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 LIBRARY OF CO.\GRESS. 
 
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 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^V^- • y\^* 
 
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 ■■ ilfeA. '• «WD 
 
AN INQUIRY 
 
 THE VIEWS, PRINCIPLES, SERVICES, AND INFLUENCES 
 
 LEADING MEN 
 
 IN THE ORIGINATION OF 
 
 OUR UNION, 
 
 IN THE FORMATION AND EARLY ADMINISTRATION 
 
 PRESENT GOVERNMENT. 
 
 y 
 
 BY THADDEUS ALLEN. 
 
 Y, / cr^.Ul . 
 
 TRUTH OUR aim: FACTS OUR GUIDE. 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 SAXTON AND KELT. 
 1847. 
 
 -^O,':- VI ^ 
 
tZ6Z 
 
 ,A4S 
 
 Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1845, 
 
 By THADDEUS ALLEN, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts. 
 
 BOSTON' : 
 
 PRINTED SV B. N. DICKINSON & CO. 
 
 WASUIXGTOX STREET. 
 

 -^^ 
 K 
 
 PEEFACE. 
 
 Regard for the welfare of the present and future citizens of these United States, 
 and a sense of justice due to the Masler-Patriols of Revolutionary time, have prompt- 
 ed this attempt to bring to the knowledge of our people generally, the best available 
 evidences of the prevalent views and ruling principles in the incipient stages of our 
 Union and Government ; through these evidences to investigate tlie true characters 
 and agencies of the LEADING men in the vast plans and labors of that momentous 
 period, and trace their influences on the people and on ihs people's great interests, 
 through that and through succeeding periods to the present time. 
 
 If enough has been already done in this direction, or if the improvement in know- 
 ledge and practice of the present age supersede the importance of those impressive 
 lessons of experience, then the labor bestowed is vain, and the expense and labor of 
 the reader will be also vain. 
 
 But if the only authentic sources of such knowledge come now to the sight of but 
 few, and to the understanding of a still less number, then, space, whether or not oc- 
 casion, yet remains for something more than has been hitherto done, to facilitate its 
 extension. And if heirs, who have passively received a rich inheri anoe which they 
 imperfectly know how to improve, enjoy, or even preserve, act unwisely in presump- 
 tuously rejecting or disregarding the examples, maxims, and counsels of their ances- 
 tors, by w iose skill and persevering labor it was acquired, and carefully husbanded 
 for them, then may not be wholly useless an attempt to revive the principles of those 
 PROVIDENT and far-sighted fathers, — MEN, by whose comprehensive intellects 
 our Union was planned ; by whose matchless wisdom, unparalleled patience, and 
 unequalled labors, oar Independence was gained; and by the energies of whose lumi- 
 nous minds, stored with the great lessons of their long and lugged experience, our 
 Government was formed and put into motion. 
 
 The following pages will, however, be profitless to such readers as now well under- 
 stand, and can readily explain, all the changes, and the causes and authors of all the 
 changes and influences, declared or alluded to in the following extracts — extracts 
 given in the language of those benefactors who claim, and who ever will claim, 
 something more than ordinary attention and respect, from the present and from future 
 generations. 
 
 'In Congress. June 17, 1775. — Resolved unnnimously. Whereas, 
 the delegiites of all the Colonies, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, in 
 Congre.ss assembled, have uiiaiiiinously chosen George Washington, 
 Esq., to be General and Commander-in-Chief of such forces as are, or 
 shall be, raised for the maintenance and preservation of American 
 liheity; th.ix Congrexs doih now declare that, they will maintain and assist 
 him, and adhere to him, the said George Washington, with their lives and 
 fortunes, in the same caused 
 
 'July G We have counted the cost of this contest, and find nothing 
 so dreadful as slavery. ***** 
 
 * Our cause is just. Oar union is perfect.^ 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 Gen. Washington to the President of Congress, July 10. 
 ' I know nothing, in a speculative view, more trivial, yet which, if 
 put in practice, would have a happier tendency to unite the men, and 
 abolish those Piovincial distinctions that lead to jealousy and dissatis- 
 faction.' 
 
 To Richard Henry Lee, in Congress, August 29. 
 ' I submit, therefore, to your consideration, whether there is, or is 
 not, a propriety in that Resolution of the Congress, which leaves the 
 ultimate appointment of all officers below the rank of Generals, to the 
 governments where the regiments originated, now the army is become 
 Continental. To me it appears improper; it is giving that power and 
 weight to an individual Colony, wJiich ought of right to belong only to 
 the whole.' 
 
 Thomas Lynch,* in Congress, to Gen. Washington, November, 1775. 
 ' With grief and shame it must be confessed, that tJie whole blame 
 lies not with the army. Ymi will find yotir hands straitened, instead of 
 strengthened. What the event will be it is impossible to foresee.' 
 • Gen. Washington to Joseph Reed, Nov. 28. 
 ' Could I have foreseen what I have experienced, and am likely to 
 experience, no consideration upon earth should have induced me to 
 accept this command. A regiment, or any subordinate department, 
 would have been accompanied with ten times the satisfaction, and 
 perhaps the honor.' 
 
 'In Congress. Nov. 30. — Resolved, That 7zo bounty he allowed to 
 the army, on reenlistment' 
 
 Gen. Greene to Gov. Ward, in Congress, Dec. 31. 
 ' You entreat the general officers to recommend to the Congress the 
 giving of a bounty. But His Excellency, General Washington, has 
 often assured us, that the Congress M^ould not give a bounty. Can 
 you think we should hesitate a moment to recommend a bounty, if we 
 thought ourselves at liberty to do so ? 
 
 ' If we had given a good bounty, and raised the troops speedily, it 
 would have struck the Ministry with astonishment. They could not 
 expect to conquer a people so united, firm, and absolutely determined.' 
 
 1776. 
 
 Gen. Washington to Joseph Reed, Jan. 14. 
 ' Tlie reflection on my situation, and that of this army, produces 
 many an unhappy hour, when all around me are wrapped in sleep. 
 
 ■Stc Tit ^ ^ "^ * 
 
 ' I have often thought how much happier I should have been, if, 
 instead of accepting the command under such circumstances, I had 
 taken my musket on my shoulder, and entered the ranks ; or, if I 
 could have justified the measure to posterity and my own conscience, 
 had retired to the back country, and lived in a wigwam.' 
 Gen. Greene to , Sept. 28. 
 
 ' The policy of Congress has been the most absurd and ridiculous 
 
 * Mr. Lynch had been absent from Congress about the whole of October, as a mem- 
 ber of their Committee, to the camp at Cambridge, where they passed several days 
 in conference wiih the General. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 imaginable, pouring in their militia-men, who come and go every 
 month.' 
 
 Gen. Washington to the President of Congress, Oct. 4. 
 
 ' I see such a distrust and Jealousy of military power, that the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief has not the opportunity, even by recommendation, to 
 give the least assurances of reward, for the most essential services.' 
 To John Augustine Washington, Nov. 19. 
 
 ' In short, it is impossible for me, in the compass of a letter, to give 
 you any idea of our situation. * # * 
 
 ' I am wearied almost to death with the retrograde motion of things, 
 and solemnly protest, that a pecuniary reward of twenty thousand 
 pounds a year would not induce me to undergo what I do,' 
 Gen. Washington to the President of Congress, Dec. 20. 
 
 ' I have labored, ever since I have been in the service, to discourage 
 all kinds of local attachments and distinctions of country, hy denominating 
 the ivhole by the greater name o/" American ; but I have found it impos- 
 sible to overcome prejudices; and, under the neiv establishment, I con- 
 ceive it best to stir up an emulation.' 
 
 To Joseph Reed, Esq., or John Cadwallader, Esq., only, at Bristol, Dec. 23. 
 ' Christmas day, at night, one hour before day, is the time fixed up- 
 on for our attempt on Trenton ; * * * our numbers, sor- 
 ry am I to say, being less than I had any conception of; but necessity, 
 dire necessity, will, nay, must, justify an attack.* 
 
 Robert Morris, a member of Congress, to Gen. Washington, Dec. 23. 
 ' It is useless, at this period, to examine into the causes of our pres- 
 ent unhappy situation, unless that examination would be productive of 
 a cure for the evils which surround us. In fact, they have long been 
 known to such as would open their eyes. * * # To crim- 
 inate the authors of errors would not avail, but we cannot see ruin 
 staring us in the face, without thinking of them.' 
 
 Gen. Washington to Robert Morris, Dec, 26. 
 ' I agree with you that it is in vain to ruminate upon, or even reflect 
 upon, the authors or causes of our present misfortunes ; we should 
 rather exert ourselves, and look forward with hopes that some lucky 
 chance may yet turn up in our favor.' 
 
 1777. 
 
 R. Morris to Gen. Washington, Feb. 27. 
 ' And, were I sure of such being received in the same light, I should 
 lament to you the absence of many great, good and valuable men 
 from Congress.' * * * * 
 
 Gen. Washington to R. Morris, March 2. 
 ' Indeed, sir, your observations on the want of many capital charac- 
 ters in that Senate, are but too just. However, our cause is good, and 
 I hope Providence will support it.' 
 
 To the President of Congress, March 14. 
 * Could I accomplish the important objects so eagerly wished by 
 Congress, " confining the enemy within their present quarters, pre- 
 venting their getting supplies from the country, and totally subduing 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 them before they are reinforced," * I should be happy indeed. * * 
 The whole of our numbers in Jersey, fit for duty at this time, is under 
 three thousand. These, nine hundred and eighty-one excepted, are 
 militia, and stand engaged only till the last of this month.' 
 Gen. Greene to , April 20. 
 
 ' Our strength now is trifling. It is to be regretted that the cause 
 of freedom rests upon the shoulders of so few. * * * 
 
 Our army will appear like Gideon and his pitchers. God grant us the 
 same success ; the cause is equally righteous, and claims His Heaven- 
 ly ])rotection.' 
 
 Gen. Washington to Patrick Henry, Governor of Virgiriia, April 13. 
 
 ' To the short engagements of our troops maybe fair ly and justly 
 ascribed almost every misfortune which we have experienced. By 
 that cause, and that alone, have the liberties of our country been put 
 in question, and the most obvious advantages lost. This I speak from 
 painful experience,' 
 
 Gen. Greene to , June 4. 
 
 ' Wisdom and prudence sometimes forsake the wisest bodies. I 
 am exceedingly distressed at the state of things in the great National 
 Council.' 
 
 Gen. Washington to R. H. Lee, in Congress, Oct. 17. 
 
 ' To sum up the whole, / have been a slave to the service, I have 
 undergone more than most men are aware of, to harmonize so many 
 discordant parts.' 
 
 1778. 
 
 H. Laurens, President of Congress, to W. Livingston, Gov. of New Jersey, Jan. 27. 
 
 * But I forbear, and still trust that the States will again think it 
 necessary to be represented in Congress by men of ability, and in suf- 
 ficient numbers. A most shameful deficiency in this branch is the 
 greatest evil, and is indeed the source of almost all our evils. * * 
 If there is not speedily a resurrection of able men, and of that virtue 
 which I thought to be genuine in 1775, we are gone — we shall undo 
 ourselves.' 
 
 Gen. Greene to , Feb. 7. 
 
 ' A horrid faction has been forming, to ruin His Excellency, and 
 others. Ambition, how boundless I Ingratitude, how prevalent I 
 
 ^JL JJ, 4t « ^ ^ 4^ 
 
 * See upon what a monstrous principle the General is persecuted. 
 To injure his reputation, and prejudice the country against me, Gen- 
 eral has been endeavoring to persuade them that I governed 
 
 the General in all things.' 
 
 Marquis Lafayette to Baron Steuben, Albany, March 12. 
 
 ' Permit me to express my satisfaction at your having seen General 
 Washington. No enemies to that great man can be found, except 
 among the enemies of his country. * # * His honesty, 
 his frankness, his sensibility, his virtue, to the fullest extent in which 
 this word can be understood, are above all praise. # * * 
 
 ' I am the more happy in giving you this opinion of my friend, with 
 
 * A quotation from a Resolve passed by Congress, a copy having been then just receiv 
 by the GeneraL 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 all the sincerity which I feel, because some persons may perhaps at- 
 tempt to deceive you on this subject.' 
 
 Gen. Washington to John Banister, in Congress, April 21. 
 
 ' The other point is the jealousy which Congress unhappily enter- 
 tain of the army. # # * * 
 
 ' If we would pursue a right system of policy, in my opinion, there 
 should be none of these distinctions. We shall, Congress and army, 
 be considered as one people, embarked in one cause, in one interest; 
 acting on the same principle,. and to the same end. * * * It 
 is unjust, because no order of men in the Thirteen States has paid a 
 more sacred regard to the proceedings of Congress, than the army. 
 
 * * * Things should not be viewed in that light, more es- 
 pecially, as Congress have relieved injuries complained of, which had 
 flowed from their own acts.' > 
 
 To Benjamin Harrison, Speaker of the House of Delegates of Virginia, Dec. 18th. 
 
 ' My conception of the matter impresses it too strongly upon me, 
 that the States separately, are too much engaged in their local 
 concerns, * * * In a word, I think our political system 
 may be compared to the mechanism of a clock, and that we should 
 derive a lesson from it, for it answers no good pur|)ose to keep the 
 smaller wheels in order, if the greater one, which is the support and 
 prime mover of the whole, is neglected.' 
 
 ' To the same, Dec 30th. 
 
 ' I confess to you, that I feel more real distress, on account of the 
 present appearances of things, than I have done at any one time since 
 the commencement of the dispute. But, * * Provi- 
 
 dence has heretofore taken us up, when all other means and hope 
 seemed to be departing from us. In this I will confide! 
 
 1779. 
 ' Marquis Lafayette, in France, to Gen. Washington, June 12th. 
 
 ' Inclosed I send your Excellency a copy of my letter to Congress. 
 
 # # * 
 
 ' For God's sake prevent their loudly disputing together. Nothing 
 hurts so much the interest and reputation of America, as to hear of 
 their intestine quarrels.' 
 
 ' Gen. Sullivan to Gen. Washington, Dec. — 
 
 ' Permit me to inform your Excellency, that the faction raised 
 against you in 1777, * * is not yet destroyed. I 
 
 speak not from conjecture, but from certain knowledge. Their plan 
 is to take every method of proving the danger arising from a Com- 
 mander, who enjoys the full and unlimited confidence of his army. 
 #* # * * * ** 
 
 ' The next stage is, to persuade Congress that the raihtary power 
 should be placed in three or four diilerent hands. This 
 
 they say will prevent an aspiring commander from enslaving his coun- 
 try. This is a refinement in politics, and an 
 improvement on public virtue, which Greece and Rome could never 
 boast' 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 1780. 
 * Gen. Washington to Joseph Jones, in Congress, May 31st. 
 ' We can no longer drudge on in the old way. By ill-timing the 
 adoption of measures, by delays in the execution of them, or by un- 
 warrantable jealousies, we incur enormous expenses and derive no 
 benefit from them. * * We are always working up hill. 
 
 ' This, my dear sir, is plain language to a member of Congress ; but 
 it is the language of truth and friendship. It is the result of long 
 thinking, close application, and strict observation. I see one head 
 gradually changing into thirteen. I see one army branching into thir- 
 teen, * * * and I am fearful of the con- 
 sequences.' 
 
 Joseph Jones, to Gen. Washington, June — 
 
 ' Congress have been gradually surrendering or throwing upon the 
 several States the exercise of powers, * * till 
 
 at length they have scarcely a power left, but such as concerns foreign 
 nations ; for, as to the army. Congress is at present little more than 
 the medium through which the wants of the army are conveyed to 
 the States. ' 
 
 In Lafayette's Memoir he said : — " Lafayette succeeded in gaining 
 pecuniary succors, which were placed at the disposal of General Wash- 
 ington ; for it was upon that General that reposed the whole confidence 
 of the Government, and the hopes of the French nation." 
 
 ' Gen. Washington to John Matthews, in Congress, Oct. 14th. 
 
 • From long experience and the fullest conviction, I have been and 
 now am decidedly in favor of a permanent force ; but, knowing the 
 jealousies which have been entertained on this head [Heaven knows 
 how unjustly) and that the political helm was in another direc- 
 tion, I forebore to express my sentiments for a time ; but, at a mo- 
 ment when we are tottering on the brink of a precipice, silence would 
 have been criminal.' 
 
 ' To James Duane, in Congress, Oct. 14th. 
 
 ' It also gives me pain to find, that the pernicious State system is 
 still adhered to, by leaving the reduction and incorporation of the reg- 
 iments to the particular States. This is one of the greatest evils of 
 our affairs. * * The history of the war is a 
 
 history of false hopes and temporary expedients. Would to God they 
 were to end here. 
 
 1781. 
 Lafayette to the French Secretary of Foreigh Affairs, Jan. 30th. 
 ' The last campaign took place without a shilling having been spent ; 
 * * that miracle, of which I believe no 
 
 similar example can be found, cannot be renewed. 
 
 ' It would take too long to examine the faults that have been com- 
 mitted, * * money is requisite, to derive any 
 advantage from the American resources.' 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 Gen. Washington to John Parke Custis, of the Virginia Assembly, Feb. 28th. 
 ' In a word, for it is unnecessary to go into all the reasons the sub- 
 ject will admit of, we have brought a cause, which might have been happily 
 terminated years ago by the adoption of proper measures, to the very 
 verge of ruin by temporarxj enlistments and a reliance on militia'. 
 R. H. Lee to some members of Congress. June 12th. 
 
 ' Let Gen. Washington be immediately sent to Virginia, with two 
 or three thousand troops. Let Congress as the Head of the Federal 
 Union in this crisis, direct, that, until a Legislature can convene, and a 
 Governor be appointed, the General be possessed oi dictatorial powers, 
 * * and that the General may be desired instantly 
 
 on his arrival in Virginia, to summon the members of both Houses to 
 meet where he shall appoint, to organize and resettle their Government.' 
 
 ' Gen. Washington to Gen. Greene, Commander of the Southern army. York Town, 
 
 Oct. 0th. 
 
 ' I can say with sincerity, that I feel in the highest degree, the good 
 effects which you mention, as resulting from the perfect good under- 
 standing between you, the Marquis and myself I hope it will neA'^er 
 be interrupted ; and I am sure it never can, while we are influenced 
 by the same pure motives, that of love to our country, and interest in 
 the cause in which we are embarked. I have happily had but few dif- 
 ferences with those with whom I have had the honor of being con- 
 nected in the services — with vjhcm and of what nature those have been 
 you know. I bore much for the sake of peace and the public good — my 
 conscience tells me, I acted right in those transactions ; and should they 
 ever come to the knowledge of the world, I trust I shall be acquitted 
 
 BY IT.' 
 
 1782. 
 To the same; March 18th. 
 ' I am not, however without hopes, that matters will be put into a 
 much better train than they have hitherto been. The arrangements 
 made already, by the superintendant of Finance have been attended 
 with infinite public advantages, and he is attending those arrangements 
 as fast as circumstances will possibly admit. I am sorry to see a jea- 
 lousy arising from a supposition that there has been a partiality of con- 
 duct. I am certain there has been no such intention, and instead of a 
 charge of having done too little, it will soon be a matter of wonder 
 how Mr. Morris has done so much with so small means.' 
 
 1783. 
 To Alexander Hamilton, in Congress, March 31. 
 ' Dear Sir : I have duly received your favors of the 17th and 24th. 
 I rejoice most exceedingly that there is an end of our warfare, and that 
 such a field is opening to our view, as will, with wisdom to direct the 
 cultivation of it, make us a great, a respectable, and a happy people ; 
 but it must be improved by other means than State politics, and un- 
 reasonable jealousies and prejudices. * * * 
 
 My wish to see the Union of these States established upon liberal 
 and permanent principles, and inclination to contribute my mite in 
 pointing out the defects of the present Constitution, are equally great. 
 # ;l^ * # » « 
 
X. PREFACE. 
 
 ' No man in the United States is or can be more deeply impressed 
 with the necessity of a reformation in our present Confederation than 
 myself For to the defects thereof, and want of power in Congress, 
 may justly be ascribed the prolongation of the war, and consequently 
 the expenses occasioned by it. More than half the perplexities I have 
 experienced in the course of my command, and almost the whole of the 
 difficulties and distress of the army, have had their origin here* 
 
 1784. 
 ' To Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia. 
 
 ' Mount Vernon, 18th Jan. — That the prospect before us is, as you 
 jusily observe, fair, none can deny; but what use we shall make of it 
 is extremely problematical; not but that I believe all things will come 
 right at last, but # * * ^g shall wanton and run riot 
 
 until we have brought our reputation to the brink of ruin, and then — -■ — 
 shall have to labor with the current of opinion, when compelled per- 
 haps to do what prudence and common policy pointed out, as plain as 
 any problem in Euclid, in the first instance. 
 
 ' The disinclination of the individual States to'yield competent pow- 
 ers to Congress for the Federal Government, their unreasonable jeal- 
 ousy of that body and of one another, and the disposition which 
 seems to pervade each, of being all-wise and all-powerful within itself, 
 will, if tliere is not a change in the system, be our downfall as a na- 
 tion. This is as clear to me as A, B, C ; and I think we have opposed 
 Great Britain, and have arrived at the present state of independency, 
 to very little purpose, if we cannot conquer our own prejudices.' 
 
 1787. 
 
 In Mr. Madison's Reports of the Proceedings of the Convention w^ho formed 
 our present Constitution ; he stated as follows : 
 
 May 29th. — Mr. Randolph, opened the main business. 
 
 ' He commented on the difficulty of the crisis, and the necessity of 
 preventing the fulfilment of the prophesies of the American downfall. 
 
 'He proceeded to enumerate the defects of the (Confederation.) 
 
 * That the Federal Government would not check the quarrel between 
 States, nor a rebellion in any. 
 
 ' That it could not defend itself against the encroachments from the 
 States. 
 
 ' That it was not even paramount to the State Constitutions, ratified 
 as it was in many of the States. 
 
 ' He next reviewed the danger of our situation, and appealed to the 
 sense of the best friends of the United States — to the prospect of an- 
 archy from the laxity of Government every where.' 
 
 The above extracts exemplify the form of this Work. Accordingly this effort to 
 communicate adequate knowledge of principles, agencies, and influences so import- 
 ant, is made by means immediately derived from the only infallible records of them. 
 Fiom these records, to the extent within the editor's power, have been selected, and 
 presented in the following pages, such portions as appeared most conducive to the 
 end proposed. 
 
 The design comprises three volumes, which, for the greater diffusion of its benefits, 
 •will be published in numbers. To each volume will be appended, besides an index, a 
 brief review of its contents and such other matter as may be considered appropriate. 
 
PREFACE. xi. 
 
 All the above e'xtracts occur in the body of the work. In that, particular references 
 to volumes are intended, except the Journals of Congress, which being in chronolog- 
 ical order, the dates are thought sufficient. 
 
 The short parts in the language of the editor, are distinguishable by a smaller type 
 without the marks of quotation. 
 
 Although great care has been observed, it is not presumed to have secured entire 
 correctness. Labor bestowed to discover and rectify any material errors which have 
 escaped notice, will be gratefully considered in aid of the original purpose. 
 
 However this attempt may be estimated, the editor enjoys the consciousness of 
 intend mg something useful — something to recall due attention and inquiry to exam- 
 ples and counsels, on which, under Providence, depended the preservation of this 
 country, through the threatening dangers of a first, a second, and a third crisis in its 
 history, as a Nation. 
 
 Boston, May, 1845. 
 
REMARKS, ETC. INTRODUCTORY TO THE FIRST NUMBER. 
 
 This number begins with short accounts of some of the movements 
 towards the first Continental Congress, and ends at the time when 
 General Washington left Philadelphia, in pursuance of his appoint- 
 ment, as Commander-in-Chief of the American army, June, 1775 ; em- 
 bracing the period in which our Union originated, and at the close of 
 which this country took its departure on the great voyage of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 The LEADING FATHERS then, were remarkable for their careful en- 
 deavors to explain to the understanding of the people, the causes and 
 nature both of their difficulties, and of the measures which they adopt- 
 ed to remove those difficulties. Their language was intelligible. To 
 their writings in this number, the reader is therefore referred, to satisfy 
 such inquiries as the foMowing : 
 
 What was the real point of difference, which led to the separation 
 of this country from Great Britain ? 
 
 To what degree, or how close at that period, was intended or sup- 
 posed to be, that Connection which was formed preparatory to such 
 separation from the mother country, and which was called the union ? 
 
 Who delegated the members to Congress ? Did the Provinces, as 
 Provinces ; or, did the People delegate them? 
 
 What degree of power was vested in Congress; what degree cheer- 
 fully submitted to, did that body exercise ? 
 
 For whom did Congress act ? for the Provinces, as such ; or, for the 
 People ? 
 
 The answers may be found in the expressions of Congress, those of 
 public bodies in the Provinces or Colonies, and of distinguished indi- 
 viduals. 
 
^[^ First read the Extracts in the Preface. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS IN VIRGINIA, IN 1774. 
 
 In 1821, Mr. Jefferson said :— ' In May, 1769, a meeting of the 
 General Assembly was called by the Governor, Lord Botetourt. 
 I had then become a member, and to that meeting became known 
 the joint resolutions and address of the Lords and Commons of 
 1768-9, on the proceedings in Massachusetts. Counter resolutions, 
 and an address to the king by the House of Burgesses, were agreed 
 to with little opposition, and a spirit manifestly displayed itself of 
 considering the cause of Massachusetts as a common one. The 
 Governor dissolved us. 
 
 ' The next event which excited our sympathies for Massachu- 
 setts, was the Boston Port Bill, by which that port was to be shut 
 up on the 1st of June, 1774. This arrived while we were in ses- 
 sion in the spring of that year. The lead in the House on these 
 subjects, being no longer left to the old members, Mr. Henry, E,. 
 H. Lee, F. L. Lee, three or four other members, whom I do not 
 recollect, and myself, agreeing that we must boldly take an 
 unequivocal stand in the line of Massachusetts, determined to 
 meet and consult on the proper measures, in the Council chamber, 
 for the benefit of the library in that room. We were under convic- 
 tion of the necessity of arousing our people from the lethargy into 
 which they had fallen, as to passing events ; and thought that the 
 appointment of a day of general Fasting and Prayer, would be 
 most likely to call up and alarm their attention. With the help, 
 therefore, of Rushworth, we cooked up a resolution, somewhat 
 modernizing the phrases, for appointing the 1st day of June, on 
 which the Port Bill was to commence 1' — Jeff. Writ, vol i, p. 3, 5. 
 
 The following is the Resolution, or Order, which may be found in Wirt's Life 
 of Patrick Henry, page 95. 
 
 ' Tuesday, the 24th of May, 14 Geo. III. 1774. 
 ' This House being deeply impressed with apprehension of the 
 great dangers to be derived to British America, from the hostile in- 
 vasion of the city of Boston, in our sister Colony of Massachusetts 
 
2 PROCEEDINGS IN VIRGINIA, IN 1774. 
 
 Bay, whose commerce and harbor are, on the first day of June 
 next, to be stopped by an armed force, deem it highly necessary 
 that the said first day of June next, be set apart by the members of 
 this House, as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, devoutly 
 to implore the divine interposition for averting the heavy calamity 
 which threatens destruction to our civil rights, and the evils of civil 
 war; to give us one heart and one mind^ firmly to oppose, by all just 
 and proper means, every injury to American rights. 
 
 ' Ordered, therefore, that the members of this House do attend in 
 their places, at the hour of ten in the forenoon, on the said first day of 
 June next, in order to proceed with the Speaker and the Mace to 
 the church in this city, for the purposes aforesaid ; and that the Rev. 
 Mr. Price be appointed to read prayers, and to preach a sermon 
 suitable to the occasion. In consequence of this order, Governor 
 Dunmore on the following day dissolved the House. 
 
 ' We retired to the Apollo,'^ says Mr. Jefferson, ' agreed to an Asso- 
 ciation, and instructed the committee of correspondence to propose 
 to the corresponding committees of the other Colonies, to appoint 
 deputies to meet in Congress at such place, annually, as should be con- 
 venient to direct from time to time, the measures required by the gen- 
 eral interest : and lue declared that an attack on any one Colony should 
 be considered as an attack on the v^hole. We further recom- 
 mended to the several counties to elect deputies to meet at Williams' 
 burgh the first of August ensuing, to consider the state of the 
 Colony, and particularly to appoint delegates to a General Con- 
 gress, should that measure be acceded to by the committees of cor- 
 respondence generally. It was acceded to. Philadelphia was 
 appointed for the place, and the fifth of September for the time of 
 meeting. 
 
 ' We returned home, and in our several counties invited the 
 clergy to meet assemblies of the people on the first of June, to per- 
 form the ceremonies of the day, and to address to them discourses 
 suited to the occasion. The people met generally, with anxiety 
 and alarm in their countenances, and the efiect of the day, through 
 the whole Colony, was like a shock of electricity, arousing every 
 man, and placing him erect and solidly on his centre. They chose 
 universally delegates for the Convention.' — Jeff. Writ. vol. i, p. 6. 
 
 The following are extracts from the Association mentioned above by Mr. Jef- 
 ferson. 
 
 ' An Association, signed by eighty-nine members of the late 
 House of Burgesses. 
 
 ' We, his Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the late rep- 
 
 * ' The name of a public room in the Raleigh Tavern.* 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN VIRGINIA, IN 1774. 3 
 
 resentatives of the good people of this country,^ having been de- 
 prived, by the sudden interposition of the Executive part of this 
 government, from giving our countrymen the advice we wished 
 to convey to them in a legislative capacity, find ourselves under the 
 hard necessity of adopting this, the only method we have left, of 
 pointing out to our countrymen such measures as, in our opinion, 
 are best fitted to secure our dear rights and liberty from destruction, 
 by the heavy hand of power now lifted against North America. 
 
 ' We are clearly of opinion, that an attack made on one of our 
 sister Colonies, to compel submission to arbitrary taxes, is an attack 
 made on all British America, and threatens ruin to the rights of all, 
 unless the united wisdom of the whole be applied. And for this 
 purpose it is recommended to the Committee of correspondence, that 
 they communicate with their several corresponding Committees, on the 
 expediency of appointing deputies from the several Colonies of 
 British America, to meet in General Congress at such place annu- 
 ally, as shall be thought most convenient, there to deliberate on those 
 general measures lohich the united interests of America may from 
 time to time require.'' — WirVs Life of Patrick Henry, p. 96-7. 
 
 The 27th day of May, 1774. 
 
 The spirit and views of the people of the several counties appear in their 
 instructions to their delegates ; and, of their instructions, the reader may judge 
 by the following extracts from those of the county of Hanover. 
 
 * To John Syme and Patrick Henry, junior, esquires. 
 
 ' Gentlemen: You have our thanks for your patriotic, faithful, and 
 spirited conduct, in the part you acted in the late Assembly as our 
 Burgesses, and as we are greatly alarmed at the proceedings of the 
 British Parliament respecting the town of Boston and the Province of 
 Massachusetts Bay ; and as we understand a meeting of delegates 
 from all the counties in this Colony is appointed to be in Williams- 
 burgh on the first day of next month, to deliberate on our public 
 affairs, we do hereby appoint you, Gentlemen, our delegates ; and 
 we do request you, then and there, to meet, consult, and advise, 
 touching such matters as are most likely to eifect our deliverance 
 from the evils with which our country is threatened. 
 
 ' The importance of those things which will offer themselves for 
 your deliberation is exceedingly great, and when it is considered 
 that the effect of the measures you may adopt will reach our latest 
 posterity, you will excuse us for giving you our sentiments, and 
 pointing out some particulars, proper for that plan of conduct we 
 wish you to observe. 
 
 * Country, here, evidently meant Virginia. At that time it was so applied to others. Prov- 
 inces ; and, subsequently, Patriotism signified attachment and fidelity to a Province, a State 
 or to the whole Union, as the views of individuals were less or more extended. 
 
4 PEOCEEDINGS IN VTRGINIA, IN 1774. 
 
 ' We are free men ; we have a right to be so ; and to enjoy all 
 the privileges and immunities of our fellow-subjects in England. 
 
 ' When we see the British Parliament trampling upon that right, 
 and acting with determined resolution to destroy it, lue would wish 
 to see the united wisdom and fortitude of America collected for its 
 defence. 
 
 ' The sphere of life in which we move hath not afforded us lights 
 sufficient to determine with certainty, concerning those things from 
 which the troubles of Boston originated. Whether the people there 
 were warranted by justice when they destroyed the tea, we know 
 not ; but this we know, that the Parliament, by their proceedings, 
 have 7nade us and all North America^ parties in the present dispute, 
 and deeply interested in the event of it, insomuch that if our sis- 
 ter Colony of Massachusetts Bay is enslaved, we cannot long" re- 
 main free. 
 
 * Our minds are filled with anxiety when we view the friendly 
 regards of our parent State turned into enmity ; and those powers 
 of government formerly exerted in our aid and protection, formed 
 into dangerous efforts for our destruction. We read our intended 
 doom in the Boston Port Bill, in that for altering the mode of trial 
 in criminal cases, and finally in the bill for altering the form of 
 government in the Massachusetts Bay. These several Acts are 
 replete with injustice and oppression, and strongly expressive 
 of the future policy of Britain towards all her Colojiies ; if a full 
 and uncontrolled operation is given to this detestable system in 
 its early stages, it will probably be fixed upon us forever. 
 
 ' Let it therefore be your great object to obtain a speedy repeal of 
 those Acts ; and for this purpose we recommend the adoption of 
 such measures as may produce the hearty union of all our country- 
 men and sister Colonies; united we stand, divided we pall. 
 
 ' To attain this ivished for Union, we declare our readiness to sac- 
 rifice any lesser interest arising from soil, climate, situation, or pro- 
 ductions peculiar to us. 
 
 ' We judge it conducive to the interests of America, that a Gen- 
 eral Congress of deputies from all the Colonies be held, in order 
 to form a plan for guarding the claims of the Colonies and their 
 constitutional rights from future encroachments, and for the speedy 
 relief of our suffering brethren of Boston. 
 
 ' The African trade for slaves ive consider the most dangerous to 
 the virtue and welfare of this country ; tve therefore most earnestly 
 wish to see it totally discouraged. 
 
 ' A steady loyalty to the Kings of England has ever distinguished 
 our country; the present state of things here, as well as the many 
 instances of it to be found in our history, leave no room to doubt it. 
 
 ' Our most ardent desire is, that we and our latest posterity may 
 continue to live under the genuine, unadulterated Constitution of 
 England, and be subjects, in the true spirit of that Constitution, to 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN VIRGINIA, IN 1774. 5 
 
 his Majesty and his illustrious House ; and may the wretches who 
 affirm that we desire the contrary, feel the punishment due to false- 
 hood and villainy. 
 
 ' We promise you our best support, and we will heartily join in 
 such measures as a majority of our countrymen shall adopt for se- 
 curing the public liberty. 
 
 ' Resolved., That the above address be transmitted to the printers, 
 to be published in the Gazettes. 
 
 ' WILLIAM POLLARD, Clerk.' 
 
 Extracts from the proceedings of the aforesaid Convention at Williamsburgh 
 on the first of August. 
 
 'Instructions for the deputies appointed to meet in General Con- 
 gress, on the part of the Colony of Virginia. 
 
 ' It being our opinion that the united wisdom of America should 
 be collected in, a General Congress of all the Colonies, we have ap- 
 pointed the Hon. Peyton Randolph, Esq., Richard Henry Lee, 
 George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin 
 Harrison, and Edmund Pendleton, Esquires, deputies to represent 
 this Colony in the said Congress, to be held at Philadelphia on the 
 first Monday in September next. And that they may be the better 
 informed of our sentiments touching the conduct we wish them to 
 observe on this important occasion, we desire that they will express, 
 in the first place, our faith and true allegiance to his Majesty, King 
 George the Third, our lawful and rightful sovereign ; and that we 
 are determined, with our lives and fortunes, to support him in the 
 legal exercise of all his just rights and prerogatives. And, however 
 misrepresented, we sincerely approve of a constitutional connexion 
 with Great Britain, and wish most ardently a return of that inter- 
 course of affection and commercial connexion that formerly united 
 both countries ; which can only be effected by a removal of those 
 causes of discontent which have of late unhappily divided us. 
 
 ' It cannot admit of a doubt but that British subjects in America 
 are entitled to the same rights and privileges as their fellow-eubjects 
 possess in Britain ; and, therefore, that the power assumed by the 
 British Parliament to bind America by their statutes in all cases 
 whatsoever, is unconstitutional, and the source of these unhappy 
 differences. 
 
 ' To obtain redress of these grievances, without which the people 
 of America can neither be safe, free, nor happy ; they are willing 
 to undergo the great inconvenience that will be derived to them, 
 from stopping all imports whatsoever from Great Britain, after the 
 first day of November next, and also to cease exporting any com- 
 modity whatsoever to the same place, after the tenth day of August, 
 llld:—WirVs Life of Patrick Henry, pp. 102-3. 
 
6 PROCEEDINGS m VIRGINIA, IN 1774. 
 
 ' Edward Rutledge to Ralph Izard, in Europe. 
 
 ' Charleston, July 21, 1774. 
 ' My dear Sir : 
 
 *M. M. ^ ^ 4tr ^t- 
 
 •K* "n* ^P "n* *«* tF 
 
 * Let us, then, take leave of this matter, and of all money 
 concerns, for a time, and listen to an affair of more conse- 
 quence. I mean, the liberty of America. The people are at last 
 aroused. We have had the most general meeting that has ever 
 been known — almost every man of consequence has attended. 
 The parishes sent down deputies to meet the inhabitants of Charles- 
 ton, in order to concert some plan for the preservation of our lib- 
 erties. Three days and three nights were spent in concerting some 
 plan. At last, the one which was proposed, and supported by my 
 brother and myself, was come into ; which was, not to enter into res- 
 olutions at present, but send deputies to the northward, to meet in 
 Congress^ and give those deputies full and absolute power to agree 
 to or propose, whatever they should think would redress the griev- 
 ances complained of. We contended that every plan which ivas ad- 
 opted, as most likely to bring about the end proposed, should have 
 unanimity for its basis. 
 
 ' Deputies being agreed to he sent, a full power having been re- 
 solved upon, the question was, who should be sent ? When it was 
 determined that Mr. Henry Middleton, Mr. Lynch, Mr. Gadsden, 
 my brother John, and myself, should be the five. 
 
 ' I am, my dear Sir, 
 
 ' Your affectionate friend.' 
 
 ' Mr. Farr to Mr. Izard. 
 
 ' Charleston, South Carolina, Aug. 8, 1774. 
 'Sir: 
 
 ' Edward Rutledge, Esq. having had the honor to be chosen 
 by the inhabitants of this Colony, one of the Commissioners to 
 meet Commissioners from the other Colonies at Philadelphia, to 
 consult what is proper to be done on the present unhappy situation 
 of American affairs, has accordingly gone on that embassy ; but 
 before he left this country, he desired me to take charge of your 
 estate, and overlook the same until his return. 
 
 ' I have no doubt but that you have been informed of the steps 
 taken by the people of this Province, relative to the measures in- 
 tended to be pursued by America in general, in opposition to the 
 late cruel Acts of the British ParHament against Boston. The un- 
 justifiable and arbitrary proceedings of the British Parliament 
 against the Americans have so roused the people on this Continent, 
 that I dare say they will never be forgotten. 
 
 ' The inhabitants of this Province are firmly resolved to go on in 
 the opposition with spirit ; and even the most mild and moderate 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 7 
 
 of the people, have shown themselves on the occasion.' — Corres- 
 pondence of R. Izard, vol. i, p. 2 to 7. 
 
 The delesates to the first American Congress assembled at Philadelphia, on 
 Monday, Sept. 5, 1774. 
 
 ' The Congress proceeded to the choice of a President, when the 
 Hon. Peyton Randolph, Esq. was unanimously elected. 
 
 * Mr. Charles Thompson was unanimously chosen Secretary. 
 
 ' The gentlemen from the several Colonies produced their cre- 
 dentials, which were read and approved, as follows : 
 
 'province of new HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 * At a meeting of the deputies appointed bi/ the several tovjns in 
 this Province, held at Exeter, in the county of Rockingham, 2ist 
 July, 1774, for the election of delegates, on behalf of this Province, 
 to join the General Congress proposed; — present eighty-five mem- 
 bers. 
 
 ' The Hon. John Wentworth, Esq. in the chair. 
 
 ' Voted, That Major John Sullivan, and Col. Nathaniel Folsom, 
 Esqs. be appointed and empowered, as delegates on the part of 
 this Province, to attend and assist in the General Congress of del- 
 egates from the other Colonies, at such time and place as may be 
 appointed, to devise, consult, and adopt such measures, as may have 
 the most likely tendency to extricate the Colonies from their pres- 
 ent difficulties ; to secure and perpetuate their rights, liberties, and 
 privileges, and to restore that peace, harmony, and mutual confi- 
 dence, which once happily subsisted between the parent country 
 and her Colonies. 
 
 'J. WENT WORTH, Chairman.' 
 
 'province of MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
 
 ' In the House of Representatives, June 17, 1774. 
 
 ' This House having duly considered, and being deeply affected 
 with the unhappy difterences which have long subsisted, and are 
 increasing, between Great Britain and the American Colonies, do 
 resolve, That a meeting of committees from the several Colonies 
 on this Continent, is highly expedient and necessary, to consult up- 
 on the present slate of the Colonies, and the miseries to which 
 they are and must be reduced, by the operation of certain acts of 
 Parliament respecting America, and to deliberate and determine 
 upon wise and proper measures, to be by them recommended to 
 all the Colonies, for the recovery and establishment of their just 
 rights and liberties, civil and religious, and the restoration of union 
 and harmony between Great Britain and the Colonies, most ar- 
 dently desired by all good men ! Therefore, 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Hon. James Bowdoin, the Hon. Thomas 
 
8 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 Gushing, Mr. Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Robert Treat 
 Paine, Esqs. be, and they are hereby appointed a committee on the 
 part of this Province, for the purposes aforesaid, any three of whom 
 to be a quorum ; to meet such committees or delegates from the 
 other Colonies, as have been or may be appointed, either by their 
 respective Houses of Burgesses or Representatives, or by Conven- 
 tion, dr by the committees of correspondence appointed by the 
 respective Houses of Assembly, in Philadelphia, or any other place 
 that shall be judged most suitable by the committee, on the first 
 day of September next ; and that the Speaker of the House be di- 
 rected, in a letter to the Speakers of the Houses of Burgesses or 
 Representatives in the several Colonies, to inform them of the 
 substance of these resolves. 
 
 'SAMUEL ADAMS, Clerk.' 
 
 ' RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 ' By the Hon. Joseph Wanton, Esq. Governor, Captain-General, 
 and Commander-in-chief of and over, the English Colony of 
 Rhode Island, and Providence Plantations, in New England, in 
 America. 
 
 ' To the Hon. Stephen Hopkins and the Hon. Samuel Ward, 
 Esqs., greeting. 
 
 ' Whereas, the General Assembly of the Colony aforesaid, have 
 nominated and appointed you, the said Stephen Hopkins and 
 Samuel Ward, to represent the people of this Colony in General 
 Congress of Representatives of this and the other Colonies, at such 
 time and place as should be agreed upon by the major part of the 
 committees appointed, or to be appointed by the Colonies in Gen- 
 eral ; I do therefore, hereby authorize, empower, and commission- 
 ate you, to repair to the city of Philadelphia, it being the place 
 agreed upon by the major part of the Colonies ; and there, in be- 
 half of this Colony, to meet and join with the commissioners or 
 delegates from the other Colonies, in consulting upon proper meas- 
 ures to obtain a repeal of the several acts of the British Parliament, 
 for levying taxes upon his Majesty's subjects in America, without 
 their consent, and particularly an act lately passed for blocking up 
 the port of Boston, and upon proper measures to establish the 
 rights and liberties of the Colonies, upon a just and solid foundation, 
 agreeable to the instructions given you by the General Assembly. 
 (L. S.) 
 
 ' Given under my hand and the seal of the Colony, this tenth 
 day of August, in the year of our Lord, 1774, and the 14th of the 
 
PKOCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. » 
 
 reign of his most sacred Majesty, George the Third, by the grace 
 of God, King of Great Britain, &c.' 
 
 ' By his Honor's command, « J. WANTON. 
 'HENRY WARD, Secretary.' 
 
 ' COLONY OF CONNECTICUT, SS. 
 
 New London, July 13, 1774. 
 
 ' At a meeting of the committee of correspondence for this Col- 
 ony, the Hon. Ebenezer Silliman, Esq. in the chair. 
 
 ' The Hon. Eliphalet Dyer, William Samuel Johnston, Erastus 
 Wolcott, Silas Deane, and Richard Law, Esqs. were nominated 
 pursuant to the act of the Hon. House of Representatives of the 
 said Colony, at their sessions in May last, either three of which are 
 hereby authorized and empowered, in behalf of this Colony, to 
 attend the General Congress of the Colonies, proposed to be held 
 in Philadelphia on the first day of September next, or at such other 
 time and place as shall be agreed on by the Colonies, to consult 
 and advise with the commissioners or committees of the several 
 English Colonies in America, on proper measures for advancing 
 the best good of the Colonies.' 
 
 Signed, Ebenezer Silliman, and seven others, members of said committee. 
 
 ' Hartford, August, 1774. 
 
 ' At a meeting of the committee of correspondence for this Col- 
 ony, Erastus Wolcott, Chairman. 
 
 ' The Hon. William Samuel Johnston, Erastus Wolcott, and 
 Richard Law, Esqs., nominated by this committee at New Lon- 
 don on the 13th of July last, as persons proper to attend the Gen- 
 eral Congress, to be held at Philadelphia on the first of September 
 next, as by said appointment, being unable, by reason of previous 
 engagements, and the state of their health, to attend said Congress, 
 on behalf of this Colony ; the Hon. Roger Sherman, and Joseph 
 Trumbull, Esqs. were nominated in the place of the aforesaid gen- 
 tlemen, as persons proper to attend said Congress, in behalf of 
 this Colony, either of which are empowered with the Hon. Eli- 
 phalet Dyer and Silas Deane, Esqs. for that purpose.' 
 
 Signed, William Williams, and five others, members of said committee. 
 
 'new YORK. 
 ' By duly certified polls, taken by proper persons in seven 
 wards, it appears that James Duane, John Jay, Philip Livingston, 
 Isaac Low, and John Alsop, Esqs. were elected as delegates for 
 the city and county of New York, to attend the Congress at 
 Philadelphia, the first day of September next ; and at a meeting of 
 the committees of several districts in the county of West Chester, 
 
 2 
 
10 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 the same gentlemen were appointed to represent that county ; also, 
 by a letter from Jacob Lansing, Jun. chairman, in behalf of the 
 committee for Albany, it appears that that city and county had ad- 
 opted the same for their delegates. By another letter, it appears, 
 that the committee from the several districts in the county of 
 Duchess, had likewise adopted the same as delegates to represent 
 that county in Congress, and that committees of other towns 
 approve of them as their delegates. 
 
 ' By a writing duly attested, it appears, the county of Suffolk, in 
 the Colony of New York, have appointed Col. William Floyd, to 
 represent them in Congress.' 
 
 ' NEW JERSEY. 
 
 * To James Kinsey, William Livingston, John Dehart, Ste- 
 phen Crane, and Richard Smith, Esqs., each and every of 
 you. 
 
 ' The committees appointed hij the several counties of the Colony 
 of New Jersey, to nominate deputies to represent the same in Gen- 
 eral Congress of deputies, from the other Colonies in America, 
 convened in the city of New Brunswick, have nominated and ap- 
 pointed, and do hereby nominate and appoint you, and each of 
 you, deputies to represent the Colony of New Jersey, in the said 
 General Congress. In testimony whereof, the chairman of the said 
 several committees here met, have hereunto set their hands, this 
 twenty-third day of July, in the year of our Lord, 1774.' 
 Signed, William P. Smith, and thirteen others. 
 
 ' PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ' Friday, July 22, 1774, A. M. 
 
 ' The committee of the whole House, taking into their most se- 
 rious consideration the unfortunate differences which have long 
 subsisted between Great Britain and the American Colonies, and 
 being greatly increased by the operation and effects of divers late 
 acts of the British Parliament: 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That there is an absolute necessity that 
 a Congress of deputies from the several Colonies be held as soon 
 as conveniently may be, to consult together upon the present 
 unhappy state of the Colonies, and to form and adopt a plan for 
 the purposes of obtaining redress of American grievances, ascer- 
 taining American rights, upon the most solid and constitutional 
 principles, and for establishing that union and harmony between 
 Great Britain and the Colonies which is indispensably necessary to 
 the welfare and happiness of both.' 
 
 ' EODEM DIE., p. M. 
 
 < The House resumed the consideration of the resolve from the 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 11 
 
 committee of the whole House, and, after some debate thereon, 
 adopting and confirming the same, 
 
 ' Resolved unanimons/j/, That the Hon. Joseph Galloway, 
 Speaker, Samuel Rhoads, Thomas Miffin, Charles Humphreys, 
 John Morton, George Ross, and Edward Biddle, Esqs. be, and 
 they are hereby appointed a committee on the part of this Province, 
 for the purposes aforesaid, and that they, or any four of them, 
 do meet such committees or delegates from the other Colonies as 
 have been or may be appointed, either by their respective Houses 
 of Representatives, or by convention, or by the Provincial or Colony 
 committees, at such time and place as shall be generally agreed on 
 by such committee.' 
 
 ' The three Counties, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Del- 
 aware. 
 
 ' August 1, 1774, A. M. 
 
 'The representatives of the freemen of the government of the 
 counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, met at 
 New Castle, in pursuance of circular letters from the Speaker of 
 the House ; and, having chosen a Chairman, and read the resolves 
 of the three respective counties, and sundry letters from the com- 
 mittees of correspondence along the continent, they unanimously 
 entered into the following resolution, namely : 
 
 ' We, the representatives aforesaid, by virtue of the power dele- 
 gated to us, as aforesaid, taking into our most serious considera- 
 tion the several Acts of the British Parliament, for restraining man- 
 ufactures in His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations in North 
 America — for taking away the property of the colonists without 
 their participation or consent — for the introduction of the arbitrary 
 powers of excise in the customs here — for the making all the rev- 
 enue causes triable without jury, and under the decision of a single 
 dependent Judge — for the trial in England of persons accused of 
 capital crimes, committed in the Colonies — for the shutting up 
 the port of Boston — for new-modelling the government of the Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, and the operation of the same on the property, liber- 
 ty, and lives of the colonists ; — and also considering that the most 
 eligible mode of determining upon the premises, and of endeavor- 
 ing to procure relief and redress of our grievances, would have been 
 by us assembled in a legislative capacity, but that, as the House 
 had adjourned to the 30lh day of September next, and it is not to 
 be expected that His Honor the Governor would call us, by writs 
 of summons, on this occasion, having refused to do the like in his 
 other Province of Pennsylvania, the next most proper method of 
 answering the expectations and desires of our constituents, and of 
 contributing our aid. to the general cause of America, is to appoint 
 commissioners, or deputies, in behalf of the people of this Govern- 
 ment, to meet and act with those appointed by the other Provinces, 
 in General Congress ; and we do, therefore, unanimously nomi- 
 
12 PEOCEEDINGS IN CONGEESS, IN 1774. 
 
 nate and appoint Csesar Rodney, Thomas M'Kean, and George 
 Read, Esqs., or any two of them, deputies, on the part and behalf 
 of this Government, in a General, Continental Congress, proposed 
 to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the first Monday in Sep- 
 tember next, or at any other time or place that may be generally 
 agreed on, then and there to consult and advise wth the deputies 
 from the other Colonies, and to determine upon all such prudent 
 and lawful measures as may be judged most expedient for the Col- 
 onies immediately and unitedly to adopt, in order to obtain relief 
 for an oppressed people, and the redress of 'our general grievances. 
 ' Signed by order of the Convention. 
 
 ' C^SAR RODNEY, Chairman.' ' 
 
 ' MARYLAND. 
 
 ' At a meeting of the committees appointed by the several coun- 
 ties of the Province of Maryland, at the city of Annapolis, the 22d 
 day of June, 1774, and continued, by adjournment, from day to 
 day, till the 25th of the same month, Matthew Tilghman, Esq., in 
 the Chair, John Ducket, Clerk, 
 
 ' Resolved, That Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Jr., Rob- 
 ert Goldsborough, William Paca, and Samuel Chase, Esqs., or 
 any two or more of them, be deputies for this Province, to attend a 
 General Congress of Deputies from the Colonies, at such time and 
 place as may be agreed on, to effect one general plan of conduct, 
 operating on the commercial connection of the Colonies with the 
 mother country, for the relief of Boston, and preservation of Ameri- 
 can liberty.^ 
 
 ' VIRGINIA. 
 
 ' Monday, the first of August, in the year of our Lord 1774. 
 
 ' At a general meeting of delegates from the different counties in 
 this Colony, convened in the city of Williamsburgh, to take under 
 their consideration the present critical and alarming situation of the 
 Continent of North America, Hon. Peyton Randolph, Esq., in the 
 Chair, it was unanimously 
 
 ' Resolved, That it is the opinion of this meeting that it will be 
 highly conducive to the security and happiness of the British em- 
 pire, that a General Congi'ess of Deputies from all the Colonies 
 assemble, as soon as the nature of their situations will admit, to 
 consider of the most proper and effectual manner of so operating on 
 the commercial connection of the Colonies with the mother country, 
 as to procure redress for the much injured Province of Massachusetts 
 Bay, to secure British America from the ravage and ruin of arbi- 
 trary taxes, and speedily to procure the return of that harmony and 
 union, so beneficial to the whole empire, and so ardently desired 
 by all British America.' 
 
 ' Friday, August 5, 1774. 
 
 ' The meeting proceeded to the choice of delegates, to represent 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 13 
 
 this Colony in General Congress, when the Hon. Peyton Ran- 
 dolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, 
 Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, and Edmund Pendleton, Esqs., 
 were appointed for, that purpose.' 
 
 'north CAROLINA. 
 
 ' At a general meeting of deputies of the inhabitants of this Prov- 
 ince, Newbern, the 25th day of August, 1774, 
 
 ' Resolved, That we approve of the proposal of a General Con- 
 gress, to be held in the city of Philadelphia, on the twentieth day 
 of September next, then and there to deliberate upon the present 
 state of British America, and to take such measures as they may 
 deem prudent to effect the purpose of describing with certainty the 
 rights of Americans, repairing the breach made in those rights, and 
 for guarding them for the future from any such violation, done un- 
 der the sanction of public authority.' 
 
 ' Resolved, That William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, and Richard 
 Caswell, Esqs., and every of them, be deputies to attend such 
 Congress ; and they are hereby invested with such powers as may 
 make any acts done by them, or consent given in behalf of this 
 Province, obligatory, in honor, upon every inhabitant hereof, who ia 
 not an alien to his country's good, and an apostate to the liberties 
 of America.^ 
 
 ' Signed, JOHN HERVEY, Moderator. 
 
 ' Attested, ANDREW KNOX, Clerk.' 
 
 * SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ' In the Commons House of Assembly, ) 
 » Tuesday, the 2d day of August, 1774. \ 
 
 ' Colonel Powel acquainted the House that, during the recess 
 of the House, namely, on the sixth, seventh and eighth days of 
 July last, at a general meeting of the inhabitants of this Colony, 
 they having under consideration the Acts of Parliament, lately 
 passed, with regard to the Port of Boston and Colony of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, as well as other American grievances, had nomi- 
 nated and appointed the Hon. Henry Middleton, John Rutledge, 
 Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, and Edward Rutledge, 
 Esqs., deputies on the part and behalf of this Colony, to meet the 
 deputies of the other Colonies of North America, in General Con- 
 gress, the first Monday in September next, at Philadelphia, or at 
 any other time and place that may be generally agreed on, there to 
 consider the Acts lately passed, and Bills depending in Parliament, 
 with regard to the Port of Boston and Colony of Massachusetts 
 Bay, which Acts and Bills, in the precedent and consequences, af- 
 fect the whole Continent of America ; also the grievances under 
 which America labors, by reason of the several Acts of Parliament, 
 that impose taxes or duties for raising a revenue, and lay unneces- 
 
14 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 sary restraints and burdens on trade ; and of the Statutes, Parlia- 
 mentary Acts, and Royal Instructions, which make an invidious dis-- 
 tinction between His Majesty's subjects in Great Britain and 
 America, with full power and authority to concert, agree to, and 
 effectually prosecute, such legal measures, as, in the opinion of the 
 said deputies, and of the deputies so to be assembled, shall be most 
 likely to obtain a repeal of the said Acts, and a redress of those 
 grievances. 
 
 ' Resolved, unanimously, That this House do recognize, ratify, 
 and confirm the appointment of the said deputies, for the purposes 
 mentioned.' 
 
 ' Attested. ' THOMAS FARR, Jr., Clerk.' 
 
 * Tuesday, September 6, 1774. 
 ' The Congress met, according to adjournment. 
 
 ' Resolved, That in determining questions in this Congress, each 
 Colony or Province shall have one vote, — the Congress not being 
 possessed of, or at present able to procure, proper materials for as- 
 certaining the importance of each Colony. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the door be kept shut during the time of busi- 
 ness, and that the members consider themselves under the strongest 
 obligations of honor to keep the proceedings secret, until the ma- 
 jority shall direct them to be made public. 
 
 ' Resolved, That no person shall speak more than twice on the 
 same point, without leave of the Congress. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee be appointed, to state the rights of 
 the Colonies in general, the several instances in which those rights 
 are violated or infringed, and the means most proper to be ursued 
 for obtaining a restoration of them. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee be appointed, to examine and re- 
 port the several statutes which aft'ect the trade and manufactures of 
 the Colonies. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Rev. Mr. Duche be desired to open the 
 Congress, to-morro\v morning, with prayers, at the Carpenters' 
 Hall, at nine o'clock.' 
 
 ' In Congress. September 7, 1774. — Agreeably to the resolve of 
 yesterday, the meeting was opened with prayers, by the Rev. Mr. 
 Duche. 
 
 ' Voted, That the thanks of the Congress be given to Mr. Duche, 
 by Mr. Cushing and Mr. Ward, for performing Divine service, and 
 for the excellent prayer which he composed and delivered on the 
 occasion. 
 
 ' The Congress, taking into consideration the appointment of the 
 committees, a vote was taken on the number of which the first 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 15 
 
 committee should consist, and, by a great majority, resolved that it 
 
 consist of two from each of the Colonies, as follows : 
 
 From Neiv Hampshire, Major John Sullivan and Colonel Folsom. 
 
 Mass. Bay, Mr. Samuel Adams and Mr. John Adams. 
 
 Rhode Island, Mr. Hopkins and Mr. Ward. 
 
 Connecticut, Colonel Dyer and Mr. Sherman. 
 
 Neiv York, Mr. James Duane and Mr. John Jay. 
 
 Neiv Jersey, Mr. Livingston and Mr, Dehart. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Mr. Jos. Galloway and Mr. Edward Biddle. 
 
 Delaivare, Mr. Caesar Rodney and Mr. M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland, Mr. Thos. Johnson and Mr. Goldsborough. 
 
 Virginia, Mr. Lee and Mr. Pendleton. 
 
 North Carolina, Mr. Wm. Hooper and Mr. Joseph Hewes. 
 
 South Carolina, Mr. Lynch and Mr. J. Rulledge. 
 
 ' Agreed, That the second committee consist of one chosen from 
 each Colony, as follows : 
 
 Neio Hampshire, Mr. Sullivan. 
 
 Mass. Bay, Mr. Cushing. 
 
 Rhode Island, Mr. Hopkins. 
 
 Connecticut, Mr. Deane. 
 
 Nevj York, Mr. Low. 
 
 New Jersey, Mr. Kinsey. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Mr. Mifflin. 
 
 Delaware, Mr. Read. 
 
 Maryland, Mr. Chase. 
 
 Virginia, Mr. Henry. 
 
 North Carolina, Mr. Hooper, ^ 
 
 South Carolina, Mr. Gadsden. 
 
 * Resolved, That the President may adjourn the Congress, from 
 day to day, when he finds there is no business prepared to be laid 
 before them, and may, when he finds it necessary, call them to- 
 gether before the time to which they may stand adjourned.' 
 
 After this, Congress did little more than adjourn from day to day, till the 
 14th. 
 
 On the 8th, Hon. John Adams wrote to Mrs. Adams: — 'Every 
 gentleman seems to consider the bombardment of Boston as the 
 bombardment of the capital of his own Province. Our d3libera- 
 tions are grave and serious indeed. 
 
 ' We cannot depart from this place until the business of the Con- 
 gress is completed, and it is the general disposition to proceed 
 plowly. There is in the Congress a collection of the greatest men 
 upon this continent, in point of abilities, virtues, and fortunes. 
 There is such a spirit through the Colonies, and the members of 
 the Congress are such characters, that no danger can happen to us, 
 which will not involve the whole Continent in universal desola- 
 tion.' 
 
16 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 Again, on the 14th : — ' The Congress will, to all present appear- 
 ance, be well united, and in such measures as, I hope, will give 
 satisfaction to the friends of our country. A Tory here is the most 
 despicable animal in the creation. The spirit, the firmness, the 
 prudence, of our Province, are vastly applauded, and we are uni- 
 versally acknowledged the saviours and defenders of American 
 liberty. The designs and plans of the Congress must not be com- 
 municated until completed, and we shall move with great delib- 
 eration.' 
 
 Also, on Ihe 16th : — ' When the Congress first met, Mr. Cushing 
 made a motion that it should be opened with prayer. The motion 
 was seconded, and passed in the affirmative. Mr. Randolph, our 
 President, waited on Mr. Duche, and received for answer, that, if 
 his health would permit, he certainly would. Accordingly, next 
 morning he appeared, with his clerk, and in his pontificals, and 
 read several prayers, in the established form, and then read the col- 
 lect for the seventh day of September, which was the thirty-fifth 
 Psalm. I never saw a greater effect upon an audience. It seemed 
 as if Heaven had ordained that Psalm to be read on that morning. 
 
 ' After this, Mr. Duche, unexpectedly to every body, struck out into 
 an extemporary prayer, which filled the bosom of every man pres- 
 ent. I must confess I never heard a better prayer, or one so well 
 pronounced. It has had an excellent effect upon every body here. 
 I must beg you to read that Psalm.' 
 
 Letter's of John Adams to Mrs. Adams, vol. i, pp. 20 to 24. 
 
 ' In Congress. September 14, 1774. — Henry Wisner, a delegate 
 from the county of Orange, in the Colony of New York, appeared 
 at Congress, and produced a certificate of his election by the said 
 county, which being read and approved, he took his seat in Con- 
 gress, as a deputy for the Colony of New York. 
 
 ' The delegates from the Province of Massachusetts Bay, agree- 
 able to a request from the joint committees of every town and dis- 
 trict in the county of Middlesex, in the said Province, communicated 
 to the Congress the proceedings of those committees at Concord, 
 on the 30th and 81st days of August last, which were read.' 
 
 No business being prepared, the Congress vpas adjourned from day to day, 
 until Saturday morning (17tli). 
 
 ' September 17th, A. M. The resolutions entered into by the del- 
 egates from the several towns and districts in the county of Suf- 
 folk, in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, on Tuesday, the 
 6th of September, were laid before the Congress, and are as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 ' At a meeting of the delegates of every town and district in the 
 county of Suffolk, on Tuesday, the 6th of September, at the house 
 of Mr. Richard Woodward, of Dedham, Joseph Palmer, Esq., 
 being chosen Moderator, and William Thompson, Esq., Clerk, a 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 17 
 
 committee was chosen to bring in a report to the Convention, and 
 the following being several times read, and put, paragraph by para- 
 graph, was unanimously voted, namely : 
 
 ' W/iereas, The power, but not the justice, the vengeance, but 
 not the wisdom, of Great Britain, which of old persecuted, 
 scourged, and exiled our fugitive parents from their native shores, 
 now pursues us, their guiltless children, with unrelenting severity ; 
 And whereas, this then savage and uncultivated desert was pur- 
 chased by the toil and treasure, or acquired by the blood and valor 
 of those our venerable progenitors ; to us they bequeathed the dear- 
 bought inheritance ; to our care and protection they consigned it ; 
 and the most sacred obligations are upon us to transmit the glori- 
 ous purchase, unfettered by power, unclogged with shackles, to 
 our innocent and beloved offspring. On the fortitude, on the wis- 
 dom, and on the exertions of this important day, is suspended the 
 fate of this new world, and of unborn millions. If a boundless 
 extent of continent, swarming with millions, will tamely submit to 
 live, move, and have their being, at the arbitrary will of a licentious 
 minister, they basely yield to voluntary slavery, and future genera- 
 tions shall load their memories with incessant execrations. On 
 the other hand, if we arrest the hand which would ransack our 
 pockets ; if we disarm the parricide which points the dagger to our 
 bosoms ; if we nobly defeat that fatal edict, which proclaims a pow- 
 er to frame laws for us, in all cases whatsoever, thereby entailing 
 the endless and numberless curses of slavery upon us, our heirs 
 and their heirs, forever ; if we successfully resist that unparalleled 
 usurpation of unconstitutional power, whereby our capital is robbed 
 of the means of life ; whereby the streets of Boston are thronged with 
 military executioners ; whereby our coasts are lined, and harbors 
 crowded, with ships of war ; whereby the Charter of the Colony, that 
 sacred barrier against the encroachments of tyranny, is mutilated, and, 
 in effect, annihilated ; whereby a murderous law is framed, to shel- 
 ter villains from the hands of justice ; whereby the unahenable 
 and inestimable inheritance which we derived from nature, the 
 Constitution of Britain, and the privileges warranted to us in the 
 Charter of the Province, is totally wrecked, annulled, and vacated, 
 posterity will acknowledge that virtue which preserved them free 
 and happy; and while we enjoy the rewards and blessings of the 
 faithful, the torrent of panegyrists will roll our reputations to that 
 latest period, when the streams of time shall be absorbed in the 
 abyss of eternity. 
 
 Therefore, We have resolved, and do resolve, 
 
 1. That, whereas. His Majesty, George the Third, is the rightful 
 successor to the throne of Great Britain, and justly entitled to the 
 allegiance of the British realm, and, agreeable to compact, of the 
 English Colonies in America, therefore we, the heirs and success- 
 ors of the first planters of this Colony, do cheerfully acknowledge 
 o 
 
18 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 the said George the Third to be our rig-ht/ul sovereign., and that 
 said covenant is the tenure and claim on which are founded our 
 allegiance and submission. 
 
 '2. That it is an indispensable duty, which we owe to God, our 
 country, ourselves, and posterity, by all lawful ways and means 
 in our power, to maintain, defend and preserve those civil and re- 
 ligious rights and liberties, for which many of our fathers fought, 
 bled and died, and to hand them down entire to future generations. 
 
 '3. That llie late Acts of the British Parliament, lor blocking up 
 the Harbor of Boston, for altering the established form of Govern- 
 ment in this Colony, and for screening the most flagitious violators 
 of the laws of the Province from a legal trial, are gross infractions 
 of those rights, to w!.ich we are justly entitled by the laws of na- 
 ture, [he British Constitution, and the Charter of the Province. 
 
 '4. That no obedience is due from this Province to either or any 
 part of the Acts above mentioned, but that they be rejected, as the 
 attempts of a wicked administration to enslave America. 
 
 'f5. That, so long as the Justices of our Superior Court of Judi- 
 cature, Court of Assize, &c., and inferior Court of Common Pleas 
 in this county, are appointed, or hold their places, bv any other 
 tenure than that which the Charter and the laws of the Province di- 
 rect, they must be considered as under undue influence, and are 
 therefore- unconstitutional officers, and, as such, no regard ought to 
 be paid to them by the people of this county. 
 
 ' 6. That if the Justices of the Superior Court of Judicature, 
 Assize, &c., Justices of the Court of Common Pleas, or of the Gen- 
 eral Sessions of the Peace, shall sit and act during their present 
 disqualified state, this county will support, and bear harmless, all 
 Sheriffs and their deputies, constables, jurors, and other officers 
 who shall refuse to carry into execution the orders of said Courts ; 
 and, as far as possible, to prevent the many inconveniences which 
 must be occasioned by a suspension of the Courts of Justice, we 
 do most earnestly recommend it to the creditors, that they show all 
 reasonable, and even generous forbearance to their debtors; and to 
 all debtors, to pay their just debts, with all possible speed ; and if 
 any disputes relative to debts or trespasses shall arise, which 
 cannot be settled by the parties, we recommend it to them to sub- 
 mit all such causes to arbitration ; and it is our opinion that the 
 contending parties, or either of them, who shall refuse so to do, 
 ought to be considered as cooperating with the enemies of this 
 country. 
 
 ' 7. That it be recommended to the collectors of taxes, consta- 
 bles, and all other officers who have public moneys in their hands, 
 to retain the same, and not to make any payment thereof to the 
 Provincial County Treasurer, until the civil government of the 
 Province is placed upon a constitutional foundation, or until it 
 BhftU otherwise be ordered by the proposed Provincial Congress. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. f# 
 
 *8. That the persons who have accepted seats at the Conncil 
 Board, by virtue ol" a mandamus from the King, in conformity to 
 the late Act of the British Parliament, entitled an Act for the regu- 
 lating the Government of the Massachusetts Bay, have acted in 
 direct violation of the duty they owe to their country, and have 
 thereby given great and just offence to this people; — therefore re- 
 so/ved, That this county do recommend it to all persons who have 
 so highly offended by accepting said departments, and have not 
 already resigned their seats at the Council Board, to make public 
 resignations of their places at said Board, on or before the 20lh day 
 of this instant September ; and that all persons refusing so to do, 
 shall, from and alter said day, be considered by this county as ob- 
 stinate and incorrigible enemies to this country. 
 
 ^9. That the fortifications begun, and now carrying on, upon 
 Boston Neck, are justly alarming to this country, and give us rea- 
 son to apprehend some hostile intention against that town, more 
 especially, as the Commander-in-Chief has, in a very extraordinary 
 manner, removed the powder from the magazine at Charlestown, 
 and has also forbidden the keeper of the magazine at Boston to de- 
 liver out to the owners the powder which they had lodged in said 
 magazine. 
 
 ' iO. That the late Act of Parliament, for establishing the Roman 
 Catholic religion and the French laws in that extensive country 
 now called Quebec, is dangerous, in an extreme degree, to the 
 Protestant religion, and to the civil rights and liberties of all Ameri- 
 ca; and therefore, as men, and Protestant Christians, we are in- 
 dispensably obliged to take all proper measures for our security. 
 
 '11. That whereas, our enemies have flattered themselves that 
 they shall make an easy prey of this numerous, brave, and hardy 
 people, from an apprehension that they are unacquainted with mil- 
 itary discipline ; we, therefore, for the honor, defence and security 
 of this county and Province, advise, as it has been recommended 
 to take away all commissions from the officers of the militia, that 
 those who now hold commissions, or such other persons be elected 
 in each town, as officers in the militia, as shall be judged of suf- 
 ficient capacity for that purpose, and who have evidenced them- 
 selves the inflexible friends to the rights of the people ; and that the 
 inhabitants of those towns and districts who are qualified, do use 
 their utmost diligence to acquaint themselves with the art of war 
 as soon as possible, and do for that purpose appear under arms at 
 least once a week. 
 
 '12. That during the present hostile appearance on the part of 
 Great Britain, notwithstanding the many insults and oppressions 
 which we must sensibly resent, yet, nevertheless, from our affection 
 to his Majesty, which we have at all times evidenced, we are de- 
 termined to act merely upon the defensive, so long as such conduct 
 
20 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 may be vindicated by reason, and the principles of self-preserva- 
 lion, but no longer. 
 
 13. That as we understand it has been in contemplation to ap- 
 prehend sundry persons of this county, who have rendered them- 
 selves conspicuous in contending for the violated rights and liber- 
 ties of their countrymen ; we do recommend, should such an auda- 
 cious measure be put in practice, to seize and keep in safe custody, 
 every servant of the present tyrannical and unconstitutional govern- 
 ment throughout the county and province, until the persons so ap- 
 prehended be liberated from the hands of our adversaries, and re- 
 stored safe and uninjured to their respective friends and families. 
 
 14. That until our rights are fully restored to us, we will to the 
 utmost of our power, and we recommend the same to the other 
 counties, withhold all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, 
 Ireland, and the West Indies, and abstain from the consumption of 
 British merchandize and manufactures, and especially of East India 
 teas and piece goods, with such additions, alterations, and excep- 
 tions only as the General Congress of the Colonies may agree to. 
 
 15. That under our present circumstances, it is incumbent on us 
 to encourage arts and manufactures amongst us, by all means in 
 our power, and that be and 
 are hereby appointed a committee to consider of the best ways and 
 means to promote and establish the same, and to report to this con- 
 vention as soon as may be. 
 
 16. That the exigencies of our public affairs, demand that a Pro- 
 vincial Congress be called to consult such measures as may be 
 adopted, and vigorosly executed by the whole people ; and we do 
 recommend it to the several towns in this county, to choose mem- 
 bers for such a Provincial Congress, to be holden at Concord, on 
 the second Tuesday of October next ensuing. 
 
 17. That this county, confiding in the vnsdom and integrity of 
 the Continental Congress, now sitting at Philadelphia, pay all dne 
 respect and submission to such measures as may be recommended 
 by them to the Colonies, for the restoration and establishment of 
 their just rights, civil and religious, and for renewing that harmony 
 and union between Great Britain and the Colonies, so earnestly 
 wished for by all good men. 
 
 18. That whereas the universal uneasiness which prevails among 
 all orders of men, arising from the wicked and oppressive mea- 
 sures of the present administration, may influence some unthinking 
 persons to commit outrage upon private property ; we would heartily 
 recommend to all persons of this community, not to engage in any 
 routs, riots, or licentious attacks upon the properties of any person 
 whatsoever, as being subversive of all order and government ; but 
 by a steady, manly, uniform, and persevering opposition, to con- 
 vince onr enemies that in a contest so important, in a cause so 
 solemn, our conduct shall be such as to merit the approbation of 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1744. 2k 
 
 the wise, and the admiration of the brave and free of every age and 
 of every country. 
 
 19. That should our enemies, by any sudden manoeuvres, render 
 it necessary to ask the aid and assistance of our brethren in the 
 country, some one of the committee of correspondence, or a select 
 man of such town, or the town adjoining, where such hostilities 
 shall commence, or shall be expected to commence, shall despatch 
 couriers with written messages to the selectmen, or committees of 
 correspondence, of the several towns in the vicinity, with a written 
 account of such matter, who shall despatch others to committees 
 more remote, until proper and sufficient assistance be obtained, and 
 that the expense of said couriers be defrayed by the county, until it 
 shall be otherwise ordered by the Provincial Congress. 
 
 September 17, p. m. The Congress taking the foregoing into 
 consideration, 
 
 ' Resolved unanhnously, That this assembly deeply feel the suf- 
 fering of their countrymen in the Massachusetts Bay, under the 
 operation of the late august, cruel and oppressive Acts of the British 
 Parliament; that they most thoroughly approve the wisdom and 
 fortitude, with which opposition to these wicked ministerial mea- 
 sures has hitherto been conducted, and they earnestly recommend 
 to their brethren, a perseverance in the same firm and temperate 
 conduct as expressed in the resolutions determined upon at a meet- 
 ing of the delegates for the county of Suffolk, on Tuesday the 6th 
 instant, trusting that the effect of the tinited efforts of North America 
 in their behalf, will carry such confidence to the British nation, of 
 the unwise, unjust, and ruinous policy of the present administration, 
 as quickly to introduce better men and wiser measures. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That contributions from all the Colonies 
 for supplying the necessities, and alleviating the distresses of our 
 brethren at Boston, ought to be continued, in such manner, and 
 so long as their occasions may require. 
 
 Ordered, That these resolutions, together with the resolutions of 
 the county of Suffolk, be published in the newspapers. 
 
 On the 18th, Mr. Adams wrote to Mrs. A. : — ' The proceedings of the Con- 
 gress are all a profound secret as yet, except two votes which were passed yes- 
 terday and ordered to be printed. You will see them from every quarter. 
 These votes were passed in full Congress with perfect unanimity. The esteem, 
 the affection, the admiration for the people of Boston and the Massachusetts, 
 which were expressed yesterday, and the fixed determination that they should 
 be supported, were enough to melt a heart of stone. I saw the tears gush into 
 the eyes of the old, grave, pacific Quakers of Pennsylvania. 
 
 ' My dear, do intreat every friend I have to write me. Every line that 
 comes from our friends is greedily inquired after, and our letters have done us 
 vast service. Middlesex and Suffolk have acquired unbounded honor here. 
 There is no idea of submission here in any body's head. 
 
 ' If Camden, Chatham, Richmond, and St. Asaph, had travelled through the 
 country, they could not have been entertained with greater demonstrations of 
 respect than Gushing, Paine, and the brace of Adamses have beien. 
 
22 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1744. 
 
 ' I confess, the kindness, the affection, the applause which have been given 
 to me, and especially to our Province, have many a time filled my bo>om and 
 fitreamed from my eyes. My best respects to Colonel Warren and his lady 
 when you write to them.' Vol. i. pp. 25 to 28. 
 
 'In Congress. — September 26. John Herring, Esq., a deputy 
 from Orange County, in the Colony of New York, appeared this 
 morning, and took his seat as a delegate from that County. 
 
 ' Tuesday^ 27. Congress met according to adjournment, and 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That from and after the first day of 
 December next, there be no iiTiportation into British America from 
 Great Britain or Ireland, of any goods, wares, or merchandize what- 
 ever, or from any other place, of any such goods, wares or merchan- 
 dizes, as shall have been exported from Great Britain or Ireland, 
 and that no such goods, wares, or merchandizes, imported after 
 the said first day of December next, be used or purchased.' 
 
 ' Friday, 30. Resolved, That from and after the lOih day of 
 September, 1775, the exportation of all merchandize and every 
 commodity whatsoever, to Great Britain, Ireland, and the West 
 Indies, ought to cease, unless the grievances of America are re- 
 dressed before that time.' 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. Cashing, Mr. Low, Mr. Mifflin, Mr. Lee, 
 and Mr. Johnson, be a committee to bring in a plan^ for carry- 
 ing into effect, the non-importation, non-consumption, and non-ex- 
 portation resolved on.' 
 
 ' Saturday, October 1. Simon Beerum, Esq., appeared and 
 took his seat in Congress, as a deputy from King's County, in the 
 Colony of New York.' 
 
 ' Thvrsday, October 6. An express from Boston arrived with 
 a letter from the committee of correspondence, dated 29lh Septem- 
 ber, which was laid before the Congress.' 
 
 ' That the commitee of correspondence inform the Congress that 
 the inlrenchments upon the Neck are nearly completed — that can- 
 non are mounted at the entrance of the town — that it is currently 
 reported, that fortifications are to be erected on Copse Hill, Beacon 
 Light, Fort Hill, &c. — that a number of cannon the property of a 
 private gentleman, were a few days ago seized and taken from his 
 wharf by order of the General (Gage) — that from all they can hear 
 from Britain, administration is resolved to do all in their power to 
 force them to a submission — that when the town is enclosed, it is 
 apprehended the inhabitants will be held as hostages for the sub- 
 mission of the country, they apply therefore to the Congress for ad- 
 vice how to act — that if the Congress advise to quit the tourn, they 
 obey — if it is judged that by maintaining their ground they can better 
 serve the public cause, they will not shrink from hardship and danger 
 
 * Afterwards called an ' Aesociation.' 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 98 
 
 " — finally, that as the late Acts of Parliament have made it impossi- 
 ble that there should be a due administration of justice, and all law 
 therefore must be suspended — that as the Govenor has by procla- 
 mation prevented the meeting of the general Court, tliey therefore 
 request the advice of the Congress. 
 
 ' Ordered, That this letter be taken into consideration to-morrow 
 morning.' 
 
 ' Friday, October 7, Resolved, That a committee be appointed 
 to prepare a letter to his excellency General Gage, representing 
 that the town of Boston, and Province of Massachusetts Bay, are 
 considered by all America, as suffering' in the common cause, for 
 their noble and spirited opposition to the oppressive Acts of Parlia- 
 ment, calculated to deprive us of our most sacred rights and privi- 
 leges. 
 
 ' Mr. Lynch, Mr. S. Adams, and Mr. Pendleton, are appointed a 
 committee to draught a letter agreeable to the foregoing resolution.' 
 
 ' Saturday, October 8. The Congress resumed the consideration 
 of the letter from Boston, and upon motion, 
 
 ' Resolved, That this Cong-ress approve the opposition of the in- 
 habitants of the Massachusetts Bay, to the execution of the late Acts 
 of Parliament, and if the same shall be attempted to be carried into 
 execution by force, in such case, a// America ought to svpport them 
 in their opposition.'' 
 
 ' Monday, October 10. The Congress resuming the considera- 
 tion of the letter from Boston, 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously. That it is the opinion of this body, that 
 the removal of the people of Boston into the country, would be, not 
 only extremely difficult in the execution, but so important in its 
 consequences, as to require the utmost deliberation before it is 
 adopted; but in case the provincial meeting of that Colony should 
 judge it absolutely necessary, it is the opinion of the Congress, that 
 all America ought to contribute towards recompensing them for the 
 injury they may thereby sustain ; and it will be recommended ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Congress recommend to the inhabitants of 
 the Colony of Massachusetts Bay to submit to suspension of the 
 administration of Justice, where it cannot be procured in a legal 
 and peaceable manner, under the rules of their present Charter, and 
 the laws of the Colony founded thereon. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously. That every person and persons whom- 
 soever, who shall take, accept, or act under any commission or au- 
 thority, in anywise derived from the Act passed in the last session 
 of Parliament, changing the form of government and violating the 
 Charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, ought to be held in 
 detestation and abhorrence by all good men, and considered as the 
 wicked tools of that despotism, which is preparing to destroy those 
 rijfhts, which God, nature, and compact have given to America.' 
 
24 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 * Tuesday, October 11. A copy of the letter to General Gage 
 was brought into Congress, and agreeable to order, signed by the 
 President, and is as follows : 
 
 ' Philadelphia, October 10, 1774. 
 
 ' Sir: The inhabitants of the town of Boston have informed us, 
 the representatives of his Majestijs faithful subjects in all the Colo- 
 nies from Nova Scotia to Georgia, that the fortifications erecting 
 within that town, the frequent invasions of private property, and 
 the repeated insults they receive from the soldiery, have given 
 them great reason to suspect a plan is formed very destructive to 
 them, and tending to overthrow the liberties of America. 
 
 ' Your Excellency cannot be a stranger to the sentiments of Amer- 
 ica, with respect to the Acts of Parliament, under the execution of 
 which, those unhappy people are oppressed, the approbation uni- 
 versally expressed of their conduct, and the determined resolution 
 of the colonies, for the preservation of their common rights, to unite 
 in their opposition to those Acts. — In consequence of these senti- 
 ments, they have appointed us the guardians of their rights and 
 liberties, and we are under the deepest concern, that whilst we are 
 pursuing dutiful and peaceable measures to procure a cordial and 
 effectual reconciliation between Great Britain and the Colonies, 
 your Excellency should proceed in a manner that bears so hostile 
 an appearance, and which even those oppressive acts do not war- 
 rant. 
 
 ' We entreat your Excellency to consider what a tendency this 
 conduct must have to irritate and force a free people, hitherto well 
 disposed to peaceable measures, into hostilities which may prevent 
 the endeavors of this Congress to restore a good understanding 
 with our parent state, and may involve us in the horrors of a civil 
 war. 
 
 ' In order therefore to quiet the minds and remove the reas9nable 
 jealousies of the people, that they may not be driven to a state of 
 desperation, being fully persuaded of their pacific dispositions to- 
 wards the King's troops, could they be assured of their own safety, 
 we hope, Sir, you will discontinue the fortifications in and about 
 Boston, prevent any further invasions of private property, restrain 
 the irregularities of the soldiers, and give orders that the communi- 
 cation between the town and country maybe open, unmolested and 
 free. 
 
 ' Signed by order and in behalf of the General Congress, 
 
 ' PEYTON RANDOLPH, President.' 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS IN 1774. 25 
 
 ' October 11. As Congress have given General Gage an assur- 
 ance of the peaceable disposition of the people of Boston and Mass- 
 achusetts Bay, 
 
 ' Eesolved unanimously, That they be advised still to conduct 
 themselves peaceably towards his Excellency General Gage, and 
 his Majesty's troops now stationed in the town of Boston, as far 
 as can possibly be consistent with their immediate safety, and the 
 security of the town ; avoiding and discountenancing every viola- 
 tion of his Majesty's property, or any insult to his troops, and that 
 they peaceably and firmly persevere in the line they are now con- 
 ducting themselves, on the defensive. 
 
 ' Ordered, That a co|)y of the foregoing resolve, and of that 
 passed on Saturday, and the three passed yesterday, be made out ; 
 and that the President enclose them in a letter to the committee of 
 correspondence for the town of Boston, being the sentiments of the 
 Congress on the matters referred to them by the committee, in their 
 letter of the 29ih of September last.' 
 
 ' Resoh^ed unanimous/y, That a memorial be prepared to the peo- 
 ple of British America, stating to them the necessity of a firm 
 united, and invariable observation of the measures recommended by 
 the Congress. 
 
 ' Also that an address be prepared to the people of Great Britain. 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. Lee, Mr Livingston, and Mr. Jay, be a 
 committee to prepare a draught of the Memorial and Address.' 
 
 ' Wednesday, October 12. The commitiee appointed to prepare 
 a plan for carrying into effect the non-importation, non-consump- 
 tion, and non-exportalion agreement, brought in a report, which 
 was read. 
 
 ' The Congress then resumed the consideration of the rights and 
 grievances of these Colonies, and after deliberating on the subject 
 this and the following day, adjourned till Friday.' 
 
 ' Friday, October 14, 1774. The Congress met according to ad- 
 journment, and resuming the consideration of the subject under 
 debate, made the following declaration and resolves : 
 
 ' Whereas, since the close of the last war, the British Parliament 
 claiming a power, of right, to bind the people of America by Sta- 
 tutes in all cases whatsoever, hath, in some Acts, expressly imposed 
 taxes on them, and, in others, under various pretences, but in fact 
 for the purpose of raising a revenue, hath imposed rates and duties 
 payable in these Colonies, established a board of Commissioners, 
 with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of 
 courts of Admiralty, not only for collecting the said duties, but for 
 the trial of causes merely arising within the body of a county. 
 
 ' And whereas, in consequence of other Statutes, judges, who be- 
 fore held only estates at will in their offices, have been made de- 
 pendent on the crown alone for their salaries, and standing armies 
 kept in limes of peace : And whereas, it has lately been resolved 
 4 
 
26 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 in Parliament, that by force of a Statute, made in the thirty-fifth 
 year of the reign of King Henry the Eighth, colonists may be trans- 
 ported to England, and tried there upon accusations for treason and 
 misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed in the Colonies, 
 and by a late Statute, such trials have been directed in cases therein 
 mentioned. 
 
 ' And whereas, in the last session of Parliament, three Statutes 
 were made, one entitled, ' An Act to discontinue, in such manner 
 and for such time as are therein mentioned, the landing and dis- 
 charging, lading or shipping of goods, wares, and merchandize, at 
 the town, and within the Harbour of Boston in the Province of 
 Massachusetts Bay in North America;' another entitled 'An Act 
 for the better regulating the government of the Province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, in New England;' and another entitled ' An Act for 
 the impartial administration of justice in the cases of persons ques- 
 tioned for any act done by them in the execution of the law, or for 
 the suppression of riots and tumults in the Province of the Massa- 
 chusetts Bay in New England ; ' and another Statute was then made 
 ' for making more effectual provisions for the government of the 
 Province of Quebec, &c.' All which Statutes are impolitic, unjust, 
 and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, and most dangerous and 
 destructive to American rights: And whereas Assemblies have 
 been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when 
 they attempted to deliberate on grievances ; and their dutiful, hum- 
 ble, loyal, and reasonable petitions to the crown for redress, have 
 been repeatedly treated with contempt by his Majesty's ministers 
 of state. 
 
 ' The good people of the several Colonies of New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Providence Plantations, 
 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Newcastle, 
 Kent and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 and South Carolina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings 
 of Parliament and Administration, have severally elected, constitu- 
 ted, and appointed deputies to meet, and sit in general Congress, in 
 the city of Philadelphia, in order to obtain such establishment, as 
 that their religion, laws, and liberties may not be subverted : Where- 
 vpo7i the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a full and 
 free representation of these Colonies, taking into their most serious 
 consideration the best means of attaining their end aforesaid, do in 
 the first place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have 
 usually done, for asserting and vindicating their rights and liberties, 
 
 DECLARF, 
 
 '■That the inhabitants of the English Colonies in North America, 
 by the immutable Laws of Nature, the principles of the English 
 Constitution, and the several Charters and compacts, have the fol- 
 lowing RIGHTS : 
 
 < Resolved unanimously, 1. That they are entitled to life, liberty^ 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 27 
 
 and property ; and they have never ceded to any sovereign power 
 whatever, a right to dispose of either wathout their consent. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimousl//, 2. That our ancestors who first settled 
 these colonics, were at the time of their emigration from the mother 
 country, entitled to all the rights, liberties and immunities of free 
 and natural born subjects, within the realm of England. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimous///, 3. That by such emigration they by no 
 means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those rights; but that 
 they were, and their descendants now are, entitled to the exercise 
 and enjoyment of all such of them as their local and other circum- 
 stances enable them to exercise and enjoy. 
 
 ' Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all 
 free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legis- 
 lative council: and as the English colonists are not represented, 
 and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly be 
 represented in the British Parliament, they are entitled to a free and 
 exclusive power of legislation in their several Provincial legisla- 
 tures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in 
 all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative 
 of their Sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and 
 accustomed : But from the necessity of the case, and a regard to 
 the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the 
 operation of such Acts of the British Parliament as are, bona fide^ 
 restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the pur- 
 pose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire 
 to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective 
 members; excluding every idea of taxation internal and external, 
 for raising a revenue on the subjects in America, without their 
 consent. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, 5. That the respective colonies are en'- 
 titled to the common law of England, and more especially to the 
 great and inestimable privilege of being tried by the peers of the 
 vicinage, according to the course of that law. 
 
 ' Resolved, 6. That they are entitled to the benefit of such of the 
 English Statutes, as existed at the time of their colonization ; and 
 which they have, by experience, respectively found to be applicable 
 to their several local and other circumstances. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, 7. That these, his Majesty's Colonies, 
 are likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted 
 and confirmed to them by Royal Charters, or secured by their seve- 
 ral codes of Provincial laws. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, 8. That they have a right peaceably to 
 assemble, consider their grievances, and petition the King ; and that 
 all prosecutions prohibiting proclamations and commitments for 
 the same are illegal. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, 9. That the keeping a standing army in 
 these Colonies, in times of peace, without the consent of the legis- 
 lature of that Colony in which such army is kept, is against law. 
 
28 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 * Resolved unanimovsly, 10. It is indispensibly necessary to good 
 government, and rendered essential by the English Constitution, 
 that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of 
 each other, that therefore the exercise of legislative power in several 
 Colonies, by a council apjiointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is 
 unconstitutional, dangerous, and destructive, to the freedom of 
 American legislation. 
 
 ' All and each of which, the aforesaid deputies, in behalf of them- 
 selves^ do claim, demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights 
 and liberties; which cannot be legally taken from them, altered or 
 abridged by any power whatever, without their own consent, by 
 their representatives in their several Provincial legislatures. 
 
 ' In the course of our inquiry, we find many infringements and 
 violations of the foregoing rights, which from an ardent desire that 
 harmony and mutual intercourse of afi'ection and interest may be 
 restored, we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such 
 Acts and measures as have been adopted since the last war, w^iich 
 demonstrate a system formed to enslave America. 
 
 * Resolved imanimoushj^ That the following Acts of Parliament 
 are infringements and violations of the rights of the Colonists: 
 
 ' The several Acts of 4 Geo. III. ch. 15 and ch. 34. : 5 Geo. III. 
 ch. 25 ; 6 Geo. III. ch. 52 ; 7 Geo. III. ch. 41 and ch. 46 ; 8 Geo. III. 
 ch. 22 ; are subversive of American rights. 
 
 ' Also 12 Geo. III. ch.24, entitled, ' An Act for the better securing 
 his Majesty's dock yards, magazines, ships, ammunition, and stores,' 
 which declares a new offence in America. 
 
 ' Also the three Acts passed in the last session of Parliament, for 
 stopping the Port and Harbour of Boston, for altering the Charter 
 and government of Massachusetts Bay, and that which is entitled, 
 ' An Act for the better administration of justice, &c.' 
 
 ' Also the Act passed in the same session for establishing the 
 Roman Catholic Religion in the Province of Quebec, abolishing 
 the equitable system of English laws. 
 
 ' Also the Act passed in the same session, for the better providing 
 suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his Majesty's service, 
 in North America. 
 
 ' Also, that the keeping a standing army in several of the Colo- 
 nies, in time of peace, without the consent of the Legislature of 
 that Colony in which such army is kept, is against law. 
 
 * To these grievous Acts and measures Americans cannot sub- 
 mit ; but, in hopes their fellow subjects in Great Britain will, on a v 
 revision of them, restore us to that state, in which both countries 
 found happiness and prosperity, we have for the present only re- 
 solved to pursue the following peaceable measures : 1. To enter 
 into a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation 
 agreement or association, 2. To prepare an address to the people 
 of Great Britain, and a memorial to the inhabitants of British Amer- 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 29" 
 
 tea ; and 3. To prepare a loyal address to his Majesty, agreeable to 
 resolutions already entered into.' 
 Commiltee appointed, Sept. 7. 
 
 ' October 17. Mr. John Dickinson appeared in Congress, produc- 
 ed his credentials, and took his seat as one of the deputies from the 
 Province of Pennsylvania.' 
 
 ' Tuesday, October 18. The Congress resumed the considera- 
 tion of the plan of Association, &c., and after sundry amendments, 
 the same was agreed to, and ordered to be transcribed, that it may 
 be signed by the several members.' 
 
 ' Thursday, October 20, 1774. 
 
 ' The Association being copied, was read and signed at the 
 table, and is as follows : 
 
 ' We, his Majesty's most loyal subjects, the delegates of the 
 several Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode 
 Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the 
 three lower counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, deputed to 
 represent them in a Continental Congress, held in the city of Phil- 
 adelphia, on the fifth day of September, 1774, avowing our alle- 
 giance to his Majesty, our affection and regard for our fellow sub- 
 jects in Great Britain and elsewhere, affected with the deepest 
 anxiety and most alarming apprehensions, at those grievances and 
 distresses, with which his Majesty's American subjects are op- 
 pressed ; and having taken under our most serious deliberation, the 
 state of the whole continent, find, that the present unhappy situa- 
 tion of our affairs is occasioned by a ruinous system of Colony 
 administration, adopted by the British ministry about the year 1763, 
 evidently calculated for enslaving these Colonies, and, with them, 
 the British empire. In prosecution of which system, various Acts 
 of Parliament have been passed, for raising a revenue in America, 
 for depriving the American subjects, in many instances, of the 
 constitutional trial by jury, exposing their lives to danger, by direct- 
 ing a new and illegal trial beyond the seas, for crimiCs alleged to 
 have been committed in America. And in prosecution of the 
 same system, several late, cruel, and oppressive Acts have been 
 passed, respecting the town of Boston and the Massachusetts Bay, 
 and also an Act for extending the Province of Quebec, so as to 
 border on the western frontiers of these Colonies, establishing an 
 arbitrary government therein, and discouraging the settlement of 
 British subjects in that wide extended country ; thus, by the influ- 
 ence of civil principles and ancient prejudices, to dispose the 
 inhabitants to act with hostility against the free Protestant Colonies, 
 whenever a wicked ministry shall choose so to direct them. 
 
 ' To obtain redress of these grievances, which threaten destruc- 
 tion to the lives, liberty, and property of his Majesty's subjects in 
 North America, we are of opinion, that a Hon-importation, non- 
 
30 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 consumption, and non-exportation agreement, faithfully adhered 
 to, will prove the most speedy, effectual, and peaceful measure. 
 And, therefore, we do, for ourselves and the mhabitants of the 
 several colonies, ivhom vje represerit, firmly agree and associate, 
 under the sacred ties of virtue, honor, and love of our country, as 
 follows : 
 
 ' First, That frotn and after the first of December next, we will 
 not import into British America, from Great Britain or Ireland, any 
 goods, wares, or merchandize whatsoever, or from any other place, 
 any such goods, wares, or merchandize, as shall have been ex- 
 ported from Great Britain or Ireland; nor will we, after that day, 
 import any East India tea from any part of the world; nor any 
 molasses, syrups, paneles, coffee, or pimento, from the British 
 plantations or from Dominica; nor wine from Madeira, or the 
 Western Islands ; nor foreign indigo. 
 
 ' Second, We will neither import nor purchase any slave im- 
 ported after the first day of December next, after which time, vje 
 ivillivhoUi/ discontinue the slave trade, and will neither be concerned 
 in it ourselves, nor unll ive hire onr vessels, nor sell our commodities 
 or manvfactnres to those who are concerned in it. 
 
 ' Third, As a non-consumption agreement, strictly adhered to, 
 will be an effectual security for the observation of the non-importa- 
 tion, we, as above, solemnly agree and associate, that from this 
 day, we will not purchase or use any tea, imported on account of 
 the East India Company, or any one on which a duty hath been or 
 shall be paid ; and Irom and after the first day of March next, we 
 will not purchase or use any East India tea whatever; nor will we, 
 nor shall any person for or under us, purchase or use any of those 
 goods, wares, or merchandize, we have agreed not to import, 
 which we shall know, or have cause to suspect, were imported after 
 the first day of December, except such as come under the rules 
 and directions of the tenth article hereafter mentioned. 
 
 ' Fourtli, The earnest desire we have not to injure our frllow- 
 subjects in Great Britain, Ireland, or the West Indies, induces us 
 to suspend a non-exportation, until the tenth day of September, 
 1775 ; at which time, if the said Acts and parts of Acts of the Brit- 
 ish Parliament hereinafter mentioned, are not repealed, we will 
 not, directly or indirectly, export any merchandize or commodity 
 whatsoever to Great Britain, Ireland, or the West Indies, except 
 rice to Europe. 
 
 ' Fifth, Such as are merchants, and use the British and Irish 
 trade, will give orders, as soon as possible, to their factors, agents, 
 and correspondents, in Great Britain and Ireland, not to ship any 
 goods to them, on any pretence whatsoever, as they cannot be re- 
 ceived in America; and if any merchant residing in Great Britain 
 or Ireland, shall directly or indirectly ship any goods, wares, or 
 merchandize, for America, in order to break the said non-importa- 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 81 
 
 tion agreement, or in any manner contravene the same, on such 
 unworthy conduct being well attestedf it ought to be made public; 
 and on the same being i?o done, we will not, from thenceforth, have 
 any commercial connection with such merchant. 
 
 ' Sixth, That such as are owners of vessels will give positive 
 orders to their captains, or masters, not to receive on board their 
 vessels any goods prohibited by the said non-importation agree- 
 ment, on pain of immediate dismission from their service. 
 
 ' Seventh, We will use our utmost endeavors to improve the 
 breed of sheep, and increase their number to the greatest extent ; 
 and to that end, we will kill them as seldom as may be, especially 
 those of the most profitable kind ; nor will be export any to the 
 West Indies or elsewhere ; and those of us who are, or may be- 
 come overstocked with, or can conveniently spare any sheep, will 
 dispose of them to our neighbors, especially to the poorer sort, on 
 moderate terms. 
 
 ^ Ei^lith, We will, in our several stations, encourage frugality, 
 economy, and industry, and promote agriculture, arts, and the man- 
 ufactures of this country, especially that of wool ; and will discoun- 
 tenance and discourage every t^pecies of extravagance and dissipa- 
 tion, especially all horse-racing, and all kinds of gaming, cock- 
 fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays, and other expensive diver- 
 sions and entertainments ; and on the death of any relation or 
 friend, none of us, or any of our families, will go into any further 
 mourning dress, than a black crape or ribbon on the arm or hat, for 
 gentlemen, and a black ribbon and necklace for ladies, and we will 
 discontinue the giving of gloves and scarfs at funerals. 
 
 ' Ninth, Such as are venders of goods or merchandize will not 
 take advantage of the scarcity of goods, that may be occasioned by 
 this association, but will sell at the same rates we have been re- 
 spectively accustomed to do, for twelve months last past; and if 
 any vender of goods or merchandize shall sell any such goods on 
 higher terms, or shall, in any manner, or by any device whatsoever, 
 violate or depart from this agreement, no person ought, nor will 
 any of us deal vAMth any such person, or his or her factor or agent 
 at any time thereafter, for any commodity whatever. 
 
 ' Tenth, In case any merchant, trader, or other person, shall im- 
 port any goods or merchandize, after the first day of December, 
 and before the first day of February next, the same ought forth- 
 with, at the election of the owner, to be either reshipped or deliv- 
 ered up to the committee of the county or town, wherein they shall 
 be imported, to be stored at the risk of the importer, until the non- 
 importation aoreement shall cease, or be sold under the direction 
 of the committee aforesaid ; and in the last mentioned case, the 
 owner or owners of such goods shall be reimbursed out of the sales, 
 the first cost and charges, the profit, if any, to be applied towards 
 relieving and employing such poor inhabitants of the town of 
 
32 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 Boston, as are immediate sufferers by the Boston Port Bill ; and a 
 particular account of all gioods so returned, stored, or sold, to be 
 inserted in the public papers ; and if any goods or merchandize 
 shall be imported after the said first day of February, the same 
 ought forthwith to be sent back again, without breaking any of the 
 packages thereof 
 
 ' Eleventh, That a committee be chosen in every county, city, 
 and town, by those who are qualified to vote for representatives in 
 the legislature, whose business it shall be attentively to observe the 
 conduct of all persons touching this association ; and when it 
 shall be made to appear, to the satisfaction of a majority of any 
 such committee, that any person within the limits of their appoint- 
 ment, has violated this association, that such majority do forth- 
 with cause the truth of the case to he published in the Gazette ; to 
 the end, that all such foes to the rights of British America may be 
 publicly know'n, and universally contemned as the enemies of 
 American liberty ; and thenceforth we respectively w'ill break off 
 all dealings with him or her. 
 
 ' Twe/ft/i, That the committee of correspondence, in the respec- 
 tive Colonies, do frequently inspect the entries of their custom 
 houses, and inform each other from time to time, of the true state 
 thereof, and of every other material circumstance that may occur 
 relative to this association. 
 
 ' Thirleenfh, That all manufactures of this country be sold at 
 reasonable prices, so that no undue advantage be taken of a future 
 scarcity of goods. 
 
 ' Fourteenth, And we do further agree and resolve, that we will 
 have no trade, commerce, dealings, or intercourse whatsoever, with 
 any Colony or Province, in North America, which shall not accede 
 to, or which shall hereafter violate this association, but will hold 
 them as unworthy of the rights of freemen, and as inimical to 
 the liberties of their country. 
 
 ' And ive do solemn/// bind ourselves and our constituents, under 
 the ties aforesaid, to adhere to this association, until such parts of 
 the several Acts of Parliament, passed since the close of the last 
 war, as impose or continue duties on tea, wine, molasses, syrups, cof- 
 fee, sugar, pimento, indigo, foreign paper, glass, and painters' colors, 
 imported into America, and extend the powers of the Admiralty 
 courts beyond their ancient limits, deprive the American subject 
 of trial by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemify the pros- 
 ecutor from damages that he might otherwise be liable to, from a 
 trial by his peers, require oppressive security from a claimant of ships 
 or goods seized, before he shall be allowed to defend his property, 
 are repealed. And until that part of the Act of the 12, G. 3, ch. 24, 
 entitled, ' an Act for the better securing his Majesty's dockyards, 
 magazines, ships, ammunition, and stores,' by which any persons 
 charged with committing any of the offences therein described, in 
 
America, may be tried in any shire or county within the realm, 
 repealed; and until the four Acts, passed the last session of Par! 
 ment, viz., that for stopping the Port and blocking up the Harl 
 of Boston ; that for altering the Charter and government of the M 
 sachusetts Bay ; and that which is entitled, ' An Act for the be 
 administration of justice,' Asc, and that ' For extending the lin 
 of Quebec,' &c., are repealed. 
 
 ' And we recommend it to the Provincial Conventions, and to 
 committees in the respective Colonies, to establish such farl 
 regulations as they may think proper, for carrying into execut 
 this association. 
 
 ' The foregoing association being determined upon by the C 
 gress, was ordered to be subscribed by the several members then 
 and thereupon, we have hereunto set our respective names accc 
 
 * In Congress, Philadelphia, October 24. 
 
 ' Signed, 
 
 ' PEYTON RANDOLPH, President 
 
 * New Hampshire, John Sullivan, 
 
 Nathaniel Folsom, 
 Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Cu^'hing, 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Robert T. Paine. 
 Rhode Island, Stephen Hopkins, 
 
 Samuel Ward. 
 Connecticut, Eliphalet Dyer, 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Silas Deane. 
 New York, Isaac Low, 
 John Alsop, 
 John Jay, 
 James Do ana, 
 William Floyd, 
 Henry Wisner, 
 S. Boerum, 
 Philip Livingston. 
 New Jersey, James Kinsey, 
 
 William Lividgston, 
 Stephen Crane, 
 Richard Smith, 
 John De Hart. 
 Pennsylvania, Joseph Galloway, 
 John Dickinson, 
 
 Committee appointed, Sept. 30th. 
 
 Charles Humphreys 
 Thomas Mifflin, 
 Edward Biddle, 
 John Morton, 
 George Ross. 
 New Castle, Ifc, Ctesar Rodnev, 
 
 Thomas M'Keanj 
 George Read. 
 Maryland, Matthew Tilghman, 
 Thomas Johnson, 
 William Paca, 
 Samuel Chase. 
 Virginia, Richard Henry Lee, 
 George Washington, 
 Patrick Henry, 
 Richard Bland, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Edmund Pendleton. 
 North Carolina, William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 Rifhard Caswell. 
 South Carolina, Henry Middleton, 
 Thomas Lynch, 
 Christopher Gadsd( 
 John Rutledsje, 
 Edward Rutledge.' 
 
 ' Friday, October 21. The address to the people of Great B 
 ain being brought in, and the amendments directed being ma 
 the same was approved, and is as follows : 
 
34 PKOCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 ' To the People of Great Britain, from the delegates appointed by 
 the several English Colonies of New Hampshire, S^^c. 
 
 * Friends and Fellow Subjects, 
 
 *^ ^ ^ ^ 4t 
 
 •7^ •n* "jp -TP ^F 
 
 ' In almost every age, in repeated conflicts, in long and bloody 
 wars, as well civil as foreign, againsi many and powerful nations, 
 against the open assaults of enemies, and the more dangerous 
 treachery of friends, have the inhabitants of your island, your great 
 and glorious ancestors, maintained their independence and trans- 
 mitted ihe rights of men, and the blessings of liberty, to you their 
 posterity. 
 
 ' Be not surprised, therefore, that we, who are descended from 
 the same common ancestors ; that we, whose forefathers partici- 
 pated in all the rights, the liberties, and the Constitution, you so 
 justly boast of, and who have carefully conveyed the same fair 
 inheritance to us, guaranteed by the plighted faith of government 
 and the most solraen compacts with British sovereigns, should re- 
 fuse to surrender them to men, who found their claims on no 
 principles of reason, and who prosecute them with a design, that 
 by having our lives and property in their power, they may with 
 the greatest facility enslave you. 
 
 ' The cause of America is now the object of universal attention : 
 it has at length become very serious. This unhappy country has 
 not only been oppressed, but abused and misrepresented ; and the 
 duty we owe to ourselves and posterity, to your interest, and the 
 general welfare of the British empire, leads us to address you on 
 this very important subject. 
 
 ' Know then, that we consider ourselves, and do insist, that we 
 are and ought to be as free as our fellow subjects in Britain, and 
 that no power on earth has a right to take our property from us 
 without our consent. 
 
 ' That we claim all the benefits secured to the subject by the 
 English Constitution. 
 
 ' The Parliament assert, that they have a right to bind us in all 
 cases without exception, whether we consent or not. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ % :}& 
 
 * Such declarations we consider heresies in English politics. 
 
 ^V" '??* "Tt" ^ *?[• ^ 
 
 * We call upon you yourselves, to witness our loyalty and at- 
 tachment to the common interest of the whole empire : did we not, 
 in the last war, add all the strength of this vast continent to the 
 force which repelled our common enemy ? Did we not leave our 
 native shores, and meet disease and death, to promote the success 
 of British arms in foreign climates? Did you not thank us for 
 our zeal, and even reimburse us large sums of money, which you 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 3» 
 
 confessed we had advanced beyond our proportion, and far beyond 
 our abilities ? You did. 
 
 ' Before we had recovered from the distresses which ever at- 
 tend war, an attempt was made to drain this country of all its 
 money, by the oppressive Stamp Act. Paint, glass, and other com- 
 modities, which you would not permit us to purchase ol other 
 
 nations, were taxed. 
 
 ******* 
 
 'For the necessary support of government here, we ever were 
 and every shall be ready to provide. And whenever the exigen- 
 cies of the state may require it, we shall, as we have heretofore 
 done, cheerfully contribute our full proportion of men and money. 
 To enforce this unconstitutional and unjust scheme of taxation, 
 every fence that the wisdom of our British ancestors had carefully 
 erected against arbitrary power, has been violently thrown down 
 in America, and the inestimable right of trial by jury taken away 
 
 in cases that touch both life and property. 
 
 ****** 
 
 ' It gives us pain to be reduced to the necessity of reminding 
 you, that under the confidence reposed in the faith of government, 
 pledged in a Royal Charter from a British sovereign, the forefathers 
 of the present inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay, left their for- 
 mer habitations, and established that great, flourishing, and loyal 
 Colony. Without incurring or being charged with a forfeiture of 
 their rights, without being heard, without being tried, without law, 
 and without justice, by an Act of Parliament, their Charter is de- 
 stroyed, their liberties violated, their Constitution and form of 
 government changed. 
 
 ' We might tell of dissolute, weak, and wicked Governors, hav- 
 ing been set over us ; or legislatures being suspended for asserting 
 
 the rights of British subjects. 
 
 * * * * * * 
 
 • We believe there is yet much virtue, much justice, and much 
 public spirit in the English nation. To that justice we now 
 appeal. You have been told that we are seditious, impatient of 
 government, and desirous of independency. Be assured that 
 these are not facts, but calumnies. Permit us to be as free 
 as yourselves, and we shall ever esteem a union with you to be 
 our greatest glory and our greatest happiness; we shall ever be 
 ready to contribute all in our power to the welfare of the empire ; 
 we shall consider your enemies as our enemies, and your interest 
 as our own. 
 
 ' But, if you are determined that your ministers shall wantonly 
 sport with the rights of mankind — if neither the voice of justice, 
 the dictates of the law, the principles of the Constitution, or the 
 suggestions of humanity, can restrain your hands from shedding 
 
36 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 human blood in such an impious cause, we must then tell you, 
 that we will never submit to be hewers of wood, or drawers of 
 water, for any minit^try or nation in the world. 
 
 ^ Place us in the same sitvaiion that v^e were at the close of the 
 last tear, and our former harmony ivill be restored. 
 
 ' But lest the same supineness, and ihe same inattention to our 
 common interest, M^hich you have for several years shown, should 
 continue, we think it prudent to anticipate the consequences. 
 
 ' By the destruction of the trade of Boston, the ministry have 
 endeavored to induce submission to their measures. The like 
 fate may befall us all. We will endeavor, therefore, to live without 
 trade, and recur for subsistence to the fertility and bounty of our 
 native s^il, which will afford us the necessaries, and some of the 
 conveniences of life. We have suspended our importation from 
 Great Britain and Ireland ; and, in less than a year's time, unless 
 our grievances should be redressed, shall discontinue our exports 
 to those kingdoms and the West Indies. 
 
 ' It is with the utmost regret, however, that we find ourselves 
 compelled by the overruling principles of self-preservation, to adopt 
 measures detrimental in their consequences to numbers of our 
 fellow subjects in Great Britain and Ireland. But, we hope that 
 the magnanimity and justice of the British nation will furnish a 
 Parliament of such wisdom, independence, and public spirit, as 
 may save the violated rights of the whole empire from the devices 
 of wicked ministers and evil counsellors, whether in or out of office ; 
 and thereby restore that harmony, friendship, and fraternal affec- 
 tion, between all the inhabitants of his Majesty's kingdoms and 
 territories, so ardently wished for by every true and honest 
 American.' 
 
 Committee appointed, October 11th. 
 
 ^October 21. 'The Congress then resumed the consideration of 
 the memorial to the inhabitants of the British Colonies, and the 
 same being debated by paragraphs and amended, was approved, 
 and is as follows : 
 
 ' To the inhabitants of the Colonies of New Hampshire, Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Providence Plantations, Connec- 
 ticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the Counties of New- 
 castle, Kent and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
 Carolina and South Carolina: 
 ' Friends and Countrymen, 
 
 ' We., the Delegates appointed by the good people of these Col- 
 onies, to meet at Philadelphia, in September last, for the purposes 
 mentioned by our respective constituents, have in pursuance of the 
 trust reposed in us, assembled, and taken into our most serious 
 consideration, the important matters recommended to the Congress. 
 Our resolutions thereupon will be herewith communicated to you. 
 But, as the situation of public affairs grows daily more and more 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 37 
 
 alarming ; and, as it may be more satisfactory to you, to be informed 
 bv us, in a collective body, than in any other manner, of those 
 sentiments that have been approved, upon a full and free discussion, 
 by the representatives of so great a part of America, we feel obliged 
 to add this address to these resolutions. 
 
 ' In every case of opposition by a people to their rulers, or of one 
 State to another, duty to Almighty God, the Creator of all, requires 
 that a true and impartial judgment be formed of the measures 
 leading to such opposition ; and of the causes by which it has been 
 provoked, or can in any degree be justified, that neither affection 
 on the one hand, nor resentment on the other, being permitted 
 to give a wrong bias to reason, it may be enabled to take a dispassion- 
 ate view of all the circumstances, and to settle the public conduct 
 on the solid foundations of wisdom and justice. 
 
 ' From councils thus tempered, arise the surest hopes of the Di- 
 vine favor, the firmest encouragement to the parties engaged, and 
 the strongest recommendation of their cause to the rest ot mankind. 
 
 ' With minds deeply impressed by a sense of these truths, we 
 have diligently, deliberately and calmly enquired into, and consid- 
 ered those exertions, both of the legislative and executive power of 
 Great Britain, which have excited so much uneasiness in America, 
 and have with equal fidelity and attention, considered the conduct 
 of the Colonies. 
 
 ' Upon the whole, we find ourselves reduced to the disagreeable 
 alternative of being silent, and betraying the innocent, or of r- peaking 
 out, and censuring those we wish to revere. In making our choice 
 of these distressing difficulties, we prefer the course dictated by 
 honesty, and a regard for the welfare of our country. 
 
 ' Soon after the conclusion of the late war, there commenced a 
 miserable change in the treatment of these Colonies. By a Statute 
 made in the fourth year of the present reign, a time of protound 
 peace, alleging " the expediency of new provisions and regulations 
 for extending the commerce between Great Britain and his maj- 
 esty's dominions in America, and the necessity of raising a revenue 
 in said dominions, for defraying the expenses of defending, pro- 
 tecting and securing the same," the Commons of Great Britain 
 undertook 1o give and grant to his Majesty many rates and duties 
 to be paid in these Colonies. 
 
 ' To enforce the observance of this Act, it prescribes a great num- 
 ber of severe penalties and forfeitures ; and, in two sections, makes 
 a remarkable distinction between the subjects in Great Britain, and 
 those in America. By the one, the penalties and forfeitures in- 
 curred there are to be recovered in any of the King's courts of 
 record, at Westminster, or in the court of Exchequer, in Scotland; 
 and by the other, the penalties and forfeitures incurred here, are to 
 be recovered in any court of record, or in any court of Admiralty 
 or Vice- Admiralty, at the election of the informer or prosecutor. 
 
38 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 * The inhabitants of these Colonies, confiding in the justice of 
 Great Britain, were scarcely allowed sufficient time to receive and 
 consider this Act, before another, well known by the nanne of the 
 Stamp Act, and passed in the fifth year of this reign, engrossed 
 their whole attention. By this Statute the British Parliament ex- 
 ercised, in the most explicit manner, a power of taxing us, and 
 extending the jurisdiction of courts of Admiralty and Vice- Admiral- 
 ty, in the Colonies to matters arising within the body of a county, 
 and directed the numerous penalties and forfeitures, thereby in- 
 flicted, to be recovered in the said courts. 
 
 ' In the same year, a tax was imposed upon us, by an Act estab- 
 lishing several new fees in the customs. In the next year, the 
 Stamp Act was repealed; not because it was founded in an erro- 
 neous principle, but, as the repealing Act recites, because " the 
 continuance thereof would be attended with many inconveniences, 
 and might be productive of consequences greatly detrimental to the 
 commercial interest of Great Britain." 
 
 ' In the same year, and by a subsequent Act, it was declared, " that 
 his Majesty in parliament, of right, had power to bind the people of 
 these Colonies, by Statutes, in all cases whatsoever." 
 
 ' In the same year another Act was passed, for imposing rates 
 and duties, payable in these Colonies. In this Statute, the Com- 
 mons, avoiding the terms of giving and granting, " humbly besought 
 his Majesty that it might be enacted, &c." 
 
 ' But, from a declaration in the preamble, that the rates and duties 
 were " in lieu of" several others granted by the Statute, first before- 
 mentioned, for raising a revenue, and from some other expressions, 
 it appears that these duties were intended for that purpose. 
 
 ' In the next year, 1767, an Act was made " to enable his Majesty 
 to put the customs, and other duties in America, under the manage- 
 ment of commissioners, &c.," and the King, thereupon, erected the 
 present expensive board of commissioners, for the express purpose 
 of carrying into execution the several Acts relating to the revenue 
 and trade in America. 
 
 ' After the repeal of the Stamp Act, having again resigned our- 
 selves to our ancient unsuspicious affections for the parent State, 
 and anxious to avoid any controversy with her, in hopes of a fa- 
 vorable alteration in sentiments and measures towards us, we did 
 not press our objections against the above-mentioned Statutes, made 
 subsequent to that repeal. 
 
 'Administration, attributing to trifling causes a conduct that 
 really proceeded from generous motives, were encouraged in the 
 same year, 1767, to make a bolder experiment on the patience of 
 America. 
 
 ' By a Statute, commonly called the Glass, Paper, and Tea Act, 
 made fifteen months after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Com- 
 moas of Great Britain resumed their former language, and again 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 39 
 
 undertook " to give and grant rates and duties, to be paid in these 
 Colonies," for the express purpose of "raising a revenue, to defray 
 the charges of the administration of justice, the support of civil 
 government, and defending the King's dominions," on this continent. 
 The penalties and forfeitures, incurred under this Statute, are to 
 be recovered in the same manner with those mentioned in the fore- 
 going Acts. 
 
 ' To this Statute, so naturally tending to disturb the tranquillity, 
 then universal throughout the Colonies, parliament, in the same 
 session, added another no less extraordinary. 
 
 ' Ever since the making the present peace, a standing army has 
 been kept in these Colonies. From respect for the mother 
 country, the innovation was not only tolerated, but the Provincial 
 Legislatures, generally, made provision for supplying the troops. 
 
 ' The Assembly of the Province of New York, having passed 
 an Act of this kind, but differing in some articles from the direc- 
 tions of the Act of Parliament made in the fifth year of this reign, 
 the House of Representatives in that Colony, was prohibited by a 
 Statute, made in the last session mentioned, from making any bill, 
 order, resolution,, or vote, except for adjourning or choosing a 
 Speaker, until provision should be made, by the said Assembly, for 
 furnishing the troops within that Province, not only with all such 
 necessaries as were required by the Statute, which they were 
 charged with disobeying, but also with those required by two sub- 
 sequent Statutes, which were declared to be in force until the 
 twenty-fourth day of March, 1769. 
 
 ' These Statutes of the year 1767, revived the apprehensions and 
 discontents that had entirely subsided on the repeal of the Stamp 
 Act; and, amidst tiie just fears and jealousies thereby occasioned, 
 a Statute was made, in the year 1768, to establish Courts of Ad- 
 miralty and Vice- Admiralty on a new model, expressly for the end 
 of more effectually recovering of the penalties and forfeitures in- 
 flicted by Acts of Parliament, framed for the purpose of raising a 
 revenue in America, &c. 
 
 ' The immediate tendency of these Statutes is, to subvert the rights 
 of having a share in legislation, by rendering Assemblies useless; 
 the right of property, by taking the money of the Colonists with- 
 out their consent; the right of trial by jury, by substituting in their 
 place trials in Admiralty and Vice- Admiralty Courts, where single 
 judges preside, holding their commissions during pleasure; and 
 unduly to influence the Courts of common law, by rendering the 
 judges thereof totally dependent on the crown for their salaries. 
 
 'These Statutes, not to mention many others, exceedingly excep- 
 tionable, compared one with another, will be found, not only to 
 form a regular system, in which every part has great force, but also 
 a pertinacious adherence to that system, for subjugating these 
 Colonies, that are not, and from local circumstances cannot, be 
 
40 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 represented in the House of Commons, to the uncontrollable and 
 unlimited power of Parliament, in violation of their undoubted 
 rights and liberties, in contempt of their humble and repeated sup- 
 plications. 
 
 ' This conduct must appear equally astonishing and unjustifiable, 
 when it is considered how unprovoked it has been by any behavior 
 of these Colonies. 
 
 ' From their first settlement, their bitterest enemies never fixed on 
 any of them the charge of disloyalty to their Sovereign, or disafllec- 
 tion to their mother country. In the wars she has carried on, they 
 have exerted themselves, whenever required, in giving her assist- 
 ance ; and have rendered her services which she has publicly 
 acknowledged to be extremely important. 
 
 ' Their fidelity, duty, and usefulness, during the last war, were 
 frequently and afTectionately confessed, by his late Majesty, and the 
 present King. 
 
 The reproaches of those who are most unfriendly to the freedom 
 of America, are principally levelled against the province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay; but with what little reason, will appear by the fol- 
 lowing declarations of a person, the truth of whose evidence, in 
 their favor, will not be questioned. Governor Barnard thus ad- 
 dressed the two Houses of Assembly, in his speech, on the 24th of 
 April, 1762: — " The unanimity and despatch with which you have 
 complied with the requisitions of his Majesty, require my particular 
 acknowledgment ; and it gives me additional pleasure to observe, 
 that you have therein acted under no other influence than a due 
 sense of your duty, both as members of a general empire, and as 
 the body of a particular province." 
 
 ' In another speech, on the 27th of May, in the same year, he 
 says — " Whatever shall be the event of the war, it mast be no 
 small satisfaction to us, that this Province hath contributed its full 
 share to the support of it. Every thing that hath been required of 
 it, hath been complied with, and the execution of the powers com- 
 mitted to me, for raising the provincial troops, hath been as full and 
 complete as the grant of them. Never, before, were regiments so 
 easily levied, so well composed, and so early in the field, as they 
 have been this year; the common people seemed to be animated 
 with the spirit of the General Court, and to vie with them, in their 
 readiness to serve the King." 
 
 ' Such was the conduct of the people of the Massachusetts Bay, 
 during the last war. As to their behavior before that period, it 
 ought not to have been forgot in great Britain, that not only on 
 every occasion they had constantly and cheerfully complied with 
 the frequent royal requisitions, but that, chiefly by their vigorous 
 efTorts, Nova Scotia was subdued in 1710, and Lbuisburg in 1745. 
 ' Foreign quarrels being ended, and the domestic disturbances, 
 that quickly succeeded, on account of the Stamp Act, being quieted 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 41 
 
 by its repeal, the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay transmitted an 
 humble address of thanks to the King and divers noblemen, and 
 soon after passed a Bill for granting compensation to the sufferers in 
 the disorder occasioned by that Act. 
 
 ' These circumstances, and the following extracts from Governor 
 Barnard's letters, in 1768, to the Earl of Shelburne, Secretary of 
 State, clearly show with what grateful tenderness they strove to 
 bury in oblivion the unhappy occasion of the late discords, and 
 with what respectful deference they endeavored to escape other 
 subjects of future controversy. " The House," says the Governor, 
 " from the time of opening the session to this day, has shown a dis- 
 position to avoid all dispute with me ; every thing having passed 
 with as much good humor as I could desire, except only their con- 
 tinuing' to act in addressing the King\ remonstrating to the Secretary 
 of State, and employing a separate Agent. It is the importance of 
 this innovation, without any wilfulness of my own, which induces 
 me to make this remonstrance, at a time when I have a fair pros- 
 pect of having, in all other business, nothing but good to say of 
 the proceedings of the House.* , 
 
 " They have acted, in all things, even in their remonstrance, with 
 temper and moderation ; they have avoided some subjects of dis- 
 pute, and have laid a foundation for removing some causes of 
 former altercation, f 
 
 " I shall make such a prudent and proper use of this letter, as, I 
 hope, will perfectly restore the peace and tranquillity of this Prov- 
 ince, for which considerable steps have been made by the House of 
 B^epresentativesr-^ 
 
 ' The vindication of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, con- 
 tained in these letters, will have greater force, if it be considered 
 that they were written several months after the fresh alarm given to 
 the Colonies, by the Statutes passed in the preceding year. 
 
 ' In this place, it seems proper to take notice of the insinuation 
 contained in one of those Statutes, that the interference of Parlia- 
 ment was necessary to provide for " defraying the charge of the 
 administration of justice, the support of civil government, and de- 
 fending the King's dominions in America." 
 
 ' As to the two first articles of expense, every Colony had made 
 such provision, as by their respective Assemblies, the best judges on 
 such occasions, was thought expedient, and suitable to their several 
 circumstances ; respecting the last, it is well known to all men, the 
 least acquainted with American affairs, that the Colonies were 
 established, and generally defended themselves, without the least 
 assistance from Great Britain ; and that, at the time of her taxing 
 them, by the Statutes before mentioned, most of them were laboring 
 tinder very heavy debts contracted in the last war. So far were they 
 
 * January 21, 176S. t January 30, 176S. J February 2, 1768. 
 
 6 
 
42 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 from sparing their money, when their Sovereign constitutionally 
 asked their aid, that, during the course of that war, Parliament re- 
 peatedly made them compensations for the expenses of those 
 strenuous efforts, which, consulting their zeal rather than their 
 strength, they had cheerfully incurred. 
 
 ' Severe as the Acts of Parliament before-mentioned are, yet the 
 conduct of administration hath been equally injurious and irritating 
 to this devoted country. 
 
 ' Under pretence of governing them, so many new institutions, 
 uniformly rigid and dangerous, have been introduced, as could 
 only be expected from incensed masters, for collecting the tribute, 
 or rather the plunder, of conquered Provinces. 
 
 ' By an order of the King, the authority of the commander-in-chief, 
 and, under him, of the brigadier-generals, in time of peace, is ren- 
 dered supreme in all the civil governments in America ; and thus 
 an uncontrollable military power is vested in officers, not known to 
 the Constitution of these Colonies. 
 
 ' A large body of troops, and a considerable armament of ships 
 of war, have been sent to assist in taking their money without 
 their consent. 
 
 ' Expensive and oppressive offices have been multiplied, and the 
 acts of corruption industriously practised to divide and destroy. 
 
 ' The judges of the Admiralty and Vice- Admiralty Courts are em- 
 powered to receive their salaries and fees from the effects to be con- 
 demned by themselves. 
 
 ' The commissioners of the customs are empowered to break open 
 and enter houses, without any authority of any civil magistrate, 
 founded on legal information. 
 
 ' Judges of courts of common law have been made entirely de- 
 pendent on the crown for their commissions and salaries. 
 
 ' A court has been established at Rhode Island for the purposes of 
 taking Colonists to England to be tried. 
 
 ' Humble and reasonable petitions, from the representatives of the 
 people, have been frequently treated with contempt; and Assem- 
 blies have been repeatedly and arbitrarily dissolved. 
 
 * From some few instances, it will sufficiently appear, on what 
 pretences of justice those dissolutions have been founded. 
 
 ' The tranquillity of the Colonies having been again disturbed, as 
 has been mentioned, by the Statutes of the year 1767, the Earl of 
 Hillsborough, Secretary of State, in a letter to Governor Barnard, 
 dated April 22, 1768, censures the " presumption " of the House of 
 Representatives, for " resolving upon a measure of so inflammatory 
 a nature, as that of writing to the other Colonies, on the subject of 
 their intended representations against some late Acts of Parlia- 
 ment," then declares that " his Majesty considers this step as evi- 
 dently tending to create unwarrantable combinations, to excite an 
 unjustifiable opposition to the constitutional fiuthority of Parlia- 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 43 
 
 ment" — and afterwards adds, "it is the King's pleasure, that as 
 soon as the General Court is again assembled, at the time prescrib- 
 ed by the Charter, you should require of the House of Representa- 
 tives, in his Majesty's name, to rescind the resolution which gave 
 birth to the circular letter, from the Speaker,^ and to declare their 
 disapprobation of, and dissent to, that rash and hasty proceeding.' 
 
 " If the new Assembly should refuse to comply with his Majes- 
 ty's reasonable expectation, it is the King's pleasure that you should 
 immediately dissolve themJ^ 
 
 ' This letter being laid before the House, and the resolution being 
 rescinded according to order, the Assembly was dissolved. A 
 letter of a similar nature was sent to other Governors to procure res- 
 ohitions, approving- the conduct of the representatives of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay to be rescinded also ; and the Houses of Represen- 
 tatives in other Colonies, refusing to comply, Assemblies ivere 
 dissolved. 
 
 ' These mandates spoke a language, to which the ears of English 
 subjects had for several generations, been strangers. The nature 
 of Assemblies implies a power and right of deliberation, but those 
 commands, proscribing the exercise of judgment, on the propriety 
 of the requisitions made, left to the Assemblies only the election 
 between dictated submission, and threatened punishment : a pun- 
 ishment, too, founded on no other act, than such as is deemed inno- 
 cent, even in slaves — of agreeing in petitions for redress of griev- 
 ances, that equaUtj affect all. 
 
 ' The hostile and unjustifiable invasion of the town of Boston, 
 soon followed these events, in the same year; though that town, 
 the Province in which it is situated, and all the Colonies, from ab- 
 horrence of contest with their parent State, permitted the execution, 
 even of those Statutes, against which they so nnanimoiisly ivere com- 
 plaining, remonstrating, and supplicating. Administration, deter- 
 mined to subdue a spirit of freedom, which English ministers 
 should have rejoiced to cherish, entered into a monopolizing combi- 
 nation with the East India Company, to send to this continent vast 
 quantities of tea, an article on which a duty was laid by a Statute, 
 that, in a particular manner, attacked the liberties of America, and 
 which therefore the inhabitants of these Colonies had resolved not 
 to import. The cargo sent to South Carolina was stored, and not 
 allowed to be sold. Those sent to Philadelphia and New York 
 were not permitted to be landed. That sent to Boston was des- 
 troyed, because Governor Hutchinson would not suffer it to be re- 
 turned. 
 
 ' On the intelligence of these transactions arriving in Great Britain, 
 the public-spirited town last mentioned was singled out for des- 
 truction, and it was determined the Province it belonged to should 
 partake of its fate. In the last session of Parliament, therefore, 
 * The ciroular letter from the Speaker to other Coloaies. 
 
44 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS IN 1774. 
 
 were passed the Act for shutting up the Port of Boston, indemni- 
 fying the murderers of the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay, and 
 changing their chartered constitution of government. To enforce 
 these Acts, that Province is again invaded by a fleet and army. 
 
 ' To mention these outrageous proceedings, is sufficient to explain 
 them. For, though it is pretended that the Province of Massachu- 
 setts Bay has been particularly disrespectful to Great Britain, yet, in 
 truth, the behavior of the people in other Colonies has been, " an 
 equal opposition to the power assumed by Parliament. No step, 
 however, has been taken against any of the rest. 
 
 ' This artful conduct conceals several designs. It is expected the 
 Province of Massachusetts Bay will be irritated into some violent 
 action, that may displease the rest of the continent, or may induce 
 the people of Great Britain to approve the meditated vengeance of 
 our imprudent and exasperated ministry. If the unexampled pa- 
 cific temper of that Province shall disappoint this part of the plan, 
 it is hoped that other Colonies will be so far intimidated, as to de- 
 sert their brethren, suffering in a common cause, and that thus disu- 
 nited, all may be subdued. 
 
 ' To promote these designs, another measure has been proposed. 
 In the session of Parliament last mentioned, an Act was passed 
 changing the government of Quebec, by which Act the Roman 
 Catholic religion, instead of being tolerated, as stipulated by the 
 treaty of peace, is established ; and the people there are deprived 
 of a right to our Assembly, trials by jury, and the English laws in 
 civil cases are abolished, and instead thereof, the French laws are 
 established, in direct violation of his Majesty's promise by his royal 
 proclamation, under the faith of which many English subjects set- 
 tled in that Province ; and the limits of that Province are extended 
 so as to comprehend those vast regions, that lie adjoining to the 
 northerly and westerly boundaries oif these Colonies. 
 
 ' The authors of this arbitrary arrangement flatter themselves, that 
 the inhabitants, deprived of liberty, and artfully provoked against 
 those of another religion, will be proper instruments for assisting 
 in the oppression of such as differ from them in modes of govern- 
 ment and faith. 
 
 ' Frtm the detail of facts herein before recited, as well as from 
 authentic intelligence received, it is clear beyond a doubt, that a 
 resolution is formed, and now carrying into execution, to extinguish 
 the freedom of these Colonies, by subjecting them to a despotic 
 government. 
 
 ' At this unhappy period, we have been authorized and directed 
 to meet and consult together, /or the welfare of our common covntry. 
 
 ' We accepted the important trust with diffidence, but have en- 
 deavored to discharge it with integrity. Though the state of these 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 45 
 
 Colonies would certainly justify other measures than we have ad- 
 vised, yet weighty reasons determined us to prefer those which we 
 have adopted. In the first place, it appeared to us a conduct be- 
 coming the character these Colonies have ever sustained, to 
 perform, even in the midst of the unnatural distresses and imminent 
 dangers that surround them, every act of loyalty, and therefore we 
 were induced once more to offer to his Majesty, the petitions of his 
 faithful and oppressed subjects in America. Secondly, regarding 
 with the tender affection, which we knew to be so universal among 
 our countrymen, the people of the kingdom from which we derive 
 our origin, we could not forbear to regulate our steps by an expec- 
 tation of receiving full conviction that the Colonists are equally 
 dear to them. Between these Provinces and that body subsists a 
 sacred bond, which we ardently wish may never be dissolved, until 
 their minds shall become indisputably hostile, or their inatlention 
 shall permit those who are thus hostile, to persist in prosecuting, with 
 the powers of the realm, the destructive measures already operating 
 against the Colonists, and, in either case, shall reduce the latter to 
 such a situation, that they shall be compelled to renounce every re- 
 gard, but that of self-preservation. Notwithstanding the violence 
 with which affairs have been impelled, they have not yet reached 
 that fatal point. We do not incline to accelerate their motion, al- 
 ready alarmingly rapid ; we have chosen a method of opposition, 
 that does not preclude a hearty reconciliation with our fellovv- 
 ciiizens on the other side of the Atlantic. We deeply deplore 
 the urgent necessity that presses us to an immediate interruption of 
 commerce, that may prove injurious to them. W^e trust they will ac- 
 quit us of any unkind intentions towards them by reflecting, that 
 we are driven by the hands of violence into unexperienced and 
 unexpected public convulsions, and that we are contending for 
 freedom, so often contended for by our ancestors. 
 
 ' The people of England will soon have an opportunity of de- 
 claring their sentiments concerning our cause. In their piety, gen- 
 erosity, and good sense, we repose high confidence ; and cannot, 
 upon a review of past events, be pursuaded, that they, the defenders 
 of true religion, and the asserters of the rights of mankind, will 
 take part against their affectionate Protestant brethren in the Colo- 
 nies ; in favor of our open, and their own secret enemies, whose in- 
 trigues for several years past have been wholly exercised in sapping 
 the foundations of civil and religious liberty. 
 
 'Another reason that engaged us to prefer the commercial mode 
 of opposition, arose from an assurance, that the mode will prove 
 efficacious, if it be persisted in with fidelity and virtue ; and that 
 your conduct will be influenced by these laudable principles can- 
 not be questioned. Your own salvation, and that of your posterity, 
 now depends upon yourselves. You have already shown that you 
 entertain a propei sense of the blessings you are striving to retain. 
 
46 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 'Against ibe temporary inconveniences you may suffer from a 
 stoppage of trade, you will weigh in the opposite balance, the end- 
 less miseries you and your descendants must endure, from an 
 established arbitrary power. You will not forget the honor of your 
 country, that must, from your behavior, take its title in the estima- 
 tion of the world, to glory, or to shame ; and you will with the 
 deepest attention, reflect, that if the peaceable mode of opposition, 
 recommended by us, be broken and rendered inefficient, as your 
 cruel and haughty ministerial enemies, from a contemptuous opinion 
 of your firmness, insolently predict will be the case, you must inevi- 
 tably be reduced to choose, either a more dangerous contest, or a 
 final, ruinous, and infamous submission. 
 
 ' Motives thus cogent, arising from the emergency of your unhappy 
 condition, must excite your utmost diligence and zeal to give all 
 possible strength and energy to the pacific measures calculated for 
 your relief I But we think ourselves bound in duty, to observe to 
 you, that the schemes agitated against these Colonies have been so 
 conducted, as to render it prudent that you should extend your 
 views to mournful events, and be in all respects prepared for every 
 contingency. Above all things, we earnestly entreat you, with de- 
 votion of spirit, penitence of heart, and amendment of life, to 
 humble yourselves and implore the favor of Almighty God : and 
 we fervently beseech His divine goodness, to take you into His 
 gracious protection.' 
 
 Com. appointed Oct. 15th. 
 
 * WEDNESDAY, OCT. 26. THE PETITION OF CONGRESS TO THE KING. 
 
 'to THE king's most EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 * Most graciovs Sovereign : 
 
 ' Wk, your Majesty's most faithful subjects of the Colonies of 
 New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, the counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex on Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, in 
 behalf of ourselves and the inhabitants of these Colonies, ivho have 
 deputed vs to represent them in General Congress, by this our hum- 
 ble petition, beg leave to lay our grievances before the throne. 
 
 ' A standing army has been kept in these Colonies, ever since 
 the conclusion of the late war, without the consent of our Assem- 
 blies ; and this army, with a considerable naval armament, has 
 been employed to enforce the collection of taxes. 
 
 ' The authority of the commander-in-chief, and under him the 
 brigadier-general, has in time of peace been rendered supreme in 
 all the civil governments in America. 
 
 ' The commander-in-chief of all your Majesty's forces in North 
 America has, in time of peace, been appointed Governor of a 
 Colony. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 47 
 
 * The charges of usual offices have been greatly increased, and, 
 new, expensive, and oppressive offices have been multiplied. 
 
 ' The judges of Admiralty and Vice- Admiralty Courts are em- 
 powered to receive their salaries and fees from the effects con- 
 demned by themselves 
 
 ' The officers of the customs are empowered to break open and 
 enter houses, without the authority of any civil magistrate, founded 
 on legal information. 
 
 ' The judges of courts of common law have been made entirely 
 dependent on one part of the legislature for their salaries, as well as 
 for the duration of their commissions. 
 
 ' Counsellors holding their commissions during pleasure, exercise 
 legislative authority. 
 
 ' Humble and reasonable petitions from the representatives of the 
 people have been fruitless. 
 
 ' The agents of the people have been discountenanced, and Gov- 
 ernors have been instructed to prevent the payment of the salaries. 
 
 ' Assemblies have been repeatedly and injuriously dissolved. 
 
 ' Commerce has been burthened with many useless and oppres- 
 sive restrictions. 
 
 ' By several Acts of Parliament, made in the fourth, fifth, sixth, 
 seventh, and eighth year of your Majesty's reign, duties are imposed 
 on us, for the purpose of raising a revenue ; and the powers of 
 dmiralty and Vice-Admiralty Courts are extended beyond their an- 
 cient limits, whereby our property is taken from us without our 
 consent, the trial by jury in many civil cases is abolished, enor- 
 mous forfeitures are incurred for slight offences, vexatious informers 
 are exempted from paying damages to which they are justly liable, 
 and oppressive security is required from owners before they are al- 
 lowed to defend their right. 
 
 ' Both Houses of Parliament have resolved, that Colonists may 
 be tried in England for offences alleged to have been committed in 
 America, by virtue of a Statute passed in the thirty-fifth year of 
 Henry the Eighth ; and, in consequence thereof, attempts have been 
 made to enforce that Statute. 
 
 * A Statute was passed in the twelfth year of your Majesty's 
 reign, directing, that persons charged with committing any offence 
 therein described, in any place out of the realm, may be indicted 
 and tried for the same, in any shire or county within the realm, 
 whereby inhabitants of these Colonies, in sundry cases, by that 
 Statute made capital, be deprived of a trial by their peers of the 
 vicinage. 
 
 ' In the last session of Parliament, an Act was passed for 
 blocking up the Harbor of Boston ; and empowering the Gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts Bay, to send persons indicted for murder 
 in that Province, to another Colony, or, even to Great Britain, for 
 trial, whereby such offenders may escape legal punishment ; a 
 
48 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 third, for altering the chartered Constitution of government in that 
 Province ; and fourth, for extending the limits of Quebec, abolish- 
 ing the English and restoring the French laws, whereby great 
 numbers of British Frenchmen are subjected to the latter, and es- 
 tablishing an absolute government and the Roman Catholic religion 
 throughout those vast regions that border on the westerly and 
 northerly boundaries of the free, Protestant, English settlements ; 
 and a fifth, for the better providing suitable quarters for officers and 
 soldiers in his Majesty's service in North America. 
 
 ' To a Sovereign who glories in the name of Britain, the bare 
 recital of these Acts must, we presume, justify the loyal subjects 
 who fly to the foot of his throne, and implore his clemency for 
 protection against them. 
 
 ' From, this destructive system of Colony administration, adopted 
 since the conclusion of the last vjar^ have flowed those distresses, 
 dangers, fears, and jealousies, that overivhebn your Majesty^ s duti- 
 ful Colonists with affliction: and v)e defy our most subtile and 
 inveterate enemies to trace the unhappy differences between, Great 
 Britain and these Colonies, from an earlier period, or from other 
 causes than we have assigned. Had they proceeded on our part 
 from a restless levity of temper, unjust impulses of ambition, or 
 artful suggestions of seditious persons, we should merit the op- 
 probrious terms frequently bestowed upon us by those we revere. 
 But so far from promoting innovations, we have only opposed 
 them ; and can be charged with no- offence, unless it be one to 
 receive injuries, and be sensible of them. 
 
 ' Had our Creator been pleased to give us existence in a land 
 of slavery, the sense of our condition might have been mitigated 
 by ignorance and habit. But thanks be to His adorable goodness, 
 we were born the heirs of freedom, and ever enjoyed our right 
 under the auspices of your royal ancestors, whose family was 
 seated on the British throne, to rescue and secure a pious and gal- 
 lant nation from the Popery and despotism of a superstitious and 
 inexorable tyrant. Your Majesty, we are confident, justly rejoices, 
 that your title to the crown is thus founded on the title of your 
 people to liberty ; and, therefore, we doubt not but your royal wis- 
 dom must approve the sensibility that teaches your subjects 
 anxiously to guard the blessing they received from Divine Provi- 
 dence, and thereby to prove the performance of that compact 
 which elevated the illustrious House of Brunswick to the imperial 
 dignity it now possesses. 
 
 ' The apprehension of being degraded into a state of servitude, 
 from the preeminent rank of English freemen, while our minds 
 retain the strongest love of liberty, and clearly foresee the miseries 
 preparing for us and our posterity, excites emotions in our breasts, 
 which, though we cannot describe, we should not wish to conceal. 
 Feeling as men, and thinking as subjects in the manner we do, 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 49 
 
 silence would be disloyalty. By giving this faithful information, 
 we do all in our power to promote the great objects of your royal 
 cares, the tranquility of your government, and the welfare of your 
 people. 
 
 ' Duty to your Majesty, and regard for the preservation of our- 
 selves and our posterity, the primary obligations of nature and 
 society, command us to entreat your royal attention ; and as your 
 Majesty enjoys the signal distinction of reigning over freemen, we 
 apprehend the language of freemen cannot be displeasing. Your 
 royal indignation, we hope, will rather fall on those designing and 
 dangerous men, who daringly interposing themselves between 
 your royal person and your faithful subjects, and for several years 
 past incessantly employed to dissolve the bonds of society, by 
 abusing your Majesty's authority, misrepresenting your American 
 subjects, and prosecuting the most desperate and irritating projects 
 of oppression, have at length compelled us, by the force of accu- 
 mulated injuries, too severe to be any longer tolerable, to disturb 
 your Majesty's repose by our complaints. 
 
 ' These sentiments are extorted from hearts, that much more 
 willingly would bleed in your Majesty's service. Yet so greatly 
 have we been misrepresented, that a necessity has been alleged 
 of taking our property from us without our consent, "to defray 
 the charge of the administration of justice, the support of civil 
 government, and the defence, protection, and security of the Col- 
 onies." But we beg leave to assure your Majesty, that such pro- 
 vision has been, and will be made, for defraying the two first 
 articles, as has been and shall be judged, by the Legislatures of 
 the several Colonies, just and equitable to their respectative cir- 
 cumstances : and, for the defence, protection, and security of the 
 Colonies, their militias, if properly regulated, as they earnestly 
 desire may immediately be done, would be fully sufficient, at least 
 in times of peace ; and in case of war, your faithful Colonists will 
 be ready and willing, as they ever have been, when constitutionally 
 required, to demonstrate their loyalty to your Majesty, by exerting 
 their most strenuous efforts in granting supplies and raising forces. 
 Yielding to no British subject in affectionate attachment to your 
 Majesty's person, family, and government, we too dearly prize the 
 privilege of expressing that attachment by those proofs, that are 
 honorable to the Prince who receives them, and to the people 
 who give them, ever to resign it to any body of men upon earth. 
 
 ' Had we been permitted to enjoy in quiet the inheritance left 
 us by our forefathers, we should at this time have been peaceably 
 cheerfully, and usefully employed in recommending ourselves, by 
 every testimony of devotion, to your Majesty, and of veneration to 
 the state from which we derive our origin. But though now ex- 
 posed to unexpected and unnatural scenes of distress by a conten- 
 tion with that nation, in whose parental guidance on all importan 
 7 
 
50 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 affairs, we have hitherto with filial reverence constantly trusted, 
 and therefore can derive no instruction in our present unhappy and 
 perplexing circumstances from any former experience; yet, we 
 doubt not, the purity of our intention and the integrity of our 
 conduct will justify us at that Great Tribunal, before which all 
 mankind must submit to judgment. 
 
 ' We ask but for peace, liberty, and safety. We wish not a 
 diminutimi of the prerogative^ nor do ive solicit the grant of any 
 new right in our favor. Your royal authority over us, and our con- 
 nection with Great Britain, we shall always carefully and zealously 
 endeavor to support and maintain. 
 
 ' Filled with sentiments of duty to your Majesty, and of affection 
 to our parent State, deeply impressed by our education, and strongly 
 confirmed by our reason, and anxious to evince the sincerity of 
 these dispositions, we present this petition only to obtain redress 
 of grievances, and relief from fear and jealousies, occasioned by the 
 system of Statutes and regulations, adopted since the close of the 
 late war, for raising a revenue in America — extending the pow- 
 ers of Courts of Admiralty and Vice- Admiralty — trying persons 
 in Great Britain for offences alleged to be committed in America — 
 affecting the Province of Massachusetts Bay — and altering the 
 government and extending the limits of Quebec : by the abolition 
 of which system, the harmony between Great Britain and these 
 Colonies, so necessary to the happiness of both, and so ardently 
 desired by the latter, and the usual intercourses will be immedi- 
 ately restored. In the magnanimity and justice of your Majesty 
 and Parliament, we confide for a redress of our other grievances, 
 trusting that when the causes of our apprehensions are removed,, 
 our future conduct will prove us not unworthy of the regard we 
 have been accustomed, in our happier days, to enjoy. For, ap- 
 pealing to that Being who searches thoroughly the hearts of his 
 creatures, we solemnly profess, that our councils have been influ- 
 enced by no other motive, than a dread of impending destruction. 
 
 ' Permit us, then, most gracious Sovereign, in the name of all 
 your faithful people in America, with the utmost humility, to im- 
 plore you, for the honor of Almighty God, whose pure religion our 
 enemies are undermining ; for your glory, which can be advanced 
 only by rendering your subjects happy, and keeping them united ; 
 for the interests of your family depending on an adherence to the 
 principles that enthroned it, for the safety and welfare of your 
 kingdoms, and dominions, threatened with almost unavoidable 
 dangers and distresses, that your Majesty, as the loving father of 
 your whole people, connected by the same bonds of law, loyalty, 
 faith, and blood, though dwelling in various countries, will not 
 suffer the transcendant relation formed by these ties to be farther 
 violated, in uncertain expectation of effects that, if attained, never 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. ^ 
 
 can compensate for the calamities through which they must be 
 gained. 
 
 ' We, therefore, most earnestly beseech your Majesty, that your 
 royal authority and interposition may be used for our relief, and 
 that a gracious answer may be given to this petition. 
 
 ' That your Majesty may enjoy every felicity through a long and 
 glorious reign, over loyal and happy subjects, and that your de- 
 scendants m^y inherit your prosperity and dominions till time shall 
 be no more, is, and always will be, our sincere and fervent 
 prayer.' 
 
 Committee appointed, October 1st. 
 
 ' Tuesday, October 25, 1774. 
 
 * Resolved, That the address to the King be enclosed in a letter 
 to the several Colony agents, in order that the same may be by 
 them presented to his Majesty ; and that the agents be requested 
 to call in the aid of such noblemen and gentlemen as are esteemed 
 firm friends to American liberty. 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. Lee and Mr. Jay prepare a letter to the 
 agents. 
 
 26th. The letter to the agents, being brought in by the com- 
 mittee, was read, and approved as follows : — 
 
 * Philadelphia, October 26, 1774. 
 
 * Gentlemen : 
 
 ' We give you the strongest proof our reliance on your zeal 
 and attachment to the happiness of America, and the cause of lib- 
 erty, when we commit the enclosed paper to your care. 
 
 ' We desire you will deliver the petition into the hands of his 
 Majesty, and after it has been presented, we wish it may be made 
 public through the press, together with the list of grievances. And 
 as we hope for great assistance from the spirit, virtue, and justice 
 of the nation, it is our earnest desire, that the most effectual care 
 be taken, as early as possible, to furnish the trading cities, and 
 manufacturing towns, throughout the United Kingdom, with our 
 memorial to the people of Great Britain. 
 
 ' We doubt not, but your good sense and discernment will lead 
 you to avail yourselves of every assistance that may be derived 
 from the advice and friendship of all great and good men, who 
 may incline to aid the cause of liberty and mankind. 
 
 ' The gratitude of America, expressed in the enclosed vote of 
 thanks, we desire may be conveyed to the deserving objects of it, 
 in the manner you think will be most acceptable to them. 
 
 ' It is proposed, that another Congress be held on the tenth of 
 May next, at this place, but in the meantime, we beg the favor of 
 you, gentlemen, to transmit to the Speaker of the several Assem- 
 
52 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 
 
 blies, the earliest information of the most authentic accounts you 
 can collect, of all such conduct and designs of Ministry, or Parlia- 
 ment, as it may concern America to knoic. 
 
 ' We are, with unfeigned esteem and regard, 
 ' Gentlemen, &c., 
 ' By order and in behalf of ihe Congress, 
 'HENRY MIDDLETON, President. 
 ♦ To Paul Wentworth, Esq., 
 
 Doctor Benjamin Franklin, 
 William Bollen, Esq., 
 Doctor Arthur Lee, 
 Thomas Life, Esq., 
 Edmund Burke, Esq., 
 Charles Garth, Esq.' 
 Committee appointed, October 25th. 
 
 ' To THE INHABITANTS OF THE PROVINCE OF QuEBEC. 
 
 ^Friends and Fellow- Subjects^ 
 
 ' We, the delegates of the Colonies of New Hampshire, &c, * 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ deputed by the inhabitants of the said Colonies, to 
 represent them in a General Cong-ress at Philadelphia, ^ # #, 
 to consult together concerning the best methods to obtain redress of 
 our afflicting grievances ; having accordingly assembled, and taken 
 into our most serious consideration, the state of public affairs on 
 this Continent, have thought proper to address your Province, as a 
 member therein deeply intererested. 
 
 ' When the fortune of war, after a gallant and glorious resistance, 
 had incorporated you with the body of English subjects, we re- 
 joiced in the truly valuable addition, both on our own and your 
 account; expecting, as courage and generosity are naturally united, 
 our brave enemies would become our hearty friends, and that the 
 Divine Being would bless to you the dispensations of his over-ruling 
 providence, by securing to you and your latest posterity, the inesti- 
 mable advantages of a free EngHsh Constitution of government, 
 which it is the privilege of all English subjects to enjoy. 
 
 ' These hopes were confirmed by the King's proclamation, issued 
 in the year 1763, plighting the public faith for your full enjoyment 
 of those advantages. 
 
 ' Little did we imagine that any succeeding Ministers would so 
 audaciously and cruelly abuse the royal authority, as to withhold 
 from you the fruition of the irrevocable rights, to which you were 
 thus justly entitled. 
 
 ' But since we have lived to see the unexpected time, when Min- 
 isters of this flagitious temper have dared to violate the most sacred 
 compacts and obligations, and as you, educated under another form 
 of government, have artfully been kept from discovering the un- 
 speakable worth of that form you are now undoubtedly entitled to, 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1774. 58 
 
 we esteem it our duty to explain to you some of its most important 
 
 branches. 
 
 ******** 
 
 ' We do not ask you, by this address, to commence acts of hos- 
 tility against the government of our common Sovereign. We only 
 invite you to consult your own glory and welfare, and not to suffer 
 yourselves to be inveigled or intimidated by infamous Ministers, 
 so far as to become the instruments of their cruelty and despotism ; 
 but to unite with us in one social compact, formed on the generous 
 principles of equal liberty, and cemented by such an exchange of 
 beneficial and endearing offices as to render it perpetual. =^ ^ 
 
 ' In this present Congress, beginning on the fifth of last month, 
 and continued to this day, it has been with universal pleasure, and 
 an unanimous vote, resolved, that we should consider the violation 
 of your rights, by the Act for altering the government of your Prov- 
 ince, as a violation of our own, and that you should be invited to 
 accede to our Confederation, which has no other objects than the 
 perfect security of the natural and civil rights of all the constituent 
 members, according to their respective circumstances, and the 
 preservation of a happy and lasting connection with Great Britain, 
 on the salutary and constitutional principles herein before men- 
 tioned. For effecting these purposes, we have addressed an humble 
 and loyal petition to his Majesty, praying relief of our and your 
 grievances ; and have associated to stop all importations from Great 
 Britain and Ireland, after the first day of December, and all expor- 
 tations to those kingdoms and the West Indies, after the tenth day 
 of next September ; unless the said grievances are redressed. 
 
 * That Almighty God may incline your minds to approve our 
 equitable and necessary measures, to add yourselves to us, to put 
 your fate, whenever you suffer injuries which you are determined 
 to oppose, not on the small influence of your single Province, but 
 on the consolidated powers of North America; and may grant to 
 our joint exertions, an event as happy as our cause is just, is the 
 fervent prayer of us, your sincere and affectionate friends and fellow 
 subjects.' 
 
 Committee appointed, Oct. 21st. 
 
 Some of the proceedings in Massachusetts about that time. 
 
 * Governor Gage had issued writs for holding a General Assem- 
 bly at Salem, on the fifth of October, (1774). 
 
 ' The new members, to the number of ninety, meeting according 
 to the precept, and, neither the Governor nor any substitute at- 
 tending, they resolved themselves into a Provincial Congress, and 
 soon adjourned to Concord. They there chose Mr. Hancock 
 President. # ^ ^ ^ They adjourned to Cambridge; and, 
 when reassembled, they appointed a Committee to draw up a plan 
 for the immediate defence of the Province ; resolved to enlist a 
 
S4 MISCELLANEOUS COHRESPONDENCE, &c. IN 1774. 
 
 number of the inhabitants to be in readiness to turn out at a minute's 
 warning; elected three general officers, &c. 
 
 ' The same Congress meeting again in November, resolved to get 
 in readiness twelve thousand men to act on any emergency, and 
 that a fourth part of the militia should be enlisted as minute-men, 
 and receive pay ; appointed two additional general officers ; and 
 sent persons to new Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut, to 
 inform those Colonies of its measures, and request their coopera- 
 tion in making up an army of twenty thousand men. ^ -^ '^ 
 A circular letter was addressed to the several Ministers in the 
 Province, requesting their assistance in averting the threatened 
 slavery. 
 
 ' The form of the letter was as follows : " Rev. Sir: We cannot but 
 acknowledge the goodness of Heaven, in constantly supplying us 
 with Preachers of the Gospel, whose concern has been the temp- 
 oral and spiritual happiness of this people. In a day like this, when 
 all the friends of civil and religious liberty are exerting themselves 
 to deliver this country from its present calamities, we cannot but 
 place great hope in an order of men, who have ever distinguished 
 themselves in their country's cause, and do therefore recommend 
 to the Ministers of the Gospel, in the several towns and other 
 places in this Colony, that they assist us in averting that dreadful 
 slavery, with which we are now threatened." ' — Holmes's Am. An- 
 nn/s, vol. ii., pp. 315 — 16. 
 
 ' Congress rose in October, and Mr. Henry returned to his native 
 county. 
 
 ' Here, as was natural, he was surrounded by his neighbors, 
 who were eager to hear not only what had been done, but 
 what kind of men had composed that illustrious body. He 
 answered their inquiries with all his wonted kindness and 
 candor; and, having been asked by one of them, "whom he 
 thought the greatest man in Congress," he replied — "If you speak 
 of eloquence, Mr. J. Rutledge, of South Carolina, is by far the 
 greatest orator; but, if you speak of solid information and sound 
 judgment, Colonel Washington is, unquestionably, the greatest 
 man on the floor." ' — Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry, page 113. 
 
 ' On the 20th of March, 1775, the Convention of delegates from 
 the several counties and corporations of Virginia met for the sec- 
 ond time. This Assembly was held in the old church in the town 
 of Ptichmond. 
 
 ' The Convention being formed and organized for business, 
 proceeded in the first place to express their unqualified approbation 
 of the measures of Congress, and to declare that they considered 
 "this whole Continent as under the highest obligations to that 
 
MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c. IN 1774. 55 
 
 respectable body, for the wisdom of their counsels, and their unre- 
 mitted endeavors to maintain and preserve inviolate the just rights 
 and liberties of his Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects in America." 
 ' They next resolve that "the warmest thanks of the Convention, 
 and of all the inhabitants of this Colony, were due, and that this 
 just tribute of applause be presented to the worthy delegates, dep- 
 uted by a former Convention to represent this Colony in General 
 Congress, for their cheerful undertaking and faithful discharge of 
 the very important trust reposed in them." ' — Ibid. pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson says, — ' The splendid proceedings of that Congress, 
 at their first session, belong to general history, are known to every 
 one, and need not therefore be noted here. They terminated their 
 session the 26th of October, to meet again on the 10th of May 
 ensuing. The Convention, at their ensuing session of March, '75, 
 approved of the proceedings of Congress, thanked their delegates, 
 and reappointed the same persons to represent the Colony at the 
 meeting to be held in May : and foreseeing the probability that 
 Peyton Randolph, their President, and Speaker also of the House 
 of Burgesses, might be called off, they added me, in that event, to 
 the delegation.' — Jeffersoris Writings^ vol i., p. 8. 
 
 ' Thomas Lynch to Ralph Izard. 
 
 ' Philadelphia, October 26, 1774. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — On my arrival here I wrote you the occasion of it. 
 I now have the pleasure of enclosing to you a pamphlet, which 
 contains the result. 
 
 ' The New England men continue a behavior truly heroic. With- 
 out rashness, or any tumultuous proceedings that belong to mobs, 
 they oppose a steady, manly, cool and regular conduct, neither 
 declining nor precipitating war. 
 
 ' I saw a gentleman a few days ago, who was at Cambridge 
 when the men who had met to oblige the Counsellors and Judges 
 to resign their offices, received intelligence that Gage was marching 
 his little army to attack them. He declares that this news occa- 
 sioned not the least appearance of hurry or confusion. The men 
 who were armed, prepared to receive their enemy ; the unarmed 
 hasted home and brought their arms. Their numbers being but 
 little superior, shows they will not decline an equal combat. If so, 
 where is England to find an army to encounter two hundred 
 thousand of these same New Englanders, besides at least live 
 hundred thousand others, in the rest of America, who have sol- 
 emnly engaged in the same cause ? 
 
 ' I enclose a newspaper, to show the temper of the people of 
 Maryland, as a specimen of that which prevails in all the Colonies. 
 
 ' These Middle Colonies were suspected of great lukewarmness, 
 
56 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN' 1775. 
 
 but since we have been here, a great alteration is visible in that 
 matter. ' I am, Dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 'James Allen to Ralph Izaud, 
 
 ' Philadelphia, October 27, 1774. 
 
 'You may well think that this is a time of great anxiety and expectation 
 with us, when I tell you that yesterday the grand Continental Congress — broke 
 up after a session of two months in this city. On the deliberations and resolu- 
 tions of that body, rests the safety of all America. 
 
 ' It is wonderful to see so thorough an union of all America ! That union will 
 make us irresistible. — Correspondence of Ralph Izard, vol. i., pp. 18, 27 & 28. 
 
 The delegates of the American Congress met the second time at Philadelphia, 
 on the 10th of May, 1775, the place and time which they had appointed at their 
 former session. 
 
 The Hon. Peyton Randolph was again unanimously chosen President, and 
 Mr. Charles Thompson, Secretary. 
 
 ' The delegates from the several Colonies produced their creden- 
 tials, which were read and approved as follows : 
 
 ' NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 ' At the convention of deputies, appointed by the several toivns in 
 the Province aforesaid, held at Exeter, on the 25th day of January, 
 1775, 
 
 ' The Hon. John Wentworlh, Esq., in the chair, 
 
 ''Voted, That John Sullivan and John Langlow, Esqrs., be dele- 
 gated to represent this Province in the Continental Congress, propos- 
 ed to be held at Philadelphia, on the 10th day of May next, and that 
 they and each of them, in the absence of the other, have full and 
 ample power, in behalf of this Province, to consent and agree to all 
 measures, which said Congress shall deem necessary, to obtain re- 
 dress of American grievances. 
 
 ' True copy, attested. ' MASHECK WEARE, 
 
 ' Clerk of the Convention.' 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 < Province of the Massachusetts Bay, in Provincial Congress, 
 Cambridge, Dec. 5, 1774. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the proceedings of the American Continental 
 Congress, held at Philadelphia on the 5th day of September last, 
 and reported by the honorable delegates from this Colony, have, 
 with the deliberation due to their high importance, been considered 
 by us ; and the American Bill of Rights therein contained, appears 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 07 
 
 to be formed with the greatest ability and judgment, to be founded 
 on the immutable laws of nature and reason, the principles of the 
 English Constitution, and respective Charters and Constitutions of 
 the Colonie«, and to be worthy of their most vigorous support, as 
 • essentially necessary to liberty ; likewise the ruinous and iniquitous 
 measures, which, in violation of these rights, at present convulse 
 and threaten destruction to America, appear to be clearly pointed 
 out, and judicious plans adopted for defeating them. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the most grateful acknowledgments are due to 
 truly honorable and patriotic members of the Continental Congress 
 for their wise and able exertions in the cause of American liberty; 
 and this Congress, in their own names, and in behalf of this Colony, 
 do hereby, with the utmost sincerity, express the same. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Hon. John Hancock, the Hon. Thomas 
 Gushing, Esqrs., Mr. Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Robert 
 Treat Paine, Esqrs., or any three of them, be and they are hereby ap- 
 pointed and authorized to represent this Colony, on the 10th of May 
 next, or sooner if necessary, at the American Congress, to be held 
 at Philadelphia, ivith full power, with the delegates from the other 
 American Colonies, to concert, agree upon, direct and order such 
 further measures, as, shall to them appear to be best calculated for 
 the recovery and establishment of American rights and liberties, 
 and for restoring harmony between Great Britain and the Colonies. 
 
 * A true copy of record, 
 
 'BENJAMIN LINCOLN, Secretary.' 
 
 ' CONNECTICUT. 
 
 ' In the House of Representatives of the Colony of Connecticut, 
 November 3, A. D. 1774. 
 
 ' This House proceeded to nominate, choose and appoint delegates 
 to attend the General Congress, to be holden in Philadelphia, on 
 the tenth day of May next, and made choice of the Hon. Eliphalel 
 Dyer, Roger Sherman, Silas Deane, Titus Hosmer, and Jonathan 
 Sturgess, Esqrs., to be their delegates, any three of whom are au- 
 thorized and empowered to attend said Congress, in behalf of this 
 Colony, to join, consult, and advise with the delegates of the other 
 Colonies in British America, on proper measures for advancing the 
 best good of the Colonies. 
 
 ' WILLIAM WILLIAMS, Speaker. 
 ' A true copy. Attested, 
 
 'RICHARD LAW, 
 ' Clerk of the English Colony.' 
 8 
 
58 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 ' RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 »L. S. 
 
 'By llie Honorable the General Assembly, of the English Colony 
 of Rh ^'le Island and Providence Plantations, in New England, in 
 Americn^ 
 
 ' T(> the Hon. Stephen Hopkins, and Samuel Ward, Esqrs., 
 Greeting: 
 
 ' Whereas the General Assembly of the Colony aforesaid, have 
 nominated and appointed you, the said Stephen Hopkins, and 
 Samuel Ward, to represent the people of this Colony, in a General 
 Congress of Representatives, from this and the other Colonies, to 
 be holden in the city of Philadelphia, and there in behalf of this 
 Colony, to meet, and join with the commissioners or delegates from 
 the other Colonies, in consulting upon proper measures to obtain 
 a repeal of the several Acts of the British Parliament, for levy- 
 ing taxes, upon his Majesty's subjects in America, without their 
 consent ; and upon proper measures to establish the rights and lib- 
 erties of the Colonies, upon a just and solid foundation, agreeable 
 to the instructions given you by the General Assembly. 
 
 'Signed, 'HENRY WARD, 
 
 ' Secretary.' 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 ' At a Provincial Convention formed of deputies from the city and 
 county of New York, the city and county of Albany, and counties 
 of Dutchess, Ulster, Orange, Westchester, Kings, and Suffolk, held 
 at the city of New York, the 22d day of April 1775, for the pur- 
 pose of appointing delegates to represent the Colony of New York, 
 in the next Continental Congress, to be held at Philadelphia, on 
 the tenth day of May next, Philip Livingston, James Duane, John 
 Alsop, John Jay, Simon Boerum, William Floyd, Henry Wisner, 
 Philip Schuyler, George Clinton, Lewis Morris, Francis Lewis, 
 and Robert R. Livingston, Jun. Esqrs., were unanimously elected 
 delegates, to represent this Colony at such Congress, with lull 
 power to them, or any five of them, to meet the delegates from the 
 other Colonies, and to concert and determine upon such measures 
 as should be judged most effectual for the preservation and reestab- 
 lishment of American rights and privileges, and for the restoration 
 of harmony between Great Britain and the Colonies."^ 
 
 Signed, Leonard Lispenard, Isaac Roosevelt, Abrahana Walton, Alexander 
 McDougall, and twenty-four others. 
 
 * Dec. 2\st. The number of delegates from New York was reduced to five. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 69 
 
 ♦We, the subscribers, do, in behalf of ourselves, and those free- 
 holders of Queen's County, at whose request we attended the Con- 
 vention, signify our assent to, and approbation of the above dele- 
 gation.' 
 
 Signed, John Fulman, Zebulon Williams, Jacob Blackwell, Joseph Robinson. 
 
 ' NEW JERSEY. 
 
 ' In Assembly, Perth Amboy, Tuesday, January 24, 1775. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That James Kinsey, Stephen Crane, 
 William Livingston, John de Hart, and Richard Smilh, Esqrs., or 
 any three of them, be, and they are hereby, appointed to attend the 
 Continental Congress of the Colonies, intended to be held at the 
 city of Philadelphia, in May next, or at any other time and place, 
 and that they report their proceedings to the next session of General 
 Assembly. 
 
 ' A true copy. ' RICHARD SMITH, 
 
 ' Clerk of the Assembly.' 
 
 * PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 In Assembly, December 15, 1774, A. M. Upon motion, 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That the Hon. Edward Biddle, John 
 Dickinson, Thomas Mifflin, Charles Humphreys, John Morton, 
 and George Ross, Esqrs., be, and they are hereby appointed depu- 
 ties on the part of this Province, to attend the General Congress, 
 proposed to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the 10th of May 
 next ; and that they or any four of them, do meet the said Congress 
 accordingly, unless the present grievances of the American Colonies 
 shall before that time be redressed. 
 
 ' Extract from the journals. ' CHARLES MOORE, 
 
 ' Clerk of the Assembly.' 
 
 ' In Assembly, May 6, 1775, A. M. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That Benjamin Franklin, the Hon. 
 Thomas Willing, and James Wilson, Esqrs., be, and they are here- 
 by added to the deputies appointed by this House, to attend the 
 Continental Congress, expected to meet the tenth instant, in this 
 city. 
 
 'Extract from the journals. ' CHARLES MOORE. 
 
 * Clerk of the Assembly.' 
 
 ' LOWER counties, ON DELAWARE. 
 
 In Assembly, Thursday, March 16, 1775, A. M. On motion, 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That the Hon. Caesar Rodney, Thomas 
 McKean, and George Read Esqrs., be and they are hereby appoint- 
 ed and authorized to represent this government at the American 
 
60 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 Congress, proposed to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the 
 tenth day of May next, or at any other time or place, with full pow- 
 er to them, or any two of them, together with the delegates from 
 the other American Colonies, to concert and agree upon such fur- 
 ther measures, as shall appear to them best calculated for the ac- 
 commodation of the unhappy differences between Great Britain 
 and the Colonies, on a constitutional foundation, which the house 
 most ardently wish for, and that they report their proceedings to 
 the next sessions of the General Assembly. 
 ' True copy of minutes of Assembly. 
 
 'DAVID THOMPSON. 
 ' Clerk to the Assembly.' 
 
 ' MARYLAND. 
 
 ' At a meeting of the deputies appointed by the several counties 
 of the Province of Maryland, at the city of Annapolis, by adjourn- 
 ment on the 8th of December, 1774 ; and continued till the twelfth 
 day of the same month, 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously, That the Hon. Matthew Tilghman, 
 Thomas Johnson, Junior, Robert Goldsborough, "William Paca, 
 Samuel Chase, John Hall, and Thomas Stone, Esqrs., or any three 
 or more of them, be delegates, to represent this Province in the 
 next Continental Congress, and that they, or any three or more 
 of them, have full and ample power to consent and agree to all 
 measures, which such Congress shall deem necessary and effec- 
 tual to obtain a redress of American grievances ; and this Pro- 
 vince bind themselves to execute, to the utmost of their power, all 
 resolutions which the said Congress mav adopt. 
 
 ' Signed by order, 'JOHN DUCKET, Clerk.' 
 
 'VIRGINIA. 
 
 ' At a Convention of delegates for the counties and corporations 
 in the Colony of Virginia, at the town of Richmond, in the County 
 of Henrico, on Monday, the 20th of March, 1775. 
 
 ' The Convention proceeded to the election of delegates, by ballot, 
 to represent this Colony in General Congress, to be held at the city 
 of Philadelphia, on the tenth day of May next, when the Hon. 
 Peyton Randolph, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard 
 Henry Lee, Edmund Pendleton, Benjamin Harrison, and Richard 
 Bland, Esqrs. were chosen for that purpose. 
 
 ' PEYTON RANDOLPH, President. 
 
 'JOHN TAZEWELL, Clerk of the Convention.' 
 
 ' NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ' At a general meeting of the delegates of the inhabitants of this 
 Province, in convention, at Newbern, the 8th day of April 1775 : 
 Present, the Hon. John Harvey, Esq., Moderator, and sixty-eight 
 members. On motion, 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 61 
 
 * Resolved, That "William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, and Richard 
 Caswell, Esqrs., be, and they are hereby appointed delegates to at- 
 tend the General Congress, to be held at Philadelphia, on the tenth 
 day of May next, or at any other time and place that shall be appoint- 
 ed for that purpose, and they are hereby invested with such powers 
 as may make any acts done by them, or any of them, or consent 
 given in behalf of this Province, obligatory, in honor, upon every 
 inhabitant thereof. 
 
 ' A true copy, ♦ JOHN HARVEY, Moderator. 
 
 ' Attested by Andrew Knox, Clerk.' 
 
 ' In Assembly, 7th of April, 1775. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the House do highly approve of the proceedings 
 of the Continental Congress, lately held at Philadelphia, and that 
 they are determined, as members of the community in general, 
 that they will strictly adhere to the said resolutions, and will use 
 what influence they have, to induce the same observance in every 
 individual of this Province. 
 
 ' This House having received information that William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, and Richard Caswell, Esqrs., were appointed by 
 the Convention held in Newbern, as delegates to attend the meet- 
 ing of the Continental Congress, soon to be held at Philadelphia : 
 
 ' Resolved, That the House approve of the choice made by the 
 said Convention. 
 
 ' A true copy from the Journal of the House of Assembly, 
 
 'JAMES GREEN, Jun., Clerk.' 
 
 ' south carolina. 
 
 ' In the Commons House of Assembly, ) 
 Friday, February 3, 1775. \ 
 
 * Whereas the Continental Congress, held at the city of Philadel- 
 phia in September last, amongst other things recommended to the 
 several Colonies in North America to choose Deputies as soon as 
 possible, to hold another Congress, at the same place, on the tenth 
 day of May next, and this house, being fully satisfied with the con- 
 duct and fidelity of their late deputies at the Congress, do hereby 
 nominate and appoint the Hon. Henry Middleton, Esquire, Thom- 
 as Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, John Rutledge, and Edward Rut- 
 ledge, Esquires, Deputies for and in behalf of this Colony, to meet 
 the Deputies appointed, or to be appointed, on the part and behalf 
 of the other Colonies, at the city of Philadelphia, or any other 
 place that shall be agreed on by the said Deputies in General Con- 
 gress, with full power and authority to concert, agree to, and effec- 
 tually prosecute such measures, as in the opinion of the said Dep- 
 uties, and the Deputies to be assembled, shall be most likely to 
 obtain a redress of American grievances. 
 
 'Attested, THOMAS FARR, Jun. Clerk.' 
 
62 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1115. 
 
 ' GEORGIA. 
 
 ' Midway, Parish of St. John's, in the Province of Georgia, ) 
 
 13th of April, A. D. 1775. \ 
 
 ' It was resolved that a Delegate be sent from this Parish, [about 
 one third of the Province,] to the Congress to be held at Philadel- 
 phia, in May next, and that Tuesday, the 2l3t of March, be ap- 
 pointed for choosing one. 
 
 ' On the said 21st of March, at a full meeting, Lyman Hall, Esq. 
 was unanimously chosen, to represent and act for the inhabitants 
 of this Parish, as a Delegate at the General Congress, to be held 
 in Philadelphia in May next, who are determined faithfully to ad- 
 here to, and abide by the determination of him and the other hon- 
 orable members of the same.=^ 
 
 ' Signed, by order of the inhabitants, by Daniel Roberts, and 
 twenty others, members of the Committee. 
 
 ' Map 12, 1775. Mr. Hancock laid before Congress a letter from 
 the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 ' In Provincial Congress, Watertown, May 3, 1775. 
 ' To the Honorable American Continental Congress, to be con- 
 vened at Philadelphia, on the 10th of May instant: 
 ' Map it please pour Honors, 
 
 'The Congress of this Colony, impressed with the deepest con- 
 cern for their country, under the present critical and alarming state 
 of affairs, beg leave, with the utmost submission, whilst acting in 
 support of the cause of America, to request the direction and as- 
 sistance of your respectable assembly. 
 
 *^ ^ 4C, .it, •u. 4£. ^ 
 
 "T?* W "T^ •ff" -A* •R» 'J^ 
 
 ' The sanguinary zeal of the ministerial army, to ruin and destroy 
 this Colony, in the opinion of this Congress, [Provincial,] hath 
 rendered the establishment of an army indispensably necessary ; 
 we have accordingly passed an unanimous resolve for thirteen 
 thousand, six hundred men, to be forthwith raised by this colony; 
 and proposals are made by us to the Congress of New Hampshire, 
 and the Governments of Rhode Island and Connecticut Colonies, 
 for furnishing men in the same proportion. 
 
 ' The sudden exigency of our public affairs, precluded the possi- 
 bility of waiting for your direction in these important measures, 
 more especially, as a considerable reinforcement from Great Brit- 
 ain is daily expected in this Colony, and we are now reduced to 
 the sad alternative of defending ourselves by arms, or submitting 
 to be slaughtered. 
 
 ' With the greatest deference, we beg leave to suggest, that a pow- 
 erful army, on the side of America, hath been considered by this 
 Congress, as the only means left to stem the rapid progress of a 
 
 * No part of Georgia had before been represeated in Congress. Mr. Hall was admitted 
 into that Honorable Body, May 13th. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 63 
 
 tyrannical ministry. Without a force superior to our enemies, we 
 must reasonably expect to become the victims of their relentless 
 fury. With such a force, we may still have hope of seeing an im- 
 mediate end put to the inhuman ravages of the mercenary troops 
 in America, and the wicked authors of our miseries brought to 
 condign punishment, by the just indignation of our brethren in 
 Great Britain. 
 
 ' We hope that this Colony will at all times be ready to spend 
 and be spent in the cause of America. It is nevertheless a mis- 
 fortune greatly operating to its disadvantage, that it has a great 
 number of seaport towns, exposed to the approach of the enemy 
 by sea ; from many of which the inhabitants have removed, and 
 are removing their families and effects, to avoid destruction from 
 ships of war. These, we apprehend, will be generally distressed, 
 from want of subsistence, and disabled from contributing aid for 
 supporting the forces of the Colony; but we have the greatest con- 
 fidence in the wisdom and ability of the Continent to support us, 
 so far as it shall appear necessary for supporting the common 
 eause of the American Colonies. 
 
 ' We also inclose several resolves for empowering and directing 
 our Receiver-General to borrow the sum of one hundred thousand 
 pounds, lawful money, and to issue his notes for the same ; it be- 
 ing the only measure, which we could have recourse to for sup- 
 porting our forces ; and we request your assistance in rendering 
 our measures effectual, by giving our notes currency through the 
 Continent. 'JOSEPH WARREN, President, P. T.' 
 
 ' The resolve for a loan, referred to above, is as follows : 
 
 ' In Provincial Congress, Watertown, May 3, 1775. 
 ' Resolved, That the Receiver- General be, and hereby is empow- 
 ered, to borrow the sum of one hundred thousand pounds, lawful 
 money, and issue Colony security for the same, payable, with 
 annual interest, at six per cent., June 1, 1777, and that the Conti- 
 nental Congress be desired to recommend to the several Colonies 
 to give a currency to such securities. 
 
 ' A true extract from the minutes, 
 
 ' SAMUEL FREEMAN, Secretary, P. T.' 
 
 ' In Continental Congress, 
 
 * Resolved unanimously, That the Congress will, on Monday next, 
 resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole, to take into consid- 
 eration the state of America. 
 
 ' Ordered, That the letter from the Provincial Congress of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay be referred to that Committee. 
 
 ' A petition from the county of Frederick, in Virginia, addressed 
 to the Congress, was presentd and read. 
 
 ' Agreed that it be referred to the Committee on Monday.' 
 
64 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 ' Mondaij, Map 15, 1775. 
 
 *M, J£, ^ ^ ^ J£. ax. 
 
 ^f TP TT -Tt* -}^ "Tf- -Tt^ 
 
 ' The city and county of New York, having through the Delegates 
 of that Province, applied to Congress for advice how to conduct 
 themselves with regard to the troops expected there, the Congress 
 took the matter into consideration. 
 
 *>U. -iU -i^ <it. .U, vU. 4£. 
 
 •7^ '7^ 'If- •?> -fp 'ff Tf* 
 
 ' The matter under consideration being resumed, the Congress 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended, for the present, to the inhab- 
 itants of New York, that, if the troops which are expected should 
 arrive, the said Colony act on the defensive, so long as may be 
 consistent with their safety and security ; ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 and that a sufficient number of men be embodied, and kept in 
 constant readiness, for protecting the inhabitants from insult and 
 injury. 
 
 ' Upon motion, 
 
 ^Resolved., That Mr. Washington, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. S. Adams, 
 and the delegates from New York,^ be a Committee to consider 
 what posts are necessary to be occupied in the Colony of NeW 
 York, and that they be desired to report as speedily as possible. 
 
 < Wednesday, May 17, 1775. 
 
 ' Resolved imanimonsly, That all exportation s to Quebec, Nova 
 Scotia, the island of St. John's, Newfoundland, Georgia, except the 
 Parish of St. John's, and to East and West Florida, immediately 
 cease, and that no provisions of any kind, or other necessaries, be 
 furnished to the British Fisheries on the American coast, until it 
 be otherwise determined by Congress. 
 
 * May 19. The Committee appointed to consider what posts are 
 necessary to be occupied in the Colony of New York, and by 
 what number of troops, ^ # ^ # brought in their report, 
 which, being read, was referred to the Committee of the Whole.' 
 
 Thursday, May 25th. Secret Journals. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a post be immedately taken and fortified, at or 
 near King's Bridge, in the Colony of New York, that the ground be 
 chosen with a particular view to prevent a communication between 
 the city of New York and the country from being interrupted by 
 land. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a post be also taken in the Highlands, on each 
 side of Hudson's River ; and batteries erected in such manner as 
 will most effectually prevent any vessels from passing that may be 
 sent to harass the inhabitants on the border of said river ; and that 
 experienced persons be immediately seni to examine said river, in 
 order to discover where it will be most advisable and proper to 
 obstruct the navigation. 
 
 * See the names of the Delegates, Messrs. Jay, Schuyler, Clinton, Livingston, &c. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 65 
 
 * That it be left to the Provincial Congress of New York to deter- 
 mine the number of men sufficient to occupy the several posts 
 above mentioned, and also that already recommended to be taken 
 at or near Lake George, as well as to guard the city ; provided the 
 whole do not exceed the number of three thousand men, to be 
 commanded by such officers as shall thereunto be appointed by said 
 Provincial Congress, and to be governed by such rules and regula- 
 tions as shall be established by said Congress, until further order is 
 taken by this Congress ; provided also, that if the said Provincial 
 Congress should be of opinion that the number proposed will not 
 be sufficient for the several services above mentioned, that the said 
 Congress report their sentiments upon this subject to this Congress 
 as soon as may be. 
 
 * That it be recommended to the said Provincial Congress, that 
 in raising those forces, they allow no bounties or clothing; and that 
 their pay shall not exceed the establisment of the New England 
 Colonies. 
 
 ' That it be further recommended to the Provincial Congress, 
 aforesaid, that the troops to be established do serve until the 
 last day of December next, unless this Congress shall direct that 
 they be sooner disbanded.^ 
 
 ''June 3. Upon motion, 
 
 '■Resolved, That a Committee be appointed for the purpose 
 of borrowing the sum of six thousand pounds, for the use 
 of America; for the repayment of which, with interest, the 
 Congress will make full and ample provision. And that the 
 said Committee apply the said sum of money for the purchase of 
 gunpowder for the use of the Continental army, 
 
 ' That the delegates for Pennsylvania compose said Committee, 
 with power as well to borrow the money as to apply it to the pur- 
 pose intended.' 
 
 ^June 9. Upon motion, 
 
 '■Resolved, That this Congress will to-morrow take into con- 
 sideration the ways and means of raising money. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Provincial Convention of New York be 
 requested to convey, as soon as possible, to Providence in Rhode 
 Island, or to any port in the Government of Massachusetts Bay, 
 five thousand barrels of Flour for the use of the Continental army. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Committee of Corespondence at Providence, 
 and in the Government of Massachusetts Bay, where the said Flour 
 may be carried, be desired to receive and forward it to the Camp 
 before Boston as soon as may be ; and to lodge such part thereof 
 as cannot be immediately sent thither, in places of security. 
 
 ^Resolved, That this Congress will make provision for defraying 
 any expense incurred for this service. 
 
 ''June 10. Resolved, That it be, and it is hereby earnestly re- 
 commended to the several Colonies of New Hampshire, Rhode 
 
 9 
 
66 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 Island, Connecticut, and the interior towns of Massachusetts Bay, 
 that they immediately furnish the American army, before Boston, 
 with as much powder out of their toAvn, and other public stocks, 
 as they can possibly spare ; keeping an exact account of the 
 quantities supplied, that it may be again replaced, or paid for by 
 the Continent. This to be effected with the utmost secrecy and 
 despatch.' 
 
 PUBLIC JOURNALS. 
 
 ' May 26. Resolved unanimously/, That the militia of New York 
 be armed and trained, and in constant readiness to act at a mo- 
 ment's warning; and that a number of men be immediately em- 
 bodied, and kept in that city, and so disposed of as to give protec- 
 tion to the inhabitants, in case any insult should be offered by the 
 troops that may land there, and to prevent any attempts that may 
 be made to gain possession of the city, and interrupt its intercourse 
 with the country.' 
 
 ' May 27. The President laid before Congress a letter from the 
 Convention of New Jew Jersey, which was read and referred to 
 the Committee of the Whole.' 
 
 * Upon motion. Agreed, That Mr. Washington, Mr. Schuyler, Mr. 
 MifHin, Mr. Deane, Mr. Morris, and Mr. S. Adams, be a Commit- 
 tee to consider on ways and means to supply these Colonies with 
 ammunition and military stores.' 
 
 ^June 1. A petition from the Committee representing the people 
 in that part of Augusta county, in the Colony of Virginia, on the 
 West side of the Alleghany mountain, was laid before Congress 
 and read, intimating "fears of a rupture with the Indians." '^ ^ 
 
 ' Ordered, That the above be referred to the Delegates of Virginia 
 and Pennsylvania.' 
 
 ^June 2. The President laid before the Congress a letter from 
 the Provincial Convention of Massachusetts Bay, dated May 16, 
 which was read, setting forth the difficulties they labor under, 
 for want of a regular form of government, ^ ^ =^ ^ =^ 
 requesting the Congress to favor them with " explicit advice respect- 
 ing the taking up and exercising the powers of civil government," 
 and declaring their readiness to " submit to such a general plan as 
 the Congress may direct for the Colonies, or make it their great 
 study to establish such a form of government there as shall not 
 only promote their advantage but the union and interest of all 
 America^ ' 
 
 * June 3. The letter from the Convention of Massachusetts Bay 
 being again read, 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee of five persons be chosen to con- 
 sider the same, &c., Messrs. J. Rutledge, Johnson, Jay, Wilson, 
 and Lee. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to bring in an 
 estimate of the money necessary to be raised. 
 
 * The Congress then proceeded to choose, by ballot, Mr. Wash- 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 67 
 
 ington, Mr. Schuyler, Mr. Deane, Mr. Gushing, and Mr. Hewes, 
 for that committee. 
 
 '■June 1. The committee appointed to make an estimate of the 
 money necessary to be raised, brought in their report, which was 
 read and referred to the committee of the whole. 
 
 ' On motion, 
 
 ' Resolved, That Thursday the 20th of July next, be observed 
 throughout the twelve United Colonies, as a day of humilia- 
 tion, fasting, and prayer; and that Mr. Hooper, Mr. J. Adams, 
 and Mr. Paine, be a committee to bring in a resolve for that 
 purpose.' 
 
 '■June 9. The report of the committee, on the letter from the 
 Convention of Massachusetts Bay, being again read, the Congress 
 came to the following resolution : 
 
 ' Resolved, That no obedience being due to the Act of Parlia- 
 ment for altering the Charter of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 
 nor to a governor, or a lieutenant-governor, who will not observe 
 the directions of, but endeavor to subvert that Charter, the governor 
 and lieutenant-governor of that Colony are to be considered as 
 absent, and their offices vacant ; and as there is no council there, 
 and the inconveniences, especially at a time when Gen. Gage 
 hath actually levied war, and is carrying on hostilities against his 
 Majesty's peaceable and loyal subjects of that Colony ; that, in 
 order to conform as near as may be to the spirit and substance of 
 the Charter, it be recommended to the Provincial Convention, to 
 write letters to the inhabitants of the several places, which are 
 entitled to representation in Assembly, requesting them to choose 
 such representatives, and that the Assembly when chosen, do elect 
 councillors ; and that such Assembly, or council, exercise the 
 powers of government, until a governor, of his Majesty's appoint- 
 ment, will consent to govern the Colony according to its Charter. 
 
 ' Ordered, That the President transmit a copy of the above to 
 the Convention of Massachusetts Bay.' 
 
 ' June 12. The Congress resolved itself into a committee of the 
 whole, to take into consideration the ways and means of raising 
 money, and having spent thereon the remainder of the day and the 
 day following, adjourned to Wednesday at nine o'clock.' 
 
 ^ June 14. The Congress resolved itself into a committee of the 
 whole on the state of America ; and Mr. Ward reported that the 
 committee had come to certain resolutions, which he was ordered 
 to report. 
 
 The resolutions being read, were agreed to as follows : 
 
 ' Resolved, That six companies of expert riflemen be immedi- 
 ately raised in Pennsylvania, two in Maryland, and two in 
 Virginia. 
 
 * - * * # # # 
 
 * That each company, as soon as completed, march and join the 
 
6» PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 army near Boston, to be there employed as light infantry, under 
 the command of the chief officer in that army.* 
 
 ' That the form of the enlistment be in the following words : 
 ' I, have this day voluntarily enlisted 
 
 myself, as a soldier, in the American Continental army, for one year, 
 
 unless sooner discharged. 
 
 J^ 4^ ^ ^ J£. J^ 
 
 •n* "Tr TT tP tF ^ 
 
 * Upon motion, 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to prepare 
 rules and regulations for the government of the army. 
 
 ' The following persons were chosen to compose that committee : 
 Mr. Washington, Mr. Schuyler, Mr. Deane, Mr. Gushing, and Mr. 
 Hewes.' 
 
 ' Thursday, June 15". The report of the committee being read 
 and considered, Resolved, That a General be appointed to com- 
 mand all the continental forces, raised, or to he raised, for the 
 defence of American liberty. 
 
 ' That^ve hundred dollars per month be allowed /or the pay and 
 expenses of the General. 
 
 ' The Congress then proceeded to the choice of a General, by 
 ballot, and George Washington, Esq., was unanimously elected.' 
 
 ' Friday, June 16. The President informed Col. Washington 
 that the Congress had yesterday unanimously made choice of him 
 to be General and Commander-in-chief of the American forces ; to 
 which Col. Washington, standing in his place, answered : 
 
 " Mr. President, 
 
 " Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me, in this 
 appointment, yet I feel great distress, from a consciousness that 
 my abilities and military experience may not be equal to the ex- 
 tensive and important trust. However, as the Congress desire it, 
 I will enter upon the momenteous duty and exert every power 1 
 possess in their service, and for support of the g-lorious cause. I beg 
 " they will accept my most cordial thanks for this distinguished 
 testimony of their approbation. 
 
 " But, lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to 
 my reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman 
 in the room, that I this day declare with the utmost sincerity, I do 
 not think myself equal to the command I am honored vnth. 
 
 " As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no 
 pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this ar- 
 
 * On the 22d, two companies in addition to these ten, were ordered to be raised in Penn- 
 sylvania. These riflemen were the first troops ordered to be raised by the General Con- 
 gress ; the army then before Boston having been raised entirely by the New England 
 Colonies. All these twelve companies were prepared and marched, in greater numbers 
 than the limit of Congress, to the lines before Boston, within two months after the resolve 
 of the 14th. Captain Daniel Morgan, who commanded one of them, and who was much 
 distinguished for efficiency during the war, marched in three weeks the distance from 
 Frederick county, in Virginia, six hundred miles. 
 
PEOCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 69 
 
 duous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and 
 happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep 
 an exact account of my expenses. These, I doubt not, they will 
 discharge, and that is all I desire." 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee be appointed to draught a Com- 
 mission and instructions for the General. 
 
 * The persons chosen to compose the committee, were Mr. Lee, 
 Mr. E. Rutledge, and Mr. J. Adams.' 
 
 '■June 16. — Secret Journals. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Provincial Convention of New York be 
 desired immediately to apply to Governor Trumbull, to order the 
 Connecticut troops now stationed at Greenwich, Stamford, and 
 other parts adjacent, to march towards New York ; and that part 
 of them occupy such parts upon that island, as the said Provincial 
 Convention shall judge best adapted to prevent the communication 
 between the town and country from being cut off; the remainder 
 of the troops to be employed in securing the navigation of Hud- 
 son's river, by erecting batteries at such places as the said Con- 
 vention shall judge most proper to answer that purpose.' 
 
 ' Saturday, June 17. — The committee appointed to draught a 
 Commission to the General, report the same, which, being read by 
 paragraphs and debated, was agreed to as follows : 
 
 ' IN CONGRESS. 
 
 ' The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire, Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, 
 on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South 
 Carolina, 
 
 ' TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ. 
 
 ' We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, 
 valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute and 
 appoint you to be General and Commander-in-chief of the army of 
 the United Colonies, and of all the forces now raised, or to be 
 raised, by them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer their 
 services, and join the said army for the defence of American lib- 
 erty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof. And you 
 are hereby vested with full power and authority to act, as you 
 shall think for the good and welfare of the service. 
 
 ' And we do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and 
 soldiers under you command, to be obedient to your orders, and 
 diligent in the exercise of their several duties. 
 
 ' And we do also enjoin and require you to be careful in exer- 
 cising the great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline 
 and order to be observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly 
 exercised, and provided with all convenient necessaries. 
 
70 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 ' And yoa are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the 
 rules and discipline of war, (as herewith given you,) and punctually 
 to observe and follow^ such orders and directions, from time to 
 time, as you shall receive from this, or any future Congress of 
 these United Colonies, or Committee of Congress. 
 
 * This commission to remain in force, until revoked by this, or 
 a future Congress. 
 
 ' By order of the Congress.^ 
 
 * Ordered^ That the same be fairly transcribed, signed by the 
 President, attested by the Secretary, and delivered to the General. 
 
 ' Resolved unanimously^ Whereas, the delegates of all the Col- 
 onies, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, in Congress assembled, have 
 unanimously chosen George Washington, Esq., to be General 
 and Commander-in-chief of all such forces as are, or shall be, 
 raised for the maintenance and preservation of American liberty ; 
 this Congress doth novj declare that they will maintain and assist 
 him, and adhere to him, the said George Washington, with their 
 lives and fortunes in the same cause. 
 
 ' The Congress then proceeded to the choice of the officers in 
 the army, by ballot : 
 
 * Artemas Ward, Esq. was chosen first Major- General. 
 ' Horatio Gates, Esq., Adjutant- General. 
 
 * Resolved, That Horatio Gates, Esq., now choson Adjutant- 
 General, shall have the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 
 ' Charles Lee, Esq., second Major- General. 
 
 ' Monday, June ] 9, 1775. The President laid before Congress 
 sundry letters he had received from Massachusetts Bay and New 
 York, which were read. 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. Henry, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. J. Adams, be 
 a committee to wait upon General Lee, and to inform him of his 
 appointment, and request his answer, whether he will accept the 
 command. 
 
 ' The committee returned and reported, that they had waited on 
 General Lee, and informed him of his appointment, and that he 
 gave for answer, " That he had the highest sense of the honor 
 conferred upon him by the Congress ; that no effort in his power 
 shall be wanting to serve the American cause.' 
 
 The above is the record of the Committee's report, in the public journals of 
 Congress ; but, in their secret journals of the same day, is the following : 
 
 ' After the words, " That no effort in his power shall be want- 
 ing to serve the American cause," add, " but before he entered 
 upon the service, he desired a conference with a committee to 
 consist of one delegate from each of the associated Colonies, to 
 whom he desired to explain some particulars respecting his private 
 fortune." 
 
PEOCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 71 
 
 < Whereupon, Mr. Sullivan, Mr. S. Adams, Mr. Hopkins, Mr. 
 Dyer, Mr. P. Livingston, Mr. W. Livingston, Mr. Ross, Mr. Rod- 
 ney, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Henry, Mr. Caswell, and Mr. Lynch, were 
 appointed as a committee to confer with General Lee. 
 
 ' The committee returned and reported, that they had conferred 
 with General Lee, who had communicated to them an estimate 
 of the estate he risked by this service. Whereupon, 
 
 ' Resolved^ That these Colonies will indemnify General Lee for 
 any loss of property which he may sustain by entering into their 
 service, and that the same be done by this, or any future Congress, 
 as soon as such loss is ascertained. * 
 
 Public Journals again. — ' The letters from Massachusetts Bay, 
 being taken into consideration, the Congress came to the following 
 resolve : 
 
 ' That the Governor of Connecticut be requested to direct all 
 the forces raised in that Colony, not employed at Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point, or recommended by this Congress to be marched 
 towards New York, to be immediately sent to join the combined 
 army before Boston. And it is earnestly recommended to the 
 Colony of Rhode Island, and to the Provincial Convention of 
 New Hampshire, to send immediately to the army before Boston, 
 such of the forces as are already embodied towards their quotas of 
 the trflops agreed to be raised by the New England Colonies. 
 
 ' Resolved, That Mr. Lee, Mr. E. Rutledge, and Mr. J. Adams, 
 be a committee to prepare the form of a commission for the Major- 
 Generals, also for the Brigadier-Generals, and other officers in the 
 army. 
 
 ' Resolved, That there be four Major-Generals. 
 
 ' The Congress then proceeded to choose the two remaining 
 Major-Generals, when Philip Schuyler, Esq. was chosen third 
 Major- General, and Israel Putnam, Esq. was unanimously chosen 
 fourth Major- General. 
 
 ' The committee appointed to prepare the form of a Commission, 
 reported the same. 
 
 ' Ordered, That a copy thereof be made out, signed by the Pres- 
 ident, and attested by the Secretary, for each of the Major Generals, 
 and Brigadier Generals. 
 
 ^Ordered, That the Secretary get a number of commissions, with 
 proper blanks, printed for the other officers. 
 
 ' The Committee appointed to prepare a petition to the King, re- 
 ported a draught of one, which was read."^ 
 
 ^June 21. Mr. Henry informed the Congress that the General had 
 put into his hand sundry queries, to which he desired the Congress 
 would give an answer. 
 
 * In a letter to Arth\ir Lee, dated Aug. 21, 1775, Ralph Izard wrote, — I am very much 
 pleased with General Lee's letter to General Burg-oyne. Lee has acquired considerable 
 property ; and I have been assured, by people who know well thai he would never risk the 
 losing' of it by entering into the service of America. — Cor. R. Izard, vol. i;p. 118. 
 
72 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 ' The queries being read and debated, 
 
 ^Resolved, That a Committee of five be appointed to prepare 
 proper answers. 
 
 ' The persons chosen, were Mr. Dean, Mr. Henry, Mr. J. Rut- 
 ledge, Mr. S. Adams, and Mr. Lee. 
 
 ' On a motion made, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the General be allowed three Aids-de-camp. 
 
 ' That each of the Major Generals have two Aids-de-camp. 
 
 * That their pay be thirty-three dollars per month, each. 
 
 ^June 22. The Committee appointed to prepare answers to the 
 General's queries, reported the same, which were read. 
 
 « The Congress then came to the following resolutions : 
 
 ^Resolved, That the number of Brigadier Generals be augmented 
 to eight ; and the same were chosen by ballot, as follows : 
 
 ' Seth Pomeroy, Esq., first Brigadier General. 
 
 Richard Montgomery, Esq., second do. do. 
 
 David Worster, Esq., 
 
 third 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 William Heath, Esq., 
 
 fourth 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Joseph Spencer, Esq., 
 
 fifth 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 John Thomas, Esq., 
 
 sixth 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 John Sullivan, Esq., 
 
 seventh 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Nathaniel Greene, Esq., 
 
 eighth 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 'Resolved, That the troops, including the volunteers, be furnished 
 with camp equipage, and blankets, when necessary, at the Conti- 
 nental expense. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the officers, now in the army, receive their new 
 Commissions through the hands of the General. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a sum not exceeding two miUions of Spanish 
 milled dollars be emitted by the Congress in bills of credit, fo?' the 
 defence of America. 
 
 '-Resolved, That ^/ie twelve Confederated Colonies he pledged for 
 the redemption of the bills of credit, now directed to be emitted. 
 
 ' Mr. Thomas Jefferson, appeared as a delegate from the Colony of 
 Virginia, and produced his credentials, which were read and ap- 
 proved, and are as follows :^ 
 
 'At a Convention of the delegates for the counties and corpora- 
 tions in the Colony of Virginia, at the town of Richmond, in the 
 County of Henrico, on Monday, 27th March, 1775, 
 
 ♦ On a motion made, 
 
 '■Resolved, That Thomas Jefferson, Esq., be appointed a deputy 
 to represent this Colony, in General Congress, in the room of the 
 Honorable Peyton Randolph Esq., in case of the non-attendance 
 of the said Peyton Randolph, Esq. 
 
 'Attest, JOHN FAZE WELL, Clerk of the Convention.' 
 
 * Mr. Jefferson took his seat, and this entry was made, on the 21st. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 73 
 
 'At a General Assembly began and held at the Capitol, in the 
 city of Williamsburgh, on Thursday, 1st June, in the fifteenth year 
 of the reign of our lord, George the Third, by the grace of God, of 
 Great Britain, &c. A. D. 177b. 
 
 ' Monday, 5 June, 15th G. III. 1775. 
 
 ^Resolved, N. C. D. That this house doth entirely approve of the 
 proceedings and resolutions of the Convention of delegates, for the 
 counties and corporations in the Colony of Virginia, held at Rich- 
 mond town, in the county of Henrico, the 20th of March, 1775 ; and 
 that it be recommended to all the good people of this Colony, 
 strictly to conform to, and observe the same. 
 
 ' By the House of Burgesses, 
 ' PEYTON RANDOLPH, Speaker.' 
 
 ^June 23. On motion made, 
 
 '■Resolved^ That a Committee of five be chosen to draw up a dec- 
 laration.! to be published by General Washington, upon his arrival 
 at the Camp before Boston. 
 
 ' The Committee chosen are Mr. J. Rutledge, Mr. W. Livingston, 
 Mr. Franklin, Mr. Jay, and Mr. Johnson.' 
 
 This Committee brought in their report the next day (Saturday), and after 
 being read and debated some time, it was referred till Monday, when it was 
 resumed, further debated, and then recommitted, Mr. Dickinson and Mr. Jeffer- 
 son being added to the Committee. 
 
 ^June 26. Ordered, That the President write to Governor 
 Trumbull, and inform him and also the Conventions of New 
 Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay, and the Governor of Rhode 
 Island, that the Congress have appointed George Washington, Esq., 
 Commander-in-chief of all the forces raised or to be raised for the 
 defence of America. 
 
 '■July 6. The Committee to whom the Declaration was recom- 
 mitted, brought in the same, which being again read, and debated 
 by paragraphs, was agreed to as follows : 
 
 ^A Declaration by the Representatives of the United Colonies of 
 North America noiv met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting- 
 forth the causes aud necessity of their taking up arms. 
 
 ' If it was possible for men who exercise their reason to believe 
 that the Divine Author of our existence intended a part of the hu- 
 man race to hold an absolute property in, and an unbounded 
 power over others, marked out by his infinite goodness and wisdom, 
 as the objects of a legal domination never rightfully resistible, how- 
 ever severe and oppressive, the inhabitants of these Colonies might 
 at least require from the Parliament of Great Britain some evidence, 
 that this dreadful authority over them, has been granted to that 
 body. But a reverence for our great Creator, principles of humanity, 
 10 
 
74 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 and the dictates of common sense, must convince all those who 
 reflect upon the subject, that government was instituted to promote 
 the welfare of mankind, and ought to be administered for the 
 attainment of that end. The legislature of Great Britain, however, 
 stimulated by an inordinate passion for a power not only unjustifi- 
 able, but which they know to be peculiarly reprobated by the very 
 Constitution of that kingdom, and desperate of success in any 
 mode of contest where regard should be had to truth, law, or right, 
 have at length, deserting those, attempted to effect their cruel and 
 impolitic purpose of enslaving these Colonies by violence, and 
 have thereby rendered it necessary for us to close with their last 
 appeal from reason to arms. Yet, however blinded that Assembly 
 may be, by their intemperate rage for unlimited domination, so to 
 slight justice and the opinion of mankind, we esteem ourselves 
 bound by obligations of respect to the rest of the world, to make 
 known the justice of our cause. 
 
 'Our forefathers, inhabitants of the island of Great Britain, left 
 their native land, to seek on these shores a residence for civil and 
 religious freedom. At the expense of their blood, at the hazard of 
 their fortunes, without the least charge to the country from which 
 they removed, by unceasing labor, and an unconquerable spirit, they 
 effected settlements in the distant and inhospitable wilds of Anier- 
 ica, then filled with numerous and warlike nations of barbarians. 
 Societies or governments, vested with perfect legislatures, were 
 formed under Charters from the crown, and an harmonious inter- 
 course was established between the Colonies and the Kingdom 
 from which they derived their origin. The mutual benefits of this 
 union became in a short time so extraordinary, as to excite aston- 
 ishment. It is universally confessed, that the amazing increase of 
 the wealth, strength, and navigation of the realm, arose from this 
 source ; and the minister, who so wisely and successfully directed 
 the measures of Great Britain in the late war, publicly declared, 
 that these Colonies enabled her to triumph over her enemies. 
 Towards the conclusion of that war, it pleased our Sovereign to 
 make a change in his counsels. From that fatal moment, the affairs 
 of the British empire began to fall into confusion, and gradually 
 sliding from the summit of glorious prosperity, to which they had 
 been advanced by the virtues and abilities of one man, are at length 
 distracted by the convulsions that now shake it to its deepest 
 foundations. The new ministry finding the brave foes of Britain, 
 though frequently defeated, yet still contending, took up the unfor- 
 tunate idea of granting them a hasty peace, and of then subduing 
 her faithful friends. 
 
 ' These devoted Colonies were judged to be in such a state, as 
 to present victories without bloodshed, and all the easy emoluments 
 of statuteable plunder. The uninterrupted tenor of their peaceable 
 and respectful behavior from the beginning of colonization, their 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 75 
 
 dutiful, zealous, and useful services during ihe war, though so 
 recently and amply acknowledged in the most honorable manner 
 by his Majesty, by the late King, and by Parliament, could not 
 save them from the meditated innovations. Parliament was in- 
 fluenced to adopt the pernicious project, and assuming a new 
 power over them, have, in the course of eleven years, given such 
 decisive specimens of the spirit and consequences attending this 
 power, as to leave no doubt concerning the effects of acquiesence 
 under it. They have undertaken to give and grant our money 
 without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive 
 right to dispose of our own property ; Statutes have been passed for 
 extending the jurisdiction of theCourts of Admiralty and Vice- Admi- 
 ralty beyond their ancient limits ; for depriving us of the accustomed 
 and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life 
 and property ; for suspending the legislature of one of the Colonies; 
 for interdicting all commerce to the capital of another ; and for alter- 
 ing fundamentally the form of government established by Charter, 
 and secured by Acts of its own legislature solemnly confirmed by the 
 crown ; for exempting the " murderers " of Colonists from legal trial, 
 and in efTect, from punishment; for erecting in a neighboring 
 Province, acquired by the joint arms of Grreat Britain and America, 
 a despotism dangerous to our very existence ; and for quartering 
 soldiers upon the Colonists in time of profound peace. It has also 
 been resolved in Parliament, that Colonists charged with committing 
 certain oftences, shall be transported to England to be tried. 
 
 ' But why should we enumerate our injuries in detail? By one 
 Statute it is declared, that Parliament can " of right make laws to 
 bind us in all cases whatsoever!" What is to defend us against so 
 enormous, so unlimited a power ? Not a single man of those who 
 assume it, is chosen by us ; or is subject to our control or influ- 
 ence ; but, on the contrary, they are all of them exempt from the op- 
 eration of such laws, and an American revenue, if not diverted 
 from the ostensible purpose for which it was raised, would certainly 
 lighten their own burden in proportion as they increase ours. We 
 saw the misery to which such despotism would reduce us. We 
 for ten years incessantly and ineffectually besieged the throne as sup- 
 pliants ; we reasoned, we remonstrated with Parliament, in the 
 most mild and decent language. 
 
 'Administration, sensible that we should regard these oppressive 
 measures as freemen ought to do, sent over fleets and armies to 
 enforce them. The indignation of the Americans was roused, it is 
 true, but it was the indignation of a virtuous, loyal and affectionate 
 people. A Congress of delegates from the United Colonies was 
 assembled at Philadelphia, on the fifth day of last September. We 
 resolved again to offer an humble and dutiful petition to the King, 
 and also addressed our fellow subjects of Great Britain. We have 
 pursued every temperate, every respectful measure : we have even 
 proceeded to break off our commercial intercourse with our fellow 
 
76 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN HVS. 
 
 subjects, as the last peaceable admonition that our attachment to 
 no nation on earth should supplant our attachment to liberty. 
 This we flattered ourselves, was the ultimate step of the contro- 
 versy ; but subsequent events have shown, how vain was this hope 
 of finding moderation in our enemies. 
 
 ' Several threatening expressions against the Colonies were in- 
 serted in his Majesty's speech ; our petition, though we were told 
 it was a decent one, and that his Majesty had been pleased to re- 
 ceive it graciously, and to promise laying it before his Parliament, 
 was huddled into both Houses among a bundle of American pa- 
 pers, and there neglected. The Lords and Commons in their ad- 
 dress, in the month of February, said, that " a rebellion at that time 
 actually existed within the Province of Massachusetts Bay; and 
 that those concerned in it, had been countenanced and encour- 
 aged by unlawful combinations and engagements, entered into by 
 his Majesty's subjects in several of the other Colonies ; and therefore 
 they besought his Majesty, that he would take the most effectual 
 measures to enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of 
 the supreme legislature." — Soon after, the commercial intercourse 
 cf whole Colonies with foreign countries and with each other, 
 was cut off by an Act of Parliament ; by another, several of them 
 were entirely prohibited from the fisheries in the seas near their 
 coasts, on which they always depended for their subsistence ; and 
 large reinforcements of ships and troops were immediately sent 
 over to General Gage. 
 
 ' Fruitless were all the entreaties, arguments and eloquence, of an 
 illustrious band of the most distinguished Peers and Commoners, 
 who nobly and strenuously asserted the justice of our cause to 
 stay, or even to mitigate the heedless fury with which these accu- 
 mulated and unexampled outrages were hurried on. — Equally 
 fruitless was the interference of the city of London, of Bristol, and 
 many other respectable towns in our favor. Parliament adopted 
 an insidious manoeuvre calculated to divide us, to establish a per- 
 petual auction of taxations where Colony should bid against Colo- 
 ny, all of them uninformed what ransom would redeem their lives; 
 and thus to extort from us, at the point of the bayonet, the unknown 
 sums that should be sufficient to gratify, if possible to gratify, min- 
 isterial rapacity, with the miserable indulgence left to us of raising 
 in our own mode the prescribed tribute. "What terms more rigid 
 and humiliating could have been dictated by remorseless victors to 
 conquered enemies? In our circumstances to accept them, would 
 be to deserve them. 
 
 ' Soon after the intelligence of these proceedings arrived on this 
 Continent, General Gage, who in the course of the last year had 
 taken possession of the town of Boston, in the Province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, and still occupied it as a garrison, on the nineteenth 
 day of April sent out from that place, a large detachment of his 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1775. 77 
 
 army, who made an unprovoked assault on the inhabitants of the 
 said Province, at the town of Lexington, as appears by the affida- 
 vits of a great number of persons, some of whom were officers and 
 soldiers of that detachment, murdered eight of the inhabitants and 
 wounded many others. From thence the troops proceeded in war- 
 like array to the town of Concord, where they set upon another 
 party of the inhabitants of the same Province, killing several and 
 wounding more, until compelled to retreat by the country people, 
 suddenly assembled to repel this cruel aggression. Hostilities 
 thus commenced by the British troops, have been since prosecuted 
 by them without regard to faith or reputation. — The inhabitants 
 of Boston being confined within that town by the General, their 
 Governor, and having, in order to procure their dismission, entered 
 into a treaty with him, it was stipulated that the said inhabitants 
 having deposited their arms with their own magistrates, should have 
 liberty to depart, taking with them their other effects. They accor- 
 dingly deliveredup their arms, but in open violation of honor, in defi- 
 ance of the obligation oftreaties, which even savage nations esteemed 
 sacred, the Governor ordered the arms deposited as aforesaid, that 
 they might be preserved for their owners, to be seized by a body of 
 soldiers ; detained the greatest part of the inhabitants in the town, 
 and compelled the few who were permitted to retire, to leave their 
 most valuable effects behind. 
 
 ' By this perfidy wives are separated from their husbands, children 
 from their parents, the aged and the sick from their relations and 
 friends, who wish to attend and comfort them ; and those who have 
 been used to live in plenty and even elegance, are reduced to de- 
 plorable distress. 
 
 ' The General, further emulating his ministerial masters, by a 
 proclamation bearing date on the 12th day of June, after venting 
 the grossest falsehoods and calumnies against the good people of 
 these Colonies, proceeds to " declare them all, either by name or 
 description, to be rebels and traitors, to supersede the course of the 
 common law, and instead thereof, to publish and order the use and 
 exercise of the law martial.*' — His troops have butchered our coun- 
 trymen, have wantonly burnt Charlestown, besides a considerable 
 number of houses in other places ; our ships and vessels are seized, 
 the necessary supplies of provisions are intercepted, and he is ex- 
 erting his utmost power to spread destruction and devastation 
 around him. 
 
 ' We have received certain intelligence that General Carleton, 
 the Governor of Canada, is instigating the people of that Province 
 and the Indians to fall upon us ; and we have but too much reason 
 to apprehend that schemes have been formed to excite domestic 
 enemies against us. In brief, a part of these Colonies now feel, 
 and all of them are sure of feeling, as far as the vengeance of ad- 
 ministration can inflict them, the complicated calamities of fire, 
 
78 PROCEEDINGS W CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 sword, and famine. We are reduced to the alternative of choosing 
 an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or 
 resistance by force. — The latter is our choice. — We have counted 
 the cost of this contest, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary 
 slavery. — Honor, justice, and humanity, forbid us tamely to sur- 
 render that freedom which we received from our gallant ancestors, 
 and which our innocent posterity have a right to receive from us. 
 We cannot endure the infamy and guilt of resigning succeeding 
 generations to that wretchedness which inevitably awaits them, if 
 we basely entail hereditary bondage upon them. 
 
 ' Our cause is just. Our Union is perfect. Our internal resources 
 are great, and if necessary, foreign assistance is undoubtedly at- 
 tainable. — We gratefully acknowledge as signal instances of the 
 Divine favor towards us, that his Providence would not permit us 
 to be called into this severe controversy, until we were grown up 
 to our present strength, had been previously exercised in warlike 
 operations, and possessed of the means of defending ourselves. 
 With hearts fortified with these animating reflections, we most sol- 
 emnly, before God and the world, declare, that, exerting the utmost 
 energy of those powers, which our beneficent Creator hath gra- 
 ciously bestowed upon us, the arms w^e have been compelled by 
 our enemies to assume, we will, in defiance of every hazard, with 
 unabating firmness and perseverance, employ for ihe preservation 
 of our liberties ; being' vnth one mind resolved to die freemen rather 
 than to live slaves. 
 
 ' Lest this declaration should disquiet the minds of our friends 
 and fellow subjects in any part of the empire, we assure them that 
 we mean not to dissolve that union which has so long and so hap- 
 pily subsisted between us, and which we sincerely wish to see 
 restored. — Necessity has not yet driven us into that desperate meas- 
 ure, or induced us to excite any other nation to war against them. 
 We have not raised armies with ambitious designs of separating 
 from Great Britain, and establishing independent States. We 
 fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the re- 
 markable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked armies, 
 without any imputation, or even suspicion of offence. They boast 
 of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder con- 
 ditions than servitude or death. 
 
 ' In our own native land, in defence of the freedom that is our 
 birthright, and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it — 
 for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest in- 
 dustry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually 
 offered, we have taken up arms. We shall lay them down when 
 hostilities shall cease on the part of the aggressors, and all danger 
 of their being renewed shall be removed, and not before. 
 
 ' With an humble confidence in the mercies of the supreme and 
 impartial Judge and Ruler of the Universe, we most devoutly im- 
 
MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c. IN 1775. 79 
 
 plore his Divine goodness to protect us happily through this great 
 conflict, to dispose our adversaries to reconciliation on reasonable 
 terms, and thereby to relieve the empire from the calamities of civil 
 war.' 
 
 ' Samuel Adams to Arthur Lee. 
 
 ' February 14, 1775. 
 
 ' If the ministry have not abandoned themselves to folly and 
 Taa6nesB,\he Jirm wiion of the Colnnies musthe an important objec- 
 tion. ^ ^ No sensible Minister will think that millions of free 
 subjects, strengthened by such an union, will submit to be slaves.' — 
 Life of Arthur Lee, vol. ii, p. 224.' 
 
 ' Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Small. 
 
 ' May 7, 1775. 
 ' Dear Sir : Within this week we have received the unhappy 
 news of an action of considerable magnitude, between the King's 
 troops and our brethren of Boston, ^ ^ ^ # ^ 
 This accident has cut oft" our last hope of reconciliation, and a 
 frenzy of revenge seems to have seized all ranks of people. It is 
 a lamentable circumstance, that the only mediatory power acknowl- 
 edged by both parties, instead of leading to a reconciliation his di- 
 vided people, should pursue the incendiary purpose of still blowing 
 up the flames, as we find him constantly doing, in every speech 
 and public declaration, ^ ^ ^ # and 
 
 to fill up the measure of irritation, a proscription of individuals has 
 been substituted in the room of just trial. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 When I saw Lord Chatham's bill, I entertained high hope that a 
 reconciliation could have been brought about. The difference be- 
 tw^een his terms, and those offered by our Congress might have 
 been accommodated, if entered on by both parties, with a disposi- 
 tion to accommodate. But the dignity of Parliament, it seems, 
 can brook no opposition to its power.' — Jeff. Writ. vol. i, p. 149. 
 
 ' John Adams to Mrs. Adams. 
 
 ' May 29, 1775. 
 
 ' My dear : Our amiable friend Hancock, who, by the way, is 
 our president, is to send his servant to-morrow for Cambridge. 
 I am to send a few lines by him. 
 
 ' We have no regular advices. I received one kind letter from 
 you in one from Colonel Warren. An excellent letter I had from 
 him. It has done him great honor, and me much good. 
 
 ' The Congress will support the Massachusetts. There is a good 
 spirit here. * The military spirit, which runs through the 
 Continent, is truly amazing. This city turns out two thousand 
 men every day. Mr. Dickinson is a Colonel, Mr. Reed a Lieuten- 
 
80 MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c. IN 1775. 
 
 ant Colonel, Mr. Mfflin a Major. He ought to have been a Gen- 
 eral, for he has been the animating soul of the whole. 
 
 ' Col. Washington appears at Congress, in his uniform, and, by 
 his great experience and abilities in military matters, is of much 
 service to us. 
 
 'Oh that I were a soldier! I will be. I am reading military 
 books. Every body must, and will, and shall be a soldier.' 
 
 ' June ] O^A. Two days ago we saw a very wonderful phenomenon 
 in this city ; a field day, on which three battalions of soldiers were 
 reviewed, making full two thousand men, battalion men, light in- 
 fantry, grenadiers, riflemen, light-horse, artillery men with a fine 
 train, all in uniform, going through the manual exercise, and the 
 manoeuvres, with remarkable dexterity. 
 
 ' All this has been accomplished in this city since the 19th of 
 April ; so sudden a formation of an army never took place any 
 where. 
 
 'In Congress, we are bound to secresy. But, under the rose, I 
 believe that ten thousand men will be maintained in the Massa- 
 chusetts, and five thousand in New York, at the continental 
 expense. 
 
 ' The reputation of our countrymen for valor is very high. I hope 
 they will maintain it, as well as that for prudence, caution, and 
 conduct.' 
 
 ^ June 11. My Dear, — I have been this morning to hear Mr. 
 Duffield, a preacher in this city. His discourse was a kind of ex- 
 position on the thirty-fifth chapter of Isaiah. He applied the whole 
 prophecy to this country, and gave us as animating an entertain- 
 ment as I ever heard. He filled and swelled the bosom of every 
 hearer. I hope you have received a letter, in which I enclosed you 
 a pastoral letter from the synod of New York and Philadelphia ; 
 by this you will ?ee that the clergy this way are but now begin- 
 ning to engage in polities, and they engage with a fervor that will 
 produce wonderful effects.' 
 
 ^June 17. I can now inform you, that the Congress have made 
 choice of the modest and virtuous, the amiable, generous and* brave 
 George Washington, Esq., to be General of the American Army, 
 and that he is to repair, as soon as possible, to the camp before 
 Boston. This appointment will have a great effect in cementing 
 and securing the union of these Colonies. The Continent is really 
 in earnest, in defending the country. They have voted ten com- 
 panies of riflemen, to be sent from Pennsylvania, Maryland and 
 Virginia, to join the army before Boston. These are an excellent 
 species of light infantry. They are the most accurate marksmen 
 in the world. 
 
 ' I have found this Congress like the last. When we first came 
 together, I found a strong jealousy of us from New England, and 
 
MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c., IN 1775. 81 
 
 the Massachusetts in particular. Suspicions entertained of de- 
 signs of independency ; an American Republic ; Presbyterian 
 principles, and twenty other things. Our sentiments were heard in 
 Congress with great caution, and seemed to make but little impres- 
 sion ; but the longer we sat, the more clearly they saw the neces- 
 sity of p ashing vigorous measures. It has been so now. Every 
 day we sit, the more we are convinced that the designs against us 
 are hostile and sanguinary, and that nothing but fortitude, vigor, 
 and perseverance, can save us.' 
 
 ' June 18. My Dear, — This letter, I presume, will go by the brave 
 and amiable General Washington. Our army will have a group 
 of officers equal to any service. Washington, Ward, Lee, Gates, 
 Gridley, together with all the other New England officers, will 
 make a glorious Council of War. 
 
 ' This Congress are all as deep as the delegates from the Massa- 
 chusetts, and the whole Continent as forward as Boston. We 
 shall have a redress of grievances, or an assumption of all the 
 powers of Government, legislative, executive, and judicial, through- 
 out the whole Continent, very soon. Georgia is bestirring itself. 
 I mean, the whole of it. The Parish of St. John's, which is one- 
 third of it, was with us before.' 
 
 ' June 23. My Dear, — I have this morning been out of town, to 
 accompany our Generals, Washington, Lee, and Schuyler, a little 
 way on their journey to the American Camp, before Boston. The 
 three Generals were all mounted on horseback, accompanied by 
 Major Mifflin, who has gone in the character of Aid-de-Camp. 
 All the delegates from the Massachusetts, with their servants 
 and carriages, attended. Many others of the delegates from the 
 Congress ; a large troop of light horse, in their uniforms ; many 
 officers of militia, besides, in theirs, music playing, &c. &c. Such 
 is the pride and pomp of war. I, poor creature, worn out with 
 scribbling for my bread and my liberty, low in spirits and weak in 
 health, must leave others to wear the laurels which I have sown ; 
 others to eat the bread which I have earned ; a common case. 
 
 ' We had yesterday, by the way of New York and New London, 
 a report which distresses us almost as much as that we had last fall, 
 of the cannonade of Boston — a battle at Bunker's Hill and Dor- 
 chester Point ; three Colonels wounded, Gardner mortally. We 
 wait to hear more particulars. Our hopes and fears are, alternately 
 very strong. If there is any truth in this account, you must be in 
 great confusion. God Almighty's Providence preserve, sustain, 
 and comfort you.' 
 
 Letters of J Adams to Mrs. A., pp. 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. 
 11 
 
82 MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c., IN 1775. 
 
 ' Arthur Lee to Ralph Izard. 
 
 ' London, February 19, 1775.* 
 
 42, oe. jf. •&£, .SL. 4£, 4e, 
 
 ^ "TS" •A" "Tl* "Tf* ^ -JP 
 
 ' The New England Governments are raising and training men. 
 Maryland has voted both men and money. Virginia has raised a 
 standing army of six thousand. South Carolina has voted fifty 
 thousand pounds. 
 
 * The Resolves of the Congress are every where obeyed. New 
 York not excepted. * * We seem to be on the rough edge 
 of battle. If New York is firm, I have not a single fear of suc- 
 cess.' — Cor. of R. Izard, vol. i., p. 49. 
 
 ' R. Izard to Edward Rutledge. 
 
 ' Rome, March 2, 1775. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I have seen the proceedings of the Congress, and 
 think that the members of it are entitled to the thanks of the 
 public. If the measures which are so ivisely recommended are 
 adopted and executed, ive may still be a happy people. Unanimity^ 
 and a great degree of public virtue, are absolutely necessary.^ 
 
 Ibid, p. 51. 
 
 ' Arthur Lee to Ralph Izard. 
 
 ' London, April 23, 1775. 
 
 St $k ^ $i: i^ ^ 
 
 ' There is a silence in the New England Provinces, which argues 
 an approaching storm. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
 Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia, are united and firm. 
 
 * Maryland and Virginia are making the most serious military 
 preparations. The frontier militia-men in Virginia have unani- 
 mously published their determination to fight, if it be necessary. 
 
 * Every thing depends on the wisdom, firmness, and unanimity, of 
 the May Congress, at which Dr. Franklin will assist, he having 
 sailed, a month since, for Philadelphia, with every profession and 
 every incentive to do right.' — Ibid, p. 69. 
 
 ' R. Izard to Edward Rutledge. 
 
 ' London, May 25, 1775. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I wrote to you and Mr. Lynch, from Rome, and, 
 directed the letters to Philadelphia. 
 
 Sk Hz ^ ^ $k ^ •UL 
 
 * If there proves to be as much virtue in the people of America 
 as there was wisdom in the Congress, the gentlemen in this coun 
 try may be brought to their senses. * # * * 
 
 ' The King is determined never to treat with the Congress, which 
 convinces me that nothing honest is intended. They are the tru 
 
 * Mr. Lee, from Virginia, and Mr. Izard, from South Carolina, had then resided in Eu 
 pope some years ; the former from 1776, the latter from 1771. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c., IN 1775. 83 
 
 representatives of the people^ and in every respect have shown 
 themselves worthy of confidence.' — Ibid, p. 76. 
 
 ' R. Izard to Isaac Low. 
 
 'London, June 12, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — As I am informed you are Chairman of the Committee 
 of New York, I take the hberty of addressing this letter to you. 
 
 ' I approve highly of the proceedings in general of the Conti- 
 nental Congress, and am firmly of opinion that, if the virtue and 
 fortitude of America be equal to the wisdom of her delegates, the 
 contest will soon be determined in our favor. 
 
 ' The salvation of the Colonies depends upon the strict adherence 
 to the measures recommended by the Congress.^ 
 
 ' General Greene to Jacob Greene. 
 
 'Rhode Island Camp (before Boston), 2 June, 1775. 
 
 ' I arrived in camp on Saturday last, and found it in great com- 
 motion. A few days longer in the state of excitement in which I 
 found our troops would have proved fatal to our campaign. The 
 want of government, and of a certainty of supplies, had thrown 
 every thing into disorder. Several companies had clubbed their 
 muskets in order to march home. I have made several regulations 
 for introducing order, and composing their murmurs; but it is very 
 difficult to limit people who have had so much latitude, without 
 throwing them into disorder. The Commissaries had been beaten 
 off at my arrival, and were about returning home the next day. I 
 believe there never was a person more welcome, who was so little 
 deserving, as myself. I wish you would forward Colonel Var- 
 num's regiment; he will be a welcome guest in camp. I expect 
 much from his, and his troop's example.' 
 
 ' To Governor Ward, in Congress. 
 
 ' Camp, Prospect Hill, 4 June, 1775. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your kind favor of the 23d last, is now before me. 
 I am extremely happy to find your views so affectionately extend 
 to the combined interests of the United Colonies. We have con- 
 sulted our wishes rather than our reason, in indulging the idea of 
 accommodation. America must raise an empire of permanent 
 duration, supported upon the grand pillars of truth, freedom and 
 religion, based upon justice, and defended by her own patriotic 
 sons. 
 
 ' No doubt a large army must be raised in addition to the forces 
 upon the present establishment. You are acquainted with my 
 sentiments upon that head already. However, one thing is cer- 
 tain, the great body must be superior in number to any force the 
 
84 ' MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c., IN 1775. 
 
 enemy can send. All the forces in America should he under one 
 Commander^ raised arid appointed by the same authority, subject to 
 the same regulations, and ready to be detached wherever occasion 
 may require. 
 
 ' My dear Sir, — I am now to open my mind a little more freely. 
 
 ^Permit me, then, to recommend, from the sincerity of my heart, 
 ready at all times to bleed for my country's cause, a declaration of 
 Independence, and call upon the world, and the great God who 
 governs it, to witness the sincerity, propriety, and rectitude thereof. 
 
 'My worthy friend, the interests of mankind hang upon that truly 
 worthy body of which you are a member.^ You stand the repre- 
 sentatives, not of America only, but of the whole world ; the friends 
 of liberty, and the supporters of the rights of human nature. 
 
 ' How will posterity, millions yet unborn, bless the memory of 
 those brave patriots, who are now hastening the consummation of 
 freedom, truth, and religion ! 
 
 ' But want of decison renders wisdom in council insignificant. 
 
 ' Frugality, a most amiable domestic virtue, becomes a vice of 
 the most enormous kind, when opposed to the common good. The 
 Tyrant by his last speech has convinced us, that to be free or not, 
 depends upon ourselves. Nothing, therefore, but the most vigorous 
 exertions on our part, can shelter us from the evils intended us. 
 How can we, then, startle at the idea of expense, when our whole 
 property, our dearest connexions, our liberty, nay, life itself is at 
 stake : let us, therefore, act like men inspired with a resolution, that 
 nothing but the frowns of Heaven, shall conquer us. 
 
 '■Resolves, declarations, and all the parade of heroism in words, 
 will not obtain a victory. Arms and ammunition are as necessary as 
 men, and must be had at the expense of every thing short of Brit- 
 ain's claims. 
 
 'An army unequipped, will ever feel the want of spirit and cour- 
 age; but, properly furnished, fighting in the best of causes, will bid 
 defiance to the united force of men and devils. When a finishing 
 period will be put to the present dispute, God only knows. 
 
 'A large body of troops will probably be wanted for a consider- 
 able time. It will he infinitely safer, and not more expensive in the 
 end, for the Continent to give a large bounty to any number of troops 
 in addition to what may be ordered on the present establishment, that 
 vnll engage during the war, than to enlist them from year to year 
 ivithout a bounty ; and should the present regiments be inclined to 
 engage for the same term, let them receive the same encouragement. 
 There is not the least prospect of our being able to disband, and 
 form a new army again, without the enemy's availing himself of 
 the advantage.' 
 
 y 
 
 * Governor Samuel Ward was a member of the Continental Congress from its com- 
 mencement in 1774, until his death in Philadelphia, Mrrch 25, 1775. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c., IN 1775. 85 
 
 The two last letters are in Judge Johnson's Sketches of the Life of General 
 Greene, vol. i., pp. 31, 35. 
 
 Immediately after the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Legislature of 
 Massachusetts proceeded to raise an armed force. They requested and prompt- 
 ly received the cooperation of Rhode Island and Connecticut. Rhode Island 
 raised sixteen hundred men, enlisted to December 31st, 1775. 
 
 Nathaniel Greene, afterwards Major General Greene, a native of East Green- 
 wich in that State, then 33 years of age, was appointed their Commander. In 
 that character he was soon with them on the lines before Boston. 
 
 * General Washington to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 ' Philadelphia, 20 June, 1775. 
 
 'Dear Brother, — I am to bid adieu to you, and to every kind 
 of domestic ease, for a while. I am embarked on a wide ocean, 
 boundless in its prospect, and in which perhaps no safe harbor is 
 to be found. I have been called upon by the unanimous voice of 
 the Colonies to take the command of the Continental army, an 
 honor I neither sought after nor desired, as I am thoroughly con- 
 vinced that it requires greater abilities and much more experience 
 than I am master of, to conduct a business so extensive in its nature, 
 and arduous in its execution. But the partiality of the Congress, 
 joined to a political motive, really left me no choice ; and I am now 
 commissioned a General and Commander-in-chief of all the forces 
 now, or to be raised for the defence of the United Colonies. That 
 I may discharge the trust to the satisfaction of my employers, is my 
 first wish ; that I shall aim to do it, there remains little doubt. 
 How far I may succeed, is another point; but this I am sure of, 
 that, in the worst event, I shall have the consolation of knowing, if 
 I act to the best of my judgment, the blame ought to lodge upon 
 the appointers, not the appointed, as it was by no means a thing of 
 my own seeking, or proceeding from any hint of my friends. 
 
 ' I am at liberty to inform you, that the Congress, in committee, 
 have consented to a Continental currency, and have ordered two 
 millions of dollars to be struck for payment of the troops, and other 
 purposes, and have voted fifteen thousand men as a Continental 
 army, which number will be augmented, as the strength of the 
 British troops will be greater than was expected at the time of 
 passing the vote. General Ward, General Lee, General Schuyler, 
 and General Putnam are appointed Major Generals under me. 
 The Brigadier Generals are not yet appointed. Major Gates is 
 made Adjutant General. I expect to set out to-morrow for Boston, 
 and hope to be joined there in a little time by ten companies of 
 riflemen from this Province, Maryland and Virginia. For other 
 articles of intelligence, I shall refer you to the papers, as the prin- 
 ters are diligent in collecting every thing that is stirring. 
 
 ' I shall hope that my friends will visit and endeavor to keep up 
 the spirits of my wife, as much as they can, for my departure will, 
 I know, be a cutting stroke upon her ; and on this account alone I 
 
86 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE, &c., IN 1775. 
 
 have many disagreeable sensations. I hope that you and my 
 sister, although the distance is great, will find so much time this 
 summer as to spend a little of it at Mount Vernon. 
 
 ' My sincere regards attend you both, and the little ones, and I am 
 your most affectionate brother.' — Writings of Washington, by Dr. 
 Sparks, vol. iii., p. 5. 
 
 L_l LJ Lj U_l 1— ) L_l l__i S 
 
 ^iH Lj LJ l_i LJ L4 
 
 \r-\ r~i r~i .rn ""-I 
 
 (SMS) 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE SECOND AND THIRD NUMB E R S, E T C, 
 
 The intelligent and attentive reader of the preceding Number has 
 perceived, that, as long as confidence remained of so terminating the 
 difficulties between this country and Great Britain, as to admit a con- 
 tinuance of their then existing connection, and opposition was there- 
 fore extended hardly beyond Petitions, Memorials, Addresses, Letters, 
 Resolves, Associations, and Declarations, — so long, from the first as- 
 sembling of Congress in 1774, did unanimity signalize all their pro- 
 ceedings, and so long, too, did near three millions of People look up to 
 that Congress, for guidance, for direction, for deliverance. 
 
 But, a few pages onward will begin to disclose, that, little sooner 
 did events press upon the minds of some men the possibility of a 
 separation, and require to the aid of opposition a military force, than, 
 in that Transcendent Council then holding the power, the confidence, 
 and the destinies of a Nation, arose, instead of such unanimity, a 
 difference so great and so determined, that its deranging influences 
 quickly affected all the civil and military operations throughout the 
 country. 
 
 It was, however, a difference between Patriots ; for in no sane 
 mind can exist a doubt of the patriotism of men, who, in any stage of 
 that eventful contest, stood forth, and in council or field, perse ver- 
 ingly hazarded their lives and devoted their labors, in the best way or 
 not, to render effectual that opposition which labored out, ultimately, 
 the Independence of this Union. Yes, Patriots were they all, and 
 each. 
 
 Causes far other than want of patriotism may be found as man- 
 ifest, as their consequences have been enduring. They were rather 
 in the head, than in the heart. That Assembly was justly esteemed 
 12* 
 
88 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 wise ; but, by laws ever immutable, its members were not, all, equally 
 so : 
 
 ' Some [were,] and must be, greater than the rest.' 
 
 The stern work of the Revolution before them, impelled alike to 
 effort, those of smaller, and those of larger comprehension, and forced 
 to their entire measure, the intellectual energies of every one. As 
 separation in prospect seemed near, and old objects with their relations 
 receded from their views, various new ones more and more advanced, 
 and with these as various new influences, operating on some minds 
 less, but on others, more. 
 
 In the Autumn of 1775, Congress first realized a necessity to raise 
 an extensive military force, when the increasing difficulties had de- 
 monstrated, at least to many, that the struggle of Revolution was 
 fast approaching, and demanded method and means to carry it on and 
 through. 
 
 Then came that test and measure of minds with minds ; and soon, 
 between that company of Patriots, Avho all had been, and from be- 
 ginning to end of the contest continued to be, inflexibly firm in the 
 o[)positi?»a, and in favor of its prosecution — Men, who but a few 
 months before had declared to their countrymen and the world, ' Our 
 Union is perfect,' * — between the same men, even our Fathers of 
 the Revolution, so soon began that wide political difference, whose 
 rending consequences those Fathers did feel ; whose consequences we 
 have felt, and feel now. Indeed, reasons apparently worthy of consid- 
 eration have induced the belief, that the legitimate, the only adequate 
 security against a prevalence of these mischiefs, is a knowledge 
 of truth, instead of error, enlarged and extended to the people — a 
 knowledge of those uniting and securing truths and principles, which, 
 when predominant over distracting and destroying errors, never yet 
 failed to save and protect the great interests of our country. 
 
 This belief well founded, the motive and the object of this Inquiry 
 are enough explained. In pursuing it are regarded, not more, effects 
 alone, undoing as many of them were and have been, than their con- 
 nection with the causes that produced them ; not more, how battles 
 were fought, how victories were lost, or how gained, than how other 
 battles were not fought, their victories not lost, and how fatal defeat 
 was avoided ; not more, the great dangers from the ampler means and 
 superior armies of the enemy, than those greater dangers from want 
 and disorder, by interfering friends ; not more, the extent of sufferings 
 borne, or their causes even, than how those sufferings were alleviated, 
 and how patience was induced to bear them ; not more, the number, 
 or aggregate amount of opposing evils, than how the Master- Agents 
 averted or controlled those evils, and persevered and labored on to a 
 general conquest of them all ; not more, any other object of honest, 
 impaitial, and just inquiry, than, what Agents led, and by what means 
 they led, to this country's safety and its glory. 
 
 The whole is guided by the marks of their footsteps, yet visible ; al- 
 
 * See page 7S. 
 
INTRODUCTION. ' 89 
 
 though much and long obscured, till at length trodden down and tram- 
 pled on, by Demagogues. 
 
 If the institutions of no other nation depend as much as those of 
 our own, upon right knowledge generally diffused among its people, 
 then, no other nation requires and needs so much as our own, an in- 
 creased amount and extended radiance of the true light reflected from 
 its Fathers. 
 
 To exhibit impartially and plainly the views, principles, services, 
 and influences of the Leading Men through the earliest periods of our 
 Nation's history, would be, to unfold the great sustaining principles of 
 social and political order and freedom, together with the influences 
 and operations of those principles, in founding our Union, in achieving 
 our Independence, in forming, explaining, and administering our 
 Government ; — to unfold beside those, other principles also, with the 
 influences and operations of these other during the Revolution, in 
 embarrassing and periling that most arduous work of unrequited 
 beneficence, and since its completion, in more than once threatening 
 even the duration of the same Union, Independence, and Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The variant, though honest views, in which originated so different 
 principles of plans and counsels, and by which the memorable men in 
 the very birth-period of the Nation, early became to a great extent di- 
 vided into two classes ; the occasion, nature and circumstances of 
 that division ; the distinctive views and principles of the one class, 
 and those of the other ; the relative merits of the two classes, and of 
 the several individuals of whom they were composed ; —these can be 
 accurately and infallibly learned, only from the unperverted and unal- 
 tered records made in that period by those men themselves. More- 
 over, only by previously learning well their characters, can be known 
 the true characters of those who have succeeded them. 
 
 Accordingly, this endeavor is designed and directed, first by their 
 own writings, to show undisguised the real characters of the Leading 
 Men pending the Revolution, especially in regard to their different 
 principles, and the operations, influences and effects of those prin- 
 ciples, upon the people and upon the people's great concerns, — and, 
 afterward by subsequent writings from their pens and from the pens 
 of their successors, to trace the same principles, the same operations 
 and influences, from 1783 to the present time ; that the whole Series 
 may afford a view sufficiently distinct and full for all, wJio ivill, to ac- 
 quire a correct, practical knowledge of our Nation's more than seventy 
 years' experience — a knowledge, of vastly-increased, and still-increas- 
 ing interest, at least to every citizen of this Union. 
 
 It is deemed proper in due candor to add, that this publication, 
 intended toward a supply of a long- existing public want far-reaching 
 in its effects, is a result of some labor in a broad and prolific field, 
 which, lacking ways of access, was seen by our intervening fathers 
 but in distant, misty view ; and which, since new-made and other 
 objects many and various beset its now more numerous avenues, is 
 
90 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 too little seen or sought by us, and hence too little known, — a field, 
 which therefore claims greater and better labors of the abler and more 
 competent, to cull and select its original, genuine and restoring fruits 
 of mature experience ; to gather them as prepared, preserved, and 
 left there by the enlightened, expanded, and forecasting patriotism of 
 those Elder Fathers ; and finally, to dispense them to the well- 
 meaning many, who, long accustomed to feed on the false or spuri- 
 ous because they knew or could obtain no better, so much more 
 need now, and in proportionately augmented measure, a free, com- 
 mon, salutary use of the true and pure. 
 
 The reader who regards with interest the inquiries below, is referred 
 for satisfaction respecting the first two of them, principally to these 
 two Numbers ; — respecting the last of them, to these and the subse- 
 quent Numbers to be comprised in the first volume, but, principally, 
 to the fourth in the series. 
 
 What was the real point of difference between those Fathers, then 
 all aiming at one and the same object ? 
 
 When and how did that difference become first apparent? 
 
 How did it speedily affect the army, the people, and the general 
 prospect of the country ? 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 General "Washington to the Honorable Members of the Con- 
 tinental Congress, at Philadelphia. 
 
 New York, June 25, 1775. 
 
 'Gentlemen, — The rain on Friday afternoon and Saturday, — 
 the advice of several gentlemen of the Jerseys and this city, by no 
 means to cross Hudson's River at the lower Ferry — and some other 
 circumstances, too trivial to mention, prevented my arrival at this 
 place until the afternoon of this day. 
 
 ' In the morning, after giving General Schuyler such orders, as, 
 from the result of my inquiry into matters here, appear necessary, 
 I shall set out on my journey to the camp at Boston, and shall pro- 
 ceed with all the despatch in my power. Powder ig so essential an 
 article, that I cannot help again repeating the necessity of a sup- 
 ply. The camp at Boston, from the best account I can get from 
 thence, is but very poorly supplied. At this place they have scarce 
 any. How they are provided at Wooster's camp, I have not been 
 able yet to learn. 
 
 ' Governor Try on is arrived, and General Schuyler directed to 
 advise you of the line of conduct he moves in. I fear it will not 
 be very favorable to the American cause.* 
 
 ' I have only to add, that I am, with gi-eat respect and regard, 
 Gentlemen, your most obedient and obliged humble servant. 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 1. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 8. 
 
 General Washington to John Hancock Esquire, President of 
 
 Congress. 
 
 ' New York, Sunday, 25 June, 1775, 5 o'clock, P. M. 
 * Sir, — Upon my arrival here this afternoon, I was informed 
 that an express was in town, from the Provincial camp in Massa- 
 chusetts Bay ; and having seen, among the papers in his posses- 
 
 * Mr. Tryon had been Governor of New York almost four years. At that time he 
 arrived from England, having been absent several months immediately previous. 
 
92 PEOCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 sion, a letter directed to you as President of the Congress, I have 
 taken the liberty to open it. It was induced to take that liberty by 
 several gentlemen of New York, who were anxious to know the 
 particulars of the seventeenth instant,* and agreeable to the orders 
 of many members of the Congress, who judged it necessary that 
 I should avail myself of the best information in the course of my 
 journey. 
 
 ' You will find, sir, by that letter, a great want of powder in the 
 Provincial army, which I sincerely hope the Congress will supply 
 as speedily and as effectually as in their power. One thousand 
 pounds in weight were sent to the camp at Cambridge, three days 
 ago, from this city ; which has left this place almost destitute of 
 that necessary article; there being at this time, from the best infor- 
 mation, not more than four barrels of powder in the city of New 
 York. 
 
 ' I propose to set off for the Provincial camp to-morrow, and will 
 use all possible despatch to join the forces there. 
 
 ' Please to make my compliments to the gentlemen of the Con- 
 gress ; and believe me to be, Sir, your obliged friend and humble 
 
 servant.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 2. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 10. 
 
 The above are the first two letters from General Washington to Congress, after his 
 appointment as Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 His subsequent letters to that body -were addressed to their President. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 'New York, 26 June, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — You are to take upon you the command of all the troops 
 destined for the New York department, and see that the orders of 
 the Continental Congress are carried into execution, with as much 
 precision and exactness as possible. 
 
 ' For your better government therein, you are herewith furnished 
 with a copy of the instructions given to me by that Honorable 
 body. Such parts as are within the line of your duty, you will 
 please to pay particular attention to. Delay no time in occupying 
 the several Posts recommended by the Provincial Congress of this 
 Colony, and putting them in a fit posture to answer the end de- 
 signed ; nor delay any time in securing the stores, which are, or 
 ought to have been, removed from this city by order of the Conti- 
 nental Congress. 
 
 ' Keep a watchful eye on Governor Tryon, and, if you find him 
 directly or indirectly attempting any measures inimical to the com- 
 inon cause, use every means in your power to frustrate his designs. 
 
 ' In like manner watch the movements of the Indian Agent, 
 Colonel Guy Johnson, and prevent, as far as you can, the effect of 
 his influence to our prejudice with the Indians. Obtain the best 
 
 *The battle of Bunker-Hill. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 93 
 
 information you can of the temper and disposition of those people, 
 and also of the Canadians, that a proper line may be marked out 
 to conciliate their good opinion, or facilitate any future operation. 
 
 ' The Posts on Lake Champlain you will please to have proper- 
 ly supplied with provisions and ammunition ; and this I am per- 
 suaded you will aim at doing on the best terms, to prevent our 
 good cause from sinking under a heavy load of expense. You 
 will be pleased also to make regular returns to me, and to the Con- 
 tinental Congress, once a month, or oftener, as occurrences may 
 require, of the forces under your command, and of your provisions 
 and stores, and give me the earliest advices of every piece of intel- 
 ligence which you shall judge of importance to be speedily known. 
 
 ' Your own good sense must govern you in all matters not par- 
 ticularly pointed out, as I do not wish to circumscribe you within 
 narrow limits. I am. Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 11. 
 
 When General Washington arrived, he received from the Provincial Congress of 
 Massachusetts, a very appropriate address. He answered as follow^s : 
 
 'Gentlemen, — Your kind congratulations on my appointment 
 and arrival, demand my warmest acknowledgements, and will be 
 ever retained in grateful remembrance. In exchanging the enjoy- 
 ments of domestic life for the duties of my present honorable but 
 arduous situation, I only emulate the virtue and public spirit of 
 the whole Province of Massachusetts, which, with a firmness and 
 patriotism without example, has sacrificed all the comforts of social 
 and political life, in support of the rights of mankind, and the wel- 
 fare of our common coimlry. My highest ambition is, to be the 
 happy instrument of vindicating tho.se rights, ^nd to see this de- 
 voted Province again restored to peace, liberty, and safety.' 
 
 Marshall, in 2 vols., i. p. 29. Note. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 14. 
 
 In Congress, ' /m/V/ 20, 1775. Resolved^ That General Schuy- 
 ler be empowered to dispose of and employ all the troops in 
 the New York department, in such manner as he may think best 
 for the protection and defence of these Colonies, the tribes of In- 
 dians in friendship and amity with us, and most effectually to pro- 
 mote the general interest, still pursuing, if in his power, the former 
 orders from this Congress, and subject to the future orders of the 
 Commander-in-Chief 
 
 ' September 20lh. Resolved, That the President write to the 
 Provincial Convention of New York, or the Committee of Safely, 
 directing them immediately to equip and send forward the whole 
 of the troops ordered to be raised, to join General Schuyler, with 
 all possible expedition. 
 
 ' Ordered, That a copy of General Schuyler's letter, and of the 
 enclosed papers, and of the letters sent to General Schuyler, be im- 
 mediately forwarded to General Washington' 
 
94 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ^October 1th. The committee appointed to take into con- 
 sideration the letter from the Convention of New York, brought 
 in their report, which being read and debated, was agreed to as 
 follows : — 
 
 ' That the Provincial Convention of New York be directed im- 
 mediately to render Hudson's River defensible; that in doinc; this, 
 they be particularly attentive to form such works as may be finish- 
 ed before the winter sets in, As it is very doubtful whether any 
 stone work can be properly made at this advanced season, it is sub- 
 mitted to the judgment of the said Convention, whether it could 
 not be more cheaply and expeditiously done by works of wood, or 
 Fascines. If they should think otherwise, that they be directed to 
 go on with the work in the way which they think best, since it is 
 the opinion of the Congress that the work should by no means be 
 neglected. 
 
 ' But if the work be already begun on the plan sent us, that they 
 render such parts as can be first finished defensible, so that the la- 
 bor be not thrown away, if an attack should be made before the 
 whole can be finished. 
 
 ' That the Convention be directed to inquire whether there are 
 not some other places where small batteries might be erected, so as 
 to annoy the enemy on their passage, particularly a few heavy can- 
 non at or near Moore's house, and at a Point on the West shore, 
 a little above Verplanck's Point. 
 
 ' That the Convention be farther directed to take the most effec- 
 tual method to obstruct the navigation of the said River, if, upon 
 examination, they find it practicable.' 
 
 This is one of the instances in which relations of subject seem to require deviation 
 from the order of dates. 
 
 It would be useful to notice, and to retain in mind while perusing the following 
 pages, that unity of sentiment and aim, still continued in the first two above Re- 
 solves and in the Order following them, which pervades the Resolve of Congress to ap- 
 point a General, June 15, page 68, their Commission to the General, p. 69, their Re- 
 solve next after that Commission, June 17, p. 70, and the foregoing Orders of General 
 Washington to General Schuyler, June 26 ; and to observe likewise, in all the above 
 Proceedings of Congress, that appropriateness and consistency of plan and purpose, 
 which had distinguished their whole course from the beginning, and by which that 
 memorable body of men gained, for themselves and for their country, not only the 
 ready concurrence and support of their constituents, but an imperishable name and 
 praise through the whole civilized world. 
 
 What true American can contemplate that Congress and their Doings so far, with- 
 out elevating and ennobling emotions of patriotic pride and gratitude ? 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 10 July, 1775. 
 ' Sir, — I arrived safe at this place on the 3d instant, after a jour- 
 ney attended with a good deal of fatigue, and retarded by neces- 
 sary attentions to the successive civilities, which accompanied me 
 in my whole route. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 95 
 
 ' Upon the whole, I think myself authorized to say, that, consid- 
 ering the great extent of line and the nature of the ground, we are 
 as well secured as could be expected in so short a time, and the 
 disadvantages we labor under. These consist in a want of engi- 
 neers to construct proper works, and direct the men, a want of 
 tools, and a sufficient number of men to man the works, in case of 
 an attack. * * * « 
 
 'We labor under great disadvantages for want of tents; for, 
 though they have been helped out by a collection of sails from the 
 seaport towns, the number is far short of our necessities. 
 
 *^ :^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 -^ IT ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ' As materials are not to be had here, I would beg leave to re- 
 commend the procuring of a farther supply from Philadelphia as 
 soon as possible. 
 
 ' I should be extremely deficient in gratitude as well as justice, if 
 I did not take the first opportunity to acknowledge the readiness 
 and attention, which the Provincial Congress and different Com- 
 mittees have shown, to make everything as convenient and agree- 
 able as possible. But there is a vital and inherent principle of de- 
 lay, incompatible with military service, in transacting business 
 through such numerous and different channels. I esteem it there- 
 fore, my duty, to represent the inconvenience which must unavoid- 
 ably ensue from a dependence on a number of persons for sup- 
 plies ; and submit it to the consideration of Congress, whether the 
 public service will not be best promoted by appointing a Commis- 
 sary- General for these purposes. We have a striking instance of 
 the preference of such a mode, in the establishment of Connecticut, 
 as their troops are extremely well provided, under the direction of 
 Mr. Trumbull, and he has at different times assisted others with 
 various articles. Should my sentiments happily coincide with 
 those of your honors on this subject, I beg leave to recommend Mr. 
 Trumbull as a very proper person for this department. In the ar- 
 rangement of troops collected under such circumstances, and upon 
 the spur of immediate necessity, several appoin^'nents have been 
 omitted which appear to be indispensably necessary for the good 
 government of the army, particularly a Quarter- Master- General^ a 
 Commissary of Musters, and a Commissary of Artillery. These I 
 must particularly recommend to the notice and provision of the 
 Congress. 
 
 ' I find myself already much embarrassed for want of a military 
 chest. These embarrassments will increase every day. I must 
 therefore most earnestly request, that money may be forwarded as 
 soon as possible. * * # * 
 
 ' I find the army in general, and the troops raised in Massachu- 
 setts in particular, very deficient in necessary clothing. Upon in- 
 quiry, there appears no probabihty of obtaining any supplies in 
 this quarter ; and on the best consideration of this matter I am able 
 13 
 
96 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 to form, I am of opinion that a number of hunting-shirts, not less 
 than ten thousand, would in a great degree remove this difficulty, 
 in the cheapest and quickest manner. 1 know nothing, in a specu- 
 lative view more trivial, yet lohich, if put in practice, would have a 
 happier tendency/ to unite the men, and abolish those Provincial dis- 
 tinctions, that lead to jealousy and dissatisfaction. 
 
 ' In a former part of this letter 1 mentioned the want of engi- 
 neers. 
 
 ' I can hardly express the disappointment I have experienced on 
 this subject. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' If any persons thus qualified are to be found in the Southern 
 Colonies, it would be of great public service to forward them with 
 all expedition. 
 
 ' Upon the article of ammunition, I must re-echo the former com- 
 plaints on this subject. We are so exceedingly destitute, that our 
 artillery will be of little use without a supply both large and sea- 
 sonable. What we have must be reserved for the small arms, and 
 that managed with the utmost frugality. 
 
 ' 1 am very sorry to observe, that the appointment of general 
 officers, in the Provinces of Massachusetts and Connecticut, has 
 not corresponded with the wishes and judgment of either the civil 
 or military. The great dissatisfaction expressed on this subject, 
 and the apparent danger of throwing the whole army into the 
 utmost disorder, * * have induced me to retain the commis- 
 sions in my hands until the pleasure of the Continental Congress 
 should be further known, except General Putnam's, which was 
 given the day I came to the camp, and before I was apprized of 
 these disgusts. 
 
 ' In such a step I must beg the Congress to do me the justice to 
 believe, that I have been actuated solely by a regard to the public 
 good. 
 
 ' I have not, nor could I have, any private attachments ; every 
 gentleman in ajip'ointment was a stranger to me, but from char- 
 acter. * * * * . * 
 
 ' General Spencer's disgust was so great at General Putnam's 
 promotion, that he left the army without visiting me, or making 
 known his intention in any respect. 
 
 ' General Pomroy had also retired before my arrival, occasioned, 
 as it is said, by some disappointment from the Provincial Con- 
 gress. ***** 
 
 ' Upon finding the number of men to fall so far short of the estab- 
 lishment, and beloAV all expectation, I immediately called a coun- 
 cil of general officers, whose opinion I have the honor of enclosing, 
 together with the best judgment we are able to form of the Minis- 
 terial troops. * * * * All the general officers agree, that 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 97 
 
 no dependence can be put on the militia, for a continuance in camp, 
 or reg'ulariti/ and discipline during- the ^slwrt time they may stay. 
 
 ' This unhappy and devoted Province has been so long in a state 
 of anarchy, and the yoke of Ministerial oppression has been laid 
 so heavily on it, that great allowances are to be made for Iroops 
 raised under such circumstances. The deficiency of numbers, 
 discipline, and stores, can only lead to this conclusion, that their 
 spirit has exceeded their strength. 
 
 ****** 
 ' It requires no military skill to judge of the difficulty of intro- 
 ducing proper discipline and subordination into an army, while we 
 have the enemy in view, and are in daily expectation of an attack ; 
 but it is of so much importance that every effort will be made to 
 this end, which time and circumstances will admit. In ihe mean 
 time, I have a sincere pleasure in observing, that there are materi- 
 als for a good army, a great number of able-bodied men, active, 
 zealous in the cause, and of unquestionable courage. 
 
 ****** 
 
 ' Generals Gates and Sullivan have both arrived in good health. 
 
 ' My best abilities are at all times devoted to the service of my 
 country ; but I feel the weight, importance, and variety of my 
 present duties too sensibly, not to wish a more immediate and 
 frequent communication with the Congress.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 3. Wash. Writings. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 17. 
 
 The following extracts from their Journal, show the prompt action of Congress on 
 most of the matters suggested in this first letter from General Washington, after he 
 arrived at the camp before Boston. 
 
 ' In Congress. July 19, 1775. The President laid before the 
 Congress a letter from the General, with papers enclosed, which 
 were read and considered, whereupon, 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. Wilson apply to the committee of the City 
 and Liberties of Philadelphia, and request them to make diligent 
 inquiry, what quantity of duck Russia sheeting, tow-cloth, ozna- 
 burgs, and ticklenburgs can be procured in this city, and make 
 return as soon as possible to this Congress. 
 
 * Resolved, That Joseph Trumbull be Commissary-general of 
 stores and provisions for the army of the United Colonies. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the appointment of a Quarter-master-general, a 
 Commissary of musters and a Commissary of artillery, be left to 
 General Washington. 
 
 ' That General Thomas be appointed first Brigadier- General, in 
 the army of the United Colonies, in the room of General Pom- 
 roy, who never acted under the commission sent to him, and that 
 General Thomas's Commission bear the same date that General 
 Pomroy's did. 
 
98 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' That it be left to General Washington, if he thinks fit, to appoint 
 three Brigade- Majors, and commission them accordingly. 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Colonies of New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, to complete 
 the regiments belonging to their respective Colonies, retained by 
 the General in the Continental army before Boston.' 
 
 'Jwiy29. Resolved, That the appointment of Provost-martial, 
 Wagon-master, and Master-carpenter, be left to the Commander-in- 
 Chief of the army, who is to fix their pay, having regard to the pay 
 they receive in the Ministerial army, and the proportion that the 
 pay of the officers in said army bears to the pay of our officers.' 
 
 ' August 1. Resolved, That the sum of five hundred thousand 
 dollars be immediately forwarded from the Continental Treasury, 
 to the Paymaster-general, to be applied to the use of the army in 
 Massachusetts-Bay, in such manner as General Washington, or 
 the Commander-in-Chief for the time being, by his warrants shall 
 limit and appoint ; and if the above sum shall be expended before the 
 next meeting of the Congress,* then that General Washington, or 
 the Commander-in-Chief for the time being, be empowered to draw 
 upon the Continental Treasury, for the sum of two hundred thou- 
 sand dollars, in favor of the Paymaster-general, to be applied for 
 the use and in the manner above mentioned.. 
 
 ' Secret Journal. August 1, 1775. Resolved, That out of the 
 powder belonging to the Continent, now in this city, five tons be 
 sent to General Washington, in the speediest and safest manner, 
 by the delegates of the Colony of Pennsylvania.' 
 
 General Washington to Richard Henry Lee, in Congress. 
 * Camp at Cambridge, 10 July, 1775. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — I was exceeding glad to receive a letter from you, 
 as I always shall be whenever it is convenient. * * * 
 
 After a journey, a good deal retarded, principally by the desire 
 of the different townships through which I travelled of showing 
 respect to the General of your armies, I arrived here on this day 
 week. ***** 
 
 ' I do not doubt but the Congress will think me very remiss in 
 not writing to them sooner ; but you may rely on it yourself, and 
 I beg you to assure them, that it has never been in my power till 
 this day to comply with their orders. Could I have conceived, 
 that what ought, and, in a regular army, would have been done in 
 an hour, would employ eight days, I should have sent an express 
 on the morning after I arrived, with a general account of things ; 
 but expecting in the morning to receive the returns in the evening, 
 and in the evening surely to find them in the morning, and at last 
 getting them full of imperfections, I have been drilled on from day 
 
 * On the 1st day of August Congress adjourned to the 5th of September. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 99 
 
 to day till I am ashamed to look back at the time, which has 
 elapsed since my arrival here. * * * Between 
 
 you and me, I think we are in an exceedingly dangerous situation, 
 as our numbers are not much larger than we suppose those of the 
 enemy to be. They are situated in such a manner, as to be drawn 
 to any point of attack, without our having an hour's previous 
 notice of it, (if the General will keep his own counsel ;) whereas, 
 we are obliged to be guarded at all points, and know not where, 
 with precision, to look for them.' 
 
 Life of R. H. Lee, vol. ii. p. 1. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 26, 
 
 Governor Trumbull to General Washington.* 
 
 13 July, 1775. 
 
 ' Suffer me to join in congratulating you on your appointment to 
 be General and Commander-in-Chief of the troops raised or to be 
 raised for the defence of American liberty. Men who have tasted 
 of freedom, and who have felt their personal rights, are not easily 
 taught to bear with encroachments on either, or brought to submit 
 to oppression. Virtue ought always to be made the object of 
 government; justice is firm and permanent 
 
 ' His Majesty's Ministers have artfully induced the Parliament 
 to join in their measures, to prosecute the dangerous and increasing 
 difference between Great Britain and these Colonies with vigor 
 and military force ; whereby the latter are driven to an absolute 
 necessity to defend their rights and properties, by raising forces for 
 their security. The honorable Congress have, with one united 
 voice, appointed you to the high station you possess. The Su- 
 preme Director of all events has caused a wonderful union of 
 hearts and counsels to subsist amongst us. Now, therefore, be 
 strong and very courageous. May the God of the armies of Israel 
 shower down the blessings of his Divine Providence on you, give 
 you wisdom and fortitude, cover your head in the day of battle 
 and danger, add success, convince our enemies of their mistaken 
 measures, and that all their attempts to deprive these colonies of 
 their inestimable constitutional rights and liberties, are injurious 
 and vain.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 31. Note. 
 
 General Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 18 July, 1775. 
 * Sir, — Allow me to return you my sincere thanks for the kind 
 wishes and favorable sentiments expressed in yours of the 13th 
 
 * Mr. Trumbull was first appointed Governor in 1769, and by successive refilec- 
 tions continued in that office until the close of the Revolutionary war, when, at the 
 age of 73 years, he declined another election. 
 
100 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 instant. As the cause of our common country calls us both to an 
 active and dangerous duty, I trust that Divine Providence, which 
 wisely orders the affairs of men, will enable us to discharge it with 
 fidelity and success. The uncorrupted choice of a brave and free 
 people has raised you to deserved eminence. That the blessings 
 of health, and the still greater blessing of long continuing to gov- 
 ern such a people, may be yours, is the sincere wish of. Sir, 
 yours, &c.' 
 
 Ibid, p. 31. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 18 July, 1775. 
 ' Sir, — It is with no small concern, that I find the arrangement 
 of general officers made by the Continental Congress., has produced 
 much dissatisfaction. As the army is upon a general establish- 
 ment, their right to supersede ayid control a Provincial one., must be 
 unquestionable ; and in such a cause, I should hope every post 
 would be deemed honorable, which gave a man an opportunity to 
 serve his country. 
 
 ' A representation from the Congress of this Province, with such 
 remarks as occurred to me on this subject, is now before the Con- 
 tinental Congress. In the mean time, I beg leave to assure you, 
 that unbiasod by any private attachments, I shall studiously en- 
 deavor to reconcile their pretensions to their duty, and so dispose 
 them as to prevent, as far as possible, any inconvenience to .^the 
 public service from this competition. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Ibid, p. 32. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp at Cambridge, 20 July, 1775. 
 
 ^ •?!^ •?? w vP" ^ 
 
 ' Next to the more immediate and pressing duties of putting our 
 lines in as secure a state as possible, attending to the movements 
 of the enemy, and gaining intelligence, my great concern is to es- 
 tablish order, regularity and discipline, without which our numbers 
 would embarrass us, and, in case of action, general confusion must 
 infallibly ensue. In order to this, I propose to divide the army 
 into three divisions. At the head of each will be a general officer ; 
 these divisions to be again subdivided into brigades under their 
 respective brigadiers. But the difficulty arising from the arrange- 
 ment of the general officers, and waiting the farther proceedings of 
 the Congress on this subject, have much retarded my progress in 
 this most necessary wovk. I should be very happy to receive their 
 final commands, as any determination would enable me to proceed 
 in my plan. 
 
 ' General Spencer returned to the camp two days ago, and has 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 101 
 
 agreed to serve under Putnam rather than leave the army en- 
 tirely. I have heard nothing from General Pomroy ; should he 
 ivholly retire, I apprehend it will be necessary to supply his place as 
 soon as possible.^ 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 12. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 33. 
 
 General Washington to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 27 July, 1775. 
 
 'Dear Brother, — On the 2d instant I arrived* at this place 
 after passing through a great deal of delightful country, covered 
 with grass, (although the season has been dry,) in a manner very 
 different from our lands in Virginia. 
 
 ' I found a mixed multitude of people here, under very little dis- 
 cipline, order, or govenmient; the enemy in possession of a place 
 called Bunker's Hill, on Charlestown Neck, strongly intrenched, 
 and fortifying themselves ; part of our own army on two hills, 
 called Winter and Prospect Hills, about a mile and a quarter from 
 the enemy on Bunker's Hill, in a very insecure state ; another part 
 at this village ; and a third part at Roxbury, guarding the entrance 
 in and out of Boston. My whole time, since I came here, has 
 been employed in throwing up lines of defence at these three 
 several places, to secure, in the first instance, our own troops from 
 any attempts of the enemy; and, in the next place, to cut off' all 
 communication between their troops and the country. 
 
 ' To do this, and to prevent them from penetrating into the 
 country with fire and sword, and to harass them if they do, is all 
 that is expected of me. 
 
 ' If effected, it must totally overthrow the designs of Administra- 
 tion, as the whole force of Great Britain in the town and harbor of 
 Boston can answer no other end, than to sink her under the disgrace 
 and weight of the expense. 
 
 ' The enemy's strength, including marine forces, is computed, 
 from the best accounts I can get, at about twelve thousand men ; 
 ours, including sick and absent, at about sixteen thousand ; but 
 then we have to guard a semicircle of eight or nine miles, to every 
 part of which we are obliged to be equally attentive ; whilst they, 
 situated as it were in the centre of the semicircle, and having the 
 entire command of the water, can bend their whole force against 
 any one part of it with equal facility. This renders our situation 
 not very agreeable, though necessary. However, by incessant la- 
 bor, Sundays not excepted, we are in a much better posture of de- 
 fence now, than when I first came. 
 
 •n* "f? ^ ^ ^ ^ "fP 
 
 ' Our works and those of the enemy are so near, and the space 
 between is so open, that each sees every thing the other is doing. 
 ' I shall conclude, with my best wishes and love to my sister and 
 
102 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 the family, and compliments to any inquiring friends. Your most 
 affectionate brother.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 38. 
 
 General Washington to Major General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 28 July, 1775. 
 
 ' I am much easier with respect to the public interest since you 
 arrived at Ticonderoga, as I am persuaded those abilities and that 
 zeal for the common welfare which have led your country to repose 
 such confidence in you, will be fully exerted. From my own ex- 
 perience I can easily judge of your difficulties in introducing order 
 and discipline into troops, who have from their infancy imbibed 
 ideas of the most contrary kind. It would be far beyond the com- 
 pass of a letter, for me to describe the situation of things here on 
 my arrival. Perhaps you will only be able to judge of it from my 
 assuring you, that mine must be a portrait at full length, of what 
 you have had in miniature. 
 
 ' Confusion and discord reigned in every department, which, in a 
 little time, must have ended either in a separation of the army, or 
 fatal contests with one another. The better genius of America 
 has prevailed, and most happily the Ministerial troops have not 
 availed themselves of their advantages, till I trust the opportunity 
 is in a great measure passed over. 
 
 ^ Tf" '3^ "tP ^ ^ 
 
 ' I must recommend to you, what I endeavor to practice myself, 
 patience and perseverance.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 41. 
 
 To the Speaker of the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 31 July, 1775. 
 ' Sir, — I have considered the application made to me yesterday 
 from the General Court, with all the attention due to the situation 
 of the people in whose behalf it is made, and the respect due to 
 such a recommendation.* Upon referring to my instructions and 
 consulting with those Members of Congress who are present, as 
 well as the general officers, they all agree, that it would not be con- 
 sistent with my duty to detach any part of the army now here on 
 any particular Provincial service. * * * 
 
 This will appear the more proper, when it is considered, that every 
 town, and indeed every part of our sea-coast, which is exposed to 
 these depredations, would have an equal claim upon this army. 
 
 * By a committee, the General Court had made application for a detachment from 
 the army, to protect the eastern part of the province from some apprehended depreda- 
 tions on the coast. Similar applications were often repeated during the war, the ob- 
 jects of which General Washington steadily labored to effect, by unremitted exertions 
 to protect and defend the whole country. (See letter to Gov. Trumbull, Sept. 21, and 
 many others.) 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 103 
 
 ' It is a misfortune of our situation which exposes us to these 
 ravages, and against which, in nay judgment, no such temporary 
 relief could possibly secure us. * * * 
 
 * It would give me great pleasure to have it in my power to 
 extend protection and safety to every individual ; but the wisdom 
 of the General Court will anticipate me in the necessity of con- 
 ducting our operations on a general and impartial scale, so as to 
 exclude any just cause of complaint and jealousy.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 44. 
 
 Ralph Izard to George Dempster, Esq. 
 
 ' Weymouth, [Eng.] August 1, 1775. 
 
 ' You wished to be informed of the proceedings of the Conti- 
 nental Congress. They are kept so secret, that nothing has trans- 
 pired but a ie^r articles, which they have allowed to be published, 
 such as their directions to the City and County of Neiv York ; how 
 to conduct themselves, if any of the King's troops should arrive in 
 their Province ; their orders that no more provisions should be sent 
 to the island of Nantucket than is necessary for the inhabitants, lest 
 the Newfoundland Fisheries should from thence be supplied, and 
 their Resolution, that no money be furnished the British army for 
 their bills of exchange. 
 
 ' The Congress, by these few specimens, seem to be proceeding 
 with sjreat wisdom. 
 
 ' I make no doubt, but, if America should be driven to the ne- 
 cessity of disnniiing herself from Great Britain, that the world 
 would see the firmest and freest Constitution formed, that SLny people 
 were ever blessed with.' 
 
 Cor. of R. Izard, vol. i. p. 110. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 4 August, 1775. 
 ' Sir, — I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 
 24lh July, accompanied by two hundred and eighty -four commis- 
 sions, which are yet much short of the necessary number. I am 
 much honored by the confidence reposed in me, of appointing the 
 several officers recommended in mine of the 10th ultimo. * * 
 In the renewal of these commissions some difficulties occur, in 
 which I should be glad to know the pleasure of Congi'ess. The 
 general officers of Massachusetts have regiments ; those of Con- 
 necticut have both regiments and companies; and the other field 
 officers have companies each. In New Hampshire, the general 
 officers have no regiments ; nor the field officers companies. In 
 Rhode Island, the general officers have no regiments; but the field 
 officers have companies. * * * Should the commis- 
 sions now to be delivered, pursue these different establishments, 
 there will be a distinction between the general and field officers of 
 14 
 
104 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 the same rank. In order to put New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 and Rhode Island upon a line with Conneclicut, it would be nec« 
 essary to dismiss a number of oiiicers in possession of commis- 
 sions, without any fault of theirs. On the other hand, to bring the 
 Connecticut general and field officers to the same scale with the 
 others, will add to the number of officers, and may be deemed in- 
 consistent with the terms on which they entered into the service, 
 although you add nothing to the expense, except in the articles of 
 provisions. Upon the iv/iole^ it is a case irliich I would ivish the 
 
 honorable Congi'ess to consider and determine. 
 
 * * * * * * ■ 
 
 ' The estimate made in Congress, supposed all the regiments to 
 be formed upon one establishment; but they are diflVrent in differ- 
 ent Provinces, and even vary in the same Province in some partic- 
 ulars. In Massachusetts, some regiments have ten companies, 
 others eleven; the establishment of the former is five hundred 
 and ninety men, officers included ; of the latter, six hundred and 
 forty-nine. The establishment of Rhode Island and New Hamp- 
 shire is five hundred and ninety to a regiment, officers included ; 
 Connecticut has a thousand men to a regiment. * * * 
 The reduction of some of them seems to be necessary, and yet it is 
 a matter of much delicacy, as we are situated. / most earnestly 
 request it may be taken into immediate consideration., and the time 
 
 and mode of doing it pointed out by the honorable Congress. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' As General Gage is making preparations for ivinter by con- 
 tracting for quantities of coal, it ivill suggest to us tit e propriety of 
 extending our vieivs to that season. * * * But I need 
 not enlarge upon the variety of necessities, such as clothing and 
 fuel, {both exceedingly scarce and difpciilt to be procured,) ivliich 
 that season must bring ivith it, if the army or any considerable part 
 of it is to remain embodied. 
 
 ' Since I had the honor of addressing you last, I have been 
 applied to by a committee of the General Court, for a detachment 
 of the army, to protect the inhabitants of the eastern parts of this 
 Province from some apprehended depredations on their coasts. I 
 could have wished to comply with their request; but after due con- 
 sideration, and consulting the general officers, together with those 
 Members of Congress who are here, I thought it my duty to ex- 
 cuse myself. The application and my answer are enclosed, which 
 I hope will be approved by the honorable Congress. 
 
 ' The army is now formed into three grand divisions, under the 
 command of the Generals Ward, Lee, and Putnam ; each division 
 into two brigades, consisting of about six regiments each, com- 
 manded by Generals Thomas and Spencer at Roxbury; Heath at 
 Cambridge ; Sullivan and Greene at Winter Hill. By this, you 
 will please to observe, there is a deficiency of one Brigadier- Gene- 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 105 
 
 ra/, occasioned by Mr. Pomroy's refusal to accept his commission, 
 which I beg may be filled up as soon as possible. I observe the 
 honorable Congress have also favored me with the appointment of 
 three brigade majors. I presume they have appointed, or intend 
 to appoint, the rest soon, as they cannot be unacquainted that one 
 is necessary to each brigade ; and, in a new-raised army, it will be 
 an office of great duty and service. 
 
 ' The accession of Georgia* to the measures of the Congress is a 
 happy event, and must give sincere pleasure to every friend of 
 America. I am, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 17. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. ili. p 49, 
 
 George Mercer to Ralph Izard. 
 
 * Manchester, [Eng.] August 18, 1775. 
 
 ' The Provincial Congress of Virginia have entered into the 
 same resolution with South Carolina, "to summon all absentees 
 above twenty and under si.xty, to return to their respective Prov- 
 inces.' 
 
 ' I have not been regularly served with one, nor do I suppose 
 you have. Nevertheless, I am informed, the strict letter of it is 
 meant to be complied with, and that a confiscation general will 
 follow a refusal.' 
 
 Cor. of R. Izardj vol. i. p. It 6. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson to John Randolph, Esq. 
 
 ' Monticello, August 25, 1775. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I am sorry the situation of our country should 
 render it not eligible to you to remain longer in it. I hope the 
 returning wisdom of Great Britain will, ere long, put an end to 
 this unnatural contest. There may be people to whose tempers 
 and dispositions, contention is pleasing, and who, therefore, wish a 
 continuance of confusion, but to me it is of all states but one, the 
 most horrid. # # * # 
 
 I think it must be evident to yourself, that the Ministry have been 
 deceived by their officers on this side of the water, who, (for what 
 purpose I cannot tell,) have constantly represented the American op- 
 position as that of a small faction, in which the body of the people 
 took little part. This, you can inform them, of your own knowl- 
 edge, is not true. # # * * 
 I wish they were thoroughly and minutely acquainted with every 
 circumstance relative to America, as it exists in truth. I am per- 
 suaded, this would go far towards disposing them to reconcil- 
 iation. * # * * * 
 The Congress (of 1774) stated the lowest terms they thought pos- 
 
 * Tl-is fact respectins; Georgia, communicated to Congress by letter, was recorded 
 in their Journal, July 20th. 
 
106 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 sible to be accepted, in order to convince the world, they were not 
 unreasonable. # * * * 
 
 I wish no false sense of honor, no ignorance of our real intentions, 
 no vain hope that partial concessions of right will be accepted, may 
 induce the Ministry to trifle with accommodation, till it shall be out 
 of their power ever to accommodate. * * 
 
 ' It would be certainly unwise, by trying the event of another 
 campaign, to risk our accepting a foreign aid, which, perhaps, may 
 not be obtainable but on condition of everlasting avulsion from 
 Great Britain. This would be thought a hard condition, to those 
 who still wish for reunion with their parent country. I am sincere- 
 ly one of those, and ivould rather be in dependence on Great Britain^ 
 properly limited, than on any nation upon earth, or than on no na- 
 tion. But I am one of those, too, ivho, rather than submit to the 
 right of legislating for us, assumed by the British Parliament, and 
 which late experience has shown, they will so cruelly exercise, 
 ivould lend'm.y hand to sink the ivhole island in the ocean. 
 
 ' If undeceiving the Minister as to matters of fact, may change 
 his disposition, it will, perhaps, be in your power by assisting to 
 do this, to render service to the whole empire, at the most critical 
 time, certainly, that it has ever seen.' 
 
 Jeff. Writ. vol. i. p. 150. 
 
 Ralph Izard to Thomas Lynch, Esq. 
 
 ' Weymouth, September 8, 1775. 
 
 ' Depend upon it you will never be assisted by any people from 
 motives of generosity ; and, if any thing ever looks like it, still in- 
 terest will be at the bottom of it. 
 
 ' France, most sincerely wishes America to be disunited from 
 Great Britain. * # * Should the civil war con- 
 
 tinue, and America form an independent Constittdion for herself, 
 and publish an invitation to all powers to trade with her, interest 
 would begin to operate, and I believe that France would then 
 stand forth. * # * I have the greatest confidence 
 
 in the wisdom and virtue of the Congress, and do, from my soul, 
 believe them to be the best, the most incorrupt, and disinterested 
 representative body that ever the world saw.' 
 
 Cor. of R. Izard, vol. i. p. 120. 
 
 Same to Lieut. Governor Golden. 
 
 Weymouth, September 10, 1775. 
 ' The cause of America is approved of by all Europe. # * 
 I approve highly of the proceedings of the Continental Congress, 
 and most religiously believe, that the liberties of America have 
 been preserved by them. # * I can assure you that in 
 
 the opinion of foreigners, they have done the greatest honor to 
 their country. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 107 
 
 * The conduct of the Assembly of New York astonished and 
 afflicted me. If they had succeeded in their attempts to persuade 
 their constituents to disregard the directions of the Cunp^ress, # 
 # * * every thing mischievous was to be expected. 
 A disunion is all that our enemies wish ; and could they be grat- 
 ified, our destruction would be the certain consequence.' 
 
 ' P. S. I write in full expectation that there will be no accom- 
 modation. # * » Could such a happy event be 
 brought about, and we again be put into the situation we were, 
 in the year 1763, / should for many years, prefer it to any Con- 
 stitution that could be formed.^ 
 
 Ibid. p. 126. 
 
 General Washington to General Gage. 
 
 ' Head Quarters, Cambridge, 20 August, 1775. 
 
 * Sir, — I addressed you on the 11th instant, in terms which gave 
 the fairest scope for that humanity and politeness which were sup- 
 posed to form a part of your character. 
 
 *J^ ^ •it- •!&. 
 
 •Tr •?r "Tr "TT 
 
 ' You advise me to give free operation to truth, and to punish 
 misrepresentation and falsehood. If experience stamps value upon 
 counsel, yours must have a weight which few can claim. * # 
 
 ' You affect, Sir, to despise all rank not derived from the same 
 source with your own. I cannot conceive one more honorable than 
 that which flows from the uncorrupted choice of a brave and free 
 people, the purest source and original fountain of all power. Far 
 from making it a plea for cruelty, a mind of true magnanimity and 
 enlarged ideas would comprehend and respect it. 
 
 ' What may have been the Ministerial views which have pre- 
 cipitated the present crisis, Lexington, Concord, and Charlestown 
 can best declare. 
 
 ' May that God, then, to whom you appeal, judge between 
 America and you. Under his Providence, those who influence the 
 counsels of America, and all the other inhabitants of the United 
 Colonies, at the hazard of their lives, are determined to hand down 
 to posterity those just and invaluable privileges which they re- 
 ceived from their ancestors.' # * # 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 65. 
 
 General Washington to Richard Henry Lee, in Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 29 August, 1775. 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 1st instant, by Mr. Randolph,* 
 came safe to hand. The merits of this young gentleman, added to 
 your recommendation, and my own knowledge of his character, 
 
 * Edmund Randolph. The time and occasion of his leaving, appear in the General's 
 letter, Nov. 2. 
 
108 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 induced me to take him into my family, as an Aid-de-Camp, in 
 the room of Mr, Mifflin, whom I have appointed Quartermaster- 
 general, from a thorough persuasion of his integrity, my own expe- 
 rience of his activity, and, finally, because he stands unconnected 
 with either of these governments, or with this, that, or the other 
 man ; for between you and me, there is more in this than you can 
 easily imagine. 
 
 ' I submit it, therefore, to your consideration, whether there is, 
 or is not, a propriety in that Resolution of the Congress, which 
 leaves the ultimate appointment of all officers below the rank of 
 Generals, to the governments where they originated, now the army 
 is become Continental. To me it appears improper ; it is giving' 
 that power and weight to one individual Colony, ivhich ought, of 
 right, to belong only to the ivhole. * * # Would 
 
 it not be better, therefore, to have the w^arrants, which the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief is authorized to give pro tempore, approved or 
 disapproved by the Continental Congress, or a committee of their 
 body, which I should suppose, in any long recess must always 
 sit. In this case every gentleman will stand an equal chance of 
 being promoted, according to his merit.' 
 
 Life of R. H. Lee, vol. ii. p. 3. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 68. 
 
 The Resolution referred to in the preceding letter to Col. Lee, stands on the Journal 
 as follows : 
 
 'In Congress, June 22,1115. Resolved, That the Colony of 
 Pennsylvania raise two more companies of riflemen, and that 
 these, with the six before ordered [on the 14th] to be by them 
 rai.sed, making eight companies, be formed into a battalion, to be 
 commanded by such field oflicers, captains and lieutenants, as 
 shall be recommended by the Assembly or Convention of said 
 Colony.'' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 31 August, 1775. 
 
 < Sir, — As the piling vp the vacant place of Brigadier- General 
 vnll probably be of the first business of the honorable Congress, 1 
 flatter myself it will not be deemed assuming, to mention the names 
 of two gentlemen, w^hose former services, rank, and age, may be 
 thought worthy of attention on this occasion. Of the one I can 
 speak from my own knowledge, of the other only from character. 
 The former is Colonel John Armstrong of Pennsylvania. * 
 # # The other gentleman is Colonel Frye of Massa- 
 
 chusetts Bay. * # * * 
 
 ' Either of these gentlemen, or any other the honorable Con- 
 gress shall please to favor with this appointment will be received 
 by me with the utmost deference and respect. * * 
 
 ' '■ The scarcity of ammunition does not admit of our availing our- 
 selves of the situation, as we otherwise might do. * * 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 109 
 
 * I need not add to what I have already said on this subject. 
 ' Our late supply was very seasonable, but far short of our neces- 
 sities.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 25. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 72. 
 
 This want of a Brigadier- General, mentioned by General Washington before, and 
 several times after this letter, continued till Jan. 10th, when Colonel Frye was elect- 
 ed. Particulars relating to it will be found in, and immediately after, the General's 
 letter to Col. Reed, Jan. 14th. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 8 September, 1775. 
 ' Sir, — Upon the receipt of this you will please to give direc- 
 tions, that all the new levies march immediately to this camp. By 
 a Resolution of Congress, the troops on the Continental estab- 
 lishment were not to be employed for the defence of the coasts, or 
 of any particular Province, the militia being deemed competent to 
 that service. When I directed these troops to remain in iheir own 
 Province, I had some reason to expect a remove from Boston to 
 New York, in which case they would have been able to give the 
 enemy a more speedy opposition ; but as that suspicion now ap- 
 pears groundless, there will be an impropriety in continuing them 
 where they now are, considering the above Resolve.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. S3. 
 
 Governor Trumbull to General Washington. 
 
 ' September 15, 1775. 
 
 ' I am surprised that mine of the 5th instant was not received, 
 or not judged worthy of notice, as no mention is made of it. Ston- 
 ington had been attacked and severely cannonaded, and by Divine 
 Providence marveUousIy protected. New London and Norwich 
 are still so menaced by the Ministerial ships and troops, that the 
 militia cannot be thought sufficient for their security, and it is nec- 
 essary to throw up some intrenchments. We are obliged actually 
 to raise more men for their security, and for the towns of New Ha- 
 ven and Lyme. I hoped some of the new levies might have been 
 left here till these dangers were over, without injury to any of your 
 operations. I own that it must be left to your judgment. Yet it 
 would have given me pleasure to have been acquainted that you 
 considered it. I thank Divine Providence and you for this early 
 warning to great care and watchfulness, that so the Union of the 
 Colonies may be settled on a permanent and happy basis. 
 
 ' You may depend on our utmost exertions for the defence and 
 security of the constitutional rights and liberty of the Colonies, and 
 of our own in particular. None has shown greater forwardness, 
 and thereby rendered itself more the object of Ministerial ven- 
 geance. 
 
110 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' I am, with great esteem and regard for your personal charac- 
 ter, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 96, Note. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 21 September, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — It gives me real concern to observe by yom's of the 15th 
 instant, that you should tiiink it necessary to distinguish between my 
 personal and public character, and confine your esteem to the former. 
 Upon a reperusal of mine of the 8th instant, I cannot think it bears 
 the construction you have put upon it ; and, unless that construction 
 was the most obvious, I should have hoped that the respect I really 
 have for you, and which I flatter myself I had manifested, would 
 have called for the most favorable. In the disposition of the Con- 
 tinental troops, I have long been sensible that it would be impos- 
 sible to please, not individuals merely, but particular Provinces, 
 whose partial necessities would occasionally call for assistance. I 
 therefore thought myself happy, that the Congress had settled the 
 point, and apprehended I should stand excused to all, for acting in 
 the line, which not only appeared to me to be that of policy and 
 propriety, but of express and positive duty. If, to the other fa- 
 tigues and cares of my station, that is to be added of giving rea- 
 sons for all orders, and explaining the grounds and principles on 
 which they are formed, my personal trouble would, perhaps, be of 
 the least concern. The public would be most affected. You may 
 be assured, Sir, nothing was intended that might be construed 
 into disrespect; and, at so interesting a period, nothing less ought 
 to disturb the harmony so necessary for the happy success of our 
 public operations. 
 
 ' The omission of acknowledging, in precise terms, the receipt 
 of your favor of the 5th instant, was purely accidental. The sub- 
 ject was not so new to me as to require long consideration. I had 
 had occasion fully to deliberate upon it, in consequence of applica- 
 tions for troops from Cape Ann, Machias, New Hampshire, and 
 Long Island, where the same necessity was as strongly pleaded, 
 and, in the last two instances, the most peremptory orders were 
 necessary to prevent the troops from being detained. I foresaw 
 the same difficulty here. I am by no means insensible to the situ- 
 ation of the people on the coast. I wish I could extend protection 
 to all; but the numerous detachments, necessary to remedy the 
 evil, would amount to the dissolution of the army, or make the 
 most important operations of the campaign depend upon the pi- 
 ratical expeditions of two or three men-of-war and transports. 
 
 ' The spirit and zeal of the Colony of Connecticut is unques- 
 tionable; and whatever may be the hostile intentions of the men- 
 of-war, I hope their utmost efforts can do little more than alarm the 
 coast. 
 
MILITAEY CORRESPONDENCE. Ill 
 
 ' I am, with great esteem and regard for both your personal and 
 public character, Sir, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 96. 
 
 From Governor Trumbull's Reply. 
 
 ' I have no disposition to increase the weight of your burdens, 
 which, in the multiplicity of your business, must be sufficiently 
 heavy, nor inclination to disturb the harmony so necessary to the 
 happy success of our public operations. I am persuaded no such 
 difficulty will any more happen. It is unhappy, that jealousies 
 should be excited, or disputes of any sort litigated, between any of 
 the Colonies, to disunite them at a time, when our liberty, our 
 property, our all is at stake. 
 
 • If our enemies prevail, which our disunion may occasion, our 
 jealousies will then appear frivolous, and all our disputed claims of 
 no value to either side.' * 
 
 Ibid. p. 98. Note. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp at Cambridge, 21 September, 1775. 
 
 * Sir, — The mode in which the present army has been collect- 
 ed has occasioned some difficulty, in procuring the subscription of 
 both officers and soldiers to the Continental articles of war. Their 
 principal objection has been, that it might subject them to a longer 
 service than that for which they engaged under their several Pro- 
 vincial establishments. It is in vain to attempt to reason away the 
 prejudices of a whole army, often instilled, and in this instance, at 
 least, encouraged, by the officers, from private and narrow views. 
 I have therefore forborne pressing them; more especially as the 
 restraints, necessary for the establishment of essential disci- 
 pline and subordination, indisposed their minds to every change, 
 and made it both duty and policy to introduce as little novelty as 
 possible. With the present army, I fear such a subscription is im- 
 practicable ; but the difficulty will cease with this army. 
 
 ' The Connecticut and Rhode Island troops stand engaged to 
 the 1st of December only ; and none longer than the 1st of January. 
 
 ' A dissolution of the present army, therefore, will take place, 
 unless some early provision is made against such an event. 
 
 ' In the Continental establishment no provision has been made 
 for the pay of artificers, distinct from that of the common soldiers ; 
 whereas, under the Provincial such as found their own tools were 
 allowed one shilling per diem advance, and particular artisans 
 more. The pay of the artillery, also, now differs from that of the 
 
 * After that occasion, which apparently excited some inclination to distinguish 
 personal from public character, Governor Trumbull's efficient cooperation was un- 
 failing during the war, and harmony in the public views of those two unfaltering 
 PATRIOTS, was constant to the close of the Governor's life, August, 178-5. 
 15 
 
112 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Province ; the men have less, the officers more ; and for some 
 ranks, no provision is made, as the Congress will please to ob- 
 serve by the list which I have the honor to enclose. These par- 
 ticulars, though seemingly inconsiderable, are the source of much 
 complaint and dissatisfaction, which I endeavor to compose in the 
 best manner I am able. 
 
 ' By the returns of the rifle companies, and that battalion, they 
 appear to exceed their establishment very considerably. I doubt 
 my authority to pay these extra men without the direction of the 
 Congress ; but it would be deemed a great hardship wholly to re- 
 fuse them, as they have been encouraged to come. 
 
 ' The necessities of the troops having required pay, I directed 
 that those of the Massachusetts should receive for one month, upon 
 their being mustered, and returning a proper roll ; but a claim was 
 immediately made for pay by lunar months; and several regi- 
 ments have declined taking up their warrants on this account. As 
 this practice was entirely new to me, though said to be warranted 
 by former usage here, the matter now waits the determination of 
 the honorable Congress, I find, in Connecticut and Rhode Island, 
 this point was settled by calendar months ; in Massachusetts, 
 though mentioned in the Congress, it was left undetermined ; 
 which is also the case of New Hampshire. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' For the better regulation of duty, I found it necessary to settle 
 the rank of the officers, and to number the regiments; and, as I 
 had not received the commands of the Congress on the subject, and 
 the exigence of the service forbade any farther delay, the general 
 officers were considered as having no regiments ; an alteration, 
 which, I understand, is not pleasing to some of them, but appeared 
 to me and others to be proper, when it was considered, that, by this 
 means, the whole army is put upon one footing-, and all particular 
 attachments are dissolved. * * * 
 
 ' It gives me great pain to be obliged to solicit the attention of 
 the honorable Congress to the state of this army, in terms which 
 imply the slightest apprehension of being neglected. But my situ- 
 ation is inexpressibly distressing, to see the ivinter fast approach- 
 ing upon a naked army, the time of their service within a few 
 weeks of expiring, and no provision yet made for such important 
 events.' * * 
 
 Lond. ed, vol. i. p. 28. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 98. 
 
 Same to Brigadier-General Joseph Spencer. 
 
 Head- Quarters, 26 September, 1775. 
 Sir, — I have perused and considered a petition, or rather a re- 
 monstrance, directed to you, and signed by several captains and 
 subalterns. * * * * 
 
 ' The decent representation of officers, or even of common sol- 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. ' 113 
 
 diers, through the channel of their Colonel, or other superior offi- 
 cers, I shall always encourage and attend to; but I must declare 
 my disapprobation of this mode of associating and combining, as 
 subversive of all subordination, discipline and order. * * 
 
 ' In an army so young as ours, the claims arising from real ser- 
 vice are very few, and the accidental circumstance of obtaining a 
 commission a month or two sooner can with no reasonable person 
 claim any superior regard, or make such a scrutiny of any conse- 
 quence. This army is supported hy the tvliole Continent ; the es- 
 tablishment is entirely new. 
 
 ' All Provincial customs.^ therefore, which are different in differ- 
 ent Provinces, must be laid out of the question. The power., ivhich 
 has established and ivhich pays this army, has alone the right to 
 judge, who shall command in it. * * * 
 
 ' To put it into any other hands would be a high breach of my 
 trust, and would give birth to such factions and cabals, as must 
 soon end in the dissolution of the army and the ruin of our 
 
 country.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. lOS. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 5 October, 1775. 
 
 Sir, — I was honored with your favor of the 26th ultimo, late 
 the night before last ; and a meeting of the general officers having 
 called upon a business, * * I took the oppor- 
 
 tunity of laying before them those parts of yours, which respect 
 the continuance and new modeling of the army, the fuel, cloth- 
 ing, and other preparations for the ensuing ivinter. They have 
 taken two or three days to consider ; and, as soon as I am pos- 
 sessed of their opinions, I shall lose no time in transmitting the 
 result, not only on the above subjects, but the number of troops 
 necessary to be kept up. I have also directed the Commissary- 
 general and the Quartermaster-general to prepare estimates of the 
 expense of their departments for a certain given number of men, 
 from which a judgment may be made, when the number of men 
 to be kept in pay is determined ; all which I shall do myself the 
 honor to lay before Congress, as soon as they are ready. 
 
 ' As I shall reserve all further remarks upon the state of the army 
 till my next, I shall now beg leave to request the determination of 
 Congress, as to the property and disposal of such vessels and car- 
 goes as are designed for the supply of the enemy, and may fall 
 into our hands. There has been an event of this kind at Ports- 
 mouth, in which I have directed the cargo to be brought hither for 
 the use of the army, reserving the settlement of any claims of cap- 
 ture to the decision of Congress. 
 
 " As there are many unfortunate individuals whose property has 
 been confiscated by the enemy, I would humbly sugg(?5t to the 
 
114 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 consideration of Congress, the humanity of applying^, in part or in 
 the whole, such captures to the relief of those sufferers, after com- 
 pensating the captors for any expense, and for their activity and 
 spirit. I am the more induced to request that this determination 
 may be speedy, as I have directed three vessels to be equipped in 
 order to cut off the supplies; and from the number of vessels 
 hourly arriving, it may become an object of some importance. In 
 the disposal of these captures, for the encouragement of the officers 
 and men, I have allowed them one third of the cargoes, except 
 military stores, which, with the vessels, are to be reserved for the 
 public use. I hope my plan as well as the execution, will be 
 favored with the approbation of Congress.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 36. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 115. 
 
 The letter of the 26th ultimo, mentioned in the beginning of the above, related to 
 the subjects referred to in the General's letter, of Aug. 4, p. 103 ; but on the receipt of 
 his, of Sept. 21, p. 111. Congress appointed a Committee, as follows. 
 
 'In Congress. September 29. — A letter from General "Wash- 
 ington, dated the 21st of September, with sundry enclosed papers, 
 being received by express, was laid before Congress and read. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a Committee of three members be appointed to 
 repair immediately to the Camp at Cambridge, to confer with 
 General Washington, and with the Governor of Connecticut, 
 Lieutenant-Governor of Rhode Island, the Council of Massachu- 
 setts, and the President of the Convention of New Hampshire, and 
 such other persons as, to the said Committee shall seem proper, 
 touching the most effectual method of continuing, supporting, and 
 regulating a Continental army. 
 
 ' September 30. The Congress proceeded to the election of a 
 Committee, and the ballots being examined, Mr. Lynch, and Dr. 
 Franklin, * * and Mr. Harrison were found to be duly 
 
 elected by a majority of votes. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the President inform General Washington, by 
 express, of the Resolution of Congress, appointing a Committee to 
 wait on him, in order to consult with him, touching the most effec- 
 tual method of continuing, supporting, and regulating a Continen- 
 tal army.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 12 October, 1775. 
 i giK^ — I am honored with your several favors of the 26th and 
 30th of September, and 5th of October. * * * 
 
 ' Previous to the direction of Congress to consult the general 
 officers on the best mode of continuing and providing for the army 
 during the winter, I had desired them to turn their thoughts upon 
 these subjects, and to favor me with the result by a particular day, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 115 
 
 in writing. In the interval, the appointment of Dr. Franklin, 
 Mr. Lynch, and Colonel Harrison, was communicated, an event 
 which has given me the highest satisfaction, as the subject was too 
 weighty and complex for a discussion by letter. This appoint- 
 ment made any conclusion here unnecessary, as it is not probable 
 any such arrangement would be agreed on, as would not be altered 
 in some respects, upon a full and free conference. This good 
 effect will arise from the step already taken, that every officer will 
 be prepared to give his sentiments upon these important subjects. 
 
 ' The estimates of the Commissary and Quarter-master-general 
 I have now the honor of enclosing. With respect to the reduction 
 of the pay of the men, which may enter into the consideration of 
 their support, it is the unanimous opinion of the general officers, 
 that it cannot he touched ivith safety at present. 
 
 ' Before I was honored with your favor of the 5th instant, I had 
 given orders for the equipment of some armed vessels, to intercept 
 the enemy's supplies of provisions and ammunition. One of them 
 was on a cruise between Cape Ann and Cape Cod when the ex- 
 press arrived. The others will be fit for the sea in a few days. 
 * * * Two of these will be immediately de- 
 
 spatched on this duty, and every particular mentioned in your 
 favor of the 5th instant, literally complied with. * * * 
 
 ' There are no armed vessels in this Province ; * and Governor 
 Cooke informs me that the enterprise can receive no assistance 
 from him, as one of the armed vessels of Rhode Island is on a 
 long cruise, and the other unfit for the service. Nothing shall be 
 omitted to secure success. A fortunate capture of an ordnance 
 ship would give new life to the Camp, and an immediate turn to 
 the issue of this campaign.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 39. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 122. 
 
 The enterprise alluded to ahove, and the intended manner of conducting it, are 
 explained in the following Resolutions. 
 
 ' In Congress, October 5, 1775. Resolved, That a letter be 
 sent to General Washington to inform him that Congress h.aving 
 received certain intelligence of the sailing of two north country' 
 built brigs of no force, from England, on the 11th of August last, 
 loaded with arms, powder, and other stores, for Quebec, without 
 convoy, which it being of importance to intercept, desire that he 
 apply to the Council of Massachusetts Bay, for the two armed 
 vessels in their service, and dispatch the same, with a sufficient 
 number of people, stores, &c. * * * ^^ intercept the 
 said two brigs and their cargoes, and secure the same for the use 
 of the Continent ; also, any other transports laden with ammuni- 
 
 * On the 20th of June, the Provincial Congress had resolved to provide six, but 
 none of them appear to have been prepared for service. 
 
116 PROCEEDINGS ON CONGRESS, AND 
 
 tion, clothing, or other stores for the use of the Ministerial army 
 or navy in America, and secure them in the most convenient 
 places for the purpose abovementioned ; that he give the Com- 
 mander or Commanders such instructions as are necessary, as also 
 proper encouragement to the marines and seamen, that shall be 
 sent on this enterprise, which instructions are to be delivered to the 
 Commander or Commanders, sealed up, with orders not to open 
 the same until out of sight of land, on account of secrecy. 
 
 ' That a letter be written to the said honorable Council to put 
 the said vessels under the General's command and direction, and 
 to furnish him instantly with every necessary in their power, at the 
 expense of the Continent. 
 
 ' That the General be directed to employ the said vessels and 
 others, if he judge necessary, to effect the purposes aforesaid ; and 
 that he be informed that the Rhode Island and Connecticut vessels 
 of force will be sent directly to their assistance.' 
 
 General Greene to Governor Ward, in Congress. 
 
 ' Prospect Hill, 16 October, 1775. 
 
 ' With regard to paying the troops part of their wages, and the 
 Committee part, it will be productive of a multitude of inconven- 
 iences. * * * As the troops are considered Con- 
 tinental and not Colonial, there must be some systematical plan for 
 the payment, without any reference to any particular Colonies ; 
 otherwise, they will be partly Continental, and partly Colonial. 
 His Excellency has a great desire to banish every idea of local 
 attachments. It is next to impossible to unhinge the prejudices 
 that people have for places and things which they have long been 
 connected with. But the fewer of those local attachments which 
 discover themselves in our plan of establishing the army, the more 
 satisfactory it must be to the Southern people. For my part, 
 I feel the cause, and not the place. I would as soon go to Virginia 
 as stay here.'^ I can assure the gentlemen to the Southward, that 
 
 there could not be anything more abhorrent to , than an union 
 
 of these Colonies for the purpose of conquering those of the South. 
 
 ' The pay and provision of the troops cannot be lowered at 
 present ; they do not feel themselves under a necessity to enter 
 the service, * * * and, therefore, would refuse to 
 
 enlist again. This might produce a recess at the termination of 
 their present enlistment, which would be dangerous to the liberties 
 of America, * * * The Committee from the 
 
 Congress arrived last evening, and I had the honor to be intro- 
 duced to that very great man, Dr. Franklin, whom I viewed with 
 
 * Southern gentlemen themselves became satisfied of General Greene's sincerity, 
 if not before, during his command of the Southern army, from the Autumn of 1780, 
 till the close of the war. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 117 
 
 silent admiration during the whole evening. *' Attention watched 
 his lips, and conviction closed his periods." Colonel Harrison is a 
 very facetious, good humored, sensible, spirited gentleman ; he 
 appears to be calculated for military employment. Mr. Lynch 
 was much fatigued and said but little, but appeared sensible in his 
 inquiries and observations.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 38. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 ' Prospect Hill, 23 October, 1775. 
 
 ' There appears a strange hobble in our gait. Here, we are at 
 loggerheads ; in other places, only sparring ; and in others again, 
 are in perfect tranquillity. Here we are cutting them off from fresh 
 provisionsj-find removing the stock from the Islands, which amounts 
 to a perfect .depopulation ; while at New York, Philadelphia, and 
 many other parts of America, their ships are supplied with every 
 thing they stand in need of, and live in the midst of peace and 
 plenty. If we are to be considered as one people, and they as the 
 common enemy, upon what principles are they so differently 
 treated in different governments ? * * * The fate 
 
 of kingdoms depends upon the just improvement of critical 
 minutes. Suffer not the noble ardor to slacken for want of action, 
 nor smother the generous flame for want of fuel. This is the time 
 for a wise legislator to avail himself of the advantage which the 
 favorable disposition of the people gives him to execute, whatever 
 sound policy dictates. It is not in the province of mortals to 
 reduce human events in politics to a certainty. It is our duty to 
 provide the means to obtain our ends, and leave the event to Him, 
 who is the AUwise Governor and Disposer of the universe. 
 ******* 
 
 ' The Committee has been closely engaged in forming a plan 
 for regulating the army. I hope when the army is reenlisted, and 
 the best of the officers selected, the troops will be under better 
 
 regulation. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' I wish we had a large stock of- powder, that we might annoy 
 the enemy wherever they made their appearance. We could 
 easily, in my opinion, drive them out of Boston, if we had the 
 means ; but for want thereof we are obliged to remain idle specta- 
 tors ; for we cannot get at them, and they are determined not to 
 come to us. However, I hope ere long fortune will favor us 
 agreeably to our wishes. 
 
 ' I hinted in my last, tliat people began heartily to wish a Declar- 
 ation of Independence. * * * We had as well 
 begin in earnest at first as last, for we have no alternative but to be 
 slaves. We should open our Ports to all who have a mind to 
 come and trade with us. 
 
118 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' The French will never agree to furnish us with powder, as 
 long as there is the least probability of an accommodation between 
 us and Great Britain ; the alternative is, a separation from Great 
 Britain, or subjugation to her.' 
 
 Ibid. vol. i. p. 40. 
 
 General Montgomery to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' St. Johns, 13 October, 1775. 
 
 ' I had had a road cut to the intended ground and some fascines 
 made, when I was informed by Major Brown, that a general dis- 
 satisfaction prevailed ; that unless something was undertaken in a 
 few days, there would be a meeting; and that the universal sense 
 of the array was, to direct all our attention to the east side. The 
 impatience of the troops to get home has prevented their seeing the 
 impossibility of undertaking this business sooner, the duty being 
 hard for the troops in the present confined state of operations. 
 
 ' When I mentioned my intentions, I did not consider that I 
 was at the head of troops, who carry the spirit of freedom into the 
 field, and think for themselves. Upon considering the fatal conse- 
 quences, which might flow from a want of subordination and dis- 
 cipline, should this ill-humor continue, my unstable authority over 
 troops of differe^it Colonies^ the insufficiency of the military law, 
 and my own want of powers to enforce it, weak as it is, I thought 
 it expedient to call the field-officers together. Enclosed I send you 
 the result of our deliberations. 
 
 ' I cannot help observing to how little purpose I am here. "Were 
 I not afraid the example would be too generally followed, and that 
 the public service might suffer, I would not stay an hour at the 
 head of troops, whose operations I cannot direct. I must say I 
 have no hope of success, unless from the garrison's wanting pro- 
 visions.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 132. Note. 
 
 General Schuyler to General Washington. 
 
 ' TicoNDEROGA, 14 Octobcr, 1775. 
 * * i The vexation of spirit under which I labor, that a barba- 
 rous complication of disorders should prevent me from reaping 
 those laurels for which I have unweariedly wrought since I was 
 honored with this command ; the anxiety I have suffered since my 
 arrival here, lest the army should starve, occasioned by a scan- 
 dalous want of subordination and inattention to my orders ,in 
 some of the officers that I left to command at the different posts ; 
 the vast variety of vexations and disagTeeable incidents, that 
 almost every hour arise in some department or other, not only 
 retard my cure, but have put me considerably back for some days 
 past. If Job had been a General in my situation, his memory had 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. Il9 
 
 not been so famous for patience. But the glorious end we have 
 in view, and which I have a confident hope will be attained, will 
 atone for all.' 
 
 ILid. p. 132. Note. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 26 October, 1775. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your several favors of the 12th and 14th instant 
 came safe to hand, though not in the proper order of time, with 
 their several enclosures. You do me justice in believing that I 
 feel the utmost anxiety for your situation, that I sympathize with 
 you in all your distresses, and shall most heartily share in the joy 
 of your success. * * * In the article of powder, 
 
 we are in danger of suffering equally with you. 
 
 ******* 
 
 * When you write to General Montgomery, be pleased to convey 
 my best wishes and regards to him. It has been equally unfortunate 
 for our country and yourself, that your ill health has deprived the 
 active part of your army of your presence. God Almighty restore 
 you, and crown you with happiness and success. 
 
 ' Colonel Allen's misfortune will, I hope, teach a lesson of pru- 
 dence and subordination to others, who may be too ambitious to 
 outshine their general officers, and, regardless of order and duty, 
 rush into enterprises, which have unfavorable effects on the public, 
 and are destructive to themselves.* 
 
 ' Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Colonel Harrison, delegates from 
 the Congress, have been in the Camp for several days, in order to 
 settle the plan for continuing and supporting the army. This 
 commission extended to your department ; but upon consideration 
 it appeared so difficult to form any rational plan, that nothing was 
 done in that respect. 
 
 ' If your time and health will admit, I should think it highly 
 proper to turn your thoughts to this subject, and communicate the 
 result to the Congress as early as possible. 
 
 yf: T^ ^ yf: ^ 7^ 7^ 
 
 ' The more I reflect upon the importance of your expedition, the 
 greater is my concern lest it should sink under insuperable difficul- 
 ties. * * * I know you feel its importance, as 
 connected not only with your own honor and happiness, but the 
 public welfare ; so that you can want no incitements to press on, 
 if it be possible.' 
 
 Ibid, p. 132. 
 
 * Above is indicated the manner in which Col. Ethan Allen attempted an enterprise 
 with an inadequate force. He was taken and treated with great severity. Whatever 
 of rashness was in his procedure, his courage and patriotism being undoubted, the 
 greatest exertions for his relief were made by the General and by Congress. 
 
 16 
 
120 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 The following are some of the Resolves passed on the Report of the above Commit- 
 tee of Conference at the Camp, who had then just returned. 
 
 In Congress. ' November 4. Resolved, That the new army 
 intended to lie before Boston, consist of 20,372 men, officers 
 included. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the pay of the officers and privates be the same 
 as in the present army. 
 
 ' Resolved, That each regiment consist of 728 men, officers in- 
 cluded ; that it be divided into eight companies, each company to 
 consist of one captain, two lieutenants, one ensign, four sergeants, 
 four corporals, two drums or fifes, and seventy-six privates. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the good arms of such soldiers as leave the 
 service, be retained for the use of the new army, on a valuation 
 made of them. 
 
 ' Resolved, That clothing be provided for the new army by the 
 Continent, and paid for, by stoppages out of the soldiers' wages, at 
 1 2-3 dollar per month ; that as much as possible of the cloth for 
 this purpose be dyed brown, and the distinction of the regiments 
 made in the facings. 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended to the several Legislatures 
 of New England to empower the General to impress carriages, 
 vessels, horses, and other things necessary, at a reasonable rate, for 
 the transportation or march of the army, or any part of it, or on 
 any other emergency. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the General be directed to propose to the offi- 
 cers now serving in the present army, that they signify in writing, 
 as soon as possible, which of them will continue to serve and 
 defend their country, and which of them will retire, and that such 
 officers as propose to continue in the servdce, and are approved by 
 the General, proceed to enlist their men into the Continental ser- 
 vice, upon the same pay and allowance of provisions as is now 
 given, their service to continue to the last day of December, 1776, 
 subject to be discharged at any time by the Continental Congress. 
 
 * Resolved, That if, upon trial, the number of men before resolv- 
 ed on, cannot be raised out of the present army, then the officers 
 appointed for the new army, recruit their several regiments and 
 companies to their full complement ; and in case the necessity of 
 the service requires it, that the General be empowered to call forth 
 the minute-men or militia* of Massachusetts Bay, or the neighboring 
 Colonies, according to the nature and exigence of the service.' 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 2 November, 1775. 
 <■ Sir — I have been honored with your favor of the 30th ultimo, 
 by Mr. Trumbull. I sincerely wish this Camp could furnish a good 
 
 * See explanatory Resolve, Dec. 7, p. 130. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 121 
 
 engineer. The Commissary-General can inform you how exceed- 
 ingly deficient the army is of gentlemen skilled in that branch of 
 business, and that most of the works which have been thrown up 
 for the defence of our several encampments, have been planned by 
 a few of the principal officers of this army, assisted by Mr. Knox. 
 Could I afford you the desired assistance in this way, I should do 
 it with pleasure. 
 
 ' Herewith you will receive a copy of the proceedings held with 
 the Committee of Congress from Philadelphia. It ought to have 
 been sent sooner, but I am at present without a Secretary. Colonel 
 Reed, having a call at home, left this place on Sunday last. I 
 heartily congratulate you on the recovery of the Commissary-Gen- 
 eral,* whose return, so soon as he can travel with safety, is much 
 wished for. I am, with the greatest esteem and regard, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 138. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Cambridge, 2 November, 1775. 
 
 Sir — I could not suffer Mr. Randolph to quit this Camp, with- 
 out bearing some testimony of my duty to the Congress ; although 
 his sudden departure, (occasioned by the death of his worthy rela- 
 tive,! whose loss, as a good citizen, and a valuable member of so- 
 ciety, is much to be regretted,) does not allow me to be particular. 
 
 ' The enclosed return shows, at one view, what reliance we have 
 upon the officers of this army, and how deficient we are likely to 
 be in subaltern officers. A few days more will enable me to inform 
 the Congress what they have to expect from the soldiery, as I shall 
 issue recruiting orders for this purpose, so soon as the officers are 
 appointed, which will be done this day, I having sent for the gen- 
 eral officers to consult them in the choice. 
 
 * I must beg leave to recall the attention of the Congress to the 
 appointment of a Brigadier- General^ an officer as necessary to a 
 brigade, as a Colonel is to a regiment, and one that will be exceed- 
 ingly wanted in the new arrangement. 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 44. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 139. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Cambridge, 8 November, 1775. 
 ' Our prisoners^ by the reduction of Fort Chamblee, (on which 
 happy event I most sincerely congratulate the Congress,) being 
 
 * A son of the Governor. 
 
 t The worthy relative referred to, Hon. Peyton Randolph, who had been twice 
 elected President of the Continental Congress, died at Philadelphia, Oct. 22, 1775. Mr. 
 Edmund Randolph, who was mentioned in the letter to R. H. Lee, Aug. 29, and who 
 left on this occasion, had been appointed an Aid-de-Camp to the General, Aug. 15. In 
 subsequent peiiods, he held successively numerous civil offices of high rank and re- 
 sponsibility. 
 
122 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 considerably augmented, and likely to be increased, I submit it to 
 the wisdom of Congress, whether some convenient inland towns, 
 remote from the post roads, ought not to be assigned them ; the 
 manner of their treatment, and their subsistence defined ; and a 
 Commissary or agent appointed, to see that justice is done, both to 
 them and the public, and proper accounts rendered. Unless a 
 mode of this sort is adopted, I fear there will be sad confusion 
 hereafter. 
 
 ' I reckoned without my host, when I informed the Congress in 
 my last, that I should in a day or two be able to acquaint, them with 
 the disposition of the soldiery towards a new enlistment. I have 
 been in consultation with the Generals of this army ever since 
 Thursday last, (2d,) endeavoring to establish new corps of officers ; 
 but I find so many doubts and difficulties to reconcile, than I can- 
 not say when they are to end, or what may be the consequences; 
 as there appears to be such an unwillingness in the officers of one 
 Government to mix in the same regiment with those of another ; 
 and, without this, many must be dismissed, who are willing to 
 serve, notwithstanding we are deficient on the whole. I am to 
 have another meeting to-day upon this business, and shall inform 
 you of the result. 
 
 * The Council of officers are unanimously of opinion, that the 
 command of the artillery should no longer continue in Colonel 
 Gridley ; * * to supply his place, * * I 
 have taken the liberty of recommending Henry Knox, to the con- 
 sideration of Congress.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 45. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 147. 
 
 In Congress, November 17. Resolved, That the prisoners taken 
 at Chamblee and St. John's be sent to, and kept in the towns of 
 Reading, Lancaster, and York, in the Colony of Pennsylvania.' 
 
 * The Congress then proceeded to the choice of a Colonel of the 
 regiment of artillery, and 
 
 ' Henry Knox, Esq. was unanimously elected. 
 
 Had Congress made the ahove appointment respecting prisoners, here had been oc- 
 casion to remark only their prompt compliance with the expressed wishes of their 
 General. But other counsels then prevailed there, and as will appear, they attempted 
 its objects through their own Committees and the Prpvincial governments, so that, 
 though many times urged, such appointment was made no sooner than April, 1777. 
 
 • General Washington to Joseph Reed,* Philadelphia. 
 
 ' Cambridge, November 8, 1775. 
 ' I had like to have forgotten what sits heaviest upon my mind, 
 the new arrangement of officers. * * * It has 
 
 * Mr. Joseph Reed was appointed Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, July 4. 
 A few days prior to this date, he left the Camp to return to Philadelphia, where he re- 
 mained till the next Spring. The correepondence of which this letter is the begin- 
 ning, diicloees many important truths. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 123 
 
 employed the general officers and myself ever since Thursday last, 
 and we are nearly as we began. Connecticut ivants no Massa- 
 chusetts man in her corps ; Massachusetts thinks there is no neces- 
 sity for a Rhode- Islander to be introduced into hers; and New 
 Hampshire says it is very hard, that her valuable and experienced 
 officers, who are willing to serve, must be discarded, because her 
 own regiments, under the new establishment, cannot provide for 
 them. In short, after a few days' labor, I expect that numbers of 
 officers, who have given in their names to serve, must be discarded 
 from the Massachusetts corps, where the regiments have been 
 numerous, and the number in them small, and that of Connecticut 
 will be completed with a fresh recruit of officers from her own 
 government. This will be departing not only from principles of 
 common justice, but from the letter of the Resolve agreed on at 
 this place ; but, at present, I see no help for it. We are to have 
 another meeting upon the matter this day, when something must 
 be hit upon, as time is slipping off.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 150. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 * Camp at Cambridge, 11 November, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — Enclosed you have a copy of an Act passed this session 
 by the honorable Council and House of Representatives of this 
 Province. It respects such captures as may be made by vessels 
 fitted out by the Province, or by individuals thereof. As the 
 armed vessels, fitted out at the Continental expense, do not come 
 under this law, I would have it submitted to the consideration of 
 Congress, to point out a more summary way of proceeding, to 
 determine the property and mode of condemnation of such prizes 
 as have been or hereafter may be made, than is contained in this 
 Act. 
 
 ' Should not a Court be established by authority of Congress to 
 take cognizance of prizes made by the Continental vessels ? What- 
 ever the mode is which they are pleased to adopt, there is an abso- 
 lute necessity of its being speedily determined on ; for / cannot 
 spare time from military affairs, to give proper attention to these 
 matters. 
 
 ' The inhabitants of Plymouth have taken a sloop laden with pro- 
 visions from Halifax, bound to Boston ; and the inhabitants of 
 Beverly have under cover of one of the armed schooners taken a 
 vessel from Ireland, laden with beef, pork, butter, 66c. for the same 
 place. The latter brings papers and letters of a very interesting 
 nature, which are in the hands of the honorable Council, who 
 informed me they will transmit them to you by this conveyance. To 
 the contents of these papers and letters I must beg leave to refer you 
 and the honorable Congress, who will now see the absolute necessity 
 
/ 
 
 124 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 of exerting all their wisdom to withstand the mighty efforts of our 
 enemies. 
 
 ' The trouble I have in the arrangement of the army is really 
 inconceivable. Many of the officers sent in their names to serve 
 in expectation of promotion ; others stood aloof to see what advan- 
 tage they could make for themselves ; whilst a number who had 
 declined, have again sent in their names to serve. So great has 
 the confusion, arising from .these and many other perplexing cir- 
 cumstances, been, that I found it absolutely impossible to fix this 
 very interesting business exactly on the plan resolved on in the 
 conference, though I have kept up to the spirit of it, as near as the 
 nature and necessity of the case would admit. The difficulty with 
 the soldiers is as greats indeed more so if possible, than with the 
 officers. They will not enlist until they know their colonel, lieuten- 
 ant-colonel, major, and captain; so that it was necessary to fix the 
 officers the first thing ; which is at last in some manner done ; and 
 I have given out enlisting orders. 
 
 ' You, Sir, can much easier judge than I can express, the anxiety 
 of mind I must labor under on this occasion, especially at this 
 time, when we may expect the enemy will begin to act on the 
 arrival of their reinforcement, part of which is already come, and 
 the remainder daily dropping in. 
 
 ' I have other distresses of a very alarming nature. The arms of 
 our soldiery are so exceedingly bad, that I assure you, Sir, I can- 
 not place a proper confidence in them. Our powder is wasting 
 fast, notwithstanding the strictest care, economy, and attention are 
 paid to it.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 48. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 154. 
 
 Same to Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, November, 1775. 
 
 ' We have certain advice of a scoundrel from Marblehead, a 
 man of property, having carried to General Howe a true state of 
 the temper and disposition of the troops towards the new enlist- 
 ment, and given him the strongest assurances of the practicability 
 of making himself master of these lines in a very short time, from 
 the disaffection of the soldiers to the service. 
 
 ' I am endeavoring to counteract him ; how effectually time alone 
 can show.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 157. Note. 
 
 General Washington to Henry Knox. 
 Instructions, 16 November, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — You are immediately to examine into the state of the 
 artillery of this army, and take an account of the cannon, mortars, 
 shells, lead, and ammunition, that are wanting. When you have 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 125 
 
 done that, you are to proceed in the most expeditious manner to 
 New York, there to apply to the President of the Provincial Con- 
 gress, and learn of him whether Colonel Reed did any thing, or 
 left any orders respecting these articles, and get him to procure 
 such of them as can possibly be had there. 
 
 ' The President, if he can, will have them immediately sent 
 thither; if he cannot, you must put them in a proper channel for 
 being transported to this Camp with dispatch, before you leave 
 New York. After you have procured as many of these necessa- 
 ries as you can there, you must go to Major-General Schuyler, 
 and get the remainder from Ticonderoga, Crown Point, or St. 
 Johns ; if it should be necessary, from Quebec, if in our hands. 
 The want of them is so great, that no trouble or expense must be 
 spared to obtain them. I have written to General Schuyler; he 
 will give every necessary assistance, that they may be had and 
 forwarded to this place with the utmost dispatch.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 160. 
 
 While Mr. Knox was on this duty the following Resolve was passed in Congress. 
 
 ' December 4, 1775. Resolved^ That the President write to Mr. 
 Knox, by the first express to Albany, and desire him in case the 
 services he is upon will admit, to repair to the fortresses on Hud- 
 son's River, in the Highlands, inspect the state of the works carry- 
 ing on there, and the situation of the places adjacent, and transmit 
 an account thereof to Congress.' 
 
 Thomas Lynch to Ralph Izard, in England. 
 
 (Philadelphia,) November 19, 1775. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — Having much to say to you, I begin, before I 
 certainly know how this is to reach you. 
 
 ' I had your favor by a young gentleman . 
 
 ' You have had accounts of the battle at Bunker's Hill; the loss 
 on the part of the Regulars, is near the truth ; on the other, greatly 
 exaggerated. * * * * 
 
 ' You wonder, with many others, that an army so superior as 
 ours, have not recovered Boston. * * * You 
 
 know Boston — recollect, my friend, that it is surrounded by the 
 sea, except a very narrow causeway ; that the enemy is master of 
 the sea — that this only entrance by land is fortified to the utmost 
 extent of art. * * * * 
 
 ' Consider that the business of the enemy is to subdue America, 
 and while they are imprisoned in Boston, their errand stands still, — 
 that they are every day perishing by disease, want, and desertion, — 
 all which must increase, as winter cuts off their resources by sea, 
 and I mistake if you will not own, that our Generals act wisely, in 
 not risking a repulse, or losing a number of brave men, in obtain- 
 ing that, which a little time must give them without loss. * * * 
 
126 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' Be assured, that our strength at Boston, by means of fortifica- 
 tions, is such as leaves no doubt of our security. I wish the 
 strength of Howe's army, joined to all that we are threatened with 
 next year, were to try an attack there — and that the fate of the 
 war depended on the event. * * * I have been 
 
 lately to Cambridge, and speak from what I have seen. I have, 
 also, very lately been at our camp on the Lakes. 
 
 ' Have we not, my dear Sir, great reason to bless God for all his 
 abundant mercies, on this occasion ? Consider America, lulled in 
 a long peace and security — where were we to look for armies — 
 more especially for Generals — attacked suddenly, and under cover 
 of friendship and protection, by the most powerful nation in the 
 world ? * * * Behold, on the sudden, this dis- 
 
 tressed, unprepared people, roused — behold armies raised, and 
 still more strange, under the command of veteran officers, not 
 only securing our enemy from ravaging our country, but carrying 
 war into every place, where an enemy can be found. * * * 
 Behold two entire British battalions, for the first time in her his- 
 tory, prisoners of war, besides those in Boston, nay, what is still 
 stranger, the coast of New England scoured by privateers unmo- 
 lested, and the supplies to the army cut off. Could our most san- 
 guine hopes have gone so far last Spring ? Yet, blessed be God, 
 all this is the case. * * * * 
 
 ' Surely our worst enemies must confess, that of all people, we 
 are the most placable, mild, and forgiving. Peace and reconcilia- 
 tion, upon the one condition, we have ever asked it, viz. Restitu- 
 tion of rights, would be received as the greatest blessing. 
 
 ******** 
 
 ' It gives me great pleasure to be able to enclose you an account 
 of the reduction of Montreal, and the greater part of Canada. * * * 
 
 ' Pray mark that no rejoicings have been permitted, though the 
 advantages we have gained are so important, even the considera- 
 tion of their having been obtained with so little blood, has not 
 been sufficient to make us forget, that we were conquering our 
 
 brethren — let them blush who have forgotten this.' 
 
 Cor. of R. Izard, vol. i. p, 151. 
 
 In Congress. ' November 10, 1775. Resolved^ That two bat- 
 talions of marines be raised, consisting of one Colonel, two Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonels, two Majors, and other officers as usual in other 
 regiments ; that they consist of an equal number of privates with 
 other battalions ; that particular care be taken, that no person be 
 appointed to offices, or enlisted into said battalions, but such as are 
 good seamen, or so acquainted with maritime affairs as to be able 
 to serve to advantage by sea when required ; that they be enlisted 
 and commissioned to serve for and during' the present war, between 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 12? 
 
 Great Britain and the Colonies, unless dismissed by order of Con- 
 gress ; that they be distinguished by the names of the first and 
 second battalions of American marines, and that they be considered 
 as part of the number which the Continental army before Boston is 
 ordered to consist of. 
 
 ' Ordered, That a copy of the above be transmitted to the 
 General.' 
 
 This Resolve of Congress called forth the letter below. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 19 November, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — I received your favors of the 7th and 10th instant, with 
 the Resolves of the honorable Congress, to which I will pay all due 
 attention. 
 
 ' The Resolve to raise two battalions of marines will, if practicable 
 in this army, entirely derange what has been done. It is therein 
 mentioned, one Colonel for the two battalions ; of course a Colonel 
 must be dismissed. One of the many difficulties which attended 
 the new arrangement, was in reconciling the different interests, and 
 judging of the merits of the different Colonels. In the dismission 
 of this one, the same difficulties will occur. The officers and men 
 must be acquainted with marine affairs ; to comply with which, 
 they must be picked out of the whole army, one from this corps, 
 one from another, so as to break through the whole system, which 
 it has cost us so much time, anxiety, and pains, to bring into any 
 tolerable form. Notwithstanding any difficulties which will arise, 
 you may be assured, sir, that I will use every endeavor to comply 
 with their Resolve. 
 
 ' / beg leave to submit it to the consideration of Congress, if those 
 two battalions can be formed out of this army, whether this is a 
 time to weaken our lines, by employing any of the officers appointed 
 to defend them, on any other service ? The gentlemen who were 
 here from Congress, know their vast extent ; they must know, that 
 we shall have occasion for our whole force for that purpose, more 
 than at any past time, as ive may expect the enemy will take advan- 
 tage of the first hard weather, and attempt to make an impression 
 someivhere. 
 
 ' As there is every appearance, that this contest will not be soon 
 decided, and of course that there must be an augmentation of the 
 Continental army, would it not be eligible to raise tiuo battalions of 
 marines in New York and Philadelphia, ivhere there must be num- 
 bers of sailors now unemployed? This, however, is matter of opin- 
 ion, which / mention with all due deference to the superior judgment 
 of the Congress. 
 
 * # * * * 
 
 ' I got returns this day from eleven Colonels, of the numbers 
 enlisted in their regiments. The whole amount is nine hundred 
 17 
 
128 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 and sixty-six men. There must be some other stimulus, besides 
 love for their country, to make men fond of the service. It would 
 be a great encouragement, and no additional expense to the Conti- 
 nent, were they to receive pay for the months of October and No- 
 vember ; also a month's pay in advance. The present state of the 
 military chest will not admit of this. The sooner it is enabled to 
 do so the better.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 50. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 162. 
 
 General Washington to Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 20 November, 1775. 
 'Dear Sir, — The hint contained in the last of your letters re- 
 specting your continuance in my family, in other words, your wish 
 that I could dispense with it, gives me pain. You already, my 
 dear sir, know my sentiments on this matter; you cannot but be 
 sensible of your importance to me. 
 
 ***** 
 
 * This is my situation, judge you, therefore, how much I wished 
 for your return, especially as the armed vessels^ and the capital 
 change in the state of this army about to take place, have added new 
 weig-ht to a burden, before too great for me to stand under ^ with the 
 smallest degree of comfort to my own feelings. 
 
 * # * * * 
 
 ' Dr. Morgan, as director of the hospital, is exceedingly wanted 
 at this place, * * many regulations being deferred, 
 
 and accounts postponed, till his arrival. The method you have 
 suggested, concerning the advanced pay, I very much approve, and 
 would adopt it, but for the unfortunate and cramped state of our 
 treasury, which keeps us forever under the hatches. Pray urge the 
 necessity of this measure to such members as you may converse 
 with, and the want of cash to pay the troops for the months of Oc- 
 tober and November ; as also to answer the demands of the Com- 
 missary and Quartermaster, and for contingencies. To do all this 
 a considerable sum will be necessary. 
 
 * Do not neglect to put that wheel in motion, which is to bring 
 us the shirts and medicines from New York ; they are much want- 
 ed here. ***** 
 
 ' Our privateersmen go on at the old rate, mutinying if they can- 
 not do as they please. * * * * 
 
 * I thank you for your frequent mention of Mrs. Washington. 
 I expect that she will be in Philadelphia about the time this letter 
 may reach you, on her way hither. As she and her conductor, 
 who I suppose will be Mr. Custis, her son, are perfect strangers to 
 the road, * # I shall be much obliged by your partic- 
 ular attentions and advice to her.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 166, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 129 
 
 General Washington to Lund Washington,* Mount Vernon. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 26 November, 1775. 
 
 ' It is the greatest, indeed it is the only comfortable reflection I 
 enjoy on this score, that my business is in the hands of a per- 
 son concerning whose integrity I have not a doubt, and on whose 
 care I can rely. * * * * I am persuaded 
 
 you will do for me as you would for yourself, and more than this 
 I cannot expect. 
 
 ^Let the hospitality of the house, with respect to the poor, be kept 
 np. Let no one go hungry away. If any of this kind of people 
 should he in want of corn, supply their necessities, provided it does 
 not encourage them in idleness ; and I have no objection to your giv- 
 ing my money in charity to the amount of forty or fifty pounds a 
 year, when you think it well bestowed. What I mean by having 
 no objection is, that it is my desire that it should be done. You are 
 to consider, that neither myself nor wife is now in the way to do these 
 good offices. In all other respects, I recommend it to you, and 
 have no doubt of your observing the greatest economy and frugal- 
 ity ; as I suppose you know, that I do not receive a farthing for 
 my services here, more than my expenses. It becomes necessary, 
 therefore, for me to be saving at home.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 171. 
 
 To Richard Henry Lee, in Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 27 November, 1775, 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 13th, with the enclosures, for 
 which I thank you, came to this place on Wednesday evening. 
 
 * ^lt. jt, «U< M, ^ M, 
 
 TV" Tl" TV* TP TV* *?t' 
 
 'In answer to your inquiries respecting armed vessels, there are 
 none of any tolerable force belonging to this government. I know 
 of but two of any kind ; those very small. At the Continental ex- 
 pense I have fitted out six, as by the enclosed list ; two of which are 
 on the cruise directed by Congress ; the rest ply about Cape Cod 
 and Cape Ann, as yet to very little purpose. * * * 
 
 Belonging to Providence there are two armed vessels ; and I am 
 told Connecticut has one, which with one of those from Provi- 
 dence, is, I believe, upon the cruise you have directed. * * 
 
 ' For God's sake hurry the signers of money, that our wants 
 may be supplied. It is a very singular case, that their signing can- 
 not keep pace with our demands.' 
 
 Lite of R. H. Lee, vol. ii. p. 7. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 172. 
 
 To the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Camp at Cambridge, 28 November, 1775. 
 ' About three hundred men, women and children of the poor 
 inhabitants of Boston came out to Point Shirley last Friday. They 
 
 * Mr. Lund Wa.shington had charge of the General's ordinary busines.s during the 
 Revolution. 
 
130 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 have brought their household furniture, but are destitute of every 
 other necessary of life. I have recommended them to the attention 
 of the Committee of the Council of this Province. * * * 
 
 ' The number enlisted since my last, is two thousand five hun- 
 dred and forty men. * # * * Instead of 
 pressing to be engaged in the cause of their country, which I vain- 
 ly flattered myself would be the case, I find we are likely to be de- 
 serted in a most critical time. Those that have enlisted must have 
 a furlough, which I have been obliged to grant to fifty at a time 
 from each regiment. * * * Our situation is truly 
 alarming ; and of this General Howe is well apprised, it being the 
 common topic of conversation, when the people left Boston last 
 Friday. No doubt, when he is reinforced, he will avail himself of 
 the information. 
 
 ' I am making the best disposition I can for our defence, * 
 
 * * * J fear I shall he under the necessity of 
 calling in the militia and minute-men of the country to my assistance. 
 
 * * * * It is a mortifying reflection, to be re- 
 duced to this dilemma. There has been nothing wanting on my 
 part to infuse a proper spirit amongst the officers, that they may 
 exert their influence with the soldiery. You see, by a fortnight's 
 recruiting amongst men with arms in their hands, how little has 
 been the success. 
 
 ' You doubtless will have heard, before this reaches you, of Gen- 
 eral Montgomery's having got possession of Montreal. I congrat- 
 ulate you thereon.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 52. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 176. 
 
 This letter w^as received and read in Congress just at the close of the day's business, 
 December 6. The General's expression, ' I fear I shall be under the necessity of calling 
 in the militia and minute-men of the country to my assistance,' seems to have alarmed 
 members to a change of mind, or to some doubt whether they had used sufficient 
 caution and precision in the ninth of their Resolves, passed November 4, p. 120, on the 
 Report of their Committee of Conference at Camp. However the fact, the next 
 day they passed the following Preamble and Resolves. Mention of the first of these, 
 as ' the explanatory Resolve,' will be found in the letter, December 18, and allusions to 
 it, in others subsequent to that. 
 
 December 7. — The Congress taking into consideration the 
 General's letter of the 28th ult. came to the following Resolutions : 
 
 * Whereas doubts may arise respecting the true intent and con- 
 struction of a certain Resolution of Congress, passed the 4th day of 
 November last, empowering the General, in case the necessity of 
 the service should require it, to call forth the ^minute-men and 
 militia of the New England Colonies : 
 
 ' Resolved, That the said Resolution shall not extend or be con- 
 strued to authorize the General to call forth the said minute-men 
 or militia, ivithout having applied to and obtained the consent of 
 those officers, in whom the Executive pouters of government in those 
 Colonies may be vested. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 131 
 
 ' Resolved, That the President write letters to the Council of 
 Massachusetts Bay, the Convention of New Hampshire, and the 
 Governors of Rhode Island and Connecticut, acquainting them with 
 the present state of the army, and enclosing copies of the Resolu- 
 tions of this Congress, relative to the General's being empowered 
 to call forth the militia of those governments, on any emergency, 
 and requesting those Colonies to exert themselves in defence of 
 our common liberties, by affording the General all the aid in their 
 power, and comply with his request for the assistance of the militia 
 whenever he may find it necessary to apply for it.' 
 
 Thomas Lynch to General Washington. 
 
 * Philadelphia, November, 1775. 
 ' Providence favors us every where ; our success in every opera- 
 tion exceeds our most sanguine expectations ; and yet, when God 
 is ready to deliver our oppressors into our hands, that men cannot 
 be found willing to receive them, is truly surprising. With grief 
 and shame it must be confessed, that the ivhole blame lies not ivith 
 the army. You will find your hands straitened instead of strength- 
 ened. What the event ivill be, it is impossible to foresee ; perhaps it 
 is only intended to force the Continent into their own terms, and to 
 show that neither General nor Congress shall be permitted to con- 
 trol the army; perhaps to mortify the favorites of Congress. Be 
 this as it may, resolution and firmness ought to rule our councils.' 
 
 Wa»h. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 185. Note. 
 
 The length of time Mr. Lynch had been at Camp in pursuance of his official duty, 
 had afforded him opportunity to learn, according to that duty, the circumstances and 
 views of the General, of the other principal officers, and, to some extent, of the army. 
 
 After a month's absence, he had resumed his seat in Congress, participated some 
 weeks in their deliberations and actions on the various subjects demanded by the 
 crisis, and thus learned the posture of affairs and the views of persons there, also. 
 
 So informed from both sources, he wrote this letter. His strong expressions of 
 concern, were doubtless prompted by the divergent tendencies which he had wit- 
 nessed. His striking allusions, especially to persons, present interesting objects of 
 inquiry. It seems worthy of notice and consideration, how far the course of measures 
 then, as indicated by this letter and by many other writings, accorded or did not accord 
 with their direction when Congress passed that noble Resolve, p. 70, to ^maintain and 
 assist him, and adhere to him, the said George Washingt07i.^ 
 
 It is believed that more than common attention would be well applied, in tracing 
 the change of direction in public operations, and the near and remote consequences of 
 that change, caused by disarranging agencies and influences which, within a few 
 months embracing that time, rose to irresistible predominance in the great Central 
 Council then ruling and controlling the whole. 
 
 Careful attention so directed through these first three Numbers, and, along with it, 
 just comparison of the different public views apparent in numerous writings which 
 they contain, would greatly facilitate a right understanding of those which are to 
 follow. 
 
 Faithful examination and comparison of the original records relating to that period, 
 would make plain the reasons of George Washington's solicitous caution to preserve, 
 ^ for the benefit of posterity,'' the important portion of them which circumstances cast 
 into his possession, in the long and eventful course of his public life. 
 
132 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 General Washington to Joseph Reed. 
 
 * Cambridge, 28 November, 1775. 
 
 • Dear Sir, — Your favors of the 15th and 17th are come to 
 hand. * * * I can truly assure you, that I miss 
 
 you exceedingly, and if an express declaration be wanting to hasten 
 your return, I make it most heartily. * * * I feel 
 
 the want of your ready pen greatly. 
 
 ' What an astonishing thing it is, that those who are employed to 
 sign the Continental bills should not be able, or inclined, to do it as 
 fast as they are wanted. They will prove the destruction of the 
 army, if they are not more attentive and diligent. 
 
 *M, M. Ul ^ 42. M, 
 
 •7? "«" TT •JV' "W* tP 
 
 M tremble at the prospect. We have been till this time enlisting 
 about three thousand five hundred men. To engage these I have 
 been obliged to allow furloughs as far as fifty men to a regiment, 
 and the officers, I am persuaded, indulge as many more. The 
 Connecticut troops will not be prevailed upon to stay longer than 
 their term, saving those who have enlisted for the next campaign, 
 and are mostly on furlough. * * * 
 
 ' In short, after the last of this month our lines will be so weak- 
 ened, that the minute-men and militia must be called in for their 
 defence; and these, being under no kind of government them- 
 selves, will destroy the little subordination I have been laboring to 
 establish, and run me into one evil whilst I am endeavoring to 
 avoid another ; but the less must be chosen. Could I have fore- 
 seen what I have experienced, and a?n likely to experience, no con- 
 sideration upon earth should have induced me to accept this com- 
 mand. A regiment or any subordinate department would have been 
 accompanied with ten tiines the satisfaction, and perhaps the honor. 
 
 ' The Congress already know, from the general estimate given 
 in for a month, what sum it will take to supply the army; and that 
 little less than two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars will 
 answer the purpose. Pray impress this upon the members, and 
 the necessity of forwarding the last sum voted, as one hundred 
 thousand dollars will be totally inadequate to our demands at this 
 time. * * * * * 
 
 ' Believe me, it is beyond the powers of conception to realize the 
 absurdities and partialities of these people, and the trouble and 
 vexation I have had in the new arrangement of officers. After 
 five, I think, different meetings of the general officers, I have in a 
 manner been obliged to yield to the humor and whimsies of the 
 people, or get no army. The officers of one government would 
 not serve in the regiments of another, although there was to be an 
 entirely new creation ; a captain must be in this regiment, a subal- 
 tern in that company. In short, I can scarce tell at this moment in 
 what manner they are fixed.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. lii. p. 177. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 133 
 
 General Montgomery to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Montreal, 14 November, 1775. 
 
 ' I am exceedingly sorry that Congress have not favored me with 
 a committee. It would have had great effect with the troops, who 
 are exceedingly turbulent and even mutinous. My vexation and 
 distress can only be alleviated by reflecting on the great public 
 advantages, which must arise from my unparalleled good fortune. 
 I shall clothe the troops completely who engage again. * * 
 
 Will not your health permit you to reside at Montreal this winter ? 
 I must go home, if I walk by the side of the lake, this winter. I 
 am weary of power, and totally want that patience and temper, 
 so requisite for such a command. I wish some method could be 
 fallen upon of engaging gentlemen to serve. A point of honor, 
 and more knowledge of the world to be found in that class of men, 
 would greatly reform discipline and render the troops much more 
 tractable. 
 
 ' The officers of the first regiment of Yorkers and artillery com- 
 pany were very near a mutiny the other day, because I would not 
 stop the clothing of the garrison of St. John's. I would not have 
 sullied my own reputation, nor disgraced the Continental arms, by 
 such a breach of capitulation, for the universe. There was no 
 driving it into their heads, that the clothing was really the property 
 of the soldier, that he had paid for it ; and that every regiment, in 
 this country especially, saved a year's clothing to have decent 
 clothes to wear on particular occasions.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 180. Note. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 28 November, 1775. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — You may easily conceive that I had great plea- 
 sure in perusing your letter of the 18th instant, which, with the en- 
 closures, I received last evening. It was much damped by my 
 finding General Montgomery had the same difficulty to encounter 
 with the troops under your command, that I have with those here. 
 * * * * It grieves me to see so litlie of that 
 
 patriotic spirit, which I was taught to believe was characteristic of 
 this people. ***** 
 
 ' Last evening I received the agreeable account of one of our 
 armed schooners having taken a large brigantine, laden with mili- 
 tary stores, the inventory of which I have the pleasure to enclose. 
 But let not this acquisition prevent your sending what stores you 
 can spare. We shall want them all. Adieu, my dear General. 
 I wish you a return of health, and am, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 180. 
 
134 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Thomas Jefferson to John Randolph, Esq. 
 
 ' Philadelphia, November 29, 1775. 
 
 • Dear Sir, — I am to give you the melancholy intelligence of 
 the death of our most worthy Speaker,* which happened on the 22d 
 of the last month. He was struck with an apoplexy and expired 
 within five hours. 
 
 * I have it in my power to acquaint you, that the success of our 
 arms has corresponded with the justice of our cause. Chamblee 
 and St. Johns were taken some weeks ago, and in them the whole 
 regular army in Canada, except about forty or fifty men. This 
 day, certain intelligence has reached us, that our General, Mont- 
 gomery, is received into Montreal, and we expect, every hour, to be 
 informed that Quebec has opened its arms to Colonel Arnold, who, 
 with eleven hundred men, was sent from Boston up the Kennebec, 
 and down the Chaudiere river to that place. He expected to be 
 there early this month. Montreal acceded to us on the 13th, and 
 Carleton set out, with the shattered remains of his little army, 
 for Quebec, where we hope he will be taken up by Arnold. In a 
 short time, we have reason to hope, the delegates of Canada will 
 join us in Congress, and complete the American Union, as far as 
 we wish to have it completed. We hear that one of the British 
 transports has arrived at Boston ; the rest are beaten off the coast, 
 in very bad weather. You will have heard, before this reaches 
 you, that Lord Dunmore has commenced hostilities in Virginia. 
 That people bore with every thing, till he attempted to burn the 
 town of Hampton. They opposed and repelled him, with con- 
 siderable loss on his side, and none on ours. It has raised our 
 countrymen into a perfect frenzy. It is an immense misfortune to 
 the whole empire, to have a King of such a disposition at such 
 a time. We are told, and every thing proves it true, that he is 
 the bitterest enemy we have. His Minister is able, and that 
 satisfies me that ignorance or wickedness somewhere, controls 
 him. In an earlier part of this contest, our petitions told him, 
 that from our King there was but one appeal. The admonition 
 was despised, and that appeal forced on us. To undo his empire 
 he has but one truth more to learn ; that, after Colonies have drawn 
 the sword, there is but one step more they can take. That step is 
 now pressed upon us, by the measures adopted, as if they were 
 afraid we would not take it. Believe me, dear Sir, there is not in 
 the British empire, a man ivho more cordially loves a union with 
 Great Britain, than I do. But by the God that made me, I will 
 cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the 
 British Parliament propose ; and in this, I think I speak the senti- 
 ments of America. We want neither inducement nor power, to 
 declare and assert a separation. It is will, alone, which is want- 
 
 * Hon. Peyton Randolph. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 135 
 
 ing, and that is growing apace under the fostering hand of our 
 King. One bloody campaign will probably decide, everlastingly, 
 our future course ; I am sorry to find a bloody campaign is decided 
 on. If our winds and waters should not combine to rescue their 
 shores from slavery, and General Howe's reinforcements should 
 arrive in safety, we have hopes he will be inspirited to come out of 
 Boston and take another drubbing : and ive must drub him soundly^ 
 before the sceptred tyrant will know we are not mere brutes, to 
 crouch under his hand, and kiss the rod with which he deigns to 
 scourge us. Yours, &c.' 
 
 Jeff. Writ. vol. i. p, 152. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 2 December, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — The reason of my giving you the trouble of this, is the 
 late extraordinary and reprehensible conduct of some of the Con- 
 necticut troops. Some time ago, apprehending that some of them 
 might incline to go home, Avhen the time of their enlistment should 
 be up, I applied to the officers of the several regiments, to know 
 whether it would be agreeable to the men to continue until the 1st 
 of January, or until a sufficient number of other forces could be 
 raised to supply their place, who informed me, that they believed 
 the whole of them would readily stay, till that could be effected. 
 Having discovered last week, that they were very uneasy to leave 
 the service, and determined upon it, I thought it expedient to sum- 
 mon the general officers at head-quarters, and invite a delegation 
 of the General Court to be present, that suitable measures might 
 be adopted for the defence and support of our lines. The result 
 was, that three thousand of the minute-men and militia of this 
 Province, and two thousand men from New Hampshire, should be 
 called in by the 10th instant for that purpose. With this determi- 
 nation the Connecticut troops were made acquainted, and request- 
 ed and ordered to remain here, as the time of most of them would not 
 be out before the 10th, when they would be relieved. Notwithstand- 
 ing this, yesterday morning most of them resolved to leave the camp. 
 
 ' Many went off, and the utmost vigilance and industry were 
 used to apprehend them. Several got away with their arms and 
 ammunition. 
 
 ' I have enclosed you a list of the names of some of them, in 
 General Putnam's regiment only, who escaped, and submit to your 
 judgment, whether an example should not be made of these men, 
 who have basely deserted the cause of their country at this critical 
 juncture, when the enemy are receiving reinforcements. 
 
 ' I have the pleasure to inform you, that one of our armed ves- 
 sels, the Lee, Captain Manly, look and brought in the other day a 
 valuable store-ship bound to Boston. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 182. 
 
 18 
 
13G PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Governor Trumbull's Reply. 
 
 ' The late extraordinary and reprehensible conduct of some of 
 the troops of this Colony impresses me, and the minds of many of 
 our people, with grief, surprise, and indignation ; since the treat- 
 ment they met with, and the order and request made to them, were 
 so reasonable, and apparently necessary for the defence of our com- 
 mon cause, and safety of our rights and privileges, for which they 
 freely engaged; the term they voluntarily enlisted to serve not expired, 
 and probably would not end much before the time when they would 
 be relieved, provided their circumstances and inclinations should 
 prevent their undertaking further. 
 
 ' Indeed, there is great difficulty to support liberty, to exercise 
 government, to maintain subordination, and at the same time to 
 prevent the operation of licentious and leveling principles, which 
 many very easily imbibe. The pulse of a New England man 
 beats high for liberty ; his engagement in the service he thinks 
 purely voluntary ; therefore, when the time of enlistment is out, he 
 thinks himself not holden without further engagement. 
 
 ' This was the case in the last war. I greatly fear its operation 
 amongst the soldiers of the other Colonies, as I am sensible this is 
 the genius and spirit of our people. The union of the Colonies, 
 and the internal union of each, are of the utmost importance. I de- 
 termine to call the General Assembly of this Colony to meet at 
 New Haven on Thursday, the 14th instant. Please to notify me 
 of any matters you think proper to suggest for consideration. You 
 may depend on their zeal and ardor to support the common cause, 
 to furnish our quota, and to exert their utmost strength for the de- 
 fence of the rights of these Colonies. Your candor and goodness 
 will suggest to your consideration, that the conduct of our troops 
 is not a rule whereby to judge of the temper and spirit of the 
 Colony.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 1S3. Note. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 4 December, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — It is some time since I recommended to the Congress, 
 
 that they would institute a Court for the trial of prizes made by the 
 
 Continental armed vessels, which I hope they have ere now taken 
 
 into their consideration ; otherwise I should again take the liberty 
 
 of urging it in the most pressing manner. * # 
 
 * » * « * 
 
 ' I am informed, that it has been the custom of these Provinces, 
 
 in the last war, for the legislative power to order every town to 
 
 provide a certain quota of men for the campaign. This, or some 
 
 other mode, should be at present adopted, as I am satisfied the 
 
 xn^Xi can not be had without it. This the Congress will please to 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 137 
 
 take into their immediate consideration. My svispicions on this 
 head I shall also communicate to the Governors, Trumbull and 
 Cooke, also to the New Hampshire Convention. * » 
 
 ***** 
 ' By the last accounts from the armed schooners sent to the River 
 St. Lawrence, I fear we have but little to expect from them. They 
 were falling short of provision, and mentioned that they would be 
 obliged to return ; which at this time is particularly unfortunate, as, 
 if they chose a proper station, all the vessels coming down that 
 river must fall into their hands. The plague, trouble, and vexation 
 I have had with the crews of all the armed vessels, are inexpressi- 
 ble. I do believe there is not on earth a more disorderly set. Ev- 
 ery time they come into port, we hear of nothing but mutinous 
 complaints. Manly's success has lately, and but lately, quieted his 
 people. The crews of the Washington and Harrison have actu- 
 ally deserted them ; so that I have been under the necessity of or- 
 dering the agent to lay the latter up, and get hands for the other on 
 
 the best terms he could. 
 
 **#*«* 
 
 ' The great want of powder is what the attention of Congress 
 should be particularly applied to. I dare not attempt any thing 
 offensive, let the temptation or advantage be ever so great.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 55. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 184. 
 
 Same to Governor Cooke, 
 
 ' Cambridge, 5 December, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have of late met with abundant reason to be convinced 
 of the impracticability of recruiting this army to the new establish- 
 ment, in any reasonable time by voluntary enlistments. The 
 causes of such exceeding great lukewarmness I shall not attempt 
 to point out ; sufficient is it to know that the fact is so. Many 
 reasons are assigned ; one only shall I mention, and that is, that 
 the present soldiery are in expectation of drawing from the landed 
 interest and the farmers, a bounty equal to that given at the com- 
 mencement of this army, and therefore they keep aloof. Be that 
 as it may, I am satisfied that this is not a time for trifling, and that 
 the exigency of our affairs calls aloud for vigorous exertions. * 
 
 ' After every stimulus in my power to throw in their w^ay, and 
 near a month's close endeavor, we have enlisted men, of whom one 
 thousand five hundred at a time are to be absent on furlough, until 
 all have gone home to visit and provide for their families. # « 
 
 ' I submit it to the wisdom of your and the other New England 
 Colonies, whether vigorous measures, if the powers of government 
 are adequate, ought not to be adopted, to facilitate the completion 
 of this array without offering a bounty from the public, which Con- 
 gress have declared against. # • * «» 
 
138 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' I have by this conveyance laid the matter before Congress, but 
 the critical situation of our affairs will not await their deliberation 
 and recommendation ; something must be done without further 
 delay. I am, Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 188. 
 
 General Schuyler to General Washington. 
 
 November 22, 1775. 
 
 * Nothing can surpass the impatience of the troops from the New 
 England Colonies to get to their firesides. Near three hundred of 
 them arrived a few days ago, unable to do duty ; but as soon as I 
 administered that grand specific, a discharge, they instantly ac- 
 quired health, and rather than be detained a few days to cross Lake 
 George, they undertook a march from here of two hundred miles 
 with the greatest alacrity. 
 
 * Our army requires to be put on a different footing. Habituated 
 to order, I can not, without the most extreme pain, see that disregard 
 of discipline, confusion, and inattention, which reigns so generally 
 in this quarter, and I am therefore determined to retire. Of this 
 resolution I have advised Congress.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 191. Note. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 5 December, 1775. 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your much esteemed favor of the 22d ultimo, cov- 
 ering Colonel Arnold's letter, with a copy of one to General Mont- 
 gomery and his to you, I received yesterday morning. 
 
 JL 4|L ^ ^ -^j^ ^ 
 
 ' I am exceedingly sorry to find you so much plagued and em- 
 barrassed by the disregard of discipline, confusion, and want of 
 order among the troops, as to have occasioned you to mention to 
 Congress an inclination to retire. I know that your complaints are 
 too well founded ; but I would willingly hope, that nothing will 
 induce you to quit the service, and that, in time, order and subor- 
 dination will take place of confusion, and command be rendered 
 more agreeable. I have met with difficulties of the same sort, and 
 such as I never expected; but they must be borne with. The 
 cause we are engaged in is so just and righteous, that we must try 
 to rise superior to every obstacle in its support ; and, therefore, I 
 must beg that you will not think of resigning, unless you have 
 carried your application to Congress too far to recede. I am, dear 
 Sir, with great esteem and regard, yours, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 190. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 14 December, 1775. 
 ' Sir,— I received your favor of the 2d instant with the several 
 Resolves of Congress therein enclosed. The Resolves relative to 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 139 
 
 captures made by Continental armed vessels only want a Court 
 established for trial, to make them complete. This I hope will soon 
 be done, as I have taken the liberty to urge it often to the Congress. 
 I am somewhat at a loss to know whether I am to raise the two 
 battalions of marines here or not.* As the delay can be attended 
 with but little inconvenience, I will wait a further explanation from 
 Congress, before I take any steps therein. I am much pleased 
 that the money will be forwarded with all possible expedition, as it 
 is much wanted. # * # # 
 
 ' I hope Colonel Knox will soon finish the business he is upon, 
 and appear here to take the honorable command conferred on him 
 by Congress. 
 
 ^ $^ ik ^ ^ ^ ik 
 
 ' About a hundred and fifty more of the poor inhabitants are 
 come out of Boston. * * * « 
 
 ' I wrote to you this day by Messrs. Penet and Pliarne,f who 
 will lay before the Congress, or a committee thereof, proposals for 
 furnishing the Continent with arms and ammunition. I refer you 
 to themselves for further particulars.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 61. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 196. 
 
 Below are the Resolves which the General declared in the above letter, to ' want 
 only a Court established for trial, to make them complete.' 
 
 His letters to Congress, Nov. 11, Dec. 4, 14, and to R. H. Lee, Dec. 26, pp. 123, 136, 
 138, sufficiently indicate what Court the circumstances, in his opinion, then required 
 for such trials. 
 
 The 4th, 5th and 6th of these Resolves, together with the succeeding one, passed 
 Dec. 20, p. 141, show what Courts instead of it. Congress recommended for the pur- 
 pose. The practical operation of these substitutes will appear. 
 
 ' In Congress, November 25, 1775. ' Resolved, That all such 
 ships of war, frigates, sloops, cutters, and armed vessels as are or 
 shall be employed in the present cruel and unjust war against 
 the United Colonies, and shall fall into the hands of, or be 
 taken by the inhabitants thereof, be seized and forfeited to, and for 
 the purposes hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 ' 2d. Resolved, That all transport vessels in the same service, 
 having on board any troops, arms, ammunition, clothing, provi- 
 sions, or military or naval stores, of what kind soever, and all ves- 
 sels to whomsoever belonging, that shall be employed in carrying 
 provisions or other necessaries to the British army or armies, or 
 
 * Relative to the raising of these two battalions of marines, the reader is referred to 
 the General's letter to Congress, Nov. 19, p. 127, the Resolve immediately above it, of 
 Nov. 10, and to the first two of the following. 
 
 In Congress, November 30. Resolved, That the General be directed to suspend the 
 raising of the two battalions of marines out of his present army. 
 
 ' That the two battalions of marines be raised independent of the army already or- 
 dered for the service in Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 ' That no bounty be allowed to the army on reSnUstment.' 
 
 t Two merchants of Nantes, in France. Congress employed them. 
 
140 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 navy, that now are or shall hereafter be within any of the United 
 Colonies, or any goods, wares, or merchandise for the use of such 
 fleet or army, shall be liable to seizure, and with their cargoes shall 
 be confiscated. 
 
 ' 8d. That no master or commander of any vessel shall be en- 
 titled to cruise for, or make prize of any vessel or cargo before he 
 shall have obtained a commission from the Congress, or from such 
 person or persons as shall be for that purpose appointed in some 
 one of the United Colonies. 
 
 ' 4th. That it be and is hereby recommended to the several Leg- 
 islatures in the United Colonies, as soon as possible, to erect Courts 
 of Justice, or g-ive jurisdiction to the Courts now in being for the 
 purpose of determining concerning the captures to be made as afore- 
 said, and to provide that all trials in such case be had by a jury 
 under such qualifications, as to the respective Legislatures shall 
 seem expedient. 
 
 '5th. That all prosecutions shall be commenced in the Court of 
 that Colony in ivhich the capture shall be made, but if no such 
 Court be at that time erected in the said Colony, or if the capture 
 be made on open sea, then the prosecution shall be in the Court of 
 such Colony as the captor may find most convenient, provided that 
 nothing contained in this Kesolution shall be construed so as to 
 enable the captor to remove his prize from any Colony competent 
 to determine concerning the seizure, after he shall have carried the 
 vessel so seized w*ithin any harbor of the same. 
 
 ' 6th. That in all cases an appeal shall be allowed to the Con- 
 gress, or such person or persons as they shall appoint for the trial 
 of appeals, provided the appeal be demanded within five days after 
 definitive sentence, and such appeal be lodged with the Secretary 
 of Congress within forty days afterwards, * * and give secu- 
 rity to prosecute the said appeal to effect. 
 
 ' 7th. That when any vessel or vessels shall be fitted out at the 
 expense of any private person or persons, then the captures made 
 shall be to the use of the owner or owners of the said vessel or 
 vessels ; that where the vessels employed in the capture shall be 
 fitted out at the expense of any of the United Colonies, then one 
 third of the prize taken shall be to the use of the captors, and the 
 remaining two thirds to the use of the said Colony, and where the 
 vessels so employed shall be fitted at the Continental charge, then 
 one third shall go to the captors, and the remaining two thirds to 
 the use of the United Colonies; provided, nevertheless, that if the 
 capture be a vessel of war, then the captors shall be entitled to one 
 half of the value, and the remainder shall go to the Colony or Con- 
 tinent as the case may be, the necessary charges of condemnation 
 of all prizes, being deducted before distribution made. 
 
 ' 8th. That the captures heretofore made by vessels fitted out at 
 the Continental charge were justifiable, and that the distribution 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 141 
 
 of the captor's share of the prizes by General Washington, be 
 confirmed.' 
 
 So far, the action of Congress on this subject, was probably induced by the Gene- 
 ral's letters, Oct. 5, and Nov. 11. Having, on the 13th, received his letter of the 4th, 
 they proceeded, a week after, as follows : 
 
 ^December 20. — The Congress resumed the consideration of 
 the General's letters, and thereupon came to the following Reso- 
 lution : 
 
 * Resolved, That the several vessels heretofore taken and car- 
 ried into Massachusetts Bay, by the armed vessels in the service 
 of the United Colonies he proceeded against by the rules of the 
 law of nations, and libeled in the Courts of Admiralty erected in 
 said Colony.^ 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 15 December, 1775. 
 
 ' Sir, — Your favors of the 7th and 9th instant I have received, 
 and was much pleased to hear of the zeal of the people of Connec- 
 ticut, and the readiness of the inhabitants of the several towns to 
 march to this Camp, upon their being acquainted with the be- 
 havior and desertion of their troops. I have nothing to suggest 
 for the consideration of the Assembly. I am confident they will 
 not be wanting in their exertions for supporting the just and con- 
 stitutional rights of the Colonies. 
 
 ' Enclosed 1 send you a list of the officers and companies under 
 the new establishment, with the number of the men enlisted ; the 
 returns only came in to-day, or I would have transmitted it before.' 
 
 " Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 198. 
 
 Same to Jo.seph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 15 December, 1775. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Since my last, I have had the pleasure of re- 
 ceiving your favors of the 28th ultimo, and the 2d instant. I must 
 again express my gratitude for the attention shown to Mrs. Wash- 
 ington at Philadelphia. * * # # 
 
 ' I am much obliged to you for the hints contained in both of the 
 above letters, respecting the jealousies which you say are gone 
 abroad. I have studiously avoided in all letters calculated for the 
 public eye, I mean for that of the Congress, every expression that 
 could g-ive pain or uneasiness; and I shall observe the same rule 
 with respect to private letters, any further than appears absolutely 
 necessary for the elucidation of facts. * * # 
 
 ' The extracts of letters from this Camp which so frequently ap- 
 pear in the Pennsylvania papers, are not only written without my 
 knowledge but without my approbation, ns I have always thought 
 
142 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 they must have an unfavorable tendency ; but there is no re- 
 straining men's tongues, or pens, when charged with a little vanity, 
 as in the accounts given of, or rather by, the riflemen. * * 
 
 ' The Congress have resolved well in respect to the pay of the 
 men ; but if they cannot get the money signers to dispatch their 
 business, it is of very little avail; for we have not at this time 
 money enough in Camp to answer the Commissary's and Quar- 
 termaster's accounts, much less to pay the troops. 
 
 ' The account which you have given of the sentiments of the 
 people respecting my conduct is extremely flattering. I pray God, 
 that I may continue to deserve them, in my perplexed arid intricate 
 situation. 
 
 ' Our enlistment goes on slowly. By the returns last Monday, 
 only five thousand nine hundred and seventeen men are engaged 
 for the ensuing campaign ; and yet we are told, that we shall get 
 the number wanted, as they are playing off" to see what advantages 
 are to be made, and whether a bounty may not be extorted either 
 from the public at large, or individuals, in case of a draft. I doubt 
 the measure exceedingly. The fortunate capture of the store-ship 
 has supplied us with flints, and many other articles we stood in 
 need of; but we have our wants. I am, &c.' 
 
 Ibid, p. 199. 
 
 General Greene to Governor Ward, in Congress. 
 
 'Prospect Hill, December 18, 1775. 
 
 ' Your observation is exceedingly just. This is no time for dis- 
 gusting the soldiery, when their aid is so essential to the preserva- 
 tion of the rights of human nature, and the liberties of America. 
 His Excellency is a great and good man; I feel the highest respect 
 for him. I wish him immortal honor. I think myself happy in 
 an opportunity to serve under so good a General. My happiness 
 will be still greater, if fortune gives me an opportunity in some 
 signal instance, to contribute to his glory and my country's good. 
 * # * The General has often expressed to me his 
 
 uneasiness about the expenses ; they so far exceed the expectations 
 of Congress. He is afraid they will sink under the weight of such 
 charges. 
 
 ' Economy is undoubtedly essential in this dispute ; there should 
 be no wanton waste of public property ; but, if you starve the 
 cause, you protract the dispute. If the Congress wish to put the 
 finishing stroke to this war, they must exert their whole force at 
 once, give every measure an air of decision. I pray God we may 
 not lose the critical moment. Human affairs are ever like the tide, 
 constantly on the ebb and flow. Our preparations in all parts of 
 the United Colonies ought to be so great, as to leave no room to 
 doubt our intentions to support the cause and obtain our condi- 
 tions. This will draw in the weak, and wavering, and give such 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 143 
 
 a turn to the minds of the people, that small shocks will not be 
 seriously felt in the general plan of operations.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 44. 
 
 In Congress, ' November 27. Resolved, That the troops in the 
 service of the Continent be supplied with fuel and bedding at the 
 expense of the Continent. 
 
 ' December 2. Resolved, That it be recommended to the As- 
 sembly, or General Court of Massachusetts Bay, to use all the 
 means in their power, that the army before Boston be supplied 
 with ivood and hay on the most reasonable terms. 
 
 ' That in the new establishment of the army, the general officers 
 be not allowed regiments, nor the field officers companies.' 
 
 These seem to have been the first recorded Actions of Congress upon the subjects to 
 which they relate, though the General had early and repeatedly solicited their atten- 
 tion to those subjects, especially in his letters, Aug. 4, Sept. 21, Oct. 5, pp. 104, 112. 113. 
 
 By the exertions of the Massachusetts Assembly, the distresses, vv'hich from want 
 of fuel and hay had then become extreme in the army before Boston, were relieved at 
 the expense of the Colony. 
 
 Man. Jour, of Mass. Assembly, or General Court, pp. 284, 375, 393. 
 
 ' December 2. Resolved, That this Congress approve the terms 
 on which the artificers have been employed in the army; and that 
 the General go on upon the present agreement, as being the best 
 that can probably be made. 
 
 ' That the General be directed to pick out from each of the rifle- 
 companies, such as are not marksmen, and dismiss ihem in such 
 manner as will be safest, with an allowance of pay to go home, if 
 they do not choose to enlist in other battalions, and, in the mean 
 time, that all receive their pay.' 
 
 See expressions on the subjects of these last two Resolves, in letter, Sept. 21, 
 pp. Ill, 112. 
 
 ' That a committee of three be appointed to devise the best mode 
 of having Expresses, (persons of character,) posted along the roads 
 at different distances, for the purpose of conveying early and fre- 
 quent intelligence. 
 
 ' The members chosen. Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lewis, and Mr. Deane. 
 
 ' Ordered, That the Resolutions, passed on the General's letters, 
 and on the Report of the Committee of Conference, and such other 
 Resolutions as relate to the establishment of the new army, not 
 already forwarded, be sent by express to the General. 
 
 ' December 22. Resolved, That if General Washington and his 
 Council of War should be of opinion, that a successful attack may 
 be made on the troops in Boston, he do it in any manner he may 
 think expedient, notwithstanding the town and property in it may 
 thereby be destroyed. 
 19 
 
144 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 This last Resolution drew from the General, soon after its receipt by him, some 
 truthful remarks upon the circumstances of the time. They may be found in his let- 
 ter to Congress, Jan. 4, p. 150. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 18 December, 1775. 
 'Sir. — Captain Manly, of the Lee arined schooner, took and 
 sent into Beverly ihe sloop Betsey, Atkinson, master. She is an 
 armed vessel, dispatched by Lord Dunmore,* with Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and oats, for the army in Boston. The packets of letters 
 found on board, I have the honor to send you with this by Captain 
 James Chambers, they being of so much importance, that I do not 
 
 think it would be prudent to trust them by a common express. 
 
 ****** 
 
 ' The returns of men enlisted, since my last, amount to about 
 eighteen hundred, making in the whole seven thousand one hun- 
 dred and forty. 
 
 ' The militia that are come in, both from this Province and New 
 Hampshire, are very fine looking men, and go through their duty 
 with great alacrity. 
 
 ' The dispatch made, both by the people in marching and by the 
 Legislative powers in complying with my requisition, has given 
 me infinite satisfaction. 
 
 ' Your letter of the 8th instant, with the explanatory Resolve 
 respecting my calling forth the militia and minute-men, is come to 
 hand ; to which I shall pay all due attention.! 
 
 London ed. vol. i. p. 63. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 203. 
 
 ' General Greene to Jacob Greene. 
 
 ' Prospect Hill, December 20, 1775. 
 
 'We must expect to make partial sacrifices for the public 
 good. I love the Colony of Rhode Island, and have ever had a 
 very great affection for the town of Newport ; but I am not so 
 attached to either as to be willing to injure the commoyi cause for 
 ihe'ir particular benefit. 
 
 ' It is astonishing that ancient prejudices and selfish motives 
 should prevail at a time when every thing that is dear and valuable 
 is at stake. 
 
 ' We have no reason to doubt the King's intentions. We must 
 submit unconditionally, or defend ourselves. 
 
 ' But we must expect to feel the common calamities which at- 
 tend even a successful war. We are now driven to the necessity 
 of making a Declaration of Independence. We can no longer pre- 
 serve our freedom and continue the connection with her. With 
 safety we can appeal to Heaven for the necessity, propriety, and 
 rectitude of such a measure. 
 
 * At that time Governor of Virginia. t The ' explanatory Resolve' p. 130. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 145 
 
 ' The regiments fill up very slowly here. It is really discourag- 
 ing ; I fear the advantages proposed from so large an armament 
 as our establishment was to consist of, will be defeated by the 
 length of time it takes to fill the army. However, I hope for better 
 things, and pray God my expectations may not be defeated. If 
 the Congress had given a large bounty, and engaged the soldiery 
 during the war, the Continent would be much securer, and the meas- 
 ures cheaper in the end. 
 
 ' The wisest may sometimes err. To profit rightly by past evils 
 
 is the only right use that can be made of former misfortunes. God 
 
 grant that our future measures may be so taken, as to render our 
 
 success equal to our wishes.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 50. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 24 December, 1775. 
 
 * Dear Sir, — Your favors of the 15th instant came yesterday to 
 hand, with copies and extracts of your late letters to Congress. I 
 have with great attention perused them. I am very sorry to find 
 by several paragraphs, that both you and General Montgomery in- 
 cline to quit the service. Let me ask you, Sir, when is the time 
 for brave men to exert themselves in the cause of liberty and their 
 country, if this is not? Should any difficulties, that they have to 
 encounter at this important crisis, deter them? God knows, there 
 is not a difficulty, that you both very justly complain of, which I 
 have not in an eminent degree experienced, that I am not every 
 day experiencing; but we must bear up against them, and make 
 the best of mankind as they are, since we cannot have them as we 
 wish. 
 
 ' Let me, therefore, conjure you and Mr. Montgomery to lay aside 
 such thoughts, — thoughts injurious to yourselves, and extremely 
 so to your country, which calls aloud for gentlemen of your 
 abilities. 
 
 ' You mention in your letter to Congress of the 20lh ultimo, that 
 the clothing was to remain at Albany, as General Montgomery 
 would provide the troops in Canada. I wish they could be spared 
 for this army, for we cannot get clothing for half of our troops. Let 
 me hear from you on this subject as soon as possible. # * 
 
 ' I hope soon to hear that Colonel Knox has made good pro- 
 gress in forwarding the artillery. It is much wanted for the works 
 we have lately thrown up.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 209. 
 
 Colonel Knox to General Washington. 
 
 ' Head of Lake George, 17 December, 1775. 
 ' I returned from Ticonderoga to this place on the loth instant, 
 and brought with me the cannon, it having taken nearly the time I 
 
140 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 conjectured it would to transport them hither. It is not easy to 
 conceive the difficulties we have had in getting ihenaover the Lake, 
 owing to the advanced season of the year and contrary winds. 
 Three days ago, it was very uncertain whether we could get them 
 over until next spring ; but now, please God, they shall go. I have 
 made forty-two exceedingly strong sleds, and have provided eighly 
 yoke of oxen to drag them as far as Springtield, where I shall get 
 fresh cattle to take them to Camp.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 211. Note. 
 
 General Washington to Joseph Reed. 
 
 * Cambridge, 25 December, 1775. 
 'Dear Sir, — At the same time that I thank you for stopping 
 visiters in search of preferment, it will give me pleasure to show 
 civilities to others of your recommendation. 
 
 w ^ ^ 9r> ^ w 
 
 ' I do not very much understand a paragraph in your letter, 
 which seems to be taken from mine to Colonel Hancock, [Presi- 
 dent of Congress,] expressive of the unwillingness of the Connec- 
 ticut troops to be deemed Continental. There is no expression in 
 any of my letters that I can either recollect or find, that has a ten- 
 dency that way; further than their unwillingness to have officers of 
 other governments mixed in their corps, in which they are not sin- 
 gular, as the same partiality runs through the whole. I have in 
 some measure anticipated the desires of the Connecticut delegates, 
 by a kind of representation to each of the New England govern- 
 ments of the impracticability of raising our complement of men by 
 voluntary enlistments, and submitting to their consideration, wheth- 
 er, if the powers of government are sufficiently coercive, each town 
 should not be called upon for a proportionate number of recruits. 
 What they will do in the matter remains to be known. The m.i- 
 litia who have supplied the places of the Connecticut regiments, 
 behave much better than I expected they would under our want 
 of wood, barracks, and blankets. * * * 
 
 * Our want of powder is inconceivable. A daily waste and no 
 supply present a gloomy prospect. * # # 
 
 ' I am so much indebted for the civilities shown to Mrs. Washing- 
 ton, on her journey hither, that I hardly know how to acknowledge 
 them.' 
 
 Ibid, p. 214. 
 
 Same to Richard Henry Lee. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 26 December, 1775. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 6lh instant did not reach this 
 
 place till Saturday afternoon. The money which accompanied it, 
 
 came seasonably, but not, as it was so long delayed, qvantum 
 
 suJwUj Qur deraauds at tJiis time bieiog peculiarly great for pay aud 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 147 
 
 advance to the troops ; pay for their arms and blanketing, inde- 
 pendent of the demands of the Commissary and Quartermaster- 
 General. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' My letters to Congress will give you the occuiTences of this 
 place. I need not repeat them, but 1 must beg of you, my good 
 Sir, to use your influence in having a Court of Admiralt//, or some 
 power appointed to hear and determine all matters relative to cap- 
 tures; you cannot conceive how I am plagued on this head, and 
 how impossible it is for me to hear and determine upon matters of 
 this sort, when the facts perhaps are only to be ascertained at ports, 
 forty, fifty, or more miles distant, without bringing the parties here 
 at great trouble and expense. At any rate, my time will not allow 
 me to be a competent judge of this business. I must also beg the 
 favor of you, to urge the necessity of appointing' a Brigadier- Gen- 
 eral, to the vacant Brigade in this army. The inconvenience we 
 daily experience for want of one is very great; much more than the 
 want of a Colonel to a regiment, for then the next oflScer in com- 
 mand does the duty ; in a brigade this may not with propriety 
 happen, and seldom or never is done with any kind of regularity. 
 Perfectly indifferent is it to me, whom the Congress shall please to 
 appoint to these offices ; I only want it done, that business may go 
 regularly on.' 
 
 Life of R. H. Lee, vol. ii. p. 8, Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 216. 
 
 General Greene to Governor Ward, in Congress. 
 
 ' Prospect Hill, December 31, 1775. 
 
 ' You entreat the general officers to recommend to the Congress 
 the giving of a bounty. But his Excellency, General Washington, 
 has often assured us, that the Congress ivould not give a bounty, and 
 before they would give a bounty, they would give up the dispute. 
 
 ' The cement between the Northern and Southern Colonies is 
 not very strong, if forty thousand lawful, will induce the Congress 
 to give us up. Although I do not imagine that the necessity of 
 allowing a bounty would have broken the Union, yet it was a suffi- 
 cient intimation, that the bare mention was disagreeable. Can you 
 think lue should hesitate a moment to recommend a bounty, if we 
 thought mirselves at liberty to do so ? We should then have an 
 opportunity of picking the best men, filling the army soon, keeping 
 up a proper discipline, and preserving good order and government 
 in camp ; while we are now obliged to relax the very sinews of 
 military government, and give a latitude of indulgence to the sol- 
 diery incompatible with security of either camp or country. What 
 reason have you to think that a proposition of that sort, if it came 
 recommended by the general officers, would be acceded to by the 
 Congress? • • • * # 
 
148 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' The Congress cannot suppose that the Generals are better ac- 
 quainted with the temper and genius of this people, than the Dele- 
 gates are from these Provinces; and why they should refuse to 
 hear you, and not us, I cannot imagine. 
 
 ' A good politician' will always have an eye to economy, but to 
 form an extensive plan, and not provide the means for carrying it 
 into execution, betrays either a defect in counsel, or want of resolu- 
 tion to prosecute. 
 
 ' There is nothing that will encourage our enemies, both external 
 and internal, like the difficulties we meet in raising a new army. 
 If ive had given a good bounty and raised the troops speedily, it 
 tvould have struck the Ministry with astonishment to see that four 
 Colonies could raise such an army in so short a time. 27tey could 
 not expect to conquer a people so united, firm, and resolutely deter- 
 mined to defend their rights and privileges. 
 
 '■ But, from the difficulties we meet ivith, the confusion and disorder 
 we are in, the large number of the soldiers who are going home, 
 our enemies will draw a conclusion that ice are like a rope of 
 sand, and that loe shall soon break to pieces. God grant it may 
 not be the case. 
 
 *M. M. ^t, M. M. M. 
 
 ^ •?? "TT* •7^ •K' •ft* 
 
 ' The current sentiment in the New England Colonies generally 
 favors opposition ; but if the distresses of the people are multiplied, 
 their opinion may change. They will naturally look back upon 
 their former happy situation, and contrast that with their present 
 worse condition; and conclude that the source of all their misery 
 originates in their dispute with Great Britain. * #. 
 
 ' What signifies our being frightened at the expense ? If we suc- 
 ceed, we gain all ; but if ice are conquered, ive lose all ; not only 
 our present possessions, but all our future labors will be appropri- 
 ated to the support of a haughty, proud, insolent set of puppies, ^^ho^e 
 greatest merit with the Crown will be, to render the people as com- 
 pletely humble as possible. 
 
 ' I agree with yon, that Congress should embody seventy thou- 
 sand men — all the troops raised in the different Colonies to be 
 upon Continental pay, and where there are any stationed for the 
 protection of any particular Province, to be considered as a detach- 
 ment from the grand army, and all in every Province to be subject 
 to the Commander-in-Chief, and at his disposal and discretion. A 
 body of troops in each Colony would support the spirited, confirm 
 the weak and wavering, and awe our oppressors into submission. 
 
 ' You complain and say the New England Colonies ar3 treated 
 ill. Why are they treated so ? You think there ought to have 
 been a bounty given. The Congress always had it in their power 
 to give a bounty if they pleased. Why were not the New England 
 delegates sent to establish the plan for the constitution of the new 
 army ? Why wtire straugers ^ent at eo critical a pieriod ? History 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 149 
 
 does not afford so dangerous a measure as that of disbanding an 
 old army and forming a new one within point-blank shot of the 
 enemy. ***** 
 
 ' From whence originates that groundless jealousy of the Now 
 England Colonies? I believe there is nothing more remote from 
 their thoughts than designs unfavorable to the equal rights of the 
 other Colonies. For my own part, I abhor the thoughts, and can- 
 not help thinking it highly injurious to the New England people, 
 who ever have been distinguished for their justice and moderation. 
 I mentioned this subject to Mr. Lynch and Colonel Harrison,* who 
 assured me there was no such sentiment in Congress, nor among 
 the Southern inhabitants of any respectability. I am sorry to find 
 they were mistaken. It grieves me that such jealousies should 
 prevail.! If they are nourished, they will sooner or later sap the 
 foundation of the Union. * * * God in mercy 
 
 avert so dreadful an evil! How unhappy it is for the interests of 
 America, that such Colonial prejudices should prevail, and partial 
 motives influence her councils I The interests of one Colony are no 
 ways incompatible with the interests of another. We have all one 
 common interest, and one common wish to be free from Parlia- 
 mentary jurisdiction and taxation. The different climates and pro- 
 duce of the Colonies will ever preserve a harmony amongst them 
 by an active trade and commerce. * * * 
 
 ' This is the last day of the old enlisted soldiers' service. Noth- 
 ing but confusion and disorder reign. We are obliged to retain 
 their guns. They are prized, and the owners paid. * * 
 
 This is looked upon to be both tyrannical and unjust. I am very 
 sorry that necessity forces his Excellency to adopt any measure 
 disagreeable to the people.^ But the army cannot be provided for 
 in any other way; and those we do obtain are very indifferent; 
 generally without bayonets and of different bores. Twenty thou- 
 sand troops with such arms, are not equal in an engagement to 
 fifteen thousand with such arms as the King's troops are equipped 
 with.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 45. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 31 December, 1775. 
 ' Sir, — I wrote you on the 25th instant, since which I am not 
 honored with any of your favors. The estimate I then enclosed to 
 you, was calculated to pay the troops up to the 1st of January. 
 That cannot be done for want of funds in the Paymaster-Generars 
 hands, which causes a great murmuring amongst those who are 
 going off. The monthly expenses of this army amount to near 
 
 * Two members of the Committee of Conference, who had been at the Camp in 
 October; the former from South Carolina, the latter from Virginia, 
 t See letter and note, p. 116. 
 } See Resolve of Congress, p. 120 ; and letter, &c., p. 154. 
 
150 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars, which I take the 
 liberty of recommending to the observation of Congress, that their 
 future reraitlances may be governed thereby. 
 
 •^ r?F ^P ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ' I have long had it on my mind to mention to Congress, that 
 frequent applications had been made to me respecting the Chap- 
 lain's pay, which is too small to encourage men of abilities. Some 
 of them who have left their flocks, are obliged to pay the parson 
 acting for them more than they receive. I need not point out the 
 great utility of gentlemen, whose lives and conversation are unex- 
 ceptionable, being employed for that service in this army. There 
 are two ways of making it worth the attention of such ; one is an 
 advancement of their pay ; the other, that one Chaplain be appoint- 
 ed to two regiments. This last I think may be done without in- 
 convenience. I beg leave to recommend the matter to Congress, 
 whose sentiments hereon I shall impatiently expect.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 67. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 218. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 4 January, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Since my last of the 31st ultimo, I have been honored 
 with your favor of the 22d, enclosing sundry Resolves, which shall, 
 in matters they respect, be made the rule of my conduct. T/ie 
 Resolution relative to the troops in Boston* I beg the favor of you, 
 Sir, to assure Congress, shall be attempted to be put in execution the 
 first moment I see a probability of success, a7id in such a V)ay as a 
 council of officers shall think most likely to produce it; but if this 
 should not happen as soon as you may expect, or my wishes 
 prompt, I request that Congress ivill be pleased to advert to my sit- 
 nation, and do me the justice to believe, that circumstances, and 
 not ivant of inclination, are the cause of delay. 
 
 ' It is not in the pages of history, perhaps, to furnish a case like 
 ours. To maintain a Post within mitsket shot of the enemy for 
 six months tog-ether, without f, and at the same time to dis- 
 band one army and recruit another, within that distance of twenty- 
 odd British regiments, is more probably, than ever ivas attempted. 
 But if we succeed as ivell in the last as ive have heretofore in the 
 first, I shall think it the most fortunate event of my ivhole life. * * 
 
 * As it is possible you may not yet have received his Majesty's 
 " most gracious " speech, I do myself the honor to enclose one of 
 many which were sent out of Boston yesterday. It is full of rancor 
 and resentment against us, and explicitly holds forth his royal will 
 to be, that vigorous measures must be pursued, to deprive us of our 
 constitutional rights and liberties. These measures, whatever they 
 be, I hope will be opposed by more vigorous ones, and rendere4 
 
 * Resolution of December 22d, p. 143. t Powder, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 151 
 
 unavailing and fruitless, though sanctioned and authorized by the 
 name of Majesty, a name which ought to promote the happiness 
 of his people, and not their oppression. I am, Sir, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 70. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 221. 
 
 Same to Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 4 January, 1776. 
 
 ♦ Dear Sir, — We are at length favored with a sight of his Maj- 
 esty's " mofft gracious " speech, breathing sentiments of tenderness 
 and compassion for his deluded American subjects ; the ecHo is 
 not yet come to hand ; but we know what it must be, and as Lord 
 North said, and we ought to have believed and acted accordingly, we 
 now know the ultimatum of British justice. The speech I send you. 
 A volume of them was sent out by the Boston gentry, and, farcical 
 enough, we gave greafjoy to them, without knowing or intending 
 it ; for on that day, the day which gave being to the new army, but 
 before the proclamation came to hand, we had hoisted the Union 
 Flag in compliment to the United Colonies. But behold, it was 
 received in Boston as a token of the deep impression the speech 
 had made upon us, and as a signal of submission. So we hear by 
 a person out of Boston last night. By this time I presume they 
 begin to think it strange, that we have not made a formal surren- 
 der of our lines. ***** 
 
 ' It is easier to conceive than to describe the situation of my mind 
 for some time past, and my feelings under our present circum- 
 stances. Search the volumes of history through, and I much ques- 
 tion whether a case similar to ours is to be found ; namely, to 
 maintain a Post against the flower of the British troops for six 
 months together, without powder, and then to have one army dis- 
 banded and another to be raised within the same distance of a re- 
 inforced enemy. It is too much to attempt. What may be the 
 final issue of the last manoeuvre, time only can unfold. I wish 
 this month was well over our heads. The same desire of retiring 
 into a chimney-corner seized the troops of New Hampshire, Rhode 
 Island, and Massachusetts, as had wrought upon those of Connec- 
 ticut, notwithstanding many of them made a tender of their servi- 
 ces to continue till the lines should be sufficiently strengthened. 
 We are now left with a good deal less than half-raised regiments, 
 and about five thousand militia, who only stand engaged till the 
 middle of this month ; when, according to custom, they will de- 
 part, let the necessity of their stay be ever so urgent. Thus, for 
 more than two months past, I have scarcely emerged from one 
 difficulty before I have been plunged into another. 
 
 ' How it will end, God in his great goodness will direct. I am 
 
 thankful for His protection to this time. We are told that we shall 
 
 soon get the army completed, but I have been told so many things 
 
 which have never come to pass, that I distrust every thing. * * 
 
 30 
 
152 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 * I hope the Congress will not think of adjourning at so important 
 and critical a juncture as this.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 224, 
 
 Same to Governor Cooke. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 6 January, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I received your favor of the 1st instant, and return you 
 my thanks for the blankets and your promise of having more pro- 
 cured, as they are wanted. * * * 
 
 ' I am told that Captain Wallace's ships have been supplied for 
 some time by the town of Newport, on certain conditions stipu- 
 lated between him and the Committee. When this truce first ob- 
 tained, perhaps it was right. Then there might have been hopes of 
 an accommodation taking place; but now, when every prospect of 
 it seems to be cut off by his Majesty's late speech, when the throne 
 from which we had supplicated redress, breathes forth vengeance 
 and indignation, and a firm determination to remain unalterable 
 in its purposes, and to prosecute the system and plan of ruin formed 
 by the Ministry against us, should not an end be put to it, and ev- 
 ery possible method be fallen upon to prevent their getting necessa- 
 ries of any kind ? We need not expect to conquer our enemies by 
 good offices ; and I know not what pernicious consequences may 
 result from a precedent of this sort. * * * 
 
 ' I received a letter from Governor Trumbull of the 1st instant, 
 by which I am informed, that the Connecticut Assembly are very 
 unanimous in the common cause ; and among other Acts have 
 passed one for raising and equipping a fourth of their militia, to be 
 immediately selected by voluntary enlistments ; with such other 
 able, effective men, as are not included in their militia rolls, who 
 incline to enlist, to act as minute-men for the defence of their own, 
 or any of the United Colonies, and this under proper encourage- 
 ments ; — another Act for restraining persons inimical to us; * 
 * * * * none to write, speak, or act against 
 
 the Proceedings of Congress, or their Acts of Assembly, under 
 penalty of being disarmed, and disqualified for holding any office, 
 and be further punished by imprisonment; another Act for seizing 
 and confiscating for the use of the Colony, the estates of those put- 
 ting or continuing to shelter themselves under the protection of the 
 Ministerial fleet or army, or assisting them in carrying on their 
 measures against us ; * * * * * an Act 
 
 exempting the polls of soldiers from taxes, for the last and ensuing 
 campaigns ; — another for encouraging the making of saltpetre and 
 gunpowder. ***** 
 
 ' They have also passed an Act empovjering the Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Continental army^ or officers commanding a detach- 
 ment, or outposts, to administer an oath and swear any person or 
 persons to the truth of matters relative to the public service. Th^ 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 153 
 
 situation of our affairs seems to call for regulations like these, and 
 I should think the other Colonies ought to adopt similar ones, or 
 such of them as they have not already made. Vigorous ones, and 
 such as at another time would appear extraordinary, are now be- 
 come absolutely necessary, for preserving our country against the 
 strides of tyranny making against it.' , 
 
 Ibid. p. 227. 
 
 Same to Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 14 January, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — The bearer presents an opportunity to me of 
 acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 30th ultimo, which 
 never came to my hands till last night, and, if I have not done it 
 before, of your other letter of the 23d preceding. 
 
 ' The hints you have communicated from time to time not only 
 deserve, but do most sincerely and cordially meet with my thanks. 
 You cannot render a more acceptable service, nor in my estimation 
 give a more convincing proof of your friendship, than by a free, 
 open, and undisguised account of every matter relative to myself 
 or conduct. 
 
 ' I can bear to hear of imputed or real errors. The man who 
 wishes to stand well in the opinion of others, must do this ; be- 
 cause he is thereby enabled to correct his faults, or remove the 
 prejudices which are imbibed against him. For this reason, I shall 
 thank you for giving me the opinions of the world, upon such 
 points as you know me to be interested in ; for, as I have but one 
 capital object in view, I could wish to make my conduct coincide 
 with the wishes of mankind, as far as I can consistently ; I mean, 
 without departing from that great line of duty, which, though hid 
 under a cloud for some time, from a peculiarity of circumstances, 
 may nevertheless bear a scrutiny. 
 
 ' My constant attention to the great and perplexing objects, which 
 continually rise to my view, absorbs all lesser considerations, and 
 indeed scarcely allows me to reflect, that there is such a body in 
 existence as the General Court of this Colony, but when I am re- 
 minded of it by a Committee ; nor can I, upon recollection, discover 
 in what instances (I wish they would be more explicit) I have 
 been inattentive to, or slighted them. They could not, surely, con- 
 ceive that there was a propriety in unbosoming the secrets of an 
 army to them ; that it was necessary to ask their opinion of throw- 
 ing up an intrenchment, or forming a battalion. It must, therefore, 
 be what I before hinted to you ; and how to remedy it I hardly 
 know, as I am acquainted with few of the members, never go out of 
 my own lines, nor see any of them in them. 
 
 ' I am exceedingly sorry to hear, that your little fleet has' been 
 shut in by the frost. I hope it has sailed ere this, and given you 
 Bome proof of the utility of it, a/nd enabled the Congress to bestow a. 
 
154 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 little more attention to the affairs of this army, which suffers exceed- 
 ingly by their overmuch business, or too little attention to it. 
 
 ' We are noiv ivithout any 7no7iey in our treasury, powder in our 
 magazines, or arms in our stores. We are ivithout a Brigadier, {the 
 want of luhom has been twenty times urged,) Engineers, Expresses, 
 {though a committee has been appointed these tivo months to estab- 
 lish them,*) and by-and-by, when ive shall be called upon to take the 
 field, shall not have a tent to lie in. * * * 
 
 ' These are evils, but small in comparison of those which disturb 
 my present repose. Our enlistments are at a stand ; the fears I 
 ever entertained are realized ; * * * 
 
 ' In the two last weeks we have enlisted but about a thousand 
 men ; whereas I was confidently led to believe, by all the officers I 
 conversed with, that we should by this time have had the regiments 
 nearly completed. Our total number upon paper amounts to about 
 ten thousand five hundred ; but as a large portion of these are re- 
 turned not joined, I never expect to receive them ; as an ineffectual 
 order has once issued to call them in. Another is now gone 
 forth, peremptorily requiring all officers under pain of being cash- 
 iered, and recruits of being treated as deserters, to join their re- 
 spective regiments by the 1st day of next month, that I may know 
 my real strength ; but if my fears are not imaginary, I shall have a 
 dreadful account of the advanced month's pay. In consequence of 
 the assurances given, and my expectation of having at least men 
 enough enlisted to defend our lines, to which may be added my 
 unwillingness to burthen the cause with unnecessary expense, no 
 relief of militia has been ordered in, to supply the places of those 
 who are released from their engagements to-morrow, and as to 
 whom, though many have promised to continue out the month, 
 there is no security for their stay. 
 
 ' Thus am I situated with respect to men. With regard to arms 
 I am yet worse off". Before the dissolution of the old army, I issued 
 an order directing three judicious men of each brigade to attend, 
 r-eview, and appraise the good arms of every regiment ; f and finding 
 a very great unwillingness in the men to part with their arms, at 
 the same time not having it in my power to pay them for the 
 months of November and December, I threatened severely, that 
 every soldier, who should carry away his firelock without leave, 
 should never receive pay for those months ; yet so many have been 
 carried off, partly by stealth, but chiefly as condemned, that we have 
 not at this time one hundred guns in the stores, of all that have 
 been taken in the prize ship and from the soldiery, notwithstanding 
 our regiments are not half complete. At the same time I am told, 
 and believe it, that to restrain the enlistment to men with arms, you 
 
 * See that appointment, Dec. 2, p. 143. 
 
 t According to a Resolve of Congress, Nov. 4, p. 120. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 155 
 
 will get but few of the former, and still fewer of the latter, which 
 would be good for any thing. 
 
 ' How to get furnished I know not. I have applied to this and 
 the neighboring Colonies, but with what success time only can 
 tell. The rejiection on my situation^ and that of this army^ produces 
 many an unhappy hour ivhen all around me are wrapped in sleep. 
 Few people know the predicament we are in on a thousand ac- 
 counts ; and fewer still will believe, if any disaster happens to 
 these lines, from what cause it flows. / have often thought how 
 much happier I should have been, if, instead of accepting the com- 
 mand under such circumstances, I had taken my musket on my shoul- 
 der and entered the ranks ; or, if I could have justified the tneasure 
 to posterity and my own conscience, had retired to the back country, 
 and lived in a ivigivam. If I shall be able to rise superior to these 
 and many other difficulties which might be enumerated, I shall 
 religiously believe that the finger of Providence is in it, to blind the 
 eyes of our enemies ; for surely if we get well through this month, it 
 must be for want of their knowing the disadvantages we labor under. 
 
 vP TV ^ vF 
 
 * But as this letter discloses some interesting truths, I shall be 
 somewhat uneasy until I hear it gets to your hands. * * 
 
 ' / despatched General Lee a few days ago,* in order to secure 
 the city of Neiu York from falling into their hands, as the conse- 
 quences of such a blow might prove fatal to our interests. He is 
 also to inquire a little into the conduct of the Long-Islanders, and 
 such others as have, by their conduct and declarations, proved 
 themselves inimical to the common cause. # # 
 
 ' To effect these purposes, he is to raise volunteers in Connecti- 
 cut, and call upon the troops of New Jersey, if not contrary to any 
 
 order of Congress. 
 
 * * * * 1^ * * 
 
 ' I should think the Congress will not, ought not, to adjourn at 
 this important crisis. But it is highly necessary, when I am at the 
 end of the second sheet of paper, that I should adjourn my account 
 of matters to another letter.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 237. 
 
 It is probably recollected, that June 22d, Congress appointed eight Brigadier- Gene- 
 rals ; t the first of whom, Mr. Pomroy, left the service and thereby caused a vacancy, be- 
 fore General Washington arrived at Cambridge. The importance of filling that 
 vacancy is sufficiently explained and urged, in the General's letters to Congress, July 
 20, Aug. 4, 31, Nov. 2; to R. H. Lee, Dec. 26, and in this last; pp. 101, 104, 108,121, 147. 
 
 Adding to these, all his communications to the Committee of Conference and other 
 Members of Congress, in the more than six months the vacancy continued, he had 
 urged it, probably the number of times mentioned in the above letter. 
 
 The Journals of Congress during the time, are believed to showr only the following 
 proceedings on the subject. 
 
 Secret Journal. '■ September 21. The Congress proceeded to 
 the election of a Brigadier- General ; and the ballots being exam- 
 
 * General Washington's Instructions to General Lee were dated Jan. 8th. 
 t See page 72. 
 
156 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ined, it was found that Colonel Armstrong and Colonel Frye had 
 an equal number of votes.' 
 
 Public Journal. ^September 20. Resolved, That the appoint- 
 ment of a Brigxidier- General be deferred till to-morrow. 
 
 '■September 21. Resolved, That the appointment of a Brigadier- 
 General be deferred. 
 
 ''November 13. Resolved, That Thursday, the 23d instant, be 
 assigned for electing a Brigadier- General. 
 
 '■January 9, 1776. Resolved, That to-morrow be assigned for 
 the choice of two Brigadier- Generals, viz., one for the army in 
 Massachusetts-Bay, and the other for the army in the Northern 
 department. 
 
 ^January 10. Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress 
 proceeded to the election of two Brigadier- Generals, and the bal- 
 lots being taken and examined, Joseph Frye, Esq. was elected for 
 the army in the Massachusetts-Bay, Benedict Arnold, Esq. for the 
 army in the Northern department.' 
 
 General Schuyler to General Washington. 
 
 , 5 January, 1776. 
 
 ' I have already informed you of the disagreeable situation I 
 have been in during the campaign; but I would waive that, were 
 it not that it has chiefly arisen from prejudice and jealousy; for I 
 could point out particular persons of rank in the army, who have 
 frequently declared, that the General commanding in this qTiarter, , 
 ought to be of the Colony from whence the majority of the troops 
 came. But it is not from opinions or principles of individuals that 
 I have drawn the following conclusion, that troops from the Colony 
 of Connecticut will not bear with a General from another Colony ; 
 it is from the daily and common conversation of all ranks of people 
 from that Colony, both in and out of the army. And I assure you, 
 that I sincerely lament that people of so much public virtue shoidd 
 be actuated by such an unbecoming jealousy, founded on such a 
 narrow principle ; a principle extremely unfriendly to our righteous 
 cause, as it tends to alienate the affections of numbers in this Col- 
 ony, in spite of the most favorable constructions, that prudent men, 
 and real Americans amongst us attempt to put upon it. And al- 
 though I frankly avoiv, that I feel a resentment, yet I shall continue 
 to sacrifice it to a nobler object — the iveal of that country in which 
 I have drawn the breath of life, resolved ever to seek with un- 
 wearied assiduity for opportunities to fidfil my duty to it.'' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, p. 243. Note. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 16 January, 1776. 
 * Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 5th instant, enclosing copies of 
 General Montgomery's and General Wooster's letters, I received ; 
 for which I return you my thanks. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 157 
 
 * It was from a full conviction of your zealous attachment to the 
 cause of our country, and abilities to serve it, that I have repeatedly 
 pressed your continuance in command ; and it is with much con- 
 cern, Sir, that I find you have reason to think your holding the 
 place you do, will be of prejudice and incompatible with its 
 interest. 
 
 ' As you are of this opinion, the part you are inclined to take is 
 certainly generous and noble. But will the good consequences 
 you intend, be derived from it ? I greatly fear they will not. I 
 shall leave the matter to yourself, in full confidence, that in what- 
 ever sphere you move, your exertions for your country's weal will 
 not be wanting. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' I confess I am much concerned for General Montgomery and 
 Colonel Arnold ; and the consequences which will result from their 
 miscarriage, should it happen, are very alarming ; I fear, no less 
 fatal than you mention. * # * # 
 
 * I am much pleased that the artillery was likely to be got over 
 the river, and am in hopes that Colonel Knox will arrive with it in 
 a few days. It is much wanted.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 243. 
 
 Same to the General Court of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 16 January, 1776. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, — Your several Resolves, in consequence of my 
 letters, have been presented to me by a Committee of your honora- 
 ble body. I thank you for the assurances of being zealously dis- 
 posed to do every thing in your power to facilitate the recruiting 
 of the American army; and, at the same time I assure you that I 
 do not entertain a doubt of the truth of it, I must beg leave to add, 
 that I conceive yon have mistaken the meaning of my letter of the 
 tenths if yon suppose it ever ivas my idea, that you should offer a 
 bounty at the separate expense of this Colony. 
 
 ' It was not clear to me, but that some coercive measures might 
 be used on this as on former occasions, to draft men to complete 
 the regiments upon the Continental establishment. But as this is 
 thought unadvisable, I shall rely on your recommending to the Se- 
 lectmen and Committees of Correspondence to exert themselves in 
 their several towns, to promote the enlistments for the American 
 army. 
 
 ' In the meaniohile, as there is no appearance of this service going 
 on but slowly, and it is necessary to have a respectable body of 
 troops here as soon as possible, to act as circumstances shall re- 
 quire, I must beg' thai you vnll order tw, with as much expedition as 
 the nature of the case will admit, seven regiments^ agreeably to the 
 establishment of this army, to continue in service till the \st of 
 Aprils if required. 
 
158 PEOCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 'You will be pleased to direct, that the men come provided with 
 good arms, blankets, kettles for cooking, and if possible with twen- 
 ty rounds of powder and ball. ^ * # 
 
 ' I beg leave to return my thanks for the kind offer of fifty thou- 
 sand pounds for the Continental use.'' 
 
 Ibid. p. 246. 
 
 Same to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 18 January, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — I received your favor of the 13th instant, with its 
 enclosures, and am heartily sorry and most sincerely condole with 
 you upon the fall of the brave and worthy Montgomery, and- 
 those gallant officers and men, who have experienced a like fate. 
 
 ' In the death of this gentleman, America has sustained a heavy 
 loss, having approved himself a steady friend to her rights, and of 
 ability to render her the most essential services. * * 
 
 ' It would give me the greatest pleasure, if I could be the happy 
 means of relieving our fellow- citizens now in Canada, and pre- 
 venting the Ministerial troops from exulting long, and availing 
 themselves of the advantages arising from this repulse. But it is 
 not in my 'power. Since the dissolution of the old army, the pro- 
 gress in raising recruits for the new has been so very slow and in- 
 considerable, that five thousand militia have been called in for the 
 defence of our lines. A great part of these have gone home -again, 
 and the rest have been induced to stay with the utmost difficulty 
 and persuasion, though their going would render the holding of the 
 lines truly precarious and hazardous, in case of an attack. In short, 
 I have not a man to spare. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' The loss of the brave Montgomery will ever be remembered. 
 It gives me pleasure to find, that you will continue in service, and 
 afford your assistance to relieve your country from the distresses, 
 which at present threaten her in the North.' 
 
 Ibid, p. 248. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 19 January, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Taking it for granted, that General Schuyler has not 
 only informed you of the fall of the brave and much to be lament- 
 ed General Montgomery, but of the situation of our affairs in 
 Canada, * -* -y? I shall not take up more of your 
 
 time on this subject. # # # * 
 
 ' It may appear strange. Sir, as I had not men to spare from 
 these lines, that I should presume, without first sending to Con- 
 gress, and obtaining an express direction, to recommend to the 
 governments of Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Hampshire, 
 to raise each a regiment, on the Continental account, for this ser-- 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 159 
 
 vice. I wish most ardently, that the urgency of the case would 
 have admitted of the delay. I vi^ish, also, that the purport of Gen- 
 eral Schuyler's letter had not, unavoidably as it were, laid me under 
 an indispensable obligation to do it ; for, having informed you in 
 his letter, a copy of which he enclosed me, of his dependence on 
 this quarter for men, I thought you might also have some reliance 
 on my exertions. This consideration, added to my fears of the 
 fatal consequences of delay, to an information of your having de- 
 signed three thousand men for Canada, to a belief founded chiefly 
 on General Schuyler's letters, that few or none of them were raised, 
 and to my apprehensions for New York, which led me to think, 
 that no troops could be spared from that quarter, induced me to 
 lose not a moment's time in throwing in a force there ; being well 
 assured, that General Carleton will improve to the utmost the ad- 
 vantages gained, leaving no artifices untried to fix in his interest the 
 Canadians and Indians, who, we find, are too well disposed to take 
 part with the strongest. 
 
 ' If these reasons are not sufficient to justify my conduct in the 
 opinion of Congress, if the measure contravenes any Resolution of 
 theirs, they will please to countermand the levying and marching 
 of the regiments as soon as possible, and do me the justice to be- 
 lieve, that my intentions were good if my judgment has erred.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 76. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 251. 
 
 General Washington to General Lee, at New York. 
 
 ' Cambridge, January 23, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I received your favor of the 16th instant, and am ex- 
 ceedingly soiTy to hear, that Congress countermanded the embarka- 
 tion of the two regiments intended against the Tories on Long 
 Island. They, I doubt not, had their reasons ; but to me it ap- 
 pears, that the period is arrived, when nothing less than the most 
 decisive and vigorous measures should be pursued. Our enemies 
 from the other side of the Atlantic, will be sufficiently numerous ; 
 it highly concerns us to have as few internal ones as possible. 
 
 ' In consequence of the melancholy reverse of our affairs in Can- 
 ada, an application was made to me for succor, and happy should 
 I have been, if the situation of this army would have afforded it. 
 All I could do was to lay the matter before this and the govern- 
 ments of Connecticut and New Hampshire. * * « 
 
 ' I shall be much obliged by your pressing Colonel McDougall 
 to forward the shells mentioned in his letter of the 2d instant, as 
 they are much wanted, and also to spare me some powder if he 
 possibly can. ***** 
 
 * The progress in raising recruits for the new army being very 
 slow, I have applied to this Colony, Connecticut and New Hamp- 
 shire, for ten regiments of militia, to continue in service till the 1st 
 
160 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 of April next, which they have granted me. As soon as they 
 come in, and I can gel provided with proper means, I am deter- 
 mined to attempt something. * * * 
 ' Within a few days past several persons have come out of Bos- 
 ton. They all agree that General Clinton is gone upon some ex- 
 pedition. Some say he has between four and five hundred men, 
 others, part of two regiments. * * His destination must be 
 south of this, and very probably to New York. I thought it neces- 
 sary to give you this information, that you may be on your guard.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 255. 
 
 Same to Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 23 January, 1776. 
 • Dear Sir, — Real necessity compels me to ask you, whether I 
 may entertain any hopes of your returning to my family. * 
 
 * * Mr. Harrison * is the only gentleman of my family, 
 that can afford me the least assistance in writing. He and Mr. 
 Moylen, whose time must now be solely employed in his depart- 
 ment of Commissary, have heretofore afforded me aid. * * 
 
 ' My distress and embarrassment are in a way of being consider- 
 bly increased by an occurrence in Virginia, which will, I fear, com- 
 pel Mr. Harrison to leave me, or suffer considerably by his stay. 
 
 * * If he should go, I shall really be distressed be- 
 yond measure, as I know no persons able to supply your places, 
 in this part of the world, with whom I would choose to live in un- 
 bounded confidence. 
 
 ' The business, as I hinted to you before, is considerably in- 
 creased, by being more comprehensive, and at this time perplexed 
 by the great changes which are happening every day ; so that you 
 would want a good writer and a methodical man, as an assistant, 
 or copying clerk. * * At present my time is so much 
 
 taken up at my desk, that I am obliged to neglect many other es- 
 sential parts of my duty. It is absolutely necessary, therefore, to 
 have persons that can think for me, as well as execute orders. As 
 it may be essential that the pay of the under-secretary should be 
 fixed, that you may, if you incline to return and should engage one, 
 know what to promise him, I have written to Colonel Harrison and 
 Mr. Lynch on the subject. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 257. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, January 24, 1776. 
 '/ shall take the liberty of recommending the expediency, in- 
 deed the absolute necessity, of appointing; Jit and proper persons to 
 
 * The gentleman.referred to. Mr. Robert Hanson Harrison, a lawyer of Alexandria, 
 succeeded Colonel Reed, as Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief. He discharged 
 faithfully and ably the duties of that station till 1781, when he relinquished that, to 
 accept the office of Chief .lusticp in the Supreme Court of Maryland 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 161 
 
 settle the accounts of this army. To do it with precision requires 
 time, care and attention. The longer it is left undone, the more 
 intricate they will be, the more liable to error, and difficult to ex- 
 plain and rectify. * * * * 
 ' Having met with no encouragement from the governments of 
 Massachusetts and New Hampshire, as to my application for arms, 
 and expecting no better from Connecticut and Rhode Island, I 
 have, as the last expedient, sent one or two officers from each regi- 
 ment into the country, with money to try if they can buy. In 
 what manner they may succeed. Congress shall be informed as 
 
 soon as they return. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' Congress will think me a little remiss, I fear, when I inform 
 them, that I have done nothing yet towards raising the battalion of 
 marines ;* but I hope to stand exculpated froni blame, when they 
 hear the reason, which was, that already having twenty-six incom- 
 plete regiments, I thought it would be adding to an expense, al- 
 ready great, in officers, to set two entire corps of officers on foot, 
 when perhaps we should not add ten men a week by it to our 
 present numbers. In this opinion the general officers have con- 
 curred, which induced me to suspend the matter a little longer. 
 Our enlistments, for the last two weeks, have not amounted to a 
 thousand men, and are diminishing.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 78. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 258. 
 
 Same to General Schuyler. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 27 January, 1776. 
 
 ' I consider that the important period is now arrived, when the 
 Canadians, and consequently their Indians, must take a side. 
 Should any indecisive operations of ours, therefore, give the bias 
 against us, it is much easier to foresee, than to rectify, the dreadful 
 consequences, which must inevitably follow from it. I consider 
 also that the reinforcement, under the command of Colonel Warner 
 and such other spirited men as have left the western parts of the 
 New England governments, is only temporary, and may fail when 
 most wanted ; as we find it next to impossible to detain men, not 
 fast bound, in service, after they get a little tired of the duties of it, 
 and homesick. 
 
 ' These, my dear Sir, are the great outlines which govern me in 
 this affair. If Congress mark them as strongly as I do, they will 
 not wish to starve the cause at so critical a period. If they think 
 differently, they will direct accordingly, and I must stand corrected 
 
 for the error my zeal has led me into. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ' I congratulate you upon the success of your expedition into 
 
 * In relation to the Marines, the reader may recollect the Resolves, letters, &c,, 
 pp. 126, 127, and 139. 
 
162 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Tryon county.* I hope General Lee will execute a work of the 
 same kind on Long Island. It is high time to begin with our in- 
 ternal foes, when we are threatened with such severity of chastise- 
 ment from our kind parent without. That the Supreme Dispenser 
 of every good may bestow health, strength, and spirit on you and 
 your army, is the fervent wish of, dear Sir, your most affectionate 
 and obedient servant.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 261. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 30 January, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — Your favors of the 6th and 20th instant, I received yes- 
 terday with the several Resolves of Congress alluded to, for which 
 I return you my thanks. Knowing the great importance Canada 
 will be of to us, in the present interesting contest, and the relief our 
 friends there stand in need of, I should be happy, were it in my 
 power, to detach a battalion from this Camp ; but it cannot be done.^ 
 On the 19th instant, I had the honor to write to you a letter, which 
 will fully convey the resolutions of a council of war, and the senti- 
 ments of the general officers here, as to the propriety and expedi- 
 ency of sending troops from these lines, for the defence of which we 
 have been and now are obliged to call in the militia ; to which I 
 beg leave to refer you. You may rest assured, that my endeavors 
 and exertions shall not be wanting, to stimulate the governments of 
 Connecticut and New Hampshire to raise and forward reinforce- 
 ments as fast as possible ; nor in any other instance that will pro- 
 mote the expedition. 
 
 *.it. ^t. .AL. M. .31. M, 
 
 ■tE' ■w 'Tp Tf- 'n* ^ 
 
 ' I shall appoint officers in the places of those who are in Can- 
 ada, as I am fully persuaded they will wish to continue there. 
 
 ^ At- ^ ^ ^ <[; ^ 
 
 ' I wish it IV as in my power to furnish Congress with such a Gen- 
 eral as they desire^ to send to Canada-X Since the unhappy reverse 
 of our affairs in that quarter, General Schuyler has informed me, 
 that, though he had thoughts of declining the service before, he would 
 noiv act. My letter of the eleventh will inform them of General 
 Lee's being at New York.\ He will be ready to obey their orders^ 
 
 * The expedition to Tryon county will be explained in the next Number. 
 
 t The Resolve alluded to. 
 
 ' In Congress, Januai-y 19, 1776. Resolved, That General Washington be requested 
 to detach from the Camp at Cambridge, one battalion, if the service there will permit 
 him to spare one, with orders to march with the greatest expedition possible to 
 Canada.' 
 
 J The Resolve here alluded to. 
 
 ' January 20. Resolved, That General Washington be desired to despatch a general 
 officer, if he can be spared from the service at Cambridge, to command the army in 
 Canada.' 
 
 § .Sn extract from that letter of Tan. 11th. — ' Sib, — Every account I have out of Bos- 
 ton confirms the embarkation of troops mentioned in my last, which, from the season 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 163 
 
 should they incline to send him ; but, if I am not greatly deceived, he 
 or some other spirited, able officer ivill be wanted there [at New York] 
 in the spring, if not sooner ; as we have undoubted intelligence 
 that General Clinton has sailed with some troops. * * 
 
 ' General Putnam is a most valuable man, and a fine executive 
 officer ; but I do not know how he would conduct in a separate 
 department. He is a younger Major- General than General Schuy- 
 ler, who, as I have observed, having determined to continue in the 
 service, ivill, I expect, repair into Canada. A copy of my letter to 
 him on this and on other subjects, I enclose to you, as it will ex- 
 plain my motives for not stopping the regiments from these gov- 
 ernments. 
 
 ' Wlien Captain Cochran arrives, I will give him every assistance 
 in my power, in obedience to the orders of Congress ; but I fear it 
 loill be the means of laying up our own vessels, as these people loill 
 not bear the distinction. Should this be the consequence, it will be 
 highly prejudicial to us, as we sometimes pick up their provision 
 vessels, and may continue to distress them in this way.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 81. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 267. 
 
 The following extracts from the Journal somewhat explain Captain Cochran's mis- 
 sion, and the grounds of the General's /ear. 
 
 In Congress. ' January 16, 1776. The delegates of South Car- 
 olina having informed the Congress, that their Colony, being in 
 want of seamen, had given orders to offer high wages to such as 
 would engage in their service, desired the advice and opinion of 
 Congress on this matter : 
 
 * Resolved, That it be referred to a committee of five. 
 
 * January 17. The committee to whom the matter of South Car- 
 olina, respecting the engaging of seamen, was referred, brought in 
 their Report, which was read. 
 
 ' January 19. The Congress took into consideration the Report 
 of the committee on the matter of South Carolina, respecting sea- 
 men, whereupon, 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended to Captain Cochran, who is 
 arrived here for the purpose of recruiting seamen, to pursue the fol- 
 lowing plan in the enlisting service, in which he is employed by 
 the Colony of South Carolina. 
 
 ' That he offer to each able-bodied seaman, the wages of eight 
 dollars per month, and that he pay to them, nine dollars bounty, 
 and upon their arrival in South Carolina, the further bounty of 
 five dollars. 
 
 ' That Captain Cochran repair immediately to the Camp at Cam- 
 
 of the year and other circumstances, must be destined for some expedition to the south- 
 ward of this. I have therefore thought it prudent to send Major-General Lee to New 
 York. I have given him letters recommendatory to Governor Trambull, and to the 
 Committee of Safety at New York.' 
 
164 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 bridge, and take the advice and direction of General Washington 
 on this affair, and proceed to enlist his seamen in such parts of 
 the country, as will be the least prejudicial to the Continental 
 service.' 
 
 General Washington to General Lee. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 30 January, 1776. 
 
 • Dear Sir, — I wrote to you the 23d instant, and then informed 
 you, that General Clinton had gone upon some expedition with 
 four or five hundred men. There is good reason to believe, that 
 Tryon has applied for some troops, and that he would join them 
 with a great number of inhabitants ; so that you will see the neces- 
 sity of your being decisive and expeditious in your operations in 
 that quarter. The Tories should be disarmed immediately. 
 
 ****** 
 
 ' Since writing the above, your favor of the 24th has come to 
 hand, with the sundry enclosures, which I have with attention pe- 
 rused, and very much approve of your conduct. I sincerely luish 
 that the letter you expect to receive from Congress may empower 
 you to act conformably to your ovm and my sentiments on this occa- 
 sion. If they should order differently., we must submit, as they 
 doubtless will have good reasons for what they may determine. 
 
 ' The Congress desire I should send an active General to Canada. 
 I fancy, when they made the demand, that they did not think General 
 Schuyler would continue hi that station, which he has given me to 
 understand, in some late letters from him, that he would. Should 
 they not approve of the New York expedition, and think another 
 General necessary for the Northern department, it is probable they 
 will fix on you to take the command there.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 273. 
 
 General Washington to Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 31 January, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — In my last, by Mr. John Adams, I communicated 
 my distresses to you on account of my want of your assistance. 
 # * * # * 
 
 ' I have now to thank you for your favors, and for the several 
 articles of intelligence which they convey. The account given of 
 your navy, at the same time that it is exceedingly unfavorable to our 
 wishes, is a little provoking to me, inasmuch as it has deprived us of 
 necessary articles, which otherwise would have been sent hither ; but 
 which a kind of fatality, I fear, will forever deprive us of. In the 
 instance of New York, we are not to receive a particle of what you 
 expected would be sent from thence. 
 
 ^ ^ % ^ 
 
 ' In my last I think I informed you of my sending General Lee 
 to New York, with the intention of securing the Tories on Long 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 165 
 
 Island, and preventing, if possible, the King's troops from making 
 a lodgment there ; hut I fear the Congress will be duped by the 
 representations from that government, or yield to them in such a 
 manner as to become marplots to the expedition. The city seems 
 to be entirely under the government of Tryon and the captain of 
 the man-of-war.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 275. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 9 February, 1776. 
 
 W ^ ^ "TV ^ 
 
 ' I beg leave to recall the attention of Congress to their appoint- 
 ing" a Commissary in these parts, to attend to the providing of nec- 
 essaries for the prisoners, who are dispersed in these Provinces. 
 Complaints are made by some of them, that they are in want of 
 bedding and many other things. * * # 
 
 ' It would save me much time and much trouble. =:t * 
 
 ' The demands of the army were so very pressing before your 
 last remittance came to hand, that I was under the necessity of 
 borrowing twenty-five thousand pounds lawful money from this 
 Province. They very cheerfully lent it, and passed a vote for as 
 much more, if required. * * # * 
 
 ' Your esteemed favor of the 29th ultimo is just come to hand. 
 
 ' It makes me very happy to find my conduct has met the ap- 
 probation of Congress.* I am entirely of your opinion, that, should 
 an accommodation take place, the terms will be severe or favora- 
 ble in proportion to our ability to resist, and that we ought to be on 
 a respectable footing to receive their armaments in the spring. But 
 how far we shall be provided with the means, is a matter I profess 
 not to know, under my present unhappy want of arms, ammuni- 
 tion, and, I may add, men, as our regiments are very incomplete. 
 The recruiting goes on very slowly, and will, I apprehend, still de- 
 cline, if for other service the men receive a bounty, and none is given 
 here. ***** 
 
 ' I was in great hopes that the Expresses resolved to be estab- 
 lished between this place and Philadelphia, ivoidd ere noiv have 
 been fixed. It would, in my opinion, rather save than increase 
 expense, as many horses are destroyed by one man coming the 
 whole way. It will certainly be more expeditious, and safer.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 90. Wash. "Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 282. 
 
 The Resolves communicated hy the 'esteemed favor of the 29th ultimo,' vi-ere the 
 following. 
 
 '■January 29, 1776. Resolved, That the application made by 
 General Washington to the governments of New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts Bay, and Connecticut, in such an exigency, to raise 
 a regiment in each of those Colonies for the service of Canada,* 
 
 * See letter, .Tan. 19, p. 158. 
 
166 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND ] 
 
 were prudent, consistent with his duty, and a farther manifestation 
 of his commendable zeal for the good of his country ; that the 
 ready attention of the said governments to those applications, and 
 the alacrity with which they undertook, and the expedition with 
 which they proceeded in the business, are additional proofs of their 
 meritorious attachment to the common cause. 
 
 ' That the three regiments to be raised in New Hampshire, Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, and Connecticut, for the service in Canada, be 
 exclusive of the thirteen intended to reinforce the army at Cam- 
 bridge.' 
 
 '■If for other service the men receice a bounty, and none is given here.'' This allusion in the 
 General's preceding letter will appear plain, after perusing the Resolves below, in ad- 
 dition to the others of the 19th, p. 163. 
 
 ^January 19, 1776. Resolved, That for the more speedy raising 
 the battalions, ordered on the 8th of January, to be raised in the 
 Colonies of New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York and Penn- 
 sylvania, for the defence of Canada, it be recommended to the 
 General Assemblies, Conventions, or Councils, or Committees of 
 Safety of those Colonies respectively, to exert their utmost en- 
 deavors in raising the said battalions, upon the same pay and sub- 
 sistence as the army at Cambridge, and to furnish them with pro- 
 visions, ammunition, and other necessaries for expediting their 
 march to Canada. And for farther encouraging the men more 
 cheerfully to enter the service of their country, to give a bounty of 
 six dollars and tivo thirds, to every able-bodied effective man prop- 
 erly clothed for the service, and having a good firelock with a 
 bayonet, and other accoutrements ; and four dollars to every soldier 
 not having the like arms and accoutrements ; the arras to be sup- 
 plied by the Colony, and the cost to be deducted out of the soldier's 
 pay ; and also to provide a blanket and haversack for every enlisted 
 soldier, and, moreover, to advance one month'' s pay to every officer 
 and soldier before their march, that they may be able to purchase 
 necessary clothing.' 
 
 ^January 20. Resolved, That exclusive of Colonel Livingston 
 and his regiment, already determined on, there be one thousand 
 Canadians more raised, for one year, or during the present disputes, 
 at six dollars and tivo thirds bounty and the usual pay.' 
 
 ^January 30. Resolved, That Captain Nelson's company of 
 riflemen, now raised, be enlisted for the service of Canada, on the 
 same terms as the other troops ordered for that service, and that 
 they march to Canada, and join a regiment there as soon as possi- 
 ble ; that they be allowed one quarter of a dollar per day, for their 
 subsistence on their march to Albany. 
 
 ' That six dollars and two thirds of a dollar bounty, be paid to 
 each non-commissioned officer and soldier, who is furnished with 
 sufficient arms, accoutrements and clothing for the service, upon 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 167 
 
 their entering into the service of the Colonies, and one month's 
 pay to the commissioned officers.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 9 Febraary, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — The purport of this letter will he directed to a single 
 object. Throvgh you I mean to lay it before Congress, and at the 
 same time that I beg their serious attention to the subject, to ask par- 
 don for intruding an opinion, not only unasked, but, in soyne measure, 
 repugnant to their Resolves* 
 
 ' The disadvantages attending the limited enlistment of troops are 
 too apparent to those, who are eye-witnesses of them, to render any 
 animadversions necessary; but to gentlemen at a distance, whose 
 attention is engrossed by a thousand important objects, the case may 
 be otherwise. That this cause precipitated the fate of the brave and 
 much to be lamented General Montgomery, and brought on the 
 defeat, which followed thereupon, / have not the most distant 
 doubt ; for, had he not been apprehensive of the troops leaving him 
 at so important a crisis, but continued the blockade of Quebec, a 
 capitulation, from the best accounts I have been able to collect, 
 must inevitably have followed. And that we were not at one time 
 obliged to dispute these lines, under disadvantageous circumstan- 
 ces, proceeding from the same cause, to wit, the troops disbanding 
 of themselves before the militia could be got in, is to me a matter 
 of wonder and astonishment, and proves that General Howe was 
 either unacquainted with our situation, or restrained by his instruc- 
 tions from putting any thing to hazard, till his reinforcements should 
 arrive. 
 
 ' The instance of General Montgomery (I mention it, because it 
 is a striking one, for a number of others might be adduced) proves, 
 that, instead of having men to take advantage of circumstances, 
 you are in a manner compelled, right or ivrong, to make circum- 
 stances yield to a secondary consideration. 
 
 * Since the 1st of December, I have been devising every means 
 in my power to secure these encampments ; and though I am sen- 
 sible that we never have, since that period, been able to act upon 
 the offensive, and at times not in a condition to defend, yet the cost 
 of marching home one set of men, bringing in another, the havoc 
 and waste occasioned by the first, the repairs necessary for the 
 second, with a thousand incidental charges and inconveniences, 
 which have arisen, and which it is scarce possible either to recol- 
 lect or describe, amount to near as much, as the keeping up a 
 respectable body of troops the whole time, ready for any emergen- 
 cy, would have done. To this may be added, that you never can 
 have a well disciplined army. 
 
 * See that of Not. 30, one of the Resolves alluded to, p 169 
 
 22 
 
168 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' To bring men to be well acquainted with the duties of a soldier, 
 requires time. To bring them under proper discipline and subor- 
 dination, not only requires time, but is a work of great difficulty, 
 and, in this army, where there is so little distinction between the 
 officers and soldiers, requires an uncommon degree of attention. 
 To expect, then, the same service from raw and undisciplined 
 recruits, as from veteran soldiers, is to expect what never did, and 
 perhaps, never will happen. Men, who are familiarized to danger, 
 meet it without shrinking ; whereas troops unused to service often 
 apprehend danger where no danger is. Three things prompt men 
 to a regular discharge of their duty in time of action; natural 
 bravery, hope of reward, and fear of punishment. The two first 
 are common to the untutored and the disciplined soldier; but 
 the last most obviously distinguishes the one from the other. 
 A coward, when taught to believe, that, if he breaks his ranks and 
 abandons his colors, he will be punished with death by his own 
 party, will take his chance against the enemy ; but a man, who 
 thinks little of the one, and is fearful of the other, acts from present 
 feelings, regardless of consequences. 
 
 ' Again, men of a day's standing will not look forward ; and 
 from experience we find, that, as the time approaches for their dis- 
 charge, they grow careless of their arms, ammunition, and camp 
 utensils. Nay, even the barracks themselves have felt uncommon 
 marks of wanton depredation, and lay us under fresh and addition- 
 al expense in providing for every fresh set, when we find it next to 
 impossible to procure such articles, as are absolutely necessary iii 
 the first instance. To this may be added the seasoning, which new 
 recruits must have to a camp, and the loss consequent thereupon. 
 But this is not all. Men engaged for a short and limited time 
 only, have the officers too much in their power ; for, to obtain a 
 degree of popularity in order to induce a second enlistment, a kind 
 of familiarity takes place, which brings on a relaxation of discipline, 
 unlicensed furloughs, and other indulgences incompatible with 
 order and good government ; by which means the latter part of the 
 time, for which the soldier was engaged, is spent in undoing what 
 you were aiming to inculcate in the first. 
 
 ' To go into an enumeration of all the evils we have experienced 
 in this late great change of the army, and the expenses incidental 
 to it, to say nothing of the hazard we have run, and must run, be- 
 tween the discharging of one army and the enlistment of another, 
 unless an enormous expense of militia is incurred, would greatly 
 exceed the bounds of a letter. What I have already taken the lib- 
 erty of saying- loill serve to convey a general idea of the matter ; and 
 therefore I shall, with all due deference, take the freedom to give it 
 as my opinion, that, if the Congress have any reason to believe, that 
 there will be occasion for troops another year, and consequently for 
 another enlistment, they would save money, and have infinitely better 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 169 
 
 troops^ if they ivere, even at a bounty of twenty y thirty, or more dol- 
 lars, to eng-age the men already enlisted till January next, and such 
 others as may be wanted to complete the establishment, for and 
 during the war. I will not undertake to say, that the men can be 
 had upon these terms ; but /aw satisfied, that it will never do to let 
 the matter alone, as it was last year, till the time of service vms near 
 expiring. The hazard is too great in the first place, in the next, 
 the trouble and perplexity of disbanding one army and raising 
 another at the same instant, and in such a critical situation as the 
 last was, are scarcely in the power of words to describe, and such as 
 no man ivho has experienced them once, will ever undergo again.* 
 
 ' If Congress should differ from me in sentiment upon this point, 
 I have only to beg that they will do me the justice to believe, that 
 I have nothing more in view, than what to me appears necessary 
 to advance the public weal, although in the first instance it will 
 be attended with a capital expense ; and that I have the honor 
 to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 86. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 278. 
 
 ' Perceiving the difficulty of recruiting the army, the General 
 earnestly recommended to Congress, November 30, 1775, to try 
 the effect of a bounty.^ 
 
 Wash. Life. Marshall, in 2 vols., i. p. 37. 
 
 In Congress, ^November 30, 1775. Resolved, That no bounty 
 be allowed to the army on re'enlistment.^ 
 
 Bounty. — The General's letters, especially the last, together with this extract 
 Tom Judge Marshall, and General Greene's letters, June 4, Dec. 20, 31, pp. 84, 145, 147, 
 t48, disclose most clearly the views of Generals Washington and Greene upon this 
 ;hen important subject, and indicate strongly, as perfectly accordant with theirs, the 
 /iews of the officers generally. 
 
 Through these and the many other communications naturally induced by the crisis, 
 Congress must have been again and again informed of both the existence and charac- 
 :er of those views. 
 
 The exigences of that crisis, in connection with the deep earnestness apparent in 
 •very line of this last letter, in parts of the one next preceding it, and of numerous 
 Jthers, render important all such obtainable records, as may serve to show the man- 
 aer in which the above two letters of Feb. 9, were received and acted on in Con- 
 gress. Those records are the following. 
 
 ' In Congress, February 22, 1776. Two letters from General 
 Washington, both of the 9th of this month, being received and 
 read, 
 
 ' Resolved, That the said letters be referred to a committee of the 
 whole Congress. 
 
 ' Accordingly, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of 
 the whole, to take into consideration the letters just received from 
 General Washington, and after some time the President resumed 
 
 * It will be seen, whether or not he was again subjected to a like trial. 
 
170 PKOCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 the chair, and Mr. Ward reported, that the committee had taken 
 into consideration the letters referred to them, but not having come 
 to a conclusion, desired him lo move for leave to sit again. 
 
 ' Resolved, That this Congress will to-morrow resolve itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration 
 the letters from General Washington.' 
 
 ' February 23. Resolved, That this Congress will, on Monday 
 next, [26th] resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take 
 into consideration the letters from General Washington, &c.' 
 
 '■Febrvary 29. According to the order of the day, the Congress 
 resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consider- 
 ation the letter from General Washington of the 9th instant, and 
 the trade of the Colonies after the 1st of March ; and, after some 
 time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Ward reported, that 
 the committee, not having come to a conclusion, desired him to 
 move for leave to sit again. 
 
 ' Resolved, That this Congress will, to-mon'ow, resolve itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into farther consideration the 
 letter from General Washington, and the trade of the Colonies.' 
 
 ^March 13. The Congress then resolved itself into a committee 
 of the whole, to take into consideration the Memorial from the 
 merchants, traders, and others, inhabitants of Philadelphia, the 
 Memorial of Edmund Custis, the letters from the Committees of 
 Accomac and Northampton, the letters from General Washington, 
 and the state of the trade of the Colonies, and after some time the 
 President resumed the chair, and Mr. Ward reported, that the com- 
 mittee have had under consideration the matters referred to them, 
 but not having come to any Resolution, desired him to move for 
 leave to sit again. 
 
 '■Resolved, That this Congress will to-morrow resolve itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration 
 the matters heretofore referred to them.' 
 
 Although it is quite doubtful whether the General's letters so under consideration 
 March 13, were the two of Feb. 9, these Proceedings on that day are inserted, because 
 it is intended to omit no record, which related possibly to any of the important objects 
 named in either of these two letters. It seems pertinent to observe here, that the 
 Journals do not afford a trace of any attempt whatever toward the expressly declared, 
 graphically explained, '■single object^ of the last one, to ' engage men for and during the 
 war,'' till after the battle on Long Island ; that is, till September, 1776. 
 
 To understand the nature and extent of the difference relating to bounty, it is neces- 
 sary to examine in reference to that subject, on the one hand, the short extract and the 
 letters of the two Generals above referred to; and on the other, the above Resolve of 
 Nov. 30, General Washington's letter to Governor Cooke, Dec. 5, p. 137, the Resolves 
 of Jan. i9, 20, 30, pp. 163, 166, with the above Proceedings of Congress. 
 
 Commissary of Prisoners. — In regard to such an appointment, it is recom- 
 mended to examine likewise, in connection with the former of these two letters, 
 Feb. 9, the General's letter, Nov. 8, and the Resolves with the remarks below it, 
 pp. 121, 122. 
 
 Expresses. — The same letter of Feb. 9, together with that to Colonel Reed, Jan. 
 14, p. 154, sufficiently manifest the General's views and desires concerning Ex- 
 presses. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 171 
 
 The extracts below, jointly with those showing the appointment of a committee, 
 Dec. 2, p. 143, constitute the evidence of what was done by Congress, as far as regards 
 the solicitations to that time, for their establishment. 
 
 ' In Congress, December 8, 1775. The committee on establish- 
 ing Expresses brought in their Report, which was read.' 
 
 ^February 1,1776. The Congress took into consideration the 
 Report of the Committee on establishing Posts and Expresses, and 
 after debate, 
 
 '■Resolved, That the farther consideration thereof be postponed ; 
 and that, in the mean while. Dr. Franklin be directed to write to 
 the Postmasters, and inquire on what ierfns Expresses can be 
 procured.' 
 
 Thus ended the matter, in that direction. It will be seen, however, that Congress 
 took up the subjectanew. They established them between Philadelphia and the Camp, 
 on being apprised by a letter from the General, dated June 29, that on that day had 
 arrived at the Hook below New York, ' forty-five, some say more,' British ships-of- 
 war, in addition to the number previously there; and, after the battle above mention- 
 ed, Congress established them somewhat extensively, in another direction. 
 
 General Washington to Joseph Reed. 
 
 * Cambridge, February 10, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — If you conceive, that I took any thing wrong, or 
 amiss, that was conveyed in any of your former letters, you are re- 
 ally mistaken. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' I know the integrity of my own heart, but to declare it, unless 
 to a friend, may be an argument of vanity ; I know the unhappy 
 predicament I stand in ; I know that much is expected of me ; I 
 know, that without men, without arms, without ammunition, with- 
 out any thing fit for the accommodation of a soldier, little is to be 
 done ; and, what is mortifying, I know that I cannot stand justi- 
 fied to the world without exposing my own weakness, and injuring 
 the cause, by declaring my wants, which I am determined not to 
 do, further than unavoidable necessity brings every man acquainted 
 with them. 
 
 ' If under these disadvantages, I am able to keep above water, 
 in the esteem of mankind, I shall feel myself happy ; but if, from 
 the unknown peculiarity of ray circumstances, I suffer in the 
 opinion of the world, I shall not think you take the freedom of a 
 friend, if you conceal the reflections that may be cast upon my 
 conduct. My own situation is so irksome to me at times, that if 1 did 
 not consult the public good more than my oivn tranquillity, I should 
 long ere this have put every thing on the cast of a die. So far 
 from my having an army of twenty thousand men well armed, I 
 have been here with less than one half of that number, including 
 sick, furloughed, and on command, and those neither armed nor 
 
172 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 clothed as they should be.* In shorty my situation has been such, 
 that I have been obliged to use art to conceal it from my own 
 officers. 
 
 ^ * * m * 
 
 '■But why will not Congress forward part of the powder made 
 in your Province ? They seem to look upon this as the season for 
 action, but will not furnish the means. I will not blame them. I dare 
 say the demands upon them are greater than they can supply. The 
 cause must be starved till our resources are greater, or more cer- 
 tain ivithin ourselves. 
 
 ' With respect to myself, I have never entertained an idea of an 
 accommodation, since I heard of the measures, which ivere adopted 
 in consequence of the Bunker^s Hill fight. The King's speech has 
 confirmed the sentiments 1 entertained upon the news of that 
 affair ; and, if every man was of my mind, the Ministers of Great 
 Britain should know, in a few words, upon what issue the cause 
 should be put. I would not be deceived by artful declarations, nor 
 specious pretences ; nor would I be amused by unmeaning propo- 
 sitions ; but in open, undisguised, and manly terms proclaim our 
 ivrongs, and our resolution to be redressed. I ivould tell them, 
 that we had borne much, that we had long and ardently sought for 
 reconciliation upon honorable terms, that it had been denied us, 
 that all our attempts after peace had proved abortive, and had 
 been grossly misrepresented, that we had done every thing which 
 could be expected from the best of subjects, that the spirit of free- 
 dom rises too high in us to submit to slavery, and that, if nothing 
 else would satisfy a tyrant and his diabolical ministry, ive are de- 
 termined to shake off all connexions with a State so unjust and uh- 
 natural. 
 
 ' This Iivoidd tell them, not under covert, but in words as clear as 
 the sun in its meridian brightness. 
 
 ' I observe ivhat you say, in respect to the ardor of the Chimney- 
 corner Heroes. / am glad their zeal is in some measure abated, 
 because if circumstances will not permit us to make an attempt 
 upon Boston, or if it should be made and fail, we shall not appear 
 altogether so culpable. 
 
 '/ entertain the same opinion of the attempt now, which I have 
 ever done.'' 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' The Congress have ordered all captures to be tried in the Courts 
 of Admiralty of the different governments^ to which they are sent. 
 Some irreconcilable difference arising between the Resolves of 
 Congress and the law of this Colony, respecting the proceedings, 
 
 * By the Resolve, Nov. 4, p. 120, his army was to consist of 20,372. 
 
 t Respecting a Court of Admiralty, see letter Dec. 14, with the remarks an4 
 the Resolutions succeeding that letter, pp. 138, 139, 140, 141. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 173 
 
 or something which always happens to procrastinate business here, 
 has put a total stop to the trials, to the no small injury of the pub- 
 lic as well as the great grievance of individuals. Whenever a con- 
 demnation shall take place, I shall not be unmindful of your advice 
 respecting the hulls. Would to heaven the plan you speak of for 
 obtaining arms may succeed. The acquisition would be great, and 
 give fresh life and vigor to our measures. Our expectations are 
 kept alive, and if we can keep ourselves so, and our spirits up 
 another summer, I have no fears of wanting" the needfid after thaV * 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 284. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, Feb. 18, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — The late freezing 'weather having formed some pretty 
 strong ice from Dorchester Point to Boston Neck, and from Rox- 
 bury to the Common, thereby affording a more expanded and con- 
 sequently a less dangerous approach to the town, I could not help 
 thinking, notwithstanding the militia were not all come in, and we 
 had little or no powder to begin our operation by a regular cannon- 
 ade or bombardment, that a bold and resolute assault upon the 
 troops in Boston with such men as we had, (for it could not take 
 many men to guard our own lines at a time when the enemy were 
 attacked in all quarters,) might be crowned with success; and 
 therefore, seeing no certain prospect of a supply of powder on the 
 one hand, and a certain dissolution of the ice on the other, I called 
 the general officers together, for their opinion, agreeably to the Re- 
 solve of Congress of the 22d of December, f 
 
 'The result will appear in the inclosed council of war; and, 
 being almost unanimous, I must suppose it to be right ; although, 
 from a thorough conviction of the necessity of attempting some- 
 thing against the ministerial troops before a reinforcement should 
 arrive, and while we were favored with the ice, I was not only 
 ready, but willing, and desirous of making the assault, under a firm 
 hope (if the men would have stood by me) of a favorable issue, 
 notwithstanding the enemy's advantage of ground and artillery. 
 
 * Perhaps the irksomeness of my situation may have given dif- 
 ferent ideas to me, than those which influenced the gentlemen I con- 
 sulted, and might have inclined me to put more to the hazard, than 
 was consistent with prudence ; if it did, I am not sensible of it, as 
 I endeavored to give it all the consideration that a matter of such 
 importance required. True it is, and I cannot help acknowledging, 
 that I have many disagreeable sensations on account of my sit- 
 uation; for, to have the eyes of the whole Continent fixed with 
 
 * It will appear in future Numbers, that in that instance at least, the General's un- 
 bounded and unfailing charity misled his judgment greatly. 
 
 + See that Resolve, p. 143. 
 
174 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 anxious expectation of hearing of some great event, and to be re- 
 strained in every military operation, for want of the necessary 
 means of carrying it on, is not very pleasing, especially as the 
 means, used to conceal my weakness from the enemy, conceal it 
 also from our friends, and add to their wonder. 
 
 ' I do not utter this by way of complaint. # * * 
 
 But as we have accounts of the arrival of powder * * # 
 I would beg to have it sent on in the most expeditious man- 
 ner ; otherwise we not only lose all chance of the benefit resulting 
 from the season, but of the militia, who are brought in at a most 
 enormous expense, upon a presumption that we shovild, long ere 
 this, have been amply supplied with powder, under the contracts 
 entered into with the Committee of Congress. 
 
 ' The militia, contrary to an express requisition, are come and 
 coming in without ammunition. To supply them alone with 
 twenty-four rounds, (which is less by three fifths than the regulars 
 are served with,) will take between fifty and sixty barrels of pow- 
 der ; and to complete the other troops to the like quantity, will take 
 near as much more, and leave in store not more than about sixty 
 barrels, besides a few rounds of cannon cartridges ready filled for 
 use. T/w'5, Sir, Congress may be assvred, is a true state of our 
 powder, and will, I hope, bear some testimony of my incapacity for 
 action in such a way as may do any essential service.' 
 
 ^February 21. — When I began this letter I proposed to have 
 sent it by express. But recollecting that all my late letters have 
 been as expressive of my wants of powder and arms as I could 
 paint them, and that Mr. Hooper was to set off in a day or two, I 
 thought it unnecessary to run the Continent to the expense of an 
 express, jTierely to repeat what I had so often done before, when I 
 am certain that Congress, knowing our necessities, will delay no 
 time that can possibly be avoided in supplying them. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 ' P. S. Hearing of the arrival of a small parcel of powder in 
 Connecticut, I have been able to obtain three thousand weight 
 of it, which is in addition to the sixty barrels before mentioned.' 
 ' Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 95. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 26 February, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I had the honor of addressing you on the 18th and 21st 
 instant, by Mr. Hooper ; since which, nothing material has oc- 
 curred. 
 
 ' We are making every necessary preparation for taking posses- 
 sion of Dorchester Heights, as soon as possible, ivith a vieiv of draw- 
 ing the enemy out. How far our expectations may be answered, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 175 
 
 time only can determine ; but, I should think, if any thing will in- 
 duce them to hazard an engagement, it ivill be our attempting to 
 fortify these heights ; as on that event's taking place, ive shall be able 
 to command a great part of the town and almost the ivhole harbor, 
 * * provided we can get a sufficient supply of what w?e 
 
 greatly want. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 ' Since I wrote by Mr. Hooper, some small parcels of powder 
 have arrived from Connecticut, which will give us a little as- 
 sistance.^ 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 97. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 26 February, 1776. 
 
 * Dear Sir, — I received your esteemed favor of the 14th instant, 
 which gave me great pleasure, being impatient to hear from you. 
 
 ***** 
 
 * The account you give of our New York brethren is very satis- 
 factory. I should be glad to know how many men you are likely 
 to have, that you can depend upon remaining with you. I very 
 much fear, that the sailing of Clinton will keep back those, whom 
 you expected from Pennsylvania. Let me hear from you upon 
 this and every thing else that concerns you, as soon and as often 
 as vou possibly can. With respect to the Canada expedition, I 
 assure you, that it was not my intention to propose your going 
 there. I only meant luhat I thought would happen, that the Con- 
 gress ivould make you that proposal. I am noiv of opinion, that 
 you ivill have work enough upon your hands where you are; and 
 make no doubt but your presence will be as necessary there, as 
 
 it would be in Canada.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 292. 
 
 [Colonel ^'j Joseph Reed to General Washington. 
 
 ' Philadelphia, 3 March, 1776. 
 ' Notwithstanding the Act of Parliament for seizing our prop- 
 erty, and a thousand other proofs of a bitter and irreconcilable 
 spirit, there is a strange reluctance in the minds of many to cut the 
 knot, which ties us to Great Britain, particularly in this Colony 
 and to the Southward. Though no man of understanding expects 
 any good from the Commissioners, yet they are for waiting to hear 
 their proposals, before they declare off. However, yesterday I was 
 informed, that letters had been sent to France, to know what en- 
 couragement we might expect from that quarter. Our coast is 
 yet clear ; it is a golden opportunity to make provision for the war, 
 
 which I hope will not be lost.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 347. I^oti. 
 
 * Colonel Reed's title, hitherto omitted, is here prefixed, though the rank of Aid-de. 
 Camp to the Commander-in-Chief remained undecided, till the succeeding June. 
 
 23 
 
176 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 General Washington to [Colonel] Joseph Rued. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 3 March, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your favors of the 28th January, and 1st and Bth 
 of February, are come to hand. For the agreeable accounts, 
 contained in one of them, of your progress in the manufacture of 
 powder, and prospect of getting arms, I am obliged to you, as 
 there is some consolation in knowing, that these useful articles w'ili 
 supply the wants of some part of the Continental troops, althovg'h 
 J feel too sensibly the mortification of having them withheld 
 from me ; Congress not even thinking it necessary to take the least 
 notice of my application for these things. 
 
 ' I hope in a few nights to be in readiness to take post on Dor- 
 chester Point, as we are using every means in our power to pro- 
 vide materials for this purpose ; the ground being so hard frozen 
 yet, that we cannot intrench, and therefore are obliged 1o depend 
 entirely upon chandeliers, fascines, and screwed hay for our re- 
 doubts. It is expected that this work will bring on an action be- 
 tween the King's troops and ours. 
 
 'General Lee's expedition to New York was founded upon in- 
 dubitable evidence of General Clinton's being on the point of sail- 
 ing. No place was so likely for his destination as New York, and 
 no place w^here a more capital blow could be given to the interests of 
 America. Common prudence, therefore, dictated the necessity of 
 preventing an evil, which might have proved irremediable, had it 
 happened. 
 
 ^If I have clone ivrongj those members of Congress, who think the 
 matter ought to have been left to them, must consider my proceedings 
 as an error of judgment, and that a measure is not always to be 
 judged by the event. 
 
 ' It is moreover, worthy of consideration, that in cases of extreme 
 necessity like the present, nothing but decision can ensure success ; 
 and certain I am, that Clinton had something more in view by 
 peeping into New York, than to gratify his curiosity, or make a 
 friendly visit to his friend Tryon. However, I am not fond of 
 stretching my powers ; and if the Congress will say, '■'•Thus far and 
 no farther you shall go,^^ I ivill promise not to offend whilst I con- 
 tinue in their service.^ 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 299. 
 
 ' In Congress, January 26. A letter from General Lee, dated 
 the 22d of January, enclosing a letter from the Committee of Safe- 
 ty of New York, was received and read. 
 
 'Resolved, That a Committee of three be appointed to repair to 
 New York, to consult and advise with the Council of Safety of 
 that Colony, and with General Lee, respecting the immediate de- 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 17i 
 
 4 
 
 fence of the city of New York ; and that General Lee be directed 
 to follow the determination of the said Committee thereupon.'' 
 
 In connection with this Resolve and General Washington's letter immediately 
 above it, read his letters to General Lee, Jan. 30, and Feb. 26, pp. 164, 175. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 7 March, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — On the 26th ultimo I had the honor of addressing you, 
 and then mentioned that we were making preparation for taking 
 possession of Dorchester Heights. I now beg leave to inform you, 
 that a council of general officers having determined a previous 
 bombardment and cannonade expedient and proper, in order to 
 harass the enemy and divert their attention from that quarter, on 
 Saturday, Sunday, and Monday nights last, [2d, 3d, and 4th] we 
 carried them on from our Posts at Cobble Hill, Lechmore's Point, 
 and Lamb's Dam.* "Whether they did the enemy any considera- 
 ble and what injury, I have not yet heard, but I have the pleasure 
 to acquaint you that they greatly facilitated our scheme, and vi-'ould 
 have been attended with success equal to our most sanguine ex- 
 pectations, had it not been for the unlucky bursting of two thirteen, 
 and three ten-inch mortars, among which was the brass one taken 
 in the ordnance brig. To what cause to attribute this misfortune, 
 I know not ; whether to any defect in them, or to the inexperience 
 of the bombardiers. But to return, on Monday evening, as soon as 
 our firing commenced, a considerable detachment of our men, under 
 the command of Brigadier- General Thomas, crossed the Neck, and 
 took possession of the two hills, without the least interruption or 
 annoyance from the enemy ; and by their great activity and indus- 
 try, before the morning, advanced the works so far as to be secure 
 against their shot. They are now going on with such expedition, 
 that in a little time I hope they will be complete and enable our 
 troops stationed there to make a vigorous and obstinate stand. 
 During the whole cannonade, which was incessant the last two 
 nights, we were fortunate enough to lose but two men ; one, a 
 lieutenant, by a cannon ball's taking off his thigh ; the other, a 
 private, by the explosion of a shell, which also slightly wounded 
 four or five more. 
 
 ' Our taking possession of Dorchester Heights is only preparato- 
 ry to taking post on Nuke [Nook's] Hill, and the points opposite 
 the south end of Boston. It was absolutely necessary that they 
 should be previously fortified, in order to cover and command 
 them. As soon as the works on the former are finished and com- 
 plete, measures will be immediately adopted for securing the latter, 
 and making them as strong and defensible as we can. Their 
 
 * A Post in Roxbary 
 
178 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 contiguity to the enemy will make them of much importance, and 
 of great service to us. 
 
 ' As mortars are essential and indispensably necessary for carry- 
 ing on our operations, and for the prosecution of our plans, I have 
 applied to two furnaces to have some thirteen-inch ones cast with 
 all expedition imaginable, and am encouraged to hope, from the 
 accounts I have had, that they will be able to do it. When they 
 are done, and a proper supply of powder obtained, I flatter myself, 
 from the Posts we have just taken and are about to take, that it 
 will be in our power to force the Ministerial troops 1o an attack, or 
 to dispose of them in some way, that will be of advantage to us. 
 I think from these Posts they will be so galled and annoyed, that 
 they must either give us battle or quit their present possessions. I 
 am resolved that nothing on my part shall be wanting, to effect the 
 one or the other. 
 
 ' It having been the general opinion, that the enemy would at- 
 tempt to dislodge our people from the Hills, and force their works 
 as soon as they were discovered, which probably might have 
 brought on a general engagement, it was thought advisable that 
 the Honorable Council* should be applied to, to order in the mi- 
 litia from the neighboring and adjacent towns. I wrote to them 
 on the subject, which they most readily complied with ; and, in 
 justice to the militia, I cannot but inform you that they came in at 
 the appointed time, and manifested the greatest alertness and de- 
 termined resolution ***** jj^ ^j^g cause of 
 freedom. 
 
 * When the enemy first discovered our works in the morning, 
 they seemed to be in great confusion ; and, from their movements, 
 to have intended an attack. It is much to be Avished that it had 
 been made ; the event, I think, must have been fortunate, and 
 nothing less than success and victory on our side, as our officers 
 and men appeared impatient for the appeal, and to have possessed 
 the most animated sentiments and determined resolution. # * 
 
 ' In case the Ministerial troops had made an attempt to dislodge 
 our men from Dorchester Hills, and the number detached upon the 
 occasion had been so great as to have afforded a probability of a 
 successful attack's being made upon Boston, on a signal given from 
 Roxbury for the purpose, agreeable to a settled and concerted plan, 
 four thousand chosen men, who were held in readiness, were to 
 have embarked at the mouth of Cambridge River, in two divisions ; 
 the first under the command of Brigadier- General Sullivan, the 
 second under Brigadier- General Greene; the whole to have been 
 commanded by Major-General Putnam. The first division was to 
 land at the Powder- House, and gain possession of Beacon-Hill 
 and Mount Horam ; the second, at Barton's Point or a little south 
 
 * Of Massachusetts. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE, 179 
 
 of it, and after securing that Post, to join the other division, and 
 force the enemy's gates and works at the Neck, for letting in the 
 Roxbury troops. Three floating batteries were to have preceded, 
 and gone in front of the other boats, and kept up a heavy fire on 
 that part of the town where our men were to land. 
 
 ' The plan was thought to be well digested ; and, as far as I could 
 judge from the cheerfulness and alacrity which distinguished the 
 officers and men who were to engage in the enterprise, I had reason 
 to hope for a favorable and happy issue. 
 
 ' I beg leave to remind Congress that three Major- Generals are 
 essential and necessary for this army ; and that, by General Lee^s 
 being' called from hence to the command in Canada^ the left division 
 is without one. I hope they will fill up the vacancy by the appoint- 
 ment of another. General Thomas is the first Brigadier, stands fair 
 in point of reputation, and is esteemed a brave and good officer. 
 If he is promoted, there will be a vacancy in the Brigadier- Gene- 
 rals, which it will be necessary to supply by the appointment of 
 some other gentleman that shall be agreeable to Congress ; but 
 justice requires me to mention that William Thompson, Esquire, 
 of the rifle regiment, is the first Colonel in this department, and as 
 far as I have had an opportunity of judging, is a good officer and a 
 man of courage. What I have said of these two gentlemen, I 
 conceived to be my duty, at the same time acknowledging, what- 
 ever promotions are made will be satisfactory to me.' 
 
 '■March 9. — Yesterday evening a Captain Irvine, who escaped 
 from Boston the night before with six of his crew, came to Head- 
 Quarters, and gave the following intelligence ; — " That our bom- 
 bardment and cannonade caused a great deal of surprise and alarm 
 in town, as many of the soldiery said they never heard or thought 
 we had mortars or shells ; that several of the officers acknowledged 
 they were well and properly directed ; that they made much dis- 
 tress and confusion ; that the cannon-shot, for the greatest part, 
 went through the houses ; and he was told that one took oft' the 
 legs and arms of six men lying in the barracks on the Neck ; that, 
 early on Tuesday morning. Admiral Shuldham, discovering the 
 works our people were throwing up on Dorchester Heights, imme- 
 diately sent an express to General Howe, to inform him that it was 
 necessary they should be attacked and dislodged from thence, or 
 he would be under the necessity of withdrawing the ships from the 
 harbor, w^hich were under his command ; ♦ * # # 
 
 that he heard several of the privates, and one or two Serjeants, say 
 — that it would be another Bunker's Hill affair." 
 
 ' He further informs — " that the army is preparing to leave 
 Boston." ' 
 
 * * * « # 
 
 ' There are other circumstances corroborating ; and it seems fully 
 confirmed by a paper signed by four of the Selectmen of the town, 
 
180 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 (a copy of which I have the honor to inclose you,) which was 
 brought out yesterday evening by a flag, and delivered to Colonel 
 Learned, by Major Basset, who desired it might be delivered to 
 me as soon as possible. 
 
 ' To-night I shall have a battery thrown up on Nuke [Nook's] 
 Hill, Dorchester Point, with the design of acting as circumstances 
 may require ; it being judged advisable to prosecute our plans of 
 fortification, as we intended before this information from the Se- 
 lectmen came. 
 
 ■ST tF ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ' I shall hold the riflemen and other parls of our troops in readi- 
 ness to march at a moment's warning, and govern my movements 
 by the events that happen, or such orders as I may receive from 
 Congress, which I beg may be ample, and forwarded with all 
 possible expedition. * * * * 
 
 ' I beg leave to mention to Congress, that money is much want- 
 ed. * * The necessity of making the earliest remit- 
 tance is too obvious for me to add more.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 99. Wash. Writ. i 
 
 Ey his letter, Feb. 26, p. 174, General Washington had made known to Congress, 
 that he was then strenuously preparing for the momentous enterprise against the Brit- 
 ish armaments in possession of Boston ; — an enterprise, which might decide finally 
 the issue of their opposition, and the fate of their country. As has been seen, he 
 had forcibly represented to them, many times and often, his complicated em- 
 barrassments from various and multiplied wants. Among those wants, one of no 
 small consequence was that of men. In his letter to General Schuyler, Jan. 18, p. 158, 
 after expressing his condolence for the loss of General Montgomery, and his strong 
 desire of contributing from his immediate command, to relieve the remnant army then 
 in Canada, he said, — ' But it is not in my power ; ' and again, — '■In short, I have not 
 a man to spare.' 
 
 And to Congress, Jan. 30, p. 162, referring to their Resolve that he should detach a 
 battalion to Canada, he wrote, ' but it cannot be done,' and further, in the same letter 
 alluding to their Resolve respecting a General — ' I wish it was in my power to furnish 
 Congress with such a General as they desire, to send to Canada.' By the preceding 
 letter of March 7th and 9th, appear obvious the plan of that enterprise, the progress 
 made, the part assigned to General Thomas, and the position which he at that time 
 occupied, in its execution. By the same letter appear also, the want of a Major-Gen- 
 eral, caused by the well known absence of General Lee, and the importance of Colonel 
 Thompson, in his command of the rifle regiment. 
 
 By the following extracts from their Journal, appear no less clearly, some of the 
 proceedings of Congress at that juncture. On the 1st of March and prior to the first 
 Resolve, they promoted Mr. Thompson from the rank of Colonel to that of Brigadier- 
 General. 
 
 'In Congress, March J, 1776. Resolved, That Brigadier- Gen- 
 eral Thompson be directed to repair to Neiv York. 
 
 ^March 6. A letter from General Washington, of the 26th of 
 February, was read. 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be referred to the committee to whom his 
 other letters are referred. 
 
 ' A letter from General Washington, dated 18th and Slst of 
 February last, enclosing the proceedings of a Council of War, was 
 read. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 181 
 
 '•Resolved, That Brigadier- General Thomas be appointed to com- 
 mand the forces in Canada, and that General Washington be direct- 
 ed to order him immediately to repair to that Province. 
 
 ^Resolved, That Brigadier- General Thomas be promoted to the 
 rank of a Major- General, and that a commission be sent to him 
 accordingly. 
 
 ^Ordered, That the President acquaint General Washington by 
 express of this arrangement. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the President inform General Schuyler^ that the 
 
 Congress judge it necessary he should remain at Albany to make 
 
 the proper arrangements respecting the army destined for Canada, 
 
 and therefore that he establish his Head- Quarters at Albany until 
 
 further orders.* 
 
 ^March 9. Resolved, That a letter be written to General Wash- 
 ington, desiring him to send Captain Connor, of the rifle battalion, 
 to Philadelphia, the Congress having occasion to employ him in the 
 Southern departmenf 
 
 What have been already given as signs of that time, may be regarded as signs like- 
 wise of much to be seen in the next Number. Their relations to cause and effect 
 will appear more plain, as this Series advances. 
 
 General Washington to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 31 March, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Brother, — Your letter of the 24th ultimo, w^as duly 
 forwarded to this Camp by Colonel Lee, and gave me the pleasure 
 of hearing that you, my sister, and family were well. * * 
 
 ' The want of arms and powder is not peculiar 1o Virginia. 
 This country, of which, doubtless, you have heard large and flat- 
 tering accounts, is more deficient in both than you can conceive. 
 I have been here months together, with (what will scarcely be be- 
 lieved) not thirty rounds of musket cartridges to a man ; and have 
 been obliged to submit to all the insults of the enemies' cannon 
 for want of powder, keeping what little we bad for pistol distance. 
 
 •JF 'T? ^ "f? "7? ^P i)^ 
 
 ' As some account of the late manoeuvres of both armies may not 
 be unacceptable, I shall, hurried as I always am, devote a little 
 time to it. 
 
 ' Having received a small supply of powder, very inadequate to 
 our wants, I resolved to take possession of Dorchester Point, lying 
 east of Boston, looking directly into it, and commanding the ene- 
 my's lines on Boston Neck. To do this, which I knew would 
 force the enemy to an engagement, or subject them to be enfiladed 
 by our cannon, it was necessary, in the first instance, to possess 
 two heights, (those mentioned in General Burgoyne's letter to Lord 
 Stanley, in his account of the battle of Bunker's Hill,) which had 
 
 * See in letter, Jan. 30, pp. 162, 163, the parts relating to Gen. Schuyler. 
 
182 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 the entire command of the Point. The ground at this time being 
 frozen upwards of two feet deep, and as impenetrable as a rock, 
 nothing could be attempted with earth. We were obliged, there- 
 fore, to provide an amazing quantity of chandeliers and fascines for 
 the work ; and, on the night of the 4th, after a previous severe can- 
 nonade and bombardment for three nights together, to divert the 
 enemy's attention from our real design, we removed every material 
 to the spot, under cover of darkness, and took full possession of 
 those heights, without the loss of a single man. 
 
 ' Upon their discovery of the works next morning, great prepara- 
 tions were made for attacking them ; but not being ready before 
 the afternoon, and the weather getting very tempestuous, much 
 blood was saved, and a very important blow, to one side or the 
 other, was prevented. That this most remarkable interposition of 
 Providence is for some wise purpose, I have not a doubt. 
 
 ' But, as the principal design of the manoeuvre was to draw the 
 enemy to an engagement under disadvantages to them, as a pre- 
 meditated plan was laid for this purpose, and seemed to be suc- 
 ceeding to my utmost wish, and as no men seemed better disposed 
 to make the appeal than ours did upon that occasion, lean scarcely 
 forbear lamenting the disappointment, unless the dispute is draw- 
 ing to an accommodation, and the sword going to be sheathed. 
 But, to return, the enemy thinking, as we have since learnt, that 
 we had got too securely posted, before the second morning, to be 
 much hurt by them, and apprehending great annoyance from our 
 new works, resolved upon a retreat, and accordingly on the 17th 
 embarked in as much hurry, precipitation, and confusion, as ever 
 troops did, not taking time to fit their transports, but leaving the 
 King's property in Boston, to the amount, as is supposed, of thirty 
 or forty thousand pounds in provisions and stores. Many pieces 
 of cannon, some mortars, and a number of shot and shells are also 
 left ; and baggage-wagons and artillery carts, which they have been 
 eighteen months preparing to take the field with, were found de- 
 stroyed, thrown into the docks, and drifted upon every shore. In 
 short, Dunbar's destruction of stores after General Braddock's de- 
 feat, which made so much noise, affords but a faint idea of what 
 was to be met with here. 
 
 ' The enemy lay from the 17th to the 27th in Nantasket and 
 King's Roads, about nine miles from Boston. * * # 
 
 Whither they are now bound, and where their tents will be next 
 pitched, I know not ; but as New York and Hudson's River are the 
 most important objects they can have in view, * * * * 
 as soon as they embarked, I detached a brigade of six regiments to 
 that government, and, when they sailed, another brigade composed 
 of the same number ; and to-morrow another brigade of five regi- 
 ments will march. In a day or two more, I shall follow myself, 
 and be in New York ready to receive all but the first. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 183 
 
 ' The enemy left all their works standing in Boston and on 
 Bunker's Hill; and formidable they are. The town has shared a 
 much belter fate than was expected, the damage done to the houses 
 being nothing equal to report. But the inhabitants have suflcred a 
 good deal, in being plundered by the soldiery at their departure. 
 All those who took upon themselves the style and tide of govern- 
 ment-men in Boston, in short, all those who have acted an un- 
 friendly part in this contest, have shipped themselves off in the same 
 hurry, but under still greater disadvantages than the King's troops, 
 being obliged to man their own vessels, as seamen enough could 
 not be had for the King's transports, and submit to every hardship 
 that can be conceived. One or two have done, what a great num- 
 ber ought to have done long ago, committed suicide. By all ac- 
 counts, there never existed a more miserable set of beings, than 
 these wretched creatures now are. Taught to believe, that the 
 power of Great Britain was superior to all opposition, and, if not, 
 that foreign aid was at hand, they were even higher and more insult- 
 ing in their oppo^^ition than the regulars. When the order issued 
 therefore for embarking the troops in Boston, no electric shock, no 
 sudden explosion of thunder, in a word, not the last trump would 
 have struck them with greater consternation. They were at their 
 wits' end, and, conscious of their black ingratitude, they chose to 
 commit themselves, in the manner I have above described, to the 
 mercy of the waves at a tempestuous season, rather than meet their 
 offended countrymen. 
 
 ' I believe I may with great truth affirm, that no man perhaps 
 since the first institution of armies, ever commanded one under 
 more difficult circumstances, than I have done. To enumerate the 
 particulars would fill a volume. Many of my difficulties and dis- 
 tresses were of so peculiar a cast, that in order to conceal them 
 from the enemy, I was obliged to conceal them from my friends, 
 and, indeed, from my own army ; thereby subjecting my conduct 
 to interpretations unfavorable to my character, especially by those 
 at a distance, who could not in the smallest degree be acquainted 
 with the springs that governed it. * * * 
 
 ' The share you have taken in the public disputes is commenda- 
 ble and praiseworthy. It is a duty we owe our country ; a claim 
 which posterity has upon us. It is not sufficient for a man to be a 
 passive friend and well wisher to the cause. This, and every other 
 cause of such a nature, must inevitably perish under such an op- 
 position. Every person should be active in some department or 
 other, without paying too much attention to private interest. It is 
 a great stake we are playing for, and sure we are of winning, if 
 the cards are well managed. Inactivity in some, disaffection in 
 others, and timidity in many, may hurt the cause. Nothing else 
 p^n ; for unanimity will carry us through triumphantly , in spite of 
 24 
 
184 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 every exertion of Great Britain, if we are linked together in one 
 indissoluble bond. This the leaders know, and they are practising 
 every stratagem to divide us, and unite their own people. Upon 
 this principle it is, that the restraining bill is passed, and Commis- 
 sioners are coming over. The device, to be sure, is shallow, the 
 covering thin, but they will hold out to their own people, that the 
 Acts complained of are repealed, and Commissioners sent to each 
 Colony to treat with us, and that we will attend to neither of them. 
 This, upon weak minds among us, will have its effect. They wish 
 for reconciliation ; or, in other words, they wish for peace without 
 
 attending to the conditions. 
 
 * * * «- * * 
 
 * I shall only add my affectionate regards to my sister and the 
 children, and compliments to friends ; and that I am, with every 
 sentiment of true affection, your loving brother and faithful friend.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 339. 
 
 [Colonel] Joseph Reed to General Washington. 
 
 ' Philadelphia, 15 March, 1776. 
 
 * It is said the Virginians are so alarmed with the idea of inde- 
 pendence, that they have sent Mr. Braxton on purpose to turn the 
 vote of that Colony, if any question on that subject should come 
 before Congress. To tell you the truth, my dear Sir, I am infi- 
 nitely more afraid of these Commissioners, than of their generals 
 and armies. If their propositions are plausible, and behavior art- 
 ful, I am apprehensive they will divide us. There is so much 
 suspicion in Congress, and so much party on this subject, that 
 very little more fuel is required to kindle the flame. It is high 
 time for the Colonies to begin a gradual change of delegates. Pri- 
 vate pique, prejudice and suspicion will make their way into the 
 breasts of even good men sitting long in such a Council as ours ; 
 and whenever that is the case, their deliberations will be disturbed, 
 and the public interest of course will sutler.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 347. Note. 
 
 General Washington to [Colonel] Joseph Reed. 
 
 ' Cambridge, 1 April, 1776. 
 
 * Dear Sir, — Your letter of the 15th ultimo contained a very 
 unfavorable account of the Carolinas, but I am glad to find by the 
 subsequent one that the prospect brightens, and that Mr. Martin's * 
 first attempt has met with its deserved success. The old proverb 
 of " the first blow being half the battle," cannot better apply than 
 in these instances, the spirits of the vanquished being depressed in 
 proportion as the victors get elated. I am glad to find my camp 
 equipage in such forwardness. I shall expect to meet it, and I hope 
 
 * Mr. Martin was Governor of North Carolina, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 185 
 
 you, at New York, for which place I am preparing to set out on 
 Thursday or Friday next.' 
 
 ' The accounts brought by Mr. Temple of the favorable disposi- 
 tion in the Ministry, to accommodate matters, does not correspond 
 with their speeches in Parliament. How, then, does he account 
 for their inconsistency ? If the Commissioners do not come over 
 with full and ample powers to treat with Congress, I sincerely wish 
 they may never put their feet on American ground, as it must "be 
 self-evident, in the other case, that they will come over with insid- 
 ious intentions to distract, divide, and create as much confusion as 
 possible. How, then, can any man, let his passion for reconcilia- 
 tion be ever so strong, be so blinded and misled, as to embrace a 
 measure evidently designed for his destruction ? No man does, 
 no man can, wish the restoration of peace more fervently than I 
 do ; but I hope, whenever made, it will be upon such terms, as 
 will reflect honor upon the councils and wisdom of America. 
 With you, I think a change in the American representation neces- 
 sary. * * * My countrymen,* 1 know, from their 
 form of government, and steady attachment heretofore to royalty, 
 will come reluctantly into the idea of independence, but time and 
 persecution bring many wonderful things to pass ; and by private 
 letters, which I have lately received from Virginia, I find ' Com- 
 mon Sense ' f is working a powerful change there in the minds of 
 many men.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 346. 
 
 Ralph Izard to a Friend in Bath, [Eng.] 
 
 ' London, May 3, 1776. 
 
 ' I wrote you last night, as I thought it would give you pleasure 
 to hear of the Evacuation of Boston. * * * 
 
 ' The Ministry keep this transaction as secret as they can ; but 
 there are some private letters, that will make it impossible for them 
 to prevent its being known. 
 
 * The enclosed is an extract of one, from an officer's wife to her 
 sister, and can be depended on as genuine.' 
 
 "Nantasket Road, March 25th. — We were cannonaded and 
 bombarded by the Provincials, fourteen days, and at last, after 
 many losses, are got on board one hundred and forty sail of 
 vessels. The Provincials fired eighteen pounders, and threw a vast 
 number of shells into the town. 
 
 " We know not where we are to go. We are in great distress. 
 The spectacle is truly terrible. The Provincials entered the town, 
 with their colors flying, and drums beating, the instant we left it. 
 I wish to God, I was with you. It is said, General Robertson is 
 gone to Halifax to provide quarters." 
 
 * The people of Virginia. t A Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. 
 
186 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, ETC. 
 
 '■May Ath. — General Howe, and his army, are in the greatest dis- 
 tress, and know not where to go. 
 
 ' When he found himself cannonaded from one side, and a 
 prodigious battery erected against him on the other, he desired the 
 Selectmen to write to General Washington, and inform him that 
 he would leave the town ; and if the firing would cease, and his 
 men were suffered to embark, unmolested, he would not burn the 
 town ; otherwise, he should be obliged to lay it in ashes. Wash' 
 inglon consented, and that is the reason of Mr. Howe's embarking, 
 without losing any of his men. This may be depended on, as it 
 comes from Governor Hutchinson, whose son has written him a 
 full account of the whole affair.' 
 
 Cor. of R. Izard, vol. i. pp. 210, 212. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 15 April, 1776. 
 
 * SfR, — I am now to inform you, that on the 4th instant I set 
 out from Cambridge, and arrived here on Saturday last, [13ih.] I 
 came through Providence, Norwich, and New London, in order to 
 see and expedite the embarkation of the troops. The third brigade, 
 under the command of General Greene, was at New London when 
 I left it, where there was a sufficient number of transports to embark 
 them. * * * General Spencer, with the last brigade, 
 marched from Roxbury the day I left Cambridge, and \yould be at 
 New London, ready to embark in the return transports, which 
 brought General Sullivan's division to this place. The whole of 
 the troops may be reasonably expected here in the course of this 
 week. * « I have not had time since I came, to look fully 
 about me ; but I find many works of defence begun, and some fin- 
 ished. The troops are much dispersed, some on Long Island, oth- 
 ers on Staten Island. 
 
 ' I have ordered four battalions from hence to Canada,* and am 
 taking measures to have them forwarded to Albany by water, with 
 all possible expedition.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 120. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 354. 
 
 Same to Joseph Reed. 
 
 New York, 15 April, 1776. 
 
 * My Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 13th was this instant put 
 into my hands. * * I am exceedingly concerned to hear of 
 the divisions and parties, which prevail with you, and in the South- 
 ern Colonies, on the score of independence. These are the shelves 
 we have to avoid, or our bark will split and tumble to pieces. Here 
 
 * According to a Resolution of Congress, March 25, p. 210. 
 
 25 
 
188 MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 lies our great danger, and I almost tremble when I think of this 
 rock. Nulhitig but disunion can Inirt ovr cav.se. This will ruin it, 
 if great prudence, temper, and moderation are not mixed in our 
 counsels, and made the governing principles of the contending 
 parlies. When, my good Sir, will you bc^ with me ? J fear I shall 
 have a difiicult card to play in this government, [New York,] and 
 could wish for your assistance and advice to manage it.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii.p. 357. 
 
 Same to the Committee of Safety of the Colony of New York. 
 
 Head Quartern, 17 April. 1776. 
 
 Gentlemen, — There is nothing that could add more to my hap- 
 piness, than to go hand in hand with the civil authority of this, or 
 any other government, to which it may be my lot to be ordered ; and, 
 if in the prosecution of such measures as shall appear to me to have 
 a manifest tendency to promote the interest of t/ie great American 
 rav.se, I shall encounter t/ie local inconvenience of individva/s, or 
 even of a lohole Coluny. I beg it may be believed, that 1 shall do 
 it with reluctance and pain; but, in the present important contest, 
 the least of two evils must be preferred. That a continuance of 
 the intercourse which has hitherto subsisted between the inhabitants 
 of this Colony, and the enemy on board their ships of war, is inju- 
 rious to the common cause, requires no extraordinary abilities to 
 prove. A moment's reflection not only evinces this- truth, but points 
 out the glaring absurdity of such a procedure. * * * 
 
 ' It would, Gentleiuen, be taking up too much of your time, to 
 use further arguirients in proof of the necessity of putting an imme- 
 diate and total stop to all further correspondence with the enemy. 
 It is my incumbent duly to eflect this, convinced as I am of the 
 disadvantages resulting i'rom it. * * * 
 
 ' In effecting the salutary purposes above mentioned, I could wish 
 for the concurrence and support of your honorable body, o * 
 
 ' It is therefore, Gentlemen, that 1 have taken the liberty to ad- 
 dress you on this important subject, relying on your zeal and at- 
 tachment to the cavse of American liberti/, for your assistance in 
 putting a stop to this evil, and that you will cooperate with me in 
 such measures as shall be effectual.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 357. 
 
 The Committee to General "Washington. 
 
 25 April. 
 'The polite sensibility with which you have been pleased to treat 
 our attention to your requisition of the 17th instant, affords us sin- 
 gular pleasure. Convinced with you, that there can be little doubt 
 that things will go well under a harmonious co-operation of the civil 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 189 
 
 and mililary powers, permit ns once more, Sir, 1o assure yon of our 
 most vigorous exertions, in seconding your eflbrls in the coinmon 
 caused 
 
 Ibid. p. 360. l^ole. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 18 April, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — Permit me, through you to convey to the Honorable Con- 
 gress, tile seniimenis of gratitude I feel, lor the high lionor they have 
 done me in the public marii of approbation eoniained in your fav- 
 or of the 2d instant, which came to hand last niglit. I beg you to 
 assure them, that it will ever be my highest ambition to approve 
 myself a faithful servant of the public; and that to be in any degree 
 insirumental in procuring to ray American brethren, a resiitulion of 
 their rights and ])rivileges, will consliluie my chief happiness. 
 
 ' Agreeably to your request, I have communicated in general or- 
 ders, to the officers and soldiers under my command, the thanks of 
 Congress for their good behavior in the service; and I am happy in 
 having such an opportunity of doing justice to their merit. They 
 were indeed, at Hrst, "« band of midiscipUned husbandmen,''^ but it 
 is, under (iod, to their bravery and attention to their duty, that lam 
 indebted for that success, which has procured me the only reward 
 I wish to receive, the affection and esteem of my countrymen. The 
 Medal, intended to be presented to me by your honorable body, I 
 shall carefully preserve as a memorial of their regard. I beg leave 
 to return you, Sir, my warmest thanks for the polite- manner in 
 which you have been pleased to express their sentiments of my 
 conduct; and am, with sincere esteem and respect. Sir, your and 
 their most obedient and most humble servant.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 122. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 300. 
 
 The Proceedings which induced this letter. 
 
 In Congress, ^March 25, 1776. Resolved, That the thanks of 
 this Congress, in their own name, and in the name of the thirteen 
 United Colonies, lohom they represent, be presented to his Excel- 
 lency General Washington, and the ofHcers and soldiers under his 
 command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and ac- 
 quisition of Boston ; and that a Medal of gold be struck in com- 
 memoration of this great event, and presented to his Excellency; 
 and that a committee of three be appointed to prepare a letter of 
 thanks, and a proper device for the Medal. 
 
 '■April 2. The committee appointed to prepare a letter of thanks 
 to General Washington, and the officers and soldiers under his 
 command, brought in a draught, which was read and agreed to. 
 
 ' Ordered, That it be transcribed, signed by the President, and 
 forwarded.' 
 
190 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 General Washington to the Committee of Safety of New 
 
 York. 
 
 New York, 27 April, 1776. 
 ' If the four battalions are placed under the immediate care of the 
 Committee of Safety for this Colony, by Congress, I should be glad 
 to know how far it is conceived, that my power over them extends, 
 or whether I have any at all. Sure I am, that they cannot be sub- 
 jected to the direction of both, and I shall have no small reluctance 
 in assuming an authority, which I am not vested with powers to 
 execute. Nor will my solicitude (further than as a well-wisher to 
 the cause) on account of arms for these regiments, and returns of 
 them, continue, if they are not considered as wiihin the line of my 
 command. It becomes, therefore, my indispensable duty to ascer- 
 tain the matter, and to know whether these regiments cannot be 
 ordered out of the Colony, for instance, to New Jersey, if necessity 
 should require it.' 
 
 "Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 377. Note. 
 
 Those tjattalions were raised and supported ' at the expense of the Continent,' in 
 obedience to a special Resolve of Congress, passed Jan. 19, p. 202. Was the command 
 of them nevertheless doubtful between ihe Executive power of a Colony, and him, 
 •whom the same Congress had ' chosen, appointed [ard repeatedly declared,] to be 
 General and Comniander-in-Chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised for the de- 
 fence of America!'* 
 
 If the reader is disposed to inquire, by what process affairs were conducted to the 
 state indicated by that occurrence, — by many occurrences after as well as by several 
 before it, his attention may be directed to the course of measures adopted and pur- 
 sued by Congress ' for the defence of America,' from the time when, according to their 
 appointment, the General left that memorable Council in June, 1775. 
 
 In Congress, ^Jiine 22, 1775. Upon motion made, 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Colony of Pennsylvania raise two more 
 companies of riflemen, and that these, with the six before ordered 
 [on the 14lh,] to be by them raised, making eight companies, be 
 formed into a battalion, to be commanded by such field officers, 
 captains and lieutenants, as shall be recommended by the Assembly 
 or Convention of said Colony.^ 
 
 ^Jime 23. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Convention 
 of New York, that they, consulting with General Schuyler, employ 
 in the army to be raised for the defence of America, those called 
 Green Mountain Boys, under such officers as the said Green 
 Mountain Boys shall choose.' 
 
 '•June 24. On a motion made, 
 
 ''Resolved, That a Committee of seven be appointed, to devise 
 ways and means to put the militia of America in a proper state /or 
 the defence of America. 
 
 * See their Resolves, pp. 68, 70, and their Order, p. 73. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 191 
 
 ^June 26. The state of North Carolina, being taken into consi- 
 deration, the Congress came to the following Resolutions: 
 
 'Whereas, It is represented to this Congress, that the enemies of 
 the liberties of America^ are pursuing measures to divide the good 
 people of the Colony of North Carolina, and to defeat the Ameri- 
 can- Association : 
 
 ^Resolred, That it be recommended to all in that Colony, who 
 wish well to the liberties of America, to associate /or the defence of 
 American libert//, audio embody themselves as militia under proper 
 officers. 
 
 ^Resolved, That in case the Assembly or Convention of that Col- 
 ony shall think it absolutely necessary for the support of the Amer- 
 ican Association and safety of the Colony, to raise a body of forces 
 not exceeding one thousand men, this Congress will consider them 
 as an American arm//, and provide for their pay. 
 
 '/«/// 18. The Congress resumed the consideration of the Report 
 of the Committee, /or jtyw/^mo- the militia into cc proper state, for the 
 defence of America, and the same being debated by paragraphs, 
 was agreed to as follows : 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the inhabitants of all the 
 United English Colonies in North America, that all able-bodied ef- 
 fective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age, in each Colony, 
 immediately form themselves into regular companies of miJilia, to 
 consist of one captain, two lieutenants, one ensign, four sergeants, 
 four corporals, one clerk, one drummer, one fifer, and about sixty- 
 eight privates. 
 
 ' That the officers of each company be chosen by the respective 
 companies. 
 
 ' That the companies be formed into regiments or battalions, offi- 
 cered with a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, two majors, an adjutant or 
 quarler-master. 
 
 ' That all officers above the rank of a captain, be appointed by 
 the respective Provincial Assemblies or Conventions, or in their 
 recess by the Committees of Safety appointed by said Assemblies 
 or Conventions. 
 
 ' That one-fourth part of the militia in every Colony be selected 
 for minute-men, of such persons as are willing to enter into this 
 necessary service, formed into companies and battalions, and their 
 officers chosen and commissioned as aforesaid, to be ready on the 
 shortest notice, to march to any place where their assistance may 
 be required, /or the defence of their own or a neig-hboring- Colony. 
 
 ' That such of the minute-men as desire it, be relieved by new 
 draughts as aforesaid, from the whole body of the militia, once in 
 four months. 
 
 ' That each Colony, at their oivn expense, make such provision by 
 armed vessels or otherwise, as their respective Assemblies, Conven- 
 tions, or Committees of Safety shall judge expedient and suitable 
 
192 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 to iheir circumstances and situa1ions,/o>* the protection of their har- 
 bors and navig-alion on their sea-coaats, against all unlawful invas- 
 ions, attacks and depredations, from cutters and ships of war. 
 
 '////// 21. Resolved^ That svck a body of troops be kept up in 
 the Massachusetts Bay, as General Wasiiington shall think neces- 
 sary, provided tliey do not exceed twenty-tiro thousand men. 
 
 ' July 25. Resofved, That a body of forces, not exceeding- fire 
 thousand, be kept up in the New York department, /or the purpose 
 of defending' that part of America, and for securing the Lakes, and 
 protecting the Frontiers from incursions or invasions.* 
 
 ' September 27. Resotved, That the expense of kettles, canteens, 
 and spoons, supplied to the soldiers, be charged to the Continent. 
 
 ' October 9. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Conven- 
 tion of New Jersey, that they immediately raise, at the expense of the 
 Continent, two battalions, con^ishng oi eight companies each, and 
 each company of sixty-eight privates, officered with one captain, 
 one lieutenant, one ensign, four sergeants, and four corporals. 
 
 ' That the privates be enlisted for one year, at tl'e rate office dol- 
 lars per calender month, liable to be discharged at any time, on 
 allowing them one month's pay extraordinary. 
 
 ' That each of the privates be aWowed, instead of a bounty, one 
 fell hat, a pair of yarn stockings, and a pair of shoes; the men to 
 find their own arms. 
 
 ' That the pay of the officers, for the present, be the same as that 
 of the officers in the present Continental army, and in case the pay 
 of the officers in the army is augmented, the pay of the officers in 
 these battalions shall, in like manner, be augmented from the time 
 of their engaging in the service. 
 
 ''October 10. A motion being made relative to the appointment of 
 officers in the Continental ccrmy, and the same being largely debated, 
 the determination thereon teas deferred till to-morrow. 
 
 ' October 11. The Congress resumed the consideration of the 
 motion made yesterday, respecting the apjwintment of ofiicers, and 
 after debate, the same ivas postponed. 
 
 '■October 12. Resolved, That the President transmit to the Con- 
 vention of New Jersey, blank commissions, to be filled up by the 
 said Convention, to the captains and subaltern officers in the two 
 battalions to be raised in that Colony; and that the ajipcnntment of 
 the field officers be for the present suspended, until the Congress come 
 to a determination on that matter.'' 
 
 It has been slated, p. 6S, Ibat Ihe riflemen there mentioned were the first troops 
 raised by order of the General Congress ; and the Resolve. June 22, pp. lOS 1 90, shows 
 the mode adopted by Congress for the appointment ofofficers lo command them. To 
 that mode General Washington particLiiarly referred, in his letter to R. H. Lee, Aug. 
 29, p. 108, saying, (and somewhat explaining his reasons,) 'io me it appears improper.' 
 
 * August 1st, Congress adjourned to September 5tb. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 193 
 
 The two battalions above rcrnmmertded, Oct. 9, were the next troops raised, of snrh 
 number ami characler ;is prodiiceci a second occasion like that of the riflemen. On 
 account of the increased prospect of a severe and greaiiy prolonged conflict, this, 
 much more than the former occasion, required deliberation with cautious refer- 
 eiii-e to the consequences of their • determination.' It was to he regarded as a prece- 
 dent, ufafipr influence, e.xtending beyond the reach of human foresight. The above 
 records of Oct. lO, 11, 12, sufficiently manifest, thai it was so regarded by both parties 
 in Congress. It will be fouiul, soon, that the suspension declared on the 12th, was 
 no< of loni; continuance ; and, in the sequel, that the consequences of their ' determiiia- 
 lion' on this occasion, probably surpassed all then existing conjecture^ 
 
 ' October 12. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assem- 
 bly or Comtniilee of Safety of Pennsylvania, to raise one battalion, 
 on the same terms as those ordered to be raised in New Jersey, and 
 to be officered in like manner. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the men to be enlisted, be furnished at the Con- 
 linenlal e.xpense, with a hunting shirt, not exceeding in value 1^ 
 :lc)llar, ami a blanket, if to be procured, but not to be made part of 
 the terms of enlistment. 
 
 ' October 13. Resolved, That a swift sailing vessel, to carry ton 
 carriage guns, and a proportionable number of swivels, with eigliiy 
 men, be filled, with all possible dispatch, for a cruise of three 
 monihs, and that the Commander be instructed to cruise eastward, 
 for interce]iting such Iransporls as may be laden with warlike stores 
 and other supplies for our enemies, and for such other purposes as 
 llie Confrress shall direct. 
 
 ''Resolved, That anoiher vessel be filled out for the same pur- 
 Doses, and that the committee report their opinion of a proper ves- 
 ;el, and also an estimate of the expense. 
 
 ' October 28. Resolved, That a company of matrosses, to consist 
 ")f a captain, a caplain-lieutenant, a first and second lieutenant, a 
 ienlenant fire-worker, four sergeants, four corporals, eight bornbar- 
 liers, sixty-eight malrosses, one drummer, and one fifer, be imme- 
 diately raised in New York, for the defence of Hudson'' s River, and 
 '■o ov.cvp// the fortifications now erecting- in the Highlands, and that 
 t be recommended to the Convention of said Colony, immediately to 
 •aise said company, and to appoint the proper officers. 
 
 ' October 30. Rvsolved, That the second vessel ordered to be 
 itted out on the 13th instant, be of such a size as to carry fourteen 
 juns, and a proportionate number of swivels and men; 
 
 ♦ Resolved, That two more vessels be fitted out with all expedi- 
 ion ; the one to carry not exceeding twenty guns, and the other not 
 'xceeding ihirty-six guns, with a proportionable number of swivels 
 ind men, to be emplo//ed in such manner., for the protection and de- 
 fence of the Uidted Colonies, as the Congress shall direct- 
 
 ' November 4. Resolved, That /or tlie defence of South Carolina, 
 here be kept up in that Colony, at the Continental expense, three 
 )altalions of foot, each battalion to consist of the same number of 
 
194 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 men and officers, and be upon the same pay, and under the same 
 regulations^ as the Continental army. 
 
 ' Resolved, That/or the defence of the Colony of Georgia, there be 
 one battalion kept up there at the Continental expense, to be com- 
 posed as the battalions of South Carolina. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the said troops be enlisted to the 31st of Decem- 
 ber, 1776, subject however, to be discharged sooner, if the Conti- 
 nental Congress shall think proper. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the President sign blank commissions, and that 
 the Conventions, or, in their recess, the Councils of Safety /or South 
 Carolina and Georgia, respectively, fill them up loitk the names of 
 such Officers as they may think proper, and return a list thereof to 
 the Congress. 
 
 ^Resolved, TJiatin case of a vacancy, occasioned by the death or 
 removal of a Colonel, or inferior Officer, the said Conventions, or in 
 their recess, the said Councils of Safety, appoint another person to 
 fill up such vacancy, until a commission shall issue from the Con- 
 gress, and that they return to the Congress a list of the names of the 
 persons appoin'ed. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Officers on the Continental establishment, 
 shall, when acting in conjunction unth Officers of equal rank, onthe 
 Provincial establishment, take command of the latter, and also of the 
 militia; and the Officers of the troops on the Provincial establish- 
 ment, shall, when acting in conjunction icith officers of the militia, 
 icdce command and precedence of the latter of equal rank, notwilh-' 
 standing prior dates of commissions. 
 
 ' Resolved, That if the Convention, or, in their recess, the Council 
 of Safety of South Carolina, shall think it expedient for the secu- 
 rity of that Colony, to seize or destroy, and shall seize or destroy, 
 any ship or vessel of war, this Congress will approve of such pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the town of Charleston ought to be defended 
 against any attempts that may be made to take possession thereof, 
 by the enemies of America, and that the Convention or Council 
 of Safety of the Colony of South Carolina, ought to pursue such 
 measures, as to them shall seem most efficacious for that purpose, 
 and that they proceed immediately to erect such fortifications and 
 batteries in or near Charleston, as will best conduce to promote its 
 security, the expense to be paid, by the said Colony. 
 
 ^November 7. The Congress taking into consideration, the re- 
 commendation for field, officers of the Neiu Jersey battalions, 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Congress will proceed by ballot to the elec- 
 tion of the said field officers. The ballots being taken and examin- 
 ed, Lord Sterling, ***** [were] elected. 
 
 Thus, the appointment 'suspended [Oct. 12,] until the Congress come to a deter- 
 mination on that matter,' was made Nov. 7. Their ' determination ' was, however, dis- 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 195 
 
 closed, the mode of appointment fixed, and the precedent established, by their Resolves 
 relating to the battalions of South Carolina and Georgia, as on the preceding page. 
 
 An examination of these, in connection with General Washington's remarks upon 
 the before mentioned Resolve, p. lOS, and a comparison, in the same connection, of 
 these Resolves with that, may enable the reader to judge, whether the opinions of 
 the General greatly influenced at that time, the most important proceedings of 
 Congress. It may here be remarked generally, that the following records, through 
 several months at least, should be perused with no little regard and attention to many 
 of those in the previous Numbers. 
 
 ' November 8. Resolved, That a commander with the rank of 
 a colonel, be appointed lo take the command of the fortifications or 
 fortresses, on Hudson's River, in the Highlands. 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Convention of New 
 York, to empower the said commander to call together and com- 
 mand two hundred men of the militia of Duchess, Orange, and 
 Ulster Counties, and one company of artillery from the city of New 
 York, who shall be stationed in the Highlands, until relieved by the 
 company of artillery directed by this Congress to be raised in the 
 city of New York, and such other Continental troops as may 
 hereafter be directed to take possession of the same. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the minute-men or militia, while on service, be 
 maintained and paid at the same rate as the rest of the Continental 
 forces. . 
 
 ^Resolved, That a number of the militia of the counties of Duch- 
 ess, Orange, and Ulster, be formed into independent companies, 
 under the direction of the commander of the said fortresses, and in 
 case of alarm, be directed to repair to the several stations in the 
 Highlands, which, in order to prevent confusion, should be immedi- 
 ately assigned them. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Deputy Commissary- General be directed lo 
 provide sufficient provision for one thousand men, for one month, 
 and keep that quantity in stock. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the powder sent from this place to General 
 Schuyler, be remanded, if it can be anyway spared, and left in the 
 fortresses in the Highlands. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania, be 
 requested to furnish the Colony of New York with 500 lbs. of pow- 
 der, and forward the same immediately to Dobb's Ferry ; that the 
 Convention of New York give order to receive it there, and send it 
 as soon as possible to the fortresses in the Highlands. 
 
 '■Resolved, That it be recommended to the Convention of New 
 York, if they have not already sent forward a sufficient number of 
 cannon for the defence of the fortresses erecting in the Highlands; 
 that they immediately send forward to those fortresses so many of 
 the cannon at Kingsbridge, of the best quality and largest bore, as 
 they may think necessary for that purpose. 
 
 ^November 9. Resolved, That the appointment of a command- 
 er of the fortresses on Hudson's River, be postponed to Wednf- 
 26 
 
196 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IX 1775. 
 
 day next, and that Captain John Hanson take and keep the com- 
 mand of said fortresses and the troops there, unlil the Congress 
 shall appoint a commander. 
 
 ^November 10. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to in- 
 quire into the state of the Colony of Virginia, to consider whether 
 any, and tvhat provisions may be necessary for its defence, and to 
 report the same to Congress. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Commander of the New Jersey battalions 
 be directed to march six companies of said battalions, as soon as 
 they are completed, to garrison the fort on Hudson's River, in the 
 Highlands, in the Colony of New York. 
 
 '•Resolved, That the President write to Governor Cooke, and re- 
 quest him to send to the Committee of Safety of New York, one ton 
 of powder, /or the defence of that city and Colony. 
 
 '■November 16. Resolved, That two small, swift sailing vessels 
 be provided for packets, to be under the direction of Congress. 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. IMorris* be appointed to provide said ves- 
 sels, and that he be directed to get one ready to sail as soon as pos- 
 sible, and the other in a month hence. 
 
 '■November 24. Resolved, That a committee of three be appoint- 
 ed, to take into consideration the state of North Carolina, and report 
 to Congress what in their opinion is necessary to be done /or its 
 safety and security. 
 
 ^November 27. Resolved, That orders issue to Lord Sterling, to 
 collect the troops which were raised in New Jersey, (except the six 
 companies which have been ordered to the fortresses on Hudson's 
 River,) and to place them in barracks in the eastern division of 
 New Jersey, as contiguous to New York as can be, there to remain 
 till further orders from Congress. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a letter be written to the Convention of New 
 York, requesting' them to use their utmost endeavors to furnish the 
 troops raised in New Jersey /or the defence of Neiv York, whh as 
 many arms as they can spare. 
 
 ^November 28. The Congress took into consideration the Re- 
 port of the committee on North Carolina, whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the two battalions, which the Congress directed 
 to be raised in the Colony of North Carolina,! be increased to the 
 Continental establishment, and kept in pay at the expense of the 
 United Colonies, /or one year from this time, or until the farther or- 
 der of Congress, as well for the purpose of defending the good peo- 
 ple of that Colony against the attacks of ministerial oppression as 
 assisting the adjacent Colonies. 
 
 ' That application be made to the Councils of Safety of the Col- 
 onies of Pennsylvania and South Carolina, for so much gun-powder 
 as can be spared, for the immediate supply of North Carolina. 
 
 * Mr. Ro^ ert Morris. t June 26, p. 101. 
 
proceedi^;gs of congress, in iiio. 197 
 
 *■ Resolved.^ That ihe delegates of the Colony of North Carolina 
 be directed, to purchase a number oi drums, fifes and colors, suitable 
 for the said battalions, and that the President be directed to draw- 
 on the Continental treasurers for a sum not exceeding three hun- 
 dred dollars, for the payment thereof. 
 
 ' That two ministers of the gospel be applied to, to go immediate- 
 ly amongst the regulators and highlanders in the Colony of North 
 Carolina, for ihe purpose of informing them of the nature of the 
 present dispute between Great Britain and the Colonies; that the 
 gentlemen to be employed, be allowed forty dollars a month for their 
 services ; and that the delegates of the said Colony be empowered to 
 apply to and procure persons proper for this business. 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Convention or Committee of 
 Safety of North Carolina, in case the method of defending the said 
 Colony by minute-men be inadequate to the purpose, to substitute 
 such other mode as to them shall appear most likely to effect the 
 security of that Colony. 
 
 ' December 2. Resolved, That the colonel or commanding 
 officer of the battalion now in the barracks at Philadelphia, be 
 ordered to keep a regular guard over the ships and stores belong- 
 ing to the United Colonies, at or on the wharves, or in the stores on 
 the wharves of Messrs. Willing and Morris, and Mr. Cuthbert. 
 
 ' That the Congress approve the General's fitting out armed ves- 
 sels to intercept the enemy's supplies. 
 
 ' That when the army receives such supplies of powder as to be 
 enabled to spare some to the country, that it be sold to them at a 
 reasonable price. 
 
 ' December 4. The committee on the state of Virginia, to 
 whom was referred the letters received on Saturday last, brought in 
 their Report, which was taken into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 ' Resolved, That three companies of the battalion raised in the 
 Colony of Pennsylvania, immediately march, under the command 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Irvine, into Northampton county, in Vir- 
 ginia, for the protection of the Association in those parts, and for 
 the defence thereof against the designs of the enemies of America. 
 
 ' December 5. Resolved, That the naval committee be instructed 
 to engage the seamen and marines to ihe first of January, V711, 
 unless sooner discharged by Congress. 
 
 ' December 8. Resolved, That the companies of the two battal- 
 ions raised in New Jersey, not already ordered to the fort on Hud- 
 son's River, in the Highlands, in the Coldny of New York, be, and 
 they are hereby, ordered to march, as soon as they can be furnished 
 with barrack necessaries and arms, to the city of Neiv York, and 
 there remain till farther orders ; and that four of the companies 
 ordered to the fort in the Highlands, be likewise stationed in the 
 city of New York, till barracks can be fitted up for them in that 
 fort. " 
 
198 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1775. 
 
 ' December 9. Resolved, That an order issue for raising four 
 battalions more in the Colony of Pennsylvania, on the same terms 
 as the one already raised. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a like order issue for raising one battalion 
 in the lower counties on Delaware, on the same terms as those 
 ordered to be raised in Pennsylvania. 
 
 ' December 12. The committee appointed to prepare letters of 
 thanks to the three general officers in the Northern army, reported 
 draughts, which being read and approved, 
 
 ' Ordered, That they be signed by the President and trans- 
 mitted. 
 
 ' December 13. The committee appointed to devise ways and 
 means for fitting out a naval armament, brought in their Report, 
 which being read and debated, was agreed to, as follows : 
 
 ' That five ships of 82 guns, five of 28 guns, three of 24 guns, 
 making in the whole thirteen, can be fitted lor the sea probably by 
 the last of March next. 
 
 ' That the cost of these ships, so fitted, will not be more than 
 66,666| dollars each, on an average, allowing two complete suits of 
 sails for each ship, — equal in the whole to 866,666 f dollars. 
 
 'Resolved, That a committee be appointed, with full powers to 
 carry the said Report into execution, with all possible expedition, 
 (except what relates to canvas and powder,) at the expense of the 
 United Colonies. 
 
 ' December 15. Resolved, That the Committee of Safety for the' 
 Colony of Pennsylvania, be requested to recommend proper persons 
 for field officers of the four battalions to be raised in the said 
 Colony.* 
 
 ^Resolved, That the said Committee appoint proper persons for 
 officers in the said battalions, under the rank of majors. 
 
 ' Resolved, That similar orders be given to the Committee of 
 Safety of the lower counties on Delaware, for recommending field 
 officers, and appointing inferior officers, for the battalion to be 
 raised in that Colony.* 
 
 ' December 21. Resolved, That forty iron pots be provided for 
 the soldiers while in the barracks near Philadelphia. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the commissioned officers of each company be 
 allowed, every week, a quarter of a cord of hickory, or other wood 
 in proportion. 
 
 '■Resolved, That a coat of uniform be provided for each soldier, 
 and that what the coat costs more than the hunting-shirt, which was 
 to have been given them, be deducted from their wages. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the battalions raised in Pennsylvania, be sup- 
 
 * Here appears again, the mode established for the appointment of officers. See 
 pp. 194, 195. A recommendation by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, of officers for the 
 first battalion, p. 109, was acknowledged in Congress, Nov. 16. They were appointed, 
 ■V-" 05 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1776. 199 
 
 plied with gun-brushes, pickers, double-worms, screw-drivers, and 
 oil ; and that it be recommended to the Committee of Safety of the 
 said Colony to provide the same. 
 
 ' December 28. Resolved, That six battalions are necessary to be 
 immediately raised in Virginia, and that they be raised accordingly, 
 vpon the same terms, and paid as the Continental forces in the 
 Camp at Cambridg-e, unless the Convention of that Colony can 
 raise them on better terms. 
 
 '■January 1, 1776. Resolved, That the President of the Provin- 
 cial Council of North Carolina, and of Georgia, be requested to 
 procure committees of their several bodies to repair immediately to 
 Charleston, and there to confer loith a committee of the Council of 
 Safety of South Carolina, upon weighty and important matters 
 relative to the defence and security of these Colonies. 
 
 ' Resolved, That it appears, the British Ministry and their agents 
 have meditated and are preparing to make attacks upon Charles- 
 ton, in South Carolina, and several places in Virginia, and proba- 
 bly in North Carolina ; and that it be recommended to the Conven- 
 tions or Committees of Safety, of the two former Colonies, and to 
 the Provincial Council of the other, by all possible means, to make 
 a vigorous defence and opposition ; and that it be farther recom- 
 mended to the Committee of Safety of Virginia, and the Provin- 
 cial Council of North Carolina, to meet together and confer and 
 conclude upon such operations, as they may think most for their mu- 
 tual interest. 
 
 ' January 2. Whereas it has been represented to this Congress 
 that divers honest and well-meaning, but uninformed people in 
 these Colonies, have, by the art and address of Ministerial Agents, 
 been deceived and drawn into erroneous opinions respecting the 
 American cause, * « * * 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended to the different Assemblies, 
 Conventions and Committees or Councils of Safety in the United 
 Colonies, by the most speedy and effectual measures, to frustrate 
 the mischievous machinations, and restrain the wicked practices of 
 these men ; * * * * 
 
 ' And, in order that the said Assemblies, Conventions, Commit- 
 tees or Councils of Safety, may be enabled, with greater ease and 
 facility, to carry this Resolution into execution, 
 
 ' Resolved, That they be authorized to call to their aid whatever 
 Continental troops, stationed in or near their respective Colonies, 
 may be conveniently spared from their more immediate duty ; and 
 the commanding officers of such troops are hereby directed to afford 
 the said Assemblies, Conventions, Committees or Councils of Safety, 
 all such assistance in executing this Resolution, as they may require, 
 and which, consistent with the good of the service, may be supplied. 
 
 ' Resolved, That all detachments of Continental troops, which 
 may be ordered on the business in the foregoing Resolution men- 
 
200 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1776. 
 
 tioned, he^ ivhile so employed, wider the direction and control of the 
 Assemblies, Conventions, Committees or Councils of Safety, aforesaid. 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended to all the Ufiited Colonics, to 
 aid each other (on request from their respective Assemblies, Con- 
 ventions, Committees or Councils of Safety, and County Commit- 
 tees) on every emergency, and to cidtivate, cherish and increase the 
 present happy and necessary union, by a contimtal interchange of 
 mi(fual good offices. 
 
 ^January 4. Resolved, That an additional battalion be raised in 
 the county of Cumberland, in the Colony of Pennsylvania, to 
 consist of the same number of men and officers, and to have the 
 same pay and allowance as others raised in said Colony. 
 
 ' Resolved, That one company of each of the five battalions 
 last ordered to be raised in Pennsylvania, consist of expert rifle- 
 men. 
 
 'January 5. Resolved, That the President write to General 
 Washington, and desire him to inform Congress what rank the 
 Aids-de-camp of the general officers should have in the army of 
 the United Colonies. 
 
 * Resolved, That no farther fortifications be erected at Martler'3 
 Rock, on Hudson's River, and that a point of land at Pooplo- 
 pen's Kill, on the said river, be, without delay, effectually for- 
 tified. 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended to the Convention, or in 
 their recess, to the Committee of Safety of New York, to carry into 
 execution the above Resolution. 
 
 ^January 6. Resolved, That the Commander-in-Chief have one- 
 twentieth part of the allotted prize-money, taken in any ship or 
 ships, armed vessel or vessels, under his orders and command. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the memorial from, the inhabitants of Neivport, 
 with the papers accompanying i\,be referred to the consideration of 
 the Colony of Rhode Island. 
 
 ' January 8. Resolved, That shipwrights be immediately sent, 
 from New York and Philadelphia, to General Schuyler, or ihe Com- 
 mander in Chief of the forces of Ticonderoga. 
 
 ' That General Schuyler be desired to have the River St. Law- 
 rence, above and below Quebec, well explored. 
 
 ' Resolved, That nine battalions, including that of Canadians 
 under Colonel Livingston, be kept up and maintained the present 
 year, for the defence of Canada. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the first Pennsylvania battalion, under Colonel 
 Bull, and the second New Jersey battalion, under Colonel Maxwell, 
 be ordered to march immediately to Albany, and there put them- 
 selves under the command of General Schuyler. 
 
 ' And, to make up the rest of the battalions voted for the defence 
 of Canada, that one battalion be raised in New Hampshire, one in 
 Connecticut, and one in New York ; that two battalions be formed 
 out of the troops now in Canada. ^ ^ * 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 177G. 201 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Convention or Committee of Safety of 
 Maryland, be requested to order three companies of the minute- 
 men in the service of that Colony, to march immediate I ij from thence 
 to the Counties of Accomack and Northampton, in Virg'ima, ^ 
 
 ^ =^' '«= and to lay before Congress the accounts of 
 their subsistence and pay, which shall be paid out of the Conti- 
 nental Treasury. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania be 
 desired to send five hundred pounds weight of powder to the Co- 
 lony of Virginia. 
 
 ^ Janiiarjj 9. Resolved, That the militia raised in the Counties of 
 Orange and Ulster, in the Colony of New York, by order of the 
 Congress, for the support of the fort lately erected on Hudson's 
 River, be discharged. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed, to inquire 
 into the conduct of the officers who are jjrisoncrs, and the manner 
 in which they are at present subsisted, and report thereon. 
 
 ^January 10. Resolved, That another battalion be raised in 
 New Jersey, on the same terms as the other tico raised in that Co- 
 lony. 
 
 ' Resolved, That Lord Stirling be desired to furnish Colonel 
 Heard with three companies under his command, who are to join 
 Colonel Heard with the minute-men by him raised, and proceed, 
 as soon as may be, on the expedition into Queen's County, for 
 which Colonel Heard and Colonel Waterbury were appointed.* 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Colony of North Carolina be supplied with 
 one ton of powder, by the Secret Committee. 
 
 '• Janiiary 15. Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed, 
 to make an estimate of the number of cannon that may be wanted 
 for the defence of the United Colonies. 
 
 ' January 16. Resolved, That another battalion be raised in the 
 Colony of North Carolina, in order to defeat any attempt which 
 may be made in opposition to the measures recommended by the 
 Continental Congress. 
 
 ' January 17. The Committee appointed to prepare instructions 
 for the officers in the recruiting service, brought in their Report, 
 which being taken into consideration, the Congress, thereupon, came 
 to the following Resolutions. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Colonels of the several battalions ordered 
 to he raised, do immediately order their officers on recruiting ser- 
 vice. 
 
 ' That the Colonels of the several battalions aforesaid, appoint 
 some place or places of rendezvous, to which the recruits may be 
 sent, and where the battalions may be quartered. 
 
 * Colonels Heard and Waterbury had been appointed, Jan. 3. The object of their 
 expedition was, to suppress or restrain the Tories in Queen's County. 
 
202 PKOCF.EDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 177C. 
 
 ' That an allowance of one dollar and a third of a dollar, per 
 man, be made to the recruiting officers, in lieu of their expenses 
 in recruiting, exclusive of the subsistence money allowed them. 
 
 ' That the Colonels of the several battalions to be raised in Penn- 
 sylvania, be supplied with money for the recruiting- service, by the 
 Committee of Safety of said Colony, and disburse the same to the 
 several recruiting officers ; the Colonels and other officers to be ac- 
 countable for what they shall receive. 
 
 ' That the sum of one dollar and one third of a dollar per man, 
 be allowed to the officers of the first Pennsylvania battalion, for 
 each man by them enlisted, who shall have passed muster. 
 
 ' January 19. Resolved, That four battalions be raised in the 
 Colony of New York, /or the defence of that Colony, upon the same 
 pay with those directed to be raised in the Colony of Pennsylva- 
 nia ; and that they be stationed as the commanding officer of the 
 New York department shall think best, to garrison the several forts 
 in that Colony, from Crown Point to the southward, and to prevent 
 depredations upon Long Island, and to promote the safety of the 
 whole. 
 
 ' Ordered, That a copy of the foregoing Resolution be transmitted 
 to the Council of Safety of New York ; and that they be re- 
 quested, with all possible expedition, to transmit to Congress the 
 names of a number of gentlemen, at least two for each command, 
 out of whom the Congress may elect field officers for said batta- 
 lions.* 
 
 ' January 24. Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed, 
 to consider the propriety of establishing a War-Office. 
 
 ' Resolved, That a committee be appointed to prepare an address 
 to the United Colonies. 
 
 ^January 25. Resolved, That the fortification at Crown Point be 
 not repaired ; and that the fortress at Ticonderoga be repaired and 
 made defensible. 
 
 '■January 26. Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to 
 repair to New York, to consult and advise with the Council of Safe- 
 ty of that Colony, and with General Lee, respecting the immediate 
 defence of the City of New York ; and that General Lee be di- 
 rected to folloiv the determination of the said Committee there- 
 upon.^ 
 
 '■January 30. Resolved, That Captain Nelson's company of 
 riflemen now raised, ^ # be enlisted for the service of 
 Canada, on the same terms as the other troops ordered for that 
 service. 
 
 'February 2. Resolved, That Colonel Wayne be directed to 
 
 * These were the four battalions referred to in the General's letters to the Commit- 
 tee of New York, April 27, 30, pp. 100, 212. 
 t See p. 176. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1776. 203 
 
 quarter his battalion in and near Chester, until the farther orders of 
 Cong-ress, or of acommittee of Congress for that purpose appointed. 
 
 ^ Resolved, \.ha.t acommittee of three be appointed, to take an 
 account of the prisoners, the names of the officers, and their places 
 of residence, and report the same to Congress.* 
 
 ^February 5. Resolved, That General Schuyler has proceeded 
 in disarming such inhabitants of the County of Tryon, in the 
 Colony of New York, as were disaffected, and providing for the 
 future tranquillity of those parts, with fidelity, prudence, and dis- 
 patch, and at the same time with a proper temper towards that 
 deluded people, and thereby performed a meritorious service.f 
 
 * That the cheerfulness and ready assistance of those who ac- 
 companied General Schuyler in his march to the County of Tryon, 
 and their useful services in that expedition, discovered such a pat- 
 riotic spirit, that it is hoped none of them will allow their coun- 
 trymen to entertain a suspicion that any ignoble motive actuated 
 them, br/ requiring a pecuniary reivard ; especially when they were 
 employed in suppressing a mischief in their own neighborhood. 
 
 ' Ordered^ That General Schuyler's nan-ative of his march into 
 Tryon County be published in the newspapers. 
 
 ' February 6. Resolved, That the sum of one dollar and one- 
 third of a dollar, be allowed to the officers of the two first New 
 Jersey battalions, for every recruit by them raised, and that has 
 passed muster. 
 
 ' A letter from the Committee of Reading, in Berks county, was 
 read, mentioning the arrival of a number of prisoners, and desiring 
 to know how they are to be supported ; 
 
 ''Resolved, That the same be referred to the committee appointed 
 to contract for supplying the prisoners.* 
 
 * February 8. Resolved, That a committee of three be ap- 
 pointed, to contract with a proper person to supply Colonel Wayne's 
 battalion with the rations allowed them. 
 
 ' Also with a proper person to supply the Pennsylvania troops 
 on the west side of the Susquehannah, and with a proper person 
 to supply the battalions ordered to be raised in the Counties on 
 Delaware, while in that government. 
 
 ' February 12. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Con- 
 vention or Committee of Safety of New Jersey, immediately to 
 send detachments of their minute-men equal to a battalion, under 
 proper officers, to New York, there to be under the command of 
 Major-General Lee : 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Committee of Safety of Penn- 
 sylvania, immediately to send detachments of the four battalions 
 of Associators in Philadelphia, to New York, there to put them- 
 selves under General Lee. 
 
 * Relating to prisoners, see pp. 121, 122, 165, 170. 
 t The expedition mentioned p. 163. 
 
 27 
 
204 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1776. 
 
 ' Resolved^ That the Colonels of the battalions ordered to be 
 raised in Pennsylvania, be directed to make an immediate return to 
 Co7igress, of the men enlisted, the places where they now are, and 
 the manner in which they are appointed. 
 
 ' February 13. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Commit- 
 tee of Safety of Pennsylvania, in case the barracks near Philadelphia 
 cannot contain all the troops raised in that Colony, that ihey 
 cause part of them to be quartered in the Pest-House and old Gaol 
 of this city. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the pay and subsistence of two of the battalions 
 ordered to be raised in the Colony of Virginia, commence from 
 the first day of November last ; from which time they have been in 
 actual service. 
 
 ' Resolved, That the Deputy Muster Master General be directed to 
 muster the battalions raised in the three Lower Counties on Dela- 
 ware, and also those raised in Pennsylvania, and make return to 
 Congress. 
 
 ' The Committee appointed to prepare an Address to the inhab- 
 itants of the United Colonies, brought in a draught, which was 
 read. 
 
 ' February 14. Resolved, That two of the brass six-pounders at 
 New York, belonging to the United Colonies, be sent to Virginia, 
 for the use of the forces there. 
 
 ' February 15. Resolved, That the Secret Committee deliver 
 one hundred and fifty stand of arms to Colonel Maxwell, for the 
 use of such of the companies of his battalion as may want 
 them. 
 
 ' Resolved, That two tons of the powder, belonging to the Con- 
 tinent, be delivered to the delegates of Virginia, for the use of the 
 forces of that Colony. 
 
 ' Resolved, That eight tons of powder be immediately sent to 
 Canada, for the use of the forces there. 
 
 ' Resolved, That no further works be erected on Martler's 
 Kock, but that those already erected there, be supported and gar- 
 risoned. 
 
 ' That a fascine battery, to mount heavy cannon, not exceeding 
 eighteen in number, be thrown up on the Gravel Hill, eastward of 
 Martler's Rock, marked in the draught LL, so as to command the 
 West Point, the reach down the river from the West Point, and 
 part of the reach up the river ; and that a convenient road be 
 opened from this battery to the barracks on Martler's Rock. 
 
 * That a redoubt of earth and fascines be built on the eminence 
 on the east side of the river, opposite to the West Point marked in 
 the draught A, to moutit thirty guns : 
 
 ' That it be recominended to the Convention or Committee of 
 Safety of New York, to forward the battery at Pooplopen's Kill ; 
 and that the battery be made of earth and fascines, and to mount 
 a number of guns not exceeding forty : 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, IN 1776. 205 
 
 ' That such of the Continental troops as are or may be stationed 
 at the aforesaid places, be employed in erecting these works and 
 batteries, under the direction of the engineer. 
 
 ' February 17. Resolved, That the sum of thirty-five thousand 
 dollars be advanced to the Convention or Committee of Safety of 
 New York, for the support of the troops employed in the defence 
 of that Colony ; the said Convention or Committee of Safety to 
 be accountable for the expenditure thereof. 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Convention or Committee of 
 Safety of New York, to contract wilh proper persons for supplying 
 the said troops with the rations allowed by Congress, and with fuel 
 and bedding and other necessaries, on the most reasonable terms in 
 their power. 
 
 ' Resolved, That Major-General Lee be directed immediately to 
 repair to Canada, and take command of the army of the United 
 Colonies in that Province. 
 
 ' That Major- General Schuyler be directed to repair, as soon as 
 his health will permit, to New York, and take the command of the 
 forces, and conduct the military operations there. 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Convention or Committee of 
 Safety of New York, to supply General Lee with a quantity of 
 suitable cannon, not exceeding twelve; and one or more mortars, 
 if to be had, with balls, shells, and other necessaries, for the siege 
 or assault of Quebec ; and that they assist him in forwarding the 
 same with all possible expedition. 
 
 ' That Major- General Schuyler be directed to have provision 
 stored in proper places near Hudson's River, between Albany and 
 the Highlands, to supply such troops as it may be necessary to call 
 out of the country.' 
 
 Hon. John Adams to General Charles Lee. 
 
 Philadelphia, Feb. 19, 1776. 
 
 ' Mv Dear Sir, — The Congress have seen such a necessity of 
 an able commander in Canada, as to destine you to that most ar- 
 duous service. I tremble for your health, yet I hope the cam- 
 paign will rather promote it than otherwise. We want you at 
 New York ; ive want you at Cambridge ; we want you in Virgi- 
 nia ; but Canada seems of more importance than any of those 
 places, and therefore you are sent there. I wish you as many lau- 
 rels as Wolfe and Montgomery reaped there, with an happier fate. 
 Health and long life after a glorious return. 
 
 'But I am ashamed to go on in such a strain when writing to 
 you, whose time is so much better employed than in reading it, 
 since 1 took up my pen only to introduce to your acquaintance a 
 countryman of yours, and a citizen of the world, to whom a cer- 
 tain heretical pamphlet, called Common Sense, is imputed. His 
 
206 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1776. 
 
 name is Paine.^ He is travelling to New York for his curiosity, 
 and wishes to see a gentleman whose character he so highly res- 
 pects. 
 
 ' A luckier, a happier expedition than yours to New York, never 
 was projected. The whole Whig world are blessing you for it, 
 and none of them more than, Your friend and servant.' 
 
 Memoirs of General Charles Lee, p. 242. 
 
 ' February 20. Resolved, That two hundred and fifty twelve 
 pounders, sixty nine pounders, and sixty-two four pounders, be 
 purchased for the use of these Colonies. 
 
 ' Resolved, That Colonel Wayne be directed to march with his 
 battalion to New York, and put himself under the command of 
 General Lee, or the commanding otlicer there. 
 
 ' Congress being informed that a quantity of powder, belong- 
 ing to the United Colonies, was arrived at Brunswick, in New 
 Jersey, 
 
 ' Resolved, That Mr. Lewis, Mr. Alsop, and Mr. P. Livingston, 
 be directed to forward the said powder, under a guard, with all 
 possible expedition, to General Washington, for the use of the 
 army under his command. 
 
 ' February 22. Resolved, That the President be directed to write 
 to the Convention of New York, and desire them to inform Con- 
 gress, what progress they have made in raising the four battalions 
 recommended to be raised in that Colony, for the defence of the 
 same. 
 
 ' February 23. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assem- 
 blies and Conventions of the United Colonies, that they immedi- 
 .ately establish public works in each and every county in their 
 respective Colonies, at the expense of such Colonies, for the manu- 
 facture of salt-petre, and appoint committees of their own members 
 immediately to set up such manufactures : 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Assemblies and Conventions, 
 Councils, or Committees of Safety, of every Colony, forthwith 
 to erect powder-mills in their respective Colonies, and appoint 
 committees to build such mills, and procure persons well skill- 
 ed in the manufacture of powder, at the expense of such Co- 
 lonies. 
 
 ' February 27. Resolved, That New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
 sylvania, the Lower Counties on Delaware and Maryland, be put 
 into one Department, under the command of the Major- General,! 
 and two Brigadier-Generals with proper Staff: 
 
 ' That Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, 
 be put into one other Department, under the command of one 
 Major-General, and three Brigadier- Generals with proper StafT. 
 
 * Both General Lee and Mr. Paine were Englishmen, 
 t Then under the command of Gen. Lee. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1776. 207 
 
 ' That Friday next be assigned for the election of major-gene- 
 rals, brigadier-generals, and staff officers, in the foregoing Depart- 
 ments. 
 
 ' February 28. Resolved, That General Lee be directed not 
 to proceed to Canada, until he receive further orders from Con- 
 gress. 
 
 ' February 29. Resolved, That an addition of 34 dollars a 
 month, be added to the pay of Joseph Reed, Esq., Secretary to 
 General Washington, on account of the extraordinary services at 
 present attending that office, by reason of the GeneraPs direction 
 of the Naval Department. 
 
 ' March 1. Resolved, That General Lee be appointed to take 
 the command of the Continental forces in the Southern Depeirt- 
 ment. 
 
 * The Congress proceeded to the election of six Rrigadier- 
 Generals, and the ballots being delivered in and examined, the fol- 
 lowing gentlemen were chosen : 
 
 'John Armstrong, William Thompson, Andrew Lewis, James 
 Moore, Robert Howe, Esqrs., the Right Honorable William, Earl 
 of Stirling. 
 
 ' Resolved, That Brigadier-General Armstrong be directed to 
 repair to South Carolina, Brigadiers Lewis and Howe to Virginia, 
 and Brigadier Moore to North Carolina, and to take the command 
 of the forces in those respective Colonies, until they receive further 
 orders from Congress, or a superior officer. 
 
 ' Resolved, That Brigadier-General Thompson be directed to 
 repair to New York.* 
 
 ''March 4. Resolved, That the Secret Committee be directed, 
 with all possible expedition, to send under guard, ten tons of powder 
 to Cambridge, /or the use of the army under the command of Gen- 
 eral Washington. 
 
 'March 6. Resolved, That Brigadier General Thomas, be ap- 
 pointed to command the forces in Canada, and that General Wash- 
 ington be directed to order him immediately to repair to that Pro- 
 vince.^ 
 
 ^Resolved, That Brigadier General Thomas, be promoted to the 
 rank of Major-General. 
 
 ''Resolved, That the President inform General Schuyler, that the 
 Congress judge it necessary he should remain at Albany, to make 
 the proper arrangements respecting the army destined for Canada, 
 and therefore, that he should establish his Head- Quarters at Albany, 
 until further orders.^ 
 
 'March 8. The Congress proceeded to the election of field offi- 
 cers of the four battalions, ordered to be raised in the Colony of 
 New York, /or the defence of the said Colony. X 
 
 * See p. 180. t See p. 181. % See Resolve for raising them, Jan 19, p. 202. 
 
208 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, m 1776. 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Schuyler be directed to provide such a 
 number of batteaus, for the service in Canada, as shall be sufficient 
 for it. 
 
 ^ March 9. Resolved, That a letter be written to General Wash- 
 ington, desiring- him to send Captain Conner, of the rifle battalion, 
 to Philadelphia, the Congress having occasion to employ him in the 
 Southern Department.* 
 
 '■Resolved, That no oath hy way of test be imposed upon, exact- 
 ed, or required of any of the inhabitants of these Colonies by any 
 military officers. 
 
 ^March 11. Resolved, That the Committee on Qualifications, be 
 directed to provide six medicine chests, for the six Virginia bat- 
 talions. 
 
 ^March 12. Resolved, That if any of the gentlemen appointed 
 field officers, in the four battalions raising in New York, /or the de- 
 fence of that Colony, are provided for in Canada, they be directed 
 to continue there. 
 
 ^March 13. Resolved, That the Marine Committee, be empow- 
 ered to purchase the armed vessel now in the River Delaware, on 
 the most reasonable terms, /or the service of the Continent. 
 
 ^March 14. Resolved, That eight thousand men be ordered for 
 the defence of the Colony of New York. 
 
 '■Resolved, That orders issue to Colonel Irvine, Colonel Shee, 
 and Colonel Magaw, of the Pennsylvania troops, and to Colonel 
 Dayton of the New Jersey troops, to march immediately with their 
 respective battalions to New York, and to put themselves under the 
 direction of the commanding officer there. 
 
 'March \5. Ordered, That Mr. R. H. Lee and Mr. Franklin, call 
 on General Lee, and direct him immediately to repair to the Southern 
 Department, and take the command of the forces there. 
 
 'Resolved, That four muskets and bayonets be lent to the del- 
 egates of Virginia, for the use of the guards that accompany the 
 powder sent to that Colony. 
 
 'Resolved, That Captain Nelson, with his rifle company be di- 
 rected immediately to repair to New York. 
 
 'Resolved, That the Governor of Connecticut, the Conventions 
 or Councils, or Committees of Safety of New York, and New Jer- 
 sex'-, be requested to hold their militia in readiness, to march in such 
 numbers, and at such times, for the defence of New York, as the 
 Continental commander at New York shall desire ; and, that the 
 pay of the militias, called to the defence of New York, be the same as 
 that of the Continental troops, raised and employed in the Middle 
 Department, to commence from the time they begin their march. 
 
 'Resolved, That Lord Stirling be directed to order the troops 
 destined for Canada, to proceed on their march, agreeable to their 
 orders. 
 
 * See p. 181. 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1776. 209 
 
 ^March 16. Resolved, That Frederick William, Baron de 
 Woedtke, appointed Brigadier-General in the armies of the Uni- 
 ted Colonies, be ordered immediately to repair to New York, there 
 to remain until the Commissioners appointed to go into Canada, 
 shall reach that Colony : and that he be directed to join and accom- 
 pany them into Canada, and there serve under the command of the 
 Continental troops in that Province. 
 
 '■March 19. A letter from , a Canadian prisoner, and sundry 
 
 letters from , were read : 
 
 ^Resolved, That they be referred to the Committee on Prisoners. 
 
 '■Resolved, That Monsieur Dohicky Arundel, be appointed a 
 Captain of artillery, in the Continental service. 
 
 ' That General Lee, be directed to set on foot the raising a com- 
 pany of artillery, and that it be recommended to the Convention or 
 Committee of Safety, of Virginia, to appoint the other officers of 
 the said company of artillery. 
 
 '■Resolved, That Captain Wool verton, with his company, betaken 
 into the service of the United Colonies ; and that he be directed to 
 repair with his company, as soon as properly armed and accoutred, 
 to New York, and put himself under the commanding officer there. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dol- 
 lars be sent to the Paymaster General, /or the use of the army under 
 the immediate command of General Washington. 
 
 ' That the sum of fifty thousand dollars be sent to General 
 Schuyler, /or the use of the army under his command. 
 
 '■March 20. Resolved, That three members be elected for the 
 Committee, appointed to consider the propriety of a War-Office, in 
 the room of three who are necessarily absent. 
 
 '■March 21. Resolved, That General Washington be directed Xo 
 send an account of the troops in his camp, who are deficient in 
 arms, to the several Assemblies or Conventions of the Colonies, to 
 which those men belong, and request them to send a sufficient 
 number of arms for the men coming from the respective Colonies, 
 and that, if arms cannot be procured, such as have not arms be dis- 
 missed the service. 
 
 'March 22. A petition from Thorowgood Smith and others, was 
 presented to Congress, and read, setting forth, that they have pro- 
 cured a vessel, and raised money to fit her out as a privateer, in or- 
 der to cruise and guard the coast of Virginia, and praying that a 
 commission be granted to William Shippen.to whom they propose 
 to give the command of said vessel ; and further, that the Congress 
 will grant them a small quantity of pow^der, upon their making sat- 
 isfaction for the same : 
 
 'Resolved, That a commission be granted to William Shippen, as 
 Captain of the above mentioned vessel, for the purposes aforesaid. 
 
 ' That the Secret Committee be directed to sell Captain William 
 Shippen, three hundred pounds of powder, for the use of his vessel. 
 
210 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1776. 
 
 ^March 25. The committee appointed to take into consideration 
 the state of the Colonies, in the Southern Department, brought in 
 their Report, which was read as follows : 
 
 ' " That it appears highly probable that a very considerable force 
 will be exerted in that Department by our enemies, early this spring ; 
 that the Continental forces employed in South Carolina and 
 Virginia, respectively, can not prudently be solely xe\\ed on, for the 
 defence of those Colonies ; that South Carolina and Virginia, are at 
 a very great separate expense in armed vessels, rendered absolutely 
 necessary, by the situation and circumstances of those countries ; 
 that the militia of South Carolina, are obliged to perform a very 
 laborious duty, which from the smallness of their number, and the 
 consequent quick rotation, is excessively burdensome ; and that the 
 Colony of Virginia, in addition to the six Continental battalions 
 already there, have resolved to raise, and are now embodying three 
 other battalions." Whereupon, 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Convention or Council of Safety, of South 
 Carolina, be permitted to raise and embody two other battalions, 
 and that they be on the pay and at the expense of the Continent, as 
 soon as they shall be armed for the service, and accordingly mus- 
 tered : 
 
 ' That the three Colonial battalions of Virginia, be also on the 
 pay and at the expense of the Continent, as soon as they shall be 
 armed, fit for service, and accordingly mustered. 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington he directed \o detach four 
 battalions into Canada, from the army under his command, as soon 
 as he shall be of opinion that the safety of New York, and the 
 Eastern service will permit. 
 
 '■March 26. Resolved, That the privates of the companies, or- 
 dered from Maryland, to Accomac and Northampton, be allowed 
 \\\e. pay of the Southern Department, which is six dollars and sixty- 
 seven cents, per calendar month. 
 
 ^Resolved, That if the Convention or Council of Safety, of North 
 Carolina, shall judge it necessary for the common safety, to raise 
 one or two more battalions, the same when armed, fit for service and 
 mustered, be taken into the pay of the Continent. 
 
 '■March 28. Resolved, That the Marine Committee, be empower- 
 ed to purchase on the most reasonable terms they can, the ship 
 Molly, for the use of the Continent, * * * to join 
 
 Captain Barry, on his cruise along the coast, between New York 
 and Virginia. 
 
 '■March 30. Resolved, That the minute-men, employed by Con- 
 gress, under the command of Colonel Heard, in the expedition to 
 Long Island, be allowed, while on that service, the same pay and 
 rations as the Continental troops in the Middle Department. 
 
 '■April 3. Resolved, That the commanding officer of the battal- 
 ion raised in Delaware government, be directed to send two com- 
 
PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, IN 1776. 211 
 
 panics of said battalion to Lewistown, there to remain in the service 
 of the Continent till farther orders. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Marine Committee be directed and empow- 
 ered to fit out, with all expedition, two armed cutters, for the service 
 of the Continent. 
 
 '■April 11. Resolved, That the commanding officer at New York, 
 be directed to discharge the militia of New Jersey, who are in the 
 pay of the Continent : 
 
 * That the commanding oflicer at New York, be directed to dis- 
 charge the whole, or such parts of the militia of New York and 
 Connecticut, now in the pay of the Continent, as the public service 
 will permit. 
 
 '■April 13. Resolved, That the Marine Committee be empower- 
 ed to build two galleys, capable of carrying each, two thirty-six or 
 forty-two pounders, to oppose the enemy's vessels in bays and 
 harbors. 
 
 '■April 15. Resolved, That the officers of the rifle battalion, and 
 independent rifle companies, be authorized and directed to recruit 
 the said battalion and companies, and enlist the men as speedily as 
 possible; and that their re-enlistment be for two years from the ex- 
 piration of their present term, liable to be discharged sooner, if Con- 
 gress shall think proper, upon receiving a month's pay in advance. 
 
 ^ April 17. Resolved, That the Committee of Safety of Penn- 
 sylvania, be requested to permit John Young, Jr. and Johnston 
 Smith, to carry to Virginia, all such arms as they have already 
 purchased, or shall purchase in Pennsylvania, for the use of the 
 Continental army in the said Colony of Virginia, before the first of 
 May next ; not to exceed one thousand stand in the whole. 
 
 'Resolved, That the commanding officer in New York, be di- 
 reeled to order two companies of Colonel Dayton's battalion to 
 march to Cape May, and there remain till farther orders* 
 
 'April 18. The Committee appointed to consider the propriety 
 of establishing a War-Office, brought in their Report, which was 
 read. 
 
 'April 19. Resolved, That three tons of powder be immediately 
 forwarded to Virginia, for the use of the army in the Southern De- 
 partment. 
 
 'Resolved, That General Washington be made acquainted with 
 General Lee's request of a company of artillery, and be desired to 
 furnish him with such a company, if it may be done consistent with 
 the general good of the service. 
 
 'Resolved, That an immediate supply of arms, shoes, and blank- 
 ets, be furnished for the troops in Virginia, and that proper persons 
 
 * General Washington arrived at New York on the 13th, and therefore, on the 17th 
 was that ' commanding officer in New York.' 
 
 28 
 
212 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 be appointed to procure them, subject to the orders of Congress al- 
 ready entered into. 
 
 '■April 23. Resolved, That the resignation of Major-General 
 Ward, and of Colonel Frye, be accepted, and that the President in- 
 form them thereof by letter. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the commanding officer in Canada, be directed 
 to be very attentive to military discipline, and inflict exemplary pun- 
 ishment on all those who violate the military regulations established 
 by Congress. 
 
 ^Resoh'ed, That General Washington be directed to send six 
 battalions into Canada, /Vo/u t/te army of New York. 
 
 ^Rcsolced, That a letter be written by the President to General 
 Washington, requesting- his opinion whether any farther additional 
 troops are necessary to be sent for the reduction of Quebec, and for 
 the security of Canada ; and, if he shall think more troops necessa- 
 ry, whether they can, with safety, be spared from the army now in 
 New York. 
 
 ^Resolved, That if ani/ of the troops from New Jersey and Penn- 
 sylvania, which were raised at five dollars a month, be sent to Cana- 
 da, they shall be allowed at the rate of six dollars and two thirds of 
 a dollar a month, from the time they begin their march. 
 
 ^ April 26. Resolved, That none of the troops already raised, be 
 for the present disbanded for ivant of arms* 
 
 ^ April 27. Resolved, That Mr. Rodney and INTr, Read, be added 
 to the Committee appointed to supply the troops in Philadelphia, 
 and tiie battalion in the Lower Counties on Delaware. 
 
 ^May 2. Resolved, That the commanding oliicer of the Dela- 
 ware battalion, be directed \o station thirty-live men with an otiicer, 
 at the False Cape, tUl farther orders. 
 
 ^May S. Resolved, That whenever it shall appear to this Con- 
 gress, that any otKcer or otlicers, bearing Continental commissions, 
 shall have departed from orders, an inquiry shall be made.' 
 
 The foUowinfi- letter may serve now to e.Tplain to the reader, as it did then to the 
 Committee it was addressed to, the grounds of that anxious doubt, expressed in the 
 General's letter to the same Committee, April 27, p. 190, in regard to the command of 
 those four New York battalions. 
 
 General Washington to the Committee of Safety of New 
 
 York. 
 
 New York, 30 April, 1776. 
 ' Gentlemen, — I perceive by the tenor of your favor of yester- 
 day, that my letter of the 27th f has given umbrage, which I am sor- 
 ry for, as I had not the most distant idea of giving any. Three 
 things led me to suspect that the New York battalions were not 
 upon the same establishment as the other Continental troops; cur- 
 
 * See Resolve, March 21, p. 209. t See that letter, p. 190. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 213 
 
 rent report, animplied exception in the Order for detaching six more 
 battalions to Canada,* and that part of your letter signifying that 
 fovr of these battalions were to be raised under your immediate di- 
 rection, which intimation, conning in corroboration of the two first 
 reasons, for I never had any information of this matter from Con- 
 gress, led me to believe, that you intended it as a gentle hint, that I 
 was not to consider them in the same light as I did the others. It 
 was not to be wondered at, therefore, that I should wish to know 
 the extent of my authority over them, that my conduct might be 
 regulated thereby, or that I should not be so solicitous in arming 
 regiments, raised for local purposes, as those for the general service, 
 when the latter also are very deficient in this essential point. These 
 were the ideas that filled my mind at the time of ivriting. If the 
 extreme hurry, occasioned by a variety of business, which is contin- 
 ually pressing upon me, clouded the meaning I wished to convey, 
 I can only add that it never was, and I hope never will be, my in- 
 tention to give unprovoked offence. Of this your Committee may 
 be once for all assured, that it is my earnest wish to cooperate with 
 them in every measure which can conduce to the general good, and 
 that, if I should at any time differ from them in the means, I shall 
 feel my share of the concern ; being, with respect &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 376. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 22 April, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — I was this day honored with the receipt of your favor of 
 the 20th instant. I have now the pleasure to acquaint you, that the 
 four regiments designed for Canada, embarked yesterday,! with a 
 fair wind, for Albany, under the command of Colonels Greaton, 
 Patterson, Bond, and Poor ; besides which there was a company of 
 riflemen, a company of artificers, and two engineers, the whole com- 
 manded by Brigadier-General Thompson. I have repeatedly men- 
 tioned to the honorable Congress the distressful situation we are in 
 for want of arms. With much pains and difficulty, I got most of 
 the regiments from the eastward tolerably well furnished ; but I 
 find the New York regiments very badly provided. Colonel 
 E-itzema's has scarcely any. # * * 
 
 ' The militia, who, on my application, were ordered to this place 
 to keep possession, until I should arrive with the Conlinental forces, 
 were obliged to return home without their pay, as there was not 
 then money sufficient in the Treasury for that purpose, and to an- 
 swer the exigences of the army. # # * 
 I therefore beg the Congress would make provision for their pay, 
 and point out particularly whether it is to be done by the Com- 
 
 * See that Order above, April 23. t Those ordered March 25, p 210. 
 
!i I 
 
 214 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 mander of the Continental forces, or by the Provincial Assemblies 
 or Conventions from whom they are sent. 
 
 ' As the time for which the riflemen enlisted will expire on the 
 1st of July next,* and as the loss of such a valuable and brave body 
 of men will be of great injury to the service, I woidd submit to the 
 consideration of Congress, whether it would not be best to adopt 
 some method to induce them to continue. They are indeed a very 
 useful corps ; but, I need not mention this, as their importance is 
 already well known to the Congress. It is necessary they should 
 pay an early attention to this matter, as we know from past experi- 
 ence that men are very slow in reenlisting. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' I wish it was in my power at present to furnish General Lee 
 with the companies of artillery he desires.f I have already sent 
 two companies to Quebec, and I have not yet been able to procure 
 returns of those that are here. I expect Colonel Knox every mo- 
 ment, and shall then be able to determine whether any can be 
 spared from hence. Blankets we are in great want of ourselves ; 
 and it was with gi-eat difficulty a few could be procured for the rifle- 
 men that were ordered for Canada. 
 
 ' On my arrival here, I found that Mr. Livingston had been ap- 
 pointed by the Provincial Congress a Commissary, to furnish the 
 Continental troops stationed in this city with provisions. I sup- 
 pose this was done because there was no Continental Commissary 
 then on the spot. Mr. Livingston still claims a right of furnishing 
 all the troops but those lately arrived from Cambridge. Mr. Trum- 
 bull is now here ; and, as I consider him as the principal in that 
 office, I should be glad to know whether any part of the Conti- 
 nental troops is to be furnished by any other than their Commissa- 
 ry-General. I must 7ieeds say, that to me it appears very incon- 
 sistent, and must create great confusion in the accounts as well as 
 in the contracts. I intended to have laid before Congress the 
 amount of the rations, as supplied by Colonel Trumbull and Mr. 
 Livingston ; and called upon those gentlemen to furnish me with a 
 separate estimate for that purpose. Colonel Trumbull has given 
 me his, by which it appears he supplies the troops at eight-pence 
 and one third per ration. I have not yet received any from Mr. 
 Livingston ; but am informed his contract is at ten-pence half- 
 penny. The difference is immense, as it will amount to no less 
 than tv/o hundred pounds per day, for twenty thousand men. It 
 is indeed to be considered, that Mr. Livingston's contract is, in- 
 cluding every other charge ; and that to Mr. Trumbull's must be 
 added store-hire, clerks, and every other contingent expense. But 
 even then it will not amount to so much as Mr. Livingston's, by a 
 
 * Those rifle companies ordered by Congress, June 14, 22, 1775, pp. 67 68, 108. 
 t See Resolve referred to, April 19, p. 211. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 215 
 
 penny per ration, which, in the gross, will be something very con- 
 siderable. 
 
 ' I thought it my duty, without prejudice or partiality, to state 
 the matter fairly to Congress, that they might take such order upon 
 it as to them shall seem necessary. I cannot, however, in justice 
 to Mr. Trumbull, help adding, that he has been indefatigable in 
 supplying the army ; and I believe, from his connexions in New 
 England, is able to do it on as good terms as any person in 
 America. 
 
 ' The several matters contained in the foregoing, I must beg the 
 early attention of Congress to ; and that I may be favored with 
 an answer as soon as possible. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 125. Wash. Writ. 
 
 It appears from a part of this letter, that the General was not at that tinne fully 
 informed relative to the artillery in New York. There was one company which had 
 been ordered by the Convention of that Colony early in January, and which was com- 
 manded by a young man, then but nineteen years of age. The following anecdote 
 respecting him while in that command, is from the pen of Judge Johnson, the biogra- 
 pher of General Greene. 
 
 ' It was soon after Greene's arrival on Long Island, and during the 
 time of his command at that Post, thai he became acquainted wilh 
 the late General [Alexander] Hamilton, afterwards so conspicuous 
 in the councils of this country. It was his [Gen. Greene's] custom, 
 when summoned to attend the Commander-in-Chief, to walk, accom- 
 panied by one or more of his Aids, from the ferry landing to Head- 
 Quarters. On one of these occasions, when passing by the place 
 then called the Park, now enclosed in the railing of the City-Hall, 
 and which was then the parade-ground of the militia corps, Ham- 
 ilton was observed disciplining a juvenile corps of artillerists, who, 
 like himself, aspired to future usefulness. Greene knew not who 
 he was, but his attention was riveted by the vivacity of his motion, 
 the ardor of his countenance, and not less by the proficiency and 
 precision of movement of his little corps. Halting behind the 
 crowd, until an interval of rest afforded an opportunity, an Aid was 
 dispatched to Hamilton with a compliment from General Greene 
 upon the proficiency of his corps, and the military manner of their 
 Commander, with a request to favor him with his company to din- 
 ner on a specified day. Those who are acquainted with the ardent 
 character and grateful feelings of Hamilton, will judge how the 
 message was received. The attention never was forgotten, and not 
 many years elapsed before an opportunity occurred, and was joy- 
 fully embraced by Hamilton, of exhibiting his gratitude and esteem 
 for the man whose discerning eye had at so early a period done 
 justice to his talents and pretensions. 
 
 ' Greene soon made an opportunity of introducing his young 
 
216 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 acquaintance to the Commander-in-Chief, and from his first intro- 
 duction Washington " marked him for his own." ' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. 1, p. 57, 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 23 April, 1776. 
 
 ' In a letter which I had the honor to receive from Congress some 
 considerable time ago, they were pleased to ask what rank Aids-de- 
 camp bore in the array,* from whence I concluded, that they had 
 adverted to the extraordinary trouble and confinement of those gen- 
 tlemen, with a view to make them an adequate allowance, f But 
 nothing having been since done or said of the matter, I take the 
 liberty, unsolicited by, and unknown to, my Aids-de-camp, to in- 
 form your honorable body, that their pay is not by any means 
 equal to their trouble and confinement. No person wishes more to 
 save money to the public, than I do ; and no person has aimed 
 more at it. But there are some cases in which parsimorty may be 
 ill-placed ; and this I take to be one. Aids-de-camp are persons in 
 whom entire confidence must be placed ; it requires men of abili- 
 ties to execute the duties with propriety and despatch, where there 
 is such a multiplicity of business, as must attend the Commander- 
 in-Chief of such an army as ours ; and persuaded I am, that 
 nothing but the zeal of those gentlemen, who live with me and act 
 in this capacity, for the great American cause^ and personal attach- 
 ment to me, have induced them to undergo the trouble and con- 
 finement they have experienced, since they have become members 
 of my family. 
 
 ' 1 give in to no kind of amusement myself; and consequently 
 those about me can have none, but are confined from morning till 
 evening, hearing and answering the applications and letters of one 
 and another, which will now, I expect, receive a considerable addi- 
 tion, as the business of the Northern and Eastern Departments, if I 
 continue here, must, I suppose, pass through my hands. If these 
 gentlemen had the same relaxation from duty as other officers have 
 in their common I'outine, there would not be so much in it. But, 
 lo have the mind always upon the stretch, scarce ever unbent, and 
 no hours for recreation, makes a material odds. Knowing this, and 
 at the same time how inadequate the pay is, I can scarce find incli- 
 nation to impose the necessary duties of their office upon them. 
 To what I have here said, this further remark may be added, and 
 it is a matter of no small concernment to me, and, in its conse- 
 quences, to the public; namely, that while the duty is hard and the 
 pay small, it is not to be wondered at, if there should be found a 
 
 * According to their Resolve, Jan. 5, p. 200. 
 
 t The allowance was thirty-three dollars a month. Soon after the receipt of this 
 letter, Congress raised it from thirty-three to forty. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 217 
 
 promptness in them to seek preferment, or in me to do justice to 
 them by facilitating their views ; by which means I must lose their 
 aid, when they have it most in their power to assist me. Influ- 
 enced by these motives, I have taken the liberty of laying the mat- 
 ter before your honorable body, not doubting its meeting with a 
 patient hearing. I am, &€.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 128. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 36S. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 25 April, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have not yet heard, that there has been any trial of the 
 prizes carried into Massachusetts Bay. This procrastination is at- 
 tended with very bad consequences. Some of the vessels I had 
 fitted out are now laid up, the crews being dissatisfied that they 
 cannot get their prize money. I have tired the Congress upon this 
 subject ; but the importance of it makes me again mention, that, if 
 a summary way of proceeding is not resolved on, it will be impos- 
 sible to get our vessels manned. I must also mention to you. Sir, 
 that Captain Manly and his crew are desirous to know when they 
 may expect their part of -the value of the ordnance stores taken last 
 fall. They are anxious to know what the amount may be. As the 
 inventory of that cargo is in the hands of Congress, I would 
 humbly submit it to them, whether a valuation thereof should not 
 be made, and the captor's dividend be remitted to them as soon as 
 possible. It will give them spirit, and encourage them to be alert 
 in looking out for other prizes. 
 
 ' Several officers belonging to the regiments raised in these Mid- 
 dle Colonies inform me, that their men, notwithstanding their agree- 
 ment, begin to murmur at the distinction of pay made between them 
 and the regiments from the Eastward. I should be glad that the 
 Congress would attend to this in time, lest it may get to such a 
 pitch as will make it difficult to suppress. They argue that they 
 perform the same duty, undergo the same fatigue, and receive five 
 dollars, when the Eastern regiments receive six dollars and tivo- 
 thirds per month. For my own part, I icish they were all vpon the 
 same footing. * * * I should for many reasons be 
 
 sorry there should, be any distinctions of regiments, that are all in the 
 pay of the United Colonies.^ 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 132. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 370. 
 
 In the former part of this letter is again brought to view,. the practical operation 
 of that plan of Admiralty jurisdiction which was resolved on by Congress a few 
 months before. The reader is referred to what has been presented upon this subject, 
 pp. 138, 139, 14(J, 141, 147, 172, 173. 
 
 Concerning the fact to which the attention of Congress was requested in the latter 
 part, see Resolves, March 15, 2G, 30, April 23, pp. 208, 210, 212. 
 
218 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 26 April, 1776. 
 
 ' I have been honored with your favor of the 23d instant. In 
 obedience to the order* therein contained, I have directed six regi- 
 ments more for Canada, which will embark as soon as vessels and 
 other necessaries can be provided. These regiments will be com- 
 manded by General Sullivan. I shall give him my instructions to 
 join the forces in that country under General Thomas as soon as 
 possible. With respect to sending more troops to that country,* I 
 am really at a loss what to advise, as it is impossible at present to 
 know the designs of the enemy. * * * 
 
 ' I could wish, indeed, that the army in Canada should be more 
 powerfully reinforced ; at the same time I am conscious, that the 
 trusting of this important Post, which is now become the grand 
 magazine of America, to the handful of men remaining here, is 
 running too great a risk. The securing of this Post and Hudson's 
 River is to us also of so great importance, that I can not at present 
 advise the sending any more troops from hence ; on the contrary, 
 the general officers now here, whom I thought it my duty to con- 
 sult, think it absolutely necessary to increase the army at this place 
 with at least ten fhousand men, especially when it is considered, 
 that, from" this place only, the army in Canada must draw its sup- 
 plies of ammunition, provisions, and, most probably, of men ; and 
 that all reinforcements can be sent from hence much easier than 
 from any other place. By the enclosed return, you will see the 
 state of the army here, and that the number of effective men is far 
 short of what the Congress must have expected. 
 
 ' I have found it necessary to order Colonel Dayton's regiment 
 from New Jersey, to march as one of the six to Canada ; where- 
 fore I must recommend it to Congress to order two companies 
 of one of the regiments still in Pennsylvania to march to Cape 
 May, which can be done much sooner; for, had this destination 
 of that regiment not taken place, it would have been very incon- 
 venient to detach two companies from it to that place, as the march 
 would, according to Lord Stirling's and other accounts, have been 
 at least two hundred miles from Amboy, and they must have 
 passed within twenty miles of Philadelphia, there being no practi- 
 cable road along the seacoast of New Jersey for the baggage to 
 have passed. t I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 134. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 371. 
 
 By an official return, within two days of that date, the whole number of troops 
 under General Washington's command, present, and excepting wants, iit for duty, 
 was 8,101. , 
 
 * See the two Resolves referred to, April 23, p. 212. 
 
 t The General v^'rote the above with reference to their order, April 17, p. 211, to send 
 two companies of Colonel Dayton's battalion to Cape May. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 219 
 
 The following table shows the number of troops then on a footing similar to that 
 of the four New York battalions, all raised in pursuance of special Resolves of Con- 
 gress. The rates of pay, kinds of service, principles of regulation, and the principle 
 of command, of those thirty seven battalions and two companies, were somewhat in- 
 dicated not only by the several Resolves for raising them, but by many others ; the 
 former of which are referred to in the table, a portion of the latter, in a note, p. 217. 
 
 In relation to these matters, see also pp. 220, 221, 222, 223. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 192 
 
 2 Battalions, 
 
 1,456 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 " 12, 
 
 193 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 New York, 
 
 " 28, 
 
 tt 
 
 1 Company, 
 
 91 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 Nov. 4, 
 
 194 
 
 3 Battalions, 
 
 2,184 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 (t u 
 
 " 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 " 2S, 
 
 196 
 
 2 " 
 
 1.456 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Dec. 9, 
 
 198 
 
 4 
 
 2,912 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 a (( 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 " 28, 
 
 199 
 
 6 
 
 4,368 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 200 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 " 10, 
 
 201 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 « 16, 
 
 " 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 New York, 
 
 " 19, 
 
 202 
 
 4 " 
 
 2,912 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 March 19, 
 
 209 
 
 1 Company,* 
 
 117 
 
 " 
 
 " 25, 
 
 210 
 
 3 Battalions, 
 
 2,184 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 (t IC 
 
 '• 
 
 2 
 
 1,456 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 " 26, 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 1,456 
 
 (1 
 
 May, 7, 
 
 220 
 
 1 
 
 728 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 « 18, 
 
 221 
 
 1 Batt'n. Cavalry, 500 
 
 " 
 
 <( (1 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Batt'n. Riflemen, 728 
 
 Accordingly, the whole number in Virginia was 7,897 
 
 " " North Carolina, 4,368 
 
 " " " South Carolina, 3,640 
 
 " " " Georgia, 728 
 
 " " New Jersey, 
 
 2,184 
 
 " " Pennsylvania, 
 
 4,368 
 
 " " Delaware, 
 
 728 
 
 New York, 
 
 3,003 
 
 In the whole Middle Department, 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 16,633, at 6| dollars. 
 
 10,283, « 5 dollars. 
 
 26,916 
 
 Hon. John Adams to Mrs. Adams, 
 
 Philadelphia, 19th March 1776. 
 
 ' Virginia will be well defended. So will New York. So will 
 South Carolina. America will, ere long, raise her voice aloud and 
 a.ssume a bolder air.' 
 
 March 29lh. — ' We are taking precautions to defend every 
 place that is in danger, — the Carolinas, Virginia, New York, Ca- 
 nada.' 
 
 April 14th. — 'You ask, what sort of defence Virginia can 
 make ? I believe they will make an able defence. Their mi- 
 litia and minute-men have been some time employed in training 
 themselves, and they have nine battalions of regulars, as they 
 
 29 
 
 * Augmented May 18. p. 221. 
 
220 PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS, AND 
 
 call them, maintained among them, under good officers, at the 
 Continental expense. They have set up a number of manufac- 
 tories of fire-arms, which are busily employed. They are tolerably- 
 supplied with powder, and are successful and assiduous in making 
 saUpetre. Their neighboring sister, or rather daughter. Colony of 
 North Carohna, which is a warlike Colony, and has several bat- 
 talions at the Continental expense, as well as a pretty good militia, 
 are ready to assist them, and they are in very good spirits, and 
 seem determined to make a brave reisistance.' 
 
 Letters of J. Adams, vol. i. pp. 91, 92, 94. 
 
 This is deemed one of the several occasions which occur, especially in this Num- 
 ber, to interrupt chronological arrangement, in order to give a sufficiently extended 
 and connected view of records having in common some interesting purport and 
 tendency. 
 
 In Congress. '■Maij 7. Resolved, That another battalion raised 
 in North Carolina, in addition to the five battalions already order- 
 ed for the defence of that Colony, be taken into the pay and ser- 
 vice of the United Colonies. 
 
 '■May 14, 1776. Resolved, That the five battalions, now in 
 Massachusetts Bay, be recruited to their full complements, and that 
 three additional battalions be raised in the Eastern Department, /or 
 the service of the Continent, the recruits to be taken into Con- 
 tinental pay, so soon as they shall be armed and mustered. 
 
 ' Resolved, That one battalion be raised in New Hampshire, /or 
 the service of the United Colonies, and paid and subsisted on the 
 same terms as the Continental troops in the Eastern Department ; 
 the said battalion to be taken into Continental pay, so soon as they 
 shall be armed and mustered. 
 
 ' May 16. Resolved, That two of the additional battalions, or- 
 dered on the 14lh to be raised in the Eastern Department, be raised, 
 one in Massachusetts Bay and the other in Connecticut: 
 
 ' Resolved, That it be recommended to the General Assemblies 
 of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut, to endeavor to have the 
 battalions enlisted for two years, unless sooner discharged by Con- 
 gress ; in which case, the men to be allowed one month's pay on 
 their discharge ; but, if the men cannot be prevailed on to enlist 
 for two years, that they be enlisted for one ; and that they be or- 
 dered, as soon as raised and armed, to march immediately to Boston. 
 
 ' May 18. Resolved, That, as the Colony of Virginia is inter- 
 sected with many navigable rivers, six galleys be built for the 
 protection of the troops, in their transportation across the said 
 rivers, at the Continental expense, on as cheap terms as the busi- 
 ness for which they are intended will admit of ; that such other 
 defence of the rivers and bays, as shall be requisite /or ^Ae Colony, 
 be at the particular charge thereof : And, that General Lee, or the 
 Commanding officer in Virginia, transmit to Congress, as early as 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 221 
 
 possible, an account of the expense which shall be incurred in con- 
 sequence of this Resolution. 
 
 ' That General Lee, or the commanding officer in Virginia, be 
 directed to set on foot the raising of two companies of carpenters, 
 to consist of house and ship builders :* 
 
 ' That General Lee be permitted to order rations and forage for 
 such volunteers of horse, not exceeding five hundred, as shall think 
 proper to attend the service of their country in the Continental 
 army, agreeable to General Lee's request and proposal : 
 
 ' That the scheme of adding two subalterns and forty privates to 
 the company of artillery, be adopted. 
 
 '■Resolved, That it be recommended to the Convention of Vir- 
 ginia, to raise a battalion of riflemen, on the same terms as the 
 other battalions raised in that Colony ; to be taken into the pay of 
 the Continent, when armed and mustered. 
 
 ' June 17. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Governor 
 and Assembly of Connecticut, to send the two battalions men- 
 tioned in the said letter as raised, one for Boston, and one for New 
 York, into Canada forthwith, as proposed in the said letter ; and 
 that a battalion of militia be sent to Boston, instead of the one in- 
 tended for that place : 
 
 ' That blank commissions be sent to Governor Trumbull, for the 
 officers of the battalion intended for New York ; the present 
 exigency requiring this measure, the same not to be drawn into 
 precedent. 
 
 'June 18. Whereas the Congress, on the 4th day of November 
 last, Resolved, that for the defence of South Carolina, there be 
 kept up in that Colony, at the Continental expense, three battal- 
 ions of foot ; each battalion to consist of the same number of 
 men and officers, to be upon the same pay, and under the same 
 regulations as the Continental array; and on the 2oth day of 
 March last, resolved that the Convention or Council of Safety 
 of South Carolina be permitted to raise and embody two other 
 battalions, and that they be on the pay and at the expense of the 
 Continent, as soon as they shall be armed and fit for service, and 
 accordingly mustered ; and whereas the Convention of South 
 Carolina, on the 22d day of February last, ordered that their 
 Council of Safely return the thanks of that Colony to the Congress 
 for their attention to its security; that they state the peculiar cir- 
 cumstances and the heavy expenses which have been and will be 
 incurred by that Colony in the measures necessary for its defence, 
 and that they request the Congress to allow that Colony so much 
 money as the expenses of three battalions, upon the Continental 
 establishment, would amount to for one year, and to give Conti- 
 nental rank to the officers of the three regiments raised in June, 
 and of the regiment of artillery raised in November, from the 
 
 * Not included in the foregoing table . 
 
222 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 dates of their respective commissions, or at least from the fourth 
 day of November, ivhen they resolved to allow that Colony three 
 battalions ; and whereas, the delegates from that Colony in Con- 
 gress have represented the peculiar circumstances and heavy ex- 
 penses of that Colony ; and that the troops raised in it Avere enlisted 
 for three years, upon a different establishment of pay, and under dif- 
 ferent articles of war, so as to render it inconvenient to place them, 
 in all respects, upon the Continental establishment ; therefore, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the battalion of artillery, and the two battalions 
 of foot, raised in South Carolina, and kept up in that Colony /or 
 the defence of the same, be considered as Continental forces, and 
 allowed the same pay, rations, and disbursements as other forces on 
 the Continental establishment : 
 
 ' That the tAvo battalions under the command of Colonels Gads- 
 den and Moultrie, be allowed all the advantages of the Continental 
 establishment, from the 4th of November last, and the regiment of 
 artillery, from the time when the same was ordered to be raised by 
 the Convention of South Carolina : 
 
 'That the two battalions of riflemen, raised in and for the de- 
 fence of the said Colony, be considered as Continental troops from 
 the 25th day of March last, and be entitled to all the advantages of 
 the same : 
 
 'That all the above-mentioned troops be liable to the articles 
 for the government of the forces in the said. Colony : 
 
 'That the said forces be continued on the Continental estab- 
 lishment until the expiration of their enlistment, unless they shall 
 be sooner disbanded by Congress : 
 
 'That not more than one-third of the effective men of the 
 above-mentioned forces be ordered out of the said Colony, without 
 the express order of Congress, or the consent of the President of 
 that Colony.* 
 
 'July 5. Resolved, That, /or the defence of Georgia, there be an 
 addition of two battalions, (one of them to consist of riflemen,) to 
 be raised on the same terms on which other Continental battalions 
 are now ordered to be raised : 
 
 ' That blank commissions for the field-officers be sent to the 
 Convention of Georgia, to be filled up with the names of such 
 persons as the said Convention shall judge proper : 
 
 ' That four galleys be built at the expense of the United States, 
 under the direction of the Convention of Georgia, /or the farther 
 defence of the said State* 
 
 ' And whereas the delegates of Georgia have represented the 
 necessity of erecting two forts, one at Savannah, and the other at 
 Sun bury : 
 
 'Resolved, That two companies of artillery be raised, consisting 
 of fifty men each, officers included, for the purpose of garrisoning 
 
 ♦ Here may be observed the change of name by the Declaration of Independence. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 223 
 
 such forts, in case they shall he erected hy and at the expense of 
 Georgia ; and that blank commissions be delivered to the delegates 
 for the officers, to be filled up by the Assembly or Convention of 
 the said State. 
 
 ^Jaly 18. Resolved, That the Convention of Pennsylvania be 
 informed, that the Congress have agreed to the raising of a battal- 
 ion in the counties of Westmoreland and Bedford, /or the defence 
 of the loestern frontiers, and that they be requested immediately to 
 recomtnend proper persons to Congress for field-officers for said 
 battalion. 
 
 ^July 24. Resolved, That the regiment of rangers, now in the 
 pay of the State of South Carolina, be placed upon Continental 
 establishment : 
 
 ' That the said rangers be liable to act on horseback, or foot, 
 as occasion may require : 
 
 * That the like number of rangers be raised in the State of Geor- 
 gia, and put upon Continental establishment : 
 
 ' That these be entitled to the same pay, and subject to the same 
 duties, as the Carolina rangers : 
 
 ' That the rangers raised in the State of South Carolina, be sub- 
 ject to the articles formed by the Convention of that State, for the 
 government of the forces raised therein. 
 
 ^July 31. The committee appointed to take into consideration 
 the state of North Carolina, brought in their Report ; whereupon 
 
 ^Resolved, That the three independent companies of rangers, in 
 that State, be taken upon the Continental pay and establishment, and 
 that their pay and appointment be as already resolved by the Con' 
 vention of that State, and that they rank as the rangers raised in 
 South Carolina and Georgia.' 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 New York, 26 April, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — When you did me the honor of a visit at Norwich, on 
 my way to this place, I communicated to you the recommendation 
 I had received from Congress for sending four battalions from hence 
 to reinforce the troops in Canada. I now beg leave to inform you, 
 that, in compliance therewith, on Saturday and Sunday last, I de- 
 tached four regiments thither, under the command of Brigadier 
 General Thompson ; and, by an express received last night, / am 
 ordered by Congress, in addition to those already gone, to send six 
 more immediately. Our regiments being incomplete and much 
 wanting in numbers, I need not add, that the army here felt a sen- 
 sible diminution by this detachment; and, when the second is 
 gone, it will be weak indeed, considering the importance of this 
 place, and the many extensive posts which must be guarded for its 
 defence. Added to this, almost the whole of our valuable ordnance, 
 stores, and magazines will be deposited here. For these reasons, it 
 
224 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 appears to me expedient, that some mode should be adopted, with- 
 out loss of time, by this government, yours, and that of Jersey, for 
 throwing in immediate succors, upon the appearance of the enemy, 
 or any case of emergency. I have written to the Congress of New 
 Jersey upon the subject, praying them to form such regulations 
 respecting their militia, they being- the only resource we have, that 
 assistance may be had on the earliest notice of an approach by the 
 enemy, for preventing the alarming and fatal consequences^ which 
 might result from the common, tedious, and slow methods generally 
 used for obtaining their aid. And I would take the liberty of men- 
 tioning, that, if the same should be done by you and your honora- 
 ble Coimcil, respecting your militia, or such part of them as are 
 nearest to this place, the most salutary ends might result therefrom. 
 * The benefits flowing from a timely succor being too obvious for 
 repetition, I shall, with all possible deference, propose for your con- 
 sideration, whether it would not be advisable to have some select 
 corps of men appointed, under proper ofhcers, in the western parts 
 of your government, to repair to this place on the earliest notice 
 from the General, or officer commanding here, of the appearance of 
 an enemy, //"it should be thought necessary upon an emergency, 
 in the first instance, to resort to you, and for all the ordinary forms 
 to be gone through * before any succors can be ordered in, it is to 
 be feared, that the relief woidd be too late to answer any good 
 purpose. This, however, I shall submit to you, in full confidence 
 of your most ready assistance on every occasion, and that such 
 measures as appear to you most likely to advance the public good, 
 in this and every instance, will be most cheerfully adopted. I am, 
 
 Sir, with great esteem, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 373. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 5 May, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I am honored with your favor of the 30th ultimo, and 
 observe what Congress have done respecting the settlement of the 
 Paymaster's accounts. This seems expedient, as he is out of office, 
 and, I am certain, will be attended with but little if any difficulty ; 
 nothing more being necessary, than to compare the warrants with 
 his debits, and the receipts he has given, with his credits. I wish 
 every other settlement as easy, and that a committee were appoint- 
 ed to examine and audit the accounts upon which the warrants 
 are founded, particularly those of the Quarter- Master and Commis- 
 sary-Generals. They are long and of high amount, consisting 
 of a variety of charges ; of course more intricate, and will require 
 time and an extraordinary degree of attention to adjust and liqui- 
 date in a proper manner. Upon this subject, I did myself the honor 
 to write you a considerable time ago.f 
 
 * See the ' explanatory Resolve,' Dec. 7, p. 130. t Jan. 24, p. 160. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 225 
 
 ' Having had several complaints from the officers in the 
 Eastern regiments, who have been and are recruiting, about the 
 expense attending it, and for which they have never yet been 
 allowed any thing, though the officers in these governments have, 
 as I am informed, I shall be glad to know whether the allowance 
 
 * * * granted to the officers for every man enlisted, by 
 the Resolve of Congress, is general and indiscriminate, or confined 
 to the Middle districts. If general, must I have a retrospect to the 
 time of the Resolve, or only for future enlistments?' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 137. Wash. Writ. 
 
 In Congress. ^ May 10th. Resolved, That the Resolution of 
 Congress, passed the 17th of January last, [p. 202,] allowing 
 one dollar and one-third of a dollar to the officers, in lieu of expen- 
 ses, for enlisting each soldier, being- a general regulation, extends to 
 the troops raised in the Eastern Department ; and that the General 
 be directed to make that allowance for all the troops enlisted since 
 the time of passing the said Resolution.' * 
 
 It is easily perceived, that this Resolve was intended to answer the General's above 
 inquiry. But, if that Resolve of Jan. 17 was general, as represented in this, it may be 
 asked, why those two special Resolves : one, on the same day and embraced in the 
 same Report of their Committee, to extend it to the officers of the first Pennsylvania 
 battalion, this battalion having been ordered by Congress, Oct. 12; the other, Feb. B, 
 to extend it likewise to the officers of the two New Jersey battalions, ordered Oct. 
 9, — why its existence and force had not been earlier made known to the General and 
 the Eastern officers, — and finally, as the business of recruiting in the Eastern Depart- 
 ment was begun more than a month subsequent to these orders in Oct., why its retro- 
 spective operation was not extended to the officers of the Eastern enlistments prior to 
 the time of its passage, Jan. 17, as well as to those three battalions of Pennsylvania 
 and New Jersey. 
 
 See those Resolves, Jan. 17 and Feb. 6, pp. 202, 203. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 5 May, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have so often and so fully communicated my want of 
 arms to Congress, that I should not have given them the trouble of 
 receiving another letter upon the subject at this time, but for the 
 particular application of Colonel Wayne, of Pennsylvania, who 
 has pointed out a method by which he thinks they may be 
 obtained. 
 
 ' In the hands of the Committee of Safety of Philadelphia, there 
 are, according to Colonel Wayne's account, not less than two or 
 three thousand stand of arms for Provincial use. * * 
 
 At a crisis so important as this, such a loan might be attended with 
 the most signal advantages, — while the defenceless slate of .the 
 regiments, if no relief can be had, may be productive of fatal con- 
 sequences. 
 
 * In this, as well as the preceding Numbers, are necessarily omitted many impor- 
 tant records, which will be found in the fifth or last one of the volume. 
 
226 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' To give Congress some idea of our situation with respect to 
 arms — (and justice to my own character requires that it should be 
 known to them, although the world at large will form their opinion 
 of our strength from numbers, without attending to circumstances,) 
 * * * by a report from Colonel Ritzema's regi- 
 
 ment, of the 29th ultimo, there appeared to be only ninety-seven 
 firelocks and seven bayonets belonging thereto ; and all the regi- 
 ments from the eastward are deficient from twenty to fifty of the 
 former. In what condition the residue are on account of arms, and 
 how Colonel Wynkoop's men are provided, I cannot undertake to 
 say ; but am told, most miserably, as Colonel Dayton's of New Jer- 
 sey and Colonel Wayne's of Pennsylvania also are. This, Sir, is 
 a true though melancholy description of our situation. The pro- 
 priety therefore of keeping arras in store when men in actual pay 
 are in want of them, and who (it is to be presumed) will, as they 
 ought, bear the heat and burden of the day, is submitted with all 
 due deference to the superior judgment of others.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 141. Wash. Writ. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 NewYork, 11 May, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I would take occasion to suggest to Congress (not wish- 
 ing or meaning of myself to assume the smallest degree of power 
 in any instance) the propriety and necessily of having their senti- 
 ments respecting the filling up the vacancies and issuing commis- 
 sions to officers, especially to those under the rank of field officers. 
 Had I literally complied with the direction given upon this subject, 
 when I first engaged in the service, and which I conceived to be 
 superseded by a subsequent Resolve for forming the army upon the 
 present establishment, I must have employed one clerk for no other 
 business than issuing warrants of appointment, and giving informa- 
 tion to Congress for their confirmation or refusal. It being evident 
 from the necessity of the thing, that there will be frequent changes 
 and vacancies in office, from death and a variety of other causes, I 
 now submit it to them, and pray their direction, whether I am to 
 pursue that mode, and all the ceremonies attending it, or to be at 
 liberty to fill up and grant commissions at once to such as may be 
 fit and proper persons to succeed, without these previous steps.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 144. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 3S6. 
 
 Whether or not a knowledge of its contents preceded the letter written with such 
 modesty and caution, Congress passed the following Resolve one day previous to its 
 date. 
 
 In Congress. '■May 10, 1776. Resolved, That this Congress 
 has hitherto exercised and ought to retain, the power of promoting 
 the officers in the Continental service according to their merit ; and 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 237 
 
 that no promotion or succession shall take place upon any vacan- 
 cy, without the authority of a Continental commission.' 
 
 In the postscript of a letter dated June 7, the General again solicited direction on 
 the subject, and referred to this letter, thus, — ' I am in need of commissions, and beg 
 Congress to point out precisely the line I am to pursue in filling them up. This I 
 mentioned in my letter of the 11th ultimo.' 
 
 Another extract from the same letter of May Uth. 
 
 'With the utmost deference and respect, I would beg leave to re- 
 mind Congress of my former letters and applications, respecting the 
 appointment oi proper persons to superintend and take direction of 
 such prisoners as have already fallen and will fall into our hands in 
 the course of the war, being fully convinced, that, if there were per- 
 sons appointed, who would take the wiiole management of them 
 under their care, the Continent would save a considerable sum of 
 money by it, and the prisoners be better treated than they now are ; 
 and I shall take the liberty to add, that it appears to me a matter of 
 much importance, and worthy of consideration, that particular and 
 proper places of security should be fixed on and established in the 
 interior parts of the different governments for their reception. 
 
 ' The advantages which will arise from them are obvious and 
 many. I shall mention only two or three. They will tend much 
 to prevent escapes, ****** and 
 the more ingenious among them from disseminating and spreading 
 their artful and pernicious intrigues and opinions throughout the 
 country, * * . Further, it will be less in their power 
 
 to join and assist our enemies in cases of invasions, and will give 
 us an opportunity always to know, from the returns of those ap- 
 pointed to superintend them, what number we have in possession, 
 the force sufficient to check their hostile views in times of emer- 
 gency, and the expenses necessary for their maintenance. Many 
 other reasons might be adduced to prove the necessity and expe- 
 diency of the measure.' 
 
 The following Resolves upon the subject of this part of the letter, should be regard- 
 ed in connection with the above application not only, but also with those, Nov. 8, 
 Feb. 9, pp. 121, 122, 165, here alluded to by the General. 
 
 In Congress. ^Mai/ 21, 1776. Resolved, That all prisoners tak- 
 en in arms on board any prize, be deemed prisoners ; to be taken 
 care of by the supreme executive power, in each Colony to which 
 they are brought * * * : 
 
 'That such as are officers supply themselves, and be allowed to 
 draw bills to pay for their subsistence and clothing : 
 
 ' That officers made prisoners, in the land service, be allowed the 
 same indulgence : 
 
 ' That David Franks. Esq., agent to the contractors for victualling 
 30 
 
228 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 the troops of the King of Great Britain, be permitted to supply the 
 prisoners with provisions and other necessaries, * * : 
 
 ' That such of the prisoners as are not supplied by Mr. Franks, 
 be furnished with provisions not exceeding the rations allowed to 
 privates in the service of the Continent : 
 
 ' That the Committees of Inspection and Observation, for the 
 counties, districts or towns, assigned for the residence of prisoners, 
 be empowered to superintend their conduct ; and, in cases of gross 
 misbehaviour, to confine them, and report to their respective Assem- 
 blies, Conventions, or Committees or Councils of Safety, the pro- 
 ceedings had on such persons : 
 
 'That a list of the prisoners, in each Colony, be made out by the 
 committees of the counties, towns, or districts where they reside, 
 and transmitted to the Assembly, Convention, or Council, or Com- 
 mittee of Safety of such Colony, respectively, who shall send a copy 
 thereof to Congress : 
 
 ' That the said Assemblies, Conventions, and Committees or 
 Councils of Safety, be empowered to contract with proper persons 
 [on] the most reasonable terms for supplying such of the prisoners, 
 their wives and children, in their respective Colonies, as are not sup- 
 plied by Mr. Franks : 
 
 ' That the said Assemblies, Conventions, and Committees or 
 Councils of Safety, be authorized and requested to take the paroles 
 of the officers, and to cause a strict observance of the terms on which 
 they are enlarged, and also to take especial care, that none of tho^e 
 confined by order of the Congress, be suffered to escape ; also, to 
 advance the allowance of two dollars a week to each of the officers 
 who cannot draw or sell their bills, and to draw for the same on the 
 President of Congress: 
 
 ' That the said Assemblies, Conventions, Committees or Coun- 
 cils of Safety of the Colonies, respectively, in which prisoners are 
 or shall choose or be appointed to reside, be empowered to remove 
 such prisoners from place to place, within the same Colonies, as 
 often as to such Assemblies, Conventions, Committees or Coun- 
 cils of Safety, it shall seem proper, having regard to the former 
 Resolutions of Congress concerning prisoners.' 
 
 A third extract from the same letter of May 11 th. 
 
 ' Having received a letter from General Ward, advising that Con- 
 gress have accepted his resignation, and praying to be relieved, and 
 it being necessary that a general officer should be sent to take the 
 command of the troops at Boston, * * * I must 
 
 beg leave to recommend to Congress the appointment of some Brig- 
 adier Generals, not having more here, but fewer at this time, than 
 are essential to the government of the forces, and the conducting of 
 the works that are carrying on. Gemrals Sullivan and Thompson 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 229 
 
 beino; ordered to Canada, I cannot spare one viore general officer 
 from hence, ivithout injuring' the service greatly, and leaving the 
 army here ivithout a sufficient number.^ 
 
 At the commencement of business in Congress on the 14th, this letter was read 
 and referred to a Committee of three. Near the close, the following Resolve was 
 passed. 
 
 ^May 14, 1776. Resolved, That General Washington be direct- 
 ed to order a Major- General forthwith, to take the command in the 
 Eastern Department, and also that he order a Brigadier- General on 
 that service.' 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 New York, 17 IMa>, 1776. 
 * Dear Sir, — I this morning received your favor of the 13ih in- 
 stant, with its enclosures, conveying intelligence of the melancholy 
 situation of our affairs in Canada; and I am not without my fears, 
 I confess, that the prospect we had of possessing that country, of so 
 much importance in the present controversy, is almost over, or at 
 least that it will be effected with much more difficulty and effusion 
 of blood, than were necessary, had our exertions been timely ap- 
 plied. However, we must not despair. A manly and spirited op- 
 position only can ensure success, and prevent the enemy from im- 
 proving the advantage they have obtained. I have forwarded the 
 letter to Congress ; and their answer to you and the Commissioners 
 I will transmit to you, as soon as they come to hand. I am fully 
 sensible, that this unfortunate event has greatly deranged your 
 schemes, and will involve you in difficulties to be obviated only by 
 your zeal and assiduity, which I am well satisfied will not be wanting 
 in this or any other instance, where the good of your country re- 
 quires them. I am. Sir, with sentiments of much esteem and regard, 
 your most obedient, humble servant.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 392. 
 
 In Congress. ^May 14, 1776. Resolved, That an additional 
 Major-General and Brigadier- General be appointed in the Conti- 
 nental army. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the election of the Major-General and Brigadier- 
 General be postponed till to-morrow. 
 
 ^May 16. Congress proceeded to the election of a Major-Gene- 
 ral and Brigadier-General in the Continental army; and, the bal- 
 lots being taken and examined, 
 
 ' Horatio Gates, Esq., was elected Major-General, and 
 
 ' Thomas Mifflin, Esq., Brigadier- General.* 
 
 * It will shortly be seen that these promotions contributed little to relieve that 
 want of oflBcers, to which the General solicited the attention of Congress in the pre- 
 ceding letter, May 11. 
 
230 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ^Resolved, That Ihe President write to General Washington, re- 
 questing him to repair to Philadelphia as soon as he can conveniently, 
 in order to consult with Congress upon such measures as may be 
 necessary for the carrying on the ensuing campaign. 
 
 ^May 18. Resolved, That General Washington be directed, if the 
 service will permit, to station a battalion at Amboy.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 20 May, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Your favor of the 16th, with several Resolutions of Con- 
 gress therein enclosed, I had not the honor to receive till last night. 
 Before the receipt of it, I did not think myself at liberty to wait on 
 Congress, although I wished to do it, and therefore, I the more 
 readily consented to General Gates's attendance, as I knew there 
 were many matters which could be better explained in a personal 
 interview, than by whole volumes of letters. He accordingly set 
 out for Philadelphia yesterday morning, and must be too far ad- 
 vanced on his journey (as he proposed expedition) to be overtaken. 
 
 ' I shall, if I can settle some matters w^hich are in agitation in the 
 Provincial Congress here, follow to-morrow or next day ; and, 
 therefore, wdth every sentiment of regard, attachment, and gratitude 
 to Congress for their attention to the means which they think may 
 be conducive to my health, and with particular thanks to you for 
 the politeness of your invitation to your house, I conclude, dear 
 Sir, your most obedient, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 151. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 395. 
 
 In Congress. ^May 22. Resolved, That General Washington, 
 or the Commanding otiicer at New York, be directed to send from 
 thence to Ticonderoga, so many light cannon as will be sufficient 
 to arm the vessels now on Lake Champlain. 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be empowered to appoint 
 an Assistant clerk to his Secretary, with the pay of forty dollars per 
 month. 
 
 ^3Iai/ 23. Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to 
 confer with General Washington, Major-General Gates and Briga- 
 dier-General Mifflin, upon the most speedy and effectual means for 
 supporting the American cause in Canada. 
 
 'Ordered, That General Washington attend in Congress to- 
 morrow. 
 
 ^May 24. The committee appointed to confer with his Excel- 
 lency General Washington, Major-General Gates, and Brigadier- 
 General Mifflin, brought in their Report, which being taken into 
 consideration was agreed to ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the commanding officer in Canada, be inform- 
 ed, that Congress are fully convinced of the absolute necessity of 
 keeping possession of that country, and that they expect the forces 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 231 
 
 in that department will contest every foot of the ground with the 
 enemies of these Colonies ; and, as Congress have in view the cut- 
 ting off all communication between the upper country and the ene- 
 my, they judge it highly necessary that the exertions of the forces 
 be particularly made on the St. Lawrence, below the mouth of the 
 Sorelle. 
 
 'Agreeable to order. General Washington attended in Congress, 
 and after some conference with him, 
 
 '■Resolved, That he be directed to attend again to-morrow. 
 
 ^May 25. Agreeable to order. General Washington attended, 
 and, after some conference with him, 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee be appointed to confer with his Ex- 
 cellency General Washington, Major- General Gates, and Brigadier- 
 General jNIifflin, and to concert a plan of military operations for the 
 ensuing campaign. 
 
 ' The Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania, to whom were referred 
 the letter from the Convention of North Carolina, and the list of the 
 prisoners sent from thence, having appointed Colonel Roberdeau 
 to wait upon Congress and inform them that the prisoners are ar- 
 rived, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the disposition of the prisoners, made by the 
 Committee of Safety, is approved, and that they have the allowance 
 granted to other officers who are prisoners. 
 
 ' That one battalion of Germans be raised for the service of the 
 United Colonies. 
 
 ' Secret Journal, Mai/ 28. The committee appointed to con- 
 fer with the Generals, brought in a further Report, which was read; 
 Whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That an animated address be published, to impress 
 the minds of the people with the necessity of now stepping forward 
 to save their country, their freedom, and property : 
 
 ' That a committee of four be appointed to prepare the said ad- 
 dress. 
 
 ' Public Journal, Mai/ 30. Congress then took into consider- 
 ation the Report of the committee appointed to confer with his 
 Excellency, General Washington, Major- General Gates and Brig- 
 adier-General Mifflin, and after some debate, 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be referred to a committee of the whole Con- 
 gress. 
 
 ' The Resolution reported from the committee of the whole Con- 
 gress being read, was agreed to as follows : 
 
 ^Resolved, That the General be authorized to direct the building 
 of as many fire crafts, row-galleys, armed boats, and floating batte- 
 ries as may be necessary, and suitable for the immediate defence of 
 the port of New York, and Hudson's River. 
 
 ^Resolved, That this Congress will to-morrow, again ^i- « 
 
 * take into their farther consideration the Report,' &c. 
 
232 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 General Washington to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Philadelphia, 31 May, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Brother, — Since my arrival at this place, where I came 
 at the request of Congress to settle some matters relative to the en- 
 suing campaign, I have received your letter of the 18th, from Wil- 
 liamsburg, and I think I stand indebted to you for another, which 
 came to hand some time ago in New York. I am very glad to 
 hear that the Virginia Convention have passed so noble a vote, 
 and with so much unanimity. Things have come to such a pass 
 now, as to convince us, that we have nothing more to expect from 
 the justice of Great Britain ; also, that she is capable of the most 
 delusive arts ; for I am satisfied, that no Commissioners ever were 
 designed, except Hessians and other foreigners ; and that the idea 
 was only to deceive and throw us off our guard. The first has 
 been too effectually accomplished, as many members of Congress, 
 in short, the Representatives of the whole Provinces, are still feed- 
 ing themselves upon the dainty food of reconciliation ; and though 
 they will not allow, that ihe expectation of it has any influence upon 
 their judgment, with respect to their preparations for defence, it is 
 but too obvious that it has an operation upon every part of their con- 
 duct, and is a clog to their proceedings. It is not in the nature of 
 things to be otherwise ; for no man that entertains a hope of seeing 
 this dispute speedily and equitably adjusted by Commissioners, 
 will go to the same expense and run the same hazards to prepare 
 for the worst event, as he who believes that he must conquer, or 
 submit to unconditional terms, and the concomitants, such as con- 
 fiscation, hanging, and the like. 
 
 ***** 
 
 <We expect a very bloody summer at New York and Canada, as 
 it is there,* I presume, the grand efforts of the enemy will be aimed ; 
 and I am sorry to say that we are not, either in men or arms, pre- 
 pared for it. However it is to be hoped, that if our cause is just, as 
 I most religiously believe it to be, the same Providence, which has 
 in many instances appeared for us, will still go on to afford us aid. 
 
 'Mrs. Washington is now under inoculation in this city; and 
 will, I expect, have the small pox favorably. This is the thirteenth 
 day, and she has very few pustules. She would have written to 
 my sister, but thought it prudent not to do so. She joins me in 
 love to you and all the little ones. I am, with every sentiment of 
 regard, dear Sir, your most affectionate brother.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 403. 
 
 In Congress. '■June 1. The Congress then resolved itself into a 
 committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration, the 
 Report of the committee of conference. 
 
 * It should be noticed, the General was writing from Philadelphia. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 233 
 
 ' The Report of the committee of the whole Congress was read ; 
 whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That six thousand militia be employed to reinforce the 
 army in Canada, and to keep up the communication with that Pro- 
 vince, to make up which number, 
 
 '■Resolved^ That the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, be requested 
 to supply, of their militia 8,000 4 battalions. 
 
 Connecticut, of their militia 1,500 2 battalions. 
 
 New Hampshire, of their militia 750 1 battalion. 
 
 New York, of their militia 750 1 battalion. 
 
 ^June 3. The committee of conference brought in a farther Re- 
 port, which was read : 
 
 '■Resolved. That the same be referred to the committee of the 
 whole Congress. 
 
 ' The Report of the committee of the whole Congress being read, 
 was agreed to; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That 13,800 militia be employed to reinforce the 
 army at New York; to complete which number, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Colony of. Massachusetts Bay, be requested 
 to furnish, of their militia 2,000 
 
 Connecticut, of their militia 5,500 
 
 New York, of their militia 3,000 
 
 New Jersey, of their militia 3,300 
 
 '■Resolved, That a Flying Camp be immediately established in 
 the Middle Colonies ; and that it consist of 10,000 men ; to com- 
 plete which number, 
 
 'Resolved, That the Colony of Pennsylvania be requested to fur- 
 nish, of their militia 6,000 
 
 Maryland, of their militia 3,400 
 
 Delaware, of their militia 600 
 
 '■Resolved, That the militias be engaged to the^rs^ day of De- 
 cember next, unless sooner discharged by Congress. 
 
 'Resolved, That three Major-Generals, and two Brigadier-Gene- 
 rals be added to the Continental establishment of general officers, 
 and that the vacancies in the offices of Adjutant-General, and Quar- 
 ter Master-General, be filled up. 
 
 * That two Provincial Brigadier-Generals be employed in the Can- 
 ada Department; one from Massachusetts Bay and one from Con- 
 necticut : 
 
 ' That four Provincial Brigadier-Generals be employed in the 
 New York Department; one from Massachusetts Bay, one from 
 Connecticut, one from New York and one from New Jersey : 
 
 ' That three Provincial Brigadier-Generals be employed for the 
 Flying Camp; two from Pennsylvania and one from Maryland : 
 
 ' That the said Brigadier-Generals be appointed by the respective 
 Colonies above mentioned : 
 
 ' That the Commander-in-Chief be authorized to form and fix 
 
234 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 such magazines of provisions and military stores, as he may judge 
 necessary. 
 
 ' June 4. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assemblies 
 and Conventions of the Colonies, requested to supply or furnish 
 militia by the Resolutions of yesterday, to take particular care that 
 the militia come provided with arms, accoutrements, and camp- 
 iettles. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Deputy Commissary-General, Deputy Quar- 
 ter- Master- General, Deputy Adjutant-General, and Deputy Muster- 
 Master- General, make regular returns and reports to Congress, and 
 to the respective officers to whom they are deputies, at least once a 
 month, and that the principals also make returns to Congress at 
 the same periods : 
 
 ' That the Paymaster-General, and the Deputy Paymaster-Gene- 
 Tal, make monthly returns to Congress of their expenditures, and the 
 state of the military chests in their several departments : 
 
 ' That the Flying Camp be under the command of such Conti- 
 nental general officers as the Commander-in-Chief shall direct : 
 
 ' That Expresses be established between the several Continental 
 Posts : 
 
 ' That the militia, when in service, be regularly paid and victual- 
 led, in the same manner as the Continental troops : 
 
 ' That the Aids-de-camp of the Commander-in-Chief rank as 
 Lieutenant-Colonels : 
 
 ' That the Aids-de-camp of Major-Generals, rank as Majors : 
 
 ' That Robert Hanson Harrison, Esq., have the rank of Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel in the Continental army. 
 
 ' The ballots being taken and examined, 
 
 'Joseph Reed, Esq., was elected Adjutant-General, and 
 
 ' Stephen Moylen, Esq. was elected Quarter- Master- General.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 ' New York, 8 June, 1776. 
 
 ' In perusing the several Resolves you honored me with when at 
 Philadelphia and since my return, I find one allowing a chief en- 
 gineer for the army in a separate department. The service re- 
 quiring many of them, I wish Congress, if they know any persons 
 skilled in this business, would appoint them. General Schuyler 
 has frequently applied, and suggested the necessity of having some 
 in Canada. I myself know of none. 
 
 ' In respect to establishing Expresses between the several Conti- 
 nental Posts, — who is to do it? — the Resolve does not say. Is 
 it expected by Congress that I should ? Whoever the work is as- 
 signed to, I think, should execute it with the utmost despatch.* 
 
 * When I had the honor of being in Congress, if I mistake not, 
 
 * See pp. 170, 171. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 235 
 
 I heard a Resolve read, or was told of one, allowing the New York 
 troops the same pay as others in the Continental service. This, if 
 any such, I do not find ; and if there is not such a one, I shall be 
 under some embarrassment, how to pay the militia to be provided 
 by this Province. The Resolve providing them says, they arc to 
 be paid, while in service, as other troops are. But if those en- 
 listed heretofore in this Province are to receive according- to the 
 first establishment, it is a matter of doubt, what the militia are to 
 have. J have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 ' P. S. If Congress have come to any Resolution about an al- 
 lowance to induce men to re-enlist., * you will please to favor me with 
 it, as the time the rifle regiment is engaged for, is just expired. 
 
 ' As the militia will be coming in, and they will be in much 
 need of covering, please to have all the tents, and cloth proper for 
 making them, that can be procured, forwarded as soon as possible.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 154. - Wash. Writ. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 9 June, 1776. 
 ' The situation of our affairs in Canada, as reported by the hon- 
 orable Commissioners, is truly alarming ; and I am sorry, that my 
 opinion of the ill consequences resulting from the short enlistments of 
 the army, should be but too well confirmed by the experience they 
 have had of the want of discipline and order in our soldiery there. 
 This induces me again to wish Congress to determine on a' liberal 
 alloivance, to eng-ag-e the troops already in service to re-enlist for a 
 longer period, or during the continuance of the ivar,* nor can I for- 
 bear expressing my opinion of the propriety of keeping the military 
 chest always supplied with money, as evils of the most interesting 
 nature are often produced for want of a regular payment of troops. 
 The neglect makes them impatient and uneasy.' 
 
 ^June 10th. Since I did myself the honor of writing to you yes- 
 terday, I have had the satisfaction of seeing, and for a few minutes 
 conversing with Mr. Chase and Mr. Carroll, from Canada. » 
 * * I need not touch upon a subject, which you will be 
 
 so well informed of from the fountain-head; nor should I have giv- 
 en you the ti'ouble of a letter by this day's post, but for the distrac- 
 tion which seems to prevail in the Commissary^ department, as 
 well as others in that quarter; the necessity o/" having it under one 
 general direction ; and the dissatisfaction of Colonel Trumbull, at 
 the allowance made to him by Congress, as an equivalent for his 
 trouble. With respect to this particular matter I can only say, that 
 I think he is a man well suited for the business, and that where a 
 shilling is saved in the pay, a pound may be lost by mismanage- 
 ment in the office ; and that his resignation at this time, I mean this 
 
 * See the General's letter, Feb. 9. p. 167, the writings referred to, p. 169, and his 
 suggestion of some method,^ &c. p. 214. 
 
 31 
 
236 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 campaign, may possibly be attended with falal consequences. I 
 therefore humbly submit to Congress the propriety of handsomely 
 rewarding those gentlemen, who hold such very important, trouble- 
 some, and hazardous offices, as those of Commissary and Quarler- 
 
 Master. 
 
 ****** 
 
 ' To Congress I also submit the propriety of keeping the two 
 Continental battalions,* under the command of Colonels Shee and 
 Magaw, at Philadelphia, when there is the greatest probability of a 
 speedy attack upon this place by the King's troops. The encour- 
 agements given by Governor Tryon to the disaffected, which are 
 circulated, no one can tell how; the movements of this kind of peo- 
 ple, which are more easy to perceive than describe; the confident 
 report, which is said to have come immediately from Governor 
 Tryon, and brought by a frigate from Halifax, that the troops at that 
 place were embarking for this ; * * * leave not a 
 
 doubt upon my mind, that troops are hourly expected at the Hook. 
 I had no doubt when I left this city for Philadelphia, that some 
 measures would have been taken to secure the suspected and dan- 
 gerous persons of this government before now, and I left orders for 
 the military to give every aid to the civil power. But the subject is 
 delicate, and nothing is done in it. We may therefore have inter- 
 nal as well as external enemies to contend with.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 155, 158. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. pp. 411, 413. 
 
 Same to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 New York, 10 June, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Before this, I presume you have received the Resolve of 
 Congress for augmenting our army here and in Canada, with their 
 requisition for the quota of men to be furnished by your Colony. I 
 must beg leave to add, that, from intelligence I have received, and 
 a variety of circumstances combining to confirm it. General Howe, 
 with the fleet from Halifax, or some other armament, is hourly 
 expected at the Hook, wilh designs doubtless to make an impres- 
 sion here, and possess themselves of this Colony, which is of the 
 last importance to us in the present controversy. Our works are 
 extensive and many, and the troops here but few for their defence, 
 being greatly reduced by the regiments detached on the Canada 
 expedition. 
 
 ' In this critical conjuncture of affairs, the experience I have had 
 of your zeal and readiness to assist the common cause, induces me 
 to request the most speedy and early succour that can be obtained 
 from your Colony, and that the militia may be forwarded, one bat- 
 talion after another, as fast as they can possibly be raised, without 
 waiting to make up the whole complement to be furnished for this 
 
 * Two of the four battalions directed, March 14, p. SOS, to march to New York. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 237 
 
 place, before any of them march. I would advise, Ihat they come 
 properly provided with field and other ouicers, and that the person 
 appointed by the Colony to command the whole, be here a day or 
 two before them, to receive his orders, and to be in readiness to take 
 the command on their arrival. It will be proper, too, that notice be 
 sent a day or two before their coming, that provision may be made 
 for furnishing them, and disposing of them in proper places. I 
 have written a similar letter to the Jersey Convention, praying aid 
 from them. I am. Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 416. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 13 June, 177G. 
 'Sir, — I have the honor of transmitting to Congress a letter 
 which came by express last night from General Schuyler, enclosing 
 a copy of a letter to him from Colonel Kirkland. » * 
 
 The representations contained in these letters have induced me, 
 without waiting the determination of Congress, to direct General 
 Schuyler immediately to commence a treaty with the Six Nations, 
 and to engage them in our interest, upon the best terms he and his 
 colleagues in commission can procure ; and I trust the urgency of 
 the occasion will justify my proceeding, to the Congress. The 
 necessity for decision and despatch in all our measures, in my opin- 
 ion, becomes every day more and more apparent. The express, 
 Mr. Bennet, was overtaken at Albany by General Schuyler, who 
 had received intelligence from Fort George, that a considerable 
 body of Mohawk Indians were coming down the Mohawk River, 
 under the conduct of Sir John Johnson. The General's extreme 
 hurry would not allow him to write ; but it seems his intention is 
 to collect at Albany a sufficient force to oppose Sir John. 
 
 •3v* "Tr VP vr 
 
 ' In consequence of information, that several merchants were ex- 
 porting salt pork and beef from this place, I requested the Commis- 
 sary to make application to the Provincial Congress, for a restraint 
 to be laid on the exportation of those articles, as I apprehended, not 
 only the enemy might receive supplies by the capture of our vessels, 
 but that our people might shortly experience a scarcity. The Pro- 
 vincial Congress have accordingly made a Resolution to stop the 
 exportation for fourteen days. They expect Congress will, in the 
 mean time, frame some general regulations on this head. They 
 are unwilling, they say, to subject their constituents to partial 
 restraints. * 
 
 ' I once mentioned to Congress, that I thought a War-Office ex- 
 tremely necessary, and they seemed inclined to institute one for our 
 
 * Congress passed a Resolve the next day, that no salted beef or pork, more than 
 necessary for vessel's use, should be exported from any of the United Colonies, until 
 their further order. 
 
238 CORRESPONDENCE AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
 army ; but the affair seems to have been since dropped. Give me 
 leave again to insist on the utility and importance of such an estab- 
 lishment. The more I reflect upon the subject, the more I am con- 
 vinced of its necessity, and that affairs can never be properly con- 
 ducted without it. 
 
 ' It is with pleasure that I receive the Resolve enclosed in your 
 favor of the 11th instant. One considerable ground of dissatis- 
 faction in the army is thereby removed.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 159. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 419. ~": 
 
 In Congress. '■June 10, 1776. Resolved^ That the pay of the 
 Continental troops in the Middle Department, be hereafter the same 
 as that of the troops in the Easte^'n.^ 
 
 This Resolve explains the General's reference in the closing paragraph of the above 
 letter. Truly might he say that one ground of dissatisfaction was removed, when 
 was abolished that distinction which first appeared in the Resolves, Oct. 9, 1775, and 
 manifestly continued till June 10, 1776. Respecting its existence and its mischiefs, it 
 seems sufficient in this place, to refer to pp. 217, 219, 234, 235. 
 
 Fortunate for the General and fortunate for his countrymen would it have been, if 
 all the artificial causes of distressing embarrassment to him and appalling danger to 
 them, had been removed at the same time. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE AND PROCEEDINGS RELATIVE 
 TO THE NORTHERN DEPARTMENT, IN 1776. 
 
 The affairs of the Northern Department were of such moment and interest, as well 
 in after stages as in that particular stage of the Revolution, that some of the 
 evidences of important events and measures which speedily succeeded the death of 
 General Thomas, are presented in a few pages under a distinct head. 
 
 On being informed of that event, General Washington hastened to convey the in- 
 formation to Congress, as follows. 
 
 To the President of Congress. 
 
 June 14th. 
 ' I herewith transmit to you copies of a letter from General Schuy- 
 ler and its several enclosures, which I have received since I had the 
 honor of addressing you yesterday. From these you will learn that 
 General Thomas died the 2d instant ; and the apprehensions of 
 our frontier friends in this Colony, that our savage foes are medi- 
 tating an attack against them. I am, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 161. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 420. 
 
 Of the correspondence and proceedings consequent upon the death of General 
 Montgomery, portions deemed pertinent have been given, pp. 162, 163, 164, 175, 180, 
 151, excepting that General Wooster, originally the third Brigadier- General, was su- 
 perseded by the appointment of General Thomas. 
 
 Remarkable, however, as were some circumstances of General Thomas's appointment 
 to the Canada command, no less so were many, connected with that of his successor. 
 
RELATIVE TO THE NORTHERN DEPARTMENT, IN 1776. 239 
 
 General Washington to General. Sullivan, in Canada. 
 
 Neav York, 13 June, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — Intelligence having been received of ihe unfortu- 
 nate death of General Thomas, occasioned by the small-pox, the 
 command of the army in Canada devolves on you. I am therefore 
 to request your most strenuous exertions to retrieve our circumstan- 
 ces in that quarter from the melancholy situation which they are 
 now in, and to perform the arduous task of bringing order out of 
 confusion. I confess there is more room for enterprise and activity 
 than I could wish; but then you will remember, that you and 
 your colleagues will be entitled to the grateful thanks of your 
 country, in proportion to the services you render. 
 
 ' Being extremely hurried in sending despatches to Congress and 
 General Schuyler, I have not time to write to you so fully as I could 
 wish ; and therefore shall only add my request, that you from time 
 to time make me regular returns of the strength of the army, military 
 stores, and any material occurrence. Wishing that you and your 
 associates, under the direction of a gracious Providence, may lead 
 your army to conquest and victory, I am, dear Sir, your most obedi- 
 ent servant.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 421. 
 
 A number of letters from tbe Generals and Commissioners in the Northern or 
 Canada Department, were read in Congress and referred to a committee, June 6. 
 Others from the same quarter, with two from General Washington, were read and 
 referred to the same committee, June 10; and on the next day two more from General 
 Washington were likewise referred to the same committee. That committee, ap- 
 pointed on the 6th, brought in their Report on the 12th; and on the same day the 
 Commissioners who had arrived from Canada, also brought in a Report. The two 
 Reports were then referred to a committee of the whole Congress, and were some time 
 under consideration on that, and again on the following day. The subsequent pro- 
 ceedings are given from their Journal. 
 
 In Congress. '■June 15. The Congress then resolved itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration 
 the Reports referred to them ; and, after some time spent thereon, 
 
 ' The Report from the committee of the whole being deliv- 
 ered in, 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee of four be appointed to digest and 
 arrange the several Resolutions agreed on in the committee of the 
 whole, in order to be laid before Congress, * * and 
 
 that the same be referred to the committee now to be ap- 
 pointed. * * » * « 
 
 ''June 17. The committee appointed to digest and methodize 
 the Resolutions entered into by the committee of the whole, having 
 performed that service, brought in their Report, which was taken 
 into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That an experienced General be immediately sent 
 into Canada, with power to appoint a deputy adjutant-general, a 
 
240 CORRESPONDENCE AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
 deputy muster-master-general, and such other officers as he shall 
 find necessary for the good of the service, and to fill up vacancies 
 in the army in Canada, and notify the same to Congress for their 
 approbation ; that he also have power to suspend any officer there, 
 till the pleasure of Congress be known, he giving his reasons for so 
 doing in the orders of suspension, and transmitting to Congress, as 
 soon as possible, the charge against such officer ; provided, that 
 this power of suspending officers and filling up vacancies, shall not 
 be continued beyond the first day of October next : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to send Major-General 
 Gates into Canada, to take the command of the forces in that 
 Province : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to send into Canada, 
 such small brass or iron field-pieces as he can spare : 
 
 ' That the committee appointed to provide medicines, be directed 
 to send a proper assortment of medicines to Canada: 
 
 ' That the committee appointed to prepare stockings and shoes 
 for the troops in Canada, be directed to purchase such other arti- 
 cles as may be wanted for the use of the soldiers in Canada, and 
 send the same to Albany, that they may be forwarded to the army 
 in Canada, and that they be particularly attentive to provide, in 
 time, a sufficient number of leathern breeches and under-waist- 
 coats, and such other winter clothing as may be necessary for 
 them : 
 
 ' That the said committee be directed to forward, with all expe- 
 pedition, to the Quarter- Master in Canada, such shoes as are al- 
 ready provided : 
 
 ^June 18. Resolved, That General Washington be empowered 
 and directed to nominate and send a deputy muster-master-general 
 to Canada. 
 
 ^Jime 19. Resolved, That the commissions granted by Briga- 
 dier-General Sullivan, to sundry officers in Canada, mentioned in 
 General Washington's letter, be approved and confirmed ; pro- 
 vided, General Gates and the general officers in Canada, on con- 
 sultation, shall think the measure will conduce to the public 
 service. 
 
 ^June 21. The Congress then resumed the consideration of the 
 Report from the committee of the whole ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be directed to order an 
 inquiry to be made into the conduct of the officers heretofore em- 
 ployed in the Canada Department: that the said inquiry be made 
 at such times and places, as, in his judgment, shall be most likely 
 to do justice, as well to the public as to the individuals ; and that 
 the result of the said inquiry, together with the testimonies upon 
 the subject, be transmitted to Congress : that, moreover, all officers 
 accused of cowardice, plundering, embezzlement of public moneys, 
 and other misdemeanors, be immediately brought to trial: And 
 
RELATIVE TO THE NORTHERN DEPARTMENT, IN 1776. 241 
 
 whereas, Congress is informed that an opinion has prevailed, that 
 officers resigning their commissions are not subject to trial by a 
 court-martial for offences comn^itted previous to such resignation, 
 whereby some have evaded the punishments to which they were 
 liable, it is hereby declared that such opinion is not just. 
 
 '■June 24. Resolved, That a committee to consist of a member 
 from each Colony, be appointed to inquire into the causes of the 
 miscarriages in Canada : 
 
 ' That the said committee have power to send for persons and 
 
 papers.' 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Hon. Richard Henry Lee to General Washington. 
 
 [Philadelphia,] 13 June, 1776. 
 
 ' It is more than probablci that Congress will order our friend 
 Gates to Canada. His great ability and virtue will be absolutely 
 necessary to restore things there, and his recommendations will 
 always be readily complied with. You will lind, that great powers 
 are given to the Commander in that distant Department. The 
 system for Canada, adopted since the arrival of the Commissioners 
 here, will, I hope, be of essential service to our officers. 
 
 ' All good men pray most heartily for your health, happiness, 
 and success, and none more than your affectionate friend.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. , Sparks, vol. iii. p. 436. Note. 
 
 Hon. John Adams to General Gates. 
 
 ' [Philadelphia,] 18 June, 1776. 
 ' My Dear General, — "We have ordered you to the post of 
 honor, and made yon a Dictator in Canada for six months, or at 
 least until the first of October. We do not choose to trust you. Gen- 
 erals, with too much power for too long a time.' 
 
 Wilkinson's Memoirs, vol. i p. 61. 
 
 Hon. Elbridge Gerry to General Gates. 
 
 , 24 August, 1776. 
 
 ' We want very much to see you with the sole command in the 
 Northern Department, but hope you will not relinquish your exer- 
 tions until a favorable opportunity shall effect it.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 463. Note. 
 
 Hon. John Adams to Mrs. Adams. 
 
 Philadelphia, 16 June, 1776. 
 ' The rumor you heard of General Gates will prove premature. 
 I endeavored both here and with the General to have it so,* and 
 should have succeeded, if it had not been for the loss of General 
 
 * ' That he should have the command of Boston.' 
 
242 CORRESPONDENCE AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Thomas. Cruel small pox ! worse than the sword ! But now, I 
 fear we must part with Gates for the sake of Canada.' 
 
 Letters of J. Adams, vol. i. p. 119. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 23 June, 1776. 
 ' In Canada, the situation of our affairs is truly alarming. The 
 enclosed copies of Generals Schuyler's, Sullivan's, and Arnold's 
 letters will inform you, that General Thompson has met with a 
 repulse at Three Rivers, and is now a prisoner in the hands of 
 General Burgoyne, who, these accounts say, is arrived with a con- 
 siderable, army. Nor do they seem to promise an end of our mis- 
 fortunes there; it is greatly to be feared, that the next advices from 
 them will be, that our shattered, divided, and broken army, as you 
 will see by the return, have been obliged to abandon the country, 
 and retreat, to avoid a greater calamity, that of being cut off or 
 becoming prisoners. I shall have done upon the subject, and 
 leave you to draw such conclusions as you conceive, from the state 
 of facts, are most likely to result ; only adding my apprehensions, 
 that one of the latter events, either that they are cut off, or become 
 prisoners, has already happened^ if they did not retreat while they 
 had an opportunity. # * * * 
 
 At least our utmost exertions will be necessary, to prevent the ad- 
 vantages they have gained from being turned to our greater mis- 
 fortunes.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 16S. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 432. 
 
 In Congress. '•June 25. A letter [the above] of the 23d from 
 General Washington, with sundry letters from Major-General 
 Schuyler, Brigadier-General Sullivan, Brigadier-General Arnold, 
 and others, were laid before Congress, and read : 
 
 ^Resolved, That the same be referred to the Board of War and 
 Ordnance ; who are desired to sit immediately, and report thereon 
 as soon as possible. Eodem die, P. M. 
 
 ' The Board of War and Ordnance, * # * 
 
 brought in their Report, * * whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the number of men destined for the Northern 
 Department, be augmented to four thousand : 
 
 ' That it be earnestly recommended to the Colony of New Hamp- 
 shire, to send immediately one regiment of their militia to Massa- 
 chusetts-Bay, two regiments of their militia to Connecticut, one 
 regiment of their militia to augment the troops destined for the 
 Northern Department,' 
 
 'Resolved, That letters be sent to the General Assemblies 
 of the Colonies, from whence the several regiments of militia 
 are and have been requested, earnestly pressing them to be expe- 
 ditious in raising and equipping their troops, and requesting the 
 
RELATIVE TO THE NORTHERN DEPARTMENT, IN 177G. 243 
 
 several Assemblies to take upon themselves the care of providing 
 the said troops with clothes, tents, and all necessary camp equip- 
 age, and assmingthem that the United Colonies will be answerable 
 for the expenses of the same. 
 
 June 26. '•Resolved^ That a bounty of ten dollars be given to 
 every non-commissioned officer and soldier, who will enlist to serve 
 for the term of three years. 
 
 '■Ordered, That the Resolutions passed yesterday be sent to 
 General Washington, and that he be desired to afford such assist- 
 ance to the Northern or Canada Department, as he shall be ena- 
 bled to do consistently with the safety of New York ; and, from 
 time to time, to give such directions as he may think expedient for 
 the public service.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 29 June, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I was last night honored with your favor of the 26th 
 instant, and, agreeable to your request, shall pay proper attention 
 to the Resolves it enclosed. 
 
 ' I observe the augmentation Congress have resolved to make to 
 the forces destined for the Northern Department, and the bounty to 
 be allowed such soldiers as will enlist for three years. I hope 
 many good consequences will result from these measures ; and 
 that, from the latter, a considerable number of men may be incluced 
 to engage in the service. 
 
 ' I should esteem myself extremely happy to afford the least as- 
 sistance to the Canada Department, in compliance with the desire 
 of Congress and your requisition, were it in my power; but it is 
 not. The return which 1 transmitted yesterday will but too well 
 convince Congress of my incapacity in this instance, and point out 
 to them that the force I now have is trifling, considering the many 
 and important posts that are necessary, and must be supported, if 
 possible. 
 
 ' But few militia have yet come in, the whole being about twelve 
 hundred, including the two battalions of this city, and one com- 
 pany from the Jerseys. I wish the delay may not be attended with 
 disagreeable consequences, and their aid may not come too late, 
 or when it may not be wanted. I have written, — I have done every 
 thing I could, to call them in ; but they have not come, though I 
 am told that they are generally willing. 
 
 ' The accounts communicated yesterday through Lieutenant 
 Davidson's letter, are partly confirmed, and, I dare say, will turn 
 out to be true on the whole. For two or three days past, three or 
 four ships have been dropping in ; and I just now received an ex- 
 press from an officer appointed to keep a look-out on Staten Island, 
 tliat forty-five arrived at the Hook to-day : some say more ; and I 
 32 
 
244 CORRESPONDENCE AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
 suppose the whole fleet will be in, within a day or two. I am 
 hopeful, before they are prepared to attack, that I shall get some 
 reinforcements. Be that as it may, I shall attempt to make the 
 best disposition I can of our troops, in order to give them a proper 
 reception, and to prevent the ruin and destruction they are medi- 
 tating against us.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 175. Wash. Wiit. 
 
 Same to General Schuyler. 
 
 New York, 24 June, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — The accounts transmitted by General Sullivan are 
 truly alarming, and I confess I am not without apprehension lest 
 the next advices should be, that the unfortunate defeat and capture 
 of General Thompson have been succeeded by an event still more 
 unfortunate, the destruction of a large part if not the whole of our 
 army in that quarter. # * * * * From 
 
 the whole of the accounts, supposing the facts all true, there was 
 nothing left to prevent their ruin, but a retreat. That, I hope, has 
 been made, as the only means of saving themselves, and rendering 
 their country the least service. 
 
 ' By reason of the succession of ills, that has attended us there of 
 late, and this last one, I fear we must give up all hopes of possess- 
 ing that country, of such importance in the present controversy, and 
 that our views and utmost exertions must be turned to prevent the 
 incursions of the enemy into our Colonies. To this end, I must 
 pray your strictest attention, and request that you will use all the 
 means in your power to fortify and secure every important post and 
 place on the communication. You are as much impressed with 
 the necessity of the measure, as any man can be ; and with con- 
 fidence I trust that nothing you can do will be wanting to ef- 
 fect it. ***** 
 
 ' Major- General Gates, whom Congress had appointed to com- 
 mand after General Thomas's death, will set out to-morrow.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Spark.s, vol. iii. p. 436. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 27 June, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I this morning received, by express, letters from Gene- 
 rals Schuyler and Arnold, with a copy of one from General Sulli- 
 van to the former, and also of others to General Sullivan ; of all 
 which I do myself the honor to transmit to you copies. They will 
 give you a further account of the melancholy situation of our 
 affairs in Canada, and show that there i,s nothing left to save our 
 army there but evacuating the country. 
 
 ^June 30th. — Canada, it is certain, would have been an impor- 
 tant acquisition, and well worth the expenses incurred in the pursuit 
 
RELATIVE TO THE NORTHERN DEPARTMENT, IN 1776. 245 
 
 of it. But as we could not reduce it to our possession, the retreat 
 of our army with so little loss, under such a variety of distresses, 
 must be esteemed a most fortunate event. It is true, the accounts 
 we have received do not fully authorize us to say, that we have 
 sustained no loss ; but they hold forth a probable ground for such 
 conclusion. I am anxious to hear it confirmed.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 169, 177. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. pp. 438, 444. 
 
 President Hancock to General Washington. 
 
 , June, 1776. 
 
 ' The loss of Canada is, undoubtedly, on some accounts to be 
 viewed in the light of a misfortune. The Continent has been put 
 to a great expense in endeavoring to get possession of it. That our 
 army should make so prudent a retreat, as to be able to save their 
 baggage, cannon, ammunition, and sick from falling into the hands 
 of the enemy, is a circumstance that will afford a partial consola- 
 tion, and reflect honor upon the officers, who conducted it. Con- 
 sidering, the superior force of the British troops, and a retreat una- 
 voidable, everything has been done, which in such a situation could 
 be expected. In short. Sir, I am extremely glad, that our army is 
 likely to get safe out of Canada.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 445. Note. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New Yoriv, 14 July, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — General Sullivan, in a letter of the 2d instant, informs 
 me of his arrival with the army at Crown Point, where he is forti- 
 fying and throwing up works. He adds, that he has secured all 
 the stores except three cannon left at Chamblee, which in part is 
 made up by taking a fine twelve-pounder out of the Lake. The 
 army is sickly, many with the small-pox ; and he is apprehensive 
 the militia ordered to join them, will not escape the infection. An 
 officer he had sent to reconnoitre had reported, that he saw at St. 
 John's about a hundred and fifty tents, twenty at St. Roy's, and 
 fifteen at Chamblee ; and works at the first were busily carry- 
 ing on.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 194. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 472. 
 
 ^July 11th. — I was apprehensive the appointment of General 
 Gates over General Sullivan would give the latter disgust. His 
 letter, which I transmitted to Congress, seemed to warrant the 
 suspicion. He is not arrived yet ; when he does, I shall try to 
 settle the affair and prevail on him to continue, as I think his re- 
 signation will take from the service a useful and good officer.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv.'p. 4. 
 
246 CORRESPONDENCE AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
 General Sullivan to General Schuyler. 
 
 Crown Point, 6 July, 1776. 
 ' I ever was desirous, Ihat some officer superior in rank 
 should relieve me from this disagreeable command, and should 
 'with pleasure have remained in the army and served under him ; 
 but, Congress having thought proper to supersede me by appoint- 
 ing General Gates, who had not, by the rank they were pleased 
 formerly to confer upon us, the same pretensions as myself, I can 
 construe this in no other light, than to suppose Congress were ap- 
 prehensive that I was not equal to the trust they were pleased to 
 repose in me. If this be the case, I am bound in justice to my 
 country to relinquish a command to which I am not equal. If this 
 was not the foundation, and they had not such an opinion of me, 
 surely my honor calls upon me to leave the service, after a person 
 is put over me without any impeachment of my conduct.' * 
 
 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 4. Note. 
 
 In Congress. ^Juli/ 30, 1776. Congress took into consideration 
 the Report of the committee appointed to inquire into the causes 
 of the miscarriages in Canada, wherein they represent, as their 
 opinion, 
 
 ' That the short enlistments of the Continental troops in Canada, 
 have been one gi-eat cause of the miscarriages there, by rendering 
 unstable the number of men engaged in military enterprises, by 
 making them disorderly and disobedient to their officers, and by 
 precipitating the commanding officers into measures, which their 
 prudence might have postponed, could they have relied on a longer 
 continuance of their troops in service : 
 
 ' That a want of hard money has been one other great source 
 of the miscarriages in Canada, rendering the supplies of necessa- 
 ries difficult and precarious, the establishment of proper magazines 
 absolutely impracticable, and the pay of the troops of little use to 
 them : 
 
 ' That a still greater, and more fatal, source of misfortunes has 
 been, the prevalence of the small-pox in that army ; a great pro- 
 portion whereof has thereby been usually kept unfit for duty.' 
 
 ' With this Congress concurred.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 5 July, 1776. 
 
 ' A letter from General Schuyler, with sundry enclosures, has 
 
 this moment come to hand, and will no doubt claim, as it ought to 
 
 do, the immediate attention of Congress. The evils, which must 
 
 inevitably follow a disputed command, are too obvious and alarm- 
 
 * By their appointments, the rank of General Sullivan was considered superior to 
 that of General Gates. See pp. 70, 72. 
 
RELATIVE TO THE NORTHERN DEPARTMENT, IN 1776. 247 
 
 ing to admit a moment's delay in your decision thereupon ; and 
 although I do not presume to advise in a matter now of this deli- 
 cacy, yet as it appears evident, that the Northern array has returned 
 to Crown Point, and means to act upon the defensive only, I can- 
 not help giving it as my opinion, that one of the Major- Generals in 
 that quarter would be more usefully employed here, or in the Flying 
 Camp, than there; for it becomes my duty to observe, if another 
 experienced officer is taken from hence, in order to command the 
 Flying Camp, that your grand army will be entirely stripped of 
 Generals who have seen service, being in a manner already desti; 
 tute of such. My distress on this account, the appointment of 
 General Whitcomb to the Eastern regiments, a conviction in my 
 own breast that no troops [British] will be sent to Boston, and the 
 certainty of a number coming to this place, occasioned my post- 
 poning, from time to time, the sending of any general officer from 
 hence to the Eastward heretofore.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 183. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 450. 
 
 This letter was read in Congress and referred to the Board of War, July 6. The 
 significant proceedings upon it were the following. 
 
 In Congress. '■July 8, 1776. Resolved, That Major-General 
 Gates be informed, that it was the intention of Congress to give 
 him the command of the troops whilst in Canada, but that they 
 had no design to vest him with a superior command to General 
 Schuyler, whilst the troops should be on this side Canada ; and 
 that the President write to Major-General Schuyler and Major- 
 General Gates, stating this matter, and recommending to them to 
 carry on the military operations with harmony, and in such manner 
 as shall best promote the public service : 
 
 ' That a copy of the foregoing Resolution be transmitted to 
 General Washington.' 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 New York, 11 July, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I received your favor of the 1st and 2d instant, 
 and agi-eeably to your request transmitted to Congress a copy of 
 the former and of its several enclosures. The important subjects 
 referred to them have met with their attention, and the letter accom- 
 panying this will inform you and General Gates of the result of 
 their deliberations. I hope that harmony and a good agreement 
 will subsist between you, as the most likely means of advancing 
 the interest of the cause, which you both wish to promote.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 462. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 New York, 31 July, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I am extremely happy to find that you have dis- 
 covered and apprehended some of the ringleaders of a dangerous 
 
Il'i 
 
 pi, 
 
 !!! . 
 
 248 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 plot, which you say was forming in the neighborhood of Albany ; 
 nor do I hear with little pleasure of the harmony and good agree- 
 ment between you and General Gates, knowing how essential they 
 are to the service.' 
 
 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 24. 
 
 In Congress. ^August 21. Resolved, That the Cannon-Com- 
 mittee be directed to contract for the immediate casting of six six- 
 pounders, six twelve-pounders, four eight-inch howitzers, fouV six- 
 inch howitzers, and six cohorn mortars, * * # * 
 to be cast, and sent, as soon as possible, to General Gates, for the 
 use of the Northern army.' 
 
 GENERAL PROCEEDINGS AND CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 RESUMED. 
 
 General Washington to the Committee of Safety of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 New York, 17 June, 1776. , 
 
 ' Gexxtlemen, — It is with no small degree of pain, that I am under 
 the necessity of informing you, that it is out of my power at this time 
 to comply with the request made [for an engineer] by your honorable 
 body. The many important works carrying on for the defence of 
 this place, against which there is the highest probability of an attack 
 being made in a little time, will not allow me to spare from hence 
 any person having the least skill in the business of an engineer. 
 I have but one on whose judgment I should wish to depend in 
 laying out any work of the least consequence. Congress well 
 know my wants in this instance, and several of my letters to them 
 have pressed the appointment of gentlemen qualified for the 
 business. 
 
 ' On account of this deficiency, I have not been able to secure or 
 improve two Posts in the Highlands, esteemed of the utmost im- 
 portance. * * * But I beg you 
 to be assured, that as soon as it is in my power, I shall with in- 
 finite pleasure direct a person to attend the Committee for two or 
 three days, if the service will not admit of longer absence, in order 
 to trace out such works, and plans for carrying them on, as shall 
 appear necessary ; and wishing you to ascribe my non-compliance 
 to want of ability, and not of inclination to comply with your re- 
 quest, I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 427. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 249 
 
 In Congress. ^June 11. Resolved, That Colonel Shee and 
 Colonel Magaw, be ordered immediately to march with their regi- 
 ments to New York. 
 
 '■Resolved, That letters be sent, by express, to the several Colo- 
 nies who are to fm-nish militia for the defence of New York, ac- 
 quainting them of the necessity of forwarding the supplies with all 
 possible despatch. 
 
 '■June 12. Resolved, That General Washington be directed to 
 order the rifles of such men belonging to the rifle regiment as will 
 not reenlist, to be purchased, and that the General order the pay- 
 ment out of the military chest : 
 
 ' That the rifle regiment be allowed a drummer and fifer to each 
 company : 
 
 ' That nine hundred dollars be allowed to Colonel Hand, to pur- 
 chase a uniform for the rifle regiment, the said sum to be stopped 
 out of the pay of the said regiments : 
 
 ' That the Secret Committee be directed to deliver to Colonel 
 Magaw, for the use of his battalion, the one hundred and ninety- 
 one muskets sent up by Captain Barry. 
 
 'June 18. Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assembly 
 of Pennsylvania immediately to order a battalion of the Provincial 
 riflemen to march to the assistance of the militia in the Delaware 
 government. 
 
 'June 14. Resolved, That the commanding officer in the bar- 
 racks be directed to deliver the prisoner in his custody to the Com- 
 mittee of Safety of Pennsylvania, who are desired to treat him 
 agreeable to former Resolutions of Congress. 
 
 ' Thomas Bales, blacksmith, proposing to supply the Continental 
 troops with a quantity of camp kettles of sheet-iron, atone and one 
 third dollar each, provided he can have credit for five tons of 
 'sheet-iron : 
 
 '•Resolved, That Timothy Matlack, Esq. be directed to write to 
 Thomas Mayberry, of Mount Holly, the manufacturer of sheet- 
 iron, to send down to him five tons of sheet-iron, for which he will 
 be paid on the delivery ; and that Mr. Matlack be directed to re- 
 ceive the said iron, and deliver it out, as it may be wanted, to 
 Thomas Bales, and receive the ketfles as fast as made. 
 
 'June 17. Resolved, That it be referred to the delegates of Mary- 
 land, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, to devise the 
 mode of raising the battalion of Germans voted the 25th of May 
 last.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Neav York, 20 June, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of 
 the 14th and 18th instants, and the interesting Resolves contained 
 in them, with which I have been honored. The several matters 
 
250 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 recommended to my attention shall be particularly regarded, and 
 the directions of Congress and your requests complied with in ev- 
 ery instance, as far as in my power. 
 
 ' The instituting a War-Office is certainly an event of great im- 
 portance, and, in all probability, will be recorded as such in the 
 historic page. The benefits derived from it, I flatter myself, will 
 be considerable, though the plan upon which it is first formed may 
 not be entirely perfect. This, like other great works, in its first 
 edition, may not be free from error ; time will discover its defects, 
 and experience suggest the remedy, and such farther improvements 
 as may be necessary ; but it was right to give it a beginning, in 
 my opinion. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' The kind attention Congress have shown to afford the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief here every assistance, by resolving that recom- 
 mendatory letters be written to the Conventions of New Jersey 
 and New York, and the Assembly of Connecticut, to authorize him 
 to call in the militia in case of exigency, claims my thankful ac- 
 knowledgments, * # * The delays incident to the 
 ordinary mode may frequently render their aid too late, and prove 
 exceedingly injurious.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 164. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 428. 
 
 Some of the Resolves vchich the General promised in the first paragraph of this 
 letter should be particularly regarded, were the following. 
 
 ' June 17. Resolved, That prisoners, taken hy Continental forces, 
 be not exchanged by any authority but the Continental Congress : 
 
 ' That the Continental agents in the respective Colonies, where 
 no Courts have been established for the trial of captures, have 
 power, and - be directed, to dispose, at public sale, of such 
 articles of a perishable nature, as shall be taken from the ene- 
 mies of America, and that the money arising from such sale, be 
 liable to the decree of such Court whenever established : 
 
 ' That the inventory of the ordnance stores, taken by Captain 
 Manly, be sent to General Washington, and that he be requested 
 to appoint a person on the part of the Colonies, to join one on the 
 part of Captain Manly and his crew, who, having first taken an 
 oath for that purpose, shall proceed to value the same, and if they 
 cannot agree in the value, they shall call in a third person to de- 
 termine the same ; that the Report of such persons be returned to 
 Congress so soon as may be, and the value of the stores belonging 
 to Captain Manly and his crew, be thereupon transmitted to them.' 
 
 The following were the proceedings referred to in the second paragraph of the 
 above letter. 
 
 ^June 12, Congress took into consideration the Report of the 
 committee on a War-Office ; whereupon, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 251 
 
 ''Resolved, That a Committee of Congress be appointed, by the 
 name of the Board of War and Ordnance, to consist of five 
 members : 
 
 ' That a Secretary, and one or more clerks be appointed by Con- 
 gress, with competent salaries, to assist the said Board in execuling 
 the business of their Department. * * « 
 
 '■June 13. Congress having proceeded to the election of a Com- 
 mittee to form the Board of War and Ordnance, the following 
 members were chosen : 
 
 ' Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Sherman, r\Ir. Harrison, Mr. Wilson, and 
 Mr. E. Eutledge : 
 
 ' Richard Peters, Esq. was elected Secretary of the said Board.' 
 
 In respect to the institution of this Board, see Resolves, Jan. 24, March 20, April 18, 
 pp. 202, 209, 211, and the General's letter June 13, p. 237. 
 
 Below is the Resolve which the General said in the closing paragraph of the same 
 letter, claimed his thankful acknowledgments. 
 
 ^June 17. Resolved, That letters be written to the Conventions 
 of New Jersey and New York, and to the Assembly of Connec- 
 ticut, recc»w27?2e»rfw^ to them to authorize the Coinmander-in- Chief 
 in the Colony of Neiv York, to call to the assistance of that Colony, 
 when necessity shall require it, such of the militia of those Colo- 
 nies as may be necessary; and to afford him such other assistance 
 as the situation of affairs may require ; and, that it be further re- 
 commended to the Convention of New York, to empower the said 
 Commander-in-Chief to impress carriages and water-craft, when 
 necessary for the public service, and also to remove ships and other 
 vessels in Hudson's and the East Rivers, for the purpose of secur- 
 ing them from the enemy.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 23 June, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I herewith transmit you an extract of a letter from Gen- 
 eral Ward, which came to hand by last night's post, containing 
 the agreeable intelligence of their having obliged the King's ships 
 to leave Nantasket Road, and of two transports more being taken 
 by our armed vessels, with two hundred and ten Highland troops 
 on board.' * 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 167. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 431. 
 
 * A fleet of thirteen armed ships, which had kept possession of Nantasket Road from 
 the evacuation of Boston. By order of General Ward, Colonel Whitcomb, with a de- 
 tachment of five hundred men and a train of artillery, moved in the evening of June 
 13th, and took post on Long Island. Having thrown up preparatory works in the 
 night, they opened a brisk fire the next morning. The ships soon put to sea, blowing 
 up the light-house as they went off. 
 
 General Ward stated in his letter, — ' The Colonel taken in the transports, is Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Campbell, commander of one of Gen. Frazer's battalions of Highland- 
 ers. He is a member of Parliament, and a gentleman of fortune.' 
 
 33 
 
252 TROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 28 June, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — In compliance with the request of Congress contained in 
 your favor of the 25th instant, * # I do myself the 
 
 honor to inform you that the cost of a ration, according to the 
 Commissary- General's estimate, from the first of July to the first 
 of December, will be from eight-pence to eight-pence half-penny, 
 York currency. 
 
 ' Having discharged the obligation I was under in this instance, 
 and finding that many applications have been made for victualling 
 the Flying Camp, I would, with all possible deference, wish Con- 
 gress to consider the matter well before they come to any determi- 
 nation upon it. Who the gentlemen are that -have made offers 
 upon this occasion, I know not; consequently my objections to 
 their appointment cannot proceed from personal dislike; nor have 
 I it in view to serve Mr. Trnmbull, the Commissary-General, by 
 wishing him to have the direction of the whole supplies for his 
 emolument; ***** but wiiat influ- 
 
 ences me is a regard to the public good. I am morally certain, if 
 the business is taken out of Mr. Trumbull's hands and put into 
 another's, that it may, and will in all probability, be attended with 
 great and many inconveniences. It is likely, * * that 
 
 the army here, or part of it, and the troops composing the Flying 
 Camp, will be frequently joined, and under the necessity of afibrd- 
 ing each other mutual aid. If this event is probable, (and most 
 certainly it is,) the same confusion and disorder will result from 
 having two Commissaries, or one Commissary and one Contractor 
 in the same army in the same department, as did between Mr. 
 Trumbull and Mr. Livingston on the coming of the former to New 
 York. I cannot discriminate the two cases; and not foreseeing 
 that any good consequences will flow from the measure, but that 
 many bad ones will, # # I confess I cannot perceive 
 
 the propriety of appointing a different person, or any but the Com- 
 missary. 
 
 ' I would add, that few armies, if any, have been better sup- 
 plied than the troops under Mr. Trumbull's care in this in- 
 stance ; which, I should suppose, ought to have considerable 
 weight. * * Mr. Trumbull, too, I am informed, has 
 
 already made provision in Jersey for the Flying Camp which 
 will be stationed there, * * in obedience to my or- 
 
 ders, and in full confidence that it was to come under his man- 
 agement. 
 
 ' My great desire to see the affairs of this important Post, on 
 which so much depends, go on in an easy, smooth and uninter- 
 rupted course, has led me to say thus much upon the subject, and 
 will, I hope, (if I am unhappy enough to differ in opinion with 
 Congress,) plead my excuse for the liberty I have taken. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 253 
 
 ' I would also beg leave to mention to Congress the necessity 
 there is of some new regulations being entered into, respecting the 
 chajalains of this army. # # * * # What 
 
 that alteration shall be, Congress will please to determine. 
 
 ' Congress, I doubt not, will have iheard of the plot, that was 
 forming among many disaffected persons in this city and govern- 
 ment for aiding the King's troops upon their arrival. No regular 
 plan seems to have been digested ; but several persons have been 
 enlisted, and sworn to join them. The matter, I am in hopes, by 
 a timely discovery, will be suppressed and put a stop to. Many 
 citizens and others, among whom is the Mayor, are now in con- 
 finement. The matter has been traced up to Governor Tryon ; 
 and the Mayor appears to have been a principal agent between 
 him and the persons concerned in it. The plot had been commu- 
 nicated to some of the army, and part of my guard engaged 
 in it. T. H., one of them, has been tried, and, by the unanimous 
 opinion of a court-martial, is sentenced to die. » * * 
 
 The others are not tried. I am hopeful this example will produce 
 many salutary consequences, and deter others from entering into 
 the like traitorous practices. 
 
 ' The enclosed copy of a Resolve of the Provincial Congress will 
 show, that some of the disaffected on Long Island have taken up 
 arms. I have, agreeably to their request, sent a party after them, 
 but have not as yet been able to apprehend them, having concealed 
 themselves in different woods and morasses.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 171. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Some explanation of the object of Congress in their request referred to in the first 
 and principal part of this letter, is found in the following proceedings. 
 
 In Congress. ^Jiine 24. The Board of War and Ordnance, 
 to whom was referred a petition of Carpenter Wharton, brought in 
 their Report, which was read : 
 
 ' Ordered to lie on the table ; and that the President write to 
 General Washington, and request him to inform Congress of the 
 cost of a ration furnished by the Commissary- General.' 
 
 General "Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 30 June, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 29th 
 early this morning, * * together with the Resolves for 
 
 a further augmentation of our army. 
 
 * The battalion of Germans, which Congress have ordered to be 
 raised, will be a corps of much service ; * and I am hopeful that such 
 
 * The measure had been recommended by the General, May 11, in reference to ex- 
 pected Germans in the British army. The actions of Congress upon it were, May 25, 
 June 17, 27, pp. 231, 249, 254. 
 
254 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 persons will be appointed officers, as will complete their enlistments 
 with all possible expedition. 
 
 ' I shall communicate to Colonel Stevenson and one of his field- 
 officers, and direct them to repair immediately to Philadelphia. It 
 is an unlucky circumstance that the terra of enlistment of these 
 three companies, and of the rifle battalion, should expire at this 
 time, when a hot campaign is, in all probability, about to com- 
 mence. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' I have the honor of transmitting you an extract of a letter re- 
 ceived last night from General Ward. # * * * 
 In General Ward's letter, was inclosed one from Lieutenant 
 Colonel Campbell, who v/as made prisoner with the Highland 
 troops. I have transmitted you a copy. This will give you a full 
 and exact account of the number of prisoners that were on board 
 the four transports ; and will prove beyond a possibility of doubt, 
 that the evacuation of Boston by the British troops was a matter 
 neither knov/n nor expected when he received his orders. Indeed, 
 so many facts had concurred before to settle the matter, that no 
 additional proofs were necessary.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 176. 
 
 Immediately below appear the above-mentioned Resolves ,for a further augmenta- 
 tion of the army. 
 
 In Congress. ^June 27, 1776. ^Resolved, That six companies 
 of riflemen, in addition to the three companies now at New York, 
 be raised, and the whole regimented ; and that a commission be 
 granted to Captain Stevenson, to be Colonel of the said regiment 
 of riflemen, which is to be enlisted for three years, unless sooner 
 discharged by Congress ; the men to be allowed a bounty of ten 
 dollars; and that Moses Rawlins be Lieutenant- Colonel, and Otho 
 Holland Williams, Major of the said regiment : 
 
 ' That four companies of riflemen, for the said regiment, be raised 
 in Virginia, and two in Maryland ; the pay of the men to com- 
 mence from the time they shall be armed and mustered ; their arms 
 to be appraised by the committee of the county, and paid for by 
 the United Colonies : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed forthwith to send to 
 Congress a complete list of all the vacancies in the army, and the 
 names of such officers as he can recommend for filling them. 
 
 ' The committee to whom it was referred to devise a mode of 
 raising the German battalion, voted on the 25th of May last, 
 brought in their Report, which was taken into consideration ; 
 whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That four companies of Germans be raised in Penn- 
 sylvania, and four companies in Maryland, to compose the said 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 255 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Committee of Safety of Penn- 
 sylvania, immediately to appoint proper officers for, and direct the 
 enlistment of the four companies to be raised in that Colony : 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Convention, or in their recess, 
 to the Council of Safety of Maryland, immediately to appoint 
 proper officers for, and direct the enlistment of, the four companies 
 to be raised in that Colony : 
 
 ' That the said companies be enlisted to serve for three years, 
 unless sooner discharged by Congress, and receive bounty, pay, 
 rations, and all other allowances equal to any of the Continental 
 troops : 
 
 ' That the said companies, when raised, be formed into a battalion, 
 under the command of such field-officers as Congress shall appoint : 
 
 ' That the rank of the captains of the said companies be regu- 
 lated as Congress shall hereafter direct.' 
 
 Thjse offers of bounty, June 26, 27, seem to have been forced from Congress by the 
 alarming circumstances at the time; the former, principally by those of Canada; the 
 latter, by those of New York with reference chiefly to re enlisting the riflemen, and 
 raising the battalion of Germans. 
 
 In regard to re-enlisting the riflemen, see Resolves, April 15, June 12, pp, 211, 249, 
 and the General's letters, April 22, June 8, 9, 30, pp. 214, 235, 254. 
 
 General Washington to Brigadier-General Livingston.* 
 
 New York, 29 June, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Since Colonel Reed left this place, I have received 
 certain information from the Hook, that about forty of the enemy's 
 fleet have arrived there, and others are now in sight, and that there 
 cannot be a doubt, but the whole fleet will be in, this day or 
 to-morrow. I beg not a moment's time may be lost, in sending 
 forward such parts of the militia as Colonel Reed shall mention. 
 We are so very weak at this Post, that I must beg you to order the 
 three companies, which I mentioned in my last for Staten Island, 
 immediately to this city. If General Heard is the commanding 
 officer, I must request you will lay my several letters, written to 
 you, before him without delay. I am. Sir, with esteem, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 445. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 4 July, 1776. 
 
 ' As we are fully convinced that the Ministerial army we shall 
 have to oppose this campaign will be great and numerous, and 
 well know that the utmost industry will be used, as it already has 
 been, to excite the savages and every body of people to arms against 
 us whom they can influence, it certainly behoves us to strain every 
 nerve to counteract their designs. ***** 
 
 ' I this moment received a letter from General Greene, an extract 
 of which I have inclosed. The intelligence it contains is of the 
 
 * Previously, member of Congress ; soon after, Governor of New Jersey. 
 
256 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 most important nature, and evinces the necessity of the most spir- 
 ited and vigorous exertions on our part. 
 
 ' The expectation of the fleet under Admiral Howe, is certainly 
 the reason the army already come have not begun their hostile 
 operations. When that arrives, we may look for the most interest- 
 ing events, and such as, in all probability, will have considerable 
 weight in the present contest. It behoves us to be prepared in the 
 best manner; and I submit it again to Congress, whether the ac- 
 counts given by their prisoners do not show the propriety of calling 
 the several Continental regiments from the Massachusetts govern- 
 ment, raising the Flying Camp with all possible despatch, and en- 
 gaging the eastern Indians. 
 
 '-July 5. — General Mercer arrived here on Tuesday, and, the 
 next morning, was ordered to Paulus Hook, to make some arrange- 
 ments of the militia as they come in, and the best disposition he 
 could, to prevent the enemy crossing from Staten Island, if they 
 should have any such viewsw * * * * * 
 
 'None of the Connecticut militia are yet arrived ; so that the 
 reinforcement we have received is very inconsiderable. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 ' The Commissary- General has been with me this morning. 
 ***** 
 He has, I believe, (in order to remove difficulties,) recalled Mr. 
 Avery, but seems to think it necessary in that case that Mr. Liv- 
 ingston should be left to himself, as he cannot be responsible for 
 persons not of his own appointm.ent. This matter should also be 
 clearly defined by Congress. I have already given my opinion of 
 the necessity of these matters being under one general direction, in 
 so full and clear a manner,* that I shall not take up the time of Con- 
 gress to repeat it in this place. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 1S2. Wash. Writ. 
 
 General Washington to Brigadier-General Livingston. 
 Head-Quarters, New York, 6 July, 5 o'clock, P. M., 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — Your favor of this date, enclosing Major Duyckinck's 
 letter, was this moment received. The known disaffection of Am- 
 boy, and the treachery of those of Staten Island who, after the fair- 
 est professions, have shown themselves our most inveterate ene- 
 mies, have induced me to give directions, that all persons of known 
 enmity or doubtful character, should be removed from places, 
 where they might enter into correspondence with the enemy, and 
 aid them in their schemes. ****** 
 
 ' I would suggest to you, that my tenderness has been often 
 abused, and I have had reason to repent the indulgence shown to 
 them. I would show them all possible humanity and kindness, 
 
 * See letters, April 22, June 9, 28, pp. 214, 235, 252. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 257 
 
 consistent with our own safety ; but matters are now too far ad- 
 vanced to sacrifice anything to punctilios. General Mercer has 
 just set off for Jersey. In his experience and judgment you may 
 repose great confidence. He will proceed to Amboy after con- 
 ferring with you. You will please to keep me constantly informed 
 of the proceedings of the enemy, and be assured of every assistance 
 and attention. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 451. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 Head-Quarters, 9 July, 1776. 
 
 ' We have intelligence, which may be relied on, of Lord Howe's 
 being on his passage for this place, with a large fleet, and about 
 fifteen thousand men, and he is hourly expected. * * * 
 
 ' To oppose this force, in which the Ministry put so much con- 
 fidence, I think it necessary to exert every nerve, that, by defeating 
 their views this campaign, we may be enabled to meet them with 
 double advantage the next. Should they think proper to pursue 
 their unwarrantable measures, I hope the good people of your Col- 
 ony or State, will be ready on all occasions to fly to our assistance, 
 if needed. I have confidence in them, and doubt not they will be 
 ready and willing. 
 
 ' To prevent the enemy from obtaining fresh provisions is a mat- 
 ter highly necessary to be attended to. * * # * 
 I could wish your attention to this matter, that the stock may be 
 removed out of reach of the enemy. ***** 
 
 ' In the conference of a full board of general officers yesterday, 
 it was recommended, that I should apply to you for the three row- 
 galleys, being now at New London, or in the river, together with 
 as many heavy cannon as you can possibly spare. They will be 
 much wanted here ; and, if you find it consistent, I would beg you 
 to forward them on as fast as possible.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sp.arks, vol. iii. p. 453. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 10 July, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I am to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors of 
 the 4th and 6th instant, which came duly to hand, with their im- 
 portant enclosures. 
 
 ' I perceive that Congi'ess have been employed in deliberating on 
 measures of the most interesting nature. It is certain, that it is not 
 with us to determine in many instances what consequences will 
 flow from our counsels ; but yet it behoves us to adopt such, as, 
 under the smiles of a gracious and all-kind Providence, will be 
 most likely to promote our happiness. I trust the late decisive 
 part they have taken is calculated for that end, and will secure to 
 us that freedom and those privileges, which have been and are re- 
 
258 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 fused to us, contrary to the voice of nature and the British Constitu- 
 tion. Agreeably to the request of Congress, I caused the Decla- 
 ration* to be proclaimed before all the army under my immediate 
 command ; and have the pleasure to inform them, that the measure 
 seemed to have their most hearty assent ; the expressions and be- 
 havior, both of officers and men, testifying their warmest approba- 
 tion. I have transmitted a copy to General Ward, at Boston, 
 requesting him to have it proclaimed to the Continental troops iu 
 that Department.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 185. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 457. 
 
 On the 5th, besides numerous other Resolves, Congress passed the following. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a Chaplain be appointed to each regiment in the 
 Continental army, and that their allowance be increased to thirty- 
 three dollars and one third of a dollar per month.' 
 
 On the 9th, the tv^'o follovring entries vv'ere made in the General's Orderly Book, the 
 former relating obviously to this Resolve, the latter, to the Declaration. 
 
 ' The honorable Continental Congress having been pleased to 
 allow a chaplain to each regiment, * * * * the 
 
 Colonels or commanding officers of each regiment are directed to 
 procure chaplains accordingly, persons of good characters and ex- 
 emplary lives, and to see that all inferior officers and soldiers pay 
 them a suitable respect. The blessing and protection of Heaven 
 are at all times necessary, but especially so in times of public dis- 
 tress and danger. The General hopes and trusts that every officer 
 and man will endeavor so to live and act as becomes a christian 
 soldier, defending the dearest rights and liberties of his country.' 
 
 ' The Continental Congress, impelled by the dictates of duty, 
 policy, and necessity, have been pleased to dissolve the connection, 
 which subsisted between this country and Great Britain, and to 
 declare the United Colonies of North America, Free, and Inde- 
 pendent States. The several brigades are to be drawn up this 
 evening on their respective parades, at six o'clock, when the Dec- 
 laration of Congress, showing the grounds and reasons of this 
 measure, is to be read with an audible voice. The General hopes 
 that this important event will serve as a fresh incentive to every 
 officer and soldier to act with fidelity and courage, as knowing that 
 now the peace and safely of his country depend, under God, solely 
 on the success of our arms ; and that he is now in the service of a 
 Slate possessed of sufficient power to reward his merit, and ad- 
 vance him to the highest honors of a free country.' 
 
 On the same day, the following Resolve was passed in Congress. 
 
 * The Declaration as well as many other important documents are omitted, 
 to give place for others which are less known. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 859 
 
 ^July 9, 1776. Resolved^ That the Rev. Mr. Duch6 be appointed 
 Chaplain to Congress, and that he be desired to [attend every 
 morning at 9 o'clock.' 
 
 General Washington to General "Ward. 
 
 New York, 11 July, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — Since writing to you on the 9th instant, I have been 
 honored with a letter from Congress, enclosing a Resolve, a copy 
 of which is transmitted herewith, empowering me to call to the 
 assistance of the army here, the other two regiments of Continental 
 troops, now in the Massachusetts government, and not ordered in 
 my last to be detached to join the Northern army. I am now to 
 request, by advice of my general officers, that you will give imme- 
 diate orders not only to them, but to the three destined for the 
 northward, to repair with all possible despatch to Norwich, where 
 they will embark.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 461. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 11 July, 1776. 
 ' As I am truly sensible the time of Congress is much taken up 
 with a variety of important matters, it is with unwillingness and 
 pain, that lever repeat a request after having' once made it, or take 
 the liberty of enforcing any opinion of mine after it is once given ; 
 but as the establishing of some office for auditing accounts is a 
 matter of exceeding importance to the public interest, I would beg 
 leave once more to call the attention of Congress * to an appoint- 
 ment competent to the purpose. * « # 
 
 ♦ For me, whose time is employed from the hour of my rising 
 till I retire to bed again, to go into an examination of the accounts 
 of such an army as this, with any degree of precision and exact- 
 ness, without neglecting other matters of equal importance, is ut- 
 terly impracticable. All that I have been able to do, (and that, in 
 fact, was doing nothing,) was, when the Commissary, and Quar- 
 ter-Master, and Director- General of the hospital, (for it is to these 
 the great advances are made,) applied for warrants, to make them 
 at times produce a general account of their expenditures. But 
 this answers no valuable purpose. It is the minutiae that must be 
 gone into. * ♦ * * » 
 
 ' I do not urge this matter from a suspicion of any unfair prac- 
 tices in either of the Departments before mentioned ; and sorry 
 should I be if this construction were put upon it, having a high 
 opinion of the honor and integrity of these gentlemen. But there 
 should nevertheless be some control, as well upon their discretion 
 
 * ' Onct more,' after his calls upon them, Jan. 24, May 5, pp. 160, 224. 
 
 34 
 
260 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 as honesty ; to which may be added, that accounts become per- 
 plexed and confused by long standing. * * I am well 
 apprised, that a treasury office of accounts has been resolved upon, 
 and an auditor-general for settling all public accounts ; but, with 
 all deference and submission to the opinion of Congress, these insti- 
 tions are not calculated to prevent the inconveniences I have men- 
 tioned ; nor can they be competent to the purposes, circumstanced 
 as they are.' 
 
 July 12th, a quarter past eight, P. M. — * Sir, — The design of 
 this is to inform Congress, that, about half after three o'clock this 
 evening, two of the enemy's ships of war, one of forty and the 
 other of twenty guns, with three tenders, weighed anchor in the 
 bay opposite Staten Island, and availing themselves of a brisk and 
 favorable breeze, with a flowing tide, ran past our batteries up the 
 North River, without receiving any certain damage that I could 
 perceive, notwithstanding a heavy and incessant cannonade was 
 kept up from our several batteries here, as well as from that at 
 Paulus Hook. They on their part, returned and continued the 
 
 fire.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 190, 192. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. pp. 466, 468. 
 
 General Washington to the Secret Committee of the Con- 
 vention OF the State of New York. 
 
 Head Quarters, 13 July, 1776. 
 
 * I have, some time ago, mentioned to the body, of which you 
 are a committee, the necessity of falling upon some measure to 
 remove from this city and its environs persons of known disaffec- 
 tion and enmity to the cause of America. The safety of the army, 
 the success of every enterprise, and the security of all, depend so 
 much on adopting the most speedy and effectual steps for this 
 purpose, that I beg leave again to repeat it ; and do most earnestly 
 entreat you to adopt some plan for this purpose, or to give me 
 your assistance in doing it, so as to remove those disquieting and 
 discouraging apprehensions, which pervade the whole army on 
 this subject. A suspicion that there are many Ministerial agents 
 among us, would justly alarm soldiers of more experience and dis- 
 cipline than ours ; and I foresee very dangerous consequences, in 
 many respects, if a remedy for the evil is not soon and efficaciously 
 applied. 
 
 * The removal of the Tory prisoners, confined in the jail of this 
 city, is a matter to which I would solicit your attention. In every 
 view it appears dangerous and important. In case of an attack 
 and alarm, there can be no doubt what part they would take, and 
 none can tell what influence they might have. You will, gentle- 
 men, do me the justice to believe, that nothing but the importance 
 and necessity of the case could induce me to urge these matters, 
 in which you have also an immediate and common interest.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii, p. 470. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 261 
 
 Same to the President of Congress., 
 
 New York, 14 July, 1776. 
 
 . * About three o'clock this afternoon, I was informed, that a flag 
 from Lord Howe was coming up, and waited with two of our 
 whale-boats until directions should be given. I immediately con- 
 vened such of the general officers as were not upon other duty, 
 who agreed in opinion, that I ought not to receive any letter di- 
 rected to me as a private gentleman. * * * Upon 
 this, I directed Colonel Reed to go down and manage the affair 
 under the above general direction. On his return he informed me, 
 that, after the common civilities, the officer acquainted him, that he 
 had a letter from Lord Howe to Mr. Washington, which he showed 
 under a superscription, 'To George Washington^ Esq.^ Colonel 
 Reed replied, that there was no such person in the army, and that 
 a letter intended for the General could not be received under such a 
 direction. * « * The anxiety to have the letter 
 received was very evident, though the officer disclaimed all knowl- 
 edge of its contents. However, Colonel Reed's instructions being 
 positive, they parted. After they had got some distance, the officer 
 with the flag again put about, and asked under what direction Mr. 
 Washington chose to be addressed ; to which Colonel Reed an- 
 swered, that his station was well known, and that certainly they could 
 be at no loss how to direct to him. The officer said they knew and 
 lamented it; and repeated his wish, that the letter could be re- 
 ceived. Colonel Reed told him a proper direction would obviate 
 all difficulties, and that this was no new matter, this subject having 
 been fully discussed in the course of the last year, of which Lord 
 Howe could not be ignorant ; upon which they parted. 
 
 ' I would not upon any occasion sacrifice essentials to punc- 
 tilio ; but in this instance, the opinion of others concurring with 
 my own, I deemed it a duty to my country and my appoint- 
 ment, to insist upon that respect, which, in any other than a public 
 view, I would willingly have waived. 
 
 ' The passage of the ships of war and tenders up the river is a 
 matter of great importance, and has excited much conjecture and 
 speculation. To me two things have occurred, as leading them to 
 this proceeding; first, a design to seize on the narrow passes on 
 both sides of the river, being almost the only land communication 
 with Albany, and of consequence with our Northern army ; for 
 which purpose they might have troops concealed on board, * 
 
 * or that they would be joined by many disaffected persons 
 in that quarter. Others have added a probability of their having 
 a large quantity of arms on board, to be in readiness to put into 
 the hands of the Tories, * * * at the time they 
 
 iiiteud to make their attack. The second is, to cut off entirely all 
 
262 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 intercourse between this and Albany by water, and the upper coun- 
 try, and to prevent supplies of every kind going and coming. 
 
 * These matters are truly alarming, and of such importance, that 
 I have written to the Provincial Congress of New York, and recom- 
 mended to their serious consideration the adoption of every possi- 
 ble expedient to guard against the first two.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 195. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iii. p. 473. 
 
 To the Convention of the State of New York. 
 
 Head Quarters, 17 July, 1776. 
 
 * Gentlemen, — Your letter of the 15th instant, covering the 
 Resolution of the same date, was duly received, which I beg leave 
 to say was noble, and does honor to your respectable body. It 
 likewise adds a farther proof of your determination to afford me 
 all possible assistance, in discharging the important duties of my 
 office. It is impossible to say what may be necessary, but I shall 
 conduct myself as the exigences of the case may require, and I 
 doubt not your cheerful aid and assistance will be rendered when 
 called for. I have the honor to t)e, Gentlemen, 
 
 With respect and esteem, &c.' 
 
 The Resolution referred to by the General. 
 
 ^Resolved unanimously^ That it is the opinion of this Convention, 
 that, if his Excellency General Washington should think it expe- 
 dient for the preservation of this State and the general interest of 
 America, to abandon the city of New York and withdraw the 
 troops to the north side of Kingsbridge, this Congress [or Conven- 
 tion] will cheerfully cooperate with him in every measure that may 
 be necessary for that purpose.' 
 
 To the Committee of the City of New York. 
 
 Head Quarters, New York, 19 July, 1776. 
 
 * Gentlemen, — I enclose you a copy of the Resolution of the 
 Convention of the State of New York, dated the 16th instant, recom- 
 mending it to all the general and sub-committees, to apprehend and 
 secure all those persons, whose going at large, at this critical time, 
 they may deem dangerous to the safety of the State. As this city 
 is hourly threatened with an attack from a powerful enemy, and as 
 there is too much reason to apprehend from their vicinity to this city, 
 and from the number of suspicious characters still in it, that they may 
 receive intelligence, which may counteract all my operations for its 
 defence, I strongly recommend it to you, to remove, for some time, 
 all equivocal and suspicious characters. This appears to me to be 
 the spirit of the Resolution of the Provincial Convention ; and the 
 propriety of it is founded on the law of self-preservation, and con- 
 firmed by the practice of all nations in a state of war. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 263 
 
 * I esteem it my duty to add my recommendation to that of the 
 Convention, that if, through an ill-timed levity, my attempts to se- 
 cure this Province should be baffled, the blame of it may not be 
 imputed to my want of vigilance. I have enclosed a list of persons 
 represented as dangerous. As I can only speak from information, 
 I must rely upon your taking proper steps with them ; unless from 
 your better knowledge, you determine them to be of a different 
 character from that represented. I am, Gentlemen, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. pp. 7, 8. 
 
 The following is General Greene's account of some persons, of the character here 
 referred to, taken prisoners by him on Long Island. 
 
 ' I have examined the prisoners, and find them to be a poor par- 
 cel of ignorant, cowardly fellows. Two are tailors, and the other 
 two, common laborers. They candidly confess, that they set off 
 with an intention of going to Staten Island ; not with any intention 
 of joining the enemy, but only to get out of the way of fighting 
 here. There has been a draft amongst the militia to fill the new 
 levies, and it was rumored that these persons were drawn. It was 
 also reported, that they were to go to the Northern army, and that 
 almost all that went there either died or were killed. The prospect 
 was so shocking to them, and to their grandmothers and aunts, 
 that I believe they were persuaded to run away. Never did I see 
 fellows more frightened. They wept like children, and appeared 
 exceeding sorrowful. I beg your Excellency's direction how to 
 dispose of them. They do not appear to be acquainted with one 
 public matter. They have been toryish ; I fancy not from prin- 
 ciple, but from its being the prevailing sentiment in the country.' 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 9, Note. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 19 July, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Enclosed I have the honor to transmit to you copies of 
 a letter and sundry Resolutions, which I received yesterday from 
 the Convention of this State. By them you will perceive they 
 have been acting upon matters of great importance, and are exerting 
 themselves in the most vigorous manner to defeat the wicked designs 
 of the enemy, and such disaffected persons as may incline to assist 
 and facilitate their views. In compliance with their request, and 
 on account of the scarcity of money for carrying their salutary 
 views into execution, I have agreed to lend them, out of the small 
 stock now in hand, (not more than sixty thousand dollars,) twenty 
 thousand dollars as a part of what they want ; which they promise 
 speedily to replace. # # * # 
 
 I hope my conduct in this instance will not be disapproved.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 2G2. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 9. 
 
264 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 In Congress, '■July 20, 1776. Resolved^ That the thanks of the 
 Uniled States of America be given to Major- General Lee, Colonel 
 William Moultrie, Colonel William Thompson, and the officers 
 and soldiers under their command, who, on the 28th of June last, 
 repulsed, with so much valor, the attack which was made that day 
 on the State of South Carolina, by the fleet and army of his Britan- 
 nic Majesty.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 21 July, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have just time to acknowledge the receipt of your favor 
 of the 19th. The interesting intelligence of the success of our 
 arms in the Southern Department, gives me the highest satisfac- 
 tion. Permit me to join my joy to the congratulations of Congress 
 upon this event. To-morrow I will write more fully. 
 
 ' Tiuo o'clock, P. M. I this moment had report made me, that 
 ten ships were seen in the offing, coming up, — I suppose, part of 
 Admiral Howe's fleet.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 203. Wash. Writ. 
 
 From the Orderly Book, July 21. ' The General has great 
 pleasure in communicating to the officers and soldiers of this army 
 the signal success of the American arms under General Lee, in 
 South Carolina. This glorious example of our troops, under the 
 like circumstances with us, the General hopes will animate every 
 officer and soldier to imitate and even out-do them, when the enemy 
 shall make the same attempt on us. * # * 
 
 With this hope and confidence, the General most earnestly exhorts 
 every officer and soldier to pay the utmost attention to his arms 
 and health ; to have the former in the best order for action, and by 
 cleanliness and care to preserve the latter ; to be exact in discipline, 
 obedient to superiors, and vigilant on duty. With such prepara- 
 tion and a suitable spirit, there can be no doubt but, by the blessing 
 of Heaven, we shall repel our cruel invaders, preserve our country, 
 and gain the greatest honor.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 15. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 22 July, 1776. 
 ' Colonel Knox of the train, having often mentioned to me, the 
 necessity of having a much more numerous body of artillerists, 
 than what there now is, * * and knowing the deficiency in 
 this instance, and their extreme usefulness, I desired him to commit 
 his ideas upon the subject to writing, in order that I might transmit 
 them to Congress for their consideration. Agreeably to my re- 
 quest, he has done it ; and the propriety of his plan is now submit- 
 ted for their decision. It is certain, that we have not more at this 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 265 
 
 time than are sufficient for the several extensive Posts we now have, 
 including the drafts which he speaks of, and which, I presume, not 
 only from what he has informed me, but from the nature of the 
 thing, can never be qualified to render the same service as if they 
 were regularly appointed and formed into a corps for that particular 
 purpose. 
 
 ' By a letter from General Schuyler, of the 14th instant, dated at 
 Albany, he informs me, that, the day before, some desperate designs 
 of the Tories in that quarter had been discovered, the particulars of 
 which he could not divulge, being under an oath of secrecy ; how- 
 ever, that such measures had been taken, as to promise a prevention 
 of the intended mischief; and that four of the conspirators, among 
 them a ringleader, were apprehended about one o'clock that morn- 
 ing, not far from the town. What the plot was, or who were 
 concerned in it, is a matter I am ignorant of as yet.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 204. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 14. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 25 July, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — Disagreeable as it is to me, and unpleasing as it may 
 be to Congress, to multiply officers, I find myself under the una- 
 voidable necessity of asking an increase of my Aids-de-camp. 
 The augmentation of my command, the increase of my correspond- 
 ence, the orders to give, the instructions to draw, cut out more busi- 
 ness than I am able to execute in time with propriety. The business 
 of so many different Departments centering with me, and by me to 
 be handed on to Congress for their information, added to the in- 
 tercourse I am obliged to keep wp with the adjacent States, and 
 incidental occurrences, all of which require confidential and not 
 hack writers to execute, renders it impossible, in the present state 
 of things, for my family to discharge the several duties expected of 
 me, with that precision and despatch that I could wish. What 
 will it be, then, when we come into a more active scene, and I am 
 called upon from twenty different places, perhaps, at the same 
 instant ? 
 
 ' Congress will do me the justice to believe, I hope, that it is not 
 my inclination or wish to run the Continent into any unnecessary 
 expense ; and those who better know me will not suspect, that 
 show and parade can have any influence on my mind in this in- 
 stance. A conviction of the necessity of it, for the regular dis- 
 charge of the trust reposed in me, is the governing motive for the 
 application ; and, as such, is submitted to Congress by, Sir, your 
 most obedient, &c.' 
 
 July 27^A. — 'Sir, — I was yesterday morning honored with 
 your favor of the 24th instant with its several enclosures, to which 
 I shall pay the strictest attention. 
 
 ♦ The confidence Congress are pleased to repose in my judgment 
 
266 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 demands my warmest acknowledgments, and they may rest as- 
 sured it shall be invariabl// employed, so far as shall be in my power, 
 to promote their views and the public weal. 
 
 ' I would wish to know whether the allowance given to officers, 
 the 17th of January, of a dollar and one third for every man they 
 enlist, Congress mean to extend to the officers who enlist* for the 
 new army for three years. * * The allowance will be 
 
 of great use, as it will interest the officers, and call forth their exer- 
 tions, which otherwise would be faint and languid. Indeed, I am 
 fearful, from the inquiries I have made, that their utmost exertions 
 will be attended with but little success. It is objected that the 
 bounty of ten dollars is too low, and argued, — " if the States, fur- 
 nishing men for five or six months, allow considerably more, why 
 should that be accepted when the terra of enlistment is to be for 
 three years ? " — / heartily wish a bounty in land had been or could 
 be given, as was proposed some time ago. f I think it would be 
 attended with salutary consequences. 
 
 ' The militia for the Flying Camp come in but slowly. By a 
 return from General Mercer yesterday, they are but little more than 
 three thousand.^ If they were in, or can be there shortly, and the 
 situation of the enemy remains the same, I would make some 
 effi)rts to annoy them, keeping our posts here well guarded, and not 
 putting too much to the hazard.' 
 
 July SOth. — ' Since I wrote you yesterday, eleven ships more, 
 four brigs, and two sloops, have come into the Hook. I have not 
 yet received intelligence what any of the late arrivals are ; but sup- 
 pose we shall not long remain in a state of uncertainty. 
 
 * Having reason to believe that Lord Howe will readily come 
 into an exchange of such prisoners as may be more immediately 
 under his command, and that something will be offered on the 
 subject within a day or two, or rather come in answer to the propo- 
 sitions I have made General Howe, I should be glad to have Con- 
 gress's interpretation of the Resolve of the 22d instant, empowering 
 the Commanders to exchange, &c. ; whether, by the word " sailor " 
 they mean sailors generally, as well those taken in the vessels of 
 private adventurers by the enemy, as those belonging to the Conti- 
 
 * In pursuance of their Resolves, June 26, 27, pp. 243, 254, 255. 
 
 t The General had written to the President, July 10, — ' Observing that Congress 
 have particularly mentioned a bounty of ten dollars to be paid to men of some corps 
 directed to be raised in two or three instances since their Resolve of the 25th of June, 
 allowing such bounty, I have been led to doubt how that Resolve is to be construed; 
 whether it is a general regulation, and extends to all men that will engage for three 
 yeari.' 
 
 J In the same letter, July 10, — ' General Mercer is now in the Jerseys, for the pur- 
 pose of receiving and ordering the militia coming for the Flying Camp; and I have 
 sent over our chief engineer to view the ground within the neighborhood of Amboy, 
 and to lay out some necessary works for the encampment.' 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 267 
 
 nental cruisers, or vessels in the Continent's employ ; or whether 
 they only design to extend the exchange to the latter, — those in 
 their particular employ. 
 
 ' I submit it to Congress, whether it may not be now necessary to 
 pass a Resolve declaring their sentiments on this subject. * * 
 The result of their opinion upon the first question proposed, you 
 will be pleased to transmit me by the earliest opportunity.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 208, 212. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Of the Resolves referred to or particularly mentioned in the above letters, only 
 those relating to an exchange of prisoners are given immediately below. 
 
 '■July 22. Resolved., That the Commander-in-Chief in each De- 
 partment be empowered to negotiate an exchange of prisoners in 
 the following manner: one Continental officer for one of the ene- 
 my of equal rank, either in the land or sea service, soldier for sol- 
 dier, sailor for sailor, and one citizen for another citizen : 
 
 ' That each State hath a right to make any exchange they think 
 proper for prisoners taken from them or by them. 
 
 'Resolved, That the several Commanders-in-Chief \n each De- 
 partment, be directed to exchange any officer in the British service, 
 now a prisoner in any of these States, of or under the rank of 
 Colonel, for Colonel Ethan Allen.' 
 
 General Washington to the Board of War. 
 
 Neav York, 29 July, 1776. 
 ' Gentlemen, — At length I have been able to comply with the 
 first part of a Resolution of Congress, relative to a return of the 
 vacancies in the several regiments composing that part of the 
 army under my immediate command. I thought to have made 
 this return much sooner, but the dispersed situation of our troops, 
 the constant duty they are upon, the difficulty of getting returns 
 when this is the case, * * and the variety of impor- 
 
 tant occurrences which have intervened of late to withdraw atten- 
 tion from this matter, will I hope be admitted as an excuse, and the 
 delay not ascribed to any disinclination in me to comply with the 
 order ; as I shall, while I have the honor to remain in the service 
 of the United States, obey to the utmost of my power, and to the 
 best of my abilities, all orders of Congress, with a scrupulous exact- 
 ness. I am sorry to take up so much of your time, as the recital 
 of particular cases requires, but there is no avoiding it, unless Con- 
 gress will be pleased to appoint one or more persons, in ivhom they 
 can confide, to visit this part of the army once a month, inspect 
 into it, and fill up the vacancies, as shall appear proper to them upon 
 the spot. This cannot be attended with any great trouble, nor 
 much expense, as it i^ only in the part of the army under my im- 
 35 
 
268 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 mediate direction, that such regulations ivould be necessary ; the 
 oj/icers commanding in other Departments having this power, I be- 
 lieve, already given tliem.'' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 20. 
 
 The following records show in what manner this allusion was construed. For aught 
 appears, their construction and alleged concern associated with it, remained, unchang- 
 ed by any thing directly from the (jcneral ; since no reference to either is found in his 
 sulise(iuent couimunicalions to that Board or to Congress. 
 
 Respecting vacancies, see in this connection, letters. May 11, June 7, Resolve, May 
 10, ])p. 220, 227, Resolve, June 17,pp. 2J9, 240 : also the one, June 27, p. 254, referred to 
 in the above letter. 
 
 In Congrkss. '•August 1. The Board of War reported the 
 draught of a letter to (Tcneral Washington, in answer to his direct- 
 ed to them ; and, the same being agreed to, 
 
 ^Ordered, That it be transcribed, signed by the President, and 
 forwarded.' 
 
 The Letter. 
 
 ' I am particularly instructed by Congress to answer that part 
 of your letter, directed to the Board of War, which relates to 
 filling up vacancies in the army. The Congress arc concerned to 
 find, that an opinion is entertained, that greater confidence has 
 been placed in, and larger powers given to, other commanders in 
 that respect, than to yourself. They have in no instance, except in the 
 late appointment of General Gates to the command in Canada, part- 
 ed with the powder of filling up vacancies. The great confusion 
 and many disorders prevalent in that army, and its distance, in- 
 duced Congress to lodge such a power in that General for the lim- 
 ited space of three months, and only during his continuance in 
 Canada. Should Congress ever empower its Generals to fill up 
 the vacancies in the army, they know of no one in whom they 
 would so soon repose a trust of such importance as in yourself; 
 but future Generals may make a bad use of it. The danger of the 
 precedent, not any suspicion of their present Commander-in-Chief, 
 prompts them to retain a power, that, by you, Sir, might be exer- 
 cised with the greatest public advantage.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv.p. 21. Note. 
 
 Besides the Resolves, &c. already given, many others passed in July, mostly with 
 regard to raising and collecting a military force according to the exigency indi- 
 cated by the preceding letters, claim place and attention before the letters of August. 
 
 In Congress. '■July 3, 1776. Bcsolved, That the Committee 
 of Safety of Pennsylvania be requested to send as many of the 
 ti'oops of their Colony as they can spare, to Monmouth county, in 
 New Jersey, to the assistance of that Colony, and to be subject to 
 tht! orders of the Commander-in-Chief; the said troops to be al- 
 lowed the same pay and rations as the troops in the service of the 
 Cc-iitinenf, from the timo of their march until their return : 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 269 
 
 * That a circular letter be written by the Committees of Inspection 
 of the several counties of Pennsylvania, where troops are raised, or 
 raising, to form the Flying Camp, requesting them lo send the troops 
 by battalions, pr detachments of battalions, or companies, as fast 
 as raised, to the city of Philadelphia, except those raised in the 
 counties of Bucks, Berks, and Northampton, which are to be 
 directed to march, as aforesaid, to New Brunswick in New Jersey : 
 
 ' That a copy of the foregoing Resolutions be sent to General 
 "Washington, and that he be desired to appoint a proper officer to 
 command the Flying Camp, and also direct proper persons to sup- 
 ply the men with rations. 
 
 '■July 4. Resolved^ That application be made to the Committee 
 of Safety of Pennsylvania, for a supply of flints for the troops at 
 New York : and that Delaware government and Maryland, be re- 
 quested to embody their militia for a Flying Camp, with all possi- 
 ble expedition, and to march them, without delay, to the city of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the delegates of New York, New Jersey, and 
 Pennsylvania, be a committee to confer with the Committee of 
 Safety of Pennsylvania and the Committee of Inspection and Ob- 
 servation for the city and liberties of Philadelphia, and the field- 
 officers of the battalions of the said city and liberties, on the best 
 means of defending' the Colonies of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 
 and that they be empowered to send expresses where necessary. 
 
 ^July 5. The Committee of Congress, appointed to confer * 
 * * * reported, that they have had a meeting with 
 
 the Committees and officers aforesaid, and have agreed to the fol- 
 lowing Resolutions, viz.: 
 
 ' That all the associated militia of Pennsylvania, (excepting the 
 counties of Westmoreland, Bedford and Northumberknd,) who can 
 be furnished with arms and accoutrements, be forthwith requested 
 to march, with the utmost expedition, to Trenton, (except the" mi- 
 litia of Northampton county, who are to march directly for New 
 Brunswick,) in New Jersey ; and that the said militia continue in 
 service, until the Flying Camp of ten thousand men, can be collect- 
 ed to relieve them, unless they shall be sooner discharged by 
 Congress : 
 
 ' That the militia march by companies to the place of ren- 
 dezvous : 
 
 ' That the said militia be taken into the Continental pay, and re- 
 ceive the same pay, allowance and rations, as the Continental 
 troops, from the time they begin their march until they return to 
 their respective homes : 
 
 ' That those of the three battalions of the Pennsylvania troops 
 now remaining in the Province, be ordered to march immediately 
 for New Brunswick, in New Jersey : 
 
 ' That the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania provide as many 
 tents as thev can for said militia : 
 
270 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' That the Comraitee of Inspection and Observation, in the sev- 
 eral counties, furnish a good kettle to every six men, and give all 
 the assistance in their power, that the said militia be well armed 
 and equipped, and march with the greatest expedition : 
 
 ' That the Committees of Inspection and Observation for the 
 several counties of Pennsylvania, be desired to order such troops 
 as they may raise for the Flying Camp, to be marched to Tren- 
 ton ; the Resolve of Congress passed yesterday, notwithstanding; 
 whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved., That the Congress highly approve the foregoing Reso- 
 lutions, and recommend it to the good people of Pennsylvania, to 
 carry the same into execution with the same laudable readiness 
 which they have hitherto manifested in supporting the injured 
 rights of their country. 
 
 ^Resolved, That Colonel Hazlet, of the battalion of Delaware 
 government, be ordered to station one company at Lewistown, 
 and to march the remaining seven to Wilmington, and there re- 
 main until farther orders of this Congress : 
 
 ' That General Washington be empowered^ if he shall judge it 
 advisable, to order three of the fullest regiments stationed in Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, to be immediately marched to Ticonderoga ; and 
 that an equal number of the militia of that State, be taken into pay, 
 and embodied for its defence, if the government of Massachusetts 
 Bay judge it necessary : 
 
 ' That the Post-Master-General be directed immediately to have 
 Expresses established between this city and New York, and that 
 General Washington be desired to send off despatches to Con- 
 gress, every day* 
 
 '■July 8. That the Commanding officer of the military association 
 of Philadelphia, be directed not to order Captain Peters out of the 
 city, as his service and attendance is necessary in the War-Office. 
 
 ' That General Washington be vested loith discretionary power 
 to call to his assistance at New York, such of the Continental regi- 
 ments in the Massachusetts Bay, as have not already received or- 
 ders to march to Ticonderoga ; and that the General Court of that 
 State be requested to supply their places with militia, if they think 
 it expedient : 
 
 * That the Commissary-General have full power to supply both 
 armies, that upon the Lakes as well as that at New York ; and 
 also to appoint and employ such persons under him, and to remove 
 any Deputy-Commissary, as he shall judge proper and expedient; 
 it being absolutely necessary, that the supply of both armies should 
 be under one direction, f 
 
 * On the subject of Expresses, see pp. 170, 171. 
 
 t In respect to the department of Commissary, see p. 256, and others there re- 
 ferred to. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 271 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be empowered to appoint 
 suitable places of rendezvous for the new battalions raising for 
 Canada, and communicate the same to the Assemblies of New 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and New York ; also 
 to issue his orders for supplying the men with rations, tents, a 
 month's pay advance, and other necessaries. 
 
 '■July 14. '■Resolved^ That a letter be written to the Commanding 
 officer in New Jersey, to march such of the militia, and Flying 
 Camp, to New Brunswick or other places in New Jersey, as he 
 may judge necessary, and most conducive to the pubhc service ; 
 provided that this does not interfere with any prior directions of 
 General Washington : 
 
 ' That the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania be requested, 
 immediately, to order to the several places of their destination, all 
 the British otficers, prisoners in this city ; their wives not to be de- 
 sired to go until the weather is more suitable : 
 
 ' That the Commanding officer in Pennsylvania be desired to 
 issue fresh orders, and exert himself to forward the immediate 
 march of the militia to New Jersey: the service requiring their 
 being immediately embodied, as appears by the advices received 
 by express from General Washington. 
 
 ^July 15. Resolved^ That a committee, to consist of a member 
 from Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jer- 
 sey, be appointed to consider the propriety and means of augment- 
 ing the Flying Camp : 
 
 ''Juhj 16. Resolved, That General Washington be desired to 
 lodge powder with such persons as he may think proper, for the 
 use of such parts of the State of New York, as he may apprehend 
 exposed to danger, and that the Commanding officer in New Jersey 
 do the same in that Colony : 
 
 ' That three Commissioners be appointed by Congress, to repair, 
 as soon as may be, to New York, there to audit the accounts * of the 
 Commissary General, the Quarter- Master General, and the Di- 
 rector-General of the Hospital, and all other accounts of the army; 
 the said Commissioners to take an oath for the faithful execution of 
 their trust: 
 
 ' That three Commissioners be appointed, for the like purposes, 
 in the Northern army : 
 
 ' That General Washington be informed that the Z^omw/^/ granted 
 by the Resolution of Congress of the 26th of June, was intended 
 as a general regulation, and to extend to all such men now in the 
 Continental service, and all others, who will enlist for the term of 
 three years, to be computed from and after the expiration of the 
 term of their present enlistment, f 
 
 * In relation to an appointment for that object, see again letters, Jan. 24, May 5, 
 July 11, pp. 160, 224, 259. 
 
 t See the General's query, second note, p. 266. 
 
272 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be desired to call to hia 
 assistance, at New York, two thousand of the men who have 
 marched into New Jersey to form the Flying Camp ; and that the 
 Convention of New Jersey be requested immediately to supply 
 their places with an equal number of the militia of that Stale : that 
 letters be written to the States of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut 
 and New Jersey, setting forth the situation of our affairs in the New 
 York Department, and pressing them immediately to comply with 
 the requisition of Congress of the 3d of June : 
 
 ' That the situation of our arrhy at New York be pointed out to 
 the State of Connecticut ; and that it be earnestly recommended 
 to that State, immediately to send all the militia thereof, which can 
 be spared, into New York, to reinforce the army there, and con- 
 tinue in service until the proportions requested of the several States 
 shall arrive : 
 
 ^Juhj 17. Resolved, That General Washington, in refusing to 
 receive a letter said to be sent from Lord Howe, addressed to 
 " George Washington, Esq.," acted with a dignity becoming his 
 station; and, therefore, this Congress do highly approve the same; 
 and do direct, that no letter or message be received, on any occa- 
 sion whatsoever, from the enemy, by the Commander-in-Chief, 
 or others, the Commanders of the American army, but such as 
 shall be directed to them in the characters they respectively 
 sustain : 
 
 ' That Colonel Smallwood, from Maryland, be ordered to repair, 
 as soon as possible, with the troops under his command, to New 
 York, and put himself under the command of the General : 
 
 ' That the General be informed, thai these troops are to be con- 
 sidered as part of the two thousand, which he ivas empowered to 
 call to his assistance from the Flying Camp, by the Resolution 
 passed yesterday : 
 
 ' That it be earnestly recommended to the Convention of New 
 Jersey, to cause all the stock on the sea-coast, which they shall ap- 
 prehend to be in danger of falling into the hands of the enemy, to 
 be immediately removed,' and driven back into the country, to a 
 place of security. 
 
 ^Jidy 19. Resolved, That a letter be written to General Schuy- 
 ler, requesting' him to recommend, in the strongest terms, harmony 
 between the officers and troops of the different States ; to discoun- 
 tenance and suppress all Provincial reflections and ungenerous 
 jealousies of every kind, and to promote, by every possible means, 
 discipline, order, and zeal in the public service. 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the Convention 
 of Pennsylvania, to hasten, with all possible expedition, the march 
 of the associators into New Jersey, agreeable to a former request 
 of Congress. 
 
 'Resolved, That the delegates of Maryland be directed to inform 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 273 
 
 the Commanding officer of the Maryland troops, that Congress 
 expect he will immediately march with his troops to New York. 
 
 '■July 20. Resolved, That Colonel Hazlet be ordered to march 
 immediately with his battalion, to Philadelphia, and there wait the 
 further orders of Congress. 
 
 ' The committee appointed [July 15, p. 271] to devise ways and 
 means for increasing the Flying Camp, brought in their Report, 
 which was taken into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That Brigadier-General Lewis be directed to order 
 two battalions of Continental troops, in Virginia, to march with 
 all possible despatch to the Flying Camp, in New Jersey, under 
 the command of Brigadier-General Mercer; and that, if the Gov- 
 ernor and Privy-Council of Virginia shall have reason to appre- 
 hend an invasion of the State, and shall call to its defence an equal 
 number of minute-men or militia, the same, while in service, shall 
 be on the pay and support of the Continent : 
 
 ' That the Convention of Pennsylvania be requested to augment 
 their quota for the Flying Camp, with four battalions of militia, 
 and the Convention of New Jersey to raise for the said Flying 
 Camp, three battalions of militia, in addition to those formerly de- 
 sired by Congress, and to send the same, with all possible despatch, 
 to the said Flying Camp.* And, that these several battalions be 
 officered, paid and provided, as directed by the former Resolutions 
 [June 3, p. 233] for forming the Flying Camp. 
 
 '■July 23, On the * * Report from the Board of 
 
 War, the Congress came to the following Resolutions : 
 
 ' That General Washington be informed, that Congress have 
 such an entire confidence in his judgment, that they will give him 
 no particular directions about the disposition of the troops, but de- 
 sire that he will dispose of those at New York, the Flying Camp 
 and Ticonderoga, as to him shall appear most conducive to the 
 public good : f 
 
 ' That the Congress approve of General Washington's having 
 lent to the Convention of New York, the sum of money mentioned 
 in his letter of the 19th instant : 
 
 ' That Mons. St. Martin be appointed an engineer, with the rank 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel, and that he be directed- to repair to New 
 York, and put himself under the command of General Wash- 
 ington : 
 
 ^Resolved, That in order to hasten the march of the troops, the 
 several Committees of Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Berks and 
 Northampton counties in Pennsylvania, be empowered to muster 
 the troops that shall march from their respective counties, and to 
 draw for one month's pay. 
 
 * The ten thousand ' formerly desired,^ June 3, p. 233, and these nine battalions, 
 *ogether, exceeded sixteen thousand seven hundred. 
 
 t See expressions of obligation and fidelity on the receipt of this Resolve, July 27, 
 
 pp. 265, 266. 
 
274 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ^July 24. Resolved, that Colonel Knox's plan, for raising another 
 battalion of artillery, be approved, and carried into execution, as 
 soon as possible : 
 
 ' That General Washington be desired to recommend proper 
 officers to compose this corps: 
 
 '■July 29. Resolved, That General Washington be empowered 
 to appoint another Aid-de-Camp : 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be empowered to order 
 the regiment lately raised in Connecticut, under the command of 
 Colonel Ward, wheresoever he shall think the service requires it. 
 
 ^Jidy 30. Resolved, That the Secret Committee be directed to 
 supply the three rifle companies, now in town from Lancaster, with 
 eleven pounds of powder and forty-four pounds of lead. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Resolution of the 17th of January last, al- 
 lowing to officers one dollar and one third for every man they 
 enlist, be extended to officers who enlist for the new army for three 
 years : * 
 
 ' That Congress approve of General Schuyler's intention to pub- 
 lish such parts of the treaty with the Six Nations, as may have a 
 tendency to dispel the apprehensions of the frontier inhabitants. 
 
 ^July 30. Resolved, That it be recommended to the States of 
 Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, to afford all necessary as- 
 sistance to the State of South Carolina, and to cooperate with 
 that State, in prosecuting the war against the Indians with the ut- 
 most vigor : 
 
 ' That the President write to the Governor and Council of Vir- 
 ginia, the Council of Safety of North Carolina, and the President 
 of Georgia, relative to the above subjects. 
 
 ^July 31. Resolved, That five tons of musket-powder be sent 
 immediately to General Washington at New York.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 2 August, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — Congress having been pleased to leave with me the di- 
 rection of Colonel Ward's regiment, I have written to Governor 
 Trumbull, and requested him to order their march to this place, 
 being fully satisfied that the enemy mean to make their grand 
 push in this quarter, and that the good of the service requires every 
 aid here that can be obtained. I have also wi'itten to Colonel El- 
 more and requested him to repair hither with his regiment. * 
 * Colonel Holman with a regiment from the Massachusetts 
 State has arrived. Colonel Carey from thence is also here, waiting 
 the arrival of his regiment, which he hourly expects. He adds, 
 that when he left New London he heard that the third regiment 
 from Massachusetts was almost ready, and would soon be in 
 motion. 
 
 * In answer to the General's inquiry, p. 26G. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 275 
 
 ' The enemy's force is daily increasing, and becoming stronger 
 by new arrivals. Yesterday, General Greene reports, about forty 
 sail, including tenders, came into the Hook. What they are, or what 
 those have brought that have lately gone in, I remain uninformed. 
 However, I thinlc it probable they are a part of Admiral Howe's 
 fleet with the Hessian troops : it is time to look for them. 
 
 ' P. S. I am extremely sorry to inform Congress, our troops 
 are very sickly.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i^p. 214. Wash. Writ. 
 
 From the Orderly Book. 
 
 August \st. — ' It is with great concern, that the General under* 
 stands that jealousies have arisen among the troops from the dif- 
 ferent Provinces, and reflections are frequently thrown out, which 
 can only tend to irritate each other, and injure the noble cause in 
 which we are engaged, and which we ought to support with one 
 hand and one heart.* The General most earnestly entreats the 
 officers and soldiers to consider the consequences ; that they can 
 no way assist our enemies more effectually, than by making di- 
 visions among ourselves ; that the honor and success of the army, 
 and the safety of our bleeding country, depend upon harmony and 
 good agreement with each other ; that the Provinces are all united 
 to oppose the common enemy, and all distinctions sunk in the name 
 of an American. To make this name honorable, and to preserve 
 the liberty of our country, ought to be our only emulation ; and he 
 will be the best soldier and the best patriot, who contributes most to 
 the glorious work, whatever his station, or from whatever part of 
 the Continent he may come.' 
 
 August 3d. — ' That the troops may have an opportunity of at- 
 tending public worship, as well as to take some rest after the great 
 fatigue they have gone through, the General in future excuses 
 them from fatigue duty on Sundays, except at the ship-yards, or 
 on special occasions, until further orders. The General is sorry to 
 be informed, that the foolish and wicked practice of profane curs- 
 ing and swearing, a vice heretofore little "known in an American 
 army, is growing into fashion ; he hopes the officers will, by ex- 
 ample as well as influence, endeavor to check it, and that both 
 they and the men will reflect, that we can have little hope of the 
 blessing of Heaven on our arms, if we insult it by our impiety and 
 folly ; added to this, it is a vice so mean and low, without any 
 temptation, that every man of sense and character detests and de- 
 spises it.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. pp. 26, 28. Notes. 
 
 * See Resolve, July 19, p. 272, relating to General Schuyler's command. 
 
 36 
 
276 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 7 August, 1776, 
 
 * Sir, — In my letter of the 5th, I begged leave to recal the at- 
 tention of Congress to the absolute necessity there is for appointing' 
 more general officers, promising at the same time, by the first op- 
 portunity, to give my sentiments more at large upon the subject. 
 Confident I am, that the postponing of this measure has not pro- 
 ceeded from motives of frugality, otherwise I should take the lib- 
 erty of attempting to prove, that we put too much to hazard by 
 such a saving. I am but too well apprised of the difficulties that 
 occur in the choice. * * They are of such a nature as 
 to present themselves whenever the subject is thought of Time, 
 on the one hand, does not remove them ; on the other, delay may 
 be productive of fatal consequences. This army, though far short 
 as yet of the numbers intended by Congi'ess, is much too unwieldy 
 for the command of any one man, without several Major-Generals 
 to assist. For it is to be observed, that a Brigadier-General at the 
 head of his brigade is no more than a Colonel at the head of a 
 regiment, except that he acts upon a larger scale. Officers of more 
 general command are at all times wanted for the good order and 
 government of an army, especially when the army is composed 
 chiefly of raw troops ; but in an action they are indispensably 
 necessary. At present there is but one Major- General for this 
 tohole Department and the Flying Camp; ivhereas, at this place 
 alone, less than three cannot discharge the duties loith proper regu- 
 larity.^ * 
 
 Lond. cd. vol. i. p. 217. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 30. 
 
 ' Sin, — Since closing the letter which I had the honor to write 
 you this morning, two deserters have come in, who left the Sole- 
 bay man-of-war last evening. One of them is a native of New 
 York. Their account is, that they were in the engagement with 
 Colonel Moultrie at Sullivan's Island ; that they left Carolina three 
 weeks ago, as a convoy to forty-five transports, having on board 
 General Clinton, Lord Cornwallis, and the whole Southern army, 
 consisting of about three thousand men, all of whom were landed 
 last week on Staten Island, in tolerable health ; that, on Sunday, 
 thirteen transports, part of Lord Howe's fleet, and having on board 
 Hessians and Highlanders, came to Staten Island ; that the re- 
 mainder of the fleet, which was reported to have, in the whole, 
 twelve thousand men, * * were expected to come in 
 
 every moment; that they were getting their heavy carriages and 
 cannon on board, had launched eight gondolas with flat bottoms, 
 and two rafts or stages to carry cannon. 
 
 * In connection with this letter, see third extract from letter, May 11, Resolve im- 
 mediately below it, pp. 228, 229, together with letters, July 5, 11, and Resolves, July 8, 
 p. 247. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 277 
 
 ' These men understand that the attack will soon be made if the 
 other troops arrive ; that they give out they will lay the Jerseys waste 
 with fire and sword ; that the computed strength of their army will 
 be thirty thousand men.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 219. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 8 August, 1776. 
 < I yesterday transmitted the intelligence I received from the de- 
 serters from the Solebay man-of-war. The enclosed copy of a 
 letter, from the honorable Mr. Bowdoin, with the information of a 
 Captain Kennedy lately taken, corroborates their accounts respect- 
 ing the Hessian troops. Indeed his report makes the fleet and 
 armament to be employed against us, greater than what we have 
 heard they would be. However, there remains no doubt of their 
 being both large and formidable, and such as will require our most 
 vigorous exertions to oppose them. Persuaded of this, and know- 
 ing how much inferior our numbers are and will be to theirs when 
 the whole of their troops arrive, of the important consequences that 
 may and will flow from the appeal that will soon be made, I have 
 written to Connecticut and New Jersey, for all the succor they can 
 afford, and also to the Convention of this State. What I may re- 
 ceive, and in what time, the event must determine. But I would 
 fain hope, the situation and the exigency of our affairs will call 
 forth the most strenuous efforts and early assistance of those who 
 are friends to the cause. I confess there is but too much occa- 
 sion for their exertions. I confidently trust they will not be 
 withheld.' 
 
 ^August 9th. — By a report received from General Greene last 
 night, at sunset and a little after, about a hundred boats were seen 
 bringing troops from Staten Island to the ships, three of which had 
 fallen down towards the Narrows, having taken in soldiers from 
 thirty of the boats. He adds, that, by the best observations of sev- 
 eral officers, there appeared to be a general embarkation. 
 
 ' I have written to General Mercer for two thousand men from 
 the Flying Camp. Colonel Smallwood's battalion, as part of them, 
 I expect this forenoon ; but where the rest are to come from I know 
 not, as by the General's last return, not more than three or four 
 hundred of the new levies had got in.* 
 
 ' In my letter of the 0th I inclosed a general return of the army 
 under my immediate command ; but I imagine the following state- 
 ment will give Congress a more perfect idea, though not a more 
 agreeable one, of our situation. For the several posts on New 
 York, Long and Governor's Islands, and Paulus Hook, we have, 
 
 * The levies of June 3, p. 233. 
 
278 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 fit for duty, ten thousand five hundred and fourteen ; sick present, 
 three thousand and thirty-nine ; sick absent, six hundred and twen- 
 ty-nine ; on command, nine hundred and forty-six ; on furlough, 
 ninety-seven; total, seventeen thousand two hundred and twen- 
 ty-five. 
 
 ' In addition to these, we are only certain of Colonel Smallwood's 
 battalion in case of an immediate attack. Our posts too are much 
 divided, having waters between many of them, and some distant 
 from others, fifteen miles. These circumstances, sufficiently dis- 
 tressing of themselves, are much aggravated by the sickness that 
 prevails through the army. Every day more or less are taken 
 down ; so that the proportion of men that may come in cannot be 
 considered as a real and serviceable augmentation on the whole. 
 
 ' These things are melancholy ; but they are nevertheless true. 
 I hope for better. Under every disadvantage^ my utmost exertions 
 shall he employed to bring about the great end we have in view ; 
 and, so far as I can judge from the professions and apparent dis- 
 position of my troops, I shall have their support. The superiority 
 of the enemy and the expected attack do not seem to have de- 
 pressed their spirits. These considerations lead me to think, that, 
 though the appeal may not terminate so happily in our favor as I 
 could wish, yet they will not succeed in their views without con- 
 siderable loss. Any advantage they may get, I trust, will cost 
 them dear.' 
 
 ^August IWi. — Sir, — As there is reason to believe that but 
 little time will elapse before the enemy make their attack, I have 
 thought it advisable to remove all the papers in my hands, respect- 
 ing the affairs of the States, from this place. I hope the event will 
 show the precaution was unnecessary ; but yet prudence required 
 that it should be done, lest by any accident they might fall into 
 their hands. They are all contained in a large box, nailed up, and 
 committed to the care of Lieutenant-Colonel Reed, brother of the 
 Adjutant-General, to be delivered to Congress, in whose custody I 
 would beg leave to deposit them until our affairs shall be so cir- 
 cumstanced as to admit of their return. 
 
 ' The enemy, since my letter of yesterday, have received a fur- 
 ther augmentation of thirty-six ships to their fleet, making the whole 
 that have arrived since yesterday morning, ninety-six. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 ' P. S. I would observe that I have sent off the box privately, 
 that it might raise no disagi-eeable ideas ; and have enjoined Colo- 
 nel Reed to secrecv-' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 221, 222, 227. Wash. Writ. 
 
 '■Avgnst 16th. — Sir, — I beg leave to inform you, that, since I 
 had the pleasure of addressing you yesterday, nothing interesting 
 between the two armies has happened. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 279 
 
 * It is with peculiar regret and concern that I have an occasion 
 of mentioning to Congress the sickly condition of our troops. In 
 some regiments there are not any of the field-officers capable of 
 doing duty ; in others the duty is extremely difficult for want of a 
 sufficient number. I have been obliged to nominate some till Con- 
 gress transmit the appointment of those they wish to suc- 
 ceed to the several vacancies occasioned by the late promotions. 
 This, being a matter of some consequence, I presume will have 
 their early attention, and that they willy?// np the several vacancies 
 also mentioned in the list I had the honor of transmitting some 
 days ago to the Board of War.' * 
 Ibid. p. 230. 
 
 Attention will now be directed to some of the proceedings of Congress, in August. 
 
 In Congress. ^August 2. Resolved^ That General Washing- 
 ton be instructed to employ in the service of the States, as many 
 of the Stockbridge Indians as he shall judge proper. 
 
 ''August 5, Resolved, That the Delaware battalion, when armed, 
 be ordered to New Jersey, subject to the farther orders and direc- 
 tions of the General. 
 
 ^August 6. Resolved^ That the Secret Committee be directed to 
 deliver to the delegates of North Carolina, half a ton of powder, for 
 the use of the frontier inhabitants of that State. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Convention of the State of New Jersey be 
 requested to make such provision for keeping open the communi- 
 cation between that State and New York, by way of the ferries 
 over the rivers Passaick and Hackinsack, as to them shall appear 
 to be most effectual, and that Congress will reimburse the expenses 
 of such service to the State of New Jersey : 
 
 ' That it be recommended, in the most earnest manner, to the 
 Convention of New Jersey, to order their militia immediately to 
 march and join Brigadier- General Mercer. 
 
 ^August 8. Resolved, That the Colonel, or commanding officer 
 of the Delaware battalion, and the Colonels, or commanding offi- 
 cers of the several battalions of militia, now in Philadelphia, be 
 ordered instantly to march to Amboy in New Jersey ; and that 
 such of the militia as want arms, be left under a proper officer, till 
 they can be provided therewith, and then marched without any 
 farther delay : 
 
 ' That the Board of War be directed to see this Resolution car- 
 ried into immediate execution. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a letter be written to General Lee, to inform him 
 of the intelligence received, that the troops from Charleston are 
 arrived at New York ; and to direct him, in case the British troops 
 have left the Southern Colonies, to repair, with all possible expedi- 
 tion, to Philadelphia, and there ivait the orders of Congress. 
 
 * July 29, p. 267. 
 
280 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ''August 9. Agreeable to the order of the day, Congress pro- 
 ceeded to the election of four Major- Generals and six Brigadier- 
 Generals, when the following gentlemen were chosen, viz. : 
 
 ' William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel 
 Greene, Esqrs,, Major- Generals; James Read, John Nixon, Arthur 
 St, Clair, Alexander McDougal, Samuel Holden Parsons, and 
 James Clinton, Esqrs., Brigadier-Generals.* 
 
 '■August 10. The Board of War brought in a Report, which was 
 taken into consideration; whereupon, 
 
 '■Resolved^ That commissions be made out, and sent to General 
 Washington, to be delivered to the several officers recommended 
 in the list exhibited by the said Board, to fill the vacancies men- 
 tioned in the said list, excepting * * * 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Secret Committee be directed to deliver to 
 Colonel J. Wilson, for the use of three companies of his battalion, 
 now in Philadelphia, eleven pounds of powder, and forty-four 
 pounds of lead. 
 
 ''August 12. Resolved, That the delegates of North Carolina be 
 empowered to send by water, at the risk of the Continent, the mili- 
 tary stores necessary /or that State. 
 
 ^August 13. Resolved, That the Secret Committee be directed 
 to furnish Colonel Wilson with twenty-three muskets, twenty-two 
 pounds of powder, and eighty-eight pounds of lead, for the use of 
 his battalion of militia. 
 
 'August 14. The Committee of Treasury reported, that there 
 is due, 
 
 ' To Captain William Ross, for subsistence and ferriage of his 
 company of sixty-seven men, of Colonel Smith's battalion, on their 
 march from York county to New Jersey, the sum of fifty-two dol- 
 lars and forty-nine ninetieths : 
 
 ' To John Eshenbach, for nineteen meals supplied recruits of 
 Capt. Cluggage's company, of Colonel Hand's battalion, one dol- 
 lar and eighty-one ninetieths : 
 
 ' To Sarah Campbell, for nursing and boarding seven sick men 
 belonging to Captains Beaty, Benezet and Miller's companies, 
 thirty dollars and seven ninetieths : 
 
 'Ordered, That the said accounts be paid. 
 
 'August 15. Resolved, That the Secret Committee be directed 
 to deliver to Colonel M'Callister, eight stand of arms for the use 
 of his battalion, the said Committee taking security for the return 
 of the said arms : 
 
 ' That the said Committee be directed to deliver to the delegates 
 of North Carolina, five tons of lead, for the use of the troops in 
 that State. 
 
 'August 17. The Committee of Treasury reported that there 
 is due, 
 
 * See letter, Aug. 7, p. 276, with the references. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 281 
 
 ' To John Bates, for one hundred and eighty-seven camp-kettles, 
 
 # * two hundred and forty-nine dollars. 
 
 ' To George Bunner, for a rifle purchased by Lieut. Moses Raw- 
 ling, from John Piper, in Maryland, for the use of Capt. Grier's 
 rifle company, and to be charged to the said company, ten dollars 
 and sixty ninetieths.' 
 
 General "Washington to the New York Convention. 
 
 Head-Quarters, New York, 17 August, 1776. 
 'Gentlemen, — When I consider that the city of New York 
 will in all human probability very soon be the scene of a bloody 
 conflict, I cannot but view the great numbers of women, children, 
 and infirm persons remaining in it, with the most melancholy con- 
 cern. When the men-of-war passed up the river, the shrieks and 
 cries of these poor creatures running everyway with their children, 
 were truly distressing, and I fear they will have an unhappy effect 
 on the ears and minds of our young and inexperienced soldiery. 
 Can no method be devised for their removal ? Many doubtless 
 are of ability to remove themselves, but there are others in a differ- 
 ent situation. Some provision for them afterwards would also be 
 a necessary consideration. It would relieve me from great anxiety, 
 if your honorable body would immediately deliberate upon it, and 
 form and execute some plan for their removal and relief; in which 
 I will cooperate and assist to the utmost of my power. In the 
 mean time, I have thought it proper to recommend to persons, of 
 the above description, to convey themselves without delay to some 
 place of safety, with their most valuable effects. * 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 49. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 19 August, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have nothing of moment to communicate to Congress, 
 as things are in the situation they were when I had last the honor 
 of addressing them. 
 
 ' By a letter from General Ward, of the 12th, I find that Whit- 
 comb's regiment, on the 8th, and Phinney's, on the 9th, marched 
 from Boston for Ticonderoga. 
 
 ' Governor Trumbull, also, in a letter of the 13th, advises me that 
 Ward's regiment in the service of the States, was on the march to 
 this army, and that he and his Council of Safety had in the whole 
 ordered fourteen militia regiments to reinforce us. Three of them 
 have arrived, and amount to about a thousand and twenty men. 
 When the whole come in, we shall be on a much more respectable 
 footing than we have been, but I greatly fear, if the enemy defer 
 their attempt for any considerable time, they will be extremely im- 
 
 * In compliance with the suggestion, the Convention promptly gave their aid 
 and cooperation. 
 
282 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 patient to return home ; and if they should, we shall be reduced to 
 distress again. 
 
 ' Inclosed I have the honor to transmit you a general return of 
 our whole force at this time, in which are comprehended the three 
 regiments of militia above mentioned. I am sorry it should be so 
 much weakened by sickness. The return will show you how it 
 distresses us.' 
 
 ^August 20th. — Sir, — I was yesterday morning favored with 
 yours of the 17th, accompanied by several Resolutions of Congress, 
 and commissions for officers appointed to the late vacancies in this 
 army. * 
 
 ' I wrote some days ago to General Schuyler to propose to Gen- 
 eral Carleton and Burgoyne an exchange of prisoners, in conse- 
 quence of a former Resolve f of Congress, authorizing their com- 
 manders in each Department to negotiate one.' 
 
 Lontl. ed. vol. i. pp. 233, 234. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 23 August, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I beg leave to inform Congress, that yesterday morning, 
 and in the course of the preceding night, a considerable body of the 
 enemy, amounting by report to eight or nine thousand, and these 
 all British, landed from the transport-ships mentioned in my last, at 
 Gravesend Bay, on Long-Island, and have approached within three 
 miles of our lines, having marched across the low cleared grounds 
 near the woods at Flatbush, where they are halted according to my 
 last intelligence. I have detached from hence six battalions, as a rein- 
 forcement to our troops there, which are all that I can spare at this 
 time, not knowing but the fleet may move up with the remainder 
 of their army, and make an attack here, at the next flood-tide. If 
 they do not,' I shall send a further reinforcement, should it be nec- 
 essary ; and I have ordered five battalions more to be in readiness 
 for that purpose. I have no doubt but a little time will produce 
 some important events. I hope they will be happy. The rein- 
 forcement detached yesterday went off in high spirits ; and I have 
 the pleasure to inform you, that the whole of the army, that are ef- 
 fective and capable of duty, discover the same, and great cheerful- 
 ness. I have been obliged to appoint Major- General Sullivan to 
 the command on the Island, owing to General Greene's indispo- 
 sition ; he has been extremely ill for several days, and still con- 
 tinues bad. 
 
 ' By Wednesday evening's post I received a letter from General 
 Ward, enclosing a copy of the invoice of the ordnance stores taken 
 
 * On the subject of vacancies, see pp. 279, 26S, with the references, 
 t July 22, p. 2G7. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 283 
 
 by Captain Manly, with the appraisement of the same, (made in 
 pursuance of my direction, founded on an Order of Congress,), 
 which I do myself the honor of transmitting.* You will also re- 
 ceive the treaty between the Commissioners and Indians of the Six 
 Nations and others at the German Flats, which General Schuyler 
 requested me to forward. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 237. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 61. 
 
 In Congress. ^August 29. A letter of the 27th, from R. H. 
 Harrison, the General's Secretary, and one of the 28th. from Gen- 
 eral Mercer, both giving an account of an action on Long Island, 
 on the 27th, were read, and referred to the Board of War. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to devise 
 ways and means of regulating the Post-Office, and of establishing 
 advice-boats between the Southern Colonies and Philadelphia, so 
 as to facilitate and expedite the conveying intelligence from one 
 part of the Continent to the other. The members chosen * * 
 
 '■August 30. The Committee for regulating the Post-Office, 
 brought in their Report, which was taken into consideration ; 
 whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the communication of intelligence with fre- 
 quency and despatch, from one part to another of this extensive 
 Continent, is essentially requisite to its safety ; that, therefore, there 
 be employed on the public post-roads, a rider for every twenty-five 
 or thirty miles, whose business it shall be, to proceed through his 
 stage three times in every week, setting out immediately on re- 
 ceipt of the mail and travelling with the same, by night and 
 by day, without stopping, until he shall have delivered it to the 
 next rider. ***** 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assemblies and Con- 
 ventions of these States, to consider how far it may be consistent 
 ivilh the policy and the good of their respective States, to excuse 
 Deputy Post-Masters from those public duties, which may call 
 them from attendance at their offices, and to proceed therein as to 
 their wisdom shall seem best. 
 
 ^Resolved, That three advice-boats be established ; one to ply 
 between the States of North Carolina and such port as shall be most 
 convenient to the place at which the Congress shall be sitting ; one 
 other between the State of South Carolina and the said port; and 
 one other between Georgia and the same port ; that such advice- 
 boats be armed, and put under the direction of the Secret Com- 
 mittee, who are empowered to freight them with such merchan- 
 
 * Thus, in consequence of the course resolved on by Congress, June 17, p. 250, the 
 General's attention was called to the case of Capt. Manly and crewr, when the battle on 
 Long Island was actually commencing. Relative to cases of the sort, and to that 
 particular one of Capt. Manly, see p. 139, and others there referred to ; also pp. 147, 
 172,217,250. 
 
 37 
 
284 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 discs or commodities, as, without retarding their passage, may, 
 together with the usual postage on letters, and other papers trans- 
 mitted by them, contribute to defray the expenses of the said boats.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 31 August, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Inclination as well as duty would have induced me to 
 give Congress the earliest information of my removal, and that of 
 the troops, from Long Island and its dependencies to this city, the 
 night before last ; but the extreme fatigue which myself and fam- 
 ily have undergone, as much from the weather since, as the en- 
 gagement on the 27th, rendered me and them entirely unfit to take 
 pen in hand. Since Monday [26th] scarce any of us have been 
 out of the lines, till our passage across the East River was effected 
 yesterday morning ; and, for forty-eight hours preceding that, I had 
 hardly been off my horse, and never closed my eyes ; so that I was 
 quite unfit to write or dictate till this morning. 
 
 ' Our retreat was made without any loss of men or ammunition, 
 and in better order than I expected from troops in the situation 
 ours were. We brought off all our cannon and stores, except a 
 few heavy pieces, which in the condition the earth was, by a long 
 continued rain, was found upon trial impracticable ; the wheels of 
 the carriages sinking up to the hubs, rendered it impossible for our 
 whole force to drag them. # # * * I have 
 
 enclosed a copy of the council of war held previous to the retreat, 
 to which I beg leave to refer Congress for the reasons, or many of 
 them, that led to the adoption of that measure. Yesterday evening 
 and last night, a party of our men were employed in bringing our 
 stores, cannon, and tents, from Governor's Island, which they near- 
 ly completed. Some of the heavy cannon remain there still, but I 
 expect they will be got away to-day. 
 
 ' In the engagement on the 27th, Generals Sullivan and Stirling 
 were made prisoners. The former has been permitted, on his pa- 
 role, to return for a little time. From Lord Stirling I had a letter 
 by General Sullivan, a copy of which I have the honor to trans- 
 mit, that contains his information of the engagement with his 
 brigade. It is not so full and certain as I could wish ; he was 
 hurried most probably, as his letter was unfinished ; nor have I 
 been yet able to obtain an exact account of our loss ; we suppose 
 it from seven hundred to a thousand killed and taken. * # 
 
 * * I am much hurried and engaged in arranging 
 
 and making new dispositions of our forces, the movements of the 
 enemy requiring them to be immediately had ; and therefore I 
 have only time to add, that I am, with my best regards to Con- 
 gress, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed, vol. i, p. 242. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 69. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 285 
 
 In Congress. ^September 2. A letter of the Slst of August, 
 from General Washington, enclosing the determination of a coun- 
 cil of war, and the reasons for quitting Long Island, and a copy of 
 a letter from Lord Stirling, * * were read, and re- 
 
 ferred to the Board of War. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to prepare and 
 bring in a plan of military operations for the next campaign.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 New York, 2 September, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — As my intelligence of late has been rather unfavorable, 
 and would be received with anxiety and concern, peculiarly happy 
 should I esteem myself, were it in my power at this time to trans- 
 mit such information to Congress as would be more pleasing and 
 agreeable to their wishes ; but, unfortunately for me, unfortunately 
 for them, it is not. Our situation is truly distressing. The check 
 our detachment sustained on the 27th ultimo has dispirited too 
 great a proportion of our troops, and filled their minds with appre- 
 hension and despair. The militia, instead of calling forth their 
 utmost efforts to a brave and manly opposition, in order to repair 
 our losses, are dismayed, intractable, and impatient to return. Great 
 numbers of them have gone off; in some instances, almost by 
 whole regiments, by half ones, and by companies at a time. This 
 circumstance, of itself, independent of others, when fronted by a 
 well-appointed enemy superior in number to our whole collected 
 force, would be sufficiently disagreeable ; but when their example 
 has infected another part of the army, when their want of disci- 
 pline, and refusal of almost every kind of restraint and govern- 
 ment, have produced a like conduct but too common to the whole, 
 and an entire disregard of that order and subordination necessary 
 to the well-doing of an army, and which had been inculcated be- 
 fore, as well as the nature of our military establishment would ad- 
 mit of, — our condition becomes still more alarming; and, with the 
 deepest concern, I am obliged to confess my want of confidence in 
 the generality of the troops. 
 
 ' All these circumstances fully confirm the opinion I ever enter- 
 tained, and which I more than once took the liberty of mentioning 
 to Congress, that no dependence could tfe put in a militia,* or other 
 troops than those enlisted and embodied for a longer period than 
 our regulations heretofore have prescribed. I am persuaded, and 
 as fully convinced as I am of any one fact that has happened, that 
 our,liberties must of necessity be greatly hazarded, if not entirely 
 lost, if their defence is left to any but a permanent standing army ; 
 I mean, one to exist during the war. Nor would the expense in- 
 
 * See the expression on that subject in the General's first letter to Congress^ after 
 he arrived at Cambridge, p. 97. 
 
286 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 cident to the support of such a body of troops as would be compe- 
 tent to almost every exigency, far exceed that which is daily in- 
 curred by calling in succor, and new enlistments, which, when 
 effected, are not attended with any good consequences. Men, 
 who have been free and subject to no control, cannot be reduced 
 to order in an instant ; and the privileges and exemptions, which 
 they claim and will have, influence the conduct of others ; and the 
 aid derived from them is nearly counterbalanced by the disorder, 
 irregularity, and confusion they occasion. 
 
 ' I cannot find that the bounty of ten dollars* is likely to produce 
 the desired effect. When men can get double that sum to engage 
 for a month or two in the militia, and that militia frequently called 
 out, it is hardly to be expected. The addition of land might have 
 a considerable influence on a permanent enlistment. * * 
 
 I have ordered General Mercer to send the men intended for the 
 Flying Camp to this place, about a thousand in number^ and to 
 try with the militia, if practicable, to make a diversion upon Slaten 
 Island. Till of late, I had no doubt in my own mind of defending 
 this place ; nor should I have yet, if the men would do their duty ; 
 but this I despair of. It is painful, and extremely grating to me, 
 to give such unfavorable accounts ; but it v/ould be criminal to 
 conceal the truth at so critical a juncture. Every power I possess 
 shall be exerted to serve the cause ; and my first wish is, that, 
 whatever may be the event, the Congress will do me the justice to 
 think so. 
 
 ' If we should be obliged to abandon the town, ought it to stand 
 as winter-quarters for the enemy ? * * * * 
 
 It is an important question ; but will admit of little time for delib- 
 eration. At present I dare say the enemy mean to preserve it, if 
 they can. If Congress, therefore, should resolve upon the destruc- 
 tion of it, the resolution should be a profound secret, as the know- 
 ledge of it will make a capital change in their plans. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 244. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 72, 
 
 In Congress. ^September 3. A letter, of the 2d, from General 
 Washington, and one from , were read. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the letter from General Washington be referred 
 to a committee of the whole Congress. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' The Resolutions from the committee of the whole, being sever- 
 ally read, were agreed to as follows : 
 
 ''Resolved, That General Washington be acquainted, that Con- 
 gress would have especial care taken, in case he should find it 
 necessary to quit New York, that no damage be done to the said 
 city by his troops, on their leaving it : The Congress having' no 
 
 * Offered by Congress, June 26, 27, pp. 240, 254. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 287 
 
 dovht of their being able to recover the same, thovg-h the enemy 
 should, for a time, obtain possession of it. 
 
 ^Resolved, That three more battalions be ordered from Virginia, 
 of which thai commanded by Colonel Stephen to be one, to rein- 
 force the army at New York : 
 
 ' That for the same purpose, two of the North Carolina battalions 
 be ordered to march, with all possible expedition, to New York, 
 under the command of Brigadier-General Moore : 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Assemblies and Conventions 
 of the several States to the northward of Virginia, immediately to 
 send all the aid in their power to the army in New York : 
 
 ' That one of the Continental battalions in Rhode Island be 
 ordered immediately to march, to reinforce the army in New 
 York.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, New York, 8 September, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Since I had the honor of addressing you, I have called 
 a council of the general officers, in order to take a full and com- 
 prehensive view of our situation, and thereupon form such a plan 
 of future defence as may be immediately pursued, and subject to 
 no other alteration, than a change of operations on the enemy's 
 side may occasion. 
 
 ' Before the landing of the enemy on Long Island, the point of 
 attack could not be known, nor any satisfactory judgment formed 
 of their intentions. It might be on Long Island, on Bergen, or 
 directly on the city. This made it necessary to be prepared for 
 each, and has occasioned an expense of labor, which now seema 
 useless, and is regretted by those who form a judgment from after- 
 knov^'^ledge. But I trust that men of discernment will think ditfer' 
 ently, and see that by such works and preparations we have not only 
 delayed the operations of the campaign, * # * bu! 
 
 have drawn the enemy's forces to one point, and obliged them to 
 decline their plan, so as to enable us to form our defence on some 
 certainty. 
 
 ' It is now extremely obvious from all intelligence, from their 
 movements, and every other circumstance, that, having landed their 
 whole army on Long Island, except about four thousand on Staten 
 Island, they mean to enclose us on the island of New York, by 
 taking post in our rear, while the shipping effectually secures the 
 front; and thus, either, by cutting off our communication with the 
 country, oblige us to fight them on their own terms, or surrender 
 at discretion, or by a brilliant stroke endeavor to cut this army in 
 pieces, and secure the collection of arms and stores, which they 
 well know we shall not be able soon to replace. Having therefore 
 their system unfolded to us, it became an important consideration 
 how it could be most successfully opposed. On every side there 
 is a choice of difficulties ; and every measure on our part, however 
 
288 rROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 painful IliP rcllection is from oxperiencc, is to be formed with some 
 appreluMislon that all our Iroops will not do thoir duty. In delib- 
 eratinii^ on this i^rcal (lucstion, it was impossible to forsj^ef, that his- 
 tory, our own ('xporiencc, llu^ advice of oiu- ablest IVicMuls in Ku- 
 rop(?, the f(>ars of the enemy, and even the declarations of ('on- 
 gress, demonstrate, that on our side the war should be defensive, 
 — (it has even been called a war of Posts,) — that we should on 
 all occasions avoid a ij;eneral action, nor put any thing to risk, 
 unless compelled by a necessity into which we ought never to be 
 drawn. 
 
 * The argunienls on which such a system was founded, were 
 deemed unanswerable ; and experience has given her sanction. 
 With these views, and being fully persuaded that it woulil be pre- 
 sumption to draw out our young troops into open groiuid against 
 their superiors, both in number and discipline, I have never spared 
 the s/Kufc and pirf:a.rc. # * # ♦ We are now in 
 
 a strong post, but not an impregnable one, nay, acknowledged by 
 every man of judgment to be untenable, unless the enemy will 
 maUe the attack upon lines, when they can avoid it, and their 
 movements indicate that they mean to do so. 
 
 ' To draw the whole army together in order to arrange the de- 
 fence ]iroporlion:ite to the extent of lines and works, would leave 
 the country open for an M|iproaeh, and put the late of this army 
 and its stores on the hazard of making a successful defence in the 
 city, or the issue of an engagement out of it. On the other hand, 
 to abandon a city which has been by some deemed defensible, and 
 on whose works much labor has been bestowed, has a tendency to 
 dispirit the troops and enfeeble our cause. « « • 
 
 These and many other conse(]uences, which will be involved in 
 the diMerminalion of our next measure, have given our minds full 
 employ, and led every one to form a judgment as the various ob- 
 jects presented themselves to his view. 
 
 ' The post at Ivingsbridge is naturally strong, and is pretty well 
 fortified ; the heights about it are commanding, and might soon be 
 made more so. These are important objects, and I have attended 
 to them accordingly. # # * # In resolving 
 
 points of such importance, many circmnstances peculiar to our 
 own army also occur. Being oidy provided for a summer's cam- 
 paign, their clothes, shoes, and blankets will soon be unfit for the 
 change of weather, which we everyday feel. At present we have 
 not tents f(^r more than two thirds, many of them old and worn 
 out ; but, if we had a plentiful supply, tlu> season will not admit of 
 continuing in tluMU long, '.riie case of our sick is also worthy of 
 much consideration. Their number, by the returns, forms at least 
 one fourth of our whole army. Policy and humanity require that 
 they should be made as comfortable as possible. 
 
 ' With these and many other circumstances before them, the 
 whole council of general olliccrs met yesterday in order to adi^pt 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 2H'.) 
 
 some general line of conduct to he pursncd at tliin important 
 crisis. * * All agreed thai the town woiiM not he 
 
 tenable, if the enemy resolved to bombard and cannonade it; but 
 the didicully attending a removal operated ho strongly, that acourmj 
 was taken between abandoning it totally and corjrcntcring our 
 whole .strength for itH defence; nor were some a littif, influi^nced 
 in their opinion, to whom the determination of (yongrcHH was 
 known, again.st an evacuation totally, as they were lerl to HUHf)ect 
 Congress wished it to be maintained at every hazard. « * 
 
 'There were some general olficers, in whose judgment and 
 opinion much confidence is to be reposed, that were for a total and 
 immediate removal from the, f;ity, urging th(i gr(;at danger of one 
 part of the army being r;ut off, fjefort; the other can HU[)port it, the 
 extremities being at l(;ast sixteen miles apart; # • • 
 
 that, by rf^movirjg from hcmce, we deprive the enemy of the ad- 
 vantage of their ships, which will make at least one half of the 
 force to attack the town ; that we should keep the enemy at bay, 
 put nothing to hazard, but at all events keep the army together. 
 « # # Jiut they wen; ovcrrulf;d f>y a majority, who 
 
 thought, for the present, a [)art of our force might be ke|>t liere, and 
 attempt to maintain the f;ity a while longer. 
 
 ' 1 am sensible a retreating army is encircled with difliculties; 
 that dfjclining an engagement subje'Cts a (ieneral to reproach ; and 
 that the common cause may be affected by the discoiiragement it 
 may throw ov(!r the minds of many. Nor am 1 insensible oi the 
 contrary effects, if a l^rillianl stroke could be made with any prob- 
 ability of success, especially after our loss on fiong Island. Jiut, 
 when the fate of America may be at stake on the issue, when the 
 wisdom of cooler moments and experienced men have decided 
 that we should protract the war if possible, I cannot think it safe or 
 wise to adopt a different system. ♦ # * That the 
 
 enerny mean to winter in New York, there can be no doubt ; that, 
 with such an armament, they can drive us out, is erpially clear. It 
 is our interest and wish to prolong it as much as possible, provided 
 the delay docs not affect our future measures. 
 
 ' The militia of Connecticut is reduced from six thousand to lest 
 than two thousand, and in a few days will be merely nominal. 
 • • * The im[)ulHe for froing home was so irresisti- 
 
 ble, that it answered no pur[>o:-'.e to oppose it. Thoiigh J would 
 not discharge them, I have been obliged to acquiesce; and it af- 
 fords one mf/re melancholy proof, how delusive such dependen- 
 ces are.' 
 
 September Uth. — 'By my letter of the Hth you would perceive 
 that several of the council were ior holding the town, conceiving it 
 practicable for some time. Many of them now, upon seeing our 
 divided utate, have altered their opinion, and allow the expediency 
 
290 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 and necessity of concentering our whole force, or drawing it more 
 together. Convinced of the propriety of this measure, I am order- 
 ing our stores away, except such as may be absolutely necessary to 
 keep as long as any troops remain ; that, if an evacuation of the 
 city becomes inevitable, (which certainly must be the case,) there 
 may be as little to remove as possible.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 250, 256. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. pp. 80, 87. 
 
 Same to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 Head- Quarters, New York, 9 September, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — I am sorry to say, that, from the best information we 
 have been able to obtain, the people on Long Island have, since 
 our evacuation, gone generally over to the enemy, and made such 
 concessions as have been required ; some through compulsion, I 
 suppose, but more from inclination. As a diversion upon the 
 island has been impracticable under these circumstances, I think 
 you have done well in assisting the removal of the persons and 
 effects of our friends from thence. I observe with great pleasure, 
 that you have ordered the remaining regiments of the militia, that 
 can be spared from the immediate defence of the sea-coast, to march 
 towards New York with all expedition. I cannot sufficiently ex- 
 press my thanks, not only for your constant and ready compliance 
 with every request of mine, but for your own strenuous exertions 
 and prudent forecast, in ordering matters so, that your force has 
 generally been collected and put in motion as soon as it has been 
 demanded. 
 
 ' With respect to the militia, both horse and foot, I am of opin- 
 ion that they will render us more service by rendezvousing at dif- 
 ferent places along the Sound, in Westchester county and there- 
 abouts, than by coming directly to this city. It will not only give 
 the enemy, who are extending their encampments up the island, 
 an idea of our force along the coast, but if they should attempt a 
 landing above Kingsbridge, they will be in readiness to join our 
 force about that place ; the horse particularly, whose rapid motion 
 enables them to be in a short time at any point of attack. Besides, 
 the difficulty of procuring forage upon this island for any number 
 of horses, is an objection to their being stationed here. I fear, that 
 the militia, by leaving their homes so suddenly, and in a manner 
 unprepared for a long absence, have sustained some injury. To 
 this cause I must impute, in a great measure, their impatience to 
 return, and the diminution of their numbers at this time, to about 
 two thousand. Their want of discipline, the indulgences they 
 claim and have been allowed, their unwillingness, I may add re- 
 fusal, to submit to that regularity and order essential in every army 
 infecting the rest of our troops more or less, have been of perni- 
 cious tendency, and occasioned a good deal of confusion and dis- 
 order. But, Sir, these things are not peculiar to those from any 
 
MILITARY COERESPONDENCE. 291 
 
 one State ; they are common to all militia, and what must be gen- 
 erally expected ; for men, who have been free and never subject to 
 restraint, or any kind of control, cannot in a day be taught the ne- 
 cessity, nor be brought to see the expediency, of strict discipline. 
 
 ' I highly approve of your plan and proposition for raising such 
 a naval force as will be sufficient to clear the Sound of the enemy'3 
 ships-of-war. * * * As to drafting seamen from 
 
 the Continental regiments, it cannot be done ; as their numbers 
 have been reduced so low already, by taking men for the galleys, 
 boats, and other purposes, that some of them have hardly anything 
 left but the name ; besides, I must depend upon them for a successful 
 opposition to the enemy. If it can be done out of the militia, I 
 shall not have the least objection, and heartily wish the enterprise, 
 whenever attempted, may be attended with all possible success. 
 Secrecy and despatch will be most likely to give it a happy issue.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 88. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 20 September, 1776. 
 
 * To prevent the injury and abuses which would arise from the 
 militia and other troops carrying away ammunition and [other] 
 Continental property, I have published the substance of the Re- 
 solves, in general orders. # * * * 
 
 ' As the period will soon arrive, when the troops composing the 
 present army (a few excepted) will be disbanded according to the 
 tenor of their enlistments, and the most fatal consequences may 
 ensue if a suitable and timely provision is not made in this in- 
 stance, I take the liberty of suggesting to Congress not only the 
 expediency but the absolute necessity there is, that their earliest 
 attention should be paid to this subject. In respect to the time the 
 troops should be engaged for, I have frequently given my senti- 
 ments ; nor have I omitted to express my opinion of the difficulties 
 that will attend raising them, nor of the impracticability of effecting 
 it, without the allowance of a large and extraordinary bounty. 
 
 ' It is a melancholy and painful consideration to those who are 
 concerned in the work and have the command, to be forming 
 armies constantly, and to be left by troops just when they begin to 
 deserve the name, or perhaps at a moment when an important blow 
 is expected. This, I am informed, will be the case at Ticonde- 
 roga with part of the troops there, unless some system is imme- 
 diately come into, by which they can be induced to stay. Gen- 
 eral Schuyler tells me in a letter received yesterday, that De 
 Haas's, Maxwell's, and Wind's regiments stand engaged only 
 till the beginning of next month, and that the men, he is fearful, 
 will not remain longer than the time of their enlistment. 
 
 ' I would beg leave to mention to Congress, that the season is 
 fast approaching, when clothes of every kind will be wanted for the 
 3S ^ 
 
292 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 army. Their distress is already great, and will be increased as the 
 weather becomes more severe. Our situation is now bad, but is 
 much better than that of the militia that are coming to join us from 
 the States of the Massachusetts-Bay and Connecticut in conse- 
 quence of the requisition of Congress. These eastern regiments 
 have not a single necessary, not a pan or a kettle, — in which we 
 are now greatly deficient. 
 
 ' It is with reluctance that I trouble Congress with these matters ; 
 but to whom can I resort for relief unless to them ? The necessity, 
 therefore, which urges the application, will excuse it, I am per- 
 suaded.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 264. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 22 September, 1776. 
 * The dependence, which the Congress have placed upon the 
 militia, has already greatly injured, and I fear will totally ruin our 
 cause. Being subject to no control themselves, they introduce dis- 
 order among the troops, whom we have attempted to discipline, 
 while the change in their living brings on sickness; this causes an 
 impatience to get home, which spreads universally, and introduces 
 abominable desertions. In short, it is not in the power of words 
 to describe the task I have to perforra. Fifty thousand pounds 
 ivould not induce me again to undergo what I ha7;e done. Our num- 
 bers, by sickness and desertion, are greatly reduced. I have been 
 trying these four or five days to get a return, but have not yet suc- 
 ceeded. I am sure, however, we have not more than twelve or 
 fourteen thousand men fit for duty, whilst the enemy, who, it is 
 said, are very healthy, cannot have less than near twenty-five thou- 
 sand. With sincere love to my sister and the family, and compli- 
 ments to any inquiring friends, I am, &c.' 
 
 Sparks, vol. iv. p. 104. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress, 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 24 September, 1776. 
 
 < SiRj — From the hours allotted to sleep, I will borrow a few 
 moments to convey my thoughts on sundry important matters to 
 Congress. I shall offer these with the sincerity which ought to 
 characterize a man of candor, and with the freedom which may 
 be used in giving useful information without incurring the impu- 
 tation of 'presumption. 
 
 ' We are now, as it were, upon the eve of another dissolution of 
 our army.* The remembrance of the difficulties which happened 
 upon the occasion last year, and the consequences which might 
 have followed the change if proper advantages had been taken by 
 
 =* Referring to the previous one at Cambridge. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 293 
 
 the enemy, added to a knowledge of the present temper and situa- 
 tion of the troops, afford but a very gloomy prospect in the appear- 
 ances of things now, and satisfy me beyond the possibility of 
 doubt, that, unless some speedy and effectual measures are adopted 
 by Congress, our cause will be lost. It is in vain to expect, that 
 any, orinore than a trifling part, of this array, will again engage 
 in the service on the encouragement offered by Congress.* When 
 men find, that their townsmen and companions are receiving twen- 
 ty, thirty, and more dollars for a few months' service, which is truly 
 the case, it cannot be expected, without using compulsion ; and to 
 force them into the service would answer no valuable purpose. 
 When men are irritated, and their passions inflamed, they fly has- 
 tily and cheerfully to arms ; but, after the first emotions are over, 
 to expect among such people as compose the bulk of an army, 
 that they are influenced by any other principles than those of in- 
 terest, is to look for what never did, and I fear never will happen ; 
 the Congress will deceive themselves, therefore, if they expect it. 
 A soldier, reasoned with upon the goodness of the cause he is en- 
 gaged in, and the inestimable rights he is contending for, hears you 
 with patience, and acknowledges the truth of your observations, 
 but adds that it is of no more importance to him than to others. 
 The officer makes you the same reply, with this further remark, 
 that his pay will not support him, and he cannot ruin himself and 
 family to serve his country, when every member of the com- 
 munity is equally interested, and benefited by his labors. The 
 few, therefore, who act upon principles of disinterestedness, com- 
 paratively speaking, are no more than a drop in the ocean. 
 
 ' It becomes evident to me then, that, as this contest is not likely 
 to be the work of a day, as the war must be carried on systemati- 
 cally, and to do it you must have good officers, there are no other 
 possible means to obtain them, but by estabhshing your army upon 
 a permanent footing, and giving your officers good pay. This will 
 induce gentlemen and men of character to engage ; and till the 
 bulk of your officers is composed of such persons as are actuated 
 by principles of honor and a spirit of enterprise, you have little to 
 expect from them. They ought to have such allowances, as will 
 enable them to live like and support the character of gentlemen, 
 and not be driven by a scanty pittance to the low and dirty arts, 
 which many of them practise, to filch from the public more than 
 the difference of pay would amount to upon an ample allowance. 
 Besides, something is due to the man who puts his life in your 
 hands, hazards his health, and forsakes the sweets of domestic enjoy- 
 ment. Why a captain in the Continental service should receive no 
 more than five shillings currency per day for performing the same 
 duties that an officer of the same rank in the British service re- 
 
 * The bounty often dollars, offered in June. 
 
294 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ceives ten shillings sterling for, I never could conceive ; especially, 
 when the latter is provided with every necessary he requires upon 
 the best terms, and the former can scarce procure them at any rate. 
 There is nothing that gives a man consequence and renders him fit 
 for command, like a support that renders him independent of every 
 body but the State he serves. 
 
 ' With respect to the men, nothing but a good bounty can ob- 
 tain them upon a permanent establishment ; and for no shorter 
 time than the continuance of the war, ought they to be engaged ; 
 as facts inconlestably prove, that the difficulty and cost of enlist- 
 ments increase with time. When the army was first raised at 
 Cambridge, I am persuaded the men might have been got, without 
 a bounty, for the war. After this, they began to see that the con- 
 test was not likely to end so speedily as was imagined, and to feel 
 their consequence by remarking, that to get their militia in the 
 course of the last year, many towns were induced to give them a 
 bounty. Foreseeing the evils resulting from this, and the destruc- 
 tive consequences, which unavoidably would follow short enlist- 
 ments, I took the liberty in a long letter* to recommend the enlist- 
 ments for and during the war, assigning such reasons for it as 
 experience has since convinced me were well founded. At that 
 time, twenty dollars would, I am persuaded, have engaged the 
 men for this term. But it will not do to look back ; and, if the 
 present opportunity is slipped, I am persuaded that twelve months 
 more will increase our difficulties four-fold. I shall therefore take 
 the freedom of giving it as my opinion, that a g-ood bovnty should 
 be immediately offered, aided by the proffer of at least a hvndred 
 or a hvndred and fifty acres of land, and asnit of clothes and blanket 
 to each non-commissioned officer and soldier ; as I have good au- 
 thority for saying, that, however high the men's pay may appear, it 
 is barely sufficient, in the present scarcity and dearness of all kinds 
 of goods, to keep them in clothes, much less afford support to their 
 families. 
 
 'If this encouragement then is given to the men, and such pay 
 allowed the officers as will induce gentlemen of character and lib- 
 eral sentiments to engage, and proper care and precaution are vised 
 in the nomination, more regard being had to the characters of per- 
 sons, than to the number of men they can enlist, we should in a 
 little time have an army able to cope with any that can be opposed 
 to it, as there are excellent materials to form one out of. But while 
 the only merit an officer possesses is his ability to raise men, while 
 those men consider and treat him as an equal, and, in the charac- 
 ter of an officer, regard him no more than a broomstick, being mixed 
 together as one common herd, no order nor discipline can prevail; 
 nor will the officer ever meet with that respect, which is essentially 
 necessary to due subordination. 
 
 * February 9, p. 167, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 295 
 
 * To place any dependence vpon militia is assuredly resting- upon 
 a broken staff. Men just dragged from the tender scenes of do- 
 mestic life, unaccustomed to the din of arms, totally unacquainted 
 with every kind of militai-y skill, (which is followed by want of 
 confidence in themselves, when opposed to troops regularly trained, 
 disciplined, and appointed, superior in knowledge and superior in 
 arms,) are timid and ready to fly from their own shadows. Be- 
 sides, the sudden change in their manner of living, particularly in 
 their lodging, brings on sickness in many, impatience in all, and 
 such an unconquerable desire of returning to their respective homes, 
 that it not only produces shameful and scandalous desertions 
 among themselves, but infuses the like spirit into others. Again, 
 men accustomed to unbounded freedom and no control, cannot 
 brook the restraint, which is indispensably necessary to the good 
 order and government of an army ; without which, licentiousness 
 and every kind of disorder triumphantly reign. To bring men to 
 a proper degree of subordination is not the work of a day, a month, 
 or even a year; and unhappily for us and the cause we are en- 
 gaged in, the little discipline I have been laboring to establish in 
 the army under my immediate command is in a manner done 
 away, by having such a mixture of troops, as have been called to- 
 gether within these few months. 
 
 ' Relaxed and unfit as our rules and regulations of war are for 
 the government of an army, the militia (those properly so called, 
 for of these we have two sorts, the six-months men,* and those 
 sent in as a temporary aid,) do not think themselves subject to 
 them, and therefore take liberties, which the soldier is punished 
 for. This creates jealousy ; jealousy begets dissatisfaction ; and 
 this by degrees ripens into mutiny, keeping the whole army in a 
 confused and disordered state, rendering the time of those, who 
 wish to see regularity and good order prevail, more unhappy than 
 words can describe. Besides this, such repeated changes take 
 place, that all arrangement is set at naught, and the constant 
 fluctuation of things deranges every plan as fast as it is adopted. 
 
 ' These, Sir, Congress may be assured, are but a small part of 
 the inconveniences, which might be enumerated, and attributed to 
 militia; but there is one, that merits particular attention, and that 
 is the expense. Certain, I am, thai it ivouJd be cheaper to keep 
 fftij or a hundred thousand in constant pay, than to depend upon 
 half the number, and supply the other half occasionally, by militia. 
 The time the latter are in pay before and after they are in camp, 
 assembling and marching, the waste of ammunition, the consump- 
 tion of stores, which, in spite of every resolution or requisition of 
 Congress, they must be furnished with, or sent home, added to 
 other incidental expenses consequent upon their coming and con- 
 
 * Those resolved on, June 3, p. 233. 
 
296 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 duct in camp, surpass all idea, and destroy every kind of regularity 
 and economy, which you could establish among fixed and settled 
 troops, and will, in my opinion, prove, if the scheme is adhered to, 
 the ruin of our cause. 
 
 ^ The jealous?/ of a standing" army, and the evils to be apprehended 
 from one, are remote, and, in my judgment, situated and circum- 
 stanced as we are, not at all to be dreaded ; but the consequence of 
 wanting one, accordiyig to my ideas formed from the present view 
 of things, is certain and inevitable ruin. For, if I was called upon 
 to declare upon oath, lohether the militia have been most serviceable 
 or hurtful upon the ivhole, I should subscribe to the latter. * * 
 
 Experience, which is the best criterion to work by, so fully, clearly, 
 and decisively reprobates the practice of trusting to militia, that no 
 man, who regards order, regularity, and economy, or who has any 
 regard for his own honor, character, or peace of mind, will risk 
 them upon this issue. 
 
 ' No less attention should be paid to the choice of surgeons, than 
 of other officers of the army. They should undergo a regular ex- 
 amination, and, if not appointed by the director-general and sur- 
 geons of the hospital, they ought to be subordinate to and govern- 
 ed by his directions. I am speaking of the regimental surgeons, 
 many of whom are very great rascals, countenancing the men in 
 sham complaints to exempt them from duty, and often receiving 
 bribes to certify indispositions. * * * * In 
 
 short, there is a constant bickering among them, which tends great- 
 ly to the injury of the sick, and will always subsist till the regi- 
 mental surgeons are made to look up to the director-general of the 
 hospital as a superior. * * * * The regi- 
 
 mental surgeons are aiming, I am persuaded, to break up the gen- 
 eral hospital, and have in numberless instances, drawn for medicines 
 and stores in the most profuse and extravagant manner for private 
 purposes. 
 
 ' Another matter highly worthy of attention is, that other rules 
 and regulations may be adopted for the government of the army, 
 than those now in existence; otherwise the army, but for the name, 
 might as well be disbanded. * * * * As a 
 
 proof of it, thirty or forty goldiers will desert at a time, and of late a 
 practice prevails of the most alarming nature, and which will, if it 
 cannot be checked, prove fatal both to the country and army; I 
 mean the infamous practice of plundering. For, under the idea of 
 Tory property, or property that may fall into the hands of the 
 enemy, no man is secure in his effects, and scarcely in his person. 
 * # * I have, with some others, used my utmost 
 
 endeavors to stop this horrid practice ; but under the present lust 
 after plunder, and want of laws to punish offenders, I might almost 
 as well attempt to move Mount Atlas. I have ordered instant cor- 
 poral punishment upon every man, who passes our lines, or is seen 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 297 
 
 with plunder, that the offenders may be punished for disobedience 
 of orders ; and I enclose to you the proceedings of a court-martial 
 held upon an officer, who, with a parly of men, had robbed a house 
 a little beyond our lines of a number of valuable goods, among 
 which (to show that nothing escaped) were four large pier looking- 
 glasses, women's clothes, and other articles, which, one would 
 think, could be of no earthly use to him. He was met by a major 
 of brigade, who ordered him to return the goods, as taken contrary 
 to general orders, which he not only refused to do, but drew up his 
 party, and swore that he would defend them at the hazard of his 
 life; on which I ordered him to be arrested and tried for plunder- 
 ing, disobedience of orders, and mutiny. For the result, I refer to 
 the proceedings of the court. * # # * I ad- 
 
 duce this instance, to give some idea to Congress of the current 
 sentiments and general character of the officers who compose the 
 present army ; and to show how exceedingly necessary it is to be 
 careful in the choice of the new set, even if it should take double the 
 time to complete the requisite number. 
 
 ' An army formed of good officers moves like clock-work ; but 
 there is no situation upon earth less enviable, or more distressing, 
 than that person's, who is at the head of troops regardless of order 
 and discipline, and unprovided with almost every necessary. In 
 a word, the difficulties, which have forever surrounded me since 
 I have been in the service, and kept my mind constantly upon 
 the stretch, the wounds, which my feelings as an officer have re- 
 ceived by a thousand things, that have happened contrary to my 
 exjjectations and ivishes ; the effect of my own conduct, and pres- 
 ent appearance of things, so little pleasing to myself as to render 
 it a matter of no surprise to me if I should stand capitally censured 
 by Congress ; added to a consciousness of my inability to govern 
 an army composed of such discordant parts, and under such a 
 variety of intricate and perplexing circumstances ; — induce not only 
 a belief, but a thorough conviction in my mind, that it will be im- 
 possible, unless there, is a thorough change in our military system, 
 for me to conduct matters in such a manner as to give satisfaction 
 to the public, which is all the recompense I aim at, or ever wished 
 for. 
 
 ' Before I conclude, I must apologize for the liberties taken in 
 this letter, and for the blots and scratchings therein, not having time 
 to give it more correctly. With truth I can add, that, with, every 
 sentiment of respect and esteem, I am yours and the Congress's 
 most obedient, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 267. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 110. 
 
 In the postscript of a previous letter on the 24th, in the day-time, the General had 
 written ; — 
 
 ' The thirteen militia regiments from Connecticut, being reduced 
 
298 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 to a little more than seven hundred men rank and file fit for duty, 
 I have thought proper to discharge the whole, to save the States 
 the immense charge that would arise for officers' pay. There are 
 many militia, too, that have just come in, and on their Way from 
 that State, none of which are provided with a tent or a single camp 
 utensil. This distresses me beyond measure.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 267. 
 
 The following Resolutions, founded on a Report made by the Board of "War pursu- 
 ant to the direction of Congress, Sept. 2, p. 285, had not been communicated to the 
 General at the date of the above letter. The tendency and effects of these Resolu- 
 tions, as foreseen and described by him, and also their actual effects, may be learned 
 from subsequent letters. 
 
 ^September 16. Congress then took into consideration the Re- 
 port of the Board of War, and the amendments offered by the 
 committee of the whole, and thereupon, came to the following 
 Resolutions : 
 
 ' That eighty-eight battalions be enlisted as soon as possible, to 
 serve during the present war, and that each State furnish their 
 respective quotas : # # . 
 
 ' That twent'f/ dollars be given as a bounty to each non-commis- 
 sioned officer and soldier, who shall enlist to serve during- the 
 present luar,* unless sooner discharged by Congress : 
 
 ' That Congress make provision for granting lands, in the fol- 
 lowing proportions : * * * * 
 
 ' To a colonel, five hundred acres ; to a lieutenant-colonel, 
 four hundred and fifty; to a major, four hundred; to a captain, 
 three hundred; to a lieutenant, two hundred; to an ensign, one 
 hundred and fifty ; each non-commissioned officer and soldier, one 
 hundred : 
 
 ' That the appointment of all officers, and filling up vacancies, 
 (except general officers,) be left to the governments of the several 
 States^ and that every State provide arms, clothing, and every nec- 
 essary for its quota of troops, * * the expense of the 
 clothing to be deducted from the pay of the soldiers as usual. 
 
 '■September 18. Resolved, That the bounty and grants of land 
 offered by Congress, by a Resolution of the 16th instant, * 
 * * * shall extend to all who arc, or shall be enlisted 
 
 for that term; the bounty often dollars^ which any of the soldiers 
 have received from the Continent, on account of a former enlist- 
 ment, to be reckoned in part payment of the twenty dollars offered 
 by the said Resolution.' 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 25 September, 1776. 
 « SiR^ — I enclose a copy of a letter received from General Howe 
 on Sunday evening, with the lists of the prisoners in his hands and 
 
 * See p. 169. t Offered in June, pp. 243, 354. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 of tho?e in our possession, belonging to the army imraedlalely 
 under his command, and of my answer. * * * The 
 
 number of prisoners according to ihese returns is greater than we 
 expected. * * # * * 
 
 ' 1 shall take occasion to mention, that those returns, made with 
 such precision, and the difficulty that will attend the proposed ex- 
 change on account of the dispersed and scattered state of the pris- 
 oners in our hands, will clearly evince the necessity of appointing 
 Commissaries and proper persons iu svperiniend in such instances. 
 This 1 have taken the liberty of urging more than once,* as well 
 on account of the propriety of the measure, and the saving that 
 would have resulted from it, as that the prisoners might be treated 
 with humanity, and have their wants particularly attended to. I 
 would also observe, as I esteem it my duty, that this army is in 
 want of almost every necessary; tents, camp-kettles, blankets, and 
 clothes of all kinds. But what is to be done with respect to the 
 two last articles 1 know not, as the term of enlistment will be near- 
 ly expired by the time they can be provided. This may be exhib- 
 ited fl5 a /M/V/iPr /yz-oof of the disadvantages attending the levying 
 of an army upon such a footing as never to know how to keep 
 them, without injuring the public or incommoding the men. I 
 have directed the Colonel, or Commanding Officer of each corps to 
 use his endeavors to procure such clothing as is absolutely neces- 
 sary ; but at the same time I confess, that I do not know how it is 
 to be got. I am, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 273. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 121. 
 
 General Greene to . 
 
 [Head-Quarters,] 28 September, 1776. 
 
 ' I apprehend the several retreats that have lately taken place be- 
 gin to make you think all is lost. Do n't be frightened ; our cause 
 is not yet in a desperate state. The polici/ of Congress has been 
 the most absurd and ridicvlovs imaginable — povring in mililia- 
 men loho come and go every month. A military force established 
 upon svch principles^ defeats itself. People coming from home with 
 all the tender feelings of domestic life, are not sufficiently fortified 
 with natural courage to stand the shocking scenes of war. * 
 
 * * I say, few can stand such scenes, unless steeled by 
 
 habit, or fortified by military pride. 
 
 ' There must be a good army established ; men engaged for the 
 war; a proper corps of officers, and then, after a proper time to 
 discipline the men, every thing is to be expected. 
 
 ' The Congress goes upon a penurious plan. The present pay of 
 the officers will not support them, and it is generally determined by 
 t e best officers to quit the service, unless a more adequate pro- 
 
 * See letters, Nov. 8, Feb. 9, May 11, pp. 121, 122, 165, 227 ; also, Resplyes follow- 
 ing the last 
 
 39 ♦ 
 
300 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, A^j^ 
 
 Adsion is made for their support. The present establishment is not 
 thought reputable. 
 
 ' The Congress have never furnished the number of men voted, 
 by near one half, certainly by above one third. Had we had num- 
 bers, we need not have retreated from Long Island or New York. 
 But the extent of ground to guard rendered the retreat necessary ; 
 otherwise the army would have been ruined by detachments. The 
 enemy never could have driven us from Long Island and New 
 York, if our rear had been secured. We must have an army to 
 meet the enemy everywhere ; to act offensively as well as defen- 
 sively. Our soldiers are as good as ever were, and were the officers 
 half as good as the men, they would beat any army on the globe 
 of equal numbers.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 58. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Heights of Haerlem, 2 October, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I do myself the honor of transmitting to you the en- 
 closed letter from Lieutenant- Colonel Livingston, with sundry 
 copies of General Delancy's orders, which discover the measures 
 the enemy are pursuing on Long Island for raising recruits and 
 obtaining supplies of provisions. In consequence of the intelli- 
 gence they contain, * * I have sent Brigadier- Gene- 
 ral George Clinton to meet General Lincoln, who has got as far as 
 Fairfield, with part of the troops lately ordered by the Massachusetts 
 Assembly, to concert with him and others an expedition across the 
 Sound with those troops, three companies under Colonel Livings- 
 ton, and such further aid as Governor Trumbull can afford, in or- 
 der to prevent if possible their effecting those important objects, 
 and to assist the inhabitants. * # 
 
 ' The recruiting scheme they are pursuing with uncommon in- 
 dustry ; nor is it confined to Long Island alone. Having just now 
 received a letter from the Committee of Westchester county, ad- 
 vising that there were several companies of men in that and Dutchess 
 county preparing to go off and join the King's army, I have given 
 directions to our guard-boats and the sentries at our works at Mount 
 Washington to keep a strict look-out, in case they attempt to come 
 down the North River ; also to General Heath at Kingsbridge, that 
 the utmost vigilance may be observed by the regiments and troops 
 above there and down towards East River, that they may intercept 
 them, should they take that route with a view of crossing to Long 
 Island. ***** 
 
 ' By a letter just received from the Committee of Safety of the 
 State of New Hampshire, I find a thousand of their militia were 
 about to march on the 24th ultimo to reinforce this army, in conse- 
 quence of the requisition of Congress. Previous to their march, 
 General Ward writes me he was obliged to furnish them with five 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. SOfl 
 
 hundred pounds of powder and a thousand pounds of musket-ball ; 
 and I have little reason to expect that they are better provided with 
 other articles than they were with ammunition. In such case they 
 will only add to our present distress, which is already far too great, 
 and become disgusted with the service, though the time they are 
 engaged for is only till the first of December. This will injure their 
 enUsting for a longer term, if not wholly prevent it.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 277. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 4 October, 1776. 
 
 c giRj — Before I knew of the late Resolutions of Congress,* which 
 you did me the honor to enclose in your letter of the 24th, and be- 
 fore I was favored with the visit of your Committee, I took the 
 liberty of giving you my sentiments on several points which seemed 
 to be of importance.! I have no doubt, that the Committee will 
 make such a report of the state and condition of the army, as will 
 induce Congress to believe, that nothing but the most vigorous 
 exertions can put matters upon such a footing as to give this Con- 
 tinent a fair prospect of success. Give me leave to say. Sir, (I say 
 it with due deference and respect, and my knowledge of the facts, 
 added to the importance of the cause, and the stake I hold in it, 
 must justify the freedom,) that i/our affairs are in a more unpromis- 
 ing' way than you seem to apprehend. 
 
 ' Your army, as I mentioned in my last, f is on the eve of its 
 political dissolution. True it is, you have voted a larger one in 
 lieu of it ; but the season is late ; and there is a material difference 
 between voting battalions and raising men. In the latter, there 
 are more difficulties than Congress are aware of; which makes it 
 my duty, as I have been informed of the prevailing sentiments of 
 this army, to inform them, that, unless the pay of the officers, es- 
 pecially that of the field-officers, is raised, the chief part of those 
 that are worth retaining will leave the service at the expiration of 
 the present term, as the soldiers will also, if some greater encour- 
 agement is not offered them, than twenty dollars and a hundred 
 acres of land. Nothing less, in my opinion, than a suit of clothes 
 annually, given to each non-commissioned officer and soldier, in 
 addition to the pay and bounty, will avail ; and I question whether 
 that will do, as the enemy, from the information of one John Marsh, 
 who, with six others, was taken by our guards, are giving ten 
 pounds bounty for recruits, and have got a battalion under Major 
 Rogers nearly completed on Long Island. 
 
 ' Nor will less pay, according to my judgment, than I have taken 
 the liberty of mentioning in the enclosed estimate, retain such offi- 
 cers as we could wish to have continued. The difference per 
 
 * September 16, p. 598. f September 24, p. 292. 
 
302 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 month in each ballalion will amount to belter than a hundred 
 pounds. To this may be added the pay of the stafF-officers ; for it 
 is presumable they will also require an augmentation; but being 
 few in number, the sum will not be greatly increased by ihern,and 
 consequently is a matter of no great moment. But it is a matter of 
 no small importance to make the several offices desirable. When 
 the pay and establishment of an ofhcer once become objects of in- 
 terested attention, the sloth, negligence, and even disobedience of 
 orders, which at this time but too generally prevail, will be purged 
 off. But while the service is viewed with indifierence, while the 
 officer conceives that he is rather conferring than receiving an ob- 
 ligation, there will be a total relaxation of all order and discipline, 
 and everything will move heavily on, to the great detriment of the 
 service, and inexpressible trouble and vexation of the General. 
 The critical situation of our afi'airs at this time will justify my say- 
 ing, that no time is to be lost in making fruitless experiments. An 
 unavailing trial of a month to get an army upon the terms proposed, 
 may render it impracticable to do it at all, and prove fatal to our 
 cause ; as I am not sure whether any rubs in the way of our en- 
 listments, or unfavorable turn in our affairs, may not prove the 
 means of the enemy's recruiting men faster than we do. To this 
 may be added the inextricable difficulty of forming one corps out 
 of another, and arranging matters with any degree of order, in the 
 face of an enemy, who are watching for advantages. 
 
 ' At Cambridge, last year, where the officers, and more than a 
 sufficiency of them, were all upon the spot, we found it a work of 
 such extreme difficulty to know their sentiments, each having soine 
 terms to propose, that I once despaired of getting the arrangem -nts 
 completed ; and I do suppose, that at least a hundred alterations took 
 place before matters were finally adjusted. What must it be then, 
 under the present regulation, ivliere the officers are to nefrotiate the 
 matter wi\k the State they come from,'*' distant perhaps two or three 
 hundred miles, some of whom, v/ithout leave or license from me, 
 set out to make personal application, the moment the Resolve got 
 to their hands ? What kind of officers these are, I leave Congress 
 to judge. If an officer of reputation, for none other should be ap- 
 plied to, is asked to stay, what answer can he give, but, in the first 
 place, that he does not know whether it is at his option to do so, 
 no provision being made in the Resolution of Congress, even rec- 
 ommendatory of this measure; consequently, that it rests with the 
 State he comes from, surrounded ])erhaps with a variety of appli- 
 cations, and influenced probably by local attachments, to deter- 
 mine whether he can be provided for or not. In the next place, if he 
 is an officer of merit, and knows that the State he comes from is to 
 furnish more battalions than it at present has in the service, he will 
 
 * The regulation, September 16, p. 29a 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. SOS 
 
 scarcely, after two years' faithful services, think of continuing in 
 the rank he now bears, when new creations are to be made, and 
 men, nowise superior in merit, and ignorant perhaps of service, 
 appointed over his head. A Committee sent to the army from 
 each State may upon the spot fix things, with a degree of propriety 
 and certainty; and it is the only method I can see of bringing 
 matters to a decision, with respect to the officers of the army. But 
 what can be done in the meanwhile towards the arrangement in 
 the country, I know not. In the one case, you run the hazard of 
 losing your officers; in the other, of encountering delay, unless 
 some method could be devised of forwarding both at the same 
 instant. 
 
 ' Upon the present plan, I plainly foresee an intervention of time 
 between the old and new armies, which must be filled up with 
 niilitia, if to be had, with whom no man, who has any regard for 
 his own reputation, can undertake to be answerable for conse- 
 quences. I shall also be mistaken in my conjectures, if we do not 
 lose the most valuable oflicers in this army, under the present mode 
 of appointing them; consequently, if we have an army at all. It 
 will be composed of materials not only entirely raw, but, if un- 
 common pains are not taken, entirely unfit; and I see such a dis- 
 trust andjeahmij of mUilarij ])oivci\ that the Commander-in- Chief 
 has not an opportunUj/, fv/m by recommendation, to give the least 
 assurances of reward for the most essential services. In a vord, 
 such a cloud of perplexinir circvmstancps appears before me, vnlhout 
 one flattering hope, that I am thorovghhj convinced, that unless the 
 most vigorous and decisive exertions are immediatelij adopted to 
 remedy these evils, the certain and absolute loss of our liberties will 
 be the inevitable consequence; as one unhappy stroke will throw 
 a powerful weight into the scale against us, enabling General Howe 
 to recruit his army as fast as we shall ours; numbers being so dis- 
 posed, and many actually doing so already. Seme of the mosf 
 probable remedies, and such as experience has brought to my more 
 intimate knowledge, I have taken the liberty to point oat ; the rest 
 I beg leave to submit to the consideration of Congress. 
 
 ' I ask pardon for taking up so much of their time with my opin- 
 ions. But I should beiray that trust, ivhich they and my countrij 
 have reposed in jne, were 1 to be silent upon a matter so extreme- 
 ly interesting. 
 
 ' With the most perfect esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 279. Wash. Wiit. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 130. 
 
 General Washington to Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 5 October, 1776. 
 ' Indeed, the advantage gained over the enemy's light troops 
 might have been improved perhaps to a considerable extent, had 
 we been in a proper situation to make use of the favorable crisia; 
 
304 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 but a want of confidence in the generality of the troops has prevent- 
 ed me from availing myself of that, and almost every other oppor- 
 tunity which has presented itself. 
 
 ' I own my fears, that this must ever be the case, when our de- 
 pendence is placed on men, enlisted for a few months, commanded 
 by such officers as party or accident may have furnished ; and on 
 militia, who, as soon as they are fairly fixed in the camp, are im- 
 patient to return to their own homes ; and who, from an utter dis- 
 regard of all discipline and restraint among themselves, are too apt 
 to infuse the like spirit into others. The evils of short enlistments 
 and of employing militia to oppose regular and well appointed 
 troops, I strong-l?/ urg-ed to Congress before the last army was en- 
 gaged. Indeed, my own situation at Cambridge, about the close 
 of the last campaign, furnished the most striking example of tha 
 fatal tendency of such measures. I then clearly foresaw, that such 
 an armament as we had good reason to expect would be sent 
 against us, could be opposed only by troops enlisted during the 
 war, and where every action would add to their experience and 
 improvement, and of whom, if they were unsuccessful in the be- 
 ginning, a reasonable hope might be entertained, that in time they 
 would become as well acquainted with their business as their ene- 
 mies. This method, I am convinced, would have been attended 
 with every good consequence ; for, besides the militia being alto- 
 gether unfit for the service, when called into the field, they are 
 much more expensive than any other kind of troops ; and the wai 
 could have been conducted on more moderate terms, by estab- 
 lishing a permanent body of forces, who were equal to every exi 
 gency, than by calling in militia on imminent and pressing occa- 
 sions. 
 
 ' I would not wish to influence your judgment with regard te 
 militia, in the management of Indian affairs, as I am fully per 
 suaded that the inhabitants of the frontier counties in your Colon) 
 are, from inclination as well as ability, peculiarly adapted to tha; 
 kind of warfare. At the same time, I should think it would b« 
 highly advisable, in case you should conceive yourselves to be in 
 danger from any detachment from the British army, or from thei; 
 marines, not to depend on any troops, but such as are well officerea 
 and enlisted to serve during the war. 
 
 ***** 
 
 ' I imagine, before this. Congress have made you acquainted 
 with their Resolutions for raising the new army, and that your Col- 
 ony is to furnish fifteen battalions to be enlisted during the war. 
 As this will occasion the choosing a number of new officers, I 
 would, in the most urgent manner, recommend the utmost care 
 and circumspection in your appointments. * * # One 
 
 circumstance, in this important business, ought to be cautiously 
 guarded against, and that is, the soldiers and officers being too 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 305 
 
 nearly on a level. Discipline and subordination add life and vigor 
 to military movements. The person commanded yields but a re- 
 luctant obedience to those, who, he conceives, are undeservedly 
 made his superiors. The degrees of rank are frequently transferred 
 from civil life into the departments of the army. The true crite- 
 rion to judge by, when past services do not enter into the compe- 
 tition, is, to consider whether the candidate for office has a just 
 pretension to the character of a gentleman, a proper sense of honor, 
 and some reputation to lose. 
 
 ' Perhaps, Sir, you may be surprised at my pressing this advice 
 so strongly as I have done in this letter ; but I have felt the incon- 
 veniences resulting from a contrary principle in so sensible a 
 manner, and this army has been so greatly enfeebled by a dif- 
 ferent line of conduct, that I hope you will readily excuse me. 
 I am, Sir, with sincere regard, your affectionate humble servant.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 137. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 5 October, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — In respect to the exchange oi prisoners, I fear it will be 
 a work of great difficulty, owing to their dispersed and scattered 
 situation throughout the States. In order to effect it, I have written 
 to the Eastern governments to have them collected, and to transmit 
 me an account of their number, * * * I have also 
 
 written to Governor Livingston of the Jerseys upon the subject, 
 and must take the liberty of requesting Congress to give directions 
 that a similar return may be made of those in Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland. * * » # * 
 
 ' I observe, by the Resolve of the 26th ultimo, that the exchange 
 is particularly directed to be made of the officers and soldiers taken 
 on Long Island. But should not that follow the exchange of those 
 officers and men who have lately returned from Quebec, whose 
 imprisonment has been much longer, whose service has not been 
 less severe, and who, in many instances, conducted with great in- 
 trepidity? I have had many applications since their arrival, by 
 which they claim a kind of preference as far as their number and 
 the circumstances of their rank will allow, and which I thought it 
 my duty to mention, that I may obtain some directions upon the 
 subject.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 283. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 140. 
 
 General Lee to General Gates. 
 
 , 14 October, 1776. 
 
 ' I write this scrawl in a hurry. Colonel Wood will describe 
 the position of our army, which in my own breast I do not approve. 
 Inter nos, Congress seem to stumble at every step. I have been very 
 
306 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 free in delivering my opinion to ihera. General Washington is 
 much to blame in not menacing them with resignation, unless they 
 refrain from unhinging the army by their absnrd inierference,' 
 
 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 132. Note. 
 
 General Washington to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Hackinsac, 19 November, 177fi. 
 
 ' In short, it is impossible for me, in the compass of a letter, to 
 give you any idea of our situation, of my difficulties, and of the 
 constant perplexities and mortifications 1 meet wiih, derived from 
 the unhappy policy of short enlismienis, and delaying them too 
 long. Last fall, or ivinter, before the army, which was then to be 
 raised, was set about, I represented in clear and explicit ternn the 
 evils which would arise from short enlistments, the expense which 
 must attend the raising an army every year, the futility of such an 
 army, when raised ; and, if 1 had spoken with a prophetic spirit, I 
 could not have foretold the evils with more accuracy than I did. 
 All t/ie 7/ear since, I have been pressing- Congress to delay no time 
 in engaging men upon such terms as would insure success, telling 
 them that the longer it was delayed the more difficult it would 
 prove. But the measure was not commenced till it was too late to 
 be effected, and then in such a manner, as lo bid adieu to every 
 hope of getting an army, from which any services are to be expect- 
 ed ; the difl'erent States, without regard to the qualifications of an 
 officer, quarrelling about the appointments, and nominating such 
 as are not fit to be shoeblacks, from the local attachments of this or 
 that member of Assembly. 
 
 '■lam wearied almost to death luilh the retrograde vwtion of things, 
 and solemnlij protest, that a pecimiurij reward of twenty thovsand 
 pounds a year ivould not indvcp me to undergo what I do ; and 
 after all, perhaps, to lose my character, as it is impossible, under 
 such a variety of distressing circumstances, to conduct matters 
 agreeal)ly to public expectation, or ev(>n to the expectation of those, 
 who employ me, as they will not make proper alloicances for the 
 difficulties their own errors have occasioned.'' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 1S4. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 To the reader who has duly observed, through the hundred and ninety-nine pages 
 next preceding, the plain traces of a portentous difference in the public views at that 
 period, and of the tendencies of that difference as manifested by the resulting change 
 in public measures, the inquiries below are believed to indicate sufficiently the sub- 
 stance of what is to follow : 
 
 What was the nature of that Difference ? 
 
 What were its effects upon the army, the people, and the general prospect of the 
 country? 
 
 How, and by what Agencies, were those effects averted or controlled 1 
 
 General "Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head Quarters, Heights of Haerlem, 8 October, 1776. 
 ' As an exchange of prisoners is about to take place, I am in- 
 duced, from a question stated in a letter I received from Governor 
 Trumbull this morning, to ask the opinion of Congress, in what 
 manner the States that have had the care of them are to be reim- 
 bursed the expenses incurred on their account. My want of in- 
 formation in this instance, or whether any account is to be sent in 
 with the prisoners, would not allow me to give him an answer, 
 as nothing, that I recollect, has ever been said upon the subject. 
 
 ' The situation of our affairs and the present establishment of 
 the army requiring our most vigorous exertions to engage a new 
 one, I presume it will be necessary to furnish the Paymaster Gen- 
 eral, as early as possible, with money to pay the bounty lately 
 resolved on, to such men as will enlist. Prompt pay perhaps may 
 have a happy effect, and incline the continuance of some who are 
 here ; but, without it, I am certain that nothing can be done ; nor 
 have we time to lose in making the experiment. But, then it may 
 be asked, who is to recruit ? or who can consider themselves as 
 officers for that purpose, till the Conventions of the different States 
 have made their appointments? 
 
 ' Yesterday afternoon the exchange between Lord Stirling and 
 40 
 
308 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Governor Browne was carried into execution; and his Lordship 
 
 is now here.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 289; Wash. Writ. 
 
 By the ahove queries respecting officers ' to recruit' — officers for the eighty-eight 
 battalions — the General evidently alluded again to the Resolve relative to the 
 appointment of those officers, p. 298. 
 
 It may be remembered, that expressions concerning like appointments have already 
 come under notice, where, as in this instance, they seem to have referred wholly or 
 chiefly to the tendencies of the principle involved in the possession of the immediate 
 power to make them. 
 
 The Resolve above referred to, being the third expression of Congress in regard to 
 such appointments, and relating to an intended permanent, instead of a temporary 
 oro-anization, if not meant by its authors to be conclusive on the subject, appears 
 more significant than those which preceded it. 
 
 The measures of that season were by some men seemingly designed, rather to con- 
 stitute the basis of some ulterior political structure partially imagined by them, than to 
 form a sure foundation for that stupendous prerequisite military work, which unac- 
 complished, there had remained to their country, no hope of any conceivable political 
 structure, — nothing pertaining to an independent political existence. The records of 
 those measures show, so far as appears a plan of the structure, the skill of the 
 Architects. 
 
 It is therefore deemed proper, though recollection might seeni to render it unneces- 
 sary, to present in proximity a few extracts from the preceding pages, indicating, 
 upon this subject of appointments, the characteristic views of Congress on tlie one 
 hand, and likewise those of the Commander-in-Chief on the other. 
 
 First Resolve upon the subject, p. 108 : 
 Congress. ' That these * * be formed into a battalion, 
 
 to be commanded by such field-officers, captains, and lieuten- 
 ants, as shall he recommended by the Assembly or Convention 
 of said Colony.^ 
 
 Letter in reference to this Resolve, same page, 108 : 
 Washington. '■I submit it, therefore, to your consideration, iMe/A- 
 er there is, or is not, a propriety in that Resolution of the Con- 
 g-ress, which leaves the ultimate appointment of all officers 
 below the rank of Generals, to the governments ivhere the regi- 
 ments originated, now the army is become Continental. To 
 ME IT APPEARS IMPROPER; it IS giving that power and iveight 
 to an individual Colony, which ought, of right, to belong only 
 to the whole.^ 
 
 Second Expression, p. 194 : 
 
 Congress. ' That the President sign blank commissions, and that 
 the Conventions [of the two Colonies] respectively, f II them vp 
 with the names of such officers as they may think proper, and 
 return a list thereof to the Congress. 
 * That in case of a vacancy, # * the said Conven- 
 
 tions appoint another person to fill vp such vacancy, until a 
 commission shall issue from the Congress, and that they re- 
 turn to the Congress a list of the names of the person or per- 
 sons so appointed.'' 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 309 
 
 Third Resolve, p. 298 : 
 
 ^That the appointment of all officers, and filling up vacancies, 
 (except general officers,) be left to the governments of the 
 several States.^ 
 
 Letter relating to this third Resolve, pp. 302, 303 : 
 
 Washington. ' What must it be, then, under the present regula- 
 tion, where the officers are to negotiate the matter with the 
 State they come from, distant, perhaps, two or three hundred 
 miles. 
 
 '•If an officer of reputation, for none other should be applied to, is 
 asked to stay, what ansiver can he give, but, in the first place, 
 that he does not know whether it is at his option to do so, no 
 provision being made in the Resolution of Congress even recom- 
 mendatory of this measure ; consequently, that it rests with 
 the State he comes from, surrounded perhaps with a variety 
 of applications, and influenced probably by local attachments, 
 to determine whether he can be provided for or not? In the 
 next place, if he is an officer of merit, and knows that the 
 State he comes from is to furnish more battalions than 
 it at present has in the service, he ivill scarcely, after two 
 years' faithful services, think of continuing iri the rank he now 
 bears, when new creations are to be made, and men, nowise 
 superior in merit, and ignorant perhaps of service, appointed 
 over his head. 
 
 ' Upo7i the present plan, I plainly foresee an intervention of time 
 between the old and neiv armies. 
 
 ^ I shall also be mistaken in my conjectures, if ive do not lose the 
 most valuable officers in this army, under the present mode of 
 appointing them. 
 
 '■In a word, such a cloud of perplexing circumstances appears 
 before me, without one flattering hope — ' [See the entire letter.] 
 
 Letter, p. 306 : 
 
 ' But the measure was not commenced till it was too late to be 
 eftected, and then in such a manner, as to bid adieu to getting 
 an army, from which any services are to be expected ; the 
 different States, without regard to the qualifications of an 
 officer, quarrelling about the appointments. 
 
 ' I am wearied almost to death with the retrograde motion of 
 things, * * they [Congress] will not make proper 
 
 allowances for the difficulties their own errors have occasioned! 
 
 In relation to the first of the above Resolves it may be remarked, that, when it was 
 passed, just after General Washington left Congress, there was probably a general 
 expectation of such concessions from Great Britain, as would shortly remove all 
 occasion for a military force, so that its passage was, perhaps, unattended with even a 
 thought of distant consequences. 
 
310 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 But, whatever be the grounds for such conjecture as to the first, the same is quite 
 inapplicable to the second. Other circumstances concur with the then extended and 
 extending preparations for defence by land and sea, to evince, not expectation or even 
 hope of a speedy reconciliation, but the anticipation of a hard and lasting conflict. 
 Some weeks Congress had been fully informed of the General's views on ihe subject 
 of those appointments. Under such circumstances were their deliberations and 
 Resolves, October 10, 11, 12, p. 192. The result of all their deliberations on the 
 subject, appears in their Resolves, p. 194. The mode of appointment then re- 
 solved on, was applied not only to the three battalions designated in them, but also 
 to all the thirty-seven referred to, p. 219. By means of the table and other refer- 
 ences on this page, the material facts relating to those thirty-seven battalions may be 
 readily ascertained. In a few months after, the application was extended likewise to 
 other battalions. 
 
 The circumstances of the third action of Congress on the subject, p. 298, are suffi- 
 ciently explained by the records exhibited in a few immediately preceding pages. 
 
 Attention may now be directed rather to the accumulating evils and difficulties of 
 that awful crisis, and the efforts exerted to remedy or mitigate them. 
 
 In Congress, September 27, 1776. * Two letters, of the 24lh 
 and 25th,* from General Washington, with sundry papers en- 
 closed, * * were laid before Congress, and read, 
 
 ' Ordered, That the letters from General Washington be referred 
 to a committee of five. 
 
 September 30. ' The committee, to whom were referred the 
 letters from General Washington of the 24th and 25th instant, and 
 the papers enclosed therein, brought in their Report, which was 
 taken into con.'^ideration ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Legislatures of the 
 United States, to appoint gentlemen in their respective States, 
 skilful in physic and surgery, to examine those who offer to serve 
 as surgeons or surgeons' mates in the army or navy; and that no 
 surgeon or mate shall hereafter receive a commission, or warrant 
 to act as such, in the army or navy, who shall not produce a cer- 
 tificate from some one or more of the examiners so to be appointed, 
 to prove that he is qualified to execute the office : 
 
 ' That all regimental surgeons and mates, as well as those of 
 the hospital, be subject to the direction and control of the directors 
 in the several departments : 
 
 ' That no soldier be discharged from the service as disabled, 
 
 * * nor be excused from duty for sickness, unless the 
 
 certificate of disability * or of sickness be countersigned 
 
 by the director, assistant-physician, or first-surgeon of the hospital, 
 
 where access may be had to them. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the remainder of the said Report be postponed. 
 
 October 7. '■Resolved, That a Commissary of prisoners of war 
 be appointed in each of the United States :'\ 
 
 ' That the said Commissaries be directed to make monthly 
 returns of the state and condition of the prisoners, under their re- 
 spective care, to the Board of War : 
 
 * See pp, 292, 298. t See p. 299, and others there referred to. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 311 
 
 ' That the said Commissaries be appointed by the respective 
 Slates. 
 
 ' Congress took into consideration the report of the Committee 
 on the letters from General Washington of the 24th and 25ih of 
 September ; whereupon, 
 
 '■Resolved, That as a farther encouragement for gentlemen of abili- 
 ties to engage as commission officers in the battalions to be fur- 
 nished by the several States, to serve during the war, their monthly- 
 pay be increased, as follows : 
 
 ' A Colonel, [from 50] to 75 ; Lieutenant-Colonel, [from 40] to 
 60; a Major, [from 33 1-3] to 50 ; Captain, [from 20] to 40 ; Lieu- 
 tenant, [from 13 1-3] to 27; Ensign, [from 10] to 20; Quarter- 
 master, [from 18 1-3] to 27 1-2 ; Adjutant, [from 18 1-3] to 40 
 dollars. 
 
 '-Resolved, That the farther consideration of the Report be 
 postponed. 
 
 October 8. *Two letters, of the 4th and 5th,* from General 
 Washington, with sundry papers enclosed, * * were read : 
 
 ' Whereas it is necessary that the most speedy and effectual 
 measures be taken for raising the new army, 
 
 '■Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assemblies, Conven- 
 tions, and Councils of Safety of the several States, which have 
 any regiments now in the Continental service, either at New York, 
 Ticonderoga, or New Jersey, that they forthwith appoint Commit- 
 tees to proceed to those places, with full powers to appoint all the 
 officers of the regiments to be raised by their States under the new 
 establishment, that such officers may proceed immediately to enlist 
 such men as are now in the service, and incline to reenlist during 
 the war, and that such Committees be instructed to advise with 
 the general officers, and promote such officers as have distinguished 
 themselves for their abilities, activity and vigilance in the service : 
 
 ' That the said Committee be also instructed not to appoint any 
 officer, who has left, or shall leave his station in the army, and is 
 absent without leave from the General, or some other officer having 
 authority to grant the same. 
 
 '■Ordered, That a copy of the above Resolutions be sent to each 
 of the United States. 
 
 * Congress resumed the consideration of the Reports of the Com- 
 mittee on the General's letters, and of that which went to the 
 Camp ; t whereupon, 
 
 'Resolved, That for the farther encouragement of the non-com- 
 missioned officers and soldiers, who shall engage in the service during 
 the war, a suit of clothes be annually given each of the said officers 
 
 * See pp. 301, 305. 
 
 t That Committee to Camp, composed of Messrs. Sherman, Gerry, and Lewis, were 
 appointed Sept. 22. Having returned from that service, they reported to Congress, 
 Oct. 3. s 
 
312 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 and soldiers, to consist, for the present year, of two linen hunting- 
 shirts, two pair of overalls, a leathern or woollen waistcoat with 
 sleeves, one pair of breeches, a hat or leathern cap, two shirts, two 
 pair of hose, and two pair of shoes, amounting in the whole to the 
 value of twenty dollars, or that sum, to be paid to each soldier, 
 who shall procure those articles for himself, and produce a certi- 
 ficate thereof, from the Captain of the company to which he be- 
 longs, to the Paymaster of the regiment. 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assemblies and Con- 
 ventions of the respective States, from Virginia to New Hamp- 
 shire, inclusively, to take the most effectual measures for com- 
 pleting, by the 10th of November, their proportions of the levies to 
 be raised during the war. 
 
 ' As the army has greatly suffered through the defect of some of 
 the regimental officers, 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Assemblies and Con- 
 ventions of the respective States, to use their utmost endeavors, 
 that all the officers to be hereafter appointed, be men of honor and 
 known abilities, without a particular regard to their having before 
 been in service. 
 
 ^October 9. ^Resolved, That no regimental hospitals be, for the 
 future, allowed in the neighborhood of the general hospital: 
 
 ' That each of the hospitals be supplied by the respective direct- 
 ors, with such # # * and other necessaries, as 
 they may judge expedient. 
 
 ' That they make weekly returns to Congress and the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief: 
 
 ' That a Commissary of Clothing be appointed for each of the 
 armies of the United States, whose duty shall be, to make constant 
 returns to the Assemblies or Conventions of the respective States, 
 of the clothing wanted for their several regiments, to receive and 
 pay for the same, to deliver it to the Paymasters of the respective 
 regiments, to be by them distributed to the non-commissioned 
 officers and soldiers, and deducted from their wages respectively, 
 unless allowed as a bounty by Congress.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 9 October, 1776. 
 ' About eight o'clock this morning, two ships of forty-four guns 
 each, supposed to be the Roebuck and Phoenix, and a frigate of 
 twenty guns, with three or four tenders, got under way from about 
 Bloomingdale, where they had been lying some time, and stood with 
 an easy southern breeze towards our chevaux-de-frise, which we 
 hoped would have intercepted their passage while our batteries 
 played upon them; but, to our surprise and mortification, they 
 ran through without receiving any apparent damage from our forts, 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 31.^ 
 
 though they kept up a heavy fire from both sides of the river. 
 Their destination or views cannot be known with certainty ; but 
 most probably they are sent to stop the navigation, and cut off the 
 supplies of boards, &c., which we should have received, and of 
 which we are in great need. They are standing up, and I have 
 despatched an express to the Convention of this State, that notice 
 may be immediately communicated to General Clinton at the 
 Highland fortifications, to put him on his guard in case they should 
 have any designs against them, and that precautions may be taken 
 to prevent the craft belonging to the river falling into their hands. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 291. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 148. 
 
 On being informed of this occurrence, Congress passed the following Resolution : 
 
 October 11. ^Resolved, That General Washington be desired, 
 if it be practicable, by every art and whatever expense, to obstruct 
 effectually the navigation of the North River, between Fort Wash- 
 ington and Mount Constitution,* as well to prevent the regress of the 
 enemy's frigates lately gone up, as to hinder them from receiving 
 succors.' 
 
 General Washington to Governor Cooke. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 12 October, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — As the situation of our affairs, and the approaching 
 dissolution of the present army, call for every possible exertion on 
 our part to levy a new one ; and knowing that your State is about 
 to make an arrangement of officers for the quota of troops it is to 
 furnish,! and that you may wish to know those among them, who 
 have served with reputation and bravery, I have thought it expe- 
 dient to obtain a return by such means as seemed most likely to 
 be well founded. To this end I have made inquiry ; and the 
 enclosed list, which I have the honor to transmit to you, compre- 
 hends the names of those, who, in public estimation, and that of 
 the Generals under whom they have more particularly acted, have 
 behaved themselves to good acceptance, and whose past conduct 
 gives a reasonable hope, that they will render material services to 
 their country. 
 
 ' The advantages arising from a judicious appointment of offi- 
 cers, and of the fatal consequences that result from the want of 
 them, are too obvious to require arguments to prove them. I shall 
 therefore beg leave to add only, that, as the well-doing, nay, the 
 very existence of every army, to any profitable purpose, depends 
 
 * Subsequently called Fort Lee. 
 
 t By the Resolve respecting the quotas, Sept. 16, p. 298, the several States were to 
 furnish : — New Hampshire, 3 battalions; Massachusetts, 15; Rhode Island, 2 ; Con- 
 necticut, 8 ; New York, 4; New Jersey, 4 ; Pennsylvania, 12; Delaware, 1; Mary- 
 land, 8; Virginia, 15; North Carolina, 9; South Carolina, 6; Georgia, 1. 
 
314 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 upon it, too much regard cannot be had to the choosing of men of 
 merit, and such as are not only under the influence of a warm 
 attachment to their country, but who also possess sentiments and 
 principles of the strictest honor. * * * I would 
 
 also beg leave to subjoin, that it appears to me absolutely neces- 
 sary, that this business should have your earliest attention, that 
 those who are nominated, may employ their interest and influence 
 to recruit men out of your troops who are now here, and without 
 loss of time. 
 
 ' I flatter myself, that the freedom I have taken in the instances 
 above, will have the indulgence and pardon of your State, when I 
 assure you, that the list which you will receive, is not intended to 
 exclude gentlemen of greater merit, nor transmitted with other 
 views, than to assist you, and promote the general good. * 
 
 * * I have done the same for Governor Trumbull, 
 
 at his particular request; and the officers are making out a return, 
 to be laid before the INIassachusetts Assembly, of the same nature, 
 so far as it concerns the oflicers of their State. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 149. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, October 12, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — The enclosed copy of a letter received last night from 
 the Convention of this State, will show you the apprehensions they 
 are under, on account of the disaffected among them. I have or- 
 dered up a part of the militia from Massachusetts under General 
 Lincoln, to prevent, if possible, the consequences which they suggest 
 may happen, and which there is reason to believe the conspirators 
 have in contemplation. I am persuaded, that they are upon the 
 eve of breaking out, and that they will leave nothing unessayed, 
 that will distress us, and favor the designs of the enemy, as soon 
 as their schemes are ripe for it.' 
 
 October lolh. — ' Sir, — Yesterday the enemy landed at Frog's 
 Point, about nine miles from hence further up the Sound. Their 
 number we cannot ascertain, as they have not advanced from the 
 Point, which is a kind of island ; but the water that surrounds it is 
 fordable at low tide. I have ordered works to be thrown up at the 
 passes from the Point to the Main. From the great number of 
 sloops, schooners, and nine ships, that went up the Sound in the 
 evening, full of men, and from the information of two deserters 
 who came over last night, I have reason to believe that the greatest 
 part of their army has moved upwards or is about to do it, pursu- 
 ing their original plan of getting in our rear, and cutting oft' our 
 communication with the country.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 292. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 151. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. ^15 
 
 Same, by his Secretary, to the President of Congress. 
 
 Hrigiits of Haerlem, 14 October, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — His Excellency having gone this morning to visit our 
 posts beyond Kingsbridge and the several passes leading from 
 Frog's Point and the necks adjacent, I have the honor to inform 
 you by his command, that no interesting event has taken place 
 since his letter by yesterday's post. 
 
 ' Every day's intelligence irom the Convention of this State 
 holds forth discoveries of new plots and of new conspiracies. 
 Some of the members seem to apprehend that insurrections are 
 upon the eve of breaking out, and have suggested the necessity of 
 seizing and securing the passes through the Highlands, lest the 
 disaiiected should do it. Their preservation being a matter of the 
 greatest importance, his Excellency, notwithstanding the situation 
 we are in with respect to troops, has detached Colonel Tash with 
 his regiment, lately from New Hampshire, in addition to the mi- 
 litia mentioned in his last, with directions to receive orders from 
 the Convention, as to the station and posts he is to occupy. 
 
 ' There are now in our possession several persons, inhabitants 
 of this State, who had engaged to join the enemy, and were inter- 
 cepted in going to them. There are also two who confess they 
 have been with them, and that they had actually engaged in their 
 service; but finding the terms, (the bounty, pay, &c.,) not so ad- 
 vantageous as they expected from the information they had re- 
 ceived, they were induced to return. 
 
 ' As the affairs of this government are in a precarious situation, 
 and such as, the Convention themselves seem to think, forbid their 
 interposition farther than taking measures to apprehend them, his 
 Excellency would wish to obtain the sentiments of Congress, and 
 their direction upon a subject so extremely critical and delicate, 
 and which, in the consideration of it, involves many important 
 consequences. R. H. Harrison.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 293. Wash. Writ. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 15 October, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — Every day's intelligence from the Convention of this 
 State mentions plots and conspiracies, which are in agitation 
 among the disaffected. * # * * 
 
 ' The movements of the enemy, their having sent up some of 
 their ships in the North River, their landing a large proportion if 
 not the main body of their army on Frog's Point, and the informa- 
 tion of deserters, — all these afford a strong presumption, nay, 
 almost a certainty, that they are pursuing their original plan of 
 getting in our rear and cutting oft' all our supplies. 
 
 * As we are obliged to divide our force and guard every probable 
 41 
 
316 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 place of attack as well as we can, as most of our stores are here 
 and about Kingsbridge, and the preservation of the communication 
 with the States on the other side of Hudson's River is a matter of 
 great importance, it will not be possible for me to detach any more 
 assistance, than what I have already done, for the purpose of se- 
 curing the passes in the Highlands. I have sent Colonel Tash, 
 lately from New Hampshire, with his regiment, upon the business; 
 and as it is of the utmost consequence to possess those passes, and 
 to hold them free and open, I would beg leave to submit to your 
 consideration, whether you can spare any aid upon this interesting 
 occasion. I know your exertions already are great ; I know you 
 have a large number of men engaged in the service, in this and 
 the Northern army; and nothing would have induced me to men- 
 tion this matter to you, were it not for the alarming and melan- 
 choly consequences, which would result from the enemy's pos- 
 sessing themselves of those communications. * * # 
 If it is in your power to afford any assistance, you will be pleased 
 to give such instructions to those whom you may send, as you 
 shall judge necessary. I am just despatching to the Convention 
 an engineer to throw up some small works. I have sent two 
 regiments of the Massachusetts militia up the river, to watch the 
 motions of the ships, and to oppose any landing of men, that they 
 may attempt. I am also extending every part of my force, that I 
 possibly can, towards East and West Chester, to oppose the 
 enemy and prevent their effecting their plan, if it shall be practi- 
 cable. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 152. 
 
 The Secretary to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heights of Haerlem, 17 October, 1776. 
 ' I am directed by his Excellency to acquaint you, that we are 
 again obliged to change our disposition, to counteract the opera- 
 tions of the enemy. Declining an attack upon our front, they have 
 drawn the main body of their army to Frog's Point, with a design 
 of hemming us in, and drawing a line in our rear. To prevent the 
 consequences which would but too probably follow the execution 
 of their scheme, the general officers determined yesterday that our 
 forces must be taken from hence, and extended towards East and 
 West Chester, so as to outflank them. General Lee, who arrived 
 on Monday,* has strongly urged the absolute necessity of the 
 measure. It is proposed to leave a garrison at Fort Washington, 
 and to maintain it if possible,! in order to preserve the communi- 
 cation with the Jerseys- 
 
 * As has been seen, General Lee had returned from his command in the Southern 
 Department. He arrived at Philadelphia, October 7. 
 t In obedience to the Resolve of Congress, October 11, p. 313. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 317 
 
 * They are landing their artillery and wagons upon the Point, 
 and Ihere are now several boats passing up the Sound, full of men.' 
 
 King-sb ridge, October 20//i, half past one o'clock, P. 31. — ' The 
 enemy are pursuing, with great industry, the plan of penetrating 
 the country from the Sound, and of forming a line in our rear. 
 They are now extended from Frog's Point to New Rochelle, from 
 whence it is generally conjectured they mean to take their route by 
 way of the White Plains, and from thence to draw a line to the 
 North River. We on our part have drawn our whole force, except 
 the regiments intended to garrison Fort Washington, from the 
 island of New York, and have possessed ourselves of the hejohls, 
 passes, and advantageous grounds, between New Rochelle, where 
 the van of their army now lies, and ihe North River. They will 
 in all probability attempt to effect their purpose by moving higher 
 up. If they do, our forces will move accordingly, it being a prin- 
 cipal object to prevent their outflanking us. 
 
 ' On Friday, one of their advanced parties, near East Chester, 
 fell in with a part of Colonel Glover's brigade, and a smart and 
 close skirmish ensued, in which, I have the pleasure to inform you, 
 our men behaved with great coolness and intrepidity, and drove 
 the enemy back to the main body. I have the honor to be, &c,' 
 
 'R. H. Harrison.' 
 
 Lond. ed, vol. i. pp. 294, 295. Wash. Writ. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Valentine's Hill, 22 October, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — From my remote situation, and my ignorance of 
 the country in which ihe army under your command to the north- 
 ward is to act, it is impossible for me to give any peremptory 
 orders, or scarcely any opinion, as to the direction of matters in 
 your quarter. I am confident your own good sense, zeal, and 
 activity will suggest to you the most probable means of makino- 
 amends for the heavy loss we have sustained by the destruction of 
 General Arnold's fleet upon Lake Champlain ; but my experience 
 of the many evils attending the calling in of a considerable body 
 of raw militia obliges me to give you my sentiments upon that 
 head, and to tell you, that I fear they will render you more dis- 
 service than any real good. From their want of every necessary for 
 a camp, when they join a regular army, they commit an intolerable 
 waste of stores, which once put into their hands can scarcely be 
 regained, and are so much dead loss to the public ; and for want 
 of regularity in their drafts of ammunition, provision, and other 
 necessaries, they consume much more than it is convenient to 
 spare from a garrison even near a source of supplies, much less 
 from one at such a distance, that it requires every exertion to keep 
 up the magazines in the best of times. 
 
 ' I have been informed, that Ticonderoga, properly garrisoned 
 
318 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 and supplied with provision and ammunition, is almost impregna- 
 ble, even at a season of the year when an army can lie before it 
 with the greatest conveniency. If so, instead of calling up a num- 
 ber of useless hands and months, for such I deem the militia gen- 
 eraUy, I would advise the collecting of as much provision as can 
 possibly be got together, which, if sufficient for nine thousand 
 effective men, of which number your army consisted by General 
 Arnold's letter, I should imagine you could keep Burgoyne and 
 Carleton at bay, till the Vigor of the season would oblige them to 
 raise the siege, not only from want of conveniences to keep the 
 field, but from the fear that the freezing of the Lake would make 
 their return impracticable in case of accident. * « * 
 
 I am unacquainted with the extent of your works, and consequent- 
 ly ignorant of the number of troops necessary to man them. If 
 your present numbers should be insufficient, I would then by all 
 means advise your making up the deficiency out of the best regu- 
 lated militia that can be got. Some might likewise be useful in 
 bringing up supplies, and fill the places of men, who would render 
 more service with arms in their hands. You will always be kind 
 enough to bear in mind, that I am giving my opinion, not issuing 
 my orders. The vexation I have experienced from the humors 
 and intolerable caprice of militia, at a critical time, makes me feel 
 sensibly for the officer, who is to depend on them in the day of 
 trial. Upon the whole, I beg you may not be influenced by any 
 thing I have thrown out. You have had experience of the temper 
 of the people, who will probably march to your assistance, and 
 therefore know whether they differ in character from those, who 
 have reinforced the army under my command. In full confidence, 
 that you will do what seems best to your judgment, I submit the 
 matter entirely to you, esteeming myself happy if any hints of mine 
 may be serviceable. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 155. 
 
 The Secretary to the President of Congress. 
 
 White Plains, 29 October, 1776. 
 'Sir, — The situation of our affairs not permitting his Excel- 
 lency to write himself, I have it in charge to inform you, that, on 
 yesterday morning about ten o'clock, the enemy appeared in sev- 
 eral large columns in our front, and, from their first movements, 
 seemed as if they meant to attack there. However, halting for a 
 little time, their main body filed off to our left, and presently began 
 a most severe and incessant cannonade at a part of our troops who 
 had taken post on a hill, with a view of throwing up some lines. 
 At the same time they advanced in two divisions, and, after a 
 smart engagement for about a quarter of an hour, obliged our men 
 to give way.* 
 
 * The battle of White Plains. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 319 
 
 * Our loss is not certainly known ; but, from conjecture, is be- 
 tween four and five hundred in killed, wounded, and missing.* 
 What theirs was we have not heard.' 
 
 October Zlst. — 'The enemy are throwing up some lines and 
 redoubts in our front, with a view of cannonading as soon as they 
 are ready ; and at the same time are extending their wings farther 
 by our right and left. It is supposed that one of their objects is to 
 advance a part of their troops, and seize on the bridge over Croton 
 River, that the communication may be cut off with the upper 
 country. To prevent this, a part of our force is detached, with 
 orders to proceed with the utmost expedition, and to secure the 
 pass, if possible. 
 
 ' We are trying to remove, to guard against their designs, but 
 are greatly impeded by reason of the scarcity of wagons in pro- 
 portion to our baggage and stores. Every exertion has been em- 
 ployed to obtain a sufficiency ; but they cannot be had in this part 
 of the country. The Quartermaster has sent to Connecticut to get 
 a supply if possible. 
 
 ' Our army is decreasing fast. Several gentlemen, who have 
 come to camp within a few days, have observed large numbers of 
 militia returning home on the different roads ; nor are any meas- 
 ures taken as yet to raise the new army, no Commissioners having' 
 come from the States to appoint or signify the nomination of their 
 ojficers.^ * # * # His Excellency would have 
 
 written himself by the person who carries this to the care of Gen- 
 eral Greene, but his attention is totally engaged in ordering the 
 affairs of the army, and the best mode for its removal. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c. R. H. Harrison.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 300. Wash. Writ. 
 
 General Greene to General Washington. 
 
 King's Ferry, 5 November, 1776. 
 
 * I am now in the State of New York, and am informed by 
 Colonel Hawkes Hay, that the militia whom he commands, refuse 
 to do duty. They say " General Howe has promised them peace^ 
 liberty, and safety., a)id that is all they want^ What is to be done 
 with them? This spirit should be crushed in its infancy. I 
 propose to send to the Colonel about fifiy men, and I have di- 
 rected him to acquaint the militia, that, if they refuse to do duty, 
 agreeably to the orders of the State, I will send up a regiment here 
 and march ihem to Fort Lee to do duty there. 1 beg your Excel- 
 lency's further orders.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 162. Note. 
 
 * The actual loss little exceeded half of that numher. 
 
 t ' No Commissioners ' in compliance with the Resolve, Oct. 8, p. 311. 
 
320 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 White Plains, 6 November, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have the honor to inform you, that yesterday morning 
 the enemy made a sudden and unexpected movement from the 
 several posts they had taken in our front. They broke up their 
 whole encampments the preceding night, and have advanced to- 
 wards Kingsbridge and the North River. The design of this 
 manceuvre is a matter of much conjecture and speculation, and 
 cannot be accounted for with any degree of certainly. The grounds 
 we had taken possession of were strong and advantageous, and 
 such as they could not have gained without much loss of blood in 
 case an attempt had been made. I had taken every possible pre- 
 caution to prevent their outHanking us ; which may have led to 
 the present measure. They may still have in view their original 
 plan, and, by a sudden wheel, try to accomplish it. Detachments 
 are constantly out to observe their motions, and to harrass them as 
 much as possible. 
 
 ' In consequence of this movement I called a council of general 
 officers to-day, to consult on such measures as should be adopted 
 in case they pursued their retreat to New York ; the result of which 
 is herewith transmitted. In respect to myself, I cannot indulge an 
 idea that General Howe, supposing he is going to New York, 
 means to close the campaign, and to sit down without attempting 
 something more. I think it highly probable, and almost certain, 
 that he will make a descent with a part of his troops into Jersey; 
 and, as soon as I am satisfied, that the present manoeuvre is real 
 and not a feint, I shall use every means in my power to forward a 
 part of our force to counteract his designs ; nor shall I be disap- 
 pointed if he sends a detachment to the southward for the purpose 
 of making a winter campaign. From the information I have 
 received, there is now a number of transports at Red Hook, with 
 about three thousand troops on board. # * * 
 
 ' From the approaching dissolution of the army, and the de- 
 parture of the neiv levies,* which is on the eve of taking place, and 
 the little prospect of levying a new one in time, I have written to 
 the Eastern States, by the unanimous advice of the general officers, 
 to forward supplies of militia in the room of those that are now 
 here, and who, it is feared, will not be prevailed on to stay any 
 longer than the time they are engaged for. The propriety of this 
 application, I trust, will appear, when it is known that not a single 
 officer is i/ff commissioned to recruit, and when it is considered 
 how essential it is to keep up some show of force and shadow of 
 an army. I expect the enemy will send their force against Fort 
 
 * Those troops which were ordered, June 3, p. 233, ' to be engaged to the first day 
 of December.' 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 321 
 
 Washington, and invest it immediately. From some advices, it is 
 an object that will attract their earliest attention. 
 
 ' I am happy to inform you, that, in the engagement on Monday 
 se'nnight,* I have reason to believe our loss was by no means so 
 considerable as was conjectured at first. # # The force 
 
 that will be sent to Jersey after I am satisfied of Mr. Howe's re- 
 tr<^at, in addition to those now there, according to my present 
 opinion, will make it necessary for me to go with them to put 
 things in a proper channel, and such a way of defence as shall 
 seem most probable to check the progress of the enemy, in case 
 they should attempt a descent there, or move towards Philadelphia. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 305. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 157. 
 
 Thus, it appears by this letter, that, November fi, 'not a single officer [was] com- 
 missioned ' for the eighty-eight battalions resolved on, Sept. 16, p. 298; but the fol- 
 lowing Proceedings show that Congress, after the receipt of Colonel Harrison's letters 
 of October 29, 31, pp. 318, 319, were induced to modify the provisions for their ap- 
 pointment, and likewise for other objects. 
 
 In Congrkss, November 4, 1776. — ' Whereas it is manifest, 
 that unless effectual measures are immediately taken for reenlisting 
 the army, the safety of the States may be greatly endangered ; 
 
 ^Resolved, That the President write to the Commander-in-Chief, 
 and inform him, that if, upon receipt of this Resolution, Commis- 
 sioners from the respective States, for the purpose of appointing 
 officers, shall not have arrived, he is then, after consulting and 
 advising with such of his Generals as he can conveniently call 
 together, immediately to grant warrants to such of the officers from 
 the respective States, which have not Commissioners present au- 
 thorized as aforesaid, as he shall think deserving of commissions : 
 
 ' That the officers so to be appointed, proceed, with the utmost 
 expedition, to recruit their regiments to their full complement: 
 
 ' That commissions be sent to General Washington as soon as 
 possible, to be given to such officers as he shall appoint by warrants, 
 in consequence of the foregoing Resolution : 
 
 ' That the Commander-in-Chief be desired to take such steps 
 as he shall think most proper for continuing the militia now in 
 camp : 
 
 ' That, for this purpose, he write to such of the States as now 
 have militia in the government of New York, requesting their 
 assistance in this business ; and that he be farther desired to apply 
 to the neighboring States for such additional aid as he may 
 require: 
 
 ' That a letter to the same import be written to General Schuyler.' 
 
 The following is one of the letters written to the Eastern States^ as mentioned in 
 the last : 
 
 * The same engagement or battle, mentioned p. 318. 
 
322 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 To the Assembly of Massachusetts. 
 
 White Plains, 6 November, 1776. 
 
 'Gentlemen, — The situation of our affairs is critical and 
 alarming. The dissolution of our army is fast approaching, and 
 but little, if any, prospect of levying a new one in a reasonable 
 time. Large numbers of it, under the denomination of new levies, 
 are now on the eve of their departure, and this, at a time when the 
 enemy have a very numerous and formidable force, watching an 
 opportunity to execute their plans and to spread ruin and devasta- 
 tion among us. Impressed with the importance of these matters, 
 I this day laid them before a council of general officers, with a 
 view of obtaining their opinion upon the same, and upon the 
 measures, which, in their judgment, should be immediately adopt- 
 ed. The result was, that I should apply to several of the States 
 for militia, and that your honorable Assembly should be requested 
 to furnish, as soon as possible, four thousand as their quota, to be 
 properly accoutred and equipped with every necessary, to supply 
 the place of those, who are now here under General Lincoln, and 
 who, 1 fear, will not be prevailed upon to stay longer than the lime 
 they at first engaged for. The hope and probability of raising a 
 new army, within a convenient time, are so little, and the conse- 
 quences so evidently alarming, if a sufficient force is not kept up 
 to counteract the designs of the enemy in the mean time, that the 
 Council and myself have unanimously agreed, that the militia 
 should be engaged, if possible, to continue till the 1st of March, 
 unless their services can be sooner dispensed with. We flatter 
 ourselves, by that time, if not before, such an army will be levied, 
 as to render any future claims upon them, unless in cases of the 
 most pressing emergency, altogether unnecessary. 
 
 ' From the experience I have had of your past exertions in times 
 of difficulty, I know that nothing in your power to effect will be 
 wanting, and with the greatest confidence I trust, that the present 
 requisition wiU have your most ready approbation and compliance, 
 being in some degree anticipated by the inquiry you have directed 
 to be made into the state of our affairs, and whether any farther aid 
 will be necessary. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 161. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Livingston, New Jersey. 
 
 White Plains, 7 November, 1776. 
 £ SiR^ — On Tuesday morning the enemy broke up their en- 
 campments, which were in front of our lines, after having remained 
 there several days without attempting any thing. They have gone 
 towards the North River and Kingsbridge. This sudden and un- 
 expected movement is a matter of much speculation. * * 
 * That they will invest Fort Washington is a matter of 
 which there can be no doubt ; and I think there is a strong proba- 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 323 
 
 bility, that General Howe will detach a part of his forces to make 
 an incursion into the Jerseys, provided he is going to New York. 
 
 * * * Persuaded that an expedition to the Jerseys 
 will succeed his arrival in New York with a detachment of his 
 army, as soon as I can be satisfied, that the present manoeuvre is a 
 real retreat, and not a feint, I shall throw over a body of our troops 
 with the utmost expedition, to assist in checking his progress. At 
 the same time I beg leave to recommend to your consideration the 
 propriety and necessity, that some measures should be taken to 
 place your militia on the best footing possible, and that a part of 
 them may be in readiness to supply the place of the troops, denom- 
 inated new levies, from your State, whose term of service will 
 presently expire. Your vigilance and attention, I know, will not 
 be wanting in any instance. Yet, there is one thing more I will 
 take the liberty to mention ; that is, that the inhabitants contiguous 
 to the water, should be prepared to remove their stock, grain, 
 effects, and carriages, upon the earliest notice. If they are not so, 
 the calamities, which they will suffer, will be beyond all descrip- 
 tion, and the advantages derived by the enemy immensely great. 
 
 * * * What cannot be removed with convenience 
 should be consumed without the least hesitation.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 162, 
 
 Same to General Greene. 
 
 He AD- Quarters, 8 November, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — The late passage of three vessels up the North River, of 
 which we have just received advice, is so plain a proof of the in- 
 efficacy of all the obstructions we have thrown into it, that I 
 cannot but think it will fully justify a change in the disposition, 
 which has been made. If we cannot prevent vessels from passing 
 up, and the enemy are possessed of the surrounding country, what 
 valuable purpose can it answer to attempt to hold a post, from 
 which the expected benefit cannot be had? I am, therefore, in- 
 clined to think, that it will not be prudent to hazard the men and 
 stores at Mount Washing-ton ; but, as you are on the spot, I leave 
 it to you to give such orders, as to evacuating Mount Washington, 
 as you may judge best; * * . 
 
 * The best accounts obtained from the enemy assure us of a 
 considerable movement among their boats last evening ; and so 
 far as can be collected from the various sources of intelligence, they 
 must design a penetration into Jersey, and to fall down upon 
 your post. You will therefore immediately have all the stores re- 
 moved, which you do not deem necessary for your defence ; and 
 as the enemy have drawn great relief from the forage and pro- 
 visions, * * which our tenderness spared, you will 
 do well to prevent their receiving any fresh supplies there, by 
 destroying them, if the inhabitants will not drive off their stock and 
 42 
 
324 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 remove the hay and grain in time. Experience has shown, that 
 the contrary conduct is not of the least advantage to the poor in- 
 habitants, from whom all their effects of every kind are taken, 
 without distinction and without the least satisfaction. 
 
 ' Troops are filing off from hence as fast as our situation and 
 circumstances will admit, in order to be transported over the river 
 with all expedition.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 164. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Peekskill, 11 November, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — Ihave onlytimeto acknowledge the honor of your lett<>r 
 of the 5th instant, and its several enclosures, and to inform you, 
 that, agreeably to the Resolves of Congress, T shall use every 
 n'jeasure in my power, that the moving and present confused state 
 of the army will admit, to appoint officers for recruiting:*' You will 
 have been advised, before this, of the arrival of Commissioners 
 from Massachusetts. Others have come from Connecticut ; but, 
 from the present appearance of things, we seem but little if any 
 nearer to levying an army. I had anticipated the Resolve respect- 
 ing the militia, by writing to the Eastern States and to the Jer- 
 seys,! by the advice of my general officers, and from a conscious- 
 ness of the necessity of getting in a number of men if possible, to 
 keep vp the appearance of an army. How my applications will 
 succeed, the event must determine. I have linle or no reason to 
 expect, that the militia now here will remain a day longer than the 
 time they first engaged for. I have recommended their slay, and 
 requested it in general orders. General Lincoln and the Massa- 
 chusetts Commissioners are using their interest with those from 
 that State ; but, as far as I can judge, we cannot rely on their 
 staying. 
 
 ' I left White Plains about eleven o'clock yesterday. The enemy 
 appeared to be preparing for their expedition to Jersey, according 
 to every information. What their designs are, or whether their 
 present conduct is not a feint, I cannot determine. The Maryland 
 and Virginia troops, under Lord Stirling, have crossed the river, 
 as part of those from the Jerseys; the remainder are now embark- 
 ing. The troops, judged necessary to secure the several posts 
 through the Highlands, have also got up. I am going to examine 
 the passes, and direct such works as may appear necessary ; after 
 which, and making the best disposition I can of things in this 
 quarter, I intend to proceed to Jersey, which I expect to do to- 
 morrow. 
 
 * See the Resolve, conditionally empowering the General to make those appoint- 
 ments, &c., November 4, p. 321. 
 
 t See the letter to Governor Trumbull, Oct. 15. p. 315, and those to the Assem- 
 bly of Massachusetts and to Governor Livingston, Nov. 6, 7, p. 322. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 325 
 
 ' The Assemblies of Massachusetts and Connecticut, to induce 
 their men more readily to engage in the service, have voted an 
 advance pay of twenty shillings per month, in addition to that 
 allowed by Congress to privates. It may perhaps be the means of 
 their levying the quotas exacted from them sooner than they could 
 otherwise have been raised ; but I am of opinion, that a more fatal 
 and mistaken policy could not have entered their councils, or one 
 more detrimental to the general cause. The influence of the vote 
 will become Continental, and materially afi'ect the other States in 
 making up their levies. If they could do it, I am certain, when 
 the troops come to act together, that jealousy, impatience, and mu- 
 tiny would necessarily arise. A different pay cannot exist in the 
 same army. The reasons are obvious, and experience has proved 
 their force in the case of the Eastern and Southern troops last 
 spring.* Sensible of this, and of the pernicious consequences, that 
 would inevitably result from the advance, I have prevented the 
 Commissioners from proceeding, or publishing their terms, till they 
 could obtain the sense of Congress upon the subject, and remon- 
 strated against it in a letter to Governor Trumbull. I am not 
 singular in opinion ; I have the concurrence of all the general 
 officers, as to its fatal tendency. I congratulate you and Congress 
 upon the news from Ticonderoga, and that General Carleton and 
 his army have been obliged to return to Canada without attempt- 
 ing any thing. I have the honor to be,' &c. 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 309. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 171. 
 
 The above-mentioned letter to Governor Trumbull, was as follows: 
 
 To Governor Trumbull. 
 
 Head-Quarters, 10 November, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I was yesterday evening favored with a call by the gen- 
 tlemen appointed Commissioners from your State to arrange your 
 officers, and to adopt some line of conduct for recruiting the quota 
 of men, which you are to furnish. In discussing this subject, the 
 gentlemen informed me, that your Assembly, to induce their men 
 to enlist more readily into the service, had passed a vote advanc- 
 ing their pay twenty shillings per month, over and above that 
 allowed by Congress. It is seldom^ that I interfere vnth th.e deter- 
 minations of any public bodij, or venture to hold forth my opinion 
 contrary to the decisions, which they form; but upon this occasion, 
 I must take the liberty to mention, especially as the influence of 
 
 * It should be noticed, that there was no difference of pay to the troops of the 
 Southern and Eastern Departments, sir dollars and two thirds being allowed to those 
 of the former as well as of the latter; that the lower pay of five dollars, alluded to 
 above, was extendeil through the Middle Department only; and that, in the spring, 
 troops of this and the Eastern Department constituted almost entirely the army under 
 the command of General Washington. Thus, the troops of the Middle Department 
 were, at the time referred to by the General, the most southern portion of his army, 
 and were called 'Southern troops' merely to distinguish them from those of the 
 Eastern Department, For further explanation, see pp. 217, 219, 235, 238. 
 
326 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 that vote will be general and Continental, that, according to my 
 ideas and those of every general officer I have consulted, a more 
 mistaken policy could not have been adopted, or one that, in its 
 consequences, will more effectually prevent the great object, which 
 Congress have in view, and which the situation of our affairs so 
 loudly calls for, the levying a new army. That the advance, al- 
 lowed by your State, may be the means of raising your quota of 
 men sooner than it otherwise would, perhaps may be true ; but, 
 when it is considered, that it will be an effectual bar to the other 
 States in raising the quotas exacted from them, when it is certain, 
 that, if their quotas could be made up without this advance coming 
 to their knowledge, the moment they come to act with troops, who 
 receive a higher pay, jealousy, impatience, and mutiny will imme- 
 diately take place, and occasion desertions, if not a total dissolution 
 of the army, — it must then be viewed as injurious and fatal. That 
 troops will never act together, in the same cause and for different 
 pay, must be obvious to every one. Experience has already 
 proved it in this army.* That Congress will take up the subject, 
 and make the advance general, is a matter of which there can be 
 but little probability, as the addition of a suit of clothes, to the 
 former pay of the privates, was a long time debated before it could 
 be obtained. I am,' &c. 
 
 "Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 170. 
 
 To Major-General Lee. 
 Instructions. 
 ' Sir, — The late movement of the enemy, and the probability 
 of their having designs upon the Jerseys, confirmed by sundry 
 accounts from deserters and prisoners, rendering it necessary to 
 throw a body of troops over the North River, I shall immediately 
 follow, and the command of the army, which remains, after Gen- 
 eral Heath's division marches to Peekskill,j will devolve upon you. 
 
 •^ -it. -M. ^ •&£. -Al- AU 
 
 •7? "7^ ^ *?? ^ TR^ -Tf 
 
 ' It may not be amiss to remind you, for it ought to have some 
 influence on your deliberations and measures, that the Massachu- 
 setts militia stand released from their contract on the 17th instant, 
 and that the Connecticut militia are not engaged for any fixed 
 period, and, by what I can learn, begin to grow very impatient to 
 return, and indeed few are left. If the enemy should remove the 
 whole or the greater part of their force to the west side of Hudson's 
 River, I have no doubt of your following, with all possible despatch, 
 leaving the militia and invalids to cover the frontiers of Connec- 
 ticut, in case of need. Given at Head- Quarters, near the White 
 Plains, this 10th day of November, 1776.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 168. 
 
 * Alluding to the same as in the preceding letter to Congress, 
 t To that division under the comnnand of General Heath, was assigned the defence 
 pf the passes through the Highlands. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 327 
 
 The Proceedings below appear to have been induced by the foregoing letter of No- 
 vember Ulh.and intended in some degree to obviate liie occasion for such ' advance 
 pay' as had been offered by the Assemblies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
 
 In Congress, November 12, 1776. ^Resolved, As the opinion 
 of Congress, that if the soldiers to be raised by the Slate of Mas- 
 sachusetts-Bay, be enlisted on the terms offered to them, which are 
 more advantageous than what are offered to other soldiers serving 
 in the same army, it would much retard, if not totally impede the 
 enlistment, of the latter, and produce discontent and murmur, 
 unless Congress should equally increase the pay of these, which, 
 it is the opinion of Congress, would universally be reprobated as 
 an immoderate expense, and complained of as a grievous burden 
 by those who must bear it ; and, therefore, that the Committee from 
 the State of Massachusetts-Bay, be desired not to enlist their men 
 on the additional pay offered by the Assembly of that State. 
 
 'Upon reconsideration, the Resolution of the ]6th of September, 
 [p. 29y,] for raising eighty-eight battalions to serve during the 
 present war with Great Britain, Congress being of opinion that the 
 readiness of the inhabitants of these States to enter into the service 
 for limited times, in defence of their invaluable privileges, on all 
 former occasions, gives good ground to hope, the same zeal for the 
 public good will appear in future, when necessity calls for their 
 assistance, and, lest the uncertain length of time which forces, 
 raised during the continuance of the present war, may be com- 
 pelled to serve, may prevent men from enlisting, who would other- 
 wise manifest their attachment to the common cause, by engaging 
 for a limited time ; therefore, 
 
 ^Resolved, That all non-commissioned officers and soldiers who 
 do not incline to engage their service during the continuance of 
 the present war, and shall enlist to serve three years, unless sooner 
 discharged by Congress, shall be entitled to, and receive, all such 
 bounty and pay, as are allowed to those who enlist during the 
 continuance of the present war, except the one hundred acres of 
 land; which land is to be granted to those only who enlist without 
 such limitation of time. And each recruiting xjfficer is required to 
 provide two distinct enlisting rolls, one for such to sign as enlist 
 during the continuance of the war, and the other for such as enlist 
 for three years, if their service shall be so long required.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 General Greene's Head-Quarters, 14 November, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I have the honor to inform you of my arrival here yes- 
 terday, and that the whole of the troops belonging to the States, 
 which lay south of Hudson's River, and which were in the New 
 York government, have passed over to this, except the regiment 
 lately Colonel Smallwood's, which I expect is now on its march. 
 * ♦ # There will be very few of them, after the 
 
S28 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 departure of those who were engaged for the Flying Camp, which 
 is just approaching.* * * * # 
 
 ' I beg leave not only to suggest, but to urge, the necessity of 
 increasing our field artillery very considerably. Experience has 
 convinced me, as it has every other gentleman of discernment in 
 this army, that, while we remain much inferior to the enemy in 
 this instance, we must carry on the war under infinite disadvan- 
 tages, and without the smallest probability of success. It has been 
 peculiarly owing to the situation of the country, wiiere their opera- 
 tions have been conducted, and to the rough and strong grounds 
 we possessed ourselves of, and over which they had to pass, that 
 they have not carried their arms, by means of their artillery, to a 
 much greater extent. When these difficulties cease, by changing 
 the scene of action to a level, champaign country, the worst of 
 consequences are to be apprehended. I would, therefore, with the 
 concurrence of the officers, whom I have spoken to on the subject, 
 submit to the consideration of Congress, whether immediate meas- 
 ures ought not to be taken for procuring a respectable train. It is 
 agreed, on all hands, that each battalion should be furnished at 
 least with two pieces, * * * . The whole should 
 
 be of brass, for the most obvious reasons; they will be much more 
 portable, and not half so liable to burst ; and when they do, no 
 damage is occasioned by it, and they may be cast over again. * 
 
 ' It is also agreed, that a regiment of artillerists, with approved 
 and experienced officers, should be obtained if possible, and some 
 engineers of known reputation and abilities. I am sorry to say, 
 that too ready an indulgence has been given to several appoint- 
 ments in the latter instance, and that men have been promoted, who 
 seem to me to know but little if any thing of the business. 
 
 ' Perhaps this train, &c., may be looked upon by some as large 
 and expensive. True it will be so; but when it is considered that 
 the enemy, having effected but little in the course of the present 
 campaign, will use their utmost efforts to subjugate us in the next, 
 every consideration of that sort should be disregarded, and every 
 possible preparation made to frustrate their attempts. * * 
 
 ' Mr. Trumbull, the Commissary-General, has frequently men- 
 tioned to me of late, the inadequacy of his pay to his trouble, and 
 the great risk he is subject to on account of the large sums of 
 money which pass through his hands. He has stated his case with 
 a view of laying it before Congress and obtaining a more adequate 
 compensation. My sentiments upon the subject are already known ; 
 but yet I shall take the liberty to add, that I think his complaint to 
 be well founded ; and his pay, considering the important duties 
 and risks of his office, by no means sufficient; and that the footing 
 he seems to think it should be upon, himself, appears just and 
 reasonable. 
 
 * According to the Resolves for raising them, of June 3 and July 20, pp. 233, 273. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 329 
 
 * A proposilion having been made long since to General Howe, 
 and agreed to by him, for an exchange ol prisoners, in consequence 
 of the Resolutions of Congress to that effect, I shall be extremely 
 happy if you will give directions to the Committees, and those 
 having the charge of prisoners in the several States south of Jer- 
 sey, to transmit to me proper lists of the names of all the commis- 
 sioned officers, and of their rank and the corps they belong to ; also 
 the number of non-commissioned and privates, and their respective 
 regiments. You will perceive by his letter, that he supposes me 
 to have affected some delay, or to have been unmindful of the 
 proposition I had made.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 311. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Hackinsac, 19 November, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Brother, — At the White Plains the enemy advanced a 
 second time upon us, as if they meant a general attack; but finding 
 us ready to receive them, and upon such ground as they could not 
 approach without loss, they filed off and returned towards New 
 York. As it was conceived, that this manoeuvre was made with a 
 design to attack Fort Washington, or to throw a body of troops 
 into the Jerseys, or, what might be still worse, aim a stroke at 
 Philadelphia, I hastened over to this side, with about five thousand 
 men, by a circuitous march of about sixty-five miles, which we were 
 obliged to take, on account of the shipping that opposed the pas- 
 sage at all the lower ferries. But I did not arrive in time to take 
 measures to save Fort Washington, though I got here myself a day 
 or two before it surrendered, which happened on the 16th instant, 
 after making a defence of four or five hours only. # * 
 
 ' The whole garrison, after being driven from the outer lines, and 
 returning within the fort, surrendered themselves prisoners of war, 
 but have given me no account of the terms. By a letter which I 
 have just received from General Greene at Fort Lee, I am in- 
 formed, that " one of the train of artillery came across the river last 
 night on a raft. By this account, the enemy have suffered greatly 
 on the north side of Fort Washington. Colonel Rawlings's regi- 
 ment, (late Hugh Stephenson's,) was posted there, and behaved 
 with great spirit. Colonel Magaw could not get the men to man 
 the lines, otherwise he would not have given up the fort." 
 
 This is a most unfortunate affair, and has given me great morti- 
 fication : as we have lost not only two thousand men that were 
 there,* but a good deal of artillery, and some of the best arras we 
 had. And what adds to my mortification is, that this post, after 
 the last ships went past it, was held contrary to my wishes and 
 opinion, as I conceived it to be a hazardous one; but, it having 
 been determined on by a full council of general officers, and a 
 
 * Including militia, probably the number was considerably larger. 
 
330 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Resolution of Congress having been received,* strongly expressive 
 of their desire, that ihe channel of the river which we had been 
 laboring to stop ior a long time at that place, might be obstructed 
 if possible, and knowing that this could not be done, unless there 
 were batteries to protect the obstruction, I did not care to give an 
 absolute order for withdrawing the garrison, till I could get round 
 and see the situation of things, and then it became too late, as the 
 fort was invested. Upon the passing of the last ships, I had given 
 it as my opinion to General Greene, under whose care it was, that 
 it would be best to evacuate the place ;■)■ but, as the order was 
 discretionary, and his opinion diti'ered from mine, it unhappily was 
 delayed too long, to my great grief; as I think General Howe, 
 considering his army and ours, would have had but a poor tale to 
 tell without it, and would have found it ditficult, unless some 
 southern expedition may prove successful, to reconcile the people 
 of England to the conquest of a few pitiful islands, none of which 
 were defensible, considering the great number of their ships, and 
 the power they have by sea to surround and render them unap- 
 proachable. 
 
 ' It is a matter of great grief and surprise to me to find the differ- 
 ent States so slow and inattentive to that essential business of levy- 
 ing their quotas of men. In ten days from this date, there will 
 not be above two thousand men, if that number, of the fixed estab- 
 lished regiments on this side of Hudson's River to oppose Howe's 
 whole army, and very little more on the other, to secure the East- 
 ern Colonics and the important passes leading through the High- 
 lands to Albany, and the country about the Lakes. In short, it is 
 impossible for me, in the compass of a letter,:]: » * 
 
 ' I am glad to find by your last letter, that your family are tolera- 
 bly well recovered from the indisposition they labored under. God 
 grant you all health and happiness. Nothing in this world would 
 contribute so much to mine, as to be once more fixed among you 
 in the peaceable enjoyment of my own vine and fig-tree. 
 
 'Adieu, my dear Sir; remember me atlectionately to my sister 
 and the children, and give my compliments to those, who inquire 
 after your sincerely affectionate brother.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. IS'2. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 H.\cKiNSAc, 21 November, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — The unhappy affair of the 16th has been succeeded by 
 further misfortunes. Yesterday morning a large body of the 
 enemy landed between Dobbs's Ferry and Fort Lee. Their 
 
 * Their Resolution, October 11, p. 313. 
 t See the letter to General Greene, November 8, p. 323. 
 
 J For a connected view of this entire letter of November 19th, turn back and read 
 in place of the stars, the part of it given, p, 306. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 33i 
 
 object was, evidently, to enclose the whole of our troops and 
 
 stores that lay between the North and Hackinsac Rivers, which 
 form a very narrow neck of land. For this purpose, they formed 
 and marched as soon as they had ascended the high grounds to- 
 wards the fort. Upon the first information of their having landed, 
 and of their movements, our men were ordered to meet them ; but 
 finding their numbers greatly superior, and that they were extend- 
 ing themselves to seize on the passes over the river, it was thought 
 prudent to withdraw our men ; which was effected, and their re- 
 treat secured. We lost the whole of the cannon that were in the 
 fort, except two twelve-pounders, and a great deal of baggage, 
 between two and three hundred tents, about a thousand barrels of 
 flour, and other stores in the Quartermaster's department. This 
 loss was inevitable. As many of the stores had been removed as 
 circumstances and time would admit of. The ammunition had 
 been happily got away. 
 
 '■ Our present situation between Hackinsac and Passaic Rivers 
 being exactly similar to our late one, and our force here by no 
 means adequate to an opposition that will promise the smallest 
 probability of success, we are taking measures to retire over the 
 waters of the latter, when the best disposition will be formed that 
 circumstances will allow. By Colonel Cadwallader, who has been 
 permitted by General Howe to return to his friends, I am informed 
 the surrender of the garrison on the 16th was on the common 
 terms as prisoners of war. * * * I beg leave to 
 
 refer you to him for a more particular account, and also for his 
 relation of the distresses of our prisoners. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 320. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 187. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 Hackinsac, 21 November, 1776. 
 ' Dear General, — It must be painful to you, as well as to us, 
 that I have no news to send you, but of a melancholy nature.* 
 * * * As this country is almost a dead flat, and 
 
 we have not an intrenching tool, nor above three thousand men, 
 and they much broken and dispirited, not only with our ill success, 
 but the loss of their tents and baggage, I have resolved to avoid 
 any attack, though by so doing I must leave a very fine country 
 open to their ravages, or a plentiful storehouse, from which they 
 will draw voluntary supplies. 
 
 ' With respect to your situation, I am very much at a loss what 
 
 now to determine. There is such a change of circumstances since 
 
 the date of your letter, as seems to call for a change of measures. 
 
 * * * Upon the whole, therefore, I am of opinion, 
 
 * Referring principally to the losses of Forts Washington and Lee. 
 
 43 
 
332 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 and the gentlemen about me concm* in it, that the public interest 
 requires your coming over to this side of the Hudson, with the 
 Continental troops, leaving Fellows's and Wadsworth's brigades 
 to take care of the stores during their short stay, at the expiration 
 of which I suppose they will set out for home. 
 
 ' My reasons for this measure, which I think must have weight 
 u4th you, are, that the enemy is evidently changing the seat of war 
 to this side of the North River, and that the inhabitants of this 
 country will expect the Continental army to give them what sup- 
 port they can, and, failing in that, they will cease to depend upon 
 or support a force, from which no protection is derived. It is, 
 therefore, of the utmost importance, that at least an appearance of 
 force should be made, to keep this Province in connection with 
 the others. If that should not be done, it is much to be feared, that 
 the effects on Pennsylvania would be very considerable, and more 
 and more endanger our public interest. Unless some new event 
 should occur therefore, or some more cogent reason should present 
 itself to the contrary, I would have you move over by the easiest 
 and best passage. I am sensible your numbers will not be large, 
 and that perhaps it may not be agreeable to the troops. As to the 
 first, report will exaggerate them and preserve the appearance of 
 an army, which will at least have an effect to encourage the de- 
 sponding here ; and as to the other, you will doubtless represent to 
 them, that in duty and gratitude their service is due, wherever the 
 enemy make the greatest impression, or seem to intend it. 
 ' I am. Sir, with great regard, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 185. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Newark, 23 November, 1776. 
 'Sir, — I have not yet heard, that any provision is making to 
 supply the place of the troops composing the Flying Camp, whose 
 departure is now at hand. The situation of our affairs is truly 
 critical, and such as requires uncommon exertions on our part. 
 From the movements of the enemy, and the information we have 
 received, they certainly will make a push to possess themselves of 
 this part of the Jerseys. In order that you may be fully apprised 
 of our weakness, and of the necessity there is of our obtaining early 
 succors, I have, by the advice of the general officers here, directed 
 General Mifflin to wait on you. He is intimately acquainted with 
 our circumstances, and will represent them better than my hurried 
 state will allow. I have written to General Lee to come over 
 with the Continental regiments immediately under his command ; 
 those with General Heath, I have ordered to secure the passes 
 through the Highlands. I have also written to Governor Livings- 
 ton, requesting of him such aid as may be in his power ; and I 
 would submit it to the consideration of Congress, whether applica- 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 333 
 
 tion should not be made for part of the Pennsylvania militia to step 
 forth at this pressing time. 
 
 ' Before I conclude, I would mention, if an early and immediate 
 supply of money could be sent to Mr. Dalham to pay the Flying 
 Camp troops, it might have a happy etiect. They would subsist 
 themselves comfortably on their return, and provide many neces- 
 saries of which they are in great want ; and, moreover, it might be 
 the means of inducing many, after seeing their friends, to engage 
 again. I expected, on coming here, to have met with many of the 
 militia, but find from inquiry that there are not more than from 
 four to five hundred at the diiferent posts. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 321. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 190. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 Newark, 24 November, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I wrote to you this morning of the probability, 
 that some of your letters to me had fallen with the mail * into the 
 enemy's hands. # # * I am informed, that a letter 
 
 from you is confidently said to have come to their hands, and that 
 measures are taking to intercept your march. To prevent them 
 from effecting this object, I have judged it proper to acquaint you 
 of this accident, and of their design ; at the same time I must re- 
 quest, that you will take every precaution to come by a safe and 
 secure route. T am told, by those who have an intimate knowl- 
 edge of the country, that, after you leave Haverstraw, the western 
 road by Kakiat will be proper for you to take ; but I will not un- 
 dertake to prescribe any one in particular, only observing that you 
 will by all means keep between the enemy and the mountains. I 
 need not urge the necessity of your gaining intelligence of the 
 enemy's situation, in the course of your march. I will be silent 
 on that head, nor need I mention the propriety of your sending 
 frequent expresses, to advise me of your approaches.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 192. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Newark, 27 November, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I do myself the honor to acknowledge the receipt of 
 your favors of the 21st and 24th, with their several enclosures. 
 The execution of the Resolves has been and will be attended to as 
 far as in my power.f 
 
 ' I have written to General Schuyler to send down as early as 
 possible the troops in the Northern Department from this and the 
 State of Pennsylvania. * * I have nothing in partic- 
 
 * About that time, the mail, containing extremely important communications from 
 General Washington, was intercepted by the enemy, 
 t See the Resolves here alluded to, of Nov. 4, p. 321, and Nov. 21, 22, 23, pp. 336, 337. 
 
334 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ular to advise you of, respecting the enemy, more than that they 
 are advancing this way ; part of them have passed the Passaic ; 
 and I suppose the main body that they have on this side the North 
 River would have done the same before now, (as they are coming 
 on,) had their progress not been retarded by the weather, which 
 has been rainy for several days past. I have scouts and detach- 
 ments constantly out to harrass them and watch their motions, and 
 to gain, if possible, intelligence of their designs. * * * 
 
 By a letter from the Board of War on the subject of an exchange, 
 they mention that several of the prisoners in our hands have enlist- 
 ed. It is a measure, I think, that cannot be justified, though the 
 precedent is furnished on the side of the enemy ; nor do I conceive 
 it good in point of policy. Bui, as it has been done, I shall leave 
 it with Congress to order them to be returned or not, as they shall 
 judge fit. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 322. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 Newark, 27 November, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I last night received the favor of your letter of the 
 25th. My former letters were so full and explicit, as to the neces- 
 sity of your marching as early as possible, that it is unnecessary to 
 add more on that head. I confess I expected you would have been 
 sooner in motion. The force here, when joined by yours, will not 
 be adequate to any great opposition. At present it is weak ; and 
 it has been owing more to the badness of the weather, that the 
 enemy's progress has been checked, than to any resistance we 
 could make. They are now pushing this way ; part of them have 
 passed the Passaic. Their plan is not entirely unfolded, but I shall 
 not be surprised, if Philadelphia should turn out to be the object of 
 their movement. The distress of the troops for want of clothes I 
 feel much ; but what can I do ? ' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 193. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Brunswick, 30 November, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I have been honored with your favor of the 26lh, and 
 with its enclosures, by which, I perceive the measures that have 
 been adopted for forwarding a reinforcement of militia.* Their 
 arrival is much to be wished, the situation of our affairs being 
 truly alarming, and such as demands the earliest aids. As Gen- 
 eral Mifflin's presence may have a happy influence on the disposi- 
 tion and temper of many of the Associators, I shall not direct his 
 return so long as he can be done without, and till it becomes in- 
 dispensably necessary. On Thursday morning [28th] I left New- 
 ark, and arrived here yesterday with the troops that were there. It 
 
 * See the Resolves, November 25, p. 337. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 335 
 
 was the opinion of all the Generals, who were with me, that a 
 retreat to this place was requisite, and founded in necessity, as our 
 force was by no means sufficient to make a stand, with the least 
 probability of suc^cess, against an enemy much superior in num- 
 bers, and whose advanced guards were entering the town by the 
 time our rear got out. * # * * 
 
 ' I hoped we should meet with large and early succors by this 
 time ; but as yet no great number of the militia of this State has 
 come in ; nor have I much reason to expect, that any considerable 
 aid will be derived from the counties which lie beyond the river, 
 and in which the enemy are. Their situation will prevent it in a 
 great measure from those parts where they are, provided the incli- 
 nation of the people were good. Added to this, 1 have no assur- 
 ances, that more than a very few of the troops composing the Fly- 
 ing Camp will remain after the time of their engagement is out; 
 so far from it, I am told, that some of General JE wing's brigade, 
 who stand engaged to the 1st of January, are now going away. If 
 those go whose service expires this day, oiu* force will be reduced 
 to a mere handful. 
 
 ' From intelligence received this morning, one division of the 
 enemy was advanced last night as far as Elizabethtown, and some 
 of their Quartermasters had proceeded about four or five miles on 
 this side, to provide barns, &c., for their accommodation. # 
 
 * # I do not know how far their views extend ; but 
 
 I doubt not, they mean to push every advantage resulting from the 
 small number and state of our troops. 
 
 ' I early began to forward part of the stores from this place to- 
 wards Philadelphia. Many are gone ; the rest we are removing, 
 and hope to secure. I am, &c. 
 
 ' P. S. I have written to Governor Livingston, who is exerting 
 himself to throw in every assistance, and to have guards placed at 
 the ferries, to prevent the return of the soldiers who are not dis- 
 charged.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 323. Wash. Writ. 
 
 The following are some of the Proceedings of Congress to meet the exigencies, 
 after the General passed over from New York into New Jersey. 
 
 November 18. ' A letter, of the 14th, from General Washing- 
 ton ; one of the 6th, from General Gates ; one of the 11th, from 
 General Schuyler at Albany ; one of the 16th, from General Ste- 
 phen, at Amboy; * * * were read: 
 
 ^Ordered, That the letters from General Washington, General 
 Schuyler, General Gates, and Brigadier General Stephen be re- 
 ferred to the Board of War. 
 
 November 19. ' The Board of War brought in a Report, which 
 was taken into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 '■Resolved^ That one hundred 3-pounders, fifty 6-pounders, fifty 
 
336 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 12-pounders, thirteen 18-pounders, and thirteen 24-pounderSj all of 
 brass, be immediately provided as field artillery, for the use of the 
 armies of the United States : 
 
 ' That the Secret Committee be directed to take the most effect- 
 ual measures for procuring the said brass artillery; that the said 
 Committee confer with the Committee for procuring cannon, and 
 consult with them, how many they can provide. 
 
 Nove7nber 21. ' As the necessity of obtaining an army imme- 
 diately, to oppose the designs of the enemy, is so evident and 
 pressing as to render it proper tq give all possible facility to that 
 business ; 
 
 'Eesolved, That each State be at liberty to direct their recruiting 
 officers to enlist their men either for the war or three years, upon 
 the respective bounties offered by Congress, without presenting 
 enlisting rolls for both terms, according to a former Resolution ; 
 keeping it always in view, that, in the opinion of Congress, the 
 public service will be best promoted by enlistments for the war, if 
 the recruiting service is not retarded thereby. 
 
 November 22. ' Congress, taking into consideration the present 
 state of the army, of which some parts have already disbanded, and 
 others will probably do so when the times they engaged for shall 
 expire, which must soon happen ; so that there is great danger that 
 the enemy must be opposed either by unequal numbers, or by 
 militia, not only a more expensive but a less efficacious aid than 
 regular forces ; and there being good grounds to hope that vigorous 
 efforts, at this critical conjuncture, may bring the war to a speedy 
 as well as happy conclusion, 
 
 '■Resolved, That blank commissions be sent to General Wash- 
 ington, and that he be empowered to insert therein the names of 
 such officers as he shall think fit, not revoking those appointments 
 which have been made by Commissioners, from any of the United 
 States ; and the general Commissioners, and Officers, are conjured 
 to recruit, by all the means in their power, the regiments now or 
 lately in the camp ; and that a committee of three be appointed to 
 repair to Head- Quarters, and, consulting with the General, assist 
 in the accomplishment of this necessary business. 
 
 ' Ordered, That the said committee make particular inquiry 
 why the troops are not paid, and that they inquire into, and re- 
 dress, to the utmost of their power, the just grievances of the 
 soldiers. 
 
 November 23. ^Resolved, That a committee of five be appoint- 
 ed, with full powers, to devise and execute measures for effectu- 
 ally reinforcing General Washington, and obstructing the progress 
 of General Howe's army ; and they are ordered to proceed imme- 
 diately to this business. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to order the Vir- 
 ginia battalion, on the Eastern Shore, and the two Pennsylvania 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 337 
 
 battalions, commanded by Colonel Mackay and Colonel Cooke, 
 to march with all possible expedition ; the former to Philadelphia, 
 and the two latter by the nearest route to Brunswick, in New Jer- 
 sey, or to join General Washington wherever he may be ; and 
 that the said Board use every means in their power to expedite 
 the march of these troops ; and they are ordered to attend imme- 
 diately to this business. 
 
 ' The better to oppose the progress of the enemy, 
 
 '■Resolved, That General Washington be directed to order, under 
 his immediate command, such of the forces, now in the Northern 
 Department,* as have been raised in the States of Pennsylvania and 
 New Jersey ; and that the commanding officer, in the Northern 
 Department, be directed to apply to the Legislatures of the Eastern 
 States, to afford him such assistance as he may stand in need of. 
 
 '■Resolved, That by anything heretofore done, it is not intended 
 to prejudice or strengthen the right or claim of the United States, 
 or any of them, to any lands in America, nor to determine in what 
 proportion or manner the expenses of the war shall be raised or 
 adjusted, except as to the first three millions of dollars, emitted by 
 Congress, and a farther emission of three millions of dollars, on 
 December 26, 1775. 
 
 November 25, ' A letter of the 23d, from General Washington, 
 at New York, was read : 
 
 ' Ordered, That it be referred to a committee of the whole Con- 
 gress ; and that General Mifflin, who brought the letter, be desired 
 to attend the said committee.f 
 
 ' The Resolutions reported from the committee of the whole, 
 being read, were agreed to, as follows : 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be re- 
 quested to call forth, immediately, the Associators in the city and 
 liberties of Philadelphia, and in the counties of Philadelphia, Ches- 
 ter, Bucks, and Northampton, to continue in the service of the 
 United States, six weeks from the time they join the army, unless 
 sooner discharged by Congress : 
 
 ' That the volunteers who shall enroll to serve the United States 
 to the 10th of March next, shall, nevertheless, be discharged as soon 
 as the situation of public affairs will possibly admit ; it being the 
 intention of Congress to detain them no longer than the present 
 emergency shall render it absolutely necessary : 
 
 ' That the Board of War be directed to order the German bat- 
 talion to march immediately, and join General Washington : 
 
 ' That the said Board write to Governor Henry, of Virginia, and 
 
 * It appears by the letter, November 27, p. 333, that the General had anticipated 
 this Resolve. 
 
 t In regard to General Mifflin at that juncture, see the letters, November 23, 30, 
 pp. 323, 3'34 ; also the Resolve, November 2-5, p. 338. 
 
338 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 request him to order the light-horse, in the service of that State, 
 to march, with all possible expedition, to join General Wash- 
 ington : 
 
 ' That the said Board order Brigadier-General Roche de Fer- 
 moy, to repair immediately to General Washington, instead of 
 going to the Northward : 
 
 'Resolved, That General Mifllin be directed to stay in the city 
 of Philadelphia until General Washington shall require his atten- 
 dance at the Camp, and that General Washington be informed of 
 this by the President. 
 
 November 26. ' The Board of War brought in a Report, which 
 was taken into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 ''Resolved, That a regiment of artillery, to be armed with mus- 
 kets and bayonets, instead of fusees, be raised in the State of Vir- 
 ginia, on Continental establishment ; the two companies, already 
 raised there, to be part of the said regiment ; which is to be com- 
 posed of one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, one major, and ten 
 companies, each to consist of one captain, three lieutenants, one 
 Serjeant, four bombardiers, eight gunners, four corporals, and forty- 
 eight matrosses. 
 
 ' Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take 
 into consideration the state of the army : * # 
 
 ' The Resolutions reported from the committee of the whole, 
 being read, were agreed to as follows : 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Cannon Committee be directed to inquire 
 what quantity of cannon are on board the prize-ship that arrived 
 yesterday, in the port of Philadelphia ; and, if they are fit for field- 
 artillery, to take measures to have them mounted on proper car- 
 riages, and sent to General Washington : 
 
 'That the Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania be requested 
 to give immediate direction, that the brass field-pieces with the 
 artillery companies, or the field-pieces singly, if there be no such 
 companies belonging to this State, be, with all possible expedition, 
 sent to General Washington's army in New Jersey ; and that they 
 be assured, that, as soon as the situation of affairs will admit, they 
 shall be returned, or others in lieu of the said field-pieces : 
 
 ' That Mr. Mease, the Continental Commissary in the city of 
 Philadelphia, be directed to go to the several shops and stores in 
 the said city, and purchase, for the use of the army of the United 
 States, such articles as are necessary for them, at this and the ap- 
 proaching season of the year ; and that he be empowered to em- 
 ploy as many persons as he shall judge necessary to assist him in 
 this service : 
 
 ' That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be requested, with 
 all possible expedition, to cause application to be made to the 
 housekeepers and others in the said State, for as many blankets 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 339 
 
 and woollen stockings as each can spare, for the use of the soldiers 
 under the immediate command of General Washington, in New- 
 Jersey ; and that they be delivered, as fast as collected, to Mr. 
 Mease, the Continental Commissary : 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the said Council of Safety, to ap- 
 point persons to appraise the blankets and woollen stockings, so 
 collected, as aforesaid, that the value of them may be paid : 
 
 ' That the Committee, who are sent to Camp, be directed to 
 make particular inquiry into the abuses in the medical department 
 in the army, and report thereon to Congress. 
 
 November 27. '■Resolved^ That the delegates from the four New 
 England governments be directed to take the most effectual meas- 
 ures to have, at least, 10,000 pair of shoes, and 10,000 pair of 
 stockings, purchased in those States, and sent to General Wash- 
 ington's Head- Quarters, with all possible expedition, for the use of 
 the soldiers under his command. 
 
 ' Ordered^ That the Secret Committee take proper and effectual 
 measures to procure a quantity of hard money, not less than 20,000 
 dollars, to be lodged in the hands of the Commander-in-Chief, for 
 the purpose of secret services. 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Legislatures of the 
 United States, respectively, to pass such laws, as will most effectu- 
 ally tend to prevent the counterfeiting or forging of the tickets of 
 the public lottery. 
 
 ^ Ordered^ That the Board of War be directed to detain such 
 companies of the German battalion as have not already marched. 
 
 November 29. ^Resolved, That the Secret Committee be direct- 
 ed to provide, as soon as may be, arms and equipage for 3,000 
 Horse. 
 
 ''Resolved^ That a committee of five be appointed to consider 
 and report a proper method for establishing and training Cavalry 
 in this Continent. 
 
 November 30. ' A letter of the 27th, from General Washington, 
 with a list of the prisoners taken by the enemy during the cam- 
 paign of 1776 ; and one of the same date from the Council of 
 Safety of New York, were read : 
 
 ^Ordered, That the same be referred to the Board of War. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be re- 
 quested to have eight carriages for field-pieces got ready, with all 
 possible expedition, at the expense of the Continent ; to be deliv- 
 ered as fast as made, to the order of the Board of War. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the State of New York be empowered to raise 
 another battalion on the Continental establishment : 
 
 ' That the Convention or Council of Safety of New York be 
 empowered to appoint an Aid-Major to each of the battalions 
 raised by that State, the pay or expense of which to be borne by 
 that State. 
 
 44 
 
340 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to purchase, for 
 the public service, six wagons, with four horses and proper harness 
 to each wagon, and to employ suitable drivers. 
 
 ' The Assembly of Pennsylvania having, by Mr. Morris, inform- 
 ed Congress, that they have appointed a committee of their body 
 to confer with a committee of Congress, on the requisition of Con- 
 gress, to call forth immediately the Associators of the city and 
 liberties of Philadelphia, and the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks, 
 Chester, and Northampton, 
 
 ' Ordered^ That the Board of War confer with the Committee of 
 the Assembly of Pennsylvania on this subject, and agree on such 
 measures as shall be deemed most for the public service. 
 
 '•Resolved^ That the Committee of Intelligence be directed and 
 empowered to establish expresses, to go daily to and from Head- 
 Quarters. 
 
 '■Resolved, That when any Resolutions are passed which respect 
 the United States, or any of them, or the armies of the said States, 
 they be sent by express, # * provided the President 
 
 shall judge it necessary. 
 
 December 1. ' Congress, on a summons, met this day, when 
 two letters, of the oOth, from General Washington, at Brunswick, 
 were read ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to order the Ger- 
 man battalion to march immediately to join General Washington ; 
 and that the said Board use every measure in their power to expe- 
 dite their march with all possible despatch : 
 
 ' That the Secret Committee be directed to appoint one or more 
 trusty persons, to proceed immediately to the Eastern States, and 
 see that the clothing and stores, which have been ordered to be 
 purchased for the army, be collected and forwarded to the army, 
 with all possible despatch ; and that the said person, or persons, 
 have power, to purchase, or cause to be purchased, such necessary 
 clothing as can be procured in those States, and to have it forward- 
 ed to the army : 
 
 ' That General Washington be informed, he has the full appro- 
 bation of Congress to order the troops, on the east side of Hud- 
 son's River, over to the west side of that river, whenever he shall 
 think it conducive to the public service so to do : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to order the clothes 
 which have been, or shall be sent to Head- Quarters, or to any of 
 the camps, to be distributed, first among such of the soldiers as 
 stand most in need of them.' 
 
 General Washington to Governor Livingston. 
 
 Brunswick, 1 December, 1776. 
 'Dear Sir, — I wrote to you yesterday; but, as from every 
 information of the motions of the enemy, their intent seems plainly 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 341 
 
 directed through this State, and then to Philadelphia, I cannot help 
 calling on you, in the most urgent manner, and begging you to 
 fall upon proper means to draw forth the strength of your Pro- 
 vince to my support. The enemy's advanced parties were last 
 night at Bonhamtown, four miles on this side of Woodbridge. 
 They are impressing wagons and horses, and collecting cattle and 
 sheep ; which is a further proof of their intent to march a consid- 
 erable distance. Unless my force, therefore, is considerably aug- 
 mented, it will be impossible for me to make any stand at this 
 place, when the enemy advance, as I have not, including General 
 Williamson's militia, more than four thousand men. * * 
 
 * * I wrote to General Williamson last night, and 
 
 pressed him to exert himself; but, I have reason to believe, he has 
 not the confidence of the people so much as could be wished. My 
 accounts of the reinforcements to be expected from Pennsylvania, 
 are very encouraging ; but, from the distance and necessary de- 
 lays attending a sudden march, I cannot look for them under a 
 week or ten days ; in which time the enemy will have reached the 
 Delaware ; at least if they are not opposed by more than my pres- 
 ent numbers. General Lee is on his march down to join me ; 
 but, if the enemy should throw in a body of men between us, he 
 will be obliged to make a considerable circuit to avoid them. The 
 boats and craft, all along the Jersey side, should be secured ; par- 
 ticularly the Durham boats, used for the transportation of produce 
 down the river. Parties should be sent to all the landings, to have 
 them removed to the other side, hauled up, and put under proper 
 guards. One such boat would transport a regiment of men. 
 ' I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 197. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 Brunswick, 1 December, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — The enemy are advancing, and have got as far as 
 Woodbridge and Amboy, and, from information not to be doubted, 
 they mean to push for Philadelphia. The force I have with me is 
 infinitely inferior in numbers, and such as cannot give or promise 
 the least successful opposition. It is greatly reduced by the de- 
 parture of the Maryland Flying Camp, and by sundry other 
 causes. I must entreat you to hasten your march as much as 
 possible, or your arrival may be too late to answer any valuable 
 purpose. I cannot particularize either your route, or the place at 
 which you will join me. In these respects you must be governed 
 by circumstances, and the intelligence you receive. I hope to 
 meet a considerable reinforcement of Pennsylvania Associators. 
 It is said they seem spirited upon this occasion. 
 ' I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 199. 
 
342 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Brunswick, 1 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I yesterday had the honor of writing you, and to advise 
 you of our arrival here. I am now to inform you that the enemy 
 are still advancing, and that their vanguard had proceeded as far 
 as [Bonhamtown,] a small town about four miles this side of 
 Woodbridge, according to my last intelligence. As to their num- 
 ber, reports are various. * * * * 
 
 ' I have for some time past supposed Philadelphia to be the 
 object of their movement, and have every reason to believe my 
 opinion well founded. * * # I have written to 
 
 Governor Livingston upon the subject, requesting his utmost ex- 
 ertions to forward on every succor in his power. The same, I 
 trust, will be attended to in Pennsylvania. Without a sufficient 
 number of men and arms, their progress cannot be checked. At 
 present our force is totally inadequate to any attempt. * * 
 
 ' I have sent forward Colonel Humpton to collect proper boats 
 and craft at the ferry for transporting the troops ; and it will be of 
 infinite importance to have every other craft, besides what he takes 
 for the above purpose, secured on the west side of the Delaware ; 
 otherwise they may fall into the enemy's hands and facilitate their 
 views. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 ' P. S. Half after one o'clock^ P. M. — The enemy are fast 
 advancing ; some of them are now in sight. All the men of the 
 Jersey Flying Camp under General Heard, being applied to, have 
 refused to continue longer in service.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 327. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 Eight Miles from Brunswick, 1 December, 1776. ) 
 
 Half after seven, P. M. ] 
 
 'Sir, — -In a little time after I wrote you this evening, the 
 enemy appeared in several parties on the heights opposite Bruns- 
 wick, and were advancing in a large body towards the crossing 
 place. We had a smart cannonade whilst we were parading our 
 men, but without any or but little loss on either side. It being 
 impossible to oppose them with our present force with the least 
 prospect of success, we shall retreat to the west side of the Dela- 
 ware, (and have advanced about eight miles,) where it is hoped 
 we shall meet a reinforcement sufficient to check their progress. 
 I have sent Colonel Humpton forward to collect the necessary 
 boats for our transportation, and conceive it proper that the militia 
 from Pennsylvania should be ordered towards Trenton, that they 
 may be ready to join us, and act as occasion may require. 
 ' I am. Sir, your most obedient servant.' 
 
 ' P. S. I wish my letters of yesterday may arrive safe, being 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 343 
 
 informed that the return express, who had them, was idling his 
 time, and showing them on the road.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 328. 
 
 In Congress, December 2. ' A letter, of the 1st, from General 
 Washington, was read : 
 
 ' Ordered, That it be referred to the Board of War, and that they 
 communicate the contents to the Council of Safety of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and take such measures, in consequence thereof, as they 
 shall judge proper. 
 
 ' Captain Montgomery having offered his service, with that of 
 his crew, as an artillery company, 
 
 ^Resolved, That they be taken into the service of the Continent 
 for two months, unless sooner discharged : 
 
 ' That Mr. J. Mease be directed to advance one month's pay to 
 Captain Montgomery's men, upon their enlisting, and that a like 
 advance be made to the other companies of artillery : 
 
 ' That the Board of War be directed to purchase, immediately, 
 ten or twelve covered wagons for the artillery. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be re- 
 quested to send expresses immediately to the counties that have 
 been desired to send forth their Associators, urging them forthwith 
 to march, in order to oppose the hasty advances of the enemy. 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Governor and Coun- 
 cil of Virginia, to take the most effectual measures for purchasing 
 and collecting, for Continental use, all the copper and other mate- 
 rials fit for casting brass field-artillery, that can be got in that State, 
 and that Congress will defray the cost and expense of the same. 
 
 ' A letter, of the 1st, from General Washington, was read : 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommended to the Council of Safety of 
 Pennsylvania, to send immediately one of their galleys along the 
 Jersey shore, between this and Trenton, to bring over all the river 
 craft, vessels and boats from the Jersey to the Pennsylvania side of 
 Delaware, in order to prevent their becoming serviceable to the 
 enemy, in their attempts to cross the said river : 
 
 ' That it be earnestly recommended to the Council of Safety of 
 Pennsylvania, to order the battalions of this city immediately to 
 march and join General Washington : 
 
 ' That the said Council of Safety be requested to furnish the 
 Wagonmaster-General with one thousand wagons for the use of 
 the army ; and, as in the present emergency of public affairs, such 
 a supply of wagons is absolutely necessary, that it be recommend- 
 ed to the said Council of Safety to impress the wagons, if they 
 cannot be otherwise speedily procured. 
 
 ^Resolved, That Mr. J. Mease be directed to receive from Mr. 
 Hyman Levy the goods in his hands purchased for the State of 
 New York, paying him the balance due for the said goods, [and 
 
344 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 send them,] together with those he has now ready, to General 
 Washington, taking especial care that they be sent in so safe and 
 secure a manner as to avoid any danger of falling into the hands 
 of the enemy.' 
 
 Secret Journal, December 2. ^Resolved, That the Committee 
 for establishing Expresses be directed to send Colonel Stewart, or 
 any other officer, express to General Lee, to know where and in 
 what situation he and the army with him are.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Princeton, 2 December, 1776. 
 
 i SiR^ — I arrived here this morning with our troops between 
 eight and nine o'clock, when I received the honor of your letter of 
 the first, with its enclosure. 
 
 ' When the enemy first landed on this side the North River, I 
 apprehended that they meant to make a push this way ; and 
 knowing that the force which I had was not sufficient to oppose 
 them, I wrote to General Lee to cross with the several Continental 
 regiments in his division, and hoped he would have arrived before 
 now. By some means or other he has been delayed. I sup- 
 pose he has passed the river, as his letter of the 26th ultimo 
 mentioned that he had marched a brigade the day before, and 
 should follow the next himself. The remainder of the troops, I 
 conceived necessary to guard the several passes through the High- 
 lands; nor do I think they can be called from thence. Their 
 number is very small, being reduced to very few by the departure 
 of the troops who stood engaged till the 30th ultimo. 
 
 ' I understand there are now at Bristol several prisoners. As 
 their exchange at this time cannot be effected with propriety, I 
 think it will be necessary, under the present situation of affairs, to 
 have them removed immediately to some more interior place, upon 
 their paroles. If they remain, they may be of infinite disadvantage. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 To this letter, in the London edition, from which it is taken, is subjoined the fol- 
 lowing: — ^ On the outside of the foregoing letter, * * appears the following line, 
 to Mr. Peters, Secretary to the Board of War.^ 
 
 " Sir, despatch an express immediately, to have the prisoners at 
 Bristol removed. E,. H. Harrison." 
 
 Lend. ed. vol. i. p. 329. Wash. Writ. 
 
 In Congress, December 3, 1776. ' A letter, of the 2d, from 
 General Washington ; one, of the same date, from Adjutant-Gen- 
 eral Reed, and one from J. Mease, were read. 
 
 'Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to have the pris- 
 oners, now at Bristol, removed from thence back into the country. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 345 
 
 ^Resolved, That Mr. J. Mease be empowered and directed to 
 settle with and pay the militia of the Maryland Flying Camp : 
 
 ' That such of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the 
 said troops as will enlist for three years, be immediately clothed, 
 and that Mr. Mease be directed to detain as many of the clothes, 
 now in his hands, as will be necessary for that purpose : 
 
 ' That each of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the 
 Maryland militia, who will not enlist for three years, but will en- 
 gage to march to the immediate reinforcement of General Wash- 
 ington, and remain under his command one month, be supplied by 
 Mr. Mease with a shirt, a pair of shoes, and a pair of stockings, on 
 paying for the same : 
 
 ' That such of the militia as shall engage to serve to the 10th of 
 March next, unless sooner discharged by Congress, be entitled to a 
 pair of shoes and stockings, and to the same rations and the same 
 monthly pay with the other troops on the Continental establish- 
 ment, to commence from the time of their enrolment ; and that 
 one month's pay be advanced to each volunteer, upon his en- 
 rolment. 
 
 '■Resolved^ That the officers of the Maryland troops be requested 
 immediately to parade those troops, and to use their utmost in- 
 fluence to persuade their adoption of the terms proposed by 
 Congress.' 
 
 General Washington to the President op Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Trenton, 3 December, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I arrived here myself yesterday morning, with the main 
 body of the army, having left Lord Stirling with two brigades at 
 Princeton and that neighborhood, to watch the motions of the 
 enemy and give notice of their approach. # # * 
 
 Immediately on my arrival here I ordered the removal of all the 
 military and other stores and baggage over the Delaware ; a great 
 quantity is already got over ; and as soon as the boats come up 
 from Philadelphia, we shall load them ; by which means I hope to 
 have everything secured this night and to-morrow, if we are not 
 disturbed. After being disencumbered of my baggage and stores, 
 my future situation will depend entirely upon circumstances. 
 
 ' I have not heard a word from General Lee since the 26th of 
 last month ; which surprises me not a little, as I have despatched 
 daily expresses to him, desiring to know when I might look for 
 him. This makes me fearful that my letters have not reached 
 him. I am informed by report, that General St. Clair has joined 
 him, with three or four regiments from the Northward. # # 
 
 * * I look out earnestly for the reinforcement from Phil- 
 
 adelphia. I am in hopes, that, if we can draw a good head of men 
 together, it will give spirits to the militia of this State, who have 
 
346 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 as yet afforded me little or no assistance ; nor can I find that they 
 are likely to do much. General Heard has just informed me, that 
 a person, on whose veracity he can depend, has reported to him 
 that on Sunday last, he counted a hundred and seventeen sail of 
 ships going out of the Hook. You may depend upon being ad- 
 vised instantly of any further movement in the enemy's army or 
 mine. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 330. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 200. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 Trenton, 3 December, 1776. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I was just now favored with your letter of the 
 30th ultimo. Having written to you fully both yesterday and to- 
 day concerning my situation, it is unnecessary for me to add much 
 at this time. You will readily agree, that I have sufficient cause 
 for my anxiety, and for wishing your arrival as early as possible. 
 In respect to instructions on your route, you must be governed by 
 circumstances. This has been the language of all my letters, since 
 I had occasion to call for your aid. The sooner you can join me 
 with your division, the sooner the service will be benefited. As to 
 bringing any of the troops under General Heath, I cannot consent 
 to it. The posts they are at, and the passes through the High- 
 lands, being of the utmost importance, they must be guarded by 
 good men. I would have you give me frequent advices of your 
 approach. Upon proper information in this instance much may 
 depend. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 200. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Trenton, 4 December, 1776. 
 
 t SiRj — Since I had the honor of addressing you yesterday, I 
 received a letter from General Lee. On the 30th ultimo he was 
 at Peekskill, and expected to pass the river with his division two 
 days after. From this intelligence you will readily conclude, that 
 he will not be able to afford us any aid for several days. # 
 
 ' The inclosed is a copy of a letter which came to hand last 
 night from Major Clark, to which I beg leave to refer you for the 
 intelligence it contains. The number of the enemy said to be 
 embarked is supposed to be rather exaggerated. That there has 
 been an embarkation, is not to be doubted, it being confirmed 
 through various channels.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 331. Wash. Writ. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 347 
 
 Same to Richard Peters, Secretary to the Bpard of War. 
 He AD- Quarters, Trenton, 4 December, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — I yesterday received a letter from you without a date, 
 mentioning that the prisoners from Yorktown were directed to halt 
 at Newtown for my orders.* On hearing they were there, I sent 
 Colonel Moylan to conduct them and the prisoners from Reading, 
 who arrived nearly at the same time, over towards Brunswick, and 
 deliver them in. 
 
 ' I hope you have not sent Captain Price, Lieutenant Peacock, 
 and Major Campbell, on to this place, as it is highly improper 
 they should see and know the situation of our army here and at 
 Princeton. * # # * # 
 
 ' Lieutenant Symes came over to me at Brunswick from Beth- 
 lehem without the least guard or escort ; and a lieutenant of the 
 seventh regiment went through our whole army, and was at last 
 discovered by a mere accident. He had a pass from the Council 
 of Safety, and that was all. Such an irregular mode of suffering 
 prisoners to go in alone must be put a stop to, or the enemy will 
 be as well acquainted with our situation as we are ourselves. If 
 they are left at liberty to choose their own route, they will always 
 take that through our army, for reasons too obvious to mention. 
 
 ' I am. Sir, &c.' 
 
 ' I have been obliged to send down a number of our sick to 
 Philadelphia, to make room for the troops, and to remove them 
 out of the way. Be pleased to have some care taken to have them 
 properly accommodated.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 332. 
 
 In Congress, December 4, 1776. 'A letter, of the 3d, from 
 General Washington, was read. 
 
 '■Resolved^ That it be recommended to the Council of Safety of 
 Pennsylvania, to detain from marching with the militia, the print- 
 ers engaged in printing certificates for the Continental Loan-Offi- 
 ces, and to direct them to continue executing the business in which 
 they are employed. 
 
 December 5. ' A letter, of the 4th, from General Washington, 
 enclosing a copy of a letter from Major Clark, was read. 
 
 '■Resolved^ That it be earnestly recommended to the Council of 
 Safety of Pennsylvania, to procure the use of the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital, for the purpose of accommodating the sick belonging to 
 the Continental army. 
 
 ' Some inhabitants of New Jersey being sent under guard to . 
 Philadelphia, charged with the crime of enlisting men for General 
 Howe, and some, of enlisting themselves in the service of the 
 enemy, 
 
 * Prisoners to be exchanged. 
 
 45 
 
348 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ^Resolved, That they be sent under guard to Frederick, in Ma- 
 ryland, there to be safely confined, and that, until they can be sent 
 away, they be kept confined in the State Prison in Philadelphia. 
 
 ^Resolved, That Captain Ottendorf be directed to raise an in- 
 dependent corps, consisting of 150 men, sergeants and corporals 
 included. 
 
 * That the Board of War write to the General, and desire him 
 to send Isaac Corren, of the artillery, to Philadelphia.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress- 
 Trenton, 5 December, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — As nothing but necessity obliged me to retire before 
 the enemy, and leave so much of the Jerseys unprotected, I 
 conceive it my duty and it corresponds with my inclination, to 
 make head against them so soon as there shall be the least proba- 
 bility of doing it with propriety. That the country might in some 
 measure be covered, I left two brigades consisting of the five Vir- 
 ginia regiments and that of Delaware, containing in the whole 
 about twelve hundred men fit for duty, under the command of 
 Lord Stirling and General Stephen, at Princeton, till the baggage 
 and stores could cross the Delaware, or the troops under their re- 
 spective commands should be forced from thence. I shall now, 
 having removed the greatest part of the above articles, face about 
 with such troops as are here fit for service, and march back to 
 Princeton, and there govern myself by circumstances and the 
 movements of General Lee. At any event, the enemy's progress 
 may be retarded by this means, if they intend to come on, and the 
 people's fears in some measure quieted, if they should not. Sorry I 
 am to observe, however, that the frequent calls upon the militia of 
 this State, the want of exertion in the principal gentlemen of the 
 country, or a fatal supineness and insensibility of danger till it is 
 too late to prevent an evil that was not only foreseen but foretold, 
 have been the causes of our late disgraces. 
 
 ' If the militia of this State had stepped forth in season, (and 
 timely notice they had,) we might have prevented the enemy's 
 crossing the Hackinsac, although without some previous notice of 
 the time and place, it was impossible to have done this at the North 
 River. We might with equal probability of success have made a 
 stand at Brunswick on the Raritan. But as both these rivers were 
 ford able in a variety of places, being knee deep only, it required 
 many men to defend the passes ; and these we had not. At 
 Hackinsac our force was insufficient, because a part was at Eliza- 
 bethtown, Amboy and Brunswick, guarding a coast, which I 
 thought most exposed to danger ; and at Brunswick, because I 
 was disappointed in my expectation of militia, and because, on the 
 day of the enemy's approach, {and probably the occasion of it,) the 
 
MILITARY COERESPONDENCE. 349, 
 
 term of the Jersey and Maryland brigades' service expired, neither 
 of which would consent to stay an hour longer. 
 
 ' These, among ten thousand other instances, might be adduced 
 to show the disadvantages of short enlistments, and the little de- 
 pendence upon the militia in times of real danger. But, as yes- 
 terday cannot be recalled, I will not dwell upon a subject, which 
 no doubt has given much uneasiness to Congress, as well as ex- 
 treme pain and anxiety to myself. My first wish is, that Congress 
 map be convinced of the impropriety of relying upon the militia, 
 and of the necessity of raising a larger standing army than what 
 they have voted. The saving in the articles of stores, provisions, 
 and in a thousand other things, by having nothing to do with mi- 
 litia, unless in cases of extraordinary exigency, and such as could 
 not be expected in the common course of events, would support a 
 large army, which, well officered, would be daily improving, in- 
 stead of continuing a destructive, expensive, and disorderly mob. 
 I am clear in the opinion, that if forty thousand men had been 
 kept in constant pay since the first commencement of hostilities, 
 and the militia had been excused from doing duty during that 
 period, the Continent would have saved money. When I reflect 
 upon the losses we have sustained for want of good troops, the 
 certainty of this is placed beyond a doubt in my mind. In such a 
 case, the militia, who have been harassed and tired by repeated 
 calls upon them, and farming and manufactures in a manner 
 suspended, would, upon any pressing emergency, have run with 
 alacrity to arms ; whereas, the cry now is, " they may as well be 
 ruined in one way as another;" and with difficulty they are ob- 
 tained. I mention these things to show, that, in my opinion, if 
 any dependence is placed in the militia another year. Congress 
 will be deceived. When danger is a little removed from them, 
 they will not turn out at all. When it comes home to them, the 
 well affected instead of flying to arms to defend themselves, are 
 busily employed in removing their families and effects, whilst the 
 disaffected are concerting measures to make their submission, and 
 spread terror and dismay all around, to induce others to follow 
 their example. Daily experience and abundant proofs warrant 
 this information. 
 
 ' I shall this day reinforce Lord Stirling with about twelve hun- 
 dred men, which will make his number about two thousand four 
 hundred. To-morrow I mean to repair to Princeton myself, and 
 shall order the Pennsylvania troops, (who are not yet arrived, 
 except part of the German battalion and a company of Light In- 
 fantry,) to the same place. 
 
 ' By my last advices, the enemy are still at Brunswick ; and the 
 account adds that General Howe was expected at Elizabethtown 
 with a reinforcement, to erect the King's standard, and demand a 
 
350 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 submission of this State. I can only give this as a report brought 
 from the enemy's camp by some of the country people. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 333. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 202. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 Trenton, 6 December, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — I have not received any intelligence of the enemy's 
 movements since my letter of yesterday. From every information 
 they still remain at Brunswick, except some of their parties, which 
 are advanced a small distance on this side. To-day I shall set out 
 for Princeton myself, unless something should occur to prevent 
 me which I do not expect. By a letter of the 14th ultimo from a 
 Mr. Caldwell, a clergyman, and a staunch friend to the cause, who 
 has fled from Elizabethtown, and taken refuge in the mountains 
 about ten miles from hence, I am informed, that General or Lord 
 Howe was expected in that town to publish pardon and peace. 
 His words are, " I have not seen his proclamation, but can only 
 say he gives sixty days of grace, and pardons from the Congress 
 down to the Committee.* No one man in the Continent is to be 
 denied his mercy." 
 
 ' In the language of this good man, "T//e Lord deliver us from 
 his mercy I " 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 335. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 205. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 Mr. Berkeley's Summer Seat, 8 December, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — Colonel Reed would inform you of the intelligence 
 which I first met with on the road from Trenton to Princeton yes- 
 terday. Before I got to the latter, I received a second express 
 informing me, that, as the enemy were advancing by different 
 routes, and attempting by one to get in the rear of our troops 
 which were there, (and whose numbers were small, and the place 
 by no means defensible,) they had judged it prudent to retreat to 
 Trenton. The retreat was accordingly made, and since to this 
 side of the river. 
 
 ' This information I thought it my duty to communicate as soon 
 as possible, as there is not a moment's time to be lost in assembling 
 such a force as can be collected ; and as the object of the enemy 
 cannot now be doubted in the smallest degree. * * 
 
 ' I have no certain intelligence of General Lee, although I have 
 sent frequent expresses to him, and lately a Colonel Humpton, to 
 bring me some accurate accounts of his situation. I last night 
 despatched another gentleman to him, Major Hoops, desiring he 
 would hasten his march to the Delaware, in which I would pro- 
 
 * Lord and General How^e issued such a proclamation, which bore date Nov. 30. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. S5I 
 
 vide boats near a place called Alexandria, for the transportation of 
 his troops. I cannot account for the slowness of his march.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 336. Wash. Writ, Sparks, vol. iv. p. 206. 
 
 Same to the Same. 
 
 Head Quarters, Trenton Falls, 9 December, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — I did myself the honor of writing to you yesterday, and 
 informing you that I had removed the troops to this side of the 
 Delaware. Soon after, the enemy made their appearance, and 
 their van entered just as our rear guard quitted. We had removed 
 all our stores, except a few boards. From the best information, 
 they are in two bodies, one at and near Trenton, the other some 
 miles higher up, and inclining towards Delaware ; but whether 
 with intent to cross there, or throw themselves between General 
 Lee and me, is yet uncertain. 
 
 ' I have this morning detached Lord Stirling with his brigade, 
 to take post at the different landing places, and prevent them from 
 stealing a march upon us from above ; for I am informed, if they 
 cross at Coryell's Ferry or thereabouts, they are as near to Phila- 
 delphia, as we are here. From several accounts I am led to think 
 that the enemy are bringing boats with them ; if so, it will be im- 
 possible for our small force to give them any considerable oppo- 
 sition in the passage of the river. Indeed, they may make a feint 
 at one place, and, by a sudden removal, carry their boats higher or 
 lower before we can bring our cannon to play upon them. 
 
 ' Under these circumstances, the security of Philadelphia should 
 be our next object. From my own remembrance, but more from 
 information, for I never viewed the ground, I should think that a 
 communication of lines and redoubts might soon be formed from 
 the Delaware to the Schuylkill, on the north entrance of the city, 
 the lines to begin on the Schuylkill side, about the heights of 
 Springatebury, and run eastward to Delaware, upon the most ad- 
 vantageous and commanding grounds. If something of this kind 
 is not done, the enemy might, in case any misfortune should befall 
 us, march directly in, and take possession. We have ever found 
 that lines, however slight, are very formidable to them ; they would 
 at least give a check till the people could recover from the fright 
 and consternation, that naturally attend the first appearance of an 
 enemy. 
 
 ' In the mean time, every step should be taken to collect a force, 
 not only from Pennsylvania, but from the neighboring States. If 
 we can keep the enemy from entering Philadelphia, and keep the 
 communication by water open for supplies, we may yet make a 
 stand, if the country will come to our assistance till our new levies 
 can be collected. If the measure of fortifying the city should be 
 adopted, some skilful person should immediately view the grounds, 
 and begin to trace out the lines and works. I am informed there 
 
352 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 is a French engineer of eminence in Philadelphia at this time ; if 
 so, he will be the most proper^ I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 ' P. S. I have just received the enclosed from General Heath. 
 * General Mifflin is this moment come up, and tells me 
 that all the military stores yet remain in Philadelphia. This makes 
 the immediate fortifying of the city so necessary, that I have de- 
 sired General Mifflin to return to take charge of the stores, and 
 have ordered Major-General Putnam immediately down to super- 
 intend the works and give the necessary directions.' 
 
 Falls of Delaioare, 10 December. — ' By a letter received last 
 night from General Lee, of the 8th instant, he was then at Morris- 
 town, where he entertained thoughts of establishing a post ; but, 
 on receiving my despatches by Major Hoops, I should suppose he 
 would be convinced of the necessity of his proceeding this way 
 with all the force he can bring.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. pp. 337, 339. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 
 Trenton Falls, 10 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — I last night received your favor by Colonel Hump- 
 ton, and were it not for the weak and feeble state of the force I 
 have, I should highly approve of your hanging on the rear of the 
 enemy, and establishing the post you mention ; but when my 
 situation is directly the opposite of what you suppose it to be, and 
 when General Howe is pressing forward with the whole of his 
 army, (except the troops that were lately embarked, and a few 
 besides left at New York,) to possess himself of Philadelphia, I 
 cannot but request and entreat you, and this too by the advice of 
 all the general officers with me, to march and join me with your 
 whole force with all possible expedition. The utmost exertions 
 that can be made, will not be more than sufficient to save Phila- 
 delphia. Without the aid of your force I think there is but little 
 if any prospect of doing it. I refer you to the route, of which 
 Major Hoops would inform you. 
 
 ' The enemy are now extended along the Delaware at several 
 places. * * # Their object doubtless is to pass 
 
 the river above us, or to prevent your joining me. I mention this, 
 that you may avail yourself of the information. Do come on ; 
 your arrival may be fortunate, and, if it can be effected without 
 delay, it may be the means of preserving a city, whose loss must 
 prove of the most fatal consequence to the cause of America. 
 Pray exert your influence, and bring with you all the Jersey militia 
 you possibly can. Let them not suppose their State is lost, or in 
 any danger, because the enemy are pushing through it. If you 
 think General St. Clair, or General Maxwell, would be of ser- 
 vice to command them, I would send either. I am, &c.' 
 
 December 11th. — ' Nothing less than our utmost exertions will 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 35S 
 
 be sufficient to prevent General Howe from possessing Philadel- 
 phia. The force I have is weak and entirely incompetent to that 
 end. 1 must, therefore, entreat you to push on with every possible 
 succor you can bring.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. pp. 208, 209. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Falls of Delaware, 11 December, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — After I had written you yesterday, I received certain 
 information that the enemy, after repairing Crosswicks bridge, had 
 advanced a party of about five hundred to Bordentown. By their 
 taking this route, it confirms me in my opinion, that they have an 
 intention to land between this and Philadelphia, as well as above, 
 if they can procure boats for that purpose. 
 
 ' I last night directed Commodore Seymour to station all his 
 galleys between Bordentown and Philadelphia, to give the earliest 
 intelligence of any appearance of the enemy on the Jersey shore. 
 * * * They had made a forced march from 
 
 Trenton on Sunday night, to Coryell's Ferry, in hopes of surpris- 
 ing a sufficient number of boats to transport them ; but, finding 
 themselves disappointed, had marched back to Pennytown, where 
 they remained yesterday. From their several attempts to seize 
 boats, it does not look as if they had brought any with them, as I 
 was at one time informed. I last night sent a person over to 
 Trenton, to learn whether there was any appearance of building 
 any ; but he could not perceive any preparations for a work of 
 that kind ; so that I am in hopes, if proper care is taken to keep all 
 the craft out of their way, they will find the crossing Delaware a 
 matter of considerable difficulty. 
 
 ' I received another letter from General Lee last evening. It 
 was dated at Chatham, (which I take to be near Morristown,) the 
 8th of this month. He had then received my letter sent by Major 
 Hoops, but seemed still inclined to hang upon the enemy's rear, 
 to which I should have no objection, had I a sufficient force to 
 oppose them in front ; but as I have not at present, nor do I see 
 much probability of further reinforcement, I have written to him 
 in the most pressing terms, to join me with all expedition. 
 
 ' Major Sheldon, who commands the volunteer Horse from 
 Connecticut, waits upon Congress, to establish some mode of pay. 
 I can only say that the service of himself and his troop has been 
 such as merits the warmest thanks of the public, and deserves a 
 handsome compensation for their trouble. * * From 
 
 the experience I have had, this campaign, of the utility of Horse, 
 I am convinced there is no carrying on the war without them ; and 
 I would, therefore, recommend the establishment of one or more 
 corps. # # If Major Sheldon would undertake the 
 
 command of a regiment of Horse on the Continental establish- 
 
354 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ment, I believe he could very soon raise them ; and I can recom- 
 mend him as a man of activity and spirit, from what I have seen 
 of him. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 340. Wash. Writ. 
 
 In Congress, December 6, 1776. — < A letter of the 5th, from 
 General Washington, and one, of the 27th of November, from 
 General Gates, at Albany, with a paper enclosed sent from the 
 commanding officer at St. Johns, were read. 
 
 December 7. ' A letter of the 6th, from General "Washington, at 
 Trenton, and one, of the 21st to 25th November, from General 
 Schuyler, at Saratoga, with sundry papers enclosed, were read : 
 
 ' Ordered, That they be referred to the Board of War. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Board of War be empowered and directed 
 to exchange such of the Canadians as they shall think proper. 
 
 ^Ordered, That the President write to the four New England 
 governments, and request them to use their utmost influence in 
 raising their respective quotas of troops, and to hasten their march, 
 with all possible diligence, to the places appointed for their ren- 
 dezvous, by General Schuyler. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be de- 
 sired to suspend the farther execution of the request made to them 
 on the 2d instant, to procure one thousand wagons: 
 
 ' That the wagons procured, in consequence of the said request, 
 be sent to the Quartermaster- General. 
 
 ^Resolved, That Mr. Mease be directed to return to Mr. Levy 
 the goods he had from him, and receive back the money advanced 
 on that account ; the said goods being sent for by the State of New 
 York, on whose account, and by whose order, they were pur- 
 chased.' * ' 
 
 December 9. ' A letter of the 8th, from General Washington, one, 
 of the 23d November, from General Ward, enclosing one of the 
 9 th of the same month from General Gates, * * 
 
 were read. 
 
 ^Resolved, That Mr. Risberg, the Assistant Quartermaster in 
 Philadelphia, be directed to send by water to Christiana Bridge, 
 the military stores sent from the army, and that they be safely 
 lodged there till farther orders. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be re- 
 quested to give the Continental officers, and all others, employed 
 in removing the public stores from Philadelphia, whether by land 
 or water, all the assistance in their power. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to prepare 
 an address to the inhabitants of America, and a recommendation 
 
 * The references of this Resolve and the two preceding it, may be found in the last 
 three, December 2, p. 343. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 355 
 
 to the several States to appoint a day of Fasting, humiliation, and 
 prayer. 
 
 ^Resolved, That in case this Congress shall be under the ne- 
 cessity of removing from Philadelphia, it shall be adjourned to 
 Baltimore. 
 
 ' Whereas General Washington hath repeatedly applied, and 
 hath yesterday renewed his application, for an immediate rein- 
 forcement for the defence of Philadelphia, and the State of Penn- 
 sylvania : 
 
 '■Resolved. That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be re- 
 quested, this day, to send expresses, that can be relied on, to the 
 several counties, earnestly requesting that they march what troops 
 they can collect, armed and provided in the best manner possible, 
 to the army under the command of General Washington. 
 
 '■Resolved, That expresses be immediately sent to the Commit- 
 tees of the counties of Ccecil, Baltimore, Hartford, and Frederick, 
 in Maryland, requesting that they apply, without delay, to the 
 militia of their respective counties, and send forward, immediately, 
 for the defence of the city of Philadelphia, and the reinforcement 
 of General Washington's army, as many troops as possible, in- 
 forming the said Committees that some assistance, in the way of 
 arms, may be furnished here, to such as have no arms to bring 
 with them : 
 
 ' That an express be sent to the Council of Safety of Delaware, 
 requesting them to send forward, immediately, for the purpose 
 aforesaid, as many troops as possible, giving them the like infor- 
 mation with respect to arms. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to take care of 
 the arms belonging to the Continent, and have Ihem properly 
 secured. 
 
 December 10. ' A letter, of the 8th, from General Lee, at Mor- 
 ristown ; one, of the 9th, from General Washington, with a letter, 
 of the 6th, from General Heath, were read : 
 
 ^Resolved, That the prisoners sent from the State of New Jersey 
 by General Washington, and ordered to Fredericktown, in Mary- 
 land, be conveyed there by Captain Mountjoy Baily, with a guard 
 of eighteen soldiers. 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Mifflin be directed to repair imme- 
 diately to the neighboring counties, and, by all the means in his 
 power, rouse and bring them in, to the defence of Philadelphia, 
 
 ' As the Congress deem it of great importance to the general 
 good and safety, that General Mifflin should make a progress 
 through the several counties of the State of Pennsylvania, to rouse 
 the freemen thereof, to the immediate defence of this city and 
 county, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Assembly be requested to appoint a com- 
 46 
 
356 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 mittee of their body, to make the said tour with General Mifflin, 
 in order to assist him in this good and necessary work. 
 
 '■Resolved^ That Major-General Putnam be directed to have the 
 several recruits, and other Continental troops in Philadelphia, 
 immediately paraded, and that he proceed, without delay, to make 
 the proper defences for the protection and security of this city : 
 
 ' That the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania be requested to 
 give Major-General Putnam all the assistance in their power, for 
 the execution of the above necessary business, by calling forth the 
 inhabitants, and by any other means in their judgment proper. 
 
 ' The Committee appointed to prepare an Address to the inhab- 
 itants of America, brought in a draught, which was read ; and, 
 being debated by paragraphs, was agreed to. 
 
 ''Ordered, That the said Committee have it published and 
 dispersed. 
 
 '•Resolved, That the President write to General "Washington, and 
 desire him to send a party to watch the roads leading from New 
 Jersey to Philadelphia, above Trenton, and give Congress the 
 earliest notice of the enemy's motions. 
 
 ^Resolved, That two of the Continental battalions, now raising 
 in Connecticut, be stationed for the defence of the said Slate, in 
 such parts thereof, as Governor Trumbull shall judffe most con- 
 ducive to the purpose, till Cong-ress shall order otherwise. 
 
 December 11. ' The Committee appointed to prepare a Reso- 
 lution for appointing a day of Fasting and humiliation, brought in 
 a Report, which was read and agreed to. 
 
 ' A letter, of the lOlh, from General Washington, at the Falls of 
 Delaware, was read ; 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Putnam be directed to order parties of 
 active, spirited men, with proper guides, to cross from Philadel- 
 phia to New Jersey ; and, under the conduct of good officers, to 
 act as harassing parties, and get the best intelligence of the mo- 
 tions and situation of the enemy, directing them to send frequent 
 daily intelligence through him to Congress, of the discoveries they 
 shall be able to make, of the enemy's movements and situation. 
 
 ' Whereas a false and malicious report has been spread by the 
 enemies of America, that the Congress was about to disperse ; 
 
 '■Resolved, That General Washington be desired to contradict 
 the said scandalous report, this Congress having a belter opinion 
 of the spirit and vigor of the army, and of the good people of these 
 States, than to suppose it can be necessary to disperse ; nor will 
 tliey adjourn from the city of Philadelphia in the present state of 
 affairs, unless the last necessity shall direct it.' 
 
 This last Resolve, with its preamble, may be found in Sparks's Washington, 
 Tol. iv p. 210. Note. The General's views respecting it, were pretty plainly expressed 
 in the first paragraph of the following letter. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 357 
 
 General "Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Trenton Falls, 12 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I last night received the favor of Mr. Thompson's * letter, 
 enclosing the Proceedings of Congress of the 11th instant. As the 
 publication of their Resolve, in my opinion, will not lead to any 
 good end, but, on the contrary, may be attended with some bad 
 consequences, I shall take the liberty to decline inserting it in this 
 day's orders. I am persuaded, if the subject is taken up and re- 
 considered, that Congress will concur with me in sentiment. I 
 doubt not but there are some who have propagated the report ; 
 but what if they have ? Their remaining in or leaving Philadel- 
 phia, must be governed by circumstances and events. If their de- 
 parture should become necessary, it will be right ; on the other 
 hand, if there should not be a necessity for it, they will remain ; 
 and their continuance will show the report to be the production of 
 calumny and falsehood. In a word, Sir, I conceive it a matter 
 that may be as well disregarded ; and that the removal or staying 
 of Congress, depending entirely vpon events, should not have been 
 the subject of a Resolve. 
 
 ' The intelligence we obtain respecting the movements and situ- 
 ation of the enemy is far from being so certain and satisfactory as 
 I could wish, though every probable means in my power, and that 
 I can devise, are adopted for the purpose. The latest I have re- 
 ceived, was from Lord Stirling last night. * * # 
 Upon the whole, there can be no doubt but that Philadelphia is 
 their object, and that they will pass the Delaware as soon as pos- 
 sible. Happy should I be if I could see the means of preventing 
 them ; at present, I confess, I do not. All military writers agree 
 that it is a work of great difficulty, nay impracticable, where there 
 is any extent of coast to guard. This is the case with us ; and we 
 have to do it with a force, small and inconsiderable, and much 
 inferior to that of the enemy. Perhaps Congress have some hope 
 and prospect of reinforcements ; I have no intelligence of the sort, 
 and wish to be informed on the subject. Our little handful is 
 daily decreasing by sickness and other causes ; and without aid, 
 without considerable succors and exertions on the part of the 
 people, what can we reasonably look for or expect, but an event 
 that will be severely felt by the common cause, and that will wound 
 the heart of every virtuous American, — the loss of Philadelphia? 
 The subject is disagreeable ; but yet it is true. I will leave it, 
 wishing that our situation may become such as to do away the 
 apprehensions which at this time seem to fill the minds of too 
 many, and loith too much justice.^ 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 341. Wash. Writ. 
 
 * The Secretary of Congress. 
 
358 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 In Congress, December 12. — 'A letter, of the 11th, from Gen- 
 eral Washington, was read : 
 
 ' Ordered, That it be referred to the Board of War. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the two companies raised in the town of West- 
 moreland, be ordered to join General Washington, with all possi- 
 ble expedition. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Continental Apothecary be directed imme- 
 diately to pack up all the Continental medicines, and send them to 
 the Quartermaster-General : 
 
 ' That the Quartermaster- General be directed to remove all the 
 medicines belonging to the Continent in Philadelphia, to a place of 
 security: 
 
 ' That the frigate Randolph be put under the direction of the 
 Continental General commanding in Philadelphia, to act as he 
 shall direct, for the defence of this city, and preventing the enemy 
 from passing the Delaware : 
 
 'Resolved, That Elisha Sheldon be appointed Lieutenant-Colonel 
 commandant of a regiment of Cavalry on the Continental estab- 
 lishment, with the rank and pay of a colonel of Foot ; and that 
 General Washington be authorized to appoint the other officers to 
 the said regiment ; and that the Colonel, with his officers, proceed, 
 without delay, to raise and discipline the said regiment; and that 
 thev repair to and join the army under the command of General 
 Washington, by companies, as soon as each company shall be 
 complete : * 
 
 ' That General Washington be empowered to advance to 
 Colonel Sheldon such sums of money as may be necessary for 
 the service. 
 
 'Resolved, That the Continental General commanding in Phila- 
 delphia, be directed to defend the same to the utmost extremity, 
 against the attempts of the enemy to get possession of it ; and that, 
 for this end, he apply, from time to time, to the Council of Safety 
 of Pennsylvania for their aid and assistance. 
 
 'Resolved, That Mr. Robert Morris be empowered to borrow a 
 sum, not exceeding 10,000 dollars, for the use of the Marine Com- 
 mittee ; and Congress will indemnify him. 
 
 'Resolved, That the arms, ammunition, and clothing, in or near 
 the city of Philadelphia, be put under the direction of General 
 Putnam; and that Mr. J. Mease and all other persons, having 
 Continental stores in care, make immediate return of the same to 
 General Putnam, of the quantities and kinds of each, and where 
 the same are placed, that the General may take order therein, 
 either for safety or use, as he shall judge proper. 
 
 'Resolved, That General Putnam be authorized to employ all 
 the private armed vessels in this harbor, for the defence and secu- 
 
 * See the closing paragraph of the Geaeral's letter, Dec. 11, p. 353. 
 
 1 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 359 
 
 rity of the city; and that he take the most effectual measures for 
 manning them, and putting them in fit condition for the above 
 purpose. 
 
 ' Ordered, That Mr. Wilson inform the Assembly and Council 
 of Pennsylvania of the proposed adjournment of Congress, and 
 the place to which they have resolved to adjourn ; and acquaint 
 them, that Congress will, at all times, on their application, be ready 
 to comply with their requisitions for the security of this city and 
 State against the common enemy. 
 
 ' Whereas the movements of the enemy have now rendered the 
 neighborhood of this city the seat of war, which will prevent that 
 quiet and uninterrupted attention to the public business, vi^hich 
 should ever prevail in the great Continental Council : 
 
 ^Resolved, That this Congress be, for the present, adjourned to 
 the town of Baltimore, in the State of Maryland, to meet on the 
 20th instant, unless a sufficient number to make a Congress shall 
 be there sooner assembled ; * and that, until the Congress shall 
 otherwise order, General Washington be possessed of fidl power 
 to order and direct all things relative to the department, and to the 
 operations of war ; and that the several matters to this day referred, 
 be postponed to the day to which Congress is adjourned.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Trenton Falls, 13 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Notwithstanding the extended appearances of the enemy on 
 the other side, made, at least in part, to divert our attention from 
 any particular point as well as to harass us by fatigue, I cannot 
 divest myself of the opinion that their principal design is to ford 
 the river somewhere above Trenton ; to which design I have had 
 particular respect in the new arrangement, wherein I am so far 
 happy as to have the concurrence of the general officers at this 
 place. # * # I have ordered small redoubts to be 
 
 thrown up opposite every place where there is a possibility of 
 fording. I shall remove further up the river to be near the main 
 body of my small army, with which every possible opposition 
 shall be given to any further approach of the enemy towards 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 ' As General Armstrong has a good deal of influence in this 
 State, and our present force is small and inconsiderable, I think 
 he cannot be better employed than to repair to the counties w^here 
 his interest lies, to animate the people, promote the recruiting 
 service, and encourage the militia to come in. He will also be 
 able to form a proper judgment of the places suitable for maga- 
 zines of provision to be collected. I have requested him to wait 
 
 * In connection with this, see their Resolves relating to an adjournment, Dec. 
 9, 11, pp. 355, 356. 
 
360 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 upon Congress on this subject ; and if General Smallwood should 
 go to Maryland on the same business, I think it would have a 
 happy effect ; he is popular and of great influence, and I am per- 
 suaded, would contribute greatly to that State's furnishing her 
 quota of men in a little time. He is now in Philadelphia. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 344. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to General Gates. 
 
 Head-Quarters, at Keith's, 14 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Before this comes to hand, you will have heard 
 of the melancholy situation of our affairs. I do not mean now to 
 detail our misfortunes. With a handful of men, compared to the 
 enemy's force, we have been pushed through the Jerseys, without 
 being able to make the smallest opposition, and compelled to pass 
 the Delaware. General Howe is now on the other side, and be- 
 yond all question means, if possible, to possess himself of Phila- 
 delphia. His troops are extended from Pennington to Burlington ; 
 the main body, from the best advices, at the former, and within 
 the neighborhood of Trenton. I wish it were in my power to tell 
 you, that appearances were much against him ; at present I confess 
 they are not. But few of the militia of this State have yet come 
 out, except those belonging to the city, nor have I any great hope 
 of their assistance, unless we can collect a respectable force ; in 
 such case, perhaps, they will turn out and afford their aid. I have 
 heard that you are coming on with seven regiments. This may 
 have a happy effect, and let me entreat you not to delay a moment 
 in hastening to Pittstown. You will advise me of your ap- 
 proaches, and of the time you expect to be there, that I may meet 
 you with an express, and inform you of your destination, and such 
 further movements as may be necessary. 
 
 ' I expect General Lee will be there this evening or to-morrow, 
 w^ho will be followed by General Heath and his division. If we 
 can draw our forces together, I trust, under the smiles of Provi- 
 dence, we may yet effect an important stroke, or at least prevent 
 General Howe from executing his plans. Philadelphia is now the 
 object of our care ; you know the importance of it, and the fatal 
 consequences, that must attend its loss. I am persuaded no aid, 
 which you can give, will be withheld a single instant; your arrival 
 may be a most happy circumstance. The Congress have ad- 
 journed to Baltimore, but previously resolved that Philadelphia 
 should be defended to the last extremity. Lord Stirling is going 
 over to meet General Lee, and concert with him a plan of opera- 
 tions. I wish you could be there, and would advise you not to 
 wait the slow march of your troops. 
 
 * I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparki, vol. iv. p. 215. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 361 
 
 Same to General Spencer. 
 
 Head- Quarters, 14 December, 1776. 
 'Sir, — I have just received advices from Governor Trumbull, 
 that a large fleet of the enemy's ships-of-war and transports* were 
 lying off New London, with an intent to make a descent on some 
 part of New England. He desired me to send some general 
 officers to take the command of the militia, who are assembling to 
 make the best opposition in their power. I must therefore request 
 that you will immediately repair to New England, and take the 
 command at such place as you may find your presence most 
 necessary. I have ordered General Arnold upon the same service, 
 and beg you may cooperate with him in such measures, as will be 
 most conducive to the public good.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 218. 
 
 Same to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Bucks County, 14 December, 1776. 
 
 * Sir, — I was last night favored with yours of the 6th instant. 
 In a letter which I did myself the pleasure to write to you two 
 days ago, I gave you a full account of my present situation, and 
 of the occurrences, which have happened since I left the neighbor- 
 hood of Fort Lee. The want of the means of transportation has 
 hitherto hindered the enemy from making any attempt to cross 
 the Delaware; and, I hope, unless the course of the season en- 
 tirely changes, that the weather will soon prevent their making use 
 of boats, if they should build them. 
 
 * Your situation at the eastward is alarming; and I wish it were 
 in my power to afford you that assistance which is requisite. You 
 must be sensible, that it is impossible for me to detach any part of 
 my small army, when I have an enemy far superior in numbers 
 to oppose. * * * General Lee's division is so 
 necessary to support this part of the army, that without its assist- 
 ance, we must inevitably be overpowered and Philadelphia lost. 
 I have ordered General Arnold, who was on his way down from 
 Ticonderoga, immediately to repair to New London, or wherever 
 his presence will be most necessary. The troops, who came down 
 with him and General Gates, are already, from the advices I have 
 received, so far advanced towards this army, that to countermand 
 them now, would be losing the small remainder of their services 
 entirely, as the time of iheir enlistment would expire before they 
 could possibly reach you ; whereas, by coming on they may, in 
 conjunction with my present force, and that under General Lee, 
 enable us to attempt a stroke upon the forces of the enemy, who 
 lie a good deal scattered, and to all appearance in a state of secu- 
 
 * The British detachment that took possession of Rhode Island, about the time 
 Ceneral Washington with his army crossed the Delaware, 
 
S62 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 rity. A lucky blow in this quarter would be fatal to them, and 
 would most certainly rouse the spirits of the people, which are 
 quite sunk by our late misfortunes. 
 
 ' In the interval between the dissolution of the old and the en- 
 listment of the new army, we must put our dependence on the 
 public spirit and virtue of the people, who, I am sorry to say, have 
 manifested but too small a regard to their rights and liberties in 
 the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the citizens of Phila- 
 delphia excepted. But I hope such a spirit still exists among your 
 people, as will convince the bold invaders, that, although they may 
 by a superior naval force take possession of your seaport towns, 
 yet, that they cannot penetrate and overrun your country with 
 impunity. I have the honor to be, 
 
 ' With great respect and esteem. Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 219. 
 
 Same to General Lee. 
 He AD- Quarters, at Keith's, 14 December, 1776. 
 'Dear Sir, — I last night received your letter of the 11th instant, 
 by Major Dehart. I am much surprised, that you should be in 
 any doubt respecting the route you should take, after the informa- 
 tion you have had upon that head, as well by letter, as from Major 
 Hoops, who was despatched for that purpose. A large number of 
 boats was procured, and is still retained at Tinicum, under a 
 strong guard, to facilitate your passage across the Delaware. I 
 have so frequently mentioned our situation, and the necessity of 
 your aid, that it is painful to me to add a word upon the subject. 
 Let me once more request and entreat you to march immediately 
 for Pittstown, which lies on the route that has been pointed out, 
 and is about eleven miles from Tinicum Ferry. That is more on 
 the flank of the enemy, than where you now are. Advise me of 
 the time you will arrive there, that a letter may be sent to you 
 about your further destination, and such other movements as may 
 be necessary. * * * Part of the enemy have 
 
 advanced as far as Burlington, and their main body, from the best 
 information, is in the neighborhood of Trenton and at Pennington. 
 The Congress have adjourned from Philadelphia to meet at Balti- 
 more, on the 20th instant, and, sensible of the importance of the 
 former city, have directed it to be defended to the utmost extrem- 
 ity. The fatal consequences that must attend its loss are but too 
 obvious to every one. Your arrival may be the means of saving 
 it. Nothing but a respectable force, I am certain from melan- 
 choly experience, can induce the militia to eome in and give 
 
 their aid.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 221. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 363 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 He AB- Quarters, at Keith's, 15 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — About one o'clock to-day, I received a letter from Gen- 
 eral Sullivan, a copy of which you have enclosed. I will not 
 comment on the melancholy intelligence which it contains, only 
 adding that I sincerely regret General Lee's unhappy fate, and feel 
 much for the loss of my country in his captivity. 
 
 ' In respect to the enemy, they have been industrious in their 
 attempts to procure boats and small craft; but as yet their efforts 
 have not succeeded. # * # * 
 
 'Our force, since my last, has received no augmentation; of 
 course, by sickness and other causes, has diminished. But I am 
 advised by a letter from the Council of Safety, which just came to 
 hand, that Colonels Bird and Gilbreath are marching with their 
 battalions of militia, and also that some small parties are assem- 
 bling in Cumberland county. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 345. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania. 
 Head-Quarters, Bucks County, 15 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, — With the utmost regret, I must inform you of 
 the loss our army has sustained by the captivity of General Lee, 
 who was made a prisoner on the morning of the 13lh by a party 
 of the enemy's light-horse, near a place called Veallown, in the 
 Jerseys. For the particulars, I refer you to the enclosed, from 
 General Sullivan. 
 
 ' The spirit of disaffection, which appears in this country, I think 
 deserves your serious attention. Instead of giving any assistance 
 in repelling the enemy, the militia have not only refused to obey 
 your general summons and that of their commanding officers, but, 
 I am told, exult at the approach of the enemy, and on our late 
 misfortunes. I beg leave, therefore, to submit to your considera- 
 tion, whether such people are to be trusted with arms in their 
 hands. If they will not use them for us, there is the greatest reason 
 to apprehend they will against us, if opportunity should offer. 
 But, even supposing they claimed the right of remaining neuter, 
 in my opinion we ought not to hesitate a moment in taking their 
 arms, which will be so much wanted in furnishing the new levies. 
 If such a step meet your approbation, I leave to you to determine 
 upon the mode. If you think fit to empower me, I will undertake 
 to have it done as speedily and effectually as possible. You must 
 be sensible, that the utmost secrecy is necessary, both in your de- 
 liberaiiotis on, and in the execution of, a matter of this kind; for, 
 if the thing should take wind, the arms would presently be con- 
 veyed beyond our reach, or rendered useless. * # 
 
 ' I have received information, that the body of the enemy, which 
 47 
 
364 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 lay at Pennington under Lord Cornwallis, moved this morning 
 back towards Princeton. * # * The troops, who 
 
 lay at Trenton, are likewise filing off towards Allentown and Bor- 
 dentown, with their baggage, which makes me conjecture they are 
 taking the road to South Amboy. I have a number of small 
 parties out to make discoveries. » # .* In the 
 
 mean time, my troops are so stationed, as to prevent them from 
 crossing the river at any place without our knowledge. But I am 
 in great hopes, that the disappointment in boats and the lateness of 
 the season, w^hich now begins to put on the face of winter, will 
 prevent their making any attempt on Philadelphia till spring. 
 This, however, should not in the least slacken your exertions in 
 making the necessary preparations for the fortification and defence 
 of the city by land and water; for you may be assured that will 
 be their first and great object in the spring. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 223. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, at Keith's, 16 December, 1776. 
 
 * Sir,— - In a late letter which I had the honor of addressing 
 you, I took the liberty to recommend that more battalions should 
 be raised for the new army than what had been voted. Having 
 fully considered the matter, I am more and more convinced, not 
 only of the propriety but of the necessity of the measure. That 
 the enemy will leave nothing unessayed in the course of the next 
 campaign to reduce these Slates to the rule of a most lawless and 
 insufferable tyranny, must be .obvious to every one; and that the 
 militia is not to be depended on, or aid expected from them but in 
 cases of the most pressing emergency, is not to be doubted. The 
 first of these propositions is unquestionable, and fatal experience 
 has given her sanction to the truth of the latter. Indeed, their 
 lethargy of late, and backwardness to turn out at this alarming 
 crisis, seem to justify an apprehension that nothing can bring them 
 from their homes. For want of their assistance, a large part of 
 Jersey has been exposed to ravage and to plunder; nor do I know 
 that Pennsylvania would share a better fate, could General Howe 
 eflect a passage across the Delaware with a respectable force. 
 These considerations have induced me to wish, that no reliance, 
 except such as may arise from necessity, should ever be had in 
 them again ; and to make further mention to Congress of the 
 expediency of increasing their army. I trust the measure will 
 meet their earliest attention. 
 
 ' Had I leisure, and were it necessary, I could say much upon 
 this head; but, as I have not, and the matter is well understood, 
 I will not add much. By augmenting the number of your bat- 
 talions, you will augment your force ; the officers of each will have 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 385 
 
 their interest and influence ; and, upon the whole, their numbers 
 will he much greater, though they should not be complete. Added 
 to this, from the present confused stale of Jersey, and the improper 
 appointment of officers in many instances, I have little or no ex- 
 pectation that she will be able to raise all the troops exacted of her, 
 though I think it might be done, were suitable, spirited gentlemen 
 commissioned, who would exert themselves, and encourage the 
 people, many of whom (from a failure in this instance, and who 
 are well disposed,) are making their submission. In a word, the 
 next will be a trying campaign ; and, as all that is dear and valu- 
 able may depend upon the issue of it, I would advise that nothing 
 should be omitted, that shall seem necessary to our success. Let 
 us have a respectable army, and such as will be competent to 
 every exigency. 
 
 ' I will also add, that the critical situation of our affairs, and the 
 dissolution of our present force, (now at hand.) require that every 
 nerve and exertion be employed for recruiting the new battalions. 
 One part of General Howe's movements at this time, I believe, is 
 with a design to distract us and prevent this business. If the in- 
 clemency of the weather should force him into winter-quarters, he 
 will not remain there longer than necessity shall oblige him; he 
 will commence his operations in a short space of time ; and in that 
 time our levies must be made up, to oppose him, or I fear the most 
 melancholy of all events must take place. 
 
 ' The enclosed extract of a letter from the Commissary-General 
 will show his demands for money, and his plans for procuring 
 salted provisions, and a quantity of flour from the Southward. The 
 whole is submitted to the consideration of Congress ; and I wish 
 the result of their opinion to be transmitted him, with such supplies 
 of money as may be necessary for himself and the departments he 
 mentions. 
 
 ' The clothing of the troops is a matter of infinite importance, 
 and, if it could be accomplished, would have a happy effect. 
 Their distresses are extremely great, many of them being entirely 
 naked, and most so thinly clad as to be unfit for service. I must 
 entreat Congress to write to the agents and contractors upon this 
 subject, that every possible supply may be procured and forwarded 
 with the utmost expedition. I cannot attend to the business my- 
 self, having more than I can possibly do besides. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. p. 346. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Camp, near the Falls of Trenton, 18 December, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Brother, — Owing to the number of letters I write, the 
 
 recollection of any particular one is effaced; but I think my last to 
 
 you was from Hackinsac, by Colonel Woodford. Since that time, 
 
 and a little before, our affairs have taken an adverse turn, but not 
 
366 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 more than was to be expected from the unfortunate measures which 
 had been adopted for ihe eslablishment of our army. The retreat 
 of the enemy from White Plains led me to think, that they would 
 turn their thoughts to the Jerseys, if not farther, and induced me to 
 cross the North River with some of the troops, in order if possible 
 to oppose them. I expected to meet at least five thousand men of 
 the Flying Camp and militia; instead of which I found less than 
 half of that number, and no disposition in the inhabitants to afford 
 the least aid. This being perfectly well known to the enemy, they 
 threw over a large body of troops, which pushed us from place to 
 place, till we were obliged to cross the Delaware with less than 
 three thousand men fit for duty, owing to the dissolution of our 
 force by short enlistments ; the enemy's numbers, from the best 
 accounts, exceeding ten or twelve thousand men. 
 
 * Before I removed to the south side of the river, I had all the 
 boats and other vessels brought over, or destroyed, from Philadel- 
 phia upwards of seventy miles ; and, by guarding the fords, I have, 
 as yet, baffled all their attempts to cross. But, from some late 
 movements of theirs, I am in doubt whether they are moving off 
 for winter-quarters, or making a feint to throw us off our guard. 
 Since I came on this side, I have been joined by about two thou- 
 sand of the city militia, and I understand, that some of the country 
 militia, from the back counties, are on their way ; but we are in a 
 very disaffected part of the Province, and, between you and me, I 
 think our affairs are in a very bad condition. # * 
 
 ' I have no doubt but General Howe will still make an attempt 
 upon Philadelphia this winter. I foresee nothing to oppose him 
 a fortnight hence, as the time of all the troops, except those of 
 Virginia, now reduced almost to nothing, and SmalKvood's regi- 
 ment of Marylanders, equally as low, will expire before the end of 
 that time. In a word, my dear Sir, if every nerve is not strained 
 to recruit the new army with all possible expedition, I think the 
 game is pretty nearly up, owing, in a great measure, to the insid- 
 ious arts of the enemy, * * but principally to the 
 ruinous policy of short enlistments, and placing too great a de- 
 pendence on the militia, the evil consequences of luhich iv ere foretold 
 fifteen months ag-o, with a spirit almost prophetic. Before you re- 
 ceive this letter, you will undoubtedly have heard of the captivity 
 of General Lee. This is an additional misfortune, and the more 
 vexatious, as it was by his own folly and imprudence, and without 
 a view to effect any good, that he was taken. As he went to lodge 
 three miles out of his own camp, and within twenty of the enemy, 
 a rascally Tory rode in the night to give notice of it to the enemy, 
 who sent a party of light-horse that seized him, and carried him 
 off, with every mark of triumph and indignity. 
 
 'You can form no idea of the perplexity of my situation. No 
 man, I believe, ever had a greater choice of difficulties, and less 
 means to extricate himself from them. However, under a full 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 367 
 
 persuasion of the justice of our cause, I cannot entertain an idea, 
 that it will finally sink, though it may remain for some time under 
 a cloud. 
 
 ' My love and sincere regards attend my sister and the family, 
 with compliments to all inquiring friends. With every sentiment 
 of friendship, as well as love, I am your most affectionate brother.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 229. 
 
 Same to General Heath. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Bucks County, IS December, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — By a letter just received from the State of Massa- 
 chusetts, I find that they had ordered six thousand militia to be 
 immediately raised, and appointed the place of rendezvous at Dan- 
 bury in Connecticut, where they are to meet General Lincoln, who 
 is to take the command. You will perceive from the tenor of the 
 letter, that the appearance of the men-of-war and transports off the 
 coast of New England, did not seem to alter their intention of 
 sending the militia forward. * * If this considerable 
 
 reinforcement should arrive with you, I do not know how you 
 could better employ them, or render more essential service to the 
 cause, than, after keeping a sufficient force to guard the passes of 
 the Highlands, by throwing such a number over into Jersey, as 
 would cover the upper parts of that Province, and afford such 
 support and assistance to the well affected, as would encourage 
 them to join you and keep the enemy within straiter bounds than 
 they are at present. 
 
 ' You may depend, that the great end they have in view is, to 
 spread themselves over as much country as they possibly can, and 
 thereby strike a damp into the spirits of the people, which will 
 effectually put a stop to the new enlistment of the army, on which 
 all our hopes depend. * * . # ^^ 
 
 As soon as you find yourself in a situation to send a force into 
 the upper parts of Jersey, I would have you immediately commu- 
 nicate your intentions to the people, with assurances that you will 
 be ready to back and support them in any movements which they 
 may make in your favor. I am certain, that the defection of the 
 people in the lower part of Jersey has been as much ovnng to the 
 want of an army to look the enemy in the face, as to any other 
 cause.^ ***** 
 
 ' Whatever steps you take in this affair, I would wish you to 
 
 consult and cooperate with General Lincoln, of whose judgment 
 
 and abilities I entertain a very high opinion. * * * 
 
 * I enclose to you a letter for General Lincoln, which 
 
 please to forward to him wherever he may be. 
 
 ' I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 227. 
 
368 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, near Trenton Falls, 20 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have waited with much impatience 1o know the de- 
 termination of Congress on the propositions, made some time in 
 October last, for augmenting our corps of artillery, and establish- 
 ing a corps of engineers. The time is now come, when the first 
 cannot be delayed without the greatest injury to the safety of th(!se 
 States; and therefore, under the Resolution of Congress bearing 
 date the ] 2th instant,* at the repeated instances of Colonel Knox, 
 and by the pressing advice of all the general officers now here, I 
 have ventured to order three battalions of artillery to be imme- 
 diately recruited. These are two less than Colonel Knox recom- 
 mends, as you will see by his plan enclosed ; but then this scheme 
 comprehends all the United States, whereas some of the States 
 have corps already established, and these three battalions are in- 
 dispensably necessary for the operations in this quarter, including 
 the Northern Department. 
 
 ' The pay of our artillerists bearing no proportion to that in the 
 English or French service, the murmuring and dissatisfaction 
 thereby occasioned, the absolute impossibility, as I am told, of 
 getting them upon the old terms, and the unavoidable necessity of 
 obtaining them at all events, have induced me, also by advice, to 
 promise officers and men, that their pay shall be augmented twen- 
 ty-five per cent., or that their engagement shall become null and 
 void. This may appear to Congress premature and unwarrant- 
 able. But, Sir, if they vieio our situation in the light it strikes 
 their officers, they will be convinced of the utility of the measure, 
 and that the execution could not be delayed till after their meeting 
 at Baltimore. In short, the present exigency of our aflfairs will not 
 admit of delay, either in council or the field ; for well convinced I 
 am, that, if the enemy go into quarters at all, it will be for a short 
 season. But I rather think the design of General Howe is to 
 possess himself of Philadelphia this winter, if possible; and in 
 truth I do not see what is to prevent him, as ten days more will 
 put an end to the existence of our army. That one great point is 
 to keep us as much harassed as possible, with a view to injure 
 the recruiting service and hinder a collection of stores and other 
 necessaries lor the next campaign, I am as clear in, as I am of my 
 existence. If, therefore, in the short interval in which we have to 
 provide for and make these great and arduous preparations, every 
 matter that in its nature is self-evident is to be referred to Con- 
 gress, at the distance of a hundred and thirty or forty miles, so 
 much time must necessarily elapse, as to defeat the end in view. 
 
 '■It may be said that this is an application for powers that are too 
 dangerous to be entrusted. I can only add, that desperate diseases 
 
 * The last Resolution passed on that day, p. 361. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 369 
 
 require desperate remedies ; and I with truth declare, that I have 
 no lust afier power, but I wish, with as much fervency as any man 
 upon this wide-exlended Conlinent, for an opportunity of turning 
 the sword into the ploughshare. But my feelings, as an officer and 
 a man, have been such as to force me to say, that no person ever 
 had a greater choice of difficulties to contend ivilh than I have. It 
 is needless to add, that short enlistments, and a mistaken depen- 
 dence on militia, have been the origin of all our misfortunes, and 
 the great accumulation of our debt. We find. Sir, that the enemy 
 are daily gathering strength from the disaffected. This strength, 
 like a snow-ball by rolling, will increase, unless some means can 
 be devised to check effectually the progress of the enemy's arms. 
 Militia may possibly do it for a little while ; but in a little while, 
 also, and the militia of those States, which have been frequently 
 called upon, will not turn out at all ; or, if they do, it will be with 
 so much reluctance and sloth, as to amount to the same thing. 
 Instance New Jersey! Witness Pennsylvania! Could anything 
 but the river Delaware have saved Philadelphia ? Can any thing 
 (the exigency of the case indeed may justify it) be more destruc- 
 tive to the recruiting service, than giving ten dollars' bounty for six 
 weeks' service of the militia, who come in, you cannot tell how, 
 — go, you cannot tell when, — and act, you cannot tell where, — 
 consume your provisions, exhaust your stores, and leave you at 
 last at a critical moment ? 
 
 ^ These, Sir, are the men I am to depend upon, ten days hence; 
 this is the basis on which your cause vnll and must for ever depend, 
 till you get a large standing army sufficient of itself to oppose the 
 enemy. I therefore beg leave to give it as my humble opinion, 
 that eighty-eight battalions are by no means equal to the opposi- 
 tion you are to make, and that a moment's time is not to be lost 
 in raising a greater number ; not less, in my opinion and the opinion 
 of my officers, than a hundred and ten. It may be urged, that it 
 will be found difficult enough to complete the first number. This 
 may be true, and yet the officers of a hundred and ten battalions will 
 recruit many more men than those of eighty-eight. Inmy fudgment 
 this is not a time to stand upon expense ; our funds are not the only 
 object of consideration. The Slate of New York have added one 
 battalion (I wish they had made it two) to their quota. If any 
 good officers w^ill offer to raise men upon Continental pay and 
 establishment in this quarter, I shall encourage them to do so, and 
 regiment them when they have done it. If Congress disapprove of 
 this proceeding, they vnll please to signify it, as I mean it for the 
 best. It may be thought that I am going a good deal out of the 
 line of my duty, to adopt these measures, or to advise thus freely. 
 A character to lose, — an estate to forfeit, — the inestimable 
 blessings of liberty at stake, — and a life devoted, — must be my 
 excuse. 
 
370 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 * I have heard nothing of the light-horse from Virginia, nor of 
 the regiment from Ihe Eastern Shore. I wish to know what troopvS 
 are to act in the different .Departments, and to have those from the 
 Southward, designed for this place, ordered on as fast as they shall 
 be raised. * * * Unless this is immediately set 
 about, the campaign, if it should be closed, will be opened in the 
 spring before we have any men in the field. Every exertion 
 should be used to procure tents ; a Clothier-General should be 
 appointed without loss of time for supplying the army with every 
 article in that way; he should be a man of business and abilities. 
 A Commissary of Prisoners must be appointed to attend the army : 
 for want of an officer of this kind, the exchange of prisoners has 
 been conducted in a most shameful and injurious manner.* We 
 have had them from all quarters pushed into our camps at the 
 most critical junctures, and without the least previous notice. We 
 have had them travelling through the different States in all direc- 
 tions by certificates from Committees, without any kind of con- 
 trol ; and have had instances of some going into the enemy's 
 camp, without my privity or knowledge, after passing in the man- 
 ner before mentioned. 
 
 ' There may be other officers necessary, whom I do not recollect 
 at this time, and who, when thought of, must be prodded; for this, 
 Sir, you may rely on, that the cojjimanding- officer, under the 
 present establishment, is obliged to attend to the business of so 
 many different departments, as to render it impossible to conduct 
 that of his own with the attention necessary ; than which nothing 
 can be more injurious. 
 
 ' In a former letter, I intimated my opinion of the necessity of 
 having a brigadier for every three regiments, and a major-general 
 to every three brigades, at most. I think no time is to be lost 
 in making the appointments, that the arrangements may be con- 
 sequent. This will not only aid the recruiting service, but will be 
 the readiest means of forming and disciplining the army after- 
 wards; which, in the short time we have to do it, is of amazing 
 consequence. 
 
 ^I have labored, ever since I have been in the service, to discourage 
 all kinds of local atlachnenls and distinctions of country, denomi- 
 nating the whole by the greater name of American. But, I have 
 found it impossible to overcome prejudices ; and, under the neio es- 
 tablishment, I conceive it best to stir up an emulation; in order to 
 do which, would it not be better for each State to furnish, though 
 
 * It is perhaps recollected, that an appointment of this kind was somewhat ear- 
 nestly recommended, Nov. 8, 1775. The reader may be enabled sufficiently to per- 
 ceive and compare the course recommended by the General, and that adopteil by 
 Congress, as to the care and direction of prisoners, by examining page 299, together 
 with those referred to in the note there ; and subsequently, concerning the exchange 
 and superintendence of them, pp. 305, 307, 310, 311, 344, 347. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 3'7l 
 
 not to appoint, their own brigadiers ? This, if known to be part 
 of the establishment, might prevent a good deal of contention and 
 jealousy ; and would, I believe, be the means of promotions going 
 forward with more satisfaction, and quiet the higher officers. 
 
 ' Whilst I am speaking of promotions, I cannot help giving it as 
 my opinion, that, if Congress think proper to confirm what 1 have 
 done with respect to the corps of artillery. Colonel Knox, at present 
 at the head of that department, (but who, without promotion, will 
 resign,) ought to be appointed to the command of it, with the rank 
 and pay of brigadier. I have also to mention, that, for want of 
 some establishment in the department of engineers agreeably to 
 the plan laid before Congress in October last. Colonel Putnam, 
 who was at the head of it, has quitted, and taken a regiment in the 
 State of Massachusetts. I know of no other man tolerably well 
 qualified for the conducting of that business. None of the French 
 gentlemen, whom I have seen with appointments in that way, 
 appear to know any thing of the matter. There is one in Phila- 
 delphia, who, I am told, is clever; but him I have never seen. I 
 must also once more beg leave to mention to Congress the expe- 
 diency of letting promotions be in a regimental line. The want 
 of this has already driven some of the best officers that were in 
 your army, out of the service. From repeated and strict inquiry I 
 am convinced, that you can adopt no mode of promotion that will 
 be better received, or that will give more general satisfaction. 
 I wish, therefore, to have it announced. 
 
 ' The casting of cannon is a matter that ought not to be one 
 moment delayed ; and, therefore, I shall send Colonel Knox to put 
 this in train, as also to have travelling carriages and shot provided, 
 and laboratories established, one in Hartford, and another in York. 
 Magazines of provisions should also be laid in. These I shall fix 
 with the Commissary. As our great loss last year proceeded from 
 a want of teams, I shall direct the Quartermaster- General to fur- 
 nish a certain number to each regiment to answer the common 
 purposes thereof, that the army may be enabled to remove from 
 place to place differently from what we have done, or could do, 
 this campaign. Ammunition-carts, and proper carts for intrench- 
 ing-tools, should also be provided, and T shall direct about them 
 accordingly. Above all, a store of small arms should be provided, 
 or men will be of little use. The consumption and waste of these, 
 this year, have been great. Militia and Flying-Camp men coming 
 in without them were obliged to be furnished, or become useless. 
 Many of these threw their arms away ; some lost them, whilst 
 others deserted, and took them away. In a word, although I used 
 every precaution to preserve them, the loss has been great ; and 
 this will for ever be the case, in snch a mixed and irregular army 
 as ours has been. 
 
 ' The division of the army, lately under the command of General 
 48 
 
372 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 Lee, now of General Sullivan, is just upon the point of joining us. 
 A strange kind of fatality has attended it. They had orders on 
 the 17th of November to join,* now more than a month. General 
 Gates, with four Eastern regiments, is also near at hand ; three 
 others from those States were coming on, by his order, by the way 
 of Peekskill. and had joined General Heath, whom I had ordered 
 on with Parsons's brigade, leaving Clinton's brigade and some 
 militia, that were at Forts Montgomery and Constitution, to guard 
 those important passes of the Highlands. But the Convention of 
 the State of New York seeming to be much alarmed at Heath's 
 coming away, a fleet appearing off New London, and some part 
 of the enemy's troops retiring towards Brunswick, induced me to 
 countermand the order for the march of Parsons's brigade, and to 
 direct the three regiments from Ticonderoga to halt at Morris- 
 town, in Jersey, (where I understand about eight hundred militia 
 had collected,) in order to inspirit the inhabitants, and, as far as 
 possible, to cover that part of the country. I shall send General 
 Maxwell this day to take the command of them, and, if to be done, 
 to harass and annoy the enemy in their quarters, and cut off their 
 convoys. The care and vigilance, which were used in securing 
 the boats on this river, have hitherto batfled every attempt of the 
 enemy to cross; but, from concurring reports and appearances, 
 they are waiting for ice to afford them a passage. 
 
 ' Since writing the foregoing, I have received a letter from Gov- 
 ernor Cooke, of Rhode Island, of which the enclosed is a copy. 
 Previous to this, and immediately upon the first intelligence ob- 
 tained of a fleet's going through the Sound, I despatched orders to 
 Generals Spencer and Arnold to proceed without delay to the 
 Eastward. * « * Most of our brigadiers are laid 
 
 up. Not one has come on with the division under General Sul- 
 livan, but they are left sick at different places on the road. 
 
 ' By accounts from the Eastward, a large body of men had as- 
 sembled in Rhode Island from the States of Massachusetts and 
 Connecticut. I presume, but I have no advice of it, that the 
 militia ordered from the first to rendezvous at Danbury, six thou- 
 sand in number, under the command of Major-General Lincoln, 
 for supplying the place of the disbanded men of that State in the 
 Continental army, will now be ordered to Rhode Island.f 
 
 ' In speaking of General Lincoln, I should not do him justice, 
 were I not to add, that he is a gentleman well worthy of notice in 
 the military line. He commanded the militia from Massachusetts 
 last summer, or fall rather, and much to my satisfaction ; having 
 proved himself on all occasions an active, spirited, sensible 
 man. * * # 
 
 * See the Instructions to General Lee, in which the possible or probable expediency 
 of such a junction was intimated, Nov. 10, p. 326. 
 
 t In consequence of the before-mentioned invasion. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 373 
 
 ' P. S. Generals Gates and Sullivan have this instant come in. 
 By them I learn, that few or no men are recruited out of the regi- 
 ments coming on with them, and that there is very little reason to 
 expect, that these regiments will be prevailed upon to continue 
 after their term of service expires. If militia then do not come in, 
 the consequences are but too evident.'' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 34S. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 232. 
 
 Robert Morris, a Member of Congress, to Gen. Washington. 
 
 Philadelphia, 23 December, 1776. 
 ' It is useless, at this period, to examine into the causes of our 
 present unhappy situation, unless that examination would be pro- 
 ductive of a cure for the evils which surround us. In fact, those 
 causes have long' been knoivn to such as ivould open their eyes. 
 The very consequences of them were foretold and the measures exe- 
 crated by some of the best friends of America ; but in vain : an 
 obstinate partiality to the habits and customs of one part of this 
 Continent has predominated in the public councils, and too little 
 attention has been paid to others. To criminate the authors of our 
 errors ivould not avail; but we cannot see ruin staring us in the 
 face, without thinking of them. It has been my fate to make an 
 ineffectual opposition to all short enlistments, to Colonial appoint- 
 ment of officers, and to many other measures, which I thought 
 pregnant with mischief; but these things either suited with the 
 genius and habits, or squared with the interests, of some States, 
 that had sufficient influence to prevail ; and nothing is noiv left, but 
 to extricate ourselves as ivell as we canH 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 237. Note. 
 
 General Washington to Robert Morris. 
 
 Head- Quarters, 25 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — I have your obliging favors of the 21st and 23d. 
 The blankets are come to hand; but I would not have any of the 
 other goods sent on till you hear again from me. 
 
 '7 agree with you that it is in vain to ruminate upon, or even re- 
 flect upon the authors or causes of our present misfortunes ; we 
 should rather exert ourselves, and look forward with hopes that 
 some lucky chance may yet turn up in our favor. But as our 
 prospects are, I should not have the least doubt of success in the 
 end, did not the late treachery and defection of those, who stood 
 foremost in the opposition while fortune smiled upon us, make me 
 fearful that many more will follow their example, who, by using 
 their influence with some, and working upon the fears of others, 
 may extend the circle so as to take in whole towns, counties, nay. 
 Provinces. Of this we have a recent instance in Jersey ; and I 
 wish many parts of Pennsylvania may not be ready lo receive 
 ^he yoke. 
 
374 PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS, AND 
 
 ' The security of the Continental ships-of-war in Delaware is 
 certainly a capital object; and yet to draught the many hands 
 necessary to fit them out, from the militia, might be dangerous, 
 just now; perhaps in a little time hence, their places may be sup- 
 plied with country militia; and then, if the exigency of aft'airs 
 requires it, they certainly ought to be spared. I will just hint to 
 you a proposition that was made, or rather talked of, a few days 
 ago, by the officers of two New England regiments, whose time of 
 service will expire on the 1st of January. They are most of them 
 watermen ; and they said their men would willingly go on board 
 the frigates, and navigate them round to any of the ports in New 
 England, if it was thought they would be safer there than in Dela- 
 ware. You may think of this, and let me hear from you on the 
 subject, if the proposition pleases you. 
 
 ' I shall take the earliest opportunity of sending in your letter to 
 General Lee, with the bill drawn upon Major Small. 
 
 ' From an intercepted letter from a person in the secrets of the 
 enemy, I find their intentions are to cross Delaware as soon as 
 the ice is sufficiently strong. I mention this, that you may take 
 the necessary steps for the security of such public or private prop- 
 erty as ought not to fall into their hands, should they make them- 
 selves masters of Philadelphia, of which they do not seem to enter- 
 tain the least doubt. 
 
 ^ I hope the next Christmas ivill prove happier than the present^* 
 to you, and to, dear Sir, your sincere friend and humble servant. 
 
 ' P. S. I would just ask whether you think Christiana a safe 
 place for our stores. Do not you think they would be safer at 
 Lancaster, or somewhere more inland ? ' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 358. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, above Trenton Falls, 24 December, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — That I should dwell upon the subject of our distresses 
 cannot be more disagreeable to Congress, than it is painful to my- 
 self. The alarming situation to which our affairs are reduced im- 
 pels me to the jneasure. Inquiry and investigation, which in most 
 cases serve to develope and point out a remedy, — in ours, present 
 more and greater difficulties. Till of late, I was led to hope from 
 report, that no inconsiderable part of the troops composing the 
 regiments that were with General Lee, and those from Ticonde- 
 roga under General Gates, had enlisted again. This intelligence, 
 I confess, gave me reason to expect that I should have, at the ex- 
 piration of the present year, a force somewhat more respectable 
 than what I find will be the case. 
 
 * Whether the hope here expressed was realized or not, an opinion may be formed 
 by comparing with these, the records of the scenes at Valley Forge. 
 
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE. 375 
 
 ' Having examined into the state of those regiments, I am au- 
 thorized to say from the information of their officers, that but very 
 few of the men have enlisted. Those who have, are of the troops 
 from Tieonderoga, and were permitted to visit their friends and 
 homes, as part of the terms on which they would reengage. In 
 respect to those who marched with General Lee, I cannot learn 
 that any have. Their refusal, I am told, has not proceeded more 
 from an aversion to the service, or any fixed determination not to 
 engage again, than from their wishes to return home, — the non- 
 appointment of officers in some instp.nces, — the turning out of 
 good, and appointing bad, in others, — and the incomplete, or 
 rather no arrangement of them ; — a work unhappily committed to 
 the managemeM of their States. Nor have I the most distant pros- 
 pect of retaining them a moment longer than the last of this month, 
 notwithstanding the most pressing solicitations and the obvious 
 necessity for it. 
 
 ' By the departure of these regiments I shall be left with five 
 from Virginia, Smallwood's from Maryland, a small part of Raw- 
 lings's. Hand's from Pennsylvania, a part of Ward's from Connec- 
 ticut, and the German battalion, comprising, in the whole, at this 
 time, from fourteen to fifteen hundred effective men. This hand- 
 ful, and such militia as may choose to join me, will then compose 
 our army. 
 
 ' When I reflect upon these things^ they fill me ivith much con- 
 cern, knowing that General Howe has a number of troops can- 
 toned in the towns bordering on and near the Delaware, — his 
 intentions to pass, as soon as the ice is sufficiently formed, to 
 invade Pennsylvania, and to possess himself of Philadelphia, if 
 possible. To guard against his designs and the execution of them, 
 shall employ my every exertion ; but how is this to be done ? As 
 yet but few militia have gone to Philadelphia, and they are to be 
 our support at this alarming crisis. Had I entertained a doubt of 
 General Howe's intentions to pass the Delaware on the dissolution 
 of our army, and as soon as the ice is made, it would now be 
 done away. An intercepted letter from a gentleman of Philadel- 
 phia, (who has joined the enemy,) to his friend and partner in the 
 city, declares that to be their design, — that the army would be 
 there in ten or twenty days from the 16th instant, the time of his 
 writing, if the ice should be made. It advises him by no means to 
 remove their stores, as they would be safe. 
 
 '■The obstacles^ ivhich have arisen to the raising of the new army, 
 from the mode of appointing the officers, induce me to hope, if 
 Congress resolve on an additional number of battalions to those 
 already voted, that they will devise some other rule by which the 
 officers, especially the field officers, should be appointed. In case 
 an augmentation should be made to the Eastern regiments, a de- 
 viation from the former mode will operate more strongly as to them 
 
376 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 than to other battalions, because there have been many more offi- 
 cers in service from those States, than the regiments voted to be 
 raised would admit of; by which means several deserving men 
 could not have been provided for, had the utmost pains have been 
 used for the purpose ; and many others of merit have been ne- 
 glected in the late appointments, and those of little worth and less 
 experience, put in their places or promoted over their heads. This 
 has been the case with many of their best officers.' 
 
 ' P. S. If the public papers have been removed from Philadel- 
 phia, I hope those which I sent by Lieutenant-Colonel Reed 
 before we left New York, have not been forgot.* If they have 
 not, I beg the favor of you to break open the chest, and send me 
 the several letter-books sealed up, having frequent occasion to refer 
 to them.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 356. Wash. Writ. 
 
 The extreme crisis in the public affairs of the United States in 1776, and the vast 
 energies so unsparingly and so successfully put forth to meet that crisis, appear in 
 various respects to be too imperfectly understood, by a very large portion of our 
 community. To exhibit them with plainness and fulness according to their im- 
 portance, requires considerable deviation from the general course hitherto pursued in 
 this work, especially in relation to the extent and amount of collateral testimony 
 adduced. 
 
 December 19^/i, 1776. ' Intelligence has lately arrived at Head- 
 Quarters here, that a British fleet, and a detachment of five or six 
 thousand of the Royal army, have taken possession of Newport, in 
 Rhode Island. * # By letters from officers, and by 
 
 other information from our mmn army, we learn, with sorrow, that 
 our affairs in that quarter are in a most deplorable and almost 
 desperate situation. * # * * 
 
 ' On the 16th of November, the British made a bold and suc- 
 cessful attack on Fort Washington, situated on York Island. * 
 * * Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, was soon after 
 
 evacuated by General Greene, and the troops saved from being 
 captured, but with the loss of stores, tents, and baggage. Our 
 main army, being now reduced to the lowest ebb, discouraged and 
 dispirited, are retreating through the Jerseys, and the enemy in 
 close pursuit. The Continental army has even crossed the Dela- 
 ware, and left the whole State of Jersey in the possession of the 
 Royal army. 
 
 * See letter, Aug, 13, p. 278. 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 377 
 
 20lh. ' Another disaster of much importance is the capture of 
 Major-General Lee. * * The loss of this favorite gen- 
 
 eral officer, it is feared, will be attended with very serious conse- 
 quences, as respects the American cause. * * 
 
 ' Such is now the gloomy aspect of our aifairs, that the whole coun- 
 try has taken the alarm ; strong apprehensions are entertained that 
 the British will soon have it in their power, to vanquish the whole of 
 the remains of the Continental army. The term of service of a 
 considerable part of our troops has nearly expired, and new re- 
 cruits do not arrive in sufficient numbers to supply their places. 
 His Excellency General Washington is continually making every 
 possible effort to produce a change of circumstances more aus- 
 picious to our country. The critical and distressing situation in 
 which he is placed, is sufficient to overwhelm the powers of any 
 man of less wisdom and magnanimity than our Commander-in- 
 Chief. He has the confidence and the affection of the officers and 
 soldiers of the whole army; and there is not perhaps another man 
 to be found, so well calculated to discharge the duties of his im- 
 portant and responsible station. It is generally agreed bv our 
 officers, that in his retreat through the Jerseys, and over the Dela- 
 ware, under the most pressing difficulties, he displayed the talents 
 and wisdom characteristic of a great military Commander, pos- 
 sessing unfailing resources of mind. While retreating through the 
 Jerseys with an army not exceeding three thousand five hundred 
 men, and deeming our cause as almost desperate, he said to 
 Colonel Reed, passing his hand over his throat, [the Colonel having 
 expressed doubt of support in his State, Pennsylvania,] " My neck 
 does not feel as though it was made for a halter; we must retire 
 to Augusta county in Virginia, and, if overpowered, we must pass 
 the Allegany Mountains." General Washington at this time was 
 suffering the most agonizing distress for the fate of his army and 
 his country.' 
 
 Thacher's * Military Journal, pp. 66 - 69. 
 
 ' In the fall of the year 1776 was one of the darkest and most 
 dispiriting periods of the Revolution. The disaster at Long 
 Island had occurred, * # a garrison # 
 
 had been taken at Fort Washington, * and the American 
 
 General, with the small remainder, disheartened, and in want of 
 every kind of comfort, was retreating through the Jerseys before an 
 overwhelming power, which spread terror, desolation, and death, 
 on every hand. * * For a short time, the courage of 
 
 * Dr. Thacher entered the medical department in the army before Boston in July, 
 1775, and continued in that department, keeping a journal of passing events, during 
 the Revolution. In August, 1776, two regiments, to one of which he was attached, 
 marched from Boston for Ticonderoga, where doubtless this part of his journal was 
 written. He remained there, it appears, from the day he arrived, early in Septem- 
 ber, till that post was evacuated in July, 1777. 
 
378 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 the country fell. Washington alone remained erect, and surveyed 
 with godlike composure the storm that raged around him. Even 
 the heroism of the Virginia Legislature gave way ; and, in a season 
 of despair, the mad project of a Dictator was seriously meditated. 
 That Mr. Henry was thought of for this office, has been alleged, 
 and is highly probable ; but that the project was suggested by him, 
 or even received his countenance, I have met with no one who 
 will venture to affirm.' 
 
 Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry, p. 204. 
 
 ' The army which was thus pressed slowly through the Jerseys, 
 was aided by no other cavalry ihan a small corps of badly mount- 
 ed Connecticut militia, commanded by Major Sheldon ; and was 
 almost equally destitute of artillery. * * * * 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief found himself at the head of this small 
 band of soldiers, dispirited by their losses and fatigues, retreating 
 almost naked and barefooted, in the cold of November and De- 
 cember, before a numerous, well-appointed, and victorious army, 
 through a desponding country, much more disposed to obtain 
 safety by submission, than to seek it by a manly resistance. 
 «■**** 
 
 ' Undismayed by the dangers which surrounded him, he did not 
 for an instant relax his exertions, nor omit any thing which could 
 obstruct the progress of the enemy, or improve his own condition. 
 He did not appear to despair of the public safety, but struggled 
 against adverse fortune with the hope of yet vanquishing the diffi- 
 culties which surrounded him ; and constantly showed himself to 
 his harassed and enfeebled army, with a serene, unembarrassed 
 countenance, betraying no fears in himself, and invigorating and 
 inspiring with confidence the bosoms of others. To this uncon- 
 querable firmness, to this perfect self-possession under the most 
 desperate circumstances, is America, in a great degree, indebted 
 for her Independence.' 
 
 Marshall's Life of Washington, in 2 vols. i. pp. 121, 122. 
 
 ' When I first learnt the subject of this quarrel, my heart 
 espoused warmly the cause of liberty, and I thought of nothing 
 but of adding also the aid of my banner. * * * 
 
 Silas Deane was then at Paris ; but the Ministers feared to receive 
 him, and his voice was overpowered by the louder accents of Lord 
 Stormont. * * * Whilst wishing to address my- 
 
 self in a direct manner to Mr. Deane, 1 became the friend of Kalb, 
 a German in our employ, who was applying for service with the 
 Insiirg-ents, (the expression in use at that time,) and who became 
 my interpreter. * * # When I presented to Mr. 
 
 Deane my boyish face, (for T was scarcely nineteen years of age,) 
 I spoke more of my ardor in the cause than of my experience ; 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 379 
 
 but I dwelt much upon the effect my departure would excite in 
 France, and he signed our mutual agreement. * « 
 
 Preparations were making to send a vessel to America, when very 
 bad tidings arrived from thence. New York, Long Island, White 
 Plains, Fort Washington, and the Jerseys, had seen the American 
 forces successively destroyed by thirty-three thousand English [and] 
 Germans. Three thousand Americans alone remained in arms, 
 and these were closely pursued by General Howe. From that 
 moment all the credit of the Insurgents vanished ; to obtain a 
 vessel for them, was impossible; the Envoys themselves thought it 
 right to express to me their own discouragement, and persuade me 
 to abandon my project. I called on Mr. Deane, and I thanked 
 him for his frankness. " Until now, Sir," said I, " you have only 
 seen my ardor in your cause, and that may not prove at present 
 wholly useless. I shall purchase a ship to carry out your officers ; 
 we must feel confidence in the future, and it is especially in the 
 hour of danger that I wish to share your fortune." My project was 
 received with approbation ; but it was necessary afterwards to find 
 money, and to purchase and arm a vessel secretly : all this was 
 accomplished with the greatest despatch.' 
 
 Lafayette's Memoirs, pp. 6 - 10. 
 
 Robert Morris to the Commissioners in France.* 
 
 Philadelphia, 21 December, 1776. 
 ' Gentlemen, — I am now the only member of Congress in this 
 city, unless Mr. Walton, of Georgia, and Mr. Clymer, my col- 
 league, still remain, which I am not sure of I cannot pretend to 
 give you a regular detail of our manifold misfortunes, because my 
 books and papers are all gone into the country, as is my family. 
 But these unfortunate events commenced with the loss of Fort 
 Washington. « * At this critical time, they, [the 
 
 enemy,] by treachery, bribery, or accident, intercepted some de- 
 spatches from General Washington to Congress, also some of the 
 General's private letters, particularly one to Mr. Rutledge, in which 
 he had fully laid open the unfortunate situation he was then in- 
 volved in, by the short enlistments of our army ; for the times of 
 most of them expired on the 1st of December, and the rest on the 
 1st of January. * * * All these things he stated 
 
 fully, and the enemy became possessed of a most authentic account 
 of his real situation. They determined to take advantage of it, and 
 before General Washington had time to make any new arrange- 
 ments at Fort Lee, on the west side of the North River, to which 
 he had crossed, a large body of troops landed above, and another 
 below him, so that he was near being enclosed with a force vastly 
 superior. * * # He retreated to Hackinsac, and 
 
 * These Commissioners were Mr. Silas Deane, Dr. Franklin, and Dr. Arthur Lee 
 
 49 
 
380 EVIDENCES OF THE EETRIEVING OPEEATIONS 
 
 was there in hopes of making a stand, until the militia of the 
 country should come to his assistance, but the vigilance of the 
 enemy did not give him time for this. They pursued, and he re- 
 treated all the way through the Jerseys to Trenton, and from thence 
 they forced him across the Delaware, where he still remains, to 
 oppose their passage across the river. 
 
 ' Lord Cornwallis commanded the British forces in the Jerseys, 
 until they reached Brunswick, where General Howe joined them 
 with reinforcements, and determined to make his way to this city, 
 without further loss of time. You may be sure the militia of New 
 Jersey and this State were called upon to turn out, and defend their 
 country in this hour of distress. Alas, our internal enemies had, 
 by various arts and means, frightened many, disaffected others, 
 and caused a general languor to prevail over the minds of almost 
 all men, not before actually engaged in the war. Many are also 
 exceedingly disaffected with the Constitutions formed for their re- 
 spective States, so that from one cause or other, # * 
 it was with the utmost difficulty, that the Associators of this city 
 could be prevailed on to march against them. At length, however, 
 it has been effected ; they have been up with the General about 
 two weeks, and the example is likely to produce its effect in the 
 country, as they are now pretty generally on their march towards 
 Trenton. 
 
 ' During General Washington's retreat through the Jerseys, he 
 wrote for General Lee, who was left to command on the east side 
 of the North River. * * He obeyed the summons, 
 
 and brought with him about three thousand men. * * 
 
 After he had passed a place called Chatham, near Elizabethtown, 
 he lodged at a farm-house. Some treacherous villain gave notice 
 to the enemy, and the General's ill fate, or some other cause I am 
 not acquainted with, delayed him there, until near 10 o'clock on 
 Friday morning, his army having marched, and their rear about 
 three miles from him, when he was surprised by about seventy 
 light-horse, who made him prisoner, and bore him off in triumph. 
 This is an event much to be lamented. I sincerely pity Lee, 
 and feel for the loss my country sustains ; his abilities had fre- 
 quently been immensely useful; the want of them will be se- 
 verely felt. 
 
 ' The command of this party devolved on General Sullivan, who 
 continued his route, fell in with General Gates, with five hundred 
 men, returning from the Lakes, and both joined General Wash- 
 ington yesterday. This junction is what we have long impa- 
 tiently wished for, but still I fear our force is not equal to the task 
 before them, and unless that task is performed, Philadelphia, nay, 
 I may say Pennsylvania, must fall. The task, I mean, is to drive 
 the enemy out of New Jersey, for at present they occupy Bruns- 
 wick, Princeton, Trenton, Pennytown, Bordentown, Burlington, 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 28% 
 
 Morristown, Mount Holly, and Haddonfield, having their main 
 body about Princeton, and strong in all the other places, it is sup- 
 posed with a design of attacking this city, whenever they can cross 
 the Delaware on the ice, for they have only been kept from it, by 
 our sending up the gondolas and bringing off, or destroying, all 
 the boats along the Jersey shore. 
 
 ' You will think the enemy are now in a situation for us to 
 attack their scattered parties, and cut them off. This we think too, 
 and are preparing to do it, but it will be a work of extreme diffi- 
 culty to get at them ; they have excellent intelligence of all our 
 motions ; we can hardly come at any certainty about theirs, for 
 Lord Howe and General Howe issued a proclamation on the 30th 
 of November, offering pardon to all, who should submit within 
 sixty days, and subscribe a declaration, that they will not hereafter 
 bear arms against the King's troops, nor encourage others to do it. 
 This has had a wonderful effect, and all Jersey, or far the greater 
 part of it, is supposed to have made their submission, and sub- 
 scribed the declaration required ; those who do so, of course be- 
 come our most inveterate enemies ; they have the means of con- 
 veying intelligence, and they avail themselves of it. 
 
 ' In this perplexing situation of things, the Congress were in- 
 formed, that an advanced party of Hessians and Highlanders had 
 taken possession of Burlington, * * and it was 
 
 thought had the means of crossing the river. * ♦ 
 
 It was therefore deemed unsafe for Congress to remain here, and 
 absolutely necessary that they should be in a place of safety, where 
 they could deliberate coolly and freely without interruption, and 
 * they adjourned to Baltimore, where they are now sit- 
 ting. This city was, for ten days, the greatest scene of distress 
 that you can conceive ; everybody but Quakers were removing 
 their families and effects, and now it looks dismal and melancholy. 
 The Quakers and their families pretty generally remain ; the other 
 inhabitants are principally sick soldiers, some few effective ones 
 under General Putnam, who is come here to throw up lines, and 
 prepare for the defence of the place, if General Washington should 
 be forced to retreat hither. You may be sure I have my full 
 share of trouble on this occasion, but having got my family and 
 books removed to a place of safety, my mind is more at ease, and 
 my time is now given up to the public, although I have many 
 thousand pounds worth of effects here, without any prospect of 
 saving them. 
 
 ' This is not the only part of the Continent, that now feels the 
 weight of their resentment ; General Clinton, with from three to 
 six thousand men, has invaded Rhode Island, and it is said, has 
 taken possession of it. # # 
 
 ' I must add to this gloomy picture one circumstance, more dis- 
 tressing than all the rest, because it threatens instant and total ruin 
 
382 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 to the American cause, unless some radical cure is applied, and 
 that speedily; I mean the depreciation of the Continental currency. 
 
 $k ^ ^ '^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ' For my part I see but two chances for relief; one is from you. 
 If the Court of France open their eyes to their own interest, and 
 think the commerce of North America will compensate them for 
 the expense and evil of a war with Britain, they may readily create 
 a diversion, and afford us succors that will change the face of 
 affairs ; but they must do it soon ; our situation is critical, and does 
 not admit of delay. I do not mean by this, that instant submission 
 must ensue, if they do not directly afford us relief; but there is a 
 great difference between the benefits they will derive from a com- 
 mercial connection with this country, in full health and vigor, and 
 what they can possibly expect, after it is exhausted by repeated 
 efforts during the precarious process of a tedious war. « * 
 
 Neither can they, after a tedious delay in negotiation, expect that 
 vigorous assistance in prosecuting the war, that they may be as- 
 sured of, if they join us in its infancy. 
 
 ' Our people knew not the hardships and calamities of war, when 
 they so boldly dared Britain to arms ; every man was then a bold 
 patriot, felt himself equal to the contest, and seemed to wish for an 
 opportunity of evincing his prowess ; but now, ivhen ive are fairly 
 engaged, when death and ruin stare us in the face, and when nothing 
 but the most intrepid courage can rescue us from contempt and dis- 
 grace, sorry am I to say it, many of those who ivere foremost in 
 noise, shrink coivard-like from the danger, and are begging pardon 
 without striking a blow. This, however^ is not general, but dejec- 
 tion of spirits is an epidemical disease, and unless some fortunate 
 event or other gives a turn to the disorder, in time it may prevail 
 throughout the community. No event would give that turn so soon, 
 as the declaration of war on the part of France against Great 
 Britain, and I am sure if they lose this golden opportunity, they 
 will never have such another. 
 
 * You will doubtless be surprised, that we have not made better 
 progress with our Navy, because you are unacquainted with the 
 many difficulties and causes of delay that have encountered us. 
 » # Above all, we have been hindered by the con- 
 
 stant calling out of our militia, in a manner that did not admit of 
 the necessary tradesmen being exempted. You will wonder at 
 this ; it would be a long story to unfold the reasons, therefore suf- 
 fice that it is so. Dr. Franklin can inform you of many particulars 
 respecting the Flying Camp. 
 
 iii. M. 4£. M. At- <£• ^ 
 
 'ff -Tf" *7t» ^ "TV- "JP "T^ 
 
 ' Agriculture and Mechanics have their impediments, by the 
 enlisting of soldiers, and frequent calls on the militia. In short, 
 nothing but the most arduous exertions, and virtuous conduct in the 
 leaders, seconded by a spirited behavior in the army, and a patient 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 383 
 
 endurance of hardships by the people in general^ can long support 
 the contest ; therefore the Court of France should strike at once, as 
 they will reap an immediate harvest. * * * » 
 
 '■I ivill not enter into any detail of our conduct in Congress, but 
 you may depend on this, that as long as that respectable body persist 
 in the attempt to execute, as well as to deliberate on, their business, 
 it will never be done as it ought, and this has been urged many and 
 many a time, by myself and others, but some of them do not 
 LIKE TO PART WITH POWER, or to pay othcrs for doing what they 
 cannot do themselves. 
 
 ' I have Mr. Deane's favor of the 30th of September, to myself, 
 now before me ; the letter by the same conveyance from Marti- 
 nico, under cover of Mr. Bingham's, I sent down to the Committee 
 at Baltimore, and wrote them my mind on the justice of your 
 complaints, for want of intelligence. I had often told it to them 
 before ; you know well 1 was not put in that Committee to carry 
 on the correspondence, but to find out the conveyances; however, 
 I have been obliged to write all the letters, that have been written 
 for some time past; but as Colonel [R. H.] Lee, Mr. Hooper, and 
 the Rev. Dr. Witherspoon are now added to the Committee, I 
 shall excuse myself from that task, although I have thought it 
 proper to give you a just state of our affairs at this time, because I 
 do not suppose the Committee will be got fairly together in Balti- 
 more yet, and when they do, it is probable they may not be fond 
 of laying things before you so fully as I have done. Some of us 
 are of very sanguine complexions, and are too apt to flatter our- 
 selves, that things are not so bad as they appear to be, or that they 
 will soon mend, &c. Now my notion is, that you, Gentlemen Com- 
 mittee, should be fairly and fully informed of the true state of 
 affairs, that you may make a proper use of that knowledge, keep- 
 ing secret what ought to be so, and promulgating what should be 
 known. 
 
 ' Dr. Franklin will see this letter, and I embrace this opportunity 
 of assuring him of the high respect and esteem I entertain for him. 
 I also beg my compliments to Mr. Lee, if he is with you ; tell him 
 I have the commission, in which he is nominated, ready to send, 
 but it is gone into the country with my papers, or I would send it 
 by this conveyance.* My own affairs necessarily detained me 
 here after the departure of Congress, and it is well I stayed, as I 
 am obliged to set many things right, that would otherwise be in 
 the greatest confusion. Indeed, I find my presence so very neces- 
 sary, that I shall remain here until the enemy drive me away. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, vol. i. p. 233-246. 
 
 * Mr. Silas Deane had been commissioned in March, 1776, as Political and Com- 
 mercial Agent to France ; but it was not till the succeeding September, that Dr. Frank- 
 lin, Mr. Deane, and Arthur Lee were appointed Commissioners to negotiate treaties 
 with foreign powers, particularly with the Court of France. 
 
384 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 General Greene to Governor Cooke. 
 
 , 21 December, 1776. 
 
 ' We are now on the west side of the Delaware. Our force is 
 small when collected together ; but,, small as it is, I hope ive shall 
 give the enemy a stroke in a few days. Should fortune favor the 
 attack, perhaps it may put a stop to General Howe's progress. 
 
 ' I think, notwithstanding the general disaffection of a certain 
 order of people, that the army will fill up. Should this be the 
 case, nothing is to be feared. Short enlistments have been in a 
 great measure the source of all the misfortunes that we labor under, 
 though but few to ivhat one at first expected. Congress, in the in- 
 fancy of politics, coidd not be brought to believe many serious 
 truths. By attending to speculative principles, rather than to those 
 uf real life, their maxims of war have been founded in folly. How- 
 ever, experience ripens judgment, and enables us to correct many 
 an error in business, that at first we could not conceive of.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. pp. 542, 545. 
 
 General Washington to Joseph Rked, or, in his absence, to 
 John Cadwallader only, Bristol. 
 
 Camp, above Trenton Falls, 23 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — The bearer is sent down * # to in- 
 
 form you that Christmas-day, at night, one hour before day, is the 
 time fixed upon for our attempt on Trenton. For Heaven's sake, 
 keep this to yourself as the discovery of it may prove fatal to us ; 
 * our numbers, sorry am I to say, being less than I had 
 any conception of ; but necessity, dire necessity, will, 7iay must, 
 justify an attack. Prepare, and in concert with Griffin, attack as 
 many of their posts as you possibly can with a prospect of success; 
 the more we can attack at the same instant, the more confusion 
 we shall spread, and the greater good will result from it. 
 
 ' If I had not been fully convinced before of the enemy's de- 
 signs, I have now ample testimony of their intentions to attack 
 Philadelphia, so soon as the ice will afford the means of con- 
 veyance. 
 
 ' As the Colonels of the Continental regiments might kick up 
 some dust about command, unless Cadwallader is considered by 
 them in the light of a brigadier, which I wish him to be, I desired 
 General Gates, who is unwell, and applied for leave to go to Phila- 
 delphia, to endeavor, if his health would permit him, to call and 
 stay two or three days at Bristol, in his way. * * 
 
 ' I am, dear Sir, your most obedient servant.' 
 
 ' P. S. I have ordered our men to be provided with three days' 
 provisions ready cooked, with which and their blankets they are to 
 march ; for, if we are successful, which Heaven grant, and the cir- 
 cumstances favor, we may push on. I shall direct every ferry and 
 
TEEMINATING TME MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 385 
 
 ford to be well guarded, and not a soul suffered to pass without 
 an officer's going down with the permit. Do the same with you.' 
 
 Wilkinson's Memoirs, vol. i. p, 125, 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Heab-Quarters, Newtown, 27 December, 1776. 
 
 'Sir, — I have the pleasure of congratulating you upon the 
 success of an enterprise, which I had formed against a detachment 
 of the enemy lying in Trenton, and which was executed yesterday 
 morning. The evening of the 25th, I ordered the troops intended 
 for this service to parade back of McKonkey's Ferry, that they 
 might begin to pass as soon as it grew dark, imagining we should 
 be able to throw them all over, with the necessary artillery, by 
 twelve o'clock, and that we might easily arrive at Trenton by five 
 in the morning, the distance being about nine miles. But the 
 quantity of ice made that night, impeded ihe passage of the boats 
 so much, that it was three o'clock before the artillery could all be 
 got over; and near four, before the troops took up their line of 
 march. This made me despair of surprising the town, as I well 
 knew w^e could not reach it before the day was fairly broke. But 
 as I was certain there was no making a retreat without being dis- 
 covered and harassed on repassing the river, I determined to push 
 on at all events. I formed my detachment into two divisions, one 
 to march by the lower or river road, the other by the upper or 
 Pennington road. As the divisions had nearly the same distance 
 to march, I ordered each of them, immediately upon forcing the 
 out-guards, to push directly into the town, that they might charge 
 the enemy before they had time to form. 
 
 ' The upper division arrived at the enemy's advanced post ex- 
 actly at eight o'clock ; and in three minutes after, I found, from the 
 fire on the lower road, that that division had also got up. The 
 out-guards made but small opposition, though, for their numbers, 
 they behaved very well, keeping up a constant retreating fire from 
 behind houses. We presently saw their main body formed ; but, 
 from their motions, they seemed undetermined how to act. Being 
 hard pressed by our troops, who had already got possession of 
 their artillery, they attempted to file off by a road on their right, 
 leading to Princeton. But perceiving their intention, I threw a 
 body of troops in their way, which immediately checked them. 
 Finding from our disposition, that they were surrounded, and that 
 they must inevitably be cut to pieces if they made any further 
 resistance, they agreed to lay down their arms. The number that 
 submitted in this manner was twenty-three officers and eight hun- 
 dred and eighty-six men. Colonel Rahl, the commanding officer, 
 and seven others were found wounded in the town. I do not 
 exactly know how many were killed ; but I fancy not above 
 twenty or thirty, as they never made any regular stand. Our loss 
 
386 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 is very trifling indeed, only two officers and one or two privates 
 wounded.* 
 
 ' I find that the detachment of the enemy consisted of the three 
 Hessian regiments of Anspach, Kniphausen, and Rahl, amounting 
 to about fifteen hundred men, and a troop of British light-horse ; 
 but, immediately upon the beginning of the attack, all those, who 
 were not killed or taken, pushed directly down the road towards 
 Bordentown. These would likewise have fallen into our hands, 
 could my plan have been completely carried into execution. Gen- 
 eral Ewing [probably Irvine] was to have crossed before day at 
 Trenton Ferry, and taken possession of the bridge leading out of 
 town ; but the quantity of ice was so great, that, though he did 
 evervthing in his power to effect it, he could not get over. This 
 difficulty also hindered General Cadwallader from crossing with 
 the Pennsylvania militia from Bristol. He got part of his foot 
 over ; but, finding it impossible to embark his artillery, he was 
 obliged to desist. I am fully confident, that, could the troops under 
 Generals Ewing and Cadwallader have passed the river, I should 
 have been able with their assistance, to drive the enemy from all 
 their posts below Trenton. But the numbers I had with me being 
 inferior to theirs below me, and a strong battalion of light in- 
 fantry being at Princeton above me, I thought it most prudent to 
 return the same evening with the prisoners and the artillery we 
 had taken. We found no stores of any consequence in the town. 
 
 ' In justice to the officers and men, I must add, that their be- 
 havior upon this occasion reflects the highest honor upon them. 
 The difficulty of passing the river in a very severe night, and their 
 march through a violent storm of snow and hail, did not in the 
 least abate their ardor ; but, when they came to the charge, each 
 seemed to vie with the other in pressing forward ; and were I to 
 give a preference to any parUcular corps, I should do great injus- 
 tice to the others.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 360. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 246. 
 
 In Congress, Baltimore, December 20, 1776. ' Congress met 
 according to adjournment. 
 
 ' Sundry letters were laid before Congress, and read, viz.: 
 
 ' Three from General Washington, of the 12th, 13th, and 15th ; 
 one, of the 13th, from General Sullivan ; four, from R. Morris, at 
 Philadelphia, of the 13th, 14th, 16th, and 17th; one, of the 8th, 
 from General Wooster : 
 
 ' Ordered, That they be referred to a committee of four. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the President write to General Washington, and 
 desire him to send a flag to General Howe, and inquire in what 
 manner General Lee, who has been taken prisoner, is treated ; 
 
 * Two were frozen to death. 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 387 
 
 and, if he finds ihat he is not treated agreeable to his rank and 
 character, to send a remonstrance to General Howe on the sub- 
 ject ; and farther, to inquire of General Howe whether he will 
 grant permission to send General Lee such supplies of money as 
 may be necessary to support him during his confinement, in a 
 manner suitable to his rank in the service of the United States : 
 
 ' That the President also write to Mr. R. Morris, and request him 
 to send 100 half Johannes to General Washington for the use of 
 General Lee. 
 
 December 21. ' The Committee to whom were referred the 
 letters from General Washington and Mr. Morris, brought in a 
 Report, which was taken into consideration; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That proper magazines of provisions for the army, 
 be immediately formed in or near Pennsylvania, and that Congress 
 approve of the General's sending General Armstrong to fix upon 
 the most secure and convenient places for such magazines, to ani- 
 mate the militia, and facilitate the recruiting service in Pennsyl- 
 vania :* 
 
 ' That Congress approve of General Washington's sending 
 General Smallwood to Maryland, to encourage and promote the 
 speedy raising of the new levies therein ; and that General Small- 
 wood be requested to use his utmost endeavors in executing that 
 business : * 
 
 ' That Robert Morris, George Clymer, and George Walton, 
 Esqs., be a Committee of Congress, with powers to execute such 
 Continental business as may be proper and necessary to be done 
 at Philadelphia: 
 
 ' That the said Committee keep up a regular correspondence 
 with Congress, informing them, from time to time, of their pro- 
 ceedings therein : 
 
 ' That the Resolve respecting the appointment of this Com- 
 mittee, and its powers, be transmitted to Messrs. Morris, Clymer 
 and Walton, by Mr. President; and that he inform the said gen- 
 tlemen, that Congress approve their care of the public business as 
 signified in Mr. Morris's letters. Also, that Mr. Morris be in- 
 formed. Congress highly approve his plan of fitting the Conti- 
 nental frigates at Philadelphia regularly for sea, with all possible 
 expedition : 
 
 ^Resolved, That two Chaplains be appointed to Congress, and 
 that Monday next be assigned for electing them.f 
 
 December 24. ' A letter of the 20th, from the Council of Safety 
 of Pennsylvania ; one, of the 21st, from Mr. R. Morris ; one, of the 
 
 * See the last paragraph of the General's letter, Dec. 13, p. 359. 
 ' t Two Chaplains were elected on the day mentioned in the Resolve. Mr. Duch6. 
 their previous Chaplain, abandoned the cause and resigned that appointment, some 
 time before Congress adjourned from Philadelphia. Congress accepted his resigna- 
 tion, and voted 150 dollars for his services, Oct. 17. 
 
 50 
 
388 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 10th, from General Schuyler, with sundry papers enclosed, were 
 received and read : 
 
 '■Resolved, That the last be referred to the Committee on the 
 affairs of the Northern army. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a letter be immediately written by Mr. Presi- 
 dent to the Assemblies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay 
 and Connecticut, informing them, of the critical state of the fortress 
 of Ticonderoga and the other posts in that quarter ; and the ex- 
 treme danger of General Carleton's possessing himself of that 
 fortress as soon as Lake Champlain shall be so frozen, as to be 
 capable of bearing horses ; that, by a letter from General Schuyler, 
 Congress is informed, that the troops, now occupying those posts, 
 will not tarry after the 31st of this month ; and, in the most press- 
 ing terms, urging the necessity of hastening up troops from their 
 respective States, with the utmost despatch, in the following pro- 
 portions, viz.: 2,500 from Massachusetts-Bay, 1,500 from Connec- 
 ticut, and 500 from New Hampshire, making 4,500 ; informing 
 them, that Congress desire they will not wait till the several corps 
 are completed ; and that there is now a plentiful stock of provisions 
 at Ticonderoga, and nothing to fear from the enemy till the Lake 
 shall be frozen, as above-mentioned. 
 
 ^Resolved, That two other magazines of ammunition, in addi- 
 tion to that agreed to on the 21st, be formed, one in the Eastern 
 States, and one in the Southern States. 
 
 December 26. ' Sundry letters were read, viz. : 
 
 ' One, of the 16th, from General Washington, with an extract of 
 a letter from Commissary- General Trumbull: 
 
 ' One, of the 13th, from Commissary-General Trumbull, at 
 Morristown : 
 
 ' One, of the 20th, from General Washington, with a plan for 
 the establishment of artillery, and a memorandum : 
 
 ' One, of the 21st, from General N. Greene : 
 
 ' Two, of the 22d, from the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania, 
 and sundry letters from Ticonderoga. 
 
 ^Resolved, That J. Trumbull, Esq., Commissary- General, be 
 empowered to import, at the Continental risk, from Virginia and 
 Maryland, and the other Southern States, such quantities of flour 
 and other provisions, as he may judge necessary for the support of 
 the army. 
 
 ' Ordered, That the letters read, be referred to a committee of 
 the whole : 
 
 ' Congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to 
 take into consideration the letters; * * * . 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to take into 
 consideration the state of the army, and report thereon to-morrow 
 morning. 
 
 'Eeso/yec?, That a committee of five be appointed to prepare a 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 389 
 
 plan for the better conducting the executive business of Congress, 
 by Boards composed of persons, not members of Congress. 
 
 December 27. ' Sundry letters were read, viz., one, of the 23d, 
 from R. Morris; one, of the 3d, from General Schuyler, at Sara- 
 toga ; one, of the 5th, from Jonathan Trumbull ; one, of the 25th 
 November, from Joseph Trumbull ; * * . 
 
 ' The Committee on the stale of the army, brought in their Re- 
 port, which was taken into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 '■Resolved^ That a brigadier-general of artillery be appointed ; 
 and, the ballots being taken, 
 
 ' Colonel Henry Knox was elected. 
 
 '■Resolved^ That General Washington be empowered to use 
 every endeavor, by giving bounties and otherwise, to prevail upon 
 the troops, whose term of enlistment will expire at the end of this 
 month, to stay with the army so long after that period, as its situa- 
 tion shall render their stay necessary : 
 
 ' That the new levies in Virginia, Maryland, the Delaware State, 
 Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, be ordered to march by compa- 
 nies, and parts of companies, as fast as they shall be raised, and 
 join the army under General Washington, with the utmost 
 despatch : 
 
 ' That the foregoing Resolution be transmitted by the President 
 to the Executive powers of the States before mentioned, who are 
 requested to carry it into execution : 
 
 ' That General Washington be empowered to appoint a Com- 
 missary of Prisoners, and a Clothier- General for supplying the 
 army ; to fix their salaries, and return their names to Congress : 
 
 ' That General Washington be requested to fix upon that system 
 of promotion in the Continental army, which, in his opinion, and 
 that of the general officers with him, will produce the most gen- 
 eral satisfaction ; that it be suggested to him, whether a promotion 
 of field-officers in the Colonial line, and of captains and subal- 
 terns in the regimental line, would not be the most proper: 
 
 ' That Congress approve of General Washington's directing the 
 Quartermaster-General to provide teams for each regiment, and for 
 other necessary purposes : 
 
 ' That the 2d and 7th Virginia regiments, with all the con- 
 valescents from the other corps left in that State, and now fit for 
 duty, be ordered to march and join the army under General Wash- 
 ington, with the utmost despatch, leaving the arms that they have 
 at present, with the Governor and Council of that State, as they 
 will be provided with others at the Head of Elk : 
 
 ' That three regiments, upon the new establishment, in North 
 Carolina, be ordered to march immediately to join General Wash- 
 ington : 
 
 ' That the State of Virginia be empowered to call into service, 
 at the Continental expense, three regiments of militia, or minute- 
 men, if such a measure shall, by that State, be judged neccs.<ary. 
 
390 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 ' The unjust, but determined purpose of the British Court, to 
 enslave these free States, obvious through every delusive insinua- 
 tion to the contrary, having placed things in such a situation, that 
 the very existence of civil liberty now depends on the right execu- 
 tion of military powers, and the vigorous, decisive conduct of 
 these, being impossible to distant, numerous, and deliberative 
 bodies : 
 
 ' This Congress, having maturely considered the present crisis ; 
 and having perfect reliance on the wisdom, vigor, and uprightness 
 of General Washington, do, hereby, 
 
 ^Resolve., That General Washington shall be, and he is hereby, 
 vested with full, ample, and complete powers to raise and collect 
 together, in the most speedy and effectual manner, from any or all 
 of these United States, sixteen battalions of infantry, in addition 
 to those already voted by Congress ; to appoint officers for the said 
 battalions of infantry ; to raise, officer, and equip three thousand 
 light-horse, three regiments of artillery, and a corps of engi- 
 neers, and to establish their pay ; to apply to any of the States for 
 such aid of the militia as he shall judge necessary ; to form such 
 magazines of provisions, and in such places, as he shall think 
 proper; to displace and appoint all officers under the rank of 
 brigadier-general, and to fill up all vacancies in every other depart- 
 ment in the American armies ; to take, wherever he may be, what- 
 ever he may want for the use of the army, if the inhabitants will 
 not sell it, allowing a reasonable price for the same; to arrest and 
 confine persons who refuse to take the Continental currency, or 
 are otherwise disaffected to the American cause ; and return to the 
 States, of which they are citizens, their names, and the nature of 
 their offences, together with the witnesses to prove them : 
 
 ' That the foregoing powers be vested in General Washington, 
 for and during the term of six months from the date hereof, unless 
 sooner determined by Congress.' 
 
 Secret Journal, December 27. '■Resolved^ That the Com- 
 mittee of Congress at Philadelphia be desired to contract with 
 proper persons for erecting at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, a maga- 
 zine sufficient to contain ten thousand stand of arms, and two 
 hundred tons of gunpowder; and also for erecting an elaboratory 
 adjacent to such magazine : 
 
 ' That the Council of Massachusetts-Bay be desired to contract 
 with proper persons for erecting, in the town of Brookfield in that 
 State, a magazine sufficient to contain ten thousand stand of 
 arms, and two hundred tons of gunpowder, and also for .erecting 
 an elaboratory adjacent to such magazine.' 
 
 Public Journal, December 28. '■Resolved, That a committee 
 of three be appointed to prepare a circular letter to the several 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 177G. 391 
 
 United States, explaining the reasons which induced Congress to 
 enlarge the powers of General Washington, and requesting them 
 to cooperate with him, and give him all the aid in their power. 
 
 December 30. ' The Committee appointed to prepare a circular 
 letter to the several States, reported a draught, which was read, 
 amended, and agreed to : 
 
 ' Ordered, That copies be made, signed by the President, and 
 transmitted to each of the United States. 
 
 December 31. '■Resolved, That General Smallwood be directed 
 to exert his utmost endeavors, and give the necessary orders and 
 instructions to expedite the raising the levies in the Slate of Ma- 
 ryland ; and that it be earnesdy recommended to the Legislature 
 and Council of Safety, the several Committees of Observation, the 
 civil, military and militia officers of said State, and every friend of 
 liberty and the United States, to give General Smallwood every 
 assistance in their power. 
 
 ^Resolved, That a letter be written to General Washington, de- 
 siring him to order the Clothier-General to send agents into 
 each State, to buy up linens and other clothing proper for the 
 soldiery; and that he give similar orders to the Quartermaster- 
 General to pursue the same mode for procuring a sufficient quan- 
 tity of tent-cloth ; and that they be severally directed to apply to 
 the States to afford all necessary assistance therein. And whereas, 
 great expense hath heretofore arisen from public agents trading 
 against each other, the General is desired to caution the Clothier- 
 General and Quartermaster-General, that their agents aforesaid, 
 fall not into the above mistake in time to come.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Newtown, 29 December, 1776. 
 ' Sir, — I am just setting out to attempt a second passage over 
 the Delaware, with the troops that were with me on the morning 
 of the 2t)th. I am determined to effect it if possible ; but I know 
 that it will be attended with much fatigue and difficulty on account 
 of the ice, which will neither allow us to cross on foot, nor give 
 us an easy passage with boats. General Cadwallader crossed 
 from Bristol on the 27th, and, by his letter of yesterday, was at 
 Bordentown with about eighteen hundred men. In addition to 
 these. General Mifflin sent over five hundred from Philadelphia on 
 Friday, three hundred yesterday evening from Burlington, and will 
 follow to-day with seven or eight hundred more. I have taken 
 every precaution in my power for subsisting the troops, and shall, 
 without loss of time, and as soon as circumstances will admit of it, 
 pursue the enemy in their retreat, try to beat up more of their 
 quarters, and, in a word, adopt in every instance, such measures, 
 as the exigency of our affairs requires, and our situation will 
 justify. « * # * 
 
392 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 ' Since transmitting the list of prisoners, a few more have been 
 discovered and taken in Trenton ; among them a lieutenant-colonel, 
 and a deputy-adjutant general, the whole amounting to about a 
 thousand. 
 
 ' I have been honored with your letter of the 23d, and its several 
 enclosures, to which I shall pay due attention. A flag goes in this 
 morning with a letter to General Howe, and another to General 
 Lee. For the latter, Mr. Robert Morris has transmitted a bill of 
 exchange drawn by two British officers, for a hundred and sixteen 
 pounds, nine shillings, and three pence, on Major Small. * 
 
 This supply is exclusive of the sum you have resolved to be sent 
 to him, and which Mr. Morris will procure in time. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. i. p. 363. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 250. 
 
 Robert Morris to General Washington. 
 
 Philadelphia, 30 December, 1776. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have just received your favor of this day, and sent to 
 General Putnam to detain the express, until I collect the hard 
 money you want, which you may depend shall be sent in one 
 specie or other with this letter, and a list thereof shall be enclosed 
 herein. 
 
 ' I had long since parted with very considerable sums of hard 
 money to Congress ; and therefore must collect from others, and, 
 as matters now stand, it is no easy thing. I mean to borrow 
 silver, and promise payment in gold, and will then collect the gold 
 in the best manner I can. Whilst on this subject, let me inform 
 you that there is upwards of twenty thousand dollars in silver at 
 Ticonderoga. They have no particular use for it, and I think you 
 might as well send a party to bring it away, and lodge it in a safe 
 place, convenient for any purposes for which it may hereafter be 
 wanted. Whatever I can do, shall be done for the good of the 
 service.* I am, dear Sir, &c. Robert Morris.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 545. 
 
 General Washington to the Officer commanding at 
 
 MoRRISTOWN.t 
 
 Head-Quarters, Trenton, 30 December, 1776. 
 'Sir, — I have the pleasure to acquaint you, that the Conti- 
 nental regiments from the Eastern governments have agreed to 
 
 * Chief Justice Marshall says, in a note, p. 130 of his vol. i., before cited, — 
 ' In this critical moment, vi^hen correct intelligence was so all-important, Mr. Robert 
 Morris raised on his private credit in Philadelphia, five hundred pounds in specie, 
 which he transmitted to the Commander-in-Chief, who employed it in procuring 
 information not otherwise to have been obtained.' 
 
 t Commanding those troops ordered to halt at Morristown, as stated in letter, 
 Dec. 20, p. 372. 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 393 
 
 Stay six weeks beyond their time of enlistment, which was to have 
 expired the last day of this month. For this extraordinary mark 
 of their attachment to their country, I have agreed to give them a 
 bounty of ten dollars per man, besides their pay running on. I 
 hope this noble example will be followed by the four regiments 
 under your command. Promise them the same reward, and en- 
 deavor to work upon them by every means in your power. Let 
 them know the militia are pouring in from all quarters, and only 
 want veteran troops to lead them on. Since our success at this 
 place, on the 26th, the enemy have evacuated all the country 
 below ; they went off in the greatest hurry and confusion. I beg 
 you will collect all the men you possibly can about Chatham, and, 
 after gaining the proper intelligence, endeavor to strike a stroke 
 upon Elizabethtown, or that neighborhood ; at any rate, be ready 
 to cooperate with me. Let me hear what success you have with 
 your troops, as soon as possible. I am, Sir, <fec.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 253. 
 
 Same to Robert Morris, George Clymer, and George Wal- 
 ton, a Committee* of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Trenton, 1 January, 1777. 
 
 * Gentlemen, — The messenger delivered me the two parcels 
 of hard money, which I suppose will turn out agreeably to the list, 
 not having had time to count it. The sum that is lodged at Ti- 
 conderoga shall be ordered down, provided the Commander in the 
 Northern Department finds no better use for it there, than I can 
 make of it here. 
 
 ' The accounts you give me of the good effects, that are likely 
 to flow from our success at Trenton, add not a little to the satis- 
 faction I have felt on that occasion. You are pleased to pay me 
 many personal compliments, as if the merit of that affair wag due 
 solely to me ; but I assure you, the other general officers, who 
 assisted me in the plan and execution, have full as good a right to 
 your encomiums as myself. We are devising such measures, as 
 I hope, if they succeed, will add as much or more to the distress 
 of the enemy, than their defeat at Trenton ; and I promise myself 
 the greatest advantages from having engaged a number of the 
 Eastern troops to stay six weeks beyond their time of enlistment, 
 upon giving a bounty of ten dollars. # * I thought it 
 
 no time to stand upon trifles, when a body of firm troops, inured 
 to danger, was absolutely necessary to lead on the more raw and 
 undisciplined. I shall know this day how many of Colonel Glo- 
 ver's regiment are willing to continue in the land service. I do 
 not expect many will be prevailed upon to stay, and I will endeavor 
 to procure the rest for the purpose of fitting out the frigates upon 
 the best terms I can. * * # * 
 
 * Resolves respecting their appointment, &c., p. 387. 
 
394 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 ' Yours of the 31st of last month enclosed to me .sundry Re- 
 solves of Congress, by which I find they have done me the honor 
 to entrust me with powers, in my military capacity, of the highest 
 nature and almost unlimited in extent.* Instead of thinking myself 
 freed from all civil obligations, by this mark of their confidence, I 
 shall constantly bear in mind, that as the sword was the last resort 
 for the presermtion of ovr liberties, so it ought to be the first thing 
 laid aside, when those liberties are firmly established. I shall 
 instantly set about making the most necessary reforms in the 
 army ; but it will not be in my power to make so great a progress, 
 as if I had a little leisure time upon my hands. Mr. Morris has 
 my sincere thanks for the advice and assistance he promises to 
 give Commissary Wharton ; and I beg he would remind him, that 
 all his exertions will be necessary to support an army in this ex- 
 hausted country. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 256. 
 
 Robert Morris to General Washington. 
 
 Philadelphia, 1 January, 1777. 
 ' I was honored with your favor of yesterday, by Mr. Howell, 
 late last night ; and, ever solicitous to comply with your requisi- 
 tions, I am up very early this morning to despatch a supply of 
 fifty thousand dollars to your Excellency. You will receive that 
 sum with this letter ; but it will not be got away so early as I could 
 wish, for none concerned in this movement except myself are up. 
 I shall rouse them immediately. It gives me great pleasure, that 
 you have engaged the troops to continue; and if further occasional 
 supplies of money are necessary, you may depend on my exertions 
 either in a public or private capacity.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 546. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Trenton, 1 January, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — Your Resolves of the 27th ultimo were transmitted to 
 me last night, by Messrs. Clymer, Morris, and Walton. The con- 
 fidence, which Congress have honored me with by these Proceed- 
 ings, has a claim to my warmest acknowledgments. At the same 
 time I beg leave to assure them, that all my faculties shall be em- 
 ployed to direct properly the poivers* they have been pleased to vest 
 me with, and to advance those objects, and only those, which gave 
 rise to this honorable mark of distinction. If my exertions should 
 not be attended ivith the desired success, I trust the failure will be 
 
 * See those Resolves of the 27th, pp. 3S9, 390, passed on the Report of that Com- 
 mittee who, after the reading of the letters before Congress on the 26th, were appoint- 
 ed ' to take into consideration the state of the army.' It would be well, also, to re- 
 view, with reference to those Resolves, the General's letters, Dec. 5, 12, 16, 20, 24, 
 pp. 348, 357, 364, 368, 374; two of which, at least, probably the last three, were 
 then immediately before Congress. 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 395 
 
 imputed to the true cause, the peculiarly distressed situation of our 
 affairs, and the difficulties I have to combat, rather than to a want 
 of zeal for my country, and the closest attention to her interest, to 
 promote which has ever been my study. 
 
 * On Monday morning I passed the Delaware myself; the whole 
 of our troops and artillery not till yesterday, owing to the ice, which 
 rendered their passage extremely difficult and fatiguing. Since 
 their arrival, we have been parading the regiments whose term of 
 service is now expired, in order to know what force we should 
 have to depend on, and how to regulate our views accordingly. 
 After much persuasion, and the exertions of their officers, half or a 
 greater proportion of those from the Eastward, have consented to 
 stay six weeks on a bounty of ten dollars. I feel the inconvenience 
 of this advance, and I know the consequences which will result 
 from it ; but what could be done ? Pennsylvania had allowed the 
 same to her militia ; the troops felt their importance, and would 
 have their price. Indeed, as their aid is so essential, and not to be 
 dispensed with, it is to be wondered at, that they had not estimated 
 it at a higher rate. I perceive that Congress, apprehensive of this 
 event, had made unlimited provision for it. 
 
 ' General Mifflin is at Bordentown with about eighteen hutidred 
 men, and General Cadwallader at Crosswicks with about the same 
 number. We are now making our arrangements, and concerting 
 a plan of operations, which I shall attempt to execute as soon as 
 possible, and which I hope will be attended with some success. 
 * * * # I have sent into different parts of 
 
 Jersey, men of influence to spirit up the militia ; and I flatter my- 
 self that the many injuries they have received, will induce some to 
 give their aid. If what they have suffered does not rouse their 
 resentment, they must not possess the common feelings of human- 
 ity. To oppression, ravage, and a deprivation of property, they 
 have had the more mortifying circumstance of insult added; after 
 being stripped of all they had without the least compensation, 
 protections have been granted them for the free enjoyment of their 
 effects. I have the honor to be, with due respect, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 1. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 253. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Pluokemin, 5 January, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I have the honor to inform you, that, since the date of 
 my last from Trenton, I have removed with the army under my 
 command to this place. The difficulty of crossing the Delaware, 
 on account of the ice, made our passage over it tedious, and gave 
 the enemy an opportunity of drawing in their several cantonments, 
 and assembling their whole force at Princeton. Their large 
 pickets advanced towards Trenton, their great preparations, and 
 some intelligence I had received, added to their knowledge, that 
 51 
 
396 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 the 1st of January brought on a dissolution of the best part of our 
 army, gave me the strongest reasons to conclude, that an attack 
 upon us was meditating. 
 
 ' Our situation was most critical, and our force small. To re- 
 move immediately, was again destroying every dawn of hope 
 which had begun to revive in the breasts of the Jersey militia ; 
 and to bring those troops who had first crossed the Delaware and 
 were lying at Crosswicks under General Cadwallader, and those 
 under General Mifflin at Bordentown, (amounting in the whole to 
 about three thousand six hundred,) to Trenton, was to bring them 
 to an exposed place. One or the other, however, was unavoid- 
 able. The latter was preferred ; and they were ordered to join us 
 at Trenton, which they did by a night march, on the 1st instant. 
 On the 2d, according to my expectation, the enemy began to 
 advance upon us ; and, after some skirmishing, the head of their 
 column reached Trenton about four o'clock, whilst their rear was 
 as far back as Maidenhead. They attempted to pass Assanpink 
 Creek, which runs through Trenton, at different places ; but find- 
 ing the fords guarded, they halted, and kindled their fires. We 
 were drawn up on the other side of the creek. In this situation 
 we remained till dark, cannonading the enemy, and receiving the 
 fire of their field-pieces, which did us but little damage. 
 
 * Having by this time discovered, that the enemy were greatly 
 superior in number, and that their design was to surround us, I 
 ordered all our baggage to be removed silently to Burlington 
 soon after dark ; and, at twelve o'clock, after renewing our fires, 
 and leaving guards at the bridge in Trenton, and other passes on 
 the same stream above, marched by a roundabout road to Prince- 
 ton, where I knew they could not have much force left, and might 
 have stores. One thing I was certain of, that it would avoid the 
 appearance of a retreat, which was of consequence, or * 
 
 the hazard of the whole army being cut off; whilst we might by a 
 fortunate stroke withdraw General Howe from Trenton, and give 
 some reputation to our arms. Happily we succeeded. We found 
 Princeton about sunrise, with only three regiments and three troops 
 of light-horse in it, two of which were on their march to Trenton. 
 These three regiments, especially the two first, made a gallant 
 resistance ; and, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, must have lost 
 five hundred men ; upwards of one hundred of them were left on 
 the field ; and, with what I have with me, and what were taken 
 in the pursuit and carried across the Delaware, there are near 
 three hundred prisoners, fourteen of whom were officers, all 
 British. 
 
 * This piece of good fortune is counterbalanced by the loss of 
 the brave and worthy General Mercer, Colonels Hazlet and Potter, 
 Captain Neal of the artillery. Captain Fleming, who commanded 
 the first Virginia regiment, and four or five other valuable officers, 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 397 
 
 who, with about twenty-five or thirty privates, were slain in 
 the field. Our whole loss cannot be ascertained ; as many, who 
 were in pursuit of the enemy (who were chased three or four 
 miles,) are not yet come in. The rear of the enemy's army lying 
 at Maidenhead, not more than five or six miles from Princeton, 
 was up with us before our pursuit was over ; but, as I had the 
 precaution to destroy the bridge over Stony Brook, about half a 
 mile from the field of action, they were so long retarded there, as to 
 give us time to move oft' in good order for this place. We took two 
 brass field-pieces ; but, for want of horses, could not bring them 
 away. We also took some blankets, shoes, and a few other trifling 
 articles, burned the hay, and destroyed such other things, as the 
 shortness of the time would admit. 
 
 ' My original plan, when I set out from Trenton, was, to push 
 on to Brunswick ; but the harassed state of our troops, many of 
 them having had no rest for two nights and a day, and the danger 
 of losing the advantage we had gained by aiming at too much, 
 induced me, by the advice of my officers, to relinquish the attempt. 
 But, in my judgment, six or eight hundred fresh troops upon a 
 forced march would have destroyed all their stores and magazines, 
 taken (as we have since learned) their military chest, containing 
 seventy thousand pounds, and put an end to the war. The 
 enemy, from the best intelligence I have been able to get, were so 
 much alarmed at the apprehension of this, that they marched im- 
 mediately to Brunswick without halting, except at the bridges, (for 
 I also took up those at Millstone, on the different routes to Bruns- 
 wick,) and got there before day. 
 
 ' From the best information I have received, General Howe has 
 left no men either at Trenton or Princeton. The truth of this I 
 am endeavoring to ascertain, that I may regulate my movements 
 accordingly. The militia are taking spirits, and, I am told, are 
 coming in fast from this State. But I fear those from Philadelphia 
 will scarcely submit to the hardships of a winter campaign much 
 longer, especially, as they very unluckily sent their blankets with 
 their baggage to Burlington. I must do them the justice however 
 to add, that they have undergone more fatigue and hardship, than 
 I expected militia, especially citizens, would have done at this in- 
 clement season. I am just moving to Morristown, where I shall 
 endeavor to put them under the best cover I can. Hitherto we 
 have been without any ; and many of our poor soldiers quite 
 barefoot, and ill clad in other respects. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 3. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 258. 
 
 As General Wilkinson, who removed to the Northern Department, in command of 
 one of the companies composing the detachment under General Sullivan, (mentioned, 
 p. 218,) participated to no inconsiderable extent in the transactions of that crisis, and 
 witnessed several of the most important in the whole series of them, — his Narrative 
 which immediately follows, seems entitled to much attention and regard. 
 
398 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 ' Shortly after his [General Gates's] arrival at Albany, he re- 
 ceived orders * from General Schuyler to reinforce General Wash- 
 ington ; and accordingly the command of Brigadier-General St. 
 Clair, with Greaton's, Bond's, Porter's, and Bedel's regiments were 
 directed to descend the North River to New Windsor, on their 
 route to the main army. These last corps were intercepted by 
 General Lee, and ordered to join his division ; and those under 
 St. Clair went home, their terra of service having expired. Gen- 
 eral Gates, accompanied by General Arnold, embarked at Albany, 
 and determined to march with Stark's, Reed's, Poor's, and Patter- 
 son's regiments by Esopus. At this place, I presented myself to 
 him on the 5th of December, in very feeble health. He had at 
 that time heard of General Washington's crossing the North River 
 and the loss of Fort Washington, but had received no satisfactory 
 information of posterior incidents or movements, though a thou- 
 sand vague reports were in circulation. Thus circumstanced, his 
 instructions led him to take the back route from Esopus, by the 
 Delaware and the Minissink, and we reached Van Kempt's near 
 the Wallpeck, in very intemperate weather. In this sequestered 
 valley we were thrown out of the ordinary current of intelligence, 
 and cut off from all authentic information respecting the adverse 
 armies. * * We were halted on the 11th by a heavy 
 
 fall of snow, which increased the General's anxiety for information 
 from General Washington ; and to relieve his solicitude, I volun- 
 teered my services to find him. The proposition was adopted, and 
 a letter f prepared, with which I was despatched on the morning 
 of the 12th December. 
 
 * " Saratoga, Nov. 24th, 1776, 
 
 " Deak General, — Notwithstanding my orders to the Colonels, or Commanding 
 Officers of the several regiments which passed this, to repair to their respective 
 States, &c., you will please to order them to join his Excellency General Washington, 
 with all possible despatch ; as also the others that may arrive in Albany from Ticon- 
 deroga, sending recruiting officers to the different States they come from. 
 
 " If the express that brought Mr. Harrison's letter, is already returned, you will 
 please to send the enclosed by another. * * * * 
 
 " Stark's and Patterson's leave this to-day. Sloops should be provided for them. 
 " I am, dear General, sincerely yours, &c., 
 
 " Ph. Schuyler." 
 
 "Hon. General Gates." 
 
 ■\ " Van Kempt's, 15 miles from Sussex Court-House, 12 Dec, 1776. 
 
 " Sir, — In obedience to General Schuyler's command, I left Albany the 2d instant, 
 with Stark's, Poor's, Reed's, and Patterson's regiments ; Greaton's, Bond's, and Por- 
 ter's having sailed from thence the day before ; Bedel's remaining to embark the next 
 day, as sloops were not then ready to receive them. Upon my arrival at Esopus, I 
 sent Brigade-Major Stoddart to New Windsor, to order Greaton's, Bond's, and Porter's 
 regiments, to join me upon the march by the way of Goshen. I therefore marched 
 from Esopus, and sent my Aid-de-camp, Major Pierce, to Goshen, to direct the march 
 of those regiments. He met me yesterday, and informed me that General Lee had 
 sent an order to those regiments, to join him by a prescribed route. I therefore pur- 
 sued my march by this route, with the four other regiments, and hope to rendezvous 
 them all the day after to-morrow at Sussex Court-House. 
 
 " I send the bearer, Brigade-Major Wilkinson, for your Excellency's orders, in re- 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 399 
 
 * I crossed the hills to Sussex Court-House, where I received 
 advice that General Washington had passed the Delaware several 
 days before, and that the enemy had reached Trenton. In con- 
 sequence of this information I employed a guide, and proceeded 
 down the country. On the road I casually met an officer of my 
 acquaintance, who informed me the boats had been removed from 
 the ferries, and that I should find some difficulty in getting across 
 the Delaware, and that Major-General Lee was at Morristown. 
 Finding such obstacles in my way to the Commander-in-Chief, I 
 determined to seek his second, and to ask orders from him for 
 General Gates; and although dark, I continued my journey with- 
 out halt, # # # and about four o'clock in the 
 merning reached his quarters, at White's tavern, on Baskingridge. 
 
 ' I was presented to the General as he lay in bed, and delivered 
 into his hands the letter of General Gates. He examined the 
 superscription, and observed it was addressed to General Wash- 
 ington, and declined opening it, until I apprised him of the con- 
 tents and the motives of my visit ; he then broke the seal and read 
 it, after which he desired me to take repose. I lay down on my 
 blanket before a comfortable fire, amidst the officers of his suite. 
 
 * I arose at the dawn, but could not see the General, 
 
 # before eight o'clock. After some inquiries respecting 
 the conduct of the campaign on the Northern frontier, he gave me 
 a brief account of the operations of the grand army^ which he 
 condemned in strong terms. * # * * Gen- 
 eral Lee wasted the morning in altercation with certain militia 
 corps who were of his command, particularly the Connecticut 
 light-horse : f # the call of the Adjutant-General for orders, 
 also occupied some of his time, and we did not sit down to break- 
 fast before ten o'clock. General Lee was engaged in answering 
 General Gates's letter, and I had risen from the table, and was 
 looking out of an end window, down a lane about one hundred 
 yards in length, which led to the house from the main road, when 
 I discovered a party of British dragoons turn a corner of the 
 avenue at a full charge. Startled at this unexpected spectacle, I 
 exclaimed, " Here, Sir, are the British cavalry." " Where ? " re- 
 spect to the route you would have me take at present ; I propose to march by that 
 delivered to Major Wilkinson. 
 
 " I shall strictly observe the directions contained in Mr. Secretary Harrison's letter 
 to Major-General Schuyler, * a copy of which is now before me. There was 
 a deep snow last night at this place. * * With every ardent wish for your 
 Excellency's prosperity, I am, Sir, 
 
 " Your most obedient humble servant, 
 
 " Horatio Gates." 
 ^^Jlis Excellenq/ General Washington." 
 
 t ' One wanted forage, another his horse shod, another his pay, a fourth provisions, 
 &c. — to which the General replied, " Your wants are numerous; but you have not 
 mentioned the last, — you want to go home, and shall be indulged, for damn you, you 
 do no good here." See the closing paragraph of letter, Dec. 11, p. 353. 
 
400 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 plied the General, who had signed his letter in the instant. 
 " Around the house ; " for they had opened files, and encompassed 
 the building. General Lee appeared alarmed, yet collected, and 
 his second observation marked his self-possession : " Where is the 
 guard ? — damn the guard, why do n't they fire ? " and after a 
 momentary pause, he turned to me and said, " Do, Sir, see what 
 has become of the guard." — I caught up my pistols, which lay on 
 the table, thrust the letter he had been writing into my pocket, 
 and passed into a room at the opposite end of the house, where I 
 had seen the guard in the morning. Here I dit<covered their arms ; 
 but the men were absent. # * I accordingly sought a 
 
 position where I could not be approached by more than one person 
 at a time, and with a pistol in each hand I awaited the expected 
 search, resolved to shoot the first and second person who might 
 appear, and then to appeal to my sword. I did not remain long 
 in this unpleasant situation, but was apprised of the object of 
 the incursion by the very audible declaration, '■'•If the General 
 does not surrender in five minutes^ I will set fire to the house ; " 
 which after a short pause was repeated with a solemn oath ; and 
 within two minutes I heard it proclaimed, '■'•Here is the General, he 
 has surrendered.^^ A general shout ensued, the trumpet sounded, 
 * and the unfortunate Lee mounted on my horse, which 
 stood ready at the door, was hurried off in triumph, bare-headed, 
 in his slippers and blanket-coat, his collar open, and his shirt very 
 much soiled from several days' use. 
 
 ***** 
 •So soon as Lieutenant-Colonel Harcourt * retreated with his 
 prize, I repaired to the stable, mounted the first horse I could find, 
 and rode full speed to General Sullivan, whom I found under 
 march towards Pluckemin.f I had not examined General Lee's 
 letter, but believing a knowledge of the contents might be useful 
 to General Sullivan, who succeeded him in command, I handed it 
 to him, who after the perusal, returned it with his thanks, and 
 advised me to rejoin General Gates without delay, which I did 
 the next morning at Sussex Court- House ; whither he had led the 
 troops from Van Kempt's. 
 
 * Commander of the party who took General Lee. 
 
 t General Wilkinson relates, — 'When Colonel Scammel, the Adjutant- General, 
 called on him from General Sullivan, who was encamped with the troops, for orders 
 of march on the morning of his capture, after musing a minute or two, he asked the 
 Colonel if he had with him the manuscript map of the country, which was produced 
 and spread on a table ; it attracted my attention, and I observed General Lee trace 
 with his finger, the route from Vealtown to Pluckemin, thence * to Prince- 
 ton; he then returned to Pluckemin, and traced the route in the same manner * 
 to Brunswick, and, after a close inspection, carelessly said to Scammel, " Tell Gen- 
 eral Sullivan to move down towards Pluckemin; that I will soon be with him." 
 This was off his route to Alexandria on the Delaware, where he had been ordered to 
 cross, and directly on that towards Brunswick and Princeton.' 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 401 
 
 " Baskingridge, Dec. 13th, 1776. 
 " My Dear Gates, — The ingenious mancpuvre of Fort Wash- 
 ington has unhinged the goodly fabric we had been building. 
 There never was so damned a stroke. Entre nous a certain great 
 MAN is most damnably deficient. He has thrown me into a situa- 
 tion, where I have my choice of ditficuhies: if I slay in this 
 Province, I risk myself and army ; and if I do not stay, the Prov- 
 ince is lost for ever. I have neither guides, cavalry, medicines, 
 money, shoes, or stockings. I must act with the greatest circum- 
 spection. Tories are in my front, rear, and on my flanks ; the 
 mass of the people is strangely contaminated ; in short, unless 
 something, which I do not expect, turns up, we are lost; our coun- 
 sels have been iveak to the last degree. As to what relates to 
 yourself, if you think you can be in time to aid the General, I 
 would have you by all means go ; you will at least save your 
 army. It is said that the Whigs are determined to set fire to 
 Philadelphia: if they strike this decisive stroke, the day will be 
 our own ; but unless it is done, all chance of liberty in any part of 
 the globe is forever vanished. Adieu, my dear friend ! God bless 
 you! "Charles Lee." 
 
 ' Lee's misfortune affected Gales profoundly : they had been 
 long acquainted, had served together in the British array, and were 
 personally attached ; their politics and political connections were 
 in unison, and their sympathies and antipathies ran in the same 
 current ; « 
 
 ' The troops were soon put in motion, Brigadier-General Ar- 
 nold * leading the column by the direct road to Easton ; General 
 Gates with his suite and a light guard, proceeded on a devious 
 route, and by a rapid march, reached the Delaware some distance 
 above Easton, about eight o'clock. * « The next 
 
 morning we breakfasted at Nazareth, and reached Bethlehem in 
 the afternoon ; where we found General Arnold and our own 
 corps, and also that of General Sullivan, who had changed his 
 route the moment he found himself in command, and pressed for- 
 ward to join the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 'The troops marched the next morning; the general officers 
 followed in a day or two, and joined General Washington in the 
 neighborhood of Coryell's Ferry. The affairs of the United States 
 were reduced at that awful period to the lowest ebb ; and, although 
 foreign to the design of these Memoirs, a summary view of our 
 situation on the western bank of the Delaware, and the circum- 
 stances which led to it, may not be unacceptable to the reader. 
 
 * When General Arnold received the order mentioned, p. 361, 372, he had advanced 
 so far, that he continued with the Northern regiments in their march to the Comman- 
 der-in-Chief. 
 
402 EVIPENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 ' The irregular composition of the army of General Washington 
 in the campaign of 1776, * « baffled solid calcula- 
 
 tions, and forbade his reliance on the execution of specific enter- 
 prises. * * At a period of the season, when, in former 
 wars, it had been customary for the combatants to seek winter 
 quarters, our difficulties were about to commence ; and may be 
 traced, distinctly and unequivocally, to the insufficiency of our 
 Continental force, and the short term of our enlistments. These 
 were the main sources of those losses and misfortunes, which pur- 
 sued General Washington in the campaign of 1776. # # 
 
 ' The loss of Forts Washington and Lee would not have been 
 felt, nor would Sir Wm. Howe have penetrated the Jerseys, if 
 General Washington had commanded an army of twenty, or even 
 ten thousand men, well found and engaged for the war; but in- 
 stead of a permanent force, his troops, for they deserved not the 
 name of an army, were composed of levies for twelve months, and 
 militia engaged, some for six months, and others for a shorter 
 period ; who, to use the language of General Washington, in his 
 letter to the President of Congress, Dec. 20lh, 1776, " come in, you 
 cannot tell how, — ^o, you cannot tell when, — and act, you cannot 
 tell where ; consume your provisions, exhaust your stores, and leave 
 you at last at a critical moment.'^ # * * 
 
 ' With an army of sixfold numerical force, and tenfold effective 
 strength, well proportioned in the several arms appropriate to the 
 theatre of the war, * * Sir William Howe, four days 
 
 after the capture of Fort Washington, detached Lord Cornwallis 
 to cross the North River between Dobbs's Ferry and Fort Lee. 
 * * A landing was accordingly made on the morning 
 
 of the 20th November ; and soon after ascending the height, the 
 enemy found themselves in the presence of 3,000 militia, who were 
 suffered to escape across the Hackinsac River ; * and his 
 
 Lordship took possession of Fort Lee, its artillery and stores. 
 # * General Washington remained at the village of 
 
 Hackinsac * the 21st of November, and on the 22d re- 
 
 tired to Newark by Aquakenunck bridge. At this place he reposed 
 until the 28th, on which day the approach of the British corps 
 obliged him to change position ; and as the rear-guard left one 
 end of the town the British van entered the other. * * 
 
 With this overwhelming force at his heels. General Washington 
 was allowed to retreat in safety, and to reach Brunswick the next 
 day without molestation. 
 
 ' After two days' halt at Newark, Lord Cornwallis on the 30th 
 November advanced upon Brunswick, and arrived the next evening 
 on the opposite bank of the Raritan, which is fordable at low water. 
 A spirited cannonade ensued across the river, in which our artil- 
 lery was served by Captain Alexander Hamilton. * Gen- 
 eral Washington made a show of resistance, but after night-fall 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 403 
 
 decamped,* and reached Princeton Ihe next morning, where he left 
 Lord Stirling with one German and five Virginia regiments, mak- 
 ing in the whole 1,200, as a covering party ; and with his main 
 body he prosecuted his march without delay to Trenton, where he 
 arrived in the evening. He lost no time in transporting his scanty 
 stock of baggage and stores to the west bank of the river to Phila- 
 delphia, and adopted the necessary precautions to remove the river- 
 craft beyond the reach of the enemy. He was reinforced at this 
 place by about 2,000 volunteer militia, chiefly from the city of 
 Philadelphia, with a detachment of Proctor's artillery, and six field- 
 pieces under Captain Thomas Forest. * * But the 
 British army * * advancing the next morning at four 
 o'clock, obliged Lord Stirling to retire from Princeton one hour 
 before they entered it, at four o'clock, P. M. Sir William Howe 
 * marched in pursuit of General Washington at nine the next 
 morning, and reached Trenton at four o'clock in the afternoon, just 
 as our last boat was crossing the river. 
 
 ******** 
 
 ' About the period of this irruption of the enemy into the Jer- 
 seys, the Commissioners, Lord and Sir William Howe, issued a 
 proclamation of pardon to all offenders, civil and military, * 
 
 * who within sixty days should make submission and 
 take the oath of allegiance to the British Sovereign. 
 
 ' In the Jerseys a general defection took place, and in Pennsyl- 
 vania, it was considerable. * Indeed, the splendid appear- 
 ance and triumphant march of the British battalions in pursuit of 
 our half-naked, sickly, shattered force, overspread the country with 
 terror ; and patriots and sages agonij^ed under the apprehension, 
 that the moment was at hand, when the Congress would be com- 
 pelled to rescind their pretensions and pass under the yoke. * 
 
 * When the divisions of Sullivan and Gates joined General 
 Washington, he found his numbers increased, yet his difficulties 
 were not sensibly diminished ; nor were his prospects brightened : 
 ten days would disband his corps, and leave him about fourteen 
 hundred men, miserably provided in all things. I saw him in that 
 gloomy period, dined with him, and attentively marked his aspect ; 
 always grave and thoughtful, he appeared at that time pensive and 
 solemn in the extreme. * * * * 
 
 ' When I joined the troops under General Washington, I found 
 General St. Clair near Head- Quarters, and resumed my station of 
 Brigade- Major in his family; but at General Gates's particular 
 request, I obtained permission to accompany him to Newtown, 
 Buck's county, where he took quarters. On the 23d December, 
 he informed me he should the next day set out for Baltimore, and 
 pressed me to accompany him as far as Philadelphia. # « 
 
 * Relative to those occurrences at Brunswick, see the second letter, Dec. 1, p. 342. 
 
 52 
 
404 EVIDENCES OF THE EETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 On the road ihe General appeared much depressed in mind, and 
 frequently expressed the opinion, that while General Washington 
 was watching the enemy above Trenton, they would privately 
 construct batteaux, pass the Delaware in his rear, and take posses- 
 sion of Philadelphia before he was aware of the movement; and 
 that, instead of vainly attempting to stop Sir William Howe 
 at the Delaware, General Washington ought to retire to the south 
 of the Susquehanna, and there form an army : he said it was his 
 intention to propose this measure to Congress at Baltimore, and 
 urged me to accompany him to that place. The proposition, after 
 eighteen months' absence from home,* was tempting, but my duty 
 forbade the thought. * * We alighted at the City Tav- 
 ern, (now the Coffee House,) where some unpleasant altercation 
 took place between the General and several gentlemen who called 
 on him. # After they retired, he wrote a letter to the Com- 
 
 mander-in-Chief, with which he charged me ; and I took leave of 
 him. I was on horseback early the next morning, and reached 
 Newtown about two o'clock. On my arrival there I discovered, 
 to my surprise, that General Washington had transferred his quar- 
 ters to that place, and had himself marched with the troops in that 
 neighborhood. From Colonel Harrison, the General's Secretary, 
 who had been left in charge of his papers, I received the necessary 
 directions, and proceeded in quest of the troops, whose route was 
 easily traced ; as there was a little snow on the ground, which was 
 tinged here and there with blood from the feet of the men who 
 wore broken shoes. I got up with my brigade near McKonkey's 
 Ferry about dusk, and, inquiring for the Commander-in-Chief, was 
 directed to his quarters. I found him alone with his whip in his 
 hand, prepared to mount his horse ; which I perceived as I entered, 
 when I presented the letter of General Gates to him. Before re- 
 ceiving it, he exclaimed with solemnity, " What a time is this to 
 hand me letters ! " I answered that I had been charged with it by 
 General Gates. " By General Gates ! where is he ? " " I left him 
 this morning in Philadelphia." "What was he doing there?" 
 " I understood him that he was on his way to Congress." He 
 earnestly repeated " On his way to Congress ! " then broke the 
 seal ; and I made my bow, and joined General St. Clair on the 
 bank of the river. 
 
 ' Boats were in readiness, and the troops began to cross about 
 sunset ; but the force of the current, the sharpness of the frost, the 
 darkness of the night, the ice which was made during the operation, 
 and a high wind, rendered the passage of the river extremely diffi- 
 cult ; and but for the stentorian lungs and extraordinary exertions 
 
 * It appears that General Wilkinson, prompted by the stirring events in June, 1775, 
 relinquished the practice of medicine which he had just commenced in Maryland, 
 his native Province ; soon repaired to the army before Boston, and joined Colonel 
 Thompson's rifle corps, as a volunteer. 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 405 
 
 of Colonel Knox, it could not have been effected in season to favoif 
 the enterprise ; * for it was four o'clock before the ti-oops 
 
 were formed and put in motion, at which time it began to hail and 
 snow. 
 
 'The disposition of attack was made for two columns; the 
 left led by the Commander-in-Chief, who was accompanied by- 
 Generals Lord Stirling, Geene, Mercer, and Stevens, to make a 
 circuit by the Pennington road ; « the right, under Major- 
 
 General Sullivan, which included the brigade of St. Clair, to keep 
 the river road. * General Sullivan was ordered to halt for 
 
 a few minutes at the cross road. * Soon after the halt, it 
 
 was discovered, # that the best secured arms * 
 
 were wet, and not in firing condition. * * An officer 
 
 was despatched to apprise the General of the state of our arms, 
 who returned for answer by his Aid-de-camp, Colonel Samuel 
 Webb, that we must " advance and charge." It was now broad 
 day, and the storm beat violently in our faces ; the attack had 
 commenced on the left, and was immediately answered by Colonel 
 Stark in our front, who forced the enemy's picket, and pressed it 
 into the town. The enemy made a momentary show of resist- 
 ance, by a wild and undirected fire from the windows of their 
 quarters, which they abandoned as we advanced, and made an 
 attempt to form in the main street ; which might have succeeded, 
 but for a six-gun battery opened by Captain T. Forest under the 
 immediate orders of General Washington, * and the de- 
 
 cision of Captain William Washington, who, seconded by Lieu- 
 tenant James Munroe, led the advance guard of the left column. 
 
 * * These officers were both wounded in this charge. 
 
 * * * After some fluctuation in their move- 
 ments, they halted, formed in order of battle, with their front to the 
 south, and ordered their arms, which after a summons from the 
 General, and a short pause, they agreed to surrender at discretion.* 
 I had been despatched to General Washington for orders, and 
 
 * ' Captain Forest commanded our artillery on that memorable occasion, and fol- 
 lowed the advance of the left column : General Washington kept near the front. As 
 he approached the village, he inquired of an inhabitant, who was chopping wood by 
 the roadside, " Which way is the Hessian Picket 1 " "I do n't know," replied the 
 citizen, waiving an answer. " You may speak," said Captain Forest, " for that is 
 General Washington." The astonished man raised his hands to heaven and ex- 
 claimed, " God bless and prosper you. Sir, — the picket is in that house, and the 
 sentry stands near that tree." Captain Washington immediately received an order to 
 dislodge it, which he executed with promptitude, and the artillery being unlimbered, 
 the column proceeded. When Forest's battery was opened, the General kept on the 
 left, and advanced with it, giving objects of direction to his fire ; his position was an 
 exposed one, and he was frequently entreated to fall back, of which he took no notice. 
 He had turned the guns on the retreating enemy, when, to an order for the discharge 
 of cannisjer, Captain Forest ohsevveA, ^^ Sir, they have struck.^' "Struck!" replied the 
 General. '' Yes," said Forest, '■^ their colors are down." "So they are," observed the 
 Chief, and galloped towards them ; followed by Forest and his whole command.' 
 
406 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 rode up to him at the moment Colonel Rahl, supported by a file 
 of sergeants, was presenting his sword. On my approach, the 
 Commander-in-Chief took me by the hand, and observed, " Major 
 Wilkinson, this is a glorious day for our country ! " his counte- 
 nance beaming with complacency. * * * The 
 execution of this enterprise, reflected high honor on General 
 "Washington, but his triumph was abridged by the failure of two 
 simultaneous attacks; one from Bristol « , the other by 
 Trenton Ferry * , which made a part of his plan : * 
 # otherwise, these German cantonments would have 
 been swept.* 
 
 ' This was a desperate undertaking, justified by the deplorable 
 state of our affairs, and worthy the Chief who projected it. I have 
 never doubted that he had resolved to stake his life on the issue. 
 The joy diffused throughout the Union by the successful attack 
 against Trenton, reanimated the timid friends of the Revolution, 
 and invigorated the confidence of the resolute. Perils and dangers 
 still in prospect, were considered the price of Independence ; and 
 every faithful citizen was willing to make the sacrifice. Success 
 had triumphed over despondency. * # # 
 
 ' Pursuant to his resolution, General Washington on Monday 
 morning the 30th of December, 1776, again crossed the Delaware, 
 and took post at Trenton ; but owing to the drifting ice, the pas- 
 sage of the river had become extremely difficult and fatiguing, and 
 the rear of the troops did not join him before the next morning. 
 In the course of that day. Colonel Joseph Reed, with a recon- 
 noitering party of twelve dragoons, was sent out to inquire for the 
 enemy, of whom General Washington had no certain advice ; and, 
 being well acquainted with the country, he surprised a Commis- 
 sary and foraging party, consisting precisely of equal numbers, 
 whom he charged and made prisoners without the loss of a man ; 
 and after a few hours' absence, returned with every trooper his 
 prisoner behind him. * * * 
 
 ' The information received from the prisoners, separately exam- 
 ined, left no doubt of the enemy's superiority, and his intention to 
 advance upon us ; which would put General Washington in a 
 critical situation. To make a safe retreat was impracticable, 
 should the enemy act with energy ; and if it could be effected at 
 all, it would depreciate the influence of antecedent successes, and 
 check the rising spirit of the community ; on the other hand, to 
 give battle under the circumstances of the manifest inequality 
 which existed, would be to hazard the annihilation of the Grand 
 Army, an event the most dangerous of all to the public cause : in 
 this awful conjuncture, the resolution adopted was the most accept- 
 able to the feelings of a soldier. * * * * # 
 
 * In regard io those parts of his plan, and the causes of their failure, see the letter 
 to Congress, Dec. 27, p. 386. 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OP 1776. 407 
 
 Such was the position of the two armies on the night of the 1st of 
 January, 1777.* Great exertions had been made the preceding 
 evening to induce the Continental troops, whose term of service 
 expired at twelve o'clock, P. M., to remain with the General, and 
 stick by the cause of the country ; the men were addressed by 
 companies, regiments, brigades, and divisions, and finally after all 
 the persuasive arts were exhausted, 1,200, or 1,400 consented to en- 
 gage for an additional six weeks, on the receipt of ten dollars' boun- 
 ty. This was, of necessity, conceded by the General, whose whole 
 force then consisted of this number of Continental troops, engaged for 
 six wrecks [with the few mentioned, pp. 366, 375, and one com- 
 pany or two of artillery from New York], and 3,500 or 3,600 
 Pennsylvania volunteer militia. — That of the enemy was esti- 
 mated at 8,000 combatants; artillery, dragoons, and infantry, duly 
 proportioned : how dreadful the odds ; how eventful the succeeding 
 day ; on which the fate of General Washington, and his army, 
 might have been decided, but for the obstinate resistance of a 
 handful of brave men. and the workings of Heaven ! 
 
 iff ifF •7? ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ' If General Washington by a false step, from which mortal man 
 is not exempt, had committed himself to an almost hopeless con- 
 dition, the dispositions he adopted to harass and retard the ad- 
 vance of the enemy, were the most sagacious his situation admit- 
 ted ; and the zealous, active, courageous agents of his will, on the 
 2d [and 3d] of January, 1777, should be distinguished by grateful 
 recollections and the public favor. Of those Revolutionary wor- 
 thies, known to the writer, [were] Hand, Scott, Laavson ; Josiah 
 and Richard Parker, and David Harris of Baltimore ; Miller, 
 and Forest, and Hamilton. 
 
 ' Immediately after dark, a council of war was convened at 
 General St. Clair's Quarters ; * for General Wash- 
 
 ington had been driven out of his own quarters by the enemy. 
 * * It was this officer who in council suggested the 
 
 idea of marching by our right and turning the left of the enemy ; 
 the practicability of the route was well understood by Colonel Reed, 
 Adjutant-General ; and the Commander-in-Chief, as soon as satis- 
 fied on this point, adopted the proposition. The more effectually 
 to mask the movement, he ordered the guards to be doubled ; a 
 strong fatigue party to be set to work on an intrenchment across 
 the road near the mill, within distinct hearing of the sentinels of 
 the enemy ; the baggage to be sent to Burlington ; the troops to be 
 silently filed off by detachments; and the neighboring fences to be 
 used for fuel to our guards, to keep up blazing fires until toward 
 day, when they had orders to retire. 
 
 'The night, although cloudless, was exceedingly dark; and, 
 
 * Respecting the ' resolution adopted, [and] the position of the two armies,' see 
 p. 396. 
 
408 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS 
 
 though calm, most severely cold. The movement was so cau- 
 tiously conducted as to elude the vigilance of the enemy.* 
 
 ■TV* •«* "Tt* "W "Tr ^ 
 
 ' In this affair, [the battle of Princeton,] our numerical loss was 
 inconsiderable : it did not exceed thirty ; * but it was of 
 
 great magnitude in worth and talents ; Colonels Haslet and Por- 
 ter, Major Morris, and Captain William Shippen were respected 
 in their grades ; Captains Fleming and Neal presented fair promise 
 of professional excellence ; but in General Mercer, we lost a chief, 
 who, for experience, talents, disposition, integrity, and patriotism, 
 was second to no man but the Commander-in-Chief, and wr.s qual- 
 ified to fill the highest trusts of the country. * * 
 
 ' The loss of the enemy was more considerable in point of num- 
 bers ; and Captain Leslie's death appeared to afflict the prisoners 
 very sensibly. At their instance his body was conveyed to Piuck- 
 emin, and was there interred with the honors of war; on which 
 occasion it was remarked, that many of the men, and particularly 
 those of his company, wept bitterly. * * * 
 
 ' When the troops were assembled in Princeton, the absence of 
 the General, who had been led away some distance in the pursuit 
 of the fugitives, excited strong emotions of alarm for his safety ; f 
 which he soon relieved by his presence. * # * 
 
 ' Pressed as we were for time, it was the desire of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, and the inclination of every officer, to make a 
 stroke at Brunswick, which had been left with a small garrison, 
 in charge of General Matthews ; but our physical force could not 
 bear us out : the men had been under arms eighteen hours, and 
 had suffered much from cold and hunger. The Commander and 
 several general officers halted at the forks of the road in Kingston, 
 whilst our troops were filing off to Rocky Hill ; when the excla- 
 mation was general, " O that we had five hundred fresh men to 
 beat up their quarters at Brunswick I " But the measure was found 
 to be impracticable, and therefore we proceeded down Millstone 
 River, and halted at Somerset Court-House ; where many of the 
 militia, whose baggage had been sent to Burlington, lay in the 
 
 * See General Washington's description in his letter to Congress, Jan. 5, pp. 396, 397. 
 
 t A Captain of riflemen in that engagement, informed a friend twenty years after- 
 wards, ' That the General, whilst encouraging the pursuit, exclaimed, "It is a fine fox- 
 chase, my boys." 
 
 It was also stated, that when they approached Princeton preparatory to the engage- 
 ment, ' Washington pushed forward and placed himself between the two armies, with 
 his horse's head fronting the enemy, that his example might encourage his troops to 
 make a bold stand and return the enemy's fire.' 
 
 The next day after the army arrived at Morristown, one of the officers who were in 
 the actions at Trenton and Princeton, wrote to an acquaintance, — ' Our army love 
 their General very much, but they have one thing against him ; which is the little 
 care he takes of himself in any action. His personal bravery, and the desire he has 
 of animating his troops by example, make him fearless of danger. This occasions us 
 much uneasiness. But Heaven, which has hitherto been his shield, I hope will still 
 continue to guard so valuable a life.' 
 
TERMINATING THE MEMORABLE CAMPAIGN OF 1776. 409 
 
 open air without blankets. We marched the next day to Plucke- 
 min, and halted until the 5th. It had been previously determined 
 by the General, on the advice of General St. Clair,* after the plan 
 of visiting Brunswick had been abandoned, to take quarters at 
 Morristown ; but the troops were so much exhausted, that they 
 required a short respite from fatigue. I think it was on the 5th, 
 during our halt at Pluckemin, that General Washington made a 
 pretext for sending a flag to Brunswick, of which his Aid-de-camp, 
 Colonel Fitzgerald, was the bearer : he was courteously received, 
 and introduced to most of the general officers, who spoke freely of 
 the trick General Washington had played them, and the race they 
 had run, as they had made a forced march to Brunswick, — such 
 was their alarm for the safety of their magazine. * * 
 
 The recital of Captain Leslie's death, and the respect with which 
 his body had been treated, affected General Leslie so sensibly, that 
 he retired to a window and shed tears ; and when Colonel Fitz- 
 gerald returned, he sent his acknowledgments to General Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 ' We arrived at Morristown on the 6th, and the troops were 
 cantoned in the vicinity. 
 
 ' If the yeomanry of the Jerseys, panic struck by the triumphant 
 march of a victorious army, and seduced by the blandishments and 
 fair promises of the British Commissioners, shrunk from their 
 duty and abandoned the standard of their country, in November 
 and December, 1776 ; they discovered before January, 1777, that 
 the powers of the invaders were limited, and the promises of the 
 Commissioners perfidious. * Henceforward the militia of 
 
 the Jerseys stood preeminent among the defenders of the public 
 cause ; they hovered around the enemy, and harassed him when- 
 ever he stepped beyond his stationary guards. The aged watched, 
 explored, designed, — the youth, alert, courageous, and ever ready 
 for the onset, planted a hedge of pickets in General Washington's 
 front, to abate his painful solicitudes, to conceal his nakedness, 
 and support the Revolution.' 
 
 Wilkinson's Memoirs, vol. i. pp. 98-155. 
 
 ^January 5th. — At the close of the last year, the situation of our 
 main army was gloomy and discouraging ; a large proportion of 
 the troops had retired from service, as their term of enlistment ex- 
 pired ; and the small remains of our army was retreating before 
 the enemy, and passed the Delaware for safety. It is now an- 
 nounced in our general orders, to our inexpressible joy and satis- 
 faction, that the scene is in some degree changed : the fortune of 
 
 * ' He was the only general officer acquainted with that quarter of the country.' 
 
410 EVIDENCES OF THE RETRIEVING OPERATIONS, ETC. 
 
 war is reversed ; and Providence has been pleased to crown the 
 efforts of our Commander-in-Chief with a splendid victory, [the 
 victory at Trenton.] * * * This very brilliant 
 
 achievement is highly honorable to the Commander-in-Chief, and 
 to all that were engaged in the enterprise. We are sanguine in 
 the hope, that this most auspicious event will be productive of the 
 happiest effects, by inspiriting our dejected army, and dispelling 
 that panic of despair into which the people have iDcen plunged. 
 
 ' 15th. We are now informed of another very important ad- 
 vantage which General Washington has gained over the royal 
 army, [at Princeton,] by means of a well concerted stratagem. * 
 
 ' It is often exultingly remarked in our camp, [at Ticonderoga,] 
 that Washington was born for the salvation of his country ; and 
 that he is endowed with all the talents and abilities necessary to 
 qualify him for the great undertaking. The militia of Jersey, 
 immediately on their being liberated from the control of the 
 British, flew to arms, exasperated and stimulated by a recollection 
 of their sufferings, and have become their most bitter and deter- 
 mined enemies ; and are very active and vigilant in harassing 
 them on all occasions, keeping a continual watch, and cutting off 
 small parties whenever opportunities offer. It is gratifying to the 
 army that Congress have conferred on their Generalissimo more 
 ample powers, and appointed him Dictator for the limited term of 
 six months ; to reform and new model the military arrangements, 
 in such manner as he may judge most advantageous for the public 
 service. Much good is expected to result from this measure.' 
 
 Thacher's Military Journal, pp. 70-74. 
 
COURSE OF EVENTS, ETC., IN 1771 
 
 Is the reader disposed now to look somewhat eagerly forward^ and inquire how 
 much the experience of 76 served to correct and to prevent error in '77; — how far 
 jealous conceit, and the consequent enfeebling division, gave place to confiding wisdorti 
 and vigorous, united action ; — how soon the want of officers was supplied, and all 
 difficulty respecting them removed; — how speedily the battalions voted in Septem- 
 ber were raised, armed, and provided with all things necessary, to be substituted for 
 those fragments of battalions that remained after the battles of Trenton and Prince- 
 ton ? In relation to all these, we offer the best evidences which circumstances have 
 placed within our power. 
 
 General Washington to General Lincoln. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 7 January, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I am glad to hear by yours of the 4lh instant, that 
 you had arrived at Peekskill ; and I hope, from the measures you 
 have taken to hasten up your troops, that they will soon be all with 
 you. General Heath will communicate mine of this date to you, 
 by which you will find, that the greater part of your troops are to 
 move down towards New York, to draw the attention of the enemy 
 to that quarter ; and, if they do not throw a considerable body back 
 again, you may in all probability carry the city, or at least blockade 
 them in it. I believe they are not prepared for the latter; for, as 
 they have for some time past made themselves sure of holding 
 Jersey, they have not taken proper precautions to establish large 
 magazines at any one place. I leave it entirely to the determina- 
 tion of you and General Heath, whether you shall continue on the 
 east side of Hudson's River, or come on with the troops that are 
 to join me. I have only to beg of you to be as expeditious as 
 possible in moving forward ; for the sooner a panic-struck enemy 
 is followed, the better. If we can oblige them to evacuate Jersey, 
 we must drive them to the utmost distress j for, as I mentioned 
 above, they have depended upon the supplies from that State for 
 their winter support.* I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 266. 
 
 * It may be observed, that the date of this letter was the next day after General 
 Washington with his small army arrived at Morristown. 
 
 53 
 
412 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Same to the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 19 January, 1777. 
 
 * Gentlemen, — The readiness which the militia of Pennsylva- 
 nia have shown by engaging in the service of their country, at an 
 inclement season of the year, when my army was reduced to a 
 handful of men, and our affairs were in the most critical situation, 
 does great honor to them and to your State. But, although they 
 have contributed greatly to the success which has lately attended 
 our arms, I must inform you, that with pain I hear they have de- 
 termined to return home. Most of the city militia have resolved to 
 stay some days longer ; they must then be discharged, as I am 
 well informed they are generally in want of almost every necessary. 
 I must depend chiefly this winter on the militia, to enable me to 
 act offensively, or even to make a stand ; and therefore I sincerely 
 wish they could have been prevailed upon to serve, till they might 
 have been relieved by the troops now raising by the Continent. 
 
 ' There is noiv the fairest opportunity of totally destroying' the 
 British army, or, at least, of delaying their operations in the spring, 
 till we may be prepared to oppose them by regular forces. As it 
 is a matter of the highest importance, that your militia should be 
 put on such a footing as will fully answer the exigency of our 
 affairs at this time, I do most earnestly recommend, that such 
 spirited and effectual measures be adopted, as will soonest accom- 
 plish this great and necessary work. As there is not the least doubt, 
 at present, that the principal object of the enemy is to get posses- 
 sion of the city of Philadelphia, it is absolutely necessary that every 
 person, able to bear arms, except such as are conscientiously scru- 
 pulous against it in every case, should give their personal service, 
 and, whenever a part of the militia is required only, either to join 
 the army, or find a man in their place. In order to effect this, I 
 beg you will order the whole militia of your State to be enrolled 
 and completely equipped, that one half at least may proceed to 
 join the army with all possible expedition. Let those who have 
 done their tour of duty already, be excused ; but those who have not, 
 should be obliged to come forth, or hire a proper person in their 
 place, to remain till the 1st of April, unless sooner discharged by 
 the Commander-in-Chief. You may be assured, that nothing but 
 the united efforts of every State in America can save us from dis- 
 grace, and too probably from ruin. The army is much reduced 
 since we left Trenton ; and the many that will be discharged in a 
 few days will so weaken our force, that it will be impossible to 
 oppose the enemy with success, should they advance towards us ; 
 or do any essential service, if they should move towards Philadel- 
 phia. As I cannot expect our situation can long be a secret to the 
 enemy, there is no doubt but they will avail themselves of it, and 
 take advantage of our weakness. When any of your militia are 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 418 
 
 coming forward, I beg you will inform them, that the time for 
 which they engage to serve is to begin when they join the army. 
 The want of a regular well-established government in your State 
 has greatly obstructed the public service. I therefore recommend, 
 that some authority be immediately exerted to draw forth your 
 whole strength. I have the honor to be, &c,' 
 
 "Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 281. 
 
 Samr to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 19 January, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — The fluctuating state of an army composed chiefly of 
 militia bids fair to reduce us to the situation in which we w*ere 
 some little time ago ; that is, of scarce having any army at all, 
 except reinforcements speedily arrive. One of the battalions from 
 the city of Philadelphia goes home to-day, and the other two only 
 remain a few days longer by courtesy. The time for which a 
 country brigade under General Mifflin came out is expired ; and 
 they stay from day to day by dint of solicitation, their numbers 
 much reduced by desertions. We have about eight hundred of 
 the Eastern Continental troops, remaining, of twelve or fourteen 
 hundred who at first agreed to stay ; part engaged to the last of 
 this month, and part to the middle of next. The five Virginia 
 regiments are reduced to a handful of men, as are Colonel Hand's, 
 Smallwood's, and the German battalion. A few days ago, Gen- 
 eral Warner arrived with about seven hundred Massachusetts 
 militia, engaged to the loth of March. 
 
 ' Thus you have a sketch of our present army, with which we 
 are obliged to keep up appearances before an enemy already 
 double in numbers. # * * * 
 
 ' I have ordered away every officer that could be spared, some 
 to recruit, and some to collect the scattered men of the different 
 regiments, who are dispersed almost over the Continent ; for, of 
 the vast numbers sent to the hospitals at different times, few ever 
 returned after they got well. As militia must be our dependence 
 till we can get the new army raised and properly arranged, I must 
 entreat you to continue your endeavors with the States of Penn- 
 sylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, to turn out every man they 
 possibly can, and for some time longer than they have generally 
 stipulated for. If they agree for a month or any limited time, it 
 should commence from the time they actually join the army, and 
 not from the time they leave their homes ; otherwise, the marching 
 backwards and forwards consumes the term of engagement. I 
 think these demands of aid should be made as quietly as the na- 
 ture of the case will admit, especially at this time, when we are 
 deceiving our enemies with false opinions of our numbers ; for, to 
 boast of our superiority in that respect on one hand, and to call 
 publicly on the people for assistance on the other, is an impropri- 
 
414 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ety loo glaring: indeed, it has been already noticed in some pub- 
 lications that I have seen from New York. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 10. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 283. 
 
 Same to Governor Cooke. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 20 January, 1777. 
 
 • Sir, — I am exceedingly sorry to hear, that your State has or- 
 dered several battalions to be raised for the defence of the State 
 only^ and this before proper measures are taken to fill the Continen- 
 tal regiments. You cannot be insensible how unequal any one 
 State is, unconnected with the others, to defend itself, if the enemy 
 makes a descent against it with any considerable part of their 
 force. Neither have you the least reason to think that you would 
 derive less protection from the troops, if they were raised upon the 
 Continent's account, than on that of the State. If each State were 
 to prepare for its own defence, independent of each other, they would 
 all be soon conquered, one by one. Our success must depend upon 
 a firm Union, and a strict adherence to the general plan. Other 
 measures may produce a partial relief, but never can remove the 
 principal evil. 
 
 ' You must be sensible, that the season is fast approaching, when 
 a new campaign will open ; nay, the former is not yet closed, nor 
 do I intend it shall be, unless the enemy quits the Jerseys. It is 
 of the last importance to the interest of America, that the new 
 regiments be speedily levied. It would give me an opportunity in 
 the fore part of the campaign, before the enemy can collect their 
 force, or receive any reinforcement from home, to give them a fatal 
 blow, which might terminate the campaign to great advantage. I 
 am sure, that the necessity of having the Continental regiments 
 immediately completed, is too obvious to need any further argu- 
 ments. I hope the powers of government are such, as to complete 
 the new levies by draft, if they cannot be filled seasonably by vol- 
 untary enlistments. 
 
 * Necessity obliges me to call upon you, as I shall upon every 
 other State, in the most pressing terms, to complete, without delay, 
 your proportion of the eighty-eight battalions. I am confident, that 
 the raising of the two regiments at the expense of the State, before 
 the Continental regiments are complete, can answer no valuable 
 purpose. If the enemy make a descent upon Rhode Island with 
 any considerable force, the opposition of two regiments will be 
 inconsiderable. If they only infest the coast with their ships, the 
 militia would answer a much better purpose, and at a far less ex- 
 pense. I must confess, that I am ignorant of the reasons which 
 induced the Assembly to adopt the measure; neither can I con- 
 ceive of the use and policy of the scheme. I wish it may not be 
 productive of more injury than benefit, by introducing innovations 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 415 
 
 and changes that must retard the filling of the Continental regi- 
 ments, and, consequently, prejudice the general interest, which 
 every State must have an eye to ; and the obligation on you is 
 stronger than on any one else, being the most exposed, and the least 
 capable of making a separate defence. 
 
 ' Our affairs here are in a very prosperous train. Within a month 
 past, in several engagements with the enemy, we have killed, 
 wounded, and taken prisoners, between two and three thousand 
 men. * * If I am properly supported, I shall hope to 
 
 close the campaign gloriously for America. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 285. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 22 January, 1777. 
 
 ' I shall be glad to know what stock of small arms you at pres- 
 ent have, and what are your expectations shortly. The necessity 
 that we have been and are now under, of calling in and arming 
 the militia, scatters our armory all over the world, in a manner. 
 Their officers are so irregular, that they generally suffer their men 
 to carry home every thing that is put into their hands, which is 
 for ever lost to the public. The new-raised regiments will call for 
 a great number of arms ; and I do not at present see how they are 
 to be supplied. 
 
 * I would again beg leave to recall the attention of Congress to the 
 appointment of general officers.* I will not suppose the nomina- 
 tion of them is postponed upon a saving principle, because the 
 advantage in having proper officers to examine the pay-rolls *; 
 to see that the regiments are provided with what is proper, and that 
 no more than a sufficiency is allowed ; to keep officers to their 
 duty * « , — I say, if the appointments are withheld 
 
 upon parsimonious principles, the Congress are mistaken ; for I am 
 convinced, that, by the correction of many abuses which it is im- 
 possible for me to attend to, the public will be benefited in a great 
 degree in the article of expense. But this is not all. We have 
 very little time to do a very great work in. The arranging, pro- 
 viding for, and disciplining a hundred and odd battalions is not to 
 be accomplished in a day; nor is it to be done at all with any 
 degree of propriety, when we have once entered upon the active part 
 of the campaign. These duties must be branched out, or they will 
 be neglected, and the public injured. Besides, were the brigadiers 
 appointed, they might be facilitating the recruiting service ; they 
 would have time to get a little acquainted with their brigades and 
 the wants of them, and ease me of the great weight and burden 
 which I at present feel. 
 
 * See second and third paragraphs, p. 370. 
 
416 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ' On whom the choice will or ought to light, I cannot undertake 
 to say. In a former letter, I took the liberty of submitting to the 
 consideration of Congress the propriety of appointing, out of each 
 State, brigadiers to command the troops of that State, thinkings as 
 a distinction is nowjixed, a spirit of emulation mig-ht arise by this 
 means* At any rate, I shall take the liberty of recommending 
 General Cadwallader as one of the first for the new appointments. 
 I have found him a man of ability, a good disciplinarian, firm in his 
 principles, and of intrepid bravery. I shall also beg leave to re- 
 commend Colonel Reed to the command of the horse, as a person, 
 in my opinion, every way qualified ; for he is extremely active and 
 enterprising ; many signal proofs of which he has given this cam- 
 paign. For the rest, the members of Congress can judge better 
 than I can. I can only say, that, as the army will probably be 
 divided in the course of the next campaign, there ought, in my 
 opinion, to be three lieutenant-generals, nine major-generals, and 
 twenty-seven brigadiers ; in other words, there ought, at least, to be 
 a brigadier to every four regiments, and a major-general to every 
 three brigades. The lieutenant-generals will, I presume, be ap- 
 pointed out of the oldest major-generals, and the major-generals 
 from the oldest brigadiers. Nine brigadiers will then be to nominate. 
 
 ' I forgot before this to inform Congress, that, including the regi- 
 ment of light dragoons from Virginia, and Colonel Sheldon's to 
 be raised in Connecticut, I have only commissioned officers for 
 four regiments. I w^as willing to try how these could be equipped, 
 before I put more officers into commission. It is apprehended we 
 shall find difficulty in providing necessaries, or even horses, for these 
 four regiments. If we should not, I shall immediately set about 
 the residue. * * 
 
 ' The treasury has been for some time empty, and the army has 
 labored under the greatest inconvenience for want of money. * 
 
 # If we are not supplied with that necessary article, all matters 
 must be at a stand. 
 
 P. S. 'I did not recollect Major- General Lincoln, in the Provin- 
 cial service of Massachusetts. He is an excellent officer, and 
 worthy of your notice in the Continental line.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 14. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 289. 
 
 Same to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 MoRRiSTowN, 24 January, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — The situation to which I am reduced for want of a 
 regular body of troops on whom I can depend for a length of time, 
 makes it indispensably necessary for me to call upon you, and 
 entreat you to exert yourself in levying and equipping the number 
 of battalions allotted to your State by the Resolutions of Congress 
 
 * See fourth paragraph, p. 370. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 417 
 
 in September last.* You must be fully sensible of the hardship 
 imposed upon individuals, and how detrimental it must be to the 
 public, to have farmers and tradesmen frequently called into the 
 field as militia-men ; whereby a total stop is put to arts and agri- 
 culture, without which we cannot possibly long subsist. But great 
 as this inconvenience is, we must put up with it, or submit to a 
 greater, — the total loss of our liberties, — until our regular Conti- 
 nental army can be brought into the field. The above reasons 
 alone, I hope, will be sufficient to induce you to exert yourself; 
 for, if our new army is not ready to take the field early in the 
 spring, we shall lose all the advantages which I may say we have 
 providentially gained this winter. While our dependence is upon 
 the militia, we have a full army one day, and scarce any the next ; 
 and I am much afraid, that the enemy one day or other, taking 
 advantage of one of these temporary weaknesses, will make them- 
 selves masters of our magazines of stores, arms, and artillery. 
 Nothing but their ignorance of our numbers protects us at this very 
 time ; when, on the contrary, had we six or eight thousand regular 
 troops, or could the militia, who were with me a few days ago, 
 have been prevailed upon to stay, we could have struck such a 
 stroke, as would have inevitably ruined the army of the enemy^ in 
 their divided state. * * * While the men are 
 
 raising, I beg you will spare no pains to make a collection of all 
 things necessary for their equipment; not only with such as they 
 can carry with them into the field, but for their use and conve- 
 nience while they are there ; such as spare shoes, stockings, and 
 shirts, — the want of which has been the ruin of the old army. # 
 I expect the Clothier- General will be with the army in a few days, 
 when I shall give him directions to allot a proportion of the cloth- 
 ing lately taken, and purchased for the public, to each State.f 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 294. 
 
 Same to Governor Livingston. 
 
 MoRRiSTOvs^N, 24 January, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — The irregular and disjointed state of the militia of this 
 Province, makes it necessary for me to inform you, that, unless a 
 law is immediately passed by your Legislature to reduce them to 
 some order, and obhge them to turn out in a different manner from 
 what they have hitherto done, we shall bring very few into the 
 field, and even those few will render little or no service. Their 
 officers are generally of the lowest class of the people ; and, instead 
 of setting a good example to their men, are leading them into every 
 kind of mischief; one species of which is plundering the inhab- 
 
 * See p. 29S. 
 
 t This letter was sent also to each of the other New England States. 
 
418 COURSE AND PROGRESS OP EVENTS AND 
 
 itants, under the pretence of their being Tories. A law should, in 
 my opinion, be passed, to put a stop to this kind of lawless rapine ; 
 for, unless there is something done to prevent it, the people will 
 throw themselves, of choice, into the hands of the British troops. 
 But your object should be a well-regulated militia law. The 
 people, put under good officers, would behave in quite another 
 manner, and not only render real service as soldiers, but would 
 protect, instead of distressing, the inhabitants. What I would wish 
 to have particularly insisted upon, in the new law, should be, that 
 every man, capable of bearing arms, should be obliged to turn 
 out, and not buy off his service by a trifling fine. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 296. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head- Quarters, 26 January, 1777. 
 
 ' The want of accurate maps of the country which has hitherto 
 been the scene of war, has been of great disadvantage to me. I 
 have in vain endeavored to procure them, and have been obliged 
 to make shift with such sketches as I could trace out from my own 
 observation, and that of gentlemen around me. I really think, if 
 gentlemen of known character and probity could be employed in 
 making maps, from actual survey, of the roads, — of the rivers, and 
 bridges and fords over them, — and of the mountains, and passes 
 through them, it would be of the greatest advantage. 
 
 ' I had, previous to the receipt of your letter, written to General 
 Howe, and proposed the fixing of an agent for prisoners at New 
 York.* I have not received an answer; but, if he accedes to the 
 proposal, I shall appoint Mr. Lewis Pintard. * * 
 
 ' Reinforcements come up so extremely slow, that I am afraid 
 I shall be left without any men before they arrive. The enemy 
 must be ignorant of our numbers, or they have not horses to move 
 their artillery ; or they would not suffer us to remain undisturbed. 
 I have repeatedly written to all the recruiting officers, to forward on 
 their men as fast as they could arm and clothe them ; but they are 
 so extremely averse to turning out of comfortable quarters, that I 
 cannot get a man to come near me, though I hear from all parts 
 that the recruiting service goes on with great success. It would 
 be well if the Board of War, in whose department it is, would 
 issue orders for all officers to equip and forward their recruits to 
 Head-Quarters with the greatest expedition. 
 
 ' By a Resolve of Congress passed some time ago. General 
 Schuyler is directed to apply to me for ninety-four tons of powder, 
 — a quantity which it is impossible I should have by me, and for 
 which I do not know where to direct him to apply. I could wish 
 
 * An agent to provide for the wants of the American prisoners then in possession 
 of the enemy. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 419 
 
 that returns were made to me of the quantity of powder on hand, 
 and where it is to be found ; that I may not be at a loss at any 
 time of emergency. 
 
 ' Since the resignation of Colonel Reed, the important office of 
 adjutant-general has been left unfilled, I mean as to a principal ; 
 and I am much at a loss how or where to find a person in every 
 way capable and proper to execute the office. * # I 
 
 shall wait the result of a determination of Congress, before I pro- 
 ceed further in this appointment; and I wish to be favored with 
 their advice as speedily as possible ; for the remains of the old 
 army are much disarranged for want of a good adjutant-generalj 
 and the formation of the new one in a great measure depends 
 upon an able officer in that line. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 18. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iV. p, 300. 
 
 Same to the President of Con&ress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 5 February, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — By a letter from General Heath, of the 30th of last 
 month, I find that he had decamped from the neighborhood of 
 Kingsbridge, and removed back towards the White Plains. Hia 
 reasons for doing so were, that the troops could not stand the in- 
 clemency of the weather, and that he feared the troops expected 
 from Rhode Island would land upon his back. I have, however, 
 directed him to leave a body of light troops under an active officer^ 
 in order to harass their foraging parties, and to cover our own, who 
 are to remove as much of the forage from Westchester county as 
 they can ; and, after leaving as many men as will sectire the passes 
 in the Highlands, the remainder are to be sent over here to join 
 me : for I am apprehensive that the enemy are reinforcing them- 
 selves at Brunswick. I shall to-morrow send out parlies from 
 every quarter, to remove all the wagons, horses, cattle^ and sheep, 
 or as many as possible, from the neighborhood of the enemy's 
 lines. They are to attend particularly to the horses ; for, if we can 
 reduce those that they at present have, and can hinder them from 
 getting fresh ones from the adjacent country, it will be impossible 
 for them to move their artillery and wagons forward, should they 
 incline to make another push towards Philadelphia. 
 
 ' I observe by your last Resolves, that the militia of Baltimore, 
 Hartford, and Cecil counties in Maryland, are ordered out and to 
 march this way. Let me entreat you to suffer none to go forward 
 to Philadelphia, but what are equipped with arms, accoutrements, 
 and blankets ; they hurt the service much by taking those things 
 only for a short time from the Continental troops, many of whom 
 would otherwise be enabled to take the field. 
 
 ' The Secretary of the Board of War has transmitted to me ex- 
 tracts of General Schuyler's letters, in which he calls pressingly for 
 some general officers to be sent to his assistance. This will show 
 54 
 
420 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 you the necessity of immediately making the promotions recom- 
 mended in mine of the 22d of January ; * for at present I cannot 
 spare a general officer from this quarter, without injuring the 
 service. 
 
 ' The small-pox has made such head in every quarter, that 1 find 
 it impossible to keep it from spreading through the whole army in 
 the natural way. I have therefore determined, not only to inocu- 
 late all the troops now here that have not had it, but shall order 
 Dr. Shippen to inoculate the recruits as fast as they come to Phila- 
 delphia. They will lose no time, because they will go through the 
 disorder while their clothing, arms, and accoutrements are getting 
 ready. 
 
 ' From the first institution of civil government, it has been the 
 national policy of every precedent State, to endeavor to engage its 
 members to the discharge of their public duty, by the obligation of 
 an oath. Its force and happy influence have been felt in too many 
 instances to need any arguments to support the policy or prove its 
 utility. I have often thought the States have been too negligent 
 in this particular, and am more fully convinced of it, from the effect 
 General Howe's excursion has produced in New Jersey. An oath 
 is the only substitute that can be adopted to supply the defect of 
 principle. By our inattention in this article, we lose a considerable 
 cement to our own force, and give the enemy an opportunity to 
 make the first tender of the oath of allegiance to the King. Its 
 baneful influence is but too severely felt at this time. The people 
 generally confess they were compelled to take protection, and sub- 
 scribe the Declaration; yet it furnishes many with arguments to 
 refuse taking any active part ; and further, they allege themselves 
 bound to a neutrality at least. Many conscientious people, who 
 were well-wishers to the cause, had they been bound to the States 
 by an oath, would have suffered any punishment, rather than have 
 taken the oath of allegiance to the King ; and are now lost to our 
 interest for want of this necessary tie. Notwithstanding the obli- 
 gation of the Association,'\ they do not conceive it to have the same 
 effect as an oath. The more united the inhabitants appear, the 
 greater difficulty General Howe will have in reconciling them to 
 regal government, and consequently the less hope of conquering 
 them. For these reasons, and many more that might be urged, I 
 should strongly recommend to every State to fix upon some oath 
 or affirmation of allegiance, to be tendered to all the inhabitants 
 without exception, and to outlaw those that refuse it. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 23. Wash. Writ. 
 
 * See the part of that letter, p. 415, which relates to the promotion and appointment 
 of officers, and in which the General referred to his previous communications on the 
 subject, pp. 370, 276, &c. 
 
 t See p. 29. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 421 
 
 Fully satisfied that the circumstances of the time required an immediate adoption 
 of such a measure to counteract the effects above described, General Washington, on 
 the 25th of January, issued a proclamation ' in behalf of the United States,' commanding 
 and requiring every person who had accepted the conditions proposed in that of the 
 British Commanders, mentioned p. 350, ' to repair [within thirty days] to Head- Quar- 
 ters, or to the quarters of the nearest general officer of the Continental army, or militia, 
 until further- provision can be made by the civil authority^ and there deliver up such protec- 
 tion, certificate, and passports, and take the oath of allegiance to the United States of 
 America; nevertheless hereby granting full liberty to all such as prefer the interest 
 and protection of Great Britain to the freedom and happiness of their country, forth- 
 with to withdraw themselves and families within the enemy's lines.' 
 
 However it may appear at the present time, there were men, whose patriotic zeal 
 was undoubted, — not a few of them in high stations, — found uprising against that 
 proclamation as being inexpedient and, in important respects, exceptionable. It was 
 alleged that, in these requirements, the General had transgressed the ' Resolve of 
 Congress of the 9th of March,' * and violated their ' civil rights.' In Congress, a motion 
 to call the procedure in question was made and formally referred to a committee. The 
 committee reported in favor of the proclamation ; but, in order to prevent the conse- 
 quences of an apprehended debate, it seems, they managed successfully to get their 
 Report laid on the table. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 9 February, 1777. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — I should hope that General Carleton will not at- 
 tempt to pass the Lakes, before we can get a sufficient force to 
 oppose him. The enterprise, I think, will be dangerous, and at- 
 tended with many difficulties. However, as the defence and secu- 
 rity of our posts in that quarter is an object of the first importance, 
 I have written in the most urgent manner to the States of Massa- 
 chusetts and New Hampshire, to forward on their regiments with 
 all possible expedition ; desiring that they may not wait till they are 
 complete, but that suitable officers may be left to recruit for de- 
 ficiencies. As to forming the Northern army out of a mixture of 
 troops, I think it cannot be done, under the peculiar situation of 
 our affairs. The posts on the Lakes are much more convenient to 
 the Eastern forces, than to any other; and they can be there sooner 
 than at any other places, where the aid of the rest is indispensably 
 necessary. 
 
 ' Another objection to the measure is, that prejudices and jeal- 
 ousiea have prevailed^ where the troops of different States have 
 acted together; notwithstanding every possible exertion on my 
 part to induce them to harmonize, and consider themselves as the 
 same people, engaged in the same noble struggle, and having one 
 common and general interest to defend, and to lay aside and bury 
 all attachments and distinctions of a local and Provincial nature. 
 These, I think, are not likely to be entirely done away, especially 
 if general officers should be appointed by Congress from each State 
 for their respective troops. Indeed, as their difficulties have not 
 been reconcilable heretofore, I hope their acting separately will 
 produce a laudable spirit of emulation to excel, and raise the repu- 
 
 * See that Resolve, p. 208. 
 
422 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 tation of their respective States^ tending in the end to advance the 
 interest and weal of the whole.* I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 315. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 11 February, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I was yesterday waited upon by two French gentlemen, 
 Monsieurs Remand de Lisle and Robillard. The first produced 
 a commission signed by you in November last, appointing him a 
 Major of artillery ; but, by the enclosed letter from him to me, he 
 claims much higher rank under the promise of Congress, — that of 
 commandant of the Continental artillery. Whether any such 
 promise was made, I leave you to determine. Robillard claims a 
 captaincy of artillery ; but, upon what he grounds his pretensions, 
 I do not know. I never saw him but once before ; and that was 
 on his way from Boston to Philadelphia. 
 
 ^ You cannot conceive what a weight this kind of people are 
 upon the service, and upon me in particular. Few of them have 
 any knowledge of the branches which they profess to understand ; 
 and those that have, are entirely useless as officers, from their igno- 
 rance of the English language. I wish it were possible to make 
 them understand, when commissions are granted to them, that they 
 are to make themselves masters of the English language in some 
 degree, before they can be attached to any particular corps. 
 ' I am. Sir, with the greatest respect, &c.' 
 
 J^ond. ed. vol. ii. p. 26. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Morristown, 14 February, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — General Lincoln is just arrived with a regiment of 
 Massachusetts militia, about two hundred and fifty. This, he says, 
 is succeeded by three more, which will make in the whole near 
 eighteen hundred ; but in this I think he must be mistaken, unless 
 those on the march are much fuller and larger than what they 
 usually are. The whole are of the troops that were with General 
 Heath. 
 
 ' General Knox, by a letter of the 1st instant, informs me, that, 
 on mature inquiry and examination, he finds Springfield to be 
 more convenient and much better calculated for a laboratory and 
 cannon-foundry, than any other part of the New England States. 
 He adds, that a quantity of copper, tin, and other useful materials, 
 can be had there ; and that the necessary works and preparations, 
 from these and other advantages, can be accomplished at least three 
 or four months sooner there, than anywhere else. In consequence 
 
 * In connection with this paragraph, spe again the fourth, p. 370. See also the like 
 expression, p, 416; 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 423 
 
 of this opinion, which I esteem of weight, particularly in this in- 
 stance, and knowing the importance of these establishments and 
 how essential they are, I have ventured to order the works to be 
 begun there, without regard to what had been done at Brookfield,* 
 which was of but little consequence. The former, besides the 
 many advantages mentioned by General Knox, stands on Connec- 
 ticut River, and has a good navigation ; yet is entirely secure 
 against any attempts of the enemy, being twenty miles above 
 Hartford, where the river is narrow, and too shoal to admit ves- 
 sels that can give the least annoyance. As nothing but the good 
 of the service could have led to this measure, I trust it will be 
 approved. 
 
 ' I have written to the Assembly of Massachusetts State, and the 
 Convention of New Hampshire ; requesting their good offices and 
 exertions to promote the raising of their regiments as expeditiously as 
 possible, and forward the whole of the quotas first exacted from them 
 to Ticonderoga.f # * I find the Council of the former, 
 
 on General Schuyler's earnest application, before my letter reached 
 them, had determined to send four regiments as soon as they 
 could be completed. I only wish the whole may be made up 
 in a short time, and that their arrival may be early enough to 
 prevent those inconveniences and fatal consequences which the 
 want of a sufficient force in that quarter would subject us to, were 
 the enemy to pass the Lakes at this time. # # It is 
 
 with much concern, that the situation of our affairs obliges me to 
 mention so frequently the want of money, especially when I am 
 persuaded every means are used to furnish it. Our distress on this 
 account is great indeed ; and the injury the service receives, almost 
 inconceivable. *. * 
 
 Ten o'clock, P. M. — 'Just now a flag returned, that went to 
 Brunswick to-day, who brought the enclosed letters from General 
 Lee, which I do myself the honor to transmit you, with a copy of 
 one to myself. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 27. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 322. 
 
 February 14//i, second letter. — ' Sir, — I do myself the honor to 
 enclose you a plan drawn up by Dr. Shippen in concert with Dr. 
 Cochran, for the arrangement and future regulation of the general 
 hospital. As this plan is very extensive, the appointments nume- 
 rous, and the salaries affixed to them at present large, I did not 
 think myself at liberty to adopt any part of it, before I laid it be- 
 fore Congress for their approbation. I will just remark, that, though 
 the expense attending an hospital upon the enclosed plan will be 
 very great, it will in the end not only be a saving to the public, 
 but the only possible method of keeping an army on foot. 
 
 * See Resolves from the Secret Journal, Dec. 27, p. 390. 
 + Relative to those quotas, see last note, p. 313. 
 
424 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ' We are now, at an enormous bounty, and with no small diffi- 
 culty, recruiting an army of upwards of a hundred battalions. 
 The ensuing campaign may, from the same causes, prove as sickly 
 as the last ; and if the hospitals are in no better condition for the 
 reception of the sick, our regiments will be reduced to companies 
 by the end of the campaign ; and those poor wretches who escape 
 with life will be either scattered up and down the country, and not 
 to be found, or, if found, totally enervated and unfit for further 
 duty. By these means not only the bounty is lost, but the man is 
 lost also; and I leave you to judge whether we have men enough 
 to allow of such a consumption of lives and constitutions as have 
 been lost the last campaign. For my own part, I am certain, that, 
 if the army which I hope we shall have in the field this year, is 
 suffered to moulder away by sickness as did the last, we must look 
 for reinforcements to some other places than our own States. 
 
 ' The number of officers mentioned in the enclosed plan, I pre- 
 sume, are necessary for us, because they are found so in the British 
 hospitals ; and, as they are established upon the surest basis, — 
 that of long experience under the ablest physicians and surgeons, 
 — we should not hesitate a moment in adopting their regulations, 
 when they so plainly tend to correct and improve our former want 
 of method and knowledge in this important department. 
 
 ' The pay affixed to the different appointments is, as I said be- 
 fore, great, and perhaps more than you may think adequate to the 
 service. In determining upon the sum that is to be allowed to 
 each, you ought to consider that it should be such as will induce 
 gentlemen of character and skill in their profession to step forth, 
 and in some manner adequate to the practice which they have at 
 home; for, unless such gentlemen are induced to undertake the 
 care and management of our hospitals, we had better trust to the 
 force of nature and constitution, than suffer persons entirely igno- 
 rant of medicine to destroy us by ill-directed applications. * 
 
 ' As no time is to be lost in appointing the necessary officers, 
 fixing upon the proper places for hospitals, and many other prepa- 
 rations, I could wish that Congress would take this matter under 
 their immediate consideration, and favor me with their sentiments 
 thereon as soon as possible. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 29. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 20 February, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — The principal design of this is to inform you, that we 
 have strong reasons to believe, that the enemy are on the point 
 of making some push. What their object is, — whether to beat 
 up our quarters and to extend their own, to make a large forage and 
 collection of provender of which they are in great want, — or to turn 
 their views towards the Delaware, is a matter of uncertainty ; but it 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 425 
 
 seems probable that one of these things they have in contempla- 
 tion. # # I have ordered the utmost vigilance and 
 attention to be observed at our several posts, to guard against sur- 
 prises, and every preparation to be made, that the feeble state of 
 our little army will admit of. At this time we are only about four 
 thousand strong, — a force, you will suppose, unequal to a success- 
 ful opposition, if they were not militia, and far too small for the 
 exigencies of our affairs. * * 
 
 ' I wish to be informed how the regiments that are raising are to 
 be armed, and of the provision that has been made for the same. 
 I have reason to fear, indeed I am convinced, that there is a great 
 deficiency in many, if not in the whole, of the States, in this article. 
 Every letter that I receive from them mentions their want, and calls 
 for supplies. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 31. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 325. 
 
 February 20th, second letter. — ' Sir, — Monsieur Faneuil, who 
 some time ago laid a plan before you for raising and officering a 
 corps of Frenchmen, waited upon me yesterday. His success, as 
 I expected, has been small in enlisting or rather engaging Cana- 
 dians. I cannot find that he has met with more than thirty or 
 forty, who would be willing to serve with him. He is now upon 
 another scheme, — that of raising, arming, and clothing a number 
 of men in the French Islands. # * 
 
 ' I have often mentioned to you the distress I am every now and 
 then laid under, by the application of French officers for commis- 
 sions in our service. This evil, if I may call it so, is a growing one ; 
 for, from what I learn, they are coming in swarms from old France 
 and the Islands. * * # 
 
 ' Some general mode of disposing of them must be adopted^ for 
 it is ungenerous to keep them in suspense, and at great charge to 
 themselves ; but I am at a loss how to point out this mode. Sup- 
 pose they were told in general, that no man could obtain a com- 
 mission, except he could raise a number of men in proportion to 
 his rank. This would effectually stop the mouths of common ap- 
 pliers, and would leave us at liberty to make provision for gentle- 
 men of undoubted military character and merit, who would be 
 very useful to us as soon as they acquired our language. If you 
 approve of this, or can think of any better method, be pleased to 
 inform me as soon as you possibly can ; for, if I had a decisive 
 answer to give them, it would not only save me much trouble, 
 but much time, which I am now obliged to bestow in hearing their 
 different pretensions to merit, and their expectations thereupon.'* 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 32. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 327. 
 
 * See letter, Feb. 11, p. 422. In a letter of the previous October, the General had 
 equally urged the adoption of some proper regulation in regard to French applicants 
 for office ; using, in that instance, the same arguments as in these two letters. See 
 Sparks, vol. iv. p. 146. 
 
426 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 23 February, 1777. 
 
 ' Our delicate and truly critical situation, for want of a sufficient 
 force to oppose the enemy, who are now ready, and, before many 
 days elapse, will take the field, induced me to expect that the 
 troops raising in the Southern States, and intended for this army, 
 would march in companies or half companies as they were made 
 up, without waiting for their regiments to be complete. Policy 
 strongly suggested the propriety of the measure, and I requested 
 it ; but, to ray great anxiety and surprise, I am told that this line 
 of conduct is totally neglected, though a great number of recruits 
 are actually engaged. I must entreat Congress to interpose again 
 with their utmost pressing applications and commands, that this 
 expedient may be adopted without a moment's delay. No injury 
 can result from it, because a sufficient number of proper officers 
 can and must be left, to recruit the corps to their full complement. 
 
 ' Nor will my fears respecting the state of our arms allow me to 
 be silent on that head. Let the States be urged to send their men 
 equipped with them and every other necessary, if possible. I know 
 not what supplies may be in store elsewhere, or in the power of 
 Congress; but they must not depend upon their being furnished 
 here with any, or but with very few : no human prudence or pre- 
 caution could secure but a small part of those belonging to the 
 public, and in the hands of the soldiery, from being embezzled and 
 carried off when their term of service expired. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 35. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 28 February, 1777. 
 ' I was in hopes, that, by the lime the militia who are now in 
 service would be discharged, we should have a considerable 
 number of the new levies in the field; but, though I have reports 
 from all quarters of the great success of recruiting, I cannot get a 
 man of them into service. General Johnson's militia all go the 
 5th of March (many are gone already), and General Lincoln's on 
 the 15th. These two bodies form so considerable a part of our 
 force, that, unless they are replaced, I shall be left in a manner 
 destitute ; for I have no great hopes of seeing an equal number of 
 Continental troops by that time. I have written to Pennsylvania, 
 to endeavor to get a reinforcement of militia from thence ; and I 
 am told the militia from the counties of Baltimore, Hartford, and 
 Cecil, in Maryland, are on their march ; but, as I have it not from 
 any authority, I know not when to expect them, or in what num- 
 bers. They are about passing a militia law in this State, which 
 may perhaps have some effect ; but at present they are under no 
 regulation at all. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 427 
 
 ' I have in my late letters recommended several things to your 
 consideration, particularly that of a promotion of general officers. 
 The very well-being of the new army depends upon its being done 
 speedily. Not only this, but we are now suffering for want of 
 brigadiers. General Schuyler has written most pressingly for the 
 assistance of general officers ; and I have none to send him, with- 
 out injuring the service in this quarter. The hospital plan, too, 
 requires an answer, as nothing can be done in the nomination of 
 the proper officers till I have your determination. There are sev- 
 eral other matters of consequence before you, to which I am wait- 
 ing your answers before I can proceed upon the respective points 
 to which they refer. # * 
 
 ' P. S. By some gentlemen just arrived from Boston, Dr. Frank- 
 lin's arrival in France is mentioned with certainty.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 36. 
 
 Same to the Council of Massachusetts-Bay. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 28 February, 1777. 
 
 'Gentlemen, — I yesterday received a letter from Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Campbell * of the 71st regiment, dated in Concord Jail on the 
 4th of this month. The Colonel, in his letter, gives me an account of 
 such severity of his confinement, as is scarcely ever inflicted upon 
 the most atrocious criminals. The following extract from his letter 
 shows the reasons, that were given to him upon his being con- 
 fined : — " The first of this month, I was carried and lodged in the 
 common jail of Concord, by an order of Congress, through the 
 Council of Boston, intimating for a reason, that a refusal of Gen- 
 eral Howe to give up General Lee for six field-officers, of whom I 
 was one, and the placing of that gentleman under the charge of the 
 Provost at New York, were the motives of their particular ill- 
 treatment to me." He then proceeds to give a description of the 
 place in which he is confined, which, if true, is shocking to human- 
 ity, and not to be justified upon the most strict interpretation of the 
 Resolve of Congress. * * By this you will observe, 
 
 that exactly the same treatment is to be shown to Colonel Campbell 
 and the Hessian officers, that General Howe shows to General 
 Lee ; and, as he is only confined to a commodious house, with 
 genteel accommodations, we have no right or reason to be more 
 severe upon Colonel Campbell, who, I would wish, should imme- 
 diately, upon the receipt of this, be removed from his present situa- 
 tion, and put into a house where he may live comfortably. 
 
 Colonel Campbell mentions the case of Captain John Walker, 
 of Colonel Gorham's corps, who, he says, is confined in the same 
 jail and in the apartment with the common men. I know not 
 what crime is alleged against Captain Walker ; but I will only 
 observe, that, unless there is a very good foundation, such treat- 
 
 * The same Colonel Campbell described in the note, p. 2.')1. 
 5/) 
 
428 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ment is impolitic; for the enemy have three hundred of our offi- 
 cers, whom we have little chance of exchanging, and upon whom 
 they may retaliate. 
 
 ' Before I had closed my letter, I was honored with yours of the 
 11th and 13ih instant. Nothing distresses me more, than the 
 universal call that is made upon me from all quarters for fire-arms, 
 which I am totally unable to supply. The scandalous loss, waste, 
 and private appropriation of public arms, during the last campaign, 
 are beyond all conception. Every State must exert itself, and call 
 upon its Colonels to produce receipts, or to account for the arms 
 that were delivered out to them last year. I beg you will not only 
 do this, but purchase all, fit for the field, that can be procured from 
 private persons, of which there must be a vast number in the gov- 
 ernment. I am, &c. 
 
 ' P. S. I desire, for particular reasons, that the contents of the 
 above letter may not be suffered to go beyond the Council for the 
 present. Colonel Campbell's confinement may be enlarged with- 
 out assigning the reasons publicly.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 330. 
 
 The reader who duly attends to the following Proceedings will probably have little 
 difficulty in satisfactorily understanding both the preceding letter to the Council of 
 Massachusetts, and the next following one to Congress. 
 
 In Congress, January 2, 1777. ^Resolved, That General Wash- 
 ington be directed to propose an exchange of the six Hessian field- 
 officers, taken at Trenton, for General Lee.* 
 
 January 6, 1777. * Congress being informed that Major- 
 General Lee hath, since his captivity, been committed to the 
 custody of the Provost, instead of being enlarged on his parole, 
 according to the humane practice that has taken place with officers 
 of the enemy who have fallen into the hands of the American 
 troops ; a treatment totally unworthy of that gentleman's eminent 
 qualifications, and his rank in the service of these United States, 
 and strongly indicative of farther injuries to his person : 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be directed to send a flag 
 to General Howe, and inform him, that, should the proffered ex- 
 change of General Lee for six Hessian field-officers not be accept- 
 ed, and the treatment of him, as above mentioned, be continued, 
 the principles of retaliation shall occasion five of the said Hessian 
 field-officers, together with Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Camp- 
 bell, or any other officers that are, or shall be, in our possession, 
 equivalent in number or quality, to be detained, in order that the 
 same treatment which General Lee shall receive, may be exactly 
 inflicted upon their persons.* 
 
 * The proposition was made by General Washington, according to the first Re- 
 solve; but that Congress were uninformed as to its result, when they passed the 
 second, may be perceived by the language of the preamble, as well as by the short in- 
 terval between these dates. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 429 
 
 ' Ordered, That a copy of the above Resolution be transmitted to 
 the Council of Massachusetts-Bay, and that they be desired to 
 detain Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and keep him in safe custody 
 till the farther order of Congress ; and that a copy be also sent to 
 the Committee of Congress, in Philadelphia; and that they be de- 
 sired to have the prisoners, officers and privates, lately taken, prop- 
 erly secured in some safe place.' 
 
 February 20. ^Resolved, That the Board of War be directed 
 immediately to order the five Hessian field-officers and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Campbell into safe and close custody; it being the unal- 
 terable resolution of Congress to retaliate on them the same ptmish- 
 ment as may be inflicted on the person of General Lee.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTOWN, 1 March, llll. 
 
 ' Sir, — I was this evening honored -wiih your favor of the 23d 
 ultimo, accompanied by sundry Proceedings of Congress. Those 
 respecting General Lee, which prescribe the treatment of Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Campbell and the five Hessian officers, are the cause 
 of this letter. Though I sincerely commiserate the misfortunes of 
 General Lee, and feel much for his present unhappy situation, 
 yet, with all possible deference to the opinion of Congress, I 
 fear that these Resolutions will not have the desired effect, are 
 founded in impolicy, and will, if adhered to, produce conse- 
 quences of an extensive and melancholy nature. Retaliation 
 is certainly just, and sometimes necessary, even where attended 
 with the severest penalties ; but, when the evils which may and 
 must result from it exceed those intended to be redressed, prudence 
 and policy require that it should be avoided. Having premised 
 thus much, I beg leave to examine the justice and expediency of 
 it in the instances now before us. 
 
 ' From the best information I have been able to obtain. General 
 Lee's usage has not been so disgraceful and dishonorable as to 
 authorize the treatment decreed to those gentlemen, were it not 
 prohibited by many other important considerations. His confine- 
 ment, I believe, has been more rigorous than has been generally 
 experienced by the rest of our officers, or those of the enemy who 
 have been in our possession; but, if the reports received on that 
 head be true, he has been provided with a decent apartment, and 
 with most things necessary to render him comfortable. This is 
 not the case with one of the officers comprehended in the Resolves, 
 if his letter, of which a copy is transmitted, deserves your credit. 
 Here retaliation seems to have been prematurely begun ; or, to 
 speak with more propriety, severities have been and are exercised 
 towards Colonel Campbell, not justified by any that General Lee 
 has yet received. 
 
 ' In point of policy, under the present situation of our affairs, this 
 
430 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 doctrine cannot be supported. The balance of prisoners is greatly 
 against us; and a general regard to the happiness of the whole 
 should mark our conduct. Can we imagine, that our enemies will 
 not mete the same punishments, the same indignities, the same 
 cruelties, to those belonging to us, in their possession, that we im- 
 pose on theirs in our power? Why should we suppose ihem to 
 possess more humanity than we have ourselves ? Or why should 
 an ineffectual attempt to relieve the distresses of one brave, unfor- 
 tunate man, involve many more in the same calamities ? How- 
 ever disagreeable the fact may be, the enemy at this time have in 
 their power, and subject to their call, near three hundred officers 
 belonging to the army of the United States. In this number there 
 are some of high rank ; and most of them are men of bravery and of 
 merit. The quota of theirs in our hands bears no proportion, being 
 not more than fifty, at most. Under these circumstances, we should 
 certainly do no act to draw upon the gentlemen belonging to us, 
 and who have already suffered a long captivity, greater punish- 
 ments than they have experienced and now experience. If we 
 should, what will their feelings be, and those of their numerous 
 and extensive connections ? Suppose the treatment prescribed for 
 the Hessians should be pursued, will it not establish what the 
 enemy have been aiming to effect by every artifice and the gross- 
 est misrepresentations ; I mean, an opinion of our enmity towards 
 them, and of the cruel conduct they experience when they fall into 
 our hands, — a prejudice which we on our part have heretofore 
 thought it politic to suppress and to root out by every act of lenity 
 and of kindness ? It certainly will. The Hessians would hear of 
 the punishment with all the circumstances of heightened exaggera- 
 tion, — would feel the injury, without investigating the cause, or 
 reasoning upon the justice or necessity of it. The mischiefs, which 
 may and must inevitably flow from the execution of the Resolves, 
 appear to be endless and innumerable. 
 
 ' On my own part, I have been much embarrassed on the subject 
 of exchanges already. Applications are daily made, by both friends 
 and enemies, to complete them as far as circums^nces of number 
 and rank will apply. Some of the former have complained, that a 
 discrimination is about to be adopted, perhaps injurious to their 
 reputation, and certainly depriving them of their right of exchange 
 in due course, as established upon the principles of equality pro- 
 posed last year, acceded to by both parties, and now subsisting.* 
 The latter charge me with a breach of faith, and call on me to 
 perform the agreement. 
 
 ' Many more objections might be subjoined, * * . I 
 
 shall only observe, that the present state of the army, if it deserves 
 
 * See the Resolve alluded to, in accordance with which the mode of exchange was 
 established, July 22, p. 267. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 431 
 
 that name, will not authorize the language of retaliation, or the 
 style of menace. This will be conceded by all, who know that 
 the whole of our force is weak and trifling, and composed of mi- 
 litia (very few regular troops excepted), whose service is on the 
 eve of expiring. There are several other matters which might be 
 mentioned upon this subject, would time and opportunity permit; 
 but, as they will not, I beg leave to refer you to Colonel Walker,* 
 who will deliver this, and give satisfaction to any inquiries that 
 may be deemed necessary. Persuading myself that Congress will 
 indulge the liberty I have taken upon this occasion, I have only to 
 wish for the result of their deliberations after they have considered 
 the Resolves, and to assure them that I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 37. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 334. 
 
 Robert Morris to General Washington. 
 
 Philadelphia, 27 February, 1777. 
 
 ' I do not like to be sanguine, and yet it is necessary, in a contest 
 like this we are engaged in, to view the best side of the picture 
 frequently. Remember, good Sir, that few men can keep their 
 feelings to themselves, and that it is necessary, for example's sake, 
 that all leaders should feel and think boldly, in order to inspirit 
 others who look up to them. Heaven, no doubt for the noblest 
 purposes, has blessed you with a firmness of mind, steadiness of 
 countenance, and patience in sufferings, that give you infinite ad- 
 vantages over other men. This being the case, you are not to 
 depend on other people's exertions being equal to your own. One 
 mind feeds and thrives on misfortunes, by finding resources to get 
 the better of them ; another sinks under their weight, thinking it 
 impossible to resist; and, as the latter description probably in- 
 cludes the majority of mankind, we must be cautious of alarming 
 them. 
 
 * I hate deception, and cannot wish any thing like it should ever es- 
 cape you ; but I really think, if the bright shade of our affairs were 
 sometimes to be painted by your pen, or sanctioned by your name, 
 it would draw forth the exertions of some good men, sooner than 
 distress does from others. I hope you will excuse me for this style 
 of writing, which almost amounts to confidential; and, were I sure 
 of such being received in the same light in which I write it, I 
 should lament to you the absence of many great, good, and valua- 
 ble men from Congress ; for, if great care is not taken, that body, 
 so respectable from the nature of the appointment, the importance 
 of its objects, and the respectable characters of its heretofore indi- 
 vidual members, will lose great part of its weight and consequence 
 in the eyes of our own people. We have now to lament the ab- 
 sence from the public councils of America, of Johnson, Jay, R. R. 
 
 * One of General Washington's Aids-de-camp. 
 
432 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Livingston, Duane, Deane, W. Livingston, Franklin, Dickinson, 
 Harrison, Nelson, Hooper, Rulledge, and others not less conspicu- 
 ous, without any proper appointments to fill their places; and this, 
 at the very time they are most wanted, or would be so, if they had 
 not very wisely supplied the deficiency by delegating to your Ex- 
 cellency certain powers, that they durst not have entrusted to any 
 other man. But what is to become of America and its cause, if a 
 constant fluctuation is to take place among its counsellors, and at 
 every change we find reason to view it with regret ? ' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 339. Nott. 
 
 General Washington to Robert Morris. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 2 March, 1777. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — The freedom with which you have communi- 
 cated your sentiments on several matters, is highly pleasing to me. 
 For be assured, that nothing would add more to my satisfaction 
 than an unreserved correspondence with a gentleman of whose 
 abilities and attachment to the cause we are contending for, I en- 
 tertain so high an opinion as I do of yours. Letters, however, 
 being liable to various accidents, make a communication of 
 thoughts that way rather unsafe. But, as this will be conveyed by 
 a gentleman on whom I can depend, I need not scruple to disclose 
 my mind and situation more freely, than I otherwise should do. 
 
 ' The reasons, my good Sir, which you assign for thinking Gen- 
 eral Howe cannot move forward with his army, are good, but not 
 conclusive. It is a descriptive evidence of the difficulties he has 
 to contend with, but no proof that they cannot be surmounted. 
 It is a view of one side of the picture, against which let me enu- 
 merate the advantages on the other, and then determine how we 
 would act in his situation. 
 
 ' General Howe cannot, by the best intelligence I have been able 
 to get, have less than ten thousand men in the Jerseys and on board 
 of transports at Amboy. Our number does not exceed four thou- 
 sand. His are well disciplined, well officered, and well appointed ; 
 ours, raw militia, badly officered, and under no government. His 
 numbers cannot in any short time be augmented. Ours must be 
 very considerably, and by such troops as we can have some reli- 
 ance upon, or the game is at an end. His situation with respect to 
 horses is bad, very bad, I believe ; but will it be better? No; on 
 the contrary, worse, and therefore an inducement, if no other, to 
 shift quarters. General Howe's informants are too numerous, and 
 too well acquainted with all these circumstances, to suffer him to 
 remain in ignorance of them. With what propriety, then, can he 
 miss so favorable an opportunity of striking a capital stroke against 
 a city, from whence we derive so many advantages, the carrying 
 of which would give such eclat to his arms, and strike such a damp 
 upon ours ? Nor is his difficulty of moving so great as is imagined. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 433 
 
 All the heavy baggage of the army, their salt provisions, flour, and 
 their stores, might go round by water ; whilst their superior num- 
 bers would enable them to make a sweep of the horses for many 
 miles around them, not already taken off by us. 
 
 ' In addition to all this, his coming himself to Brunswick, his 
 bringing troops which cannot be quartered, and keeping them on 
 shipboard at Amboy, with some other corroborating circumstances, 
 did induce a firm belief in me, that he would move, and towards 
 Philadelphia. I candidly own, that I expected it would happen 
 before the expiration of my Proclamation.* 
 
 ' The longer it is delayed, the better for us : and happy shall I 
 be, if I am deceived. My opinions upon these several matters are 
 known only to those who have a right to be informed. As much 
 as possible I have endeavored to conceal them from every one 
 else ; and, that no hasty removal of the public stores should take 
 place, thereby communicating an alarm, 1 early recommended this 
 measure, and have since been urging it ; well knowing that a 
 measure of this kind, set hastily about, when the enemy were ad- 
 vancing, would give unfavorable impressions, and be attended with 
 bad consequences. To deceive Congress, or you, through whose 
 hands my letters to them are to pass, with false appearances and 
 assurances, would, in my judgment, be criminal, and make me 
 responsible for the consequences. I endeavor, in all these letters, 
 to state matters as they appear to my judgment, without adding to 
 or diminishing aught from the picture. From others my sentiments 
 are hidden. 
 
 ' I wish, with all my heart, that Congress had gratified General 
 Lee in his request. If not too late, I wish they would do it still. 
 I can see no possible evil that can result from it ; some good, I think, 
 might. The request to see a gentleman or two came from the 
 General; not from the Commissioners. There could have been 
 no harm, therefore, in hearing what he had to say on any subject; 
 especially as he had declared, that his own personal interest was 
 deeply concerned. 
 
 ' The Resolve to put in close confinement Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Campbell and the Hessian officers, in order to retaliate upon them 
 Gen. Lee's punishment, is, in my opinion, injurious in every point 
 of view, and must have been entered into without due attention of 
 the consequences. Does Congress know how much the balance of 
 prisoners is against us ; that the enemy have, at least, three hundred 
 officers of ours in their possession, and we not fifty of theirs; that 
 Generals Thompson and Waterbury are subject to be recalled at any 
 time? Do they imagine that these officers will not share the fate 
 of Campbell? Or, possibly, by receiving very different treatment, 
 mixed with artful insinuations, their resentment may be roused to 
 acts highly injurious to our cause. It is much easier to raise a fer- 
 
 * See pp. 420, 421. 
 
434 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ment of this kind than to allay it. Do they know that every artifice 
 is now practising to prepossess the Hessians with an idea of our 
 maltreatment of iheir countrymen in our possession ; that we are 
 treating them as slaves ; nay, that we mean to sell them ? And 
 will not the close confinement of their first officers be adduced as 
 strong evidence of this ? Congress, therefore, should be cautious 
 how they adopt measures which cannot be carried into execution, 
 without involving a train of evils that may be fatal in their conse- 
 quences. In a word, common prudence dictates the necessity of 
 duly attending to the circumstances of both armies, before the style 
 of conquerors is assumed by either; and sorry I am to add, that 
 this does not appear to be the case with us ; nor is it in my power 
 to make Congress fully sensible of the real situation of our affairs, 
 and that it is with difficulty, if I may use the expression, that I can, 
 by every means in my power, keep the life and soul of this army 
 together. In a word, when they are at a distance, they think it is 
 but to say, Presto begone, and every thing is done. They seem 
 not to have any conception of the difficulty and perplexity attend- 
 ing those who are to execute. Indeed, Sir, your observations on 
 the want of many capital characters in that Senate are but too 
 just. However, our cause is good, and I hope Providence will sup- 
 port it. * % * * * 
 ' I have written you a much longer letter than I expected to do 
 when I sat down; and yet, if time would permit, I would enlarge 
 greatly on the subject of it; but, at present, shall beg pardon for 
 taking up so much of your lime, and only assure you that I am, 
 most sincerely, dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 338. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 6 March, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I do myself the honor to transmit to you the enclosed 
 copy of a letter from General Lee, received by a flag on Tuesday 
 last. You will perceive from thence his wishes and expectations 
 of seeing some members of Congress, in consequence of his letter 
 upon that subject.f * * I should be happy to relieve 
 
 his anxiety, as far as I can, by sending in Major Morris; but this 
 I cannot do till a safe conduct is granted. 
 
 ' The more I consider the Resolves respecting Lieutenant- 
 
 t In his letter to Congress, mentioned p. 423, General Lee requested that two or 
 three members might be sent to New York in order to afford him an opportunity of 
 communicating something which he could not explain by letter, but which, in his 
 estimation, was of great moment. This was his second letter forwarded by General 
 Washington for the same object. Whatever considerations governed the decision of 
 Congress in regard to the request, they resolved, Feb. 21, ' That Congress judge it al- 
 together improper to send any of their body to communicate with him ; ' and again, 
 March 29, after receiving from him a third letter on the subject, they resolved, ' That 
 Congress still judge it improper to send any of their members to confer with General 
 Lee upon the subjects mentioned in his letter.' 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 435 
 
 Colonel Campbell and the Hessian officers, the more convinced I 
 am of their impolicy. The proposition made by Congress for the 
 exchange of prisoners, and which by their direction was transmit- 
 ted to General Howe, was founded on principles of equality in 
 number and in rank. From hence no demand, as a matter of 
 right, can be made of General Lee's releasement for any officer or 
 number of officers of inferior rank : whatever is or might be done 
 in such instance, would be of favor and indulgence. The only 
 cartel that now subsists, is the one I have mentioned. This, so 
 far as it goes, is a beneficial one ; it recognises the rank of our 
 officers, and insures their discharge from captivity whenever we 
 are possessed of a like number belonging to them, and of the same 
 rank. If on our part it should be violated, — if it is not observed, 
 — surely it will and must cease to be obligatory on General 
 Howe. What consequences may then ensue, I leave to your 
 conjecture. 
 
 ' If it be objected, that the above observations, and what I said in 
 my former letter [of March 1], prove that no treatment received by 
 our officers should be retaliated on theirs, — my answer is, that the 
 proportion of officers in their hands is at least six to one in ours. 
 This consideration, supposing we had a right to demand General 
 Lee's liberty, would be of great weight, and sufficient to prevent, 
 in ray opinion, the execution of the Resolves. 1 have the honor 
 to be, in haste, your most obedient servant.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 40. Wash. Writ. Sparkp, vol. iv. p, 349. 
 
 Whether Congress were greatly influenced by the General's plain and full expres- 
 sions on the main subject of this letter and that of March 1, p. 429, sufficiently appears 
 from the records below. 
 
 In Congress, March 14. ' Ordered^ That the letters of the 1st 
 and 6th from General Washington, be referred to a committee of 
 the whole Congress. 
 
 ' Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole ; after 
 some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. L. Morris 
 reported, that the committee have had under consideration the 
 letters to them referred, and come to a Resolution thereon, which 
 he was ordered to report : 
 
 ' The Resolution being read, was agreed to, and is as follows: 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be informed, that Con- 
 gress cannot agree to any alteration in the Resolve [p. 428] passed 
 on the 6th of January, 1777. And as to the complaints of Colonel 
 Campbell, it was never their intention that he should suffer any other 
 hardship than such confinement as is necessary to his security for 
 the purpose of that Resolve : 
 
 ' Ordered, That a copy of the above Resolve, together with a copy 
 of the letter from Colonel Campbell to General Washington, be sent 
 to the Council of Massachusetts-Bay.' 
 56 
 
436 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Washington to Richard Hrnry Lee, in Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 6 March, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I am anxious 1o know wiielher General Arnold's non- 
 protnotion was owing to accident or design ; and the cause of it. 
 Surely a more active, a more spirited and sensible officer fills no 
 department in your army. Not seeing him, then, in the list of major- 
 generals, and no mention made of him, has given me uneasiness; 
 as it is not to be presumed, being the oldest brigadier, that he will 
 continue in service under such a slight. I imagine you will lose 
 two or three other very good officers, by promoting: yours, or any 
 one's, over them. My public letters will give you the state of mat- 
 ters in this quarter, and my anxiety to be informed of the reason of 
 Arnold's non-promotion gives you the trouble of this letter. 
 
 ' I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. SSI. 
 
 Same to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 6 March, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I flattered mvself, that I should never again be under 
 the necessity of trespassing upon the public spirit of your State, by 
 calling upon her for another supply of militia; but, such has been 
 the unaccountable delay in the recruiting of the Continental bat- 
 talions, chiefly owing to t/ie long" time which unhappily elapsed 
 before the officers were appointed, I see no prospect of keeping the 
 field till the new levies can be brought into it, but by a reinforce- 
 ment of militia. 
 
 ' For want of proper laws in the Southern governments, their 
 militia were never well regulated ; and since the late troubles, in 
 which the old governments have been unhinged, and new ones not 
 yet firmly established, the people have adopted a mode of thinking 
 and acting for themselves. It is owing to this, that, when a sum- 
 mons is issued for militia, those only turn out that please, and they 
 for what time they please, by which means they sometimes set oft" 
 for their homes in a few days after they join the army. From this 
 state of facts, you will perceive, that I put no great dependence on 
 the militia from the Southward; and 1 must therefore once more 
 entreat you to endeavor to prevail upon two thousand of the mi- 
 litia of your State to march immediately to Peekskill, and there 
 wait for further orders ; their time of service to continue at least 
 six w^eeks after they arrive there. 
 
 ' I am persuaded, from the readiness with which you have ever 
 complied v^ith all my demands, that you will exert yourself in for- 
 warding the aforementioned number of men, upon my bare re- 
 quest. But I hope you will be convinced of the necessity of the 
 demand, when I tell you in confidence, that, after the 15th of this 
 month, when the time of General Lincoln's militia will expire, I 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 437 
 
 shall be left with the remains of five Virginia regiments, not 
 amountins: to more than as many hundred men, and parts of two 
 or three other Continental battalions, all very weak. The remain- 
 der of the army will be composed of small parties of militia from 
 this State and Pennsylvania, on which little dependence can be 
 put, as they come and go when they please. 1 have issued per- 
 emptory orders to every Colonel in the regular service, to send in 
 what men he has recruited, even if they amount to but one hun- 
 dred to a regiment. If they will do this, it will make a consid- 
 erable force in the whole. 
 
 ' The enemy must be ignorant of our numbers and situation, or 
 they would never sufter us to remain unmolested; and I almost 
 tax myself with imprudence, in committing the secret to paper; 
 not that I distrust you, of whose inviolable attachment I have had 
 so many proofs, but for fear this letter should by any accident fall 
 into other hands, than those for which it is intended. # • 
 
 ' I am, &c.' 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 351. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to the Convention of New York. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, March 6, 1777. 
 
 'Gentlemen, — It is necessary I should inform you of the 
 changes which have happened in your company of artillery; which 
 should have been done long ago, had I not been prevented by sick- 
 ness, from which I am but lately recovered. 
 
 ' General Washington has been pleased to appoint me one of 
 his Aids-de-camp. Captain-Lieutenant James Moore, a promis- 
 ing officer, and who did credit to the State he belonged to, died 
 about nine weeks ago. Lieutenant James Gilleland, some time 
 before that, resigned his commission, prompted by domes'ic incon- 
 veniences, and other motives best known to himself. There re- 
 main now only two officers, Lieutenants Bean and Thompson, 
 and about thirty men. The reason that the number of men is so 
 reduced, besides death and desertions, was owing to a breach of 
 orders in Lieutenant Johnson, who first began the enlismient of the 
 company; and who, instead of engaging them during the war, ac- 
 cording to the intention of the State, engaged them for the limited 
 term of a twelvemonth. The time of those enlisted by him has 
 expired; and for want of powers to reengage them, they have 
 mostly entered into other corps. I have to request you will favor 
 me with instructions as to your future intentions. If you design to 
 retain the company on the particular establishment of the State, it 
 will be requisite to complete the number of officers, and make pro- 
 vision to have the company filled by a new enlistment. In this 
 case, I should beg leave to recommend to your notice, as far as 
 a Captain-Lieutenancy, Mr. Thompson. Mr. Bean is so incurably 
 addicted to a certain failing, that I cannot, in justice, give my 
 
438 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 opinion in favor of his preferment. But if you should determine 
 to resign the company, as I expect you will, considering it as an 
 extraordinary burthen, without affording any especial advantages, 
 the Continent will readily take it off your hands, so soon as you 
 shall intimate your design to relinquish it. I doubt not you will 
 see the propriety of speedily deciding on the matter, which the 
 good of the service requires. 
 
 ' I am, with the sinceresl respect. Gentlemen, 
 
 ' Your most obd't and most humble servant, 
 
 ' Alex. Hamilton.' 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 235. 
 
 Committee of the Convention to Colonel Hamilton. 
 
 Kingston, 17 March, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — We are to inform you, that Robert R. I^ivingston 
 is, with us, a Committee appointed by Convention to correspond 
 with you at Head- Quarters. You will give us pleasure in the 
 information that his Excellency is recovered from the illness which 
 had seized him the day before Messrs. Cuyler and Taylor left 
 Head- Quarters. Any occurrences in the army which may have 
 happened, you will please to communicate. 
 
 ' in answer to your letter to the Convention, of the 6th instant, 
 we are to inform you, that it is determined to permit that company 
 to join the Continental army, for which you will take the necessary 
 steps. At the same time, you will take some notice of the dispo- 
 sition of our guns, which, as you well know, are all in the Conti- 
 nental service ; and, unless some little attention is paid to them, 
 we may, perhaps, never see them again. We are. Sir, 
 ' Your most obed't and humble servants, 
 
 ' Gouv. Morris, 
 * Wm. Ai-lison.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 237. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Livingston. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 8 March, 1777. 
 'Sir, — How can an Assembly of gentlemen, eye-witnesses of 
 the distresses and inconveniences, which have their principal source 
 in the want of a well-regulated militia, hesitate to adopt the only 
 remedy that can remove them; and, stranger still, think of a law, 
 that must necessarily add to the accumulated load of confusion? 
 For Heaven's sake, entreat them to lay aside their present opin- 
 ions ; and, waiving every other consideration, let the public good 
 be singly attended to. The ease they design their constituents, by 
 composition, must be delusive. Every injurious distinction be- 
 tween the rich and the poor ought to be laid aside now. The 
 enemy cannot remain much longer in their present situation. 
 Their peace, for some days past, indicates preparations to move. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 439 
 
 When they do, your Assembly may perhaps wish, that their militia 
 were in the field. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 354. 
 
 Same to General Schuyler. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 12 March, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — It is of the greatest importance to the safety of a country 
 involved in a defensive war, to endeavor to draw their troops to- 
 gether at some post at the opening of a campaign, so central to the 
 theatre of war, that they may be sent to the support of any part of 
 the country, which the enemy may direct their motions against. 
 
 * * Some principal object should be had in view, in 
 t king post, to cover the most important part of the country. # 
 
 * There is not a State upon the Continent, but thinks itself 
 in danger ; and scarcely an officer at any one post, but conceives a 
 reinforcement necessary. To comply with the demands of the 
 whole is utterly impossible ; and, if attempted, would prove our 
 ruin. 
 
 ' From the enemy's situation in Jersey, collecting their force at 
 Amboy and Brunswick, and from their intentions last fall, con- 
 firmed by every piece of intelligence we obtain this spring, it scarce 
 admits a doubt, that Philadelphia is the object in view at the open- 
 ing of this campaign. * * * 
 
 ' It appears to me of great importance to the success of the next 
 campaign, that we should give this army some capital stroke in 
 the early part of the season. Nothing can enable me to do this, 
 but a junction of the Eastern and Southern forces. The recruiting 
 service to the Southward has been so protracted, for want of a 
 regular arrangement amongst the recruiting officers, that, with the 
 difficulty of clothing and arming the troops, it must unavoidably 
 be late in the season, before a sufficient force can be drawn to- 
 gether to check their progress, without the assistance of a very 
 considerable part of the Eastern troops. * # * 
 
 ' The disaffection of Pennsylvania, which I fear is much beyond 
 any thing you have conceived, and the depression of the people of 
 this State, render a strong support necessary to prevent a systemat- 
 ical submission ; besides, the loss of Philadelphia would prove a 
 very great injury, as we draw from thence almost all our supplies. 
 It will signify nothing to have our frontiers strongly guarded, while 
 the enemy are ranging at large in the heart of the country. 
 
 ' For these and many other reasons that will occur to you upon 
 reOection, I have come to a resolution to alter the route of some 
 part of the Massachusetts forces, and to draw eight regiments of 
 them to Peekskill, from whence by water they can soon proceed to 
 Albany, if occasion shall require, or move elsewhere, accordinsr 
 to circumstances. This measure I have been the more inclined to 
 
440 COURSE AND PROGKESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 adopt, as I find part of the New York regiments are gone to Ti- 
 conderoga, contrary to my expectation or design. 
 
 ' I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Ibid. p. 358. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 14 March, 17'^'''. 
 
 < SiRj — I was honored several days ago with your letter of the 
 25lh ultimo, with its enclosures, the receipt of which was omitted 
 to be acknowledged in my last. 
 
 ' Could I accomplish the important objects so eagerly wished by 
 Congress, — "confining the enemy within their present quarters, 
 preventing their getting supplies from the country, and totally sub- 
 duing them before they are reinforced," — I should be happy indeed. 
 But what prospect or hope can there be of my effecting so desirable 
 a work at this time ? The enclosed return, to which I solicit the 
 most serious attention of Congress, comprehends the whole force I 
 have in Jersey. It is but a handful, and bears no proportion, in 
 the scale of numbers, to that of the enemy. Added to this, the 
 major part is made up of militia. The most sanguine in specula- 
 tion cannot deem it more than adequate to the least valuable pur- 
 poses of war. The reinforcements mentioned to be drawn from 
 General Heath were merely ideal; nearly the whole of the East- 
 ern troops, who were with him, being here before. They were 
 only engaged till to-day; and to-day they leave the camp. Their 
 service has been of pretty long continuance, and almost the whole 
 of the winter months. What prospect there may be of immediate 
 succors from other quarters, I know not ; but from the militia of 
 this State I cannot expect to derive much more aid. Those who 
 are well affected have been so frequently called from their homes, 
 that they are tired out, and almost profess an abhorrence of the 
 service ] nor have I heard as yet, that any Continental troops are 
 on their way. I have written to the brigadier-generals in most of 
 the States upon the subject, and also to the Colonels, urging them 
 by every motive to exert themselves in filling the regiments, and to 
 forward them on. 
 
 ' I confess. Sir, I feel the most painful anxiety when I reflect on 
 our situation and that of the enemy. Unless the levies arrive soon, 
 we must, before long, experience some interesting and melancholy 
 event. I believe the enemy have fixed on their object, and the 
 execution will surely be attempted as soon as the roads are passa- 
 ble. The unprepared state in which we are, favors all their de- 
 signs ; and it is much to be wished that they may not succeed to 
 their warmest expectations. 
 
 ' On recurring to the late promotions of brigadiers, I find the 
 number appointed to be short of what I took the liberty to recom- 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 441 
 
 mend,* and not competent to the exigencies of the service, sup- 
 posing the whole in office before, and those lately created, consent 
 to act, — which I have reason to believe will not be the case. I 
 shall only beg leave to refer you to my former letters upon this 
 subject ; and to assure you that many disadvantages will result 
 from not having a suflicient number of officers of this rank. We 
 have always been deficient in this instance ; and certain I am, that 
 the service has been greatly injured by it. The proportion I men- 
 tioned was full small, and, in my opinion, should not be dispensed 
 with. 
 
 ' I would also take the liberty of mentioning again (having re- 
 ceived no answer upon the subject), that settling the hospital plan 
 and establishment becomes more and more necessary.f It is an 
 object of infinite importance ; and the difficulties of doing it on a 
 proper foundation will be great, if not almost insurmountable, 
 should it be deferred till the campaign opens, and the enemy 
 begin their operations. The benefits of the institution will soon 
 be known; — the want was severely felt in the course of the 
 last year. 
 
 ' There is one thing more which claims, in my opinion, the ear- 
 liest attention of Congress, — I mean the pay of the regimental 
 surgeons, and that of the mates. These appointments are so es- 
 sential, that they cannot be done without. The pay, in the first 
 instance, is so low, so inadequate to the services which should be 
 performed, that no man sustaining the character of a gentleman, 
 and who has the least medical abilities, or skill in the profession, 
 can think of accepting it ; that in the latter is so paltry and trifling, 
 that none, of the least generosity of sentiment, or pretensions to 
 merit, can consent to act for it. In a word, these are inconvenien- 
 ces of an increasing nature. They amount to an exclusion of per- 
 sons who could discharge the duties of those offices; and, if not 
 redressed, there is not the smallest probability that any can be pre- 
 vailed on to enter them again. 
 
 * There are several matters also which I referred to Congress 
 some time since, and upon which I have not received the result of 
 their deliberations. One inquiry, about the state of arms and 
 ammunition, I am peculiarly anxious to be satisfied in. 
 
 ' From the inconveniences and injuries to the service of late for 
 want of money, I am induced to request that the strictest regard 
 should be had to furnishing the Paymaster with constant and 
 sufficient supplies. # # By his report, the Commis- 
 
 sary here requires an immediate draught for a hundred thousand 
 [dollars] ; and the militia returning and about to leave camp, a 
 hundred and twenty thousand more. The expense incurred by 
 calling on them so frequently is almost incredible. Besides these, 
 
 * See p. 416. t See second letter, Feb. 14, p. 423 ; see also p. 427. 
 
442 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 there are several arrears due to the old troops, and to most of the 
 general and staff officers. I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 * P. S. From the most accurate estimate that I can form, the 
 whole of our numbers in Jersey, fit for duty at this time, is under 
 three thousand. These, nine hundred and eighty-one excepted, 
 are militia, and stand engaged only till the last of this month. 
 The troops under inoculation, including their attendants, amount 
 to about one thousand.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 41. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Let at least the postscript and the forepart of the preceding letter be noticed, with 
 special reference to the closing part of the following Resolves. 
 
 February 24, 1777. ' Congress took into consideration the Re- 
 port of the Board of War of the 14th ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved.) That the several States be requested to take the most 
 effectual steps for immediately collecting from the inhabitants not 
 in actual service, all Continental arms, and give notice- of the 
 number they shall collect, to General Washington : 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the Legislatures of the several 
 States, to enact proper laws for the punishment of those who shall 
 unlavk^fully take, secrete, refuse or neglect to deliver, any Conti- 
 nental arms or accoutrements which they may have in their pos- 
 session. 
 
 ' A letter, of the 23d of December last, from Major- General Ward ; 
 one, of the 22d, from the Committee of Congress, at Philadelphia; 
 one, of the 20th,* from General Washington, were read: 
 
 ^Ordered, That the letter from the Committee of Congress, and 
 that from General Washington, be referred to a committee of the 
 whole : 
 
 ' The Resolutions reported by the committee of the whole Con- 
 gress being read, and the question put on each, were agreed to as 
 follows : 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be informed, that it will 
 be agreeable to Congress, that he call over to him such farther aid 
 from the troops under General Heath, as he siiall think proper ; and 
 that he order all the Continental troops that are at Providence, 
 immediately to join him : 
 
 ' That the Convention of New York be desired to place as many 
 militia on the Highlands as may be sufficient to defend those 
 passes against any attempts of the enemy, during the absence of 
 the regular troops. 
 
 ' And, in order farther to strengthen the hands of the General, 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to send letters by 
 express to the colonels or other commanding officers of the several 
 regiments, now raising and recruiting in the States of Pennsyl- 
 
 * See first letter, Feb. 20, p. 424. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 443 
 
 vania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, ordering them imme- 
 diately to march the troops enlisted under their command, by com- 
 panies and parts of companies, to join the army under General 
 Washington ; proper officers being left behind, to recruit the 
 companies or corps that are not yet completed, and to bring up the 
 recruits : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to write similar letters to 
 the colonels or other commanding officers of the regiments now 
 raising and recruiting in the States of New Hampshire, Massa- 
 chusetts-Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New 
 Jersey, excepting such regiments as he shall destine for the service 
 of the Northern Department : 
 
 ' That the Governor of New Jersey be requested to order the 
 militia of that State, properly armed and equipped, immediately to 
 join the General; and that the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania 
 be also requested to send to the aid of the General, such of their 
 militia, properly armed and equipped, as are contiguous to New 
 Jersey, — it being the earnest desire of Congress to make the army, 
 under the immediate command of General Washington, sufficient- 
 ly strong, not only to curb and confine the enemy ivithin their present 
 quarters, and prevent them from draiving' support of any kind from 
 the country, but, by the Divine blessing; totally to subdue them before 
 they can be reinforced.^ 
 
 Immediately below appear the Proceedings next alluded to in the foregoing letter, 
 those relating to the promotion and appointment of general officers. 
 
 February 19. ' Congress proceeded to the election of five 
 major-generals ; and, the ballots being taken, the following gentle- 
 men were duly elected, viz. : Lord Stirling, Thomas Mifflin, Ar- 
 thur St. Clair, Adam Stephen, Benjamin Lincoln. 
 
 February 21. ' Agreeable to the order of the day. Congress 
 proceeded to ballot for the brigadiers ; * * and the 
 
 ballots being taken, and counted, the following gentlemen were 
 elected : 
 
 ' Col. Enoch Poor, Col. J. Glover, Col. J. Patterson, Col. An- 
 thony Wayne, Col. James Mitchel Varnum, Col. J. P. De Haas, 
 Col. G. VVeedon, Col. P. Muhlenberg, Col. J. Cadwallader, and 
 Col. W. Woodford. 
 
 For a sufficiently comprehensive view on the subject of general officers, see, with 
 careful regard to the above appointments and the part of the preceding letter relating 
 to them, pp. 101, 105, 108, 121,147, 154, 22S, 247,415,420,427, and, especially, 276, 
 370, 416. 
 
 General Washington to General Greene. 
 
 Instructions. 
 
 ' Sir, — The necessity of having the Congress well informed of 
 many matters essential to the well-being of this army, and the 
 57 
 
444 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 impracticability of doing this fully by letter, have induced me to 
 request you, who intimately know our circumstances, to repair 
 immediately to Philadelphia for this purpose; and, at the same 
 time, to ascertain how we are to be supplied with arms, and many 
 other ariicles, in which we are exceedingly deficient. To enume- 
 rate the several matters of information necessary to be given, and 
 the inquiries proper to be made, would be as needless as endless : 
 your own good sense, assisted by such hints as you have received, 
 will be abundantly sufficient. 
 
 ' Two or three things, however, I must in a more particular 
 manner recommend to your attention : one is the embarrassment 1 
 am laid under, with respect to carrying the exchange of prisoners 
 into execution agreeably to the cartel settled with General Howe 
 by order of Congress, on account of the confinement of Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Campbell and the Hessian field-officers. I would 
 have you inquire of the Quartermaster-General how he stands 
 provided with tents, ammunilion-carts, wagons for intrenching 
 tools, and hatchets or tomahawks ; also of the Commissary of 
 Stores, how he proceeds with his casting of cannon and making of 
 cartridges, of which numbers should be in readiness; and, in gen- 
 eral, what forwardness the business of the laboratory is in ; and 
 urge him to the most diligent discharge of the duties thereof. 
 
 ' One thing in particular I beg of you to impress strongly upon 
 Congress, and that is, the necessity of keeping the Paymaster regu- 
 larly supplied with cash. Without it, every thing moves slowly ; 
 and many and great disadvantages flow from the want of it, as we 
 have most wofully experienced of late in numberless instances. 
 * * Given at Head- Quarters, Morristown, this 18th day 
 
 of March, 1777.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 367. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Morristown, 18 March, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — The difficulty, if not impossibility, of giving Congress 
 a just idea of our situation (and of several other important matters 
 requiring their earliest attention) by letter, has induced me to pre- 
 vail on Major-General Greene to wait upon them for that purpose. 
 This gentleman is so much in my confidence, so intimately ac- 
 quainted with my ideas, with our strength and our weakness, with 
 every thing respecting the army, that I have thought it unnecessa- 
 ry to particularize or prescribe any certain line of duty or inquiries 
 for him. I shall only say, from the rank he holds as an able and 
 good officer in the estimation of all who know him, he deserves 
 the greatest respect; and much regard is due to his opinions in the 
 line of his profession. He has upon his mind such matters as 
 appear to me most material to be immediately considered ; and 
 many more will probably arise during the intercourse you may 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 445 
 
 think proper to honor him with : on all which I wish to have ihe 
 sense of Congress, and the result of such deliberations as may be 
 formed thereupon. I have the honor to be, ^c' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 44. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 36S. 
 
 Same to Elias Boudinot. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 1 April, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I am authorized by Congress to appoint a Commissary 
 of prisoners. The pay will, I expect, be about sixty dollars a 
 month; the duty, except as to confinement, not hard, at least after 
 the business is once put into a proper train. Close attendance on 
 the army will be requisite, in order to receive and distribute the 
 prisoners to places assigned forlheir confinement ; at each of which 
 some person should be stationed to see that they are taken care of, 
 that they receive what is allowed them, and that proper accounts 
 are kept of the expenses. The most troublesome part of this office 
 will be to obtain accounts of the expenses already incurred ; for, 
 after this is once done, the business may be put upon such a 
 footing, as to be managed with regularity and ease. 
 
 ' I intend to annex another duty to this oflnce, and that is the 
 procuring of intelligence. The person engaged in the department 
 of Commissary of Prisoners will have as much leisure, and better 
 opportunities, than most other officers in the army, to obtain 
 knowledge of the enemy's situation, motions, and, as far as may 
 be, designs. Thus, Sir, in concise terms, have I given you a sketch 
 of the duties of a Commissary of Prisoners, and my expectations 
 from him ; and now give me leave to ask if you will accept the 
 appointment. With very great esteem and regard, 
 
 ' I am. Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 372. 
 
 Mr. Boudinot accepted the appointment ; and, as appears by the following Re- 
 solves, Congress confirmed it. 
 
 In Congress, June 6. ^Resolved, That a commission be grant- 
 ed to Elias Boudinot, Esq., as Commissary-General of Prisoners ; 
 the said commission to be dated the 15th day of May last, and 
 Mr. Boudinot to be allowed the pay and rations of a Colonel : 
 
 ' That Elias Boudinot, Commissary-General of Prisoners, be 
 empowered to appoint two Deputy Commissaries of Prisoners; 
 the said Deputies to be allowed the pay and rations of Majors.' 
 
 Here may be seen the time and manner of that kind of appointment vehich was with 
 some earnestness recommended, Nov. S, 1775. See the expressions and also the 
 actions concerning prisoners, pp. 122, 165, 170.203,227,299, 305, 307,310, 311,344, 347, 
 370, 3S9. 
 
446 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Washington to Governor Cooke. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 3 April, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — The late ample arrivals of arms at Philadelphia and at 
 Portsmouth,* added to those we before had, puts me out of all fur- 
 ther uneasiness on account of that necessary article. * * 
 
 ' The effects of granting extravagant bounties, and of raising' 
 bodies of men upon Colonial eslablishmerbts, now appear, from the 
 returns of the low state of your Continental battalions. From the 
 first cause, the men are taught to set a price upon themselves, and 
 refuse to turn out, except that price be paid; and I am informed, 
 in some instances, in Massachusetts, one hundred pounds lawful 
 money per man have been paid. It is also evident, that the rais- 
 ing of the Colonial brigade for fifteen months retards the Conti- 
 nental enlistments ; for General Spencer, in a letter of the 26th of 
 March, writes to me, that the first has five hundred men, and the last 
 but three hundred and eighty, about half of whom have had the 
 small-pox. * * You certainly overrate the number of 
 
 men upon Rhode Island, if they consist of only six Hessian and 
 two British regiments. The Hessian regiments, when they came 
 out complete, did not exceed six hundred men each ; and the Brit- 
 ish, two hundred and fifty each. Now, if they have decreased by 
 casualties in proportion to the other troops in the British army, 
 they are scarcely more than three thousand ; a number too small 
 to make any attempt upon the main. # * So far, 
 
 therefore, from being able to consent that your Continental bat- 
 talions should remain at home, supposing the enemy should con- 
 tinue upon the island, that I am obliged, in the most positive terms, 
 to order every man, who has had the small-pox, to come imme- 
 diately forward ; and those who have not, so soon as they are 
 recovered. I have written to General Varnum to the same effect. 
 
 ' As it is my duty to afford equal protection to every part of the 
 Continent, you may be assured, if I thought there was any real 
 danger to be apprehended from the enemy at Rhode Island, instead 
 of drawing the Continental troops from that quarter, I would add 
 to their numbers. But. when there is every probability of their 
 coming away, and supposing they should stay, as the internal 
 strength of the country would hinder them from setting foot upon 
 the main, I think I am excusable in drawing every man in the 
 Continental service (excepting those intended for the Northern 
 Department) to this point, to make opposition to the grand army 
 of the enemy ; who, unless they are checked, will, in turn, over- 
 run every State in the Union. 
 
 ' As the safety of the whole Confederacy depends upon each 
 
 * The arrival of two vessels from France, in March, fortunately brought a full 
 supply of arms ; a considerable quantity of powder, blankets, and a variety of military 
 stores besides. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 447 
 
 State's furnishing the quota of nrien allotted to it, 1 must call upon 
 you in the most pressing manner to endeavor to complete your 
 allotment by the usual methods ; but, if your men will not turn out 
 voluntarily, notwithstanding the great encouragement given by the 
 State, I beg you will, if your powers are adequate, insist upon 
 each district's furnishing a certain number, as they have done in 
 Massachusetts. If neither of these modes can be fallen upon, to 
 good effect, we may as well give up the cause. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 375. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 10 April, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — I was just now honored with your letter of the 9th 
 instant, covering sundry Resolutions of Congress. Those for 
 regulating the hospital and medical department, I trust, will prove 
 of the most salutary consequences. It is only to be regretted, that 
 this necessary and liberal institution had not been gone into and 
 completed at an earlier period.* 
 
 ' The honors Congress have decreed to the memory of Generals 
 Warren and Mercer afford me the highest pleasure. Their char- 
 acter and merit had a just claim to every mark of respect; and I 
 heartily wish that every officer of the United States, emulating their 
 virtues, may by their actions secure to themselves the same right to 
 the grateful tribute of their country. 
 
 ' Since writing to you yesterday, I have received further intelli- 
 gence from the enemy's preparations in York, indicating a move- 
 ment before long. It is contained in the enclosed letter, and cor- 
 roborates the opinion I have long entertained, that they would 
 make a push against Philadelphia.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 52. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Morristown, 12 April, 1777. 
 ' Dear Brother, — To my great surprise, we are still in a calm. 
 How long it will, how long it can, remain, is beyond my skill to 
 determine. That it has continued much beyond my expectation 
 already, is certain. But, to expect that General Howe will not 
 avail himself of our weak state is, I think, to say in so many words, 
 that he does not know how to take advantage of circumstances, 
 and of course is unfit for the trust reposed in him. From all ac- 
 counts it appears, that the remaining part of the troops at Rhode 
 Island were preparing to embark; and that Philadelphia is the 
 object, I have not myself the smallest doubt. Other opinions do, 
 
 * The action of Congress alluded to was on the 7th of April. In relation to the 
 hospital department, see pp. 423, 427, 441. 
 
448 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 however, prevail. A little time will determine the point. For some 
 days past, there has been considerable movement among the enemy's 
 shipping. It seems next to impossible to make our officers in any 
 of the States exert themselves in bringing their men to the field, as 
 if it were a matter of moonshine whether they come to-day, to- 
 morrow, a weelf, or a month hence. The campaign will be opened 
 without men On our side, unless they come in much faster than I 
 have reason to expect them. 
 
 ' The unforiunate policy of short enlistments is daily and ho i-'y 
 exemplified. Thoroughly convinced I am, that, if the troops, ivho 
 were enlisted last year, had been engaged for the war, or even three 
 years, I could wilh them, and such aids as might have been drawn 
 to our assistance, have driven the British army and their auxiliary 
 troops out of the Jerseys, in the course of last winter. I do not know 
 but they might also have been driven from New York. Instead of 
 that, we have at this late day an army to assemble for self-defence. 
 But past errors cannot be rectified. We must guard as much as 
 possible against future evils. The ridiculous and inconsistent or- 
 ders given by the Executive powers in some of the States, and 
 even by the officers therein, for the rendezvous of their men, a?'e 
 scarcely to he thought of with patience. It would seem as if to 
 harass the troops and delay their junction were the ends in view. 
 
 ' I am glad to hear that my sister and the little ones are well. I 
 thank her for the trouble she has taken in knitting the stockings 
 you speak of. My love to you all, in which Mrs. Washington, 
 who is now with me, joins. I am your most affectionate brother.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 387. 
 
 Same to Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 13 April, 1777. 
 'Sir, — It gives me much concern to hear, that the recruiting 
 service proceeds so slowly in most of the States. That it is the 
 case in Virginia aflPects me in a peculiar manner. I feel much 
 obliged by the polite respect your honorable Board of Council are 
 pleased to show to my opinion ; and am under the necessity of 
 observing, that the volunteer plan, which you mention, will never 
 answer any valuable purposes; and that I cannot but disapprove 
 the measure. To the short engagements of our troops may be 
 fairly and justly ascribed almost every misfortune which we have 
 experienced. By that cause, and thai alone, have the liberties of 
 our country been put in question, and the most obvious advantages 
 lost. This I speak from painful experience ; and, assured of the 
 facts, I cannot countenance, in the smallest degree, what I know 
 to be pernicious in the extreme. Short enlistments, when founded 
 on the best plan, are repugnant to order, and subversive of dis- 
 cipline; and men, held upon such terms, will never be equal to the 
 important ends of war ; but, when they are of the volunteer kind, 
 they are still more destructive. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 449 
 
 ' T' se who engage in arms under that denomination, let them 
 agree upon what conditions they may, are uneasy, impatient of 
 command, ungovernable ; and, claiming to themselves a sort of 
 superior merit, generally assume not only the privilege of thinking, 
 but of doing, as they please. Added to these considerations, such 
 corps are long in forming, and half of their time is taken up in 
 marching to and from camp at a most amazing expense; nor are 
 the injuries, to which a country is exposed by the frequent march- 
 ing and countermarching of men, to be disregarded. Further, 
 whilst they are in service, the Slates to which they belong have but 
 little if any chance to engage them for a longer term. When that 
 is out, they will return ; though the exigency of affairs should be 
 ever so pressing, and though you should be on the point of action, or 
 perhapsof grasping a victory. Their departure has a most baneful 
 and unhappy influence upon those who remain ; who consider 
 themselves, notwithstanding their engagements, as subjected to 
 peculiar hardships, become uneasy and discontented ; and many 
 desert. Their return, too, having seen only service sufficient to 
 create disgust, and experienced in the course of it a few difficul- 
 ties, produces the same disposition through the circle of their con- 
 nections. In a word, Sir, I cannot advise the volunteer plan, as I 
 conceive the adoption of it would have the most fatal and perni- 
 cious tendency; and, in my opinion, the interest of the States 
 would be more advanced by regular enlistments for the war, though 
 it should take a considerable time to complete them.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 388. 
 
 Same to Landon Carter. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 15 April, 1777. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — I should have been very happy in seeing your 
 grandson enlisted under the banners of his country. # * 
 
 High as the militia accounts will run, I have had but few men with 
 me all winter. With these, however, we have greatly harassed and 
 distressed the enemy, by continually skirmishing with their forag- 
 ing parties, and attacking their picket guards ; but, if I am to 
 judge from the present appearance of things, the campaign will be 
 opened by General Howe before we shall be in any condition to 
 oppose him. No men have yet joined me from the Eastward, and 
 but a small number from the Southward ; whilst the hard and fa- 
 tiguing duties of a winter's campaign have reduced the few old 
 regiments which remained after the dissolution of the army in 
 January, to a mere nothing. 
 
 ' The designs of the enemy are not as yet clearly unfolded ; but 
 Philadelphia, I conceive, is the object in view. However, this may 
 or may not be the case, as the North River must also be an object 
 of very great importance to them. * # 
 
 ' Your friendly and affectionate wishes for my health and sue- 
 
450 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 cess have a claim to my most grateful acknowledgments. That 
 the God of armies may incline the hearts of my American breth- 
 ren to support the present contest, and bestow sufficient abilities 
 on me to bring it to a speedy and happy conclusion, thereby en- 
 abling me to sink into sweet retirement, and the full enjoyment of 
 that peace and happiness which will accompany a domestic life, 
 is the first wish and most fervent prayer of my soul. * * 
 
 ' I remain, dear Sir, your most obedient, &c.' 
 Wash. Writ. Ibid. p. 391. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 19 April, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I was honored with your letter of the 17lh, between 
 twelve and one o'clock yesterday, accompanied by sundry Resolu- 
 tions. I hope the measures Congress have adopted will produce 
 the salutary consequences they had in view ; but I fear that the 
 States, unless they are delicate in exercising the powers they are 
 invested with for filling vacancies in instances of removal from 
 office, and pay strict attention to a proper line of succession where 
 there are no capital objections, will renew much of that confusion 
 and disorder we have been endeavoring to extricate ourselves 
 from. Nor will this be of small difficulty, if they displace many 
 officers ; for, supposing them to have kept the most accurate lists 
 of their original appointments, changes have taken place in several 
 instances from various causes, unknown to them, and of which 
 they cannot be apprised. 
 
 ' I can assure Congress, the appellations given to the regiments 
 officered by me was without my consent or privity. As soon as I 
 heard it, I wrote to several of the officers in terms of severe repre- 
 hension, and expressly charged them to suppress the distinction, 
 adding that all the battalions were on the same footing, and all un- 
 der the general name of Continental.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 59. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 393. 
 
 The Resolutions alluded to, in respect to the filling of vacancies, were the fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 In Congress, April 14. ^Resolved, That it be recommended to 
 the Executive powers of each of the United States, to inquire into 
 the conduct of all officers on the recruiting service within their re- 
 spective States; to remove such as belong to the battalions of their 
 respective quotas, who have neglected their duty, or abused the 
 trust reposed in them, and shall be found within their respective 
 jurisdiction ; and to fill up all vacancies which may happen by 
 such removals; to transmit to Congress all such testimony as shall 
 be taken against any officer or officers who may have marched or 
 removed from the State to whose battalions he or they belong, and 
 against any officer or officers belonging to the quota of another 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 451 
 
 State, who may have been guilty of neglect or misbehavior in the 
 State where the inquiry shall be made. 
 
 ' That it be recommended to the said Executive powers to pro- 
 cure exact returns of the Continental troops in each, and transmit 
 the same to Congress, without delay. And all officers and sol- 
 diers of the Continental army are hereby required to pay the strict- 
 est regard to the orders of the Executive powers of the several 
 States touching the aforesaid premises.' 
 
 The meaning of ' the appellations given to the regiments,' is somewhat explained 
 by the following record. 
 
 In Congress, April 15. ' Whereas the Continental battalions 
 are all on a footing, liable to the same kind of services, and entitled 
 to equal privileges : 
 
 '■Resolved, That the appellations, " Congress's own regiment," 
 " General Washington's Life Guards," &c., given to some of them, 
 are improper, and ought not to be kept up ; and the officers of the 
 said battalions are required to take notice hereof, and to conform 
 themselves accordingly.' 
 
 General Greene to . 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 20 April, 1777. 
 ' On Sunday last. Lord Cornwallis, from Brunswick, made an 
 attempt to surprise General Lincoln at Boundbrook. He in part 
 effected it, owing to the valorous conduct of the militia, who were 
 posted at a fording place on the Raritan. They deserted their 
 post, without giving the General the least notice. The enemy were 
 at the General's quarters before he had any knowledge of their 
 approach. We lost three pieces of cannon, and about thirty men ; 
 they had about as many killed and wounded. The enemy had 
 five Generals, and four thousand troops ; our General Lincoln had 
 but about four hundred. Lord Cornwallis and General Grant 
 breakfasted at the house at which I dined. The enemy halted but 
 an hour and a half, I marched from Baskenridge upon the first 
 intelligence ; but the distance was twelve miles, and the enemy had 
 retreated before I got down. The next night we surprised one of 
 their pickets, killed one officer and seven privates, and took sixteen 
 prisoners. Pray, how goes on recruiting with you ? I am sure 
 the Continent must come to drafting at last; the sooner, the better. 
 Very late news from Europe mentions that a French and Spanish 
 war is inevitable. * * * Our strength now is trifling. 
 
 It is to he regretted that the cause of freedom rests upon the shoul- 
 ders of so few. General Howe is preparing with all imaginable 
 diligence to take the field. His bridge to cross the Delaware, so 
 much talked of, is arrived at Brunswick, as I am informed by a spy 
 who left that place last night. I would thank the British myrmi- 
 58 
 
452 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 dons to protract the opening of the campaign for about three weeks ; 
 but that is not to be expected. Our army will appear like Gideon 
 and his pitchers. God grant us the same success : the cause is 
 equally righteous, and claims his heavenly protection.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 96. 
 
 General Washington to Richard Henry Lee, in Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 24 April, 1777. 
 
 * Dear Sir, — I have been favored with two or three letters from 
 you lately. The last that came to hand was without date, but 
 contained an extract from Doctor Lee's * letter to the Secret Com- 
 mittee, and the French General's ideas of the measures necessary 
 for us to pursue in prosecuting the war with Great Britain, for 
 both of which I thank you. * * 
 
 ' The great delay in appointing the general officers, the resigna- 
 tion of some of them, the non-acceptance of others, and I might add 
 the unfitness of a few, joined to the amazing delay in assembling 
 the troops, and the abuses which I am satisfied have been commit- 
 ted by the recruiting officers (both of which being consequences 
 of the want of officers in the line to superintend those duties in the 
 respective States), have distressed me and the service exceedingly; 
 and they vnll amply prove, what I foretold to Congress, — that the pay 
 of these officers {for I could account for the delay of appointing' them 
 on no other principle) would be an ill-timed saving. Convinced I 
 am, that thousands of pounds loould have been saved to the public, 
 if the measure had been adopted upon my first recommendation of it. 
 But the extra expense is the smallest part of the evil. The back- 
 wardness in assembling the troops is truly alarming. This, how- 
 ever, is not a singular instance of our suffering by delay in the 
 adoption of measures, which ivere early recommended. * * 
 
 Doctor Lee's opinion on the propriety of attacking the enemy 
 upon their first arrival, under a supposition of their being raw 
 and undisciplined, is certainly well founded, if our own cir- 
 cumstances will admit of it ; but the Doctor little apprehended, I 
 believe, that we ourselves should have an army to raise, at this 
 late hour, of men equally raw, and officers probably much more so. 
 
 ' Please to make a tender of my compliments to your brother, 
 and other delegates from Virginia. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 395. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to Governor Livingston. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 29 April, 1777. 
 
 ♦ Sir, — The enclosed was intended to be sent with the prisoners 
 mentioned in the list ; but, before this could be conveniently done, 
 
 * Dr. Arthur Lee, one of the Commissioners then in France, and a brother of 
 B. H. Lee. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 453 
 
 Mr. Sims, one of the Chief Justices of the State, came to this town, 
 and informed me, that the Governor and Council were upon the 
 point of adjourning, and that the sending of the prisoners to them 
 would only be an embarrassment, without answering, at present, 
 any valuable purpose. He considered himself authorized to take 
 the matter under .his direction, and desired a sight of the papers 
 relating to it. After perusing them, he determined it was best the 
 prisoners should remain here, until he should receive your further 
 orders on the subject ; and delivered me a letter for you, con- 
 taining a representation of their cases, as they appear to him, 
 in order to know your sense, in what manner they shall be dis- 
 posed of. 
 
 ' He admits two of then), Woolverton, and Silas Howell, to bail. 
 
 ' In addition to the former, I send you a second list of four 
 others that have been lately committed to jail. These are high 
 offenders, and among the number of those who, it were to be 
 wished, could have an immediate trial and punishment. Isaac 
 Ogden, in particular, is one of the most barefaced, impudent fel- 
 lows that ever came under my observation. He openly acknowl- 
 edged himself a subject of the King of Great Britain ; and flatly 
 refused to give any satisfaction to some questions that were put to 
 him respecting one Moses Nichols, an emissary from the enemy ; 
 assigning no other reason for his refusal, than that he had given 
 his word to be silent. 
 
 ' A spirit of disaffection shows itself with so much boldness and 
 violence in different parts of this State, that it is the ardent wish 
 of his Excellency, no delay, which can be avoided, might be used 
 in making examples of some of the most atrocious offenders. If 
 something be not speedily done to strike a terror into the disaffect- 
 ed, the consequences must be very disagreeable. 
 
 ' Among others, all security to the friends of the American cause 
 will be destroyed ; and the natural effect of this, will be an extinc- 
 tion of zeal in seconding and promoting it. Their attachment, if 
 it remain, will be a dead, inactive, useless principle. And the 
 disaffected, emboldened by impunity, will be encouraged to pro- 
 ceed to the most dangerous and pernicious lengths. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, with great respect, 
 
 * Your Excellency's most ob't servant.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 250. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 28 April, 1777. 
 
 * Sir, — I last night received the favor of your letter of the 26th, 
 with the Resolves to which it alludes. 
 
 ' The views of Congress, in sending general officers to the East- 
 ward to hasten on the troops, have been long anticipated. Gen- 
 eral Poor is in New Hampshire for the purpose ; General Heath, 
 
454 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 in Massachusetts-Bay, with Brigadiers Nixon, Glover, and Patter- 
 son ; General Varnum, in Rhode Island ; and General Parsons, in 
 Connecticut. Generals Spencer and Arnold, too, have been de- 
 sired to attend to the business. To these gentlemen I have written 
 repeatedly in the most pressing terms upon the subject, and I have 
 no reason to doubt but every exertion on their part has been em- 
 ployed to promote the end. * * # So early as 
 the 6th of March, I wrote to Governor Trumbull, earnestly re- 
 questing two thousand militia to be sent to General McDougall to 
 be employed at Peekskill and on the communication in West- 
 Chester county for six weeks. With this requisition he most 
 readily complied, so far as his orders were necessary, and, I am 
 certain, his influence extended. This I have repeated, and this 
 supply he has exerted himself to furnish ; yet so ineffectual have 
 his endeavors been, that not more than eight hundred had come 
 out, by General McDougall's return on the 17lh instant ; nor did 
 he expect more from the accounts he had. In a word. Sir, no ex- 
 pedient or pains have been unattempted by me to bring on troops, 
 and to keep our affairs on a favorable footing.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 63. Wash. Writ. 
 
 The Resolve of Congress, principally alluded to in this letter, was the following. 
 
 April 25. ^Resolved, That General Washington be requested 
 to send a general officer into the Eastern States, to forward all the 
 troops already raised to their respective places of destination, with 
 the utmost despatch.' 
 
 General Washington to Colonel Alexander Spotswood. 
 
 MoRRisTOWN, 30 April, 1777. 
 'Sir, — I want to form a company for my guard. In doing 
 this, I wish to be extremely cautious ; because it is more than 
 probable that, in the course of the campaign, my baggage, papers, 
 and other matters, of great public import, may be committed to the 
 sole care of these men. This being premised, in order to impress 
 you with proper attention in the choice, I have to request that you 
 will immediately furnish me with four men of your regiment; 
 and, as it is my farther wish that this company should look well 
 and be nearly of a size, I desire that none of the men may exceed 
 in stature five feet ten inches, nor fall short of five feet nine inches ; 
 sober, young, active, and well made. When I recommend care in 
 your choice, I would be understood to mean men of good charac- 
 ter in the regiment, that possess the pride of appearing clean and 
 soldier-like. I am satisfied there can be no absolute security for 
 the fidelity of this class of people ; but yet I think it most likely to 
 be found in those who have family connections in the country. 
 You will, therefore, send me none but natives, and men of some 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 455 
 
 property, if you have them. I must insist that, in making this 
 choice, you give no intimation of my preference of natives, as I do 
 not want to create any invidious distinctions between them and 
 
 the foreigners. I am yours, &c.' * 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 407. 
 
 Doctor KNoxf to Colonel HAivirLTON. 
 
 St. Croix, 31 April, 1777. 
 
 * My Dear Friend, — A pretty fair opportunity just offering for 
 Philadelphia, I could not omit acknowledging the receipt of your 
 very circumstantial and satisfactory letter of the 14th February. 
 The thing has happened which I wished for. We have been 
 amazed here by vague, imperfect, and very false accounts of mat- 
 ters from the Continent ; and I always told my friends, that, if you 
 survived the campaign, and had an hour of leisure to write to me, 
 I expected a more true, circumstantial, and satisfactory account of 
 matters in your letter, than by all the public papers and private 
 intelligence we had received here. I have but a moment to com- 
 mand at present, and have not time to remark upon your letter. 
 I can only inform you, that it has given high satisfaction to all 
 friends here. We rejoice in your good character and advance- 
 ment, which is, indeed, only the just reward of merit. May you 
 still live to deserve more and more from the friends of America, 
 and to justify the choice, and merit the approbation, of the great 
 AND GOOD General Washington, — a name which will shine 
 with distinguished lustre in the annals of history, — a name, dear 
 to the friends of the liberties of mankind. Mark this : you must 
 be the Annalist and Biographer, as well as the Aid-de-camp, of 
 General Washington ; and the Historiographer of the American 
 War ! I take the liberty to insist on this. I hope you lake minutes 
 and keep a journal. If you have not hitherto, I pray do it hence- 
 forth. I seriously, and with all my little influence, urge this upon 
 you. This may be a new and strange thought to you ; but if you 
 survive the present troubles, I aver, few men will be as well quali- 
 fied to write the history of the present glorious struggle. God only 
 knows how it may terminate. But, however that may be, it will 
 be a most interesting story. 
 
 ' I congratulate you on your recovery from a long and danger- 
 ous illness. It is my own case : I am just convalescent, after the 
 severest attack I ever had in my life. I hope to write you more at 
 
 * This was a circular letter sent also to the Colonels of the other regiments, from 
 which the guard was taken. 
 
 t At an early age, Alexander Hamilton was removed from the island of Nevis, his 
 birth-place, to that of St. Croix, where he resided till, at the age of fifteen, he em- 
 barked for this country in 1772. Among the acquaintances and friends whom he 
 then parted with, was Dr. Knox. 
 
456 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 large soon, and remain, with the tender of every kind and friendly- 
 wish, my dear Sir, your affectionate servant, 
 
 ' HoGH Knox.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 253. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 3 May, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I was yesterday honored with your letter of the 29th 
 ultimo, enclosing sundry Resolves. Agreeably to the directions of 
 Congress, I have written to the States of New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts, and urged Ihem to complete and forward their 
 troops destined for Ticonderoga, with all possible expedition. The 
 brigadiers gone there for the present are Fermoy, Poor, Patterson, 
 and Learned. Nixon and Glover were also intended for that post 
 under my first plan, which was, that all the regiments to be raised 
 in those States by the Resolve in September [p. 298] should com- 
 pose that army. But having, by the advice of my officers, directed 
 the route of eight regiments from the latter to Peekskill,* to wait 
 till the designs of General Howe were unfolded, these two officers 
 were to follow them. I did not particularize the brigadiers who 
 were to go first, or the regiments; but left the matter to Major- 
 General Heath, who was instructed in general terms to pursue 
 such measures as seemed most likely to promote the service. 
 
 ' The Colonels appointed to the New Hampshire regiments I 
 never knew. Those ordered to Ticonderoga from Massachusetts 
 by General Heath, and who, I presume, have marched, were Bai- 
 ley, Wesson, Jackson, Marshall, Brewer, Bradford, and Francis. 
 What proportions of their regiments have marched, I cannot ascer- 
 tain ; but I am persuaded they were detached as fast as they were 
 raised, and circumstances would admit. * # * 
 
 * I congratulate Congress upon the fortunate arrival of the Am- 
 phitrite with military and ordnance stores.f It is an important 
 event. That of the French ship at Boston, and of the sloop from 
 Martinique, added to the capture of the two provision ships, are to 
 be regarded as interesting too. I would here take the liberty to 
 mention, that I think all the military and ordnance stores should be 
 moved without a moment's delay to Springfield or some interior 
 part of the country. Springfield should be the place, because the 
 laboratory is there ; and they will be more convenient to use as 
 exigencies require. * * Before I quit this subject, I 
 would beg leave to observe also, that the disposal and direction of 
 military stores should be only with one body or with one person. 
 At present this power is exercised through so many channels, that 
 
 * See letter to General Schuyler, p. 439. 
 
 t Sent by Mr. Deane in the character of political and commercial agent in France; 
 as were most or all the similar cargoes that arrived from France during that year. 
 See p. 383. 
 
INFLUENCES EELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 457 
 
 much confusion is introduced ; and it cannot be avoided. Nor 
 will it be possible that matters in this line should be conducted 
 with any degree of propriety, unless Congress come into some 
 regulations respecting them. The enclosed extract of a letter from 
 General Heath will prove the expediency. Many other instances 
 might be mentioned, were it necessary.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 65. Wash. Writ. 
 
 It may be readily perceived, that the forepart of this letter was written in reference 
 to the following Resolves of Congress. 
 
 Apj-il 29. '■Resolved, That General Washington be directed to 
 write to the Eastern States, from whence the troops to be em- 
 ployed at Ticonderoga are expected, and to request them, in the 
 name of Congress, to adopt and pursue every means, # # 
 
 for completing and forwarding the regiments which he has already 
 ordered for that service ; it being the opinion of Congress, that a 
 delay in this matter will be attended with the loss of that impor- 
 tant pass : 
 
 ' That General "Washington be directed to send to Congress the 
 names of the general officers ordered'to repair to Ticonderoga, and 
 the number and names of the regiments under marching orders for 
 that place.' 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to William Duer, in Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Morristown, 6 May, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — The bearer of this is Mr. Malmedy, a French gentleman 
 of learning, abilities, and experience. I believe he thinks himself 
 entitled to preferment, and comes to Congress for that purpose. 
 * * But in this he will, no doubt, be mistaken ; as there 
 
 are many insuperable objections to such an event. Among others, 
 it would tend to raise the expectation of the Frenchmen in general, 
 already too high, to a pitch which it would be impossible to gratify 
 or endure. It might not, however, be amiss to do whatever pro- 
 priety would warrant, to keep him in good humor ; as he is a man 
 of sense and merit. I think policy would justify the advancing 
 him a step higher than his former Continental rank. 
 
 ' Congress, in the beginning, went upon a very injudicious plan 
 with respect to Frenchmen. To every adventurer that came, without 
 even the shadow of credentials, they gave the rank of field officers. 
 This circumstance, seconding the aspiring disposition natural to 
 those people, carried the expectations of those who had really any 
 pretensions to the character of officers, to a length that exceeds all 
 the bounds of moderation. As it was impossible to pursue this 
 impolitic plan, the Congress have begun to retrench their excessive 
 liberality ; and the consequence has been, universal disgust and 
 discontent. 
 
458 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 * It would, perhaps, be injurious, as the French are much ad- 
 dicted to national punctilio, to run into the opposite extreme to 
 that first embraced, and, by that mean, create a general clamor and 
 dissatisfaction. Policy suggests the propriety of discriminating a 
 few of the most deserving, and endeavoring to keep them in tem- 
 per, even by gratifying them beyond what they can reasonably 
 pretend to. This will enable us to shake off the despicable part 
 with safety, and to turn a deaf ear to the exorbitant demands of 
 the many. It will be easily believed in France, that their want of 
 merit occasioned their want of success, from the extraordinary 
 marks of favor that have been conferred on others ; whereas, the 
 united voice of complaint from the whole, might make ill impres- 
 sions in their own country, which it is not our interest should 
 exist. 
 
 ' We are already greatly embarrassed with the Frenchmen 
 among us ; and, from the genius of the people, shall continue to 
 be so. It were to be wished that our agents in France, instead of 
 courting them to come out, were instructed to give no encourage- 
 ment but where they could not help it ; that is, Vv^here applications 
 were made to them by persons countenanced and supported by 
 great men, whom it would be impolitic to disoblige. Be assured. 
 Sir, we shall never be able to satisfy them ; and they can be of no 
 use to us, at least for some time. Their ignorance of our lan- 
 guage ; of the disposition of the people ; the resources and de- 
 ficiencies of the country ; their own habits and tempers ; — all 
 these are disqualifications that put it out of their power to be of 
 any real service to us. You will consider what I have said en- 
 tirely as my own sentiments ; and believe me, with great regard, 
 Sir, Your most obedient servant.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 254. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 11 May, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I regret our loss of stores at Danbury, and the misfor- 
 tunes of our brave men who fell, and of those who were wounded. 
 However, from these latter events we derive this consolation ; 
 that the sentiments of the people are still powerfully directed to 
 liberty, and that no impression of the enemy, be it ever so sudden 
 and unexpected, will pass with impunity. # * That 
 
 the enemy will harass our coasts, and injure the maritime towns, 
 with their shipping and by sudden debarkations of small parties 
 of men, is not improbable ; and is what we cannot prevent, whilst 
 they have the entire command of the water. This we laid our 
 account in, when we first engaged in the contest ; but I have no 
 idea that they will penetrate into your State to form the junction 
 you mention, nor is it likely that those who have escaped from 
 them know the General's design. It is much to be wished that 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 459 
 
 they would make that their plan of war. I should then expect, 
 most sanguinely, that we should bring the matter to a speedy and 
 glorious conclusion. 
 
 ' I should be happy, were it in my power, to station guards of 
 Continental troops at every place subject to the depredations of the 
 enemy ; but this cannot be done. If we divide and detach our 
 forces to every part where the enemy may possibly attempt an 
 impression, we shall effect no one good purpose ; but, in the end, 
 destroy ourselves and subjugate our country. The enemy have 
 certainly some capital object in view, either Philadelphia or Hud- 
 son's River. Till their designs are unfolded, all the troops from 
 this and the more Southern States must assemble in this quarter, 
 to prevent their possessing the former. Those raised in the East- 
 ern Stales, except such as were ordered immediately to Ticonde- 
 roga, must march to Peekskill, to prevent them from possessing 
 the latter and the important passes through the Highlands. Should 
 they be able to carry those and the fortifications for the defence of 
 the river, we all know the important and fatal consequences that 
 would follow. # # For these reasons, and because the 
 
 battalions which are in service, — from inoculation, the languor 
 which has but too generally prevailed in enlisting, and from other 
 causes, — are extremely weak and deficient, and totally inadequate 
 to check the progress of the enemy, I cannot comply with your 
 request for two regiments to remain in the State at this time. I 
 heartily vnsh that Congress would inform me of the dispositions 
 they make of the troops. Their not doing it disconcerts my arrange- 
 ments^ and involves me in difficulties. Till the favor of your letter^ 
 I never had the least intimation, that I recollect, that any of the regi- 
 ments, exacted from the States, were to remain in them.-f * # 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 412. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 16 May, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — Your letter of the 15th I had the honor to receive last 
 night, at eleven o'clock. The commission enclosed for Monsieur 
 Armand I shall deliver to him as soon as I see him. * * 
 
 I fear it will be hardly possible to satisfy the views and claims of 
 some of the French gentlemen. The late promotion of Monsieur 
 Malmedy, though highly honorable, and such as should be con- 
 sidered fully if not more than adequate to his pretensions, taken 
 upon any principle, does not come up to his demands. He ar- 
 rived here yesterday morning, and has been writing to me upon 
 the subject. From the high marks of distinction but too readily 
 
 t As an instance of the kind referred to, the one then in question, see the lait Re- 
 solve, Dec. 10, p. 356. 
 
 59 
 
460 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 conferred upon these men in many instances, they seem to have 
 lost sight of what is just and reasonable. It would have been 
 happy for us, particularly for me and for the gentlemen themselves, 
 if a too easy grant of favors had not induced them to contemn all 
 rank in our army under that of field-officers ; nor is it in my power 
 to give commands to every appointment. I shall inform Monsieur 
 Armand, and reconcile him to it in the best manner I can, that 
 there is no vacancy for him at present; and I would beg leave to 
 suggest, that, where promotions are made in future from political 
 and honorary motives, it would be well for Congress to explain to 
 the gentlemen, that it may be some time before they can be put in 
 actual command. This might prevent their entertaining sus- 
 picions of neglect on my part, which the situation of the army will 
 not allow me to obviate. There is no vacancy for Monsieur 
 Malmedy, of the rank he now holds, unless the merits of many other 
 officers who have served with reputation and much longer here, are 
 to be overlooked to make way for him. Such a measure will 
 neither be practicable, nor prudent to attempt. * * 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 75. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 421. 
 
 Same to Richard Henry Lee. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 17 May, 1777. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Under the privilege of friendship, T take the lib- 
 erty to ask you, what Congress expect I am to do with the many 
 foreigners they have at different times promoted to the rank of 
 field-officers, and, by the last Resolve, two to that of Colonels? 
 In making these appointments, it is much to be feared, that all the 
 attending circumstances are not taken into consideration. To 
 oblige the adventurers of a nation which we want to interest in 
 our cause, may be one inducement ; and to get rid of their impor- 
 tunity, another. But this is viewing the matter by halves, or on one 
 side only. These men have no attachment nor ties to the country, 
 further than interest binds them ; they have no influence, and are 
 ignorant of the language they are to receive and give orders in : 
 consequently great trouble or much confusion must follow. But 
 this is not the worst: they have not the smallest chance to recruit 
 others ; and our officers think it exceedingly hard, after they have 
 toiled in this service, and probably have sustained many losses, to 
 have strangers put over them, whose merit, perhaps, is not equal to 
 their own ; but whose effrontery will take no denial. 
 
 ' The management of this matter, give me leave to add. Sir, is a 
 delicate point ; for, although no one will dispute the right of Con- 
 gress to make appointments, every person will assume the privi- 
 lege of judging of the propriety of them ; and good policy, in my 
 opinion, forbids the disgusting of a whole corps to gratify the pride 
 of an individual ; for it is by the zeal and activity of our own 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 461 
 
 people, that the cause must be supported, and not by a few 
 hungry adventurers. Besides, the error of ihese appoiniments 
 is now clear and manifest, and the views of Congress evidently 
 defeated ; for, by giving high rank to people of no reputation or 
 service, you have disgusted their own countrymen ; or, in other 
 words, raised their expectations to an insatiable pitch. For the 
 man who was a captain in France, finding another who was only 
 a subaltern there, or perhaps nothing, appointed to a majority, with 
 us, extends his views instantly to a regiment. In like manner, the 
 field-officer can accept of nothing less than a brigade, and so on ; 
 by which means, the man of real rank and merit must be excluded, 
 or perhaps your whole military system disordered. In the mean 
 while I am haunted and teased to death by the importunity of 
 some, and dissatisfaction of others. 
 
 ' My ideas in this representation do not extend to artillery offi- 
 cers and engineers. The first of these will be useful, if they do 
 not break in upon the arrangements of the corps already estab- 
 lished by order of Congress ; the second are absolutely necessary, 
 and not to be had here. But proper precaution should be ob- 
 served in the choice of them ; for we have at present in pay and 
 high rank two Frenchmen, who, in my judgtnent, know nothing 
 of the duty of engineers. Gentlemen of this profession ought to 
 produce sufficient and authentic testimonials of their skill and 
 knowledge, and not expect that a pompous narrative of services, 
 and loss of papers, — the usual excuse, — can be a proper intro- 
 duction into our army. The freedom, with which 1 have delivered 
 my sentiments on this subject, will, I am persuaded, meet your 
 excuse, when I assure you, that I have nothing else in view, than 
 the good of the service. I am, dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 423. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 21 May, 1777. 
 
 * Sir, — Enclosed I have the honor to transmit you a general 
 return of the forces in Jersey. It is regimentally digested, and will 
 show the strength of each corps. I should not have sent it so 
 particularly made out, had I not conceived the conveyance by 
 which it goes from hence entirely secure. I have nothing mate- 
 rial to add respecting the enemy. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 ' P. S. I need not suggest to Congress the necessity of keeping 
 our numbers concealed from the knowledge of the public. Nothing 
 but a good face and false appearances has enabled us hitherto to 
 deceive the enemy respecting our strength.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 77. Wash. Writ. 
 
462 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Samk to General Stephen. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 24 May, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — No pleasure could exceed what I should feel, if 
 it was in my power, to protect every town and every individual in 
 this wide-extended Continent. This, however, is a pleasure that 
 never can be realized ; and as our dispersed situation is neither 
 formidable for defence nor offence, it becomes me to place the 
 Continental troops in such a manner as to answer a more valuable 
 purpose, than to give the shadow (for it is no more) of security to 
 particular neighborhoods. Your apprehension of the enemy taking 
 possession of Newark and Elizabethtown, with a view of holding 
 them, does not strike me at all. If any such ideas possessed them, 
 the few men we have there would rather be an inducement. 
 They already have experienced the evil of multiplied posts; as 
 we shall do, if they should be seized with a spirit of enterprise. 
 Such guards as we have from Boundbrook to Newark, inclusively, 
 could give no effectual opposition to the enemy, if they were dis- 
 posed to move ; and the country is too much drained by both 
 armies to afford much support. The other consideration of opening 
 the intercourse, or rather making it more open, with New York, 
 has weight, but is overbalanced by others of a more powerful 
 nature. In a word, if a man cannot act in all respects as he 
 could wish, he must do what appears best, under the circum- 
 stances he is in. This I aim at, however short I may fall of the 
 end. * * I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 431. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Morristown, 24 May, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I beg leave to inform Congress, that, immediately after 
 the receipt of their Resolve of the 26th of March, recommending 
 the office of Adjutant-General to be filled by the appointment of a 
 person of abilities and unsuspected attachment to our cause, I 
 wrote to Colonel Timothy Pickering of Salem, offering him the 
 post in the first instance, and transmitting at the same time a letter 
 for Colonel William Lee, whom Congress had been pleased to 
 mention, to be delivered to him in case my offer could not be ac- 
 cepted. This conduct, in preference of Colonel Pickering, I was 
 induced to adopt from the high character I had of him, both, as a 
 great military genius cultivated by an industrious attention to the 
 study of war, and as a gentleman of liberal education, distin- 
 guished zeal, and great method and activity in business. This 
 character of him I had from gentlemen of distinction and merit, 
 and on whose judgment I could rely. When my letter reached 
 Colonel Pickering, at first view he thought his situation in respect 
 to public affairs would not permit him to accept the post. That 
 for Colonel Lee he sent immediately to him, who, in consequence 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 463 
 
 of it, repaired to Head- Quarters. By Colonel Lee I received a 
 letter from Colonel Pickering, stating more particularly the causes 
 which prevented his accepting the office when it was offered, and 
 assuring me that he would in a little time accommodate his affairs 
 in such a manner as to come into any military post in which he 
 might be serviceable, and thought equal to. 
 
 ' Here I am to mark with peculiar satisfaction, in justice to 
 Colonel Lee, who has deservedly acquired the reputation of a good 
 officer, that he expressed a distrust of his abilities to fill the ap- 
 pointment intended for him ; and, on hearing that Colonel Pick- 
 ering would accept it, he not only offered but wished to relinquish 
 his claim to it in favor of him, whom he declared he considered, 
 from an intimate and friendly acquaintance, as a first-rate military 
 character ; and that he knew no gentleman better or so well qualified 
 for the post among us. Matters being thus circumstanced, and 
 Colonel Lee pleased with the command he was in, I wrote to 
 Colonel Pickering on his return, who accepted the office, and is 
 daily expected. In this business I beg Congress to be assured, 
 though Colonel Lee was postponed in the first instance, their re- 
 commendation had its due weight; and that no motive, other than 
 a regard to the service, induced me to prefer Colonel Pickering. 
 His acknowledged abilities and equal zeal, without derogating 
 from the merits of Colonel Lee, who holds a high place in my 
 esteem, gave him a preference ; and I flatter myself the cause will 
 be promoted in his appointment, especially as we shall have two 
 good officers instead of one, who, I am persuaded, will do honor 
 to themselves in the line in which they move. 
 
 ' Considering the passes through the Highlands of the utmost 
 importance to secure, I sent Generals Greene and Knox, about a 
 fortnight ago, to see what had been done for their defence, and to 
 consult with the general officers they should meet, upon such fur- 
 ther measures as might be deemed necessary for their greater 
 safety. The enclosed copy of their Report will fully convey their 
 sentiments upon the subject ; to which I beg leave to refer Con- 
 gress. I have sent General Putnam to command in that quarter, 
 and have instructed him to use every means in his power for 
 expediting and effecting the works and obstructions mentioned in 
 the Report. * * I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 77. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 432. 
 
 The following Order contains the recommendation mentioned in this letter. 
 
 March 26. '■Ordered, That the President acquaint General 
 Washington that Congress expect the office of Adjutant-General 
 to be filled by a speedy appointment of a person of abilities and 
 unsuspected attachment to these United States, and recommend 
 Colonel William Lee to his consideration for this purpose.' 
 
464 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MoRRisTowN, 28 May, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — The enclosed is a copy of a letter received yesterday 
 from General Howe. Congress will perceive, by referring to the 
 copy of his letter of the 21st of April, transmitted in mine of the 
 26lh, that he persevered in his demand for an equal number of 
 prisoners to be returned for those sent out by him; which has been 
 the subject of controversy between us. * * The dis- 
 
 pute, so far as General Lee is concerned, rests at present on their 
 declaring him exchangeable, as other prisoners are, on the prin- 
 ciple of equality of rank ; to insure which, or his safety, Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Campbell and the Hessian field-officers are detained. 
 The other objection to returning their prisoners is, that a great 
 proportion of those sent out by them were not fit subjects of ex- 
 change when released, and were made so by the severity of their 
 treatment and confinement ; and, therefore, a deduction should be 
 made from the list. 
 
 ' Good faith seems to require, that we should return as many of 
 theirs at least as we received effectives from them ; * * 
 
 and perhaps sound policy, that the agreement subsisting for ex- 
 changes should continue. # * 
 
 ' I confess, I am under great difficulty in this business. # * 
 
 ' Notwithstanding my recommendation, agreeably to what I 
 conceived to be the sense of Congress, Lieutenant- Colonel Camp- 
 bell's treatment continues to be such as cannot be justified either 
 on the principles of generosity or strict retaliation ; as I have au- 
 thentic information, and I doubt not you will have the same, that 
 General Lee's situation is far from being rigorous or uncomfort- 
 able. Except his not being permitted to go at large on parole, he 
 has reason to be content with every other circumstance of his 
 treatment. 
 
 ' I am just moving to Boundbrook, from whence I returned 
 yesterday morning. On Monday morning a body of the enemy 
 advanced near that post. They retreated, on seeing a detachment 
 march to meet them. There was some firing at long shot, but 
 without any great damage. * # 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 80. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 438, 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Middlebrook, 31 May, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — Monsieur Ducoudray is just arrived at camp, and pro- 
 poses to set out to-morrow for Philadelphia. What his views are 
 I am uncertain, having had no conversation with him upon the 
 subject; but I find an idea prevails that there is an agreement be- 
 tween Mr. Deane and him, that he shall have the chief command 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 465 
 
 of the artillery. How well founded this opinion may be, I cannot 
 determine ; but, if it be true, it may involve the most injurious 
 consequences. General Knox, who has deservedly acquired the 
 character of one of the most valuable officers in the service, and 
 who, combating almost innumerable difficulties in the department 
 he fills, has placed the artillery upon a footing that does him the 
 greatest honor, — he, I am persuaded, would consider himself in- 
 jured by an appointment superseding his command, and would not 
 think himself at liberty to continue in the service. Should such 
 an event take place in the present state of things, there would be 
 too much reason to apprehend a train of ills, such as might con- 
 vulse and unhinge this important department. 
 
 ' Supposing Monsieur Ducoudray to have made such an agree- 
 ment, the case is of great difficulty, and, in my opinion, is worthy 
 of the consideration of Congress. Yet may not means be still de- 
 vised to satisfy this gentleman by appointing him to some com- 
 mand not derogatory to his promised rank, and which will be 
 agreeable to him ? From the recommendations we have had of 
 him, I am obliged to esteem him of high character, and of great 
 knowledge in what he professes ; and, from this consideration and 
 the manner in which he is mentioned to us, it appears that much 
 address and delicacy must be used to conciliate matters. Many 
 reasons, besides those I have noted, might be assigned for con- 
 tinuing General Knox first in command in this department, which, 
 on reflection, will readily occur. I would only observe, without 
 insinuating the most distant shadow of distrust of Monsieur Du- 
 coudray's honor, candor, or integrity, that, on the general maxims 
 of prudence and policy, it may be questioned with much pro- 
 priety, whether so important a command as that of the artillery 
 should be vested in any but a native, or one attached by the ties 
 of interest to these States. Congress will be pleased to excuse the 
 freedom I have used upon this occasion, and, I trust, will impute 
 it to the importance of the subject which gave rise to it. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 84. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 444. 
 
 Same to Richard Henry Lee. 
 
 MmDLEBRooK, 1 Juuc, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — By your favor of the 22d ultimo, I perceive my 
 letter of the 17th* has been expressed in too strong terms. 
 I did not mean by the words, " to get rid of importunity," to cast 
 the smallest reflection ; indeed, the hurry with which I am obliged 
 to write the few private letters I attempt, will not allow me to 
 consider the force and tendency of my words ; nor should I have 
 been surprised, if the fact had really been so, if ] am to judge of 
 
 * See that letter of the 17th, p. 460. 
 
466 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 their, I mean foreigners', applications to Congress, by those to 
 myself; for it is not one nor twenty explanations that will satisfy 
 the cravings of these people's demands. 
 
 ' You will, before this can reach you, have seen Monsieur Du- 
 coudray. What his real expectations are, and what his agree- 
 ments with Mr. Deane, I know not ; but I fear, if his appointment 
 is equal to what I have been told is his expectation, it will be 
 attended with unhappy consequences. To say nothing of the 
 policy of entrusting a department (on the due execution of which 
 the salvation of the army depends) to a foreigner, who has no 
 other tie to bind him to the interests of this country than honor, I 
 would beg leave to observe, that, by putting Monsieur Ducoudray 
 at the head of the artillery, you will lose a very valuable officer in 
 General Knox, who is a man of great military reading, sound judg- 
 ment, and clear conceptions. He has conducted the affairs of that 
 department with honor to himself, and advantage to the public ; 
 and will resign if any one is put over him. 
 
 ' My last return of the army will give you our strength, and 
 show the state of the recruiting service, which seems to be at an 
 end. The regiments of Pennsylvania, indeed, appear to be grow- 
 ing worse. * # If some effectual mode is not devised 
 to fill the regiments, it is impossible, at least very unlikely, that 
 any effectual opposition can be given to the British army, with the 
 troops we have, whose numbers diminish more by desertion, than 
 they increase by enlistments. * * I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 446. 
 
 General Greene to . 
 
 Camp at Middlebrook, 4 June, 1777. 
 
 * I have only time to acknowledge the receipt of a letter from 
 you, delivered me by Lieutenant Littlefield. * * Pas- 
 
 sion and prejudice have too much influence in Administration, to 
 preserve the best and happiest line of conduct. 
 
 ' God knows how long this war may last. The want of union 
 and virtue among the Americans may protract it for some time. 
 * * The State of Pennsylvania is in great confusion. 
 
 The Quakers are poisoning every body, — foolish people ! The 
 Congress and I do not agree in politics : they are introducing a 
 great many foreigners. I think it dangerous to trust so large a 
 part of the American army to the command of strangers. British 
 gold is of a poisonous quality, and the human heart treacherous to 
 the last degree. There are no less than four general officers of the 
 
 nation now in the American service. There is a French 
 
 gentleman sent over by Mr. Deane to have the command of all 
 the artillery in America. If his appointment is confirmed, it will 
 rob us of one of the best, or, at least, as good an officer as we have 
 in the service — General Knox. I tremble for the consequences, 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 467 
 
 as I fear it will ruin the whole corps ; and it is now upon a very 
 respectable footing, and increasing in perfection daily. Wisdom 
 and prudence sometimes forsake the wisest bodies. I am ex- 
 ceedingly distressed at tha state of things in the gi-eat National 
 Council.' 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 97. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MiDDLEBROOK, 5 JuUC, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I this morning had the honor of your letter of the 5th, 
 with its enclosures. The Resolution of the 30th of May, respect- 
 ing the French gentlemen who came passengers in the Amphi- 
 trite, reached camp before your letter, and has excited much un- 
 easiness in the artillery corps. The enclosed copy of a letter from 
 General Knox will convey their anxiety upon the subject; which 
 1 ihink it necessary to transmit, as well from duty, as on account 
 of his request. The difficulties upon this occasion arise from the 
 peculiar circumstances of most of the officers composing the ar- 
 tillery regiments at this time. I do not know, for my own part, 
 what operation Congress precisely meant the Resolution should 
 have ; but if the commissions which these gentlemen are to re- 
 ceive should give them rank from the dates of those they had from 
 the King of France, or from their compact with Mr. Deane, there 
 are but few officers now in the artillery who will not be super- 
 seded in their command, unless some method is adopted to pre- 
 vent it. This, I am persuaded. Congress had not in contemplation, 
 because it is opposed to policy and to justice ; and I am led to 
 believe the Resolution was come into for want of due information 
 how matters were circumstanced in this instance. 
 
 ' The officers now in the artillery I am obliged to consider of great 
 merit. Experience has proved them to be most warmly attached 
 to the rights of their country; and their conduct in the line of their 
 profession has been such as does the highest honor to themselves, 
 and the gentleman who immediately commands them. Without 
 derogating in the least from the character of the French officers 
 who are to be commissioned, and whom I wish to receive every 
 countenance they merit, there is strong reason to doubt, laying 
 aside every consideration of policy, whether they have seen as much 
 real service as our own in the course of two campaigns. It would 
 be hard, not to say unjust, that the latter should lose their com- 
 mand, when they have a claim to every mark of favor, and after 
 lliey have taken great pains to form their companies. The service 
 requires that they should not; and I am convinced the event would 
 be attended with the most fatal consequences. 
 
 ' But what is to be done ? This is a case of difficulty, view it 
 as you will. I am not for rejecting the French gentlemen; far 
 otherwise. I am for employing them ; and public faith, and the 
 60 
 
468 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 encouragements given to bring them over, demand that it should 
 be done. After much thought and consideration upon the subject, 
 two modes occur to me, as the only possible ones by which it can 
 be effected, and by which the inconveniences I have mentioned 
 can be remedied. One is, that a new corps of artillery should be 
 formed, and these gentlemen attached to it. This, we have reason 
 to fear, cannot be done, from the difficulties we have experienced 
 in raising men, and from their having no interest or connections 
 with the people. Their situation in such case, if they are men of 
 sentiment and active dispositions, would be irksome and dis- 
 tressing. The other is, that our present officers now under consid- 
 eration should have their commissions antedated, to give them 
 precedency of rank ; and this may be done with the greater pro- 
 priety, as most of them were intended to hold the posts they now 
 sustain, before the French gentlemen had any claim upon us. It 
 is true they were not commissioned, because the old corps existed 
 under the first arrangement. Further, it is said, and there is no 
 doubt of the fact, that these gentlemen were promoted by brevet, 
 just before their departure from France, merely to give them rank 
 here ; antecedent to which, our officers were superior to them in 
 this point ; and these brevets only confer local rank confined to the 
 French- American colonies. This latter mode appears the most 
 eligible. If it is adopted, they will be distributed through the corps, 
 as assistant officers. Their want of a knowledge in our language 
 incapacitates them for command in the first instance ; and not only 
 so, but to place them at the head of companies, over officers that 
 have been at great trouble, pains, and expense, in raising the men, 
 would be both unmilitary and unjust. 
 
 ' I shall now quit the subject ; wishing that whatever will best 
 conciliate matters, and advance the public good, may be done ; 
 suggesting at the same time with all deference, that, as it is much 
 easier to prevent evils, than to remedy them after they have hap- 
 pened, it will be well, in all cases of foreign and indeed other 
 applications, that the consequences, which granting them will in- 
 volve, should be maturely weighed and taken in every point of 
 view. In the present case of difficulty, things, I am persuaded, 
 might have been adjusted with the greatest facility, had the Com- 
 mittee of Foreign Applications been fully possessed of all the 
 circumstances respecting the artillery regiments. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Load. ed. vol. ii. p. 89. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 450. 
 
 Below is the Resolution mentioned in this letter as having excited much perplex- 
 ing doubt and anxiety among the American officers. 
 
 In Congress, May 30. ^Resolved, That blank commissions be 
 sent to General Washington, for the French officers lately arrived 
 jn the Amphitrite, to be filled up agreeable to a list to be forwarded 
 
INFLUENCES EELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 469 
 
 to him by the Committee ; the rank of each class of the said 
 officers to be settled by the date of their commissions from the 
 King of France.' 
 
 The preceding letter of the 5th was read in Congress, and referred to the Board of 
 War, on the 6th. The following was the explanation given by Congress in reply. 
 
 June 10. ^Resolved, That General Washington be informed, 
 that that clause of the Resolution of the 30th May last, " the rank of 
 each class of the said officers to be settled by the date of their com- 
 missions from the King of France," intended only their relative 
 rank among one another ; but that their commissions in the 
 American army be dated by General Washington on the day 
 when they shall be filled.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MiDDLEBRooK, 13 June, 1777. 
 
 ' It being evident, so far as we can reason from circumstances 
 and appearances, that General Howe designs Philadelphia to be 
 the first object of his pursuits, or the defeat of this army, and, for 
 one or both of these purposes, is collecting nearly his whole force 
 at Brunswick, — a board of general officers determined yesterday 
 evening, after mature deliberation, that all the Continental troops 
 at Peekskill and its dependences, except one thousand effectives, 
 should be immediately marched to reinforce this army. That 
 number, with the convalescents and such aids of militia as are now 
 and may be assembled in case of emergency, was deemed compe- 
 tent to the defence of those posts, against any attempt that may be 
 made to possess them in the present situation of things. 
 
 ' I have enclosed a general return, showing our whole strength 
 in Jersey at this time, from which it will appear our circumstances 
 in this respect are by no means so desirable as could be wished. I 
 esteem it my duty to transmit information of this sort from time to 
 time to Congress, and am encouraged the more to do it, from a 
 conviction that they, sensible of the necessity of the most profound 
 secrecy, will not suffer the least intimation of our numbers to 
 transpire.' 
 
 June lAth, 10 o'clock^ A. M. — ' Sir, — Your letter o( yesterday, 
 with its enclosures, I received last night. # # The 
 
 enemy are in motion, and a body is advancing from Millstone to- 
 wards Vanbieter's Bridge. Another division is on the road lead- 
 ing towards Coryell's Ferry. We are packing up, and making 
 every preparation to act as circumstances shall seem to require. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. pp. 96, 99. 
 
470 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Same to the Presibent of Congress. 
 
 MiDDLEBROoK, 20 June, 1777. 
 
 * Sir, — When I had the honor of addressing you last, I in- 
 formed you that the main body of the enemy had marched from 
 Brunswick, and extended their van as far as Somerset Court- 
 House. I am now to acquaint you, that, after encamping between 
 these two posts and beginning a line of redoubts, they changed 
 their ground yesterday morning and in the course of the preceding 
 night, and returned to Brunswick again ; burning, as they went, 
 several valuable dwelling-houses. * # This sudden 
 
 and precipitate change in their operations has afforded matter for 
 much speculation. We suppose their original design was to at- 
 tempt an impression on our right, or to manoeuvre us out of our 
 ground ; or to advance towards the Delaware. Whether these 
 conjectures were well founded cannot be ascertained ; but it is 
 probable, if they had an impression in view, they found it could 
 not be attempted without great loss (as to bringing on an attack, 
 they effectually secured themselves against one by the post they 
 took) ; or, if passing the Delaware was their object, that, from the 
 temper of the people, the prosecution of it, if not impracticable, 
 would meet with much greater opposition than they expected. For 
 I must observe, and with peculiar satisfaction I do it, that, on the 
 first notice of the enemy's movements, the militia assembled in the 
 most spirited manner, firmly determined to give them every annoy- 
 ance in their power, and to afford us every possible aid. This I 
 thought it my duty to mention in justice to their conduct; and i 
 am inclined to believe, that General Howe's return, thus suddenly 
 made, must have been in consequence of the information he received 
 that the people were flying to arms in every quarter to oppose him. 
 I shall not reason upon this event; but I cannot but consider it as 
 a most fortunate and happy one to us, and the most distressing 
 Mr. Howe has yet experienced ; unless he has schemes in contem- 
 plation beyond the reach of my conjecture, 
 
 ' I should have written to Congress more frequently respecting 
 the enemy after they came from Brunswick, had I not been almost 
 constantly on horseback, and had their designs been clear. But, as 
 they were not, I did not wish to puzzle them with conjectures ; 
 more especially as I wrote to General Arnold (with whom I was 
 obliged to correspond, that he might cooperate with me as circum- 
 stances should require), to transmit to them copies of my letters. 
 * # I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Jane 2\sL 'Sir, — I was last night honored with yours of 
 yesterday morning, with its enclosures, the contents of which I 
 shall duly attend to. 
 [_^* Having written fully yesterday, and nothing new occurring 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 471 
 
 since, I have only to request that you will forward the papers re- 
 specting the Commissary's department, as soon as possible. For 
 want of some certain and fixed line of duty in this instance, the 
 Commissary says it is impossible to conduct matters with any 
 propriety. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. pp. 99, 101. "Wash. Writ. 
 
 In this letter appears the first allusion to a then recent measure which claims atten- 
 tion, not less in regard to its cause and its effects, than to the particular circumstances 
 of its adoption. Duly to understand the important facts connected with it, there seems 
 occasion to reexamine a few of the preceding pages. 
 
 Of those, the 95th shows the recommendation of Mr. Trumbull for the office of 
 Commissary- General ; and the 97th, the consequent Resolution of his appointment. 
 The 214th explains the nature of the difficulties added to his department, immediately 
 or soon after the armyfrom Cambridge and Boston arrived at New York; and, accord- 
 ing to the 256th, the same 214th, the 235th and 252d— the last two adverting to the 
 circumstances of the time they were written — as clearly explain, along with the 
 qualifications of Mr. Trumbull, and the nature of those difficulties, the measure and 
 the means requisite to remove them. Those pages, especially the 252d, strongly in- 
 dicate, moreover, no small apprehension of a design so to modify that department, as 
 to increase, rather than remove, the already existing embarrassments. Such appre- 
 hension, however, was at least for the time relieved in the exigency of July, '76, by the 
 passage of the last Resolve, p. 270; and the succeeding events in the campaign of that, 
 year, it would seem, afTordedlittleopportunity, if there was inclination, to attempt any 
 change tending to renew it. 
 
 But nearly as soon as appearances of danger had so far subsided in the views of 
 Congress, that they deemed it prudent to return from Baltimore to Philadelphia, — 
 little more than two days from the first-recorded Proceedings resumed at the latter 
 city, — on the 14th of March (those Proceedings having been commenced on the 12th), 
 a committee was appointed, upon motion, 'to inquire into the conduct of the Com- 
 missaries.' On the 14th of April, that committee brought in their Report; whereupon 
 were passed the Resolves, 'That Commissaries be commissioned by Congress, in 
 different districts ; ' ' That the committee be directed to prepare and bring in a draught 
 of regulations, in which their duty shall be clearly ascertained.' 
 
 By closely and deliberately examining the consequent Resolves below, together 
 with all that may be found relating to the subject in the letters referred to through 
 the above-mentioned pages, an opinion may be formed in respect as well to the oc- 
 casion, kind, and degree of the resulting change itself, as to the perseverance, direc- 
 tion, and power of the influence which produced it. 
 
 In Congress, June 10, 1777. ^Resolved, That, for supplying 
 the army of the United States with provisions, one Commissary- 
 General, and four Deputy Commissaries-General of Purchases, — 
 and one Commissary-General, and three Deputy Commissaries- 
 General of Issues, — be appointed by Congress. 
 
 ' That the Deputy Commissaries-General have authority to ap- 
 point as many Assistant Commissaries to act under them as may 
 from time to time be necessary, and the same to displace at 
 pleasure, making returns thereof to the Commissaries- General re- 
 spectively ; who shall have power to limit their numbers, to dis- 
 place such as they shall think disqualified for the trust, and direct 
 their respective Deputy Commissaries-General to appoint others 
 in their stead. 
 
 ' That the present Commissary-General, by himself or his depu- 
 ties, deliver unto the Commissary-General of Issues, or his depu- 
 ties or assistants, all and every kind of provisions and other public 
 
472 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Stores in the Commissary-General's department, that now are, or 
 at the time when such delivery shall be made, may be, in any of 
 the posts, places, magazines, and store-houses belonging to the 
 United States, taking duplicate receipts for the same.' 
 
 After the foregoing letter of the 21st had doubtless been read in Congress, they 
 passed the following. 
 
 June 23. '■Resolved^ That Joseph Trumbull, Esq., and the sev- 
 eral persons by him lately employed in the Commissary's Depart- 
 ment, be directed to supply the army with provisions, in the mode 
 which they have heretofore practised, until the Commissaries- 
 General, on the new establishment, shall be prepared to enter upon 
 the business.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 MiDDLEBRooK, 11 o'clock, P. M., 22 Juue, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have the honor and pleasure to inform you, that the 
 enemy evacuated Brunswick this morning, and retired to Amboy ; 
 burning many houses as they went along. * » From 
 
 several pieces of information, and from a variety of circumstances, 
 it was evident that a movement was in agitation; and it was the 
 general opinion that it was intended this morning. I therefore 
 detached three brigades under the command of Major-General 
 Greene, to fall upon their rear; and kept the main body of the 
 army paraded upon the heights, to support them if there should be 
 occasion. A party of Colonel Morgan's regiment of light-infantry 
 attacked and drove the Hessian picket about sunrise ; and, upon 
 the appearance of General Wayne's brigade and Morgan's regi- 
 ment (who got first to the ground) opposite Brunswick, the 
 enemy immediately crossed the bridge to the east side of the river, 
 and threw themselves into redoubts which they had before con- 
 structed. Our troops advanced briskly upon them ; upon which 
 they quitted the redoubts, without making any opposition, and re- 
 tired by the Amboy road. 
 
 ' In the pursuit. Colonel Morgan's riflemen exchanged several 
 sharp fires with the enemy, which, it is imagined, did considerable 
 execution. * # General Greene desires me to make 
 
 mention of the conduct and bravery of General Wayne and 
 Colonel Morgan, and of their officers and men, upon this occa- 
 sion ; as they constantly advanced upon an enemy far superior to 
 them in numbers, and well secured behind strong redoubts. Gen- 
 eral Sullivan advanced from Rocky Hill to Brunswick, with his 
 division ; but, as he did not receive his order of march till very late 
 at night, he did not arrive till the enemy had been gone some 
 time. * * I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lend. ed. vol. ii. p. 102. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 470. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 473 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp at Middlebrook, 28 June, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — On Thursday morning General Howe advanced with his 
 whole army in several columns from Amboy, as far as Westfield. 
 * * His design in this sudden movement was, either to 
 
 bring on a general engagement upon disadvantageous terms, con- 
 sidering matters in any point of view, or to cut of!" our light parlies, 
 and Lord Stirling's division who was sent down to support them ; 
 or to possess himself of the heights and passes in the mountains 
 on our left. The two last seemed to be the first objects of his 
 attention ; as his march was rapid against these parties, and indi- 
 cated a strong disposition to gain those passes. 
 
 ' In this situation of affairs, it was thought absolutely necessary 
 that we should move our force from the low grounds, to occupy 
 the heights before them ; which was effected. # * As 
 
 soon as we had gained the passes, I detached a body of light 
 troops, under Brigadier-General Scott, to hang on their flank, and 
 to watch their motions ; and have ordered Morgan's corps of rifle- 
 men to join him since. The enemy remained at Westfield till 
 yesterday afternoon ; when, about three o'clock, they moved to- 
 wards Spanktown, with our light troops in their rear and pursuing. 
 The enemy have plundered all before them ; and, it is said, burned 
 some houses. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 105. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 474. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Middlebrook, 1 July, 1777. 
 •Sir, — Yesterday afternoon the enemy totally evacuated Am- 
 boy, and encamped opposite to it on Staten Island. General Scott 
 entered directly after ; and, posting guards to secure any stores 
 they might have left, he withdrew his brigade, and halted about 
 four miles from thence. This it was expedient to do ; it being 
 night when he entered, and his remaining there might have in- 
 duced the enemy, whose boats were ready, to throw over a supe- 
 rior force in his rear.' 
 
 July 2d. 'Sir, — The enclosed copies of General St. Clair's 
 letters, transmitted yesterday afternoon and last night by General 
 Schuyler, I have thought it my duty to send you. The intelli- 
 gence they contain is important and interesting; nor are there 
 circumstances wanting, besides these, to induce a belief, or at least 
 to raise a strong presumption, that the enemy have in contempla- 
 tion a junction of their two armies by way of the Lakes and the 
 North River. * « But as the appearance of the enemy 
 
 on the Lake may be a feint, calculated to amuse and distract 
 (though it may seem like a real attack), to draw this army to 
 
474 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Peekskill and more to the Northward, that General Howe may 
 with more facility turn his arms against Philadelphia, — it has been 
 determined unadvisable for us to move till we have further proofs 
 of his intentions, and that our conduct must be governed by his. 
 
 ' Our situation is truly delicate and embarrassing. Should we 
 march to Peekskill, leaving General Howe on Staten Island, there 
 will be nothing to prevent him passing to South Amboy, and 
 pushing from thence to Philadelphia ; or, in short, by any other 
 route ; though the marching such of his troops from the point op- 
 posite Amboy as w^ere encamped there, and the sailing of the ships 
 from Princess Bay yesterday morning, are circumstances indi- 
 cating that an embarkation has or will take place. On the other 
 hand, if the North River and the possession of the Highlands are 
 his objects, our remaining here till his views are certainly known 
 may subject us to a risk that we wish to avoid. 
 
 ' Thus, let us examine the matter as we will, difficulties stare 
 us in the face. We shall attempt to consult and do the best we 
 can. * * As the enemy will adopt every stratagem 
 
 and device to deceive and distract us, — notwithstanding the 
 present appearance in favor of their making an expedition up the 
 North River, — I doubt not but you will have the most vigilant 
 look-outs kept along Delaware Bay, and propeV expresses and 
 signals for communicating the earliest intelligence. I think it 
 would be highly expedient, that some sensible, judicious men 
 should be employed in that business at this time, who would view 
 things as they ought to be, and from whose accounts certain infer- 
 ences and conclusions may be drawn, so as to form a proper line 
 for our conduct. The most fatal consequences may flow from 
 false information at this period. Things should be examined with 
 all possible certainty. I shall not be surprised to hear of several 
 ships appearing in or off Delaware, though General Howe's des- 
 tination should be elsewhere. Their fleet gives them the most signal 
 advantages, and an opportunity of practising a thousand feints. 
 
 ' I must earnestly request that you will send Mr. Stewart, the 
 Issuing Commissary-General, to camp immediately. There is 
 reason to apprehend the army will be in great distress and confu- 
 sion for want of Issuing-Commissaries in three or four days. 
 Those with Mr. Trumbull declare ihey will leave him, without 
 they are put on a different footing from what they now are. I 
 need not mention the consequences that will result from such an 
 event, if there are not others here to supply their places.* 
 
 ' There is one thing more I would add, which is, that there are 
 not more than forty thousand dollars in the military chest, and two 
 months' pay due to all the army ; except two or three regiments 
 
 * Under the new establishment were appointed, June 18, Joseph Trumbull Com- 
 missary-General of Purchases, and Charles Stewart Commissary-General of Issues ; 
 also the four deputies in the former department, and the three in the latter. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 475 
 
 which have just obtained warrants. # * I must en- 
 
 treat, that you will forward a supply directly to the Paymaster. 
 Should we be obliged to move before the troops are paid, much 
 uneasiness and murmuring will be the certain attendants, and, I 
 fear, something worse. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. pp. 108, 109. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to Governor Trumbull. 
 
 Camp, at Middlebrook, 2 July, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I had last night the honor of your letter of the 27th of 
 June. * * I am sorry it is not in my power to comply 
 
 with your request for arms. Notwithstanding the many arrivals, 
 there is scarcely a sufficiency to supply the demands for the 
 Continental troops. What has become of them I am unable to* 
 conceive. Every State complains of a deficiency, and great part 
 of their several quotas come into the field very indifferently fur- 
 nished ; and yet the public magazines are nearly exhausted. The 
 importations, from time to time, far exceed the number of Conti- 
 nental troops raised to make use of them. These have not, and 
 could not have been, all put into their hands ; and yet there are 
 very few of them now to be found undisposed of. If they are not, 
 many of them, in possession of the militia, it is impossible to 
 imagine where they are ; as a very inconsiderable part of them 
 have fallen into the hands of the enemy. The fluctuating state of 
 the army, and the irregular manner in which the militia usually 
 loft the camp, rendered it impracticable to withdraw the arms en- 
 trusted to them at their coming out, and gave them a fair oppor- 
 tunity of appropriating them to themselves ; which, every reason 
 obliges me to believe, they did not fail to improve. It appears to 
 me highly probable, that, upon a careful scrutiny, many individuals 
 will be found in possession of more than their own use requires, 
 and the surplus will fully answer the purpose you have in view. 
 
 ' Since my last, the enemy, disappointed in their attempt upon 
 our right, have made an experiment upon our left ; and, frustrated 
 in that also, have now abandoned the Jerseys, and encamped upon 
 Staten Island. There is a great stir among their shipping ; and, 
 in all probability, their next movement will be by water, though it 
 is impossible to decide, with certainty, to what place. But I last 
 night received intelligence from General Schuyler, that General 
 Burgoyne is beginning to operate against Ticonderoga and its 
 dependencies. If it is not merely a diversion, but a serious attack, 
 of which it bears strongly the appearance, * * the 
 
 next step of General Howe's army will be towards Peekskill, and 
 very suddenly, if possible, to get possession of the passes in the 
 Highlands, before this army can have time to form a junction with 
 the troops already there. To guard against contingencies, I have 
 ordered General Parsons's and General Varnum's brigades to 
 61 
 
476 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 march off with all despatch towards Peekskill ; and, when they have 
 arrived at or near that post, a reinforcement of four of the strongest 
 Massachusetts regiments will proceed thence immediately to Albany, 
 on their way to Ticonderoga. I have also urged General Clinton, 
 without loss of time, to call out a respectable body of the New York 
 militia, to join General Putnam. I have the fullest confidence, that 
 you will do every thing you can to second my endeavors, by for- 
 warding as fast as possible the remaining troops of your State, or 
 whatever else may be in your power. Our greatest exertions will 
 be requisite to counteract the enemy in their first attempts, on 
 which their success chiefly depends. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, with great respect. Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 476. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head- Quarters, Morristown, 7 July, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I was this morning honored with yours of the 5th, with 
 sundry Resolves of Congress to which I shall pay due attention. 
 
 ' No change has taken place in the situation of the enemy 
 upon Staten Island since I wrote to you on the 5th ; but I have 
 this morning received an account from Elizabelhtown, which men- 
 tions that a person had just come from the island, who informs that 
 small craft are constantly plying between New York and the 
 fleet, laden with officers' baggage and stores put up in pack- 
 ages, and marked with their names and regiments ; and that 
 transports are fitted up with stalls over their main decks for the re- 
 ception of horses. This looks as if a longer voyage was intended 
 than up the North River. 
 
 ' I have given notice to all the Eastern States to be upon their 
 guard, should the fleet put to sea, and steer that way ; and I think 
 the works upon and obstructions in the Delaware should be carried 
 on with spirit, and completed as far as possible, lest they should 
 visit that quarter. I think the Southern States should also be ad- 
 vised of the uncertainty of the next operation of the enemy, that 
 they may also be making such preparations as they may judge 
 necessary.' 
 
 July 9th. ' Sir, — The enclosed copy of a letter from the Com- 
 missary-General of Provisions, and the information you will re- 
 ceive from Major Hoops, will convince Congress of the distress 
 and confusion prevailing in that department. Without some- 
 thing is done in aid of Mr. Trumbull immediately, this army 
 must be disbanded: if the present difficulties continue, it is 
 impossible it can exist, t entreat Congress to take the matter 
 under their most early consideration, and to make such provision 
 as the exigency and importance of the case demand. I know not 
 but we shall be obliged to move in the course of a few hours ; 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 477 
 
 when, from the situation of things in this line, we shall have more 
 to dread, than from the enemy. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. pp. Ill, 112. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 PoMPTON Plains, 12 July, 1777. 
 
 * Sir, — When I had the honor of addressing you last, I hoped 
 the intelligence received respecting our affairs in the Northern De- 
 partment was not true, or at least that they were not so unfavora- 
 ble as they were represented. But the enclosed copy of a letter 
 from General Schuyler, which came to hand yesterday evening, 
 confirms it, most unhappily for us, in its fullest latitude. This 
 event, the evacuation of our posts on the Lake, — among the most 
 unfortunate that could have befallen us, — is rendered more in- 
 teresting by the manner in which it took place. I have no fur- 
 ther information upon the subject than what the copy contains, 
 and shall be happy to hear by my next advices, that the main body 
 of the army, of whose situation General Schuyler knew nothing 
 with certainty, have not become prisoners. * # 
 
 ' I should be extremely happy if our situation would allow me 
 to afford him a large reinforcement of men ; but I cannot with 
 any degree of propriety, in the opinion of my general officers, send 
 more to his aid at this time than a number of recruits on the 
 march from Massachusetts, belonging to some of the regiments 
 under his command, who amount to six hundred at least, and are 
 now, I expect, pretty well advanced towards Peekskill. With this 
 augmentation to what he already has, — supposing General St. 
 Clair and his force to have come in, and any number of militia to 
 have turned out, — he will have an army, equal, if not superior, to 
 General Burgoyne's, according to the only accounts we have ob- 
 tained. * * In my last I took the liberty of suggesting the 
 propriety of sending an active officer to animate the militia that may 
 assemble for checking General Burgoyne's progress, and men- 
 tioned General Arnold for that purpose. Being more and more 
 convinced of the important advantages that will result from his 
 presence and conduct, I have thought it my duty to repeat my 
 wishes on the subject, and that he may, without a moment's loss 
 of time, set out from Philadelphia for that purpose. # « 
 
 ' Your letter of the 8th was duly received ; and, agreeably to 
 your request, I communicated to Generals Greene and Knox the 
 Resolution of Congress respecting them and General Sullivan, the 
 last of whom I have not seen since it came to hand.' 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. U."). Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 488. 
 
 The three letters mentioned in the Resolution here referred to being substantially 
 alike, one of them is deemed sufficient, and that one is inserted before the Resolution 
 it f. 
 
478 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Greene to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, at Middlebrook, 1 July, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — A report is circulating here at camp, that Monsieur Du- 
 coudray, a French gentleman, is appointed a Major-General in the 
 service of the United States ; his rank to commence from the 1st 
 of last August. If the report be true, it will lay me under the ne- 
 cessity of resigning my commission, as his appointment supersedes 
 me in command. I beg you will acquaint me with respect to the 
 truth of the report, and, if true, enclose me a permit Jo retire. I 
 am, with great respect, your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 'N. Greene.' 
 
 It appears that the letter of General Sullivan was read in Congress on the 3d, and 
 those of Generals Greene and Knox on the 5th ; and that on this day they were some 
 time under debate. On the 7th, Congress passed the Resolution : 
 
 ' That the President transmit to General Washington, copies of 
 the letters from Generals Sullivan, Greene, and Knox to Congress, 
 with directions to him to let those officers know, that Congress 
 consider the said letters as an attempt to influence their decisions, 
 an invasion of the liberties of the people, and indicating a want of 
 confidence in the justice of Congress ; that it is expected by Con- 
 gress, the said officers will make proper acknowledgments for an 
 interference of so dangerous a tendency; but, if any of those 
 officers are unwilling to serve their country under the authority 
 of Congress, they shall be at liberty to resign their commissions, 
 and retire.' 
 
 To the facts already disclosed respecting the case of Monsieur Ducoudray, may be 
 added others from the Journal of Congress, which at the same time afford some light 
 as to the grounds of that report at camp. 
 
 June 16. ' A memorial from Monsieur Ducoudray was read : 
 
 ' Orficrci, That it be referred to the Committee of Foreign Applications, who are 
 directed to confer with Monsieur Ducoudray. 
 
 June 25. ' The Committee on Foreign Applications brought in their Report ; 
 
 ^Ordered, That the same be taken into consideration to-morrow. 
 
 June 28. '■Resolved, That Tuesday next be assigned for taking into consideration the 
 Report of the Committee on Foreign Applications, respecting Monsieur Ducoudray. 
 
 July 2. ' Congress took into consideration the Report on Monsieur Ducoudray's 
 affairs ; whereupon, 
 
 ' The Committee on Foreign Applications laid before Congress the following pa- 
 pers,' — papers showing his agreement with Mr. Deane ; — whereupon, the subject of 
 Mr. Ducoudray's affairs was referred to a committee of the whole Congress. After 
 being some time under consideration on that day, it was postponed ; but resumed, and 
 ' some time ' under consideration, on each of the successive days, 10th, 11th, and 12th ; 
 and again on the 15th, on which day it was decided as follows : 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to confer with Monsieur Ducou- 
 dray ; that they inform him. Congress cannot comply with the agreement he has en- 
 tered into with Mr. Deane ; but that, sensible of the services he has rendered these 
 States, and having a favorable opinion of his merit and abilities, they will cheerfully 
 give him such rank and appointments as shall not be inconsistent with the honor and 
 safety of these States, or interfere with the great duties they owe to their con- 
 stituents.' 
 
 Congress employed him in planning works for the defence of Philadelphia, and 
 granted considerable sums of money ' for the support of himself and the gentlemen 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 479 
 
 who came with him from France ;' and also, on the 11th of August, appointed him 
 ' inspector-general of ordnance and military manufactories,' with the rank of Major- 
 General. But all embarrassment from him personally, ended shortly after this ap- 
 pointment ; for, about the middle of September, by accident or design, the unfortunate 
 man was drowned in the river Schuylkill. 
 
 General Washington to General Schuyler. 
 
 Clove, 15 July, 1777. 
 •Dear Sir, — I last night received your favor of the 10th in- 
 stant. Joined to the unfortunate reverse that has taken place in our 
 affairs, I am happy to hear that General St. Clair and his army 
 are not in the hands of the enemy. I really feared they had be- 
 come prisoners. The evacuation of Ticonderoga and Mount In- 
 dependence is an event of chagrin and surprise, not apprehended 
 nor within the compass of my reasoning. * * This 
 
 stroke is severe indeed, and has distressed us much. But notwith- 
 standing things at present have a dark and gloomy aspect, I hope 
 a spirited opposition will check the progress of General Burgoyne's 
 array, and that the confidence derived from his success will hurry 
 him into measures that will in their consequences be favorable to 
 us. We should never despair. Our situation has before been 
 unpromising, and has changed for the better ; so, I trust, it will 
 again. If new difficulties arise, we must only put forth new exer- 
 tions, and proportion our efforts to the exigency of the times. As 
 the operations of this army are uncertain, depending much upon 
 General Howe's, which still remain to be known, I think it will be 
 expedient that you should send down to New Windsor and Fish- 
 kill all the vessels and craft you may not have occasion for at Al- 
 bany, to be in readiness for transporting a part of our force up the 
 river, in case the situation of affairs should require it, and circum- 
 stances will admit. I should suppose his movement will be up 
 the river, to cooperate with Burgoyne, and with a view, if possible, 
 of concentrating their forces. This idea prompted me to advise 
 what I have respecting the vessels, and more particularly, as car- 
 rying our troops by water will not only facilitate their arrival, but 
 fit them for more immediate service, than marching by land in cases 
 of emergency. * * I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 493. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 Vanauler's, eight miles from Pompton Plains, ) 
 
 14 July, 1777. j 
 'Sir, — I arrived here this afternoon with the army, after a very 
 fatiguing march, owing to the roads, which have become extremely 
 deep and miry from the late rains. * * 
 
 ' By the express who will deliver this, I just now received a 
 letter from General Schuyler, advising, for the first time, that Gen- 
 eral St. Clair is not in the hands of the enemy. As the express 
 
480 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 has a large packet for Congress from General Schuyler, I presume 
 they will be informed of all the intelligence he was possessed of 
 respecting our affairs in his Department, and therefore shall not 
 trouble them with a copy of his letter to myself upon the subject.' 
 
 Camp, near the Clove, July IQth. 'Sir, — I was yesterday 
 evening honored with yours of the 14th. I have heard nothing from 
 the Northward since my last. I this day received advice from 
 Staten Island, that, on Sunday, seventy sail of the enemy's ships 
 fell down from the watering-place to the Hook ; but whether they 
 have since gone out to sea, I have not heard. Till I have more cer- 
 tain information of the state of our affairs to the Northward, and of 
 General Howe's real intentions, I have concluded to halt the army 
 at this place, from whence I can either march forward or return, as 
 circumstances may require. # * 
 
 ' I have no doubt but the militia from the western parts of New 
 England will turn out to General Schuyler's assistance, as I hope 
 those of this State and Jersey will to mine, should they be wanted. 
 
 ' I shall be very happy if the Committee of Congress can arrange 
 the Commissary's department in such a manner a's will satisfy the 
 officers concerned in the business, and at the same time serve to 
 supply the army with more regularity than has been done for some 
 time past. I can assure you, the complaints have been many of 
 late, and not without foundation. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. pp. 117, 118. Wash. Writ. 
 
 The appointment of that Committee, prompted by the two letters of July 9th (one 
 of them given, p. 476), and other consequences which speedily followed the change 
 in that department, appear in the Proceedings below. 
 
 In Congress, July 11. ' A letter of the 9th, from General Wash- 
 ington, at Morristown ; one, of the same date, from Joseph Trum- 
 bull ; * # were read : 
 
 ^Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to proceed 
 immediately to the army under the command of General Wash- 
 ington ; that they be authorized and directed to make a diligent 
 inquiry into the state of the army, particularly into the causes of 
 the complaints in the Commissary's department, and to make such 
 provision as the exigency and importance of the case demand ; 
 that they report the whole of their proceedings for the consideration 
 of Congress, with as much despatch as possible. 
 
 August 2. ' A letter, of this day, from Joseph Trumbull, at 
 Philadelphia, was read, desiring that he may have leave to resign 
 his commission of Commissary- General, and informing Congress, 
 that he cannot consider himself as obliged to hold the office he now 
 acts in, longer than the 20th day of this month. 
 
 August 4. ' A motion was made, " that a committee be ap- 
 pointed to revise the regulations of the Commissary's department, 
 so far as respects the appointment of officers ; that they confer with 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 481 
 
 General Washington on the subject, and report such alterations as 
 they may judge necessary," 
 
 ' Passed in the negative. 
 
 Angnst 6. ' On motion, it was resolved as follows : 
 
 ' Whereas Joseph Trumbull, Esq., having resigned his commis- 
 sion of Commissary- General of purchases under the new regula- 
 tions, has signified his intentions of discontinuing his service un- 
 der the former establishment on the 20th day of the present month ; 
 and whereas the Commissaries-General of purchases and issues, 
 who are to succeed him in office, may not be prepared with their 
 respective assistants to proceed in the business at the time afore- 
 said, and a failure of supplies may be attended with the most 
 dangerous consequences : 
 
 ^Resolved, That Mr. Trumbull, with the officers under him, 
 be desired to continue in the business of supplying the army under 
 the former establishment, until the Commissaries-General of pur- 
 chases and issues shall signify their readiness to proceed therein, 
 under the new regulations, which they are required to do as speed- 
 ily as possible : 
 
 ' It was then moved, " That General Washington be authorized, 
 during the present campaign, to remove such officers and make 
 such appointments in the Commissary's department, as he shall 
 judge necessary, reporting their names to Congress ; and, if, in 
 carrying into execution the Resolutions aforesaid, any alterations 
 shall appear to him essential to the service, he is further authorized 
 to propose the same to Congress." 
 
 ' Passed in the negative.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 Camp, near the Clove, 16 July, 1777. (Second letter.) 
 
 * Sir, — I beg leave to congratulate Congress on the captivity of 
 Major-General Prescott and one of his Aids. The particulars of 
 this fortunate event you will find in the enclosed extract of a letter 
 this minute received from General Spencer; which, I presume, are 
 at large in the packet Mr. Greenleaf will deliver. Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Barton, who conducted the enterprise, and the small 
 handful under his command, have great merit. I shall imme- 
 diately propose to General Howe his exchange for that of Major- 
 General Lee ; which, if acceded to, will not only do away one 
 gi-ound of controversy between General Howe and myself, but 
 will release Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell and the Hessian field- 
 officers, and procure the enlargement of an equal number of ours 
 in his hands.' * 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 1 19. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 495. 
 
 * Colonel Barton, of the Rhode Island militia, captured General Prescott within a 
 few miles of Newport. By a Resolve of Congress, Aug. 7, General Prescott was sub- 
 stituted for Colonel Campbell and the Hessian officers ; and the exchanges apparently 
 anticipated, were ultimately eflFected. 
 
482 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Same to General Schuyler. 
 Head- Quarters, at the Clove, 18 July, 1777. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — As I have not had the pleasure of hearing from 
 you since the 10th instant, I am induced to hope that the enemy 
 have not pursued their success with the rapidity that was to be 
 apprehended, and that General St. Clair will have formed a junc- 
 tion with you before they advance upon you. Immediately upon 
 the receipt of your first letter, concerning the distress you would 
 labor under for want of the assistance of an active officer, well 
 acquainted with the country, I wrote to Congress, and desired them 
 to send up General Arnold, provided the matter before them re- 
 specting his rank was settled in such a manner, as determined him 
 to continue in service. Upon my requisition, General Arnold, 
 waiving for the present all dispute about rank, left Philadelphia, 
 and arrived here last evening, and this day proceeds on his journey 
 to join you. * * I need not enlarge upon the well-known 
 
 activity, conduct, and bravery of General Arnold. * * 
 
 * I will not condemn, or even pass a censure upon, any officer 
 unheard ; but I think it a duty, which General St. Clair owes to 
 his own character, to insist upon an opportunity of giving the 
 reasons for his sudden evacuation of a post, which, but a few days 
 before, he by his own letters thought tenable at least for a while. 
 People at a distance are apt to form wrong conjectures; and, if 
 General St. Clair has good reasons for the step he has taken, I 
 think the sooner he justifies himself the better. * # 
 
 ' When I had proceeded thus far, yours of the 14th came to 
 hand, enclosing a copy of the council of war, held at Ticonderoga 
 before the evacuation. I shall, as you desire, transmit a copy of it 
 to Congress. * * I can give no particular directions 
 
 for your conduct ; but I trust that every proper step will be taken to 
 make a vigorous defence. I am, &c.' 
 
 Eleven miles in the Clove, July 22d. 'Dear Sir, — I am hear- 
 tily glad you have found two such advantageous spots to take post 
 at ; and I hope the progress of the enemy will not be so rapid, as 
 to prevent your throwing up such lines as you may esteem neces- 
 sary for their defence. Though our affairs, for some days past, 
 have worn a dark and gloomy aspect, I yet look forward to a for- 
 tunate and happy change. I trust General Burgoyne's army will 
 meet sooner or later an effectual check ; and, as I suggested before, 
 that the success he has had will precipitate his ruin. From your 
 accounts he appears to be pursuing that line of conduct which, of 
 all others, is most favorable to us ; I mean, acting in detachments. 
 This conduct will certainly give room for enterprise on our part, 
 and expose his parties to great hazard. Could we be so happy as 
 to cut one of them off, supposing- it should not exceed four, five, or 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 483 
 
 six hundred men, it would inspirit the people, and do away much of 
 their present anxiety. In such an event, they would lose sight of 
 past misfortunes ; and, urged at the same time by a regard for their 
 own security, they would fly to arms, and afford every aid in their 
 power. Your exertions to bring the people to view things in their 
 proper light, — to impress them with a just sense of the fatal con- 
 sequences that will result to themselves, their wives, their children, 
 and their country, from their taking a wrong part, and for prevent- 
 ing Toryism, — cannot be too great. General Burgoyne, I have no 
 doubt, will practise every art which his invention can point out, to 
 turn their minds, and seduce them from their allegiance. He 
 should be counteracted as much as possible, as it is of the last 
 importance to keep them firm and steady in their attachments. 
 You have already given your attention to this matter, and I am 
 persuaded you will omit nothing in your pov^'er to effect these great 
 and essential points. Stopping the roads, and ordering the cattle 
 to be removed, were certainly right and judicious. If they are 
 well accomplished, the enemy must be greatly retarded and dis- 
 tressed. # * 
 
 ' I could heartily wish harmony and a good understanding to 
 prevail through the whole army, and between the army and the 
 people. The times are critical, big with important events. They 
 demand our most vigorous efforts ; and, unless a happy agreement 
 subsists, these will be feeble and ineffectual. The enemies of 
 America have cultivated nothing with so much industry, as to sow 
 division and jealousy amongst us. 
 
 ' I cannot give you any certain account of General Howe's in- 
 tended operations. His conduct is puzzling and embarrassing 
 beyond measure ; so are the informations I get. At one time the 
 ships are standing up towards the North River; in a little while 
 ihey are going up the Sound ; and, in an hour after, they are going 
 out of the Hook. I think, i« a day or two, we must know some- 
 thing oT his intentions. * * I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. pp. 498, 503. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to a Friend. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Smith's Clove, 22 July, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 18th, from Saratoga, reached 
 me yesterday. Your pronouncing Fort Edward, among the other 
 forts, indefensible, surprises me a little ; as it is entirely contrary to 
 the representations of several gentlemen of judgment, who have 
 had an opportunity of seeing and considering its situation ; by 
 whom we have been taught to believe that it would be an excellent 
 post, at least for checking and retarding Burgoyne's progress. I 
 agree with you, that our principal strength, in the quarter you are, 
 will be in the forests and natural strength of the country, and in 
 the want of forage, provisions, carriages, &c., in which the enemy 
 62 
 
484 COURSE AND TROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 may easily be thrown, by taking away what there are of those ar- 
 ticles which, you observe, have never been in great abundance. 
 
 ' I am doubtful whether Burgoyne will attempt to penetrate far; 
 and whether he will not content himself with harassing our back 
 settlements, by parties assisted by the savages ; who, it is to be 
 feared, will pretty generally be tempted, by the enemy's late suc- 
 cesses, to confederate in hostilities against us. 
 
 ' This doubt arises from some appearances, that indicate a 
 Southern movement of General Howe's army ; which, if it should 
 really happen, will certainly be a barrier against any further im- 
 pressions of Burgoyne ; for it cannot be supposed he would be 
 rash enough to plunge into the bosom of the country, without an 
 expectation of being met by General Howe. Things must prove 
 very adverse to us indeed, should he make such an attempt, and 
 not be ruined by it. I confess, however, that the appearances I 
 allude to, do not carry a full evidence in my mind ; because they 
 are opposed by others of a contrary kind; and because I cannot 
 conceive upon what principle of common sense, or military pro- 
 priety, Howe can be running away from Burgoyne to the South- 
 ward. 
 
 * It is much to be wished he may, even though it should give him 
 the possession of Philadelphia ; which, by our remoteness from it, 
 may very well happen. In this case, we may not only, if we think 
 proper, retaliate, by aiming a stroke at New York ; but we may 
 come upon him with the greatest part of our collective force, to act 
 against that part which is under him. We shall then be certain, 
 that Burgoyne cannot proceed ; and that a small force of Conti- 
 nental troops will be sufficient for that partisan war, which he 
 must carry on the rest of the campaign. 
 
 ' A small force will also be sutficient to garrison the posts in the 
 Highlands, and prevent any danger there ; so that w^e shall be able 
 to bring nearly the whole of the Continental army against Mr. 
 Howe. The advantages of this are obvious. Should he be sat- 
 isfied with the splendor of his acquisition, and shut himself up in 
 Philadelphia, we can ruin him by confinement. Should he have a 
 garrison there, and go forward, we can either fall upon that, or his 
 main body, diminished as it will be by such a measure, with our 
 whole force. There will, however, be many disagreeable conse- 
 quences attending such an event; amongst which, the foremost is 
 the depreciation of our currency ; which, from the importance in 
 which Philadelphia is held, cannot fail to ensue. 
 
 ' I am, dear Sir, your most obedient servant.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 261. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 77. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 485 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to Doctor Knox. 
 
 Head- Quarters, , July, 1777. 
 
 ' The consequences of this Northern affair [the evacuation of 
 Ticonderoga] will depend much upon the part that Howe acts. If 
 he were to cooperate with Burgoyne, it would demand our utmost 
 efforts to counteract them. But, if he should go towards the 
 Southward, all or most of the advantages of Burgoyne's success 
 will be lost. He will either be obliged to content himself with the 
 possession of Ticonderoga, and the dependent fortresses, and with 
 carrying on a partisan war the rest of the campaign; or he must 
 precipitate himself into certain ruin, by attempting to advance into 
 the country with a very incompetent force. 
 
 ' Appearances lead us to suppose, that Howe is fool enough to 
 meditate a Southern expedition ; for he has now altered his station 
 at Staten Island, * # and has fallen down to the 
 
 Hook. Judging it morally certain that there would be a coopera- 
 tion of the two armies, we thought it expedient to march north- 
 erly ; and had accordingly reached within fourteen miles of New 
 Windsor, the place where we could cross the North River without 
 danger of interruption. But this new movement of the enemy's fleet 
 has induced us to return a few miles, and make a disposition for 
 marching southerly. We shall, however, be cautious how we 
 proceed on that course ; lest nothing more than a feint is intended, 
 to divert us from the real object. 
 
 ' If they go to the Southward in earnest, they must have the 
 capture of Philadelphia in view ; for there is no other sufficient in- 
 ducement. We shall endeavor to get there in time to oppose 
 them ; and shall have the principal part of the Continental force, 
 and Or large body of spirited militia, — many of them, from their 
 services during the last campaign, pretty well inured to arms, — to 
 make the -opposition with. Yet I would not have you to be much 
 surprised, if Philadelphia should fall ; for the enemy will doubtless 
 go there with a determination to succeed at all hazard ; and we 
 shall not be able to prevent them, without a general action, the 
 expediency of which will depend upon circumstances. If the mi- 
 litia turn out with that zeal we have a right to expect, from their 
 conduct when the enemy made their last experiment in the Jer- 
 seys, and were supposed to be going to Philadelphia, we may do 
 it without much inconvenience. If they fall materially short of it, 
 we shall be obliged to confine ourselves to a skirmishing oppo- 
 sition, which we cannot expect will be effectual. It may be asked, 
 — if, to avoid a general engagement, we give up objects of the 
 first importance,^ — what is to hinder the enemy from carrying 
 every important point, and ruining us? My answer is, that our 
 hopes are not placed in any particular city or spot of ground ; but 
 in preserving a good army, furnished with proper necessaries, to 
 take advantage of favorable opportunities, and waste and defeat 
 
486 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 the enemy by piecemeal. Every new post they take, requires a new- 
 division of their forces, and enables us to strike with our united 
 force against a part of theirs; and such is their present situation, 
 that another Trenton affair will amount to a complete victory on 
 our part ; for they are at too low an ebb, to bear another stroke of 
 the kind. Perhaps, before I may have an opportunity of sending 
 this, facts will uufold what I am now endeavoring to anticipate by 
 conjecture. 
 
 ' You will expect some animadversions on the temper and views 
 of the French nation. I presume you are nearly as well acquaint- 
 ed with the assistance they are giving us, as I am ; both by their 
 intrigues in foreign courts, and by supplies of every kind of war- 
 like stores and apparatus. 
 
 ' It does not admit of a doubt, that they are interested to wish 
 us success ; and their conduct plainly shows, they are willing to 
 give us every aid essential to our preservation. But it is natural 
 they should desire to do it with as much convenience to them- 
 selves as they can. I apprehend they are not over-fond of plung- 
 ing themselves into a war with England, if they can avoid it, and 
 still answer the end they have to pursue ; and, indeed, from the 
 evident reluctance shown on the part of the latter, to do any thing 
 that may bring about such an event, it becomes extremely difficult 
 to draw her into it. The conclusion we may make, is, that France 
 will not wish to force England into a war, unless she finds our affairs 
 require it absolutely ; and England will not enter into one, till she 
 is compelled to do it. 
 
 ' My best respects to all friends ; and I beg you will believe 
 me to be, with unabated regard, dear Sir, 
 
 * Your most obedient servant.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 265. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 80. 
 
 General Washington to General Lincoln. 
 
 Eamapo, 24 July, 1777. 
 'Dear Sir, — I have just received information that the fleet left 
 the Hook yesterday; and, as I think the Delaware the most proba- 
 ble place of their destination, I shall immediately move the army 
 that way. I desire that you will, agreeably to what I hinted to 
 you, set off immediately ; and proceed, as quick as your health 
 will permit, to join the Northern army under the command of Gen- 
 eral Schuyler. My principal view, in sending you there, is to take 
 the command of the Eastern militia ; over whom I am informed 
 you have influence, and who place confidence in you. You will 
 concert such plans with General Schuyler, as shall seem to you 
 most conducive to the public good. * * I shall be 
 
 glad to hear from you a state of Northern affairs, as soon as 
 you arrive there. I wish you health, and a safe journey ; and am, 
 
 with great regard, dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. iv. p. 505. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777, 487 
 
 Same to General Schuyler. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Ramapo, 24 July, 1777. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your two favors of the 21st and 22d instant, with 
 their enclosures, are come to hand. * * The informa- 
 
 tion of the prisoners and others, transmitted by you, does not make 
 the numbers of the enemy to exceed the idea first entertained of 
 them ; nor do I see any thing in it to induce a belief that their 
 progress will be so rapid, as not to give you time to make proper 
 preparations and receive sufficient accessions of force to enable you 
 to give them a vigorous and successful opposition. * * 
 
 As they can never think of advancing without securing their rear, 
 by leaving garrisons in the fortresses behind, the force with which 
 they can come against you will be greatly reduced by the detach- 
 ments necessary for the purpose. And as they have to cut out 
 their road, and remove the impediments you have put in the way, 
 this circumstance, with the incumbrance they must feel in their 
 baggage, will inevitably retard their march a considerable time, 
 and give you leisure and opportunity to prepare a good reception 
 for them. If they continue to act in detachments, you will have it 
 in your power to improve it to very great advantage, by falling 
 vigorously upon some one of them with your whole force ; which, if 
 you are fortunate enough to succeed in, will be fatal to them. 
 
 ' I have directed General Lincoln to repair to you as speedily as 
 the state of his health, which is not very perfect, will permit him. 
 This gentleman has always supported the character of a judicious, 
 brave, active officer ; and as he is exceedingly popular and much 
 respected in the State of Massachusetts, to which he belongs, he 
 w^ill have a degree of influence over the militia, which cannot fail 
 of being very advantageous. I have destined him more particu- 
 larly to the command of them ; and I promise myself it will have 
 a powerful tendency to make them turn out with more cheerful- 
 ness, and to inspire them with perseverance to remain in the field, 
 and fortitude and spirit to do their duty while in it. The con- 
 fidence they have in him will certainly go a great way towards 
 producing these desirable ends. You intimate the propriety of 
 having a body of men stationed somewhere about the Grants.* 
 The expediency of such a measure appears to me evident ; for it 
 would certainly make General Burgoyne very circumspect in his 
 advances, if it did not totally prevent them. It would keep him in 
 continual anxiety for his rear, and oblige him to leave the posts 
 behind him much stronger than he would otherwise do, and would 
 answer many other valuable purposes. General Lincoln could 
 not be more serviceable than in command of this body, and no 
 person could be more proper for it. 
 
 ' From the view I have of the matter, I should also think it 
 
 * Then usually called the New Hampshire Grants, now the State of Vermont. 
 
488 COURSE AND PROGRESS OE EVENTS AND 
 
 necessary to send General Arnold, or some other sensible, spirited 
 officer, to Fort Schuyler, to take care of that post, keep up the 
 spirits of the inhabitants, and cultivate and improve the favorable 
 disposition of the Indians. This is recommended on the suppo- 
 sition, that any thing formidable should appear in that quarter. 
 ' I am, dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 1. 
 
 In Congress, July 31, 1777. 'Whereas the Marquis de la 
 Fayette, out of his great zeal to the cause of liberty, in which the 
 United States are engaged, has left his family and connections, 
 and, at his own expense, come over to offer his service to the United 
 States without pension or particular allowance, and is anxious to 
 risk his life in our cause : 
 
 ^Resolved, That his service be accepted, and that, in considera- 
 tion of his zeal, illustrious family and connections, he have the 
 rank and commission of Major-General in the army of the United 
 States.' * 
 
 General Washington to Governor Henry. 
 
 Philadelphia, 4 August, 1777. 
 
 c SiRj — The great expense and loss of time which has attended 
 the recruiting service in most of the States, and the little advantage 
 derived from it, have induced Congress to recommend to the ex- 
 ecutive powers of each, to adopt certain new regulations for pro- 
 moting this important and essential business, and for taking it 
 entirely out of the hands of the officers of the army. The Resolve 
 on this subject, and the regulations recommended, passed on the 
 31st ultimo ; f and will, I presume, be transmitted to you by the 
 President. 
 
 ' I will not urge the expediency of carrying this proceeding into 
 immediate execution. I shall only observe, that the necessity is 
 obvious, and that it demands our most active attention. The prin- 
 cipal cause of my troubling you at this time is to request, that, 
 after the persons recommended are appointed in your State, you 
 would be pleased to transmit to me their names, their places of 
 residence, and those also designed for the rendezvous of recruits 
 and deserters. As soon as I am advised upon these subjects, I 
 shall recall all the officers who are recruiting, and order them forth- 
 with to join their respective corps. Before I conclude, I would 
 beg leave to mention, that the success of this interesting business, 
 in all its parts, will depend much upon a judicious choice of those 
 
 * At that time Lafayette was some less, and Hamilton little more, than twenty- 
 years of age. Hamilton was born on the 11th of January, and Lafayette on the 6th of 
 September, 1757. 
 
 t See the Journal of Congress, July 31. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 489 
 
 who are to be employed in it; and that, I think, the districts should 
 not be too large and extensive. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 15. 
 
 Same to General Gates. 
 
 Head- Quarters, 4 August, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — You will perceive by the enclosed copy of a letter from 
 Congress, that they have destined you to the command of the army 
 in the Northern Department, and have directed me to order you 
 immediately to repair to that post. I have therefore to desire you 
 will, in pursuance of their intention, proceed to the place of your 
 destination with all the expedition you can, and take upon you 
 the command of the Northern army accordingly. Wishing you 
 success, and that you may speedily be able to restore the face of 
 affairs in that quarter, I am, 
 
 ' With great regard, Sir, yours, &c.' 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 16. 
 
 The intentions of Congress respecting the command in the Northern Department, 
 appear somewhat more extensively from the following Resolves than from this letter. 
 
 July 30. ^Resolved, That Major-General St. Clair, who com- 
 manded at Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, be, and he is 
 hereby, directed forthwith to repair to Head- Quarters. 
 
 August 1. '■Resolved^ That Major-General Schuyler be directed 
 to repair to Head-Quarters. 
 
 August 3. '•Resolved^ That the commanding officer in the 
 Northern Department have discretionary power to make requisi- 
 tions on the States aforesaid [New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania], from 
 time to time, for such additional numbers of militia to serve in that 
 Department, as he shall judge necessary for the public service.' 
 
 August 4. ' Congress took into consideration the letter from 
 General Washington, wherein he wishes to be excused from 
 making the appointment of an officer to command the Northern 
 Army ; whereupon, 
 
 '■Resolved, That Congress proceed to the election. The ballots 
 being taken, Major-General Gates was elected by the vote of eleven 
 States. 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be informed of this ap- 
 pointment, and that he be directed to order General Gates to repair, 
 with all possible expedition, to the Northern Department, to relieve 
 Major-General Schuyler.' * 
 
 * The purpose is, it may be proper to say here, to bring to view in this Number the 
 facts relating to the Northern Department only so far as their connection with the 
 main army seems to require. Some explanation of them will be attempted in the 
 succeeding Number. 
 
490 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Washington to the Council of Safety of 
 New York. 
 
 Philadelphia, 4 August, 1777. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, — The misfortune at Ticonderoga has given a 
 very disagreeable turn to our affairs, and has thrown a gloom upon 
 the prospect which the campaign, previous to that event, afforded. 
 But I am in great hopes that the ill consequences of it will not 
 continue long to operate, and that the jealousies and alarms, which 
 so sudden and unexpected an event has produced in the minds of 
 the people, both in your State and to the Eastward, will soon sub- 
 side, and give place to the more rational dictates of self-preserva- 
 tion, and a regard to the common good. In fact, the worst effect 
 of that event is, that it has served to produce those distrusts and 
 apprehensions ; for, if the matter were coolly and dispassionately 
 considered, there would be nothing found so formidable in Gene- 
 ral Burgoyne and the force under him, with all his successes, as to 
 countenance the least degree of despondency ; and experience 
 would show, that even the moderate exertions of the States more 
 immediately interested, would be sufficient to check his career, and 
 perhaps convert the advantages he has gained into his ruin. But, 
 while peoj)le continue to view w^hat has happened through the 
 medium of suspicion and fear, there is no predicting to what 
 length an enterprising man may push his good fortune. * * 
 
 If I do not give so effectual aid as I could wish to the Northern 
 Army, it is not for want of inclination, nor from being too little 
 impressed with the importance of doing it, but because the state 
 of affairs in this quarter will not possibly admit of it. It would be 
 the height of impolicy to weaken ourselves too much here, in order 
 to increase our strength there ; and it must certainly be considered 
 more difficult, as well as of greater moment, to control the main 
 army of the enemy, than an inferior and, I may say, dependent 
 one. For it is pretty obvious, that, if General Howe can be kept 
 at bay, and prevented from effecting his principal purposes, the 
 successes of General Burgoyne, whatever they may be, must be 
 partial and temporary. 
 
 ' Nothing that I can do shall be wanting to rouse the Eastern 
 States, and excite them to those exertions which the exigency of 
 our affairs so urgently demands. # * I flatter myself, 
 
 that the presence of Generals Lincoln and Arnold, in the Northern 
 Department, will have a happy effect upon them. Those gentle- 
 men possess so much of their confidence, particularly the former, 
 than whom there is perhaps no man from the State of Massachu- 
 setts, who enjoys more universal esteem and popularity ; and, in 
 addition to that, they may both be considered as very valuable 
 officers.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p.'17. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 491 
 
 Same to John Augustine Washington. 
 
 Germantown, 5 August, 1777. 
 
 ' Dear Brother, — Since General Howe removed from the 
 Jerseys, the troops under my command have been more harassed 
 by marching and countermarching, than by any other thing that 
 has happened to them in the course of the campaign. After he 
 had embarked his troops, the presumption that he would operate 
 upon the North River, to form a junction with General Burgoyne, 
 was so strong, that I removed from Middlebrook to Morristown, 
 and from Morristown to the Clove, a narrow passage leading 
 through the Highlands, about eighteen miles from the river. In- 
 deed, upon some pretty strong presumptive evidence, I threw two 
 divisions over the North River. In this situation we lay till about 
 the 24th ultimo, when, receiving certain information that the fleet 
 had actually sailed from Sandy Hook, and upon the concurring 
 sentiment of every one, though I acknowledge my doubts of it 
 were strong, that Philadelphia was the object, we countermarched, 
 and got to Coryell's Ferry on the Delaware, about thirty-three miles 
 above the city, on the 27th ; where I lay until I received informa- 
 tion from Congress, that the enemy were actually at the Capes of 
 Delaware. This brought us in great haste to this place for the 
 defence of the city. But, in less than twenty-four hours after our 
 arrival, we got accounts of the disappearance of the fleet on the 
 31st ; since which, nothing having been heard of them, we have 
 remained here in a very irksome state of suspense ; some imagin- 
 ing that they are gone to the Southward, whilst a majority, in 
 whose opinion upon this occasion I concur, are satisfied that they 
 are gone to the Eastward. The fatigue, however, and injury which 
 men must sustain by long marches in such extreme heat as we 
 have felt for the last five days, must keep us quiet till we hear 
 something of the destination of the enemy. * * 
 
 ' Our affairs at the Northward have taken a turn not more unfor- 
 tunate than unexpected. The public papers will convey every 
 information that I can on this subject. # * It is ab- 
 
 solutely necessary, that all the gentlemen in every State should 
 exert themselves to have their quota of troops completed ; for, be- 
 lieve me, the whole are most shamefully deficient. * * 
 
 ' My love and best wishes are presented to my sister and the 
 rest of the family ; and, with sincerest affection, believe and be 
 assured, I am, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 20. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, near Germantown, 9 August, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I have been duly honored with your letter of yesterday, 
 and with its enclosures. I shall pay attention to the Resolve 
 transmitted; and as soon as circumstances admit, shall propose to 
 63 
 
492 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Howe an exchange between Lieutenant- Colonel Campbell 
 and the Hessian field-officers,* and a like number of ours, of equal 
 rank in his hands. * # I perceive by the Resolves for 
 
 recalling Generals Schuyler and St. Clair, that they are directed to 
 repair to Head-Quarters.f I also find that a committee had been 
 resolved on, to digest a mode for inquiring into the reasons for 
 evacuating Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, and into the 
 conduct of the general officers in the Northern Department at the 
 time of the evacuation. As these gentlemen have received the 
 letter upon this subject by this time, and will probably be down in 
 the course of a few days, I shall be glad to be informed what I am 
 to do with them when they arrive. I may then be at a great dis- 
 tance from this, and, in such case, should be at a loss what to say, 
 or how to conduct myself respecting them, without receiving some 
 directions, which I request to be favored with by the earliest op- 
 portunity. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 134. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 24. 
 
 General Greene to 
 
 Camp, Cross Roads, 11 August, 1777. 
 ' Your favors of the 12th and 19th of July I have received. I 
 am exceedingly alarmed at the ill state of health you appear to be 
 in. * * However unfortunate things may appear, let 
 
 us console ourselves with reflecting that the greatest good often 
 springs out of what we consider as the worst of evils. General 
 Burgoyne^s triumphs and little advantages map serve to bait his 
 vanity and lead him on to his total ruin. This is not itnprobable, 
 when we consult the temper of the human heart, the history of 
 mankind, and the dispensations of divine Providence upon the 
 rise and fall of men and kingdoms. * * The Northern 
 
 Department has brought disgrace upon the American arms, and a 
 cloud over New England. But even all these misfortunes may be 
 a necessary prelude to General Burgoyne''s final over throiv. I agree 
 with you that there is something very mysterious in conducting 
 the military operations to the Northward. * * We 
 
 were all led to believe the situation of the place so strong by na- 
 ture and so improved by art, that the garrison was sufficient to 
 defend itself against any, number that might be brought against it. 
 Whatever may be the source of the misfortune, it is not owing to 
 cowardice. I have been with General St. Clair in two actions,^ 
 and know him to be a man of bravery. * * Charity 
 
 obliges me to suspend my opinion until there is a fair and candid 
 inquiry made into the cause of the evacuation of Ticonderoga, and, 
 if it was necessary to evacuate it, why it had not been done earlier. 
 
 * See Journal, Aug. 7. f See those Resolves, p. 489. \ At Trenion and Princeton. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 493 
 
 If the stores and garrison had been saved, the loss of the place 
 would have been inconsiderable. 
 
 ' We have been in and about the city of Philadelphia for near a 
 fortnight past, ignorant of General Howe's destination. I hope it 
 will not be against New England, but I have my fears. We were 
 marching towards Coryell's Ferry from the city, expecting the fleet 
 was gone eastwardly, when, by an express from the President of 
 Congress last night, we learned that the fleet are bound westward- 
 ly. I wish it may be true. It was said that two hundred sail 
 were seen off" the coast, between Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, 
 but I doubt the intelligence; for I cannot persuade myself that 
 General Burgoyne would dare to push with such rapidity towards 
 Albany, if he did not expect support from General Howe. 
 
 ' You lament the ruin of trade, the depreciation of money, and 
 the discontent of the people, as so many sure marks of the down- 
 fall of our cause. It is true our trade is greatly injured ; but re- 
 member, whilst it rains upon us, the sun does not shine upon them. 
 Our trade is perhaps not more injured than theirs ; and we must 
 balance accounts in national suflering. If the diminution of their 
 force and resources equal our misfortunes and losses, then we are 
 not sufferers on the great scale of national gain. * * 
 
 The discontent of the people is not greater than is to be expected 
 in every revolution, when robbed of the blessings of peace and 
 plenty, and forced into a long and distressing war to obtain some 
 future advantage that they have but an indistinct conception of. I 
 have no doubt of a happy issue, although we may experience many 
 cala?nities in the course of the dispute? 
 
 Life of Greene, vol. i. p. 98. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson to Dr. Franklin, in Paris. 
 
 Virginia, 13 August, 1777. 
 ' Honorable Sir, — I forbear to write you news, as, the time of 
 Mr. Shore's departure being uncertain, it might be old before you 
 receive it; and he can in person possess you of all we have. With 
 respect to the State of Virginia in particular, the people seem to 
 have laid aside the Monarchical, and taken up the Republican 
 government, with as much ease, as would have attended their 
 throwing off" an old and putting on a new suit of clothes. Not a 
 single throe has attended this important transformation. A half- 
 dozen aristocratical gentlemen, agonizing under the loss of pre- 
 eminence, have sometimes ventured their sarcasms on our politi- 
 cal metamorphosis. They have been thought fitter objects of pity, 
 than of punishment. We are at present in the complete and quiet 
 exercise of a well-organized government, save only that our courts 
 of justice do not open till the fall. I think nothing can bring the se- 
 curity of our Continent and its cause into danger, if we can sup- 
 port the credit of our paper. To do that, I apprehend, one of two 
 
494 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 steps must be taken ; — either to procure free trade by alliance with 
 some naval power able to protect it ; or, if we find there is no 
 prospect of that, to shut our ports totally to all the world, and turn 
 our Colonies into manufactories. The former would be most eli- 
 gible, because most conformable to the habits and wishes of our 
 people. "Were the British Court to return to their senses in time 
 to seize the little advantage which still remains within their reach 
 from this quarter, I judge that, on acknowledging our absolute in- 
 dependence and sovereignty, a commercial treaty beneficial to 
 them, and perhaps even a league of mutual offence and defence, 
 might, not seeing the expense or consequences of such a measure, 
 be approved by our people, if nothing, in the meantime, done on 
 your part, should prevent it. But they will continue to grasp at 
 their desperate sovereignty, till every benefit, short of that, is for ever 
 out of their reach. I wish my domestic situation had rendered it 
 possible for me to join you in the very honorable charge confided 
 to you. Residence in a polite court, society of literati of the first 
 order, a just cause, and an approving God, will add length to a 
 life for which all men pray, and none more than 
 
 ' Your most obedient and humble servant.' 
 
 Jeff. Writ. vol. i. p. 153. 
 
 General Washington to Governor Clinton, New York. 
 
 Camp, Cross Roads, 16 August, 1777. 
 'Dear Sir, — I see with the most sensible pleasure the exer- 
 tions of your State, dismembered as it is, and under every dis- 
 couragement and disadvantage. I lament, that any causes are 
 sufficiently powerful to prevent that effectual aid from your East- 
 ern neighbors, which the interest of the public cause, and the im- 
 mediate safety of your particular State, so pressingly demand at 
 this time. But, though it is dilatory in coming, I cannot but hope 
 it will still come before it is too late. I imagine one cause, and 
 not the least material, of their delay, is an apprehension of General 
 Howe's army. It were to be wished, that his designs were once 
 reduced to certainty. This I should be in hopes would serve to 
 remove that inactivity and indecision which I believe proceed in a 
 great measure from suspense and uncertainty. I am, however, 
 advised, that a body of New Hampshire militia, under General 
 Stark, had joined General Lincoln at Bennington ; and that another 
 of Massachusetts militia was partly arrived, and the rest arriving 
 at the same place. A tolerable body of men once collected there 
 would make General Burgoyne anxious for his rear ; oblige him 
 to advance circumspectly, and to leave such strong posts behind, 
 as must make his main body very weak, and extremely capable of 
 being repulsed by the force we shall have in front. I should not 
 be very uneasy for the issue, if I could once see our Northern 
 army recovered from their present dejection, and restored to a tolera- 
 ble degree of confidence and animation. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 495 
 
 ' In addition to the two regiments which are gone from Peeks- 
 kill, I am forwarding as fast as possible, to join the Northern army, 
 Colonel Morgan's corps of riflemen, amounting to about five hun- 
 dred. These are all chosen men, selected -from the army at large, 
 well acquainted with the use of rifles, and with that mode of fight- 
 ing which is necessary to make them a good counterpoise to the 
 Indians ; and they have distinguished themselves on a variety of 
 occasions, since the formation of the corps, in skirmishes with the 
 enemy. I expect the most eminent services from them ; and I 
 shall be mistaken if their presence does not go far towards pro- 
 ducing a general desertion among the savages. I should think it 
 would be well, even before their arrival, to begin to circulate these 
 ideas, with proper embellishments, throughout the country and in 
 the army ; and to take pains to communicate them to the enemy. 
 * * I am of opinion, with the Council of Safety, that 
 
 your presence to the Northward might have a very happy influ- 
 ence ; and, if it were compatible with the many other calls there 
 are and will be upon you, I could wish to see you with the North- 
 ern army at the head of the militia of your State. * * 
 
 ' An enemy can always act with more vigor and effect, when 
 they have nothing to apprehend for their flanks and rear, than when 
 they have. * * The necessity of never losing sight of 
 
 the means of a secure retreat, which ought to be the first object of 
 an officer's care, must be exceedingly embarrassing, where there is 
 a force in such a position as to endanger it. If a respectable body 
 of men were to be stationed on the Grants, it would undoubtedly 
 have the effects intimated above, and would render it not a little 
 difficult for General Burgoyne to keep the necessary communica- 
 tion open ; and they would frequently afford opportunities of in- 
 tercepting his convoys. * # These reasons make it 
 clearly my opinion, that a sufficient body of militia should always 
 be reserved in a situation proper to answer those purposes. If 
 there should be more collected than is requisite for this use, the 
 surplusage may with propriety be added to the main body of the 
 army. I am not, however, so fully acquainted with every circum- 
 stance that ought to be taken into consideration, as to pretend to 
 do any thing more than advise in the matter. Let those on the 
 spot determine and act as appears to them most prudent. 
 
 ' I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 29. 
 
 Same to General Gates. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Bucks County, 20 August, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — By a letter from General Schuyler of the 13th instant, it 
 
 appears that you had not reached Stillwater at that time, since 
 
 which I have not had any accounts from you, but suppose you 
 
 arrived there soon after that date. From the various representa- 
 
496 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 tions made to me of the disadvantage the army lay under, particu- 
 larly the militia, from an apprehension of the Indian mode of 
 fighting, I have despatched Colonel Morgan with his corps of rifle- 
 men to your assistance, and presume they will be with you in eight 
 days from this date. This corps 1 have great dependence on, and 
 have no doubt but they will be exceedingly useful ; as a check 
 o-iven to the savages, and keeping them within proper bounds, will 
 prevent General Burgoyne from getting intelligence as formerly, 
 and animate your other troops from a sense of their being more on 
 an equality with the enemy. Colonel Cortlandt's and Colonel 
 Livingston's regiments are also on their way from Peekskill to join 
 you. They must, of course, be with you in a very few days. With 
 these reinforcements, besides the militia under General Lincoln, 
 which by this time must be considerable, I am in hopes you will 
 find yourself at least equal to stop the progress of Mr. Burgoyne, 
 and, by cutting off his supplies of provisions, &c., to render his 
 situation very ineligible, 
 
 ' Since the enemy's fleet was seen off Sinepuxent, on the 8th 
 instant, we have no accounts from them which can be depended 
 on. * * General Schuyler's sending a reinforcement 
 
 up to Fort Schuyler, I think, was absolutely necessary. And I am 
 of opinion, that particular attention should be paid to the inroads 
 leading to that quarter; as a successful stroke of the enemy there 
 might be a means of encouraging the whole of the Six Nations to 
 unite against us. I am. Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wilkinson's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 227. Sparks, vol. v. p. 37. 
 
 Same to Dr. Franklin, in Paris. 
 
 Head-Quarters, 17 August, 1777. 
 t SiRj — I have been honored with your favor of the 2d of April, 
 by Monsieur de Cenis, written in behalf of that gentleman on the 
 credit of Monsieur Turgot's recommendation. I should have been 
 happy, had it been in my power, in deference to your recommen- 
 dation founded upon that of so respectable a character as Monsieur 
 Turgot, to afford Monsieur de Cenis the encouragement to which 
 his zeal and trouble, in coming to America to offer his services, give 
 him a claim ; but such is the situation of things in our army at 
 this time, that I am necessarily deprived of that satisfaction. Our 
 troops, being already formed and fully officered, and the number 
 of foreign gentlemen already commissioned, and continually ar- 
 riving with fresh applications, throw such obstacles in the way of 
 any future appointments, that every new arrival is only a new 
 source of embarrassment to Congress and myself, and of disap- 
 point and chagrin to the gentlemen who come over. Had there 
 been only a few to provide for, we might have found employment 
 for them in a way advantageous to the service, and honorable to 
 themselves ; but, as they have come over in such crowds, we either 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 497 
 
 must not employ them, or we must do it at the expense of one 
 half of the officers of the army ; which, you must be sensible, would 
 be attended with the most ruinous effects, and could not fail to 
 occasion a general discontent. It is impossible for these gentlemen 
 to raise men for themselves ; and it would be equally impolitic 
 and unjust to displace others, who have been at all the trouble and 
 at considerable expense in raising corps, in order to give them the 
 command. Even where vacancies happen, there are always those 
 who have a right of succession by seniority, and who are as tena- 
 cious of this right as of the places they actually hold ; and in this 
 they are justified by the common principle and practice of all 
 armies, and by Resolutions of Congress. # * Besides 
 
 this difficulty, the error we at first fell into, of prodigally bestowing 
 rank upon foreigners >vithout examining properly their pretensions, 
 having led us to confer high rank on those who had none, or of a 
 very inferior degree in their own country, it now happens that 
 those who have really good pretensions, who are men of charac- 
 ter, abilities, and rank, will not be contented unless they are intro- 
 duced into some of the highest stations of the army ; in which it 
 needs no arguments to convince you that it is impossible to gratify 
 them. Hence their dissatisfaction, and the difficulty of employing 
 them, are increased. # * From these considerations it 
 
 . would be both prudent and just to discourage their coming over, 
 by candidly opening the difficulties they have to encounter; and if, 
 after that, they will persist in it, they can only blame themselves. 
 I am sensible, Sir, that it is a delicate and perplexing task to refuse 
 applications of persons patronized, as I suppose often happens, by 
 some of the ffi-st characters in the kingdom where you are, and 
 whose favor it is of importance to conciliate ; but I beg leave to 
 suggest, whether it would not be better to do that, than by com- 
 pliance to expose them to those mortifications which they must 
 unavoidably experience, and which they are too apt to impute to 
 other causes than the true ones, and may represent under very 
 disadvantageous colors. Permit me also to observe to you, that 
 even where you do not promise any thing but simply give a line 
 of recommendation, they draw as strong an assurance of success 
 from that, as from a positive engagement ; and estimate the hard- 
 ship of a disappointment nearly the same in the one case as in the 
 other. I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 32. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Neshaming Camp, 18 August, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I last night had the honor of your favor of the 17th, 
 with its enclosure. You will perceive by my letter of yesterday, 
 transmitted by favor of the Marquis Lafayette, that I had been so 
 happy as to anticipate the views of Congress, by ordering Colonel 
 Morgan to march with his corps to the Northern army.' 
 
498 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Campy Bucks County, August 20th. ' Sir, — I do myself the 
 honor to forward you a packet, which just came to my hands 
 from General Schuyler. In his letter to me, he communicates an 
 agreeable account of the face of affairs at Fort Schuyler.* I there- 
 fore do myself the pleasure of enclosing you an extract. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 149. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head- Quarters, Camp at Cross-Roads, 22 August, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — I am honored with your favor containing the intelli- 
 gence of the enemy's arrival in Chesapeake Bay, and the Resolu- 
 tion of Congress thereupon. I have, in consequence of this account, 
 sent orders to General Nash immediately to embark his brigade 
 and Colonel Proctor's corps of artillery, if vessels can be procured 
 for the purpose, and to proceed to Chester. * * I have 
 
 also directed General Sullivan to join this army with his division 
 as speedily as possible, and I have issued orders for all the troops 
 here to be in motion to-morrow morning very early, with inten- 
 tion to march them towards Philadelphia, and onwards. 
 
 ' I am happy to find Congress have ordered the removal of the 
 stores from Lancaster and York to places of greater safety ; which 
 is, without doubt, a very proper and necessary measure. With 
 much respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir, your most 
 obedient servant.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 154. 
 
 August 2Sd. ' Sir, — I beg leave to inform you that the army 
 marched early this morning, and v.dll encamp, I expect, this even- 
 ing, within five or six miles of Philadelphia. To-morrow morning 
 it will move again ; and I think to march it through the city, but 
 without halting. I am induced to do this, from the opinion of 
 several of my officers and many friends in Philadelphia, that it 
 may have some influence on the minds of the disaffected there, and 
 those who are dupes to their artifices and opinions. The march 
 will be down Front and up Chesnut street, and, I presume, about 
 seven o'clock. * » I would take the liberty to men- 
 
 tion, that I think the several works for the defence of the city should 
 be carried on with the usual industry, and that no pains should be 
 omitted to complete them. I would also advise, that the same 
 look-outs for intelligence should be continued at the Capes, and 
 the earliest information communicated of any thing material ; for, 
 though the fleet is in Chesapeake Bay, the enemy may push in a 
 number of vessels with troops, and make an effort to effect some 
 
 * The repulse of the British at that post, and the victory over them at Bennington, 
 had then just occurred. Some of the circumstances connected with those important 
 events will appear in the next Number. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 499 
 
 stroke against Philadelphia by surprise. Such an event does not 
 seem probable while they have a larger show of force in a neigh- 
 boring Slate ; but it would be prudent to guard against it. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 ' P. S. I think some directions should be given General Arm- 
 strong respecting the militia.' * 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 154. Wash. Writ. 
 
 John Adams, in Congress, to Mrs. Adams. 
 
 Philadelphia, 24 August, 1777. 
 ' My Dear Friend, — We had, last evening, a thunder-gust very 
 sharp and violent, attended with a plentiful rain. « * 
 
 * This morning was fair ; but now it is overcast, and rains very 
 hard, which will spoil our show, and wet the army. 
 
 * Tivelve o'clock. The rain ceased, and the army marched through 
 the town between seven and ten o'clock. The wagons went 
 another road. Four regiments of light-horse, Bland's, Baylor's, 
 Sheldon's, and Moylan's. Four grand divisions of the army, and 
 the artillery with the matrosses. They marched twelve deep, and 
 yet took up above two hours in passing by. General Washington 
 and the other general officers, with their Aids, on horseback. The 
 Colonels and other field officers on horseback. We have now an 
 army well appointed between us and General Howe, and this 
 army will be immediately joined by ten thousand militia ; so that I 
 feel as secure here as if I was at Braintree, but not so happy. My 
 happiness is nowhere to be found but there. 
 
 ' The army, upon an accurate inspection of it, I find to be ex- 
 tremely well armed, pretty well clothed, and tolerably disciplined. 
 Gill and Town, by the motto to their newspapers, will bring disci- 
 pline into vogue in time. There is such a mixture of the sublime 
 and the beautiful together with the useful in military discipline, 
 that I wonder every officer we have is not charmed with it. Much 
 remains to be done.' * # 
 
 Letters of J. Adams, vol. i. p. 253. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head- Quarters, Wilmington, 29 August, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — On my return to this place last evening from White 
 Clay Creek, I was honored with yours of the 27th, with sundry 
 Resolves of Congress, to which I shall pay due attention. 
 
 ' The enemy advanced a part of their army yesterday to Gray's 
 Hill about two miles on this side of Elk ; whether with intent to 
 take post there or to cover while they remove what stores they 
 found in the town, I cannot yet determine. * * 
 
 ' Our light parties yesterday took between thirty and forty prison- 
 
 ♦ General Armstrong commanded the Pennsylvania militia. 
 
 64 
 
500 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ers. Twelve deserters from the navy and eight from the army 
 have already come in ; but they are able to give us very little in- 
 telligence. They generally agree that their troops are healthy, but 
 that their horses suffered very much by the voyage.' 
 
 August SOth. ' Sir, — Since I had the honor of addressing you 
 yesterday, nothing of importance has occurred, and the enemy re- 
 main as they then were. I was reconnoitering the country and 
 different roads all yesterday, and am now setting out on the same 
 business again. * * 
 
 'Ten o'clock. This minute twenty-four British prisoners arrived, 
 taken yesterday by Captain Lee of the light-horse.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 158. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 49. 
 
 Same, by his Secretary, to the President of Congress. 
 
 Newport, 7 September, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — His Excellency being out reconnoitering, and busily 
 engaged in the affairs of the army, I have the honor to acknowl- 
 edge his receipt of your letter of the 6th, with the Resolutions en- 
 closed, which came to hand yesterday afternoon. * * 
 
 ' By deserters and other intelligence, his Excellency was inform- 
 ed last night that the enemy's whole force left Elk yesterday, and 
 advanced on the road towards Christiana. The deserters added 
 that they had disencumbered themselves of all their tents and bag- 
 gage, and had sent them back and reembarked them. All their 
 ships, except two or three which are ships of war, are said to have 
 fallen down the Bay, below the mouth of Sassafras. We have 
 had no information to-day of any further movements ; and I be- 
 lieve their main body lies about Iron Hill. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c. R. H. Harrison.' 
 
 Lend. ed. vol. ii. p. 163. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Chad's Ford, 10 September, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — Yesterday evening I received the honor of your letter of 
 the 9th, with its several enclosures. # * 
 
 ' In respect to the subject of Monsieur Ducoudray's letter, I would 
 beg leave to observe, however eligible the measure might other- 
 wise be which he recommends, an attempt to carry it into execu- 
 tion at this time would answer no valuable purpose, as the work in 
 all probability could not be more than marked out, when it would 
 be wanted. I would also add that I do not conceive any great 
 advantages could be derived from it, supposing it could be com- 
 pleted ; as we are certain the enemy will never attack lines which 
 they can avoid. If they were obliged to approach Philadelphia by 
 a particular route, in such case, no exertions should be spared to 
 erect works, and the adoption of the plan would be highly ex- 
 pedient. ♦ # 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 501 
 
 ' By light-horsemen this instant come in, the enemy are in mo- 
 tion, and appear to be advancing towards us. His Excellency is 
 giving the necessary orders, and getting the troops under arms ; 
 which prevents him from signing this himself, as was intended at 
 first. I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 ' R. H. Harrison.' 
 
 ' One o'clock. It is said the enemy have halted.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 164. 
 
 September lO^A, second letter. ' Sir, — Your favor of this morn- 
 ing came to hand about two o'clock. His Excellency was then out, 
 and still is. I have nothing material to inform you of respecting the 
 enemy. By the last advices from our reconnoitering parties, they 
 had halted in a low ground strongly flanked by two hills, about a 
 mile below Welch's Tavern. # * Some interesting 
 
 event may take place to-morrow, as they are within a convenient 
 distance to attack, if they have any such intention. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c. R. H. Harrison.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 165. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 Chester, 11 September, 1777, tvjelve o^clock at night. 
 
 ' Sir, — I am sorry to inform you, that, in this day's engage- 
 ment,* we have been obliged to leave the enemy masters of the 
 field. Unfortunately, the intelligence received, of the enemy's ad- 
 vancing up the Brandywine and crossing at a ford about six miles 
 above us, was uncertain and contradictory, notwithstanding all my 
 pains to get the best. This prevented me from making a disposition 
 adequate to the force with which the enemy attacked us on our 
 right ; in consequence of which, the troops first engaged were 
 obliged to retire before they could be reinforced. In the midst of 
 the attack on the right, that body of the enemy which lay on the 
 other side of Chad's Ford, crossed it, and attacked the division 
 there under the command of General Wayne, and the light troops 
 under General Maxwell, who, after a severe conflict, also retired. 
 The militia under the command of General Armstrong, being 
 posted at a ford about two miles below Chad's, had no opportu- 
 nity of engaging. 
 
 ' But, though we fought under many disadvantages, and were, 
 from the causes above mentioned, obliged to retire, yet our loss of 
 men is not, I am persuaded, very considerable ; I believe, much 
 less than the enemy's. We have also lost seven or eight pieces of 
 cannon, according to the best information I can at present obtain. 
 The baggage, having been previously moved off", is all secure, 
 saving the men's blankets, which being at their backs, many of 
 them 4oubtless are lost. 
 
 * The battle of Brandywine. 
 
502 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 * I have directed all the troops to assemble behind Chester, where 
 they are now arranging for the night. Notwithstanding the mis- 
 fortune of the day, I am happy to find the troops in good spirits ; 
 and I hope another time we shall compensate for the losses now 
 sustained. 
 
 ' The Marquis de Lafayette was wounded in the leg, and Gen- 
 eral Woodford in the hand. Divers other officers were wounded, 
 and some slain ; but the numbers of either cannot now be ascer- 
 tained. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 167. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 57 
 
 General Lafayette to Madam Lafayette. 
 
 Philadelphia, 12 September, 1777. 
 ' I write you a line, my dearest love, by some French officers, my 
 friends, who embarked with me, but not having received any appoint- 
 ment in the American army, are returning to France. I must begin 
 by telling you that I am perfectly well, because I must end by telling 
 you that we fought seriously last night, and that we were not the 
 strongest on the field of battle. Our Americans, after having stood 
 their ground for some time, ended at length by being routed. Whilst 
 endeavoring to rally them, the English honored me with a musket 
 ball, which slightly wounded me in the leg ; but it is a trifle, my 
 dearest love : the ball touched neither bone nor nerve, and I have 
 escaped with the obligation of lying on my back for some time, 
 which puts me much out of humor. I hope that you will feel no 
 anxiety : this event ought, on the contrary, rather to reassure you, 
 since I am incapacitated from appearing on the field for some time. 
 I have resolved to take great care of myself: be convinced of this, 
 my love. This affair will, I fear, be attended with bad conse- 
 quences for America. We will endeavor, if possible, to repair the 
 evil. You must have received many letters from me, unless the 
 English be equally ill-disposed towards my epistles as towards my 
 legs. I have not yet received one letter, and I am most impatient 
 to hear from you. Adieu : I am forbidden to write longer. For 
 several days I have not had time to sleep. Our retreat, and my 
 journey hither, took up the whole of last night. I am perfectly 
 well taken care of in this place. Tell all my friends that I am in 
 good health. My tender respects to Madame d' Ayen. A thousand 
 compliments to the viscountess and my sisters. The officers will 
 soon set out. They will see you ; — what pleasure ! Good night, 
 my dearest life.' 
 
 Lafayette's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 101. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head- Quarters, Germantown, 13 September, 1777. 
 'Sir, — I have been honored with your favor of this date. I 
 heartily wish the works on the Delaware were completed ; but 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 503 
 
 I think, and in this opinion my officers concur, that the service will 
 be injured if any part of the Continental troops were now to be 
 employed about them. If we should be able to oppose General 
 Howe with success in the field, the works will be unnecessary ; if 
 not, and he should force us from hence, he will certainly possess 
 himself of them. * * A part of the militia under Gen- 
 
 eral Armstrong will be posted along the Schuylkill, to throw up 
 redoubts at the different fords, which will be occasionally occupied 
 while I move to the other side with the main body of the army. 
 This disposition appears to be most eligible, from a consideration 
 of all circumstances, and better than if any part of our present 
 force was to be employed at the forts. If further reinforcements 
 of the militia should come in, they perhaps may be more properly 
 assigned to that business, than any we now have.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 168. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 59. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Buck Tavern, three o'clock, P. M., 15 September, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — Your favor of yesterday, with its several enclosures, 
 came to hand last night. Though I would willingly pay every 
 attention to the Resolutions of Congress, yet, in the late instance 
 respecting the recall of General Sullivan, I must beg leave to defer 
 giving any order about it, till I hear further from that honorable 
 body. Our situation at this time is critical and delicate ; and 
 nothing should be done to add to its embarrassments. We are 
 now most probably on the point of another action ; and to derange 
 the army, by withdrawing so many general officers from it, may 
 and must be attended with many disagreeable if not ruinous con- 
 sequences. Such a proceeding at another time might not produce 
 any bad effects ; but how can the army be possibly conducted with 
 a prospect of success, if the general officers are taken off in the 
 moment of battle ? Congress may rely upon it, such a measure 
 will not promote, but injure, the service. 
 
 ' It is not my wish to prevent or to delay a proper inquiry into 
 General Sullivan's conduct a single instant, when the circumstances 
 of the army will admit ; but now they prohibit it, and, I think, the 
 suspension in his command also. The recall of General St. Clair 
 obliged me to part with General Lincoln, whom I could but ill 
 spare ; so that the whole charge of his division is now upon General 
 Wayne, there being no other brigadier in it than himself. The 
 Maryland troops, if General Sullivan is taken away, will not have 
 one general officer; General Smallwood being at the head of the 
 militia coming from that State, and General Deborre suspended. 
 Added to this, Colonel Gist, who commands one regiment of them, 
 is now absent from it by order. In a word, Sir, whether the 
 charges alleged against General Sullivan are true or false, and 
 whether his conduct has been exceptionable or not, I am satisfied 
 
504 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 the Resolution for his recall at this time was unhappily adopted ; 
 and, if carried into execution, will not fail to add new difficulties 
 to our present distresses ; and I am obliged to observe, in justice 
 to my own character, that I cannot be answerable for the conse- 
 quences which may arise from a want of officers to assist me. 
 
 ' It gives me great pleasure to find General Gates is on so re- 
 spectable a footing ; and I hope our affairs in that quarter, in the 
 course of a little time, will be in as prosperous a train as w^e could 
 reasonably wish. 
 
 ' The main body of the enemy, from the best intelligence I have 
 been able to get, lies near Dilworthtown, not far from the field of 
 action. * * We are moving up this road to get be- 
 
 tween the enemy and Swedes' Ford, and to prevent them from 
 turning our right flank ; which they seem to have a violent inclina- 
 tion to effect, by all their movements. I would beg leave to 
 recommend in the most earnest manner, that some board or com- 
 mittee be appointed, or some mode adopted, for obtaining supplies 
 of blankets for the troops. Many are now without them ; and, the 
 season becoming cold, they will be injured in their health, and 
 unfitted for service, unless they are immediately provided with 
 them. * * I would also observe, that I think, in point 
 
 of prudence and sound policy, every species of provisions should 
 be removed from the city, except such as will be necessary to 
 supply the present demands of this army. * * 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 170. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p 60. 
 
 It may be stated in explanation of the immediate causes of General Sullivan's re- 
 call, that in August he had engaged in an enterprise of some importance against the 
 British forces on Staten Island. The plan of the enterprise was judicious, and the 
 execution, in its early stages, successful ; but, from unforeseen obstacles, it ended 
 unfortunately. The following Resolve of Congress was a consequence. 
 
 September 1. 'Resolved, That General Washington be directed 
 to appoint a Court of Inquiry on the late expedition by General 
 Sullivan against the British forces on Staten Island.' 
 
 The extraordinary circumstances of the time — the British having then begun to 
 advance from the Head of Elk towards Philadelphia, — and the absence of an indis- 
 pensable witness, caused the inquiry to be delayed till it was General Sullivan's mis- 
 fortune to command in a part of the battle of Brandywine, where the conflict was 
 most sevare and disastrous. The Resolve remonstrated against, in the preceding 
 letter, soon followed. 
 
 September 14. ^Resolved, That General Sullivan be recalled 
 from the army until the inquiry, heretofore ordered into his con- 
 duct, be duly made.' * 
 
 * See the close of letter, Oct. 13, and the Resolve, Oct. 20, p. 514. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 505 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to the President of Congress. 
 
 Nine o'clock at night, 18 September, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I did myself the honor to write you a hasty line this 
 evening, giving it as my opinion, that the city was no longer a place 
 of safety for you. I write you again, lest that letter should not get 
 to hand. The enemy are on the road to Swedes' Ford, the main 
 army about four miles from it. They sent a party this evenino^ to 
 Daviser's Ferry, which fired upon me and some others in crossing 
 it, killed one man, wounded another, and disabled my horse. 
 
 ' They came on so suddenly, that one boat was left adrift on the 
 other side, which will of course fall into their hands ; and, by the 
 help of that, they will get possession of another, which was aban- 
 doned by those who had the direction of it, and left afloat, in spite 
 of every thing that I could do to the contrary. These two boats will 
 convey fifty men across at a time ; so that in a few hours they may 
 throw over a large party, perhaps sufficient to overmatch the mi- 
 litia who may be between them and the city. This renders the 
 situation of Congress extremely precarious, if they are not on their 
 guard ; my apprehensions for them are great, though they may not 
 be realized. 
 
 ' The most cogent reasons oblige me to join the army this night, 
 or I should have waited upon you myself. I am in hopes our 
 army will be up with the enemy before they pass Schuylkill : if they 
 are, something serious will ensue. I have the honor to be, 
 
 ' With much respect, Sir, your most obedient servant.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 268. 
 
 In the Journals, Sept. 18, after the customary entry at the close of business, ' Ad- 
 journed to ten o'clock to-morrow,' the following was subjoined. 
 
 ' During the adjournment, the President received a letter from 
 Colonel Hamilton, one of General Washington's Aids, which in- 
 timated the necessity of removing the Congress immediatelv from 
 Philadelphia. Whereupon, the members left the city, and,'agree- 
 ably to the Resolve of the 14th, repaired to Lancaster.' * 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, 19 September, 1777. 
 * Sir, — I am much obliged to Congress for the late instance of 
 their confidence, expressed in their Resolution of the 17th, and 
 shall be happy if my conduct in discharging the objects they had 
 in view should be such as to meet their approbation. I am now 
 repassing the Schuylkill at Parker's Ford, with the main body of 
 
 * It is probably remembered that, according to their Resolve of Dec. 12, p. 359, 
 Congress removed from Philadelphia to Baltimore. They continued at the latter city, 
 from Dec. 20 to Feb. 27, when they adjourned, ' to meet at the State House in Phila- 
 delphia.' Here they resumed business, March 12, as mentioned, p. 471. 
 
506 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 the army, which will be over in an hour or two, though it is deep 
 and rapid. General Wayne, with the division under his command, 
 is on the rear of the enemy, and will be joined to-morrow or next 
 day, I expect, by General Smallwood and Colonel Gist with their 
 corps. * * 
 
 ' When I left Germantown with the army, I hoped I should 
 have an opportunity of attacking them, either in front or on their 
 flank, with a prospect of success ; but unhappily a variety of 
 causes concurred to prevent it. Our march, in the first place, was 
 greatly impeded through want of provisions, which delayed us so 
 long that the enemy were apprised of our motions, and gained the 
 grounds near the White Horse Tavern, with part of their army 
 turning our right flank ; whilst another part, composing the main 
 body, were more advanced towards our left. We should have 
 disappointed them in their design by getting on their left ; but the 
 heavy rain, which fell on Tuesday evening and in the course of 
 that night, totally unfitted our guns for service, and nearly the 
 whole of the ammunition with which the army had been com- 
 pleted a day or two before, being forty rounds a man. * * 
 On these accounts, particularly the latter, matters have not been 
 conducted as I intended and wished ; and the enemy had an op- 
 portunity of making their advances without being attacked. I yet 
 hope, from the present state of the river, that I shall be down in 
 time to give them a meeting ; and, if unfortunately they should gain 
 Philadelphia, that it will not be without loss. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 65. 
 
 The Resolution alluded to in the beginning of this letter was the following, which 
 was passed by Congress with reference to their contemplated removal, and to the 
 great and increasing wants of the army. 
 
 September 17. '■Resolved, That General Washington be author- 
 ized and directed to suspend all officers who shall misbehave, and 
 to fill up all vacancies in the American army, under the rank of 
 brigadiers, until the pleasure of Congress shall be communicated ; 
 to take, wherever he may be, all such provisions and other articles 
 as may be necessary for the comfortable subsistence of the army 
 under his command, paying or giving certificates for the same ; to 
 remove and secure, for the benefit of the owners, all goods and 
 effects which may be serviceable to the enemy ; provided, that the 
 powers hereby vested shall be exercised only in such parts of these 
 States as may be within the circumference of seventy miles of the 
 Head- Quarters of the American army, and shall continue in force 
 for the space of sixty days, unless sooner revoked by Congress.' 
 
 It was under this authority that General Washington gave the following order, to 
 do that which Congress had on the 16th recommended to be done, but which was 
 declined, by the President and Council of Pennsylvania. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 507 
 
 General Washington to Colonel Hamilton. 
 
 Camp, 22 September, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — The distressed situation of the army for want of blankets, 
 and many necessary articles of clothing, is truly deplorable ; and 
 must inevitably be destructive to it, unless speedy remedy be ap- 
 plied. Without a better supply than they at present have, it will 
 be impossible for the men to support the fatigues of the campaign 
 in the further progress of the approaching inclement season. This 
 you well know to be a melancholy truth. It is equally the dictate 
 of common sense and the opinion of the physicians of the army, 
 as well as of every officer in it. No supply can be drawn from the 
 public magazines. We have, therefore, no resource but the private 
 stock of individuals. I feel, and I lament, the absolute necessity of 
 requiring the inhabitants to contribute to those wants which we have 
 no other means of satisfying, and which, if not removed, would 
 involve the ruin of the army, and perhaps the ruin of America. 
 Painful as it is to me to order, and as it will be to you to execute, 
 the measure, — I am compelled to desire you immediately to pro- 
 ceed to Philadelphia, and there procure from the inhabitants con- 
 tributions of blankets and clothing, and materials to answer the 
 purposes of both, in proportion to the ability of each. This you 
 will do with as much delicacy and discretion as the nature of the 
 business demands ; and, I trust, the necessity will justify the pro- 
 ceeding in the eyes of every person well affected to the American 
 cause, and that all good citizens will cheerfully afford their assist- 
 ance to soldiers whose sufferings they are bound to commiserate, 
 and who are eminently exposed to danger and distress, in defence 
 of every thing they ought to hold dear. 
 
 * As there is also a number of horses in Philadelphia, both of 
 public and private property, which would be a valuable acquisition 
 to the enemy, should the city by any accident fall into their hands, 
 you are hereby authorized and commanded to remove them thence 
 into the country to some place of greater security, and more remote 
 from the operations of the enemy. You will stand in need of 
 assistance from others to execute this commission with despatch 
 and propriety, and you are therefore empowered to employ such 
 persons as you shall think proper to aid you therein. 
 
 ' I am. Sir, &c.' 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 67. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 Camp, near Pottsgrove, 23 September, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I have not had the honor of addressing you since your 
 adjournment to Lancaster ; and I sincerely wish that my first letter 
 was upon a more agreeable subject. The enemy, by a variety of 
 perplexing manoeuvres through a country from which I could not 
 65 
 
508 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 derive the least intelligence (being to a nrian disaffected), contrived 
 to pass the Schuylkill last night at the Flatland and other fords, in 
 the neighborhood of it. They marched immediately towards 
 Philadelphia, and I imagine their advanced parties will be near 
 that city to-night. They had so far got the start, before I received 
 certain intelligence that any considerable number had crossed, that 
 I found it in vain to think of overtaking their rear, with troops 
 harassed as ours had been with constant marching since the battle 
 of Brandywine ; and therefore concluded, by the advice of all the 
 general officers, to march from this place to-morrow morning 
 towards Philadelphia, and on the way endeavor to form a junction 
 with the Continental troops under General McDougall, from Peeks- 
 kill, and the Jersey militia under General Dickinson, both of whom 
 are, I hope, on this side of the Delaware. I am also obliged to 
 wait for General Wayne and General Smallwood, who were left 
 upon the other side of the Schuylkill, in hopes of falling upon the 
 enemy's rear ; but they have eluded them as well as us. # * 
 The strongest reason against being able to make a forced march is 
 a want of shoes. Messrs. Carroll, Chase, and Penn,* who were 
 some days with the army, can inform Congress in how deplorable 
 a situation the troops are, for want of that necessary article. At 
 least one thousand men are barefooted, and have performed the 
 marches in that condition. I was told of a great number of shoes 
 in the hands of private people.in Philadelphia, and sent down to 
 secure them ; but I doubt the approach of the enemy will pre- 
 vent it. 
 
 ' I have planned a method of throwing a garrison into Fort 
 Mifflin. If it succeeds, and they, with the assistance of the ships 
 and galleys, should keep the olDStructions in the river, General 
 Howe's situation in Philadelphia will not be the most agreeable ; 
 for, if his supplies can be stopped by water, it may be easily done 
 by land. To do both shall be my utmost endeavor ; and I am not 
 yet without hope, that the acquisition of Philadelphia may, instead 
 of his good fortune, prove his ruin. General St. Clair, who has 
 been constantly with the army for some time past, can give you 
 many pieces of information which may have escaped me, and 
 therefore I refer you to him for many particulars. 
 
 ' If there are any shoes and blankets to be had in Lancaster, or 
 that part of the country, I earnestly entreat you to have them taken 
 up for the use of the army.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 273. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 69. 
 
 Same to General Gates. 
 Camp, near Pottsgrove, 24 September, 1777. 
 < SiRj — This army has not been able to oppose General Howe's 
 with the success that was wished, and needs a reinforcement. I 
 
 * Members of Congress. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 509 
 
 therefore request, if you have been so fortunate as to oblige Gen- 
 eral Burgoyne to retreat to Ticonderoga, or if you have not, and 
 circumstances will admit, that you will order Colonel Morgan to 
 join me again with his corps. I sent him up when I thought you 
 materially wanted him ; and, if his services can be dispensed with 
 now, you will direct his immediate return. You will perceive, I 
 do not mention this by way of command, but leave you to deter- 
 mine upon it according to your situation. If they come, they 
 should proceed by water from Albany, as low down as Peekskill. 
 In such case you will give Colonel Morgan the necessary orders 
 to join me with despatch.' * I am, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 74. 
 
 In Congress, Lancaster, September 27, 1777. ' A letter, of 
 the 15th, from General Gates, at the Heights above Behman's ; 
 
 * * and one, of the 23d, from General Washington, at 
 Pottsgrove, were read : 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to cooperate with 
 General Washington, in devising and carrying into execution, 
 effectual measures for supplying the army with fire-arms, shoes, 
 blankets, stockings, provisions, and other necessaries ; and that, 
 in executing this business, these collections be confined, as much 
 as circumstances will admit, to persons of disaffected and equivocal 
 characters. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the Treasury Board direct the Treasurer, with 
 all his papers, forms, &c., to repair to the town of York, in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ' Adjourned to Yorktown, there to meet on Tuesday next, at 10 
 o'clock.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 Camp, twenty miles from Philadelphia, 3 October, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — Yesterday afternoon I had the honor to receive your 
 favors of the 30th ultimo, with their enclosures. I was much 
 obliged by the accounts from the Northern army, though in gen- 
 eral they had reached me before ; and I flatter myself we shall soon 
 hear that they have been succeeded by other fortunate and interest- 
 ing events ; as the two armies, by General Gates's letter, were en- 
 camped near each other. I shall pay due attention to the Resolu- 
 tion you refer me to ; and no exertions on my part shall be 
 wanting to collect what necessaries I can for the army.f This, 
 I am persuaded, will be equally attended to by the honorable Board 
 of War ; and I hope, by care and industry, many supplies may be 
 obtained to relieve our distresses, which, in the articles of shoes, 
 
 * Relative to sending Colonel Morgan's corps to General Gates, see pp. 495, 496. 
 t Referring to the above Resolution, Sept. 27. 
 
510 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Stockings, and blankets, are extremely great. # * Con- 
 
 gress may rest assured, all the means in my power shall be em- 
 ployed to put our affairs in a more agreeable train, and to accom- 
 plish the end they so earnestly wish. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 176. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 76. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, near Pennibecker's Mill, 5 October, 1777: 
 
 'Sir, — Having received intelligence through two intercepted 
 letters, that General Howe had detached a part of his force for the 
 purpose of reducing Billingsport and the forts on the Delaware, I 
 communicated the accounts to my general officers, who were unan- 
 imously of opinion, that a favorable opportunity offered to make 
 an attack upon the troops which were at and near Germantown. 
 It v/as accordingly agreed that it should take place yesterday morn- 
 ing, and the following dispositions were made. 
 
 ' The divisions of Sullivan and Wayne, flanked by Conway's 
 brigade, were to enter the town by the way of Chesnut Hill ; while 
 General Armstrong with the Pennsylvania militia should fall down 
 the Manatawny road by Vandeering's Mill, and get upon the 
 enemy's left and rear. The divisions of Greene and Stephen, 
 flanked by McDougall's brigade, were to enter, by taking a circuit 
 by way of the Lime Kiln road, at the Market House, and to attack 
 their right wing ; and the militia of Maryland and Jersey, under 
 Generals Smallvvood and Formans, were to march by the old York 
 road, and fall upon the rear of their right. Lord Stirling, with 
 Nash's and Maxwell's brigades, was to form a corps de reserve. 
 
 ' We marched about seven o'clock the preceding evening ; and 
 General Sullivan's advanced party, drawn from Conway's brigade, 
 attacked their picket, at Mount Airy, or Mr. Allen's house, about 
 sunrise the next morning, which presently gave way; and his main 
 body, consisting of the right wing, following soon, engaged the 
 light infantry and other troops encamped near the picket, which 
 they forced from their ground. Leaving their baggage, they re- 
 treated a considerable distance, having previously thrown a party 
 into Mr. Chew's house, who were in a situation not to be easily 
 forced ; and had it in their power, from the windows, to give us no 
 small annoyance, and in a great measure to obstruct our advance. 
 
 ' The attack from our left column, under General Greene, began 
 about three quarters of an hour after that from the right, and was 
 for some time equally successful. But I cannot enter upon the 
 particulars of what happened in that quarter, as I am not yet in- 
 formed of them with sufficient certainty and precision. The 
 morning was extremely foggy; which prevented our improving 
 the advantages we had gained, so well as we should otherwise 
 have done. This circumstance, by concealing from us the true 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 511 
 
 situation of the enemy, obliged us to act with more caution and 
 less expedition than we could have wished, and gave the enemy 
 time to recover from the effects of our first impression ; and, what 
 was still more unfortunate, it served to keep our diflferent parties in 
 ignorance of each other's movements, and hinder their acting in 
 concert. It also occasioned them to mistake one another for the 
 enemy ; which, I believe, more than any thing else, contributed to 
 the misfortune that ensued. In the midst of the most promisinor 
 appearances, when every thing gave the most flattering hopes of 
 victory, the troops began suddenly to retreat, and entirely left the 
 field, in spit? of every effort that could be made to rally them. 
 
 ' Upon the whole, it may be said the day was rather unfortunate 
 than injurious. * * The enemy are nothing the better 
 
 by the event ; and our troops, who are not in the least dispirited 
 by it, have gained what all young troops gain by being in actions. 
 We have had, however, several valuable officers killed and wound- 
 ed, particularly the latter. General Nash is among the wounded, 
 and his life is despaired of. As soon as it is possible to obtain a 
 return of our loss, I will transmit it. In justice to General Sulli- 
 van and the whole right wing of the army, whose conduct I had 
 an opportunity of observing, as they acted immediately under my 
 eye, I have the pleasure to inform you, that both officers and men 
 behaved with a degree of gallantry that did them the highest 
 honor. I have the honor to be, &c.' * 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 177. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 78. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, near Pennibecker's Mill, 7 October, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 5th, I have 
 obtained a return of our loss in the action on Saturday, by which it 
 appears to be much more considerable than I at first apprehended. 
 * * The copy of the return enclosed will show the amount 
 
 as it now stands ; but I hope many of those who are missing 
 will yet come in. * * My intention is to encamp the 
 
 army at some suitable place, to rest and refresh the men, and 
 recover them from the still remaining effects of that disorder natu- 
 rally attendant on a retreat. We shall here wait for the rein- 
 forcements coming on, and shall then act according to circum- 
 stances. # * # 
 
 ' I beg leave to mention to Congress, that there is a great de- 
 ficiency of general officers in this army. When the detachment 
 coming from Peekskill joins us, we shall have thirteen brigades. 
 These require as many brigadiers, and six major-generals. Instead 
 of these, we shall have only four major-generals and eleven briga- 
 diers ; and the deficiency will be still increased by the death of 
 
 * The battle of Grermantown. 
 
512 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 General Nash,* which, from every appearance, is momently to be 
 expected. General Woodford's absence, occasioned by his woun(l,f 
 tidds to our embarrassments, though it will be but for a time. * 
 * Want of leisure prevents my being more particular at this 
 
 time ; but I shall take the liberty, in a day or two, to point out the 
 troops that are in want of general officers, with my observations on 
 the subject. 
 
 ' I cannot, however, omit this opportunity of recommending 
 General McDougall to their notice. This gentleman, from the 
 time of his appointment as brigadier, — from his abilities, military 
 knowledge, and approved bravery, — has every claim to promo- 
 tion. If I mistake not, he was passed over in the last appoint- 
 ments of major-generals, and younger officers preferred before him ; 
 but his disinterested attachment to the service prevented his acting 
 in the manner that is customary in like circumstances. This, I 
 think, gives him a peculiar title to esteem, and concurs with the 
 opinion I have of his value as an officer, to make me wish it may 
 appear advisable to Congress to promote him to one of the va- 
 cancies.! 
 
 ' It would be well if the intended inquiry into the conduct of 
 General St. Clair could be brought to a speedy issue; and, if he is 
 acquitted to the satisfaction of Congress, that, as his general char- 
 acter as an officer is good, he may be again restored to the service.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 179. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 82. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, 13 October, 1777. 
 
 'Sir, — Since I had the honor of addressing you on the 11th 
 instant,§ nothing material has happened between our army and 
 General Howe's. * * 
 
 ' It gives me pain to repeat so often the wants of the army ; and 
 nothing would induce me to it but the most urgent necessity. 
 Every mode hitherto adopted for supplying them has proved in- 
 adequate, notwithstanding my best endeavors to make the most of 
 the means which have been in my power. The enclosed return 
 will show how great [is] our deficiency in the most essential arti- 
 
 * General Nash of North Carolina. He was mortally vpounded in the battle of Ger- 
 mantovirn 
 
 t In the battle of Brandywine. 
 
 J General McDougall was promoted accordingly, Oct. 20; also Gen. R. Howe. 
 
 § The General had written on the 11th, — ' Our distress for want of shoes and 
 stockings is amazingly great, particularly for want of the former. On this account we 
 have a great many men who cannot do duty, and several detained at the hospitals for 
 no other cause. I must request Congress to continue their exertions to relieve us, 
 and to direct every supply of these and other necessaries to be forwarded as soon as 
 they possibly can, after they are collected. It will be proper to send them on as fast 
 as they can be procured, without waiting to make up a considerable quantity to be 
 brought at one time.' 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777, 513 
 
 cles. What new expedient Congress can devise for more effectu- 
 ally answering these demands, I know not, persuaded as I am that 
 their closest attention has not been wanting to a matter of so great 
 importance; but, circumstanced as we are, I am under an absolute 
 necessity of troubling them, that, if any new source can be opened 
 for alleviating our distresses, it may be embraced as speedily as 
 possible. For it is impossible that any army, so unprovided, can 
 long subsist, or act with that vigor which is requisite to ensure 
 success. 
 
 ' The return now enclosed is for troops present in camp ; besides 
 which, there are numbers in the several hospitals, totally destitute 
 of the necessaries they require to fit them for the field; and, on this 
 account alone, are prevented from joining their corps.* The re- 
 cruits coming in are likewise in the same melancholy predica- 
 ment. * # 
 
 ' There is one thing more which I cannot omit mentioning to Con- 
 gress, and which, in my opinion, has a claim to their most serious 
 attention ; I mean the general defective state of the regiments which 
 compose our armies. Congress will find, from a view of the re- 
 turns transmitted from time to time, that they do not amount to half 
 of their just complement.^ What can be done to remedy this, I 
 know not ; but it is certain, every idea of voluntary enlistments 
 seems to be at an end. And it is equally certain, that the mode 
 of draughting has been carried on with such want of energy in some 
 States, and so much disregarded in others, that but a small acces- 
 sion of force has been derived from it. These facts are sufficiently 
 interesting of themselves. But there are others to be added. I 
 am told that Virginia, in her regulations for draughting, extended 
 her plan only to the nine regiments that were first raised.^ In 
 what policy this was founded, I cannot determine ; but the other 
 six § are to receive no reinforcements from that source. Nor do 
 matters stop here. The engagements of the first nine regiments, I 
 am informed, were temporary ; and, according to the officers' ac- 
 counts, the longest period to which any of the men are bound to 
 serve is next April. Many ai^ not obliged so long; and there 
 are sorhe who claim' a discharge at this time. / do not mention 
 these things through choice, but from a principle of duty ; to the 
 end that Congress may devise some timely and effectual provision 
 for the whole, if such shall be in their power. It is unnecessary to 
 
 * On the receipt of the above letter, Oct. 16, Congress ordered a copy of it to be sent 
 to the several States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland, and Virginia; requesting them severally to send to the General, with the 
 utmost despatch, as many as possible of the articles mentioned in the return. 
 
 t Meaning the number voted, Sept. 16, p. 298. 
 
 I See pp. 199, 210, 219. 
 
 § The six, besides the nine first raised, included in the fifteen regiments voted in 
 September. See note, p. 313. 
 
514 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 enlarge upon the subject ; and I will only observe, that the conse- 
 quences of calling the militia into the field in the course of the war, 
 have been so severely and ruinously felt, that I trust our views will 
 never be turned to them but in cases of the greatest extremity. 
 
 ' In pursuance of the Resolution of Congress, a Court of In- 
 quiry has sat upon General Sullivan. They met on the lOlh, and 
 continued the examination till the 12th ; when they came to the 
 enclosed opinion. The depositions and papers which were before 
 the Court were many and prolix. They are not transmitted ; but 
 they may be obtained from the Court, if wanted. Besides the de- 
 pository proofs which they had of wounded and dead officers, they 
 had many gentlemen before them in person. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 186. Wash. Writ. 
 
 This letter was received in Congress, and, as regarded the opinion of the Court of 
 Inquiry, was referred to the Board of War. In four days after, Congress passed the 
 following Resolution. 
 
 October 20, 1777. 'Resolved, That the result of the Court of 
 Inquiry into the expedition of Staten Island, so honorable to the 
 character of General Sullivan, is highly pleasing to Congi*ess ; and 
 that the opinion of the said Court be published in justification of 
 the injured character of that officer.' * 
 
 Same to Richard Henry Lee, in Congress. 
 
 Matuchen Hill, 17 October, 1777. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 5th instant, as also that of the 
 11th, by Baron de Kalb, are both at hand. It is not in my power 
 at present to answer your query respecting the appointment of this 
 gentleman. But, Sir, if there is any thing in a report, that Con- 
 gress have appointed, or as others say are about to appoint. Briga- 
 dier Conway a Major-General in this army, it will be as unfor- 
 nate a measure as ever was adopted. I may add, and I think with 
 truth, that it will give a fatal blow to the existence of the army. 
 Upon so interesting a subject, I must speak plainly. The duty I 
 owe my country, the ardent desire I have to promote its true in- 
 terests, and justice to individuals, require this of me. General 
 Conway's merit, then, as an officer, and his importance in this 
 army, exist more in his own imagination, than in reality. For it is 
 a maxim with him, to leave no service of his own untold, nor to 
 want any thing which is to be obtained by importunity. 
 
 * But, as I do not mean to detract from him any merit he pos- 
 sesses, and only wish to have the matter taken upon its true ground, 
 after allowing him every thing that his warmest friends would 
 contend for, I would ask, why the youngest brigadier in the ser- 
 
 * See pp. 503, 504. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 515 
 
 vice (for I believe he is so) should be put over ihe heads of all the 
 eldest, and thereby take rank of and command gentlemen who but 
 yesterday were his seniors ; — gentlemen, who, I will be bold to 
 say, in behalf of some of them at least, are of sound judgment and 
 unquestionable bravery ? If there was a degree of conspicuous 
 merit in General Conway, unpossessed by any of his seniors, the 
 confusion, which might be occasioned by it, would stand warrant- 
 ed upon the principles of sound policy; for I readily agree, that 
 this is no time for trifling. But, at the same time that I cannot 
 subscribe to the fact, this truth I am very well assured of (though 
 I have not directly nor indirectly exchanged a word with any one 
 of the brigadiers on the subject, nor am I certain that any one has 
 heard of the appointment), that they will not serve under him. I 
 leave you. to guess, therefore, at the situation this army would be 
 in at so important a crisis, if this event should take place. These 
 gentlemen have feelings as officers ; and, though they do not dis- 
 pute the authority of Congress to make appointments, they will 
 judge of the propriety of acting under them. 
 
 ' In a word, the service is so difficult, and every necessary so 
 expensive, that almost all our officers are tired out. Do not, there- 
 fore, afford them good pretexts for retiring. No day passes over my 
 head, without application for leave to resign. Within the last six 
 days, I am certain, twenty commissions at least have been tendered 
 to me. I must, therefore, conjure you to conjure Congress to con- 
 sider this matter well, and not, by a real act of injustice, compel 
 some good officers to leave the service, and thereby incur a train of 
 evils unforeseen and irremediable. To sum up the ivhole, I have 
 been a slave to the service. I have undergone more than most men 
 are aivare of, to harmonize so many discordant parts ; but it will be 
 impossible for me to be of any further service, if such insuperable 
 difficulties are thrown in my way. You may believe me, my good 
 Sir, that I have no earthly views, but the public good, in what I 
 have said. I have no prejudice against General Conway, nor desire 
 to serve any other brigadier, further than T think the cause will be 
 benefited by it ; to bring which to a speedy and happy conclusion, 
 is the most fervent wish of my soul. 
 
 ' With respect to the wants of the militia, in the articles of cloth- 
 ing, you must be well convinced, that it is not in my power to 
 supply them in the smallest degree ; when near one half of our 
 own men are rendered unfit for service for want of these things. I 
 can add no more at present, than that I am, dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 97. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, near Whitemarsh, 21 October, 1777. 
 * Sir, — I last night had the honor to receive your letter of the 
 17th instant, with its several enclosures. 
 66 
 
516 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ' I heartily wish the States may feel the importance of filling 
 their battalions, and may, in consequence of the recommendation 
 of Congress, adopt such measures as will prove effectual for the 
 purpose.* I cannot but think that heretofore there has been a 
 want of attention in this instance, and that the subject, though in- 
 teresting to the last degree, has been viewed with too much in- 
 difference. * # 
 
 ' As to the recruiting officers, I must observe, that, notwith- 
 standing the Resolution of Congress of the 31st of July, and my 
 circular letter on the subject of it to many of the States, I have not 
 received an account that any officers have been appointed, except 
 in Connecticut and Jersey.* 
 
 ' On Sunday, the enemy evacuated Germantown, and withdrew 
 themselves within their lines near the city. They seem determined 
 to reduce the forts, if possible ; and, for this purpose, have thrown 
 several parties over on Province Island.' 
 
 October 2^lh. ' It gives me great concern to inform Congress, 
 that, after all my exertions, we are still in a distressed situation for 
 want of blankets and shoes. At this time no inconsiderable part 
 of our force are incapable of acting, through the deficiency of the 
 latter ; and I fear, without we can be relieved, it will be the case 
 with two thirds of the army in the course of a few days. 
 
 ' I am and have been waiting with the most anxious impatience 
 for a confirmation of General Burgoyne's surrender. I have re- 
 ceived no further intelligence respecting it (except vague report) 
 than the first account which came to hand so long ago as Satur- 
 day morning [18th]. f If Congress have had authentic advices 
 about it, I wish to be favored with them. * * 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. pp. 191, 193. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to Colonel Hamilton. 
 
 Head- Quarters, 30 October, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — It having been judged expedient by the members 
 of a council of war held yesterday, that one of the gentlemen of my 
 family should be sent to General Gates, in order to lay before him 
 the state of this army and the situation of the enemy, and to point 
 out to him the many happy consequences that will accrue from an 
 
 * Alluding to the Resolutions of Congress, Oct. 17, — ' That it be earnestly recom- 
 mended to the said States, to use their utmost endeavors for immediately completing 
 their several quotas, and to address their inhabitants on the advantages that will result 
 therefrom;' — ' That duplicates of the Resolution of Congress of the 31st of July last, 
 be sent to the respective States, and that they be desired,' &c. See p. 488. 
 
 t Just as he was closing a letter which he wrote to his brother, Oct. 18, General 
 Washington received that ' account ' from Governor Clinton of New York. He added 
 a postscript in which he said to his brother, — 'I most devoutly congratulate my 
 country, and every well-wisher to the cause, on this signal stroke of Providence.' 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 517 
 
 immediate reinforcement being sent from the Northern army, I 
 have thought proper to appoint you to that duty, and desire that 
 you will immediately set out for Albany ; at which place, or in the 
 neighborhood, I imagine you will find General Gates. 
 
 ' You are so fully acquainted with the two principal points on 
 which you are sent, namely, the state of our army and the situa- 
 tion of the enemy, that I shall not enlarge on these heads. What 
 you are chiefly to attend to, is to point out in the clearest manner 
 lo General Gates the absolute necessity that there is for his de- 
 taching a very considerable part of the army, at present under his 
 command, to the reinforcement of this ; — a measure that will in 
 all probability reduce General Howe to the same situation in lohich 
 General Bur^oyne now is, should he attempt to remain in Philadel- 
 phia, without being" able to remove the obstructions in the Delaware, 
 and open a free communication with his shipping: 
 
 ' The force, which the members of the council of war judged it 
 safe and expedient to draw down at present, is the three New 
 Hampshire and fifteen Massachusetts regiments, with Lee's and 
 Jackson's of the sixteen additional regiments. But it is more than 
 probable, that General Gates may have destined part of these 
 troops to the reduction of Ticonderoga ; should the enemy not 
 have evacuated it, or to the garrisoning of it, if they should. In 
 that case, the reinforcement will vary according to circumstances ; 
 but, if possible, let it be made up to the same number oat of the 
 other corps. If, upon your meeting with General Gates, you 
 should find that he intends, in consequence of his success, to em- 
 ploy the troops under his command upon some expedition by the 
 prosecution of which the common cause will be more benefited 
 than by their being sent down to reinforce this army, it is not my 
 wish to give any interruption to the plan. But, if he should have 
 nothing more in contemplation than those particular objects which 
 I have mentioned to you, and which it is unnecessary to commit 
 to paper, in that case you are to inform him that it is my desire, 
 that the reinforcements before mentioned, or such part of them as 
 can be safely spared, be immediately put in march to join this 
 army. 
 
 ' I have understood that General Gates has already detached 
 Nixon's and Glover's brigades to join General Putnam ; and Gen- 
 eral Dickinson informs me, that, by intelligence which he thinks 
 may be depended upon, Sir Henry Clinton has come down the 
 river tvith his whole force. If this be a fact, you are to desire 
 General Putnam to send the two brigades forward with the great- 
 est expedition, as there can be no occasion for them there. I ex- 
 pect you will meet Colonel Morgan's corps, upon their way down. 
 If you do, let them know how essentied their services are to us, 
 and desire the Colonel, or commanding officer, to hasten his march 
 as much as is consistent with the health of the men after their late 
 
518 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 fatigues. Let me hear from you when you reach the North River, 
 and upon your arrival at Albany. I wish you a pleasant journey, 
 and am, dear Sir, &c. 
 
 ' P. S. I ordered the detachment belonging to General McDou- 
 gall's division to come forward. If you meet them, direct those 
 belonging to Greene's, Angell's, Chandler's, and Duryee's regi- 
 ments not to cross Delaware, but to proceed to Red Bank.' 
 
 Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 95. Sparks, vol. v. p. 121. 
 
 Same to General Gates. 
 
 Head-Quarters, near Whitemarsh, 30 October, 1777. 
 
 t SiR^ — By this opportunity I do myself the pleasure to con- 
 gratulate you on the signal success of the army under your com- 
 mand, in compelling General Burgoyne and his whole force to 
 surrender themselves prisoners of war, — an event that does the 
 highest honor to the American arms, and which, I hope, will be 
 attended with the most extensive and happy consequences. At 
 the same time, I cannot but regret that a matter of such magnitude, 
 and so interesting to our general operations, should have reached 
 me by report only, or through the channel of letters, not bearing 
 that authenticity which the importance of it required, and which 
 it would have received by a line under your signature, stating the 
 simple fact. 
 
 ' Our affairs having happily terminated at the Northward, I have, 
 by the advice of my general officers, sent Colonel Hamilton, one 
 of my Aids, to lay before you a full state of our situation, and that 
 of the enemy in this quarter. He is well informed upon the sub- 
 ject, and will deliver my sentiments upon the plan of operations 
 that is become necessary to be pursued. I think it improper to 
 enter into a particular detail, not being well advised how matters 
 are circumstanced on the North River ;* and fearing that, by some 
 accident, my letter might miscarry. From Colonel Hamilton you 
 will have a clear and comprehensive view of things, and I per- 
 suade myself you will do all in your power to facilitate the objects 
 I have in contemplation. I am. Sir, your obedient servant.' 
 
 Wilkinson's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 369. Sparks, vol. v. p. 124. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 Head-Quarters, near Whitemarsh, 1 November, 1777. 
 i Sir, — After the action of the 4th ultimo at Germantown, I 
 hoped we should have been in a situation to attack the enemy 
 again on those grounds, and with more success than in the former 
 
 * An allusion to the expedition of Sir Henry Clinton up the North River, — an 
 expedition in which Forts Montgomery and Clinton were taken, and some villages 
 destroyed. But, four days before this date, the British evacuated the forts; and 
 immediately Sir Henry returned with his whole force to New York. Undoubtedly, 
 therefore, the intelligence named in the preceding letter to Colonel Hamilton was true. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 519 
 
 instance ; but this I was not able to effect. # * Every 
 
 exertion was directed to obtain supplies; hut, notwithstanding 
 they ivere inadequate, too scanty, and insufficient to attempt any 
 thing on a large and general scale, before the enemy withdrew 
 themselves. With what we had, in case an experiment had been 
 made, fortune might have decided in our favor for the present ; 
 but we should not have been afterwards in a situation to maintain 
 the advantage we might have gained; and, if a repulse had taken 
 place, and the enemy pursued, we might, for want of a reserve, 
 have been exposed to the most imminent danger of being ruined. 
 The distress of the soldiers for want of shoes was also a powerful 
 obstacle to the measure. 
 
 ' I could wish that our circumstances \Arere now such as to au- 
 thorize a general attack for dislodging them from the city ; but I 
 think they are not. This also is the opinion of my general officers, 
 upon a full and comprehensive view of matters ; as Congress will 
 perceive by the enclosed copy of the minutes of council on the 
 29th ultimo, which I have taken the liberty to transmit, and lay 
 before them. * * I have sent Colonel Hamilton, one 
 
 of my Aids, to General Gates, to give him a just representation of 
 things, and to explain to him the expediency of our receiving the 
 reinforcements which have been determined necessary, if they will 
 not interfere with and frustrate any important plans he may have 
 formed. Indeed, I cannot conceive that there is any object now re- 
 maining, that demands our attention and most vigorous efforts so 
 much, as the destruction of the army in this quarter. Should loe be 
 able to effect this, we shall have little to fear in future. * « 
 
 ' The enclosed return will give Congress a general view of the 
 strength of this army when it was made, and a particular one of 
 the forces of each State which compose it. By this they will per- 
 ceive how greatly deficient the whole are in furnishing their just 
 quotas. The militia from Maryland and Virginia are no longer to 
 be counted on. All the former, except about two hundred, are 
 already gone ; and a few days, I expect, will produce the departure 
 of the whole or a chief part of the latter, from the importunate ap- 
 plications which some of them have made. Besides this dimi- 
 nution, I am apprehensive we shall have several men added 
 to the sick list, by reason of the late excessive rain and want of 
 clothes. * # * * 
 
 ' I took the liberty, some short time ago, to mention to Congress 
 the situation of the nine first-raised Virginia regiments,* and the 
 term for which they stand engaged. * * I thought it 
 
 advisable to consult the officers commanding them, upon the mode 
 which should appear to them best calculated to reenlist them. 
 They accordingly met, and reported their sentiments in writing ; a 
 
 * See p. 513. 
 
520 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 copy of which I have enclosed. I do not know that expedients 
 more promising of success than those they have pointed out can 
 be adopted. Congress will be pleased to give the matter their earliest 
 attention, and to favor me with their opinion by the first oppor- 
 tunity, whether the indulgence and allowance they have proposed 
 may be granted; — and, if any additional bounty may be given, 
 what it shall be. The high sums paid for substitutes and draughts 
 of late, even in the militia service, will make this necessary ; for 
 the soldiers, being well apprised of that fact, will not be induced to 
 engage again during the war or for three years, for the usual 
 premium. 
 
 ' I would also lay before Congress a remonstrance by the sub- 
 altern officers of the Virginia line, founded on a reform I thought 
 necessary to take place in the regiments from that State. These 
 in their establishment were made to consist of ten companies, — 
 two more than were assigned to those of the States in general. 
 This, and the great disproportion between the officers and men, 
 induced me to reduce them to a level with the rest belonging to the 
 Continent, in order to prevent a considerable unnecessary expense. 
 * * I have made a short state of facts, and wish Congress 
 
 to determine upon them and the remonstrance as they shall think 
 proper.' 
 
 November Sd. ' Agreeably to my expectation, the Virginia mi- 
 litia are gone ; so that we have none now in aid of the Continental 
 troops, but those of this State mentioned in the return, and a few 
 from Maryland. I do not know what can or will be done to ob- 
 tain further reinforcements of them ; but it appears to me, taking 
 matters in any point of light, that further aids should come from 
 Virginia and Maryland. For, should we be able to accommodate 
 the Continental forces with clothes, so as to carry on a winter 
 campaign, their assistance will be material, either to maintain a 
 blockade, or in any decisive stroke we may attempt. And, if they 
 cannot be provided, and we should be obliged to retire into quar- 
 ters, their service will be still more necessary, to assist in covering 
 the country against incursions for forage and provisions. # * 
 
 A time for their continuance should be fixed, or they will always 
 be uneasy and pushing off; and the longer circumstances will 
 admit it to be, the better ; for, after the period recurs for which they 
 come, it will be impossible to retain them a moment. * * 
 
 ' Mr. Thompson's letter of the 21st ultimo, with its enclosures, 
 came to hand yesterday. I join Congress most sincerely in con- 
 gratulations on our important success in the surrender of General 
 Burgoyne at the head of his forces, and am happy they have re- 
 ceived a confirmation of the event from General Gates. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 195. "Wash. Writ. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 521 
 
 In view of the extremely critical state of affairs, and of the vastly momentous object 
 of effort at that juncture, as seen through the descriptions of them in the preceding 
 letters, it is presumed that a portion of ihe correspondence, showing some of the im- 
 portant incidents of that mission to General Gates, will be no less acceptable, than it 
 is indicative of particular influences already noticed repeatedly, and which will 
 still, for some time, become more and more apparent. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton to General Washington. 
 
 FisHKiLL, November 2, 1777. 
 
 ' Dear Sir, — I lodged last night in the neighborhood of New 
 Windsor. This morning early, 1 met Colonel Morgan with his 
 corps, about a mile from it, in march for head-quarters. I told him 
 the necessity of making all the despatch he could, so as not to fa- 
 tigue his men too much, which he has promised to do. I under- 
 stood from Colonel Morgan, that all the Northern army were 
 marching down on both sides the river, and would probably be to- 
 morrow at New Windsor and this place ; and that General Put- 
 nam had held a council for the general disposition of them, in which 
 it was resolved to send you four thousand men, and to keep the 
 rest on this side the river. I came here in expectation that matters 
 were in such a train as to enable me to accomplish my errand 
 without going any further, unless it should be to hasten the troops 
 that were on their march ; but, on my arrival, I learned from Mr. 
 Hughes, an Aid-de-Camp to General Gates, that the following 
 disposition of the Northern army had taken place. 
 
 ' General Patterson's, Glover's, and Nixon's brigades, and 
 Colonel Warner's Mountain Boys, to remain in and about Al- 
 bany, — barracks building for them. General Poor's brigade, 
 marching down this side of the river to join General Putnam, will 
 be here probably to-morrow. General Learned's brigade, Mor- 
 gan's corps, Warner's brigade of Massachusetts militia, and some 
 regiments of New York militia, on their march on the west side of 
 the river. 
 
 ' I have directed General Putnam, in your name, to send for- 
 ward, with all despatch, to join you, the two Continental brigades, 
 and Warner's militia brigade : this last is to serve till the latter 
 end of this month. Your instructions did not comprehend any 
 militia; but, as there are certain accounts here that most of the 
 troops from New York are gone to reinforce General Howe, and 
 as so large a proportion of Continental troops have been detained 
 at Albany, I concluded you would not disapprove of a measure 
 calculated to strengthen you, though but for a small time, and have 
 ventured to adopt it on that presumption. 
 
 ' Being informed by General Putnam, that General Wynds, with 
 seven hundred Jersey militia, was at King's Ferry, with intention 
 to cross to Peekskill, I prevailed upon him to relinquish that idea, 
 and send off an immediate order for them to march towards Red 
 Bank. It is possible, however, unless your Excellency supports 
 
522 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 this order by an application from yourself, he may march his men 
 home, instead of marching them to the place he has been directed 
 to repair to. 
 
 ' Neither l^ee's, Jackson's regiments, nor the detachments be- 
 longing to General McDougall's division, have yet marched. I 
 have urged their being sent; and an order has been despatched for 
 their instantly proceeding. Colonel Hughes is pressing some 
 fresh horses for me. The moment they are ready, I shall recross 
 the river, in order to fall in with the troops on the other side, and 
 make all the haste I can to Albany, to get the three brigades there 
 sent forward. 
 
 ' Will your Excellency permit me to observe, that I have some 
 doubts, under present circumstances and appearances, of the pro- 
 priety of leaving the regiments proposed to be left in this quarter? 
 But if my doubts on this subject were stronger than they are, I am 
 forbid, by the sense of council, from interfering in the matter. 
 
 ' General Poor's brigade is just arrived here ; they will proceed 
 to join you with all expedition. So strongly am I impressed with 
 the importance of endeavoring to crush Mr. Howe, that I am apt 
 to think it would be advisable to draw off all the Continental 
 troops. Had this been determined on. General Warner's sixteen 
 hundred militia might have been left here. 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, with the warmest esteem and respect, 
 ' Your Excellency's most obedient servant.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol, i. p. 273. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 97. 
 
 Same to General Washington. 
 
 Albany, — November, 1777. 
 * Dear Sir, — I arrived here yesterday at noon, and waited upon 
 General Gates immediately, on the business of my mission ; but 
 was sorry to find his ideas did not correspond with yours, for 
 drawing off the number of troops you directed. I used every ar- 
 gument in my power to convince him of the propi;iety of the 
 measure ; but he was inflexible in the opinion, that two brigades, 
 at least, of Continental troops, should remain in and near this place. 
 His reasons were, that the intelligence of Sir Henry Clinton's hav- 
 ing gone to join Howe, was not sufficiently authenticated to put it 
 out of doubt ; that there was, therefore, a possibility of his returning 
 up the river, which might expose the finest arsenal in America (as 
 he calls the one here) to destruction, should this place be left so 
 bare of troops as I proposed ; and that the want of conveniences, 
 and the difficulty of the roads, would make it impossible to remove 
 artillery and stores for a considerable time ; that the New England 
 States would be left open to the depredations and ravages of the 
 enemy ; that it would put it out of his power to enterprise any thing 
 against Ticonderoga, which he thinks might be done in the winter 
 and which he considers it of importance to undertake. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 523 
 
 ' The force of these reasons did by no means strike me, and I 
 did every thing in my power to show they were unsubstantial ; but 
 all I could effect was to have one brigade despatched, in addition 
 to those already marched. I found myself infinitely embarrassed, 
 and was at a loss how to act. I felt the importance of strengthening 
 you as much as possible ; but, on the other hand, I found insu- 
 perable inconveniences, in acting diametrically opposite to the 
 opinion of a gentleman whose successes have raised him to the 
 highest importance. General Gates has won the entire confidence 
 of the Eastern States. If disposed to do it, by addressing himself 
 to the prejudices of the people, he would find no difficulty to render 
 a measure odious, which it might be said, with plausibility enough 
 to be believed, was calculated to expose them to unnecessary dan- 
 gers, notwithstanding their exertions, during the campaign, had 
 given them the fullest title to repose and security. General Gates 
 has influence and interest elsewhere : he might use it, if he pleased, 
 to discredit the measure there also. On the whole, it appeared to 
 me dangerous to insist on sending more troops from hence, while 
 General Gates appeared so warmly opposed to it. Should any 
 accident or inconvenience happen in consequence of it, there would 
 be too fair a pretext for censure ; and many people are too well 
 disposed to lay hold of it. At any rate, it might be considered as 
 using him ill, to take a step so contrary to his judgment, in a case 
 of this nature. These considerations, and others which I shall be 
 more explicit in when I have the pleasure of seeing you, deter- 
 mined me not to insist upon sending either of the other brigades 
 remaining here. I am afraid what I have done may not meet with 
 your approbation, as not being, perhaps, fully warranted by your 
 instructions ; but I ventured to do what I thought right, hoping 
 that, at least, the goodness of my intention will excuse the error of 
 my judgment. 
 
 ' I was induced to this relaxation the more readily, as I had di- 
 rected to be sent on two thousand militia which were not expected 
 by you, and a thousand Continental troops out of those proposed 
 to be left with General Putnam, which I have written to him, since 
 I found how matters were circumstanced here, to forward to you 
 with all despatch. * # « # 
 
 ' Vessels are preparing to carry the brigade to New Windsor, 
 which will embark this evening. I shall, this afternoon, set out on 
 my return to camp, and on my way shall endeavor to hasten the 
 troops forward. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 276. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 100. 
 
 Same to Gei^eral Gates. 
 
 Albany, 5 November, 1777. 
 * Sir, — By inquiry, I have learned that General Patterson's 
 brigade, which is the one you propose to send, is by far the weak- 
 67 
 
524 COUKSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 est of the three now here, and does not consist of more than about 
 six hundred, rank and file, fit for duty. It is true, that there is a 
 mihtia regiment with it of about two hundred ; but the time of ser- 
 vice for which this regiment is engaged is so near expiring, that 
 it would be past by the time the men could arrive at their desti- 
 nation. 
 
 ' Under these circumstances, I cannot consider it either as com- 
 patible with the good of the service, or my instructions from his 
 Excellency General Washington, to consent that that brigade be 
 selected from the three to go to him ; but I am under the necessity 
 of desiring, by virtue of my orders from him, that one of the others 
 be substituted instead of this, either General Nixon's or General 
 Glover's, and that you will be pleased to give immediate orders 
 for its embarkation. 
 
 ' Knowing that General Washington wished me to pay the 
 greatest deference to your judgment, I ventured so far to deviate 
 from the instructions he gave me, as to consent, in compliance 
 with your opinion, that two brigades should remain here instead 
 of one. At the same time, permit me to observe, that I am not 
 myself sensible of the expediency of keeping more than one, with 
 the detached regiments in the neighborhood of this place; and that 
 my ideas coincide with those gentlemen whom I have consulted 
 on the occasion, whose judgment I have much more reliance upon 
 than on my own, and who must be supposed to have a thorough 
 knowledge of all the circumstances. Their opinion is, that one 
 brigade and the regiments before mentioned would amply answer 
 the purposes of this post. When I preferred your opinion to other 
 considerations, I did not imagine you would pitch upon a brigade 
 little more than half as large as the others ; and, finding this to be 
 the case, I indispensably owe it to my duty to desire, in his Ex- 
 cellency's name, that another may go instead of the one intended, 
 and without loss of time. As it may be conducive to despatch to 
 send Glover's brigade, if agreeable to you, you will give orders 
 accordingly. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 281. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 103. 
 
 Same to General Washington. 
 
 New WhVDSOR, 10 November, 1777. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — I arrived here last night from Albany. Having 
 given General Gates a little time to recollect himself, I renewed 
 my remonstrance on the necessity and propriety of sending you 
 more than one brigade of the three he had detained with him ; and 
 finally prevailed upon him to give orders for Glover's, in addition 
 to Patterson's brigade, to march ^his way. 
 
 ' As it was thought conducive to expedition to send the troops 
 by water, as far as it could be done, I procured all the vessels that 
 cpuld be had at Albany, fit for the purpose ; but could not get 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 525 
 
 more than sufficient to take Patterson's brigade. It was embarked 
 the seventh instant ; but the wind has been contrary : they must 
 probably be here to-day. General Glover's brigade marched at 
 the same time, on the east side of the river, the roads being much 
 better than on this side. I am this moment informed, that one 
 sloop, with a part of Patterson's, has arrived, and that the others 
 are in sight. They will immediately proceed by water to King's 
 Ferry, and thence take the shortest route. 
 
 ' I am pained beyond expression to inform your Excellency, that, 
 on my arrival here, I find every thing has been neglected and de- 
 ranged by General Putnam ; and that the two brigades, Poor's and 
 Learned's, still remain here and on the other side of the river at 
 Fishkill. Colonel Warner's militia, I am told, have been drawn 
 to Peekskill, to aid in an expedition against New York, which, it 
 seems, is at this time the hobby-horse with General Putnam. Not 
 the least attention has been paid to my order, in your name, for a 
 detachment of one thousand men from the troops hitherto sta- 
 tioned at this post. Every thing is sacrificed to the whim of 
 taking New York. 
 
 ' The two brigades of Poor and Learned, it appears, would not 
 march for want of money and necessaries ; several of the regi- 
 ments having received no pay for six or eight months past. There 
 has been a high mutiny among the former on this account, in which 
 a captain killed a man, and was himself shot by his comrade. 
 These difficulties, for want of proper management, have stopped 
 the troops from proceeding. Governor Clinton has been the only 
 man who has done any thing towards removing them, but, for 
 want of General Putnam's cooperation, has not been able to effect 
 it. He has only been able to prevail with Learned's brigade to 
 agree to march to Goshen ; in hopes, by getting them once on the 
 go, to induce them to continue their march. On coming here, I 
 immediately sent for Colonel Baily, who now commands Lear- 
 ned's brigade, and persuaded him to engage to carry the brigade 
 on to Head-Quarters as fast as possible. This he expects to effect 
 by means of five or six thousand dollars, which Governor Clinton 
 was kind enough to borrow for me, and which Colonel Baily 
 thinks will keep the men in good humor till they join you. They 
 marched this morning towards Goshen. 
 
 ' I shall, as soon as possible, see General Poor, and do every 
 thing in my power to get him along ; and hope I shall be able to 
 succeed. 
 
 * The plan I before laid having been totally deranged, a new 
 one has become necessary. It is now too late to send "Warner's 
 militia : by the time they reached you, their term of service would 
 be out. The motive for sending them, which was to give you a 
 speedy reinforcement, has, by the past delay, been superseded. 
 
 'By Governor Clinton's advice, I have sent an order, in the most 
 
526 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 emphatical terms, to General Putnam, immediately to despatch all 
 the Continental troops under him to your assistance, and to detain 
 the militia instead of them. 
 
 ' My opinion is, that the only present use for troops in this quarter 
 is to protect the country from the depredations of little plundering 
 parties, and for carrying on the works necessary for the defence of the 
 river. Nothing more ought to be thought of. 'Tis only wasting 
 time, and misapplying men, to employ them in a suicidal parade 
 against New York ; for in this it will undoubtedly terminate. New 
 York is no object, if it could be taken; and to take it, would re- 
 quire more men than could be spared from more substantial pur- 
 poses. Governor Clinton's ideas coincide with mine. He thinks 
 that there is no need of more Continental troops here, than a few 
 to give a spur to the militia in working upon the fortifications. 
 
 ' In pursuance of this, I have given the directions before men- 
 tioned. * * 
 
 ' If your Excellency agrees with me in opinion, it will be well to 
 send instant directions to General Putnam, to pursue the object I 
 have mentioned ; for I doubt whether he will attend to any thing 
 I shall say, notwithstanding it comes in the shape of a positive 
 order. I fear, unless you interpose, the works here will go on so 
 feebly, for want of men, that they will not be completed in time ; 
 whereas, it appears to me of the greatest importance they should 
 be pushed with the utmost vigor. Governor Chnton will do every 
 thing in his power. * * Believe me. Sir, nobody can 
 
 be more impressed with the importance of forwarding the rein- 
 forcements coming to you, with all speed, nor could anybody 
 have endeavored to promote it more than I have done ; but the 
 ignorance of some, and the design of others, have been almost in- 
 superable obstacles. I am very unwell ; but I shall not spare my- 
 self to get things immediately in a proper train ; and for that purpose 
 intend, unless I receive other orders from you, to continue with the 
 troops in the progress of their march. As soon as I get General 
 Poor's brigade in march, I shall proceed to General Putnam's at 
 Peekskill. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 283. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 104. 
 
 Same to General Washington. 
 
 New Windsor, 12 November, 1777. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — I have been detained here these two days by a 
 fever, and violent rheumatic pains throughout my body. This has 
 prevented my being active, in person, for promoting the purposes 
 of my errand ; but I have taken every other method in my power, 
 in which Governor Clinton has obligingly given me all the aid he 
 could. * * 
 
 ' Parsons's brigade will join you, I hope, in five or six days from 
 this ; Learned's brigade may do the same ; Poor's will, I am per- 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 527 
 
 suaded, make all the haste they can for the future ; and Glover's 
 may be expected at Fishkill to-night, whence they will be pushed 
 forward as fast as I can have any influence to make them go. But 
 I am sorry to say, the disposition for marching, in the officers and 
 men in general, does not keep pace with my wishes, or the exi- 
 gency of the occasion. They have unfortunately imbibed an idea 
 that they have done their part of the business of the campaign, 
 and are now entitled to repose. This, and the want of pay, 
 make them averse to a long march at this advanced season.* * 
 
 ' The enemy appear to have stripped New York very bare. The 
 people there, that is, the Tories, are in a great fright. This adds 
 to my anxiety, that the reinforcements from this quarter to you are 
 not in greater forwardness and more considerable. 
 
 ' I have written to General Gates, informing him of the accounts 
 of the situation of New York with respect to troops, and the prob- 
 ability of the force gone to Howe being greater than was at first 
 expected ; to try if this will not extort from him a further rein- 
 forcement. I do n't, however, expect much from him, as he pre- 
 tends to have in view an expedition against Ticonderoga, to be 
 undertaken in the winter ; and he knows that, under the sanction 
 of this idea, calculated to catch the Eastern people, he may, with- 
 out censure, retain the troops. And, as I shall be under the neces- 
 sity of speaking plainly to your Excellency, when I have the 
 pleasure of seeing you, I shall not hesitate to say, I doubt whether 
 you would have had a man from the Northern army, if the whole 
 could have been kept at Albany with any decency. Perhaps you 
 will think me blameable in not having exercised the powers you 
 gave me, and given a positive order. Perhaps I have been so ; 
 but, deliberately weighing all circumstances, I did not, and do not, 
 think it advisable to do it. I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 287. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 107. 
 
 General Washington to Colonel Hamilton. 
 
 Head-Quarters, 15 November, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I have duly received your several favors, from the 
 time you left me to that of the 12th instant. I approve entirely of 
 all the steps you have taken ; and have only to wish, that the ex- 
 ertions of those you have had to deal with, had kept pace with 
 your zeal and good intentions. I hope your health will, before 
 this, have permitted you to push on the rear of the whole reinforce- 
 ment beyond New Windsor. Some of the enemy's ships have 
 arrived in the Delaware ; but how many have troops on board, I 
 cannot exactly ascertain. The enemy have lately damaged Fort 
 Mifllin considerably ; but our people keep possession, and seem 
 determined to do so to the last extremity.* Our loss in men has 
 
 * See letter to Congress, Nov. 17, p. 532. 
 
528 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 been but small. Captain Treat is unfortunately among the killed. 
 I wish you a safe return ; and am, dear Sir, 
 
 ' Your most obedient servant.' 
 Hamilton Papers, vol. i. p. 293. Life of Hamilton, vol. i. p. 112. 
 
 Same to Henry Laurens, President of Congress.* 
 
 Camf, at Whitemarsh, 10 November, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — I have been duly honored with your favors of the 4th 
 and 5th instant, with their several enclosures. # * * 
 
 ' As to the disposition of part of the Northern army, my letter of 
 the first, continued to the third, contains my ideas upon the sub- 
 ject, and those of my general officers. I shall be sorry if the 
 measures I have taken on this head should interfere with or mate- 
 rially vary from any plans Congress might have had in view. 
 Their proceedings of the 5th, I presume, were founded on a suppo- 
 sition that the enemy were still up the North River, and garrison- 
 ing the forts they had taken. This not being the case, and all 
 accounts agreeing that reinforcements to General Howe are com- 
 ing from York, I hope the aids I have required will be considered 
 expedient and proper. Independent of the latter consideration, I 
 think our exertions and force shoidd be directed to effect General 
 Hoive's destruction, if it is possible. 
 
 ' Among the various difficulties attending the army, the adjust- 
 ment of rank is not the least. This — owing to the several modes, 
 the several principles, that have prevailed in granting commissions 
 — is involved in great perplexity. The officers in the Pennsylvania 
 troops are in much confusion about it. In many instances, those 
 who were junior in rank, from local and other circumstances, have 
 obtained commissions older in date than those which were granted 
 afterwards to officers, their superiors before. This, with many 
 other irregularities, has been and is the cause of great uneasiness. 
 * * I was, therefore, induced to order a board of officers 
 
 to take the matter under consideration. The result respecting the 
 field-officers of this State, I now enclose, and wish Congress to 
 adopt the regulation which the Board have made, and transmit to 
 me, by the earliest opportunity, commissions dated according to 
 their arrangement. « * Their attention to this business, 
 
 I trust, will be immediate : the disputes and jealousies with the 
 officers require it. * * * 
 
 ' I would beg leave to mention, that we are in great distress for 
 want of money. This will be more and more urgent every day ; 
 and it is probable there will be a good deal of pay due to the 
 troops coming to reinforce us. General Putnam writes pressingly 
 for a supply, and says he is in a most disagreeable situation for 
 
 * John Hancock, the successor of Peyton Randolph, was President of Congress 
 from May 24, 1775, till his resignation of that office, Oct. 31, 1777. The next day, 
 Nov. 1, Henry Laurens of South Carolina \\ras chosen to succeed him. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 529 
 
 want of it. I must request the attention of Congress to this 
 subject.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 203. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 139. 
 
 The significant Proceedings of the 5th, referred to in this letter, together veith some 
 which were preliminary, are given immediately below. 
 
 In Congress, November 3, 1777. ' A motion being made, for 
 directing the future operations of General Gates : 
 
 ' Ordered, That it be referred to a committee of three. 
 
 Four o^clock, P. M. ' The committee to whom was referred the 
 motion for directing the future operations of the army under the 
 command of Major-General Gates, brought in their Report, which 
 was taken into consideration ; and after debate, 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be recommitted. 
 
 November 5. ' The committee to whom was recommitted the 
 Report for directing the future operations of the army under the 
 command of General Gates, brought in their Report, which was 
 taken into consideration ; and thereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That General Washington be informed that it is the 
 earnest wish of Congress to regain the possession of the forts and 
 passes of Hudson's River, and to secure the communication there- 
 of; and, for that purpose, that General Gates should remain in 
 command in that quarter ; and that General Putnam be called 
 upon to join the main army with such a detachment from the army 
 under the command of General Gates, as General Washington 
 may think can be spared, not exceeding the number of twenty-five 
 hundred men, including Colonel Morgan's corps : 
 
 ' That a copy of the foregoing Resolution be sent to General 
 Gates, and that he be directed to make a proper disposition of the 
 army under his command for reducing, forthwith, the posts of the 
 enemy on Hudson's River ; * and that he order such of the Conti- 
 nental troops and militia, in the service of the United States, as are 
 posted on or near the said river, to join him for the service afore- 
 mentioned : 
 
 ' That General Gates be empowered to apply to the respective 
 States of Massachusetts-Bay, Connecticut, New York, and New 
 Jersey, for such a number of their militia as he shall judge neces- 
 sary to maintain the posts which he shall order to be taken on the 
 said river, to the end that his army may be in readiness to pursue 
 such operations as Congress shall direct ; and that the said militia 
 be enlisted to serve until the 15th of March next, unless sooner 
 discharged by Congress or the Commander-in-Chief: 
 
 * It has been seen, p. 518, that the Britigh had evacuated the forts taken on 
 Hudson's Eiver, and returned to New York, ten days before the passage of these 
 Resolutions. Is it probable that Congress were then wholly unapprised of that fact, 
 — a fact which, it seems, p. 517, General Washington was informed of on the 30th 
 of October ? 
 
530 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to order one or more 
 able engineers to Hudson's River, to attend the army under the 
 command of General Gates : 
 
 ' That General Gates be empowered to order such a number of 
 galleys, gun -boats, fire-crafts, chains, cassoons, and chevaux-de- 
 frise to be provided, and such fortifications to be erected, for ob- 
 structing and keeping possession of the North River, as he shall 
 judge necessary : 
 
 ' That the Governor and Council of the State of New York be 
 furnished with a copy of these Resolutions, and requested to ap- 
 point a committee of three active, judicious persons, to assist 
 General Gates in obtaining such artificers and materials for ac- 
 complishing these purposes as he shall direct ; and the said com- 
 mittee are empowered to apply to the several States of New- 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
 York, and New Jersey, for their assistance, who are requested to 
 afford the same by furnishing the said committee with such arti- 
 ficers and materials as they, by direction of General Gates, shall 
 apply for ; and the said States are respectively requested to furnish 
 such a number of men as General Gates shall require, to accom- 
 plish the important and salutary purpose of maintaining the com- 
 munication between the Northern and Southern States, by keeping 
 possession of Hudson's River : 
 
 ' That General Gates be authorized and directed to apply to the 
 State of New York, and the States eastward of the North River, 
 for such aids as he shall judge necessary for the reduction of Ti- 
 conderoga and Fort Independence, if not reduced by General 
 Stark, at such time as he shall deem best adapted for that expe- 
 dition ; and that the said States be requested to supply General 
 Gates with such a number of their militia as he shall judge neces- 
 sary for the purposes intended : 
 
 ' That General Gates be directed to take effectual care that the 
 fortifications which shall be erected on Hudson's River be not too 
 extensive, and that each be completed with a well, magazines, 
 barracks, bomb-casements, &c., sufficient for a determined defence: 
 
 ' That if General Washington, after consulting with General 
 Gates and Governor Clinton, shall be of opinion, that a reinforce- 
 ment exceeding the number above mentioned can be detached to 
 the main army, consistent with the attainment of the objects speci- 
 fied in the preceding Resolutions, in such case he be directed to 
 order such further reinforcements to the main army as may be 
 thought conducive to the general welfare, any thing in the pre- 
 ceding Resolutions to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 ' In debating the last Resolution, it was moved after " directed " 
 to insert " ivith their concurrence P ' 
 
 This proposed amendment, it appears, could not be sustained ; but the Resolutions, 
 as they stand, were passed by a very large majority. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 531 
 
 General "Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Camp, near Whitemarsh, 11 November, 1777. 
 
 ' Sir, — The condition of this army for want of clothes and 
 blankets, and the little prospect we have of obtaining relief, ac- 
 cording to the information I have received from the Board of War, 
 occasion me to trouble you at this time. The mode of seizing and 
 forcing supplies from the inhabitants,* I fear, would prove very 
 inadequate to the demands ; while it would certainly embitter the 
 minds of the people, and excite perhaps a hurtful jealousy against 
 the army. I have had officers out for the purpose of purchasing 
 and making voluntary collections of necessaries, and in a few in- 
 stances more coercive measures have been exercised. But all 
 these have proved of little avail : our distresses still continue, and 
 are becoming greater. I would, therefore, humbly submit it to the 
 consideration of Congress, whether it may not be expedient for 
 them to address the several legislative and executive powers of the 
 States on this subject as early as possible, and in the most urgent 
 terms. * * The Assemblies in many States, I believe, 
 
 are now sitting ; and, I have no doubt, upon a requisition by Con- 
 gress, but they will give attention to the measure. 
 
 ' Enclosed you will receive a copy of a letter from General Put- 
 nam, which came to hand to-day. You will find his and Gov- 
 ernor Clinton's opinion respecting the fortifications necessary to be 
 made for the security of the North River.f ^ * We 
 
 are told, through various channels, that Sir Henry Clinton is 
 coming round with all the force that can be possibly spared from 
 New York ; and it is said that those on Staten Island are with- 
 drawn. 
 
 ' P. S. By advices just received, thirty-eight transports have ar- 
 rived in Delaware with troops. They were as high up as Reedy 
 Island yesterday. I suppose they are from New York. 
 
 ' Notwithstanding the measures I have ventured to recommend 
 on the subject of clothing, I shall pursue every means in my power 
 that can contribute to procure a supply.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 206. Wash. Writ. 
 
 Same to Governor Henry, of Virginia. 
 
 Whitemarsh, 13 November, 1777. 
 ' Dear Sir, — I shall beg leave to refer you to a letter of mine, 
 which accompanies this, and of the same date, for a general ac- 
 count of our situation and wants. The design of this is only to 
 inform you, and with great truth I can do it, strange as it may seem, 
 that the army which I have had under my immediate command has 
 
 * In compliance with the Resolve, Sept. 17, p. 506. 
 
 t Respecting Governor Clinton's opinion on the subject, see p. 526. 
 
 68 
 
532 COURSE Am) progress of events and 
 
 not, at any one time since General Howe's landing at the Head of 
 Elk, been equal in point of numbers to his. In ascertaining this, I 
 do not confine myself to Continental troops, but comprehend militia. 
 * # I was left to fight two battles, in order if possible to 
 
 save Philadelphia, with less numbers than composed the army of my 
 antagonist; whilst the world has given us at least double. This 
 impression, though mortifying in some points of view, I have been 
 obliged to encourage,' because, next to being strong, it is best to be 
 thought so by the enemy ; and to this cause principally I think is 
 to be attributed the slow movements of General Howe. 
 
 ' How different the case in the Northern Department ! There 
 the States of New York and New England, resolving to crush 
 Burgoyne, continued pouring in their troops till the surrender of 
 that army. * * Had the same spirit pervaded the 
 
 people of this and the neighboring States, we might, before this 
 time, have had General Howe nearly in the situation of General 
 Burgoyne; with this difTerence, that the former would never have 
 been out of reach of his ships, whilst the latter increased his danger 
 every step he took, having but one retreat in case of a disaster, and 
 that blocked up by a respectable force. 
 
 ' My own difficulties, in the course of the campaign, have been 
 not a little increased by the extra aid of Continental troops which 
 the gloomy prospect of our affairs, immediately after the reduction 
 of Ticonderoga, induced me to spare from this army. But it is to 
 be hoped, that all will yet end well. If the cause is advanced, 
 indifferent is it to me where or in what quarter it happens. The 
 winter season, with the aid of our neighbors, may possibly bring 
 some important event to pass. 
 
 ' I am, sincerely and respectfully, dear Sir, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 145. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 
 Whitemarsh, 17 November, 1777. 
 
 i Sir, — I am sorry to inform you, that Fort Mifflin was evacu- 
 ated the night before last, after a defence which does credit to the 
 American arms, and will ever reflect the highest honor upon the 
 officers and men of the garrison. The works were entirely beat 
 down, every piece of cannon dismounted, and one of the enemy's 
 ships so near, that the crew threw grenades into the fort, and killed 
 men upon the platforms, from her tops, before they quitted the 
 island. This ship had iDeen cut down for the purpose, and so 
 constructed that she made but a small draft of water, and by 
 these means warped in between Fort Mifflin and Province 
 Island. * * 
 
 ' Nothing in the course of this campaign has taken up so much 
 of the attention and consideration of myself and all the general offi- 
 cers, as the possibility of giving a farther relief to Fort Mifflin, than 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 533 
 
 what we had already afforded. * * The only remain- 
 
 ing and practical mode of giving relief to the fort was by dislodg- 
 ing the enemy from Province Island, from whence they kept up an 
 incessant fire. But this, from the situation of the ground, was not 
 to be attempted with any degree of safety to the attacking party, 
 unless the whole or a considerable part of the army should be re- 
 moved to the west side of the Schuylkill to support and cover it. 
 * * There were many and very forcible reasons against a 
 
 total remove to the west side of the Schuylkill. * * We 
 
 should finally have thrown the army into such a situation, that we 
 must inevitably have drawn on a general engagement before our 
 reinforcements arrived ; which, considering our disparity of num- 
 bers, would probably have ended with the most disagreeable con- 
 sequences. 
 
 ' It was therefore determined, a few days ago, to wait the arrival 
 of the reinforcement from the Northward^ before any alteration 
 could safely be made in the disposition of the army ; and I was not 
 without hopes, that the fort would have held out till that time. # 
 
 ' As the keeping possession of Red Bank, and thereby still pre- 
 venting the enemy from weighing the chevaux-de-frise before the 
 frost obliges their ships to quit the river, has become a matter of the 
 greatest importance, I have determined to send down General St. 
 Clair, General Knox, and Baron de Kalb, to take a view of the 
 ground, and to endeavor to form a judgment of the most probable 
 means of securing it. * # 
 
 ' I am informed that it is matter of amazement, and that reflections 
 have been thrown out against this army, for not being more active 
 and enterprising than, in the opinion of some, they ought to have 
 [they have ?] been. If the charge is just, the best way to account for 
 it will be to refer you to the returns of our strength, and those which 
 I can produce of the enemy, and to the enclosed abstract of the 
 clothing now actually wanting for the army ; and then I think the 
 wonder will be, how they keep the field at all in tents at this season 
 of the year. What stock the clothier-general has to supply this 
 demand, or what are his prospects, he himself will inform you, as 
 I have directed him to go to Yorktown to lay these matters before 
 Congress. There are, besides, most of those in the hospitals 
 more bare than those in the field ; many remain there for want 
 of clothes only. 
 
 ' Several general officers, unable to procure clothing in the com- 
 mon line, have employed agents to purchase up what could be 
 found in different parts of the country. General Wayne, among 
 others, has employed Mr. Zantzinger of Lancaster, who has pur- 
 chased to the amount of four thousand five hundred pounds, for 
 which he desires a draft upon the Treasury Board. Enclosed you 
 have a copy of his letter. * « 
 
 ' I am anxiously waiting the arrival of the troops from the North- 
 
534 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 ward, who ought, from the time they have had my orders, to have 
 been here before this. Colonel Hamilton, one of my Aids, is up 
 the North River, doing all he can to push them forward ; but he 
 writes me word, that he finds many unaccountable delays thrown 
 in his way. However, I am in hopes that many days will not 
 elapse before a brigade or two at least will arrive. The want of 
 these troops has embarrassed all my measures exceedingly. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 208. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 151. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 Head-Quarters, Whitemarsh, 23 November, 1777. 
 
 ' I am sorry to inform Congress, that the enemy are now in 
 possession of all the water defences. Fort Mifflin and that at Red 
 Bank mutually depended on each other for support ; and the re- 
 duction of the former made the tenure of the latter extremely pre- 
 carious, if not impracticable. After the loss of Fort Mifflin, it was 
 found Red Bank could derive no advantages from the galleys and 
 armed vessels. » * Under these circumstances, the 
 
 garrison was obliged to evacuate it on the night of the 20th instant, 
 on the approach of Lord Cornwallis, who had crossed the river 
 from Chester, with a detachment supposed to be about two thou- 
 sand men, and formed a junction with the troops lately arrived 
 from New York, and those that had been landed before at Billings- 
 port. * * Upon the first information I had of Lord 
 Cornwallis's movement, I detached General Huntington's brigade 
 to join General Varnum, and as soon as possible. General Greene 
 with his division; hoping that these, — with General Glover's 
 brigade which was on the march through Jersey, and which I di- 
 rected to file oft' to the left for the same purpose, — and with such 
 militia as could be collected, would be able to defeat the enemy's 
 design. * * General Greene is still in Jersey ; and 
 when Glover's brigade joins him, if an attack can be made on 
 Lord Cornwallis with a prospect of success, I am persuaded it will 
 be done. About a hundred and seventy of Morgan's corps are 
 also gone to reinforce him. 
 
 ' Generals Poor and Patterson with their brigades, and Colonel 
 Baily with Learned's, are now in camp. The last arrived on 
 Friday evening ; the other two, in the course of yesterday. * * 
 But I find many of them are very deficient in the articles of 
 shoes, stockings, breeches, and blankets. Besides these, about 
 three hundred and fifty men, detachments from Lee's, Jackson's, 
 and Henley's regiments, have joined me. # * 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 213. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 166. 
 
 Above may be perceived the time when the long-needed and long-desired rein- 
 forcement arrived from the Northvirard. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 535 
 
 November 26. ' I must take the liberty to request the decision 
 of Congress on the case of the nine first-raised Virginia regiments,* 
 as early as circumstances will permit. If the plan proposed for 
 reenlisting them is judged expedient, one capital inducement, to 
 that end, suggested by the officers, will cease, if it is longer de- 
 layed. * * I should also be happy in their determina- 
 tion respecting the Marquis de la Fayette. He is more and more 
 solicitous to be in actual service, and is pressing in his applica- 
 tions for a command. # * I am convinced he pos- 
 sesses a large share of that military ardor which generally charac- 
 terizes the nobility of his country. He went to Jersey with General 
 Greene, and I find he has not been inactive there. This you will 
 perceive by the following extract from a letter just received from 
 General Greene. 
 
 ' " The Marquis, with about four hundred militia and the rifle 
 corps, attacked the enemy's picket last evening, killed about twenty, 
 wounded many more, and took about twenty prisoners. The 
 Marquis is charmed with the spirited behavior of the militia and 
 rifle corps ; they drove the enemy about half a mile, and kept the 
 ground until dark. The enemy's picket consisted of about three 
 hundred, and were reinforced during the skirmish. The Marquis 
 is determined to be in the way of danger." ' 
 
 November 21th. ' The enemy have got up several of their ships 
 to the city. It is likely they have found a passage through the 
 chevaux-de-frise ; or they may have removed them.f 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 Lond, ed. vol. ii. pp. 216, 217. Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. pp. 170, 173. 
 
 Same to the President of Congress. 
 Head Quarters, Whitemarsh, 1 December, 1777. 
 * Sir, — On Saturday I had the honor to receive your favor of 
 the 26th ultimo, with its enclosures. The Resolve of the 25lh I 
 have published in orders, agreeably to direction, and shall be happy 
 if Congress can fall upon measures to render the situation of the 
 officers and soldiery more eligible than what it now is. At present 
 it is truly distressing ; and, unless some means can be devised to 
 support them more comfortably, we shall have to apprehend the 
 most alarming consequences. The officers, or at least a large pro- 
 portion of them, as well as the men, are in a most disagreeable 
 condition as to clothing, and without any certain prospect of relief; 
 and, what is still more painful, — if perchance they have an oppor- 
 
 * In reference to those regiments, see pp. 513, 519. 
 
 t In a letter to his brother, Nov. 26, General Washington wrote : — ' Had the rein- 
 forcement from the Northward arrived but ten days sooner, it would, I think, have 
 put it in my power to save Fort Mifflin, which defended the chevaux-de-frise ; and 
 consequently have rendered Philadelphia a very ineligible situation for them this 
 winter.* 
 
536 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 tunity of purchasing, which is seldom the case, — they have the 
 mortification to find themselves totally incompetent to it, from the 
 depreciation of our money, and the exorbitant prices demanded for 
 all articles in this way. This is the source of great uneasiness, of 
 indifference to the service, and of repeated, I may say daily, appli- 
 cations to leave it ; and these, too, by as good officers as are in the 
 American line. 
 
 ' In respect to promotions for merit and intrepidity, I would beg 
 leave to observe, that, though these are proper considerations to 
 found them upon, yet they should be made with the greatest cau- 
 tion and attention, and only in cases of the most eminent and dis- 
 tino-uished services. Every promotion or rise out of the common 
 course cannot fail to excite uneasiness in a greater or less degree; 
 and nothing will reconcile them to the army at large, and particu- 
 larly the officers more immediately affected by them, but where 
 the causes are known and acknowledged. This I mention from 
 my wishes to promote the public interest, from my knowing that 
 harmony is essential to this end, and from no other motives what- 
 ever. » * Lord Cornwallis, and the detachment under 
 his command, returned from Jersey on Thursday. * * 
 General Greene has also joined me with all the troops that were 
 with him, except Huntington's brigade, which will be in to-day.' 
 
 Lond. ed. vol. ii. p. 218. Wash. Writ. 
 
 This letter was written obviously with particular reference to the Resolve of the 
 25th, given below. 
 
 In Congress, November 25. ' The Board of War brought in a 
 Report ; whereupon, 
 
 'Resolved, That General Washington be directed to publish in 
 general orders, that Congress will speedily take into consideration 
 the merits of such officers as have distinguished themselves by their 
 intrepidity, and their attention to the health and discipline of their 
 men ; and adopt such regulations as shall tend to introduce order 
 and good discipline into the army, and to render the situation of 
 the officers and soldiers, with respect to clothing and other neces- 
 saries, more eligible than it has hitherto been.' 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 Head- Quarters, near the Gulf, 15 December, 1777. 
 ' Congress seem to have taken for granted a fact, that is really 
 not so. All the forage for the army has been constantly drawn 
 from Bucks and Philadelphia counties, and those parts most con- 
 tiguous to the city ; insomuch that it was nearly exhausted, and 
 entirely so in the country below our camp. From these, too, were 
 obtained all the supplies of flour that circumstances would admit 
 of. The millers, in most instances, were unwilling to grind, either 
 from their disaffection or from motives of fear. This made the 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 537 
 
 supplies less than they otherwise might have been ; and the quan- 
 tity which was drawn from thence was little, besides what the 
 guards placed at the mills compelled them to manufacture. As to 
 stock, I do not know that much was had from thence ; nor do 
 I know that any considerable supply could have been had. 
 
 ' I confess I have felt myself greatly embarrassed with respect to 
 a vigorous exercise of military power. An ill-placed humanity, 
 perhaps, and a reluctance to give distress, may have restrained me 
 too far; but these were not all. I have been well aware of the 
 prevalent jealousy of military power, and that this has been consid' 
 ered as an evil, much to be apprehended, even by the best and 
 most sensible among us. Under this idea, I have been cautious, and 
 wished to avoid as much as possible any act that might increase it. 
 However, Congress may be assured, that no exertions of mine, as far 
 as circumstances will admit, shall be wanting to provide our own 
 troops with supplies on the one hand, and to prevent the enemy from 
 getting them on the other. At the same time they must be apprised, 
 that many obstacles have arisen to render the former more preca- 
 rious and difficult than they usually were, from a chavg-e in the 
 Commissary^ s department, at a very critical and interesting period.* 
 I should be happy, if the civil authority in the several States, through 
 the recommendations of Congress, or their own mere will, seeing 
 the necessity of supporting the army, would always adopt the 
 most spirited measures, suited to the end. The people at large 
 are governed much by custom. To acts of legislation or civil 
 authority they have ever been taught to yield a willing obedience, 
 without reasoning about their propriety : on those of military power, 
 whether immediate or derived originally from another source, they 
 have ever looked with a jealous and suspicious eye. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 187. 
 
 After reading the following Resolves, the above letter specially relating to them 
 will probably need no further explanation. 
 
 December 10. '■Resolved, That General Washington be in- 
 formed, that Congress have observed with deep concern that the 
 principal supplies for the army under his command have, since the 
 loss of Philadelphia, been drawn from distant quarters, whereby 
 great expense has accrued to the public, the army has been irregu- 
 larly and scantily supplied, and the established magazines greatly 
 reduced ; while large quantities of stock, provision, and forage, are 
 still remaining in the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks, and Ches- 
 ter, which, by the fortune of war, may be soon subjected to the- 
 power of the enemy : 
 
 ' That Congress, firmly persuaded of General "Washington's zeal 
 
 * In regard to that change in the Commissary's department, and its consequences, 
 see pp. 471, 472, 474, 476, 480, 481, 506. 
 
538 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 and attachment to the interest of these States, can only impute his 
 forbearance in exercising the powers vested in him by Congress, 
 by their Resolution of the 17th of September, and the 14th of No- 
 vember,'* to a delicacy in exerting military authority on the citi- 
 zens of these States ; a delicacy which, though highly laudable in 
 general, may, on critical exigencies, prove destructive to the army 
 and prejudicial to the general liberties of America : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to order every kind of 
 stock and provisions in the country above mentioned, which may 
 be beneficial to the army or serviceable to the enemy, to be taken 
 from all persons without distinction, leaving such quantities only 
 as he shall judge necessary for the maintenance of their families ; 
 the stock and provisions so taken to be removed to places of se- 
 curity under the care of proper persons to be appointed for that 
 purpose : 
 
 ' That General Washington be directed to cause all provisions, 
 stock, forage, wagons and teams, which may be at any time in the 
 route of the enemy, and which cannot be seasonably removed, to 
 be destroyed.' 
 
 General Lafayette to the Duke D'Ayen, in France. 
 Camp, Gulf, Pennsylvania, 16 December, 1777. 
 ' The loss of Philadelphia is far from being so important as it is 
 conceived to be in Europe. If the differences of circumstances, of 
 countries, and of proportion between the two armies, were not 
 duly considered, the success of General Gates would appear sur- 
 prising when compared to the events that have occurred with us ; 
 — taking into account the superiority of General Washington over 
 General Gates. Our General is a man formed, in truth, for this 
 Revolution, which could not have been accomplished without 
 him. I see him more intimately than any other man, and I see 
 that he is worthy of the adoration of his country. His tender 
 friendship for me, and his complete confidence in me relating to 
 all military and political subjects, great as well as small, enable me 
 to judge of all the interests he has to conciliate, and all the difficul- 
 ties he has to conquer. I admire each day more fully the excel- 
 lence of his character and the kindness of his heart. Some foreigners 
 are displeased at not having been employed, although it did not 
 depend on him to employ them. Others, whose ambitious pro- 
 jects he would not serve, — and some intriguing, jealous men, 
 have endeavored to injure his reputation ; but his name will be 
 revered in every age, by all true lovers of liberty and humanity. 
 
 * # There are many interesting things that I cannot 
 write, but will one day relate to you ; on which I entreat you to 
 
 * See the Resolve, Sept. 17, p. 506. That of Nov. 14 seems to have been intended 
 only to extend the operation of the former beyond the sixty days ' to the first of March, 
 unless sooner revoked by Congress.' 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 539 
 
 suspend your judgment, and which will redouble your esteem 
 for him. 
 
 ' America is most impatiently expecting us to declare for her ; 
 and France will one day, I hope, determine to humble the pride of 
 England. * * We are not, I confess, so strong as I 
 
 expected ; but we are strong enough to fight. We shall do so, I 
 trust, with some degree of success ; and, with the assistance of 
 France, we shall gain, with costs, the cause that I cherish, because 
 it is the cause of justice, — because it honors humanity, — because 
 it is important to my country, — and because my American friends 
 and myself are deeply engaged in it. # * 
 
 * As to the army, I have had the happiness of obtaining the 
 friendship of every individual : not one opportunity is lost of giving 
 me proofs of it. I passed the whole summer without accepting a 
 division, which, you know, had been my previous intention ; I 
 passed all that time at General Washington's house, where I felt 
 as if I were with a friend of twenty years' standing. Since my 
 return from Jersey, he has desired me to choose amongst the sev- 
 eral brigades the division which may please me best ; but I have 
 chosen one entirely composed of Virginians. It is weak in point 
 of numbers at present ; just in proportion, however, to the weak- 
 ness of the whole army, and almost in a state of nakedness. But 
 I am promised cloth, of which I shall make clothes, and recruits, 
 of which soldiers must be made, about the same period ; but, un- 
 fortunately, the last is the most difficult task, even for more skilful 
 men than me. The task I am performing here, if I had acquired 
 sufficient experience to perform it well, would improve exceedingly 
 my future knowledge. # * 
 
 ' I read, I study, I examine, I listen, I reflect ; and the result of 
 all is, the endeavor at forming an opinion, into which I infuse as 
 much common sense as possible. I will not talk much, for fear of 
 saying foolish things ; I will still less risk acting much, for fear of 
 doing foolish things; for I am not disposed to abuse the confidence 
 which the Americans have kindly placed in me. Such is the plan 
 of conduct which I have followed until now, and which I shall 
 continue to follow ; but when some ideas occur to me, which I 
 believe may become useful when properly rectified, I hasten to 
 impart them to a great judge, who is good enough to say he is 
 pleased with them. On the other hand, when my heart tells me 
 that a favorable opportunity offers, I cannot refuse myself Jhe 
 pleasure of participating in the peril ; but I do not think that the 
 vanity of success ought to make us risk the safety of an army, or 
 of any portion of it, which may not be formed or calculated for the 
 offensive.' 
 
 Lafayette's Mem. and Cor. vol. i. p. 130. 
 
 69 
 
540 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 The Resolves below, received with the 'favor of the 20th 'from Congress, it is 
 thought proper to insert before the General's two letters of the 22J and 23d in answer 
 to them, and to some other Resolves which precede them. 
 
 In order the better to understand these Resolves and letters, it should be previously 
 known that, Nov. 28, Congress appointed a committee of three, 'forthwith to repair to 
 the army, and, in a private confidential consultation with General Washington, to 
 consider of the best and most practicable means for carrying on a winter's campaign 
 with vigor and success, — an object which Congress have much at heart;' and it 
 should be known also, that the Legislature of Pennsylvania had presented in Congress 
 a Remonstrance against the army's going into winter quarters. 
 
 Decetnber 19. ' Congress resumed the consideration of the Re- 
 port from the Committee sent to confer with General Washington, 
 and the Remonstrance from the Council and General Assembly of 
 Pennsylvania; and, thereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, That a copy of the Remonstrance be transmitted by 
 express to General Washington, and that he be desired to inform 
 Congress whether he has come to a fixed resolution to canton the 
 army ; and, if he has, what line of cantonment he has proposed ; 
 in particular, what measures are agreed on for the protection of 
 that part of Pennsylvania which lies on the easterly side of Schuyl- 
 kill, and of the State of New Jersey : 
 
 ' That General Washington be farther informed, that, in the 
 opinion of Congress, the State of New Jersey demands, in a pe- 
 culiar degree, the protection of the armies of the United States, so 
 far as the same can possibly be extended, consistent with the 
 safety of the army and the general welfare ; as that State lies open 
 to attacks from so many quarters, and the struggles which have 
 been made by the brave and virtuous inhabitants of that State, in 
 defence of the common cause, cannot fail of exposing them to the 
 particular resentment of a merciless enemy.' 
 
 Gkneral Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Head-Quarters, Valley Forge, 22 December, 1777. 
 ' It is with infinite pain and concern, that I transmit to Congress 
 the enclosed copies of sundry letters respecting the state of the 
 Commissarifs department. In these, matters are not exaggerated. 
 I do not know from what cause this alarming deficiency, or rather 
 total failure of supplies, arises ; but, unless more vigorous exer- 
 tions and better regulations take place in that line immediately, 
 thi» army must dissolve. I have done all in my power, by remon- 
 strating, by writing, by ordering the Commissaries on this head, 
 from time to time ; but without any good effect, or obtaining more 
 than a present scanty relief. Ovnng to this, the march of the army 
 has been delayed, upon more than one interesting occasion in the 
 course of the present campaign ; and, had a body of the enemy 
 crossed the Schuylkill this morning, as I had reason to expect from 
 the intelligence I received at four o'clock last night, the divisions 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 541 
 
 which I ordered to be in readiness to march and meet them could 
 not have moved. It is unnecessary for me to add more upon the 
 subject. I refer Congress to the copies, by one of which they will 
 perceive how very unfavorable also our prospect is of having any 
 considerable supplies of salt provisions for the ensuing year. 
 
 ' I would also take the liberty of reminding Congress of the ne- 
 cessity of filling, as soon as possible, the offices of Quartermaster 
 and Adjutant- General. These posts are of infinite importance ; 
 and, without appointments to them, it will be impossible to con- 
 duct the aflairs of the army. The first office is now suffering much 
 for want of a head to direct the great business of it ; and the latter 
 will be in the same predicament in the course of a few days, by 
 the departure of Colonel Pickering, who, since his appointment to 
 the Board of War, has been waiting only for a successor.* 
 
 '■Three o'clock^ P. M. Just as I was about to conclude my 
 letter, your favor of the 20th came to hand. It would give me 
 infinite pleasure to afford protection to every individual and to 
 every spot of ground in the whole of the United States. Nothing 
 is more my wish ; but this is not possible with our present force. 
 
 ♦ * If that system of conduct is pursued by an army, 
 which is most likely to give the most extensive security, it is all 
 that can be done or expected from it. 
 
 ' I assure you, Sir, no circumstance in the course of the present 
 contest, or in my whole life, has employed more of my reflection 
 or consideration, than in what manner to effect this, and to dispose 
 of the army during the winter. Viewing the subject in any point 
 of light, there was a choice of difficulties. If keeping the field 
 was thought of, — the naked condition of the troops and the feel- 
 ings of humanity opposed the measure ; if returning to the towns 
 in the interior parts of the State, which consistently with the pres- 
 ervation of the troops, from their necessitous circumstances, might 
 have been justifiable, — the measure was found inexpedient, be- 
 cause it would have exposed and left uncovered a large extent of 
 country ; if cantoning the troops in several places, divided and 
 distant from each other, — then there was a probability of their 
 being cut off, and but little prospect of their giving security to any 
 part. Under these embarrassments, I determined to take post near 
 this place, as the best calculated, in my judgment, to secure the 
 army, to protect our stores, and cover the country ; and for this 
 purpose we are beginning to hut, and shall endeavor to accomplish 
 it as expeditiously as possible. 
 
 ' I have also, from a desire of preventing the enemy from an in- 
 tercourse with the Delaware Stale, and from making incursions 
 
 * In a letter dated Oct. 8, General Mifflin, who had held the office of Quartermaster- 
 General, expressed a desire to resign it. Congress accepted his resignation, Nov. 7: 
 and immediately after, they elected him and Colonel Pickering members of the Board 
 of War. 
 
542 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 there, detached General Smallwood with the Maryland forces to 
 take post at Wilmington, which I had tttrong reason to believe the 
 enemy intended. This, however. I cannot but consider as hazard- 
 ous, and shall be happy if it does not turn out so. 1 have it also 
 in contemplation to throw a bridge over the Schuylkill, near this 
 place, as soon as it is practicable ; by means of which I hope we 
 shall be able in a great measure, with the aid of the militia, to 
 check the excursions of the enemy's parties on the other side. 
 
 ' As to Jersey, I am sensible of her sufferings and exertions in 
 the present contest, and there is no State to which I would more 
 willingly extend protection ; but, as I have observed, it is not in my 
 power to give it, in that degree which seems to be wished and ex- 
 pected. J cannot divide the army (not superior, when collected, 
 from sickness and other causes equally painful, to the enemy's force) 
 into detachments, contrary to every military principle, and to our 
 own experience of the dangers that would attend it. If this is done, 
 I cannot be answerable for consequences. My feelings lead strongly 
 to universal relief, but I have not the power to afford it ; nevertheless, 
 it has been and is still my intention, as soon as I have formed and 
 secured this camp, to detach a small force to aid and countenance 
 their militia. This is all, it appears to me, that can be done ; and 
 I hope the apprehensions in that quarter, for the greater part, will 
 prove rather imaginary than well grounded, though I confess there 
 are strong reasons to conclude, that the enemy will not be remiss 
 in their acts of violence and injury there, or any where else.' 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 192. 
 
 If any doubt exist, as to the justness of the strong representations by the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief concerning the extreme want of supplies, and the degree of suffering 
 from that source, the following extracts of letters from two of his officers, Dec. 22, 
 may contribute towards relieving such doubt. 
 
 From General Huntington. — * I received an order to hold my 
 brigade in readiness to march. Fighting will be far preferable to 
 starving. My brigade are out of provisions, nor can the Commis- 
 sary obtain any meat. I am exceedingly unhappy in being the 
 bearer of complaints to Head- Quarters. I have used every argu- 
 ment my imagination can invent to make the soldiers easy ; but I 
 despair of being able to do it much longer.' 
 
 From General Varnum. — ' According to the saying of Solomon, 
 hunger will break through a stone wall. It is therefore a very 
 pleasing circumstance to the division under my command, that 
 there is a probability of their marching. Three days successively 
 we have been destitute of bread. Two days we have been en- 
 tirely without meat. The men must be supplied, or they cannot 
 be commanded. The complaints are too urgent to pass unno- 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 543 
 
 ticed. It is with pain that I mention this distress. I know it will 
 make your Excellency unhappy ; but, if you expect the exertion 
 of virtuous principles, while your troops are deprived of the neces- 
 saries of life, your final disappointment will be great in proportion 
 to the patience which now astonishes every man of human feeling.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 193. Note. 
 
 General Washington to the President of Congress. 
 
 Valley Forge, 23 December, 1777. 
 
 * Sir, — Full as I was in my representation of the matters in the 
 Commissary's department yesterday, fresh and more powerful 
 reasons oblige me to add, that I am now convinced beyond a doubt, 
 that, unless some great and capital change suddenly takes place in 
 that line, this army must inevitably be reduced to one or other of 
 these three things: starve, — dissolve, — or disperse in order to 
 obtain subsistence in the best manner they can. Rest assured, Sir, 
 this is not an exag-gerated picture ; and that I have abundant reason 
 to suppose what I sap. 
 
 * Yesterday afternoon, receiving information that the enemy in 
 force had left the city, and were advancing towards Derby with the 
 apparent design to forage, and draw subsistence from that part of 
 the country, I ordered the troops to be in readiness, that I might 
 give every opposition in my power ; when, behold, to my great 
 mortification, I was not only informed, but convinced, that the men 
 were unable to stir on account of provision, and that a dangerous 
 mutiny, begun the night before, and which with difficulty was 
 suppressed by the spirited exertions of some of the officers, was 
 still much to be apprehended for want of this article. This brought 
 forth the only Commissary in the purchasing line in this camp ; 
 and, with him, this melancholy and alarming truth : that he had 
 not a single hoof of any kind to slaughter, and not more than 
 twenty-five barrels of flour! From hence form an opinion of our 
 situation, when I add, that he could not tell when to expect any. 
 
 ' All I could do, under these circumstances, was to send out a 
 few light parties to watch and harass the enemy ; whilst other par- 
 ties were instantly detached different ways, to collect, if possible, 
 as much provision as would satisfy the present pressing wants of 
 the soldiery. But will this answer? No, Sir; three or four days 
 of bad weather would prove our destruction. What, then, is to 
 become of the army this winter? And if we are so often without 
 provisions now, what is to become of us in the spring, when our 
 force will be collected, with the aid perhaps of militia to take ad- 
 vantage of an early campaign, before the enemy can be reinforced ? 
 These are considerations of great magnitude, meriting the closest 
 attention ; and they will, when my own reputation is so intimately 
 connected with the event and to be affected by it, justify my saying, 
 that the present Commissaries are by no means equal to the exe- 
 
544 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 cution of the office, or that the disaffection of the people is past aM 
 belief. The misfortune, however, does in my opinion proceed from 
 both causes ; and, though I have been tender heretofore of giving 
 my opinion, or lodging complaints, as the change in that department 
 took place contrary to my judgment, and the consequences thereof 
 were predicted ; * yet, finding that the inactivity of the army, whether 
 for want of provisions, c.'othes, or other essentials, is charged to my 
 account not only by the common vulgar but by those in power, it is 
 time to speak plain in exculpation of myself. With truth, then, I 
 can declare, that no man, in my opinion, ever had his measures 
 more impeded than I have, by every department of the army. 
 
 ' Since the month of July, we have had no assistance from the 
 Quartermaster-General ; and to want of assistance from this de- 
 partment the Commissary-General charges great part of his de- 
 ficiency. To this I am to add, that, notwithstanding it is a standing 
 order, and often repeated, that the troops shall always have two 
 days' provisions by them, that they might be ready at any sudden 
 call ; yet an opportunity has scarcely ever offered, of taking an 
 advantage of the enemy, that has not been either totally obstructed, 
 or greatly impeded, on this account. And this, the great and cry- 
 ing evil, is not all. The soap, vinegar, and other articles allowed 
 by Congress, we see none of; nor have we seen them, I believe, 
 since the battle of Brandywine. The first, indeed, we have now 
 little occasion for; few men having more than one shirt, many only 
 the moiety of one, and some none at all. In addition to which, as a 
 proof of the little benefit received from a clothier-general, and as a 
 further proof of the inability of an army, under the circumstances 
 of this, to perform the common duties of soldiers (besides a num- 
 ber of men confined to hospitals for want of shoes, and others in 
 farmers' houses on the same account), we have, by a field-return 
 this day made, no less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety- 
 eight men now in camp unfit for duty; because they are barefoot 
 and otherwise naked. By the same return it appears, that our 
 whole strength in Continental troops, including the Eastern brigades 
 which have joined us since the surrender of General Burgoyne, 
 exclusive of the Maryland troops sent to Wilmington, amounts to 
 no more than eight thousand two hundred in camp fit for duty ; 
 notwithstanding which, and that since the 4th instant, our numbers 
 fit for duty, from the hardships and exposures they have under- 
 gone, particularly on account of blankets (numbers having been 
 obliged, and still are, to sit up all night by fires, instead of taking 
 comfortable rest in a natural and common way), have decreased 
 near two thousand men. 
 
 ' We find gentlemen, without knowing whether the army was 
 really going into winter-quarters or not (for I am sure no reso- 
 
 * Concerning that change, see again pp. 537, 540, and others referred to in the note 
 to the former page. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 543 
 
 lution of mine would warrant the Remonstrance),* reprobating the 
 measure as much as if they thought the soldiers were made of 
 stocks or stones, and equally insensible of frost and snow; and 
 moreover, as if they conceived it easily practicable for an inferior 
 army, under the disadvantages I have described ours to be, which 
 are by no means exaggerated, to confine a superior one, in all re- 
 spects well appointed and provided for a winter's campaign, within 
 the city of Philadelphia, and to cover from depredation and waste 
 the States of Pennsylvania and Jersey. But what makes this matter 
 still more extraordinary in my eye is, that these very gentlemen 
 — who were well apprised of the nakedness of the troops from 
 ocular demonstration, who thought their own soldiers worse clad 
 than others, and who advised me near a month ago to postpone 
 the execution of a plan I was about to adopt, in consequence of a 
 Resolve of Congress for seizing clothes, under strong assurances 
 that an ample supply would be collected in ten days agreeably to 
 a decree of the State (not one article of which, by-the-by, is yet 
 come to hand) — should think a winter's campaign, and the cov- 
 ering of these States from the invasion of an enemy, so easy and 
 practicable a business. I can assure those gentlemen, that it is a 
 much easier and less distressing thing to draw remonstrances in a 
 comfortable room, by a good fireside, than to occupy a cold, bleak 
 hill, and sleep under frost and snoiv, without clothes or blankets. 
 However, although they seem to have little feeling' for the naked 
 and distressed soldiers, I feel superabundantly for them ; and, from 
 my soul, I pity those miseries, which it is neither in my power to 
 relieve or prevent. 
 
 ' It is for these reasons, therefore, that I have dwelt upon the sub- 
 ject. And it adds not a little to my other difficulties and distress, to 
 find, that much more is expected of me than is possible to be per- 
 formed; and that, upon the ground of safety and policy,! am obliged 
 to conceal the true state of the army from public view, and thereby 
 expose myself to detraction and calumny. The honorable Committee 
 of Congress went from camp fully possessed of my sentiments 
 respecting the establishment of this army, the necessity of auditors 
 of accounts, the appointment of officers, and new arrangements. I 
 have no need, therefore, to be prolix upon these subjects; but I refer 
 to the Committee. I shall add a word or two to show, — first, the 
 necessity of some better provision for binding the officers by the tie 
 of interest to the service, — as no day nor scarce an hour passes, 
 without the offer of a resigned commission ; otherwise, I much 
 doubt the practicability of holding the army together much longer ; 
 and in this I shall probably be thought the more sincere, when I 
 freely declare, that I do not myself expect to derive the smallest 
 benefit from any establishment that Congress may adopt, otherwise 
 
 * The Remonstrance from Pennsylvania. See p. 540. 
 
546 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 than as a member of the community at large, in the good which I 
 am persuaded will result from the measure, by making better offi- 
 cers and better troops ; — and, secondly, to point out the necessity 
 of making the appointments and arrangements without loss of 
 time. We have not more than three months, in which to prepare a 
 great deal of business. If we let these slip or waste, tve shall be 
 laboring- under the same difficulties all next campaign, as we have 
 been this, to rectify mistakes and bring- things to order. 
 
 ' Military arrangement, and movements in consequence, like 
 the mechanism of a clock, will be imperfect and disordered by the 
 want of a part. In a very sensible degree have I experienced this, 
 in the course of the last summer, several brigades having no briga- 
 diers appointed to them till late, and some none at all; by which 
 means it follows, that an additional weight is thrown upon the 
 shoulders of the Commander-in-Chief, to withdraw his attention 
 from the great line of his duty.* The gentlemen of the Committee,f 
 when they were at camp, talked of an expedient for adjusting these 
 matters, which I highly approved and wish to see adopted ; name- 
 ly, that two or three members of the Board of War, or a Committee 
 of Congress, should repair immediately to camp, where the best 
 aid can be had ; and, with the commanding officer, or a committee 
 of his appointment, prepare and digest the most perfect plan that can 
 be devised, for correcting all abuses and making new arrange- 
 ments ; considering what is to be done with the weak and debili- 
 tated regiments, if the States to which they belong will not draft 
 men to fill them ; for, as to enlisting soldiers, it seems to me to be 
 totally out of the question, — together with many other things that 
 would occur in the course of such a conference ; and, after digest- 
 ing matters in the best manner they can, to submit the whole to 
 the ultimate determination of Congress. 
 
 ' If this measure is approved, I would earnestly advise the im- 
 mediate execution of it, and that the Commissary- General of 
 Purchases, whom I rarely see, may be directed to form magazines 
 without a moment's delay in the neighborhood of this camp, in order 
 to secure provision for us in case of bad weather. The Quarter- 
 master-General ought also to be busy in his department. In short, 
 there is as much to be done in preparing for a campaign, as in 
 the active part of it. Every thing depends upon the preparation 
 that is made in the several departments ; and the success or mis- 
 fortunes of the next campaign will more than probably originate 
 with our activity or supineness during this winter. 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Wash. Writ. Sparks, vol. v. p. 197. 
 
 * Respecting the want of general ofRceri, see p. 443, and others there referred to. 
 t The Committee appointed Nov. 28, as shown p. 540. 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 547 
 
 As the letter to R. H. Lee, p. 514, the one here following, and the Proceedings of 
 Congress below, all relate to the same subject, — the remarkable promotion of Gen- 
 eral Conway, — it is recommended to peruse and compare them in immediate con- 
 nection ; at the same time regarding their language with discrimination correspondent 
 to the deep interest and feeling manifested in the former letter, and in those two from 
 Lafayette, pp. 548, 550. 
 
 General Washington to General Conway. 
 
 Head-Quarters, 30 December, 1777. 
 ' Sir, — I am favored with your letter of yesterday, in which you 
 propose, in order to lose no time, to begin with the instruction of 
 the troops. You will observe, by the Resolution of Congress rela- 
 tive to your appointment, that the Board of War is to furnish a set 
 of instructions, according to which the troops are to be manoeuvred. 
 As you have made no mention of having received them, I suppose 
 they are not come to you : when they do, I shall issue any orders 
 which may be judged necessary, to have them carried into imme- 
 diate execution. # » • I am, &c.' 
 
 Ibid. p. 203. 
 
 The following Proceedings explain that appointment for ' the instruction of the 
 troops.' 
 
 In Congress, October 24, 1777. ' A letter of the 19th, from 
 Brigadier- General Conway, was read : 
 
 ' Ordered, That it be referred to the Board of War. 
 
 December 13. ' The Board of War, to whom were referred the 
 letters from Brigadier- General Conway, brought in a Report, which 
 was taken into consideration ; whereupon, 
 
 ^Resolved, As the opinion of this Congress, that it is essential to 
 the promotion of discipline in the American army, and to the re- 
 formation of the various abuses which prevail in the different de- 
 partments, that an appointment be made of Inspectors-General, 
 agreeable to the practice of the best disciplined European armies : 
 
 ^Resolved, That this appointment be conferred on experienced 
 and vigilant general officers, who are acquainted with whatever 
 relates to the general economy, manceuvres and discipline of a well- 
 regulated army. 
 
 '■Resolved, That the duties of these officers be as follows : 
 
 ' To review, from time to time, the troops, and to see that every 
 officer and soldier be instructed in the exercise and manoBUvres 
 which may be established by the Board of War ; that the rules of 
 discipline be strictly observed, and that the officers command their 
 soldiers properly, and do them justice. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the Inspectors- General, respectively, shall make 
 this review minutely man by man, attending to the complaints and 
 representations of both soldier and officer, and transmitting to Con- 
 gress what petitions and grievances he shall think worthy of notice. 
 
 *Resolvedf That these reviews, when closed, be transmitted to 
 70 
 
548 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 Congress by the Inspector-General making the review, who is to 
 furnish the Major of the respective regiments with a copy of the 
 same, and to keep another for his own government and assistance 
 in proceeding to the next review. 
 
 ^Resolved, That it be referred to the Commissioners of the War- 
 Office to report such further regulations for this office, as they shall 
 deem calculated to extend its utility, and to promote the end of its 
 institution. 
 
 '■Resolved, That two Inspectors-General be now appointed : 
 
 ' Congress proceeded to the election ; and, the ballots being taken, 
 
 ' Brigadier T. Conway was elected. 
 
 ^Resolved, That the election of the other Inspector be postponed 
 to Monday next. 
 
 '■Resolved, That another Major-General be appointed in the army 
 of the United States : 
 
 ' The ballots being taken, Brigadier T. Conway was elected.' 
 
 General Lafayette to ^General Washington. 
 
 Camp, 30 December, 1777. 
 
 'My Dear General, — I went yesterday morning to Head- 
 Quarters with an intention of speaking to your Excellency ; but 
 you were too busy ; and I shall lay down in this letter what I 
 wished to say. 
 
 ' I do n't need to tell you that I am sorry for all that has happened 
 for some lime past. It is a necessary dependence of my most 
 tender and respectful friendship for you ; which affection is as true 
 and candid as the other sentiments of my heart, and much stronger 
 than so new an acquaintance seems to admit. But another reason 
 to be concerned in the present circumstances, is my ardent, and 
 perhaps enthusiastic, wishes for the happiness and liberty of this 
 country. I see plainly that America can defend herself, if proper 
 measures are taken ; and now I begin to fear, lest she should be 
 lost by herself and her own sons. 
 
 ' When I was in Europe, I thought that here almost every man 
 was a lover of liberty, and would rather die free than live a slave. 
 * * At that time, I believed that all good Americans were 
 
 united together ; that the confidence of Congress in you was un- 
 bounded. Then I entertained the certitude that America would 
 be independent, in case she should not lose you. Take away, for 
 an instant, that modest diffidence of yourself, which (pardon my 
 freedom), my dear General, is sometimes too great; and I wish 
 you could know, as well as myself, what difference there is be- 
 tween you and any other man. You would see very plainly, that, 
 if you were lost for America, there is nobody who could keep the 
 army and the Revolution for six months. There are open dissen- 
 sions in Congress, parties who hate one another as much as the 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 549 
 
 common enemy; — stupid men, who, without knowing a single 
 word about war, undertake to judge you, to make ridiculous com- 
 parisons. They are infatuated with Gates, without thinking of the 
 different circumstances; and believe that attacking is the only thing 
 necessary to conquer. Those ideas are entertained in their minds 
 by some jealous men ; and, perhaps, secret friends to the Briii-jh 
 government, who want to push you, in a moment of ill-humor, to 
 some rash enterprise upon the lines, or against a much stronger 
 army. I should not take the liberty of mentioning these particu- 
 lars to you, if I did not receive a letter about this matter from a 
 young, good-natured gentleman at York, whom Conway has 
 ruined by his cunning, bad advice ; but who entertains the greatest 
 respect for you. 
 
 ' I have been surprised at first to see the few establishments of 
 this Board of War; to see the difference made between Northern 
 and Southern departments ; to see Resolves from Congress about 
 military operations ; but the promotion of Conway is beyond all 
 my expectations. I should be glad to have new Major-Generals: 
 because, as I know, you take some interest in my happiness and 
 reputation, it is perhaps an occasion for your Excellency to give 
 me more agreeable commands in some interesting instances. On 
 the other hand, General Conway says he is entirely a man to be 
 disposed of by me. He calls himself my soldier; and the reason 
 of such behavior to me is, that he wishes to be well spoken of at 
 the French Court, and his protector, the Marquis de Castries, is an 
 intimate acquaintance of mine ; but since the letter of Lord Stir- 
 ling,* I inquired into his character: I found that he was an am- 
 bitious and dangerous man. He has done all in his power, by 
 cunning manoeuvres, to take off" my confidence and affection for 
 you. His desire was to engage me to leave this country. Now I 
 see all the general officers of the army against Congress. Such 
 disputes, if known by the enemy, would be attended with the worst 
 consequences. I am very sorry whenever I perceive troubles raised 
 among the defenders of the same cause ; but my concern is much 
 greater when I find officers coming from France, — officers of some 
 character in my country, — to whom any fault of that kind may be 
 imputed. * » I must pay to General Portail, and some 
 
 French officers, who came to speak me, the justice to say, that I 
 found them as I could wish upon this occasion ; for it has made a 
 great noise among many in the army. I wish, indeed, those mat- 
 ters could be soon pacified. I wish your Excellency could let 
 them know how necessary you are to them, and engage them at 
 the same time to keep peace, and simulate love among themselves, 
 till the moment when those little disputes shall not be attended with 
 
 * This was an allusion to a matter of some consequence, as will appear in the next 
 Number. 
 
550 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS AND 
 
 such inconveniences. It would be, too, a great pity that slavery, 
 dishonor, ruin, and unhappiness of a whole world, should issue 
 from some trifling differences between a few men. 
 
 * You will find, perhaps, this letter very useless, and even inop- 
 portune ; but I was desirous of having a pretty long conversation 
 with you upon the present circumstances, to explain you what 
 I think of this matter. As a proper opportunity for it did not 
 occur, I took the liberty of laying down some of my ideas in this 
 letter ; because it is for my satisfaction to be convinced that you, 
 my dear General, who have been indulgent enough to permit me 
 to look on you as upon a friend, should know the confession of my 
 sentiments in a matter which I consider as a very important one. 
 I have the warmest love for my country, and for every good 
 Frenchman ; their success fills my heart with joy. But, Sir, be- 
 sides Conway is an Irishman, I want countrymen who deserve, 
 in every point, to do honor to their country. That gentleman had 
 engaged me, by entertaining my head with ideas of glory and 
 shining projects; and I must confess, to my shame, that it is a too 
 certain way of deceiving me. I wished to join to the few theories 
 about war I can have, and the few dispositions nature gave per- 
 haps to me, the experience of thirty campaigns ; in hope that I 
 should be able to be the more useful in the present circum- 
 stances. 
 
 ' My desire of deserving your satisfaction is stronger than ever; 
 and everywhere you will employ me, you can be certain of my 
 trying every exertion in my power to succeed. I am now fixed to 
 your fate ; and I shall follow it and sustain it, as well by my sword 
 as by all means in my power. You will pardon my importunity 
 in favor of the sentiment which dictated it. Youth and friendship 
 make me, perhaps, too warm ; but I feel the greatest concern at 
 all that has happened for some time since. 
 
 ' With the most tender and profound respect, 
 
 ' I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 December Slst. ' Every assurance and proof of your affection 
 fills my heart with joy, because that sentiment of yours is extremely 
 dear and precious to me. A tender and respectful attachment for 
 you, and an invariable frankness, will be found in my mind as you 
 know me better ; but, after those merits, I must tell you, that very 
 few others are to be found. I never wished so heartily to be entrust- 
 ed by nature with an immensity of talents, as on this occasion. I 
 could be then of some use to your glory and happiness, as well as 
 my own. • * In your preaching moderation to the Briga- 
 diers upon such an occasion, I am not surprised to recognize your 
 virtuous character. As I hope my warm interest is known to your 
 Excellency, I dare entertain the idea, that you will be so indulgent 
 
INFLUENCES RELATIVE TO THE MAIN ARMY IN 1777. 551 
 
 as to let me know every thing concerning you, whenever you will 
 not be under the law of secrecy, or particular circumstances. 
 
 ' With the most tender and affectionate friendship, — with the 
 most profound respect, I have the honor to be, &c.' 
 
 Lafayette's Mem. and Cor. vol. i. pp. 134, 141. 
 
 The President of Congress to the Governor of New Jersey. 
 
 , 27 January, 1778. 
 
 'Dear Sir, — I have but a moment at present for acknowledg- 
 ing, and returning thanks for, the honor received in your Excel- 
 lency's favor of the 8th. * * * 
 
 ' If I were to indulge a querulous vein, I should detain your 
 Excellency by a long detail of disorder and distractions in all our 
 public affairs, superadded to the baneful effects of avarice and 
 peculation; — among them, and not the least, the appearance, it 
 would be warrantable to say raging, of a dangerous party spirit. 
 But I forbear, and will still trust that the States will be awakened 
 from their present lethargy, and again think it necessary to be 
 represented in Congress by men of ability and in sufficient num- 
 bers. A most shameful deficiency in this- branch is the greatest 
 evil, and is indeed the source of almost all our evils. * ♦ 
 
 Hence thousands, I may say millions, have been wasted, and are 
 wasting every day. Hence our American foxes, holding unac- 
 counted millions, have gained time enough to learn, and impu- 
 dence enough to say, the powers of Congress fall short of com- 
 pulsive means for bringing them to a reckoning. Besides, we 
 want genius for striking- out new matter, for correcting' errors and 
 repressing dangerous appearances, by measures wise, silent, and 
 effectual Your Excellency is too well acquainted with the disor- 
 ders of our domestic concerns. I am sorry to assure you, all our 
 foreign wear the aspect of mere chance-medley. Hence naked 
 soldiers, death, replete* hospitals, desertions, and evacuated regi- 
 ments. Hence, too, in my judgment, we are very lightly esteemed 
 abroad, and probably are held up this very instant at auction. * 
 
 * Is it not, from these considerations, incumbent upon every 
 
 man of influence throughout our Union to exert his powers at this 
 crisis; to exhort each State to fill up its representation in Congress, 
 with the best, that is, the most sensible, vigilant, and faithful citi- 
 zens? At present it seems as if every such man had bought his 
 yoke of oxen, and prayed to be excused. A little longer trifling 
 will fix a galling yoke upon themselves. There is but one thing, 
 I think, can prevent it. Our antagonist is as idle, as profligate, as 
 ourselves ; and keeps pace with us in profusion, mismanagement, 
 and family discord. 
 
 ' Some of us, however, should remember the fate of the quar- 
 relling curs, and guard against a similar decision, disgraceful and 
 fatal. # # Perseverance in our present track will oblige 
 
552 COURSE AND PROGRESS OF EVENTS, ETC., IN 1777. 
 
 US to run in debt more and more abroad ; and there are among us 
 some who discover an amazing avidity to do so. * * 
 
 Our agents in the West Indies, without money and even overhead 
 and ears in debt. If Congress were full, or even two thirds full, 
 might we not expect some men in the group who would look into 
 these important matters ? * # As I have already inti- 
 
 mated, it seems as if every man, fit for these great purposes, had 
 married a wife, and stayed to prove her. Sir, I see and lament, — 
 but I can do nothing more than a kind of negative good. I do no 
 harm, and think myself very happy when I can countermine an 
 intended evil. If there be not speedily a resurrection of able men, 
 and of that virtue which I thought had been genuine in 1775, we 
 are gone; — we shall undo ourselves. * # 
 
 ' I am, with very sincere regard, &c. 
 
 'Henry Laurens.' 
 
 Memoir of the Life of Wm. Livingston, p. 253. 
 
 If the state of public affairs and of the source from which they mainly flowed, was 
 truly as described by President Laurens, — if the Congress over whom he presided at 
 the close of '77 might justly be contrasted with that universally-approved Congress of 
 '74 and '75, over whom Peyton Randolph and John Hancock successively presided, — 
 then, even within that period so nearly decisive of the all-important contest and of 
 this country's hopes, there did indeed take place a change ; a great change, — itself 
 becoming the causeof other, and these again of yet other changes, tillthe various, wide- 
 spreadmg, distracting, and distressing consequences of the whole succession, demand- 
 ed, and has ever since demanded, a faithful, impartial, persevering, and effectual in- 
 vestigation and exposure of the real originating cause and authors of far the most 
 calamitous portion of them. 
 
 In the present stage of this work, when much remains still to be presented in re- 
 lation to the years '75, '76, and '77, it is thought inexpedient to add more than a gen- 
 eral index, arranged according to the order in which the subjects occur, and in which, 
 to be understood, the first four ought to be sufficiently examined. If this is observed 
 in respect to them, and if the extracts in the preface, together with the remarks and 
 references contained in this volume, are at the same time duly regarded, the order 
 in which the other subjects are attended to, is a matter of less consequence. 
 
 An endeavor will be made to supply, in the succeeding volumes, every great de- 
 ficiency which may be noticed in this, that the whole may contain all the necessary 
 parts. « 
 
 END OF VOL. I. 
 
INDEX TO VOLUME FIRST. 
 
 Revolution, Causes of, Pages 5, 11, 18-20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34-44, 46-48, 50, 106, 134. 
 
 Congress, Formation and Powers of, and Principle of Union, 2-6, 8, 10-14, 20-26, 
 30, 32, 36, 46, 52, 53, 55-58, 79, 83, 100, 103, 106, 107. 
 
 Military Arrangements, Principle of, 66, 68, 70, 72, 78, 84, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 113. 
 
 Deranging Influences by a few Members of Congress, General Effects of, 127, 
 130, 131, 132, 149, 155, 172, 199, 200, 292, 297, 299, 306, 370, 373, 383, 384, 421, 
 429, 430, 431, 434, 435, 452, 459, 467, 530, 538, 544-546, 548-552.* 
 
 Bounty, 84, 137, 139, 145, 147, 148, 163, 165, 166, 169, 214, 235, 243,254,255, 266, 271, 
 286, 293, 294, 298, 301, 311, 312. 
 
 Field-Officers, 108, 192-194, 219, 298, 302, 306, 308-311, 319-321, 324, 375, 436. 
 
 General Officers, 109, 121, 147, 154, 155, 156, 228, 229, 247, 276, 370,415,420,436, 
 441, 443, 478, 503, 604, 511, 514, 515, 547-549. 
 
 Court of Admiralty, 113, 123, 136, 139, 140, 141, 147, 172, 200, 217, 250, 283. 
 
 Superintendence of Prisoners, 122, 165, 170, 203, 227, 228, 299, 305, 307, 310, 311, 
 344, 347, 370, 389, 445. 
 
 Expresses, 143, 154, 165, 170, 171, 234, 270, 283. 
 
 Auditors of Accounts, 160, 224, 259, 271. 
 
 Board of War, 202, 209, 211, 237, 250, 251. 
 
 Commissary-General, 214, 235, 252, 256, 270, 471, 472, 474, 476, 480, 481, 506, 537, 
 540, 542-544. 
 
 Pat, Sectional Distinction of, 192-194, 208, 210, 212, 217, 219, 234, 235, 238. 
 
 Filling Vacancies, 226, 227, 239, 240, 254, 267, 268, 279, 282, 303. 
 
 * It is important to notice, that the influences designated by the fourth title in the 
 arrangement of the index, in respect either to delay or principle of decision, extended 
 to all and each of the subordinate departments indicated by the eleven titles which 
 follow it. 
 
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