true that the tili- ability of the soil may be greatly improved by such addition of lime as can be afforded in cultivation on a large scale, as in truck gardens, orchards, flower gar- ' Report on agricultural experiment stations of the University of California, with descriptions of the regions represented, pages 28-30. 88 FORMATION ALKAT.I SOIL. dens, lawns, etc. ^ * ' The difterencos in the mecliiinicul and chemical com- position of the ridge adobe from that of the valley is snl'liciently striking. It contains less than two-thirds the amount of clay, yet it is much heavier in working, owing to the small quantities of the liner sediments, which chiefly serve to break up the extreme tenacity of pure clay, that is but little disturbed by the large-sized grains. Then the soil contains less than half as much lime as the lowland adobe; less than half, also, of the primarily important ingredients, potash an Total, 6 samples. Description. — The basis of this classification is the persistent char- acter of the vegetation. The soil generally occurs in spots, covering small aieas usually somewhat depressed and containing excessive amounts of alkali, but rarely enough to appear as a crust on the surface. BLUFF LAND. Locality: „ •=' Page. Louisiana, 41 samples 41 Description. — The bluff lands of Louisiana are similar to the hannnock lands of South Carolina. They are adjacent to the water courses and have good elevation. The material is similar to, if not identical with, loess in texture and physical ])roperties, and the lands are therefore well drained. The lands are fertile. The basis of this classification is in the physiographic relations, as well as the physical texture and condition. FORMATIONS, BOWLDER CLAY — CARBONIFEROUS. 93 BOWLDER CLAY — GLACIAL DRIFT. Locality: Page. Illinois, 3 samples 35 Description. — This is a finely ground mass of clay, varying in color, but usually white, blue, or buff, and containing varying quantities of sand, gravel, stones, and bowlders of all sizes and of a great variety of material. It is a form of glacial till. The rocks were ground by the moving glacial ice sheet to a fine, tenacious clay, still containing fragments of the rock masses which did the grinding and were being ground in all stages of disintegration. The thickness of this material in Illinois, where most of our samples were obtained, is said to reach the great depth of 400 and 500 feet in places. The basis of this classi- fication is geological, and the group contains a variety of soils. BUCKSHOT LAND. Locality: p.^^^ Louisiana, 14 samples (.see Prairie) 42 Descriptioti. — Hilgard regards thebuckshot land as one of the most fer- tile soils of the Southern States. He describes it as "a stiff, dark-colored clay, traversed by numerous cracks and mottled with spots of ferru- ginous matter." These ferruginous concretions are often as large as buckshot, which they resemble. The soil is rich in all sorts of plant food. It is very retentive of moisture, yet well drained, and can have the deepest tillage. It may be tilled at almost any time, for if it turns up in wet lumps, these slake and break down into a fine tilth. CAMBRIAN SANDSTONE AND SHALE. Localities: ^„„„ Page. Alabama, 4 samples 22 Maryland, 19 samples 43 Tennessee, 5 samples 63 Total, 28 samples. Description. — The samples in this group from Maryland came from a narrow belt on the west side of South Mountain, in western Maryland. It constitutes the famous mountain peach belt of that locality. The soil is a sandy loam, containing about 30 per cent of large stones, mak- ing cultivation difficult and adapting it to nothing but fruit-tree cul- ture and small fruits. The elevation above the valley seems to insure the trees against damage from frost. The basis of this classification is geological, but it forms a distinct agricultural district. CV^BONIFEROIS. Jjocalities : t. Page. Nebraska, 4 samples {see Prairie) 53 Rhode Island, 1 sample 60 West Virginia, 2 samples 68 Total, 7 samples. Description. — The basis for this classification is geological, and the group may include many types of soil. 94 FORMATIONS, CATOCTIN GRANITE — CHESAPEAKE. CATOCTIN GRANITE AND SCHIST. Locality: p^^^ Maryland, 22 samples 44 Description. — Tbis covers a small area in western Maryland which is of little agricultural importance. The basis of classification is purely geological and of very little general interest. CATSKILL. Locality : ^ ^ Page. Maryland, 45 samples 44 Description. — Rather heavy, dark-red clay soil, formed from sand- stone rock. It is moderately fertile. The basis of the classification is geological, and there are no particularly interesting features about it. CHERNOZEM. Locality : '' Page. Russia, 7 samples 61 Description. — The chernozem is known as the "black earth" of Eus- sia. It is a prairie region with a very deep, rich, black soil. The origin is still unknown, although many theories have been advanced to explain the formation and the relation to the adjacent loess. It is celebrated as a wheat region, and soil which has been under cultivation for a liun- dred years is said to show no deterioration. The investigations of the Division of Soils show it to be quite similar to the prairie soils of Illi- nois and the lied River Valley soils in Minnesota and North Dakota. CHESAPEAKE. Localities : Page. Distri ct of Col umbia, 2 samples 32 Maryland, 94 samples 44 Total, 96 samples. Description. — The Chesapeake covers a large area in southern Mary- land with a moderately fertile clay loam. The most interesting gen- eral feature is the large area of rather strong clay, derived directly from the weatliering of diatomaccous eartb. Tbis diatomaceous mate- rial weathers quickly, and within two or three years the white earth exposed in railroad cuts weathers to the compact yellow clay. Over these areas the diatomaceous earth is often ibund within a few feet of the surface, lollowing the contour of the land. There is an opportu- nity for an interesting study here. The diatomaceous earth is so light and open in structure and contains so much air that a lumj) of it readily floats for a time in water. The diatoms are quite a pure form of silica. It is surprising, therefore, and suggestive that in the disintegration of this material a com])act, rather tenacious clay is produced which can be used for brick. The basis for this classification is aeoloirical. FORMATION, CLAYS — POTTERY, BRICK, TILE. 95 CLAYS — POTTERY, BRICK, TILE. Localities: p Delaware, 2 samples (china clay) : 31 District of Columbia, 2 samples (brick and tile) 32 England, 1 sample (pottery) 32 Florida, 1 sanii^le (kaolin) 32 Kentucky, 1 sample (crude ball clay) 39 Maryland, 10 samples (pottery, brick, tile) 44 Missouri, 1 sample (tire brick) 52 New .Jersey, 1 sample (china clay) 54 New York, 1 sample (Albany slip clay) 55 Ohio, 5 samples (pottery) 58 Pennsylvania, 1 sample (pottery) 59 South Carolina, 1 sample ( pottery) 61 Total, 27 samples. Description. — The general properties of commercial clay are (1) plasticity when wet, enabling usefnl objects to be molded and retain their shape on drying; (2) permanence and dnrability after bnrning; and (3) refractiveness under high temperature. Few other substances have these properties. Plasticity is a property which has never been satisfactorily explained. It is probably due to molecular forces acting between the fine grains, but these forces have never been thoroughly investigated. On account of the practical importance, not only in clay industries bnt in general agriculture in the condition and treatment of soils, as well as from the scientific interest of the subject, it should be thoroughly investigated. The principal classes of high-grade clays are kaolin, china and i)or- celain clays, fire clay, and pottery clay. The low grade clays are shale, siliceous clay, tile clay, brick clay, and calcareous clay. The high- grade clays are more refractory than the other clays. The fusibility of a clay usually increases with the impurities other than sand. Potash increases the fusibility more than other impurities; iron is next; then lime, and then magnesia. Pure kaolin and quartz are infusible in any ordinary temperature of the kiln. The high-grade clays should not contain over 4 or 5 per cent of impurities; the low-grade clays contain often -JO per cent or more. As a rule brick clays should not contain over 3 per cent of lime, but some of the celebrated cream-colored bricks of the Northwest contain upward of 20 pei' cent of this sub- stance, which entirely hides the color effect of the iron oxides. The low grade clays contain from 10 to 70 per cent of kaolin base, from 2 to 5 pur cent of alkalies, and two or three times as much of the other Huxes combined. Albany slip clay is used to give a glaze and finish to stoneware. It is quite fusible at a high temperature, and as it burns into the surface it does not crack in cooling or in subsequent use. On account of the high temperature at which the Albany slip clay fuses, litharge or some other flux is mixed with it when glazing clay which can not stand the required temperature. 96 FORMATIONS, CLAY SLATE — COLORADO GROUP. The ball clays are very tough, waxy, and plastic, and are used to mix with other clays which have not the recjuired plasticity. Very pure clays shrink excessively when burned, and to counteract this ground flint (quartz) is mixed with the clay. In this case finely ground feldspar is added as a flux to get the mixture to fuse at a reasonable temperature. Calcined bones can also be used lor this same i)urpose. The basis for this classification is physical and chemical, and the proi)erty of i)lasticity is an interesting problem for the ])hysicist. CLAY SLATK. Locality: ^^^^ South Carolina, 2 samples . . . , 61 Dcsenption. — The basis of this classification is geological and the formation has no particular general interest. The soil is a yellow clay loam, moderately productive. CLINTON-NIAGAKA. Locality : Maryland, 13 samples 44 Description. — This formation occurs in several narrow bands in the mountains of western Maryland. It is of small agricultural importance and is interesting mainly from tlie geological derivation. COAL MEASURES. Localities :' ^ Page. Alabama, 2 samples '. 22 Kentucky, 2 samples 39 Maryland, 35 samples (lower) 46 Tennessee, 2 samples 64 Total, 41 samples. Description. — The soils of the coal measures are, as a rule, very het- erogeneous. They are usually alternate layers of limestone, sandstone, and sliale, hard to differentiate, and as the country is of little agricul- tural importance and the formations are hard to follow out the group contains samples of different physical ty])es. The basis of this classi- fication is thus geological. COLOMADO C.HOUP — CRETACEOUS. Locality : ^^^^ Nebraska, 14 samples (see Prairie) 53 Description. — The (3olorado group of tlie Cretaceous, covering large areas in Kansas and Nebraska, is made up of limestones, shales, and clays which have not been separately mapped. The basis of the clas- 8ifi(!ation is geological and the collection contains samples of different physical and chemical properties. FORMATIONS, COLUMBIA, LOWER CORAL SAND. 97 COLUMBIA, LOWER (FOR UPPER COLUMBIA See TRUCK LAND). Localities: p District of Columbia, 5 samples 32 Maryland, 24 samples 45 Total, 29 samples. BescnpUon. — The Lower Columbia forms level terraces along the lower part of the Potomac Kiver, and covers isolated areas along the water courses and adjacent plateaus in the District of Columbia and contiguous iwrtions of Maryland. This high level phase, as it occurs along the plateaus, is not yet perfectly understood, and it is diflQcult to differentiate this from other formations. The terraces along the Lower Potomac Kiver vary iu width from a quarter of a mile to a mile or more. They have an elevation above water of from 10 to 20 feet. At the back there are high bluffs of Lafay- ette material. The soil is a fine silt with no coarse fragments and very easy to till. Agriculturally it resembles the bluff lands of the South. In mechan- ical composition it resembles loess, except that it contains a trifle less silt and rather more clay. It is very durable, and fields are said to have been cultivated for upward of two hundred years without appar- ent deterioration. The principal crops at present ate corn, wheat, and tobacco. The basis of this classification is geological, and the soil is interesting from its uniform texture, the good heart, and the lasting- qualities. CORAL SAND. Locality: p^g^ Bermuda, 1 sample 25 Description. — The coral sand is an unconsolidated or disintegrated coral limestone. It is snow white and about the same texture as build- ing sand. With the naked eye the larger grains are seen to be frag- ments of coral, and under a low-power microscope many beautiful and curious coral forms are seen. The sand in this form is nearly sterile, and few attempts are made to crop it. It is quite free from humus, and is almost entirely dissolved by dilute hydrochloric acid. Speci- mens of the coral limestone have been shown to contain 99.95 per cent of carbonate of lime. Where considerable areas of the rock are exposed in sections, layers of red earth are seen throughout it and cov- ering the surface for a slight depth. This soil contains considerable clay, coral sand, and humus. It is upon such soil that the lilies and other staple crops of the island are grown. The carbonate of lime is relatively quite soluble in the natural waters. The impurities in the limestone, consisting of traces of silica, iron, alumina, and earthy phos- phates, are relatively insoluble. As the carbonate of lime is dissolved and carried off by the percolating waters, these impurities are left behind and constitute the present productive soils of the island. The 8670— No. 16 7 98 FORMATIONS, CORN LAND CRANBERRY BOOS. basis of this classification is geological, and the group is interesting from the unusual form of the disintegration of the limestone rock and the evident and apparent example of the formation of soil from this class of rock by the simple process of disintegration and solution. COUN LAND. Localities : j,^^^ Alabama, 140 samples 22 Illinois, 63 samples 35 Iowa, 2 sam])les 37 Kansas, 71 samples 37 Kentucky, 172 sami)l(s 39 Louisiana, 157 samples 41 Maryland, 460 samples 45 Mississippi, 14 samples 51 Ohio, 49 samples 58 South Carolina, 38 samples 61 Tennessee, 109 samples 64 Virginia, 127 samples 66 Wisconsin, 18 samples (.see Tobacco land) 69 Total, 1,420 samples. Description. — This group is simply a collection of all the samples upon which corn is at present considered an important commercial croj), either for home consumption or for export. The basis of classifi- cation is purely agricultural, and the group contains many types of soil, which are indicated under the appropriate States. No attempt has yet been made to correlate the usual yield ])er acre with the char- acter of the formation. It is considered that in time this collection will form a valuable basis for such an investigation. COTTOX LAND. Localities : Pa„g Alabama, 140 samples 22 Floi-ida, 11 samples (sec Lafayette) 33 Louisiana, 191 sam])les -. 41 Mississippi, 14 samples 51 South Carolina, 65 samples 61 Tennessee, 16 samples 64 Total, 437 samples. Description. — The remarks under the group of corn land will apply equally well to this group. CUANBERRY BOGS. Localities : p^„g Massachusetts, 10 samples (see Alluvial soil) 49 New Jersey, 2 samples (see Alluvial soil) 54 Total, 12 samples. Description. — This is a fresh-water alluvial formation, consisting of muck, and contains frequently a large proportion of coarse fragments of roots and other portions of partly decayed vegetation as found in bogs. The lands are, as ii rule, very wet and even subject to overflow in time of freshets. The subsoil may be either a compact sand or stiff FORMATIONS, CRAYFISH LAND CRETACEOUS. . 99 clay, iu either case poorly drained. The basis of this classification is therefore partly geological, depending often upon physiographic rela- tions, and partly agricultural. There is no ai)parent difference in physical properties or chemical composition between the cranberry and celery soils except perhaps in the depth of the overlying soil. With the proper exposure and situation a good celery soil would make a good cranberry soil; but the average cranberry soil, on account of the superficial depth of the soil and the poor surface drainage, would not necessarily make a good celery soil. CRAYFISH LAND. Localities : _, Page. Louisiana, 2 samples {sec Bluff land) 41 Virginia, 3 8ami)les {see Barrens) 66 Total, 5 samples. Description. — The characteristics of this group have already been dis- cussed under "barrens." They are sandy or silty soils, quite impervi- ous to water, and on account of the poor drainage are not adapted to the staple agricultural crops. They are interesting from the j>eculiar structure, which renders them readily impervious to water, and from the opportunity they seem to present to the physicist to study the forces acting between the soil grains upon which the tilth of agricultural soils depends, but which is so marked in this case as to render the soil too close and impervious for agricultural crops. The basis of this classifi- cation is the physical structure of the soil. CKETACEOUS. Localities: Page. Alabama, 7 samples 22 Louisiana, 2 samples 41 . Maryland, 2 samples (see Marls) 47 Nebraska, 22 samples {see Prairie) 53 New Jersey, 16 samples 55 Tennessee, 4 samples 64 Texas, 5 samples (see Black waxy soil) 65 Total, 58 samples. Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and whi e the samples in the collection are mainly loams and sandy loams adapted to fruit and truck growing, the group may contain very differ- ent types of soil. The collection contains a number of samples of glauconite sand (greensaud), from which many of the samples in the collection have been derived. This glauconite is interesting not only from its chemical composition, which has never yet been satisfactorily worked out, but from its occurrence and mode of formation and the use which has been made of it as a fertilizer, especially in l^ew Jersey, the agricultural value depending mainly on the potash and phosphoric acid it contains. This substance is not confined to this geological period or to any particular formation, but it has been principally described from the Cretaceous. 100 FORMATIONS, DAKOTA GROUP DIABASE. DAKOTA GHOIJP — CUKTACEOUS. Localities: Page. Kansas, 3 samples (see I'liiiric) 38 Xebraska, 8 samples {see I'riiirie) 53 Total, 11 samples. Description. — Barbour thus describes this group: Of the various kinds of rock above-mentioned us occurring in the Dakota group the sands, sandstoues, and clays are most abundant and exert the greatest influence ujion the soil. The clays are valuable for brick and pottery. Where they form continuous strata of considerable extent, with a level surface, the water is retained, causing boggy or swamp land. By themselves these clays impart too great heavi- ness and tenacity to the soil, but with a suitable proportion of sand intermixed a good loam is formed. An abundance of sand and sandstone is everywhere present in the Dakota grou]) to temper the clays. In some places the sandstone predomi- nates so much as to form sandy knolls, with a thin and poor soil or none at all. But these bald knobs are not numerous, and are never of great extent. The glacial drift and loess cover the country occupied by the Dakota group so generally that it is only on the high ]ioints projecting into the valleys that the sandstone foundation is in sight, making thin land. The basis of classification of this group is thus geological, and the samples may be very dift'ereiit iu texture and composition. DEAD LAND. Locality: Page. New Mexico, 2 samples 55 Description.— This "dead land" is sand found along the bars and banks of some of the rivers in New Mexico. The coarser sand occurs in the bars. Much of the best land in some of the valleys is under- laid with this sand. Wherever it occurs within a foot or two of the surface fruit trees soon die. Grapes are said to do fairly well over it, and alfalfa to flourish. It appears to be quite free from organic matter or fertilizing material of any kind. The peculiar properties of the specimens and of the localities where it occurs have not been investigated. The basis of this classification is thus agricultural. DEVONIAN BLACK SLATE. Locality: Page. Kentucky, 10 samples ^^ Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and the grouj) may contain samples of different chemical composition and physical properties. As a matter of fact, the samples in the collection consist of samples of tlie "glades," the properties of which will be described under a subdivision of that name. Localities: Page. Massachusetts, 1 sample 50 Virginia, 1 sample 66 Total, 2 samples. FORMATIONS, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH DRIFT. 101 Deseription. — The basis of this classification is geological. The sam- ple in the collection from Virginia formed the basis for an investigation by Dr. George P. Merrill ' on the origin of soils and the chemical changes occurring in the disintegration and decomposition of rocks. DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. Locality: p^g^ Maryland, 3 samples {see Chesapeake) 44 Description. — This group contains some interesting specimens of diatomaceous or infusorial earth, from which the soils over a large area of the Chesapeake formation in Maryland have been directly derived. This is discussed at length under the Chesapeake formation. The samples contain many beautiful and curious forms of diatoms. DISMAL SWAMP LAND. Locality: p^^^ Virginia, 28 samples (see Alluvium) 66 Description. — The basis of this classification is physiographic. The swamp is of great extent, with an elevafion above tide of from 10 to 25 feet. On account of the slight fall, the dense growth of vegetation, and the accumulation of peat the natural surface drainage is very slow. Some rather large areas on the edge of the swamp have been cleared, drained by open ditches, and cultivated for a number of years. The soil is a rich peat, from 1 to 10 feet thick, resting on a sandy subsoil which allows water to drain through it readily. The soils are quite acid, requiring frequent and heavy applications of lime. The water of the swamp and canals is also quite acid. It is of a dark color, quite free from sediment, and has long been noted for its excellence for drink- ing purposes on ship voyages. This i^roperty is usually attributed to a trace of tannin carried by the water. Fields which have been under cultivation for fifty years show a decided diminution of organic matter in the soil. Corn and hay grasses are the principal crops. DRIFT. Localities: Page. Alabama, 2 samples ' 22 Connecticut, 11 samples (glacial) 30 Illinois, 15 samples (glacial) 35 Louisiana, 4 samples 41 Minnesota, 2 .samples (glacial) 51 Ohio, 21 samples (glacial) 58 Rhode Island, 10 samples (glacial) 60 Total, 65 samples. Description. — The basis of this classification is geological, and in- cludes glacial and nonglacial drift soils, the former belonging, like the bowlder clay, to the broad class of glacial till. The group contains different kinds of soil. 'The Weathering of Rocks, Part III. Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils. 102 FORMATIONS, EOCENE ETONIA SCRUB. EOCENE. Localities: Page. District of Columbia, 4 samples 32 Maryland, 24 samples 45 Total, 28 samples. Description. — The basis of this classification is seological, and the group may contain soils of different chemical composition and physical properties. Most of the samples in the collection are light loams, adapted to peaches and the heavier truck crops. Most of the samples have been derived directly from the green glauconite sand (greensand). They are easy to till and as a rule very productive for the class of crops adapted to them. ETONIA SCKUH. Locality : Page. Florida, 9 samples 33 Description. — The basis of this classification is agricultural, depend- ing especially upon the character of the native growth. The scrub occurs in spots, often of large extent, in Florida. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and there is no apparent reason for the difference in vege- tation and in agricultural value between this and the adjacent high pine land. The following extract, from Bulletin No. 13 of this Division, will show the characteristics of these lands and the interesting ])roblem presented in an investigation of the cause of their peculiarities: The great Etonia scrub formation was examined at Altoona. It is an impressive sight to stand at the border line between the scrub and the high pine land and notice the difference in the character of the vegetation. The high pine laud is open, the trees are large and vigorous, aud the ground is covered with a crop of grass which gives very good grazing for cattle. The vegetation is quick and generous, and the most tender garden plants will grow luxuriantly if properly attended to. These conditions stop abruptly at the edge of the scrub. The boundary between the high pine land and the scrub can be located without trouble witliin a few feet. In the scrub there is a dense growth of scrub oaks and low bushes and plants, all having thick leaves protected to the utmost from loss of water by evaporation by the property that desert plants have of turning the leaves up edgeways to the' sun to expose as little surface as possible to the direct rays. No grass is found, and only the most hardy desert plants grow. When pines grow it is tlie dwarf spruce pine and not the long-leaf pine, while on the other hand the spruce pine is not found across the border in the high pine lauds proper. The full-grown scrub vegetation reaches about the height of a man's head. This scrub growth stretches out at this place iii an unbroken line for 10 or 15 miles to the northw ard, and the whole country presents a most desolate appearance. The conn- try is generally rolling in both the high pine land and scrub. There are lakes at which the scrub and the high pine vegetation meet at the water's edge. There is no indication from the topography of the country of any diflerence in the climate over the two soils. Very few attempts are known to have been made to cultivate the scrub lands. A few efforts to grow truck and oranges are known to have been fail- ures. It is generally believed that the scrub is colder at night, and that frosts are liable to occur over these areas when they do not occur over the high pine land. There is no apparent reason for this, however, in the topography of the couutry. x'^ORMATION FLAT WOODS. 103 There are differences in elevation in the scrnb in quite short distances of 25 feet or more, over which the same growth extends in an unbroken line following the con- tours of the surface. The same character of growth extends down to the lake bor- ders in what is almost a muck soil. * * * There is no apparent reason, from the chemical or physical examination, to account for this difference in the native growth on the scrub as compared with the high pine land or the hammock, and, so far as our investigations show, there is no difference in the soil. The only explanation for the difference in the character of the vegetation is that it is accidental, and that the one kind of crop or the other received a start and simply spread, the two kinds of vegetation not being capable of growing together. As a matter of fact, however, in comparing the scrub with the high pine land the conditions in the scrub appear more natural than those in the high pine land. In such sandy soils as these the won- der is that tender vegetables can be grown at all, and that such a large and generous growth of pines and grass is naturally produced. FLATVV^OODS. Localities: ^ Page. Alabama, 3 samples (post oak) 24 Florida, 3 samples 33 Mississippi, 2 samples 51 Tennessee, 4 samples {see Cretaceous) 64 Total, 12 samples. Description. — The basis of this classification is agricultural. Along the South Atlantic and Gulf coast there is a strij) of low, flat land hav- ing at present very little agricultural value. It is usually not immedi- ately adjacent to the coast but separated by a strip, often not more than a mile or a few miles wide, of better-drained and more productive land. In this broad classification there is little difierence in the soils of the lower pine belt of South Carolina and the pine flats or flatwoods of Florida and Mississippi. Hilgard gives the following description of the flatwoods and pine flats of Mississippi in the volume on cotton production, of the Tenth Census, which describes very well the soils of the whole area : ^ The flatwoods region of Mississippi is throughout underlaid by a strata of heavy gray clay belonging to the older Tertiary formation from which its prevalent soil is almost directly derived. The gray, heavy, intractable soil bears almost throughout a moderately dense growth of post oak, interspersed with short-leaf pine and black gum, and varied with occasional belts or tracts of small-sized, round-headed black- jack where the soil is excessively heavy. * * * Near the streams the growth becomes more sturdy. The streams have scarcely any true bottoms. The drainage is therefore exceedingly slow, and during winter rains the country over large areas is covered with a shallow, slow-moving sheet of muddy water. This, together with the tenacity and depth of the mud, renders the Hatwoods belt almost impassable to teams in winter and far into spring. The soil frequently remains untillable until the planting season is nearly over, and thus subjects the crop to uncertain chances of a short growing season ; yet in favorable years, when water subsides early and plowing can be done, very good crops of corn and cotton are made. The soil of the pine flats proper is not materially different from that of the pine prairies. It is a whitish or gray, unretentive silt, with brown ferruginous or rusty spots, increasing downward, and indicating a lack of drainage. The cause is found, ' Tenth Census, Vol. V, Cotton Production in Mississippi, Part 1, 1880, p. 23. 104 FORMATIONS, FOX HILL SANDSTONE FULLERS EARTH. enore — Tennessee, 4 sanijiles 64 Nasliville — Tennessee, 2 samples 64 Quebec dolomite — Alabama, 4 samples 23 St. Louis — Alabama, 17 samples 23 Kentucky, ,5,5 samples 40 Tennessee, 6y samples 64 Trenton and Hudson River — Alabama, 2 samples 23 Kentucky, 57 samples 40 Maryland, 93 samples 46 Ohio, 11 samples .5it Pennsylvania, 24 samples (.fee Tobacco land) 60 Tennessee, 10 samphss 64 Virginia, 53 samples 66 Unclassified — California, 1 sample 28 Wisconsin, 2 samples 69 Total, 481 samples. FORMATION — LIMESTONE. 117 Description. — The basis of this classification is geological. The lime- stoue soils as a rule give rise to very productive agricultural lands, but this is not necessarily so. The origin of large masses of limestone has usually been ascribed to the remains of organic life, as is certainly the case in many coral limestones. There is no doubt that organic life has had much to do with many of these limestone areas, but Mr. Bailey Willis calls attention to other physical and chemical means of forma- tion which have been rather too little considered, namely, that from evajwration from an inclosed sea and a chemical precipitation of lime and magnesia from ocean waters. Whatever the origin, the beds of limestone are usually intermingled with beds of shale, showing that the conditions of deposition were not uniformly alike while the material was being deposited. Sometimes there is a sharp line between the limestone and the other material, but usually this is not the case, and there is a gradual transition from lime- stone to shale. Frequently the limestone is far from pure and contains fragments of quartz and other finer material. The best known of the limestones, from an agricultural point of view, is the Trenton limestone, which gives rise under complete disintegra- tion to the very fertile blue-grass soils of Kentucky and the fertile lands of the Cumberland Valley in Virginia, IVlaryland, and Pennsyl- vania. The Trenton limestone, as occurring in this area, is a compact blue limestone, usually very pure carbonate of lime with some magne- sia. The rock frequently contains 91) per cent and occasionally as much as 99 per cent of carbonate of lime. This lime carbonate is relatively quite soluble in natural waters, especially where they are charged with carbonic acid. By the prolonged digestion and leaching with rain waters the carbonate of lime is almost completely removed, leaving the small percentage of impurities as a surface covering to the rock, which con- stitute the soils of tfje present time. Where there is but 1 per cent of impurities in the rock a vast amount of rock material must be dissolved and removed in solution in the formation of each ibot in depth of soil. As the limestone is usually bounded on either side by areas of less solu- ble material, such as shale and sandstone, the solution of the rock mass and consequent lowering of the surface over the limestone area gives rise to valleys bounded on either side by sandstone or shale ridges as a characteristic physiographic feature of a country derived from a pure limestone. A fresh limestone from Virginia, described by Prof. George P. Merrill ' and analyzed by Mr. George Steiger, contained 28.39 i)er cent of lime, 18.30 per cent of magnesia, and 41.85 per cent of carbon dioxide. The impurities amounted to 11.4(3 per cent. There was 7.37 per cent of silica, 1.92 per cent of aluminum, and 1.09 per cent of potash, the other impurities being in very small - silverwares and in several other forms for packing; steam chests and boilers. It is used also as an absorbent for nitroglycerine in the manufacture of dynamite. On exposure to air in a moist condition this white diatomaceous earth (luickly disintegrates into a fine yellow loam, forming the wheat and tobacco lands of southern Maryland. MIXED LAND. Locality: ^age. Florida, 10 samples 34 Description. — This is a light sandy area in Florida upon which the red oak and long leaf i)ine grow together. In this respect it is inter- mediate between the pine lands and the hammock. There is no appre- ciable dilfereuce in the soil of any of these three formations, but a very decided difilerence in the character of the native vegetation and the agricultural value, the reason for which is not understood. The classi- fication is thus based upon the botanical character of the native vegetation. MOJAVE DESERT SOIL. Locality: p^g^ California, 9 samples 28 Description. — The surface of the Mojave Desert around Lancaster, Cal., where most of these samples were obtained, is covered with a rather coarse sand which is somewhat compact below the surface of the ground. This compact sand is frequently exjwsed as the loose surface sand is blown off. The samples were collected at least 20 miles from the mountains in the midst of a level plain. No rain had fallen for at least five and one-half months before the samides were taken. Contrary to expectation the soil at a dejith of 12 to 18 inches below the surface was still moist. The amount of moisture in the subsoil was probably not sufticient to supjiort any of our commercial crops, and what moisture there was was alkaline, but the fact of there being any moisture at all with no rain for so long a time is a subject for very careful investiga- tion. There was a sparse native vegetation i)eculiar to the deserts of that locality. The surface wells over this part of the desert vary in depth from to 30 feet, occasionally being 200 feet deep. On certain parts of the desert it is the common practice to dig water holes for stock from 6 to 10 feet deep, which (juickly fill with water, affording a supply for stock. The water as a rule is strongly imi)regnated with alkali. There is an artesian belt under a portion of the desert. The distance to water varies with the nature of the underlying material, as in the humid portions of the country. The basis of this classification IS thus physiographic, and the group may contain different kinds of soil. FORMATIONS, MOLDING SAND ORISKANY SANDSTONE. 125 MOLDING SAND. LocaHties : ' p^^^ Maryland, 1 sample (see Unclassified) 49 Pennsylvania, 2 samples {see Unclassified) 60 Total, 3 samples. Description. — This is a saud of medium-sized grains, which in a moist conditiou receives impressions and holds up well when molten metals are poured into the molds. Molding sand may be used a number of times, but finally it loses its powers of cohesion and becomes "dead," The reason for this is not understood, as there is no apparent change visible to the eye and it is only apparent to the workmen. The best grades of molding sands are found in few localities — one of the princi- pal sources of supply foi; the Eastern States being near Albany, N. Y. The collection contains samples of both the good and the "dead "sand and otters an interesting field of investigation on some problems con- nected with the physical properties of soils. The basis of this classifi- cation is the commercial use to which it is adapted. NASHVILLE LIMESTONE. Locality: p^g^ Tennessee, 2 samples 64 Description. — The Nashville limestone is similar to the Trenton lime- stone and gives rise to some of the most fertile agricultural lands in the blue grass region of Tennessee. For a general discussion of the limestone soils, see Limestone. ORANGE SAND. Localities: ^^^^ Alabama, 54 samples (see Lafayette) 23 Louisiana, 8 samples (see Lafayette) 4l Tennessee, 10 samples {see Lafayette) 64 Total, 72 samples. Description, — The samples of the orange sand formation are sandy loams, easily worked, and very i^roductive and durable when jiroperly managed. They wash badly, however, when neglected. These soils are quite similar in texture to the loess, containing upward of 00 per cent of silt as shown by the mechanical analysis. ORISKANY SANDSTONE. Locality: p^^^ Maryland, 12 samples 47 Description. — The Oriskany sandstone formation occurs in narrow belts in the mountains of western Maryland. The rock disintegrates with difiiculty and usually forms a capping to the mountain ranges. It gives rather a coarse-grained sandy soil, usually containing many fragments of rock. The areas of this soil are small and of very little agricultural importance. 126 FORMATlOiNS, PEKMIAN I'lNEAPPLE LAND. TEKMIAN. Locality: Page. Texas, 2 samples 65 Description. — The samples of the Permian formation in the collection represent some of the best wheat lands of Texas. PIIILLITK. Localities: Page. Maryland, 55 samples 47 Penns.y Ivania, 2 samples {ace Tobacco land ) 60 Total, 57 samples. Description. — This is mainly a hydromica schist, occurring on the Piedmont plateau and found in large areas in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. It forms some of the most fertile lands of the Piedmont area of these States. It is adapted to corn, wheat, and grass, and is a fair type of the most productive soils of the Eastern States for general agricultural purposes. PIERRE SHALES. Locality: Page. Montana, 2 samples 52 Description. — The samples from this formation are from the Yellow- stone Valley, Montana. The rocks bound the southern side of the Yellowstone Valley and give rise to the heavy type of clay and gumbo soil found in the valley. In many places in the valley tLis clay is mixed with or overlaid with sandy soils of the Fox Hill sandstones. The shales carry a quantity of "alkali" salts, mainly sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate, together with large quantities of gypsum. The soils derived from these shales likewise contain considerable alkali. A full description of these soils is given in Bulletin No. 14 of this Division, "On the Investigation of the Alkali Soils of the Yellowstone Valley." PINEAPPLE LAND. Locality: Page. Florida, 10 samples • '^ Description.^ — Pineapples are grown very extensively on tlie high pine laud at Orlando, Wiiiterliaven, and at many other places in the center of the i)eninsula, but along the east coast from Fort Pierce down to Lake Worth there is a narrow strip of conutry almost entirely devoted to the pineapple industry. The pineapple lands comprise here a narrow strip, hardly more than an eighth or a fourth of a mile wide, with the Indian Kiver or the ocean on one side and the pine flats on the other, stretching out into the great savannas or everglades. The ridge has an average elevation of perhaps 15 or 20 feet. The growth is mainly scrub oak, spruce pine, and palmetto. Much of it is ([uitc dense and the character of the growth makes it (» Description. — The samj)les from New York represent a large area upon which a particularly fine quality of rye is produced. The soils are filled with small fragments of iindecomposed shale. Little more is known of their agricultural value. SHOKT-LKAl' PINE ll'LAN'DS. Locality: Pjjge. Mississippi, 2 samples 51 Description. — The soil of the short-leaf pine uplands is somewhat richer than the long-leaf pine hills, but otherwise the two are almost identical. SILT (EKOM lUltlCATIOX 1>ITCIIES). Localities: page. Arizona, 1 sample 25 Kansas, 1 sample 39 Texas, 2 samples - '"^ Total, t samples. FORMATIONS, SILURIAN, UPPER SPRUCE-PINE SCRUB. 137 Description. — These samples of silt are from irrigatiou ditches, where they are valued for their fertilizing properties when deposited on the land. They are also valued for their cementing effect on the ditches themselves, in which they i^revent, to a very large extent, the loss by seepage of "water from the canals. SILURIAN, UPPER. Locality: p^^^ Kentucky, 2 samples 40 Description. — The samples of Upper Silurian represent some of the fertile wheat, corn, and grass lands of Kentucky. SNOW DUST (see wind-ulown dust). Description. — These samples were sent in by the observers of the Weather Bureau, and a statement was published in the Monthly Weather Review of January, 1895, of which the following is a summary: On the nights of January 11 and 12, and along the advancing edge of a cold wave, there fell throughout a large part of Indiana and Kentucky a shower of dust in connection with snow. It does not appear that this dust was the nucleus of snow- flakes, but was intermingled in the air with the snow or fell with the wind that preceded the second snow fall. * ' The soil is made up largely of silt, mixed with organic matter. A number of fresh-water algje could be distinguished, though they had evidently been dead and dried for a longtime. Two of these, viz, Coleoch;ete and Desmid, indicate that the "dirt" was the bottom of some shallow lake, pond, or marsh that had dried up. These two alg;e usually grow in water that is comparatively fresh, and which sel- dom dries up completely. A fungus was found which occurs very commonlj^ on dead plant tissue. The cells of decayed grasses and sclerotic cells from the decayed fruits of grasses occur in the debris. Animal and plant hairs are common; also libers of grasses, shreds of woody tissue of shrub or tree. Masses of mixed and interlaced libers looking like paper are occasionally seen. Everything indicates that the "dirt'" came from the bottom of some dried-up lake, pond, marsh, or some riverbottom. It is light enough to be carried some distance by a strong wind. " *^ " All the samples show that the dust was lifted by some windstorm, spread out in an upper-air stratum, and precipitated. * ■ * Prof. H. L. Bruner, of Irvington, Ind., states that in geueral a layer of snow about one-fourth inch deep was colored distinctly brown by the dust. It fell on a bed of snow several inches deep and was thus protected from contamination by surface dust. The mechanical analysis of several of the samples showed the mate- rial to be similar in texture to the loess, as it was made up of 50 or 60 per cent of silt. This is probably an instance of the characteristic formation of loess from aerial forces which are constantly going on in that locality, made apparent by the covering of snow which received the dei^osit. spruce-pine scrub. Locality : t,„„„ Florida, 6 samples 34 Description. — This is a sandy soil from Florida upon which the char- acteristic growth is scrul), containing a considerable growth of spruce 138 FORMATIONS, ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE — TALC. I)ine. There is no api)arent dififereiice iu tbe soil between this and the hammock and high pine hinds of tliis locality, but the botanical fea- tures are very characteristic and interesting. ST. LOUIS LIMESTONK. Localities : j,^„^ Alabama. 17 samples 23 Keutucky, ■") samples 40 TeuiK'ssee, 69 samples (54 Total, 141 samples. Description. — This formation forms one of the important soil areas of Kentucky and Tennessee, giving rise to a strong clay adapted to grass, wheat, and corn. It is similar to the Trenton limestone soils. For general discussion of limestone soils, see under the appropriate head of limestone. SUBCAKBONIFEROUS. Kinds and localities : p^^^ Keokuk — Kentucky, 2 samples 39 Tennessee, 2 samples 65 St. Louis group — Kentucky, 55 samples 40 Tennessee, 69 samples 65 Unclassitied — Illinois, 4 samples 36 Maryland, 15 samples 47 Tennessee, 13 samples '. 65 Wavcrly sandstone — Kentucky, 2 samples 40 Total, 162 samples. Description. — This is a general geological subdivision, including several limestones and one sandstone area, which are described under their several names. SUGAR-CANE LAND. Localities: p^^^ Florida, 18 samples (see Muck land ) 32 Louisiana, 157 samples 42 Mexico, 6 samples (see Tobacco land) 50 Total, 181 samples. Description. — These are rich alluvial deposits in the Southern States, containing a high percentage of organic matter and adapted particu- larly to sugar cane and rice. The soils are very deep and rich; many of them are still subject to overflow unless protected by dikes along the river banks. TALC. Locality: P„ge. South Carolina, 4sam)tles 62 Description. — There is a large area of serpentine in South Carolina upon whicli a very i)ure talc is found, wliich has been mined to a con- FORMATIONS, TERTIARY TOBACCO LAND. 139 siderable extent. The soils are light yellow aucl rather fine and pow- dery iu texture. They are' adapted to bright-yellow tobacco, but as a rule are thin and are not of very great agricultural importance. TERTIARY. Locality: p^^^ Nebraska, 44 samples (see Prairie) 53 Description. — These samples merely represent this geological age and have not been subdivided. They may contain samples of very different texture, including gravels, sands, and clays. The individual samples are all described in the collection, but no general description can be given, TOBACCO LAND. Kinds and localities: Bright yellow (cigarette) — Louisiana, 2 samples 42 North Carolina, 89 samples 56 South Carolina, 2 samples H2 Tennessee, 3 samples 65 Virginia, 70 samples 67 West Virginia, 2 samples 69 Cigar — California, 2 samples 28 Connecticut. 21 samples 30 Cuba, 16 samples 31 Florida, 101 samples .• 34 Massachusetts, 22 samples 50 Mexico, 6 samples 50 Ohio, 21 samples 59 New York, 20 samples 56 Pennsylvania, 33 samples 60 Sumatra, 12 samples 63 Texas, 6 samples 65 Wisconsin, 18 samples 69 Export and manufacturing — Kentucky, 111 samples 40 Maryland, 118 samples 47 Tennessee, 89 samples 65 Virginia, 32 samples 67 Perique — Louisiana, 10 samples 42 Sun-cured — Virginia, 14 samples 67 White Burley — Kentucky, 57 samples 40 Ohio, 11 samples 59 Tennessee, 12 samples 65 Total, 850 samples. Description. — This embraces all types of tobacco lands upon which the different commercial types and grades of tobacco are produced. A description of these soils is given in Bulletin No. 11 of this Division, to which reference is made of more detailed description than can be 1 40 FORMATION TR ANSITION-GK AYWACKE. oiven here. The bright yellow cigarette tobaccos are grown upon a light sandy soil in Virginia, North and South Carolina, East Tennessee? and to a small extent in West Virginia and some of the more southern States. The character of the soil is quite uniform. Of the cigar tobaccos, the fillers are grown in the heavy clay soils of Pennsylvania and Ohio; the binders — that is, the second grade of wrappers — are pro- duced in Connecticut, New York, and Wisconsin, while the finest types of wrappers, supplying the present market demands, are produced on the light sandy soils of the Connecticut A^ alley as well as in New York and Wisconsin. The southern localities, Florida and Texas, have light sandy soils, preferably with clay subsoil, upon which the finest types of Sumatra wrai)por and Cuban filler are produced. The export and manufacturing types of tobacco are produced on the heavy clay soils of Virginia and North Carolina and on the silt soils of Tennessee and Kentucky, with smaller areas in the adjoining States. The I'erique tobacco is produced mainly in two or three of the southern parishes of Louisiana on a rather light alluvial soil. The peculiarity of this tobacco depends mainly upon the peculiar method of curing used by the Acadians of that locality. Little is known of the characteristic soil ui)on which tlie sun-cured tobacco of Virginia is produced. The White Burley tobacco is confined almost exclusively at present to the Trenton limestone strong red clay soils of central Kentucky and south- ern Ohio. TRANSITION-GHAYWACKE. Locality: Page. Rhode Islaud, 2 samples 60 Description. — The graywackes from Wisconsin are thus described by W. S. Bay ley,' and the description applies ecjually well to the soils from Rhode Island : The graywackes differ from the saivdstoues in coinpoHitioii. Whereas the hitter consist essentially of qnartz grains (or of quartz and feldspar) cemented by qnartz- itic, calcareous, or other cement, simple in composition, the graywackes contain grains of many different minerals and small fragments of rocks, united by a cement of the composition from many slates. In the formation of the sandstones the rocks from which the sands were derived were broken down into their constituent min- eral components, and these were sorted by the waters in whicli they were deposited. On the other hand, the rocks from Avhose detritus the graywackes were made were not so completely disintegrated. The sands contained not only quartz and other mineral grains, but also little particles of roek, all so intermiugled that we cannot believe that much sorting took place. When rock particles are not to be found in the graywackes, the distinction between these rocks and the sandstones must rest upon the cementing nuiterial, which in the former is dark in color and contains much chlorite and some mica. Little is known of the character of the soils resulting irom the disin- tegration and decomposition of the graywackes. ' Bui. 150, U. S. Cieologieal Survey, ISVIS, page 84. FORMATIONS, TRAP TRIASSIC RED SANDSTONE. 141 TRAP. LoeaUtv: Page. South Carolina, 5 sam])le.s (52 JDescHption. — The trap soils of South Caroliua cover a rather small area aud are not of much agricultural importance. The soils as a rule are clay loam, often containing rounded fragments of gravel highly colored with iron. Larger bowlders, known as "nigger heads," are usually seen over the surface. The subsoil is frequently a pipe clay, providing very poor drainage. The lauds are liable to be wet aud sticky for a long time after rains, aud water is frequently found at a short depth below the surface and oozes out in springs, which give the soil almost the character of an upland marsh. With imderdrainage and thorough cultivation the lands may be made fairly productive. Several of these samples could be classed as pipe clay. TKKNTON AND HUDSON RIVER LIIMESTONK. Localities: Page. Alabama, 2 samples 23 Kentucky, 57 samjiles 40 Maryland, 93 samples 4g Ohio, li samples 59 Pennsylvania, 24 samples gQ Tennessee, 10 samples g4 Virginia, .53 sampks gg Total, 250 samples. Description.— T\iQ soils from these two formations, which can hardly be distinguished geologically, are quite similar iu their agricultural value. They are the most important types of limestone, giving the highest type of agricultural land iu the northern areas; but, being filled with chert in the Southern States, these soils are very infertile. These lands have been described in detail under the head of limestone. TRIASSIC RED SANDSTONE. Localities: Page. Connecticut, 7 samples 30 Maryland, 15 samples 47 Total, 22 samples. Bescription.— The Triassic red sandstone disintegrates and decom- poses very thoroughly, forming a heavy clay soil of a characteristic Indian-red color. In the southern extension of the area iu Virginia the soils are quite stony from fragments of the rock. These southern lands have not been very productive. In the areas in Maryland, Penn- sylvania, and New Jersey, however, the soils have less rock and form very fertile agricultural lands. In Maryland they are adjacent to the Trenton limestone soils, and in favorable seasons they are considered just as valuable for wheat, corn, aud grass. They are not quite so safe or certain, and crops suffer from extremes of drought or wet weather more than on the limestone. The northern extensiou of the area in New Jersey is extremely fertile and productive. 142 FORMATIONS, TRUCK LAND UNCLASSIFED. TRliK LAND (MAINLY COLUMBIA). LoealHicft: Page Alalmnia, 10 8:uui>k's 24 Florida. 112 samples ^^ Illinois, 1 samples '^^ Maryland. 175 samples- 48 Massacluisetts, 4 samples 50 New Jersey. 76 samples 5-^ New York, 21 saiu])le8 56 North Carolina, 41 sanijiles 57 Rhode Island. I samples 60 South Carolina, I'.S samples (Sea Islands) 62 Virginia. 'r\ samples 67 Total, 524 samples. Descripiion. — The tnu^k lands of the Atlantic Coast States, from which most of the samples in the collection have been obtained, occur as a narrow belt bordering the coast, bays, and rivers. This is mainly Columbia, and the sand is uniform in texture. The deposit varies from 12 inches to many feet in thickness. It is desirable to have a loam or clay subsoil at a depth of from IS to 24 inches, as the soils are stronger, more durable, and rather more productive. These soils are valued chieliy because the spring vegetables mature so early that there is no local competition from the heavier soils of the locality. This sub- ject has been discussed in great detail in various bulletins of this Divi- sion and in i)ublications of the jNIaryland Experiment Station, TUI.AKK I'l.AINS. Locality: p^^^. California, 17 samples 28 Description. — This groui) contains a number of samples of the char- acteristic soils around Tulare, Cal., many of them being alkali soils collected during the investigation of this subject. Some of the inter- esting features of the.se soils were jminted out in a ])aper, entitled " Some Interesting Soil Problems,"' i)ublished in Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1897. UNCLASSI1"1EI>. Localities: -p^^^ Alaliama, 7 samples 24 Alaska, II samples 24 Hermuda. 12 samples 25 California, 29 samples 28 ('(dorado, !^ samples 30 Connecticut, it samples 30 District of ( 'olumbia, 1 sample 32 Florida, -1 samples 34 ( ieorgia, 1 sam]>le 34 Idaho, 1 sample 35 Illinois, 3 samjdes 36 Iowa. 3 samyiles 37 Louisiana, 17 samples 42 FORMATIONS, UPPER COAL MEASURES — VALLEY LAND. 143 Localities — Continued. Page. Maryland, 26 samples 49 Massachusetts, 18 samples 50 Mississippi, 10 samples , 51 Nevada, 7 samples 54 New York, 38 samples 56 Noith C'aroliua, 81 samples 57 Ohio, 3 samples 59 Oklahoma, 15 samples 59 Pennsylvania, 8 samples 60 Rhode Island, 2 samples 60 South Carolina, 2 samples 62 Tennessee, 2 samples 65 Texas, 6 samples 66 Virginia, 13 samples 68 Washington, 8 samples 68 West Virginia, 4 samples 69 Total, 377 samples. Description. — This group contains samples from nearly all the States which, by reason of the small areas represented or the exceptional or peculiar characteristics of the samples, or because of an uncertainty as to their geological origin and an absence of any local designation, have not been grouped under any special class. Much of this material is valuable for the study of the chemical and physical properties of soils, and 'the individual samples are all fully described. UPPER COAL MEASURES. Locality: Maryland, 7 samples 49 Description. — The basis for this classification is purely geological, and the group may contain soils of different physical characteristics, includ- iug gravels, sands, and clays. UPPER PINE BELT. Locality: South Carolina, 2 samples 62 Description. — The upper pine belt in South Carolina, from which these samples were derived, is a rather broad strip crossing the State, and given up mainly to pine forests. The soils are generally thin and rather poor. They are better drained than the lower pine belt, but the coun- try is sparsely settled and very little of the laud is actually under cultivation. VALLEY LAND. Locality: ^ Page. Utah, 2 samples 66 Description. — These samples from Utah are from Utah County, and represent the lands in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. 144 FORMATIONS, VINEYARD SOIL — WHEAT LAND. VINEYAHD SOIL. Localit}/: Page. Germany, 7 samples 35 Description. — The samples under this group are from an important grape district in Geiseubeim, Germany. This is described in a previ- ous section under Germany. VOLCANIC ASH. Localities: Page Hawaiian Islands, 12 samples 35 Kansas, 3 samples 39 Nebraska , 1 sample 54 Washington, (i samples 68 Total, 22 samples. Description. — Volcanic dust is thus described by J. P. Iddings: ' This fine dust forms a deposit about 20 feet thick within Neocene lake beds of the Gallatin Valley, Montana, where it has been studied by A. C. Peal. The major part of these lake beds consists of volcanic dust presumably brought into the lake basins by waters from the neighboring slopes, where it has been deposited by the wind. The purer material occurring in these beds is considered to have been deposited directly from the air. It occurs in beds 2 to 5 feet thick, separated by thin calcare- ous layers, the thickness of the whole being 20 feet. When examined with a micro- scope it is seen to be made up of minute fragments of colorless glass, whose angular shapes in some instances and thread-like form in others, together with the presence of air pores, which are spherical, elliptical, and tubular, indicate plainly that the fi-agments are broken pumice. * * * A very small percentage of the fragments are pieces of crystals, and these appear to be feldspar, hornblende, pyroxene, and possibly some ([uavtz. This suiall percentage of crystals, as compared with glass, may bo due to the original paucity of crystals in the magma exploded in the dust, or it may be the result of a partial separation of the material during its transportation througli the air, by which means the denser and more compact particles settled nearer the vent from which the eruption took place than the lighter and more attenuated ones. Hence, it can not be assumed that the material found in this deposit necessarily repn-sents the composition of the lava before explosion. The glass itself is absolutely free from microlites, and is perfectly colorless in the thin bits forming the dust. These soils are usually rich in potash. They apparently disintegrate rapidly upon exposure to air, to a light-colored, light textured loam, which is quite productive. WAVERLY SANDSTONE. Locality: Page. Kentucky, 2 samples -tO Description. — This is one of the export tobacco lands of Kentucky, adapted to tobacco, corn, wheat, and grass. WHEAT LAND. Localities: Page Alabama, 37 samples -. - 24 Argentina, 25 samples 25 California, 8 samples 29 Idaho, 2 samples (see Basalt) ■- 35 1 Bulletin No. 150, Educational Series of Kock Specimens Collected and Distributed by the U. S. Geological Survey, page 146. FORMATIONS, WHITE-OAK LAND WIRE-GRASS SOIL. 145 Localities — Coutinued. Page. Illinois, 63 samples 36 Iowa, 2 samples 37 Kentucky, 160 samples 40 Maryland,. 580 samples 49 Minnesota, 23 samples 51 North Dakota, 53 samples 58 Ohio, 49 samples 59 Pennsylvania, 26 samples 60 Russia, 7 samples (see Chernozem) 61 South Carolina, 11 samples 62 South Dakota, 11 samples (see Prairie) 63 Tennessee, 93 samples 65 Texas, 2 samples {see Permian) 65 Virginia, 99 samples 68 Washington, 29 samples {see Basalt) 68 Wisconsin, 18 samples {see Tobacco land) 69 Total, 1,298 samples. Description. — This group contains all samples upon which wheat is a staple and characteristic crop. It contains samples from a great many geological formations. It is the basis of an extensive collection of wheat soils which it is proposed to study. WHITE-OAK LAND. LocaJity: •' Page. Maryland, 8 samples {see Wheat laud) 49 Description. — This is a small and relatively unimportant group, occasionally met with, and locally known as white-oak land from the character of the native forest growth. As seen on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, it occurs in small areas. There appears to be no difference in the texture between this and surrounding lands, but the subsoil has a different structure and is nearly impervious to water. It could almost be classed as pipeclay, although it has not a large percentage of true clay, as shown by the mechanical analysis. The soil is generally unpro- ductive, but may be reclaimed by underdrainage and proper methods of cultivation. It is believed that this condition can be imparted to cer- tain soils through abuse and improper methods of cultivation. The soil is usually made up largely of silt, and has the texture of loess. WIND-HLOWX DrST (sec SNOW DUST). Localities: Page. Indiana, 2 samples 37 Nebraska, 3 samples 54 Total, 5 samples. WIRE-GRASS SOIL. Localitxi: "^ Page. California, 1 sample (see Tulare plains) 28 Description. — These soils occur in small areas in the Western plains and in California, and are characterized by the native growth of wire- grass. Little is known about the character which causes this j)eculiar growth. O 8670— No. 10 10 LHJeT)? t.